< aR AN NS Py Noe \ “ RAT N re UWE AS \ ~ > \ YY \\\ HARVARD UNIVERSITY. bya RS Sc Hoa el ne OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. We Hin wii ie ae *<* 2 rhiGwres CHARACTERISTIC BRITISH FOSSILS: WITH DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. BY WILLIAM HELLIER BAILY, F.L.S., F.GS., ACTING PALLONTOLOGIST TO Hi. M. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF IRELAND ; DEMONSTRATOR IN PAL.ZEONTOLOGY TO THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE FOR IRELAND ; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY ; OF TIE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LIEGE 5 NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES OF STRASBOURG, DRESDEN, ETC. VOLUME I.—PALAOZOIC. 42 PLATES & 18 WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER-ROW, 1875. [All rights reserved. | , SBE eee KEOL0OS cKOo.eu rr > \aantiiciiatio ee { ti ci aaa ; os A J * : | \ ’ ¢ ; Ae M R FOR Wire Je bs ine, Se | PRINTED BY M'GLASHAN AND GILL, 50, UPPER SACKVILLE STRE EET, ‘DUBLIN, raid ; a? ‘ r | | | | i s : ul ; r PREFACE. Tue rapid progress made in the advancement of the various Sciences, especially that of Geology, and its important branch of Paleontology, has necessitated, for instructive purposes, such a condensation of details, as may simplify the subject to the Students of that Science. With this object the present work was projected, its design being to exhibit to the eye such fossils only as are considered characteristic of the principal groups or formations of the stra- tified rocks; requiring, necessarily, considerable judgment in their selection, from the large number now known, as well as truthfulness in depicting them; the author’s long experience, and personal execution of the plates, may be considered a sufti- cient guarantee for their correctness. The descriptive remarks on the groups of fossils, with Woodcut Illustrations, is an ad- ditional part of the work not originally intended, but it is hoped this portion, with the aid of the excellent Wood En- gravings by Mr. William Oldham, of recent and fossil forms, for comparison, will add to its clearness and utility. It is a matter of regret that so long a time has elapsed be- tween the publication of the first part and the conclusion of the Volume ; this has arisen from various causes, over which the Author had no control. This Volume has been made to complete the Paleozoic di- vision of strata by the addition of two extra plates. It thus contains forty-two Lithographic plates, comprising more than 700 figures of fossils, over 300 of these being original. The de- scriptive remarks are illustrated by eighteen Wood Engravings, including fifty-eight figures. All the figures are of the natural size, except where otherwise mentioned, the subjects being ar- ranged as far as practicable, zoologically, as well as strati- graphically. Although complete in itself as far as the Paleeozoie division extends, this volume is intended to be followed by others, in- cluding the Secondary and Tertiary formations. WILLIAM HELLIER BAILY. July 20th, 1875, “There is no branch of science so closely associated with our immediate wants and enjoyments as that of Geology. In our daily walks we tread with heedless step upon the apparently uninteresting objects of which it treats; but could we rightly interrogate the rounded pebble in our path, it would tell us of the con- vulsions by which it was wrenched from its parent rock, and of the floods by which it was abraded and_ placed beneath our feet. In our visit to the picturesque and the sublime, we come into still closer proximity to geological truths In the precipices which defend our rock-girt Isle, and flank our mountain glens, and in the shapeless, fragments at their base which the lichen colours and round which the ivy twines, we see the remnants of uplifted and shattered strata which once peacefully reposed at the bottom of the ocean. “ But it is not merely among the scenes of external nature that forces, now subdued, are presented to our minds. Our temples and our dwellings are formed from the rocks of a primeval age—bearing the ripple marks of a Pre-Adamite ocean,—ground by the friction of the once travelling boulder, and embosoming the relics of ancient life, with the plants which sustained it. Our houses are ornamented with variegated limestones, the indurated tombs of molluscous life, and our apartments heated with the carbon of primeval forests and hghted with the gaseous element which it confines. “When the geologist begins his survey of the globe, he finds its solid covering composed of rocks and beds of all shapes and kinds, lying at every possible angle, and occupying every possible position. Here the granite rises in lofty peaks, or is scattered in rounded boulders. There the basait throws its once liquid current over beds of sandstone, or sustains them upon its flanks. Here the strata, once at the bottom of the sea, rest in undisturbed tranquillity—the more recent deposits from a tranquil ocean. There they bristle up with their rugged margin, display- ing, in serrated outline, the fractured edges of ancient and of recent beds. Hvyery- where, indeed, what was deep is brought into visible relation with what was super- ficial—what is old with what is new—what preceded life with what followed it. ‘How these rocks came into their present place it is the business of the geo- logist to determine—to compute their relative ages—to fix the position which they originally occupied—to study the forces by which they were upheaved—and the remains of organic life which they entomb. Studies like these possess a home interest for reflecting and sympathizing man. Life claims kindred with what once lived. It owns the same relation between itself and that which is yet to breathe ; and if on the tombs of our fathers is inscribed the law under which we are indivi- dually to join them, we read with no less distinctness among the cemeteries of primeval death that more general enactment under which the races of man, and the tributary creation which obeys him, shall take their place in the coming catas- trophe, and reappear to future pilgrims—memorials of the age of genius—the cycle of intellectual and immortal generations.” Str Davin Brewster. LIST OF AUTHORS AND BOOKS REFERRED TO. Agass. Poiss. Foss. » Poiss. Foss. Grés Rouge. : Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. . Anim. Foss. Belg. - Austin Crin. ores Barrande Grap. Bohem. Beitr. . eer ow Vieux Blainy. Malacol. Brit. Assoc. Rep. . Brit. Pal. Foss. Brong. Crust. Foss. . Brong. Hist. Veg. Foss. . Teno Ie 5 a me Bronn. Leth. Geog. . . Burmeister. Organiz. Trilo- DIES scene sepes nce a esse Catalogue and Chart of Fos- sil Crustacea. as Dec. Geol. Sury. Dict. des Se. Nat. . pa Die Brach. des Rheinischen, WOON a se HUIONGTAD. 3 pa el ks Edin. New. Phil. Journ. Fleming, Brit. Anim. Geol Magis so cs. Geol. Sury. of Canada. . Geol. Sury. Irel. Expln. Geol. Rep. Londonderry, &c. Geole Russ). 2 . Geol. Trans. Teon. Foss. . downs 4 6 co he & Journ. Geol. Soc. of Dub. . Journ. Geol. Soc... x Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc... Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Trel. Inethesuech.> so. « .. Lindl. and Hutt, Foss. Fl. . Poissons Fossils par L. Agassiz. f . Monographie des Poissons fossiles due vieux Grés Rouge, &e. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Description des Animaux Fossiles, &e. De Koninck. Monograph of recent and fossil Crinoidea. Graptolites of Bohemia. ’ Beitrage zur Geognosie des Russichen Reiches. Pander. Manuel de Malacologie. Blainville. British Association Reports. Synopsis of British Paleozoic Rocks and Fossils, Sedgwick and M‘Coy. ; Histoire Naturelle de Crustacés Fossiles, Brongniart. Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles, Brongniart. Prodrome d'une Histoire des Végetaux Fossiles, Brongniart. Lethea Geognostica. H. G. Bronn. Organization der Trilobiten. Salter and Woodward. ve Decades of Fossils, Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. f ’ Dictionerre des Sciences Naturelles, Defrance. Die Brachiopoden, &e., Sandberger. Die Graptolithen. Geinitz. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. History of British Animals. Geological Magazine. Decades of Fossils, and Reports. ee Explanations to Maps of the Geological Survey of Talat Report on the Geology of Londonderry, &c., Portlock. Géologie de la Russte d'Europe, &c. Transactions of the Geological Society of London. Icones Fossilium Sectiles, Konig. British Zoophytes. : Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin. | Journal of the Geological Society of London. Journal of the Royal Dublin Society. Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Treland: Lethzea Suecica, &e. Hisinger. Fossil Flora of Great Britain. Lindley and Hutton. vi Manual of Geology. ee Manual of Geology, . .. Manual of Mollusca... . . Martin, Pet. Derb. : Mem. Geol.Surv.. . ... Mém. Soe. Géol. de France. Miller. Crinoidea. . Mins@onuchit at.) aan) Morris Catal. Brit. Foss. Murch. Bull. Soe. Géol, France. SOR ey hae Murchison ; Silur. Syst. . Murchison; Sil., 4th ed. Nachtr. zur Petrefacten. Nov. Act. Acad. . . « Paleontology. . - Brit. -Sil. Brach. Brit. Foss. Corals. Brit. Trilob. th GL Iohahey deta Mork g §o 5 6 Brit. Carb. Brach. Brit. Dey. Brach. . Brit. Perm. Brach. Phil. Pal, Foss. Phil. Geol. Yorksh. Petre Gere. |. Pal. New York. Sil. Foss. Ireland. Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils. . Students’ Elements of Geo- LORyiR eet es eee inate als Vee. co. fe. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. . Trans. Roy. Soe. Edinb. Mirans. 10s IN. eh (Co) Cat. Perm. Foss, . 7 Verstein Nassau. Zool. Journ. ABREVIATIONS. Jukes, 1862. : Jukes and Geikie, 1872. (Weale’s series). 8. P. Woodward. Petrificata Derbiensis. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Mémoirs de la Société Geologique de France. Natural History of the Crinoidea. Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. J. Sowerby. Catalogue of British Fossils, 1854. Murchison in Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. Silurian System, 1839. Siluria, 1867. Nachtrage zur Petrefacten, Schlotheim. Nova Acta Acad. Nature Curiosorum. Owen, 1860. British Silurian Brachiopoda. Davidson. British Fossil Corals. Milne, Edwards, and Haime. British Trilobites. Salter. British Permian Fossils. King. British Carboniferous Brachiopoda. King. British Devonian Brachiopoda. King. British Permian Brachiopoda. King. Paleozoic Fossils of Devon, &c., Geological Survey. Phillips. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. Phillips. Petrefacta Germanix. Goldfuss. Palxontology of New York. Hall. Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland. Griffiths and M‘Coy. Smith. Part 2. Lyell, 1871. Traité Paléontologie Végetale. Schimper, Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists Field Club. Catalogue of Permian Fossils. Howse. Versteinerungen des Rhein. Schist. Nassau. G. and Sandberger. Journal of the Zoological Society of London. 7 CONTENTS. a Classification of Animals. Descriptive remarks, p. Vi Table of the Fossiliferous or ‘Stratified Rocks. is p. vu Fossils of the Cambrian Rocks, and He eh of Plates, pp. 1—4. p. ix. Recent Hydrozoa. p. Xi. Fossils of the Silurian Rocks. Pe a i a p. xii Parts of a Trilobite. . 2 re a iii. Fossils of the Lower Silurian Rocks. XY ae of the Lingula Beds, and Explanation of ‘lates, pp. 5—L0. F : p. XV Fossils of the Tremadoe Slate, and Explanation of Plates, pp. 11—13._.. - p. XVil. Fossils of the Llandeils Flags, and Explanation of Plates, pp. 14—26. ... ; S p. Xvili. Graptolites, recent Hydrozoa, ke... : p. Xxii, Fossils of the Caradoc or ae Rocks, and Ex planation of Plates, pp. 2 55 + Do 229% Parts of a Coral. ! ; : p- XXvi. Palseozoic and Neozoic type of Coral. 2 é p. XXvil. Parts of a Crinoid. od ay es A p. Xxvili. Recent Polyzoa... F ”, p- Xxx. Fossils of the Llandovery Rocks, and Bxpla- nation of Plates, pp. 42—50. ie 3 sg p. XXxil. Fossils of the Upper Silurian Rocks, " 7 p- Xxxvii. Recent Brachiopod Shell. r 7 p. XXXvii. Recent Bivalve shell (Conchifera), i a p. XXxviii. Recent Univalve Shell (Gasteropoda). p. Xxxix, Fossils of the Wenlock Rocks, and Explana- tion of the Plates, pp. 51—69. : p. xl. Fossils of the Ludlow Rocks, and Explanation of the Plates, pp. 70—85. p. xiv. Table of British Silurian Fossils. ... 7 " p- Rossils of the Old Red Sandstone and Devonian Rocks, and ene of the Plates, pp. 84—98. : pein. Eurypterida, Fossil, and recent Crustacea. p- lvi. Heterocercal and Homocereal Tails of Fishes. p- lvil. Fossils of the Carboniferous Rocks, and a nation of the Plates, pp. 99—12I: p. lxiv. Recent and Fossil Heteropoda. p. Ixxi. Recent and Fossil Pteropoda. p. Lxxii. Recent and Fossil Cephalopoda. ' p- lxxiil. Fossils of the Permian Rocks, and Explanation of the Plates, pp. 122—124. a or : 2 p. lxxy. Table of Palaeozoic Fossils. Se Abe Fe 3 p. lxxix, DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Ir has been sufficiently proved that the three great divisions—Patmo- zoic, or Primary ; Mxsozorc, or Secondary ; and Catnozorc, or Tertiary ; under which the whole series of Fossiliferous Rocks are grouped, are distinguished by an assemblage of organic remains, differing essentially in character the one from the other ; and that the Formations or Periods, second in importance, have also a peculiar and distinct set of Fossils; and even the minor subdivisions of strata, although they may not contain an entirely different assemblage, are sufficiently varied to allow of their identification (in the British Islands at least) by means of the fossil remains of extinct plants and animals contained in them. The study of these fossils and their comparison with existing plants and animals constitute the science of Paleontology; and it is from a knowledge of the laws derived from this study geologists are enabled to determine with certainty the succession of strata, and to trace out by their aid many points in geology which would otherwise be obscure and inexplicable. Each Formation, or group of strata, are considered to bear a corre- sponding importance in Geological, or past time with what are termed Natural History Provinces in Geographical Distribution, or present space, being like them characterized by a peculiar Fauna and Flora (animals and plants), differing from those of other Formations. The first to point out the utility of organized Fossils in the identity of strata was William Smith, at the commencement of the present century. That acute and much-esteemed observer has since been fol- lowed by others eminent in the same branch of science, whose labours as separate volumes, and in the publications of the various scientific societies, and periodicals, may be consulted with advantage by those who wish to enter more extensively into the consideration of the subject. ; To explain the position in the Animal Kingdom, of the Fossils figured, the following outline Table of Classification may be found useful :— yi DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Kingdom—ANIMALIA, INVERTEBRATA. Sub-kingdom—PROTOZ OA. Class I. AmorpHozoA—Sponges. II. Ruizopopa—Foraminifera, Ke. III. Inrusor1A— Polygastria (Ehrenberg). Province—RaADIATA. Class I. Zoopnyta—Hyprozoa—Corallines (2) Oldhamia ; Graptolites. Il. “ ANTHOZOA, including the Lamelliferous or Stony Corals. Ill. EcurnopErmata—Crinoids, Star Fishes, Sea Urehins, &c. Sub-kingdom—MOLLUSCA. Class I. Ascrpiopa or Tunicata—Hetero-branchiata (Blainville.) Il. Potyzoa or BryozoA—Dictyonema ; Fenestella ; &c. Ill. Bracniopops—Pallio-branchiata (Blainv.) Lamp Shells. IV. Concnirera—Lamelli-branchiata (Blainy.), Ordinary bi- : valve Shells. V. GaAsrEropopA— Univalve Shells. Nucleobranchs, or He- teropoda, Bellerophon. VI. Preropopa— Theca ; Conularia. VII. CerpHaLopopa—WNautilus ; Ammonites. Province—ARTICULATA. Class I. ANNuULATA—Annelida—Serpula. (?) Histioderma, II. CrrripEDIA—Barnacles or Acorn Sheils. Ill. Crusracra—Crabs and Lobsters. Trilobites. IV. Insecta—ZJnsects. VERTEBRATA. Class I, Pisces—Fish. Il. Repritra—Reptiles. Ill. Aves—Birds. IV. MamMa.ia—Quadrupeds. Some general remarks upon the assemblage of Fossils which are found to occur in each Formation will perhaps add to the utility of the figures, as well as facilitate their study. Considering the groups of strata in the ascending order, we shall therefore commence with a short review of the Fossils of the Cambrian Formation, in which strata we find the earliest evidences (in the British Islands at least) of organic life. To show their position in geological time, and the order of succes- sion of the several strata, the following Table, adopted by the Geologi- cal Survey, is taken from the Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology (1865), and will no doubt be found useful for reference. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Vii Table of the FosstLirERous or STRATIFIED Rocks, in their Order of Superposition. iG { Brown Sanp.—Prar. | Lake Deposits. pili oF Old River Alluvium (Brick Earth), (Warp). RECENT AND Postr-GLACIAL BeEps. Clay and Sand of Humber. Old River Gravel. ( Shingle. | . { Recent Marine (Burtle Beds). Marine - 4 Gaye Deposits. { Raised Beaches. "i Sand, Gravel, and Brick Clays (Eskers). 2 Upper Erratic Boulder Beds. EA at { Lower Boulder Beds (Till). Grays, Copford, and Brent- ford Beds. PLIOCENE eae eam f Cave Deposits. Norwich Crag. TERTIARY. Older | Red Crag. ( Coralline Crag. Bovey and Isle of Mull Beds with Remains of Plants. | I 4 | E MI0cENE? { f { Hempstead Bed?) | | (isle of Wight). } ep eenDEaee Beds. | Fluvio- Sadan St. He- Marine. len’s, & Osborne Beds. Bracklesham Sands: Bagshot. Lower Bagshot Beds. London Clay. Woolwich and Reading Beds. Thanet Beds. Upper Chalk. Lower Chalk. Chalk Marl, Chloritic Marl. Upper Greensand. | Gault. Lower Greensand. Lower : Upper Bagshot Sands } Barton Clay. © Middle it y Middle Upper 4 | EO ZOM, CRETACEOUS; 4 L SECON DARY, UPPER MESOZOIC. Weald Clay. | Hastings Sands and Clays. Upper [ seat Purbeck Beds. } Lower Upper } Portland Stone. ; Portland Sand. | Kimmeridge Clay. ae | | vill MESOZOIC, or SECONDARY. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Upper Calcareous Grit. | Coral Rag. Middle . ¢ Lower Calcareous Grit. | oer Clay. Kelloway Rock. ( Cornbrash. Forest Marble. Bradford Clay. | Great or Bath Oolite. Stonesfield Slate. | 1 Pullers’ Earth. Inferior Oolite. | | Upper Lias Sands. Upper Lias Clay- | | Middle Lias— Marlstone, pen LOWER MESOZOIC. | Lower Lias Clay and Lime- L stone. Penarth Beds (Rhztic). ( Keuper. Ce aa a eet taser Dolomitic Conglomerate. Bunter. PERMIAN Lower Red Sandstone and Magnesian Limestone. Marls. ( Upper Coal Measures. ' Middle Coal Measures. } Lower Coal Measures. | CARBONIFEROUS- - - - : : | Millstone Grit. , Carboniferous Limestone. | Lower Limestone Shales. Otp Rep SANDSTONE AND ( Upper DEVONIAN. _ , . .& Middle Devonian. Lower UPPER PALAOZOIC. Tilestones. Upper Ludlow Rocks. Aymestry Limestone. _, | Lower Ludlow Rocks. Wenlock Limestone. Wenlock Shale, Sandstone and Flags. | Woolhope Limestone and Shale. | Denbighshire Sandstone, Shale and Slate. Tarannon Shale. | Upper Llandovery Beds, or May Hill Sandstone. | Lower Llandovery Beds, Con- glomerates, Sandstones, and | Shales. Caradoc or Bala Sandstone, | | with Bala Limestone. | Lower 2 Llandeilo Flags and Lime- SILURIAN . stone. Graptolite Shales and Slates. Tremadoc Slates. LLingula Beds. LOWER PALAOZOIC. we : DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. ix vid’s, and Longmynd, Grits, Conglomerates, and Slates. CAMBRIAN . + . . Howth, Co. Dublin; Bray Head, &ec., in Wicklow ; and Forth Mountain, &c., in Wexford; Grits, Sand- L | stones, and Slates. | Harlech, Lianberis, St. Da- | Fossi_s OF THE CAMBRIAN ROCKs. The Cambrian Formation, as described by Sir Roderick Murchison, in the ‘ Silurian System,’ is shown to underlie the whole Silurian strata. Professor A. C. Ramsay, in his Memoir on the Geology of North Wales,* enumerates six districts in which these rocks occur. First, that of Anglesea; the strata being mostly composed of mica and chlo- rite schists, gneissic rocks, grits, and quartz rock. Second. The Bangor and Llanberis district, comprising the altered purple, green, and chloritic slates, sandstones, and conglomerate beds ; west and south-west of Bangor, together with the purple and green slates, and grits on the banks of the Ogwen, around Bethesda, the Lakes of Llanberis, &c. Third, The Lleyn district, consisting of schist rocks on the south side of Caernarvon Bay, &c., including Bardsey Island, and the coast from Bardsey Sound to Porth Nevin. Fourth. The Harlech district between the Barmouth estuary and that of Traeth-bach, principally composed of greenish grits, occasion- ally interstratified with green and purple slates. Fifth. The district of St. David’s, comprising the purple sandstones and slates on the north side of St. Bride’s Bay, in Pembrokeshire. Sixth. The Longmynds and the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, consisting of purple and green grits, conglomerates and slaty beds. No certain evidence of organic remains has yet been found in these rocks in Wales, except in the Bangor slate quarries, by Mr. J. W. Salter, who has described what he believes to be the filled-up burrows of marine worms, referred by him to Chondrites.| That paleontologist also alludes to the discovery of abundant traces of former life in some of the fine-grained sandstones and shales composing the strata of the Longmynds.{ He described them, as consisting principally of the * Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (1866), pp. 8, 9, &e. + Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. iii., Appendix, p. 243 ; woodcut, fig. 1. t Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xii., p. 248 (1856); and vol. xili., p. 206 (1857). b >.< DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS, impressions, or surface holes and burrows of marine worms, or Anne- lides of two kinds; naming them Arenicolites didymus and sparsus (Plate ii., figs. 1, 2); these he supposed to have burrowed in sand, like the Arenicola of the present day, having like them entrance and exit holes, always in pairs. He also describes what he believed to be a Crustacean, as ‘‘ either the caudal shield of a Trilobite, or else a broad body segment of a Phyllopod allied to Hymenocaris.”’ In Ireland, rocks referred to the Cambrian Formation occur princi- pally in three districts on the east coast. First—At Howth, near Dublin, extending over but a small area of about two miles; they consist of large masses of quartz rock, interstratified with green grits, and green and purple slates. Second—That of North Wicklow, commencing a little north of the town of Bray, and proceeding south to Wicklow, a distance of about seventeen miles, with a breadth of about seven at its widest part, including masses of quartz rock, which form the elevated peaks of the Great and Little Sugarloaf Mountains. There are two small slightly detached districts in North Wicklow ; that nearest Dublin at Shankhill, being about one mile anda half long, and the third of a mile broad; the other, extending over a greater surface, and more important on account of its fossils, is situated near Rathdrum, about five miles south-west of Wicklow, being six miles long, and nearly a mile broad at its widest part; it also includes masses of quartz rock, and forms the eminence called Carrick Mountain. The Wexford Cambrian district occupies a considerably larger area than either of the others, commencing six miles north of Wexford, and terminating four miles east of Waterford Harbour—a length of thirty-six miles, with a breadth of about seven at the widest part, near Wexford. It includes the Forth Mountain, in South Wexford. These rocks consist of a great series of sandstones or gritstones and slates, often interstratified with large masses and veins of quartz rock.* As in the Cambrian rocks of England and Wales, fossils are here rarely met with; they were only discovered after great perseverance by the late Dr. J. R. Kinahan, on the north shore of the promontory of Howth; and, although not very definite, consist of track-like markings on the surfaces of some of the compact sandstone beds, which he considered referrible to Annelides and Mollusca ; from under these, in more slaty rock, he ob- tained slight impressions cf what appears to be Oldhamia antiqua, a fossil occurring abundantly at Bray Head and Carrick Mountain, and up to the present time confined to Irish localities. Professor Thomas Oldham} was the first to discover these remarkable fossils in the hard and fine-grained schists of Bray Head; they were afterwards described by Professor Edward Forbes as ‘‘the remains of marine animals, belonging either to Hydrozoa (corals), or Polyzoa (com- pound Mollusca’); and named by him Oldhamia, in honour of the dis- * On the Lower Paleozoic Rocks of the South-East of Ireland, by J. Beete Jukes, Esq., and the Rey. Professor Haughton. Trans. Royal Irish Acad., vol. xxiii., p. 563, (1859). + Now Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XI coverer,* defining two species, O. antigua and radiata, examples of which are figured, on Platei., figs. 1 and 2. Several years later, Dr. Kinahan, who had collected better specimens, reviewed and figured them, giving scientific descriptions, with remarks respecting their affi- nities. + The position these Fossils should occupy in the scale of organic life has been the subject of much discussion: by some paleontologists they are considered to be plants ; others believe them to be allied to Grapto- lites. We prefer to leave them in the place originally assigned to them by Professor Forbes, because there appears to be no tangible ground for altering his opinion as to their alliance, and they resemble suffi- ciently close in their general appearance several of the Sertularian Zoophytes (commonly known as Corallines), particularly the arbores- cent forms of Sertularia cupressina and argentea{ (woodcut, fig. 1, a), which may be compared with O. antigua. This species may be also compared with Celluluria avicularia,§ a Polyzoan of the family Escha- ride, woodcut, fig. 1, 6; and the frondose or bushy variety of one of the Escharide, Cellularia plumosa|| (woodcut, fig. 1,¢, d), with O.radiata. If plants, they could only have been Nullipores or Algee, and in that Fig. 1.—Recent Hydrozoa, &c., to compare with Oldhamia. All the figures are of the natural size. a. Sertularia argentea, upper portion. 8. Cellularia avicularia. ce. d. Cellularia plumosa. . * Journ. Geol. Soc. of Dublin, vol. iv., p. 20 (1848). + Trans. Royal Irish Acad., vol. xxiii. (1858). t Johnston’s British Zoophytes, vol. i., pl. xiv., f, 3; and vol. ii., pl. xv., xvi. Ibid., pl. lxiii., figs. 7, 8. || Ibid., pl. Ixi., figs. 1-5. Xil DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. case the probability is, that the impressions left by such readily de- composing vegetable organisms would not have appeared so sharp and clearly defined as that of the Oldhamia presents in the fine sandstones, in which they occur so abundantly in certain situations. The remaining Fossils from the Irish Cambrians were discovered by Dr. Kinahan, who collected similar tracks and burrows to those de- scribed by Mr. Salter (Plate ii., fig. 3), as well as very large tubular burrows; some of which since obtained by the Geological Survey of Ire- land, passing vertically through the grit beds, are several inches in length, (fig. 4, ¢); this fossil Dr. Kinahan named Histioderma EHibernicum* (Plate ii., fig. 4); describing it as “‘a tentacled sea worm, evidently cephalo-branchiate, and not very dissimilar from the common Lugworm (Arenicola) of our present seas.’’ From this brief sketch of the Cambrian Fossils, it will be seen that in the great series of strata composing this, the oldest of the fossiliferous deposits in England and Wales, the earliest evidence of life indicates only the existence of marine animals referrible to Annelids, with a doubtful Crustacean. In Iveland similar tracks and burrows (Arenico- lites), with a larger and more evident form (/istvoderma), also Anneli- dan, occurs, and in addition the well-marked Sertularian-like Zoophytes ( Oldhamia). Tt has been argued, and with reason, that this apparent paucity of organic remains may have arisen from the nature of the deposit ; arena- ceous or sandy beds being generally bad preservatives of organic structure; and that there may have been a more varied assemblage of life during this epoch, including marine plants, and some of the softer kinds of Zoophytes, Mollusca, or other invertebrate animals, of which no record remains, either from the perishable nature of their structures, or from their obliteration during the process of change, or consolidation of the deposit in which they were imbedded: as this, however, is ne- cessarily conjectural, much importance cannot be attached to it, We have not thought it necessary to allude more particularly to the Hozoén of the Laurentian Rocks of Canada, described by Sir William Logan and others, as the presence of that questionable Fossil has not been yet satisfactorily established in the British Islands. * Journ. Geol. Soc. of Dublin, vol. viii., p. 71. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS, XL Fosstns oF THE SILURIAN Rocks. The succeeding Formations of the next Fossiliferous epoch, the Silu- rian, disclose a considerable and rapidly increasing addition to the as- semblage of Fossils found in them, especially in those deposits which were evidently favourable to their preservation ; Corals, Mollusca, Crustacea, and Echinodermata being the classes ofanimals represented. We do not meet with any remains of a higher character than Invertebrata, until we arrive at the very uppermost beds of the Silurian strata, when we get the first evidence of vertebrate ani- mals in the remains of fish. The extinct order of Crustacea called Trilobites, from their being three- lobed, are amongst the most important of Paleozoic Fossils, especially in the lowest division of these strata, the Lower Silurian, and the most highly organized of the Invertebrata occur- ringinthem. To assist in their study, an outline sketch of a common Upper Silurian species, Phacops caudatus, with a definition of the principal parts, is shownin the woodcut, fig. 2; alsothe under side ofthe head, with thelabrum at fig. 3 (on the following page), from a specimen of Calymene tuberculosa. No trace of feet or swimming appen- dages has yet been observed on the un- der surface of the Trilobite, although both sides of the hard crust of these ani- Fig. 2.—Parts of a Trilobite. Phacops Caudatus. A. Ifead, or Cephalic shield. a. Glabella. mals hasbeen found, and their remains b, Sides, oe occurin every condition ofrock favour- d. Front margin, able to the preservation of such organs, e, Eyes. | a = Aneabl 4 Wee f, Posterior margin, if sufficiently endurableto have become g- Posterior angles, or cheek spines. fossilized. Mr. Salter, therefore, con- h- Facial sutures, or divisions of the head. cludes they were destitute of any such B. Thorax ; thoracic rings, or segments of the y ey 2 oan body. appendages, and that the ventral sur- rape CE eeeatO face had not even membranous fect. ’ Ss. ° Pomel : It appears, however, scarcely possible eke eae nos siield that they were without locomotive or- me MEACEO. gansofsome kind; probably these were soft, and unpreservable, like those of some of the Crustacea, and other allied marine animals of the present day. Professor Burmeister gives an * XiV DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. ideal figure of the under surface of a Trilobite, with such an arrangement of soft parts, but which, although interesting as the opinion of so emi- nent an authority, is necessarily extremely conjectural.* With respect to their relations with exist- ing Crustacea, they are believed to occupy a distinct group by themselves, present- ing, however, such a resemblance to some recent forms of the Peecilopoda and Phyl- lopoda, as to induce some anthors to con- sider them to be intermediate, or closely al- lied to those orders of the Entomostraca or lower division of the Crustacea. The range of this important group, as shown by Mr. Salter,t is from the lowest beds of the Paleozoic series, the Lingula Flags, to the upper, or Carboniferous For- Fig. 3. Calymene tuberculosa, showing un- Sues mide vot the Head. mation, its greatest abundance being in the a. ostral shield. . . %. Rostral suture, | Llandeilo and Caradoc Formations of the c. Part of the facial suture. S 2 3 * CaS Gutaepin of head. Lower Silurian; gradually lessening in im- e. Labrum, epistome, or hypostome. portance to the upper part of the Carbonife- f. Ends of pleuree. g. Tail, or pygidium. rous series, when they became extinct. Fossits oF THE LowER SitvuR1AN Rocks. To the labours of the Rev. Professor Sedgwick, and Sir Roderick Murchison, we are mainly indebted for the elucidation of the great series of strata known as the Lower Paleozoic Rocks. This series of rocks, for the most part consisting of calcareous and argillaceous deposits, alternating with limestones, sandstones, and crys- talline slates, are principally developed in North and South Wales, Shropshire, and the North-west of England; also to a considerable ex- tent in the South of Scotland, and distributed over several counties in various parts of Ireland. The principal and most of the minor divisions in the order of suc- . cession of Silurian strata adopted by the Geological Survey (and which we have followed) are, as Professor Ramsay informs us, almost identi- cal with those published in 1889 by Sir R. Murchison in the Silurian System ; ‘‘the chief differences consisting in additions to our knowledge, due either to the discovery since that period of new and subordinate di- visions, or to the betfer understanding of the precise stratigraphical re- * Organisation der Trilobiten, by Dr. H. Burmeister; pl. vi., fig. 8. + British Trilobites, Paleontographical Society (1864), pp. 6, 7. { See Table of Fossiliferous Strata, ante, pp. 7, &e. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XV lations of members of the series; all the modifications of which have been recognised in the last edition of Siluria.’’* Although the remains of organic life exhibit but little increase in the lower divisions of strata, immediately superimposed upon the Cambrian, yet there is a marked difference in their character, and they become much more evident as to their relations in the animal series; rapidly adding to their numbers and variety of forms towards the upper portion of the series; the following classes, all confined to the Inverte- brata being represented :— Zoophyta, or Corals, few; Mollusca, especially Brachiopod shells, abundant ; of the Zchinodermata, Crinoids few, Cystidea more numerous; Annelida few ; and of Crustacea, the extinct group of Trilobites abun- dant. Fosstis oF THE Lincuta Bens. The designation ‘‘ Lingula Flags’ was first applied to those rocks, by Professor Sedgwick, in consequence of the discovery by Mr. Davis in rocks near Tremadoc, in 1845, of the shell named after him Lingula Dawvisvi (since called Lingulella by Mr. Salter), which was found to be so characteristic and abundant as to give the name to the formation. These beds, divided into upper and lower by the Geological Survey, oc- cur in North and South Wales, above the Cambrian Grits, near Bangor; near Bala, in Merionethshire ; and at St. David’s Head, Pembrokeshire ; also in Shropshire ; the series of strata occurring there being described by Sir R. Murchison, as ‘a great mass of dark coloured schistose shale, or consolidated mud, reposing upon the Cambrian Rocks of the Longmynd Mountains ;” and, as forming the base of his system, since observed to be the equivalents in position of the Welsh Lingula Flags, although not yet found to contain Fossils.t| At Malvern, black shales with Trilobites, first described by Professor John Phillips,t are also believed to belong to the same series. On Plates iii. and iv. are figured the principal Fossils from these beds. They consist of what is supposed to be worm tubes or burrows (Azmneli- dan?) named Cruziana semiplicata, Plate iii., fig. 1, and Chondrites, oc- curring, as Mr. Salter informs us, in matted masses, on the largely ex- posed surfaces of the arenaceous flags; the remarkable net-like Fossil, Dictyonema sociale, Plate iii., fig. 2, described by him as a Bryozoan or Polyzoan, and as forming a connecting link between the Graptolites and Fenestellide ; abundant in the uppermost Lingula Flags near Trema- doc, and very generally distributed ; occurring also in Shropshire and the Malverns. This fossil (identified by the author) has been also col- lected by the Geological Survey in Ireland. It certainly appears to be intimately related to Fenestella—a genus so prevalent in the Carboni- * Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. iii., p. 1. + Introduction to British Silurian Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc., 1866. t Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. ii., parti., p. 54. xvi DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. ferous limestone—but does not, in our opinion, present any special charac- ters connecting it so much with the Graptolites as Mr. Salter considers it to do: the projecting corneous cells, alluded to by him as a distinc- tive character,* are quite as evident in some species of Fenestella, re- sembling very closely F. frutex, M‘Coy. The Fossils called Callograptus and Dendrograptus by Professor Hall appear to exhibit more closely an intermediate stage, and to connect these net-like forms with the branch- ing Graptolites. It is of considerable interest, however, as the oldest known form of Polyzoa in British strata, and as characterizing the ‘Primordial Zone’ of Barrande; the equivalent of the Lingula Flags of Britain.t+ The Brachiopod shell, Lingulella Davisit, Plate iii., fig. 3 (formerly called Lingula), said to be the commonest of all the Lingula Flag Fossils, belongs to a family of which the following genera are represented in British Silurian Rocks, viz., Lingula, Lingulella, Obolus, and Obo- lella.t It is widely distributed, and very abundant throughout the Trema- doc district of North Wales, some of the slaty beds being full of these shells, in which, however, their true shape is rarely preserved, being more or less flattened and distorted; it has been also found near St. David’s Head, Pembrokeshire. The small Orthis lenticularis, Plate iii., fig. iv., the earliest known in British rocks (believed by Mr. Salter to be identical with a Swedish species), is found in the Upper Lingula Flags, near Tremadoc ; the Welsh specimens are described as occurring in myriads in some of the shales. The Crustacea of the Lingula Flags, with one exception, are all Trilobites, that of Hymenocaris vermicauda, Plate iv., fig. 1, described as belonging to the Phyllopoda, and said to be abundant in the fine slaty layers at the upper part of the Lower Lingula Flags, near Port- madoc, in North Wales. The lowest and most rudimentary form of Trilobite, Agnostus, furnishes a species—A. princeps, fig. 2—met with in the greatest profusion in some of the beds of the Lower Lingula Slates, associated with others of a higher character. The remarkable Trilobite Paradoxides Davidis, fig. 3, the largest of all British species, first discovered by Mr. Salter at St. David’s Head, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, is also included by him amongst the Fossils of the Lower Lingula Flags, as occurring at Dolgelly, North Wales.§ The gems Olenus, which includes Paradowides, is the most charac- teristic and abundant of all the Trilobites of the Lingula Flags. We * Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. iii., p. 332. + Siluria, third edition, p. 562. {£ The genus Lingula ranges from the oldest strata up to the present time; as a re- cent genus, it is few in number of species. Mr. Davidson enumerates fifteen fossil species of British Silurian Lingule, and ten additional, not yet sufficiently made out, several of which, when better known, may prove to be synonyms. British Silurian Brachiopoda, pp. 33, 34. § Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. iii., pp. 247, 248, and Decade xi., De- scription to Plate x., p. 4. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XvVii have figured on Plate iv., three species—O. micrurus, fig. 4; O. cata- ractes, fig. 5; and O. humilis, fig. 6; the two former species both oc- curring in the black shales of the Lower Lingula Flags, North Wales; ° and the latter, a small species first described by Professor Phillips, com- mon in the black shales of the Upper Lingula Flags, Malvern. The pygidium or tail of a Trilobite called Dikelocephalus (?) Celticus, fig. 7, and portions of the head and tail of another, Conocoryphe invita, fig. 8, both from Upper Lingula Flags, North Wales, complete the illustra- tions of the Crustacea given on Plate iv., which form an important and peculiar group in the strata of this Formation. Fossits oF THE TREMADOC SLATE. These strata, as we are informed by Professor Ramsay,* were first described by the Rey. Professor Sedgwick, on special lithological grounds, as long agoas 1846; Mr. Salter having since, from the study of their Fossils, considered them entitled to rank as a distinct formation—a claim now acknowledged by the Geological Survey. They are described as a very local formation, immediately succeeding the black Lingula slates, and as being at present only recognised in certain parts of Merionethshire and Caernarvonshire, North Wales ; and in Pembroke- shire, South Wales. The general range and character of these beds - are shown by Professor Ramsay in his ‘‘ Memoir on the Geology of North Wales,”’ before referred to, and the'Fossils, separated into two zones, described by Mr. Salter, and figured in the Appendix to the same volume; a selection from these has furnished us with the materials for Plate v., Trilobites being the most abundant; of these sixteen different kinds are enumerated in the list of species. The most characteristic, according to Mr. Salter, are Niobe Homfrayi, fig. 4; and Psilocephalus innotatus, fig. 5 in the lower division; and Angelina Sedgwick, fig. 2, and Asaphus affinis (or A. Homfray?), in the upper. The remaining Fossils are almost entirely Mollusca—Lingulella Daviswi (Plate iii., fig. 8), and a smaller shell, Lengula lepis (pl. v., fig. 7), also called Lingu- lella by Mr. Salter. Mr. Davidson, however, considers it to possess characters so similar to that of Lingula proper, that he places it pro- visionally with the last-named genus.{ Both these species are noticed as occurring in the Linguia Flags, and are stated by Mr. Salter to be the only Fossils which ascend from that lower horizon. The other shells are Bellerophon Arfonensis, fig. 8; Theca operculata, fig. 9; and Conu- laria Homfrayi, all frequent Fossils in these beds, the genus Theca being very predominant; Orthoceras and Cyrtoceras are also said to occur, appearing for the first time in these deposits in Britain. * Mem. of the Geol. Survey, vol. iii., p. 7. + Ibid., p. 253. t British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 54. Cc Xvlll DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Fosstts oF THE LLANDEILO FLAgs. The strata next in order of superposition are what are called the Llan- deilo Flags, a series of deposits consisting of black earthy slates, and interstratified sandy flagstones, with occasional calcareous bands, which sometimes become regular limestones. Some of these beds contain a great abundance of Fossils, particularly in the neighbourhood of the town from which it derives its name—Llandeilo Fawr, in Caermarthen- shire; and near Builth, in Brecknockshire ; similar rocks occupying parts of both North and South Wales. This Formation also occurs in the Si- lurian region on the western flank of the Stiper stones of Shropshire, as well as in Cumberland; the Skiddaw slate, its representative, forming the lowest band in that slaty region.* Fossils indicating strata belonging to this Formation have also been collected at various places in the south and central parts of Ireland, and probably also in the north: there is, however, from the absence of continuous sections, much difficulty in determining their relative positions at present. The advancement of the Geological Survey, combined with a more extended examination of the Fossils, will doubtless afford a better clue as to the equivalents of the various members of the Silurian Formation in that country. This group of strata has been separated into two series— Upper and Lower—and the Fossils enumerated in the Appendix to the Geology of North Wales,} as well as in the Appendix to Siluria, third edition. The fossils of the Llandeilo Formation are more varied as to the classes represented, as well as more numerous, than in any of the pre- ceding Formations ; they consist of afew Corals, very few Crinoidal re- mains; and a peculiar group of organisms, called Graptolites—which first make their appearance in the lower division, attaining their maxi- mum development in the upper series of these strata. As these remark- able Fossils are entirely confined to the Silurian Rocks, they become very important indicators of Lower Paleozoic strata. Of Molluscous shells, Brachiopods are the most numerous, particularly the Orthide and Lingule; we have in these strata the earliest evidence of Lamelli- branch bivalves. The Gasteropoda, or univalves, were mostly of the Kuomphaloid type; both these classes, most abundant at the present day, having been but poorly represented in these ancient strata. On the contrary, shells referred to Nucleobranchiata, as Heteropoda, the class Pteropoda, and the now almost extinct class of Cephalopods, were the prevailing forms. The group of Trilobites existed in great numbers during this epoch, several new genera first making their appearance, such as Adglina, Trinucleus, Ampyx, and Calymene. The Fossils figured on Plate vi. are of a miscellaneous character. Paleochorda mapor, fig. 1, is believed to be a plant belonging to the sea- weeds or Algze ; Pyritonema fasciculus, fig. 3, Protovirgularia dichotoma, * Introduction to Brit. Sil. Brachiopoda, by Sir R. I. Murchison, Pal. Soe. p. 25. + Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. iii., pp. 256, 258. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. xX1x fig. 4, and Nebulipora favosa, fig. 2, are Zoophytes or Corals, the two former considered to belong to the Gorgonide, the latter to the Favosi- tide, a group of the division Zoantharia tabulata of Professor Milne Edwards; it resembles very closely some of the varieties of Stenopora (Favosites), fibrosa, small Corals, generally branching, and composed of an aggregation of basaltiform corallites belonging to the same family ; first appearing in this Formation, and continuing throughout the re- mainder of the Silurian rocks, but most abundant and characteristic of the next or superimposed Formation, that of the Caradoc or Bala, with the Fossils of which we have figured it, Plate x., fig. 1. It is not until we reach the Upper Silurian that we meet with many of the larger kinds of Corals, those which secrete a calcareous frame- work, and are in consequence so easily preserved as Fossils; they are abundant in the Wenlock limestone. There may have been, however, during the period of these earlier deposits, softer kinds, such as the Actinie (Sea Anemones), and allied forms, which would have been un- preservable, and of which, therefore, no traces remain. The portion of an Encrinite stem, fig. 5, referred to Cyathocrinus by Mr. Salter, is stated by him to be the earliest British record of the order Crinoidea, which afterwards became so abundant throughout the Paleozoic strata. The singular markings called Nereites Cambrensis, fig. 6, with others of a somewhat corresponding character, have been usually de- scribed, from their resemblance to marine worms, as Annelidan ; but, as we are now aware that some of the shell-bearing, as well as soft Mol- lusca, and other marine animals, during their locomotion produce sinu- ous tracks over the smooth surface of sand, as well as burrow through it, and even excavate cavities in the hard rock, it would not be safe to rely too confidently on such markings as exact evidences of the class to which they have been referred ; they are nevertheless useful as charac- terizing particular sandy and flaggy beds, in this and more recent For- mations in which there are often no other remains perceptible. We have in figures 7 and 8 more tangible evidence of the Annelida. Fig. 7 is referred by Mr. Salter to Arenicolites, fig. 8 to Scolites: the latter he believes to be the ordinary fillings up of worm tracks in the sandy mud, and for such he proposes to retain the name of Scolites; for those which show double vertical burrows, such as fig. 7, that of Arenicolites. The Trilobites figured on Plate vii. consist of examples of those genera which are most frequent, as well as characteristic of this Forma- tion; a small species of Agnostus, named A. MU Coyzi, fig. 1, belonging to a genus before alluded to (ante, p. xvi.), as being the most rudimentary form of the group ; and, on the contrary, one of the largest and well de- veloped of these Crustacea is that of Asaphus tyrannus, of which fig. 2 is a reduction ; it is said to be eminently characteristic of the Upper Llan- deilo, not ranging above that Formation, and limited to the British area. Ogygia Buchit, fig. 8, is another very important Trilobite, particularly abundant in the Llandeilo shales, near Builth, and believed to be also confined to the same Formation. A small Trilobite, Zglina binodosa, xx DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. fig. 4, remarkable for its globular head and large eyes, also by having two nodular prominences on the third segment, and a triangular tail, is abundant in the black slates of the Lower Llandeilo, west of the Stiper stones, Shropshire. The most easily recognised, as well as perhaps the most charac- teristic genus of Trilobites in this Formation, is that of Trinucleus, moderately small in size, but important in point of numbers, as some of the species are; the expanded border to the head, usually orna- mented with radiating lines or perforations, its stunted form and long cheek spines readily distinguish it. We have included two species on Plate vi. Zrinucleus fimbriatus, fig. 5, originally figured in the ‘ Silurian System’ (head only), pl. xxiii., fig. 2 (as Mr. Salter informs us), is not the same Fossil as that figured so long ago as 1698, by Dr. Llhwyd in the ‘‘ Philosophical Transactions” as Trinucleum fimbriatum, that being the common Llandeilo speeies, Z. concentricus or T. Caractact.