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THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS
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THE
FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
AN EDITION AND TRANSLATION OF THE REMAINING FRAGMENTS OF THE PRE-SOKRATIC PHILOSOPHERS, TOGETHER WITH A TRANSLATION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ACCOUNTS OF THEIR OPINIONS CONTAINED IN THE EARLY EPITOMES OF THEIR WORKS
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NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1898
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PREFACE
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THe Hegelian School, and in particular Zeller, have shown us the place of the earlier thinkers in the history of Greek thought, and the importance of a knowledge of their work for all who wish to understand Plato and Aristotle. Since Zeller’s monumental work, several writers (e.g. Benn, Greek Philosophers, vol. i. London 1883; Tannery, Science helléne, Paris 1887; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, London 1892) have traced for us the history of this development, but the student who desires to go behind these accounts and examine the evidence for himself still finds the material difficult of access. This material consists of numerous short fragments preserved by later writers, and of accounts of the opinions of these thinkers given mainly by Aristotle and by the Greek doxographists (i.e. students of early thought who made epitomes of the opinions of the masters). The Greek text of the doxographists is now accessible to students in the admirable critical edition of H. Diels (Berlin 1879). The Greek text of the fragments has been published in numerous short monographs, most of which are not readily accessible to the student to-day; it is contained with a vast deal of other matter in Mullach’s Fragmenta Graecorum Philosophorum (Paris 18838-1888, vol. i—iii.), but the text
2052656
vl PREFACE
is in many places so carelessly constructed that it does not serve the purposes of the scholar.
In the present work it has been my plan to prepare for the student a Greek text of the fragments of these early philosophers which shall represent as accurately as possible the results of recent scholarship, and to add such critical notes as may be necessary to enable the scholar to see on what basis the text rests. From this text I have prepared a translation of the fragments into English, and along with this a translation of the impor- tant passages bearing on these early thinkers in Plato and Aristotle, and in the Greek doxographists as col- lected by Diels, in order that the student of early Greek thought might have before him in compact form practi- eally all the materials on which the history of this thought is to be based. It has been difficult, especially in the case of Herakleitos and the Pythagoreans, to draw the line between material to be inserted, and that to be omitted ; but, in order to keep the volume within mode- rate limits, my principle has been to insert only the ‘passages from Plato and Aristotle and from the doxo- -graphists. ~The Greek text of Herakleitos is based on the edition of Bywater ; that of Xenophanes on the edition of the Greek lyric poets by Hiller-Bergk ; that of Parmenides on the edition of Karsten; and that of Empedokles on the edition of Stein. I have not hesitated, however, to differ from these authorities in minor details, indicating in the notes the basis for the text which I have given.
For a brief discussion of the relative value of the sources of these fragments the student is referred to the Appendix.
PREFACE : vil
My thanks are due to several friends for their kind assistance, in particular to Professor C. L. Brownson and Professor G. D. Lord, who have read much of the book in proof, and have given me many valuable suggestions. Nor can I pass over without mention the debt which all workers in this field owe to Hermann Diels. It is my great regret that his edition of Parmenides’ Lehrgedicht failed to reach me until most of the present work was already printed. Nevertheless there is scarcely a page of the whole book which is not based on the foundation which he has laid.
ARTHUR FAIRBANKS.
Yate UnIversity: November 1897.
Lal .
CON TENTS
IONIC SCHOOL: THALES IONIC SCHOOL: ANAXIMANDROS IONIC SCHOOL: ANAXIMENES
HERAKLEITOS
ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES
ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES
ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO
ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS
PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS
EMPEDOKLES
ANAXAGORAS
APPENDIX
INDEXES
PAGE
119 129 142 174 253
263 289
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Dox. = Diels, Doxographi Graeci, Berlin 1879.
Aet. = Aetii de placitis reliquiae.
Hipp. Phil. = Hippolyti philosophumena. Sicladed in
Epi. = Epiphanii varia excerpta. Diels, Doz.
Herm. = Hermiae irrisio gentiliwm philosophorum.
Simp. Phys.= Simplicti in Aristotelis physicorum libros quattuor priores edidit H. Diels, Berlin 1882.
Simp. Cael.= Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle’s De caelo.
For other abbreviations, see list of authors in the Index of sources.
THE
FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
iB THALES.
Accorpineé to Aristotle the founder of the Ionic physical philosophy, and therefore the founder of Greek philo- sophy, was Thales of Miletos. According to Diogenes Laertios, Thales was born in the first year of the thirty- fifth Olympiad (640 B.c.), and his death occurred in the fifty-eighth Olympiad (548-545 s.c.). He attained note as a scientific thinker and was regarded as the founder of Greek philosophy because he discarded mythical explanations of things, and asserted that a physical element, water, was the first principle of all things. There are various stories of his travels, and in connection with accounts of his travels in Egypt he is credited with intro- ducing into Greece the knowledge of geometry. Tradition also claims that he was a statesman, and as a practical thinker he is classed as one of the seven wise men. A, work entitled ‘Nautical Astronomy’ was ascribed to him, but it was recognised as spurious even in antiquity.
Literature: F. Decker, De Thalete Milesio, Diss. Halle, 1865 ; Krische, Forsch. auf d. Gebiet d. alt. Phil. i. pp. 34-42; V. also Acta Phil. iv. Lips. 1875, pp. 828-330; Revue Philos. Mar. 1880; Archiv } > ff. d. Geschichte d. Phil. ii. 165, 515.
B
2 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
(a) PAssaAGES RELATING To THALES IN PLaro AND IN ARISTOTLE.
Plato, de Legg. x. 899 8. And as for all the stars and the moon and the years and the months and all. the seasons, can we hold any other opinion about them than this same one—that inasmuch as soul or souls appear to be the cause of all these things, and good souls the cause of every excellence, we are to call them gods, whether they order the whole heavens as living beings in bodies, or whether they accomplish this in some other form and manner? Is there any one who acknowledges this, and yet holds that all things are not full of gods ?
Arist. Met. i. 3; 983 b 6. Most of the early students of philosophy thought that first principles in the form of matter, and only these, are the sources of all things ; for that of which all things consist, the antecedent from which they have sprung, and into which they are finally resolved (in so far as being underlies them and is changed with their changes), this they say is the ele- ment and first principle of things. 983b18. As to the quantity and form of this first principle, there is a difference of opinion; but Thales, the founder of this sort of philosophy, says that it is water (accordingly he declares that the earth rests on water), getting the idea, I suppose, because he saw that the nourishment of all beings is moist, and that warmth itself is gene- rated from moisture and persists in it (for that from Which all things spring is the first principle of them) ; and getting the idea also from the fact that the germs of all beings are of a moist nature, while water is the first principle of the nature of what is moist. And there are some who think that the ancients, and they who lived long before the present generation, and thie ‘first students of the gods, had a similar idea in regard - to nature; for in their poems Okeanos and Tethys were
THALES 3
the parents of generation, and that by which the gods swore was water,—the poets themselves called it Styx ; for that which is most ancient is most highly esteemed , and that which is most highly esteemed is an object to swear by. Whether there is any such ancient and early opinion concerning nature would be an obscure ques- tion; but Thales is said to have expressed this opinion in regard to the first cause.
Arist. de Coelo ii. 18; 294 a 28. Some say that - the earth rests on water. We have ascertained that the oldest statement of this character is the one accredited to Thales the Milesian, to the effect that it rests on water, floating like a piece of wood or something else of that sort.!
Arist. de Anima i. 2; 405 a 19. And Thales, according to what is related of him, seems to have regarded the soul as something endowed with the power of motion, if indeed he said that the loadstone has a soul because it moves iron. i.5; 411 a7. Some say that’ soul is diffused throughout the whole uni- verse; and ii may have been this which led Thales to think that all things are full of gods.
Simpl. in Arist. de Anima 8 r 32, 16.2—Thales posits water as the element, but it is the element of bodies, and he thinks that the soul is not a body at all. 31, 21 p.—And in speaking thus of Thales he adds with a degree of reproach that he assigned a soul to the magnetic stone as the power which moves the iron, that he might prove soul to be a moving power in it; but he did not assert that this soul was water, although water had been designated as the element, since he said that water is the ele- ment of substances, but he supposed soul to be un- substantial form. 20 r 73, 22. For Thales, also,
I suppose, thought all things to be full of gods, the gods being blended with them ; and this is strange.
1 Cf. Herm. J. G. P. 10 (Dox. 653). 2 In references to Simpl. in Arist. de Anima and Physica, the first
numbers give folio and line, the second, page (and line) in the edition published by the Berlin Academy.
B2
ay > =
4 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
(b) PassaGES RELATING TO THALES IN THE . DoxoGRraPuHists.
(Theophrastos, Dox. 475) Simpl. Phys. 6r; 28, 21. Of those who say that the first principle [apy7] is one and movable, to whom Aristotle applies the distinctive name of physicists, some say that it is limited; as, for instance, Thales of Miletos, son of Examyes, and Hippo who seems also to have lost belief in the gods. These say that the first principle is water, and they are led to this result by things that appear to sense; for warmth lives in moisture and dead things wither up and all germs are moist and all nutriment is moist. Now it is natural that things should be nourished by that
~~ from which each has come; and water is the first
principle of moist nature . . .; accordingly they assume
“that water is the first principle of all things, and they assert that the earth rests on water. Thales is the first to have set on foot the investigation of nature by the Greeks; although so many others preceded him, in Theophrastos’s opinion he so far surpassed them as to cause them to be forgotten. It is said that he left nothing in writing except a book entitled ‘Nautical Astronomy.’
Hipp. i.; Dow. 555. It is said that Thales of Miletos, one of the seven wise men, was the first to undertake the study of physical philosophy. He said that the begin- ning (the first principle) and the end of all things is water. All things acquire firmness as this solidifies, and again as it is melted their existence is threatened; to this are due earthquakes and whirlwinds and movements of the stars. And all things are movable and in a fluid state, the character of the compound being determined by the nature of the principle from which it springs. is principle is god, and it has neither beginning nor end.
THALES 3)
Thales was the first of the Greeks to devote himself to the study and investigation of the stars, and was the originator of this branch of science ; on one occasion he was looking up at the heavens, and was just saying he was intent on studying what was overhead, when he fell into a well; whereupon a maidservant named Thratta laughed at him and said: In his zeal for things in the sky he does not see what is at his feet.! And he lived in the time of Kroesos.
Plut. Strom.1; Dox.579.2 Hesays that Thales was the earliest thinker to regard water as the first principle of all things. For from this all things come, and to it they all return.
Aet. Plac. i. 2; Dox. 275. Thales of Miletos regards the first principle and the elements as the same thing. But there is a very great difference between them, for elements are composite, but we claim that first principles are neither composite nor the result of processes. So we call earth, water, air, fire, elements ; and we call them first principles for the reason that there is nothing antecedent to them from which they are sprung, since this would not be a first principle, but rather that from which it is derived. Now there is something anterior to earth and water from which they are derived, namely the matter that is formless and invisible, and the form which we call entelechy, and privation. So Thales was in error when he called water an element and a first principle. i.3; 276. Thales the Milesian declared that the first principle of things is water. [This man seems to have been the first philo- sopher, and the Ionic school derived its name from him; for there were very many successive leaders in philosophy. And Thales was a student of philosophy in
1 Cf. Plato, Theaet. 174.4; Diog. Laer. i. 34. ? Epiphan. iii. 1; Dow. 589; Herm. I.G. P. 10 ; Doz. 653.
6 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Egypt, but he came to Miletos in his old age.|] For he says that all things come from water and all are resolved into water. The first basis for this conclusion is the fact that the seed of all animals is their first principle and it is moist; thus it is natural to conclude that all things come from water as their first principle. Secondly, the fact that all plants are nourished by moisture and bear fruit, and unless they get moisture they wither away. ‘Thirdly, the fact that the very fire of the sun and the stars is fed by the exhalations from the waters, and so is the universe itself. 7; 301. Thales said that the mind in the universe is god, and the all is endowed with soul and is full of spirits; and its divine moving power pervades the elementary water. 8; 307. Thales et al. say that spirits are psychical beings; and that heroes are souls separated from bodies, good heroes are good souls, bad heroes are bad souls. 8; 307. The followers of Thales et al. assert that matter is turned about, varying, changing, and in a fluid state, the whole in every part of the whole. 12; 310. Thales and his successors declared that the first cause is im- movable. 16; 314. The followers of Thales and Pytha- goras hold that bodies can receive impressions and can be divided even to infinity; and so can all figures, lines, surfaces, solids, matter, place, and time. 18; 315. The physicists, followers of Thales, all recognise that the void is really a void. 21; 821. Thales: Necessity is most powerful, for it controls everything.
Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 827. Thales and his successors hold that the universe is one. 12; 840. Thales et al. hold that the sphere of the entire heaven is divided into five circles which they call zones ; and of these the first is called the arctic zone, and is always visible, the next is the summer solstice, the next is the equinoctial, the next the winter solstice, and the next the antarctic, which is invisible. And the ecliptic in the three middle ones is
THALES 7
called the zodiac and is projected to touch the three middle ones. All these are cut by the meridian at a right angle from the north to the opposite quarter. 13; 341. The stars consist of earth, but are on fire. 20; 349. The sun consists of earth. 24; 353. The eclipses of the sun take place when the moon passes across it in direct line, since the moon is earthy in character ; and it seems to the eye to be laid on the disk of the sun. 28; 358. The moon is lighted from the sun. 29; 3860. Thales et al. agree with the mathematicians that the monthly phases of the moon show that it travels along with the sun and is lighted by it, and eclipses show that it comes into the shadow of the earth, the earth coming between the two heavenly bodies and blocking the light of the moon. _
Aet. i. 9-10; 876. The earth is one and spherical inform. 11; 877. It is in the midst of the universe. 15; 879. Thales and Demokritos find in water the cause of earthquakes.
Aet. iv. 1; 384. Thales thinks that the Etesian winds blowing against Egypt raise the mass of the Nile, because its outflow is beaten back by the swelling of the sea which lies over against its mouth. 2; 386. Thales was the first to declare that the soul is by nature always moving or self-moving.
Aet. v. 26; 488. Plants are living animals; this is evident from the fact that they wave their branches and keep them extended, and they yield to attack and relax them freely again, so that weights also draw them down.
(Philodemos) Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. For Thales of Miletos, who first studied these matters, said that water is the first principle of things, while god is the mind which formed all things from water. If gods exist without sense and mind, why should god be connected with water, if mind itself can exist without a body ?
8 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Il. ANAXIMANDROS.
Anaxrmanpros of Miletos was a companion or pupil
of Thales. According to Apollodoros he was born in
the second or third year of the forty-second Olympiad
(611-610 8.c.). Of his life little is known ; Zeller infers
from the statement of Aelian (V. H. iii. 17) to the effect
that he led the Milesian colony into Apollonia, that he
was a man of influence in Miletos. He was a student
of geography and astronomy ; and various inventions,
such as the sundial, are attributed to him. His book,
which was referred to as the first philosophical treatise
in Greece, may not have received the title ‘epi
gvcews’ until after his death. It soon became rare, and Simplicius does not seem to have had access to it.
Literature : Schleiermacher, Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1815 ;
Op. Phil. ii. 171; Krische, Forschungen, pp. 42-
52; Teichmiiller, Stwdien, pp. 1-70, 545-588;
Biisgen, Das dzepov Anax. Wiesbaden 1867;
Liitze, Das drepov Anax. Leipz. 1878; J. Neu-
hauser, De Anaxz. Miles. Bonn 1879, and in more
complete form, Bonn 1883; Tannery, Rev. Phil.
v. (1882); Natorp, Phil. Monatshefte, 1884 ;
Tannery, Archiv f.d. Gesch. d. Philos. viii. 448 ff. ; Diels, ibid. x. (1897) 228 ff.
(a) Fragments oF ANAXIMANDROS.
1. Arist. Phys. iii. 4; 203b18 ff. The words d0dvardy yap kal av@deOpov and by some the words mepueyew
ANAXIMANDROS 9
dmavta kal Tavta KkuBepvav are thought to come from Anaximandros.
2. In Simpl. Phys. 6 r (24, 19); Dox. 476, it is generally agreed that the following phrase is from Anaxi- mandros: cata TO ypewv: Siwovar yap adTa adAndois ticw Kal Siknyv ths adixias.}
Translation—1. ‘Immortal and _ indestructible,’ ‘surrounds all and directs all.’ 2. ‘(To that they return when they are destroyed) of necessity; for he says that they suffer punishment and give satisfaction to one another for injustice.’
(b) PASSAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMANDROS IN ARISTOTLE.
Arist. Phys. 1.4; 187a12. For some who hold that the real, the underlying substance, is a unity, either one of the three [elements] or something else that is denser than fire and more rarefied than air, teach that other things are generated by condensation and rare- faction. . . . 20. And others believe that existing opposites are separated from the unity, as Anaximandros says, and those also who say that unity and multiplicity exist, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras; for these separate other things from the mixture [pyiypa |.”
Phys. iii. 4; 203 b7. There is no beginning of the infinite, for in that case it would havean end. But it is without beginning and indestructible, as being a sort of first principle ; for it is necessary that whatever comes into existence should have an end, and there is a conclu- sion of all destruction. Wherefore as we say, there is no first principle of this [i.e. the infinite], but it itself
1 The fragment is discussed at length by Ziegler, Archiv f. d. Gesch.
d. Philos. i. (1883) p. 16 ff. 2 Cf. Theophrastos (Dow. 478) under Anaxagoras, infra.
10 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
seems to be the first principle of all other things and to surround all and to direct all, as they say who think that _ there are no other causes besides the infinite (such as mind, or friendship), but that it itself is divine; for it is immortal and indestructible, as Anaximandros and most of the physicists say.
Simpl. Phys. 32 r; 150, 20. There is another method, according to which they do not attribute change to matter itself, nor do they suppose that generation takes place by a transformation of the underlying substance, but by separation; for the opposites existing in the substance which is infinite matter are separated, according to Anaximandros, who was the earliest thinker to call the underlying substance the first principle. _ And the opposites are heat and cold, dry and moist, and the rest.
Phys. iii. 5 ; 204 b 22. But it is not possible that infinite matter is one and simple; either, as some say, that it is something different from the elements, from which they are generated, or that it is absolutely one. For there are some who make the infinite of this character, but they do not consider it to be air or water, in order that other things may not be blotted out by the infinite; for these are mutually antagonistic to one another, inasmuch as air is cold, water is moist, and fire hot; if one of these were infinite, the rest would be at once blotted out; but now they say that the infinite is something different from these things, namely, that from which they come.
Phys. iii. 8; 208 a 8.- In order that generation may actually occur, it is not necessary to prove that the infinite should actually be matter that sense can per- ceive; for it is possible that destruction of one thing is generation of another, provided the all is limited.
De Coelo iii. 5; 803 b 11. For some say that thire is only one underlying substance; and of these some
ANAXIMANDROS 11
say that it is water, some that it is air, some that it is fire, and some that it is more rarefied than water and denser than air; and these last say that being infinite it surrounds all the heavens.
Meteor. 2; 855 a 21. It is natural that this very thing should be unintelligible to those who say that at first when the earth was moist and the universe including the earth was warmed by the sun, then air was formed and the whole heavens were dried, and this pro- duced the winds and made the heavens revolve.!
Metaph. xii. 2; 1069 b 18. So not only is it very properly admitted that all things are generated from not-being, but also that they all come from being :— potentially from being, actually from not-being ; and this is the unity of Anaxagoras (for this is better than to say that all things exist together [60d wavta}), and it is the mixture [piyywa| of Empedokles and Anaximandros.
Plut. Symp. viii. 730 x. Wherefore they (the Syrians) reverence the fish as of the same origin and the same family as man, holding a more reasonable philosophy than that of Anaximandros; for he declares, not that fishes and men were generated at the same time, but that at first men were gene- rated in the form of fishes, and that growing up as
sharks do till they were able to help themselves, they then came forth on the dry ground.
(c) PassAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMANDROS IN THE DoxoGRAPHISTS.
(Theophrastos, Dox. 477) Simpl. Phys. 6r; 24, 26. Among those who say that the first principle is one and movable and infinite, is Anaximandros of Miletos, ‘son of Praxiades, pupil and successor of Thales. He said that the first principle and element of all things is infinite, and he was the first to apply this word to
1 Cf. Theophrastos, Dow. 494, infra, p. 12.
12 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
the first principle ; and he says that it is neither water nor any other one of the things called elements, but the infinite is something of a different nature, from - which came all the heavens and the worlds in them ; and from what source things arise, to that they return of necessity when they are destroyed; for he says that they suffer punishment and give satisfaction ' to one another for injustice according to the order of time, putting it in rather poetical language. LEvi- dently when he sees the four elements changing into one another, he does not deem it right to make any one of these the underlying substance, but something else besides them. And he does not think that things come into being by change in the nature of the element, but by the separation of the opposites which the eternal motion causes. On this account Aristotle compares him with Anaxagoras.
Simpl. Phys. 6 v; 27, 28; Dox. 478. The trans- lation is given under Anaxagoras, infra.
Alex. in Meteor. 91 r (vol. i. 268 Id.), Dox. 494. Some of the physicists say that the sea is what is left of the first moisture ; ? for when the region about the earth was moist, the upper part of the moisture was evapo- rated by the sun, and from it came the winds and the revolutions of the sun and moon, since these made their revolutions by reason of the vapours and exhalations, and revolved in those regions where they found an abundance of them. What is left of this moisture in the hollow places is the sea; so it diminishes in quantity, being evaporated gradually by the sun, and finally it will be completely dried up. Theophrastos says that Anaximandros and Diogenes were of this opinion.
' Archiw f. d. Geschichte d. Phil. i. p. 16 sqq. \ ? Aet. ili. 16; Dow. 381.
ANAXIMANDROS 13
Hipp. Phil. 6; Dox. 559. Anaximandros was a pupil of Thales. He was a Milesian, son of Praxiades. He - gaid that the first principle of things is of the nature of the infinite, and from this the heavens and the worlds in them arise. And this (first principle) is eternal and does not grow old, and it surrounds all the worlds. He says of time that in it generation and being and destruction are determined. He said that the first principle and the - element of beings is the infinite, a word which he was the earliest to apply to the first principle. Besides this, motion is eternal, and as a result of it the heavens arise. The earth is a heavenly body, controlled by no other power, and keeping its position because it is the same distance from all things; the form of it is curved, cylindrical like a stone column ;' it has two faces, one of these is the ground beneath our feet, and the other is opposite to it. The stars are a circle” of fire, separated from the fire about the world, and surrounded by air. There are certain breathing-holes like the holes of a flute through which we see the stars; so that when the holes are stopped up, there are eclipses. The moon is sometimes full and sometimes in other phases as these holes are stopped up or open. The circle of the sun is twenty-seven times that of the moon, and the sun is higher than the moon, but the circles of the fixed stars are lower.* Animals come into being through vapours raised by thesun. Man, however, came into being from another animal, namely the fish, for at first he was like a fish. Winds are due to a separation of the lightest vapours and the motion of the masses of these vapours ; and moisture comes from
1 Aet. iii. 10; Dow. 376. Cf. Plut. Strom. 2; Dox. 579.
2 «dbkdos, the circle or wheel in which the stars are set, and in which they revolve. The circle of the moon is farther from the earth, and last comes the circle of the sun.
3 Cf. Aet. ii. 15-25, infra
14 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
the vapour raised by the sun! from them;? and lightning occurs when a wind falls upon clouds and separates them. Anaximandros was born in the third year of the forty-second Olympiad.
Plut. Strom. 2; Dox. 579. Anaximandros, the com- panion of Thales, says that the infinite is the sole cause of all generation and destruction, and from it the - heavens were separated, and similarly all the worlds, which are infinite in number. And he declared that destruction and, far earlier, generation have taken place since an indefinite time, since all things are in- volved in a cycle. He says that the earth is a cylinder in form, and that its depth is one-third of its breadth. And he says that at the beginning of this world something [rz Diels] productive of heat and cold from the eternal being was separated therefrom, and a sort of sphere of this flame surrounded the air about the earth, as bark surrounds a tree; then this sphere was broken into parts and defined into distinct circles, and thus arose the sun and the moon and the stars. Farther he says that at the beginning man was generated from all sorts of animals, since all the rest can quickly get food for themselves, but man alone requires careful feeding for a long time; such a being at the beginning could not have preserved his existence. Such is the teaching of Anaximandros.
Herm. I. G. P.10; Dox. 653. His compatriot Anaxi- mandros says that the first principle is older than _ water and is eternal motion; in this all things come into being, and all things perish.
Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dox. 277. Anaximandros of Miletos, son of Praxiades, says that the first principle of things is the infinite; for from this all things come, and all
) Aet. iii. 6; Dow. 374. * Cf. Aet. iii: 3; Dow. 367.
