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Published monthly by the

New York State Education Department

FEBRUARY 1906

York State Museum

JOHN M. CLARKE Director

B 3 Ofl3 fllfl

ulletin 100

MIC GEOLOGY 14

FIRE TESTS

OF

SOME NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

BY

W. E. McCOURT

PAGE

Introductory note 5

Previous investigations of re-
fractoriness 6

Effect of fire on stone 9

Tests 12

Granites and gneisses 13

Sandstones 14

Limestones 15

Marble 15

PAGE

Description of fire tests 16

Granites and gneisses 17

Sandstones 20

Limestones 22

Marble 24

Summary 26

Petrographic description of

stones tested 29

References 36

Index 37

Mi 5901-05-2000

ALBANY

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
1906'

Price 15 cents

GIFT OF

New York State Education Department

Science Division, Sep. 26, 1905
Hon. Andrew S. Draper

Commissioner of Education

SIR: I beg to communicate for publication as a bulletin of the
State Museum a treatise on Fire Tests tf New York Building
Stones, prepared by W. E. McCourt. The usefulness of this trea-
tise to engineers, architects and boards of underwriters will, I
believe, be immediate.

Very respectfully yours

JOHN M. CLARKE

Director and State Geologist

Approved for publication, Sep. 26,

Commissioner of Education

New York State Education Department

New York State Museum

JOHN M. CLARKE Director

Bulletin 100
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 14

FIRE TESTS

OF

SOME NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

BY

W. E. McCOURT

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The recent extensive conflagrations in some of our large cities
have made more urgent than ever a demand for definite knowl-
edge of the capacity of various construction stones for resistance
to fire. Little has been done in the investigation of refractori-
ness of building stones and it is probable that the occasional recorded
tests have been based on series too incomplete and on samples
too small for reliable coordination of results.

With the purpose of acquiring some definite information regard-
ing the fire-resisting qualities of certain New York building stones ,
Prof. Heinrich Ries has, at my request, initiated and superin-
tended the investigation here given, the details of the work having
been carried out by Mr W. E. McCourt.

The types of building stones on which the work is based have
been selected as representative of those produced in this State
and all have been assembled specially for these investigations.
A few examples also have been tested which are not now used
for structural purposes.

The work has been done carefully and thoroughly and the result
arrived at should prove of value to engineers, architects and fire
insurance underwriters.

JOHN M. CLARKE

State Geologist

£52350

FIRE TESTS OF SOME NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

To determine the durability and desirability of the various
building stones they are subjected to a number of artificial tests.
The agents at work tending to destroy the building stone are
the crushing and shearing forces caused by its position in a struc-
ture, the chemical action of gases and moisture in the atmosphere,
and the physical agencies due to changes of temperature. The
determinations sought in the laboratory of the effects of these
various agencies are by tests for: crushing and transverse strength,
permanence of color, specific gravity and weight per cubic foot,
porosity and percentage of absorption, effect of alternate freezing
and thawing, effect of the action of gases, as CO2 and SO3, effect
of alternate expansion and contraction and effect of extreme heat.

It is our purpose to discuss the relative effect of extreme heat on
a series of typical New York building stones. This phase of
testing building stones has been heretofore more or less over-
looked, yet its importance is evident so long as building construc-
tioa in centers of population is largely dependent on these mater-
ials. A knowledge of the relative effect of extreme heat on the
various stones employed for building purposes is of value in deter-
mining the kind of stone to be used in constructions and locations
exposed to the chance of conflagration.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF THE REFRACTORINESS OF BUILDING STONES

The first investigator to carry on any series of tests to ascertain
the relative capacity of -the various building stones to resist the
action of extreme heat was Cutting, who performed some experi-
ments for the Weekly Underwriter in order that insurance rates
might be more properly adjusted. He estimated the relative
rank of different stones in their capacity to withstand the action
of extreme heat as, from highest to lowest, marble, limestone,
sandstone, granite and conglomerate.

Cutting1 states: •

As to granites ... a heat sufficient to melt lead is suffi-
cient to injure granite walls beyond the capability of repair, other-
wise than by taking down, and it is almost, if not quite, impossible
to burn out a granite building of small size, even, without injuring
the walls.

Sandstones stand fire much better than granite. They stand
uninjured a degree of heat that would destroy granite.

i Weekly Underwriter. 1880. 23:42.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 7

Limestones and marble stand close up to and in some instances
exceed the value of freestones.

The conglomerates and slates show no capacity to standing
heat, as the slates crack and conglomerates are almost immediately
ruined.

With regard to the granites, Cutting1 further states:

All these samples of building stones have stood heat without
damage up to 5oo°C.2 At 600° a few are injured, but the injury
in many cases commences at or near that point. When cooled
without immersion, they appear to the eye to be injured less
but are ready to crumble and I think they are many times nearly
as much impaired, and always somewhat injured, where water
produces any serious injury.

As to the sandstones, he continues:

While as a whole they stand both heat and water better than
granite, they are more or less injured. In fine, the capability of
resisting heat has little connection with their density.

Of limestones, he says:

Limestones and marbles have come through the fiery ordeal
more favorably than any of the other stones . . . The lime-
stones and marbles seldom crack from heat and water. But
when heat from the outside is excessive, they slightly crumble
on the outside if water is thrown on them. When they are cooled
without the application of water, the injury is much less.

The specimens tested stood fire well, as a whole, up to the tem-
perature of heat necessary to convert them into quicklime, and
at such a heat, if long continued, they are changed so as to flake
off and crumble down. In most cases this heat is greater than
9<Do°F. and in some cases beyond iooo°F.

N. H. Winchell3 has carried on a series of experiments on the
building stones of Minnesota. He made use of a muffle furnace
in which the temperature was raised to a red heat. One and
one half to two inch cubes were placed in the furnace, and during
heating were removed once or twice so that the effects of the
treatment might be observed. The samples were then removed
from the furnace and while hot were immersed in a tank of water
and the results again noted. A study of the tables of that report
shows that most of the stones cracked more or less. The effect
of the sudden cooling of the stone was more disastrous than the
mere heating.

Buckley4 in his experiments on the building stones of Wisconsin
used i and 2 inch cubes in a muffle furnace in which the
temperature was gradually increased from 600° to 1500° F. The
effect of heating was noted from time to time. At 1300° to 1500°

1 Idem. 1880. 22:257,287,304.

2 The author here refers to the centigrade scale.

3«Minn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Final Rep't. 1884. 1:186.
4 Wis. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Bui. 1808. 4:73.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the samples were taken out; most of them were allowed to cool
slowly and some were cooled suddenly by being plunged into cold
water. He states:

j£ Different building stones show a considerable difference in the
capacity which they have to withstand high temperatures. Other
things being equal, it appears that a rock having a uniform texture
and a simple mineralogical composition has the greatest capacity
to withstand extreme heat. It is known that rocks are poor con-
ductors of heat, and for this reason the outer shell of a rock may be
very highly heated while the interior remains comparatively cold.
If, after heating, the rock be quickly cooled, contraction of .the
outer shell takes place. The differential stresses occasioned thereby
ruptures the rock and the outer shell is thrown off.

Buckley1 continues:

As a result of the experiments ... it was discovered
that all the samples, when struck by the hammer or scratched with
a nail, after being taken from the muffle furnace, emitted a sound
similar to that which would be given off by a brick. This sound
was characteristic not only of the sandstones, but also of the gran-
ites and some of the limestones.