* The fossil from which our figure was taken was collected at Builth, in Rad- norshire, where it is very plentiful. TZrinucleus Lloydit, fig. 6, is a species also originally figured in the Silurian System, pl. xxiil., fig. 4, and since by the Geological Survey in Decade vii., pl. vii. The figure in the Silurian system, as remarked by Mr. Salter, ‘‘ although characte- ristic, was taken from a specimen having but five body, or thoracic rings;”’ he supposes the deficiency due to accidental growth. It is said to be confined to Caermarthenshire and the mining district of Shrop- shire, where itisfrequent. Belonging to the same small group is Ampyx nudus, a species remarkable for its extremely developed cheek spines and pointed frontalspine. Itaffords a good illustration of the caution necessary in naming and describing, having been originally figured in the ‘ Silurian System’ as a species of Trinucleus, in consequence of its imperfect character, from being deprived of its spines, and under the supposition that it had lost the expanded margin peculiar to that genus; speci- mens in a more perfect condition were afterwards collected at Builth, where it is not uncommon, proving it to belong to the genus Ampyx; and it was again described by Professor E. Forbes, then Paleontologist to the Geological Survey, in Decade ii., Plate 10, the drawings to illus- trate it being executed by the Author, who has repeated the principal figure on Plate vii. fig. 7. No facial suture has been observed in this genus, and it is said to be without eyes. The remaining Trilobite, Calymene duplicata, belongs to a genus which ranges through the whole of the Silurian strata from the Lower Llandeilo to the Ludlow, and is, according to Mr. Salter, one of the most typical forms of Trilobite, and not known beyond the British Isles. It is abundant at Builth, and occurs also in South Wales and Shropshire. Various classes of the Mollusca, some of which appear for the first time in this Formation, are represented on Plate viii., most numerous amongst them being the shells of Brachiopoda, which includes several species of Orthis; ofthese Orthis alata, fig. 4, is confined to the Llandeilo * Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Decade vii,, Explanation to Plate vii., p. 5. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXi rocks. O.calligramma, fig. 5,a common shell throughout the Lower Silu- rian, most characteristic of Caradoc or Bala strata, and Orthis striatula, fig. 1, are figured, not for their abundance, but to complete the group of Llan- deilo Fossils. The Lingulee selected from amongst the half dozen or more species of this genus occurring in this Formation is Lingulaattenuata, fig. 1, a, small shell, originally described and figured in the ‘Silurian Sys- tem;’ and LZ. plumbea, fig. 2, a more orbicular form, referred to Obolella by Mr. Salter, with respect to which Mr. Davidson, in his monograph on British Silurian Brachiopoda, observes that ‘‘it is not perfectly certain that any of our hitherto discovered British species agree with Mr. Billings’ genus, although two or three have been referred to it.”’ The very small orbicular Brachiopod, Siphonotreta micula, fig. 3, first described by Professor M‘Coy, is remarkable for its gregarious habits, as shown by the profusion in which it occurs; one hundred of these little shells having been counted on a fragment of shale four or five inches square from Pen Cerrig, Builth. The ordinary Bivalves, or Lamellibranchiata, are but few in number in these ancient deposits, as it is here only we observe the first cer- tain evidence of their appearance. Examples of these are given on Plate vill., figs. 7, 8, and 9, under the names of Palgarca, Redonia, and Ribieria. The Univalve or Gasteropod shells were likewise, but feebly, represented in this Formation, in which they also first make their ap- pearance. Huomphalus, fig. 10, is a genus of the Turbinide, very fre- quent in Paleozoic strata, ranging from these Llandeilo beds to the Trias ; Ophileta, fig. 11, being apparently a closely allied shell. To the Nucleobranchiata, which include the Heteropoda, shells, the animals of which swim at the surface, instead of creeping on the bed of the sea, Bellerophon, fig. 12, a convoluted shell, with a notched aperture, resembling somewhat that of the recent Atlanta, is[believed to have be- longed; a genus ranging from this formation through the entire series of Paleozoic strata. This class of the} Mollusca was developed to a much greater extent, anciently, than at the present day, particularly during the Silurian epoch. The Maclurea, fig. 13, a large discoidal shell resembling Euomphalus, with a solid operculum, fig. 14, corresponding with a species named M. Logani, which abounds in the Chazy limestone of the United States and Canada, is doubtfully included with Bellerophon in the family Atlantide, as a Nucleobranch shell.* It is also alluded to as probably belonging to Pteropoda, although the occurrence of this group in the older rocks is very obscure.+ The Pteropoda, a group of small animals, which appear in incredible numbers in the tropical seas, are, it is thought, represented Paleeontolo- gically by much larger forms, such as Zheca, species of which are figured on Plate v., fig. 9; and Plate viii, fig. 15; and Conularva, Plate v., fig. 10. The highest and most important class of Mollusca, that of the Ce- * Manual of the Mollusca, by S. P. Woodward, p. 202 (Weale’s Series). + Paleontology, by Prof, R. Owen (1860), p. 72. XXll DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. phalopoda, is represented in this Formation by Orthoceras, fig. 16 ; these straight shells, divided by ‘‘septe,” and externally striated, are the most abundant and widely distributed of the Mollusca in Paleozoic strata, and attained a larger size than any other fossil shell. Next in Paleontological importance to the Trilobites, are the re- markable bodies called Graptolites, their name being derived from two Greek words, signifying written stone, or writing on stone. Various kinds of these Fossils are represented on Plateix. This group of anoma- lous marine animals, so abundant in these ancient strata, wherever the condition of the sediment (such as a fine muddy deposit, converted into argillaceous shale) was favourable to their existence, has, like the Tri- lobites, entirely passed away; their representatives at the present day being most probably the compound Asteroid Zoophytes, such as Virgu- laria, in which the polypidoms are arranged on either side of a rod; and other elongated forms of the Pennatulide, or sea pens, and the Sertula- rian Zoophytes or Corallines, belonging to the Hydrozoa, so abundant on our sea shores. To illustrate these, and forcomparison, see woodcut, fig. 4. Fig.4.— Graptolites, and probable allied recent Hydrozoa, and other Zoophytes. b WEE (e000 a. b. Virgularia mirabilis; (recent), a. nat. size; b. enlarged. Die Graptolithen, &c., pl. 22, a, b, by Prof. Geinitz. cd. peruls ert (recent) ’c. nat.'size; d. enlarged portion. British Zoophytes (Johnston), pl. xi, figs. 5, 6. e. f. Diplograpsus pristis; (fossil), e. nat. size; enlaged:portion. Die Grap. pl. i., fig. 23. g. h. Plumularia pennatula ; (recent), g. nat. size ;.fenlarged portion. Brit. Zooph., pl. xxii. figs. 1, 2. t. k. Graptolithus sagittarius ; (fossil), ¢. nat. size; 4. enlarged portion. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. viii, pl. xxi., fig. 8, c, d. i 2. Graptolithus priodon ; (fossil), restored, after Forbes. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXiil Their exact relations are still, however, the subject of discussion, not- withstanding the discovery of so many extraordinary forms in Canada; some naturalists believing their alliance to be more with the Polyzoa. The forms represented on Plate ix. are examples of the various genera met with in British strata; in Graptolithus, a single row of cellules are arranged on the axis or stipe, of which G. sagittarius, fig. 1, may be considered the type; G. Nilssoni, fig. 2, being another example of these single Graptolites, which are not confined to Lower Silurian strata, like the double forms; one of the single Graptolites, G. priodon, being almost as abundant and generally distributed as D. pristis, ranging from Caradoc or Bala rocks through all the stratigra- phical divisions of the Upper Silurian. Those haying a central axis, on which a double line of cellules are arranged, are well shown in Diplograpsus pristis, and its variety scalariformis, fig. 3. To this species the living Zoophyte, Virgularia mirabilis (woodcut, fig. 4, a, b), pre- sents perhaps the nearest resemblance : it is the most frequent of all the Graptolites in the Llandeilo Formation, of which it is eminently charac- teristic, and, as far as at present known, confined to Lower Silurian strata, as are all the double forms. D. teretiusculus, fig. 4, also a double form, is a smaller and less abundant Graptolite, although a characteristic one of the Llandeilo series, to which it is said to be entirely confined. In the double Graptolite, Didymograpsus Murchisoni, fig. 5, the axis diverges from a ‘‘radicle,” or point, the cell serratures being ar- ranged in a single’series on the inside of each branch. Another and smaller diverging form of Graptolite is that of Didymograpsus sextans, fig. 6; it has the cell serratures arranged on the outer edge of the axis, and is very characteristic of this Formation. Some of the specimens col- lected by Mr. C. Galvan, of the Geological Survey of Ireland, from near Dungarvan, show the ‘initial points,’”’ or ‘ radicles,”’ exactly resem- bing the original figures of this species given by Professor James Hall, in the Paleontology of New York, vol. i., pl. lxxiv., fig. 3, d, e.* As an example of a coiled form, Rastrites peregrinus, fig. 7, is not an uncommon one in the black shales of the upper division of this For- mation in Dumfriesshire. This elegant little Graptolite differs from all the preceding ones alluded to in the narrow and delicately curved axis, from which proceed, at regular intervals, the elongated narrow tubular cellules peculiar to this species, and developed on one side only of the axis or stipe. In concluding this account of the Fossils of the Llandeilo Formation, it will be important to remember, that Graptolites, according to our present knowledge, wherever detected, will be found to present a cer- tain indication of Silurian strata. This fact, in connexion with the merest rudiments of geology, if properly known, might have saved * Those who wish to study this interesting and important group of Fossils should consult Decade ii. of the Geological Survey of Canada, under the direction of Sir Wm. Logan, the Graptolites, by Professor James Hall, 1865. XX1V DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. many thousand pounds in the fruitless search for coal, which has in several cases been made through these black shales containing Grapto- lites, under the impression that they were coal shales with plants.* * Mistaken ideas, such as these, which have led to ‘ vain’ trials for coal, have often fallen under the notice of the Geological Surveyors. They are alluded to by Professor John Phillips, in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i., p. 54, in his account of the black shales of the Silurian district of Malvern; and by Mr. J. Beete Jukes, Di- rector of the Geological Survey of Ireland, in his address delivered before the Lord Lieutenant, at the Museum of Irish Industry, December 21st, 1866. The author also has recorded similar mistakes in his ‘notice of Fossil localities near Drogheda,’ read be- fore the Geological Society of Dublin, January 12th, 1859 ; as, for instance, at the Com- mons of Slane, there are places which are marked on the Ordnance 6-inch Maps as coal pits, where fruitless trials have been made through black slates of the Silurian For- mation, containing Graptolites, under the impression that they were plants, involving ne- cessarily the same barren results and loss of capital. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXV Fossits oF THE Carapoc or Bata Rocks. Turs group of strata derives its name of Caradoc from the range of hills in Shropshire, of which Caer Caradoc is the highest, as on its flanks the strata are well exposed. In this county the beds consist mostly of sand- stones with impure shelly limestone and shales: in consequence of a fault, this formation is separated from the underlying Llandeilo Flags by the intervention of the Cambrian Rocks of the Longmynd. In North Wales, in the neighbourhood of Bala, Merionethshire, these strata con- sist of hard slaty rocks, occasionally sandy, with bands of a similar impure fossiliferous limestone, which in that district immediately over- lie the Llandeilo formation, and extending westward in undulations, constitute the slates of the summit of Snowdon. In Caermarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, South Wales, the same relative order of superposi- tion prevails, with a similar distinction between the organic remains of the Llandeilo and Caradoc groups of strata; the Llandeilo beds near Llandovery being regularly overlaid by slaty and arenaceous beds full of characteristic Caradoc fossils, these being again covered by the con- glomerates at the base of the Llandovery series. In the north-west of England the Skiddaw slates of Cumberland are proved to be of Lower Llandeilo age; and to the south of these lofty mountains of the Lake District, the Coniston limestone, with its over- lying flagstones or grits, by comparison of its organic remains, is clearly shown to be a representation of the Caradoc formation. In Ayrshire, Scotland, the limestones on the Stincher and Girvan rivers contain fossils of Caradoc types, the beds in which they occur being covered by conglomerates, sandstones, and shales of the Llando- very formation. In the north of Ireland, the shales and sandy strata of Tyrone, parts of Meath, with the Silurian limestones and shales of the county of Dub- lin, and that known as the Chair of Kildare, as well as large districts in Wicklow, Wexford, and Waterford, in many places abound with fossils also of Caradoc age. Plates x. to xiii. contain a selection of some of the most characteristic fossils. It is, however, obvious that amongst such a profusion of the remains of organic life as have been obtained from this formation, a comparatively small number only can be figured in a work like the present. Corats, always more prevalent in the limestones, are but feebly re- presented in argillaceous, sandy, or calcareous deposits, and although sometimes abundant, are of doubtful character. Whilst treating of this important class of fossils, the following diagram (fig. 5) will serve to d XXV1 DESCRIPLIVE REMARKS. explain the terms used in describing these various elements of the calcareous structure, the only part preservable in a fossil state:— Fig. 5.—Parts of a Coral (after Forbes). Such forms as Petraia aquisulcata, Pl. x., fig. 2, although sometimes abun- dant,are of doubtful charae- ter. In the explanation to that Plate, p. 28, I have re- marked on the probability of this coral and others be- longing toCyathophyllum, a genus of turbinated corals arranged under the sub- order Zoantharia rugosa, by Protessor H. Milne Ed- wards and Jules Haime. Entirely agreeing with these eminent authors of ** British Fossil Corals” Calice, or cup. a . . b. Columella. that the species which con- ene aoital stitute the genus Petrava oD mente, o: tubule or Turbinolopsis are merely 4 1eca, . mils % 9. Epitheca. internal casts of'simpletur- h. a. . : i. Genenchying, binated corals, having cha- J. Calycial budding. m3 0 Toft] 1 k. Lateral and superior budding. racters undis tinguishable i, Lateral and inferior budding. from that of Cyathophyl- m. Fission. lum,* I propose to include in that genus the above-named species and others common to the Llandovery rocks, characteristic examples of which are figured amongst the fossils of that formation on Plate xiv., figs. 1, a, 8, ¢. The most universally distributed of the corals is Favosites, (Steno- pora) fibrosus, branching and hemispherical varieties of which are shown on Pl. x., figs. 1 a-d. It is most abundant (especially the branching variety) in Lower Silurian rocks, ranging through all the Silurian strata from the Llandeilo to the Ludlow formation ; its occur- rence in the Upper Llandeilo rocks of Wales being recorded in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 258. Accompanying it in these Lower and Upper Silurian strata is the remarkable “‘ chain coral,”’ Halysites catenularius, figured amongst the fossils of the Wenlock rocks, Pl. xvii., figs. 8 a—d, as being most abun- daut in that formation. Helvolites interstinctus on the same Plate, fig. 1 a, b,c; and Favosites Gothlandicus, fig. 2 a, b,c; all these corals * Monograph of Brit. Fossil Corals, Paleontographical Society, 1850-4, pp. 226 and 286. DESCKIPTIVE REMARKS. XXV1l having a very similar structure, being composed of an aggregation of radiating tubes, and belonging to the same division Zoantharia tabu- lata, of Milne Edwards and Haime, flourished in the greatest profusion during the period of the Wenlock formation. The first of these species, Halysites catenularius, commencing in the Llandeilo formation, con- tinued on, through the intermediate formations to the Wenlock; the second, Heliolites interstinctus, first appearing in the Caradoc, continu- ing on through the intermediate formatious to the Ludlow rocks; the third, Favosites Gothlandicus, having the same geological range, ac- cording to the Table of British Silurian Fossils in Siluria, 4th ed., p- 510; about twenty other species of corals are recorded from the Caradoc formation in the same Table. ‘‘ The true corals,’”’ as Sir R. I. Murchison observes, ‘‘are far more characteristic of the upper than of the lower members of the Silurian rocks; and they are more abundant in them both as to species and individuals.” Léd., p. 217. The discovery by MM. Milne Edwards and Haime of a Palcozoie or ancient and Neozoic or modern type is of considerable importance ; the former constituting for the most part their sub-orders or divisions Zoan- tharia rugosa and tabulata, the latter embracing the majority of the Oolitic and recent species comprised in that of Zoantharia aporosa. The corals belonging to Z rugosa, which include the Cyathophyllide, Litho- dendronine, and Cystiphyllide, are characterized by having transverse tabule, dissepiments, and a quadrupartite arrangement of the septe into four, or multiples of that number, fig. 6 a. Fig. 6.—Palaozoic and Neozoie Type of Coral. PSUS ~S \ : 7 \ = | = S) \ ee re In Z. tabulata, which includes Fuvosites, Heliolites, Halysites, &c., the tabula or dissepiments are present ; the septal arrangement is, how- ever, rudimentary. In contradistinction to these, the division 7 wporosa, which consti- tutes the Neozoic type, and includes the principal Oolitic and recent corals, such as the Zurbinolide, Oculinide, Astreide, and Fungide, the septal apparatus is highly developed, being composed of six elements or multiples of that number (fig. 6, 6); and there are no tabulz or dissepi- ments like those which characterize the older or Paleozoic corals. Crivorps are those forms of the Echinodermata, having a more or less globular body, composed of series of calcareous plates, from which XXVill DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. proceed rays, and provided with a jointed stem, terminating in root-like processes, for the purpose of attachment to submarine bodies. Fig. 7.— Parts af a Crinoid (after Forbes). ie eG ES GayA ean ‘ ‘ —1 rae ea] \ qa 0 \ pass Tj \ nis <1 JL ee a aie 1 Q SSEEEEEEEEEE EEO a, Calyx, or eup. q. Pinnules, or fingers. 6. Basal plates, ** Pelvis.” fh. Mouth, or proboscis. ce. Primary radial plates. z. Stem, or column. d, Intermediate and accessory plates. 7. Joints. e Brachial plates. k. Ramules, or side arms. f, Arms. 7. Root, or base of attachment. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. ‘i XX1x The diagram, fig. 7—an ideal representation or typical example of the order—is intended to show the various parts entering into its com- position and their designation. Like the corals, the ‘‘ Stone Lilies” at- tained their maximum in Upper Paleozoic strata, their remains being especially abundant in the Wenlock and Carboniferous Limestone. In the older Silurian strata they are comparatively rare, except as fragments; we have figured amongst the Llandeilo fossils (PI. vi., fig. 5) a portion of them referred to Cyathocrinus, which is said tv be the oldest crinoid known in British strata. A nearly complete example, named Glyptocrinus basalis is shown on Pl. x., fig. 7, as a Caradoc fossil, although they are seldom met with in so perfect a state in beds so low in the series. Tue Cystipera.—Spheronites of old authors, are plentiful in British strata, first appearing in Caradoc shales and limestone ; they abound in the Lower Silurian strata of Scandinavia and Russia. This group of the Echinodermata, allied to the crinoids by a resemblance of some parts of their structure, are mostly rounded bodies formed of a number of closely united polygonal plates, the stem or column being short or rudi- mentary. In some the arms and tentacles are only obscurely in- dicated (as in Pl. xvii., fig. 6) or entirely absent. The ‘“ pectinated rhombs”’ and ‘‘ pyramids,” or ovarian openings, such as are figured on the same Plate, figs. 6, 6 and c, are characteristic peculiarities of this group. The principal genera found in this formation are shown on Pl. x.—Spheronites, fig. 4 ; Echinospherites, fig. 5; aud Hemicos- mites, fig. 6. ; they include sixteen species, and probably represent in these older deposits the sea urchins or Echinide of modern seas. SrarFIsHEs not very unlike those of the present day occur for the first time, although not frequent, in Caradoc strata. Pleaster obtusus resembles so much the living Uraster as to have been originally re- ferred to that genus ; another smaller species, doubtfully named Pro- taster, and figured on the same Plate (9, a 6), appears to be allied to Ophuira, the brittle star. Sixteen species of starfishes are recorded from British strata—six in Lower, ten in Upper Silurian. The net-like Poryzoa, now considered as belonging to the lowest group of the Mollusca, but formerly classed with corals to which they certainly bear a close relationship, are more abundant in Upper Silurian strata. Fenestelia assimilis, pl. xi., fig. 1, which is also a common Wenlock species, 1s a good example of this class of fossils, and is not unlike some modern forms at present existing in the seas of Europe; it occurs abun- dantly in the Caradoc limestone of the Chair of Kildare. For comparison with this fossil and that of Dyctyonema, figured on Pl. i., fig. 2, which appears to be more closely connected with the Reteporide than to Graptolites, I have introduced a figure (woodcut fig. 8) of a small but well-marked recent species with enlarged portions, showing the arrangement and form of cells in this British species of net- work coral: from Johnston’s British Zoophytes, 2nd ed., woodcut 67, p- 854; and enlarged view of cells from Busk’s Polyzoa; Pal. Soc., PL xin, fig, 2. XXX ' DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Fig. 8.—Retepora Beaniana, or net-work coral, a recent Polyzoan. Hab. Deep Water, British Seas. a. Natural size. 5. Portion of the surface enlarged, showing celluliferous spaces and openings. c. A few of the cells highly magnified ; showing the openings. Other forms flattened and sometimes branched, are more generally distributed in Lower Silurian strata, such as Ptilodictya acuta on the ig. 9.—Flustra carbasea, or “ Sea Mat,” a recent Polyzoan. Hab. on Shells from Deep Water, British Seas. SSS ISS aS SS ES = SEs a. Natural size. 6. Cells enlarged. same Plate, fig. 2; this species may be compared with the recent Flustra carbasea (woodcut, fig. 9); from Johnston’s British Zoophytes, DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. ; XXX1 Qnd ed., pl. Lxiii., figs. 1, 2, to which it is closely allied, being included in the same family Escharide. To illustrate this group of fossils, which are formed of a number of cells arranged in several series and of various shapes, the small wood- cut, fig. 10, reduced from Busk’s Polyzoa (Pal. Soc.), will serve to show the normal form of a cell with its orifice or aperture and lid. The margins of this opening, from which the Fg. 10.—Cell “‘ polypes”’ protrude in the living examples, are either 9fPolyzoan (after smooth, provided with spines, or valvular. Busk). Bracuropopa are the most numerous of the Mol- luscan shells in Caradoc strata; characteristic forms of Lingula, Discina, and Crania, are represented on pl. xi., figs. 3,4, and 5. Leptena sericea, fig. 6 of the same plate, a common fossil throughout Lower Silurian strata, is most numerous in strata of this for- mation. Orthis Actonie, fig. 7, characteristic also of the Llandeilo rocks, O. flabellulum, fig. 8, and O. calli- gramma, especially the latter, is remarkably abundant in Caradoc rocks, as also is Strophomena expansa, Pl. « Cell. :: 6. Orifice or aper- Mil., fig 1; ‘ie ConcutFera, or ordinary bivalve shells, are less numerous in these older strata, except in special localities; Modzolopsis, Pl. xii., figs. 2 and 8, resembling the recent Modiola; and Ctenodonta, fig. 4, small shells with hinge teeth, like the recent Nucula, are examples of some of the most frequent. Gasteropopa.—Univalve shells are still fewer in the number of species, although some of them, such as Holopea concinna, fig. 5, and Murchisonia turrita, fig. 6, abound in strata of this age at certain loca- lities in Ireland; the former species, although resembling much the recent Natica, is believed to represent the Ianthine, or oceanic floating snails; and MMurchisonia, the Pleurotomarie of Upper Paleozoic and secondary strata, and the recent Cerithia with notched apertures. Of the Nucrroprancurata, univalve shells resembling the nautilus in external form, but without possessing air chambers, eight species are recorded from Caradoc strata. Bellerophon bilobatus, fig. 7, 18 a com- mon fossil of this formation in Britain, being ‘‘ equally characteristic of the same deposits in North America, Spain, and Bohemia.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 198. : Theca reversa, fig. 9, is believed to be a Prerorop, with which the delicate shell of the recent Clio borealis offers a comparison. The fossil named ? Theca triangularis, fig. 8, and to which I have prefixed a query in the explanation of Plate xii., was figured by Portlock as a doubtful Or- thoceratite, and has since been referred to Theca. Having had the oppor- tunity of examining his original specimens, I have come to the conclusion that it is nothing more than the pointed termination of an Orthoceras, such as the species he figures from the same locality as elongato- cinctum or subundulatum ; it was unfortunately introduced into the Plate before I discovered it had characters incompatible with that of XXXll DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Theea ; such as a thick shell showing lines of sept at regular intervals, which are independent of the fine transverse striz with which the surface is marked, these characters being identical with that of Ortho- ceras. The small tapering and tubular shell, ornamented at regular intervals with rings, Tentaculites Anglicus, Pl. x., fig. 3, is remarkably frequent in some beds of the Caradoc sandstone, particularly at the locality from which the examples figured were obtained, in a buff- coloured sandstone from Cheney-Longville, Shropshire ; it is also plen- tiful in Llandovery strata. Minute bivalved Crustacea belonging to the Ostracoda, such as those figured on Plate xii. Cytheropsis umbonata, fig. 1, and Primitia Maccoyti, fig. 2, are not uncommon in some of the Caradoc deposits ; the latter species being remarkably abundant in the limestone of this age at the Chair of Kildare. Beyrichia, fig. 3, and Agnostus, fig.4, are other small crustaceans ; the former, a bivalved Phyllopod, the latter, one of the rudimentary forms of the extinct group of Trilobites, a class of fossils largely represented in these rocks; some of the most common species being figured on the same Plate, such as Jilenus Bowmanni, fig. 5; very plentiful in the Bala limestone of North Wales, and that of the Chair of Kildare in Ireland; it also ranges into Llandovery strata. Zrinucleus concentricus, fig. 5, ‘‘has a very extensive Lower Silurian range both in Europe and America.” Sil., 4th ed., p. 204. Jnchas laxatus, fig. 7, a perfect example of which is given in the above edition of Siluria, p. 204; Fossils (46, fig. 5), frequent in North Wales, is not uncommon in Cara- doc or Bala limestone of the Chair of Kildare; this species also ranges into the Llandovery rocks. Calymene brevicapitata, fig. 8, is a variety of the well-known Dudley fossil occurring in Lower Silurian strata of this age in Tyrone. This species, under the name of C. senaria, is included in the list of Caradoc fossils of North Wales as occurring at several localities in that district. Mus. G. 8., vol. iii, p. 2638. Homa- lonotus bisulcatus, fig. 9, 1s plentiful in the Caradoc sandstone of Shrop- shire. Spherexochus mirus, fig. 10, a very common fossil at the Chair of Kildare, is found perfect in the Wenlock limestone near Dudley ; and Phacops Brongniartt, confined to Caradoc strata, is found in North Wales, and occurs in profusion, often in a perfect state, in the slaty rocks of Tyrone, Waterford, and Wexford. FossI“ts oF THE LLANDOVERY Rocks. The Llandovery formation, described asa distinct group of strata by Sir R. I. Murchison, is named from the district in South Wales to the north and west of Llandeilo, particularly near Llandovery, where the passage from the underlying Caradoc rocks into the lowest member of DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXXili this formation is well shown. This intermediate group of strata, con- necting the Lower and Upper Silurian, was formerly called Upper Caradoc; it is now divided into a lower and an upper series—the lower and larger portion of the formation being related by its fossils to those of the Lower Silurian; the higher series, although containing some Lower Silurian species, is more evidently connected with the Upper Silurian. At the hills of Noeth Griig and Cefn-y-garreg, north-east of Llan- dovery, the whole formation is admirably exposed ; it is remarkable as being the only tract in England and Wales where the lower and upper portions have hitherto been observed in a continuous series; showing clear relations to the Caradoc beneath and the overlying Wenlock and other Upper Silurian strata. In Radnorshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, the Malverns, &c., only the upper portion of the Llandovery series is present, forming, as Sir R. Murchison informs us, the natural base of the Upper Silurian rocks. About nine miles south of the Malvern range the Upper Llandovery or May Hill sandstone of Professor Sedgwick reappears, upon which the Wenlock and other Upper Silurian rocks are superimposed. At Tortworth also, in Gloucestershire, still more to the south, the Upper Llandovery sandstone, with much trap rock, occupies a large area, and is surmounted by the Wenlock formation, with two courses of lime- stone, and feeble representatives of the Ludlow rock. Siluria, 4th ed., . 100, The most eastern tracts in England where the Upper Llandovery rock appears are the Lower Lickey Hills, in Worcestershire, and near Barr, in Staffordshire, at both which places that rock supports the base of the Upper Silurian deposits of the adjacent tracts of Dudley and Walsall (2b7d.). In Scotland, on the banks of Girvan Water, Ayrshire, besides Cara- doc, and perhaps Llandeilo strata, there are in certain beds of fine micaceous dark grey sandstones an abundance of fossils of Llandovery type; and also, as in England and Wales, rocks in which typical Upper and Lower Silurian fossils are mingled together ; these Silurian deposits of Ayrshire are covered towards the north by the Old Red and Carboni- ferous formations. In the west of Ireland, in Connemara and the adjacent tracts, near Cong, in the Co. Galway, and extending to Uggool, in Mayo, equiva- lents of the Llandovery rocks, consisting of conglomerate, sandstone, and schists, occur in patches, containing in some places a profusion of fossils, the strata resembling both in its lithological and paleontological cha- racter some of the upper fossiliferous beds described as occurring on the banks of the Girvan Water in Ayrshire. The organic remains from these rocks, though exhibiting on the whole a peculiar facies, and containing some distinctive species, show an evident continuity and passage from beds in which Lower Silurian typical forms prevail, into others, at its higher portion, where Upper e XXXIV DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Silurian fossils predominate; thus forming a connecting link between the two great divisions of Silurian strata, clearly proving it to be one continuous series of deposits, From the difficulty ofselecting species sufficiently distinct to charac- terize the lower and upper members of this formation, it has been found necessary to include them all in the same Plates (xiv. to xvi.). In the explanation to these Plates, where practicable, the position each fossil occupied in the series is however mentioned. Graprouites, the alliance of which with the Hydrozoa is now the received opinion, so abundant in the argillaceous slates of the older rocks, are rare in these sandy strata; and, excepting G. priodon, Pl. xix., fig. 1, a species which ranges from the Caradoc to Ludlow strata, are entirely absent. Corats are not uncommon; the most plentiful consist of a few well- known species which, commencing in Lower Silurian strata, continued on during the formation of these deposits into that of the Upper Silurian, such as Fuvosites fibrosus, figured amongst the Caradoc fossils, Pl. x., fig. 1. #. Gothlandicus, Pl. xvii., oe 3 2; Halysites catenularius, fig. 3 and Heliolites interstinctus, fig. 1, also on the same Plate, and all included with the Wenlock fone, as being most characterstie of that period. The simple turbinated corals called Petraia are the most abundant and characteristic of the class in these deposits ; as before remarked, in alluding to the fossils of the Caradoc rocks (ante, p. xxvi.), in accordance with the views of the eminent authors of British Fossil Corals, the proper position for these fossils, which are mostly internal casts, is with Cyathophyllum, to which genus I have referred them. There are eight species of Petraia included in the list of British Silurian fossils from Llandovery strata (Siluria, 4th ed., p. 511). Some of these, however, appear to me identical with P. elongata (Plate xiv., fig. 1, a, 6, c), particularly P. subduplicata, and probably P. bina; this will, I think, be evident on comparison with the figures from the same slab of P. elongata, showing different ages and conditions of this coral. EcuHINoDERMATA are comparatively rare either as Cystideans or Crinoids, except disconnected stems and joints; no entire specimens have yet been collected from these strata. Poryzoa are also poorly represented in these rocks; the species known, three only, all belong to Pélodictya, a genus more numerous in species during the preceding Caradoc formation ; one of the most frequent of these being figured on Pl. x1., fig. 2. Of all the fossils occurring in Llandovery strata Bracutopop shells are in the greatest profusion; Lingula parallela, Pl. xiv., fig. 2, and L. crumena, fig. 3, are examples of a genus at present existing on the shores of the Indian Ocean. Atrypa hemispherica, fig. 5, a species confined to Llandovery beds, abundant in the Abberley, Tortworth, and Malvern districts, but rare in Wales, is also the common fossil in the Upper Llandovery rocks of Galway, and the equivalent rocks of Scotland. Atrypa reticularis, frequent in the Wenlock formation, amongst the fossils of which it is figured (Plate xx., fig. 4), appears to DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS, XXXV have commenced in this formation ranging up through all the overly- ing Silurian groups. JMeristella angustifrons, Plate xiv., fig. 9, and Rhynchonella angustifrons, fig. 10, are remarkably abundant, particu- larly in the equivalent rocks of Ireland and Scotland. Of Strophomena ten species are recorded from these strata; one of them, S. compressa, fig. 6, occurring in the upper beds and the overlying Wenlock forma- tion ; S. depressa, plentiful in Wenlock strata, amongst the fossils of which formation it is figured (Plate xx., fig, 9), and S. antiquata are frequent in the Lower Llandovery; S. euglypha, also a common Wen- lock fossil (Plate xx., fig. 8), being more scarce. Several species of Leptena, including the well-known Lower Silurian fossil, LZ. sericea (Plate xi., fig. 6), and LZ. transversalis (Plate xiv., fig. 7), as well as Orthis calligramma (Plate xi., fig. 9), and O. elegantula figured with the Wenlock fossils (Plate xx., fig. 7), are not unfrequent in the Llandovery rocks. Pentamerus, including Stricklandinia, are the most characteristic fossils of the class in these rocks, both in Shropshire and South Wales ; they are so numerous as to have given the name of Pentamerus rock or limestone to the zone in which they occur; five or six species of these remarkable shells are known, four of the most typical being represented on Plate xv. Brvatye Suetzts.—Conchifera, are not unfrequent; thirty species of these are recorded, belonging, for the most part, to the Mytiloid and Aviculoid groups; a species referred to the recent genus Mytilus (Plate xvi., fig. 1), one also of Modiolopsis, six species of UOrthonota, and seven of Pterinca ; the small Anodontopsis bulla, fig. 2, and other shells with hinge teeth resembling the recent Wucula, are common at Malvern; Ctenodonta Eastnort (fig. 3) and C. lingualis are typical fossils showing this character. NIVALVE SHELLS.— Gasteropoda, are slightly in excess of the con- chiferous bivalves, thirty-four species being catalogued from these strata; five of them belong to Hwomphalus ; a similar number to the more elongated spiral shells Holopella, a typical form, H. cancellata, being represented on Plate xvi., fig. 5 (this shell is alluded to in Siluria, 4th ed., p. 212, as ‘‘ our largest British species, often three inches long, common to the Lower and Upper Llandovery’’); eight to Murchisonia, a characteristic genus named in honour of Sir R. Mur- chison, which is also an elongated many-whirled shell, allied to Pleu- rotomaria, and peculiar to Paleeozoic strata, ranging from the Llandeilo to the Ludlow formations inclusive, of the lower division, and continuing through the Upper Paleozoic strata into the Permian. MM. angulata (fig. 6), alarge spiral shell, with another and still larger species; J/. Prycez (Siluria, 4th ed., Pl. x., fig 11) occurs throughout the Lower Llandovery rocks of Wales. A flattened trochiform shell, Raphistoma lenticularis (Siluria, 4th ed., Pl. x., fig. 10), also allied to Pleurotomaria, is said to be of frequent occurrence in Llandovery rocks; zbid., p. 212. A shell with seven or eight whirls resembling in shape the recent top shell, Trochus, is doubtfully referred to that genus by the name of 7. multe- XXX Yl DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. torquatus (fig. 7); it is very plentiful in the Upper Llandovery rocks of Galway, and is believed also to occur in Ayrshire and Pembrokeshire. Of Bellerophon as many as eight species are already enumerated from these strata; one of these, B. trilobatus (Pl. xvi., fig. 8), is selected as a small species, commencing in Llandovery strata, and ranging up- wards to the Ludlow and Tilestone series ; it occurs both in Gloucester- shire and Galway. Two kinds of a thin curved discoidal shell, with widely separated whirls, named Heculiomphalus and Conularia Sowerby? (Siluria, 4th ed., Pl. xxv., fig. 10), a Pteropod which commences in the Caradoc, ranges through the intermediate strata to the Ludlow rocks. Crenaorop shells, although not numerous in this formation, are present in considerable variety ; of the straight forms, as in Orthoceras, several species have been collected; one of these, O. subgregarium (Plate xvi., fig. 11), is found with others in the Llandovery rocks of Galway. A curved shell of this class, Cyrtoceras approximatum, repre- sented on the same Plate, fig. 9, is, like the preceding one, confined to Llandovery rocks. A coiled discoidal shell, Letwtes cornu-arvetis, fig. 10, found in the lower division of these rocks, is also a Caradoc species, and an example of the extreme variability in form of the shells of this class of the Mollusca. Fossils referred to the ANNELIDA are not uncommon at certain loca- lities, being most plentiful in the strata of the upper division. The prevalent species is Zentaculites Anglicus, a small fossil figured with those of the Caradoc (Plate x., fig. 3), in which formation, as in Llan- dovery strata, it occurs in considerable abundance. Of TritosrTEs the most frequent is Encrinurus punctatus (Plate xvi., fig. 12). Calymene Blumenbachii (included with the Wenlock fo8sils) is not uncommon ; few species are, however, peculiar; certain Lower Silurian forms range into these rocks, such as l/lenus Bowmanni, figured. with the Caradoc fossils (Plate xii, fig. 5), and Lichas laxatus, which is also a Caradoc species; Phacops Stokesv and the characteristic P. caudatus, with others, being Upper Silurian types, first appearing in this formation. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXXV1L Fossits oF THE Upper Siturian Rocks. No very striking change from those of the Lower Silurians is observ- able in the general character of the assemblage of fossils contained in the upper division of Silurian strata, until we arrive at its uppermost portion, when the first evidence of vertebrata is obtained, by the disco- very of the remains of fish in the Ludlow formation ; there is, however, a considerable difference in the relative numbers of some of the classes of organic remains prevalent in Upper Silurian deposits. The following figures of recent typical examples of some of the classes of Molluscan shells, prevalent as fossils, are introduced for com- parison, and to assist in explaining their various parts and the terms used in describing them :— Fre. 1.—A Bracutopop SHELL. Genus Terebratula.—Sub-genus Waldheimia. W. Australis (recent). (Reduced to two-thirds of natural size). Figs. A and B copied by permission of Dr. J. E. Gray—Fig. C original. A—Interior of Dorsal valve. a. Single adductor impression. c. p. Cardinal process. c. m, Cardinai muscles. d. Dental sockets. a. ec. Accessory muscles. p. Hinge plate. p. ePdicle muscles. s. Septum. v. Vent. : c. Crura of the loop. r. Attachment of pedicle sheath. i. Retlected portion of loop. C.—Exterior of both valves. q. Quadruple adductor impression. i d. Dorsal valve. B.—Interior of Ventral valve. v. Ventral. Jf. Foramen. Jf. Foramen. d, Deltideum. r. Ribs, or plaits. t. Teeth. 2, Lines of growth. The Brachiopoda are bivalve Molluscoida, inzequivalve, and all having marine habitats. In the living examples the interior cavity of the shell is provided with two long oral processes, ciliated on one side, termed ‘arms,’ from which the name of the class has been derived. 1 XXXVIil DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Fic. 2.—A BIvALVE SHELL. Class CONCHIFERA, Cytherea chione (recent). Original reduced to two-thirds of natural size. Interior of left valve. Exterior of ditto. WHD Both valves united. A.—Interior of left valve. B.— Exterior of left valve. uw. Umbo. aw. Umbo. d. m. Dorsal margin. 7, Lunule. ». m. Ventral margin. d. m. Dorsal margin. a. s. Anterior side. ». m. Ventral margin. p. 8. Posterior side. a. s. Anterior side. ce. t. Cardinal teeth. p- 8. Posterior side. 1. ¢. Lateral ee c. 1. Concentric lines of growth. h. l. Hinge ligament. ; ih ee 2 C.—Right and left valves united. a.m. i. Anteriormuscular impression. «w. Umbo. p.™. i. Posterior __,, x 7. Lunule. p. %. Pallial impression. h. l. Hinge ligament, s. 8. Siphonal sinus. 1. 7. Line of junction of valves. The dotted lines on figure B, marked ‘length’ and ‘‘height,”’ also that on fig. C, marked ‘‘ depth,” are intended to show the direc- tions in which measurements should be taken in describing fossil shells. Tt would be desirable if a uniform system of measurement were adopted, by lines, reckoning 12 to the inch. Bivalve shells are all aquatic, and, excepting a few fresh water genera, all marine. Fossil Bivalves are frequent in all sedimentary rocks; in the oldest, or Paleozoic strata, they are few, but gradually increase through the secondary and tertiary, attaining their maximum development in the present seas. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. XXX1X Fig. 3.—A UNIVALVE SHELL. Class GASTEROPODA, Buccinum undatum (recent). The Whelk. Original reduced to two-thirds of natural size. A.—Section of under side, a. p. Aperture. a. Apex. e. a. Canal. w. Whirls of spire. B.—Upper side-back. s. s. Sutures. ce. c. Coste. ; ce. c. Columella. t. s. Transverse strie. o. m, Outer, or right margin. C.— Operculum, lamellar. n. Nucleus (external). 7. m. Inner, or left margin. The Gasteropoda are of land, fresh water, and marine habitats. They are usually called ‘ univalves,” such as land snails, whelks, limpets, &c. The shell is, however, sometimes composed of several pieces, and is then termed multivalve, as in chiton; in many cases there is noshell, or merely a rudimentary one, as in the slugs. xl DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Fossits or THE WENLOCK Rocks.* The Upper Silurian rocks are arranged by Sir R. Murchison into two groups—a Lower or Wenlock, and an Upper or Ludlow group. The lower division includes the Tarannon and Denbighshire slates, the Woolhope shale and limestone, and the Wenlock shale and limestone. Tarannon Sates and DENBIGHSHIRE SANDSTONES, SHALES, and States.