ANAXIMANDROS 15
things perish and return to this.' Accordingly, an infinite number of worlds have been generated and have perished again and returned to their source. So he calls it infinite, in order that the generation which takes place may not lessen it. But he fails to say what the infinite is, whether it is air or water or earth or some other thing. He fails to show what matter is, and simply calls it the active cause. For the infinite is nothing else but matter ; and matter cannot be energy, unless an active agent is its substance. 7; 302. Anaxi- mandros declared that the infinite heavens are gods. Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 327. Anaximandros (et al.): Infinite worlds exist in the infinite in every cycle; Dox. 329, and these worlds are equally distant from each other. 4; 331. The world is perishable. 11; . 340. Anaximandros: The heavens arise from a mixture of heat and cold. 13; 342. The stars are wheel-shaped masses of air, full of fire, breathing out flames from pores in different parts. 15; 345. Anaximandros et al.: The sun has the highest posi- tion of all, the moon is next in order, and beneath it are the fixed stars and the planets. 16; 345. The stars are carried on by the circles and the spheres in which each one moves. 20; 348. Thecircle of the sun is twenty-eight times as large as the earth, like a chariot wheel, having a hollow centre and this full of fire, shining in every part, and sending out fire through a narrow opening like the air from a flute. 21; 351. The sun is equal in size to the earth, but the circle from which it sends forth its exhalations, and by which it is borne through the heavens, is twenty-seven times as large as the earth. 24; 354. An eclipse takes place when the outlet for the fiery exhalations is closed. 25; 355. The circle of the moon is nineteen times as large ? Epiphan. iii. 2; Doz. 589.
16 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
as the earth, and like the circle of the sun is full of fire ; and eclipses are due to the revolutions of the wheel ; for it is like a chariot wheel, hollow inside, and the centre of it is full of fire, but there is only one exit for the fire. 28; 358. The moon shines by its own light. 29; 359. The moon is eclipsed when the hole in the wheel is stopped.
Aet. iii. 8; Dox. 867. Anaximandros said that lightning is due to wind; for when it is surrounded and pressed together by a thick cloud and so driven out by reason of its lightness and rarefaction, then the break- ing makes a noise, while the separation makes a rift of brightness in the darkness of the cloud.
Aet. iv. 8; Dox. 387. Anaximandros et al.: The soul is like air in its nature.
Aet. v. 19; Dox. 480. Anaximandros said that the first animals were generated in the moisture, and were covered with a prickly skin; and as they grew older, they became drier, and after the skin broke off from them, they lived for a little while.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. It was the opinion of Anaximandros that gods have a beginning, at long intervals rising and setting, and that they are the innumerable worlds. But who of us can think of god except as immortal ?
17
bi ANAXIMENES.
AnaxImMENEs of Miletos, son of Eurystratos, was the pupil or companion of Anaximandros. According to Apollodoros, quoted by Diogenes, he was born in the sixty-third Olympiad (528-524 s.c.). Diels! has, how- ever, made it seem probable that this date refers to his prime of life, rather than to his birth. Of his life
nothing is known. Literature: Krische, Forschungen, i. 52-57; Teich- miiller, Studien, 71-104; Revue Phil. 1888, p. 6 ff.;
Archw f. d. Geschichte d. Phil. i. pp. 315 ff. and pp. 582 ff.
(a) FRAGMENT ACCREDITED TO ANAXIMENES.
Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, Livre i., Paris 1887, p. 83, ll. 7-10, Olympiodoros. pilav 52 Kivoupérny areipov apxnv Tavtav tov dvtov ed6£ater ’"Avakipévns Tov dépa. éyer yap ot Tws éyyvs got o anp Tov dowpdatou: Kal Ste Kat’ Expovay TovTov ywopeba, avdykn avtov Kal dreipov eivar kal mrovowov Sia Td pndémote éxdeitrew.
Translation—Anaximenes arrived at the conclusion that air is the one, movable, infinite, first principle of all things. For he speaks as follows: Air is the nearest to an immaterial thing; for since we are generated in
1 Rhein. Mus. xxxi. 27.
18 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
the flow of air, it is necessary that it should be infinite and abundant, because it is never exhausted.!
(b) PassAGHS RELATING TO ANAXIMENES IN ARISTOTLE, &c.
Arist. Meteor. ii. 1; 854 a28. Most of the earlier students of the heavenly bodies believed that the sun did not go underneath the earth, but rather around the earth and this region, and that it disappeared from view and produced night, because the earth was so high toward the north.
Simpl. de Coelo 278 b 45; Schol. Arist. 514a 83. He regarded the first principle as unlimited, but not as undefined, for he called it air, thinking that air had a sufficient adaptability to change.
Simpl. Phys. 32 r 149, 832. Of this one writer alone, Theophrastos, in his account of the Physicists, uses the words pavwors and zikvwors of texture. The rest, of course, spoke of wavorns and wuxvorns.
Simpl. Phys. 257v. Some say that the universe always existed, not that it has always been the same, but rather that it successively changes its character
_ in certain periods of time; as, for instance, Anaxi- menes and Herakleitos and Diogenes.
Arist. de Coelo ii. 18; 294 b 18. Anaximenes and Anaxagoras and Demokritos say that the breadth of the earth is the reason why it remains where it is.
Arist. Meteor. ii. 7; 365 (a 17),b 6. Anaximenes says that the earth was wet, and when it dried it broke apart, and that earthquakes are due to the breaking and falling of hills; accordingly earthquakes occur in droughts, and in rainy seasons also; they occur in drought, as has been said, because the earth dries and breaks apart, and it also crumbles when it is wet through with waters.
Arist. Metaph. i.38; 984a 5. Anaximenes regarded air as the first principle.
' For a discussion of the above fragment, v. Archiv f. d. Geschichte d. Phil. i. 315.
ANAXIMENES 19
Plut. Prim. Fri. vii. 3, p. 947. According to Anaxi- menes, the early philosopher, we should not neglect either cold or heat in bemg but should regard them as common experiences of matter which are inci- dent to its changes. He says that the compressed and the condensed state of matter is cold, while the rarefied and relaxed (a word he himself uses) state of it is heat. Whence he says it is not strange that men breathe hot and cold out of the mouth ; for the breath is cooled as it is compressed and condensed by the lips, but when the mouth is relaxed, it comes out warm by reason of its rare- faction.
(c) PasSAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMENES IN THE DoxoGRAPHISTs.
Theophrastos; Simpl. Phys. 6r 24, 26; Dox. 476. Anaximenes of Miletos, son of Eurystratos, a companion of Anaximandros, agrees with him that the essential nature of things is one and infinite, but he regards it as not indeterminate but rather determinate, and calls it air; the air differs in rarity and in density as the nature of things is different; when very attenuated it becomes fire, when more condensed wind, and then cloud, and when still more condensed water and earth and stone, and all other things are composed of these; and he regards motion as eternal, and by this changes are produced.'
Hipp. Philos. 7; Dox. 560. Anaximenes, himself a Milesian, son of Eurystratos, said that infinite air is the first principle,” from which arise the things that have come and are coming into existence, and the things that will be, and gods and divine beings, while other things are pro- duced from these. And the form of air is as follows :— When it is of a very even consistency, it is imperceptible to vision, but it becomes evident as the result of cold or
* Cf. Arist. Phys. i. 4; and de Coelo iii. 5. 2 V. Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 3; Dow. 589.
20 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
heat or moisture, or when it is moved. It is always in motion; for things would not change as they do unless it were in motion. It has a different appearance when it is made more dense or thinner ; when it is expanded into a thinner state it becomes fire, and again winds are condensed air, and air becomes cloud by compression, and water when it is compressed farther, and earth and finally stones as it is more condensed. So that genera- tion is controlled by the opposites, heat and cold. And the broad earth is supported on air;! similarly the sun and the moon and all the rest of the stars, being fiery bodies,” are supported on the air by their breadth. And stars are made of earth, since exhalations arise from this, and these being attenuated become fire, and of this fire when it is raised to the heaven the stars are con- stituted. There are also bodies of an earthy nature ‘ in the place occupied by the stars, and carried along with them in their motion. He says that the stars do not move under the earth, as others have supposed, but around the earth,® just as a cap is moved about the head. And the sun is hidden not by going underneath the earth, but because it is covered by some of the higher parts of the earth, and because of its greater distance from us. The stars do not give forth heat because they are so far away. Winds are produced when the air that -has been attenuated is set in motion; and when it comes together and is yet farther condensed, clouds are produced, and so it changes into water. And hail is formed when the water descending from the clouds is frozen; and snow, when these being yet more filled with moisture become frozen ; ® and lightning, when clouds are separated by violence of the winds ; for when they are separated,
— 1 Aet. iii, 15; Dow. 880. 2 Act. ii. 13; 342; ii. 20; 348; ii. 25; 336. 3 Aet. ii. 22; 352. + Aet. ii. 13; 342. 5 Aet. ii, 16; 346. § Aet. iii. 4; 370.
ANAXIMENES 21
the flash is bright and like fire.’ And a rainbow is pro- duced when the sun’s rays fall on compressed air ;? and earthquakes are produced when the earth is changed yet: more by heating and cooling.*? Such are the opinions of Anaximenes. And he flourished about the first year of the fifty-eighth Olympiad.
Plut. Strom. 3; Dox. 579. Anaximenes says that air is the first principle of all things, and that it is infinite in quantity but is defined by its qualities; and all things are generated by a certain condensation or rarefaction of it. Motion also exists from eternity. And by compres- sion of the air the earth was formed, and it is very broad ; accordingly he says that this rests on air; and the sun and the moon and the rest of the stars were formed from earth. He declared that the sun is earth because of its swift motion, and it has the proper amount of heat.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. Afterwards Anaximenes said that air is god,‘ [and that it arose] and that it is boundless and infinite and always in motion; just as though air without any form could be god, when it is very necessary that god should be not only of some form, but of the most beautiful form ; ox as though everything which comes into being were not thereby subject to death.
Aet.i. 3; Dox. 278. Anaximenes of Miletos, son of Ku- rystratos, declared that air is the first principle of things, for from this all things arise and into this they are all resolved again. As our soul which is air, he says, holds us together, so wind [i.e. breath, wvedwa] and air encompass the whole world. He uses these words ‘air’ and ‘wind’ synonymously. He is mistaken in thinking that animals are composed of simple homo-
! Aet. iii.3; 368. 2 Aet. iii.5; 373.
3 Cf. Aet. iii. 15; 379 imfra and Arist. Meteor. ii. 7, supra. 4 Aet. i. 7; 302.
22 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
geneous air and wind; for it is impossible that one first principle should constitute the substance of things, but an active cause is also necessary ; just as silver alone is not enough to become coin, but there is need of an active cause, z.e. a coin-maker ; [so there is need of copper and wood and other substances].
Aet. ii. 1; 827. Anaximenes et al.: Infinite worlds exist in the infinite in every cycle. 4; 831. The world is perishable. 11; 339. The sky is the revolving vault most distant from the earth. 14; 344. The stars are fixed like nailheads in the crystalline (vault). 19; 347. The stars shine for none of these reasons, but
solely by the light of the sun. 22; 852. The sun is broad [like a leaf]. 23; 352. ‘he stars revolve, being pushed by condensed resisting air.
Aet. iii. 10; 377. The form of the earth is like a table. 15; 379. The dryness of the air, due to drought, and its wetness, due to rainstorms, are the causes of earthquakes.
Aet. iv. 3; 887. Anaximenes et al.: The soul is like air in its nature.
23
LY; HERAKLEITOS.
Accorpine to Apollodoros, Herakleitos son of Blyson flourished in the sixty-ninth Olympiad (504-501 B.c.).—_ An attempt to fix the date from his reference to the expul- sion from Ephesos of his friend Hermodoros (Frag. 114) has resulted in a somewhat later date, though it is by no means impossible that Hermodoros was expelled during Persian rule in the city. Beyond the fact that Herakleitos lived in Ephesos we know nothing of his life; of the many stories related about him most can be proved false, and there is no reason for crediting the remainder His philosophic position is clear, however, since he referg to Pythagoras and Xenophanes (Fr. 16-17), and Parmenides (Vss. 46 sqq.) seems to refer to him. His book is said to have been divided into three parts :— (1) Concerning the All; (2) Political; (8) Theological Even in antiquity he was surnamed the ‘dark’ or the ‘ obscure.’
Literature: Schleiermacher, Op. Phil. ii. 1-146; Ber- nays, Ges. Abhandl.i.; Lassalle, Die Philosophie Heraklettos des dunklen, Berl. 1858; P. Schuster, ‘ Heraklit von Ephesos,’ in Act. soc. phil. Lips. 1878, 111 ; Teichmiiller, Newe Studien zur Gesch. d. Begriffe, Gotha 1876-1878; Bywater, Heracl. Eph. Reliquiae, Oxford 1877; Gomperz, ‘Zu Herakl. Lehre,’ Sitz. d. Wien. Ak. 1886, p. 977 ff. ; Patin, Herakl. Einheitslehre, Leipzig 1886, ‘ Quel- lenstudien zu Heraklit,’ in Festschrift f. L. Urlichs, 1880, Herakleitische Beispiele, Progr. Neuburg, 1892-1893 ; E. Pfleiderer, Die Philosophie des He- raklits im Lichte der Mysterienidee, Berlin 1886 ; also Rhein. Mus. xlii. 153 ff.; JBB. f. protest. Theol. xiv. 177 ff.; E. Wambier, Studia Heraclhitea, Diss. Berlin 1891.