The planes of lamination of the originally stratified samples were
brought out more distinctly as the temperature was increased.
But few of the limestone samples, which were tested in the muffle
furnace, were injured by gradual heating and cooling, except when
the temperature reached a point where calcination occurred. This
temperature was generally from 1000° to i2oo°F. When the
limestone samples were suddenly cooled they always flaked off at
the corners.

The very coarse grained granite broke into a great many pieces,
and may be said to have exploded. The cracks were so numerous
that the stone was broken into fragments not much larger than
the individual grains. The medium grained granite . . . de-
veloped cracks through the middle of the sample.

In contrast with the limestone and granite samples, the sand-
stones were, to all outward appearances, little injured by the ex-
treme heat. The samples which were taken from the muffle fur-
nace and allowed to cool gradually were apparently as perfect as
when first placed in the furnace. But after they had cooled, one
could crumble any of them in the hand, almost as readily as the
softest incoherent sandstone. In fact, when they were heated to a
temperature of 1500°?. some of the samples had become so inco-
herent that it was barely possible to pick them up after cooling,
without their falling to pieces.

G. P. Merrill2 summarizes the effect of heat on stones as follows :
The injurious effects of artificial heat, such as is produced by a
burning building, are, of course, greater in proportion as the tem-
perature is higher. Unfortunately, sufficient and reliable data are

\ldem. 1898. 4:385.

* Stones for Building and Decoration. N.Y. 1003. p. 424.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 9

not at hand for estimating accurately the comparative enduring
powers of stone under these trying circumstances. It seems, how-
ever, to be well proven that of all stones granite is the least fireproof,
while the fact that certain of the fine grained silicious sandstones
are used for furnace backings would seem to show that if not abso-
lutely fireproof, they are very nearly so.

It must be remembered, however, that the sudden cooling of the
surface of a heated stone, caused by repeated dashes of cold water,
has often more to do with the disintegration than heat alone.

In his report on the building stones of Missouri, Buckley1 says:

In the case of limestone or dolomite the effect of gradual heating
will be manifest by calcination, while sudden cooling will result in
the flaking off of the corners. Sandstone and granite may show
very little outward appearance of injury, although their strength
may be so affected, especially in the case of sandstone, as to per-
mit of their being crumbled in the hand. When suddenly cooled,
ordinary sandstone shows very little exterior evidence of injury,
while granite may show cracks without flaking. Stone which has
been heated to a high temperature emits a characteristic ring when
struck with metal. When scratched it emits a sound similar to
that of a soft burned brick. This may be due to the loss of water
of composition by the minerals composing the rock.

Experiments which have thus far been performed seem to indi-
cate that few, if any, stones will withstand uninjured a tempera-
ture of 1500°?.

Van Schwartz2 performed a series of tests on building stone and
arrived at the conclusion that granite is of little account as a fire-
proof building material, and "neither sandstone nor limestone can
be classed as flameproof, not to say fireproof, or is capable of
affording any protection whatever in case of fire, since the former
cracks at red heat and the latter is converted into quicklime at
from 600° to 8oo°C."

EFFECT OF FIRE ON STONE AS OBSERVED IN CONFLAGRATIONS

From time to time extensive conflagrations have swept over
cities, resulting not only in the destruction of millions of dollars
worth of property, but also in the loss of life. Within the past few
years the fires at Rochester in 1904, Baltimore in 1904 and
Paterson in 1902, have given us an opportunity to study, in a
general way, the effect of extreme heat on the various kinds of stone
used for building purposes. However, it is not safe to draw any
very definite conclusions from such observations, for the conditions
and influences to which the stones were subjected may have
differed very considerably in different parts of the burned area,

1 Mo. Bur. Geol. & Mines. Ser. 2. 1004. 2:50.

2 Fire and Explosion Risks; a Handbook for the Investigation and Prevention of Fires and
Explosions. Trans, by Salter, London. 1904. p. 66.

IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and moreover, there was, at the time, no thought of a means of
making accurate observations of the conditions existing while the
fire was in progress. The temperature may, in a general way, be
estimated from the effect upon various metals in the fire; yet,
withal, the conditions might vary so considerably as not to allow
of any general conclusions. The fact that iron was melted at one
point does not prove the existence of a similar temperature 50
feet away.

Many of the reports which have been circulated relative to the
degree of heat attained in a fire are decidedly exaggerated, but
experts are of the opinion that the heat seldom reaches a tempera-
ture greater than i8oo°F, and usually it is much less.

But one conclusion can be reached after a study of the effect of
fires on stone and that is that no building stone is absolutely fire-
proof, although some stones, in a way, show much more refractori-
ness than others. It must be granted, however, that some of the
reports are rather overstated. For example, one writer1 says:

The results of the various fires have proved the unreliability of
granite and stone; the granite buildings were reduced to sand.
Granite not only splits under heat, but from unequal expansion of
the constituents, as it is porous and contains water in hygroscopic
form, the steam generated by the heat bursts the rocky constitu-
ents into small particles. By these several actions the material is
perfectly disintegrated. We all know that marble, as a limestone,
is even more liable to speedy calcination, that sandstones vary
much in density, their particles expand unequally and some split
or crumble into pieces. The Baltimore conflagration has at least
proved the worthlessness of natural stone to resist great heat, and
for staircases in public buildings both lime and sandstone have
long been held to be exceedingly dangerous under the action of
fire and water.

Another observer2 says :

To many persons the Baltimore fire seems to have put the
question whether the American city of today can be so builded
as to be safe from such fires as those at Chicago in 1871, and at
Boston in 1873, and to have answered it in the negative. The
150 acres of black and smoking ruins which were once the most
substantially built portion of the sixth city of the United States
permits no other conclusion. Already, on this showing alone,
the public press has widely condemned the modern type of fire-
proof building, and some even whose words were weighted with
expert authority in the public mind, have called for a return to
"brick and mortar " as the only salvation of the building owner
when conflagration besets his property.

1 Lessons from the Baltimore Fire. Building News and Engineering Jour. 1004. 87-2

2 Engineering News. 1004. 51:173.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES II

This same writer observed that the window seats, lintels, pro-
jecting cornices and, in short, all exposed corners in thin edges
of stone work were badly broken and splintered.

With regard to the effect of the Baltimore fire on stone work
Grieshaber1 says:

Stone generally acted badly. Granite, especially the Mary-
land, spalled and cracked even where heat did not seem to be
great. Marble calcined, and in some places seemed to be con-
sumed with the heat. Limestone and buff sandstone acted badly
and the only brownstone that seemed to stand heat fairly well
was a dark brown of the appearance of Connecticut or Belleville.
Slate generally acted badly. It shivered into splinters.

Woolson2 in a report to the Engineering News says of the effect
of the fire at Baltimore on building stones:

All varieties of natural stone suffered severely from the fire-
Granite, sandstone, limestone, marble and slate all perished before
the long continued high temperature. Granite and sandstone
cracked and spalled, limestone and marble cracked and calcined,
while the slate shivered into thousands of thin plates.

There are some interesting exceptions to this general rule,
whether due to the variety of the stone or the way the heat struck
it, I am unable to state positively, but the former appeared to
be the controlling cause.

