FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR

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FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

MACMILLAN.

(■

FIRST

LATIN GRAMMAR

BY

M. C. MACMILLAN, M.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER IN ST. PAUL's SCHOOL

MACMILLAN AND CO.

1879

\^All rights reserved 1

OXFORD:

BY E. PICKARD HALL, M.A., AND J. H. STACY. PRIXTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

PREFACE.

In this short Grammar of the Latin Accidence I have endeavoured to arrange the paradigms in such a way as to give some hint of the connection between the different forms, without departing from the traditional number and order of Declensions and Conjugations. In the arrange- ment by stems I have closely followed Mr. Roby, even in the somewhat uncertain distinction between consonant and i-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that some division is necessary, and that his is more satisfactory than any other.

The Notes, which are printed in small type at the bottom of the page, may well be omitted until the large print has been thoroughly learnt. I have confined the Latin Declen- sion of Greek words to an Appendix, for the sake of clearness, and treated the Reckoning of Time, Money, and the Numerals, at the end of the book, rather for the sake of following the usage of Latin Grammars than because they belong strictly to the subject.

I have omitted the Syntax because, while a knowledge of grammatical forms is necessary to the beginner of Latin, the use of these forms can only be taught by progressive exercises, and many excellent books on this subject already exist.

CONTENTS.

Letters

Nouns

Declension of Nouns Substantive Gender of Nouns Substantive . Declension of Nouns Adjective Degrees of Nouns Adjective

Pronouns

Declension of Pronouns Substantive Declension of Pronouns Adjective Declension of Numerals .

Verbs

Conjugation of Regular Verbs .

„ Verbs with -i Stems .

„ Irregular Verbs

„ Defective Verbs

„ Impersonal Verbs

List of Irregular Verbs Adverbs . . . .

Conjunctions

Prepositions

Appendix I. Latin Declension of Greek Appendix II. List of Numerals Appendix III. Roman Mode of Reckoning Appendix IV. Roman Money

Nouns Time

I

4

5

20

26

31 36 36 38 46 48

50 62 64 76 78 79 95 97 97 99 108

113 118

FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

THE LETTERS.

§ I. Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these: —

probably always pronounced hard.

ivioucr

11

Name.

Signs

A

a

a

B

b

be

C

c

ce

D

d

de

E

e

e

P

f

ef

a

g

ge

H

h

h

I J

M

H

K

k

k

L

1

el

M

m

em

N

n

en

O

0

o

P

P

pe

Q

q.

qu

R

r

er

S

s

es

T

t

te

U

:{

V

u

X

X

ix

Y

y

Uf

Z

z

Ze

generally written J, j, (i) before a vowel at the beginning of words; (2) between two vowels.

used only in a few abbreviations, as K for Cdlendae.

always followed by u.

j written V, y, (i) before a vowel at the beginning ( of words ; (2) belween two vowels, ix

Upsilon I only used to write T and Z in words bor- S rowed from the Greek (as chlamys, zona).

1 THE LETTERS.

§ 2. Vowels. Each of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (called upsilon) can be pronounced by itself, and is named from its own sound without any addition. They are called vowels or self-sounding letters.

When two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as to produce one vowel-sound, this combination is called a diphthong or double-sound. These are

ae, oe, au,

eu, ei, ui, seldom found.

§ 3. Consonants. The other letters., which can only be sounded in connexion with vowels, are called consonants or letters sounded with. In naming these letters, as we see from the above table, a vowel is pronounced either before or after the sound of the consonant.

§ 4. Consonants may be divided —

I. According to the parts of the mouth at which they are formed.

n. According to the character of the sound.

Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the )

> fi Tc g n- throat (or soft palate), . j » . > •

Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue, r, 1.

Dentals or sounds formed at or near the teeth, t, d, n, s, z.

Labials or sounds formed at or with the lips, p, b, f, v, m.

THE

LETTERS.

Sharp sounds or Tenues,

II.

c, k, g, t, p

Soft sounds or Mediae,

g, d, b.

Liquids,

1, r, m, n.

Sibilant (or hissing letter).

s.

Aspirate (or rough breathing),

h.

The letters x = ks and z = ds are called double letters.

§ 5. Semivowels. The letters j and v, which in Latin represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semi- vowels.

§ 6. Table of the alphabet arranged accordmg to pro- nunciation.

Vowels.

Semi- vowels.

Consonants.

Aspirate

Guttural.

Lingual.

Dental.

Labial.

a

C

d

b

e

g

f

h

i

J

k

1

n

m

0

q

r

s,t

P

.

u

V

x = ks

y

z = ds

j

B 2

4 NOUNS.

Inflexion.

§ 7. Words are inflected, that is, altered in their form, to mark their relation to other words in a sentence.

Stem. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflexion is called the stem.

Sufax. That part of a word which may be changed is called the sufiix or ending.

Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected; other words are not.

NOUNS.

§ 8. Nouns are inflected by adding to or changing the end of the stem. The inflexion of nouns is called de- clension.

The Latins used inflexions to distinguish —

(i) Two Numbers: the Singular when a word signifies one thing, the Plural when it signifies more than one.

(2) Six Cases : Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative.

(3) Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.

Note I. A distinct form for the Vocative case is only found in the singular of masculine nouns of the second declension, and in some words adopted from the Greek.

A case called the Locative, found in some words, is always the same in form either as the genitive, the dative, or the ablative.

Note 2. Names of things which were thought of as having sex were i^Iasculine or Feminine j others were Neuter {neither of the two).

NOUNS. 5

§ 9. Nouns are either Substantive or Adjective. Substantives have inflexions of number and case, but are chiefly each of one gender only.

Adjectives have inflexions of number, case, and gender.

§ 10. Certain case-endings are common to all nouns.

Singular, Masc. and Fem. Neut.

Nom.

Acc. -m

tali

alike.

Plural

Nom.

Acc. -s

Gen. -um

Dat. Abl.

alike.

§ II. Declension of Nouns Substantive.

Substantives are arranged in five " classes, called declen- sions, according to th6 endings of the genitive singular.

In the ist declension the genitive singular ends in -ae „ 2nd „ „ -i

» 3rd „ „ -Is

„ 4th „ „ -lis

» 5th ■ „ „ -ei.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

§ 12. First Declension, Stems ending in -a, chiefly Feminine. Example : mensa-, f. table.

Singular Number.

Nominative and Vocative mensa

Accusative mensa-m

Genitive and Dative mensae

Ablative mensa

Plural Number.

Nominative and Vocative menssie

Accusative mensa-s

Genitive mensa-rum

Dative and Ablative mensi-s.

Note 3. Genitive singular in -ai is sometimes found.

„ ,, in -as is found in patdr famflias, /a/Aer of.

a family ; matSr familias, mother of a family.

Note 4. Genitive Plural in -um instead of.-aram is found in

caelicolum (m.), terrigenum (m.),

0f dwellers in heaven, of earth-bom men,

also drachmum (f ), amphorum (f.),

of drachmas, efamphors.

Note 5. Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus is sometimes found in deabus from dea, goddess (a form retained to distinguish it from the dat. •and abl. of deus, god), in filiabiis, from fllia, a daughter, and some other words.

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

§ 13. Second Declension.

I. Masculine (and rarely Feminine) Stems in -o.

Example : domino-, m. lord ;- ag(e)ro-, m. field ; puero- m. boy.

Singular,

Nom. ^ dominu-s Voc. domine

Ace. dominu-m

Gen. • domini Dat. Abl. domino

Plural.

Nom. Voc. domini

Ace. domino-s

Gen. domino-rum

Dat Abl. domini-s.

>■-

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

ager

puer.

Ace.

agru-m

pueru-m.

Gen.

agri

pueri

Dat. Abl.

agro Plural.

puero

Nom. Voc.

agri

pueri

Ace.

agro-s

puero-s

Gen.

agro-nim

puero-rum

Dat. Abl.

agri-s.

pueri-s.

8 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Stem deo-, m. god, is declined thus : —

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

•deii-s

Ace.

deu-m

Gen.

dei

Dat. Abl. dea

Plural.

Nom. Voc.

di or del

Ace.

deo-s

Gen.

deo-ruin or deu-m

Dat. Abl.

di-s or dei-s.

Note 6. The Vocative of Names in -lus ends in -i,

with gSni, fill, vulturi, oh genius, oh son, oh vulture.

Note 7. Substantives declined like puer

are socer, gener, vesper. Liber,

father-in-lcew, son-in-law, evening star, Bacchus,

the singular of jugerum, acre,

and vir, accusative vTrum, ■man.

SECOND DECLENSION.

II. Neuter Stems in -o. Example: rtgno-, kingdom ; membro-, /m<5. Singular.

Norn. Voc. Ace.

regnu-m

membru-m

Gen.

regni

membri

Dat. Abl.

regno

membro

Plural.

Nom. Voc. Ace. regnS, membr&

Gen. regno-rum membro-rum

Dat. Abl. regni-s. . membri-s.

Note 8. The Steins pelago- or pelages-, n. sea ; viro-, n. venom ; vulgo-, n. common people, are irregular in their declension.

Singular.

N.V. A, pdagii-s virii-s vulgu-s (also ace. masc. vulgum) Gen. pelagi viri vtilgi

Dat. Abl. pelago viro vulgo

Plural. Ace. pelage.

Note 9. Genitive singular. Stems in -io formed the genitive singular in -i, in the Latin written before and during the greater part of the reign of Augustus (who died a.d. 14).

Note 10, Gen. plur. instead of -oniin ends in -um, in fabrum, deum, and virum, of smiths, qfgods, of men,

nummum and sestertlum of coins, of sesterces.

10

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

§

14. Third Declension.

I. Stems ending

in -i.

(a) Stems with labial before -i.

Ex. : nubi-, f. cloud

civi-, m. f. citizen.

Singular.

Norn. Voc.

nube-s

civi-s

Ace.

nube-m

cive-m

Gen. .

nubi-s

civi-s

Dat.

nubi

civi

Abl.

nub 6

Plural.

eivS (also civi)

■ N.A.V.

nube-s

cive-s

Gen.

nubi-um

civi-um

Dat. Abk

nubi-bue.

civi-bus.

{b) Stems with guttural before -i.

Ex. : fasci-, m. bundle ,

arci-, f. citadel.

Singular,

Nom. Voc.

fasci-s

arx

Ace.

fasce-m

arce-m

Gen.

fasci-s

arci-s

Dat.

fasci

arci

Abl.

fasce Plural

arce

N.A.V.

fasce-s

arce-s

Gen.

fasci-um

arci-um

Pat. Abl.

fasci-bus.

arci-bus.

THIRD DECLENSION.

II

(c) Stems with dental before penti (usually f.) serpen/.

■i. Ex.: T2Lti-,. f. doa/ ; ser-

Singular.

Norn. Voc.

rati-s

serpen-s

Ace.

rate-m

serpente-m

Gen.

rati-s

serpent i-s

Dat.

rati

serpent!

Abl.

rat§

serpent e

Plural.

N.V.A.

rate-s

serpente-s

Gen.

rati-um

serpenti-um

Dat. Abl.

rati-biia.

serpent i-b^s!

{d) Stems ending in -ni, -11, -ri, -si. Ex.: imbri-, m. shower ; animali-, n. animal. ■

Singular.

Nom. Voc

imber

Ace.

imbre-m

Gen.

imbri-s

Dat.

imbri

Abl.

imbre or imbri

animal

animali-

animali

Plural.

N.V.A.

imbre-s

animali-a

Gen.

imbri-um

animall^um

Dat. Abl.

imbri-biis. ■

• animal i-bus.

12 DECLENSION" Ot' NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

11. Stems ending in Consonants.

(a) Stems ending in mutes. Ex.: princip-, m. and f. ch'ef; judec-, m. f. Judge; aetat-, f. age; ped-, m./oo/.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. princep-s judex

Ace. princip -em judlc-em

Gen. princip-is judic-is

Dat. princip-i judic-i

Abl. princip-5 judic-e

Plural.

N. V. A. princip-es judic-es

Gen. princip-um judic-um

Dat. Abl. princip -ibiis. judic-ibus.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. aeta-s ' pes

Ace. aetat-em ped-em

Gen. aetat-Is ped-is

Dat. aetat -i ped-i

Abl. aetat-e ped-e

Plural.

N.V. A. aetat -es ped-es

Gen. aetat -um ped-um

Dat. Abl. aetat-ibus. ped-ibiis.

Note II. The gen. plur. of stems ending in -at, e. g. civitas, f. citizen- ship; aestas, {.summer; calamitas, f. calamity; is sometimes formed in -ium.

THIRD DECLENSION.

13

{d) Stems ending in -n. Ex. : agmen-, n. /los^; homon-, m. f. man ; legion-, f. legion.

Singular.

Nom,

.Voc.

agmen

homo

legio

Ace.

agmen

homin-em

legion-em

Gen.

agmin-is

homin-is

legio^-is

Dat.

agmin-i

homin-i

legion-i

Abl.

agmin-e

homin-§

legion -e

^ Plural

N.V.A.

agmin-a

homin-es

legion-es

Gen.

agmin-um

homin-um

legion-mn

Dat.

Abl.

agmin-ibus.

homin-ibus.

legion-ibti-s.

(^) Stems ending in -1, -r. Ex.: consul-, m. consul. pater-, va.. father ; cadaver-, n. carcase.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

consul consul-em

pater patr-em

}

cadaver

Gen.

consul -is

patr-is

cadaver -is

Dat.

consul-i

patr-i

cadaver -i

Abl.

consul-e

patr-e

cadaver -e

Plural.