24 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
(a) Fragments oF H®RAKLEITOS.
1. ov« Zed GAA TOD Adyoy aKovcarTas opohoreecy coop éott, &v qWayta éivar.
2. rod 8s Néryou Todd éovTos aisl afoveros ryivovrat avOpwrot kat mpocbev i akodoat Kal akovcavTes TO TpOTov. yivouevav yap mdvTwv KaTa TOV AOYoV TOVdE atreipoict zoikact TElpwpEvol Kal eTEwV Kai Epywv tovov- Téov dKolov eyo Sinysbpar, Siaipéov Exacrov Kata diow cat ppdlwv SKws zyer. Tovs S& dddXous avOpwmovs dav- Odver oxdoa eyepOévtes Trotgovet, xwomep OKdoa evdovTEs évtAavOavovTat.
3. a&vveTou dxovoarTes Kwpotot zoixact Pats avTOLCL mapTupéest arapsaeras améivat.
4. xaxol paptupes avOparroiae opOarpot Kai wta, BapRapous Woyxas exovrTo.
5. ov Ppoveovor TovadTa ToAXOl oKOToLCL éyxupzoucr ovoe patlove es pwmanovat; Ewutotot 3 SoKgovat.
6. axodcat odk @riotdpevot ovd eizreiv.
ei” 7
Sources and Critical Notes.
1. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9 (cf. Philo, Leg. all. iii. 3, p. 88).
Adyou Bernays, déyuaros MS., Bgk.: elvac Miller, cidéva: MB., Bern. Bgk.
2. Sext. Emp. adv. math. vii. 132; (except last clause) Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.9. In part: Arist. Rhet. iii. 5, 1407 b 14; Clem. Al. Strom. vy. 14, p. 716 (=Euseb. P. LZ. xiii. 13, p. 680) ; Amelius in Euseb. P. EL. xi. 19, p. 540, (and elsewhere). Cf. Philo, Quis rer. div. haer. 43, p. 505 ; Joh. Sic. in Walz, Rhett. Gr. vi. p. 95.
Tov d€ovros vulg. except Sext. Emp. : ero} (for agvvero:) MS. Hipp. : drelporot Bern., &rerpor eioly Hipp., &reipor Sext. Emp.
3. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 (Euseb. P. E. xiii. 13, p. 681); Theod. Ther. i. 18, 49: d&méva: MS. Clem. ' 4, Sext. Emp. adv. math. viii. 126; Stob. Flor. iv. 56; ef. Diog. Laer. ix. 7.
5. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 2, p. 432 ;' cf. M. Antoninus, iv. 46.
dxéoos Gataker, dxéoo: vulg.: éyxupéovor Schuster, eyupretiovdy vulg. 6. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 5, p. 442.
HERAKLEITOS 25
TRANSLATION.
1. Not on my authority, but on that of truth, it is wise for you to accept the fact that all things are one.
Hippolytos quotes this with Fragment 45, to show that
Herakleitos taught the underlying unity of all
things. On the word Adyos (meaning both discourse
and the truth the discourse contains), v. Zeller, i. 630, n. 1.
2. This truth, though it always exists, men do not understand, as well before they hear it as when they hear it for the first time. For although all things happen in accordance with this truth, men seem unskilled indeed when they make trial of words and matters such as I am setting forth, in my effort to discriminate each thing ac- cording to its nature, and to tell what its state is. But other men fail to notice what they do when awake, in the same manner that they forget what they do when asleep.
Hippolytos quotes this passage with reference to a universal all-pervading reason.
3. Those who hear without the power to understand are like deaf men ; the proverb holds true of them—‘ Pre- sent, they are absent.’
Quoted by Clement in illustration of Ey. Lue. xiv. 35. 4. Eyes and ears are bad witnesses for men, since ‘their souls lack understanding.
' Sextus Emp. interprets this as meaning ‘rude souls trust the irrational senses.’ Cf. Zeller, i. 716, n. 5. 5. Most men do not understand such things as they are wont to meet with; nor by learning do they come to know them, though they think they do. 6. They know not how to listen, nor how to speak.
Clement compares this with Eccles. vi. 35.
26 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
7. av pn edrrnat, avédmiotov ovK eevpnoe, aveke- pevvntov gov Kal arropov.
8. xpuadv of Sifjpevor yhv moAdnV optacover Kal etploKxovat ONUyov.
9. ayxiBacinv.
10. uous KpoTrtecbar pinret.
ee” 11. 6 dvak [0b 70 pavtetév zore TO] 2v Aeddois ote Neyer OUTE KpUTTEL, GAAA onpaivel. 12. ciBurAr\a Sb penivopiivep oTopatt ayéXacTa Kal akarrOrieTa Kal dpbporra POeyyopevn xediey éTéwv &Evavéetar TH pov Ova Tov Ozov. © :
13. dcwv dis axon paOnots, TadTA éy@ TpoTipmEeo.
14. dmictovs apdicBntovpévov trapexopuevor Be- Batwras.
15. opOarpol Tdv @Twv axpiBéotepot papTupes.
7. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 4, p. 437; Theod. Ther. i. p. 15, 51.
Zamnabe Steph., Zamna Byw. Schus.: etevphoere Steph., etev- phoes Schus. On punctuation v. Gomperz, Archiv f. d. G. d. Phil. i. 100. 8. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 2, p. 565; Theod. Ther. i. p. 15, 52. 9. Suidas, under dugicBareiv and ayxiBareiv. 10. Themist. Or. v. p. 69 (xii. p. 159). Cf. Philo, Qu. in gen. iv. 1 p. 237, de profug. 32, p. 578, de somn. i. 2, p. 621, de spec. legg. 8, p. 344; Julian, Or. vii. p. 216 c. 11. Plut. de pyth. orac. 21, p. 404 =; Stob. Flor. v. 72, lxxxi. 17; Iambl. de myst. iii. 15. Cf. Lucian, vit. auct. 14.
7d wayreiov appears only in Plutarch, and should probably be omitted. 12. Plut. de pyth. or. 6, p. 8974. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. i. 15, p. 358; Iambl. de myst. iii. 8; Pseudo-Herakl. Epist. viii. 13. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. MS. 8ooy, corr. Miller. ( 14. Polyb. iv. 40. 15. Polyb. xii. 27; cf. Hat. i.
HERAKLEITOS Bh
7. If you do not hope, you will not find that which is not hoped for; since it is difficult to discover and impossible to attain.
Clement compares this with Isaias vii. 9. With Gom-
perz’s punctuation : ‘ Unless you expect the unex- pected, you will not find truth ; for, &e.’
8. Seekers for gold dig much earth, and find little gold.
9. Controversy.
10. Nature loves to hide.
‘So we worship the creator of nature, because the knowledge of him is difficult.’
11. The Lord [whose is the oracle] at Delphi neither speaks nor conceals, but gives a sign.
12. And the Sibyl with raving mouth, uttering words solemn, unadorned, and unsweetened, reaches with her voice a thousand years because of the god in her.
Quoted by Plutarch to show that allurements of sense are out of place in the holy responses of the god. Both this fragment and the preceding seem origi- nally to have referred to the nature of Herakleitos’s teaching ; it is obscure, and yet divine.
18. What can be seen, heard, and learned, this I prize.
Hippolytos contrasts this with Fr. 47, and in this con- nection the translation of Schuster, ‘Am I to prize these (invisible) things above what can be seen, heard, learned ?’ seems the more natural.
14. (For this is characteristic of the present age, when, inasmuch as all lands and seas may be crossed by man, it would no longer be fitting to depend on the witness of poets and mythographers, as our ancestors generally did), ‘bringing forth untrustworthy witnesses to confirm disputed points,’ in the words of Herakleitos.
15. Eyes are more exact witnesses than ears.
Cf. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. ix. 261 sqq.
.
28 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
dy 2idake nal IvOayopnv aitis te Bevoddvea xal Exaraiov.
: 16. wodvpabin voov éxew od Sibdoxe: “Holodov yap
17. HvOayopns Mvncdpxouv iotopinv joxnoe avOpe- Tov pddota mavtev' Kal [éxreEduevos tavtas Tas cuyypadhas] érolnce Ewvtod codinv, Todvpabinv, Kaxko- Texvinv.
18. oxdc@v oyous jKovea ovdels adixvéetat és TODTO, @gTE ywooKew OTL copov éoTt TAaVT@Y KEYwpLopEVOV.
19. ty 70 coder, [érictacbar yropnv } xvBepvatar mavta dia wavtov|. (65) AeyeoOau od 20érev kat 202ree Znvos ovvopa.
20. Koopov < Tévde> Tov adToY aTdyTwY OvTE TLS Oedv
of > , > / > 3’ #4 2 \ Naot \oouv OUTE avOperav ETOLNTE, ANN HV ALEL KAL EOTL KAL ETTAL
an Aes e / / 2 Waa / sae / mip aeilwov, am TOmevov péTpa kal aoa Revvipevov péTpa.
16. Diog. Laer. ix. 1. First part: Aul. Gell. N. A. praef. 12; Clem. Al. Strom. i. 19, p. 373: Athen. xiii. p. 610 B: Julian, Or. vi. p. 187 p; Proklos in Tim. 31-r.
twoAuuab7 MSS. Clem. Athen. 17. Diog. Laer. viii. 6. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. i. 21, p. 396.
Schleiermacher omits éxAciduevos tr. 7. cvvypapas: Vulg. érorhoaro éavrov, the text is from Laurent. ed. Cobet: Casaubon kado- Texvinv.
18. Stob. Flor. iii. 81.
19. Laer. Diog. ix. 1; Plut. deIs. 77, p. 3820. Cf. Kleanthes, H. Z. 36; Pseudo-Linos, 13, Mul. Byw. 65; Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 (Euseb. P. H. xiii. 18, p. 681); Cf. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. ix. 256. The fragments are combined by Gomperz, 1. c.
hire oi @ykuBepynoes Diog. Laer., rod ppovodvros ¢ KuBepvarar Td ciprav, Plut., yyouns } . . . mdvra xvBepyds. Kleanth.
20. Clem. Al. Strom. vy. 14, p. 711 (Euseb. P. H. xiii. 13, p. 676). First clause: Plut. de anim. procr. 5,p.10144. Last clause: Sim. in Arist. de coelo, p. 182, Kats.; Olympiod. in Plat. Phaed. p. 201, Fine Bywater traces the thought through writers of Stoical school.
uérpw Euseb. ed. Steph. p. 132.
HERAKLEITOS 29
16. Much learning does not teach one to have. understanding ; else it would have taught Hesiod, and Pythagoras, and again Xenophanes, and Hekataios.
17. Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, prosecuted in- vestigations more than any other man, and [selecting these treatises] he made a wisdom of his own—much learning and bad art.
18. No one of all whose discourses I have heard has arrived at this result: the recognition that wisdom is apart from all ether things.
V. Teichmiiller, i. 109 ff. on the idea of katharsis in Herakleitos.
19. Wisdom is one thing: [to understand the intel- ligence by which all things are steered through all things]; it is willing and it is unwilling to be called by the name Zeus.
The first two clauses follow Fr. 16 in Diog. Laer. ; the idea in parenthesis often appears in Stoic writers.
20. This order, the same for all things, no one of gods or men has made, but it always was, and is, and ever shall be, an ever-living fire, kindling according to fixed measure, and extinguished according to fixed measure.
Zeller, i. 645 n. 1, discusses the various interpretations, and prefers to translate the first phrase ‘ This world, the same for all,’ 7.e. including gods and men.
30 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
21. rupos tpotal mp@tov Odracca: Oaddcons dé TO pay Tyuou yh, TO 82 Hucov mpnoryp.
22 ‘ > s , maa a e A . Tupos avtapeiBetat wavta Kal Tip atavtar, @owep ypvcod ypypata Kal ypnudtwv ypucos.
23. Oddacoa SiaxdeTar Kal petpéeTar 2s Tov avdTov Royov oxotos rpocGev tv H yevéoBar Ty7t. 24. ypnopootvn . - . Kopos. 25. & wip tov ys Odvatoy, kai anp fh tov mupos Odvatov: tdap SH Tov aépos Bavator, yh Tov bdaros. ° . 26. wavta TO wip éredOov Kpivéer Kai KaTaAN ETAL.