Maryland granite, such as used in the Maryland Trust building
and the Custom House failed badly. The same was true of the
granite in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.'s building, which was
said to come from Missouri. On the other hand, the Milford
granite in the Equitable was little damaged, and that in the Cal-
vert building (which looks like a New England stone) is in fair
condition. The most remarkable preservation of granite I noticed
was in the polished front of the First National Bank. It is in
perfect condition, despite the fact that nothing but the walls
remain .

Sandstone should give the best record of any of the stones,
but in most cases it seemed to have succumbed like the others.
Lake Superior red sandstone seems to be the stone employed in
the Farmers and Merchants National Bank. It was badly spalled.
Brown sandstone gave an equally poor showing in numerous
buildings, but I noticed the front of three buildings which were
in remarkable contrast, for they were uninjured. . . Two
of these buildings had wooden interior construction and were
completely burned out, as well as all the surrounding buildings,
but the face walls withstood the heat without any apparent damage,
while the huge granite blocks of the Custom House a few doors
away were ruined.

Plates 1-8 show the effect of fire on building stone. The Pater-

i/cm. 1904. 51:173-
1 Ibid. 1904. 51 195.

12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

son views were taken from a pamphlet issued by the Continental
Insurance Co. of New York on The Conflagration at Paterson N. J.
The Baltimore views were taken from the report of the committee
on fire resistive construction of the National Fire Protection Associ-
ation of Chicago, issued in 1904, and from, a pamphlet of the
Mississippi Wire Glass Co. of New York entitled A Reconnaissance
of the Baltimore and Rochester Fire Districts. The Rochester view
was also taken from this last source.

TESTS MADE ON NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

Eighteen samples of New York building stones were selected for
testing. The list of these is given below.

Plate i vA i

Fig. i Showing damage to granite in the City Hall at
Paterson N. J. 1902

Fig. 2 Ruins of the Danforth City Library at
Paterson N. J. 1902

Plate

Fig. i Showing damage to granite pillars in United States Public
Store House No. i at Baltimore Md. 1904

Fig. 2 Shelving effect of the fire on granite in United States
Custom House, Baltimore Md. 1904

Plate 3

Equitable Building, Baltimore Md. The granite in this
building was little damaged by the fire. 1904

Plate 4

Sandstone front of the Maryland Trust Building at
Baltimore Md., damaged by the fire. 1904

Plate 5

Fig. i Bluestone front of the Baltimore & Ohio

Railroad Co.'s building at Baltimore Md.,

damaged by fire. 1904

Fig. 2 City Courthouse at Baltimore Md., showing the
damage to the marble facing. 1904

Plate 6

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.'s building at Balti-
more Md., showing the effect of the fire on
the stonework and the slate roof. 1904

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View of the burned district at Rochester N. Y. 1904

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

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DESCRIPTION OF FIRE TESTS

The samples from each locality were cut into three inch cubes.
Most investigators, who have studied the refractoriness of build-
ing stones, have selected one or two inch cubes; but these sizes
do not give as accurate results as the larger ones, for the reason
that a small piece becomes easily heated throughout the mass
and consequently upon neither heating nor cooling are differen-
tial stresses between the interior or exterior likely to be set up,
as would be the case if larger cubes are selected. In actual
fact in the burning of a building the stone does not become thor-
oughly heated; the heat penetrates probably but a slight dis-
tance into the mass, while the interior may remain comparatively
cold. The heating and cooling of this outer shell causes strains
which do not obtain in a stone which has been heated through-
out its entire body. One, two and three inch cubes of the same
kind of stone have been tested in the laboratory and while the
smaller cubes stood fire very well, the larger ones were more affected
and in some cases went to pieces. It was to avoid this error
and to approach more closely the existing conditions in a con-
flagration that the three inch samples have been employed in
the present series of tests.

As far as the number of cubes would admit six tests were made
on the stone from each locality, four furnace and two flame tests,
For the first set of experiments a Seger gas furnace was used,
thus allowing the cube to be gradually and evenly heated. An
opening was cut in the cover of the furnace large enough to admit
the three inch cube of stone, to which a wire had been attached
to facilitate its handling.

One sample was heated at a time. The heat was applied gradu-
ally for half an hour until a temperature of 55o°C. was reached,
which was maintained for half an hour. The temperature was
measured with a thermo-electric pyrometer. The cube was then
taken«K>ut and allowed to cool in the air. A second sample was
heated, as before, to 550°, and this was suddenly cooled by a strong
stream of water. The third and fourth cubes were heated to
85o°C. kept at that temperature for half an hour and cooled slowly
and suddenly as in the 550° tests.

In order to approach more nearly the conflagration conditions
samples were subjected to two flame tests. In the first case the
cube was so placed as to be enveloped on three sides by a steady
but not strong gas blast. The flame was allowed to play on the
cube for 10 minutes, then the samples were allowed to cool for

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES I?

five minutes after which time the flame was again applied for
10 minutes and the cube was again allowed to cool. To deter-
mine the combined action of heat and water a second cube was
subjected, as before, to the flame for 10 minutes, then a strong
stream of water was turned on to the sample, along with the
flame, for five minutes. Then the water was turned off and the
flame continued for another five minutes, after which, for five
minutes more the flame and water together were allowed to act
on the sample.

The results of these various tests are given in the sections of
the paper which follow and the tabulated effects are shown in
tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 with the separate sections. Reference to
the plates will show plainly the effect of these experiments on
the different kinds of stone.

Thin sections of most of the rocks tested were examined under
the microscope with the hope that they might shed some light
on the cause of the variations in refractoriness of the different
stones. Unfortunately they did not and therefore the petro-
graphic descriptions are placed at the end of the paper.

Fire tests on granites and gneisses

The cubes, for the most part, in the 550° tests stood up very well.
All of the samples remained uninjured on slow cooling, with the
exception of the gneiss from Little Falls (n)1 which developed a
few cracks. On sudden cooling but two samples seemed to have
been injured, and only slightly so. These are a coarse grained
granite from Pine Island (i) and a fine grained granite from Grind-
stone island (9). The gneiss from Little Falls (n) was measurably
more affected on fast than on slow cooling. It will be noticed in
reference to the table that three of the samples, Pine Island (i),
Little Falls (n) and Northville (14), took on a brownish tinge.
This is probably due to a change in the condition of the iron present
from a ferrous to a ferric state.

At the higher temperature (850°) none of the samples remained
uninjured, though some suffered more than others. In all cases
the sudden cooling did more damage than the slow cooling. The
gneiss, Little Falls (n), acted very badly, especially on sudden
cooling, in which test it split parallel to the bands and had numer-
ous other cracks. The fine grained stones, Nyack (4) and Grind-
stone island (9), showed a tendency to spall off at the corners,
while all the other samples, which are coarse grained, cracked very

numbers refer to samples as listed and described at the end of the paper.

l8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

irregularly, usually around the individual grains. In the Peeks-
kill sample (3) this cracking went so far as to cause the stone to be
broken into fragments the size of the mineral particles making up
the rock. The very coarse sample from Northville (14) suffered
badly.

In the flame test one of the cubes, Nyack (4) remained intact
and most of the others were but slightly injured. The fine grained
granite from Grindstone Island (9) was the most visibly affected,
having a large piece broken off from the corner against which the
flame was directed. The gneiss, Little Falls (n), besides having
a small corner broken off developed some cracks parallel to the
banding.