N.V.A.

consul-es

patr-es

cadaver-a

Gen.

consul -iim

patr-um

cadaver -um

Dat. Abl.

consul-ibus.

patr-ibus.

cadaver -ibiis,

14 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

•{d) Stems ending in -s. Ex. : honos-, m. honour; opus-, n. work.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

honos (honor) honor -em

}

opus

Gen.

honor-is

oper-is

Dat.

honor-i

oper-i

Abl.

honor-e

oper-e

Plural

N.V.A.

honor-es

Gen.

honor-mn

Dat. Abl.

honor-ibiis.

oper-a

oper-um

oper-ibiis.

Note 12. Stems tussi-, f. cough; siti-, f. thirst; visi- (or viri-), i. force.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. tussi-s siti-s vis

Ace. tussi-m siti-m vim

Gen. tussi-s

Dat. tussi

Abl. tussi siti vi

Plural.

N.V.A. tusse-s vire-s

Gen. tussi-um viri-um

Dat. tussi-bus. viri-bus.

THIRD DECLENSION.

It

III. Stems ending in -u.

Ex.: gru-, m. f. crane; su-, m. f. swine; ]o\-, Jupiier , bov-, m. f. ox or cow.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

gni-s

*

sii-s

Ace.

gru -em

sii-em

Cen.

gru-is

su-is

Dat.

gni-i

su-i

Abl.

gru-e

Plural.

su-e

N.V.A.

gni-es

su-es .

Gen.

gm-um

su-um

Dat. Abl

gni-ibtis.

su-ibus or su-btis.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Jupplter (for Jov-piter) bo-s

Ace. J6v-em bov-em

Gen. Jov-is bov-is

Dat. Jov-i bov-i

Abl. Jov-e bov-e

N.V.A. Gen. Dat Abl.

Plural

bov-es bo-um bo -bus or bii-btis.

1 6 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Notes on Peculiar Forms of Cases.

Note 13. Accusative singular in -im and -em is found in

febris, pelvis, turns, fever, _ basin, tower,

securis, restis, puppis, axe, rope, stern of a ship,

rarely clavis, key,

messis, navis, harvest, ship.

Note 14. Ablative singular in -i only is foimd in

Neuteis with nominative in -e, -al, -ar,

such as mare, animal, calcar, sea, animal, spur.

excepting -e in jubar, nectar, far, brightness, nectar, spelt.

Note 15. Ablative singular in -i and -e is foimd in

Noims with accusative in -im and -em,

(seciiri, reste, always are the same), axe, rope,

civis, anguis, finis, fustis, citizen, snake, end, cudgel,

avis, unguis, amnis, postis, bird, nail, river, door-post,

imber, ignis, strigilis, shozver, fire, scraper,

classis, axis, and bilis, fleet, axle, bile.

THIRD DECLENSION. 1 7

Note 1 6, Genitive plural in -ium is found in

(i) Neuters with nominative in -e, -al, -ar;

(2) Parisyllables excepting mater,- tnotker,

pater, juv^nis, and frater, father, youth, brotJier,

sSnex, vates, and canis, old man, seer, dog,

accipiter, and volucris, hawk, bird.

(3) Nominatives with -s or'-x

and consonant as cliens, arx, client, citadel.

(4) mas, maris, male, makes marium, mus, muris, mome, makes murium, glis, gllris, dormouse, glirium,

lis, litis, lawsuit, litium,

nix, nivis, snow, makes nivium,

.nox, noctis, night, makes noctium,

dos, dotis, dowry, dotium,

OS, ossis, bone, makes ossium,

vis, force, makes vires, virium. C

] DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

§ 15. Fourth Declension, Stems ending in -u. Ex.: gradu-, m. step; cornu-, n. horn. Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

gradii-s gradu-m

\ cornu

Gen.

gradu-s

cornu-s

Dat. Abl.

gradu-i gradu

Plural

\ cornu

N.V.A.

gradu-s

corn-d-a

Gen.

gradu-um

cornu-um

Dat. Abl.

grad-ibus.

com-ibus.

Note 17. Domus, f. a house, is declined thus :-

Singular. Nom. Voc. domu-s Ace. domu-m

Gen. domu-s

Dat. domu-i

Abl. domo

Locative domi, at home

Plural. Nom. Voc. domu-s Ace. domo-s

Gen. domu-um domo-rum

Dat. Abl. dom-ibus!

Note 18. Dative and Ablative plural in -iibus is found in

quercus, specus, artus, arcus, acus, oak, cave, limb, bow, needle,

tribus, partus, portus, vSru, lacus, tribe, birth, harbour, spit, lake.

FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 1 9

§ 16. Fifth Declension, Stems ending in -e. Ex.: die-, m. f. day.

Singular:

Nom. Voc. die-s

Ace. die-m

Gen. Dat. die-i

Abl. die

Plural.

N.V.A. die-s

Gen. die-rum

Dat. Abl. die-biis.

Note 19. In the Genitive and Dative singular final -ei is sometimes contracted into -§

as die, acie, fide, day, edge, faith.

Note 20. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative plural are seldom found, except in the words res, thing, and dies.

C 2

20 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Gender of Nouns Substantive.

§ 17. Masculine. AH names of males, peoples, months. and winds ; and most names 'of mountains and rivers.

Feminine. All names of females and islands ; and most names of countries, cities, and plants.

Neuter. All indeclinable nouns.

Masculine and Feminine. Names derived from offices, employments, etc., held either by men or women.

§ 18. First Declension,

Feminine. Words ending in -S., except names of men, as nauta, sailor.

§ 19. Second Declension.

Masculine. Words ending in -lis and -er. Neuter. Words ending in -um.

These are feminine in -us, alvus, colus, carbasus,

stomach,

distaff.

canvass.

vannus.

humus,

pampinus,

winnowing-fan,

ground.

vine-leaf.

Neuter,

Virus,

pelagus,

venom.

sea.

Note 21. Carbasus has nom. and ace. plural carbasa (neuter); vulgus, the common people, is neuter, but the ace. is often vulgum. It has no plural.

THIRD DECLENSION. 21

§ 20. Third Declension.

Masculine. Words ending in -o (genitive -onis), -or, -os, -er, -ex and imparisyllables in -es.

-or. Feminine in -or is arbor,

tree.

Neuter, aequor, cor, and marmor,

surface, heart, marble.

-OS. Feminine are cos, and dos,

whetstone, dowry.

Neuter are both 6s, and 6s,

hone, face,

-er. Neuter words which end in -er, are siler, verbera, and ver,

ozier, blows, spring,

papaver, piper, acer, tuber, poppy, pepper, maple, hump,

cadaver, iter, c!cer, uber, corpse, journey, chick-pea, udder.

-ex. Feminine are faex, and lex,

lees, law,

with supellex, forfex, nex, furniture, scissors, death.

Note 22. arbor, genitive arboris; aequor, aequoris; cor, cordis; marmor, marmoris; cos, cotis; dos, dotis; 6s, .ossis; os, 5ris; verbera (plural), verberum ; singular found only in the ablative verber^ ; iter, itineris (from old nom. itiner) ; faex, faecis ; lex, legis ; supellex, supel- lectilis (an adjective with rei, gen. of res understood) ; forfex, forf icis ; nex, necis.

22 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

-es. Feminine abies, and seges,

fir-tree, corn,

merces, merges, quies, teges, hire, sheaf, rest, mat.

Feminine. Words ending in -o (genitive. -inis), -io, -aus, -as, -is, -X (except -ex), -s following a consonant, and pari- syllables in -es.

-o (gen. -inis). Masculine in -o are cardo,

hinge,

ordo, turbo; common margo,

order, whirlwind, border.

-io. Masculine are vespertilio,

bat, pugio, scTpio, papilio, ^^■iS^^) ^^°ff} butterfly,

septentrio, and unio,

north, pearl,

and words like ternio, senio,

the number three, the number six.

-as. Masculine are as, and mas,

a bronze coin, male,

vas (vadis, dai7), and elephas,

elephant.

Note 23. abies, abietis; seges, sfgetis; merces, mercedis; merges, mergitis ; quies, quietis ; teges, tegetis ; vespertilio, vespertilionis ; as, assis ; mas, maris ; vas, vessel, genitive vasis, is neuter ; the plural vasa belongs to the second declension; Elephas, elephantis (see Appendix, p. 104).

THIRD DECLENSION. 23

•is. Masculine are

amnis, axis, callis, collis, river, axle, path, hill,

canalis, caulis, cassis, follis,

canal, stalk, net, pair of bellows,

crinis, fascis, funis, fustis, bair, bundle, rope, cudgel,

sodalis, sentis, panis, postis,

companion, bramble, loaf, door-post,'

piscis, orbis, manes (plur.), mensis, fish, circle, ghosts, month,

torris, unguis, vectis, ensis,

firebrand, nail, crowbar, sword.

Imparisyllables glis, and cinis,

dormouse, ashes,

lapis, pulvis, sanguis, semis, stone, dust, blood, half an as.

-ax, -ix. Masculine in -ax and -ix,

thorax, fornix, and calix,

breastplate, arch, cup ;

-s after a con- Masculine are dens, and fons,

sonant. tooth, spring,

scrobs, and rudens, mons, and pons,

ditch, cable, mountain, bridge.

Note 2^. ainnis, genitive amnis; glis, gllris; cinis, cineris; lapis, lapidis ; pulvis, pulveris ; sanguis, sanguinis ; semis, semissis ; thorax thoracis; fornix, fomicis; calix, calicis; dens, dentis; scrobs, scrobis.

24 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Neuter. Words ending in -a, -e, -ar, -ur, -us, -c, -1, -n, -t.

-ur. These are masculine in -ur,

furfur, turtur, vultur, fur, bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief.

-US. -US, -utis, feminine ; with tellus,

the earth,

pecus (pecudis), and palus,

beast (cow, sheep, etc.), marsh,

incus; common grus, and sus, anvil, crane, sivine.

Masculine are lepus, mus,

hare, mouse.

-1. sal and sol are masculine,

salt, sun.

-n also pecten, ren, and splen,

comb, kidney, the spleen.

Note 2 S). furfur, genitive furfuris ; fur, furis; tellus, telluris; palus, paludis; incus, incudis; grus, gruis; lepus, leporis; mus, muris; sal, salis; sol, solis; pecten, pectinis; ren, renis; splen, splenis.

FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 25

§ 21. Fourth Declension,

Masculine. Words ending in -tis.

Neuter. Words ending in -u.

Feminine are trees in -iis,

tribus, acus, porticus, tribe, needle, colonnade,

domus, Idus, and manus,

house, Ides, hand.

§ 22. Ftftk Declension.

Feminine.

Dies, mostly masculine,

day,

in singular may be feminine.

Note 26. domus, genitive domus (see note 17) ; Idus, Iduum.

26

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

Declension of Nouns Adjective.

§ 23. Adjectives have inflexions to denote differences of gender as well as of number and case.

§ 24. I. Stems ending in -o (masculine and neuter) and -a (feminine).

Ex. : bono-, bona-, good; tenero-, tenera-, tender ; nig(e)ro-, nigra-, hlack.

Singular.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

bonu-s

bona

bon-ii-m

Voc.

bone

bonS,

bonii-m

Ace.

bonu-m

bona-m

bonu-m

Gen.

boni

bonae

boni

Dat.

bono

bonae

bono

Abl.

bono

bona Plural.

bono

Nom. Voc.

boni

bonae

bona

Ace.

bono-s

bona-s

bona

Gen.

bono-rum bona-rum

bono-nim

Dat. Abl.

boni-s in

all genders.

Note 27. Adjectives declined like tener, are asper, lacer, liber, miser, rough, torn, free, luretcJied, compoimds too of -fer, and -ger, as mortifer, and aliger, death-bringing, wing-bearing.

-O AND -A STEMS.

ir

Singular.

Masc.

Fern.

Neuf.

Nom. Voc.

tener

tenera

teneru-m

Ace.

teneru-m

tener a-m

teneru-m

Gen.

teneri

tener ae

teneri

Dat.

tener o

tenerae

tener 5

Abl.

tener 6

tenera Plural

tener o

Nom. Voc.

teneri

tenerae

tenera

Ace.

tener o-s

tenera-s

■ tenera

Gen.

tener o-rum tener a-rum

tener 6-rum

Dat. Abl.

tener i-s in all genders.

Singular.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Nom. Voc.

nlger

nigra

nigru-m

Aec.

nigru-m

nigr a-m

nigru-m

Gen.

nigri

nigrae

nigri

Dat.

nigro

nigrae

nigro

Abl.

nigro

nigra Plural.

nigro

Nom. Voc.

nigri

nigra©

nigra,

Ace.

nigro-s

nigra-s

nigra

Gen.

nigr o-rum nigr a-rum

nigro-rum •

Dat. Abl.

nigri-s in

all genders.

Adjectives declined like niger, are creber, aeger, ater, piger, frequent, sick, black, sluggish, pulcher, riiber, impiger, beautiful, red, active. Sinister, sacer, integer, cm the left hand, sacred, whole.

Dexter, right-hand, has both forms.^

28 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

§ 25. II. Stems ending in -1

Ex.: felici-, happy ; sapienti-, wise; tristi-, sad; acri-, keen ; celeri-, swift.

Singular.

Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom, Voc. felix sapiens

Ace. fellce-m felix sapiente-m sapiens

Gen. felici-s sapienti-s

Dat. felici sapienti

Abl. felici (rarely sapienti or

felice). sapiente.

Plural.

N.V.A. felice-s felici-a sapiente-s sapienti-a Gen. felici-um sapient i-um Dat. Abl. felici-biis. . sapienti-biis.

Singular.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl.

tristi-s

triste-m

tristi- tristi.

Plural.

-s

triste triste

N.V.A. Gen. Dat Abl.

triste-s

tristi-um tristi-bus

tristi-a

-I STEMS.

29

Singular.