27. To wn Sdvoyv ToTe Tas ay Tis AXGBOL ;
28. ta 62 wavta oiaxifer Kepavvos.
21. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, P- 712 (Euseb. P. EL. xiii. 13, p. 676). Cf. Hipp. Ref. haer. vi. 17.
awup tporas Eus. D, rupds tporas Eus. F G, ed. Steph.: @dAacca Eus. F. ; elsewhere @aAdoons.
22. Plut. de EI8, p. 388£; cf. Philo, de incor. mun. 21, p. 508; Diog. Laer. ix. 8; Herakl. alleg. Hom. 43; Euseb. P. E. xiv. 3, p. 720 &e.
Probably only the word aueiBoua: comes from Herakleitos; cf. the two forms of Fr. 31 in Plutarch.
23. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 712 (Euseb. P. E. xiii. 13, p. 676). Euseb. omits 77, Schuster reads yjv: rpécdev Eus., rpérov Clem.
24. Philo, Leg. all. iii. 3, p. 88, de vict. 6, p. 242; Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.10. Cf. Plut. de EI9, p. 389c.
25. Maxim. Tyr. xli. 4, p. 489. Cf. M. Antoninus, iv. 46. Plut. de ETI 18, p. 392 c (Eus. P. E. xi. 11, p. 528) and de prim. frig. 10, p. 949 a, gives simply rupds @dvaros Gépos yéveots.
26. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. 27. Clem. Al. Paedag. ii. 10, p. 229. tis, teva Schleierm., 7: Gataker.
28. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Klean. H. Z. 10. Philodem. de piet. p. 70, Gomp.
HERAKLEITOS 31
21. The transformations of fire are, first of all, sea ; and of the sea one half is earth, and the other half is lightning flash.
Zeller, i. 647 n. 1, regards zpyorjp as identical with
xepavves of Fr. 28. Burnett, Harly Greek Philo- sophy, p. 153 n. 53, suggests fiery stormcloud,
Seneca’s igneus turbo.
22. All things are exchanged for fire, and fire for all things ; as wares are exchanged for gold, and gold for wares.
23. (The earth) is poured out as sea, and measures the same amount as existed before it became earth.
V. Lassalle, ii. 63; Heinze, Logos, p. 25; Schuster, p- 129; Zeller, i. 690 n. 1.
24. Want and satiety.
Context: Fire is intelligent and the governing cause ofallthings. Herakleitos calls it want and satiety. In his opinion want is the process of arrangement, and satiety the process of conflagration.
25. Fire lives in the death of earth, and air lives in the death of fire; water lives in the death of air, and earth in that of water.
Not accepted by Zeller, i. 676, who regards it as a Stoic version of Fr. 68.
26. Fire coming upon all things will test them, and
lay hold of them.
Burnett suggests that the reference to a judgment
(xpuvéer) was inserted by Hippolytos to obtain the Christian idea of a judgment.
27. How could one escape the notice of that which never sets ?
Cf. Schuster, p. 184; Zeller, i. 649 n. 2; Teichmiiller, 1. 184.
28. The thunderbolt directs the course of all things. Cf. Fr. 19.
32 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
29. HrLos ody brepBncetar wétpa* et 52 wy, "Epuvies pv Oikns érrixouvpor 2Eevpyjcovar.
30. nods Kal éorépns tépuata 1 apKTos, Kal avtior Tis dpKtov ovpos aiOpiov Avés.
81. ef pr) HrLos Hv, edppdvn av Hr.
32. véos ed’ tuépn ALS.
84.* dpat wavra pépovor.
85. diddocKxados 82 TrAslotov “Holodos: todrov éri- oravTar TAEioTa Eidévat, boTis hwépny Kal evppdovnv ovK éyivwoke: Fate yap Ev.
36. 0 Osos zon edppovn, yeimwv Oépos, TodrELOS elpnvn, KOpos Aywos* addoLodTaL 52 GxooTEp bKOTAaY TUp- peyn <Ovopa> Ovedpace: dvowalerar cal’ Sovyv Exacrov.
29. Plut. de exil. 11, p. 6044; de Iside 48, p. 370. Cf. Hipp. Ref. haer. vi. 26; Iambl. Prot. 21, p. 132.
Pseudo-Herakl. Hip. ix. reads roAdAal Sixns "Epivies, auaprnudrov gvaaces: Plut. 370 p reads AavOdve nol tH wdvTwv yevéoe Karapomevoy, ek maxns Kal dytimabelas thy yéverw éxdvtwr ; farwov S& wh SrepBhoecPat To’s mpoaonkovros Spovs: ei 5k wh, yAérras [kAG0as, Hubman] muy Sikns emicodpous ekeuphoew.
80. Strabo, i. 6, p. 3.. Vulg. adds yap after jods.
81. Plut. Aq. et ign. 7, p. 9574. Cf. Plut. de fort. 3, p. 98; Clem. Al. Prot. 11, p. 87; Somn. Scip. 1, 20.
32. Arist. Met. ii. 2, p. 35529; Alexander Aph. in Met. 1. 1. 93 a; Olymp. in Met. 1.1.; Prokl. in Tim. p. 3343. Cf.. Plotin. Hmn. ii. 1, p. 97; Plato, Polit. vi. p. 4988 (and Schol.); Olymp. in Plat. Phaed. p. 201 Finc.
33. Diog. Laer. i. 23 yields no fragment.
34, Plut. Quazs. Plat. viii. 4, p. 1007. Cf. Plut. de def. orac. 12, p. 4164; M. Antonin. ix. 3.
35. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.10. MSS. edppocdyny, corr. Miller.
36. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10 (ef. v. 21).
After Amés Bergk inserts from Hippolytos ravayria &rayra auros véos. Bergk adds oivos after Skwomep, Schuster after @vépacr ; Bernays suggests @twua after ovuuryf, Zeller &hp, Diels wip. MSS. read oupmryi.
* I keep Bywater’s numbers, though I omit some of his fragments. Such omissions are referred to in the critical notes.
HERAKLEITOS 33
29. The sun will not overstep his bounds ; if he does, the Erinnyes, allies of justice, will find him out.
30. The limit of the evening and the morning is the Bear; and opposite the Bear is the boundary of bright Zeus.
Strabo regards this as a Homeric expression for the fact that the northern circle is the boundary of rising and setting. Zeus aithrios means the clear heavens.
31. If there were no sun, it would be night. 32. The sun is new every day.
33. (Herakleitos and Demokritos bear witness that Thales was an astronomer, and predicted eclipses, etc.)
34. The seasons bring all things.
‘ Time is not motion of a simple sort, but, so to speak, motion in an order which has measure and limits and periods. The sun, guardian of these,.... appoints and announces the seasons, which, accord- ing to Herakleitos, bring all things.’
35. Hesiod is the teacher of most men ; they suppose that his knowledge was very extensive, when in fact he did not know night and day, for they are one.
|
and peace, satiety and hunger ; but he assumes different forms, just as when incense is mingled with incense; every one gives him the name he pleases.
36. God is day and night, winter and summer, war |
o>
34 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
\ a 87. e& wavta Ta dvTa Kavos yévotTo, pives adv
Siaryvotev.
88. tai yal dopevrar cal’ ” Avdnyy.t
89. Ta uyxpa Ogperar, Oeppov WiyxeTat, bypov adaive- Tal, Kapparéov voTiveTar.
40. onidvnot Kal cvuvayel, TpocEot Kal ATrELot.
- 41—42. rorapotar Sls rotor adtoio. ovx dv éuBains:
Erepa yap (Kal érepa) éruppéer dara.
b-Ae A c , ¢ e
48. péuderas to “Opnpm “Hpaerevtos eirdvte: ws ” ” fa} a ” MBN @ ¢ > sv rs > / pis &x te Oe@v Ex 7 avOpwrwy arodotTo: oiynoecOat yap pnot wavta.
/ ‘ 44. qoNe“os mavTwv pév TaTHp éoTe Tavtwv dé Bactrsds, kal rods pav Oeods 2Zerke Tods 58 avOpdrovs, tovs pev SovrAous etroinae Tovs 52 édevOEpovs.
87. Arist. de sensu 5, p. 443 a 21.
38. Plut. de fac. in orbe lun. 28, p. 943 8. Patin, Hinheitslehre, p. 23, points out that this so-called fragment is probably due to a misunder- standing of the passage in Aristotle (Fr. 37).
39. Schol. Tzetz. ad Exeg. in Iliad. p. 126, Hermann. Cf. Hippo- krates, wep) d:alrns 1, 21; Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. v.
40. Plat. de HI 18, p. 3928. V. Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. vi.
41. Plut. Quaes. nat. 2, p.9124. First half: Plato, Krat. 4024; Arist. Metaph. xiv. 5, p. 1010213; Plut. de sera nwm. vind. 15, p. 559 c; de EI 18, p. 3924; Simplic. in Arist. Phys. 17 p. 77, 32; Ibid. f. 308 v.
Plato and Simpl. read és rdy airdy moraudv. Byw. inserts «al érepa; cf. his fr. 42 infra.
42. Arius Didymus in Euseb. P. H. xv. 20, p. 821. [Cf.. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. hyp. iii. 115.) rorapotor roto. abroto: éuBalvovow érepa kad €repa Bdara emippet. : u
43. Simpl. in Arist. Cat. p. 104 A ed. Basil. (Scholl. in Arist. 88 b 28) ; Schol. Ven. ad Jl. xviii. 107, and Eustath. p. 1133, 56. Cf. Arist. Hth. Eud. vii.1,p. 1235 a 26; Plutarch de Isid. 48, 370 p; Numen. in Chalcid. on Tim. 295.
44. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. First part: Plut. de Iside 48, p. 370 p; Prok on Tim. 54 (cf. 24.8) ; Lucian, quomodo hist. consc. 2; Icar. 8.
ee a
HERAKLEITOS 35
37. If all things should become smoke, then percep- tion would be by the nostrils.
Arist. ‘Some think that odour is a smoky exhalation,
. and that every one is brought in contact with
this in smelling. So Herakleitos says that if all
things,’ etc. The reference is originally to the conflagration of the universe [éxzvpwois].
88. Souls smell in Hades.
Plutarch adds the reason: Because they retain a per- ception of what is fiery.
39. Cool things become warm, the warm grows cool ; the wet dries, the parched becomes wet.
40. It scatters and brings together; it approaches and departs.
This follows the next fragment, as illustrating change.
41-42. You could not step twice in the same rivers ; for other and yet other waters are ever flowing on.
43. Herakleitos blamed Homer for saying: Would that strife might perish from among gods and men! For then, said he, all things would pass away.
Aristotle assigns a different reason: For there could be no harmony without sharps and flats, nor living beings without male and female, which are con- traries.
44. War is father of all and king of all; and some he made gods and some men, some slaves and some free.
D2
36 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
45. od Evviaci bxws Siadhepopevov EwvT@ oporoyést: tadivtpotos appnovin Oxworep TOEoU Kal AUpns.
46. tro avri~ovy cupdépov. 2k Tav SvadepovTwv KadNiotny appoviav. tavta Kat’ Epw yivecOar.
47. dppovin apavns davepis xpsicowv.
48. pa) eixh) Tepl TOV wEyloToY cUpBar@peba.
49. xpi ed para ToAraY lotopas piocodovs avdpas elvat.
50. yvadéwr odds evOela Kal cKxoduy pia éorTi Kal 1) avn.
51. dvou cdppar’ dv EXowTo warXov 4) ypvoor.
52. @dracca VOwp KabapotaToy Kai puapwraTor, ixOvou pev ToTLmov Kal cwTHpLov, avOpwrois S2 aTOTOV Kal or€Opiov.
58. Sues coeno, cohortales aves pulvere (vel cinere) lavari. 54. BopBop@ yaipew.
45. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. Cf. Plato, Symp. 1874, Soph. 242n; Plut. de anim. procr. 27, p. 1026 s.
MSS. éuodoyéew, corr. Miller. Cf. (Bywater 56) Plut. de trang. 15, 473; de Is. 45, 369; Porphyr. de ant. nym. 29; Simpl. Phys. 11 x 50, 11. These writers give wadlyrovos; maaly- tporos is probably from Parmenides y. 59; Plutarch inserts Kéamov.
46. Arist. Eth. Nic. viii. 2, p.1155b14. Cf. Theophr. Metaph. 15 ; Arist. Eth. Eud. vii. 1; 1235 a 13. These are rather summary phrases than quotations.
47. Plut. de anim. procr. 27, p. 10260; Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9-10.
48. Diog. Laer. ix. 73.
49. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 733.
50. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. MSS. ypapéwv, corr. Duncker. The MSS. reading may be a participle introducing the quotation, and wrongly included in the excerpt, as Tannery suggests (Science hellén. pp. 198 ff.).
51. Arist. Eth. Nic. x.5, p. 1176a6. Cf. Albertus M. de veget. vi. 401 (p. 545 Mey.) BR. P. 408: ‘Boves .. . felices . . . cum inveniant orobum ad comendum.’ Bywater, Jowrnal Philol. 1880, p. 230.
52. Hipp. Ref, haer. ix. 10. Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. hyp. i. 55.
53. Columella, de R. R. viii. 4. Cf. Galen, Protrept. 13, p. 5 ed. Bas.
54. Athen. v.178r. Cf. Clem. Al. Protrept. 10, p. 75; Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. hyp. i. 55; Plotin. Enn. i. 6, p. 55.
-
HERAKLEITOS 37
45. Men do not understand how that which draws apart agrees with itself; harmony lies in the bending back, as for instance of the bow and of the lyre.
V. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. vii. p. 94. Reading wadir- tovos from fragment 56, we obtain the meaning ‘opposite tension’ more distinctly.
46. Opposition unites. From what draws apart results the most beautiful harmony. All things take place by strife.
Quoted by Aristotle as an illustration of the search for a deeper principle, more in accordance with nature.
47. Hidden harmony is better than manifest.
48. Let us not make rash conjectures about the greatest things.
49. Men who desire wisdom must be learners of very many things.
50. For woolcarders the straight and the crooked path is one and the same.
51. Asses would rather have refuse than gold.
52. The sea is the purest and the foulest water ; it is drinkable and healthful for fishes; but for men it is unfit to drink and hurtful.
Quoted by Hippolytos as an example of Herakleitos’ identification of opposites.
538-54. Swine like to wash in the mire; hereyerd fowls in the dust.
38 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
n c \ n /
55. wav éprretov mANYH vemeTar.
56=45. > ‘ \ \ > ld
57. aya0ov Kai Kaxov tavdrov.
58. of tatpol réuvovtes Kaiovtes TavtTn Bacavitovtes Kak@s Tovs appwoTtodyvTas eraiti@vTar poder’ aévov pic Bov NapBavew Tapa TOV appwoTovyTar.
59. cuvaretas oda Kal odyl odrAa, cupdEpdpevov Stadepopevorv, cvvaddov Siddov: 2x mavreav sv Kal 2F évos
P at > ¢ t TayTa. 60. dixns ovvoua ovK av Adecar, ei TadTa fun Fv. 61. tr@ pév Oe@ Kara TavtTa Kai ayaba Kai Sixara ay ’ avOpwror 62 & pay Adixa breirjhacwy, & 2 Sixaca.t
62. eidgvac yp) TOV ToAEuoV zovTa Evvdv, Kal Sixnv
P” a ? Epi Kal ywoueva tavta Kat’ Epi Kal Typedpevat. 63. gore yap ciwappéva Tavtws. .. .
55. Arist. de mundo 6, p. 401a8 (Apuleius, de mundo 36; Stob. Ecl. i. 2, p. 86). From Cod. Flor. of Apuleius Goldbacher obtains the following (Zeit. f. d. Oester. Gymn. 1876, p. 496): Zebs &ravra evepyere? bu@s os ty TiVa Mépn Temaros adtod.
56. V. 45.
57. Arist. Top. viliv 5, p. 159b30; Phys. i. 2, p.185b20; Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10; Simpl. in Phys. 11 v. 50,11; 18 v. 82, 23.
58. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Xen. Mem. i. 2,54; Plato, Gorg. 521 8, Polit. 2933; Simpl. in Hpict. 13, p. 83 p, and 27 p. 178 a.
Vulg. wndéy, Sauppe xndéva: vulg. uicddy, Wordsworth picddv. Bywater objects to Bacavifovres and omits the phrases rots appworodyras and mapa rév appworotyTwy.
59. Arist. de mundo 5, p. 396b12 (Apuleius, de mundo 20; Stob. Ecl. i. 34, p. 690).
Stob. VA avAAde cis, Arist. Q ouvdvas, OR ouvdyes: Arist. P, Stob. and Apul. éAa: Zeller omits xa.
60. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 3, p. 568. Cf. Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. vii.
61. Schol. B in Ji. iv. 4, p.120 Bk. Cf. Hippokr. de diaeta i. 11 ’ RP. 37 c; Bernays, Herakl. 22. Probably a Stoic deduction from Herakleitos, and therefore to be omitted here.
62. Orig. cont. Cels. vi. 42, p. 312. Cf. Plut. de soll. anim. 7, p- 964; Laer. Diog. ix. 8.
Vulg. «i St, Schleierm. eidévar: vulg. épeiv, Schl. Epi.
L63. Stob. Hcl. i. 6, p. 178. Vulg. eiuappévn, A eiuappéve.
a
HERAKLEITOS 39
55. Every beast is tended by blows. Cf. Zeller, i. p. 724: ‘ Every creature feeds on earth.’
(56. Identical with 45.)
57. Good and bad are the same.
58. (Good and bad are one; at any rate, as Hera- ‘kleitos says) physicians, who cut and burn and in every way torment the sick, complain that they do not receive any adequate recompense from them.
59. Thou shouldst unite things whole and things not whole, that which tends to unite and that which tends to separate, the harmonious and the discordant ; from all things arises the one, and from the one all things.
60. They would not have known the name of justice, were it not for these things.
According to the context in Clement ‘these things’ refers to injustice.
61. (God, ordering things as they ought to be, perfects all things in the harmony of the whole, as Herakleitos says that) for god all things are fair and good and
_just, but men suppose that some are unjust and others just.
Cf. Hippocr. de Diaeta (Bernays, Herakl. 22; RP 87 c) Accordingly the arrangements (laws) which men have made are never constant, either when they are right, or when they are not right; but the arrangements the gods have made are always right,
both those which are right and those which are not right; so great is the difference between them.
62. Men should know that war is general and that justice is strife ; all things arise and [pass away] through ’ strife. |
63. For they are absolutely destined. . .
40 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
64. Odvatds zo7 oKdca eyepOévTes opedpev, OKOaa SE evoovTes UTrvos.
65. v. 19.
66. tod Biod ovvoma Bios, Epryov 52 Odvatos.
67. Ozot Ovnroi, avOpwmrot aOdvator, CavtTes Tov éxsivov Oavatov tov dz éxeivev Biov TeOveaTes.
68. wuyjor yap Odvatos tdwp yevécOar, BdaTe SE Odvatos yiv yevéoOar: éx ys b& bdwp yivera, 2& BdaTos 53 Yuy7.
69. 0d0s dvw Kato pla Kal ovTN-
70. Evvov apyi Kal mépas.
T1..xruyis meipata otk av 2etipovo tacay éme- Topevomevos ooov.
64. Clem. Al. Strom. iii. 3, p. 520. Cf. Strom. v. 14, p. 712; Philo,. de Joseph. 22, p. 59.
66. Schol. in Z/. i. 49; Cramer, A. P. iii. p. 122; Htym. Mag. under Bios; Tzetz. Ex. in Il. p. 101; Hust. in 71. i. 49, p. 41. Cf. Hippokr. de diaeta 21 otvoua tpddn, Epyor dé oix.
67. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.10; Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 24, p. 51; Maxim. Tyr. x. 4, p. 107, xli. 4, p. 489; Lucian, Vit. auct. 14; Porph. de ant. nymph. 10; Clem. Al. Paed. iii..1, p. 251; Philo, Leg. alleg. i. 33, p. 65, and Qu. in Gen. iv. 152, p. 360. Human and divine nature identical: Dio Cass. Frr. i—xxxv. Ch. 30, i. 40 Dind.; Stob. Hcl. i. 39, p. 768.
Hipp. reads. a@dvarot Ovnrol, Ovnrol d&@dvaro.; Clement &vOpwmor Geol, Oeot &vOpwrror.
68. Philo, de incorr. mundi 21, p. 509; Aristides Quint. ii. p. 106 Meib.; Clem. Al. Strom. vi. 2, p. 746; Hipp. Ref. haer. v. 16; Julian, Or. vy. p. 165; Prokl. in Tim. p. 36c; Olympiod. in Plat. Gorg. p. 357 Jahn; idem, p. 542.
69. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Plato, Phileb. 43 a; Kleomed. 7. perewpov i. p. 75 Bak.; Maximus Tyr. xli. 4, p. 489; Tertull. adv. Marc, ii. 28 Diog. Laer. ix. 8; Plotin. Hmm. iv. 8, p. 468; Iambl. Stob. Hel. i. 41; Hippokr. x. tpopijs 45; Philo, de incorr. mun. 21, p. 508; and de somn. i. 24, p. 644; and de vit. Moys. i. 6, p. 85; Muson. Stob. Flor. eviii. 60; M. Antonin. vi. 17.
70. Porphyr. Schol. B. Ji. xiv. 200, p. 392 Bek. Cf. Hippokr. x. témwy 1, w. diairns 1,19, 7. rpopis 9. Philo, Leg. all. i. 3, p. 44; Plut. de ET 8, p. 388.
71. Diog. Laer. ix. 7; Tertull.de anima 2. Cf. Hipp. Ref. haer. v. 7.
HERAKLEITOS 41
64. All the things we see when awake are death,. and all the things we see when asleep are sleep.
For various interpretations, v. Teichmiiller, i. 97 sq. ;. Zeller, i. 715; Patin, Hinhettslehre, 19.
65. v. 19.
66. The name of the bow is life, but its work is- death.
A similar play on words is found in Fr. 101. 67. Gods are mortals, men are immortals, each living in the others’ death and dying in the others’ life.
Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. iii. 230, R.P. 38.
68. For to souls it is death to become water, and for water it is death to become earth; but water is formed from earth, and from water, soul.
Clement quotes this as borrowed from Orpheus; and Hippolytos also found it in the poets.
69 Upward, downward, the way is one and the same.
70. Beginning and end are common (to both ways).
71. The limits of the soul you could not discover, though traversing every path.
42 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
72. uyjor tépris bypyot yevéo Oar. 78. avnp oKer’ av weOdaOn, aryetas Ud Tados avnBov
ohadropevos, odk éraiwy bkn Bailver, byphnv Thy YuynD #Yov.
74-76. ain uy copwtatn Kal apiotn.
77. advOpwros, Skws av edppovn pdos, amrrTetar atro- oBévyvutTat.
ex > a \
78. ravr’ sivar Cov Kali tePvynKos, Kail TO eypnyopos wal TO Kabeddov, Kai véov Kal ynpatov: Tade yap peTa- TeoovTa ékeiva 2oTt KaKElVa TAAL meTAaTTECOVYTA TadTA.
79. aiwy tats éoTt wailwy meoocevwv* Tasos 1 Bacirnin.
72. Numen. Porphyry. de antro nymph. 10.
73. Stob. Flor. v. 120. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 46.
74-76. Plutarch, Rom. 28; Aristid. Quint. ii. p. 106; Porphyr. de .antro nymph. 11; Synesius, de insomn. p. 140 a Petay.; Stob. Flor. v. 120; Glykas, Ann. i. p. 743; Eustath. Il. xxiii. 261, p. 1299, 17.
Reading aiyh Enph vuxn (Bywater 75 and 76) ; Philo, Euseb. P. E. viii. 14, p. 399; and de prov. ii. 109, p. 117; Muson. Stob. ‘Flor. xvii. 43; Plut. de esu carn. i. 6, p.995E; and de def. orac. 41, p. 432 r; Clem. Al. Paedag. ii. 2, p. 184; Galen, z. Tay Ths Wuxns 7OGv 5, i. p. 346 Bas.; Hermeias on Plato, Phaedr. 73; Porphyry. a&popu. mpds ra vonta 33, 78. ‘Ac suspicor illud aiyh irrepsisse pro ain; quod aliquis exposuerit illa voce énpd, unde orta est illa lectio,’ Stephan. Poes. Phil. p. 139.
77. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, p. 628.
Bywater emends the text of Clement to read: &vOpwiros brws éy edppdvn pdos &rrerat, dcatTws amobavav iYes. (av 5t dwrerar TeOvedtos ehdwy, dmocBerbels Spes. eypnyopws &wrerar efdovTos, and compares Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 130; Seneca, Epist. 54.
78. Plut. Consol. ad Apoll.10,p.106"; and de HI 18, p.392p. (Ber- nays, Rhein. Mus. vii. p. 100, thinks that more of the contents of these passages is drawn from Herakleitean sources.) Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, p. 628; Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. iii. 230; Tzetz. Chil. ti. 722.
79. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. Cf. Clem. Al. Paed. i. 5, p. 111; Iambl. Stob. Hcl. ii. 1, p.12; Prokl. in Tim. 101 ¥; Plato, Legg. i. 644 p, x. 903; Philo, de vit. Moys. i. 6, p. 85; Plut. de HI 21, p. 3932; Lucian, vit.
-auct. 14,
HERAKLEITOS 43
72. It is a delight to souls to become wet.
78. Whenever a man gets drunk, he is led about by a beardless boy, stumbling, not knowing whither he goes, for his soul is wet.
74. The dry soul is wisest and best.
Byw. 75. A dry beam is the wisest and best soul; Fr. 76. Where the earth is dry, the soul is wisest and best.
If Fr. 74 is the genuine form, the corruptions are very early. We cannot, however, regard all three forms as genuine, and it is at least doubtful whether Fr. 75 expresses a Herakleitean idea.
Zeller and others add to Fr. 74 the rest of the phrase in Plutarch, ‘ flashing through the body as light- ning through the cloud.’
. 77. Man, like a light in the night, is kindled and put out.
78. Life and death, and waking and sleeping, and youth and old age, are the same; for the latter change and are the former, and the former change back to the latter.
79. Lifetime is a child playing draughts; the king- dom is a child’s.
Clement understood aisy to be Zeus ; Hippolytos made it equivalent to aisvis, the eternal (king).
44 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
80. 2d.Snodpnv éuewurov. 81. motapoiot Toior avtoio. éuBativowév Te Kal ovK l | &uPaivoperv, cimév Te Kal ovK elmer.
82. Kapatos gore Tots adtois woyxOeiv Kal dpyerOar.
83. weraBadrrov avarraverat.
84. nal 0 Kuxewv Stictatar pn KivEedpEvos.
85. véxves xoTrpiwv éxBXnToTEpot.
86. yevouevor Coew 202dover popous 7’ Bye [ waddov 5: dvatavecOat,| Kai maidas Katadsirove. popovs ryevér Oar.
oe 90. tovs xabevdSovtas épydtas sivas [Kal ovvepyods | an > fal , a TOV &V TO KOTHM yivoméevan.
80. Plut. adv. Colot. 20, p.1118c; Dio Chrys. Or. 55, p. 282; Tatian, Or. ad Graec.; Diog. Laer. ix. 5; Plotin. Hmm. iv. 8, p. 468; Julian, Or. vi. p. 185.45; Prokl. on Tim. 1068; Suidas s.v. woorotuos. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 1, p. 429; Plotin. Hin. v. 9, p. 559; Hesychius édi¢nea.
81. Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 24; Seneca, Epist. 58. Cf. Epicharm. Fr. B 40 Lorenz.
82. Plotin. Hn. ix. 8, p. 468; Iambl. Stob. Hcl.i. 41, p. 906; Aeneas Gaz. Theophrast. p.9 Barth. Cf. Hippokr. 7. S:airns i. 15; Philo, de cherub. 26, p. 155.
83. Plotin. Hnn. iv. 8, p. 468 and p. 473; Iambl. Stob. Eel. i. 41, p. 906 and p. 894; Aeneas G. Theophrast. p. 9 and p. 11.
84. Theophrast. 7. iAlyywv 9, p. 138 Wim.; Alexand. Aphr. Probl. p-11 Usen. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 27.
MSS. Alexander, «xvxAcdwv and torara:: Theophrast. begins the sentence with uy, corr. Bernays.
85. Strabo, xvi. 26, p. 784; Plutarch, Qu. conv. iv. 4, p. 669.4; Pollux, Onom. v. 163; Origen, c. Cels. v. 14, p. 247 (quoting Celsus, v. 24, p- 253); Julian, Or. vii. p. 226c. Cf. Philo, de profug. ii. p. 555; Plotin. Hnn. v. 1, p. 483; Schol. V. ad Il. xxiv. 54 (=Eustath. ad 1. p. 1338, 47); Epictet. Diss. ii. 4, 5.
86. Clem. Al. Strom. iii. 3, p. 516. Mullach assigns the bracketed words to Clement.
87-89. Plut. de orac. def. 11, p. 4158, and cf. Plac. phil. 24, p. 909 ; Censorin. de D. N. 17; Io. Lydus, de mensibus iii. 10, p. 37, ed. Bonn (Crameri A. P. i. p. 324); cf. Philo, Qu. in gen. ii. 5, p. 82. These passages do not yield any definite fragment of Herakleitos.:
90. M. Antonin. vi. 42. Pfleiderer rejects xal cvvepyods.
HERAKLEITOS 45
80. I inquired of myself.
The translation follows the sense in Diogenes; in Plutarch it is parallel with the Delphic oracle, ‘I have sought to know myself.’
81. In the same rivers we step and we do not step; we are and we are not.
Cf. Fr. 41.
82. It is weariness to toil at the same things, and to be subject to them.
83. Changing it finds rest.
84. Even a potion separates into its ingredients when it is not stirred.
85. Corpses are more fit to be thrown away than dung.
86. Being born they wish to live and to meet death, [or rather to find rest,] and they leave behind children . to die.
87. Thirty years make a generation, according to Hera- kleitos. 88. Not without reason does Herakleitos call a month a generation. 89. A man may become a grandfather in thirty years.
90. The sleeping are workmen (and fellow-workers) in what happens in the world.
|
46 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
91. Evvdv éore Tact TO hpovéew. Edy vow AéyovTas- loxuplfecOar ypn TO Evve TavTwv, bkwoTrEp VOu@ TOALS Kai woAv ioxyupoTépws. Tpépovtar yap mavTes of avOp@meot vomot wbmo svos ToD Oeiov: Kpatéer yap tocovTov oxdcov 20érar kal ebapKéss maou Kal crepi- ylveTal.
92. tod Aoyou & gzovtos Evv0d, Soover of moAXol ws
PANE ” / ioinv 2yovtes hoovncw. x $e
93. 6 pdadiota Sinvexéws opidgovor, TovT@ Sivadé-
povTat.
AN 94. ob Set Gorep Kabevdovtas roveiv Kal Neyer.
95. trois éypnyopoow Eva Kal Kowdv Kocpov eivat, ~ X\ f / ee > ” > /
Tov 83 Kolwopévov Exactov sis Svov atootpédec Oar.
96. 700s avOpemevov piv odK Fyer yvapas, Osiov 83 Bye. °
97. avnp vis HKovee Tpos Saipovos bkwamrep Tais mpos avopos.
100. pdyecOar ypn Tov Shpov vrép Tod vopmov bKws bmrép Telyeos.
91. Stob. Flor. iii. 84. Cf. Kleanth. H. Zeus 24; Hippokr. 7. rpopjjs 15; Plut. de Isid. 45, p. 369 a; Plotin. Hn. vi. 5, p. 668 ; Empedokles, v. 231 Stn.
92. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 133, where the quotation is apparently longer. Burnett, 140, n. 35, acutely suggests ppovéew for Adyov.
93. M. Antonin. iv. 46.
94. M. Antonin. iv. 46.
95. Plut. de superst. 3, p. 166c. Cf. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. vi. 26; Tambl. Protrept. 21, p. 132 Arcer. The form is Plutarch’s.
96. Origen, c. Cels. vi. 12, p. 291.
97, Origen, c. Cels. vi. 12, p. 291. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 46 Bern,
dahuoves BE. Petersen, Hermes, 1879, xiv. 304.
98. Plato, Hipp. Maj. 289 8. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 16.
99. Ibid, 2894. The words of Herakleitos cannot be restored. Cf- Plotin. Ennead. vi. p. 626; Arist. Top. iii. 2, 117 b 118.
100. Diog. Laer. ix. 2.
HERAKLEITOS 47
91. Understanding is common to all. It is neces- sary for those who speak with intelligence to hold fast to the common element of all, as a city holds fast to law, and much more strongly. For all human laws are nourished by one which is divine, and it has power so much as it will; and it suffices for all things and more than suffices.
92. And though reason is common, most people live: as though they had an understanding peculiar to them- selves.
93. With what they most constantly associate, with this they are at variance.
94. It is not meet to act and speak like men asleep.
Cf. Fr. 2 and 90.
95. They that are awake have one world in common, but of the sleeping each turns aside into a world of his own.
96. For human nature has not wisdom, but divine nature has.
97. Man is called . baby by god, even as a child is. by man.
The translation is Burnett’s, following the suggestion of Petersen in Hermes xiv. 1879, p. 304.
Fr. 98. And does not Herakleitos, whom you bring forward, say this very thing, that the wisest of men will ap- pear as an ape before God, both in wisdom and in beauty and in all other respects? Fr. 99. You are ignorant, sir, of that fine saying of Herakleitos, that the most beautiful of apes is ugly in comparison with beings of another kind, and the most beautiful of earthen pots is ugly in compari- son with maidenkind, as Hippias the wise man says.
100. The people ought to fight for their law as for a wall.
A8 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 101. popor péfoves wéfovas polpas Nayydvovet. 102. apyipadtovs Geol Tysdot Kal avOpwrrot. 103. bBpw xp) oBevvdew 7 tupKauyv.
‘ 104. avOp@rrover yiver Oat oKoca Oérovor ovK dpetvor. a e / b] / egy \ > 4 \ / vodoos wyicvav étroince Hdd Kal ayabdv, Amos KOpoV, KGpaTos avaTavowy.
105. Oupe payecOar yarerrov' 6 Te yap av ypnitn yiver Oat, uyfs w@véetat.
106. favOpwroic. Taou pétEecTL yuyv@oKew éavTovs Kal cwdpoveirt. Se eiael
107. towdpoveiy apetn peylorn: Kai codpin adnbéa Adyew Kal joey KaTa hvowv erraiovtast.
108-109. auabinv dywewov xpitrew: epyov Sé épv
PT \ >? avéecet Kal Tap’ oivoy.
110. vouos cat BovrAn meiOecOar évos.
101. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 7, p. 586; Theodor. Ther. viii. p. 117, 33. Of: Hipp. Ref. haer. 8. Theodor. reads pévor.
102. Clem: Al. Strom. iv. 4, p.571; Theodor. Ther. viii. p.117, 33.
103. Diog! Laer. ix. 2. M Cobet cBevviva, L oBevviny.
104. Stob. Flor. iii. 83, 4. Cf. edapéornois, Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 21, p. 497; Theodor. Ther. xi. p. 152, 25.
105. Arist. Hth. Nik. ii. 2, p.1105a8; and Eth. Eud. ii. 7, p. 1223 b 22; and Pol. v. 11, p. 1315 a 29; Plut. de cohib. iva 9, p. 457D; and Erot. 11, p. 755; Iambl. Protrep. p. 140 Arc.; and Coriol. 22.
.106. Stob. Flor. v. 119. Neither this nor the following fragment can be regarded as genuine.
107. Stob. Flor, iii. 84.
‘ 108. Piut. qu. conv. iii. prooem. p. 644 r; and de audien. 12, p. 43; and '‘virt. doc. posse 2, p. 4839; Stob. Flor. xviii. 32.
109. Stob. Flor. iii. 82 kptwrew Guabiny Kpéocor 4 és Td wevov pépery. A variation of 108.
110. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 (Euseb. P. Z. xiii. 13, p. 681).
Euseb. Bovaf, Clem. Bovay. ai is suspicious.
HERAKLEITOS 49
101. Greater deaths gain greater portions. 102. Gods and men honour those slain in battle.
103. Wantonness must be quenched more than a conflagration.
104. Jt is not good for men to have whatever they want. Disease makes health sweet and good; hunger, satiety ; toil, rest.
105. It is hard to contend with passion ; for what- ever it desires to get it buys at the cost of soul.
106. It is the part of all men to know themselves and to be temperate. 107. To be temperate is the greatest virtue; and it is wisdom to speak the truth and to act according to nature with understanding. :
108. It is better to conceal stupidity, but it is an effort in time of relaxation and over the wine.
109. It is better to conceal ignorance than to put it forth into the midst.
110.. It is law to obey the counsel of one.
50 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
111. ris yap adtav voos 7} dpynv; [Oyjpwv] dodotcr ee ca \ / U ¢ > 3907 a &rovrar Kal SidacKkdrAw yYpswvTal opmir, ovK EiddTEs OTL ToAXol Kakol, ddlyo. 5 Uyabol. aipsdyvTar yap ev avTia mTavTov of apiaTot, Kéos aésvaov OvnTav, oi 5& TodXdol KeKopnvTat OKwoTEpP KTNVEA.