Under the action of the flame and water none of the cubes
remained uninjured, though in the Keeseville (7) and Northville (14)
samples only small cracks were developed. The Pine Island gran-
ite (i) was badly cracked, yet only a few grains came off the edge.
The Peekskill granite (3) was disintegrated, breaking up into its
individual grains and the Little Falls gneiss (n) was very badly
affected. The samples from Garrison (2), Nyack (4) and Grind-
stone island (9) were quite badly injured, while the coarse grained
Grindstone island stone (10) was less affected.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

FLAME AND WATER
TEST

122 Corner badly
cracked, some
grains off

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130 More affected
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131 Quite badly af-
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134 Two slight cracks

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2O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fire tests on sandstones

After having been heated to 550° none of the samples remained
uninjured, though in all cases, on slow cooling, the cracks
which developed were very slight and along the bed. The Warsaw
bluestone (19) was changed to a deep brown color and besides
cracking slightly along. the bed, also showed some small transverse
cracks. The Oxford sandstone (16) also took on a brown tinge
because of the change in the condition of the iron present in the
stone. The sudden cooling damaged the stones to a slightly greater
extent. The Medina sandstone (17) seems to have suffered the
most, for it not only developed cracks along the bed, but split in
two and showed some transverse cracks.

In the 850° tests all of the cubes except the Warsaw bluestone
(19) split in two along the bed, both after slow and sudden cooling,
and in all cases, except in the sample from Warsaw, slight trans-
verse cracks were developed. The Warsaw stone was not very
badly affected on slow cooling, but upon fast cooling developed one
open crack around three sides, along the bed. The lamination
planes of the Potsdam stone (8) were made more prominent as the
heat was increased.

Under the action of the flame, but one sample, Oxford (16),
came through without losing a piece from the corner, but around
the corner were two series of cracks. The sandstones from Medina
(17) and Warsaw (19) had small pieces broken off, while the Pots-
dam sample lost a large piece. In no cases were any cracks devel-
oped along the bed.

Under the action of the flame and water the cubes all suffered
the loss of the corners. The Warsaw sample (19) was split into
eight parallel plates. The Potsdam cube (8), besides being badly
broken at the corner, split in two along the bed. The Oxford stone
(16) lost a large part from the corner and upper edge and the sample
from Medina (17) lost a small portion from an upper edge, but devel-
oped a crack around three sides and along the bed.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

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22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fire tests on limestones

As a whole, the limestones may be said to have been little affected
at the low temperature after slow cooling. Nor has calcination
taken place at 550°. The sample from Palatine Bridge (13) devel-
oped one slight crack around the cube, but the others remained
intact. On sudden cooling, the Sandy Hill (5) and Little Falls (12)
samples still remained unchanged, but the Amsterdam cube (15)
showed one irregular crack around four sides, and the cube from
Palatine Bridge (13) was slightly more damaged than the slowly
cooled cube.

At 850° all the samples were calcined to a greater or less extent;
due to the varying compositions of the stones. The Little Falls
sample (12) showed only slight calcination because it is very dolom-
itic and contains much silica. Likewise the cube from Sandy Hill
(5) because of its silicious nature, showed little calcination, while
the Palatine Bridge stone (13) flaked off considerably. Upon slow
cooling the Little Falls sample (12) developed one small crack
around two sides, while the Palatine Bridge cube (13) flaked off
badly and showed some cracks. After sudden cooling the Little
Falls stone still continued to stand up very well, showing but two
slight cracks. The Sandy Hill cube (5) developed one open crack on
one side, and the Palatine Bridge stone (13) showed one open crack
around three sides besides some transverse ones. In the slowly
cooled cube the quicklime flaked off, but in the suddenly cooled
one it did not flake. This is due, probably, to the "setting" of
the quicklime when the water was applied.

The sample from Little Falls (12) was the only one to lose a piece
from^the corner in the flame tests. The others were slightly
cracked but lost no pieces from the corners. In all cases, however,
the action of the flame and water damaged the corners to the extent
that pieces came off. The sample from Little Falls (i 2) lost a large
piece and the Sandy Hill (5) and Amsterdam (15) stones lost smaller
pieces, while the cube^from Palatine Bridge (13) was quite badly
injured.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

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24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fire tests on marble

Only one sample of marble was tested, Gouverneur (35). The
stone was little affected at the lower temperature, only in the sud-
denly cooled cube did any cracks appear and here they were but
slight and seemed to be along planes of weakness due to the differ-
ence in texture of parts of the stone.

At the higher temperature the slowly cooled cube was disinteg-
rated to a greater extent than the fast cooled sample. The former
made a poor showing and had one bad crack around three sides
while the latter shows no cracks and the corners were but slightly
rounded. The greater disintegration of the slowly cooled cube is
due, as in the limestones, to the "setting" of the lime under the
action of the water.

The flame alone cracked the sample badly and caused some small
pieces to be broken off from the edge. The flame and water, acting
together, besides cracking the cube badly broke off four large pieces
from the three sides which were enveloped by the flame.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES

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26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SUMMARY

From the details above given some generalizations can be drawn
which are of interest and of value. It is difficult, however, to group
the different kinds of stone in any order, for they vary among them-
selves and also act differently under different conditions. A stone
which under some conditions stands up very well, will disintegrate
under other conditions. Thus, for example, the granite from North-
ville [pi. 17] acted very badly on fast cooling after having been
heated to 850°, yet, under the combined action of the flame and
water, it was little damaged. Additional variations of this char-
acter are brought out by a close study of the tables of fire tests, all
of which goes to show that, for one temperature, the order of resist-
ance will differ from the order given for another temperature.

At 55o°C. (102 2°F.) most of the stones stood up very well. The
temperature does not seem to have been high enough to 'cause much
rupturing of the samples, either upon slow or fast cooling. The
sandstones, limestones, marble and gneiss were slightly injured,
while the granites seem to have suffered the least.

The temperature of a severe conflagration would probably be
higher than 55o°C. but there would be buildings outside of the direct
action of the fire which might not be subjected to this degree of
heat and in this zone the stones would suffer little injury. The
sandstones might crack somewhat; but, as the cracking seems to
be almost entirely along the bed, the stability of the structure
would not be endangered, provided the stone had been properly
set.

The gneiss would fail badly, especially if it were coarse grained
and much banded. The coarse grained granites might suffer to
some extent. These, though cracked to a less extent than the
sandstones, would suffer more damage and possibly disintegrate
if the heat were long continued because the irregular cracks, in-
tensified by the crushing and shearing forces on the stone incident
to its position in the structure, would tend to break it down. The
limestones and marble would be little injured.

The temperature of 85o°C. (1562°?.) represents fairly the probable
degree of heat reached in a conflagration, though undoubtedly
it exceeds that in some cases. At this temperature we find that the
stones behave somewhat differently than at the lower temperature.
All the cubes tested were injured to some degree, but among them-
selves they vary widely in the extent of the damage.

All the igneous stones and the gneiss at 85o°C. suffered injury in
varying degrees and in various ways. The coarse grained granites

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 27

were damaged the most by cracking very irregularly around the
individual mineral constituents [pi. n, Peekskill; 15, Grindstone
island; and 17, Northville]. Naturally, such cracking of the stone
in a building might cause the walls to crumble. The cracking is
due, possibly, to the coarseness of texture and the differences in
coefficiency of expansion of the various mineral constituents. Some
minerals expand more than others and the strains occasioned there-
by will tend to rupture the stone more than if the mineral com-
position is simpler. This rupturing will be greater, too, if the rock
be coarser in texture. For example, a granite containing much
plagioclase would be more apt to break into pieces than one with
little plagioclase for the reason that this mineral expands in one
direction and contracts in another, and this would set up stresses
of greater proportion than would be occasioned in a stone contain-
ing little of this mineral. The fine grained samples [pi. 12, Nyack;
and pi. 14, Grindstone island] showed a tendency to spall off at the
corners. The gneiss [pi. 16, Little Falls] was badly injured. In
the gneisses the injury seems to be controlled by the same factors
as in the granites, but there comes in here the added factor of
banding. Those which are made up of many bands would be dam-
aged more severely than those in which the banding is slight.