Masc. Fern.

Neut.

Nom. Voc.

acer acri-s

acre

Ace.

acre-in

acre

Gen.

acri-s

Dat. Abl.

Plural.

acri

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

N.V.A.

acre-s

acri-&

Gen.

acri-um

Dat. Abl.

acri-bus. Singular.

Masc. Fem.

• Neut.

Nom. Voc.

celer celeri-i

s celer e

Ace. .

celere-m

celer e

Gen.

celer i-s

Dat. Abl.

Plural.

celer i

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

N.V.A.

celer e-s

celeri-a

Gen.

celer i-um

Dat. Abl.

celeri-biis.

Note 28. Like acer are declined

Adjectives which end in -ster, with celeber, and alacer,

frequented, alert,

saluber, pviter, volucer, healthy, putrid, winged.

30 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

§ 26. III. Consonant stems. Ex. : melior, better ; pauper, poor.

Singular. Masc. and Fem. Neut.

Nom. Voc. melior melius

Ace. melior-em melius

Gen. melior-is

Dat. melior -i

Abl. melior-e (rarely meliori)

Plural,

N.V.A. melior -es melior-&

Gen. melior -um

Dat. Abl. melior -ibiis.

Singular. Masc. and Fem. Neut.

Nom. Voc. pauper

Ace. pauper-em pauper

Gen. pauper-is

Dat. pauper -i

Abl. pauper -e

Plural.

N.V. A. pauper-es

Gen. pauper-um

Dat. Abl. pauper -ibtis.

degrees of nouns adjective. 3 1

Degrees of Nouns Adjective.

§ 27. The Adjective is a noun expressing quality.

In Latin many adjectives have three forms, denoting dif- ferent degrees of quality.

The positive is the simple form of the adjective, as dTinis, hard.

The comparative denotes : —

(i) A higher degree, when two persons or things are compared, as durior, harder.

(2) A too high degree, as durior, too hard.

The superlative denotes : —

(i) A higher degree, when more than two persons or things are compared, as durissimus, hardest.

(2) A very high degree, as durissimus, very hard.

§ 28. From the positive we may find the comparative by adding -ior to the last consonant of the stem ; the superla- tive either by adding -issimus to the last consonant of the stem; or, by doubling the last consonant and adding -imus *.

* Nearly all the words of this form are given in § 29 and note 29.

32

DEGREES OF N

OUNS ADJECTIVE.

§ 29-

Examples of regular

comparison.

Stem.

Positive.

Comparative.

Superlative. .

duro-

duru-s, hard

dur-ior

dur-issimus

tristi-

tristi-s, sad

trist-ior

trist-issimus

felici-

felix, happy

felic-lor

felic-issimus

tenero-

tener, delicate

tener-ior

tener -rimus

celeri-

celer, swift

celer -ior

celer-rimus

nig(e)ro-

niger, black

nigr-ior

niger-rimus

ac(e)ri-

acer, keen

acr-ior

acer -rimus

facili-

facili-s, easy

facil-ior

facil-limus.

Note 29. Like tener are asper, rough; dexter, right-hand; \\htr, free; miser, ivr etched; pauper, /)oor ; uher, fruitful.

Like niger are piger, sluggish; pulcher, beautiful; ruber, red; taeter, foul; cel^her, frequented ; saluber, healthy. In the comparative of these adjectives the e of the stem is omitted, as in the declension of the posi- tive. See § 24.

Like facilis are difficilis, difficult; similis, like; dissimilis, unlike; gracilis, slender; hiimilis, low.

Note 30. Adjectives ending in -us preceded by a vowel have no forms for the comparative and superlative, as arduu-s, steep magis arduus, more steep maxime arduus, most steep.

Except those ending in -quus and -guis, as

antiquu-s, ancient antiqu-ior antiqu-issimus

pingui-s, fat pingu-ior pingu-issimus.

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. ^^

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34

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

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DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

35

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s

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CO CO O O

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a s

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m

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D 2

3<5 PRONOUNS.

PRONOUNS.

§ 31. Pronouns are either Substantive or Adjective (see §9)-

§ 32. The Pronouns in Latin may be divided into : — Personal: ego,// nos,we; in, thou ; v6s,ye. Reflexive : se, himself, herself, itself themselves. Possessive : meus, my ; noster, our ; tuus, thy ; vester,

your ; suus, his, her, its, their. Demonstrative : hie, this near me ; iste, that near you ; ille, that there ; is, that, he ; Idem, the same ; ipse, he himself. Relative : qui, who, which ; quisquis, whosoever, which- ever. Interrogative : quis or qui, who .^ which .^ Indefinite : quis or qui, anyoTie, any; quisquam, any (one) at all.

Declension of Pronouns Substantive.

§ 33. The Personal Pronouns are substantive, and have no distinction of gender. There are two persons, the person who speaks, and the person spoken to.

First Person. Singular. Plural.

Nom. ego, / Nom. Ace. nos, we

Ace. me Gen. nostrum

Dat. mihi Dat. Abl. nobis.

Abl. me

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. '>^^

Second Person. Singular. Plural.

Nom. Voc. \Vi,ihou N.V.A. vos, y€,you

Ace. te Gen. vestrum

Dat. tib! Dat. Abl. vobis.

Abl. te

§ 34. The Reflexive Pronoun is substantive, and has no distinction of gender. It refers back to the subject of the sentence, or person spoken of, which is called the third person.

Singular and Plural,

Ace. se, himself^ herself^ itself, themselves Dat. sibi Abl, se.

The form sese is often used for se.

Note 32. Instead of the genitives of ^go, tu and se the possessive pronouns are sometimes used, as mea manus, my hand; noster exercitus, our army.

Sometimes the genitive singular neuter of these adjectives is used, as magna pars mei, a great part of me (i.e. 0/ my nature) ; memoria nostri tua, thy remembrance of us.

3^ . declension of certain

Declension of Pronouns Adjective.

§ 35. The Possessive Pronouns are adjectives with stems ending in -o. They are meus, my ; tilus, thy ; siius, his, her, its, their ; declined like bonus (§ 24).

Noster, our ; \&sieY,your ; declined like niger (§ 24).

§ 36. Some nouns and pronouns adjective belonging to the class of -o and -a stems (see § 24) have the genitive singular in -ius, the dative in -i for all genders.

§ 37. Ex. : toto-, tota-, whole.

Singular,

Masc. Fem.

Neut.

Norn.

totu-s tota

totu-m

Ace.

totu-m tota-m

totu-m

Gen. Dat.

totiiis )

> in all genders toti )

Abl.

tota tota

toto

Plural.

Nom.

toti

totae

tots

Ace.

toto-s

tota-s

tot&

Gen.

toto-rum

tota-rum

toto-rum

Dat. Abl. toti-s in all genders.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

39

§ 38. Ex.: altero-, altera-, the other ; ut(e)ro-, utra-, which of two ; ipso-j ipsa-, self.

Singular.

Masc. Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

alter alter&

alteru-m

Ace.

alter u-m alter a-m

alteru-m

Gen. Dat.

alterius ) . ,,

> in all srenders alter! J

Abl.

altero altera

altero

Nom.

Ace.

Gen.

alter! altero-s alter o-rum

Plural

alter ae alter a-s altera-rum

altera alters altero-rum

Dat. Abl. alter i-s in all genders.

Note 33. Like totus are declined : — solus, alone; the i of the genitive singular sollus is always long ; unus, one (see § 44) ; ullus (i. e. uniilus), any at all; nuUus, no, none. The i of the gen. sing, is usually long, but often found short in poetry.

Note 34. Ullus is the adjective corresponding to quisquam (note 39) ; nullus that corresponding to nemo (stem nemon-), of which only the fol- lowing forms are used : —

Singular. Nom. nemo Ace. nemm-em

Gen. supplied by nullliis

Dat. nemin-i

Abl. nulls

Plural.

supplied by the plural of nullus.

40

DECLENSION OF CERTAIN

Singular.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

liter

utrS,

utru-m

Ace.

utru-m

utra-m

utru-m

Gen. Dat

utrius ) .

utri J

all genders

Abl.

utro

utra Plural

utro

Nom.

utri

utrae

utr&

Ace.

utro-s

utra-s

utra

Gen.

utro-rum

utra-nim

utro-nim

Dat. Abl. utn-s in all genders.

Singular. Masc, Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

ipse

ipsa

ipsu-m

Ace.

ipsu-m

ipsa-m

ipsu-m

Gen. Dat.

ipsius).^ ipsi J

all genders

Abl.

ipso

ipsa

ipso

Plural.

.

Nom.

ipsi

ipsae

ipsS,

Aee.

ips6-s

ipsa-s

ipsa

Gen.

ipso-rum

ipsa-rum

ipso-rum

Dat. Abl.

ipsi-s in all

genders.

Note 35. Like uter are declined the compounds of uter: — uterque, each (of two) ; iitercunque, whichever (of two) ; iitervis, whichever (of tvf 6) you please ; uterlibet, which (of two)^OK like; neuter, neither.

Altdruter, one or the other. Both parts of the compound are also de- clined, as gen. sing, alterius utrius, or alterutrlus.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

41

§ 39. Ille, that (St, illo-, ilia-) ; iste, that near you (St. isto-, ista-) ; and alius, another (St. alio-, alia-), have the nominative and accusative neuter ending in -d instead of ^m.

Neut. illii-d illu-d

Singular. '

Masc.

Fern.

Nom.

ille

ilia

Ace.

illu-m

illa-m

Gen. Dat.

illius ) .

iiii r^

all genders

Abl.

illo

ilia Plural

Nom.

illi

illae

Ace.

iUo-s

illiirs

Gen;

illo-rum

ilia-rum

illo

ilia ilia illo-rum

Dat. Abl. illi-s in all genders.

Singular.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

al!ii-s

aim

all -d-d

Ace.

aliu-m

alia-m

aliu-d

Gen. Dat.

alius ) .

alii r^

all genders

Abl.

alio

alia Plural.

alio

Nom.

alii

aliae

alia

Ace.

alio-s

alia-s

alia

Gen.

alio-rum

alia-rum

alio-rum

Dat. Abl. alii-s in all genders.

42 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.

§ 40. Hie, this near 7ne (stem ho-, ha-, and the particle -ce), is thus declined : —

Neut ho-c ho-c

Singular.

Masc. Fem.

Norn.

hi-c haec

Ace.

hu-nc ha-nc

Gen. Dat.

> in all genders huic )

Abl.

ho-c ha-e

ho-c

Nom.

hi

J.

hae

haec

Ace.

ho-s

ha-s

haec

Gen.

ho-rum

ha-rum

ho-rum

Dat. Abl.

hi-s in all

genders.

Note 36. The particle c§ was sometimes added to those cases of ille and iste which end in -s, and to the other cases in the form of c.

Nom.

illi-c

Ace.

illu-nc

Gen.

illiusce

Dat.

illi-c

Abl.

ill6-c

Singular.

illaec

illu-c

illa-nc

illu-c

in all genders

illa-c

illo-c

Plural.

Nom. illi-c illaec illaec

Ace. illo-sce illa-sce illaec

Dat. Abl. illi-sce in all genders.

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 43

§41. Is, that (stem i-, and eo-, ea-), is thus declined : — Singular.

Masc. Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

i-s ea

i-d

Ace.

eu-m ea-m

i-d

Gen. Dat.

i in all genders

Abl.

eo ea

Plural.

eo

Nom.

ei or ii eae

e&

Ace.

eo-s ea-s

ea

Gen.

eo-rum ea-rum

eo-rum

Dat. Abl. ei-s or ii-s in all genders.

§ 42. Idem, same (compound of is and suffix -dem), is

thus declined : —

Singular,

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

i-dem

ea-dem

I-dem

Ace.

eu-ndem

ea-ndem

1-dem

Gen. Dat.

ejusdem ) . eidem /

all genders

Abl.

eo-dem

ea-dem Plural

eo-dem

Nom.

e i-dem

eae-dem

ea-dem

Ace.

eo-sdem

ea-sdem

ea-dem

Gen.

eo-rundem

ea-rundem

eo-rundem

Dat. Abl.

ei-sdem in all genders.

Note 37. The dat. sing, is frequently ei and ei, rarely el. Cases of .is are seldom found in poetry, Nom. plur. masc. Idem and dat. and abl. plur. isdem are frequent in poetry ; elsdem only occurs once.

44 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.

§ 43. Quij which (stem quo-, qua-, and qui-), is thus de- clined as a relative pronoun : —

Singular,

Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom. qui quae qud-d

Ace. que-m qua-m qu6-d.

Gen. cujus ) . ,,

T^ ^ . V in all genders

Dat. cui J °

Abl. quo qua quo

Plural. Nom. qui quae quae

Ace. quo-s qua-s quae

Gen. quo-rum qua-rum quo-rum

Dat. Abl. qui-bus (sometimes qui-s) in all genders.

Note 38. The following words have certain differences of form according to their use as substantives or adjectives : —

Substantive, Adjective.

Qui-s, qui, who ? what f interrogative pronoun.

Singular. Nona, qui-s (qui-s) qui-d qui or qui-s quae qu6-d

Ace. qui-d qu6-d

The other cases are like those of qui (relative). So also quisnam, ivho, pray?

Qui-s, qui. any one, any ; indefinite pronoun.

Singular. Nom, qui-s qui-d qui or qui-s qua or qui-s qu6-d

Ace. qui-d qu6-d

Plural.

Nom. ) « i 1. ^t.

V qua common to both uses.

Ace. 5

The other cases are like those of qui (relative). So also aliquis, some ; ecquis, any ?

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.