—These are local formations, occupying an intermediate position between the Llandovery rocks and the true Upper Silurian. The Tarannon shales at Tarannon, in Montgomeryshire, form a band of great persistence and considerable thickness, extending from Llando- very and Montgomery into North Wales. In these deposits fossils are rare, and not sufficiently characteristic to determine with certainty whether these strata should be classed with the Upper Llandovery rocks or those of the Wenlock formation. The Denbighshire sandstones, &c., rest conformably upon the Tarannon slates in the same counties of Radnor and Montgomery, and in North Wales; the fossils in the Denbighshire flags being unquestionably of the Wenlock type. The Lower Wentock or Wooxnop:e series of strata derives its name from its occurrence at Woolhope, near Hereford, where it is superim- posed upon the Upper Llandovery formation; the same general order of succession is also exhibited in the Malverns, May, and Huntley Hills, Gloucestershire. The Wenlock shale is of considerable thick- ness, and occurs both below and above the Woolhope or lower limestone ; in the Malvern and Woolhope districts it is occasionally very fossilife- rous. In some parts of Wales it occurs as shale, but in Denbighshire it is represented by hard, slaty sandstones and schists. The Wenlock limestone, or upper member of the group, is usually of a lighter grey colour than the lower or Woolhope. In the districts of Malvern, Woolhope, May Hill, and Usk, as well as in Shropshire, it is largely de- veloped; though very thick near Wenlock, it thins out rapidly to the south-west. In the north-western part of England, especially in the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, and the adjacent tracts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Silurian rocks are extensively developed; towards the south and south-east, the Lower Silurian strata are succeeded by newer deposits, which, although of very different mineral characters, clearly represent, by position and fossils, the Wenlock and Ludlow formations. Silurian rocks, particularly those belonging to the lower division, are spread over a very large area in the south of Scotland; whilst in *In the Table of Fossiliferous Strata (ante, p. viii.), the Upper Llandovery Beds or May Hill Sandstone is included with the Upper Silurian Rocks, as forming its natural base. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. xli the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh, the fossils exhibit clear evidence as to the Upper Silurian character of the deposits, representing, in all probability, a Wenlock, surmounted by a Ludlow series. ‘In Ireland, Upper Silurian rocks, abounding in typical Wenlock and Ludlow fossils, occur in the Dingle promontery, county Kerry, and in occasional tracts in the counties of Galway and Mayo. Although certain fossils, by their abundance, larger proportions, or other peculiarities, may be said to characterize some of these subdivi- sions, the whole assemblage agree so much in general character as to render it difficult to select a series of typical forms for each; the cha- racteristic fossils for each group of strata are therefore combined, those of the Wenlock rocks being illustrated on Plates xvii. to xxiii. ; those of the Ludlow rocks on Plates xxiv. to xxvil., both inclusive. In the Woornorr Limestone at Woolhope, amongst the principal fossils are the Trilobites Momalonotus delphinocephalus, Plate xxiii., fig. 7; Illenus Barriensis, the Barr Trilobite, fig. 4, and Phacops cauda- tus, fig. 5; The Annelide Cornulites serpularius, Plate xix., fig. 2; Brachiopod Mollusca, Orbiculovdea Forbesii, fig. 7; Spirifera elevata, Plate xx., fig.2; Atrypa reticularis, fig. 4; Strophomena depressa, fig. 9 ; Rhynchonella Wilsini (figured with the Ludlow fossils), Plate XX1., fig. 8), and less frequently Orthis elegantula, Plate xx., fig.7; also the Cephalopod, Orthoceras annulatum, Plate xxii., fig. 4. Siluria, 4th ed, p- Lid. Wentock Suate.—tThe fossils of this stratum are generally similar to those of the overlying limestone; the prevailing forms, exclusive of Corals and Trilobites, which are chiefly of species unknown in the lower deposits, are Brachiopods, of the genera Leptena, Orthis, Strophomena, Atrypa, and Rhynchonella ; among them are several common to this de- posit and the Lower Silurian rocks, such as Orthis elegantula, Pl. xx., fig. 7; Strophomena depressa, fig. 9; Atrypa reticularis, fig. 4; Spiri- fera plicatella, fig. 1; Meristella tumida, fig. 3, &e. Most of these Lower Silurian forms have a much greater vertical range, continuing upwards through the Wenlock high into the Ludlow formation. Odolus Davidsoni, a species recognized by Mr. IT. Davidson in the Wenlock shale, also occurs in the limestone, and is recorded in “ Siluria” as a Llandovery fossil. Avicula, Ctenodonta, and some other bivalve shells, occur frequently; but few of them are characteristic, except Cardiola interrupta (figured with the Ludlow fossils), Pl. xxv., fig. 5. Of the spiral or univalve shells, Kwomphalus funatus, Pl. xxi., fig. 9; E. alatus, fig. 7; Acroculia haliotis, fig. 12; and of Heteropods, Lellerophon Wen- lockensis, Pl, xxii., fig. 2, with B. delatatus, fig. 1, are the most common. Pteropoda are not so plentiful as in the lower rocks. Zheca Forbesii (figured with the Ludlow fossils), Pl. xxvi., fig. 6, and Zheca anceps, Pl. xxii., fig. 3, are Wenlock shale species. Amongst the Cephalopoda, Orthoceras annulatum (previously cited), Pl. xxii, fig. 4, O. filosum, and O. angulatum (figured in ‘ Siluria)’ are rare; but many of the smooth and thin-shelled species, such as O. swbundulatum, O. primevum, &e., are frequent in these muddy sediments; they are almost the xlii DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. only shells in this formation, as itis exhibited in Denbighshire and other parts of North Wales, occurring there in the greatest abundance ; Phrag- moceras of one or two species, and Lituites articulatus, Biddulphi, and occasionally L. giganteus (figured with the Ludlow fossils), Pl. 26, fig. 7, are conspicuous fossils in this stratum. The Trilobites, Znerinurus punctatus, Pl. xxiii, fig. 2,* E. variolaris, fig. 3; and Calymene Blumenbachit, fig.1, are characteristic. Cornulites serpularius (before cited), Pl. xix., fig. 2, and other Annelides, are some- times found, as well as stems and portions of Encrinites, complete fossils of this class being rare in this formation. Corals are in general similar to those of the Wenlock limestone, but fewer in number ; the cup corals, Cyathophyllum and Omphyma, Pl. xvu., fig. 4, with Favosztes alveolarisand F. fibrosus, Pl. x., fig. 1, ranging from the Llandeilo rocks to the Ludlow, being the most conspicuous ; the single form of Grapto- lite, G. priodon, Pl. xix., fig. 1, although commencing in Caradoc strata, is a most abundant and characteristic fossil of the Wenlock shale, con- tinuing on into the Ludlow rocks. Wentock Liuestone.—The profusion of Corals in this rock distin- guishes it from all the other Silurian strata, so that it resembles, in some districts, a coral reef. Some of the typical forms are figured on Pl. xvii. FHeliolites interstinctus, fig. 1; Havosites Gothlandicus, tig. 2; Halysites catenularius (the chain coral), fig.3; and Omphyma turbinata, fig.4; other common species are also mentioned in ‘‘ Siluria,”’ p. 120, viz., Cyatho- phyllum truncatum and C. articulatum, Favosites cristata and F. asper, Syringopora bifurcata, Alveolites Labechii, Acervularia luxurians, &c. This limestone is also rich in Crinoids, Periechocrinus moniliformis, Pl. xvil., fig. 4; an Encrinite with a bead-like stem, and occasionally five feet in length, is very abundant, covering large surfaces of the rock at Dudley, and occurring in detached fragments at other locali- ties; Cyathocrinus goniodactylus, fig. 1; Taxocrinus tuberculatus, fig. 2; Ichthyocrinus pyriformis, fig. 3; and Crotalocrinus rugosus, are com- mon Wenlock fossils. Cystideans, although rare, are characteristic; four genera only occur in the Wenlock rocks, including eight species, all distinct from those of the Lower Silurian. Examples of two of the most frequent species are figured on Pl. xviii, viz., Pseudocrinites quadrifasciatus, fig. 6, and Eehino-encrinus armatus, fig. 7. The Graptolites, so numerous and varied in form, in the slaty rocks of the Lower Silurian are reduced to but a few species in the upper division; for although in many districts the Wenlock shale and Lower Ludlow are crowded with them, it is only one species, Graptolithus privodon, before mentioned, Pl. xix., fig. 1, that is so abundant in this upper division. The AnnetipEs, Cornulites serpularius, fig. 2, and Tentaculites ornatus, fig. 3, are very frequent, especially in the limestone of Dudley, both having a considerable stratigraphical range. Potyzoa, although not so numerous in species in the upper as in the lower divi- sion, are not unfrequent in the Wenlock limestone; a large species, * The Tail of this Trilobite is also figured with the Llandovery fossils, Pl. 16, fig. 12, DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. xh Ptilodictya lanceolata, fig. 4, is abundant; Fenestella subantiqua, fig. 5, and F. Millert, are common fossils at Dudley, &c., in the limestone. Bracurorop SuHetxs, though not so plentiful (either in number or spe- cies) as in Lower Silurian rocks, are still very abundant. Four species of Pentamerus and one of Stricklandinia (formerly included with Pentamerus) are recorded as Wenlock fossils; only two of these, P. linguifer and S. lirata, Pl. xv., fig. 4, continued from the Llandovery strata, the remainder being all distinct; P. galeatus, Pl. xx., fig. 5, as mentioned in the Explanation of the Plates, p. 59, is common to the Wenlock and Ludlow, continuing into the Devonian formation. The characteristic Brachiopods alluded to in the description of the fossils of the Wenlock shale (ante, p. xii), as ranging from the Lower to the Upper Silurian, such as Orthis elegantula, Pl. xx., fig. 7, which is equally abundant in both divisions, Strophomena depressa, fig. 9 (now referred by Mr. T. Davidson to S. rhomboidalis, “Brit. Sil. Brach.” p- 281), ranging from Caradoc to Ludlow, passing up into the Devonian, and continuing during the Carboniferous period (according to Mr. Davidson), the greatest range of any known shell; S. euglypha, fig. 8, ranging from Llandovery to Ludlow rocks, and Atrypa reticularis, fig. 4, are also very frequent in the limestone; the last-named species commencing in Lower Llandovery strata, ranges through all the Upper Silurians tothe Upper Devonian. Spirifera plicatella, fig. 1, S. elevata, fig. 2, and Meristella tumida, fig. 3, are also very common shells in the limestone, having a corresponding range from the Llandovery to the Ludlow rocks; Rhynchonella borealis, fig. 6, also recorded as a Llando- very species, is exceedingly plentiful in Wenlock limestone. Obolus Davidsoni, P\. xix., fig. 6 (before referred to, p. xli.), and Orbiculoidea Forbesti, fig. 7 (formerly Orbicula), are rarer limestone species. The Conchifera consist for the most part of shells allied to the recent Mytilus, Arca, Nucula, and Avicula; to the latter belongs Plerinea orbicularis, Pl. xxi., fig. 1, abundant in the Dingle District, Co. Kerry; the small shell doubtfully referred to the same genus, P. planulata, fig. 2, is frequent in the Wenlock rocks. The Mytiloid shells are also an important group: Modiolopsis antiqua, fig. 3, and MM. gradata, fig. 4, are common Wenlock fossils, the latter being also a Ludlow species. Grammysia cingulata, fig. 5, belongs to a genus of shells remarkable for the deep furrows on its valves; it has been found in South Wales, Westmoreland, and in Ireland; and Pleurorhynchus equicostatus, fig. 6, a Wenlock fossil, is a small species, belonging to a genus representative of the Cardiacea, which commenced existence in the Caradoc series of the Lower Silurian strata. Untvatve Saetts, Gasteropoda, occur throughout the Upper Silu- rians, and is not unfrequent in the Wenlock limestone; amongst the common forms are the spiral shells, Zuomphalus alatus, fig. 7, a Wen- lock and Ludlow species, abundant in the Dingle District of Ireland; E. rugosus, fig. 8 (with its probable variety, Z. discors), and E. funatus, fig. 9, which is the most common, and has the greatest vertical range ; its concentric operculum, fig. 9, 4, is often found fossil, and assists in xliv DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. the conclusion as to the near relation of the genus to the recent Delphinula. Of the more elevated spiral shells, Murchisonia balteata, fig. 10, is acommon Wenlock form; Acroculia prototypa, fig. 11, and A. haliotis, fig. 12, are very abundant in the Wenlock limestone, parti- culary the latter species. Of the Hererovopa, Bellerophon dilatatus, Tl. xxii., fig. 1 a, is one of the largest examples, commencing in Caradoc strata, and continuing into the Llandovery and Wenlock rocks. B. Wenlockensis, fig. 2, is another large species, very characteristic of Wenlock strata, as implied by its name. Of Prerorop Suetts but few species are known in Upper Silurian strata, besides Zheca anceps, fig. 3, and 7. Forbesiz, Pl. xxvi., fig. 6, before mentioned as Wenlock shale species; Conularia Sowerbyi, fig. 5, is often found in Wenlock limestone, and occurs, with a rarer species, C. subtilis, in the Ludlow rocks of Westmoreland. Of the CrepHatopopa as many as fifteen species are enumerated as occurring in the Wenlock series, Orthoceras annulatum, fig. 4, previously cited, and its variety, fimbriatum, although commencing in Caradoc strata, and continuing into the Llandovery, 1s most char acteristic of the Wenlock limestone. ‘There are many other species, some of them also ranging from Caradoc strata, through the whole of the Upper Silurian series, such as O. filosum, O. ibex, and O. subundulatum. The genera Phragmoceras and Lituites are represented by a few and nearly equal number of species. The Cirrhipedia, now classed with the Crustacea—a group which includes the barnacles or acorn shells—had its earliest representative in the Wenlock limestone, in a pedunculated form, resembling Loricula, named Turrilepis Wrightianus, and described by Mr. Henry Woodward from the limestone of Dudley. Tritosires* of certain species are very abundant, especially Calymene Blumenbachii, Pl. xxiii., fig. 1; a species ranging from Caradoe to Lud-. low strata, Hncrinurus punctatus, fig. 2, and LH. variolaris, fig. 3, are very common both in the limestone and shale; Phacops caudatus, fig. 5, ranging from Llandovery to Ludlow, is most frequent in the Wenlock rocks. JP. Downingie, fig. 6, having the same stratigraphical range, is one of the most characteristic Trilobites. Proetus latifrons, fig. 8, with another species, P. Stokesiz, are not uncommon in Wenlock strata; lenus Barriensis, fig. 4, ranging from Llandovery to Wenlock strata, most frequent in the latter; and Homalonotus delphinocephalus, fig. 7, before cited, as also occurring in the lower Wenlock or Wool- hope limestone. The small bivalve crustaceans (belonging to the Phyl- * Since writing the remarks on page xiii, relative to parts of a Trilobite, the dis- covery of a series of eight pairs of jointed legs attached to an equal number of thoracic segmentsin a Trilobite (Asaphus platycephalus) found in Canada, was announced to the Geological Society of London, May 17th, 1870, by Mr. E. Billings, Palontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada. Other organs, believed to be the palpus of one of the maxille, were recognised by Mr. H. Woodward, in additional specimens of Trilobites from Canada, exhibited at the same meeting. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS, xly lopod tribe), Beyrichia and Primitia, are very numerous. Beyrichia Kledeni, fig. 9, is the most abundant Upper Silurian species, its range being from the Llandovery to the Passage beds of the Upper Ludlow ; one other species of Beyrichia only is catalogued, B. seligua ; whilst Primitia includes nine Wenlock species. FossIts oF THE Luptow Rocks. The Lower Ludlow Rocks of the Silurian region of England and Wales, as Sir R. Murchison states, must be looked upon merely as a continuation of the argillaceous beds of the underlying Wenlock for- mation : these strata consist of dark-grey shales with small calcareous concretions. ‘The central portion of the Ludlow rocks at several places, particularly at Aymestry, is an argillaceous dark-grey limestone (called the Aymestry Limestone) : over this are more sandy and somewhat cal- careous beds, forming for the most part an imperfect thin bedded grey earthy building stone, termed the Upper Ludlow Rock, the highest stra- tum being occasionally composed of light-coloured sandy freestones and tilestones, called Passage Beds, through which the formation graduates lithologically and conformably into the lowest beds of the Old Red Sand- stone or Devonian rocks ; this being the general order near the town of Ludlow, which stands upon the higher strata of the formation. In following the formation from the Ludlow tract on its strike or direction to the north-west, its included limestone thins out and disappears. Lower Ludlow Rocks.—In these shales the single form of Graptolite G. priodon, before alluled to as commencing in Caradoc strata of the Lower Silurians, figured on Pl. xix., fig. 1, is a very abundant fossil. At Leintwardine, Shropshire, where the ascending strata become somewhat more sandy, large Orthoceratites, many Crustacea, and Star- fishes have been discovered. The StarrisHEs belong to genera, and probably to families, distinct from any living forms. Paléasterina primeva, Pl. xxiv., fig. 2, isa West- moreland fossil somewhat resembling the recent Palmipes roseus. Pa- leocoma Marstoni, fig. 8, may be compared with the living genus Pter- aster. Protaster Miltont, fig. 4, has the general form of the Ophiure or Brittle stars : the two last mentioned are Leintwardine fossils. As many as ten species of Starfishes have already been found at this locality ; and Professor Wyville Thomson has described two species of Echinoderms from the same place, under the name of Echinocystites, which he con- siders to be allied to Spheeronites of the Lower Silurians, and Palechi- nus of the Carboniferous, although possessing intermediate characters. Many Brachiopod shells have been obtained from this stratum which are also common to the Wenlock series, such as Pentamerus galeatus, Pl. xx., fig. 5; Strophomena depressa, fig. 9 ; and S. euglypha, fig. 8; Co Do xlvi DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Atrypa reticularis, fig. 4; and Rhynchonella Wilsont, Pl. xxiv., fig. 8. Lingula lata, Pl. xxv., fig. 1, is perhaps the only Brachiopod peculiar to this division of the Upper Silurians. Of the Concurrera, Cardiola interrupta (before alluded to), Pl. xxv., fig. 5, is the most common; this species has also been found in the Caradoc, not yet in Llandovery strata ; characteristic in the Wenlock shale, and more particularly so in the present division of the Ludlow rocks. Another bivalve, doubtfully referred to the same genus,|?] Car- diola striata, fig. 6, is equally characteristic, and up to the present time only known in Upper Silurian rocks, occurring in all the fossiliferous localities of Shropshire and the neighbouring regions. Amongst the CrpHatopopa the largest and probably the most com- mon is Orthoceras Ludense, of which a much reduced figure is shown on Pl. xxvi., fig. 8, and O. filosum, Sil., Pl., xxvii., fig. 1. The only common species of Lituites is LZ. giganteus, Pl. xxvi., fig. 7 (reduced to half natural size). Phragmoceras pyriforme, fig. 6, is a remarkable pear-shaped shell having the mouth or opening contracted into a key- hole form. A large species of the singular crustacean Pterygotus has been found in these rocks at Leintwardine, and described by the late Mr. Salter as P. punctatus; Mr. Henry Woodward has since referred this form to Eurypterus.* Fish remains of the genus Péeraspis has also been discovered in this Lower Ludlow locality, being the first evidence of Vertebrata, which had been hitherto only known from Upper Ludlow strata. Aymestry or Luptow Limesrone.—This central portion of the Lud- low formation was named by Sir R. Murchison after the village of Aymestry. The Aymestry limestone is principally developed in Here- fordshire and Shropshire, and again at Sedgeley, in Staffordshire. It is a dark-grey limestone passing into a highly calcareous flagstone, and may generally be recognised by its well-defined joints and predomi- nant fossils ; in some parts of South Wales, where the calcareous matter is absent, it is difficult to trace even the place of this band in the Lud- low rocks. The large Brachiopod, Pentamerus Knightit, Pl. xxv., fig. 2,f is one of the predominant fossils of the Aymestry limestone, together with Lingula Lewisit (Pl. xxiv. fig. 5); Rhynchonella Wilsont, fig. 8; Stro- phomena euglypha, Pl. xx., fig. 8; Atrypa reticularis, fig. 4; Belle- rophon dilatatus, Pl. xxii., fig. 1, and many other Corals, Shells, and Trilobites common to the Wenlock limestone. Urrrr Luptow Rocxs.—This series of strata is the most diversified * “ Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.,” 1868, vol. xxiv., p. 290. + The name applied to the genus of shells to which this species belongs relates to its capability of division into five parts, in consequence of its possessing thin septe—two at- tached to the ventral, and one to the dorsal valve. The facility with which the shell separates on applying a chisel, and giving it a smart tap where one of these lines are visible, defining the longitudinal septa, is remarkable, asa section is disclosed through both valves similar to that shown by fig. 2c, on the. same Plate. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. xlvil in structure and contents of the three subdivisions of the highest Silu- rian formations, being also remarkable for exhibiting a transition into the next overlying series, the Old Red Sandstone or Devonian forma- tion. ‘The lowest stratum is a calcareous shelly band, which contains asmall Brachiopod shell, Rhynchonella navicula, (Sil., Pl. xxii., fig. 1, 2,) in profusion ; over this are grey argillaceous beds, which are sometimes spheroidal and concretionary, and from their incoherent character easily decompose into a kind of mud. The upper and principal por- tion is usually a thin bedded calcareous stone, slightly micaceous, and of a bluish-grey colour, and remarkable for its symmetrical transverse joints : these upper beds are full of the following, with other fossils: Discina rugata, Pl. xxiv., fig. 7 ; Rhynchonella nucula, fig. 9; ,Orthis lunata, fig. 10; Chonetes lata, fig. 11; Pterinea retroflexa, Pl. xxv., fig. 4; Orthonota amygdalina, fig. 9; Goniophora cymbeformis, fig. 11; Cyclonema corallii, Pl. xxiv., fig. 1 ; the curved Annelid-tube, Serpu- lites longissimus, Pl. xxvi., fig. 10; Cornulites serpularius, P1., xix., fig. 2, and the minute Beyrichia Kladeni, Pl. xxiii, fig. 9. Very few corals occur except the small incrusting species, Alveolites fibrosus, which is frequently found covering small univalve shells, such as Cy- clonema corallit, Pl. xxiv., fig. 1; and Murchisonia corallit (Sil. Pl., xxiv., fig. 7). Orthocerata (occasionally of large size) of similar species to those of the Lower Ludlow rock are not unfrequent. Of Trilobites Phacops caudatus, Pl. xxiii., fig. 5; Knerinurus punctatus, fig. 2, and Calymene Blumenbachit, fig. 1, pass through the series, but are not abundant: the most prevalent Trilobite is Homalonotus Knightii, PI. XXvil., fig. 1, found throughout the whole range of this formation from Pembrokeshire to Westmoreland, and sometimes of large size. The highest member of the Ludlow rocks is most interesting, as until re- cently it was described by Sir R. Murchison as being the oldest rock in which fossil fish had been found; the only exception being that already alluded to—the discovery of a fragment of Pterasp7s in the cen- tral part of the same formation. The uppermost Ludlow rock also con- tains the earliest remains of land plants (‘ Siluria,” p. 133). The largest, if not the most highly organized Crustacean in Silurian strata is the Pterygotus problematicus, Pl. xxvii., fig. 3; this charac- teristic species of the order Eurypterida* has a greater stratigraphical range than any of the others, commencing in Wenlock strata, and con- tinuing to the Passage beds or Uppermost Ludlow. The size of this species, from a comparison of its parts discovered at Ludlow, with that of others found nearly entire in Scotland is estimated as being not much less than five or six feet in length, whilst P. Zudensis, also found near Ludlow, in the Passage beds, and P. gigas, from the Tilestonest of * Professor Huxley includes Pterygotus and Eurypterus under this order. + The Tilestones (formerly included with the Old Red Sandstone, but now classified by Sir R. Murchison, ,with the Silurian rocks, as containing species common to the Upper Ludlow formation), in their range from Shropshire, through Herefordshire, Rad- nor, Brecon, and Caermarthen, are characterized by the following, amongst other fossis: xviii DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Kington, Herefordshire, were probably of still greater dimensions. In the uppermost Ludlow rocks at Lesmahago, Lanarkshire, these re- markable Crustacea are very prevalent in the dark clay slate; P. bilobus, of which a reduced figure from a young specimen is shown, Pl., xxvii., fig. 5, is one of the species from this locality, by which it will be seen that the entire form of Pterygotus was very simple; a small semi-oval, or sub-quadrate head (or carapace), followed by twelve con- vex body-rings (segments), the last forming a pointed, truncate, or bilobed tail-joint (telson); two large compound eyes on each side of the carapace, beneath which the mouth is situated, protected by a large heart-shaped labrum (metastoma). Five pair of appendages are arranged round the mouth, and attached to the under surface of the carapace, including anteriorly a pair of large jointed antenne, with massive pincers (chele), furnished with sharp cutting teeth; next to these, one or two pairs of mandibles with serrate edges (endognaths), and posteriorly a pair of swimming feet (ectognaths).* The genus Pterygotus commences in Upper Llandovery strata, rang- ing through all the overlying Upper Silurian rocks into the Cornstones of the Old Red Sandstone. Nine species are included in the list of Fossils appended to Siluria, 4th ed., p. 521. Seven of these occur in Ludlow rocks, three of them continuing to the Passage beds. Eurypterus, though resembling Pterygotus, differs from it in several particulars, especially in the absence of the great pincer-like claws ; also in having the eyes within the cephalic shield, and not upon the border, as in Pterygotus. They have similar scale-like markings, though less conspicuous than in Pterygotus. Hight species have been found in Britain; seven of these occur in Ludlow rocks, two of them continuing into the Passage beds, and one other being peculiar to that uppermost division of the Ludlow rocks. Ei. pygmeus, Pl. xxvii., fig. 4, a smail and abundant species in the Tilestones at Kington and Ludlow, accompanies other species at the latter place; the genus continuing through the Old Red Sandstone into the Lower Beds of the Carboniferous rocks. Fragments of simi- lar large Crustacea have also been found in the Tilestones of West- moreland, and in these localities they are accompanied, as in Scotland, and at Ludlow, Kington, &c., by the small Lingula cornea, Pl. xxiv., fig. 6. Of the shrimp-like forms, Ceratvocaris papilio, Pl. xxvii, fig. 2, is a characteristic species pecuhar to the uppermost Ludlow rocks of Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire. This genus, which commenced in the Llandeilo rocks, with two species, is represented by eleven species in Lingula cornea, Pl, xxiv., fig. 6; Chonetes lata, fig. 11; Bellerophon expansus, PI. xxvi., fig. 5; Platyschisma helicites, fig. 3; Holopella obsoleta, fig. 2. * Although these remarkable Crustacea are related to the Pecilopoda to which the recent Limulus or King Crab belongs, Professor Huxley has shown their affinities to be closer to the Copepoda, and some points of structure to be comparable with the living forms of Calanus, Sappharina, &c. ‘Mem, Geol, Sury. Monograph 1, DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. xlix the Ludlow rocks of Ludlow, Kendal, and the south of Scotland. Hymenocaris vermicauda, Pl. iv., fig. 1, characteristic of the Lingula Flags (Primordial Silurian), as already noticed (ante, p. xvi.), being the earliest representative of the order of bivalve Crustaceans, the Phyllopoda, to which Ceratiocaris is also referred. Fis Remarys are most frequent at the uppermost portion of the Ludlow formation, in what is called the Bone-bed, although, as before remarked, the first indication of this class of the Vertebrata has been met with in the lower part of the same Ludlow formation, in which was found one of those remarkable heads called Pteraspis—a ganoid fish allied to Cephalaspis, of which there are two species in the Ludlow rocks—P. truncatus, Pl. xxvii., fig. 6, and P. Banksit—both from the Passage beds of Kington, in Herefordshire, as well as from the Bone bed of Ludlow. In the same bed other fish remains have been found; Onchus tenuistriatus, Pl. xxvii., fig. 7., and O. Murchisoni, fig. 8, bony fin-spines resembling those of placoid fishes of the present day. The very small cushion-like bodies called Thelodus parvidens, fig. 11, which occur so abundantly in the stratum as often to constitute large por- tions of its thin layers, are believed to be the granules of the skin or shagreen of one or other of these two common species. The remark- able jaws and teeth, Plectrodus mirabilis, fig. 9, and P. pustulvferus (figured in ‘ Siluria’’), probably belonged to some small ganoid fish, Fish and Crustacean remains have also been found near Ludlow in strata, proved to be at a higher level than the original Bone-bed ; the fish remains consisting of fragments of Plectrodus, fig. 10; the Onchus Murchisoni, fig. 8, with two species of Auchenaspis, buckler-headed fish, also allied to Cephalaspis. ‘‘It may therefore,” as the author of ‘« Siluria” remarks, ‘‘ be naturally suggested that this band constitutes the last link in the chain of Silurian life.” it DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. The following Table of the number of species of British Silurian Fossils found in each formation is compiled from ‘“ Siluria,” fourth edi- tion, 1867, pp. 508-5386. ‘ 3 q S E ad o ag 33 3 8 5 8 B og = 8 | rg = S & ze) so Aa Bes A 5 3 5 = es) a ba | 4 é E B a | é AY HA 3 4 9 | Plant (some doubtful), . al 0 0 0 1 1 6 17 | Protozoa, Class Amorphozoa, D) 9 Ah Seale 2 4 139 & 4?) Cwlenterata, Class Actinozoa, . | 0 3 | 24&27) 31 &12 7&1? 11 55 & 12 9 Graptolitidee, Hydro- zoa (Dictyonema is { | } included with Poly- { ler a0 40 9 oe ! 0 z0a), . 85 & 12} Annulosa, Echinodermata, a 0 0 24) 7&1? 37 17 46 | Annulata, Annelida, ; =| 4 14 10 4 6 8 366 & 2?) Articulata,Crustacea, ‘ al) 7 75 103 | 29 & 12 52 61) 9& 1 Cirripedia, : ol 0 0 0 0 1 0 45 Mollusca, Molluscoida, H : D Class Polyzoa, (ph 5 874 3 15 3 22 0 309 & 72 Molluscoida, f 5 : x Class Brachiopoda, § 13 25 75 | 74 & 32) 88 & 4? 33 44 &1? of emu ra neniete ) | 0 0 7&12 7 15 15 si ide 131, Biplonida, ” : 0 5 | 36& 22) 25&17 6&1? 48 123 & 1? = Class Gasteropoda, . 0 7 b4 | 34 & 1? 7 30 35 Heteropoda 8 9 4 5 2 (Nucleobranchiata), j u q 34 & 1? i Class Pteropoda, . 3 10 | 9&1? 3 5 3 2} 107 & 3? Class Cephalopoda, . 0 5&1? 31 20 | 22 &14) 29812 144&1? Vertebrata, Class Pisces, ; 0 0 0 0 0 8] 6& 1560 & 26? Total number of species, 1586, including 26, the relations of which are doubtful. The list of Primordial Silurian fossils has now been considerably augmented by the labours of Mr. H. Hicks, the late Mr. Salter, Mr. Thos. Belt, F.G.S., Mr. John Plant, F.G.S., and Mr. E. Williamson, F.G.S. In the neighbourhood of St. Davids, in South Wales, and near Dolgelly and Maentwrog i in North Wales, immediately beneath the Lingula flags, is a series of dark- -grey and black flags, alternating with some beds of sandstone, the whole comprising a thickness of from 500 to 600 feet: these strata were formerly considered to be the base of the Lingula flags, solely on lithological grounds. Messrs. Hicks and Salter have. however, shown that the fossils, of which more than 40 species have been found in them, are distinct from those of the Lingula flags. The Trilobites described by those gentlemen included Paradoaides Davidis, P|. iv., fig. 3, the largest example known in Britain; they propose to place these strata at the top of the Lower Cambrian, under the term ‘‘ Menevian,” Menevia being the classical name of St. Davids. Norr.—In the Explanation of the Plates, p. 10, Olenus humilis, Pl. iv., fig. 6, is stated to be only known in the black shales (Lingula beds) of Malvern; Mr. John Plant has since obligingly informed me that he has several hundred specimens which he collected in Lower’ Lingula Beds, at Tyddyngwladis, North Wales, with many new species. cre Boo Oo KK oO = So oro 'S: > DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. li Fosstts OF THE OLD Rep Sanpstone AND Devonran Rocks. Tue gradual transition from the uppermost grey Silurian strata into that of the red deposits, or Old Red Sandstone, has been clearly de- scribed by Sir R. Murchison and other Geologists as occurring near Ludlow where the thin beds or ‘‘ Tilestones,”’ partly of a reddish colour, with Ludlow fossils, clearly indicate the passage from one series of strata to the other. Additional examples of this succession have been also observed along the eastern edge of the Upper Silurian rocks in Hereford, Radnor, and Brecon, on the west flank of the Malvern and May Hills, and around the valley of Woolhope. In Shropshire this series of red sandstones with concretionary bands of impure arenaceous limestone, called ‘‘cornstone,’’? green and red clays and marls, and red conglomerates, resting conformably upon the Upper Ludlow rocks, are estimated at a thickness of 3,700 feet, being covered by the Carboniferous rocks of the Clee Hills; whilst in the counties of Monmouth and Brecknock it attains the great thickness of at least 10,000 feet, forming mountains nearly 3,000 feet high. The uppermost beds of this series of strata being conformably overlaid by the Carboniferous Limestone of the South Welsh coal basin. In the north of England the Old Red Sandstone so extensively de- veloped in the counties alluded to, rests unconformably on the Silurian rocks principally as a single band of coarse conglomerate lying between the Silurian and Carboniferous formations of the lake district of Cum- berland. The Old Red Sandstone of Scotland covers an extensive area. It bas been described as exhibiting two different types, north and south of the Grampian range. That of the south is abundantly developed be- tween the Grampians and the Cheviot Hills, and according to Professor A. Geikie is divisible into three groups. The Upper division, consisting of red and yellow sandstones, and conglomerates in Berwickshire and Haddingtonshire, resting unconfor- mably upon the Lower Silurian strata, passes gradually up into the base of the Carboniferous series; the strata of Dura Den, in Fifeshire, with its numerous fish remains, is also assigned to this group.* The Middle division consisting of red, green, and grey sandstones, flagtones, and conglomerates, includes the bituminous flagstones of Caithness and the Orkneys, strata in Elgin and Banff, and in the south- west of Ayrshire, where it is associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks ; Pterichthys maor has been found in the upper part of the series. The Lower division, consisting of red, reddish-brown, and grey sand- stones and shales, with large masses of intercalated contemporaneous volcanic rocks, is exhibited in the Sidlaw and Ochil Hills, Pentland * The genera of fossil fish Holoptychius, Pamphractus, Glyptopomus, &c., with Paleopteris (Cyclopteris) Hibernicus, occurs in this group. li DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Hills, and the tract of hilly country stretching thence by the head of Nithsdale into Ayrshire. In the Lesmahago district this group of strata rests conformably upon the Upper Silurians, between the basin of the Clyde at Lanark and the Ayrshire Coal-fields; fish remains are abundant in Forfarshire; Cephalaspis Lyelli and the crustacean Ptery- gotus anglicus occur in this group of strata. The northern type has also been grouped into three divisions; the Upper, consisting of light red and yellow sandstones of Dunnet Head, north of Caithness, and the Orkney and Shetland Islands, with plant remains, Calamites (?). The Middle composed of grey flagstones occasionally calcareous and bituminous, covers a large area in Caithness, and extends into the Orkney Islands. These beds contain numerous fossil fish, Pterichthys, Coccosteus, &c., Estheria, a crustacean, and land plants, Lepidoden- dra (?), ferns, &e. The Lower, consisting of red sandstones and conglomerates, rests unconformably upon the metamorphic rocks of the Highlands, in Ross- shire, Sutherland, and Caithness. Pteraspis has been found in these beds at Lybster, in Caithness.* The Old Red Sandstone of Scotland has been graphically described by the late Hugh Miller; this designation, therefore, which, as Sir R. Murchison observes, ‘‘ has been thus rendered classical, may well be retained as a synonym for the great group of intermediate age between the Silurian rocks beneath, and the Carboniferous formation above it, which in those countries where it assumes more calcareous, schistose, and slaty characters 1s termed Devonian.”’ In the south of Ireland, counties of Cork and Kilkenny, a fine grained sandstone occurs, which from its fossil contents is considered to be an equivalent of the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The term Devonian is applied in Devonshire to rocks which cover a large part of the county, and adjacent districts in Cornwall, consist- ing of clay slates (locally called Killas), and grey limestone; these strata occupy a similar position between the Silurian and Carboniferous formations, although lithologically and paleontologically these deposits are unlike the Old Red Sandstone of Hereford, the South Welsh coun- ties, and Scotland. The late Professor Jukes, in alluding to these strata which contain an abundant marine fauna, observes that ‘‘ it is quite possible that the slates and limestones of South Devon and the Red Sandstone of South Wales, although each deposited within the same great period, are not strictly contemporaneous, but were formed at different parts of the period ; or it is possible that the Red Sandstone series of South Wales is not a continuous series; that the lower part of it, at all events, is older than any of the Devon series, while the upper part may be newer than much of that series.”’} * Jukes and Geikie, Manual of Geology (1872), p. 570. t+ Manual of Geology (1862). p. 491. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. liii These rocks of Devon and Cornwall have, like the true Old Red Sandstone, been classified into three groups, and an attempt has been made to correlate them with the typical Old Red; so much difference of opinion, however, prevails as to their exact relations, that it will be preferable to consider them as a distinct series, some of the lower elements of which (as pointed out by Mr. Jukes), may probably have been contemporaneous with the Old Red Sandstone and other strata of the upper division with the Carboniferous Limestone. The order of succession has been ascertained to be as follows :— Pilton and Marwood beds, N. Devon, Petherwin and Tintagel, Cornwall. : Torquay, Plymouth, Newton, Bushel, and Ilfra- Middle do. combe, 8. Devon. Lynton, N. Devon; Meadsfoot, S. Devon; Looe and Fowey, Cornwall. The fossils of the typical Old Red Sandstone of Herefordshire, Wales, Scotland, and the south of Ireland, are in their general character quite distinct from those of Devon and Cornwall. Whilst in the former series of strata fishes, peculiar crustacea, a single Molluscan shell, and plants, all indicating a fresh water habitat, are the predomi- nant fossils; in the latter, which consists, for the most part of lime- stone and slaty rocks, Corals, Crinoids, and Mollusca, undoubtedly of marine origin, are the prevailing organisms. Our knowledge of the vegetation of the Old Red Sandstone is still very imperfect, and has only been derived from collections made at a few localities. It bears a considerable resemblance to that of the succeeding Carboniferous formation, all being clearly of terrestrial origin. In the lowest division fragments of land plants only have been discovered. Ferns, Lycopodiaceous plants, Lepidodendra with roots, described as resembling Stigmaria of the coal, also stems and roots of Coniferous trees have been found at Wick, in the central portion of the Caithness Flags, in the Orkneys, and at Thurso. In higher strata fossil plants of large size, belonging either to Calamites or an allied genus, have been discovered in the Orkney and Shetland Isles. Whilst in the uppermost division in Ireland, at Kiltorcan in the county Kil- kenny, and other places in the county Cork, numerous plant remains have been found in the Upper Old Red Sandstone, accompanied at some of the localities by a large freshwater bivalve Molluse:in shell, and fish remains, corresponding with those found in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The Upper Old Red Sandstone occurs extensively in the south-eastern parts of Scotland, the highest beds of the series are of yellow sand- stone, upon which rests the Coal strata of Fife; this is well shown at Dura Den, near Coupar. The beautiful fossil fern, so abundant in the south of Ireland, Paleopteris ( Cyclopteris) Hibernicus, is also found in the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Berwickshire, at Jedburgh, associated with the Fossil Fish, Holopfychius, Coccosteus, and Pterichthys. On h 2 Upper Devonian, Lower do. liv DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. the authority of Mr. Etheridge this plant, under the name of Advantites EMibernicus, is also stated to occur in the Upper Devonian, Baggy and Pilton groups, North Devon, as well as in the Coomhola rocks of Ireland* (its occurrence in the latter rocks is not, however, authenticated). In the fine-grained and evenly-bedded yellowish sandstone of Kailtorcan, county Kilkenny (before alluded to), remains of plants are the prevail- ing fossils, which, from the condition of the deposit, are in most beau- tiful preservation. The fronds of the magnificent fern Palgopteris Hibernicus a much reduced figure of which is shown on Pl. 28, fig. 1, is the most abundant of all the fossils; some of its fronds measure five feet in length, and are perfectly preserved, from its scaly base to the extremity ; it was formerly called Adzantites, when named by Forbes, and Cyclopteris by Ad. Brongniart ; the possession of an intermediate pair of leaflets between each pinnule, and its peculiar fructification are characters which induced Professor Schimper to constitute it the type of a new genus, named by him Palgopteris. Fig. 1 a, pl. 28, is re- duced to one-sixth of the natural size; 1 6, shows some of the leaflets of the natural size, in which the venation is distinctly visible. Another abundant plant at this prolific locality has been named by the same eminent Botanist, Sagenarva (Knorria) Bailyana. A portion of this plant is figured on the same plate, fig. 2 a, reduced to one-third of the natural size, and 2 6, a portion of the surface of the natural size. This specimen shows the central axis and characters of a Lepidoden- driod plant evidently allied to Sigillaria of the Coal Measures, and like it having punctated roots with attached rootlets. At 2 ¢, is repre- sented a portion of the upper branches of a similar plant, also reduced in size; 2d, of the natural size, shows the regularly arranged surface markings. On a late visit to this place we were fortunate enough, in quarrying, to expose one of these plants, tree-like in size, which measured over twenty feet in length, the upper portion branching, and again subdividing. The plants named Cyclostigma by the Rev. Professor Haughton, M.D., are also abundant at Kiltorcan, but are generally more frag- mentary; it is probable they all belong to one species to which the name of the typical form Cyclostigma Kiltorkense may be applied. This plant differs essentially from the previously named species, both in the finely striated (not fluted stem as in Sagenaria), and in the widely distant cicatrices to which the leaves were attached as well as in other particulars. Dr. J. W. Dawson, Principal of M‘Gill College, Montreal, has described some analogous plants from the Devonian and Lower Carbo- niferous formations of Canada.f The only Molluscan shell yet discovered in beds considered to be * Journal, Geological Society of London, vol. xxiii., p. 616. + See Reports and Papers in Journal, Geological Society of London, 1862-63, 1871, &c.; and Report to Geological Survey of Canada, on the Fossil Plants of the Lower Carboniferous and Millstone Grit Formation of Canada, 1873. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. lv equivalents of the true Old Red Sandstone, at Kiltorcan, is the large bi- valve before alluded to Anodonta Jukesii Forbes ; this shell is figured on Plate 31, fig. 5, reduced to two-thirds of natural size ; its close alliance with the large fresh water mussel, Anodon, cygneus of our lakes, its association with numerous land plants and fish of a type analogous to those inhabiting inland lakes and rivers, favour the theory of the fresh water origin of the Old Red Sandstone. Small bivalved Carapaces of Crustacea belonging to the order Puyttoropa, named Estheria membranacea (Plate 32, fig. 5, a, 8, ec), have been found abundantly in the central or Caithness flags near Wick. Another form Beyrichia Kledeni, belonging to the order Os- tracoda has also been met with in the Old Red Sandstone of Shrop- shire.* Crustacea of the Evryprerrpa, an order which includes some of the largest examples of the class,}| commencing in the Uppermost Silurian, are also found in the Basement beds of the Old Red Sand- stone, represented by one of the largest species, Pterygotus anglicus, of which figures of some of the parts, reduced to one-fourth the natural size, is given on Plate 32, figs. 7, a—-e, from the monograph by Messrs. Huxley and Salter.t This species is found in strata called the Perth and Forfarshire Paving Stones, at Balruddery Den, Perthshire. A second species of Pterygotus occurs plentifully in the Yellow Sandstone of Dura Den. These remarkable Crustacea, allied to the recent King Crab, X¢pho- sura, and the Copepoda, are composed of a number of moveable seg- ments, usually about eleven or twelve; the anterior portion (carapace or head), being square shaped, and provided with a pair of eyes, gene- rally at the upper edge, but in some species more central; to the under part of the head are attached three or four pair of moveable swimming feet and antenne, the latter armed with powerful pincers as in the lobster ; the tail, or fe/son, usually terminates in a pointed spine, but is sometimes lobed or rounded; the surface of the integument is orna- mented with semicircular plications or markings of a half moon shape. Figure 14 is a restored outline of Pterygotus, with a recent allied crustacean, Sapphirina, the former considerably reduced in size, from the monograph by Mr. Woodward, Paleontological Society, 1865, Plate vili., fig. 1, and Plate ix., fig. 4. * Chart of Fossil Crustacea, by Salter and Woodward, p. 19, fig. 47. + Descriptive remarks, ante, p. xlvii., &e t Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Monograph 1, 1859. lvi DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS, Fre. 14.—Fosst, anp keECENT CRUSTACEAN FOR COMPARISON, EURYPrERIDA. A.—Pterygotus anglicus ( fossil) restored (after 8—l4. Thoracic somites. Woodward). 15—19. Abdominal do. 1. The eyes 20. The Telson or terminal segment, 2. Chelate antenne. ms 3. Mandibles (endognaths). B.—Sapphirina ovato-lanceolata (recent) 4. First maxillee do. Atlantic. 5. Second do. : 6. Maxillipeds (ectognaths). 5. Head shield. t 7. Head shield bearing the ocelli (0) 6—9. Thoracic somites. and large compound eyes (? 7). 10—14. Abdominal do. Some of these Crustaceans, particularly the species we have selected for illustration, Pterygotus anglicus, or ‘‘ Seraphim,” as certain por- tions of it are termed by the quarrymen, must have been of great size ; it is estimated, from some of its remains, that it attained a length of fully five feet, and was more than a foot in breadth. There are sixteen species recorded, twelve of them in British strata, their Geological DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. lvl range being from Upper Llandovery to Middle Devonian strata.