All the sandstones which were tested are fine grained and rather
compact. All suffered some injury, though, in most cases, the
cracking was along the lamination planes. In some cubes, how-
ever, transverse cracks were also developed.

The variety of samples was not great enough to warrant any
conclusive evidence toward a determination of the controlling fac-
tors. It would seem, however, that the more compact and hard the
stone is the better will it resist extreme heat. The following rela-
tion of the percentage of absorption to the effect of the heat is
interesting. In a general way the greater the absorption, the
greater the effect of the heat. A very porous sandstone will be
reduced to sand and a stone in which the cement is largely limonite
or clay will suffer more than one held together by silica or lime car-
bonate.

PERCENTAGE OF

ABSORPTION PLATE LOCALITY

3.084 . 25 Warsaw

2.310 22 Potsdam

1.876 24 Medina

1.118 23 Oxford

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The limestones, up to the point where calcination begins (6oo°—
8oo°C.) were little injured, but above that point they failed badly,
owing to the crumbling caused by the flaking of the quicklime.
The purer the stone, the more will it crumble [compare pi. 24,
Palatine Bridge, with pi. 22, Sandy Hill, or pi. 23, Little Falls].
The marble behaves similarly to the limestone; but, because of the
coarseness of the texture, also cracks considerably. As has been
mentioned before, both the limestones and marble on sudden
cooling seem to flake off less than on slow cooling.

The flame tests can not be considered as indicative of the probable
effect of a conflagration upon the general body of the stone in a build-
ing, but rather as an indication of the effect upon projecting cor-
nices, lintels, pillars, carving and all thin edges of stonework. All
the stones were damaged to some extent. The samples from
Keeseville [pi. 13] and Northville [pi. 17] stood up very well; the
limestones were, as a whole, comparatively little injured, while the
marble was badly damaged. The tendency seems to be for the
stone to split off in shells around the point where the greatest heat
strikes the stone. The temperature of the flame probably did not
exceed 7oo°C., so it is safe to say that in a conflagration all carved
stone. and thin edges would suffer. However, outside of the intense
heat, the limestones would act best, while the other stones would
be affected in the order: sandstone, granite, gneiss and marble.

After having been heated to 85o°C., most of the stones, as
observed by Buckley1, emit a characteristic ring when struck with
metal and when scratched emit a sound similar to that of a soft
burned brick. It will be noted that in those stones in which iron
is present in a ferrous condition the color Vas changed to a brownish
tinge owing to the change of the iron to a ferric state. If the
temperature does not exceed 55o°C., all the stones will stand up
very well, but at the temperature which is probable in a confla-
gration, in a general way, the finer grained and more compact the
stone and the simpler in mineralogic composition the better will it
resist the effect of the extreme heat. The order, then, of the refrac-
toriness of the New York stones which were tested might be placed
as sandstone, fine grained granite, limestone, coarse grained granite,
gneiss and marble.

1 Mo. Bur. Geol. and Mines. Ser. 2. 1004, 2:50.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 2Q

PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF STONES TESTED

1 Granite

Pine Island, Orange co. N. Y.

EMPIRE STATE GRANITE CO.
See plate 9

This is a coarse grained gneissic granite of a pinkish color due
to an excess of pink feldspar in the stone. .Quartz of a trans-
parent variety is next in abundance, while biotite is present in
small amounts and in places shows alteration to chlorite. Green
hornblende was also noted in the hand specimen. The stone is
used largely for building purposes and the smaller pieces are cut
into paving blocks.

Under the microscope the feldspars were seen to be the most
prominent mineral. Micro cline is the chief variety with some
microperthite, orthoclase and a little soda plagioclase. All are
comparatively fresh. The quartz shows many fractures. Strongly
pleochroic green to brown hornblende, which in places has altered
to chlorite*and*epidote, is also present. The biotite has a slight
greenish tinge probably due to chloritization. Ilmenite is not
rare and large well wedge-shaped crystals of sphene were also
seen. Some zircons, small apatites and pyrite grains are scattered
through the mass.

Pressure phenomena are well shown, evidenced by the crushing
of the quartz, bending of the mica scales and fracturing of the
feldspar. In some of these cracks muscovite and calcite are
present. The crystals of the stone are well interlocked, giving
a firmness and compactness to the whole mass.

2 Granite

Garrison, Putnam co. N. Y.

KING GRANITE CO.
See plate 10

This is a fine grained gray granite used for building purposes,
which, in the hand specimen, shows light feldspar, smoky quartz
and biotite, with subordinate grains ofxgarnet.

In the thin section, the feldspars, which are quite fresh, were
seen to be orthoclase, microcline and microcline microperthite,
microperthite and a soda plagioclase. Deep brown to light bio-
tite is present, and has bleached in places, but in others has altered
to chlorite. There are also small amounts of secondary calcite,

3O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

apatites and some recrystallized quartz. A few ore grains are
scattered through the mass. This granite also shows evidences
of crushing.

3 Granite
Peekskill, Westchester co. N. Y.

COLEMAN, BRUCHARD & COLEMAN
See plate 1 1

The stone from this locality has been quarried for use in the
construction of the Croton dam. It is a medium to coarse grained,
very light stone made up of white feldspar, smoky quartz and
muscovite with small amounts of biotite.

Under the microscope, quartz and feldspar are the more promi-
nent minerals, the feldspar being mostly a very acid plagioclase
idiomorphic with respect to the orthoclase, of which there is com-
paratively little. Some microline and micropegmatite are also
present. The feldspars show alteration, mostly to muscovite.
They are clouded, usually in the center, although, in some cases,
the alteration has been in zones around the outside of the crys-
tals, beyond which more feldspar has been deposited. Of the
alteration products muscovite alone is recognizable, though kao-
linite may also be present. Both muscovite and biotite were
seen, the former being the more abundant and the latter showing
alteration to epidote in places. Chlorite is an accessory mineral,
and apatite crystals are not rare.

4 Diabase

Nyack, Rockland co. N. Y.

MANHATTAN TRAP ROCK CO.
See plate 1 2

This is a fine grained rock of a dark gray color used entirely
for road metal and concrete. It is so fine grained that the mineral
species can not be easily distinguished with the naked eye, but
bright cleavage faces suggest the presence of a plagioclase feldspar.

Under the microscope the plagioclase was the only feldspar
recognized. It is very basic, in part probably bytownite and it
occurs in lath shaped crystals having an average length of .5
millimeter and an average width of .10 millimeter. Colorless to
green augite makes up the greater part of the remainder of the
section. This augite, has, in places, altered to hornblende.
Magentite and other metallic grains, probably ilmenite, are also
present.

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 3!