45

Note 39. Ecquis, any f quisquis, whosoever ; quisquam, any at all , are found chiefly in the following cases : —

Singular.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Nom.

ecqui-s ecqui

ecqui- d

ecqua or ecquae

ecqu6-d

Ace.

ecque-m

ecqua-m

ecqui- d

ecqu6-d

Dat.

eccui

Abl.

ecquo

Plural.

ecqud

Nom,

ecqui

Ace.

ecqu6-s

ecqua-s.

Nom. qui-squi-s

Ace.

Abl. quoquo

Nom, quiqui.

Singular.

Plural.

qui-dqui-d or qui-cqui-d qui-dqux-d or qui-cqui-d quoquo

Singula) Nom. qui-squam Ace. que-mquam Gen. cujusquam).^^j^ ^^^^^^ Dat, cuiquam ) Abl. quoquam

qui-cquam qui-cquam

quoquam. '

46

DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.

§ 44. Declension of Numerals.

Cardinals. The following are declined: — unus, one; du6, two ; tres. three ; dticenti, two hundred (and other multiples of a hundred below a thousand) ; mille, a thou- sand, when used as a neuter substantive. Mille used as an adjective is indeclinable.

Singular.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

unii-s

una

unu-m

Voc

une

Ace.

unu-m

una-m

unu-m

Gen. Dat.

unius )

Vin uni /

all genders

Abl.

uno

una Plural.

uno

Nom.

uni

unae

una

Ace.

uno-s

una-s

una

Gen.

uno-rum

una-rum

uno-rum

Dat. Abl

. uni-s in all

genders. Plural

Nom.

diid

duae

du6

Ace.

du6-s, du6

dua-s

dub

Gen.

J duo-rum duarrum 1 du-um in all genders

duo-rum

Dat. Abl,

, duo-bus

dua-blis

duo-biis.

DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.

47

Plural.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Nom. Acc.

tre-s

tri-a

Gen.

tri-um

Dat.

tri-bus. Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

ducenti

ducentae

ducenta

Ace.

ducento-s

ducenta-s

ducenta

Gen.

ducent-nm )

Dat. Abl. ducenti-s J

Singular. Nom. Acc. mille

Plural.

Nom. Acc. milli-a Gen. milli-um

Dat. Abl. milli-bus.

Ordinals and Distributives are declinable adjectives with -o and -a stems. The genitive plural of distributives usually ends in -um (for -orum, -arum).

Note 40. The plural of unus is only used with substantives whose plural is singular in meaning, e.g. aedes (plural), a house; castra, a camp; litterae, a letter (epistle). For the other numbers trini, three, and the distributives are used (see Appendix II. p. 108).

48 VERBS.

VERBS.

§ 45. Verbs in Latin have inflexions of voice, number, person, mood, and tense. A complete verb in Latin has : —

1. Two Voices: Active, as amo, / love ; and Passive, as amor, / am loved.

2. Two Numbers : Singular and Plural (§ 8 on nouns).

3. Three Persons (First, Second, Third) in each number (§ 33 on pronouns).

4. Three Moods : marking the mode in which the action is viewed : —

Indicative : as amo, / love.

Subjunctive : as amem, I be loving or I love.

Imperative : as ama, love thou.

5. Six Tenses (in the Indicative mood, active voice) : marking the time when the action is performed : —

Incomplete action. Present : as amo, / am loving or / love. Future : as amabo, / shall love. Imperfect: as amabam, I was loving.

Completed action. Perfect : as amavi, / have loved or / loved. Future Perfect : as amavero, / shall have loved. Pluperfect : as amaveram, / had loved.

6. Four Verbal Forms: — Infinitive : as amare, to love. Participle : as amans, loving.

Gerund and Gerundive : as amandum, loving; amandus,

to be loved. Supine : as amatum, to love (after a verb of motion).

VERBS. 49

§ 46. Deponent Verbs.

Verbs which have no active voice, but are active in meaning, are called Deponents: as hortor, I exhort; morior, I die.

§ 47. Classification of Verbs.

The verb has three stems, the Present, Perfect, and Supine stem, from which all other parts are formed.

Verbs are commonly divided according to their form into four classes, called conjugations.

The first conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in -a : as amo, / love ; infin. ama-re.

The second conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in -e : as moneo, / advise ; infin. mone-re.

The third conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in a consonant, or in -u or in -1 (short), as

rego, r rule ; infin. reg-ere. tribu-o, / assign ; infin. tribu-ere. capio, I take ; infin. cap-ere.

The fourth conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in 1 (long) : as audi-o, / hear ; infin. audi-re.

§ 48. Conjugation of Verbs.

First conjugation. Ex. amo, I love. Second conjugation. Ex. moneo, / advise. Third conjugation. Ex. rego, / rule. Fourth conjugation. Ex. audio, / hear.

E

50 CONJUGATION OF

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REGULAR VERBS. 51

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REGULAR VERBS. 53

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54 CONJUGATION OF

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56

CONJUGATION OF

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58

CONJUGATION OF

O

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5t

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S ,S =? ^ «

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REGULAR VERBS. 59

CQ GQ CQ QQ

I I I I

>jS ji ^ !i o

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c >o '-I ^ ^

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6o VERBAL NOUN-FORMS.

§ 53. Infinitive. The Future Infinitive Active is composed of the future participle active and the present infinitive of sum, / am. When a verb has no future the future infinitive is formed by fore ut, as

dico fore ut pluat, / say that it will rain.

The Future Infinitive Passive is composed of the supine and the present infinitive passive of eo, I go*. When a verb has no supine the future infinitive passive is formed by fore ut, as

dIco fore ut urgeatiir, / say that he will be pushed.

§ 54. Participles.

The Present Participle Active is declined like an adjective with stem ending in -nti.

The Future Participle Active is declined like an adjective with stem ending in -o.

There is no Perfect Participle Active. „ „ Present Participle Passive. „ „ Future Participle Passive.

The Perfect Participle Passive is declined like an adjective with stem ending in -o.

§ 55. The Gerund is a verbal substantive with stem end- ing in -ndo. It is used in ace, gen., dat., and abl. singular.

§ 56. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective with stem ending in -ndo. It is used in the singular and plural.

§ 57. The Supines are the accusative and ablative cases of a verb-noun of the 4th Declension (stems ending in -u).

* In the expression amatum In the supine is active and may be fol- lowed by an accusative ; iri is used impersonally, it is heing gone, i.e. there is a going. Hence, for example, the phrase dico nos amatum iri means, / say that there is a going towards loving us.

verbs with -i stems. 6 1

Inflexions of Deponent Verbs.

§ 58. Deponent verbs have the following forms: — (i) Of the Passive voice: all except the future infinitive (e. g. amatum iri).

(2) Of the Active voice : Participle Present.

„ Future. Infinitive Future.

(3) Gerund, Gerundive, Supine.

Verbs with i Stems. •

§ 59. The following words have the present stem ending in -i, which falls out before -1 or -er in inflexion. They belong to the 3rd Conjugation.

Capio, ciipio, facio, take, desire, make,

fbdio, fugio, jacio,

dig, flee, cast, pario, quatio, rapio, sapio, get, bring forth, shake, snatch, be wise.

Compounds of (-specio) and (-lacio)

look, entice.

Deponents, gradior,

step,

morior, patior, die, stiffer.

Note 41. Orior, oriri, rise, and potior, potiri, be master, have the following forms belonging to a present stem in -i : — Indie. Pres. or-er-is, or-it-ur

pot-it-ur. Subj. Impf. or-er-et-ur

pot-er-et-ur, pot-er-em-ur, pot-er-ent-ur.

62

CONJUGATION OF

Inflexions of. Verbs with \ Stems.

§ 60. Ex.

cap-1

i-o, I take. ACTIVE VOICE.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present.

Singular

I

cap-i-o

cap-i-am

2

cap -is

cap-i-as

3

cap -it

cap-i-at

Plural

I

cap-im-tis

cap-i-am-us

2

cap -it-is

cap-i-at-is

3

cap-i-imt.

cap-i-ant.

Future.

Singular

I

cap-i-am

2

cap-i-es

3

cap-i-et

Plural

I

cap-i-em-iis

2

cap-i-et-is

3

cap-i-ent.

Imperfect.

Singular

I

cap-i-eb-am

cap-er-em

2

cap-i-eb-as

cap-er-es

3

cap-i-eb-at

cap-er-et

Plural

I

cap-i-eb-am-ils

cap-er-em-iis

2

cap-i-eb-at-is

cap-er-et-is

3

cap-i-eb-ant. Imperative.

cap-er-ent.

Present.

Future.

Singular 2

cap-

-e Singular 2^]^ ^.p_j^_^

Plural 2

cap-

■it-e. Plural

2 cap-it-ot-e

3 cap-i-imt-o.

Infinitive Present cap-er-e.

Participle Present cap-i-ens.

Gerund

cap-i-endu-m.

VERBS WITH -I STEMS.

63

PASSIVE VOICE. IiTOiCATivE. Subjunctive.

Present.

Singular

I

cap-i-5r

cap-i-ar

2

cap-er-is

cap-i-ar-is

3

cap-it-iir

cap-i-at-ur

Plural

I

cap-im-iir

cap-i-am-ur

2

cap-imin-i

cap-i-amin-i

3

cap-i-tmt-ur.

cap-i-ant-iir.

Future.

Singular

I

cap-i-ar

2

cap-i-er-is

3

cap-i-et-iir

Plural

I

cap-i-em--iir

2

cap-i-emin-i

3

cap-i-ent-iir.

Imperfect.

Singular

I

cap-i-eb-ar

cap-er-er

2

cap-i-eb-ar-is

cap-er-er-is

3

cap-i-eb-at-iir

cap-er-et-ur

Plural

I

cap-i-eb-am-iir

cap-er-em-iir

2

cap-i-eb-amin-i

cap-er-emin-i

3

cap-i-eb-ant-ur.

cap-er-ent-ur.

Imperative. . Present. Future.

Singular 2 cap-:er-e Singular 2

3 Plural 2 cap-imin-i. Plural 3 cap-i-unt-dr.

Infinitive Present cap-i.

cap-it-6r

Gerundive

cap-i-endu-s.

64

CONJUGATION OF

§ 6i. Inflexions of the Verb sum, / am.

These tenses are formed from the roots es- and fu-.

[ndicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, I am

1.

Singular i

2

3

s-um

es es-t

s-im

s-is

s-It

Plural I

2

3

s-um-iis

es-t-is

s-unt.

s-im-us s -it-is s-int.

Future, / shall he.

Singular i

2

3

er-o er-is er-it

Plural I

2

3

er-im-us

er-it-is

er-unt.

Imperfect, I was.

Singular i

2

3

er-am . er-as er-at

es- es es

-s-em f-6r-em -s-es f-or-es -s-et f-or-et

Plural I

2

3

er-am-iis

er-at-is

er-ant.

eS' es- es-

-s-em-us f-or-em-i -s-et-is f-or-et-is -s-ent. f-or-ent.

Imperative.

Present, 3^. Singular 2

es

Future, thou shall be. Singular 2 es-t-o

Plural 2 es-t-e

3 es-t-o Plural 2 es-t-6t-e

3 s-unt-o. Infinitive Present es-s-e. Future fo-r-e or fiit-ur'u.-s esse. Participle Future fut-uru-s.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

65

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Perfect, / have deen, or / was.

Singular i fu-a

2 fu-is-ti

3 fu-it

fu-er-im

fu-er-is

fu-er-it

Plural I fu-im-iis

2 fu-is-ti-s

3 fu-er-unt or fu-er-e.

fu-er-im-iis

fu-er-it-is

fu-er-int.

Completed Future, / shall have been.

Singular i fu-er-o

2 fu-er-is

3 fu-er-it

Plural I fu-er-im-iis

2 fu-er-it-is

3 fu-er-int.

Pluperfect, / had been.

Singular i fu-er-am

2 fu-er-as

3 fu-er-at

fii-is-sem

fu-is-ses

fu-is-set

Plural I fu-er-am-iis

2 fu-er-at-is

3 fu-er-ant.

fu-is-semiis

fu-is-set-is

fu-is-sent.

Infinitive Perfect fii-is-se.

66

CONJUGATION OF

Irregular Verbs.

§62. Possum, I can, compounded of pote sum.

Present St6m.

•

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, I can.

Singular 1

pos-s-mn

poS-s-im

2

p6t-es

pos-s-is

3

pot-es-t

pos-s-it

Plural I

pos-s--am-iis

pos-s-im-iis

2

pot-es-t-is

pos-s -it-is

3

pos-s-unt.

pos-s-int.

Future, / shall be able to.

Singular i

p6t-er-o

2

pot-er-is

3

pot-er-it

Plural I

pot-er-im-iis

2

pot-er -it-is

3

pot-er-iint.

Imperfect, / was

able to.

Singular 1

p6t-er-am

pos-s-em

2

pot-er-as

pos-s-es

3

pot-er-at

pos-s-et

Plural I

pot-er -am-tis

pos-s-em-iis

2

pot-er -at-is

pos-s-et-is

3

pot-er-ant.

pos-s-ent.

Infinitive Present, to be able to. pos-s-e.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

67

The present stem is like that of sum; the perfect stem is potu-.

Perfect Stem.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Perfect, I could,

or / /^ JZ'^ been able to.

Singular i

pct-u-i

p9t-u-er-im

2

pot-u-is-ti

pot-u-er-is

3

pot-u-it

pot-u-er-it

Plural I

pot-u-im-ils

pot-u-er-im-iis

2

pot-u-is-tl-s

pot-u-er-it-is

3

pot-u-er-unt.

pot-u-er-int.

Completed Future, / shall have been able to.

Singular i

p6t-u-er-o

2

pot-u-er-is

3

pot-u-er-it

Plural I

pot-u-er-iTn-tLs

2

pot-u-er-it-is

3

pot-u-er-int.