* The characteristic examples are P. anglicus, and P. gigas. Of the genus Eurypterus (according to the same authority), about twenty-two species are known, eleven of them in British strata, the Geological range of this genus being from the uppermost Silurian (Downton Sandstone and Passage Beds) to the lowest Carboniferous strata. Other Crustacea of this order belonging to the genus Stylonurus, including six species, of which S. Symondsw (formerly called Euryp- terus), figured on Plate xxxil., fig. 8, is an example, reduced to one- third of natural size, from ‘‘ Cornstones”’ of the Old Red Sandstone, Rowlestone, in Brecknockshire; the Geological range of the genus being from Uppermost Ludlow to the Lower Devonian of Forfarshire. Several forms of Crustacea allied to some of those just mentioned have also been collected from Upper Old Red Sandstone at Kiltorcan.t+ The true Old Red Sandstone period may correctly be termed the age of fish, their remains being the predominant fossils; they prin- cipally belong to the great order of Ganoids, a few only to Placoids (to which division the recent Sharks and Rays belong), as these orders are defined by the late Professor Agassiz, whose magnificent and extensive works on Fossil Fish have so largely benefited science. The fossil fish of the Paleozoic Rocks all belonged to the division with heterocercal tails, being unsymmetrical, with a prolongation of the vertebral column into the upper lobe, as in the Permian genus Pygopterus (Fig. 15 a), and in the recent Lepidosteus, Sharks, Rays, and Sturgeons; whilst the majority of living fish have the homocercal or symmetrical form of tail in which the vertebral column terminates Pigs lo: Heterocercal tail. Homocercal tail. Reduced one-third. Pygopterus ( fossil). Clupea, Herring (recent). * Monograph by H. Woodward, F. G. S., &c., in Palewontographical Society, Vol. xix., 1866, p. 19. 4 + British Association Reports, 1868 and 1869. lvili DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. at an equal distance between the two lobes as in the Herring (Fig. 15 3). A remarkable group, the Cephalaspides includes in Britain alone, fifteen species, a number which have been since increased. This group, commencing in the Upppermost Silurian with the genus Pleraspis,* Plate xxvii, fig. 6, was extensively developed in the Old Red Sand- stone. With regard to these fossil fish Sir R. Murchison remarks, ‘It follows, therefore, that as the grey flag-like strata which pass up into reddish beds may either be viewed as the termination of the Silurian or the commencement of the Old Red, the genera Cephalaspis and Pteraspis are typical both of the uppermost Silurian and the lowest. zone of the Old Red or Devonian group.” The lowest division of the Old Red Sandstone is characterized in Ludlow, &c., and Forfarshire by fish of the genera Onchus, Pteraspis (two species), and Cephalaspis (two species), including C. Lyellz, Plate xxxiil., fig. 2, a-c. In the Middle Division of Herefordshire and part of Shropshire, Caithness flags, Orkneys, &c., Scotland, the characteristic fish are Coccosteus, including C. decipiens, Pl. xxxiii., fig. 3, a, b. Asterolepis, Pterichthys, including P. cornutus, Pl. xxxiii., fig. 1, a, 6. Diplopterus Dipterus, Glyptolepis, including G. leptopterus, Pl. xxxiil., fig. 5, a, 6. Osteolepis, including O. major, Pl. xxxiii., fig. 4, a, 6; and Holopty- chius nobilissimus, Pl. xxxiii., fig., 4, a,b. From strata belonging to this division in Britain upwards of seventy species have been already obtained. The Upper Division has been observed at Dura Den, in Fife, the Orkneys, &c., and at Kiltorcan, Co. Kilkenny. The characteristic fish are Holoptychius Flemingt, Dendrodus, Pterichthys minor, &e., Onchus, and Glytopomus minor ; fifteen species referred to eleven genera have been obtained from British strata. The majority of these Old Red Sandstone fishes, including the figured examples on Pl. xxxiii. of Osteolepis, Glyptolepis, and Holopty- chius, with the exception of the anomalous genera Cephalaspis, Pterich- thys, and Coccosteus, have been arranged by Professor Huxley into a sub-order established by him under the name of Crossopterygidet (fringed fin), of which the recent Polypterus of the Nile and other African rivers is the living representative. The genus Cephalaspis (Buckler-headed), so named from the pecu- liar shield covering the head, is represented by a remarkable fish which first occurs in the Passage beds from the Silurian rocks into the Old Red Sandstone described as C. Murchisoni, from the uppermost bone bed near Ludlow. The species we have figured C. Lyelli, Pl. xxxiii., fig. 2, is from the Arbroath Paving stone, Glammiss, in Forfar- shire. * Descriptive remarks, ate p. xlix. + Siluria, fourth edition, p. 260. t Men. Geo. Survey, Decade x., p. 24. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. lix Coccosteus decipiens, Pl, xxxiii., fig. 3, is another extraordinary fish, which was provided with a cuirass of bony plates encasing the head and body, the vertebral column and other bones being cartila- ginous. Pterichthys (winged fish) is perhaps still more remarkable, and less fish-like. Five species of this genus have been found in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland; its body was also encased in hard bony plates, and was provided with spine-like jointed appendages which sometimes spread out at right angles and were probably connected with the pec- toral fins. These three genera, with some others, are grouped in the family Cephalaspide ; but as Professor Huxley remarks, the position it should occupy in the classification of fish is not readily determinable. The belief as to the fresh-water origin of the typical Old Red Sand- stone is greatly strengthened by the character of the fish remains; the closest affinity to these fossils, amongst living examples, being found in certain fishes inhabiting the rivers and lakes of North America and Africa.* We now arrive at the consideration of the Devonian type of fossils as observed in parts of Devonshire and Cornwall. Allusion has already been made to the tripartite division of this group (ante p. lii.), and to the question whether some of the strata of the upper division should not be incorporated with the lower portion of the Carboniferous series. These fossils in several respects show an intermediate character between the Silurian and Carboniferous group; in the lower beds of the series they are closely allied to those of the Silurian formation, and in the upper strata to that of the Carboniferous, yet they are believed to be sufficiently distinct to constitute an independent group. Accord- ing to Mr. Etheridget ‘ there are 3838 species of fossils known to occur in the Devonian rocks of North and South Devon and Cornwall.” In the uppermost division at Pilton, Barnstaple, &c. (according to Sir C. Lyell), “thirty-six species out of 110, that is, more than one- fifth, are common to the overlying Carboniferous rocks.’ t The plant stems called Anorria of North Devon appear to be iden- tical or closely allied to the Sagenaria of the South of Ireland; accord- ing to Professor Goeppert, the genus Anorria of Sternberg is only a form of Sagenaria or Lepidodendron, and his opinion is, that Anorria imbricata of the Lower Carboniferous rocks is identical with Sagenarva Veltheimiana of Sternberg ; the species to which we originally referred the plant from Kiltorcan, which has been since named by Professor Schimper, S. Bailyana. The plants occurring in such profusion in more shaley beds, at Tallow Bridge, county Waterford, were also referred to S. Velthe’miana, a determination which has been con- * Huxley, Mem. Geol. Survey, Dec. x. + Journal Geological. Society of London, Vol. xxiii., p. 679. ¢ Student’s Elements of Geology (1871). lx DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. firmed by Professor Heer; they were originally described by Professor Haughton under the name of Knorria dichotoma. The strata in which they are found although lithologically resembling the Carboniferous state, was considered by the late Professor Jukes to belong to the Upper Old Red Sandstone series.* Although several of the Silurian and Devonian genera are the same, the species are for the most part distinct; Stromatopora concen- trica, Pl. xxix., fig. 1, and S. placenta, fig. 2, characteristic fossils of the Middle Devonian (Torquay group), were formerly classed with Corals, but are now included under the class Amorphozoa in the order Foraminifera. ! Corats (Actinozoa), are very frequent in the Middle Devonian limestone of South Devon, especially at Torquay, Plymouth and New- ton Bushel; when cut and polished, the structure is clearly shown, and they are frequently used for ornamental purposes. Professors Milne, Edwards, and M. Jules Haime, whose learned and beautifully illus- trated Monographs on this class of fossils in the volumes of the Pa- leeontographical Society we have frequent occasion to quote from, observes that nearly all the Devonian are distinguished from the Silurian Corals. Some of the most characteristic of these Devonian Corals are figured on Pl. xxix. In the Monograph on British Devonian Corals,} the authors state that ‘‘ the Corals of the Devonian formation in different parts of the world belong to about 150 well defined species, forty-six of which have been met with in England. The Corals belonging to the family Cyathophyllide are very predominant, and form thirty-three of the forty- six above mentioned species. The family of Favositide is represented by ten species, and the three remaining species belong one to each of the three families Stawride ; Milleporide and Poritide, with the excep- tion of one species all these fossils belong, therefore, to the two sub- orders, Zoantharia tabulata and Z. rugosa, one of which has no repre- sentatives in the actual Fauna, nor in the Tertiary and Secondary Formations. Three of these Devonian fossils exist also in the Silurian rocks, but all the others appear to be peculiar to the Devonian period.” The family Illeporide is represented by Helolites porosa, figured on Plate xxix., 4 a, 6, a characteristic Coral of the Middle Devonian limestone at the localities specified in the explanation of the Plates. The Favositide includes F. polymorpha (fig. 5, on the same plate), one of the most frequent of all the Devonian Corals. The remarkable Coral Pleurodictyum problematicum of Goldfuss, we have also figured on the same plate, fig. 3, a-d. It is referred by the * In the Table of Old Red Sandstone and Devonian fossils, by Mr. Etheridge, before referred to, plants under this name of Aynorria dichotoma (Haughton), are stated to oceur in the Baggy and Pilton groups of the Upper Devonian, North Devon. Possibly they are like the specimens figured and described by Professor Haughton, the upper branches of Sagenaria Veltheimiana or S. Bailyana. + Palceontographical Society, 1853, p. 211. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. lx Authors of British Fossil Corals to the Poritide,* and is a frequent fossil at Braunton, Devon, as well as in the Carboniferous Slate and ““Coomhola”’ grit near Bandon, in the county of Cork, it appears to be, as suggested by the late Professor Phillips, allied to Iichelinea, but presents structural differences which are pointed out in a notice of this Coral by the Author in the Explanation of the Maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Sheet 187, &., p. 24. Of the Cyathophyllide we have figured Cyathophyllum cespitosum, fig. 6, a, 6, a fasciculate or branching coral. Acervularia pentagona, fig. 7, a, 6, and Arachnophyllum (Smithia), Hennahi, fig. 8, a, 6, both astreiform or compound aggregations of corallites. The singular fossil called Calceola sandalina, fig. 9, a, b, c, formerly considered to be a Brachiopod shell, is now satisfactorily shown by Professor Lindstrémt+ to be a coral of the division Zoantharia rugosa, and allied to Gondophyllum, a Silurian genus which is also operculi- ferous. The Ecutnopermara of the Devonian rocks, as enumerated in Mr. Etheridge’s list of fossils, include two Starfishes, referred to the genera Protaster and Paleaster (both however specifically unnamed), from the Upper or Pilton group of North Devon eighteen Crinoids and one Pentremite, P. ovalis. The Crinoids, according to their present unsatis- factory determination, belong for the most part to the genus Cyatho- certnus, of which there are eight species named. Of the whole number eight species are said to continue into the Carboniferous rocks. The species we have figured are Cyathocrinus geometricus, Pl. xxx., fig. 2. Hexacrinus interscapularis, fig. 1., a4, 6; of this genus there are three species, all being confined to Middle Devonian, and Zaxocrinus macro- dactylus, fig. 3, a, 6, the only representative of the genus occurring in Upper Devonian of North Devon. The Devonian Poryzoa number about twelve species, all the genera except one occurring in Carboniferous rocks, and several of the species also continuing into that formation such as Certopora gracilis, Fene- stella antiqua (figured amongst the Carboniferous Fossils, Pl. xxxvii., fig. 1, a, b), of which F. plebeia and other species are believed to be synonyms. F. prisca, Glauconome bipinnata, Polypora laxa, and Ptylo- pora flustriformis. This group of Fossils, like that of the Echinoder- mata, are in consequence of their condition in these rocks, which are mostly decomposing slates, very difficult of determination, the defini- tion of the species cannot therefore be entirely relied on. The Devonian Bracuroropa, like those of older and newer strata, have been ably treated and elaborately figured by Mr. Thomas Da- vidson, F. R. 8., in his excellent monographs on this class of animals in the volumes of the Paleeontographical Society. From his descriptions and results, it appears there are above twenty genera, including up- wards of ninety species; twelve only of these pass into the Carboniferous * Opeicitenmps 22 le t Geol. Mag. (1866), Vol. iii., p. 356, &e., Pl. xiv. lxii DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. rocks, This class of the Mollusca are with the Actinozoa or Corals the most abundant and typical of all the fossils of these rocks, and especially of the Middle Devonian series. Some of the purely Devonian species are figured on Pl. xxx., amongst them Stringocephalus Burtini, fig. 4, a, b, a remarkable shell, having a very prominent beak ; Spirifera disjuncta, fig. 6, a very abundant species in the Middle and Upper Devonian of N. and 8. Devon and Cornwall, although apparently not very distinct from some of the varieties of S. striata of the Carboniferous rocks, Cyrtina heteroclita, fig. 7, a, 6, a sub-genus of Spirifera, according to Woodward, having a very prominent beak. * a \ | | * 3 2 : | - y 7 a Ss F Ne > : a - } * 7 | | es . - = * => oe : : : ; Pp a P | P f * S.. = , : = of - * - ; ~ , | >} BAN DEE coe late 9. p haracteristic British Fossils. C ied x 9 IRIE i cio ip no mene ehtvattnactttind races Printed by Forster&( \ublin Sra * PME iy tonne: * W.F. Bail, te! EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. , 23 PLATE IX. FOSSILS OF THE LLANDEILO ROCKS, HYDROZOA or POLYZOA.—GRAPTOLITIDZ. Fic 1.—a,b, c. GRAPTOLITHUS SAGITTARIUS, Linneus. Hisinger, Leth. Suec,, pl. xxv., fig. 6, Monograpsus sagittarius, Prof. Geinitz, Die Graptolithen (1852), pl. 1x., fig. 3 G. incisus.—Harkness, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii., p. 6, pl. i, fig. 8 ; Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. iii., p. 329, pl. xi. a, fig. 2. a. Original. From black argillaceous.slates, collected by Professor Hark- ness, and presented by him to the Museum, Geological Survey of Ireland. Uprer LiuAnpEILo.—‘Graptolite shale,” Duffkinnell, Dumfriesshire, south of Scotland, with Diplograpsus pristis on same slab. b. Original. A portion of one of these Graptolites enlarged, showing double line of canal, and the closely set series of prominent serratures or cellules. ce. From the enlarged figure in Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. iii., pl. xi. A, fig. 2. LOWER Tana iantaaieics, South Caernarvonshire, id., p. 329, Fic. 2.—a, b. Grarrotiraus Nitssoni, Barrande. Die Graptolithen, by Prof. Geinitz, 1852, p. 35, pl. ii., figs. 17-20, 24 28-32. G.' tenuis, Portlock, Geol. Report of Londonderry, &c., pl. xix., fig. 7. G. Nilssont, Harkness, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vi., p. 61, pl. i., fig. 7. a. Original. Natural size. b. enlarged ; from black slates, Upper Llandeilo Flags. Little Queensberry Burn. ; LuanpEiLo Fracs.—Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire (?) Scotland; black slates, (?) Llandeilo, Belvoir, Co. Clare (?) Balbriggan, Co. Dublin, in shales; (?) Caradoc, Kilnacreagh, near Six-mile Bridge, Co. Clare ; Reafadda ; Garrangreena, and other localities near Borrisoleigh, Co. Tipperary ; also Desertcreat, Tyrone ; as G. tenuis, Portlock, Rep. cit. , 2, Fic. 3.—a-f. DIPLOGRAPSUS PRISTIS, Hisinger, sp. Prionotus pristis and scalaris ; His. Leth. Suec., p. 113, pl. xxxv., figs, 4, 5. G. foliaceus, Harkness, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii., pl. i., fig. 18. 5 a. Original. From a piece of black fissile slate, showing the abundance of these fossils, which are impressed upon each other throughout every layer. These Graptolites are generally white, and distinctly visible upon the black slate ; in some of the beds they are stained pink, the cleavage joints in the 24 * EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. slate being of a ferruginous or yellow ochre colour ; they are accompanied, at the same locality, by numerous and perfect examples of what appears to the author identical with Graptolithus flaccidus, Hall. Collected by the Geol. Surv. of Ireland, from cliffs, on the River Suir, a little north- west of the city of Waterford. See Paleontological Remarks, in Ex- planation of Sheets 167, &e., p. 25, &e., Geol. Surv. of Ireland. b. Original. Portion of one of these Graptolites, enlarged; showing central axis, and closely arranged double series of cellules. e-f. From original figures by the author, in Journ. Geol, Soc., of Dublin, vol. ix., pl. iv., figs. 2 a, 6, ec, and 3 b. e. Smallexample, with fine central axis projecting beyond the cell serratures at both ends. d. A very young specimen, upon which no serratures are visible, the outline being smooth, and the central axis projecting. e and f are considered to belong to the same species, and to be pressed in an opposite direction to 3 a, and 3 ec, a specimen from the same locality. Graptolites presenting this appearance were formerly described as distinct species, under the names of sealaris and scalariformis. Fig 8 e, in addition to the edge view, shows the axis prolonged at the upper part, above the compressed cells, to a considerable length; gradually swelling out in the centre, and provided with what appears to be a thread-like canal passing through it, and terminating in a small pointed filament. jf. An example of a similar variety to the previously described one, in which the mass of compressed cells beara much greater proportion to the axis, which is but slightly prolonged beyond them; e, d, e, and f, are all from the same locality, on the north-west flank of the Slieve Bernagh Moun- tains, at Belvoir, between Sixmile Bridge and Broadford, in the county Clare, and were collected by the Geol. Surv. of Ireland, from black slates in which this species and variety are very abundant, accompanied by Graptolithus ? gracilis, Hall, and a few other Graptolites. Vide Explana- tion to Sheet 133 of the Maps, Geol. Surv., Ireland. Pal. Notes by the author, p. 10, &e. This species, the most abundant and characteristic of all the Graptolites of the Silurian rocks, especially marks the Lower Silurian division; no double Graptolite having hitherto occurred above the Caradoc or Bala, LLANDEILO.—Shropshire; North Wales ; Dumfries. Catalogue of Brit. Foss., by Prof. Morris, second edition, 1854, p. 53. Lower LLANDEILO.—Tai-hirion ; Arenig, west of Bala, North Wales ; west of Stiper stones, Shropshire ; and Upper Luanpei10, South Wales; Mr. Salter, in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol., iii., p. 256. Carapoc or Bata Rocxs.—In Bala schists in many parts of Wales; also in earthy beds, ascribed to this formation, at Church Stretton, Shropshire ; Siluria, third edition, p. 73. Localities in Ireland.—Black slates, ? Llandeilo Ballymoney, and Ballinatray Bridge, Courtown Demesne, near Gorey, and Tinnaglogh, Ballyhack, Co. Wexford; Belvoir, Co. Clare ; Commons of Slane; Newtown Fortescue, Broomfield, and Cooksgrove, near Duleek, Co. Meath; also Balbriggan, Portraine, and Lambay Island, Co. Dublin; collected and determined by the author ; also Lisbellaw, Fermanagh; and Desertcreat, Tyrone ; speci- mens in the Portlock Collection, Mus. Geol. Surv. of Ireland. Fig. 4.—a-d. DIPLOGRAPSUS TERETIUSCULUS, Hisinger, sp. Prionotus, Hisinger, Leth. Suec., pl. xxxviil., fig. 4. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 25 Diplograpsus teretiusculus, Mr. Salter, in Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. viii., p. 329, pl. xxi., figs. 3,4. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 330, pl. xi. a, fig. 3. a, b. From the original figures in the Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. viii., pl. xxxi.. fig. 3, a, b. a. MGitural size (uncompressed). b. Portion of do. enlarged four diameters, being the edge view, which shows the orifices of the cells. e, d, original. Uncompressed fragment, showing the arrangement of cells on each side of the axis; the lower portion, having been removed, has left its impression, in which the interior of the cells and their connexion with the central canal may be observed. From a specimen collected and presented by Professor Harkness to the Museum, Geological Survey of Ireland; from black slates, Upper Llandeilo, Little Queensberry Burn, Dumfriesshire ; other and well-preserved specimens in the same Museum were also collected by that gentleman from Glenkiln, Dumfries, in similar black shales. Lower LianpetLo.—Ty-obry. Upper LuanpEito.—Conway, Mona Mine, Anglesea; Llanerchymedd, &c., N. Wales; Pembrokeshire, S. Wales ; Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., pp. 258, 330. Dumfriesshire, Prof. Harkness. In Ireland, at Lady Elizabeth’s Cove, Tramore, Co. Waterford, and Bally- money, near Gorey, Co. Wexford, W. H. B. Fic. 5.—a, b. DinymMocrarsus Murcuison®, Beck, sp. Graptolithus Murchisoni, Beck, Sil. Syst., p. 695, pl. xxvi., fig. 4. Clado- grapsus, Prof. Geinitz, Die Graptolithen, p. 30, pl. ii., fig. 40. a. Original. Fragment of dark grey slate, on which several examples of this double Graptolite are impressed ; some of them illustrate the remarkable effects of cleavage, which has separated and disturbed the relation of one part to another. Museum, Geol. Survey of Ireland, from Upper Llandeilo Flags, Abereiddy Bay, Pembrokeshire. b. Original. Enlarged four diameters: view of some of the cells, from well- preserved specimens collected by the Geol. Surv. of Ireland, near Duleek, county of Meath, described by the author in the Journ. Geol. Soc. of Dub- lin, p. 300, vol. ix., pl. iv., fig. 1d. LLANDEILO FLaGs.—Llandrindod Hill, Radnorshire ; Siluria, third edition, pl.i., “fig. 1 (description) ; Llanfair ; Welchpool; Abereiddy Bay, Pembrokeshire; Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 52 ;? Llandeilo, near Duleek, Co. Meath, W. H. B. Fig. 6.—a-d. DipDyMOGRAPSUS SEXTANS, Hail, sp. Graptolithus sextans, Hall, Paleontology of New York, vol. i., pl. Lxxiv., fig. 3. Cladograpsus, Prof. Geinitz, Die Grap. 1852. D. sextans, Salter, in Journ, Geol. Soc. 1848, vol. v., p. 17, pl. i. fig. 10, d, e. a. Original. A group of these remarkable little diverging Graptolites, well preserved in dark grey shale, collected by Mr. C. Galvan, of the Geological Survey of Ireland, at Dalligan Bridge, five miles N. E. of Dungarvan. b. Original. Enlarged portion of fig. 6 a, showing cell denticles. e. Original. Enlarged portion of fig. 6 a, showing double radicles at the base, from which the two branches diverge. d. Original. From a specimen in black fissile shale, collected and presented by Professor Harkness to the Geol. Surv. of Ireland, in which the double radicles and cell denticles are rather obscure : ‘‘ Graptolite shales” (Upper Llandeilo); Glenkiln, Dumfriesshire. E 96 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. LianveiLo FiaGs.—Black slate, west of Wigtownshire, Salter ; Cairn Ryan, Ayrshire, Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 52. In Ireland, Dalligan Bridge, N. E. of Dungarvan ; and Lady Hlizabeth’s Cove, Tramore Bay, Co. “Waterford. Explanation of Sheets 167, &c., of the Maps, Geol. Surv. of Ireland, pp. 20, 33, Pal. notes by the author. Fic. 7.—a-d. RAsTRITES PEREGRINUS, Barrande. Grap. Bohem., pl. iii., figs. 10-13. Prof. Harkness, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii., p- 59, pl.i., fig. 1. Monograpsus, Prof. Geinitz, Die Grap., p. 48. Original. Small portion of this beautiful curved Graptolite, in finely lami- nated, black shale, Duffkinnel, Dumfries. b. Original. The same, enlarged, showing central canal, communicating with the elongated cells. ce. Original. Another fragment, with longer cells, in dull earthy shale, from Little Queensberry Bur n, Dumfriesshire. d. Original. Portion of the. same, enlarged ; all collected by Professor Hark- ness, and presented by him to the Geol. Surv. of ireland. Urrer LuanpreILo.—Dumfriesshire, Harkness, Journ. Geol. Soc., above cited. 74 = . » “ a +: B As LX. R (3 A RAD OC aan c L0. Plate shfossils. acteristie Briti ar Ch Printed by Forster &C° Dubin win EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 27 Ah xX. FOSSILS OF THE CARADOC OR BALA ROCKS. ZOOPHYTA.—ANTHOZOA. Fig. 1.—a-d. STENopoRA FIBROSA, Goldfuss. Petrefacta Germaniz, pl. xxviii., figs. 3,4. Stenopora fibrosa, Silur. Syst., a. b, pl. xv., dis, fig. 6. Original. Branching variety of this coral, natural size, showing punctated surface, and horizontal section of corallites, from calcareous beds, Lower Silurian, Tramore Bay ; collected by Geol. Surv. of Ireland. ec, d. Variety lycoperdon, Hall. Favosites lycopodites, Hall, Pal. New York, pl. xxiii, figs. 1-3. _S. fibrosa, var. lycoperdon, Siluria, third edi- tion, p. 204; Foss. 28, fig. 2. . Original. Hemispherical variety, natural size. Original. Fragment of the same variety, showing radiating group of co- rallites, where fractured. . Original. Portion of surface enlarged from 1 b, showing openings of the irregular hexagonal corallites. From Tramore Bay, where this variety is very abundant, in rocks believed to be of Caradoc or Bala age. Urrer LuanpeI1o Rocks.—Garn, east of Arenig; south side of Arenig ; one mile N. W. of Llanerchymedd, Treiorwerth ; North Wales; and Pembroke- shire, South Wales; Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 258; Lancashire; Yorkshire ; North and South Wales ; Catal. of Brit. Foss., p. 64. Carapoc or Bata Rocks.—Numerous localities in Caernarvonshire, Den- bighshire, Montgomeryshire, and Merionethshire ; ibid., p. 260. From localities in Ireland, believed to be of the same age, at Knock- mahon; Dunabrattan Head, 'Tramore Bay,Co. Waterford; Carrickadaggan, and near Gorey, Co. Wexford; Slieveroe, near Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow. This coral is perhaps the most generally distributed of all the Silurian fossils both in time and space ; ranging from the Llandeilo Rocks, through all the series of Lower and Upper Silurian, to the Ludlow formation (Ap- pendix to Siluria, third edition, Table of Fossils, p. 534); and occurring at most of the fossil localities in these formations. - Fig. 2.—a, b. Perrata mQuisutcata, M‘Coy, sp. Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 39, pl. i. B, figs. 23 and 24. Aulacophyllum mitratum, a. Milne Edwards and Haime. British Foss. Corals, p. 280, pl. Ixvi., fig. 1. From the original figure in Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. i. B, fig. 23 ; a single turbi- nated corallite, showing the equidistant ‘“ septa,” or “ lamellar” divisions. 28 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 6. From the original figure in Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. i. B, fig. 24, showing the “‘ calice” or cup with the ‘‘ septa,” uniting towards the centre. The corals referred to Petraia and Turbinolopsis, usually in the state of casts, appear many of them to belong to Cyathophyllum, Brit. Foss. Co- _ rals (Paleontographical Society), p. 286. Carapoc or Bara Rocxs.—Coniston, Westmoreland; Ayrshire ; Lanca- shire; North Wales. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 62. In the Appendix to Si- luria, third edition, it is inserted as ranging into the Llandovery Rocks. ANNELIDA. Fic. 3.—a, 6. Tenracurires AneGuicus, Salter. T. annulatus and scalaris, Silurian System, pl. xix., figs. 15,16. 7. Anglicus, Siluria, third edition, p. 74; Foss. 12, fig. 4. a. Original. A piece of fine laminated sandstone, full of these small but very characteristic fossils, in Museum Geol. Surv. of Ireland. Caradoc Sand- stone, Cheney Longville, Shropshire. b. Original. Portion of one of these fossils, enlarged ; the upper part being an impression, showing a regular series of rings or annular ridges, from which the cast which fills up the lower part has fallen out. Carapoc or Bata To LuAnpovery Rocxs.—Appendix to Siluria, third edition, p. 537. Localities: Shropshire; North and South Wales; Tort- worth ; Coniston ; Malverns (Cat. of Brit. Foss., 2nd edition, p. 94). Cara- doc ; several localities in Caernarvonshire, Merionethshire, Montgomery- shire, and Denbighshire. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 261. Bala beds, Slieveroe, Co. Wicklow, W. H. B. This well-marked little fossil is very abundant, and eminently charac- teristic of strata of Caradoc or Bala age. ECHINODERMATA.—CYSTIDE 2. Fic. 4.—a, 6, c. SpHaRonITES Lircut, Forbes, sp. ee i Intchi, Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., p. 514, pl. xxl., figs. 2 a-g. a. From the Bical figure in the volume above cited, pl. xxi., fig. 2b, which is repeated in vol. ii1., pl. xx., fig.3. Part of the test or shell of this globular cystidean having been removed, shows it to be composed of large hexago- nal plates; at the summit are two projections for the oral and anal ori- fices ; traces of the ovarian aperture may be seen at the upper part of the body, near the mouth. b, c. Original. Enlarged views of the external markings, from the natural impression of one of these bodies, labelled Caryocystites Litchi in the mu- seum, Geological Survey of Ireland; fig. 4 b, showing the twin pores de- seribed by Professor’ Forbes, vol. i1., part ii., p. 514, is taken from the natural impression, and corresponds with 2 e and f of the original figures illustrating Professor Forbes’ Memoir. 4 ce. Enlarged markings from the surface of the cast, which came out of the impression, showing pairs of pores, enclosed, by small irregular hexagonal spaces, corresponding with figure 2 d of pl. xxi., in the vol. before cited. Carapoc or Bara.—Bala, Merionethshire, North Wales; Sholes Hook, Pembrokeshire, South Wales. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 29 Fic. 5.—EcutnospH£ritrs Barticus, Hichwald. Spheronites Balticus, Eich. Forbes, in. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., p. 518, pl. xxii., fig. 3, and vol. iil., p. 287, pl. xx., fig. 10, the same figure having been transferred. From the original figure, drawn by the author, in the work above cited; “a round or oblong body, covered with polygonal plates, the surface being ornamented with a network of triangles, forming a number of star-like devices, which completely conceal the true disposition of the plates.” Forbes, in Mem. Geol. Surv., before cited, vol. ii., pl. i1., p. 518. Carapoc or Bata Rocxs.—Bala, North Wales ; Sholes Hook, South Wales. Fic. 6.—HEMICOSMITES ? OBLONGUS, Pander, sp. Echinospherites oblongus, Pander, Beitrage, pl. ii., figs. 22,232. H. oblon- gus, Forbes in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol ii., part i1., p. 511, pl. xx., fig. 6; and vol. iii., p. 288, pl. xx., fig. 11, the same figure having been transferred. From the original figure, drawn by the author in the work above cited, pl. eK 10210: This fossil is composed of large plates, ornamented with fasciculi of ra- diating grooves. Carapoc SLATES.—Sholes Hook, Haverfordwest. CRINOIDEA. Fig. 7.—a, b. GLYPTOCRINUS ? BASALIS, MZ‘ Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 57, pl. i. D, fig.4; Siluria, third edition, p. 206; Foss. 29. Celocrinus, proposed n. g. Salter, in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 283, pl. Xxlil., fig. 4. From the original figures in the Mem. Geol. Surv. just cited, pl. xxiii., figs. 4 and 4 ¢ (there are two figures on the plate marked with this letter). [The references to this figure, as in several other instances, are somewhat confused, and there is a great want of more complete explanations to the plates in this volume, some of the figures not being alluded to at all, and no information given as to enlarged representations. ‘There is a list professing to give the contents of the plates at p. 379; but it is a very meagre one, and does not explain the whole of the figures, or mention even all the species. ] : a. From Mem. Geol. Surv., pl. xxiii., fig. 4. This fossil shows the rounded stem, consisting of numerous rings or joints, connected with what is called the head or body, which was composed of numerous hexagonal plates, some of the lower ones being marked by small tubercles, and radiating ridges; from the upper portion of this body proceed the “ arms and fin- gers,” or tentacles, of a graceful and feather-like character, much longer than shown in our figure, to which we have added a small portion from another specimen in the Mem. Geol. Surv. of Ireland. - 6. From Mem. Geol. Surv., pl. xxiii., fig. 4e. A single plate, showing the radiating ridges, and scattered tubercles ornamenting the surface. “ Carapoc Rocks.—Everywhere in Wales ; Guilsfield, near Meifod ; Mont- gomeryshire, near Llanwddyn, in Berwyn mountains ; Bala, Merioneth- shire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Caernarvonshire.” Mr. Salter, in Mem. Geol. Sury. vol. ili., p. 284. 30 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ASTERIAD A. Fig. 8.—PaLzastTER oBtusus, Forbes, sp. Uraster obtusus, Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., p. 463: Decadel, pl i., fig. 3; vol. ili., p. 289, pl. xxiii, fig. 1. P. obtusus, Siluria, third edition, p. 208; Foss. 31, fig. 1. From the? restored figure in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., fig. 1, of the under side, the upper surface being unknown; ib. p. 289. Professor Forbes re- marks that the contour of this fossil starfish strikingly reminds us of that of the living Uraster hispidus, but the structure of its dermal covering was very different. Decade 1, description of pl. i., p. 3. Caravoc or Bata Rocxs.—First fouad in ashy slates at Drumcannon, Co. Waterford, in 1846; since, by the Geol. Surv., at Moel-y-Garnedd, near Bala, North Wales; Professsor Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., p. 463 ; and Decade 1, description of pl..i., p. 3, and later, according to Mr. Salter, in ash beds, west of Bala Lake, Mem., Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 289. Fia. 9.—a, b. PRorASTER? SALTERI, Forbes, sp. Ophiura, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., 1845, p. 20, pl. ix., fig. 45; Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xx. Protaster, Siluria, third edition, p. 208. Teniaster, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 289, pl. xxiii., fig. 3. From the figures in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., pl. xxiil., figs. 3-3 a, internal im- pression. This minute Ophiuroid Starfish, scarcely more than three-quar- ters of an inch broad, “ differs in its slender whip-lke arms from all the other species of Protaster or Teniaster.” It was long lost in the drawers of the late Professor Forbes; was re- covered some years since, and is now in the Woodwardian Museum, Cam- bridge. fay SiaTE.~-Pen-y-gaer, Cerrig-y-Druidion, North Wales; Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 290. CARADOC OR BALA. Plate Il. Characteristic British Fossils. 1} Se > Ya Py Forster: Prints Ore Ly: : Asks WOE, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 31 PLATE XI. FOSSILS OF THE CARADOC OR BALA ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—POLYZOA. Fie. 1.—a, 6, c. FENESTELLA ASSIMILIS, Lonsdale, sp. Gorgonia, Sil. Syst., p. 680. Fenestella, Siluria, 4th ed., pl. xli., fig. 27. a. Original. Showing fan-like form. b. Original. Enlarged portion with cells. e. Original. Enlarged portion of opposite surface, marked with irregular striations. All from grey limestone, Chair of Kildare, Co. Kildare. Mus. Geol. Surv. of Ireland. Carapoc and WENLOCK Rocks.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 523. Frequent in the Caradoc-Bala limestone of the Chair of Kildare ; it has also been col- lected by the Geological Survey from sandy shales of Caradoc age at Car- riganeagh and Frankfort, Co. Wexford, and is not uncommon in grey slates of the same formation at Munmahoge, between Waterford and Tramore, as well as in rocks of similar character on shore at Tramore Bay and at Newtown Head, Waterford Harbour. Mus. G.S. I. In Siluria, fourth edition, p. 216, it is figured (Fossils 50) as ‘a common Wenlock species.” It certainly is most characteristic of the Caradoc formation in Ireland. Nore.—In the Catalogue of British Fossils, by Professor Morris, second edition, p. 55, this species is said to occur in the county of Tyrone (I pre- sume on the authority of Colonel Portlock) ; my examination of the spe- cimens in the Portlock collection, Mus. Geol. Surv. of Ireland, leads me, however, to the belief, that he was mistaken in this supposed identification ; and that the specimens alluded to are closely allied, if not identical, with Callograptus elegans or Salteri of the Quebec group, described by Professor Hall in Decade 2, pl. xix., of the Geological Survey of Canada. Fic. 2.—a, b. Pritopicrya acuta, Hail, sp. Strictopora acuta, Paleontology of New York, vol. i., p. 74, pl. xxvi., fig. 3. Ptilodictya, Sil., fourth edition, pp. 188, 523. a. Original. Showing the dichotomous character of the branches. b. Original. Enlarged portion, showing alternating rows of cells, as in the recent Eschara, in grey limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus. Geol. Surv. Ireland. Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 523. Localities in Denbighshire, at Glyn Ceirog, S. of Llangollen (M‘Coy), in Montgomeryshire, at Llechweddwyd ; and Llanfyllin, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 266. Frequent in the grey limestone of the Chair of Kildare; it is also plentiful in dark grey limestone at Portraine, Co. Dublin. F 32 . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 3.—LinGua ovata, WM‘ Coy. Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 24, pl. iii., fig. 1. From the figure in Brit. Sil. Brach. Pal. Soc., pl. ii., fig. 20. Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 525. Localities, Bala, N. Wales, Cat. ’ Brit. Foss., p. 138. Slates of Penmorfa, M‘Coy ; not uncommon in the hard Caradoc grits of Grangegeeth, Co. Meath, Mus. G. 8. I. Carrickanearla, Chair of Kildare, Mus. Sir R. Griffith ; Caradoc beds, at Marshbrook, and Horderly, Salop; near Bala, and east of Bala Lake, Merionethshire; Llan- dwddyn and Meifod, Montgomeryshire ; S. of Llangollen, Denbighshire ; also in the Lower Caradoc or Bala shales of Westmoreland (Brit. Sil. . Brach., p. 39). In the Mus. Geol. Surv., Irel. are specimens believed to be this species, in limestone, Chair of Kildare, and from Caradoc beds at Ballybro’ and Carrickadaggan, Co. Wexford; Bellewstown, Co. Meath ; and Desertcreat, Tyrone. Fig. 4.—a, 6. D1scina oBLONGATA, Portlock, sp. Orbicula subrotunda, levigata, and elongata, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, &c., p- 445, pl. xxxii.,fig. 10-13. Discina, Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 66. a, 6. Front and side view of the upper or free valve. From Mr. Davidson’s figures in Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. vi, fig. 1. Caravoc.—Siluria, fourth edition, p. 524. Caradoc schists, Desertcreat, Co. ‘Tyrone ; Portlock collection, Mus. G. S. I. “ Not uncommon in the sandy schists of Bardahessiagh, common in the slates of Tirnaskea, Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone.” M‘Coy, Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 24. It has also been collected from corresponding beds at Tramore, Co. Waterford, Mus. G. 8.1. Mr. Da- vidson very properly considers D. oblongata, levigata, and subrotunda, all from the same rock and locality, as ‘ slight modifications of a single species.” in England, on the authority of Mr. Salter, he states it to have been found in the Upper Caradoc beds of South Shropshire. In Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 266; the variety D. subrotunda is included in the list of Cara- doe fossils from Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire. Fig. 5.—a, b. CRANIA DIVARICATA, M‘Coy, sp. C. antiquissima (?) M‘Coy (not of Eichwald), Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 25. Pseudo- crania divaricata, M‘Coy. Ann. Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viil., p. 388 (1851). Crania catenulata, M. S., name attached to specimens in Mus. G. S. L, Explanation to Map 119, p. 9, Geol. Surv. Irel.; Pal. notes by the author. C. divaricata, Sil., second edition, p. 212; and Brit. Sil. Brach., Botlsh a. pORguTaL From a slightly distorted specimen showing both valves, in dark grey slaty schist, Bala, Mus. G. S. I. Original. Exterior, showing radiating striae; from greenish grey slaty schist, Grange Hill, Kildare, Mus. G. S. I. e. Cast of interior of dorsal valve, exhibiting the muscular impressions, de- scribed by Mr. Davidson in Brit. Sil. Brach. ; explanation to pl. viii., fig. 11 and 11a; taken from that figure and specimens in Mus. G. 8. I.; from same locality as 5 6. b. ~ > EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 33 Carapoc.—‘ Common in the schists of the Caradoc or Bala limestone at several places near Bala, Merionethshire and Builth, Brecknockshire; also found in the shales of the Bala limestone, near Llanfyllin, Montgomery- shire; and south-east of Cerrig-y-Druidion, Denbighshire.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 80; and Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 266. In Ireland it is frequent in slaty beds of Caradoc age, near Grange Hill, Kildare ; occur- ring also in the hard calcareous beds of Grangegeeth, Co. Meath ; and the Caradoc shales of Frankfort, Co. Wexford ; and Newtown Head, Water- ford. Mus. G.S. I. Norr.—In reference to Mr. Davidson’s enumeration of the localities for this remarkable species, it may be desirable to observe that this fossil, and probably the specimens of Lingula ovata, noticed in his valuable mono- graph on British Silurian Brachiopoda, as having been collected at Car- rickanearla, Chair of Kildare, is not from the very fossiliferous limestone (equivalent of Caradoc-Bala beds) known as that of the Chair of Kildare, which is situated on Grange Hill, about three miles north of the town of Kil- dare ; but from a place near it, being found in distinct beds of a more shaly character (although believed to be of the same Caradoc age), a little east of the limestone knoll, known as the Chair, and at the base of the hill. From a third locality, about half a-mile north-east of the Chair, there are also shaly beds, but with a distinct set of Silurian fossils, considered to be the equivalents of Llandovery strata. me Fic. 6.—a, b, c. LEPTNA SERICEA, Sowerby. Silurian System, pl. xix., figs. 1, 2. . a. Original. Convex or ventral valve; in dark compact limestone, Lambay Island, Co. Dublin, Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Portion of surface of fig. a, enlarged, showing the widely dis- tant and fine intermediate radiating stri. ec. Original. A group of small examples of the flat dorsal, with interior and exterior ventral valves, on a slab of Caradoc sandstone, full of these fossils ; from Cheney Longville, Shropshire. Mus. Geol. Surv. Ivel. LuaANpDEILO to Luanpovery and ? WENLOCK, is the range of this species given in Siluria, fourth edition, p. 525. At p. 194 of the same work are the following remarks: ‘“ Of the two species of Leptzna, which are preva- lent in the Lower Silurian Division, the most frequent is Z. sericea, which, occurring in swarms among the slates of Snowdon, is also most abundant and characteristic in the Caradoc sandstone of Shropshire.” In Ireland it is not uncommon in slaty Caradoc rocks, near Balbriggan; and in limestone at Portraine, and Lambay Island, Co. Dublin ; as well as at several locali- ties in rocks of the same age in Wicklow, Wexford, Waterford, and Tyrone. Fic. 7.—a, b,c. OrtHIs ACTONIA, Sowerby. Silurian System, p. 639, pl. xx., fig. 16; Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xxxvi., figs. 5-17. a. View of both valves. From Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iil., pl. xxi., fig. 7. b. Profile view ; showing relative position of valves. bid., fig. 8. c. Interior of flat (dorsal) valve. Jbid., fig. 6. LiANDEILO to LuaNpovery. Sil., fourth edition, p. 526. Abundant in the Llandeilo and Caradoc rocks of Shropshire, Wales, and Ireland. Llandeilo Flags, Garn, Arenigs; Caradoc, Bryn Bedwog, near Bala, &c. (Davidson). 34 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Lower Llandovery rocks at Haverfordwest ; Mandinam, in Caermarthen- shire ; Mathyrafal, in Montgomeryshire, &c. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 339. Ireland; in limestone of Caradoc-Bala age, Chair of Kildare. Fic. 8.—a-d. ORTHIS FLABELLULUM, Sowerby. Silurian System, p. 639, pl. xix., fig. 8, pl. xxi., fig. 8. a. Original. Dorsal valve. b. Profile view; showing relative position of valves. e. Original. Internal cast of dorsal valve. d. Internal cast of ventral valve ; all from Boduan, Caernarvonshire ; in brown calcareous rock. Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 526. ‘Common in Caradoc sandstone.” Ibid., p. 193. “North Wales and Shropshire, everywhere in Caradoc rocks,” M.G.S., vol. iii., p. 338. It occurs also abundantly in rocks of the same age in Ireland. Fic. 9.—a-f. ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, Dalman. lng Sil. Syst., p. 639. 0. calligramma, Sil., fourth edition, pl. v., gs. 7, 8, 9. a. Original. Impression of outer surface of ventral valve, from 9 0. b. Original. Interior of ventral valve. c. Original. Impression of exterior dorsal valve, from 9 d. d. Original. Interior of dorsal valve. e. Original. Enlarged portion of surface, showing proportion of ‘ rib” to intermediate strie, crossed by fine transverse lines ; all from Caradoc rocks, Grangegeeth, Co. Meath; in hard dark green grit. Mus. Geol. Surv. Irel. f. Original. Var. virgata. Internal casts and impressions of both valves, on a slab of coarse grey Caradoc grit, from Anglesea. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDEILO TO WENLocxk is recorded in Sil., fourth edition, p. 526, as the geological range of this frequently recurring species; it is stated to be one of the species of Orthis everywhere abundant in British Lower Silurian lo- calities, as well as in North Wales and Ireland, occurring, though rarely, in the Wenlock limestone of Britain. Jbid., p. 193. For special localities, see Memoirs Geol. Surv. and Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 245. CARADOC OR BALA; Characteristic BrilishFossils. Plate 12. — — - = ——— aa ee a Se WH Baily, « et lith Printed by forster &t? Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 35 PLATE XII. FOSSILS OF THE CARADOC OR BALA ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 1.—a, 6. SrROPHOMENA EXPANSA, Sowerby, sp. Orthis expansa, Sil. Syst., p. 638, and O. pecten, ibid. (Strophomena, Cat. Brit. Foss., 1854, p. 137). Sil., fourth edition, pl. vi., fig. 4. a. Original. Exterior of ventral valve, showing the strong radiating and intermediate fine striz. b. Original. Internal impression of fig. 1 a; both in fine-grained greenish sandstone, from Cheney-Longville, Shropshire. Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 528. Abundant in Shropshire and North Wales; also in Ireland at the following places in Caradoc rocks: Tramore Bay, Co. Waterford ; Portraine, and Lambay Island, Co. Dublin; Grange- geeth, Co. Meath; and Desertcreat, Co, Tyrone. Mus. G. 8. I. CONCHIFERA. Fic. 2.—Mopio.orsis EXPANSA, Portlock, sp. Modiola, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, &e., p. 425. Modvolopsis, Sil., fourth edition, p. 530. Original. In dark grey micaceous schist, Desertcreat, Tyrone (Portlock Collection). Mus. G. 8S. I. Carapoc.—Co. Tyrone. Fig. 3.—Mopi0.orpsis oBtiqua, Sowerby, sp. Avicula, Sil. Syst., p. 635. Modiolopsis, Sil., fourth edition, pl. vii., fig. 2. From Sil. Syst., pl. xx., fig. 4. Internal cast in Caradoc sandstone, Soud- ley. Gi ped. This species occurs in clusters in the Caradoc sandstone, at Soudley, near Acton Scott; east flank of Caer Caradoc, Sil. Syst., p. 638. It is also included in the list of Caradoc fossils from North Wales, at Bettws-y-coed, Caernarvonshire, and east of Bala Lake, Merionethshire. M. G.S,, vol. iii., p. 270. Fig. 4.—a, b. CreNoponta oBLiqvua, Portlock, sp. Arca obliqua and cylindrica. Geol. Rep. Londonderry, pp. 428-9. Ctenodonta obliqua, Sil., fourth edition, p. 529. a. Original. Indark grey micaceous schist, Desertcreat, Tyrone. Mus. G. wD. 36 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, b. Original. Enlarged outline, showing arrangement of hinge teeth. Caravoc.