7 Norite
Keesevitte, Essex co. N. Y.

PROPERTY OF C. B. WHITE

See plate 13

The quarry at this locality is not at present in operation, but
formerly the stone was employed as a building stone. In the
quarry the stone is seen to vary considerably in texture'and mineral
composition. The samples which were tested are greenish in color,
rather medium to fine grained and composed of green feldspar,
some biotite and some form of pyroxene. A few small garnets
were also noted in the hand specimen.

No thin section was cut from this rock.

9 Granite

Grindstone island, Jefferson co. N. Y.

PARRY BROS.
See plate 14

This is a fine grained red granite which from this particular
quarry has been used only for paving blocks, although from other
quarries on the island it has been employed as a building and
monumental stone. The red color is due to an excess of pink
feldspar. Light and smoky quartz are easily distinguished as are
also little scales of biotite.

In thin section the feldspars were seen to be chiefly microcline
with some orthoclase and an acid plagioclase. They are both
cloudy and clear; the orthoclase seems to have suffered the most
from alteration while the microcline remained fresh. Much quartz
is present. Both muscovite and biotite are represented, and
around some of the biotite scales chlorite and epidote occur as
alteration products. Some apatite crystals, magnetite, hematite
and other ore grains are present in small amounts.

10 Granite

Grindstone island, Jefferson co. N. Y.

KELLY & PACKARD

See plate 15

This is a coarse grained red granite which is used as a building
and monumental stone. The color is due to an excess of pink
feldspar, some of the crystals of which reach £ inch in size.

32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Light quartz and biotite make up the rest of the rock, with the
exception of a few pyrite grains. The biotite seems to be associated
with an alteration mineral which is probably chlorite.

This stone, in the thin section, shows evidences of crushing,
for the quartz is considerably cracked and the feldspar, which is
mostly microcline with some microperthite, is also much cracked.
Micropegmatite was also noted and. the feldspars show kaolinization
to some extent. Much titanite, biotite, chlorite, ilmenite, pyrite
and magnetite seem to be grouped together in large areas. All
of these may be alteration products from a brown titanium-bearing
hornblende. A few zircons and apatites were also seen in the
section.

1 1 Gneiss

Little Falls, Herkimer co. N. Y.

HALLIMAN BROS.
See plate 16

This is an augen gneiss which is being used for road metal and
has been used, to some extent, in the construction of local buildings.
The color is prevailingly greenish gray, though, in places, it is rather
pinkish. The feldspar eyes are well denned in some places. The
texture, as a whole, is rather fine.

The microscope showed that the eyes are made up of microper-
thite around which is a fine grained matrix of quartz and feldspar
which has weathered to mica in some places. Through these
large crystals of microperthite are stringers of quartz and feldspar.
(Jrreen riornblende, apatites and magnetite grains were also noted
in the section.

14 Granite

Norihville, Fulton co. N.Y.

NORTHVILLE GRANITE & MARBLE CO.
See plate 1 7

This garnetiferous gneissic granite has been quarried only on a
small scale for local monuments. The color is quite dark due to
the large amount of hornblende in the rock. It is rather coarse
grained, though variable in texture. Green feldspar and light
quartz are easily recognized and there are many large crystals of
garnet, some of them reaching a size of over J inch.

In the thin section the feldspar was seen to be largely a soda
plagioclase, with some orthoclase which had altered in places to

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 33

mica. The quartz showed evidences of crushing. Hornblende,
biotite which has altered to chlorite in places, pyrite grains, zircons
and apatites were also noted and large crystals of red garnet are
common in the section.

8 Sandstone

Potsdam, St Lawrence co. N.Y.

POTSDAM RED SANDSTONE CO.

See plate 18

This is a quartzitic red sandstone, compact and even grained
The color varies somewhat and the bedding planes are quite promi-
nent. It is extensively used as a building stone.

Under the microscope the grains appear to be well rounded;
many have become enlarged by a secondary growth of silica and
the original form of the grain is shown by a rim of limonite. The
stone is well cemented and in some cases the grains show complicated
interlocking. With the exception of a few scales of muscovite and
some grains of magnetite, the section is made up entirely of quartz
grains which rarely exceed .5 millimeter in diameter.

1 6 Sandstone

Oxford, Ckenango co. N.Y.

F. G. CLARKE BLUESTONE CO.
See plate 19

The stone from this locality, which is used extensively as a
building stone, is fine grained and of a bluish gray color.

In the thin section the rock was seen to be composed of angular
to rounded grains of quartz and feldspar, which in places has
weathered to mica. The cementing material is mostly silica,
though there is some calcite and some limonite. The texture is
quite fine, the average size of the grains being .10 millimeter. A
few mica scales and pyrite grains were also noted in the section.

17 Sandstone

Medina, Orleans co. N.Y.

CARSON BROS.
See plate 20

This is a fine grained red sandstone which is quite uniform in
texture and compact. It is widely used as a building stone.

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

, The microscope shows that the grains, which are mostly quartz,
are well rounded and encased in limonite. Some of them have
become enlarged by secondary growth, thus making the stone
compact and firm. Weathered feldspar and plagioclase make up
a large part of the section. Some ore grains, probably magnetite
and pyrite, are scattered through the mass. The texture is quite
even, the grains averaging .30 millimeter in diameter.

19 Sandstone

Warsaw, Wyoming co. N.Y.

WARSAW BLUESTONE CO.
See plate 2 1

This sandstone, used for building purposes, has a bluish gray
color, is rather loose and of a fine grain and even texture.

The rock is made up mostly of very fine subangular grains of
quartz and weathered feldspar cemented together by calcite.
Biotite and muscovite scales, chlorite, recrystallized quartz, some
ilmenite and other ore grains were also noted in the section.

5 Limestone

Sandy Hill, Washington co. N.Y.

HIGLEY & BARBER
See plate 22

The stone from this locality is fine grained and bluish gray and
is used mostly for building purposes. It is quite hard and compact
and the texture, as a whole, -is fairly even, though it varies some-
what to a coarser grain.

The microscope revealed more or less angular crystals of calcite
cemented firmly by a fine grained cloudy calcareous material.
Some rounded quartz grains and a few pyrite grains were also noted
in the section.

12 Limestone

Little Falls, Herkimer co. N.Y.

P. KEARNEY
See plate 23

The stone from this quarry, which is used locally as a building
stone, is light gray in color, fairly compact and, as a whole, fine
grained. It is made up of dolomite rather than calcite.
The microscope showed it to be composed of good crystals of

FIRE TESTS OF NEW YORK BUILDING STONES 35

dolomite in a cement of fine grained calcareous material and
limonite. Rounded quartz grains are scattered through the section,
thus giving the rock a silicious character.

13 Limestone

Palatine Bridge, Montgomery co. N.Y.

MOHAWK STONE CO.
See plate 24

This limestone has been used for building purposes, but at present
it is being quarried for railroad ballast. It is grayish blue in color,
quite compact and hard. For the most part it is quite fine in
texture, though it varies to a coarser grain.

In the thin section were seen good calcite crystals, some small
grains of quartz and a few pieces of plagioclase changing to calcite,
all in a fine grained material which is probably calcite mixed with
more or less clay. A few magnetite grains were also seen in the
section.

15 Limestone

Amsterdam, Montgomery co. N.Y.

D. C. HEWITT

See plate 2 5

The stone from this locality is extremely variable. The good
stone, employed for building purposes, is dark gray, fine grained
and fairly even in texture. However, in it are coarser layers.
The poorer stone is rather black, loose, earthy and coarse. This
is used for road metal.