Pluperfect, / could have.

•

Singular i

p6t-u-§r-am

p6t-u-is-sem

2

pot-u-er-as

p6t-u-is-ses

3

pot-u-er-at

pot-u-is-set

Plural I

pot-u-er-am-tis

pot-u-is-sem-tis

2

pot-u-er-at-is

pot-u-is-set-is

3

pot-u-er-ant.

pot-u-is-sent.

Infinitive Perfect, to have been able to, p6t-u-is-s-e.

f 2

6S CONJUGATION OF

^ ;o To I ^-o o I

o

tr. w oa 2 ^ .2 .2

k5 c '^ ^ « e

CO QQ 2

ass

« ?\j i^ -r; )0 'O i«2

I > C g ?- C g

S? ■*-' INI

I ^ g I

1

1

1©

© ©

I

>o ;>

ii

•?■?

s

1?

1

^1

= 1

§ s

,i

II

4

>

o|

g

4^

^

•4^

^

o3

(g

■M

43

43

-^

P

^

fi

-4^

4f

-M

s*

5©

?

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• ^

.©

?

?

1

3

1

1

1

'5

§

1

>o

To

•^

>_•

1

■2

Trt

>

>

►^

>

s?

s

<^

>

c

S

g

a

1

•^

.§

i

§

s

QQ

OQ

OQ

H

■S

,0

•k

OQ

?

OS 1

.0

© 1

I

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i

>

1

^

^

>

To S

Tc3

N

(z:

B

1

g

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03

o3

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B

^

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0

0

0

§

s

d

1©

©

©

*

1

1

k5 S

5 )— 1

>o

Q

i

To G

Trt

IRREGULAR VERBS.

6g

"»— ■** ■*-•

B .9 a

>2-> lo icj > c s

5.3.3

+» 4J +3

><U lO l<^

> G S

+a +a +3

a a d

(D O O

<u O c« > C S

+3 -fJ +a

13 "o 'c3

> c a

CQ QQ QQ

I .^ ,i

>a; lo ic^

> fi a

>^ ro irt > fl P!

5 3 3

a a a

l(D Q Q

'o 3 'rt

> fi a

JU J. ^ ^

(u o c^ .K^

> c a <s

H

5

DO

DQ

H

1

■1

•1

i

±

W

fti

1— 1

t/3

^

lO

"irt

w

<u

'o

d

£

>

c

a

>

fl

^

5^

N

>

>

S

2;

d

a

a

a

a-

a

P

• p^

•iH

■H

p

pH

A

pH

1

1

I

H-,

I

CQ

1—1

pa

I— 1

p

'5f

lO

Irt

S

(L)

"o

CJ

m

>

C!

a

CO

>

CJ

a

Jl, JL, ^ z ' 9 '

H

Ph >

d

i o

H

W

Pk 2

H

H c«

P-.

►-I rH f-H fJn

H ' I «

I >11

•5 o

>

^o

CONJUGATION OF

§ 64. Eo, I go (stem i-), is

thus declined

[:—

Present Stem.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, I am going, or I go.

Singular i

e-o

e-am

2

is

e-as

3

It

e-at

Plural I

Tm-^s

e-am-iis

2

It-is

e-at-is

3

e-unt.

e-ant.

Future, I shall go.

Singular i

Ib-o

2

ib-is

3

ib-it

P/wra/ I

ib-im-iis

2

ib-it-is

3

ib-unt.

Imperfect, / was going.

Singular i

ib-am

ir-em

2

ib-as

ir-es

3

ib-at

ir-6t

P/^/ra/ I

ib-am-us

ir-em-iis

2

ib-at-is

ir-et-is

3

ib-ant.

ir-ent.

Imperative.

Present, go.

Future, thou

shall go.

Sing. 2 i

Sing. 2 &

:3 it-o

Plur. 2 it-e.

Plur.

2 it-6t-e

3 e-unt-o.

Infinitive Present

Ir-S.

Participle Present i-ens,

acc. e-unte-m.

Gerund

e-undu-m.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

n

Perfect Stem.

Ikdicative.

SuBpNCTIVE.

Perfect, I have gone, or I went.

Singular i

2

3

Plural I

2

3

i-i is-ti i-it or it

is-tX-s i-er-unt.

i-^r-im

i-er-is

i-er-it

Completed Future, / shall have gone.

Singular i

2

3

I-er-o i-er-is i-er-it.

Pluperfect, I had gone. Singular i

2

3 i-^r-S,t

Plural I

2

3 i-er-ant.

is-sem is-ses is-set is-sem-us

is-sent.

Infinitive Perfect i-is-se or is-se. Future !t-urii-s esse. Participle Future It-uru-s.

72 CONJUGATION OF

§ 65. Fio, 1 become (stem fi-), is thus declined : — It is used as the passive of facio, / make.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, I am becoming.

Singular i 2 3

fi-o

fis

fit

fi-am

fi-as fi-at

Plural I 2 3

fi-unt.

fi-am-iis

fi-at-is

fi-ant.

Future, / shall become.

Singular i 2 3

fi-am

fi-es fi-et

Plural I 2 3

fi-em-iis

fi-et-is

fi-ent.

Imperfect, / wcls

becoming.

Singular i 2 3

fl-eb-am

fi-eb-as

fi-eb-at

fi-er-em

fi-er-es

fi-er-et

Plural I 2 3

fi-eb-am-iis

fi-eb-at-is

fi-eb-ant.

fi-er-em-us

fi-er-et-is

fi-er-ent.

Imperative Present Sii^. 2 ft Plur. 2 fit-e.

Infinitive Present f(-er-i.

IRREGULAR VERBS. 73

§ 66. Edo, / eaf, is thus declined in the present stem (see

§72):-

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, / am eating, or / eat.

Sing. I ed-o

ed-am or

ed-im

2 ed-is or e-s

ed-as

ed-is

3 ed-it es-t

ed-at

ed-it

Plur. I ed-im-iis

ed-am-iis

ed-im-us

2 ed -it-is es-t-is

ed-at-is

ed -it-is

3 ed-unt.

ed-ant.

ed-int.

Future, / shall eat.

Sing. I ed-am

2 ed-es

3 ed-et

Plur. I ed-em-iis

2 ed-et-is

3 ed-ent.

Imperfect, / was eating.

Sing. I ed-eb-am

ed-er-em or

es-s-em

z ed-eb-as

ed-er-es

es-s-es

3 ed-eb-at

ed-er-et

es-s-et

Plur. I ed-eb-am-us

ed-er-em-iis

es-s-em-i

2 ed-eb-at-is

ed-er-et-is

es-s-et-is

3 ed-eb-ant.

ed-er-ent.

es-s-ent.

Imperative. Present, eat. Future, t/iou shall eat.

Sing. 2 ed-e or e-s Sing. 2 & 3 ed-it-o or es-t-o Plur. 2 ed-it-e es-t-e. Plur. 2 ed-it-6t-e es-t-ot-e.

3 ed-unt-o.

Infinitive Present ed-er-e or es-s-6. Participle Present ed-ens. Gerundive ed-endii-s.

74

CONJUGATION OF

§ 67. Fero, I bear ^ is thus inflected in the present stem;

ACTIVE VOICE.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, / hear.

Singular i 2 3

fer-o fer-s fer-t

fer-am

fer-as fer-at

Plural I 2 3

fer-im-us fer-t-is fer -lint.

fer-am-iis fer-at-is fer -ant.

Future, / shall bear.

Sifigular 1 2 3

fer-am

fer-es

fer-et

Plural I 2 3

fer-em--iis

fer-et-is

fer-ent.

Imperfect, /ze'^j

: bearing.

Singular 1 2 3

fer-eb-am

fer-eb-as

fer-eb-at

fer-r-em

fer-r-es

fer-r-et

P/2^r«/ I 2 3

fer-eb-am-iis

fer-eb-at-is

fer-eb-ant.

Imperative.

fer-r-em-iis

fer-r-et-is

fer-r-ent.

Present, <5fflr.

Future,

Ihou shall bear.

^S"?)?^. 2 fer 6'/«^.' 2 P/«r. 2 fer-t-6. P/«r.

1 & 3 fer-t-o

2 fer-t-ot-e

3 fer-unt-o.

Infinitive Present fer-r-e.

Participle Present fer-ens.

Gerund

fer-endu-m.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

75

PASSIVE VOICE.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Present, / am being borne.

Singular i fer-6r

2 fer-r-is

3 fer-t-ur

fer-ar

fer-ar-is

fer-at-ur

Plural I fer-im-iir

2 fer-imin-i

3 fer-Tint-ur.

fer-am-ur fer-amin-i fer-ant-ur.

Future, / shall be borne.

Singular i fer-ar

2 fer-er-ls

3 fer-et-ur

Plural 1 fer-em-ur

2 fer-emin-i

3 fer-ent-\ir.

Imperfect, / was being borne.

Singular i fer-eb-ar

2 fer-eb-ar-is

3 fer-eb-at-ur

fer-r-Sr

fer-r-er-is

fer-r-et-ur

Plural I fer-eb-am-ur

2 fer-eb-amin-i

3 fer-eb-ant-iir.

fer-r-em-iir fer-r-emin-i fer-r-ent-iir.

Imperative.

Present, be borne. Future,

thou shall be borne.

Sing. 2 fer-r-e Sing. Plur. 2 fer-imin-i. Plur.

2 & 3 fer-lt-6r 3 fer-unt-6r.

Infinitive Present fer-r-i.

Gerundive

fer-endii-s.

75

CONJUGATION OF

Defective Verbs.

§ 68. Aio, / say ; fatur, he speaks ; inquam, quoth 1, are thus inflected : —

[ndicative.

Subjunctive.

Present.

Sing. I

aj-o

2

a-is

aj-as

3

a-it

aj-&t.

Plur. 3

T

aj-iint.

Imperfect. Sing. I

aj-eb-am

2

aj-eb-as

3

aj-eb-at

Plur. I

aj-eb-am-iis

2

aj-eb-at-ls

3

aj-eb-ant.

Indicative Present.

Perfect.

Sing. 3

fat-ur.

Sing.

3 fa-tii-s est.

Indicative Future.

Sing. I

fab-6r

3

fab-it-iir.

Indicative Pluperfect.

Sing.

I fa-tii-s eram 3 fa-tu-s erat.

Imperative Present Sing. 2

far

-e.

Infinitive Present

far

-i.

Participle Present fante-m

(acc.

)

Perfect fa-tii-s.

Gerund

fandi, fando.

Gerundive

fandil-s.

Supine

fa-tu.

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

11

Indicative Present. Sing. I inqua-m

2 inqu-is

3 inqu-it Plur. I inqu-im-us

3 inqu-i-iint.

Indicative Future. Sing. 2 inqu-i-es 3 inqu-i-et.

Indicative Imperfect.

Sir^. 3 inqu-I-eb-at.

Perfect.

Sing. I inqui-i

2 inqui-s-ti

3 inqui-t.

Imperative Present. Sing. 2 inqu-e Plur. 2 inqu-lt-e.

Future.

Sing. 2 & 3 inqu-it-o.

§ 69. The verbs coepi, / begin, or / have begun ; memlni, I remember ; odi, I hate, are only found in the perfect and tenses formed from the perfect stem.

But Imperative, Sing. 2 memento

Plur. 2 mementot-e.

78 IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Impersonal Verbs.

§ 70. The following verbs are only used in the third person singular. They belong to the second conjugation.

libet, licet, m!seret,

it is pleasing, it is permitted, it moves to pity,

oportet, piget, poenitet,

it behoves, it vexes, it repents,

also pudet, and taedet,

it shames, it wearies.

These verbs are called impersonal because they have no personal subject.

§ 71. Other verbs are used both impersonally and per- sonally, as

fit, accedit, acddit,

it comes to pass, it is added, it happens,

jiivat, liquet, convgnit,

it delights, it is clear, it is suitable,

placet, decet, dedecet,

it is pleasing, it becomes, it misbecomes.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

79

§72. List of Verbs with Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Supine.

In the following verbs, wherever the supine is found, the future participle and those tenses of the passive voice which are formed from the supine stem also occur. Where there is no supine, the future participle, if any occurs in Latin writers, is given below.

Present Present

Periect

Supine.

Indicative. Infinitive.

Indicative.

acuo, sharpen acuere

acui

aciitum.

ago, do^ drive agere

egi

actum.

cogo, compel cogere

coegi

coactum.

algeo, he cold algere

alsi.

alo, nourish alere

alui

altum.

apiscor,/^j/^« to one- ) « . . ijr ^ >apisci self.get j ^

aptum.

adipiscor, allain to ad!pisci

adeptum.

arceo, inclose, keep off arcere

arcui.

exerceo, exercise exercere

exercui

exerdtum.

arcesso,y^^-^, send for arcessere

arcessivi

arcessitum.

ardeo, be on fire ardere

arsi.

Future participle arsurus.

arguo, charge with \

. > arguere crime J °

argui

argutum.

audeo, dare audere

ausum.

ausus sum, I have dared.

augeo, increase, endow augere

auxi

auctum.

bibo, drink Where

bibi

ck^ojall cadere

cecidi

casum.

ocddo,/all down occidere

occidi

occasum.

8o

LIST (

3F

Present

Present

Perfect

Supine.

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

caedo,/^//, cut, slay

caedere

cecldi

caesum.

occido, kill

occldere

occidi

occisum.