—Locality, W. of Bala Lake, Merionethshire. M. G.S., vol. iii., p. 270, and County Tyrone. GASTEROPODA. Fie. 5.—HoLorEa CONCINNA, DM‘ Coy, sp. ? Naticopsis, Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 13. Holopea, Cat. Brit. Foss., 1854, p. 252. Original. In grey and red Lower Silurian limestone; Chair of Kildare, Treland. Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc.—Very abundant in the limestone of the Chair of Kildare ; it also occurs in dark grey limestone of corresponding age at Portraine, Co. Dub- lin; and at localities in Denbighshire and Merionethshire, N. Wales. M. G. S., vol. i., p. 271. Fic. 6.—a, b. Murcuisonia turR1TA, Portlock, sp. Pleurotomaria, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, &c., p. 4138. Murchisonia, Sil., fourth edition, p. 532. a,b. Original. Front and back view of the same shell. In dark grey slaty beds, Desertcreat, Tyrone. Portlock Collection, Mus. G. 8. I. Carapoc.—County Tyrone, N. of Ireland. It is also included in the list of Caradoc fossils (on the authority of Professor M‘Coy), as occurring at Bala, Merionethshire. M. G.S&%., vol. iii., p. 271. HETEROPODA. Fic. 7.—a, b. BELLEROPHON BILOBATUS, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 643. B. bilobatus, elongatus, and gibbus, Geol. Rep. London- derry, pp. 397-8. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 287. a, b. Front and side view. From Sil. Syst. pl. xix., fig. 13. LLANDEILO To LLANDOVERY.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 533. ‘ One of the common fossils of the lower part of the Caradoc sandstone, and equally characteristic of the same deposits in North America, Spain, and Bohemia.” Ibid., p. 198. Localities, Horderly in Caradoc sandstone, also Llandeilo flags, N. Wales. Ibid. explanation to pl. vii., fig. 9. N. and S. Wales in Upper Llandeilo Rocks, M. G. S., vol. iii., p. 259; and in Caradoc rocks at several localities in N. Wales, ibid. p. 271. In Ireland it is abundant in rocks of the same age at Desertcreat, Tyrone, and in the counties of Wexford and Waterford. PTEROPODA. Fic. 8.—? THECA TRIANGULARIS, Portlock, sp. ? Orthoceras, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, p. 375. Theca, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 232. Original. In dark grey slaty beds, Desertcreat, Tyrone. Portlock Collec- tion, Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc.—Localities—S. of Cerrig-y-Druidion, Denbighshire. M. G.S&%., vol. ili., p. 271. Nore.—I have figured this fossil as a Theca on the authorities above- mentioned, although { am inclined to think, on further examination of the EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 37 original specimens, it is nothing more than the terminal end ofan Orthoceras, such as those figured by General Portlock from the same place, as elongato- cinctum or subundulatum. Fic. 9.—THECA REVERSA, Salter. Siluria, second edition, p. 550. Mem. Geol. Surv. vol. iii., p. 353. From woodcut 14, fig. 6, p. 347. M. G.S., vol. iii. Caravoc.—Localities—S. of Cerrig-y-Druidion, North Wales; Bird’s Hill, Llandeilo, South Wales; Horderly, Shropshire; S. Scotland, M. G. S., vol. lii., pp. 271, 353. Nore.—In the List of Fossils, Appendix to Siluria, third and fourth editions, it is catalogued as from Llandeilo rocks only. CEPHALOPODA. Fig. 10.—ORTHOCERAS ELONGATO CINcTUM, Portlock. Geol. Rep. Londonderry, p. 372. Original. In dark grey slaty beds, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Portlock Collection. G&S... Caravoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 535. N. of Ireland. Fic. 11.—a, 6. ORTHOCERAS VAGANS, Salter. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v., pl. vi., fig. 6. M. G.S., vol. iii., p. 356. a, b. Original. A small example, showing septs and siphuncle (6) in lime- stone, from Rhiwlas, Bala. Mus. G. §S. I. Carapoc and LLANDOVERY.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 536. ‘ One of the very few Lower Silurian fossils common to the British and central European areas.” Localities—Rhiwlas and other localities near Bala; Coniston limestone of Westmoreland. M. G., vol. iii., p. 357. 38 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE XIII. FOSSILS OF THE CARADOC OR BALA ROCKS. CRUSTACEA.—OSTRACODA. Fig. 1.—a, 6. CYTHERE ? UMBONATA, Salter. Brit. Pal. Foss., Appendix A, p. ii. Ceratiocaris, M‘Coy, p. 188, pl. 1 E, Fig. 6. a. Original. Natural size; from a specimen from Bala, North Wales, in the Mus. Geol. Surv. Irel. b. Original. Enlarged from 1 a. Carapoc.—Siluria, fourth edition, p. 517. Localities—Bala; Corwen; Con- way Falls; Llanfwrog, near Ruthin. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 105. Various other localities in North Wales are enumerated in the list of Caradoc fossils in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ili., p. 260. Fic. 2.—a, b, c. Priwitra Maccoyit, Salter, sp. Cythere phaseolus, M‘Coy (not of Hisinger) ; Sil. Foss. of Irel., p. 58. Cy- there Maccoyti; Cat. Brit. Foss., second edition, p. 105. Primitia; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1868; S. 4, vol. ii., pl. vii., figs. 1, 2, 3. a. Original. Natural size. Fragment of grey limestone, showing the abun- dance of this minute bivalved Entomostracan ; from the Chair of Kildare. Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Enlarged, right valve from a specimen on fig. 1 a. c. Original. Enlarged, dorsal view of both valves. Carapoc.—Very abundant at the Chair of Kildare, Co. Kildare, Ireland. Professor T. R. Jones, and Dr. H. B. Holl, also records its occurrence in rocks of similar age at Aldeans, Ayrshire; and at Keisley, in Westmore- land, where it was discovered by Professor Harkness, Fic. 3.—a, b,c. BryricHia comMpPLicata, Salter. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. i., p. 352. a. Original. Natural size ; view of both valves. From Bala, in Mus. Geol. Surv., Irel. b,c. Original. Enlarged figures of both valves from 3 a, and a wax impres- sion taken from a specimen in Lower Caradoc sandstone, from Hopesay, Shropshire. LLANDEILO and Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 516. Localities—Llan Mill, Narbeth, Mus. Geol. Surv., Irel. Point-y-Meibion, M‘Coy. For other localities in North and South Wales, see Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 101, Does J bh Ma es W.HBaily, dete hith CARADOC OR BALA. j4 Characteristic British Fossils. Plate EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 39 and Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, p. 265. It has also been collected at Sheveroe, near Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow, by the Geol. Survey of Ireland. TRILOBITA. Fic. 4.—a-d. AGNosTuUs TRINODUS, Salter. Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., parti., p. 351. B. converus, pl. viii., figs. 12, 13, vol. ii., pl. xix., fig. 8. Trinodus agnostiformis, M‘Coy, Sil. Foss., Irel., pl. iv., fig. 3. a. Original. Natural size. Head; in light grey limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus. Geol. Surv. Irel. b. Original. Enlarged from 4 a, ec. Original. Natural size. ‘Tail; in dark grey limestone, Portraine, Co. Dublin. Mus. Geol. Surv. Irel. d. Original. Enlarged from 4 ec. Carapoc.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 515. | Localities—Shineton, near Cres- sage, Shropshire ; Haverfordwest, S. Wales; near Bala and Cerrig-y- Druidion, N. Wales; near Girvan, Ayrshire. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., pp. 263 and 298. Portraine, Co. Dublin; Annestown, near Waterford ; and Chair of Kildare, Co. Kildare. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 5.—a, 6, c. ILLZNUS BOWMANNI, Salter. Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i., pl. viii., figs, 1-3. Illenus centrotus, Portl. Geol. Rep., pl. x., figs. 3-6. a, Original. Head; in light grey limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus, Geol. Surv., Irel. b. From Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., pl. vii., fig. 2; Tyrone; from a specimen in the Portlock collection. Geol. Surv. c, From same plate, fig. 3, a small perfect specimen, and from the same col- lection. Carapoc and Liranpovery.— Sil., fourth edition, p. 518. Localities, near Haverfordwest and Llandeilo, M. G. S., vol. i1., part i., p. 339. ‘“« Everywhere in Britain.” M.G.S., vol.ii., p.317. Portraine and Lam- bay, Co. Dublin; Chair of Kildare ; Carrickadaggan, near New Ross, Wexford; Newtown Head and Tramore Bay, Waterford; Desertcreat, Tyrone. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 6.—a, b. TRINUCLEUS CONCENTRICUS, Eaton, sp. T. ornatus, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., p. 349, pl. ix., figs.1,2. 7. Caractaci, Sil. Syst., pl. xxiii., fig. 1. a. From M.G.S%.,vol. ii., parti., pl. ix., fig. 1. Entire animal ; locality not mentioned, b. Original. Side view of the head; showing fringe, cheek spine, and pro- minent glabella, in dark grey micaceous schist, Desertcreat, Tyrone. From Portlock collection. Mus. G. 8. I LLANDEILO and CARADOC, Sil., fourth edition, p. 521. Localities—Llan- deilo Flags, Dynevor Park, Llandeilo, Mus. G. S.I. Upper Llandeilo, Craig-y-glyn, S. Wales. M. G.S., vol. iii., p. 258. Caradoc. Several localities in N. Wales; ibid., p. 265. ‘‘ Caradoc rocks of Britain every- G 40 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. where.” Upper Llandovery, Shropshire ; very rare, but certainly present ; ibid., p. 320. Lower Llandovery, Corston Farm, Hopesay, Mus. G, S. I. In Ireland it abounds in Caradoc rocks at several places in the counties of Wicklow, Wexford, and Waterford; also at Desertcreat, Tyrone. Fic. 7.—a, 6. Licnas raxatus, M‘ Coy. Silurian Fossils, Ireland, pl. iv., fig. 9; also Z. pumila, ibid., fig. 8, and Calymene? forcipata, ibid., fig. 14. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., p- 340, pl. viil., figs. 4, 5, 6. a. Head; from M. G. §., vol. ii., parti., pl. vui., fig. 4. Sholes Hook, Ha- verfordwest. b. Original. Tail; in limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus. G. 8. I. Carapoc and Luanpovery.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 519. ‘‘ Very common in N. and 8S. Wales, M. G. S., vol. iii., p. 324. Localities—in Ireland, © near Duleek, and Grangegeeth, near Navan, Co. Meath; Portraine, Co. Dublin; Kildare ; Rathdrum, Wicklow ; Carrickadaggan, Frankfort, and Moyne, Wexford; Newtown Head, Pickardstown, and Tramore Bay, Waterford. Mus. G.S. I. Fig. 8.—a, 6. CALYMENE BREVICAPITATA, Portlock. Geological Report, p. 286. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i., part i, p. 341; vol. iii., p. 326. a. From Brit. Trilob. Pal. Soc., pl. ix., fig. 3. (C. Blumenbachii var. Carac- tact.) Entire animal ; Acton Scott, Shropshire. b. Original. From Desertcreat, Tyrone; Portlock collection. Mus. G. He Carapoc and LuaAnpovery.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 516. Caradoe rocks of Shropshire, of Bala, and North Wales. M. G. S%., vol. ii., p. 326. Rathdrum, Wicklow; Carrickadaggan, Wexford; Newtown Head and Tramore Bay, Waterford; Desertcreat, Tyrone. Mus. G. S. I. Fig. 9.—a, 6. HOMALONOTUS BISULCATUS, Salter. British Paleontological Fossils, Appendix, pl. 1 G, figs. 24-31. a. Head; from Brit. Trilob., pl. x., fig. 9. Onny River, Shropshire. 6. Body and tail of young specimen; zded., fig. 5. Acton Scott. Carapoc and Lianpovery. — Shropshire and Wales. ‘‘ Everywhere in Caradoc rocks, but found rarely in Llandeilo, and even in Lower Llandovery beds.”” Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 327. Various localities in N. Wales, p- 264, Shropshire and Westmoreland Cat. Brit. Foss., second edition, p. 109. Near Rathdrum, Wicklow; Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 10.—a, 6. SPHHREXOCHUS MIRUS, Beyrich. Geological Survey, Decade 7, pl. iii. S. calvus, M‘Coy, Sil. Foss., Irel., p. 44, pl. iv., fig. 10. a. Original. Head ; in limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus. G. S. I. 6. Original. ‘Tail; in limestone, Chair of Kildare. Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc? LuaAnpdovery, WentockK. Sil., fourth edition, p.521. Caradoc, Chair of Kildare abundant; Mus. G. S. I. Carrickadaggan, Wexford, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 4] Dec. 7, p. 4. Wenlock strata, Dudley Castle Hill; (entire)—Trindle, near Dudley ; Walsall, Dec. 7, p. 4, and Wenlock shale (entire). Malvern, pres. by S. Allport, Esq. Mus, G. S. I. Fic. 11.—a, b, c. PHACoPS BRONGNIARTII, Portlock. Geological Report, p. 282, pl. ii., figs. 8, 9,10. G.S., Dec. 7, p. 10. a. Original. Entire animal; from Desertcreat, Tyrone. Portlock collection, Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Coiled specimen ; from Tramore Bay. Mus. G. S. I. c. Original. Eye enlarged, showing lenses; from 11 a. Caradoc. Sil., fourth edition, p. 519. Localities—near Bala ; Llanwddyn ; Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire. M. G.S., vol. ili., p. 264. Grangegeeth, Co. Meath; Rathdrum, Wicklow; Carrickadaggan, Wexford. Abundant at Quillia and Pickardstown, Co. Waterford; as well as at localities in Tramore Bay. Mus, G.S. I. 42 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XIV. FOSSILS OF THE LLANDOVERY ROCKS. ZOOPHYTA—ANTHOZOA. Fic. 1.—a, 6, c. CyATHOPHYLLUM ELONGATUM, Phillips, sp. Turbinolopsis. Pal. Foss., p. 6. Petraia, Sil., fourth edition, pl. xxxviii. fig. 6. Cyathophyllum. Brit. Foss. Corals, pp. 227 and 236. a. Original. Casts of this simple turbinated coral of different ages; in Upper Caradoc sandstone; from the Malverns, Mus. G. 8. I. b. Original. Casts of alarger specimen in brown micaceous sandstone ; from Mulloch Hill, Ayrshire. Mus. G.S. I. c. Original. One of these corals in a more perfect state, showing the exter- nal surface (epitheca), as in Cyathophyllum ; accompanied in the same block of greenish grit by other examples which, from partial weathering of the stone, exhibit casts of the interior only as in figs. 1 a and 6. LLANDOVERY.—Lhis species is also included in the fossils of the Caradoc for- mation with a query; Sil., fourth edition, p. 511. It is said to be more frequent in the Upper than the Lower Llandovery. “Lbid., p. 208. Locali- ties—Lickey Hill; Sil. Syst., p. 693; Horderly, May Hill, &e. Pal. Foss., p. 6; and Cat. Brit. Foss.,p. 62. Presteign, Tortworth, Norbury, &c.; Haverfordwest and other localities in S. Wales; M. G. S., vol. iii., p. 359. Mulloch Hill, Ayrshire ; Bardahassa, Pomeroy ; and Desertcreat, Tyrone. Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 329; and Mus. G. 8. I. Nors.—I have followed the authors of British Fossil Corals by includ- ing this coral in the genus Cyathophyllum to which it evidently belongs. The specimen from which fig. 1 ¢ is taken shows both external and internal form ; confirming the opinion of the authors of that work as to the fossils Turbinolopsis or Petraia, being merely casts of corals belonging to this genus. Brit. Foss. Corals, Silurian Formation, Paleeontographical So- ciety, pp. 226-7, and 286; see also note to p. 28. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 2._LINGULA PARALLELA, Phillips. Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i., p. 370, pl. xxvi., fig. 1. From Brit. Sil. Brach. Pal. Society, pl. ii., fig. 24. Upper Llandovery, Gun- wick Mill, Malvern. Bi AN 1) OVE RY. WH Baily, del.et \ith , Printed by Forster het Dubin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 43 Lianpovery.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 525. Mr. Davidson remarks on this species that it occurs in Upper Llandovery or May Hill sandstone only, and that it does not appear to be rare, being found, in addition to the above locality, at the Obelisk, Eastnor Park ; as well as at the Wych ; all three sections being in the Malvern district. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 39. Fig. 3.—LInGULA CRUMENA, Phillips. Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i., p. 369, pl. xxiv. Original, Young and full-grown examples of this variable shell; in coarse, gritty, reddish sandstone ; from Howler’s Heath, Malvern district. Mus. Gos: I LLANDOVERY.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 525. Upper Llandovery, Howler’s Heath ; also Pentamerus-conglomerate, {Kinley, Shropshire. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 41. Fic, 4.—a, 6, ATRYPA MARGINALIS, Dalman. Terebratula imbricata. Sil. Syst., p. 624. Atrypa marginalis, Sil., fourth edition, pl. ix., fig. 2. a. Original. From impression of external shell. b. Original. Internal cast of upper or ventral valye; both specimens from Lower Llandovery beds, Llandovery. Mus. G. S. I. Carapoc to WENLOcK.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 524. ‘‘ Caradoc, in North and South Wales; M.G.S., vol. iii., p. 266; and in Ireland in Bala shales and limestone. Lower and Upper Llandovery of many localities, especially in the Lower at Rhyader, Llandovery, Mandinam, &c. Upper Llandovery at Chirbury, and Llandovery. It is also found plentifully in Wenlock limestone at Dudley, Walsall, Wenlock, &c. ; and in the Woolhope lime- stones of Malvern, Presteign, and east of Walsall.’”’ Brit. Sil. Brach., p- 135. Fig. 5.—ATRYPA ? HEMISPHZERICA, Sowerby. Silurian System, p. 637, pl. xx., fig. 7. ; Original. From a slab of sandstone containing impressions of both valves ; external and internal, ? Upper Llandovery, Maume, Co. Galway. Mus, Gs. I. Lianpovery.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 524. “ This shell appears to be cha- racteristic of the Upper and to be more rarely found in the Lower Llan- dovery beds; it is exceedingly abundant in certain localities.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 139. It occurs in the Abberley and Malvern districts at several places, as well as in Gloucestershire and Shropshire; also at Wooltack Bay in the Marloes district ; Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 139. Additional loca- lities for this species in North Wales, &c., are given by Mr. Etheridge in the list of Upper Llandovery fossils; Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 361. Mr. Davidson also remarks that it is exceedingly plentiful in rocks of the Llandovery age, in the Girvan district of Ayrshire. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 139. In Ireland, Professor M‘Coy mentions several localities for this species in the county of Galway, at most of which it is very abundant. Sil. Foss., Ireland, pp. 39 and 40. 44 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 6.—a, b,c. STROPHOMENA COMPRESSA, Sowerby, sp. Orthis, Sil. Syst., p. 638. Strophomena, Sil., fourth edition, pl. ix., fig. 16. a. Original. In yellow sandstone, from Harnage, S. E. of Shrewsbury. Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Portion of surface of 6 a enlarged. ce. Internal cast. From Sil., fourth edition, Fossils, 15, p. 90. Luanpovery and Wentock.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 528. Upper Llan- dovery, Presteign; Marloes Bay ; Norbury ; Chirbury; Malverns ; also Bogmine, near Shelve, Shropshire. M. G.§%., vol. ili., pp. 861-2. Fic. 7.—a, b, c. LEPTHNA TRANSVERSALIS, Dalman. Silurian System, p. 629, pl. xiii., fig. 2. ZL. duplicata, ibid., p. 636, pl. xxii., fig. 2.0. transversalis, Sil., fourth edition, pl. ix., fig. 17; and pl. xx., fig. 17. a. Upper or dorsal view ; from Sil. Syst., pl. xiii., fig. 2. b. Lower or ventral valve ; from Sil. Syst., pl. xi., fig. 2. c. Internal cast ; from Sil. Syst., pl. xxii., fig. 2. Carapoc to Wentock.—Sil., fourth edition, p. 525. Caradoc. Glyn-ceiriog, Denbighshire ; Bala, &c. M. G.S., vol. i., p. 267. Upper Llandovery, Builth; N. of Llandovery ; Pen-y-lan ; Malverns; Longmynd; Norbury ; Chirbury. M. G. §., vol. iii., p. 361. Wenlock, Walsall, Woolhope, Ledbury, &c. Sil. Syst., p. 629. Fic. 8.—a, 6, ec. ORTHIS REVERSA, Salter. Silurian Fossils, Ireland, Addenda, p. 72, pl. v., fig. 2. a. Original. Internal cast of dorsal valve; Maume, Co. Galway. Mus. G8 b, Original. Internal cast of ventral valve; Maume, Co. Galway. Mus. J : c. External surface of shell; var. Girvanensis, Davidson. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xxix., fig. 18. Llandovery. Sil., fourth edition, p. 527. Lower Llandovery, Mandinam, Caermarthenshire; Mus. G. 8.1. ? Upper Llandovery, Girvan Water, Ayrshire; Mus. G. 8. I. Upper Llandovery, Llandovery ; Malverns ; Tortworth ; Chirbury; Norbury; Bogmine. M. G. S., vol. iii., p. 361. In Ireland it is not uncommon in (?) Upper Llandovery beds near Cong, Co. Galway. Fic. 9.—a, 6. MERISTELLA ANGUSTIFRONS, M‘Coy, sp. Hemithyris, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 199, pl. 1 H., figs. 6-8. a. External surface of shell; from Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. x., fig. 22. b. Original. Impressions of the interior, showing various positions ; in greenish and ferruginous sandstone, Mulloch Hill, Ayrshire. Mus. G. 8. I. Llandovery, Sil., fourth edition, p. 525. “This characteristic species of the Lower Llandovery rocks, first described from the sandstones of Mullock, Ayrshire, has also been detected near Builth and in the lower beds at Llandovery. Sil., fourth edition, p. 209. In Scotland it occurs by millions in 4 greenish and rusty-coloured sandstone at Mullock Hill, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 45 Dalquharran, Craighead ; as well as in other localities of the Girvan Val- ley, Ayrshire.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 112. Fig. 10.—a, b. RuHYNCHONELLA LLANDOVERIANA, Davidson, sp. Atrypa serrata, Sil. Foss., Irel., p. 41. Rhynchonella, Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 147. BR. Llandoveriana (Dav.), Sil., 3rd ed., p. 527. a. b. Original. Internal casts in greenish sandstone, weathering to a rusty brown ; from Maume, Co. Galway. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDOVERY.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 527. Upper Llandovery, Damory Bridge, Tortworth; Mus. G.S. I. In Scotland, it occurs at Saugh Hill, near Girvan, Ayrshire. In Ireland, it is abundant at several localities in the sandstones near Cong and other places in the county of Galway. Sil. Foss,, Irel., p. 41. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 184; and Mus. G. §. I. 46 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XV. FOSSILS OF THE LLANDOVERY ROCKS. MOLLUSCA._BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 1.—a-d. PENTAMERUS OBLONGUS, Sowerby. planar Sree p- 641, pl. xix., fig. 10 (not fig. 12), P. Zevis, ibid., pl. xix., go, . ie oblongus, Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 151. a. Showing both valves. From Sil. Syst., pl. xix., fig. 10. b. Side view from the same figure. ec. Original. Internal cast of ventral valve; showing the “vertical median septum.” In dark grey sandstone ; from Tre Coed, Builth. Mus. G.S. I. d. Original. Internal cast of dorsal valve ; showing two similar long vertical septa; in Upper Llandovery sandstone, accompanied by Atrypa_hemi- spherica and Petraia elongata; from Nash Scar, Presteign. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDOVERY.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 527. “This species would appear to be restricted to the Cower and Upper Llandovery rocks, and to be very much more abundant in the last-named formation.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 154. Amongst the Lower Llandovery localities may be mentioned Wrex- ham, Denbighshire ; Cefn, near Welshpool; also near Builth and Llan- dovery ; and in Upper Llandovery, at Nash Scar, Presteign ; Norbury, &e., in Shropshire, and Malvern; Pen-Cerrig, Builth; Llangadoc ; and near Haverfordwest. In Scotland it abounds in the yellow (Upper Llandovery) sandstone of Saugh Hill, and Penwhapple Glen; and other places near Girvan, Ayrshire. In Ireland, Professor M‘Coy mentions its occurrence in the (Llandovery) sandstone of Boocaun and Cappacorgue (where it is very abundant), Cong, Co. Galway ; chid., p. 154. Fic. 2.—PENTAMERUS UNDATUS, Sowerby, sp. Atrypa, Sil. Syst., p. 637. Pentamerus, Sil., 4th ed., pp. 90, 527, pl. viii., figs. 5, 6, 7; Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 155, pl. xix., figs. 4-9. Original. Internal casts. In Upper Llandovery sandstone, Penlan, Llan- dovery. Mus. G. S. I. Luanpovery.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 527. “Casts of this species occur abun- dantly in the Lower and Upper Llandovery, but especially in the former. Amongst the Lower Llandovery localities, it occurs near Welshpool, Llan- dovery, Builth, Haverfordwest, &e. In Upper Llandovery, at Man- dinam, and Penlan, Llandovery ; Builth, Llangadoc; Malverns; and Church Stretton. In Woolhope beds, at Buildwas.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 156. In. Ireland it has been collected by Mr, C. Galvan from Upper ap at Ballycar, Co. Clare, and near Cloonbur, Cong. us. G. 8. I. \DOVERY. %, a\ LLA Plate J5. acteristic British Fossils. ‘ “ Ch | ich, , WA Buily, del ih EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 47 Fig, 3.—a-d. STRICKLANDINIA LENS, Sowerby, sp. Atrypa, Silurian System, p. 637. Stricklandinia, Siluria, 4th ed., pp. 90, 528; pl. viii, figs. 9-11. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 161, pl. xix., figs. 13-23. a. Internal cast of dorsal valve. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xix., fig. 19. b. Internal cast of ventral valve ; from Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xix., fig. 20. Both from Upper Llandovery, Avening Green, near Tortworth. e, Ventral valve. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xix., fig. 18. Upper Llan- dovery, Norbury, Bishops’ Castle. d. Hinge area. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xix., upper part of fig. 15. Lianpovery.—Siluria, 4th ed., p. 528. ‘This species occurs in the Lower and Upper Llandovery rocks, and is equally abundant in both. Amongst Lower Llandovery localities it has been identified from Mandinam and other places in the Llandovery district; Priory Mill, Haverfordwest ; and other places in Caermarthenshire. In the Upper Llandovery, it occurs at Norbury, and other localities in the Malvern district ; and near Tortworth ; also at Mandinam, &c., Llandovery; Tre-Coed, Builth,” &e. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 162, 3. Fig. 4.—a, 6. STRICKLANDINIA LIRATA, Sowerby, sp. i} v] yf, } Spirifer, Silurian System, p. 638. Stricklandinia, Siluria, 4th ed., pp. 90, 528; Foss. 15, fig. 83. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 159, pl. xx., fig. 1. a. Original. Internal cast of dorsal valve. In sandstone, Upper Llan- dovery, Howler’s Heath, Malverns. b. Original. Internal cast of ventral valve from same locality and forma- tion ; both in Mus. G. S. I. Luanpovery and Wentock.—Siluria, 4th ed., p. 528. Upper Llandovery or ‘‘ May Hill sandstone,’ Howlers’ Heath, south end of the Malverns; N. E. of Chirbury, Nash Scar, Presteign; Llangadoc, S. Wales, &c. Woolhope beds, Woolhope ; Wenlock shale, Marloes Bay. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 161. In Ireland it has been obtained from rocks of Llandovery age at Carrowkeel, Cong, Co. Galway. Mus. G. S. I. H 48 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PEAT 2c. FOSSILS OF THE LLANDOVERY ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—CONCHIFER A. Fic. 1.—MyYtibvs MYTILIMERIS, Conrad, sp. Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i, p. 564, pl. xx., figs. 7, 8, 9. Sil., 4th ed. ; Foss. 61, fig. 6, p. 229. From Memoirs Geological Survey, vol. ii., part i., pl. xx., fig. 7. Carapoc ? LLANDOVERY to LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. “ Caradoc sandstone (Upper Llandovery) of May Hill. Wenlock limestone of Dud- ley ; Ludlow rocks of Golden Grove, Llandeilo ;” M. G. S., vol. ii., part i., p. 365. Llandovery and May Hill, Sil., 4th ed., p. 211. ‘* Plentiful in Wenlock rocks ;” zbid., p. 229. Fic. 2.—ANODONTOPSIS BULLA, M‘Coy, sp. Luceina, Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 17, pl. ii., fig. 1. Anodontopsis, Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. 1 K, figs. 11-13. Sil., 4th ed., foss. 61, fig. 5, p. 229. Internal cast. From Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. 1 K, fig. 13. ? Upper Llandovery rocks, Galway. LLANDOVERY and LupLtow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 529. “A species first de- scribed by M‘Coy from Galway; lived on to the close of the Ludlow rocks.” Jbid., p.211. ‘‘ It abounds in the sandstone of Tonlegee, Cong ; in the state of casts.” Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 17. Upper Ludlow Rock, Kirkby Moor, Kendal. M‘Coy, Brit. Sil. Foss. (Explanation of Plate i. Ie). Fig. 3, —CTENODONTA EASTNORI, Sowerby, sp. Arca, Sil. Syst., p. 635. Ctenodonta, Sil., 4th ed., p. 529, pl. x., fig. 9. Original. Internal cast in sandstone (Upper Llandovery) from Obelisk Lane, Malvern, Mus. G. S. I. LLANDOVERY.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 529. Upper Liandovery— It abounds with Ctenodonta subeequalis, near Malvern’; ibid., p. 211. _ Eastnor Park. Sil. Syst., p. 635. Fic. 4. CTENODONTA LINGUALIS, Phillips, sp. Nucula, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i1., part i., p. 367. Ctenodonta, Sil., 4th ed., p. 529. From pl. xxii., fig 6, in the vol. cited. LLANDOVERY.—Sil., 4th ed., p.29. In sandstone; Obelisk, Malvern. LLAN BOVERY. Characteristic British Foss SOR INTC \ W.HBaiiy, ce. et bith ; Printec by Forster £5 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 49 GASTEROPODA. Pie. 5.—a, 6. HOLOPELLA CANCELLATA, Sowerby, sp. Turritella, Sil. Syst., p. 642. Holopella, Sil., 4th ed., p. 532. a, b. From the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. xx., fig. 18. Carapoc, LLANDOovERY, and LupLtow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 532. Localities in Lower Llandovery rocks at Presteign; Malvern; and Mandinam; ibid. Explanation of Plate x., fig. 14. Upper Llandovery rocks at Chirbury, Norbury, and Bogmine. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iti., p. 362. In con- glomerate ‘‘Pentamerus beds” at Golencoed, Pumsant. Mus. G. S. I. “ This our largest British species, often three inches long, is common to the Lower and Upper Llandovery, and abounds in still higher beds at the Bogmine, near Shelve, in Shropshire.” Sil., 4th ed., p. 212. Fig. 6.—MURCHISONIA ANGULATA, Sowerby, sp. Pleurotomaria, Sil. Syst., p. 641. Murchisonia, Sil., 4th ed., p. 532. From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. xxi., fig. 20. LLANDOVERY.—Locality, Mandinam in Lower Llandovery rocks. Sil., 4th ed., Explanation of Plate x., fig. 13. 5 Fic. 7.—a, b. Trocnus ? MuLtirorauatus, M‘Coy. Silurian Fossils Ireland, p. 15. a. Original. A group of internal casts in decomposing sandstone from Boo- caun, Cong, Co. Galway. b. External shell; showing its many whirls. From the figure in Sil. Foss. of Trel., pl. i., fig. 14. Lianpovery.—Abundant at Boocaun and other localities near Cong, Co. Galway. Ibid. I can confirm Professor M‘Coy’s remarks as to the abundance of this species from my own observation in rocks of Llandovery age, in the county of Galway, particularly at Ballyweeaun, near Lough Coolin, where bands of these shells may be seen weathered out by the decomposi- tion of the hard sandstone.—W. H. B. HETEROPODA. Fig. 8.—BELLEROPHON TRILOBATUS, Sowerby. Silurian System, p. 604. = From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. iii., fig. 16. Loc, Felindre. LLANDOVERY to Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 534. ? Upper Llandovery, Maume, Galway. Mus. G. S. I. Tortworth, and in Shropshire, Sil., 4th ed., pp. 90-213. Upper Ludlow, Felindre, ten miles W. of Knighton ; ibid. Explanation to Plate xxxiv., fig. 9. CEPHALOPODA. Fig. 9.—CYRTOCERAS APPROXIMATUM, Sowerby, sp. Orthoceras, Sil. Syst., p. 642. oh From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. xxi., fig. 22. ia 50 EXPLANATION O¥ THE PLATES, Luanpovery.—Locality, Eastnor Park, Malverns, in Upper Llandovery rocks. Sil., 4th ed., Explanation to Plate xi., fig. 4. Fig. 10.—LirvirEs coRNU-ARIETIS, Sowerby. From the figure in Silurian System, pl. xx., fig. 20, var. a. Silurian System, p. 643. Carapoc and LLANDOVERY.—AIiL. 4th ed., p. 535; var. a. Upper Llandovery, Corton, Presteign ; var 6 Lower Llandovery rocks, Cefn-y-Garreg, Llan- dovery ; 2b¢d. Explanation of Plate xi., figs. 1, 2. Fig. 11.—a, 6. ORTHOCERAS SUB-GREGARIUM, M‘Coy. Silurian Fossils Ireland, p. 9. From the figure in Sil. Foss. Irel., pl. 1., fig. 4. Lianpovery.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Jocalities, Ardaun and Shanbally- more, common at Boocaun, and very common at Tonlegee, Cong; also Munterowen, Leenane; all in the county of Galway. M/‘Coy in Sil. Foss. irel;sp; 0: CRUSTACEA.—TRILOBITA. Fig. 12.—ENCRINURUS PUNCTATUS, Brunn, sp. Calymene, Sil. Syst., p. 661. Enerinurus, Sil., 4th ed.; Explanation to Plate x., fig. 5. EH. Stokesii, Sil. Foss. Irel., p. 46, pl. iv., fig. 15. Original. Tail only ; in Upper Llandovery sandstone ; full of Atrypa hemi- spherica, shore of Lough Corrib, Co. Galway; from a specimen collected by Mr. Joseph Nolan. Mus. G.S. I. LLANDOVERY to LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 517.‘ This species is the most common of all the Trilobites in the Llandovery rocks.” Jbid., p. 214. I found it to be abundant at most of the localities where Llandovery fossils occur in the county of Galway.—W. H. B. See also M‘Coy in Sil, Foss. Trel., p. 46. N 1 Ore K. ’ a by w Plate 17. ish Fossils. tit Brit 18 haractei ’ J ( W. i. Baily, del et tith EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ol PLATE XVII. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. ZOOPHYTA.—_ANTHOZOA. Fic. 1.—a, 6, ec. HELIOLITES INTERSTINCTUS, Linneus, sp. Porites pyriformis, Sil. Syst., p. 686; Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxix., fig. 2. a. Hemispheerical group of corallites in Wenlock limestone, Much Wenlock, Shropshire. From Brit. Foss, Corals, Pal. Soc., pl. lvii., fig. 5. b. Portion of the surface enlarged from same plate, fig. 5 b. c. Original. Vertical section; Wenlock limestone, Dormington Wood, Gloucestershire. Mus. G. §. I. Caravoc to Luprow Rocks.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 510. This widely-distri- buted and very abundant Silurian coral occurs in Lower Silurian rocks of Caradoc age at Coniston, Westmoreland; south of Llangollen, North Wales ; and Portraine, Co. Dublin. In Wenlock limestone at Wenlock, Dudley, Aymestry, Ledbury, &c. In Wenlock rocks at Ballintemple and Doonquin, Kerry; Kilbride, Galway ; and Uggool, Mayo. Norer.—lIt is very probable that H. megastoma M‘Coy, sp., Pal. Foss., p. 16, Z he fig. 4, will be found to be merely a variety of this species. —W. H. B. Fic. 2.—a, b, c. FAvostrres cotHianpicus, Lanarck. Silurian System, p. 682; Sil., 4th ed., pl. xl., figs. 3,4. Brit. Foss. Corals, . 256. a. §iae view of a vertical series of corallites; from Sil. Syst., pl. xvi. dis, fig. 3. db. Impression of the surfaces ofa group of corallites. From Brit. Foss. Corals, pl. lx., fig. 1 a ; near Tortworth. e. Enlarged portion ; from Sil., 4th ed., Foss. 18, fig. 3, p. 119. Carapoc to LupLow Rocxks.—Sil., 4th ed., p.510. This equally abundant and widely-distributed species is found in many Lower and Upper Silurian localities. Caradoc strata S. of Llangollen. M. G. S., vol. iti., p. 260; Llandovery ; several localities in Wales and Shropshire. In Wenlock rocks at Aymestry, Ledbury, Wenlock, Radnor, Dudley, and Tortworth ; and from equivalent rocks in Ireland at Innishvickillane, South Blasket Island, Kerry; Bolingbroke, Tipperary; and Kilbride, Galway. Fic. 3 a-d. HALYSITES CATENULARIUS, Linnaeus, sp. Catenipora escharoides, Sil. Syst., p. 685. H. catenularius, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xl., fig. 14. Brit, Foss. Corals, p. 270, aI bo EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. a. Original. Upper surface of a specimen in Wenlock limestone, from Dudley Tunnel; showing the chain-like appearance presented by the sections of — tubular corallites. Mus. G. 8. I. b. Original. Section of some of the tubes enlarged. e. Original. Side view of a series of corallites from Wenlock limestone, Dormington Wood. Mus. G. 8. I. d. ‘‘ Vertical section in a specimen from Dudley.” From Brit. Foss. Corals, pl. lxiv., fig. 1 6 (a small portion of the figure only). LLANDEILO to WENLOcCK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 510. ‘This easily recognizable coral has a great vertical range and corresponding wide geographical dis- tribution. In Lower Silurian rocks it occurs 8. of Llangollen ; and at Meifod, Montgomeryshire ; M. G. S., vol. iii, p. 261. InCaradoe strata at Faynor Fach, near Narbeth, in rocks of the same age; at Port- raine and Lambay, Co. Dublin; Mus. G. 8. I. Desertcreat, Tyrone, Mus. G. S. I.; and many localities in the county of Galway (M‘Coy) ; in Lower Llandovery at Cefn, near Buttington; Mathyrafal (M‘Coy), &c., M.G.S., vol. iil., p. 276; also Robeston Wathen; Mus.G. 8. I. In Wenlock lime- stone at Dudley; and several localities in Shropshire ; and at Brand Lodge, Malverns; Mus. G. 8. I. In Wenlock rocks at Doonquin, Ferriter’s Cove, South Blasket Island, and Clogher Head, Kerry; Kilbride, Cong, Co. Galway; and Uggool, Co. Mayo. Fig. 4.—a, b, ec. OMPHYMA TURBINATA, Linneus, sp. British Fossil Corals, p. 287. a. Original. A simple turbinated corallum ; reduced to two-thirds of natu- ral size; in Wenlock limestone, from Wenlock Edge. Mus. G. 8. I. b. Reduced in the same proportion as fig. 4 a; from Brit. Foss. Corals, pl. Ixix., fig. 1 a. c. Original. Portion of the vertical section of a specimen from the same locality as fig. 4a. Carapoc to Wentock.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 511. In Caradoc rocks S. of Llan- gollen. M.G.S., vol. iii, p. 261. Wenlock rocks, Dudley, Wenlock ; Ledbury, Ayrshire ; Ballintemple and Ferriter’s Cove, Dingle, Co. Kerry ; Kilbride, Cong, and Uggool, Co. Mayo. Nore.— Cyathophyllum turbinatum, Sil. Syst., p. 690, pl. xvi., figs. 11, 11a; and Sil., 4th ed. pl. xxxix., fig. 11, is Omphyma subturbmata ; Milne, Edwards, and Haime, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 288, tit yea in nis IK, | WEN EOC ite 18. . « i sSils. ‘US ‘havacteristie British F Wehner 3 3 te EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Gr dw) PUATE XVI. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. ECHINODERMATA.—CORINOIDEA. Fig. 1.—Cyarnocrints conropactyivs, Phillips. From Silurian System, pl. xvii., fig. 1. A nearly perfect crinoid from Wen- lock limestone, Dudley. Wenlock,—Sil., 4th ed., p. 512. Fig. 2. TAXOCRINUS TUBERCULATUS, Miller, sp. Silurian System, pl. xviii, figs. 6, 7. Original. From a specimen in Museum Geol. Survey of Ireland; Zocality— Wren’s Nest, Dudley. Presented by 8S. Alport, Esq., of Birmingham. Wenlock.—Siluria, 4th ed., p. 513. Fig. 3. IcHTHYOCRINUS PYRIFORMIS, Phillips, sp. From Silurian System, pl. xvii., fig. 6. Wenlock.—Siluria, 4th ed., p. 512. Localities—Dudley, Kendal. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 83. Fic. 4. a, b. PERIECHOCRINUS MONILIFORMIS, Miller, sp. ’ > SI} a. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size; from Sil. Syst., pl. xviii., fig. 4. b. Portion of column, or stem ; natural size; from same figure. Llandovery and Wenlock.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 513. Upper Silurian, Dudley, Staffordshire. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 86. Fig. 5.—a, 6. CROTALOCRINUS RUGOSUS, Miller, sp. a. From Silurian System, pl. xviii., fig. 1. ‘* Pelvic’’ plates. Notr.—See more perfect figures explanatory of this species in Siluria, 4th ed., woodcut 56, figs 4-7. b. Original. ‘ Root” or base of column; showing tubular processes of at- tachment; from specimen in Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland ; Wenlock limestone, Wenlock edge. Wenlock.—Sil., 4thed., p. 512. Locality—Dudley, Staffordshire. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 75, 54 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. CYSTIDEA. Fig. 6.—a, 6, c. PSEUDOCRINITES QUADRIFASCIATUS, Pearce. From Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., pl. xiii., figs. 1, 5, 6. a. Natural size ; Cystidean ; showing arrangement of stem and body (Forbes). 6. Ovarian pyramid. ce. Largest of the superior rhombs. WENLOcK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 513. Loc.—Dudley. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 881. Fic. 7. ECHINO-ENCRINUS ARMATUS, Forbes. From Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part ii., pl. xviii., fig. 2; column restored from Siluria, 4th ed., p. 222, woodcut 55, fig. 6. WENLOcK.—Sil., 4th ed, p. 512. Loc.—Dudley ; ibid., p. 222. Walsall, Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 78. a a a if WENLOC K. Plate IS. Characteristic British Fossils. S We Sr ‘ RENEE te ; ‘ N po as tn SOP OI TIA VER ANG A ES AR aR TO re EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 00 PLATE XIX. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. HYDROZOA?—GRAPTOLITIDZ. Fig, 1.—a-d. GRAPTOLITHUS PRIODON, Bronn, sp. G. Ludensis, Sil. Syst., p. 694, pl. xxvi., figs. 1,2. G. priodon, Sil., 4th ed., p. 523. a. Original. Compressed ; in grey slate (Upper Silurian) ; from near Bird Hill, three miles S. of Killaloe, Co Tipperary. Mus. G. S. I. 6. Original. Uncompressed portion, in dark grey calcareous rock (Upper Silurian) ; from near Barnane House, four miles north-east of Borrisoleigh, Co. Tipperary. Mus. G. S. I. ec. Original. Enlarged portion of 1 5. d. Original. View of uncompressed specimen ; showing cell openings ; from same locality as 1 b. Caranoc to Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 523. At page 62 of the work cited the range of this very characteristic Upper Silurian fossil is stated to be from the Llandeilo to the Ludlow rocks inclusive. It is, however, the only species of graptolite which is abundant in the upper division of the Silu- rian formation occurring where argillaceous sediments prevail, at numerous localities in the British Islands. ANNELIDA. Fig. 2.—a, b. CORNULITES SERPULARIUS, Schlotheim. Silurian System, p. 627, pl. xxvi., fig. 5. a. From Sil. Syst., pl. xxvi.; and Sil., 4th ed., pl. xvi., fig. 6. Wenlock limestone, Ledbury ; and specimen in Mus. G. S. I. from Malvern Hills. b. Enlarged portion ; from Sil. Syst., pl. xxvi., fig. 9. Luanpovery to Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 514. This fossil is the princi- pal Annelide in the Llandovery rocks, but more frequent in the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks. ‘The finest specimens are from the Wenlock lime- stone of Ledbury ; but at Dudley, Cornulites are found attached to shells in groups of three or four together like Serpule ; and they occur in pro- fusion on the hard and sea-worn surfaces of the Ludlow rock at Marloes Bay in Pembrokeshire in masses a foot in diameter.” JIbid., p. 233. Localities— Wenlock limestone, Malvern Hills; Dudley; and Upper Si- lurian rocks, Westmoreland. Brit. Foss., p. 91. I 56 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 3.—a, 6. TENTACULITES ORNATUS, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 628, pl. xii., fig. 25. a. Original. Natural size ; in dark grey shale ; Wenlock rocks, Marloes Bay. Mus. G. 8. I. b. Original. Enlarged. Carapoc to WENLOCK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 514. It abounds in the Dudley limestone ; zbid., p. 233. MOLLUSCA.— POL YZOA. Fig. 4.—a, b. PrILopictya LANCEOLATA, Goldfuss, sp. Sil. Syst., p. 676, pl. xv., fig. 11 a-e. a. Original. From a specimen in Wenlock limestone, Malverns. Mus. G. S. 1. b. Original. Portion of do. enlarged. Carapoc to LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 523. ‘‘ This species is abundant in Wenlock strata, accompanied by P. scalpellum, a branching species; the former occurs also in the Ludlow rocks.” Ibid., p. 217. Localities— Upper Silurian, Malverns, Shropshire ; Aymestry, Herefordshire ; Mont- gomeryshire. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd ed., p. 127. Fic. 5.—a, b. FENESTELLA SUBANTIQUA, D’ Orbigny. F. antiqua, Sil. Syst.,p. 678. FF. subantiqua, Sil., 4th ed., p. 523. Original. In Wenlock limestone, Dormington Wood. Mus. G. 8. I. Original. Portion of do. enlarged ; showing the net-work arrangement or fenestrules ; spaces between the radiating or longitudinal ribs, on which are situated the pores or cellules; and the connecting transverse partitions. Carapoc and WENLocK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 523. Fenestella subantiqua and F. Milleri are common fossils at Dudley.” Jbid., p. 217. Upper Silurian, Dudley ; also in Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd ed., p. 124. Dormington Wood, Gloucestershire. Mus. G, 8. I. “8 BRACHIOPODA. Fig. 6.—a, 6, c. OBotus Davipson1, Salter. British Silurian Brachiopoda, p. 58, and varieties transversus and Woodwardii ; ibid., pp. 59, 60. a, 6. Bivalve example and side view of do. in Wenlock shale, Dudley. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. iv., fig. 30. c. Internal cast of ventral valve from same plate, fig. 33 ; Wenlock shale, near Walsall. LLANDOVERY and Wentock.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 526. Wenlock shales, near Walsall, Dudley; Malvern and Ledbury; and Wenlock limestone, Ben- thall Edge. In Ireland it oceurs in decomposing Upper Silurian shales at Ferriter’s Cove, Dingle, Co. Kerry (Mus. G. 8S. I.). Var. transversus EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, ae. occurs in the same localities as the preceding, but is most abundant in the Wenlock shale of Parkes’ Hall, near Dudley, at Walsall; and also in the Woolhope limestone of Malvern. Var. Wvodwardii is found in the Wen- lock limestone of Dormington Wood, Woolhope, and Wenlock shales, near Dudley. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 59, 60. Fie. 7.—a, 6, c. ORBICULOIDEA ForBeEsu, Davidson. Orbicula Forbesii, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., p. 371. a. View of upper valve. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. vii., fig. 16. Wenlock limestone, Dudley. b. Foraminated or lower valve. Wenlock limestone, Malverns; from the same plate, fig. 14. ce. View showing position of upper and lower valve; from same plate ; fig. 16a. VENLocK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 526. O. Forbesii has been found in the Wool- hope beds and Wenlock limestone and shales. It occurs in the Wenlock limestone of Dudley, Dormington Wood, Woolhope; at Vinnals Farm, Malvern; and at Marloes Bay. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 74. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XX. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 1.—a, 6, c. SPIRIFERA PLICATELLA, Linneus, sp. S. interlineatus and S. radiatus, Sil. Syst., pp. 614, 624. S. plicatella and vars. radiata and globosa. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 84-89, pleax. a, b,c. Original. ‘Three views of the same shell; from Wenlock limestone ; Dormington lime quarries, Woolhope district. Mus. G. 8. I. Luanpovery To Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 528. Sp. plicatella occurs especially plentiful in the Wenlock shales in the neighbourhood of Dudley and Walsall, Staffordshire ; and the Wenlock limestone of May Hill; of Woolhope, Ledbury, Herefordshire ; Benthall Edge, &c.; and in the Aymestry limestone, of Aymestry. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 86. Many other localities are given for this species with its varieties Cyrtena radiata and interlineata in Mem. G., S., vol. ii., part i., p. 292, 3. The var. radiata is also stated, on the authority of Mr. Salter, to occur in the Lower Llan- dovery rocks of the Quakers’ Burial Ground, near Welshpool; the only locality known in rocks below the Upper Silurian. Brit. Sil. Brach., p- 88. Fig. 2.—a, 6. SPIRIFERA ELEVATA, Dalman. S. oetoplicatus, Sil. Syst., p. 624. S. elevata, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxi., fig. 5, 6. a, b. Original. Two views of the same shell. Wenlock limestone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G.S. I. LiaNDOVERY to LupLtow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 528. “This shell is one of the most common in our Upper Silurian rocks; it varies considerably in shape and number of ‘ribs.’ It occurs in the Upper Llandovery beds at Damory Bridge, Tortworth ; also not uncommonly in the Llandovery beds at May Hill and Huntley Hill, &e.; in the Wenlock limestone of Dudley ; and numerous other localities in Shropshire, Herefordshire, and Gloucester- shire; in the Lower Wenlock (or Denbigh) grit beds at several places in North Wales and Wenlock beds in South Wales and Dingle, Co. Kerry; in Lower Ludlow, Abberley, and Usk district; also in Ludlow beds at Kendal in Westmoreland,” &e. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 96, 7. Fic. 3.