The thin section shows the stone to be made up largely of calcite
crystals in a fine cloudy material which is probably a calcareous
material mixed with some clay. Some angular quartz grains and
a few plagioclase grains changing to calcite were also noted. The
texture is variable and there are some pore spaces. A few ore
grains are scattered through the mass.

35 Marble

Gouverneur, St Lawrence co. N.Y.

ST LAWRENCE MARBLE CO.

See plate 26

This is a fairly coarse grained stone of a bluish color, varying to
a lighter tint, used extensively for building and decorative pur-

36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

poses. There seem to be planes of weakness in the stone due to a
slight variation of the texture.

No thin section was cut from this sample.

REFERENCES

Previous investigations of refractoriness of building stones
Buckley. Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Bull. 1898. 4:73, 385.

Mo. Bur. Geol. and Mines. Ser. 2. 1904. 2:50.

Cutting. Weekly Underwriter. 1880. 22:257, 287, 304; 23:42.
Merrill, G. P. Stones for Building and Decoration. N.Y. 1903. p. 424.
Van Schwartz. Fire and Explosion Risks, a Handbook etc. N.Y. 1904.

Effect of fire on stone as observed in conflagrations
Anon. Building News and Eng. Jour. 1904. 87:2.
Anon. Engineering News. 1904. 51:173.
Grieshaber. Engineering News. 1904. 51:173.
Woolson. Engineering News. 1904. 5i'95, i73-

i Granite

Pine Island, Orange co. N. Y.
82 550° slow cooling 83 55o° fast cooling

81 850° slow, cooling
156 Flame test 122 Flame and water test

Plate 10

90
157

2 Granite

Garrison, Putnam co.
55°° slow cooling
Flame test

N. Y.

550° fast cooling

123 Flame and water test

Plate ii

3 Granite

Peekskill, Westchester co. N. Y.

112 550° slow cooling 113 550° fast cooling

114 850° slow cooling n5 850° fast cooling

158 Flame test 124 Flame and water test

Plate 12

I

4 Diabase

Nyack, Rockland co. N. Y.

116 550° slow cooling 117 550° fast cooling

118 850° slow cooling 119 850° fast cooling

159 Flame test 125 Flame and water test

Plate 13 : :..

7 Norite

Keeseville, Essex co. N. Y.

120 550° slow cooling 121 550° fast cooling

127 Flame and water test

Plate 14

9 Granite
Grindstone island, Jefferson co. N. Y.

30 550° slow cooling
32 850° slow cooling
162 Flame test

31
33
129

550° fast cooling
8$o° fast cooling
Flame and water test

Plate 15

10 Granite

Grindstone island, Jefferson co. N. Y.

43 55°° slow cooling 44 550° fast cooling

45 850° slow cooling 42 850° fast cooling

163 Flame test 130 Flame and water test

[Plate 16

1 1_ Gneiss

Little Falls, Herkimer co. N. Y.

95 55o° slow cooling 96 550° fast cooling

107 850° slow cooling 97 850° fast cooling

164 Flame test 131 Flame and water test

.0"!

Plate 17

14 Granite

Northville, Fulton co. N. Y.
104 550° slow cooling 105 550° fast cooling

1 06 850° fast cooling
167 Flame test 134 Flame and water test

Plate 18

Potsdam,

6 1 550° slow cooling
60 850° slow cooling
161 Flame test

8 Sandstone

St Lawrence co. N. Y.

62 550° fast cooling

63 850° fast cooling
128 Flame and water test

Plate 19

1 6 Sandstone
Oxford, Chenango co.
ii 550° slow cooling
9 850° slow cooling
1 68 Flame test

N. Y.

12 550° fast cooling
10 850° fast cooling

136 Flame and water test

Plate 20

17 Sandstone

Medina, Orleans co. N. Y.

14 550° slow cooling 13

1 6 850° slow cooling 15

169 Flame test 137

550° fast cooiing
850° fast cooling
Flame and water test

Plate 21

19 Sandstone

Warsaw, Wyoming co. N. Y.

2 550° slow cooling i 550° fast cooling

4 850° slow cooling 3 850° fast cooling

171 Flame test 139 Flame and water test

Plate 22

5 Limestone

Sandy Hill, Washington co. N. Y.
92 550° slow cooling 93 55°° fast cooling

94 850° fast cooling
1 60 Flame test 126 Flame and water test

Plate 23

12 Limestone

Little Falls, Herkimer co. N.

38 550° slow cooling 39

40 850° slow cooling 41

165 Flame test 132

Y.

550° fast cooling
850° fast cooling
Flame and water test

Plate 24

13 Limestone

Palatine Bridge, Montgomery co. N. Y.

54 550° slow cooling 55 5 5° ° fast cooling

56 850° slow cooling 57 850° fast cooling

1 66 Flame test 133 Flame and water test

Plate 25

15 Limestone

Amsterdam, Montgomery co. N. Y.

88 550° slow cooling 89 55o° fast cooling

135 Flame and water test

Plated

35 Marble

Gouverneur, St Lawrence co. N. Y.

22 550° slow cooling 25 550° fast cooling

24 850° slow cooling 23 850° fast cooling

183 Flame test 155 Flame and water test

INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e.g. 9'
means page 9, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i.e. about one third
of the way down.

Baltimore fire, observations on, io7
Buckley, experiments, 79-88; cited,
93, 287, 362

Conglomerates, refractoriness, 71
Cutting, investigations, 66-76; cited,

Diabase, petrographic description,

3°6
Dolomite, refractoriness, g3

Fire, effect on stone as observed in
conflagrations, g1-i22, 36*

Fire tests, description, i61-25; on
granites and gneisses, i75-i9; on
limestones, 22-23; on marble, 24-
25; on sandstones, 20-21; sum-
mary, 2 6 *-289

Flame tests, i69-i72, 283

Furnace tests, 16°

Gneisses, percentage of absorption,
13; fire tests, i75-i9, 26", 27*;
flame tests, 28'; locality, 13;
petrographic description, 13, 32*;
company operating quarry, 13;
order of refractoriness, 28°; use, 13

Granites, percentage of absorption,
13; effects of Baltimore fire on,
ii4; fire tests, i75-i9, 267, 26';
flame tests, 28"; locality, 13;
petrographic description, 13, 29'-
3°e, 3i4-323, 327~331; company-
operating quarry, 13; refractori-
ness, 68, 72, 84, g1, 96, io5; order of
refractoriness, 28'; use, 13

Grieshaber, cited, n2

Limestones, percentage of absorption,
15; effects of Baltimore fire on,

ii4; fire tests, 22-23, 268, 281;
flame tests, 284; locality, 15;
petrographic description, 15, 345-
358; company operating quarry,
15; refractoriness, 71, 74, 84, 93, 9*;
order of refractoriness, 289; use, 15

Marble, percentage of absorption, 15 ;
effects of Baltimore fire on, n4;
fire tests, 24-25, 268, 282; flame
tests, 285, 286; locality, 15; petro-
graphic description, 15, 358~361;
company operating quarry, 15;
refractoriness, 71, 74; order of re-
fractoriness, 28°; use, 15

Medina sandstone, percentage of ab-
sorption, 27*; fire tests, 2o3, 21

Merrill, G. P., cited, 89-95, 363

Norite, petrographic description, 31'