-cando, light, only in compounds,

as

accendo, kindle

accendere

accendi

accensum.

cano, sing

canere

cecini

capesso, undertake

capessere

capessivi

capessitum.

carpo, pluck

carpere

carpsi

carptum.

caveo, beware

cavere

cavi

cautum.

cedo, yield up

cedere

cessi

cessum.

censeo, count

censere

censiii

censum.

cerno, sift, see

cemere

crevi

cretum.

cieo, stir up

dere

civi

citum.

concio, excite

concire

concivi

concitum.

cingo, gird

cingere

cinxi

cinctum.

claudo, shut

claudere

clausi

clausum.

concludo, shut up

concludere

conclusi

conclusum.

colo, till

colere

colui

cultum.

coepio, begin

coepere

coepi

coeptum.

consulo, consult

consulere

consului

consultum.

coquo, cook

coquere

coxi

coctum.

crepo, rattle

crepere

crepui

crepitum.

cresco, grow

crescere

crevi

cretum.

ciibo, lie

ciibare

ciibui

cubitum.

-cumbo, lie, only in compounds, as

accumbo, recline

accumbere

acciibui

acciibitum.

ciipio, desire

cupere

cupivi

cupitum.

curro, run

currere

ciicurri

cursum.

accurro, run up

accurrere

accurri

accursum.

dico, say

dlcere

dixi

dictum.

disco, learn

discere

didici.

edisco, learn by heart ediscere

edidici.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

8l

Present Present

Perfect

Supine.

Indicative. Infinitive.

Indicative.

divido, divide dividere

divTsi

divisum.

do, give dare

dedi

datum.

(i) ckcvLmdOfSurround circumdare

circumdedi

circumdatum

(2) credo, enfrusf,delieve credere

credldi

creditum.

So reddo, give back ; vendo, sell, and compounds of do anc

prepositions of one syllable as

> edo, giveforthy utter.

doceo, teach docere

docui

doctum.

domo, tame domare

domiii

domltum.

duco, draWf lead ducere

duxi

ductum.

edo, eat edere

edi

esum.

emo, buy emere

emi

emptum.

(i) adimo, take away adlmere

ademi

ademptum.

(2)como /«/ 'oge-).^^^^ ther, dress )

compsi

comptum.

So demo, take away ; promo, bring forth ; sumo, take.

eo, go Ire

ii

itum.

adeo, go to adire

adii

aditum.

veneo, be for sale venire

venii.

exuo, strip off exuere

exiii

exiitum.

facesso, cause facessere

facessivi

facessitum.

facio, make, do facere

feci

factum.

(i) calefacio, make \ ^,„^^ ^ ^ '' * Vcalefacere warm )

calefeci

calefactum.

(2) proficio, 'naie) ^.^^.^^ progress )

profeci

profectum.

So other compounds with prepositions.

fallo, deceive fallere

fefelli

falsum.

fateor, acknowledge fateri

fassum.

confiteor, confess conflteri

confessum.

faveo, be favourable \ .„ _ ' . X wavere (dative) /

favi

fautum.

8a

LIST OF

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

-fendo, strike, only in compounds, as

'- > defendere defendi

guard J

ferio, strike

ferire

Perfect and supine from percutio. fero, bring ferre

Perfect and supine from tollo.

(percussi; (tQli)

Supine.

defensum. (percussum).

(latum).

affero, bring to

afferre

attuli

allatum.

aufero, carry off

auferre

abstiili

ablatum.

diflfero, disperse, put

off offero, bring before

I differre

distuli

dilatum.

oflferre

obtiili

oblatum.

refero, bring back

referre

rettuli

relatum.

suffero, bear, endure

sufferre

(sustiniii from

sustineo).

ferveo, boil, glow .

fervere

r ferbui. , fervi.

fervo, fervere is also used.

fido, trust

fidere

flsum.

fisus sum, / have trusted.

figo,Jix

figere

•fixi

fixum.

fio, become

fieri.

fin do, cleave

findere

Hdi

fissum.

fingo, /or m, invent

fingere

finxi

fictum.

fleo, weep

flere

flevi

fletum.

flecto, bend

flectere

flexi

flexum.

-fligo, strike, only used in compounds.

affligo, strike against affligere afflixi afflictum.

^uo, ffow fliiere fluxi.

fodio, dig fodere , fodi fossum.

foveo, clierish fovere fovi fotum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

83

Present

Present

Perfect

Supine.

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative,

frango, dreak

frangere

fregi

fractum.

fremo, roar, rage

fremere

fremui

fremttum,

frigeo, be cold

frigere

frixi.

friior, enjoy

frui

fmctum.

fugio, flee, fly from

fugere

fugi.

Future participle,

fugiturus.

fulcio, prop

fulcire

fulsi

fultum.

fulgeo, shine

fulgere

fulsi.

fungor, discharge

fungi

functum.

(an office, abl.)

gaudeo, be glad

gaud ere

gavTsum.

gavisus sum, / rejoiced.

gemo, sigh

gemere

gemui

gemitum.

gero, carry on

gerere

gessi

gestum.

gigno, beget, produce

gignere

genui

genltum.

gradior, step

gradi

gressum.

haereo, stick (intr.)

haerere

haesi

haesum.

haurio, drain

haurire

hausi

haustum.

. Future participle,

hausurus.

imbiio, steep incesso, attack indulgeo, _>'/<?/^, intr. induo, put on irascor, grow angry

imbuere

incessere

indulgere

induere

irasci

imbui incessivi. indulsi. indui

imbutum.

indutum. iratum.

iratus sum, / am angry ; succensui, / was angry.

jaceo, lie jacere

Future participle, jacitunis. jacio, cast jacere

abicio, cast from abicere

jubeo, bid jiibere

jungo, join jungere

jacui.

jeci

jactum.

abjeci

abjectum.

jussi

jussum.

junxi

junctum.

G 2

84

LIST OF

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

Supine.

jiivo, help, delight juvare juvi jutum.

Future participle, juvatiirus ; adjuvo has adjuturus.

labor, slip, glide labi

lacesso, provoke lacessere lacio, entice, only in compounds,

(i) allicio, entice to allicere

(2) ellcio, entice out elicere

laedo, hurt laedere

collido, dash together collidere

lavo, wash

lavare

lacessivi

allexi elicui laesi colUsi

lavi

also lavo, 3rd conj. lavere. lego, pick up, read legere (i) colKgo, collect colligere (2) perlego, read

through {3) (Klego (or diligo) ) dilegere (or choose ) diligere)

So intellego, understand ; neglego, neglect.

{ libuit.

I perl'

igere

legi coUegi

perlegi dilexi

lapsum. lacessitum.

allectum.

elicitum.

laesum.

collisum. [ lavatum. I lautum. i lotum.

lectum. collectum.

perlectum. dllectum.

libet, it pleases

t Kbitum est.

liceo, be on sale

Kcere

Kcui

Kdtum.

liceor, bid for

Kcere

Kdtus sum.

licet, it is permitted

licere

r Kcuit.

t Kcitum est.

lino, besmear

linere

levi

Ktum.

deleo, blot out

delere

delevi

deletum.

linquo, leave

linquere

liqui.

relinquo, leave behind relinquere

reUqui

relictum.

loquor, speak

loqui

locutum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

85

Present

Perfect

Supine.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

lucere

luxi.

ludere

lusi

lusum.

liiere

liii.

dlluere

diliii

dilutum.

lugere

luxi.

mansi

eminui.

Present Indicative.

luceo, be light, beam ludo, sport luo, pay, expiate

diluo, wash away lugeo, mourn, trans, -meniscor, only in compounds.

mtxmm, I remember, \

perfect with pre- > memlnisse. sent meaning . J

commlniscor, devise comminisci maneo, remain, await manere

(i)irmn,o, project,). ^^^.^^ stand out )

immineo, impend imminere.

(2) permaneo, stay to the end mergo, sinii, trans, metior, measure meto, mow Ti\h\MO,fear mico, quiver, flash

(i) eimco, spring forth emicare

(2) dimico, ^^>^/ dimkare

minuo, lessen minuere

misceo, mix miscere

mxshveov, feel pity miser eri

mlseret, it moves to pity, is impersonal, mitto, let go, send mittere misi

mordeo, bite mordere momordi

morior, die mori mortuus sum,

Future participle, moriturus.

mergere

metiri

metere

metuere

mkare

mersi

metui.

mlcui.

emtcui.

dimlcavi

mmui

miscui

commentum. mansum.

permanere permansi permansum.

mersum. mensum. mensum.

dimkatum. miniitum. mixtum. m!seritum.

missum. morsum.

86

LIST OF

Present

Present

Perfect

Supine.

indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

m5veo, viove, trans.

movere

movi

motum.

mulceo, stroke

mulcere

mulsi

mulsum.

mulgeo, milk

■ mulgere

mulsi.

J nanctum. \ nactum.

nanciscor, gaiii

nancisci

nascor, he horn

nasci

natum.

neco, kill

necare .

necavi

necatum.

necto, link together

nectere

nexi

nexum.

ningitj it snows

ningere

ninxit.

nitor, lean, strive .

niti

J nixum. \ nIsum.

Future participk,

nisurus.

nixus, leaning ; nisus, striving.

noceo, he hurtful (dat.) nocere

nocui.

Future participle,

nociturus.

nosco, get to know

noscere

novi

no turn.

notus, known; fut.

part, not used

.

(i) cognosce, learn

cognoscere

cognovi

cognitum.

agnosco, acknowledge agnoscere

agnovi

agnitum.

(2) \gnosco, pardon

ignoscere

ignovi

ignotum.

nubo, put on a veil, \

marry (of a bride; > nubere

dative) )

q\^\\\'s,q.ox, forget oblivisci

occiilo, conceal occulere

odi, I hate, perf. with ) _ ,.

> odisse. present meamng j

Future participle, osurus.

-oleo, grow, only in compounds, as

aboleo, destroy abolere

adoleo, offer , hurn adolere \

nupsi

occului

abolevi adolevi adolui

nuptum.

oblltum. occultum.

aboKtum. adultum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

«7

Present

Present

Perfect

Supine.

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

oleo, smell, intrans.

olere

olui.

oportet, // behoves

oportere

oportuit.

ordior, begin

ordiri

orsum.

orior, rise

oriri

ortum.

Future participle,

orltiirus.

poenltet, it repents

poemtere

poenituit.

pando, spread out

pandere

pandi

passum.

expando, spread out expandere

expandi

expansum.

pango,/tzj/<?«

pangere

pegi

' pactum. , panctum.

paciscor, bargain

pacisci

pepigi

pactum

parco, spare

parcere

peperci.

comperire reperlre pascere pati

Future participle, parsiirus.

pareo, obey parere

Future participle, pariturus.

pario, get, bring forth parere

comperio, ascertain

reperio, find

pasco, pasture, feed

patior, suffer

paveo, quake with \ „ _ ^ - > pavere

fear J

pecto, comb pectere

pello, drive back pellere

appello, put in (a

ship)

pendeo, hang, intrans. pendere

pendo, weigh, pay pendere

-perio, only in compounds.

aperio, uncover aperire

experior, try experiri

\ appellei

pami.

peperi comperi repperi pavi

pavi.

pexi pepiili

appiili

pependi pependi

aperui

partum.

compertum.

repertum.

pastum.

passum.

pexum. pulsum.

appulsum.

pensum. pensum.

apertum. expertum.

LIST OF

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

Supine.

operio, cover operlre

opperior, wait for opperiri

peto, seek, aim at petere

p%ere

pingere

}pU

piget, it vexes

pingo, paint plango, beat (esp. the

breast, in grief) plaudo ./«/ (the ) ,^^^,^^ hands) J

(i) applaudo, applaud applaudere

(2) explode, hiss off explodere -plecto, twine, only in compounds

amplector, embrace amplecti -pleo, fill, only in compounds, as

compleo, fill full complere plico,/^/^ plicare

usually in compounds, as

operui opertum.

J oppertum. ( opperitum. r petivi )

1 petii J

r plguit \ pigltum est. pinxi pictum.

petltum.

planxi plausi

planctum. plausum.

appllco, apply pluo, rain

applicare. pluere

pono, place ponere

posco, demand poscere

exposco, implore exposcere So other compounds, possum, be able posse

applausi applausum.

explosi explosum.

(except plexus), ^s

amplexum.

complevi completum. plicatum.

J applicavi applicatum. ( applicui applicitum.

J pluit. ( pluvit.

posui positum.

poposci.

expoposci.

potui.

potior, be master (gen. and abl.)

potiri

potitum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

89

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

poto, drink potare

potus, having drunk. prandeo, dine prandere

pransus, having dined.

Perfect Indicative.

potavi

prandi

Supine, potum.

pransum.

prehendo, lay hold of prehendere

prehendi

prehensum.

premo, press

premere

pressi

pressum.

pudet, it shames

piidere

r puduit.

\ piiditum est.

pungo, prick

pungere

pupugi

punctum.

-punxi only in compounds.

quaero, seek

quaerere

quaeslvi

quaesitum.

conquiro, search for conqulrere

conquisivi

conquisltum.

quatio, shake, trans.

quatere

quassi

quassum.

concutio, shake vio-

]

lently

J- concutere

concussi

concussum.

queo, be able

quire

quivi

quitum.

queror, complain

queri

questum.

quiesco, rest

quiescere

quievi

quietum.

rado, scrape

radere

rasi

rasum.

rapio, snatch

rapere

rapui

raptum.

arripio, seize

arrlpere

arripui

arreptura.

rego, keep straight, rule regere

rexi

rectum.

(i) arrigo, raise

arrigere

arrexi

arrectum.

(2) pergo, continue

pergere

perrexi

perrectum.

expergiscor, awah oneself

> expergisci

experrectum.

surgo, rise

surgere

surrexi

surrectum.

reor, think

reri

ratum.

repo, creep

repere

repsi

reptum.

rideo, smile, laugh

rldere

risi

risum.

rodo, gnaw

rodere

rosi

rosum.