—a, b. MuristeLLA TumIDA, Dalman, sp. Atrypa tenuistriata, Sil. Syst., p. 623. Meristella tumida, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxil., fig. 20. N LOC KK. y 4 W E call A Plate tish Fossils. ry tie Br Wa eVvis Ch race) | q Gear? 7 aes Ay iu t j Les ' ‘ thes ' ’ ‘sa cay iy eee . : per, as ’ ‘ ¥ ¥ : 1 a) : f Viet ata ts is ; ‘ ia. ip. wey au ove \ 4 y ‘ J ’ \ - i! * 4 f 1 ' ; , i if hi i , \ ‘ al ean ty ne ee “" une, mts. Vd Ree } SV Wecm ash roe aie SE si 1 nee) tat we a EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 59 a,b. Original. Two views of the same shell; Wenlock limestone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G. S$. I. LLANDOVERY to LupLtow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 525. “ Meristella tumida is a common shell in the Wenlock limestone of Dudley, Woolhope, Benthall Edge, near Walsall, May Hill, &c. In addition, various localities in Wenlock limestone, Lower Ludlow, and Aymestry limestone of the Mal- vern, Abberley, May Hill, Usk, and Llandeilo districts are-given in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol ii., part i., p. 279. In Scotland it has been found in the Wenlock shales of the Pentland Hills.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 111. In Ireland it has been collected by the Geol. Survey in Wenlock shales at Ferriter’s Cove S. and Clogher, Co. Kerry ; also at Kilbride, Cong, Co. Galway. Fig. 4.—a, b. ATRYPA RETICULARIS, Linneus, sp. A. affinis and A. aspera, Sil. Syst., pp. 614 and 623. Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxi., figs. 12, 13. a, b. ‘Two views of the same shell. From Brit. Sil.Brach., pl. xiv., fig. 7 a, Wenlock limestone, Dudley. Lower Lianpovery to Upper Devontan.—‘ This fossil has the greatest range known of any Paleozoic shell; it is particularly abundant in the Llandovery and Wenlock rocks. In England it is plentiful in the Wen- lock limestone and shales at Dudley, Wenlock Edge, and Walsall; in various localities in the Malvern, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Llandeilo, and Marloes districts, as recorded in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., p- 278. It is not uncommon in the Upper and Lower Ludlow rocks, and abounds of large size in the Aymestry limestone. It also occurs in the Woolhope limestone at Littlehope ; in the Upper Llandovery sandstone of May Hill and Huntley Hill; at the Hollies Farm, Shropshire ; and in all the Lower Llandovery grits and shales of South Wales. In Scotland it is common in the Wenlock shales of the Pentland Hills and in various loca- lities in the Girvan district, Ayrshire, in Upper and Lower Llandovery rocks. In Ireland it occurs at Ferriter’s Cove and several other localities in the Dingle district, Co. Kerry ; in beds of Wenlock and Ludlow age.” Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 132,35. It has also been collected by the Geological Survey from Wenlock rocks at Kilbride, Co. Galway. Fig. 5.—a, 6. PENTAMERUS GALEATUS, Dalman, sp. Atrypa galeata, Sil. Syst., p. 623. P. galeatus, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxi., figs, Bae a. View showing both valves. From unpublished plate Geol. Survey; Wen- lock limestone, Dudley. b. Longitudinal section; showing the position of the internal plates. From the same engraving. WENLOCK anp LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 527. ‘+ The vertical range and geographical distribution of Pentamerus galeatus is very considerable ; for itis common to the Wenlock, Widdle Ludlow, and Devonian forma- tions. It abounds in the Wenlock limestone and Upper Wenlock shales near Walsall and Dudley.” Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 147. In the Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., pp. 291, 2. Many localities for this species are given in Wenlock limestone and shale of the Malvern, Abberley, Wool- 60 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. hope, May Hill, and Llandeilo districts. In the Lower Ludlow of the Malvern and Abberley districts; and in the Aymestry limestone of the Malvern and Usk districts. In Ireland it occurs with P. Knightii in the Croaghmarhin (? Aymestry) beds, Dunquin, Dingle district, Co. Kerry. Gosva. : Fic. 6.—a, b. RHYNCHONELLA BOREALIS, Schlotheim. Terebratula lacunosa and bidentata, Sil. Syst., pp. 624, 5. R. borealis, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxii, figs. 4, 5. . a,b. Original. Front and back view of the same shell ; Wenlock limestone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G. 8S. I. LLANDOVERY and WENtocK.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 527. ‘In Britain, Rh. borealis and its varieties diodonta and bidenta range from the Lower Llan- dovery to the Upper Ludlow, but are most abundant in the Wenlock lime- stone. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 177. Lower Llandovery rocks, east of Mech- lin; Upper Llandovery, at Chirbury, Malverns; Bogmine, near Shelve, Shropshire. M. G. S., vol. ili., pp. 278, 361, 362. In Wenlock and Lud- low rocks. ‘‘ R. borealis is by far the most common species of Brachio- pod.” Sil., 4th ed., p. 121. Many Upper Silurian localities are re- corded for this abundant shell in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Llandeilo, Freshwater, and Marloes districts, Mem. G. S., vol. ii., part i., pp. 279, 80. In Ireland, it has been collected from Wen- lock rocks at Ferriter’s Cove, and in ? Wenlock limestone, at Caherconree, Co. Kerry. Mus. G. 8S. I. Fig. 7.—a, 6. ORTHIS ELEGANTULA, Dalman. O. orbicularis, and O. canalis, Sil. Syst., pp. 611, 640. O. elegantula, Sil., 4th ed., pl. v., fig. 5; ix., fig. 19; xx., fig. 12. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 211. a, b. Original. Two views of the same shell in Wenlock limestone from Whitfield, Tortworth. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDEILO to LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 526. The wide range of this very abundant and highly characteristic Silurian fossil is alluded to in the work cited ‘as being equally abundant in both divisions ;” zb¢d., p. 225. It is so universally distributed throughout the formation that it would be almost needless to specify the localities. In the Mem. of the Geol. Surv., vol. iii., pp- 258, 9, many localities are enumerated in Upper Llandeilo and Caradoe rocks in North Wales. In Lower and Upper Llandovery also, ibid., p. 277; and -in Wenlock rocks, N. Wales, wbid., p. 277. In Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i, pp. 287, 8, many localities for this species are recorded; in Upper Llandovery, Wenlock, and Ludiow rocks, both in North and South Wales, Herefordshire, Shrop- shire, Gloucestershire, &c; Horderly and Coniston in Westmoreland are mentioned as additional Lower Silurian localities, and Dudley in Upper Silurian. Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 140. In Cornwall it is said to occur at Gorran Haven; Sil., 4th ed., p. 145; and Scotland, in Caradoc and Llandovery beds on the banks of Girvan Water, Ayrshire ; idid., p. 156; and the Wenlock shales of the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. _ Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 213. In Ireland it has been obtained from Caradoc- Bala beds at Portraine and Lambay, Co. Dublin; and from Wenlock rocks at Clogher, Co. Kerry; Kilbride, Cong, Co. Galway ; and Holyford, Co. Tipperary. Mus. G.S. I. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 61 Fig. 8. STROPHOMENA EUGLYPHA, Dalman, sp. Leptena, Sil. Syst., p. 622. Strophomena euglypha, Sil., 4th edition, pl. xx. o. 16. Original. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley and Dormington Wood. Mus. G. Sal LLANDoVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 528. In Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., p. 276, in the list of Lower Llandovery fossils, the Quaker’s Bury- ing Ground, near Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, is given as a locality for this very characteristic Upper Silurian species. Upper Llandovery ; ibid., p- 861, at Pen-y-lan, Llandovery ; alsoin Wenlock rocks, near Llansan- nan (ibid., p. 279), at Frid-y-fedwen. In Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., part i., p. 284, many localities are mentioned in Wenlock Limestone and Shale in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, and Usk districts; in Lower Ludlow, Malvern, and Usk districts; Aymestry Limestone—Malvern, Woolhope, and Usk districts; as well as W. of Rock Farm, May Hill district ; Aberedw, Builth district ; and Swansea-road, Golden Grove, &e., in the Llandeilo district. In Ireland, it has been collected by the Geol. Survey from Upper Llandovery rocks at Belvoir, Co. Clare ; and from Wenlock rocks, Smerwick Harbour ; and Gortadoo, Kerry. Fig. 9.—a, b. SrROPHOMENA DEPRESSA, Dalman, sp. Leptena, Sil. Syst., p. 623. S. depressa, Sil., 4th edition,pl. xx., fig. 20. a. Original, Ventral valve; Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Interior of same valve ; Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G. 8. I. Carapoc To LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p.528. ‘A shell frequently found * on the surface of'slabs of limestone at Wenlock and Dudley.” This highly characteristic fossil occurs both in Aymestry and Wenlock, but most abundantly in the latter ; it is sparingly distributed throughout the other strata of the Silurian series. Sil. Syst., p. 623. In Memoirs Geol. Sury., vol. iil., p. 269, list of Caradoc fossils ; localities are given for this species in Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, and Merionethshire. Lower Llandovery, tbid., p. 277. Upper Llandovery, ibid., p. 361; and Wenlock rocks, in North Wales ; ibid., p.279. In Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i1., part 1., p. 283, numerous localities are recorded in Wenlock and Ludlow rocks in North and South Wales, and various counties in Eng- land. In Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 147, Westmoreland is mentioned as an additional locality. In Ireland it occurs in Curadoc- Bala limestone, at the Chair of Kildare; also in the schists of Desertcreat, Tyrone ; and from Upper Llandovery rocks at Ballycar, Co. Clare ; and Wenlock rocks at Ferriter’s Cove, and Coosathurrig, Dingle; and in Limestone W. side of Cahirconree, Co. Kerry. “eteaures 62 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXTI. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—CONCHIFERA. Fig. 1.—PrerineA ORBICULARIS, J/‘Coy. Synopsis Sil. Foss. of Irel., p. 21., pl. ii., fig. 8. Original. Radiated valve, Carhoo, Dingle. Mus. G. 8. I. Wentocxk.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 529, “‘one of the largest and most plenti- ful” of the Aviculoid group, which are abundant in the Dingle District, ibid., p. 228. Also in Ludlow Rocks, Derrymore Glen, Co. Kerry. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 2,—a-b. PrERINEA PLANULATA, Conrad. > Salter, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 368, pl. xxiii, fig. 2-4. a. From fig. 3 in the vol. cited. b. Original. Enlarged portion of surface, showing concentric and paraee radiating strize. Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G.S. I. LLANDOVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 529; ‘‘a common Wenlock species doubtfully referred to this genus;” ibid., p. 228, distributed pretty generally through the Lower Ludlow and Wenlock rocks, abound- ing at Dudley and the neighbourhood, in the Shales; M. G. S., op, cit., p- 369. In Ireland it has been found, at Ferriter’s Cove, E., Clogher, and Cahirconree, Kerry, in Wenlock Rocks; Mus. G. 8. I. Fie. 3.—MopioLopsis ANTIQUA, Sowerby, sp. Modiola.—Sil. Syst., p. 628, pl. xiii., fig. 1. Modiolopsis ; Sil., 4th edition, p- 229, pl. xxiii, fig. 14. From Sil. Syst., pl. xiii, fig. 1. Wenlock Shale, Glass House Hill, East of May Hill, Gloucestershire. Wentocx.—Sil.,, 4th edition, p. 530; ‘a common species ;” ibid., p. 229. Fic. 4. —Mopio.orsis GRADATA, Salter, sp. Mytilus gradatus, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 365, pl. xx. fig. 3, 4, 5. Modiolopsis gradata; Sil., 4th edition, p. 530; J£, Nilsson, ibid., p. 229, Foss. 61, fig. 8. From Mem.- Geol. Surv., op. cit., pl. xx., fig. 4, ‘common in the Ludlow Rocks of Shropshire and South Wales ;” ibid. p. 363, WENLocK AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 550. WENLOCK. Characteristic British Fossils. Plate 2. ro = ~ afd ee WH Baily, cel et lit p ea byl eral? Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 63 Fic. 5.—a-b. GRAMMYSIA CINGULATA, HMisinger, sp. Nucula.—Leth. Suec. Suppl., pl. xxxix., fig. 1. Orthonota, Salter, Mem. - Geol, Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 360, pl. xvii., fig. 1 (not 2). Grammysia, Sil. 4th edition, p. 229, Fos. 61, fig. 1. a. From Mem. Geol. Surv., op. cit., pl. xvii., fig. 1. Wenlock, Dudley, b. Original. Squeezed out of shape, from Wenlock Rocks, Ballincolla, and Ferriter’s Cove, Dingle, Co. Kerry ; Mus. G. S. I. WeEN Lock AND LupLow.—Sil. 4th edition, p. 530. Ludlow Rocks, Kendal, Westmoreland; Mus. G. S. I, Fig. 6.—a, 6, c. PLeuRORHYNcHUs ZQuIcostaAtTus, Phillips. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 359, pl. xvi., figs. 1,2, Conocardium Bronn. From Mem. Geol. Surv., op. cit., pl. xvi., fig. 2, a, b; a, Right valve, b. posterior end, both natural size; ce, enlarged view of 6 a. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Wenxocx.—Sil. 4th edition, p. 531. Wenlock Limestone, Dormington Wood. M. G.S., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 359. GASTEROPODA. Fic. 7.—EvoMPHALUS ALATUS, Hisinger. Leth. Suee. pl. xi., fig. 7; Sil. Syst., p. 631, pl. xiii., fig. 28. Original. Wenlock rocks, Ferriter’s Cove, Kerry; Mus. G. S. I. WENLOcK AND LupLtow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 531. Wenlock Shale, Delves Green; Tame Bridge. “It is chiefly a Wenlock Shale species, and occurs of the largest size in the Dingle promontory in Ireland; ibid., p. 231. Fic. 8.—EvoMPHALUS RUGOSUS, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. lii., fig. 2. Original. From Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge; Mus. G.S.I. Wentock.—Sil. 4th edition, p. 532. ‘Four species of Euomphalus are especially abundant in the Wenlock rocks at certain localities, viz. : E. discors, rugosus, funatus, and alatus ;” ibid., p. 231. Localities, Wenlock, Dudley, Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 248. Fic. 9.—a. b, EVOMPHALUS FUNATUS, Sowerby. Min. Conch, pl. eccel., figs. 1, 2. Original. a. Side view of shell, Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge; @, operculum, Wenlock, Limestone, May Hill; Mus. G. 8. I. LiANDOVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 531. Localities, Wenlock rocks, Dudley; Walsall; Ludlow rocks, Aymestry; Usk. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 248. In Ireland it has been collected in abundance from the Wenlock rocks of the Dingle promontory, Kerry, as well as from Lud- low rocks, Derrymore Glen, Co. Kerry; Mus. G. 8. 1. 64 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 10.—MURCHISONIA BALTEATA, Phillips, sp. Pleurotomaria, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 358, pl. xv., figs. 1, 2. Murchisonia, Sil., 4th edition, p. 532. From Mem. Geol. Surv., op. cit., pl. xv., fig. 1. Wenlock Limestone, Hobbes, Longhope, near Woolhope. WenNLOocK.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 532. Rock farm, May Hill, M. G. S., op. cit., p. 358. Fie, 11.—a, b. AcrocuLia ProToTYPA, Phillips, sp. Nerita, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 858. NV. spirata, Sil., Syst., p. 625, pl. xi, fig. 15. Acroculia, Sil., 4th edition, p. 531, pl. xxiv., fig. 8. Original. a, Showing mouth; b, back of the same shell; Wenlock Lime- stone, Wenlock Edge. Mus. G. 8. I. Wentock.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 531. Localities, Woolhope Limestone, Presteign, Explanation of pl. xxiv. ; ibid. ‘* Acroculia haliotis, and A. prototypa, are exceedingly abundant, (the first especially), in the Wenlock Limestone ;”’ ibid., p. 231. Fic. 12.—ACROCULIA HALIOTIS, Sowerby, sp. Nerita, Sil., Syst., p. 625, pl. xii, fig. 16. Acroculia, Sil., 4th edition, p. 31, pl. xxiv., fig. 9. Original. From Wenlock Limestone, Ledbury, Herefordshire; Mus. G.S. I. LLANDOVERY AND WENLOCK.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 531. Llandovery Rocks, St. Ishmael’s Church ; Mus. G. 8. I. Wenlock Limestone, Ledbury, ‘‘ exceedingly abundant in Wenlock Lime- stone ;” ibid., p. 231. Llandovery, Ayrshire; W. LZ. Dudley ; Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 239. It has been collected from the Wenlock rocks of the Dingle promontory, S. W. of Clogher Head, Kerry; and Ludlow rocks, Derrymore Glen, Kerry ; Mus. G.S. I. WENLOCK. Characteristic British Fossils, Plate 22. W.H Baily, del et Lith Printed by Forster& (’Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 65 PLATE XXII. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—HETEROPODA. Fic. 1.—a, 6. BELLEROPHON DILATATUS, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 627, pl. xii., figs. 23, 24, Sil., 4th edition, Foss. 41, fig. 8, pl. xxv., figs. 5, 6. a, From Sil. Syst., pl. xii., fig. 23. View of Aperture, natural size. Wen- lock Shale, Burrington, near Ludlow. b, From Sil., 4th edition, Foss. 41, fig. 8, p. 199. Side view, much reduced in size. Carapoc To Wentock.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 533; ‘one of the largest He- teropod or Nucleobranch shells in the Ludlow and Wenlock rocks ;’ ibid., p. 2382. Lower Llandovery, Ayrshire; and Upper Llandovery, Shores of Lough Coolin, Co. Galway; and Lough Corrib, Co. Mayo ; Mus. G. 8. I. Caradoc, Desertcreat, Tyrone ; Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 398, Pemex, ie A, Fic. 2.—BELLEROPHON WENLOCKENSIS, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 705, pl. xii, fig. 21, Sil., 4th edition, pl. xxv., fig. 7. From the figure in Sil. Syst. op. cit. Wenlock shale, Croft, Malvern. WENLocK.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 534. This and the preceding species ‘are characteristic Wenlock fossils,” Sil., 4th edition, p. 121. “B. Wen- lockensis is very characteristic of the strata implied in its name ;”’ ibid., p. 232, PTEROPODA. Fig. 3.—a, 6. THeca Anceps, Salter. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 355, pl. xiv., fig. 1. a,b, From Mem. Geol. Surv. op. cit.; a, Natural size; b, Enlarged ; Wen- lock Shale, Eastnor Castle, Malverns. WeNLOocK AND Luptow,—Sil., 4th edition, p. 534; ‘‘a Wenlock shale species ;”’ ibid., p. 232. 66 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 5.—a, b. ConuLtarta Sowereyi. Defrance. Blainv. Malacol, p. 577, pl. xiv., fig. 2; b,—e, C. quadrisulcata, Miller, Sil. Syst., p. 626, pl. xil., ig. 22; C. Sowerbyi, Sil., 4th edition, p. 534, pl. OGYoy 1 IOP a, b. Original. a, Natural size; 6, Enlarged portion; Wenlock Limestone, Malvern; Mus. G. 8. I. Carapoc to Luptow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 534. ‘This beautiful and vari- able species, which ranges upwards from the Caradoc strata to the Ludlow rocks, is often found in Wenlock limestone, and occurs with a rarer species, C. subtilis, in the Ludlow rocks of Westmoreland ;” ibid. pp. 199, 232. Additional locality, Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge, Sil., 4th edition, description of pl. xxv. CEPHALOPODA. Fig. 4.—Orrnoceras ANNULATUM, Sowerby. O. undulatum, Hisinger, var. O. fimbriatum, Sowerby. O. annulatum, Sil. Syst., p. 652, pl. ix., fig. 5. From Sil. Syst. op. cit. Wenlock limestone, near Malvern. : Carapoc 10 WENLOCK.—Sil. 4th ed., p. 535. Found at numerous loeali- ties in Wales; Shropshire; also in Wenlock rocks at Doonquin, Co. Kerry. Coll. G. S. 1. W i INL Ore KK. or Characteristic British Fossils. 24 PERN L. W.H.Baily, del,et lith d by Forster XC° Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 67 PLATE XXIII. FOSSILS OF THE WENLOCK ROCKS. CRUSTACEA.—TRILOBITA. Fic. 1.—a, b. CALYMENE BLUMENBACHII, Brongniart. Crust. Foss., pl. i., fig. 1. Sil., 4th edition, p. 516, pl. xvil., fig. 1. a. Original. Wenlock Limestone, Castle Hill, Dudley. Mus. G. S. 1. b. Coiled example. From Sil. Syst., pl. vii., fig. 7, Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Carapoc To Luprow.—Sil. 4th edition, p. 516. ‘This common species was perhaps the most prolific of all the Silurian Trilobites. No other form had a greater vertical range, or is more widely diffused in geo- graphical space than the long-known Dudley fossil. It has been found i abundance in the lower strata of the Caradoc formation near Snow- don; and from beds of Caradoc sandstone in Shropshire ; a variety of this species also occurs in the Lower Silurian (Caradoc) rocks of Tyrone ;” ibid., pp. 203, 4, 235. Additional localities: Caradoc, Bala; Berwyns. Llandovery. Drummuck, Ayrshire. Upper Silurian. Wenlock, Ledbury, Ludlow, Tortworth, Cat. Brit. Foss., p- 102. Dingle, Co. Kerry. Mus. G.S. I. Fic. 2.—ENcCRINURUS PUNCTATUS, Grinnich, sp. 2Calymene punctata, Sil. Syst., p. 661, pl. xxxiii., fig. 8. E. punctatus, Mem. Geol. Surv., Dec. 7, p. 6. Description of pl. iv. Original. Wenlock Shale, Malverns. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDoVERY To LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 517. The tail of this species is figured (ante, p. 50, pl. xvi., fig. 12) as also characteristic of Llandovery rocks, especially in the Co. Galway, in rocks of the same age at Hope quarry, Shelve, Sil., 4th edition, descrip- tion of pl. 10, figs. 4, 5. Additional localities: Lower Silurian; (2 Lan- dovery rocks,) Pwllheli, Caernarvonshire ; Mathyrafal, Montgomeryshire, N. Wales ; S. Wales ; Coniston, Westmoreland, Upper Silurian, Dudley, a 0 Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 107. Ferriter’s Cove, Co. Kerry. Mus. Fig. 3.—ENCRINURUS VARIOLARIS, Brongniart, sp. Calymene, Brong. Crust. Foss., pl. i., fig. 3 B. Sil. Syst., p. 655, pl. xiv., fig. 1; Enerinurus, Mem. Geol. Surv., Dec. 7, pl. iv., fig. 12, 13, p. 7. Sil., 4th edition, p. 517, pl. xviii., fig. 9. Original. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Mus. G.S. I. 68 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. WENLock.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 517. “ #. punctatus and E. variolaris are known by the name ‘ Strawberry-headed’ by collectors, and are found on every slab of Wenlock Limestone, but seldom perfect, except at Dudley ;” ibid., p. 234. Localities: Wenlock Limestone and Shale, Dormington Wood, Woolhope ; Dudley and Walsall (abundant). M. G.S., Dee. Vii. Explanation of pl. iv., p. 7. Wenlock Edge, Sil. Syst., p. 655. Fic. 4.—a, 6. Ittanus Barnriensis, Murchison, sp. Des Sil Syst., p. 656, pl. vii., bis., fig. 3, a-d. Illenus, M. G.S.., Dee 2, pl. ii., andiv. Sil, 4th edition, pp. 111, 518. Foss. 17, fie. 2 From M. G. §S., Dee. 2, pl. iii.; a, reduced to two-thirds of natural size. Barr, Staffordshire ; 6, from the same plate, fig. 3, young coiled specimen. LLANDOVERY AND WENLock.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 518. ‘‘ This fine fossil ranges from the lowest Wenlock beds to near the top of the Upper Silurian. It is one of the chief fossils, and is of the largest size in the Lower Wenlock or Woolhope Limestone, and is found in the pipe clay beds of that formation at Malvern; ibid., pp. 111, 121, and 235. Localities: Hay Head, near Barr, Staffordshire; Dudley ; Ledbury. Woolhope, Nash Scar, Presteign, Herefordshire. M. G. S., Dee. 2. Description of pl. iii., and iv., p. 3. Fig. 5.—a, d. PHAcops caupatus, Brinnich, sp. Asaphus, Brong. Crust. Foss., pl. ii., fig. 4 A-D. A. caudatus et tuberculato- caudatus, Sil. Syst., p. 654, pl. vil., fig. 8. a, 6, Phacops, Mem. Geol. Surv., Dec. 2, pl. i. 4th edition, D: 520. a. From M. G. S., Dec. 2, pl. i, fig. . 0. Eye ofa larger specimen from Sil., 4th edition, pl. xviii., fic. Te se Eye lenses enlarged. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. d. Labrum or hypostome. From Dee. 2, pl. iii., fig. 3, Ledbury. LANDoVERY To LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 520. ‘ Distributed through- out the Saree districts from Llandovery to Upper Ludlow Rocks.” M.G.S., Dec. 2, p. 5. ‘* Rare in Llandovery rocks,” Sil., 4th edition, p- 213. With its variety, P. longicaudatus, very common in Wenlock and Ludlow Rocks ;” ibid., p. 235. Westmoreland ; Denbighshire. The Shales of Kireudbright, Scotland. M. G. S., Dec. 2, p. 5. The Dingle District, Co. Kerry. Mus. G. S. I. Iie. 6.—PuHacops DowninciH, Murchison, sp. Calymene? Sil. Syst., p. 655, ae xiv., fig. 38. Phacops, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. il., pt. i., pl. v. figs. 2-4, Sil., "4th edition, p. 520, pl. xviii, fig. 2-5. Original. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Mus. G.S. I. LLANDOVERY To Lupitow. Sil., 4th edition, p. 520. Upper Llandovery. Localities: Marloes Bay, Pembrokeshire ; Norbury ; and Bogmine, Shropshire. M.G.S., vol. ii, pt. i., p. 360. Wenlock Limestone, Dudley ; Ludlow Rock, Pembrokeshire ; Kendal, Westmoreland. * This Trilobite is one of the most characteristic, par ticularly i in the environs of Dudley.”’ Sil,, 4th edition, p, 121. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 69 Fig. 7.—HOMALONOTUS DELPHINOCEPHALUS, Gireen, sp. alononotus. Sil. Syst., p. 651, pl. vii. bis, fig. 1. a. b. Sil., 4th edition, Peet). Bossa], fie. 1. Original. Reduced to half natural size, from a plaister of paris cast “of Mr. Blackwell’s specimen, Wenlock limestone, Dudley Castle, in Mus. G5. 1, WeENtLock.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 518. ‘ One of the chief fossils of the Lower Wenlock or Woolhope limestone, also occurring in the Wenlock lime- stone; ibid., pp. 111, 121. Localities: Woolhope and Dudley. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 112. Fic. 8.—PROETUS LATIFRONS, M‘Coy, sp. Forbesia. Sil. Foss. of Irel., p. 49, pl. iv., fig. 11. Proetus. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1., p. 337, pl. iv., fig. 1. Sil., 4th edition, p. 520. Original. Wenlock limestone, Dudley. Mus. G. 8. I. LLANDOVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p.520. ‘‘ Far from rare in Wenlock Strata ;” ibid., p. 235. Llandovery, Penwhapple Glen, Ayr- shire. Mus.G.S. [. Upper Llandovery, common in the shale of Uggool, Ballaghaderreen, Co. Mayo. Sil. Foss. of Irel., p. 50. Wen- lock rocks, Clogher, Kerry. Mus. G.S.I. Castle-craig-Gwyddon ; Malverns. M.G.S., vol. iii., p. 360. Upper Ludlow rock, Usk, Monmouthshire. M. G. S., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 338. Kendal. Mus. G.S.I. Derrymore Glen, Kerry. Mus. G. 8. I. PHY LLOPODA. Fig. 9.—a, b. Beyricnia Kia@pent, M‘Coy. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xvi., pl. vi. Suil., 4th edition, . 016. a, ae Sil., 4th edition, p. 234, Foss. 64, fig. 4. Enlarged figures of both valves (the natural size, about one-sixteenth of an inch, was inad- vertently omitted to be shown.) LLANDOVERY TO Upper Luptow, Passage Beds, Sil., 4th, edition, p. 516. ‘©The most abundant Upper Silurian species of these small bivalve crusta- ceans is very plentiful from the base of the Wenlock shale to the highest Ludlow stratum, varies greatly in shape, but is a good index of the Upper Silurian, though found sometimes in the Llandovery rocks ;” ibid., p- 236. Localities: Shropshire; North and South Wales; in Ireland, at Curracullcuagh, Co. Kerry. 70 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE: XX: FOSSILS OF THE LUDLOW ROCKS. ZOOPHYTA.—ANTHOZOA. Fig. 1.—Favosires Fisrosus, G'oldfuss, sp. Calamopora, Petr. Germaniz, p. 82, pl. xxviil., fig. 3, 4. Alveolites, Sil. Syst., p- 681, pl. xv., fig. L Stenopora, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 24. Havo- sites, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 261, pl. Ixi., fig. 5. Sil., 4th edition, p. 510. From Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 27, and the same figure in Sil., 4th edition, pl. KRIy. , fig. if in which the coral is seen incrusting the small univalve shells Cy ‘clonema corallii. Upper Ludlow, Trewerne Hills, Radnorshire. LLANDEILO TO LupLow.—Branching and hemispherical varieties of this widely-distributed coral are figured with the fossils of the Caradoc Roeks.. Plate x., fig: 1. a-d., under the name of Stenopora fibrosa ; the variety now figured ‘is found frequently incrusting particular species of shells. Cy clonema corallii and Murchisonia corallii of the Ludlow Rocks, as their names imply, being its favourite habitats.” Sil., 4th edition, p. 132. Locality: near Ludlow. ECHINODERMATA.—ASTEROIDEA. Fig. 2.—a, 6. PaLastERINA PRIMZVA, Forbes, sp. Uraster, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. ii. p. 463 ; and Decade 1, pl.i. Pala- sterina, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx. oy, 327. a. Upper surface. 6. Under surface. From the figures 1 in the Decade cited, pl. i., fig. 2, a, 6; and from a specimen in the Mus. G. S. 1. Loe. : Lud- low Rocks, ‘Under barrow, near Kendal. Lupitow:—Sil., 4th edition, p. 513. “ The most common species of Starfish in the Ludlow Rocks of Kendal;” ibid., p. 225. Localities: Under- barrow, Westmoreland ; Leintwardine, Shropshire. Fig. 3.—PaLtzocoma Marston, Salter. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii., vol. xx., p. 328. Original. U nder surface, Lower Ludlow, Church Hill, Leintwardine. Mus. once Lupiow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 515. Fie. 4.—Proraster Minront, Salter. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. i., vol. xx., p. 330. LU DOW. Characteristic British Fossils. 4 Plate 24 cay $ ; Seater amursen me Printed by Forster&C°Bublin ; 7 r V Aeron i J aa , > ay ’ lhe! Ke i ) i a y, ; ‘ ‘ih AEAY? fi 4,'4 mid ‘ DP) v ae y al, i ’ we ‘ 1 ER es ) ; >. La ; rr a i Na ' in one ie ‘: ; ope) ni ~ Pyatie < * ai 7" : hh, er x fees ' - } 7a i ‘ kt { \ ‘i ; i ’ ) i vty ane ad ie an ; , Le . al oie j res A.V é . " ~ ee va te 1 sap i & ’ < ne) = 1 wp af ae ; Af ! t = . i ae) we , i a Wire i (er 7. We Ca 8 +, rush i i ‘py » i ; a Ay 1 i ' »" L | FA eC ae p A ni ed F ji ’ A + f oe : th i it +f i 1 i ms pe ‘ : th Se IE: EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 71! Original. Under surface, Lower Ludlow, Leintwardine. Mus. G.S. I. LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 513. ‘Abundant and of all sizes in the quarry at Leintwardine.” Salter, op. cit., p. 331. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPOD A. Fic. 5.—a, b, c. Lincuta Lewisu, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 615, pl. vi., fig. 9. a. View of upper valve. 6. Side view of both valves. c. Interior. All from Mr. Davidson’s figures in Mon. Brit. Sil .Brach. Pal. Soe., pl. ii., figs. 3 and 5. Aymestry Limestone, Sedgley, and near Ludlow. WenNLOock AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 525. ‘* One of the commonest species of the Middle Ludlow, or Aymestry Rock ;” ibid., pp. 227-8. ‘It is stated to have been found in the Woolhope beds, Wenlock Shale, and Limestone, Lower Ludlow, and Aymestry Limestone ; but is most abundant in the last-named formation. It occurs also in the Upper Ludlow at Whitecliff, near Ludiow.” Brit, Sil. Brach., pp 355, 36. Prof. Phillips, in his memoir on the Malvern Hills, &c., states its oc- currence at various localities in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, Usk, Llandeilo, and Freshwater Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. i., p- 275. Fic. 6.—a, 6. LINGULA CoRNEA, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 603, pl. iii., fig. 3. a, b. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. ii, fig. 80, 34. Passage beds, Railway near Ludlow. LupLow AND PassaGeE Breps.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 525. ‘‘Abounds in the Tilestone of the Upper Ludlow;” ibid., p. 228. Jocalities: Tin Mill, Downton, Railway cutting north end of Ludlow ; Brockhill and Steven- ton Turnpike near Ludlow. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 47. Fic. 7.—a, b, c. DiscINA RUGATA, Sowerby, sp. Orbicula. Sil. Syst., p. 610, pl. iv., fig. 47, 48, v., fig. 11. Discina. Sil., 4th edition, p. 524, pl. xx., fig. 1, 2, xxxv., fig. 27. a. Original. Lower or attached valve showing oval fissure. b. Original. Upper or free valve. ec. Original. Portion of surface enlarged, showing concentric ridges, Upper Ludlow, Hole Farm, Abberley. Mus. G. S. I. WENLOCK AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 524. ‘A common Ludlow species; ibid., p. 226. Localities: Ludlow Promontory, very abundant ; it occurs also in Upper Ludlow rock, at Ledbury ; and is frequent in Wenlock Shale, near Dudley. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 64-65. Prof. Phillips in his Memoir op. cit., records its distribution in Upper Ludlow and Aymestry Rocks of the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Tortworth, Usk, and Builth Districts. Prof. M‘Coy also states its occurrence in Upper Ludlow Rocks at Kendal, Westmoreland. 72 EXPLANATION OF THE FLATES. Fic. 8,—a, b,c. RHYNCHQNELLA WILSONI, Sowerby, sp. Terebratula, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., pl. exviii., fig. 3. Sil. Syst., p. 615, pl. vi., fig. 7a. Rhynchonella, Sil., 4th edition, p. 527. a, Front view. 6. Side view. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xxii, fig. 1, la. Upper Ludlow, 8. W. of Hazle, Woolhope. ec. Original. Internal casts. Black Point, ;Dingle Promontory, Kerry. Mus. G. S. I. Lianpovery To Luptow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 527. ‘* This species has been met with in Llandovery Rocks of the S. of Scotland,” and Tynewidd, Llandovery, “and is thenceforward persistent throughout all the deposits to the Upper Ludlow inclusive ;” ibid., p. 210, “ one of the species which chiefly distinguish the Ludlow Rocks; ibid., p. 226.” In Upper Iudlow Rocks it occurs at Brockton, and Burton; Delbury, Salop; near Malvern, and at various places in the Woolhope District. In Ay- mestry Limestone at Sedgley ; Aymestry; Abberley ; Llanbaddock, &c., in the Usk District. In Lower Ludlow Rocks, of the Builth District. In Wenlock Limestone and Shale, near Dudley, Walsall; East of Led- bury; Malvern; Ge., and in beds above the Denbighshire Grit, North Wales. In Scotland it has been found in the Wenlock Shale. of the Pentland Hills, and in the same formation at Clogher Head, Kerry. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 171-2. Fic. 9:—a, 6, RHYNCHONELLA NUCULA, Sowerby, sp. ’ ? > Y, Pp Terebratula. Sil. Syst., p. 611, pl. iii., fig. 1, v., fig. 20. Rhynchonella. Sil., 4th edition, p. 527. a. Original. A group of shells in various positions, Upper Ludlow, Lille- shall, Shropshire. Mus. G.S. I. b. Original. Internal cast, Upper Ludlow, Malvern. Mus. G. S. I. LLANDOVERY TO LupLtow. Sil., 4th edition, p. 527. ‘A common fossilof the Upper Ludlow Rock ;” ibid.; pp. 135,226. Localities : Lower Llando- very, Cefn Rhyddan, &c., Upper Llandovery, Worcester Beacon; Mar- loe’s Bay ; May Hill; Damory Bridge. Woolhope Limestone, Wool- hope, Bogmine Shelve. Wenlock Limestone, Eastnor Castle ; Malvern; Woolhope District ; Wenlock Edge, Dudley; Rock Farm, Longhope; Plas Madoc, &c., North Wales; Lower Ludlow, Woolhope District, Leintwardine, Shropshire, &c. Aymestry Limestone, Malvern, Wool- hope, and Usk Districts, &e. Upper Ludlow, Malvern; May Hill, and Builth Districts ; Collinfield and Benson Knot, Westmoreland. In Scot- land it occurs in the Wenlock Shales of the Pentland Hills; and in Ireland in Wenlock Rocks of the Dingle Promontory, Co. Kerry. Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 183-4. Fie. 10.—a, b, ce. Orruis LuNATA, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 611, pl. i., fig. 125; v., fig. 15. a, External Shell. 0b. Side view of do. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xxviii., fig. 1. Upper Ludlow, Wonder, Woolhope. ec. Internal and external casts; ibid., fig. 2, Whitecliff, near Ludlow. Ludlow. ‘‘ This species occurs abundantly in the Upper Ludlow at Whitecliff, and in severai other localities near Ludlow in Shropshire. Prof. Phillips and Mr. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 793 Salter record its presence in rocks of a similar age at various localities in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, Usk, Builth, and Llandeilo Dis- tricts.”” Brit, Sil. Brach., p. 216. Fie. 11.—a, b. CHONETES STRIATELLA, Dalman, sp. Orthis, Dalman, Leptena lata, Von. Buch. Sil. Syst., p. 610, pl. ili., fig. 10 b. v., fig. 13. Chonetes lata, and striatella, Sil., 4th edition, p. 524, piexx., fig. 8; a. From Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 13, Upper Ludlow, Ludlow. 0b. Original. Magnified strie, from a specimen in Mus. G.S.I. Upper Ludlow, Kendal, Westmoreland. WENLOCK AND LupLow.—In the Woolhope Beds it occurs east of Merchlin Conway. In the Wenlock Beds, near Walsall and Wenlock. In Lower Ludlow, at Vinnai Hill, &c. In Aymestry limestone, Shucknall Hill, &e. In Upper Ludlow it is especially abundant at a great number of localities in the Malvern, Abberley, Usk, and Builth Districts; and at Kendal, Westmoreland. In Scotland it occurs inthe Pentland Hills. In Ireland at Pie Cove, and Doonquin, Dingle, Kerry. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 333. 74 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE, XXY, FOSSILS OF THE LUDLOW ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fig. 1.—a, 6. Lingua Lata, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 618, pl. viil., fig. 11. a,b. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. iii., fig.40, 42. Lower Ludlow, Elton, near Ludlow. Ludlow. Sil., 4th edition, p. 525. Mr. Davidson, in Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 50, states the occurrence of this small but characteristic shell, in the Aymes- try Limestone of Mocktree, near Leintwardine, Shropshire ; in the typi- cal localities near the town of Ludlow it is found in the Lower Ludlow rocks, as well as at Ledbury and Aymestry. It also occurs at Kendal, and in Scotland, in the Ludlow beds of the Pentland Hills. Fic. 2.—a, b,c. Pentamerus Kniauru, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. xxviii. (P. Aylesfordii); ibid., pl. xxix., Sil. Syst., p. 615, pl. vi., fig. 8. a. Original. Front view; reduced to two-thirds of natural size. 6. Side view of the same shell, Aymestry limestone, Aymestry. Mus. G.S. I. c. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. xvi., fig. 3. Longitudinal section, showing internal plates, Aymestry limestone, Bodenham, Woolhope. WENLOcK anp LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 527. “The most characte- ristic shell of the Aymestry Limestone ;” ibid., p. 130. P. Knightii oc- curs rarely in the Wenlock and Ludlow formations ; but it is exceedingly common in the Aymestry Limestone, at Mocktree, near Ludlow; at Aymestry, in Herefordshire ; and at Leintwardine, Shropshire. It occurs near Wolverhampton, and in the Abberley and Woolhope Districts, all in the Aymestry Limestone, as well as in the Wenlock Limestone of Wal- salland Wenlock Edge. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 144. In Ireland it bas been found at Doonquin and Great Blasket Island, Kerry. CONCHIFER A. Fic. 3.—a, 6. AvicuLa Dansyt, Jf‘ Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 258, pl. ii., fig. 11-15. a. Original. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size. Left, or convex and radiated valve. Upper Ludlow, Kendal. Mus. G.S.I. 0b. From Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. it, fig. 15. Reduced to half natural size. Right, or flat unradiated valve, from the same locality. er A Oe We. Uharacierisde British Fossils. | | : J Printed by Forster & C9 Dublin WH Baily del, et, lith al M, Lithia t ‘y S a) > A auf i - . { ry a) ve ¥ ~T Or EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Lupiow. Sil., 4th edition, p. 528. ‘ Very abundant in the greenish Up- per Ludlow quartzites of Benson Knot, Kendal, Westmoreland.” Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 258. Fig. 4.—PTERINEA RETROFLEXA, Wahlenberg, sp. Avicula, Sil. Syst., p. 609, pl. v., fig. 9. Pterinea, Sil., 4th edition, p. 529. Origina!l.? Ludlow rocks, Clogher, Dingle, Co. Kerry. LLANDOVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 529. “In the Llandovery rocks of Malvern, a variety of this species is plentiful, also in the Conne- mara tract of Galway ;” ibid., p. 211. It is also an abundant species in the Wenlock limestone ;” ibid., p. 121, and has been found in Wenlock rocks, North Wales. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii., pp. 278-9; and in the Upper Ludlow of the Malverns, and Kendal, in Westmoreland. Prof. Phillips records its occurrence in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Builth, Llandeilo, and Marloes Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. i., p. 271. In Ireland it is not unfrequent in Wen- lock and Ludlow rocks of the Dingle Promontory, Co. Kerry. Fic. 5.—CARDIOLA INTERRUPTA, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 617, pl. viii., fig. 5. Original, Lower Ludlow, Vinnal Hill, Ludlow. Mus, G. S. I. Carapoc, WENLOCK, AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 529. “ The most common of the Lamellibranchiate shells, in the Lower Ludlow; this species, formerly believed to be peculiar to this zone, has also been found in the Caradoc formation ;” ibid., p. 127. It is recorded from Abberley, Malvern, Woolhope, Usk, and Builth Districts, in Wenlock limestone, Lower Ludlow, Aymestry limestone, and Upper Ludlow. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol ii., pt. i., p. 265. In Wenlock rocks, near Llansannan, &c., North Wales, at several localities. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol., iii., pp- 278-9. Lower Ludlow, Aymestry ; Breidden Hills; Radnor Forest, &e. Sil. Syst., p. 617. In Ireland it has been collected by the Geol. Survey, from Derrymore Glen, Co. Kerry. Fic. 6.—?CARpDIOLA sTRIATA, Sowerby, sp. Cardium? Sil. Syst., p. 614, pl. vi, fig. 2. Cardiola? Sil., 4th edition, p- 529. Original. Reduced to half natural size. Lower Ludlow, Leintwardine. Mus. G. S. I. WEN Lock and LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 529. “+ Equally characteris- tic with the preceding species, and as yet known only in Upper Silurian rocks. It is found in all the fossil-bearing localities of Shropshire and the neighbouring regions;” ibid., p. 127. It occurs in Aymestry damestone, Aymestry, and in Lower Ludlow, near Shelderton. Sil. Syst., p- 614. It is recorded as occurring in Aymestry limestone and Upper Ludlow rocks in the Malvern, Woolhope, and Usk Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. i., p. 265. 76 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 7.—MopDI0LOPsiIs COMPLANATA, Sowerby, sp. Pullastra. Sil. Syst., p. 609. Modiolopsis. Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. From he figure in Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 7. Upper Ludlow, near Bridg- north. Ludlow. Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. An Upper Ludlow fossil of the Mytiloid group of shells; ibid., p. 229. It is recorded under the name of Myti- lus complanatus, as occurring in the Usk, Llandeilo, and Freshwater Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. 11., pt.1., p. 267. In Ireland it has been collected at Clogher, Kerry. Mus. G.S, I. Fig. 8.—MopioLopsis PLATYPHYLLA, Salter, sp. Mytilus. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i1., pt. 1, p. 268, and Appendix, p. 564. Modiolopsis. Sil., 4th edition, pp. 229, 530. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size. Irom the figure in Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, pl. xx., fig. 13. Uppermost Ludlow (Tilestone), Trich- rug, Llandeilo. Luptow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. ‘* Characteristic of the uppermost Ludlow beds ;” ibid., p, 229. Fic. 9.—OrRTHONOTA AMYGDALINA, Sowerby, sp. Cypricardia? Sil. Syst., p. 609. Orthonota, Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 2. Upper Ludlow, Ludlow. LLANDOVERY AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. “ Abundant in the Ludlow Promontory, and very generally characteristic of the Upper Ludlow rocks.” Sil. Syst., p. 609. It is recorded as occurring in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Builth, and Llandeilo Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i., pt. 1, p. 265. It is also common in the Upper Ludlow quartzite of Kendal, Westmoreland. Fie. 10.—OrtHONoTA PRORA, Salter. O. semisulcata, M‘Coy, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 275. O. prora, Sil., 4th edition, pp. 229, 530. From the figure in Brit. Pal. Foss., pl. 1 K., fig. 25. Upper Ludlow, near Kendal. Lupitow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. “ Not uncommon in the quartzite of Kirkby Moor, Kendal.” Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 270. Fic. 11.—GoNIOPHORA CYMB@FORMIS, Sowerby, sp. Cypricardia, Sil. Syst., pp. 602, 609. Goniophora, Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 6. Upper Ludlow, Ludlow. LLANDOVERY AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th edition, p. 530. “One of the most abundant Upper Ludlow shells ;” ibid., p. 229. It is recorded as oc- curring in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Builth, Llandeilo, and Marloes Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 267. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. él Fie, 12.—Crenoponta, ANGLIcA, D’ Orbigny, sp. Nucula? ovalis, Sil. Syst., p. 609. Ctenodonta Anglica, Sil., 4th ed., 529 From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. v., fig. 8. Upper Ludlow, Trewerne Hills, Radnorshire. LANDOVERY TO LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 529. This species is stated to occur in Upper Ludlow rocks at several localities in the Malvern Dis- trict ; also in the Woolhope, Usk, and Llandeilo Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 269; and in the Wenlock rocks at Fron Fawr, near Llansannan, North Wales. M.G.S., vol. iii., p. 280. Fic. 13.—CucULLELA ANTIQUA, Sowerby, sp. Cucullela, Sil. Syst., p. 602. Cucullela, Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. From the figure in Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxiv., fig. 16. Upper Ludlow, Horeb Chapel, near Llandovery. ? Caravoc, LLANDoVERY, AND LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. ‘*A com- mon shell in the Uppermost Ludlow, ‘Tilestones;’” ibid., p. 280. It is recorded as occurring in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, Usk, Llandeilo, and Freshwater Districts. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i., pt. 1, . 268; also in Wenlock rocks at Mynydd, Tryfan, near Llansannan, North Wales. Mem. G.S., vol. iii., p. 280. Fig. 14.—a, 6. CucuLLELA coarcraTa, Phillips, sp. Nucula, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 866. Cucullela, Sil., 4thed., From the figures in M. G.S., vol. ii., pt. 1, pl. xxii, figs. 1, and 2. Ludlow rocks, Freshwater East, Pembrokeshire. UDLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. ‘Found in great plenty in the Ludlow rocks of Pembrokeshire, and occurs also in the Wenlock Shale. Itis also recorded as occurring in Westmoreland and Denbighshire. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 194. Fig. 15.—a, b. ANODONTOPSIS PEROVALIS, Salter, sp. Mytilus. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 363. Anodontopsis. Sil., Ath ed., p. 529. From the figures in M. G. S., vol. ii., pt. 1, pl. xx., figs. 2, 2a. Lud- low rocks, Llanbadoc, Usk. Ludlow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 529. Fig. 16.—GRAMMYSIA TRIANGULATA, Salter, sp. Orthonota, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 361. Grammysia, Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. Original. Ludlow rocks, Kendal. Wentiock anv Luprow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 530. ‘A typical Ludlow ene) fossil ;” ibid., p. 230. ‘Trichrug, Llangadoc, and Westmore- and. M 78 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. EAE eee vay FOSSILS OF THE LUDLOW ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—GASTEROPOD A. Fig. 1.—LOXoNOoMA sINuOSA, Sowerby, sp. Terebra, Sil. Syst., p. 619. Loxonema, Sil., 4th ed., p. 532. From Sil. Syst., pl. vii., fig. 15, Lower Ludlow, Aymestry. LLANDOVERY AND Luptow. Sil, 4th ed, p. 532. ‘Chiefly a Ludlow rock species ;” ibid., p. 231. It is recorded as occurring in the Mal- vern, Usk, Llandeilo, and Marloes Districts. Mem.G. S., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 258; and in Wenlock rocks, near Llansannan, North Wales. Mem. Surv., vol. iii, p. 280. In Ireland it has been collected by the Geol. Surv. at Curracullenagh, Co. Kerry. Fic. 2.—HOLOPELLA OBSOLETA, Sowerby, sp. Turritella, Sil. Syst., p. 603. Holopella, Sil., 4th ed., p. 532. From Sil. Syst., pl. i., fig. 7a, Upper Ludlow, Horeb Chapel, Felindre. LLANDOVERY AND Lupiow. Sil., 4thed., p. 532. ‘A frequent fossil of the uppermost Ludlow rocks in Westmoreland, Shropshire, and South Wales ;” ibid., p. 231. Its occurrence is recorded in the Malvern, Usk, and Llandeilo Districts. Mem. G. S., vol. ii., pt. 1; also in Upper Llandovery at the Bogmine, near Shelve, Shropshire. M. G. S., vol. ii, p- 862; and at Tortworth, Gloucestershire. Sil., 4th edition, Explana- tion to pl. ix. Fic. 3.