Oxford sandstone, fire tests, 2o2, 21;
percentage of absorption, 279

Petrographic description of stones

tested, 291~361
Potsdam stone, fire tests, 20®, 21;

percentage of absorption, 279

: Refractoriness of building stones,
previous investigations, 66-97, 36*

Sandstones, percentage of absorp-
tion, 14; effects of Baltimore fire
on, ii4; fire tests, 20-21, 27*;
flame tests, 28'; locality, 14;
petrographic description, 14,
332-345; company operating
quarry, 14; refractoriness, 69, 73>
84, 92, 9fl; order of refractoriness,
28°; use, 14

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Slates, refractoriness, 71; effects of
Baltimore fire on, n4

Tests made on New York building
stones, i23-28e. See also Fire tests;
Flame tests

Van Schwartz, cited, 95, 363

Warsaw blue stone, fire tests, 2o2, 21 ;

percentage of absorption, 27*
Winchell, N. H., experiments, 76
Woolson, cited, ns

York State Education Department
New York State Museum

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12, 13

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.1

14

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i 5

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.3

15-18
19

56.
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3 6
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s!i

.1
• 4

20

8

. 2

21

u

9

**

.3

u

" Ms i, 2

56,

• 4

Bo 3

52,

4

Memoir

5

55.

2

49.

• 3

6

56,

3,4

53,

.2

7

57.

5,6

57,

•3

Ar i

50,

7

• 4

2

Si.

The figures in parenthesis in the following list indicate the bulletin's number as a New York
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Geology. Gi (14) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Town-

ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps.

Sep. 1895. loc.
G2 (19) Merrill, P. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections

of the New York State Museum. i62p. iigpl. map. Nov. 1898. [soc]
GS (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. ipl. map.

Sep. 1898. 5<7.
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Co. o8p. il. 1 5 pi. 2 maps. Jan. 1905. joe.
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Out o
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Building Stone in the State of

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4oc.
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ports 1-13. 3i6p. ipl. Oct. 1899. 3$c.
Supplement to i4th report of the State Entomologist.

Eny (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In-
sects. 36p. il. Ap. 1899. 5c.

En8 (27) - - Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May

1899. $c.

En9 (31) 1 5th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. i28p. June

1900. i$c.

Enio (36) i6th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. n8p. i6pl.

Mar. 1901. 256.
Enii (37) Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and

Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sep. 1900. loc.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Em 2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in

New York State. O4p.il. iSpl. June 1901. 250.
Ems (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the

Adirondacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. 450.
Eni4 (53) Felt, E. P. i;th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 23 ap.

il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print.
Ems (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug.

1902. 150.

This is a revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pared.

Eni6 (59) Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 150.

See En 19.

Eni7 (64) i8th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. nop. 6pl.

May 1903. 2oc.
Em8 (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p.

52pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth.
Enig (72) Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. S8p. i3pl. Nov. 1903. 200.

IThis is a revision of Em 6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pared.

En2o (74) & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p.

i4pl. June 1904. 250.

En2i (76) Felt, E. P. i9th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. iSop.
^J04pl. 1904. 150.
En22 (79) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York, i64p.il. 57pl. Oct.

1904. 400.

En23 (86) Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York.

352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. 8oc, cloth.
En24 (97) Felt, E. P. 2oth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p.

il. i9pl. Nov. 1905. 400.

Felt, E. P. 2ist Report of the State Entomologist 1905. In preparation.
Needham, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.
Botany. Boi (2) Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of

New York. 66p. apl. May 1887. Out of print.

602 (8) Boleti of the United States. g6p. Sep. 1889. [SOG]

B°3 (25) - — Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899.

Out of print.

604 (28) Plants of North Elba. 2o6p. map. June 1899. 2OC-

Bos (54) Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 400.

Bo6 (67) Report of the State Botanist 1902. i96p. 5 pi. May 1903.

S<x.

Bo7 (75) Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 40C.

Bo8 (94) Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. lopl. July 1905. 400.

Report of the State Botanist 1905. In press.

Archeology. An (16) Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 250.
Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines.

io4p. 3Spl. Nov. 1897. 2$c.
Ar3 (22) Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct.

1898. 2$c.
Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. i9op. i6pl. a maps.

Mar. 1900. 3oc.
Ars (41) - — Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.

i66p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 300.
Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 1 1 ap.

43pl. Mar. 1902. 300.
Ai7 (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. 94p. 38pl.

June 1902. 250.
Ar8 (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians, laap. 37pl.

Dec. 1903. 3pc.
Ar9 (78) History of the New York Iroquois. 34op. i7pl. map. Feb.'

1905. 75c, cloth.

Ano (87) Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. upL Ap. 1905. 200.

Arn|(89) Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. ipop. 3Spl. June

1905. 35C-

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Prepared.

Civil, Religious & Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adoption.

Prepared.

Miscellaneous. MSI (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. joe.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 4i8p.
June 1903. 75<r, cloth.

Museum memoirs iSSg-date. Q.

1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-

opoda. 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. $i.

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl.

1898. $i, cloth.

3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.

N. Y. i28p. 9pl. Oct. 1900. 8oc.

4 Peck, C. H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. io6p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75^.

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 4gth, sist and sad
reports of the State Botanist.

5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of

New York State. i96p. 2ipl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.

6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map.

$2, cloth.

7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt i Graptolites of the

Lower Beds. 35op. i7pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth.

8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. In press.

9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America.

In press.

Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. In preparation.
Ruedemann, R. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher

Beds. In preparation.

Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. Pre-
pared.

Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pi. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.
DIVISION i ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v. il. pi. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. i?8p.
v. i pti Mammalia. i3-j-i46p. 33pl. 1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates,
v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12 -f 38op. i4ipl. 1844.

Colored plates,
v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7 +98p. pt4 Fishes. 15 +4i5p. 1842.

pt3~4 bound together.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 79pl.
1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 5 ptS Mollusca. 4+27ip. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. i3pl. 1843—44.
Hand-colored plates: pts-6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical
properties. 2V. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. i Flora of the State of New York. 12 -f 484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. S72p. Sgpl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture, il. pi.
sq. Q. Albany 1842. Out of print.

f

New York state museum,
seum bulletiru

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Hi3 Paleontology, izp. 20.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York.

His Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York.
8c.

Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.

Hi6 Entomology. i6p. 2c.

Hi7 Economic Geology. 44p. 40.

Hi8 Insecticides and Fungicides. 2op. 30.

HIQ Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. $c.

Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State
of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum
Report, v. i. 59X67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to i inch. 150.

- Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of
Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17, 1897. IQC.

- Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks
Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17, 1897. 50.

- Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to i inch. In atlas
form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower .Hudson sheet 6oc.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sul-
livan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut.

- Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds.
1901. Scale 12 miles to i inch. 150.

- Map of trie State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic
Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to i inch. .150.

Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base;
scale i in. = i m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub-
lished separately.

- Albany county. Mus. rep't 49, v. 2. 1898. $oc.
Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1898.

Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus.

rep't 51, v. i. 1899.

Rockland county. State geol. rep't 18. 1899.
Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. 1900.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. 1901. loc.
*Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. 1901. 250.
Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep't 19. 1901.
Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus. bul. 48.

1901.

Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902.
Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep't 21. 1903.
Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1903.
*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. loc.
*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale i in.= \ m.) Mus. bul. 69.

1903. 2oc.

*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. "63. 1904. soc.
'Little Falls quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. ifc.
*Watkins-Elmira q'uadrangle. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 20C.
*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. loc.
*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. loc.