90

Present Indicative.

rumpo, break ruo, tumble, dash

diruo, demolish saepio, hedge in salio, leap

desilio, leap down salve (imperat.), hail salvere.

Also salvete, salvebis (future), sancio, hallow, or- '

LIST

OF

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

Supine.

rumpere

rupi

r upturn.

riiere

rui.

diruere

dirui

dirutum.

saepire salire

saepsi salui.

saeptum.

desilire

desilui.

dain

V sancire

sanxi

sanctum.

sapio, have a savour of, be wise

i sapere

sapivi.

deslpio, be foolish

destpere.

sarcio, patch

sarcire

sarsi

sartum.

scalpo, scrape

scalpere

scalpsi

scalptum.

scan do, clivib

scandere

scandi

scansum.

ascendo, mount up

ascendere

ascendi

ascensum.

scindo, tear, cut

scindere

scidi

scissum.

scisco, enact

sciscere

scivi

scltum.

scribo, write

scribere

scrips!

scriptum.

seco, cut

secare

secui

sectum.

sedeo, sit

sedere

sedi

sessum.

possideo, occupy

possidere

possedi

possessum.

sentio,/d'<?/, think

sentire

sensi

sensum.

sepelio, buiy

sepelire

sepelivi

sepukum.

^ko^QY, follow

sequi

secutum.

sero, sow, plant

serere

sevi

satum.

?>eio,join

serere.

conseio, Join together conserere

conserui

consertum.

serpo, crawl

serpere

serpsi

serptum.

sido, settle, intr.

sidere

sidi.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

9i

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

sino, puf, allow

desino, cease sisto, stay, trans.

desisto, cease

soleo, be wont

Perfect, solitus sum.

solvo, loose J pay solvere

sono, sound sonare

spari^o, scatter, be- \

. , , > spargere

sprinkle J

-specio, look^ only in compounds, as

aspicio, look at aspicere

sperno, despise, reject spernere

^-^oxAto, pledge oneself spondere

statuo, set up, settle statuere

sterno, spread, cover sternere

stinguo, extinguish stinguere

exstinguo, extin-

smere

destnere

sistere

desistere

solere

sivi desii stiti destiti

solvi sonui

sparsi

aspexi

sprevi

spopondi

statui

stravi

guish

> exstinguere

sto, stand stare

(i) circumstOjj/^A/^ 1 round J

{2) disto, stand apart distare. (3) praesto, stand out praestare and others strepo, make a din stringo, graze struo, heap up, build suadeo, recommettd suesco, accustom one- ) self i

exstmxi

steti

circumstare circumsteti

praestiti

strepere stringere struere suadere

suescere

strepui strinxi struxi suasi

suevi

Supine.

Sltum.

desltum.

statum.

destitum.

solitum.

solutum. sonitum.

sparsum.

aspectum.

spretum.

sponsum.

statutum.

stratum.

exstinctum.

statum.

circumstatum.

( praestatum. i praesfitum.

strepitum. strictum. structum. suasum.

suetum.

92

LIST

OF

Present

Present

Perfect

Supine.

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

sum, he

esse

fui.

taedet, it wearieih

taesum est.

tango, totich

tangere

tetigi

tactum.

attingo, touch on

attingere

attigi

attactum.

tego, cover

tegere

texi

tectum.

temno, despise

temnere

tempsi

temptum.

tendo, stretch

tendere

tetendi

tentum.

teneo, hold

tenere

tenui

tentum (rare).

detineo, hold back

detmere

detlnui

detentum.

terxto, frighten

terrere

terrui

terrltum.

tergeo, wipe

tergere

tersi

tersum.

tero, rub

terere

trivi

tritum.

texo, weave

texere

texui

textum.

tinguo, j

tingere

tinxi

tinctum.

tollo, lift up

tollere

(sustuli)

(sublatum).

Perfect and supine from sustollo ; tuli and latum, the proper forms are taken by fero.

Compounds have no perfect or supine.

tondeo, shear

tondere

totondi

tonsum.

tono, thunder

tonare

tonui

ton! turn.

torqueo, twist,

hurl

torquere

torsi

tortum.

torreo, roast

torrere

torrui

tostum.

traho, drag

trahere

traxi

tractum.

tremo, tremble

tremere

tremui.

tribuo, assig7i

tribuere

tribui

tributum.

trudo, thrust

trudere

trusi

triisum.

tueor, looti at, protect

tueri

{ tutum. t tuitum.

Perfect tutatus sum (from tutor, protect). contueor, survey contueri contuitus sum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

93

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

Supine.

tundo, /hump

tundere

tutiidi

( tusum. ( tunsum.

(i) contundo, crus/i contundere

contudi

contusum.

(2) retundo, 5/un/

retundere

retundi

1 retusum. \ retunsum.

ulciscor, avenge, pum'sk ulcisci

ultum.

""^°' \anoM unguo, J

r ungere | ( unguere J

unxi .

unctum.

uro, 6urn

urere

ussi

ustum.

comburo, durn up

comburere

combussi

combustum.

utor, make use (abl.)

uti

usum.

vado, go

vadere.

invado, rush upon

invadere

invadi

invasum.

valeo, be strong

valere

valui.

Future participle ^

/aliturus.

veho, carry

vehere

vexi

vectum.

vello, pull, pluck

vellere

rvelli ) 1 vulsi J

vulsum.

venip, conu

venire

veni

ventum.

vereor, be afraid of

vereri

veritum.

vergo, incline,

vergere.

verro, brush,

verrere

verri (rare)

versum (rare).

verto, turn^

vertere

verti

versum.

divertor, put up (at an inn)

diverti

divert!

di versum.

reverter, return

reverti

reverti

reversum.

vescor, feed oneself (abl.)

i vesci.

yhio, forbid

vetare

vetui

vetUum.

video, see

videre

vidi

visum.

vincio, bind

vincire

vinxi

vinctum.

94

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

Present Indicative.

Present Infinitive.

Perfect Indicative.

Supine.

vinco, conquer

vincere

vici

victum.

viso, visit

visere

visi

visum.

vivo, live

vivere

vixi

victum.

volo, will

velle

volui.

volvo, roll

volvere

volyi

volutum.

vomo, vomit

vomere

vomui

vomitum,

voveo, vovD

vovere

vovi

votum.

§ 73. The following verbs have no perfect or supine:-

polleo,

frondeo,

albeo,

caneo,

flaveo,

he strong.

he in leaf.

he white,

he hoary.

he yellow,

renldeo,

splendeo,

maereo,

tabeo,

aveo,

shine.

he bright,

grieve.

waste away,

he greedy.

ADVERBS. 95

ADVERBS.

§ 74. Adverbs are indeclinable words, formed from noiins and pronouns (of which they were originally cases).

§ 75. I. Adverbs formed from Nouns.

Those ending in —

e and o are formed from adjectives with -o stems, as

digne, worthily ; bene, well.

certo, certainly ; clto, quickly. t§r, chiefly from adjectives and participles with -i stems, as

feliciter, happily ; amanter, lovingly. im, chiefly from past participles, as

sensim, gradually ; minutim, in small pieces. tUs, chiefly from substantives, as

fundi-tus,y>-^^z the bottom ; dlvmi-tus,yr^;;? the gods.

§ 76. The neuter of adjectives is sometimes used ad- verbially, as

multum, much; facile, easily.

§ 77. Degrees of adverbs.

The comparative is formed like the neuter of the com- parative adjective.

The superlative is formed like the neuter of the superla- tive adjective. Note also,

saepe, often ; saepliis ; saepisslme. dva, for long ; diutius; diutissime. nuper, lately ; nuperrime.

96

ADVERBS.

§ 78. II. Adverbs formed from Pronouns.

Adverbs of place. The following are pronominal adverbs of place, ending in —

0, quo, whither.

eo, thither.

alio,

to another place,

hue, istiic, illuc,

hither, to your place, to that place.

de, unde,

whence.

inde,

thence,

aliunde,

from another place,

hinc, istinc, illinc,

hence, from your from that place, place.

bii or ubi,

ibi,

alibi,

hie, istic, illic.

where,

there.

elsewhere.

here, there {where there (where you are), he is).

a, qua,

ea,

alia,

hac, istac, iliac,

by which way, by that way, by another, by this way, by your by that way way, way, {near him).

Adverbs of cause, manner, etc.

ut, as qui, kow quam, as

^ .V. ' > because quia, j

cur, why

si, if.

Adverbs of time,

quum, when

quotiens, how often

thus

n, so eo, therefore.

sic ita tam, so

tunc, then totiens, so often.

nunc, now.

§ 79. Of the adverbs given above those, in the first line are called connective adverbs, because they connect the sentence to which they belong with another, as well as qualify a word in their own sentence. They are all formed from the relative pronouns (unde = quonde; ubi=cubi or cui; ut^quod; cur=qua re). They are often called subordinating conjunctions.

The other adverbs, which are formed from demonstrative pronouns, do not connect sentences.

CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS,

97

CONJUNCTIONS.

§ 80. Conjunctions are indeclinable words, connecting names, sentences, or parts of sentences.

They are often called co-ordinating conjunctions.

Of these, et, -que, atque, ac, meaning and, are called copulative, because they connect the meaning of words or sentences; sed, verum, autem, at, meaning hut, are called adversative, because they contrast the meaning; aut, vel, ve, meaning or, are called disjunctive, because they disconnect the meaning.

PREPOSITIONS.

§ 81. The following words are used as prepositions with the accusative case :

ante

apiid

ad

adversiis

before

at

to

towards

circa

circum

citra, CIS

about

around

this side of

contra

erga

extra

infra

against

towards

outside of

below

inter

intra

juxta

6b

between

within

close to opposite to

penes

pone

post and

praeter

in possession of

behind

behind

beside

prope

propter

per

secundum

near

near ; on account of

through

following

supra

ultra

versiis

trans

above

beyond

towards

across.

98

PREPOSITIONS.

§ 82. The following are used both with the accusative (which generally implies moiion), and with the ablative (which generally implies rest) :

super subter, siib and In

above under into; in.

§ 83. The following are used as prepositions with the

ablative :

a, ab

coram

cum and de

from

in presence of

with downfrom

palam

prociil

pro and prae

in presence of

far from

before in front of

simiil

sine

teniis e

together with

without

reaching to out of.

§ 84. the following (which are really cases of substantives) are used as prepositions with the genitive :

causa, gratia ergo instar tenus

for the sake of on account of like to reaching to.

Note 44. Of these words ergo, tenus, versus are always placed after their substantives; cum after personal, and often after relative pronouns, as mecum, quicum.

Note 45. Many of these words are also used as adverbs ; the following only as prepositions, that is to say with a substantive dependent on them : — the monosyllables, also apud, ergo, inter, penes, sine, tenus.

GREEK NOUNS, 99

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX I.

Latin Declension of Greek Nouns.

Of the words adopted from the Greek, some (like poeta) were declined throughout like Latin nouns, others retained many Greek forms. They are found belonging to the first, second, and third declensions of Latin nouns.

First Declension. Stems in -a. Examples: poeta, m. poet, (ttoij^t?;-); Electra, f. ('HXe/crpa-) ; Hecate, f. ('EKar;/-) ; Aenea-, m. Aeneas, (khua-) ; Anchise-, m. Anchises, (*Ayxto"7-).

Singular.

Nom. ) Voc. J

poeta Electra Hecate and Hecata

Ace.

poeta-m Electra-n Hecate-n Hecata-m

Gen. •

poetae Hecate-s

Dat.

poetae Hecate

Abl.

poeta. Hecate Hecata.

Plural, like the first declension of Latin nouns.

Obs. 1 . In words like Hecate we also find all the inflexions of the First (Latin) declension. Vergil and Horace prefer the Latin forms ; the Greek were used by and after Ovid. (fl. a.d. 9).

H 2

lOO

LATIN DECLENSION

Singular.

Nom.

Aenea-s

AnchTses

and

Anchisa

Voc.

Aenea

Anchise

Anchisa

Ace.

Aenea-n and Aenea-m

Anchise-n

Gen.

Aeneae

Anchisae

Dat.

Aeneae

Anchisae

Abl.

Aenea.

Anchise

Anchisa.

Second Declension.

I. Stems in -6 (Greek second declension in -o). Examples: Delo-, f. Belos (Aj^Xo-); Pelio-, n. Felion, {Ut]\io-). Singular. Nom. Del6s xnr a ) -d-i-x

Voc. Dele ^•''•^- T^''*'-"

Acc. Del6-n and Delu-m

Gen. Deli Gen. Pelii

Dat. Abl. Delo. Dat. Abl. PeHo.

11. Stems in -o (Greek second declension in -«). Examples : Atho-, m. Alkos ('a^cb-) ; Androgeo-, m, Andro-

geOS ('Ai/Spoyfo)-).

Singular. Nom. Voc. Atho-s Acc. Atho-n and Atho

Dat. Abl. Atho.

Singular. Nom. Androgeo-s

Gen. Androgeo and Androgei.

Ohs. 2. Patronymics in -des always follow the first declension, other names in -ides and -ades belong to the third (e. g. Tydldes, son o/Tydeus, acc. Tydiden; but Alcibiades, acc. Alcibiadem).

of greek nouns, 101

Third Declension.

I. . Stems in -o, -eu, -y. Stems in -o. Examples : hero-, m, hero {fjpo)-) ; Dido-, f.

(AiSo)-).

Singular.

Nom. Voc. hero-s

Ace. hero-a

Gen. hero-Is

Dat. hero-i

Abl. hero-e.

Plural. Nom. Voc. hero-es

Ace. hero-as

Gen. hero-uin

Dat. Abl. hero-isin

hero-ibus.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. )

\ Dido Ace. J

Gen. Didus.