—a, b, c. PLATYSCHISMA HELICITES, Sowerby, sp. Trochus, Sil. Syst., p. 603. Platyschisma, Sil., 4th ed., p. 583. From ‘the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. ii, fig. 5; and Sil, 4th ed., pl. xxiv., fig. 12,13. Upper Ludlow, Horeb Chapel. LuanpeEi1o, LuANDOVERY, LupLow, AND PassAGE BEDS. Sil. 4th ed., p. 533. ‘The Tilestone is crowded with this species,” ibid., p. 231. It occurs in the IJandeilo and Marloes Districts. Mem. G. S., vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 260; also in Upper Ludlow Rocks, at 'Trichrug, Llangadoc, and Kendal, Westmoreland ; Mus. G. 8. I. hae Dob OW. Characteristic British Fossils. Plate 26, | | WAB in 4 aily. del et hth Printed oy Forster & LU? Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 79 Fig. 4.—MurcuisoniA Lioypit, Sowerby, sp. Pleurotomaria, Sil. Syst., p. 619. From Sil. Syst., pl. viii., fig. 14. Lower Ludlow; Shelderton, Aymestry. Wentock and Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p.532. ‘ Abounds inthe Middle and Lower Ludlow, and is frequent in Wenlock Limestone ;’’ ibid., p. 231. It is recorded as occurring in the Malvern, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, Freshwater, and Marloes Districts. Mem. G.5%., vol.i1., part i., p. 260, and in Wenlock rocks, at Craig-hir, and near Llansannan, North Wales. M. G. S., vol. iii., pp. 278, 280. In Ireland it has been found at Curra- cullenagh and Derrymore Glen, Co. Kerry. Mus. G. S. I. HETEROPODA. Fic. 5.—a, b, c. BELLEROPHON EXPANSUS, Sowerby. B, globatus, Sil. Syst., p. 604. B. expansus, ibid., p. 613. a. Original. Dorsal view ; from Upper Ludlow rocks, Kendal. Mus. G. §, I. b, c. Young examples; from the Figures in Sil. Syst., pl. ili., fig. 15. Upper Ludlow, Felindre. LLANDOvery and Luprow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 533. ‘ Characteristic of the Upper Ludlow rock ;” ibid., p. 232. It occurs in the Malvern, Abberley, Builth, Llandeilo, and Freshwater Districts. M.G.S8., vol. il., part i., and in Upper Llandovery Rocks at Norbury ; and Bogmine, Shropshire. M. G. S., vol. ii., pp. 362, 363. PTEROPODA. Fic. 6.—Turca Forsesit, Sharpe. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 314. Original, Upper Ludlow, Kendal. Mus. G. S. E. Wentock and Luprow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 534. It is recorded as occurring in the Abberley, Woolhope, Usk, Builth, and Llandeilo Districts. M. G. S., vol. i., part i., p. 255, and in Wenlock rocks, near Llan- sannan. M. G.S., vol. ili., p. 280. CEPH ALOPODA. Fig. 7.—LIitvitEs ? GIGANTEUS, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 622. Reduced to halfnatural size. From Sil. Syst., pl. xi., fig. 4. Lower Ludlow, Mocktree Hays. WENLockK and Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 535. ‘“ Qne of the finest fossils from Leintwardine and Malvern ;” ibid., p. 233. It occurs also in the Malvern, Abberley, Usk, and Llandeilo Districts. M.G.S., vol. iii., part i., p. 150. 80 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 8.—ORTHOCERAS LUDENSE, Sowerby. Sil. Syst., p. 619. From the reduced figure in Sil., 4th ed., p.232. Foss. 62, fig. 2 (reduced from a specimen two feet in length). Lower Ludlow, Ludlow. Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 535. “ A frequent Upper Ludlow form ;” ibid., p. 232. It is recorded as occurring in the Malvern and Builth Districts. M. G. S., vol. iil., part 1., p. 247. Fic. 9.—PHRAGMOCERAS PYRIFORME, Sowerby, sp. Orthoceras. Sil. Syst., p. 620. Phragmoceras. Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Re- duced to half the natural size. From Sil. Syst., pl. viii., fig. 19. Lower Ludlow, Leintwardine, Shropshire (abundant). Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. It occurs in the Malvern, Abberley, Wool- hope, and Llandeilo Districts. M. G. S., vol. ili., pp. 250, 251. ANNELIDA. Fig. 10.—a, 6. SERPULITES LONGISSIMUS, Murchison. Sil. Syst., p. 608. a. Original. Fragment of a compressed tube (natural size). Upper Ludlow, Woodbury Hill, Abberley. Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Reduced to half natural size, from a specimen ten and a-half inches long. Upper Ludlow, Malverns. Mus. G. 8. I. WENLOcK and LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 514. “ Very common in the Ludlow rock ; some of the specimens measure twenty inches along its curve;” ibid., p. 234. ‘‘ Very general throughout the Upper Ludlow rock of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, &c.” Sil. Syst., p. 609. It occurs in the Malvern, Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk, and Builth Districts. M. G.S., vol. ii, part i., p. 228. LUDLOW Characteristic British Fossils. 4 ary gerne W.H Baily del “Printed by Forster & 0° Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 81 PLATE XXVII. FOSSILS OF THE LUDLOW ROCKS. CRUSTACEA.— TRILOBITA. Fic. 1.—Homatonotus Knicuru, Konig. Tcon. Foss., fiig. 65. H. Knightii and Ludensis, Sil. Syst., pl. vii., figs. 1-4. H. Knightii, Siluria, 4th ed., pl xix., figs. 7-9. From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. xix., fig. 8; side view. Upper Ludlow, Ludlow. Luriow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 518. ‘* Very characteristic of the Upper Ludlow rock ;” ibid., p.235. Localities: Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcester- shire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire. Sil. Syst., p. 651. Kendal, Pem- brokeshire, Freshwater, East, and Henllyn Hill, Builth. Mus. G. S. I. - PHYLLOPODA. Fig 2,—CERATIOCARIS PAPILIO, Salter. From Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 154, fig. 3. Ludlow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 516. “ Upper and Lower Ludlow (black flags), Lesmahago, Lanarkshire.” Ann. Nat. Hist., p. 156. EURYPTERIDA. Fig. 3.—a, 6. PTERYGOTUS PROBLEMATICUS, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., p. 606. Poiss, Vieux Grés Rouge, pl. i. a. Portion of the fixed ramus of the antennary chela, from the figure in Mem. Geol. Surv., Mon. i., pl. xii., fig. 9. Upper Ludlow rock, Hagley Park, Herefordshire. Mr. J. Harley’s collection. b. Anterior segment of the body ; reduced one-third, from fig. 20 on the same plate (same collection). Locality: Ludlow. e. Surface markings (slightly enlarged). WENLOcK to LupLow and PassaGeE Bens, or base of Old Red Sandstone.— Sil., 4th ed., p. 521. ‘* Characteristic of the Upper Ludlow Rock ;” ibid., p. 238. Mr. Salter describes it, in the monograph just quoted, p. 93, as ‘“‘one of the most widely spread species.” He mentions several localities in Upper Ludlow rock near Ludlow, Kendal, Westmoreland, Bone-bed, Ludlow, Downton Sandstone, Kington. Base of Old Red Sand- stone, Railway Station, Ludlow, Cornstones of Hopton Gate; and as 82 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. probably occurring also in the Upper Llandovery Rock, of the Obelisk, Eastnor Park, Herefordshire. M. G.S., Mon.i., pp. 92, 3. Fig. 4,._EURYPTERUS PYGMZUS, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xv., p. 232, pl. x., figs. 4-8. Partly restored from figs. 4 and €. Downton Sandstone, Kington. Mr. R. Banks’ collection. Luptow and Passacr Brps.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 518. Drvontan. Forfar, Woodward and Salter’s Chart, p. 24. ‘‘ A small and abundant species in the Tilestones at Kington and Ludlow.” Sil., 4th ed., p. 239. Fic. 5.—PTERYGOTUS BILOBUs, Salter. Himantopterus bilobus, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xii., p. 29, fig. 1. P. bilobus, Salter. Mem. Geol. Surv., Mon. i., p. 39 Original. A young example; reduced one-third, from Uppermost Ludlow Rocks, Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Mus. Geol. Surv. Irel. Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 521. PISCES. Fig. 6.—PTERASPIS TRUNCATUS, Hualey and Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xii., p. 100, pl. i1., fig. 1. Original. Cephalic buckler or head. Uppermost Ludlow, “ Passage Beds,” Kington, Ludlow. Mus. G. S. I. Lupiow and PassaGE Brps.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Fic. 7. ONCHUS TENUISTRIATUS, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 57-59. Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxv., figs. 15-17. Fin-spine of a shark-like fish. From the figure in Sil. Syst., pl. iv., fig. 58. Upper Ludlow, Bone-bed, Ludford, near Ludlow. Lupiow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Fia. 8.—a, b. Orncnus Murcuisoni, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 9-11. Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxv., figs. 13, 14. a, b. Fin-spines of a shark-like fish, ‘‘ the most common species.” From the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 9-11. Upper Ludlow, Bone-bed, Ludford, near Ludlow. Lup.ow and ? PassaGr Breps.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Fic. 9.—a, 6, c. PLECTRODUS MIRABILIS, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 14-26. Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxv., figs. 3-8. a, b. Natural size. c, 9b. enlarged ; probably portions of the jaws and teeth of a small ? ganoid fish. From the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs, 20, 21, 26. Upper Ludlow, Bone-bed, Ludford, near Ludlow. Lupiow and Passace Beps.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 83 Fig. 10.—a, 6.’ PLECTRODUS PUSTILIFERUS, Agassiz, sp. Sclerodus, Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 27-32, 60-62. Plectrodus, Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxv., figs. 9-12. a. Natural size; 6. enlarged. From the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 28, 31. Upper Ludlow, Bone-bed, Ludford, near Ludlow. LupLow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. Fic. 11.—a, J, e. THEGLODUS PARVIDENS, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 34-36. Sil., 4th ed., pl. xxxv., fig. 18. a, b, ec. Natural size and enlarged, granulesof the skin or shragreen of Onchus ? From the figures in Sil. Syst., pl. iv., figs. 34-36. ‘‘They occur by myriads.” Sil., 4th ed., p. 241. Upper Ludlow, Bone-bed, Ludford, near Ludlow. Luptow.—Sil., 4th ed., p. 536. 84 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE XXVIII. FOSSILS OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN ROCKS. PLAN TP: : CRYPTOGAMIA.—FILICES. Fig. 1.—a, 6, PALZorTeRIs HrBernicus, Forbes, sp. Cyclopteris, KE. Forbes. Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1852. Adiantites, Ad. Brorgniart. Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc., 1857. Paleopteris, W. P. Schimper. ‘Traité Pal. Vég., 1869, vol. i., p. 475, pl. xxxvi. a. Original. Reduced to one-sixth of natural size. Frond, showing fruc- tification at its lower portion. b. Original. Natural size. Portion of a pinnule with leaflets. Upper Op Rep SAnpsToNgE, Kiltorcan Hill, Co. Kilkenny. Mus. G. S$. I. Additional localities: Gokane Point, W. of Toe Head; Tracarta, Castle- haven, Co. Cork; and Tivoli House, a little E. of Cork. Mus. G. S. I. LYCOPODIACEA. Fie, 2.—a-d. KNorriA BAILyAna, Schimper. Traité Pal. Vég., vol. ii., part i., 1870, p. 48. a,b. Original. a. Lower portion of stem, showing axis; reduced to one- third of natural size. 6. Natural size. From 2a; showing longitudinal ribbing and alternate arrangement of cicatrices. e,d. Original. c. Upper part of stem (Cyclostigma minuta, Haughton). d. Natural size. Portion of the surface of 2c. Upper OLp Rep SanpsTone, Kiltorcan Hill, Co. Kalkenny. Mus. G. 8. IL. Additional locality: Tracarta, Co. Cork. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 3.—a, b. CycLostigGMA KinTrorKENSE, Haughton. Journal, Royal Dublin Society, vol. ii., p. 407, pl. xvi., fig. 1. (Cyclostigma, pl. xiv., figs. 1, 2, 3; C. minutum, pl. xvi., fig. 2, and C. Griffithit, pl. xvil., are probably synonyms.) a, b. Original. a. Reduced to half the natural size. 0b. Natural size. From 3 a, showing finely striated surface and widely distant cicatrices. Uprer Oup Rep Sanpstone, Kiltorcan Hill, Co. Kilkenny. Mus. G. S., I. Additional locality : Tracarta, Co. Cork. Mus. G. 8, I. DEVONIAN orn OLD RED SANDSTONE Characteristic British Fossils. Plate 28 W.H.Baily, de’ ot itn Printed by Forster &C° Dublin 4:9 Pe a ne EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 85 Fic. 4.—a, b. (?) LEPIDODENDRON NoTHUM, Unger. Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 75, pl. v., fig. 9, a, 6. Siluria, 4th ed., p. 269. Foss., 73, fig. 4, 4a. a, b. Original. a. Branching stem. 6. Group of scales, or bracts, from surface of 4a. Enlarged. Wick, Caithness. Mippite Orp Rep SanpsTonE.—Caithness flags, Siluria, 4th ed. Table of Upper Paleozoic rocks, p, 406. 86 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE XXIX. FOSSILS OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN ROCKS. AMORPHOZOA. Fig. 1.—a, b. SrROMATOPORA CONCENTRICA, Goldfuss. Petref. Germania, vol. i., p. 22. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 18, pl. x., fig. 28. a. Original. Transverse section. Middle Devonian, Torquay, South Devon. Mus. G. S. I. 6. Original. Enlarged portion of the same, showing concentric laminz, traversed by slender tubes. MIppLE DevoniAn:—Chudleigh, Torquay, Dartington, and Asholt Common, Quantock Hills, Somersetshire. Collected by the late Mr. Jukes. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 2.—a, b, STROMATOPORA PLACENTA, Lonsdale, sp. Coscinopora, Geol. Trans., 2nd ser., vol. v. Caunopora, Phillips, Pal. Foss., p. 18, pl. x., fig, 29. Stromatopora, Morris, Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 65. a. Original. Transverse section. Middle Devonian, Torquay. Mus. G. S. I. b. Original. Enlarged portion of the same, showing large and smaller tubuli, or pores. Meee eae IAN.—Torquay, Plymouth, Ogwell, &e. ZOOPHYTA.—ANTHOZOA. Fic. 3.—a-d. PLEURODICTYUM PROBLEMATICUM, Goldfuss. Petr. Ger., vol.i., p. 113. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 19, pl. ix., fig. 24. M.G@.S.1. Explan. of Sheets, 187, &c., pp. 24, 28, fig. 5, a-g. a. Original. A group of Corallites. 4. Original. Two of these corallites enlarged three diameters, united by intercellular structure. ¢. Original. Natural horizontal section of a group of corallites, showing their hexagonal form, and union, by intercellular structure. d. Original. Portion of the same, enlarged. All from Upper Devonian, Pilton beds, Braunton, North Devon. Mus. G.S. I. Devonian and Lower Carsonirrrous.— Upper Devonian (Pilton beds), Braunton. Middle Devonian (Ilfracombe group), West Ogwell; Tor- quay. Lower Devonian, Meadsfoot, near Torquay ; Looe, Cornwall. ‘ It is confined to slate rocks, and, according to Mr. Godwin-Austen, ranges through the whole middle slate district of North Wales.” Davidson in OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN. Characteristic British Fossils. Sep siee eee W.H Baily, del et lith Frinted by Forster& Co Dublin we Ni ed Wr! ah fe! sarees Waatia eae mal : : is j ' \ f ! i j i 1 ‘ ; i 10. i t } i 4 | x i i hi y i i iz t Hi i f ry j Peni i OAs? wa ; he Pe tay iv i i nO y al ial DEOL rite Ing ij | Ne) 5 i ‘ tes } Hite HTN et | Eilers Pa Saye eT ! te! coe Pa el ae ce aC } ie aay at Bee waite | ra, aye Ue ut r i re hie ' i Pi i Or tte ee ANT hi ee apt ee veo i : pL ae a Io) 1 ae : De: if: ree if ths 5 Ly {Py wo th ae j } ; i! te Pi i i ten i an Ae Sey Me Te Sy } t J i ; { } j j ii i a ’ ; ih ald n F i “4 4 Yu ie i ayy 1 1s ‘ \N , : hidh Be ah tae) Pe i alah at i Pe gai i i i ; Oe a Le Ahi me Pant ay i A ae i ‘1 i : ‘ iy H : . : ny iat | T , i ite i Vi en) oe WglA u ¥ i et at On | i) i es i } AD ne wn! iv f i id j } i Ai ' ve ye lj 1 , + J } a i ( 1 i ( i Ay, ae ; J { ; Ye y oes f f i a Tail f 4 { es { ia uf Hin i a \ f i i i i ‘ i , 4 i , 2 1 ‘* ‘ a ¥ 4 i 4 a \ h : } i an f. ¥ i i} il ; "| i ' t i fi { fa ‘ . ' | i f ail t hi i Wes i yi ry wae, te ‘ un | 7 La wl i i Niet 1 a ey ' i t 7 4 0) fo wah cer iy Ree bal Vet Ve et * F i f f i ee Pet Ee a) Tu i ) iy i i" ; n AN eich TUNA ES) ey Ap aul a Y Wil ae wa i 1 iF ea a ee a ye 7 \ Phe 1 ' i { Th) he | i | i i ey an \ mE)? Ny Wi ienvaieie i } yi in 1 if Hi un ‘ f é' ' Lu ! fy i ety i ; a 1 rk } if} y i i , y ey thir Uy Wk tee Ir soit | ba AGL Liew LO lea all m e Las ty tee : Date 9 eee eee EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 87 Pal. Soc. Brit. Dey. Brach., pp. 126, 127. In Siluria, 4th ed. (Table, p- 405), it is included as a characteristic fossil of the Lower Devonian. In Ireland it has been found in Carboniferous slate and grit at several places near Bandon, Belgooly, &e., in the county of Cork. Mus. G.S. I. Fic. 4.—a, 6. HELIoLITES Porosa, Groldfuss, sp. Astrea, Petr. Ger., vol. i., p. 64. Heliolites, Brit. Foss. Cor., p. 212, pl. xlvii., fig. 1, a-f. a. Original. ‘Transverse section of a portion of this coral. b. Original. Part of the same, enlarged, showing arrangement of calices and septa, and intermediate cellular structure, or cenenchyma. Middle De- vonian, Torquay. Mus. G. S. I. Mippie Dervontan.—Localities : Torquay ; Babbacombe; Newton; Ply- mouth. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 56. Fic. 5. FAVOSITES POLYMORPHA, Goldfuss, sp. Calamopora, Petr. Ger., vol. i., p.79. Favosites, Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 15, pl. viil., fig. 20. F. cervicornis, dubia. Brit. Foss. Cor., p. 216, pl. xlviii., fig. 2. Original. Upper portion of branch. Middle Devonian, Newton Bushel. Moiss'G.. S: I. Mippie Drvontan.— One of the most frequent ofall the Devonian corals.” Pal. Foss., p. 15. Localities: Combe Martin; Plymouth; Torquay ; Ogwell, S. Devon. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 54. It has also been collected, by the late Mr. Jukes, from near Doddington, and at Asholt Common, Quantock Hills. Mus. G. S. I. Fic. 6.—a, b. CyATHOPHYLLUM CassrirosuM, Goldfuss. Petr. Ger., vol. i., p. 60. Brit. Foss. Cor., p. 229, pl. li., fig. 2. a. Original. Portion of branch. 06. Original. Transverse section of a cor- allite. Middle Devonian, Plymouth. Mus. G.S. I. Mrippvie Devontan.—Localities: Combe Martin; Hagginton; and Hills- borough, near Ilfracombe, North Devon; Torquay ; Newton; and Ply- mouth, South Devon. Pal. Foss., p. 9. Fig. 7.—a, b, ACERVULARIA PENTAGONA, Goldfuss, sp. Cyathophylium, Petr. Germ., vol. 1., p. 60. Acervularia, Brit. Foss. Cor., 2o8: a. From Brit. Foss. Cor., pl. lii., fig. 5a. 0b. Transverse section ofa single corallite. Middle Devonian, Ogwell, Devonshire. MippLe Devontan.—Localities : Torquay ; Babbacombe ; Plymouth; and Newton Bushel, South Devon. Pal. Foss., p. 12. 88 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 8.—a, 6. ARACHNOPHYLLUM Hernnaut, Lonsdale, sp. Astrea, Geol. Trans., 2nd Ser., v., p. 697. Smithia, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 240, pl. liv., fig. 4. Arachnophyllum, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 72. a, b. From Geol. Trans., 2nd Ser., v., pl. lviii., fig. 3. 6. Transverse section of a single corallite, showing arrangement of septa. Middle Devonian. Mipp_e Devonian.—Localities : Barton; Teignmouth ; Newton; Torquay. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 47. Fic. 9.—a, b, ec. CALCEOLA SANDALINA, Lamarck. Animaux sans vertébres, vol. vi., p. 255. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 187, pl. lx., fig. 102.* a. Reduced to half natural size. Restored figure, from Woodward’s “¢ Manual of Mollusca,” pl. xv., fig. 26. b. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size. ce. Opercular portion ; ibid., p. 232, fig. 152. Mrppie DrEVONIAN.—Oegwell, near Chircombe Bridge, South Devon. This fossil was formerly considered to be a Brachiopod shell. Lindstrom has, however, shown it to be a coral, belonging to the division Zoantharia rugosa. Geol. Mag., vol. iii., p. 356, &c. OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN. Characteristic British Fossils. Plate 30 4 W.H Baily,del.et lith Printed by Forster& (° Dublin. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 89 PLATE XXX. FOSSILS OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN ROCKS. ECHINODERMATA.—CRINOIDEA. Fig. 1.—a, 6. HEXACRINUS INTERSCAPULARIS, Phillips, sp. Platycrinus, Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 28. Hexacrinus melo, Austin’s ‘* Crinoidea,” p. 49, pl. vi., fig. 1, 0. a. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size; side view. From Pal. Foss., pl. xiv., fig. 39,c. 6. Original. Pelvic plate (natural size). Middle Devonian, Plymouth. Mus. G. S. I. Mrppte DEvoNIAN.—Newton, Plymouth, South Devon. Fig. 2.—CYATHOCRINUS GEOMETRICUS, Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., p. 109, pl. lviii., fig. 5. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 135. From Pal. Foss., pl. 1x., fig. 41.* Mipp.e Devonran.—Newton. In Prof. Morris’ “ Catal. of Brit. Foss.,” it is also recorded as occurring in the Carboniferous Limestone of Wexiord, Ireland ; as, however, detached plates of Actinocrinus polydactylus may be easily mistaken for it, this may possibly be a wrong identification. Fic. 3.—a, b, TAXOCRINUS MACRODACTYLUS, Phillips, sp. Cyathocrinus ? Pal. Foss., p. 29. a. From Pal. Foss., pl. xv., fig. 41, a. Young example. b. Ibid., fig. 41, c. Plates of the base (Pelvic). Urrrer Devontan.—Brushford, North Devon. © MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 4.—a, 6. SrrincocerHaLus Burtini, Defrance. Dict. des Sciences Nat., vol. li., p. 102. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 11, pl. i., ii. a, b. From Pal. Foss., pl. xxxii., fig. 141, aande. Front and side view. MippLe Devontran.—Localities: Plymouth; Bradley, near Newton; Ogwell, South Devon ; Combe Martin ; and Hagginton, North Devon. 90 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 5.—a-d. MERISTA PLEBEIA, Sowerby, sp. Atrypa, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. lvi., figs. 12, 13. Merista, Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 20. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. iii., figs. 2, 2a, 26, and 3; the latter figure, reproduced on our Plate (fig. 5d), has a portion of the shell removed, ' showing the spiral coil. Mippte Drevonran.—Localities : ‘It occurs abundantly in the limestone near Plymouth, Torquay, Ogwell, Newton Abbot, and Ilfracombe.” Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 20. Fig. 6.—SPrriFERA DISJUNCTA, Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. lii., fig. 8; pl. liv., figs. 12, 13. S. calearata, extensa, gigantea, inornata ; ibid., pls. lii.,liv., andlv. S. Ver- neuilii, Murch. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. xi., p. 252. From Brit. Sil. Brach., pl. v., fig. iv. A small but typical example; Middle Devonian, Woodborough Quarry, near Newton Abbot. Mippie and Uprer Devontan.—‘ This very important species has been described and figured under many denominations. It occurs in the Upper Devonian grits and slates of Croyde Bay ; near Barnstaple, Braunton, &e.; at South Petherton; Tintagel, &e.; in the Middle Devonian lime- stone, near Newton Abbot ; at Ilfracombe; Barton, &e., near Torquay.” Brit. Sil. Brach., pp. 25, 26. Its occurrence in the Carboniferous slate of Ireland, although recorded by so eminent an authority as Mr. Davidson, is not, I think, sufficiently established. Fic. 7,—a, 6. CyRTINA HETEROCLITA, Defrance, sp. Calceola, Dic. Se. Nat., vol. Ixxx., fig. 3. Spirifera, Pal. Foss., p. 72. Cyrtina, Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 48. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. ix., fig. 1, a and 0. Mippite Drvonian.—An important and characteristic fossil of the Middle Devonian limestone of England and the Continent. In Devonshire it occurs near Plymouth; Torquay ; Newton Abbot ; near Totnes ; and at Hagginton Hill, near Ilfracombe, North Devon. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 49. Fic. 8.—Rerzia Ferira, Von Buch, sp. Terebratula, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. iii. Retzia, Sandberger Die. Brach. des Rheinischen, &e., p. 34. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. iv., fig. 8. Mippte Drvontan.—* Characteristic of the Middle Devonian limestone of England as wellas of the Continent. It occurs at Barton and Lummaton, near Torquay; near Newton Abbot, and Plymouth.” Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 21. : Fic. 9.—ATRYPA DESQUAMATA, Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. lvi., figs. 19, 20; and var. compressa, ibid., figs. 21, -22. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. x1., fig. 1. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. #1 Mippite Drvonran.—Abundant at Woolborough Quarry, near Newton Abbot ; Ogwell; Chircombe Bridge, &c.; at Barton, Lummaton, and Hope’s Nose, near Torquay; in the Plymouth limestone at Datington. near Totnes; and in several. other Devonshire localities. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 59. Fic. 10.—a, 6. RHYNCHONELLA CUBOIDES, Sowerby, sp. Atrypa, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. Ivi., fig. 24. A. crenuluta, A. impleta. Ibid., fig. 17, and pl. lvii., fig. 2. Rhynchonella, Brit. Dev. Brach., p: 65. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. xiii., fig. 16, 16. Lanes or Woolborough Quarry. MrippLe DevonrAn.—Abundant in the limestone of Woolborough Quarry, Newton Abbot ; near Ogwell; Bradley, North Down ; Barton, &e., near Torquay ; also common “in the Plymouth limestone. Brit. Dev. Brach., p- 66. Fig. 11.—a, b. PENTAMERUS BREVIROSTRIS, Phillips, sp. Stringocephalus, Pal. Foss., p. 80. Pentamerus, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 384. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. xv., figs. 3, 5. Woolborongh Quarry. Mippie DrEvoniAN. —Oceurs plentifully in the limestone of W oolborough Quarry, near Newton Abbot; near Chircombe Bridge, West Ogwell, and Bradley, North Devon; Barton, Lummaton, and Hope’s Nose, near Torquay; at Dortington, near Totnes ; and Plymouth. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 73. Fic. 12.—a, b, c. ORTHIS INTERLINEATA, Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. liii., fig. 11; pl. liv., fig. 14. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. xvil., figs. 19, 23. 12a. Petherwin, Cornwall ; b. enlarged strive from do. ; ¢. interior of ventral valve, Pether win. Mipprx and Upper Drvontan.—It occurs abundantly in the Upper De- vonian shales of Landlake, near South Petherwin, and Launceston, in Cornwall; and in the brown grits of North Devon, near Barnstaple, Croyde, Marwood, &e.; and, ‘according to Mr. Valpy, in the Middle Devonian at Hagginton Hill, near Ilfracombe. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 92. Fig. 13.—Propuctus PRELONGUS, Sowerby, sp. Leptena, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. v., pl. liii., fig. 29. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 390. From Brit. Dev. Brach., pl. xix., fig. 24. Cast, from the Upper Devonian of Croyde Bay, North Devon. Uprer Devonran.—Croyde Bay, also in brown grits, Orchard Quarry, Pilton ; Braunton ; and in the Lower Marwood beds, near Marwood, North Devon. Productus, 925 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 14.-CHoNETES HARDRENSIS, Piillips, sp. Orthis, Pal. Foss., p. 188. Chonetes, Davidson Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., 186 Poa Bue: Dev. Brach., pl. xix., fig. 7. Urrer Devonran and CARBONIFEROUS —“ Exceedingly common in the Upper Devonian grits and shales of North Devon. At Marwood and Braunton it is very abundant. It occurs also in several localities in the neighbourhood of Barnstaple; at Linton, and in other localities. Mr. Pengelly has found this shell in dark-grey slate at Black Hall, near Totnes. The identity of the Carboniferous species with that published under the denomination of C. Hardrensis cannot be doubted.” Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 95. Fic. 15,—SrTRoPHALOSIA PRODUCTOIDEs, Murchison, sp. Orthis, Murch. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xi., p. 254. Leptena caperata, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. y., p. 704. Strophalosia, Davidson, Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 97. Original. Cast. Upper Devonian, Braunton, NorthDevon. Mus. G.S. I. Upper Drvontan.—It is exceedingly abundant in the state of casts in the Upper Devonian grits and shales of North Devon ; such asat Braunton, Pilton, &c. It is also very common at Petherwin, in Cornwall. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 99. iin if ae) Aras f " F =a i — LP —_ os i & = mw ip Hy ) . aD U y ' ' ~ : 4 OP. 7 . >= 4 7 s ss rm is . are fe ar | i ; = a) € iar AY ; iy a i ! - i] Nu ~ : DS ‘“ vt ah | ; v= mau ; a - i a0 I ie ; ; a? > ! ‘ i é : % . a =)! lie \) ; c 7 { mu 7 be i @ ' . § cay joel a af = : 7 i = é ee a : . Nii ebay lax iy I : * ; (ats i i] ‘i 3 i gg 4s < | § i to } é i = = « $s rt ‘ * . t y nt 7] i ij i 9 - M al. OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONTAN. Characteristic BritishFossils Plate 3] ae ear Foe ; | W H Baily,del.et lith EXPLANATION OF THE PLATIS. 93 PLATE XXXII. FOSSILS OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN ROCKS, MOLLUSCA.—CONCHIFERA. Fic. 1.—AVICULOPECTEN TRANSVERSUS, Sowerby, sp. Pecten. Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., 2nd series, vol. v., pl. liii., fig. 3. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 46, pl. xx1., fig. 77. From Trans. Geol. Soc., op. cit. Uprer Devontan.—South Petherwin, Cornwall; Baggy and Pilton groups, North Devon. Passage beds, Barnstaple, N. Devon. (Etheridge Journ. Geol. Soc., Lond., vol. xxiii., p. 625.) Fie, 2.—AvicuLA DAMNoNIENSIS, Sowerby. From Trans. Geol. Soc., op. cit., fig. 22, Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 51, pl. xxiii., figs. 90, 91, 92. Upper Devonran.—Pilton, Brushford and Braunton; Baggy and Pilton groups, North Devon. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii, p. 624. ‘* Abund- ant in the soft ferruginous sandstone of Marwood quarry.” (Sowerby, Geol. Trans., op. cit., Explan. of pl. 53. Lower Carponirrerous.— Coomhola,” Co. Cork, &. (W. H. B.) Fig. 3.—CucuLtt“a Harpineu, Sowerby. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc., op. cvt., figs. 26,27. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 40, pl. xviii., KK Oy OMe Original. Marwood Beds, Braunton, N. Devon. Mus. G. S. I. Upper Devontan.—Baggy and Pilton, N. Devon. (Etheridge.) . Lower Carsonirerous.—‘* Comhola,” Co. Cork, &e. (W. H. B.) Fic. 4.—a, 6. MErGALopoN CucULLATUS, Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. vi., p. 182, pl. dixviii. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 37, pl. xvii., fig. 60. From Min. Conch., pl. dlxviii., a, exterior of left valve; 6, interior of ditto. Middle Devonian, Limestone, Bradley, near Newton Bushel, Devon- shire. Lower DEvontan.—Lynton group. MippLteE Drvontan.—Torquay, do. Gao: British Asssociation Report, 1852. Trans. of Sections, p. 43. Geol. Surv. Trel. ; Expl. Sheet, 147, &c., p. 16, fig. 3, a, b. L ANODONTA JUKESH, Forbes. 94 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Original. View of left valve. showing anterior adductor muscular impres- sion. Upper O. R. S, Kiltorean. Mus. G. §. I. Urrrr Otp Rep Sanpstone.—Kiltorean, Co. Kilkenny; Tivoli, and Gokane, Co. Cork. GASTEROPODA. Fic. 6.—MURCHISONIA BIGRANULOSA, D’ Archiac. Geol. Trans., 2nd series, vol. vi., pl. xxxii., fig. 10. M. bdilineata, Phil. Pal. Foss., pl. xxxix., fig. 191. Original. Middle Devonian, Plymouth. Mus. G. S. I. MrippLe Devontan.—Torquay group. Fic. 7.—Evo0MPHALUS ANNULATUS, Phillips. From Paleozoic Fossils, pl. Ix., fig. 172.* Supplement, p. 138. Bushel, South Devon. MippLe Drvyontan.—Torquay group. CEPHALOPODA. Fig, 8.—CyrtocEras noposum, Phillips. From Pal. Foss., p. 116, pl. xlvi., fig. 221, reduced one-fifth. Bushel, South Devon. Mippie DEvonrtan.—Torquay group. Fig. 9.—a, b, CLYMENIA STRIATA, Minster. Beitr. pl. iii., fig. 2. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 125, pl. liii., fig. 240. Newton Newton: Original. a. Imperfect specimen showing the septa. 6. Outline of septum,. from Pal, Foss, op. cit., fig. 240, 0. Urrrer Drvontan.—Petherwin group. SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN OLD RED BritishFossils Plate 32 istic haracter c er &C* Dubiin forsu EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 95 PLATE XXXII. CRUSTACEA.—TRILOBITA. Fic. 1.—a, 6. PHaceps LatirRoNSs, Bronn, sp. Calymene, Leth. Geog., pl. ix., fig. 4. C. Latreillii, Steininger Mém. Soc. Geol. de France, vol.i., p. 351. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 129, pl. lvi., fig. 249. Phacops latifrons, Morris Cat. Brit. Foss., 1854, p. 113. Original. a. Cast of an entire, partially rolled, and slightly distorted speci- men, from Upper Devonian Sandstone, Braunton, North Devon. Mus. G. S. L.; 6, eye, enlarged one-third, showing arrangement of lenses. Mp te snp Upper Devonian.—Baggy, Pilton, and Barnstaple (Passage), N. Devon; Torquay S. Devon. Padstow and Petherwin, Cornwall. (Etheridge), Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 620. Fic. 2.—HARPES MACROCEPHALUS, Goldfuss. Nova Acta Acad., vol. xix., pl. xxiii., fig. 2. Phil. Pal. Foss., p. 127, pl. lv., fig. 246. From Burmeister, Organiz. Trilobites, Ray Society, 1846, pl. i., fig. 11, reduced to half natural size. Mrppte Deyvontan.—Barton, S. Devon ; Torquay group. Fig. 3.—HoMALONOTUS ARMATUS, Burmeister. H. Greenw, Goldf. in Bronn N. Jahrb., 1845, pp. 560-5. H. armatus, Burm. Org. Tril., p. 87, pl. iv., fig. 1. From Burm., op. cié., reduced to half natural size. Lower Devontan.—Meadsfoot, S. Devon. (Etheridge), Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiil., p. 620. Fig. 4.—BRoNTEUS FLABELLIFER, Goldfuss. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. xix., pl. xxxiii., fig. 3. Phil. Pal. Foss., pl. Ivii., fig. 254. Original. Caudal portion (tail), Newton Bushel, S. Devon. Mus. G. S. 1. Mippte Drevontan.—Torquay group. PHY LLOPODA. Fie. 5.—a, b, c. ESTHERIA MEMBRANACEA, Pacit, sp. From Salter and Woodward's Chart of Fossil Crustacea, p. 17, fig. 18. a. natural size; 6 & c, enlarged. Lower anD MrppLe Orp Rep SanpsTonE.— Caithness. M 96 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. OSTRACODA. Fig. 6.—a, b, c. ENTOMIS SERRATO-sTRIATA, Sandberger. From Sandberger Verstein, Nassau, pl.i., fig. 2. a, natural size; 6 and c, enlarged. Urrer Devontan.—Petherwin, Cornwall. EURY PTERIDA. Fic. 7, a-e. Prerygotus ANGLICUS, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss. Vieux Grés Rouge, pl. i. Mem. Geol. Surv. United Kingdom ; plates iii. to vii. From Mem. Geol. Surv. a, Carapace, pl. iii., fig. 1. Reduced to one-fourth of natural size. 6. Eye lenses, enlarged, from same plate, fig. 1, d. e. Segment (fifth) of a young specimen, reduced to half natural size; from pl. iv., fig. 4. d. Telson (twelfth segment) reduced to one-fourth of natural size ; from pl.v., fig. 5. e. One of the antennz, reduced to one- fourth of natural size; from pl. vi., fig. 4. Lower Op Rep Sanpstone.—Balruddery, Perthshire. Fic. 8.—Srytonurus Symonpsu, Salter, sp. Eurypterus. Salter, Edin., New Phil. Journ. New series, 1857, vol. vi., p- 257. Stylonurus,H. Woodward. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. xxi., p. 486, pl. xiii., fig. 4. Pal. Soe. (1872), p. 124, pl. xxi., fig. 4. From Journ. Geol. Soc., Lond., vol. xv., pl. x., fig. 1. Head, reduced to one-third of natural size. Lower Oxtp Rep Sanpstonr.—Rowlestone, Brecknockshire. SANDSTONE OR DEVONIAN. OLD RED Characteristic British Fossils. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 97 PLATE XXXII. FOSSILS OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE. PISCES._CEPHALASPID 2. Fig. 1.—a, b. PrERICHTHYS CORNUTUS, Agassiz. Mon. des Poissons fossiles du vieux Grés Rouge, &c., p. 17, pl. i., figs. 1—5. Original. a. Upper portion of a nearly complete specimen in the unique collection of the Earl of Enniskillen, reduced to half the natural size, b. Portion of one of the plates of the body, showing granulated surface, from the same specimen. Mippie Oxtp Rep SaNnpsTone.—Lethen-Bar, Nairnshire. Fic. 2.—a-d. Crepuaraspis LYELLI, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., vol. ii., p. 589. Poiss. Foss. p. 142, pl.i., a, figs. 1-5. From the figures in Sil. Syst., plates i. and ii. a. Side view of the en- tire fish, reduced to half natural size, op. cit., pl.i., fig. 1. 6. Upper view of head, reduced to one-third of natural size, op. cit., pl. ii., fig. 1. c. Scales of the head, natural size, from the same figure. d. Scales of the back, enlarged three diameters. Glanmiss, Forfarshire. Museum, Sir. C. Lyell. LowER OLp Rep SAnpstoNE.—Herefordshire and Scotland. Fic. 3.—a, 6, CoccosTEvs DECIPIENS, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss. Grés Rouge, p. 26, pl. vii.-x. a. Origmal. Showing bones of cranial shield, medio-dorsal plate, and im- pression of vertebral column, to extremity of tail, reduced to one-fourth of natural size. O. R.S. Lethen-Bar. Mus. Earl of Enniskillen. b. Original. One of the plates of cranial shield, showing granulated and radiated surface. O. R. S. Edderton. Mus. G. S. I. Mippte OLtp Rep Sanpstone.—Cromarty ; Caithness; Pomona, Orkney. SAURO-DIPTERINI. Fic. 4.—a, b. OSTEOLEPIS MAJOR, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss. Grés. Rouge, p. 51, pl. xix., figs. 1-3. a, b. From figs. 1 and 3 of the plate and work above cited. a. The entire fish, reduced to half size. 6. Scales, (rhomboidal), of do., enlarged. Mrippie Op Rep SanpstonE.—Lethen-Bar. 98 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. GLYPTO-DIPTERINI. Gig. 5.—a, b. GLYPTOLEPIS LEPTOPTERUS, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss. Grés. Rouge, p. 63, plates xx. et xxi. a, b. From figs. 1 and 5, pl. xx. of the work cited. a. Under surface of head, reduced to one-fourth of natural size, from fig. 4, pl. xx. 0b. Scales (cycloidal) of do. from fig. 5, same plate. Mippie Op Rep Sanpstone.—Lethen- Bar, Elgin, Fic. 6.—a, b. HoLoprycuius NoBILISsIMus, Agassiz. Sil. Syst., vol. ii., p. 599, pl. ii., bzs., figs. 1-4, 8 and (?) 9. a, 0. From Poiss. Foss. Gras Rouge, pl. XXiil. a. The entire fish, under-side (from a specimen measuring 2 feet 4 inches, by 1 foot), reduced to one-eighth of natural size. b. Scale of do. (cycloidal) showing the large undulating furrows covering the surface of its exposed portion. Clashbennie, near Perth. MippLE OLD Rep Sanpstony.—Perth ; - Caithness; Crickhowell. (Morris) Portishead, near Bristol (W. H. B. ). CARBONIFEROUS. Characteristic British Fossils. ub mes iran RE Get cae i : i H i H i ENN 0 WHBaily.del et lith Printed b yForster&U° Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 99 PLATE XXXIV. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. PLANT. CRYPTOGAMIA—EQUISETACEZ. Fig. 1.—CaLAMITES CANN /FORMIs, Schlotheim. Petr. pl. xx., fig. 1. Brong. Hist. Vég., pl. xxi. Schimper, Pal. Végét., vol. 1, p. 316. Base of stem with attached rootlets. From Lindley and |iutton, Fossil Flora, vol, 1, pl. Ixxix., reversed figure, reduced to one-third of natural size. CoaL MEASURES; SHALE and SANDSTONE. Great Britain and Ireland. “One of the commonest species being found in almost every Coal-field in Europe.” Lindl. and Hutt., vol. 1, p. 79. FILICES. Fig, 2.—a, b. ALETHOPTERIS LONCHITICA, Brongniart, sp. Pecopteris Hist. Vég. Foss., p. 275., pl. Ixxxiv., P. heterophylla, Lindl. and Hutt. Foss. Fl., vol. 1, pl. xxxviii. P. lonchitica, ib. vol. ii., pl. cliii. Alethopteris (Sternberg), Schimper. Pal. Vegét, vol. 1, p. 554. Original. a. Portion of frond showing alternating arrangement of pinne. b. One of the pinnules enlarged. Dromagh Colliery, county Cork. Coa SHaLe.—Great Britain and Ireland. “ One of the commonest of the plants of the old Coal formation occurring in great numbers in various Mines in France, Bohemia, Silesia, and England.” Lindl. and Hutt., vol. i1., p. 153. It is also the most characteristic and abundant fossil fern in the Coal Measure shales of the South of Ireland. Fig. 3.—a, b. SpHenoprerts HanineGHausil, Brongniart. Hist. Vég. foss., p. 199, pl. lii. Lindl. and Hutt. Foss. Fl., vol. iii., pl. eciv. Schimper Pal. Vég., vol. i., p. 385. Original. a. Portion of frond, showing alternating arrangement of pinne. b. One of the four lobed pinnules, enlarged three diameters. Glengoole Colliery, county Tipperary. CoaL sHALE.—Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; south of Ireland, especially Tip- perary Coal-field (frequent), Silesia, Saxony, Westphalia, &c. 100 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. LY COPODIACEA. LEPIDODENDRE/. Fia. 4.—a, b. LEPIDODENDRON STERNBERGU, Brongniart. Brongt. Prod., p. 85. JZ. elegans, Brongt. Hist. Vég. Foss. ii., pl. xiv. L. gracile, 1b., pl. xv. DL. Sternbergu, L. acerosum et dilatatum, Lindl. and Hutt., vol.i., pl. iv. and vii., figs. 1, 2. Schimper, Pal. Végét., vol. ii., part 1., p. 19. a. Reduced to half natural size. From‘Brong. Vég. Foss., Liv. 14, pl. xiv. ; portion of fig. 2. 6. Scales, from do., fig. 1, A. Coal shale. ‘‘In the shales of almost all the coal basins of Europe and America.” Sch. Pal. Vég., vol. ii., part 1, p. 20. SIGILLARIEZ. Fic. 5.—a, 6. SIGILLARIA TESELLATA, Brongniart. Hist. Vég. Foss., p. 436, pl. clvi., fig. 1. Favularia tessellata, Lindl. and Hutt. Foss. F!., vol. i., pl. lxxiii.—Ixxv. Sch. Pal. Vég., vol. i1., part 1, iol. Ovisinal: a. Base of Trunk with roots (Stigmaria), much reduced in size. b. Hexagonal leaf scars; from Vég. Foss., pl. clxii., fig. 6. Coat Measures; SHALEand Sanpstony.—Very abundant in British Coal- field, as well as in those of Germany and North America. =4N f ~ a] —_ pe 4 f — 2) 13. ROT al 4 ARBONIF C Plates: Characteristic British Fossil Printed by Forster \G° Dublin del ef lith WH Bai EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 101 PLATE XXXV. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. ZOOPHYTA.—ANTHOZOA. Fie. 1.—Mricuerrea ravosa, Goldfuss, sp. Manon favosum, Goldf. Petr. Germ., vol. i., p. 4, pl. i., fig. 11. Michelinea favosa, De Koninck, Anim. Foss., p. 30, pl. C., fig. 2. Original. Fragment of the “ Honey Comb” Coral of Parkinson, showing hexagonal surface of calices. Carboniferous Limestone, lower shales, Ballycannon Point, county Limerick. Mus. G S., I. CaRBONIFEROUs LIMESTONE and SHALe.—A characteristic Lower Lime- stone fossil at numerous localities. With this species, it is suggested, IZ. megastoma and tenuisepta Phil. sp. should be united, as well as JZ. antiqua, glomerata, and grandis, M‘Coy, sp. Fic. 2.—a, 6. Caomreres tumrpus, Phillips, sp. Calamopora tumida, Phil. Geol., Yorkshire. 2nd part, p. 200, pl.i., figs. 49-57, Stenopora, Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 64. Chetetes, Edwards and Haime, Brit. Foss. Corals, Pal. Soe. (1852), p. 159. Original. a. Branching and showing tumid extremity. 6. Portion of calicular surface, enlarged. ec. Section showing radiations of corallites from centre of corallum. Carb. Limest. Shale., Clogher, Tyrone, Mus. Gisele CaRBONIFEROUsS LIMESTONE and SHaLe.—Abundant in shales of the Lower Limestone. Fic. 3.—a, 6. Syrtnecopora reticutara, Goldfuss. Pet. Germ., vol. i., p. 76, pl. xxv., fig. 8. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 162, pl. xlvi. figs. 1, 1 a. Original. a. Group of reticulated and branching Corallites. }. Transverse section of two of these Corallites showing their tubular connection, and concentric infundibula. Carb. Limst., Kesh, Fermanagh ; Mus., G. S. I. CaRkBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—Abundant at many localities in Great Britain and Ireland. Fie. 4.—Zapurentis cytinprica, Scouler, sp. Stphonophyllia, M‘Coy, Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 187, pl. xxxv., fig. 1. Za- phrentis, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 171, pl. xxxv., fig. 1. Original. Reduced to one-third of natural size. 102 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 2. Simple cylindrical corallum, showing circular accretion swellings, a portion being removed to exhibit the numerous septe and vesicular dissepiments. Carb. Limest., Kilvarnet, Co. Sligo. Mus. G. 8. I. Carsonrrerous LIMEsToNy.—An abundant coral in the Lower Limestone and shales, especially in the North of Ireland, where they occur of very large size. Fic. 5.—a, 6. Ampiexus corattorpEs, Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. 1., p. 165, pl. Ixxii. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 173, pl. xxxvi., figs. 1 a—e. Original. Reduced to half natural size. a. Portion of a simple cylindrical “cor allum, irregularly twisted and covered by circular accretion swellings and vertical lines, the outer edge of the septa. At its lower end are shown the closely set tabule and septe. b. Section showing one of the tabule with septal markings round its outer edge, corresponding to the septal fossula. Carb. Limest., Rathkeale, Co. Limerick. Mus. G. 8S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimEesToNE.—This Coral is most abundant in the Carb. Limest. of Ireland, especially the Lower Limestone of the South. It is also met with in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and the Isle of Man. Fie. 6.—a, b. Lrruosrrotion striatum, Fleming. British Animals, p. 508. JZ. basaltiforme, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 190, pl. XXXvlil., fig. 3. Original. a. Group of compound hexagonal corallites, showing where frac- “tured the closely arranged septa. 06. Horizontal surface of astreiform corallites, showing their closely united and consequently hexagonal ar- rangement. Carb. Limest. Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. Mus. exsaia Carponirerous Limrsrone.—This very common, and well marked species, is frequent in various parts of England, North and South Wales, and Ireland. It sometimes occurs in “stools” hemispherical in form, and several feet in diameter. Fie. 7.—a, 6. Litnosrrottion Porrrocki, Milne Edwards. Astrea irregularis, Portlock, Geol. Rep., p. 838, pl. xxxiil., fg. 3. Litho- strotion Portlocki, Brit. Foss Corals, p. 194, pl. xli., fig. 1 Original. a. Upper surface of a anal group of compound and irregular Pheeagonally arranged corallites. One of the calices enlarged showing septa and prominent columella. In red earthy Carb. Limest. Kildress, Co. ‘Tyrone. Mus. G. 8. I. Carsonirerous Limestons.—Derbyshire ; North Wales, Bristol, Queen’s Co., and county Tyrone, in massive bunches. As there i is some difficulty i in defining the genera Lithostrotion and Lithoden- dron, we have included, under - the first named genus, all those species in which the corallites closely adhere and are compressed together, as in the two here figured (figs. 6 and 7), whilst that of Lithodendron include those corals which are fasciculate, uncompressed, and only coalesce, or unite at intervals, as in the two following species (figs. 8 and 9. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 1038 Fic. 8.—a, b, c. LirHopEnpRoN sunceum, Fleming, sp. Caryophyllia, Brit. Anim., p. 509. Lithodendron sexdecimale, Phil. Geol. Yorks, vol. ii., pl. ii., figs. 11-13. Lithostrotion junceum, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 196, pl. xl., fig. 1. Original. a. Portion of a group, from Lower Limestone shale, Hook Head, Co. Wexford. Mus. G.S. I. 6. Calice, enlarged. c. Vertical section of portion of a corallite enlarged ; from Brit. Foss. Corals, pl. xl., fig. 1, a, 6. CaRBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—One of the most frequent of the Carbo- niferous corals, especially in the Lower Limestone shale; occurring in tufts or bunches at numerous localities in Britain and Ireland. Fic. 9.—LiTrHopEnpDRON AFFINE, /leming, sp. Caryophyllia, Brit. Anim., p. 509. Lithodendron longiconum, Phil. Geol, Yorks, vol. ii., pl. il, fig. 18. Lzthostrotion affine, Brit. Foss. Corals. p..200, pl. xxxix,, fig. 2. Original. Portion of a group. Carb. Limestone, Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. Mus. G. S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—A very frequent coral in Britain and Ireland, occurring in tufts or bunches of considerable diameter. 104 1 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXVI. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. ECHINODERMATA—BLASTOIDEA. Fie. 1.—a, 6, c. Penrremites Dersrensis, Sowerby. Zool. Journ., vol. ii., p. 317, pl. xi., fig. 3. Geol., Yorksh., vol. ii., pl. iii., fig. 10. Original. a. Side view. b. The same enlarged. ec. Enlarged, showing ar- rangement of ambulacra, oral, anal, and ovarian apertures, Carb. Limest. Ben Naughlin, near Florence Court, Co. Fermanagh. Carpontrerous Limestone. —Grassington, Derbyshire ; Co. Fermanagh, Ireland. Fic. 2.—Prnrremires INFLATUS, Sowerby. Zool. Journ., vol. iii., p. 89. Sup. pl. xxxiii., fig. 2. Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., Pleat, figs. 1—3. Original. ‘Side view, reduced to half natural size, Carb. Limest., lower. Raheny, Co. Dublin. CaRBONIFEROUS LimMESTONE.