Obs. 3. Forms from stems in -on (as Dido, Didonis) are found in early poets and later writers. Vergil only uses the nom., voc, and ace. of Dido, employing the synonym Elissa for the other cases.

102 LATIN DECLENSION

Stems in -y.

Ex. : Tethy-, f. Tef/iys (Tr^dv-).

Singular.

Nom.

Tethy-s

Voc.

Tethy

Ace.

Tethy-n

Gen.

Tethy-6s.

Dat.

Tethy-i

Abl.

Tethy-e.

Stems in -eu partly retain the forms of the Greek third declension, partly adopt those of the Latin second declension. Ex. : Orpheu-, m. Orpheus ('Opc^ev-) ; Perseu-, m. Perseus (Uepaev-).

Singular. Nom. Orpheu-s Voc. Orpheu

Ace. Orphea Orpheum

Gen. Orphe6-s Orphei

Dat. Orphei, Orphei. Orpheo

Abl. Orpheo.

Singular. Nom. Perseu-s Voc. Perseu

Ace. Persea Perseum

Gen. Perse6-s Persei

Dat. Persi. Perse 6

Abl. Perse o.

Obs. 4. For the name of the Macedonian king Perseus, Livy uses the forms given above, Cicero those of an -a or -e. Stem. Nom. Pers e-s

Ace. Perse-n

Gen. Dat. Persae Abl. Perse and Pers a (cf. Anchises, p. 100).

OF GREEK NOUNS. IO3

II. Stems in -e and -i.

Stems in -e (Gk. elided 2 stems). Ex. : Demosthene-, m. Demosthenes {Atj fioadepea-).

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Demosthene-s

Ace. Demosthene-n Demosthene-m

Gen, Demosthen-e Demostheni-s

Dat, Demostheni

Abl. Demosthene.

Stems in -i, chiefly feminine. Ex. : Charybdi-, f. Charyhdis

(Xapv^Bi-).

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Charybdi-s

Ace. Charybdi-m Charybdi-n

Gen. Charybdi-s

Dat. AbL Charybdi.

III. Consonant Stems.

Labial Ex. : Cyclop-, m. Cyclops (Ky/cXwar-), Guttural. Ex. : Styg-, f. S/yx {2rvy-).

Singular.

Nom, Voc, Cyclop -s Ace. Cyclop -a

Gen. Cyclop -is.

Plural

Nom. Voc. Cyclop-es Ace. Cyclop -as

Gen. Cyclop-um.

Singular. Nom. Voc. Styx Ace. Styg-a

Gen. Styg-6s Styg-is.

I04 LATIN DECLENSION

Dental stems in -t. Ex. : poemat-, n. poem (noirifiaT-) ; Thalet-, m. Thales (eaXj;r-) ; elephant-, m. elephant (eXccpavT-).

Singular.

Nom. Ace.

poema

Gen.

poemat -is.

Plural

Nom. Ace.

poemat-a

Gen.

poemat -una

Dat. Abl.

poemat -is.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Thales

Ace.

Thalet-a

Thalet -em

Gen.

Thalet-is

Dat.

Thalet-i

Abl.

Thalete.

Singular,

"

Nom. Voc.

elephas

elephans

Ace.

elephant -a

elephant -em

Gen.

elephant -OS

elephant -is

Dat

elephant -i

Abl.

elephant e.

Plural

•

Nom. Voc.

elephant -es

Ace.

elephant -as

Gen.

elephant -um

Dat. Abl.

elephant-ibiis.

Oh$. 5. Thales and Chremes are also declined as -e stems (cf. p. 103). Ohs. 6. Besides elephas we find nom. elephantus, gen. elephanti, ace. plur. elephantos, from an -6 stem (Latin second declension).

OF GREEK NOUNS,

105

Stems in -

ad. All feminine.

Ex.: lampad-, f. torch

(XoAiTraS-).

Singular.

Nom.

Voc. lampa-s

Ace.

lampad-a

Gen.

lampad-os

lampad-is

Dat.

lampad-i

Abl.

lampad-e. Plural.

Nom.

Voc. lampad-es

Ace.

lampad-as.

Stems in -id. Of these stems s

3ome have ace. sing, in

-Ida or -idem

L, others reject the stem consonant, and have

ace. in -in 01

• -im, abl. in -i. Ex.

: Laid-, f. Lah (AaiS-) ;

Parid-, m. Paris (Uapi8-).

Singular,

Nom.

Lal-s

Voc.

Lai

Ace.

Laid -a Laid -em

Gen.

Laid-6s

Dat.

Laid-i

Abl.

Laid-e.

Nom.

Singular. Pari-s

Voc.

Pari

Ace.

Pari-n Pari-m

L, also Parid-em

Gen.

Par-i

„ Parid-is

Dat.

Par-i

„ Parid-i

Abl.

Par-i

„ Parid-e.

Ohs. 7. Besides lampas we find an ace. sing, lampad a-m, gen. plur. lampad a-rum, dat. plur. lampad i-s, from an -a stem (first Latin declension).

I06 LATIN DECLENSION

Stems in -n. Ex. : Gorgon-, m. Gorgon (Vopyov-) ; Platon-, m. Plato (nXaraji/-).

Singular.

Norn. Voc.

Gorgon

Ace.

Gorgon -a

Gen.

Gorgon -is

Dat.

Gorgon -1

Abl.

Gorgon-S.

Plural

Nom.

Gorgon-es

Ace.

Gorgon-S/S.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Plato

Ace.

Platon-a

Platon -em

Gen.

Platon -IS

Dat.

Platon -i

Abl. •

Platon-g.

Ohs. 8. These are to be distinguished from dental stems in -ont (Gk. -oj/t), which are declined like elephas (p. 104). Some however, especially those in -(povr, lose the -t in Latin, e.g. Antipho, Antiphonis ('AvTi(l>aiv, 'AvTi(p5)V70s).

Ohs. 9. Names of places usually keep the Greek form of nom. sing., e.g. Babylon, Colophon, Marathon.

OF GREEK NOUNS, 107

Stems in -r. Ex. : aether-, m. pure air (aWrip-) ; crater-, m. mixing bowl {KpaTTjp-).

Singular.

Nom.

Voc.

aether

Ace.

aether-S.

Gen.

aether-is

Dat.

aether -i

Abl.

aether -e. Singular.

Nom.

Voc.

crater

Ace.

crater-a,

Abl..

crater-S. Plural

Nom.

crater -Ss

Ace.

crater -as.

Ohs. 10. Besides crater, a stem cratera- (first Latin declension) is found declined throughout.

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2. Fractions. (i) Fractions with numerator i: —

\, dimidia pars ; dimidium

J, tertiS, ; tertia pars 1, quarts, ; quarta pars.

(2) Fractions with numerator less by one than denomi- nator : —

I, duae partes

f , tres partes

^, quattuor partes.

(3) Fractions with denominator 1 2 or its multiples : — ^2> unci-a, gen. -ao (fem.) ■^-^, septunx

3^ = i, sextan-s, gen. -tis

(masc.) ■^2 = J, quadran-s

4_

12

J, trien-s

■f^, quincun-x, gen. -cis

(masc.) ^^ = 1 semis gen. semissis

^ = 1, bes, gen. bessis

(masc.) j^2 = I — i, dodran-s (do

qu&drans) ^f = I — i dextan-s (de

sextans) ri = I - T2 . deunx

1 = as, gen. assis '(masc).

4, pars tertia et nona I^Y, pars tertia et septim.a.

(masc.)

(4) Other fractions : — i, quattuor septimae ^, septem nonae

(5) Mixed numbers : —

2^, semis tertius (sestertius) 3^, quadrans quartus.

Obs. II. The unit was taken from as libralis, the name of the earliest Roman coin, which was supposed to weigh a pound of 12 ounces (unciae). The names of its parts were taken to denote fractions.

FEARS AND MONTHS, II3

APPENDIX III. The Roman Method of reckoning Time.

Tke Year.

The Romans in referring to a past year frequently dis- tinguished it by the name of the consuls who held office at the time, and as being so many years before the beginning of some great war.

As we date a year from that commonly assigned to the birth of Christ, the Romans reckoned from the founding of Rome, which was supposed to have taken place in the year called by us b.c. 753. Therefore the year b.c. 751 would be known by them as annus urbis conditae tertius or A.u.c. III. It must be remembered that the Romans included the year, month, day, etc., from which they counted, so that what we should call 2 years after 753, they counted as 3.

In order therefore to find the year b. c. of any Roman date A.u.c, subtract the number given from 754, adding i for the . inclusive reckoning. The same method will give the year A.u.c. of any date b.c. ; e. g.

A.u.c. 710 = B.C. {7^54-7 1 o) -= B.C. 44. B.C. 44 = A.u.c. (754-44) = A.u.c. 7 10.

The lustrum was a period either of four or five years.

The Months.

The Roman year originally contained ten, afterwards twelve months, beginning with March.. These were called mensis Martius {the month of Mars, the god of war), Aprilis {of sprouting, rt. aperi-, to open), Maius (of growing, rt. mag.), Junius {of thriving, rt. juv.), Quintilis, Sextilis, September, Oct5ber, November, December {the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months of the year), Januarius (of opening farm labours, rt. Jan.), Februarius {of cleansing, rt. ferv.). After b.c 153 the year was considered to begin with January. The name Quintilis was changed to Julius in

I

TI4 ROMAN METHOD OF

B.C. 44 in honour of Caius Julius Caesar, whose birthday fell in that month; Sextilis became Augustus in B.C. 8, to cele- brate the triumphs, etc., of the first emperor.

Before the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar (b.c. 46) the months March, May, July (then called Quintilis), and October contained 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29. To this year of 355 days an intercalary month (mensis intercalaris, but called by Greek writers Mercedonius, the labour month) of 22 or 23 days was added every other year, probably after the 23rd of February.

The calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar contained months of the same length as ours. Every fourth year the 24th of February was reckoned twice, which was equivalent to our 29th of February in leap-year.

The month both before and after b.c. 46 was divided into weeks, the first beginning on the first day or Calendae {proclamation day), on which the length of the first week was in early days proclaimed to the people. The second week, of 8, or, according to Roman reckoning, 9 days, began on the Nonae, which fell on the 5th of eight months in the year, on the 7 th of IMarch, May, July, October, because they originally contained 31 days. The third week began on the Idus (so called perhaps from {div-)ido, the division of the month, or from rt. id, to shine, the day of the full- moon) which fell on the 13th or 15th according as the Nones fell on the 5th or 7 th.

The intervening days were reckoned backwards from these, the days between the Calends and the Nones as so many before the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides as so many before the Ides, those following the Ides as so many before the Calends of the next month.

The day immediately preceding each of these three was called pridie (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), that next before ante diem tertium (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), or a. d. Ill Won. Id. Kal., and so on. This expression was considered as one word and might have a preposition before it, e. g. differre aKquid in ante diem XV Calendas Novembres, to put off

Obs. 12. The first day of the fourth week was perhaps called nundinae, nine days, and began 9 days before the end of the month.

RECKONING TIME, IJ5

something to the iSth of October. As for the construction, ante seems to govern Calendas Novembres, the ordinal numbers being attracted from the ablative (e. g. quindecimo die) and inserted between the preposition and its noun.

The days of intercalary months were denoted in the same way, the first day being called calendae intercalares, from which the days between the Ides and the 23rd of February were reckoned backwards.

After Caesar's reform, every fourth year the 24th of February, or a. d. VI Kal. Mart, priorem, was followed by a. d. VI Kal. Mart, posteriorem. Hence arose the name annus bissextus (or in later Latin bissextilis).

The Day.

The civil day began at midnight and was marked out into 24 hours. The natural day began at sunrise and ended at sunset. It was marked out into twelve hours (horae) of equal length, counted from sunrise. As in midwinter at Rome the day is only 9 hours long, while at midsummer it is rather more than 15, the length of horae depended upon the time of year, and varied from three-quarters of an hour to an hour and a quarter. The seventh hour (hora septima) always began at midday.

The night was divided for military purposes into four watches (vigilia prima, etc.) of equal length, beginning at sunset.

The following table gives the days of the months as they were named after b.c. 45. Before that date, March, May, July, October were the same as in the table ; in all the others our 14th would be a. d. XVII Kal., and so on, and Prid. Kal. would fall on our 29th.

Kalendae, Nonae, Idus, are feminine ; the names of the months adjectives agreeing with these ; the date (e. g. on the Calends, etc.) is in the ablative case (Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus) : a. d. IV Non. Jan. is for ante diem quartum Nonas Januarias.

I 2

ii6

TABLE OF THE

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IV. Non. Jan

III. Non. Jan d. Non. Jan. Non. Jan. VIII.' Id. Jan VII. Id. Jan. VI. Id. Jan.

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DAYS OF THE MONTH. II7

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INTEREST ON MONEY. II9

2. Interest on Money.

After 451 B. c. the legal rate of interest was — XTnciarium fenus, interest of one-twelfth (see p. 1 1 2 (3)) = 8^ per cent. As the year contained 10 months, this was pro- bably equivalent to 10 per cent, per annum.

After 81 B.C. the legal rate of interest was — Centensima pars sortis, one-hundredth part of the whole=. 1 2

per cent. Interest being at this time reckoned monthly, this

was equivalent to 12 per cent, per annum.

This rate was taken as the unit, and lower rates represented by fractions, e.g.: —

Usurae uneiae=j^^2 ^^ centensimae usurae=i per cent. per annum.

Higher rates by distributives, e. g. : — Binae centensimae =/z£;2V^ one-hundredth^:- 24 per cent, per annum.

Or by combinations of distributives and fractions, e. g. : — Usurae centensimae et unciae=i3 per cent, per annum.

Oh%. 13. For the other fractions of centensima see p. no. They are in the plural number, having usurae in apposition.

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