—Bolland, Yorkshire; Co. Dublin, Ireland. CRINOIDEA. Fie. 3.—Prarycrinus tavis, Jliller. Crinoidea, p. 74, pl. i., (25). Austin, Crinoidea, p. 8, pl. i. fig. 1. De Koninck, Anim. Foss. Carb., pl. F., fig. 1. Original. Side view of Head, Arms, and Column. Carb. Limest. shale (lower) Hook Head, Co. Wexford. CARBONIFEROUS Limestonr.—Bolland, Bristol, Frome. Lower Limestone ‘shale. Several localities in Ireland; “more abundant in the lower and middle beds of the Carb. Limest. than the upper.” Austin, Crinoidea, p. 9. Fie. 4.—Prarycrtnus coronatus, Goldfuss. Nov. Act. Acad., vol. xix., pl. xxxi., fig. 8. P. mucronatus, Aust. Crin., pi 22, -pl, ay fig. 2s oP. coronatus, Goldf. Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 86. Original. Side view of Head with proboscis. Carb. Limest., Knockacoller,, near Mountrath, Queen’s Co. C ARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE .—Bolland, Bristol, Mendip hills; Co. Limerick, and Queen’s Co., Ireland. CARBONIFEROUS. h Fos Plate 56. sils Ss Characteristic Briti Printed by Forster &0°Dubli: del et lith TBaily. E V = WwW V iy f i ai) vA AS * : ; ar rks j 1 LA i ; 4 ) i of ies oh see came hh Vee ers 4 A ae it he ae et WA Cy Vee : _ nate Sein es a PaaS Vay = La? ; ¥ aa a i is Seer yar Sie rth Ve! A fy \+ f : +, 6 a hs all: eral, » coe } ccna i Li ca " “hay Wi 7 i i = Ss i 7 hon + ‘at th Nay ’ « ‘ . ‘ ‘ ie per. x A . * o x i : Ey, F : evi! 7 Es ae de ' , Ms J * ye « 4 a : el ‘ ee care © a) ope 1 4 -_ i 4 - ‘hs he ra ; 2 « + ~ Ald? ‘. . ) A ES I HSH or. Leet et i oy 4 Ss - a oR aye Ross 5 ' a E ’ es : , : . I f , a an, : : : 51 Ma . , = - ' \ 7 q ~ = , . v : 4c i co y! ' ' > : ~ | j 4 ‘ 4 r : ‘ . j v \ ‘ s oe ; ‘ Ls Y ; ‘ - ‘ i ft * i ‘ i eee i ? t ; Ce ul ' : a eee mn # yal : ; bom ify 5! ‘ P ‘ mY awess ‘ 5 ; : e ie Dy 5 ‘ ve | o / Mit ay! a P ay . ‘ * ' ! ’ ‘ i" : te’ ay i = a) ee 2 i Rika hy 5) PS ry i ’ rn v ‘ . ‘ . i ul EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 105 Fie. 5.—Woopocrinus macropactyius, De Koninck. Brit. Assoc. (1857), Trans. of the Sections, p. 76. De Koninck and E. Wood, Geologist (1858), p. 12, pl. i. Original. Reduced to half natural size; side view of head, arms, and por- tion of column; Carb. Limest., Yoredale beds, Swaledale, near Rich- mond, Yorkshire. Fic. 6.—a, 6, c. Porrrtocrtnus crassus, Miller. Crinoidea, p. 69, pl. xxii. Aust. Crin., p. 69, pl, viil., fig. 3, &e. Original. a. Portion of column. 6. Surface of a joint covered with radiat- ing striz, the central canal being circular; from lower part of column. ec. Surface from upper part of column, in which the central canal is pentagonal, and the radiating striz not continued to it. Carb. Limest., Cavan, CARBONIFEROUS LimEesTONE.—Yorkshire, Bristol, Ireland. The columns of this species, sometimes three-fourths of an inch in diameter, are very frequent in the Lower Carb. Limest. of Ireland. Fie. 7.—Porertocrrnus conicus, Phillips. Geol. Yorks, vol. ii., p. 205, pl. iv., fig. 3. Portl. Geol. Rep. p. 350, pl. xvi., fig. 12. Original. Lower portion of Cup or Head. Carb. Limest. Derryvullan, Co. Tyrone. Carpontirerkous Limestonr.—Yorkshire, Bristol, Ireland. Fre. 8.—ActTINocRINUS, sp. Cyathocrinus planus, Miller, Crin., p. 86, pl. xxx., fig. 27. Potervoerinus, Austin, Crin., p. 61. Original. Portion of column, with ramules, or side arms. Carb. Limest. (lower) shales. Hook Head, Co. Wexford. This figure is introduced merely to show the articulations of the ramules. Fic. 9.—Acrinocrinus potypactytus, Jfiller. Crinoidea, p. 103, pl. xli., xli. Geol. Yorks., vol. i, p. 206, pl. iv., figs. Alte? Original. Some of the lower radiated plates of the ewp, or. body of this Crinoid, attached to a portion of the stem. Carb. Limest. lower, Hook Head, Co. Wexford. CarRBoNIFEROUs LimESTONE.— Yorkshire, Mendips, Ireland. It is probable that A. triacontadactylus, Miller, and some others will be found to be synonyms of this species. Fre. 10.—Acrinocetnus amenora, Goldfuss, sp. Melocrinites, Goldf. Nova Acta Acad. Nature Curiosorum, vol. xix., p. 341, pl. xxxi., fig.“4. Actinoerinus, Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 347, pl. xv., figs. 4, 5, 6. 106 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Original. Cup or Head composed of many hexagonal plates, and showing articulating surfaces of the arms. Carb. Limest. Derryvullan, Co. Tyrone. Mus. G. S. I. CaAkBONIFEROUS LimestonE.—Yorkshire, Bristol, Cos. Tipperary, Tyrone, and Fermanagh. ECHINOIDEA. Fie. 11.—a-d. Patacuinvs ELecans, If‘ Coy. Synop. Carb. Foss. Jrel., p. 172, pl. xxiv., fig. 2. Nobis, Journ. Royal Geol. Soc. Irel., vol. xi., p. 66, pl. iv. Original. a. Side view of shell or test. 6. Genital and ocular disk; en~ larged to twice natural size. c. Portion of the ambulacra, with adjoin- ing inter-ambulacral plates. d. Spine, enlarged twelve times; the line near it represents its natural size. CARBONIFEROUS LimEsToNE.—Lower, Hook Head, Co. Wexford. Mus. G.S. I. Fie. 12.—a, 6. Ancumocrparts Uri, Fleming, sp. Cidaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. C. Benburbiensis, Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 352, pl. xvi., fig. 10,11. Echinocrinus, M‘Coy, Synop. Carb. Foss. Irel., p- 174, pl. xxvil., fig. 1. Archeocidaris, Morris Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), le Gra a. One of the central rows of inter-ambulacral plates. 6. Spine, Carb. Limestone (lower shales), Benburb, Armagh, and Tyrone. CaRBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.— Many localities in England, Scotland, and Treland. CARBONIFEROUS. Characteristic British Fossils. Plate 37. Be a a (ae Pa Ys | TF 1h (yd ee ; f 4 phere, i a WHBaily,del.et tinh Printed by Forster &C2Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 107 PLATE XXXVII. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—POLYZOA. Fic. 1.—a, 6. Fenesrerta antiqua, Goldfuss. Pet. Germ., pl. xxxvi., fig. 3, Phil. Pal. Foss., pl. xii., fig. 35, a. Original. a. Carboniferous Slate, Mallow, Co. Cork. Mus, G. S. I. b. Enlarged, Carb. Limest. Dungannon, Co. Tyrone. Mus. G.S. I. DrvonIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.—Lower Devonian, Lynton. Middle De- vonian, Ilfracombe, N. Devon; Torquay, S. Devon; Padstow, Cornwall. Upper Devonian, Petherwin, Baggy, and Pilton, N. Devon. Lower Carboniferous, Coomhola, Co. Cork, &e. Lower Limestone shale, and Carb. Limestone, at many localities in Ireland. This species is probably identical with F. flabellata, F. tenuifila, Phil. Geol. Yorksh. and F. plebeia M‘Coy, Carb. Foss. Irel. Expln. to sheets 187, &c., Geol. Surv. Irel., p. 15. Fic. 2.—a. 6, FenesteLLA MEMBRANACEA, Phillips, sp. Retepora, Phil. Geol., Yorksh., vol. ii., pl. i., fig. 1—6. Original. a. Reduced figure, showing root-like processes. Barrygaul, Co. Limerick. 6. Portion of the upper or celluliferous surface, enlarged ; this when removed exhibits impressions corresponding with the condition of the fossil named Hemitrypa Hibernica, M‘Coy. meee Limestone.—Common at various localities in England and eland. F. hemispherica, M‘Coy, Carb Foss. Irel., is a synonym of this species. Fie. 3.—a, 6. Porypora rastuosa, De Koninck, sp. Gorgonia, De Kon., Anim. Foss. Belg., pl. A, fig. 5. Polypora, M‘Coy, Ann. Natural Hist., 1848, p. 135. Original. a. Celluliferous surface. 6. Do. enlarged. Courtlough, Co. Dublin. Mus. G. 8. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimEestone.—Co. Wexford, Dublin, &e., Ireland. Fie. 4.—a, 6. Rerepora unpata, IfCoy. Griffiths’s Synop. Carb. Foss. Irel., pl. xxix., fig. 11. Original. a. Natural size. 6. Enlarged, Mallow, Co. Cork. Mus. G.S. I. CakBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—Ireland. 108 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fre. 5.—a, 6. Certopora ruompirera, Phillips, sp. Millepora, Geol. Yorks., pl. i., figs. 34, 35. Original. a. Natural size. 6. Enlarged portion, Hook Head, Co. Wex- ford. DEVONIAN AND CaRBONIFEROUS Limestone.— Upper Devonian, Baggy and Pilton, North Devon. Carboniferous, Yorkshire; Ireland. C. gracilis is believed to be identical with this species. BRACHIOPODA. Fic. 6.—a, 6, c. Linevta squamirormis, Phillips. Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., pl. xi., fig. 14. Davidson, Brit. Carb. Brach. (Pal. Soc.), p. 205, pl. xlix. a. External view of shell, from Brit. Carb. Brach., pl. xlix., fig. 4. b. Interior of ventral valve ; op. cit., fig. 10. ¢. Portion of the shell enlarged, reduced from fig. 7. Upper DrvonIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.— Upper Devonian, Baggy and Pilton, N. Devon. Lower Carboniferous, ‘*Coomhola.” Lower Limest. shale, and Carb. Limest. Coal Measures, lower and middle. ‘ his is a common species in certain Scottish strata, and localities, and is found likewise in England, and in Ireland. Davidson, Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 205. Fie. 7.—a, 6, c. Discrna nitipa, Phillips, sp. Orbicula, Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., p. 221, pl. ix., figs. 10—13. Discina cincta, Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 446, pl. xxxi., figs. 15, 16. D. nitida, Dav. Scottish Carb. Brach., pl. v., figs. 22—29. Original. a. Upper or conical valve in Ironstone, Coalbrook dale. b. Lower or flat valve; Carb. Limest. shale, Benburb, Co. Tyrone. ce. Side view, in outline, to show elevation of upper valve. Urrrer DEVONIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.— Upper Devon., Baggy and Pilton, N. Devon. Lower Carboniferous to Coal Measures inclusive. It is a common shell at many localities in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; especially in the Lower Coal Measures of the two latter countries, Fie. 8.—a, b. e. Cranta quaprata, If‘ Coy, sp. Orbicula, M‘Coy, Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 104, pl. xx., fig. 1. Crania, Dav. Scot. Carb. Brach., pl. v., figs. 12—21. a. From Carb. Foss. Irel., pl. xx. fig. 1. 6. Interior of lower or attached valve, from Brit. Carb. Brach., pl. xlviii., fig. 9. ¢. Side view in outline, to show elevation of upper valve. Rahan’s Bay, Co. Donegal. CARBONIFEROUS LimEesToNE.—Holwell, near Frome; several localities in Scotland; and in Carboniferous shale. Co, Donegal. Fic. 9.—a, 6. Terepratuta Hastata, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. 446, figs. 1, 2, 3. Brit. Carb. Brach., pl. i., figs. 1—12. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 109 a, b. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size, from pl.i., fig. 6. a, 6. Front and back view of the same shell, showing radiating bands of colour. Longnor, Derbyshire. CarponrreRous Limestonf.—This shell is abundant in many English and Irish localities, but is less frequent in Scotland. Fic. 10.—a, 6, c. TerepratuLa saccutus, Martin. Anomites, Martin, Pet. Derb., pl. xlvi., figs. 1, 2. Terebratula, Sow. Min. Conch., pl. 446. Carb. Brach, p. 14, pl. 1., figs. 23, &e; Original. a,b,c. Front, back, and end view of the same shell. Carb. Limest., Dovedale. Mus. G.S. I. DeEvonIAN AND Carsonirerous.—Middle Devonian, Torquay group. S. Devon. Upper Devon., Baggy and Pilton groups, N. Devon. Carbo- niferous Limestone, many localities, especially in the Derbyshire district. It also occurs in West Lothian, Scotland; and at several localities in Ireland. Fie. 11.—a, 6. Ruyncnonetia pLevropon, Phillips, sp. Terebratula, Phil. Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., p. 222, pl. xii., figs. 25, &c. Rhynchonella, Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 101, pl. xxii, figs. 1, &e. a, 6. Front and end view of the same specimen, from Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xxiii., figs. 1. 1a. Carb. Limest. Bolland, Yorkshire. DEVONIAN AND CarRBonireRous.—Middle Devon. Torquay, Ilfracombe. Upper Devon., Petherwin, Cornwall, Baggy and Pilton, and Passage beds, Barnstaple. Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carb. Limestone. In England this fossil shell is abundant in the Carb. Limest. and shales, especially in Yorkshire and Derbyshire localities. In Scotland it is found near Carluke, in Lanarkshire; Campsie also in West Lothian. In Ireland it occurs in the Red Sandstone of Kildress, Co. Tyrone, and in the Carb. Limest. and shales at several other localities. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 105. Fic. 12.—Ruyncnonetita puenus, Martin, sp. Anomites, Mart. Pet. Derb., pl. xxii., figs. 4, 5. Rhynchonella, Dev. Brit. Carb. Foss., p. 97, pl. xxii., figs. 1, &e. From Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xxii., fig. 2. Carb. Limest. Bolland. DEVoNIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.— Middle Devonian, Ilfracombe, Torquay ; Upper Devon., Petherwin, Pilton. Lower Carboniferous, and Carb. Limestone. Etheridge, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 622. ‘This species is common in the Carb. Limest. of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, &c., in England; also in the Isle of Man; Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire, Scotland ; and in various counties in Ireland. 110 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXVIII. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—BRACHIOPODA. Fie. 1.—a, 6. Sprrirera striata, Dartin, sp. Anomites, striatus, Martin, Pet. Derb., pl. xxiii. Sptrifer Sow. Min. Conch., pl. cclxx. Spirifera striata, Day. Brit. Carb. Foss., p. 19, pl. ii., fig. 12, and pl. i., fig. 2, &c. a. From Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. ii., fig. 20; dorsal view with portion of valve removed, showing spiral coil. Mus. Cambridge. b. Original. Cast of interior, dorsal valve, Lower Carboniferous (slate), Farmers’-bridge, Co. Kerry. Mus. G. S. I. CARBONIFEROUS.—Coomhola grit to Lower Coul Measures. Abundant at numerous localities in England and Ireland. In Scotland, according to Mr. Davidson, it is extremely rare. This species is the largest spirifer known, and is the type of the genus. It is one of the most characteristic fossils of the Lower Carboniferous Limestone. Brit. Carb., Foss., p. 21. Fie. 2.—SpiriFeraA cusprpata, Martin, sp. Anomites cuspidatus, Martin, Trans. Linnean Soc., vol. iv., p. 44, pl. ii., fig. 1, &e. Spirifera, Sowerby, Min. Conch., pl. cexx., figs. 1, 2, 3. Brit. Carb. Foss., p. 44, pl. viil., figs. 19—24, pl. ix., figs. 1 and 2. Original. Dorsal view, showing the beak and large area, and angular fora- men or fissure. Carb. Limest. Adare, Co. Limerick. CaRBONIFEROUS LimestonE.—* This species occurs plentifully at various localities of the Lower Carboniferous Limestone in England as well as in Ireland; no Scottish example is recorded.” Davidson, Brit. Carb. Fossils. Fic. 3.—a, 6, c. ATHYRIS AmBIGUA, Sowerby, sp. Spirifer Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv., p. 105, pl. ceclxxvi. Athyris, M‘Coy, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 432. a,b,c. From Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xv., figs. 17, 17 6, and 23. a. Dorsal view. 0. Side view. c. Dorsal view, with portion of shell removed, showing spiral coils, all from Carb. shales, Carluke, Lanarkshire. CaARBONIFEROUS.—Coomhola grit, Carboniferous slate, and Limestone.— This shell is not unfrequent in the Lower Carb. Limest. of England and Ireland; in Scotland Mr. Davidson states it to be rather common in the Carb. Limest. and shales of the Clydeside Basin, at Carluke, &c., Ayr- shire, and Berwick-on-Tweed. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 79. CARBONIFEROUS. Plate 58. haracteristic Brittsh Fossils. G _| Printed by Forster &C2 Dublin WH Baily delt. et fith EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 111 Fic. 4.—a, 6. OrTuis resurinata, Dartin, sp. Anomites, Martin, Pet. Derb., pl. xlix., figs. 13, 14. Orthis, De Kon. Anim. Foss. Belg., pl. xii., fig. 9. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 130, pl. xxix., figs. i—6, pl. xxx., figs. 1—8. Original. a. Dorsal view. 6. Side view. Carb. Limest. Millecent, Co. Kildare. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE and sHALE, A common, well-known, and widely spread Carboniferous shell; in England it abounds in the Carb. Limest. and shales of many localities ; it is also frequent in the Isle of Man, in Scotland and Ireland. Fic. 5.—a, 6, c. Propuctus semrreticutatus, Martin. sp. Anomites, Mart. Pet. Derb., pl. xxxii., figs. 1, 2, and pl. xxxiii., fig. 4. Productus Martini, De Kon. Carb. Foss. Belg., pl. vii., fig. 2. P. semi- reticulatus, De Kon. Mon. Prod., pl. viii., fig. 1, and pl. ix., fig. 1. Brit. Carb. Foss., p. 149, pl. xlii., figs. 1—11, pl. xliv., figs. 1—4. a. Dorsal view, from Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xliii., fig. 2 a. b. Original. Ventral view; Carb. Limest., Kilmallock, Co. Limerick. Mus. G.8. I. c. Side view, from Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xliii., fig. 2 4, (a and ¢ are different views of the same shell from Carb. Limestone, Nellfield, Lanarkshire). CaARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE and SHALE.—CoAL Measures. “One of the most abundant and far spread species of the genus, found in almost every locality where Carboniferous Brachiopoda occur both in England, Scotland, and Ireland.” Brit. Carb. Foss., p. 151. It occurs in the Coal Measure shales of Crateloe, Co. Limerick ; and the Limestone of the Lower Coal Measures, Ballycastle, Co. Antrim. Fic. 6.—a, 6, Cuonrres papitionacea, Phillips, sp. Spirifera, Geol. of Yorksh. vol. ii., pl. ii., fig. 6. Chonetes, De Kon., Carb, Foss. Belg., pl. xili., figs. 5, &e. a. Dorsal view. 6. Portion of shell enlarged; from Brit. Carb. Foss., pl. xlvi., figs. 5, and 5 0. CARBONIFEROUS Limestone.—At many localities in England and Ireland. Fic, 7.—a, 6. SrrEPTORHYNCHUS CRENISTRIA, Phillips, sp. Sptrifer, Phil. Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., pl. ix., fig. 6. Streptorhynchus, Dav. Mon. of Scottish Carb. Brach., p. 82, pl. i, figs. 16—22. Original. a. Dorsal view. 6. Portion of shell enlarged. Lower Limestone shale, Hook Head, Co. Waterford. DEVONIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.— This shell appears to have had a very extended vertical range and is recurrent from the Devonian, if not Silurian, period.” Davidson, Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 126. It is said to 10) 112 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. occur in the Upper Devonian, Petherwin group, Cornwall. The Middle Devonian, Torquay group, 8. Devon, and Ilfracombe group, N. Devon. Upper Devonian, Baggy and Pilton groups, and Passage beds, Barn- staple. Etheridge, Geol. Journ., vol. xxiii., p. 624. In the Carboni- ferous rocks it is found in all the stages from the lowest or “ Coomhola grits” to the Upper Limestone. In England, Scotland, and Ireland, it abounds at many localities. CARBONIFEROUS Plate 39 Characteristic British Fossils A ORaNBOINMmu ie. Mees erwanp ol WHBaily,Del etlith Printed by EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 1138 PLATE XXXIX. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—CONCHIFERA. Fie. 1.—AvicuLopecten paryracevs, Goldfuss, sp. Avicula, Goldf, Petr. Germ., vol. ii., p. 126, pl. exvi., fig. 5 a, 6. Pecten, Sow. Min. Conch., vol. iv., p. 75, pl. 354. Aviculopecten, Moy, Morris, Cat. Brit. Foss, 1854, p. 164. Original. View of right valve, reduced to two-thirds of natural size, from Lower Coal Measures, “ Parks Pit,” Boulea, Co. Tipperary. LowrER CARBONIFEROUS, CARBONIFEROUs LIMESTONE, AND Coat MEa- sure SuHaLes.—This very characteristic Coal Measure fossil has also been found as low down in the series as the Carboniferous slate, where it was obtained near Clonakilty, Co. Cork, by the fossil collector of the Geological Survey of Ireland, long ago, and identified by the author. Professor John Phillips also mentions its occurrence under the name of Pecten papyraceus in Carboniferous Limestone near Harrogate, and in Bolland.* It is also found in the Upper Carb. Limestone of the county of Dublin. Its great development is, however, in the Coal Measure shales, in which strata it occasionally forms matted masses, being accom- panied, as at the locality from which the figured fossil was obtained, by other marine fossils such as Goniatites, and plant fragments. It is also found near Castlecomer, in Ireland, and in the counties of Limerick and Cork. It occurs at several Coal-fields in England. Bradford, Leeds, and Coalbrookdale are mentioned in the Cat. of Brit. Fossils. Fic. 2,—AvIcULopecTEN GRANosus, Sowerby, sp. Pecten, Sow. Min. Conch., pl. dlxxiv., Aviculopecten, M‘Coy, Pal. Foss., p- 392. Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss., 1854, p. 164. Original. View of right valve from Carb. Limestone (lower), near Rath- keale, Co. Limerick. CaRBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE, and SHALE.—Lower Carb. shale, near Banteer, Co. Cork. Carb. Limest., Bolland, counties Cork, Kildare, and Dublin. Fic. 3.—AvicuLopecten Swwersit, J/‘Coy, sp. Pecten, M‘Coy, Syn. Carb. Foss., p. 100, pl. xiv. f. 1. Amusium Megerle, See Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 478. Original. From the very perfect example showing wavy bands of colour markings in addition to the concentric lines of growth ; in a second speci- men the lines are less wavy and much narrower. The markings are of * Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii,, p. 213, 114 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. burnt umber colour. These beautiful fossils were collected by Cap- tain R. B. Bennett, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Kildare, and are partly in his collection, and in that of the Rev. John Grainger, D. D., Broughshane, near Ballymena. CARBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—Many localities in Ireland, amongst them Kilgrogan, Co. Limerick ; Ballyrichards, Co. Cork; St. Doolagh’s and Cloghran,Co, Dublin. At the latter place it has also been found, showing zigzag bands of colour. Specimens from all these localities are in the Mus. Geol. Surv., Ireland. Fic. 4.—Postponomya Becuert, Bronn. Leth. Geog., pl. i1., fig. 17, Sowerby, Geol. Tr., second series, vol. v., pl. lii., fig. 2—4. Phillips’ Pal. Foss., pl. xliv., &c., pl. xxii. f. 72, 73,74. Original. View of the two valves in near proximity ; the thinness of the shell is apparent from the impression of the underneath valve being shown through the upper one. From junction beds between the Upper Car- Eee and Lower Coal Measures, Loughshinny, Co. Dublin. Mus. Gas, P. lateralis and tuberculata are synonyms of this species. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AND CoAL MrAsures.—Carb. Limestone, Budle, Northumberland, Morris’ Cat.,p. 181. A very characteristic shell at the junction of the Upper Carb. Limest. and Coal Measures in the counties of Dublin and Meath, and especially abundant in the dark grey contorted and cleaved shales, W. of Lispatrick, Old Head of Kinsale, Co. Cork; it occurs also in the Coal Measure shales of Foynes Island, Co. Limerick; near Ennis, Co. Clare; at Navan and near Trim, Co. Meath; and Loughshinny and Garristown, Co. Dublin. In some of these places it occurs in profusion in regular layers. It is stated by Sir R. Murchison* that “it was through the discovery of this striking species in Carboniferous strata on the Coast of Northumberland (it also occurring in the ‘Calp.’ Coal Measures of Ireland), that the thin beds of black culm limestone in Devonshire, wherein it also occurs, are known to be of this age.” Fic. 5.—PostponomyA MEMBRANACEA, Jf‘ Coy. Posidonia Synopsis Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 78, pl. xiii, f. 14. One ne un black shale Lower Coal Measures, Balla, Co. Mayo. Mus. rene Coat Measures.—This transversely elongated shell is not unfrequent in the lower coal shales of Ireland. It must have been extremely thin, or per- haps membranous—and evidently belongs, like the preceding species, to the Aviculoid group of Bivalves. Fic. 6.—Mopriora Macapamt, Portlock. Geol. Rep. p. 452, pl. xxxiv., figs. 13—15, and M. suparailela, fig. 16. Original. Showing both valves, Lower Carb. shale. Clogher, Co. Tyrone, Mus. G. S. I. * Siluria (1869), p. 291, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 115 LowER CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.—This small species is very characteristic of the Lower Limestone shales in Ireland. General Portlock says: ‘+ It is of eculiar interest as occurring in great abundance in peculiar shales, and aving been traced from Derry by Tyrone into Fermanagh.” It has been collected by the Geological Survey in the Lower Carb. shales of the counties of Cork, Tipperary, Londonderry, and Armagh, Fic. 7.—a, 6. PLevRoRuyNcuus Hisernicvs, Sowerby, sp. Cardium, Sow. Min. Conch., pl. Ixxxii., figs. 1, 2, and pl. dlii., fig. 5. Pleurorhynchus, Phil. Geol. Yorks., vol. i1., pl. v., fig. 26. Original. a. Partly restored figured, showing the long siphonal tube at the truncated or posterior end. 0%, Portion of posterior margin, hood en- larged to show croos striz. Carboniferous Limestone, near Rathkeale, Co. Limerick. Mus. G. S. I. Carboniferous Limestone.—Frequent in the limestone of the S. of Ireland. In England, it occurs at the Mendips, Bolland, &c. Geol. of Yorks., vol. ii., p. 210. Fig, 8,—ANTHRACOSIA CENTRALIS, Sowerby, sp. Unio, Sowerby, Geol. Trans., second series, vol. v., pl. xxxix., fig. 13. Original. From Coal Measure shale, Wednesbury, Staffordshire, Dr. Frazer, coll. Coal Measures.— Abundant in the coal shales at St. Helens, near Liverpool, and in clay Ironstone, Coalbrookdale, &c. Fic. 9.—(?) Myacires Omarrana, De Koninck, sp. Pholadomya, Kon. Anim. Foss., p. 65, pl. v., fig. 4. Myacites (?) Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 213. Original. From Carb. Limest. Lisbane, Co. Limerick. Mus. G.S. I. Carboniferous Limestone.—Derbyshire ; counties Limerick, Dublin, and Armagh. Fie. 10.—CarpiomMoRPHA OBLONGA, Sowerby, sp. Tsocardia, Sow. Min. Conch., pl. eceexci., fig. 2. Cardiomorpha, Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 191. Original. From Carb. Limest. St. Doolagh’s, Co. Dublin. CaARBONIFEROUS LimesToNE.—Bolland, Yorkshire; counties Cork, Lime- rick, Dublin, &c. Fic. 11.—a, 6. Curtonotvus Etecans, Salter. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 19, p. 474. Expl. Sheet, 187, &c., Geol. Surv., Trel., pp. 27, &c., fig. 6 a, b. Original. a. Exterior of shell. 6. Hinge of left valve. Urrer Devontan and Lower Carsontrerous.— Upper Devonian Pilton group (Etheridge). Coomhola grit, Co. Cork. This Bivalve with other species is frequent at several localities in the county Cork. Expl. 187, &., G.S. L., p. 17, 116 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XL. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. MOLLUSCA.—GASTEROPODA. Fie. 1.—Nartica pirerstrta, Phillips. Geol. Yorksh., vol. ii., pl. xiv., fig. 25. Original. Back view of shell; from Carb. Limest. Morgan’s, N., near Li- merick. Mus. G. S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimeEsTONE.—Bolland, Bristol; counties Limerick, Cork, Kildare, and Dublin (frequent). Fic. 2.—LoxoneMa IMPENDENS, Jf‘Coy. Syn. Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 30. Original. Front view, from Carb. Limest. Rathkeale, Co. Limerick. Mus. Gis. i, CaRBONIFEROUS LimeEston£.—Counties of Cork and Limerick. Fic. 3.—a, 6. Evompnatus pentaneutatus, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. 45, figs. 1,2. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii., pl. xiii., fig. 13. Original. a. Upper view. 0b. Side view. Carb. Limest., Rathkeale, Co. Limerick. Mus. G. S. I. CarBoNIFEROUS LivestoneE.—Bolland, Yorkshire ; Northumberland. A common shell at many localities in Ireland. Fic. 4.—PLevRoToMARIA caninata, Sowerby, sp. Helix. Min. Conch., pl. x. and dxl., fig. 38. Pleurotomaria, Phil. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii., pl. xv., fig. 1. Original. Front view, from Carb. Limest., Cragmore, Co. Limerick. Mus. G 8.4- CaRBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE.—Yorkshire, Derbyshire; counties Limerick and Meath. HETEROPODA OR NUCLEOBRANCHIAT A. Fic.- 5.—BELLEROPHON HIULCUS, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. 470. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii., pl. xvii., fig. 5. Original. End view, reduced to one-third of natural size. Carb. Limest. Glenbane E. ; Co. Limerick. Mus, G.S. I. CARBONIFEROUS Characteristic British Fossils Plate 40 N saan = ( | ia ak = WAH Baily, Dal et lith EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. aie Urrer Devonian AND CARBONIFEROUS LiIMESTONE.— Upper Devonian, Petherwin group (Etheridge). Carb. Limest., Bolland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire ; counties Limerick and Meath. Fic. 6.—BetieropHon Unit, Fleming. Brit, An., p. 838, Geol. Yorks., vol. ii., pl. xvii., figs. 11,12. Portl. Geol. Rep., pp. 400, &c., pl. 29, fig. 9. (B. interlineatus and B. D‘Orbignii), figs. 11 and 12. Original. Side view. Lower Limestone shale, Draperstown, Londonderry. Mus. G. 8. I. Uprrrr DEVONIAN AND CarzoniFERous.— Upper Devonian, Baggy and Pilton groups, N. Devon; Lower Limestone shale, Co. Cork; Carb. Limest., Rutherglens; Bolland, Tyrone, Fermanagh, and Londonderry ; Coal Measure shales, near Abbeyfeale, Co. Limerick ; Coal Island, Dungannon, Tyrone, Ballycastle, Co. Antrim. CEPHALOPODA. Fic. 7.—Navrizus porsauis, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii., p. 23, pl. xvii, fig. 17; pl. xviii, figs. 1, 2. Original. Keduced to half natural size; side view, from Carb. Limest., Rathkeale, Co. Limerick. Mus. G.S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimEsToNE.—Bolland, &c. It occurs at many Limestone localities in the South of Ireland. Fie. 8.—a, 6. OrrHocERAS cInctum, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. elxxxviii., fig. 3. Original. a. Part of the shell removed, showing septal divisions. 6. Out- line of septum and siphuncle. From Kilgrogan, Co. Limerick. DEVONIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS.—Middle Devonian Torquay. _ Upper Devonian, Petherwin, Carb. Limest., Preston ; Bolland, ]sle of Man, Co. Limerick, and Castleknock, Dublin. Fic. 9.—a, b. Gonzarites sppyaricus, Dartin. Petrif., pl. vii. figs. 8—5. Phil. Geol., Yorks., vol. ii., pl. xix., figs. 4—6. (P. crenistria), figs. 7—9. : Original. a. Side view, with portion of shell removed, showing septa. b. Outline of septal division ; from Carboniferous Limestone, Glenbane, E., Co. Limerick. Mus. G. S. I. CaARBONIFEROUS LimESTONE, AND Coat Merasurrs.—Carb. Limest., Bolland, Derbyshire, Isle of Man; Cos. Kerry, Limerick (abundant) ; Co. Cork. Coal Measures, Cos. Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, Meath. With this species it is considered several others may be united, especially G. crenistria, See Expl. of Sheet 142, Geol. Surv. Irel., p. 12. 118 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XLII. FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. CRUSTACEA.—TRILOBITA. Fie. 1.—a-d. Bracnymetorus Ovraticus, Vernueil, sp. Phillipsia, Vern. Geol. Russ., vol. ii., pl. xxvii., fig. 16. Original. a. Head from Carb. Limestone ; Ballysteen, Co. Limerick. b. age (Pygidium), from Carb. Limest; Dovedale, Derbyshire. Mus. G. . Ih CARBONIFEROUS LimesTonE.—Derbyshire; counties of Limerick, Kildare, Westmeath, and Dublin. The fossil named by Portlock Phillipsia Maccoyi, is identical with this species. Fic. 2.—a, 6, ¢. Puitiipsia pusturata, Schlotheim, sp. Asaphus pustulatus, Schlot. (1823), Nachtr. zur Petrefactenk. ii., p. 43. Phillipsia, De Koninck, Descr des Anim. Foss. Carb., p. 605, pl. hiii., fig. 5. OnieL a. Head. 6. Segment of body. c. Tail, from Lower Limestone shale; Hook Head, Co. Wexford. Mus. G.S. I. LowER CARBONIFEROUS TO CoaL MEAsurEs.—Carb. slate, near Bantry, Co. Cork. Carb. Limest., many localities in England and in Ireland; Coat MrasuREs, Ballycastle, Co. Antrim. Fig. 3.—a, 0. GRirFITHIDEs GLosicers, Phillips, sp. Asaphus, Geol. Yorksh., p. 240, pl. xxii., figs. 16—20. Griffithides, Geol. Rep., p. 311, pl. xi., fig. 9. Original. a. Entire specimen, side view. 6. Another example coiled up, Carb. Limest. Clane Quarries, Co. Kildare. Mus.G.S. 1. These are the original specimens figured by Dr. Oldham, in the Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. iii., p. 188. pl. ii. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.—Many localities in England and Ireland. OSTRACODA. Fic. 4:—a, 6, c. Lyperpir1a susrecta, Portlock, sp. Geol. Rep., p. 316, pl. xxiv., fig. 13, a—e. LZ. Okent, Munster, sp. Jones and Kirby, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1865. ROUS 4 CARBONIFE Dublin orster & C° Printed by = EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 119 Original. «a. A group of these small bivalved Entomostracan shells. 6. En- larged specimen, side view. Lower Limestone shale, Clabby, Co. Fer- managh. Mus. G. S.J. e. Do. end view from Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xv., pi. XX., fig. 2,2. CARBONIFEROUS.—Lower and Upper. C. L. Weston, Somerset. Frequent in Ireland in Lower Limest. shale, counties Derry, Tyrone, and Fer- managh; in Scotland, at Burdie House. Fic. 5.—a, 6. Entomoconcuus Scowrenrt, Jf Coy. Journ. Geol. Soc., Dublin, vol. i, pl. v., Syn. Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 164, pl. xxiii, fig. 4. Original. Carb. Limest., Castleknock, Co. Dublin. Collected by Francis J. Freeman, Esq. Mus. G. S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LimESTONE.—Bolland, Yorkshire ; Derbyshire; in Ireland, counties of Limerick, Kildare, Meath, and Dublin. PECILOPODA. Fic. 6.—Berinurvs Reeina, Baily. Geol, Surv. Ivel., Expln,. 137, p. 13, fig. 3. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. ii., pl. v., fig. 1, a—d. Original. From Coal Measure shales; Bilboa, near Carlow, Queen’s Co. Mus. G. S. I. Coat MEASuRES.—Queen’s County, and Lahinch, Co. Clare. Fic. 7.—Bettnvuzvs triLopiroipys, Buckland, sp. Bellinurus bellulus Kénig, cones fossilium sectiles (1820), p. 230, pl. 18. Limulus, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., p. 396; and vol. ii., p. 77, pl. xlvi’’,, fic. 3. Geol. Tr. 2 ser. 5, pl. xi, fig. 8. Original, From Gutta Percha cast. Coal Measures (Ironstone), Coalbrook Dale. Mus, G.S.1.. Coat Merasures.—Coalbrook Dale; Dudley; Morris’ Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 111. General Portlock in his Geol. Report on Londonderry, &e., p. 316, pl. xxiv., fig. 11, describes and figures a species from the Carb. Limest. shale of Maghera, Derry, which he hesitatingly refers to this fossil. Professor Morris includes this in his catalogue under the above specific name. On comparison it will, it is believed, be found distinct. PISCES.—CESTRACIONT ID. Fic. 8.—(?) Trisrycutus minor, Portlock. Geol. Rep., p. 464, pl. xiv., fig. 6. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 346. Fish spine (Ichthyodorulite) from Geol. Rep., op. cit. Carb. Limestone shale Kesh, Fermanagh. 120 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 9.—a, 6. Psammopus porosus, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. ii., p. 112, pl. xiii, figs. 1—18. Portl. Geol. Rep. pliaciv., cA mie. al: Original. a. Tooth. 6, Enlarged portion of poriferous surface. Carb. Limestone, Armagh. Mus. G.%. I. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AND SHALE.—C. L. Bristol, Armagh. Lower Limestone shale, Hook Head, and Colloney River, near Sligo. Fic. 10.—Oropvus ramosus, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. iii., p. 97, pl. xi., figs. 5—8. Original. ‘Tooth, from Lower Carbonif. Limest. Mountrath, Queen’s Co. CARBONIFEROUs LIMESTONE AND SHALE.—C. L, Bristol; Queen’s Co., and Co. Cork. Lower Limest. shale, Hook Head. Fie. 1].—Hetopvs cippervius, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. iii., p. 106, pl. xii., figs. 1, 2. Original. ‘Tooth; from Carb. Limest. Armagh. CaARBONIFEROUS LimEstoNe.—Bristol; Armagh. Fic. 12.—Pacitopus Jonest, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. iii., p. 174, and transversus, ibid. Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 468, pl. xiv. A, figs. 6, 7. Original. Tooth; from Carb. Limest. Armagh. Fie. 13.—Perratopus Hastinestm, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. iii., p. 174. Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 468, pl. xiv., fig. 10. Original. Tooth; from Carb. Limest. shale, Kesh, Fermanagh. Mus. Gsa CARBONIFEROUS LimEsTONE AND SHALE.—Ticknall. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 287. Carb. Limest. Armagh. Shale, Clogher, Tyrone; Kesh, Fer- managh. LEPIDOGANOIDEIL—HOLOPTY CHIDA. Fic, 14.—Rurtzopus Hrpperrr, Agassiz, sp. Holoptychius, Agassiz Poiss. Foss., vol. ii., part ii., p. 180, Portl. Geol. Rep., p. 464, pl. xiii., figs. 1—13. Rhizodus, Owen, Odontography, pl. xxxv., fig. 2. 3 Portion of Jaw with large and smaller teeth ; from Coal Measures, Burdie House. Owens Odontography, pl. xxxv., fig. 2. CoaL MEASURES,—Burdie House, Edinburgh. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 12] PALALONISCIDZ, Fie. 15.--a, 6. Patmontscus Rosrsont, Hibbert. Trans. Roy. Soc., Edinb., vol. xii., pl. vi., figs. 6,7; pl. 7, fig. - Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. ii., p. 88, pl. x. a, figs. 1, 2 a, The entire Fish, from Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., pl. x. a, fig. 1. b. Seale of do. copied from same plate, fig. 2. Coal Measures, Burdie House. Coat Measures, Burdie House, and Torbane Hill, Edinburgh. Mus. Gaur FE. General Portlock in his Report on Londonderry, &c., p. 462., pl. xiv. a, fig. 13—15, describes and figures some detached scales from Enniskillen, Fermanagh, which he doubtfully refers to this species. ‘This supposed identification cannot, however, be relied upon from such insufficient material, and especially as is most probable they were obtained from Carb. Limest. shale, and not that of the Coal Measures. isi) i REPTILIA (AMPHIBIA).—LABY RINTHOD ONTIA. Fig. 16.—KERATERPETON GALVANI, Huzley. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxiv., p. 4, pl. om oF ie Original. Reduced to half natural size, from a specimen es ane in the collection of the Geological Survey of ireland. arrow VG Co. Kilkenn ; Nee ae) This fossil es a dorsal view showing the posterior, and ay aces tions of an anterior pair of limbs, which are well exhibited in other spe in the collection from the same colliery. _ bo bo EXPLANATION OF THE PI.ATES. PLATE XLII. FOSSILS OF THE PERMIAN ROCKS. MULLUSCA.—POLYZOA. Fie. 1.—a, b, ec. Synocnapra virevtacna, Phillips, sp. Retepora, Phillips, Trans. Geol. Soc. of London, 2nd ser., vol. iii., p. 120, pl. xi., fig. 6. Fenestella, Phillips, Bull. Soc. Géol., France, 2me. ser., vol. i., p.25. Synocladia, King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 39, pl. ii., fig. 14; pl. iv., figs. 1—8. Original. a. Side view of a small hemispherical example, Dalton le Dale. Mus. G.S. I. 0. Celluliferous surface, enlarged. c. Non-celluliferous surface, do. Mus. G. S. I. PERMIAN, MaGNeEsIAN LimestonE.—Humbleton, Dalton le Dale, Whitley and Durham. BRACHIOPODA. Fic, 2.—CaMararnoria cruMENA, Martin, sp. Anomites, Martin, Pet. Derb., pl. xxxvi., fig. 4. Terebratula, Sow. Min. Conch., pl. Ixxxiil., fig. 3. Camaraphoria Schlotheimi, King, Mon, Perm. Foss., p. 118, pl. vii., figs. 1O—21; pl. viii., fig. 8. Original. Dorsal view, ‘Lunstall. Mus. G. S. I. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AND PERMIAN.—Carb. Limest., Derbyshire Dove Dale; Settle, Yorkshire; West Lothian, Scotland. Permian, Humbleton, Tunstall, Tynemouth, and Durham. Fie, 3.—a, 6. CamarapHorta Humsrietonensis, Howse, sp. Terebratula Humbletonensis, House, Cat. Perm, Foss., Trans. T. N. F.C., vol. i., part iii, p. 252. Camaraphoria multiplicata, King, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii., 1st series, p. 28. C. Humbletonensis, Dav. Brit. Perm. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1857, p. 28. Original. Internal casts. a. Dorsal valve. 6. Ventral valve, Humbleton. Mins. (G. Soo. PERMIAN.—Humbleton quarry, and Dalton le Dale. PERMIAN Characteristic British Fossils Plate 42 1 bent Ris i cy ing Ne Printed by Forster & C° Dublin EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. il co Fra. 4.—STRoPHALOSIA LAMELLOSA, Geinitz, sp. Orthotriz lamellosus, Geinitz., Verstein, p. 14, pl. v., figs. 16—26, 1848. Strophalosia Morristana, King, Cat. Perm. Foss., 1848, and Mon. of English Perm. Foss., Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 99, pl. xii., figs. 18—25, and 27—32, S. lamellosa, Davidson, Brit. Perm, Foss., 1857, p. 44, pl. iii., figs, 24—41. Original, View of ventral valve, Ryhope. Mus. G. S. I. Prrm1ay.—Tunstall, Tynemouth, Humbleton, and Ryhope, Fic. 5.—a, 6. Propuctus norripvs, Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. iv., p. 17, pl. cecxix., fig. 1. Brit. Perm. Foss., Pal. Soe., 1857, p. 33, pl. iv., figs. 13—26. a. From Brit. Perm. Fossils, pl. iv., fig. 16. 6. Original. Internal cast of the dorsal valve, showing the muscular impression. Tunstall Hill. Mus. G.S. I. Permtan.—lIt abounds in the shell limestones of Humbleton and Tunstall liils ; in the compact Limestone of Midderidge, as well as in the Breccia of Tynemouth Cliff. It is also mentioned, from Derbyshire, Brit. Perm, Fossils, p. 36. CONCHIFERA. Fie. 6.—Monorts spetuncarra, Schlotheim, sp. Gryphites speluncarius, Schl. Akad, Miinch., p. 30, pl. v., fig. 1, a, b, ¢ 1816. Avicula grypheoides, Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2nd series, vol. iii., p. 119. A. spelunearia, Morris, Cat. Brit. Foss. (1854), p. 162. Monotis, King. Permian Fossils, p. 155. From Permian Fossils, pl. xui., fig. 7. Humbleton Hill. Prrmran.—Humbleton and Tunstall Hills, &e., ‘‘a common fossil both in England and Germany,” King. Perm. Foss., p. 156. Fie. 7.—BaAkeweE.ia antigua, Iiinster, sp. Avicula, Minster, Goldf. Pet., part ii., p. 126, pl. exvi., fig. 7, a, D. Bakewellia, King. Permian Fossils, p. 168. Original. Tunstall. Mus. G.S. I. PrRMIAN.—Several localities in Durham, Yorkshire; Newtown, near Man- chester; Kirkby Woodhouse, Nottinghamshire; near Dungannon, Co. Tyrone; a widely distributed species, appearing to be characteristic of every member of the Permian system. Fic. 8.—AxInus TRUNCATUS, King, sp. Schizodus, King, Perm. Foss., p. 193, pl. xv., figs. 25—29. Original. Tullyconnel, Co. Tyrone. Mus. G. 8. I. | PERMIAN.—Humbleton, Tunstall, Silksworth, and Whitley, in shell lime- stone. Tullyconnel, Tyrone. 124 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fic. 9,—PLEvROPHORUS COSsTATUS, Brown, sp. Arca costata, Brown, Trans. Manch., Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 32, pl. vi, figs. 3b4, 35. Pleurophorus. King, Permian Foss., p. 181, pl. xv., figs. 13—20. Original. Silksworth. Mus. G. S. I. Permian.—‘‘ This species appears to have had an extensive Geographical range. It is common at several localities in Durham, occurring also in the Permian Marls at Newtown, near Manchester,’’ King. Perm. Foss., p- 182. It is found also in Irish Permians, near Dungannon, Tyrone. GASTEROPODA. Fre. 10.—a, b, c. Turso Mancuntensis, Brown. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 63, pl. vi. figs. 1, 2,3. Perm. Foss. p. 205., pl. xvi., figs. 19, 20. a,b. Original. Back and front view; Tunstall Hill. Mus. G. S. I. e. Enlarged front view, from Perm. Foss., pl. xvi., fig. 20. Permian.—Shell Limestone, Tunstall Hill, Breccia, Black Hall Rocks: Mar/s, Newtown, near Manchester. Fie. 11—a, b. Prevrotomarta antrina, Schlotheim, sp. Trochilites antrinus. Schl. Akad. Minch., vol. vi., p. 32, pl. vil, fig. 6. Pleurotomaria antrina and P. Tunstallensis, King. Perm. Foss., pp. 215, 216, pl. xvii., figs. 1—6. a. b, Front and back view. 6. Showing fissure, from Perm. Foss., pl. xvii., figs. 1, 2. Tunstall Hill. PrERMIAN.—Plentiful in shell limestone, at Tunstall and Silksworth, some- what rare at Humbleton, Castle Eden-Dene, and Dalton-le-Dale, in similar rock; very rare in the Breccia, Tynemouth-Castle, Cliff. King. Perm, Foss., p. 216. PISCES.—PLA COIDET. Fam.—PY CNODONTIDE. Fic. 12.—a, 6, c. PLaTysOMUS STRIATUS, Agassiz. Poiss. Foss., vol. ii., p. 168, pl. xvii, figs. 1—4. P. parvus, Ag. op. eit., p- 170, pl. xviii., fig. 3. King. Perm. Foss., p. 231, pl. xxvii, fig. 1 pl. xxvill., fig. 1. a. Reduced to two-thirds of natural size, from Perm. Foss., pl. xvii. b, c. Scales from Poiss. Foss., pl. xvii., Marl-slate, Ferry Hill. PERMIAN Marl-slate, Ferry hill and Whitley ; Magnesian limestone, Low Pallion, Northumberland. ERRATA’ AND ADDENDA. — = DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS. Page iii. Cancel Preface and substitute that dated July, 1870. ” xix. Line 1, and “ Explanation of the Plates,” p. 14, Plate vi., fig. 2, Nebwli- pora favosa, is now Monticulipora favulosa, » Line 4, erase Stenopora and the brackets to Fuvosites, on line 5, and read Favosites fibrosus. xxi, Line 7, and “Explanation of the Plates,” p. 19, fig. 2, for L. plumbeca and Obolella plumbea, read Obolus plumbeus. ,, Line 21, for Ribieria read Ribeiria. This fossil is now considered to be a Crustacean. xxyil. Line 6 from bottom, for Astreidé read Astreide. xxix, Line 22 from bottom, for Plgaster read Palgaster. » Line 18 from bottom, for Ophuira read Ophiura. » Line8 from bottom, for Dyctyonema read Dictyonema. xxxil. Line 1, for septe read septa. XXXvii., xxxviii.,and xxxix. The Woodcuts numbered figs. 1, 2, and 3, should read 11, 12, and 13. xxxvii. Description of fig. 11 B, for ePdicle read Pedicle. xly. Last line and p. 61, Expln. of Pl. xx., fig. 9, for depressa read rhombor- dalis. xlvi. Line 23, for has read have. xlvii. Line 13, for ata read striatella. ¥ Line 14, for cymbeformis read eyimbeformis. xlix. Line 12, and Explanation of Pl. xxvii., fig. 6, Pteraspis truncatus is now Scaphaspis truncatus. rf » Line 21, Plectrodus “ jaws and teeth,” formerly considered as belonging to a ganoid fish, is now shown by Harley to be the prickly processes of the Cephalic shield of a Crustacea. 1. Line 3 of Table, for Celenterata read Celenterata. liv. Line 24, for Lepidodenriod read Lepidodendroid. lx. Last line of foot note, for Palwontographical read Paleontographical. lvii. Description of fig. 15, a should be inserted before Pygopterus, and 5 before Clupea. lx. Line 4, for state read slate. Ixiv. Line 9 from bottom, for Caemarthen read Caermarthen. lxix. Line 16 from bottom, for jig. 1 read jg. 11. Ixx. Line 10, for Anthyris read Athyris. Ixxi. Description of fig. 16, a should be inserted before Atlanta, and c before Bellerophon. Ixxii. Description of fig. 17, @ should be inserted before Creseis, ) before Cleodora, and c before Conularia. Ixxvii. Line 21, for Marecuniensis read Manciniensis. Page 5. # ERRATA AND ADDENDA. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Immediately over Dictyonema, Hyprozoa or Poryzoa should be inserted. ,, 14. Line 10, for pl. 1, read Part 1. ,, 21, Immediately over Ribeiria Crustacea should be inserted. 29 22. Line 17, HerEropopa or should be inserted before Preroropa. Line 10 from bottom, immediately aboye Theca should be inserted PTEROPODA. . Line 6 from bottom, and p. xxvi. “ Descriptive Remarks,” before Petraia, which should be bracketed, Cyathophyllwm may be inserted. . Line 1, for Asteriadé read Asteroidea. Line 16, over Protaster insert Ophiuroidea. . Line 15 from bottom, for Pal@ontological read Paleozoic. ” 66. Insert at end of Description of fig. 5, as follows :—CEruALoropa. Fig. 4.—OrTHOCERAS ANNULATUM, Sowerby. Page 76 oe ee bB ] 33 ” dv bel ” » 84 2 ? ” ” ey, ” ” mo ab 5} POLL ee O. undulatum, Hisinger, var O. fimbriatum, Sowerby. O. annulatum, Sil. Syst., p. 632, Pl. ix., fig. 5. From Sil. Syst. op. cit. Wenlock limestone, near Malvern. Carapoc to Wentock.—Sil. 4th ed., p. 535. Found at numerous localities in Wales; Shropshire; also in Wenlock rocks at Doonquin, Co. Kerry. Coll. G. 8. I. . Line 8 from bottom, for cymbaformis read cymbeformis. . Line 4, for Loxonoma read Loxonema. . Line 12 from bottom, for Orchus read Onchus. Line 4, erase “ probably portions of the jaws and tecth of a small ganoid Jish,” and insert ‘“ this and the following species are now determined to be processes of the carapace of a Crustacean.” . Line 1, for pustiliferus read pustuliferus. Line 7. for Theolodus read Thelodus. . Line 8, for Brorgniart read Brongniart. Under line 16, insert: ‘This species is also said to occur in the South of Scotland with the fossil fish Holoptychius nobillisimus.” Sil. 4th ed., p. 248. Berwickshire, Jedburgh. Brit. Assoc. Rep. (Aber- deen). Line 18, bracket Knorria, and insert Sagenaria before it. Line 12 from bottom, after Cyclostigma minuta, Haughton, insert* * Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc., pp. 419, 420, Lepidodendron minutum, Journ. Geol. Soc., Dub. Vol. vi., p. 235. Loc. Tallow Bridge, Co. Waterford. 2. Line 1, erase a, commencement of paragraph. Line 138, after septe, insert ), transverse section. 3. Line 6 from bottom, for Swwerbii read Sowerbii. 5. Line 12, for creos read cross. 7. Line 12, for Rutherglens read Rutherglen. Pnnted by M‘Glashan & Gill, 50, Upper Sackvillc-street, Dublin. 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