112. év IIpujvn Blas éyévero 0 Tevtdpew of Tréwv Aoyos 7) TOV ddAXNov.
ats 2 tee 94 ” > 118. eis gwol puptol, Eav aptoTots 7. 114. d&ov "Edecious i Bnd0v amdyEacbar tract Kal a b] / \ / la) A ¢ / Tots avnBows THY TOAW KaTaXwTEtY, oiTwes ‘“Epuddwpov ” € a >? / s¢/ / e / \ avopa éswuTav ovnictoy e&éPadov, pavtes: ijuewv pwndé els ovntotos toto, ci OF M7, GARD OF Kal pet’ GAXOV. 7 \ 4 a x \ ,
115. kives cat Bavfouvcr ov dy wn ywwocKkw>o..
116. amictin Stadvyydver wy) ywwdoKec Oar.
117. BrAaE avOpwros ert tavtTi A0ywo éerrohabar piréet.
118. doxedovtav 6 SoKximwotatos ywooKe purddooe.y Kab pévTor Kal Sikn KaTadyyeTat Wevdemv TéxTOVas Kal paptupas.
111. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 9, p. 682; and iv. 7, p. 586; Prokl. on Alkib. p. 255 Creuz, ii. 525 Cous. Clement omits first clause; Proklos ends with ayabol. Some MSS. omit airév; Prokl. aidots jmidwv re kad didacKdrw xperav Te dutd@ ove. Clem. Kal vduoror xpéerOar Suirdw ecidéras. MSS. p. 682 évayria. Restored by Bernays, Heraclit. i. p. 34.
112. Diog. Laer. i. 88.
113. Galen, 7. diayvdoews opvyuay I.1. iii. p.53 ed. Bas.; Symmachus, fipist. ix. 115 (105 Paris 1604); Theod. Prod. in Lazerii Misc. i. p. 20; and Tetrastich. in Basil. i. (fol. « 2 vers. ed. Bas.) ; Diog. Laer. ix. 16 ; Cicero, ad Att. xvi. 11; Cf. Seneca, Ep. 7.
114. Strabo, xiv. 25, p. 642; Cicero, Tusc. v. 105; Muson., Stob. Flor. xl. 9; Laer. Diog. ix. 2; Iambl. de vita Pyth. 30, p. 154 Are. Cf. Lucian vit. auct. 14.
115. Plut. An seni sit ger. resp. vii. p. 787.
116. Plut.’ Coriol. 38; Clem. Al. Strom. v. 13, p. 699. Clem. amorin.
117. Plutarch, de audiendo 7, p. 41a; de aud. poet., p. 28.
118. Clem. Al. Strom. v.1, p. 649. Bergk pAvdooew, Bernays By- water mAdooev.
HERAKLEITOS 51
111. For what sense or understanding have they ? They follow the bards and employ the crowd as their teacher, not knowing that many are bad and few good. For the very best choose one thing before all others, immortal glory among mortals, while the masses eat their fill like cattle.
112. In Priene was born Bias son of Teutamas, who is of more account than the rest.
Diogenes adds the apothegm ‘ most men are bad.’
113. To me one man is ten thousand if he be the best.
114. The Ephesians deserve to be hanged, every one that is a man grown, and the youth to abandon the city, for they cast out Hermodoros the best man among them, saying :—Let no one among us be best, and if one be best, let him be so elsewhere and among others.
115. Dogs also bark at those they do not know.
116. As the result of incredulity (divine things) miss being known.
Hither because men are incredulous, or the things in- eredible. Cf. Zeller, Phil. Gr. i.‘ 5744 2. Gomperz combined this with fragment 10.
117. The fool is wont to be in a flutter at every word.
118. The most esteemed of those in estimation knows how to be on his guard; yet truly justice shall overtake forgers of lies and witnesses to them.
If the reference is to Homer, read wAdsvew, ‘ knows how to create myths.’
E 2
52 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
119. rov”Opnpov d&tov 2x Tav ayovev éxBdrrEc Oat kal patriferOar, cat “Apyiroyor opoias.
121. 700s avOpar@ Saipov.
122. dvOpdtrovs péver TéedevTHCavTas dooa ovK EtrovTat ovbe Soxéouct.
123. 2vO0a tSedvtit eérravictacOar Kai pirdaxas yive- Oat eyepti EdvTwv Kal vexpov.
124. vuxrerroror, payot, Bayo, Mivat, pvoTat.
125. ta yap vowiSoweva Kat’ avOperovs pvaotnpia aviepwotl puedvTal.
126 = 180b.
127. ei pn yap Avoviow toymhiy éeroebyto Kal bpveov dopa aidoloict, avaidéotata cipyacr’ dv: wuTos 62 ”Avdns cat Aiovucos, 6Tew paivovtat Kal Anvaifovet.
119. Diog. Laer. ix. 1. Schleiermacher attributes to H. on the basis of Schol. Ven. A. on Iliad xviii. 251 Eustath. 1142, 5; Bywater suggests Herakleides and compares Eust. p. 705, 60, and Achilles Tat. Isag. p. 124 B Petav.
120. Seneca, Hp. 12‘Unus dies par omniest.’ The Greek cannot be restored from Plutarch, Camill. 19 pdow tucpas araons wlay otcar.
121. Plutarch, Qu. Plat.i. 2, 9992; Alex. Aphrod. de fato 6, p. 16 (de anima ii. 48, p. 150); Stob. Flor. civ. 23. Cf. Pseudo-Herakl. Hp. 9.
122. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, p. 630; Protrept. 2, p. 18 (Euseb. P. E, ii. 3, p. 66); Theodoret. Ther. viii. p. 118, 1. Cf. Themist. (Plut.) in Stob. Flor. cxx. 28.
123. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. ix. 10; the fragment is quoted to show that Herakleitos believes in the resurrection of the flesh, and recognises that god is the cause of this resurrection. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 1, p. 649.
Sauppe suggests €v@a Gedy Set . . . pvAaka, Bernays évOade edvras: MSS. éyepri(évrwy, corr. Bernays. Schuster suggests Saluwr €0éAex EvOade edyti emicracba Kal puvdakds kK. T. A.
124. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2, p. 18 (Euseb. P. H.ii. 3, p. 66).
125. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2. p.19 (Huseb. P.H. ii. p. 67). Bywater compares Arnobius adv. nat. v. 29.
126. (v. 130.)
127. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2, p. 30. MSS. éso.itvro, corr. Lobeck: MSS. efpyaorat, corr. Schleierm. Clem. Al. drew, Plutarch, de Isid. 28, p. 3624 dre ody . . . Anpalvovow.
128. Iamblich. de Myst. v.15. The Greek text cannot be restored.
HERAKLEITOS 53
119. (He used to say that) Homer deserved to be cast out of the lists and flogged, and Archilochos likewise.
120. One day is equal to every other.
121. Character is a man’s guardian divinity.
122. There awaits men at death what they do not expect or think.
123. Then [it is necessary] that God raise them up, and that they become guardians of the livirg and the dead.
Or adopting Sauppe’s conjectures in full ‘thathe become a watchful guardian. . .’
124. Night-walkers, wizards, bacchanals, revellers, sharers in the mysteries.
125. For what are esteemed mysteries among men they celebrate in an unholy way.
127. For if it were not to Dionysos that they made the procession and sang the song with phallic symbols, their deeds would indeed be most shameful ; but Hades and Dionysos are the same, to whomever they go mad and share the revel.
128. I distinguish two kinds of sacrifices; those of men altogether purified, which would occur rarely, as Hera- kleitos says, in the case of a single individual, or of some very few men easily counted; secondly, those that are material and corporeal and composite through change, such as are in harmony with those who are still restrained by the body.
54 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
129. dea.
130. KaOaipovta: dS? aipate prawopevor OoTep ay Ei Tus és mndov éuBas mynr@ atrovitoto. palverOar & adv Soxoin, et tis adtov avOpdrav éemidpdcaito oitw TWouovTa. Kal Tols ayddwact TovTéoic. sevYoVTAL, oxotov si tis Tois Sdpoict NecynvetolTo, ov TL ywdoKwV Oeovs ovd Hpwas oitwés ice.
130a. ei Ooi siot, va ti Opnvéete adtovs; «i 83 Opnvéete adTovs, unkéte ToUTOUS HrygeaOe Ozovs.
Spurious FRAGMENTs.
131. wdvra uyar sivas cal Sacpovwv rijpn.
/ y £ \ ‘ - \ \ A 132. tHv Te oinow lepav voooy EXeye Kal THY Opacty
wWwevdecOar.
183. éycadurréos Exactos 6 pataiws év d0&n yevd- MeEVoS.
\
129. Iamblich. de Myst. i. 11.
130. Greg. Naz. Or. xxv. (xxiii.) 15, p. 466, ed. Par. 1778 mnag@ wnddy Kabapdvrwy, Elias Cretensis on the Gregory passage (cod. Vat. Pii II. 6, fol. 90 r) gives first thirteen words (Byw. 130). Cf. Apollonius, Hp. 27. Byw. 126, the last sentence, from Origen, c. Cels. i. 5, p. 6 (quoting Cel- sus); and in part vii. 62, p. 384, Clem. Al. Prot. 4, p. 44. The whole passage, lacking the last eight words, is published by Neumann, Hermes xy. 1880, p. 605 (cf. also xvi. 159), from fol. 83a of a MS. entitled Xpnopol Geev (containing also works ascribed to Justin Martyr) formerly in the Strassburg library.
This same MS. gives the following fragment, the last clauses of which Neumann joins to the passage as given in the text: damdver aydApacw etxovtat obk akotvovow, Somep akovorev, ovK arodiSovow, Somwep ovK Gmattotey.
130a. Given by Neumann from the Strassburg. MS. just referred to- The saying is attributed to Xenophanes by Aristotle, Rhet. 23; 1400 b 5 and Plutarch, v. wfra, p. 78.
131. Diog. Laer. ix. 7.
132. Diog. Laer. ix. 7. Cf. Floril. Monac. 195, p. 282.
133. Apollonius, Hp. 18.
HERAKLEITOS 55
129. (Herakleitos fittingly called religious rites) cwres (for the soul).
130. They purify themselves by defiling themselves with blood, as if one who had stepped into the mud were to wash it off with mud. If any one of men should observe him doing so, he would think he was insane. And to these images they pray, just as if one were to converse with men’s houses, for they know not what gods and heroes are.
180a. If they are gods, why do ye lament them ? And if ye lament them, no longer consider them gods.
The fragment in the critical notes reads: ‘ To images of gods they pray, to those who do not hear, as though they might hear; to those who do not answer, as though they might not make request.’
131. All things are full of souls and of divine spirits.
132. He was wont to say that false opinion is a sacred disease, and that vision is deceitful.
133. Each one who has come to be esteemed without due grounds, ought to hide his face.
56 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
184. oinois tpeKxoTrijs éyxotn TpoKoTHs.
135. tHv waidslav Etrepov HALov eivat Tols memadev- pévows.
136. 4 evKaipos ydpis Niyu@ Kaldtep Tpodr apmor- Tovea THY THs Wuxis evdecav iarau.
137. cuvtopwtarny oddv 6 adtos zreyev eis evdokiav TO yevéoOat ayabor.
134. Floril. Monac. 199, p. 283. Cf. Philo, ap. Ioan. Dam. S. P. 693 5, fr. p. 652 Mang. Stob. Flor. iv. 88 credits it to Bion; Maxim. Conf. Serm. 34, p. 624 Combef.
135. Floril. Monac. 200, p. 283.
136. Maximus Conf. Serm. 8, p. 557.
137. Maximus Conf. Serm. 46, p. 646.
138. Schol. ad Eurip. Hek. 134, i. p. 254 Dind.
TRANSLATION.
184. False opinion of progress is the stoppage of progress.
135. Their education is a second sun to those that have been educated.
136. As food is timely in famine, so opportune favour heals the need of the soul.
187. The same one was wont to say that the shortest way to glory was to become good. ;
1388 Timaios wrote thus: So Pythagoras does not appear to have discovered the true art of words, nor yet ‘the one accused by Herakleitos, but Herakleitos himself is the one who is the pretender.
HERAKLEITOS 57
PassaGEs IN Puato AND ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO HERAKLEITOS.
Plato, Theeet. 160 p. Homer, and Herakleitos, and the whole company which say that all things are in motion and in a state of flux. Cf. 152 pu.
Kratylos, 401p. According to Herakleitos all things are in motion and nothing abides. Cf. 4024, and frag. 41; also 412 pn, 440c.
Plato also alludes to fragments 32, 45, 98-99.
Aristotle: Topica i. 11, 104 f 21. All things are in motion, according to Herakleitos. .
Top. vill. 5; 155 £30. Wherefore those that hold different opinions, as that good and bad are the same thing, as Herakleitos says, do not grant that the opposite cannot coexist with itself; not as though they did not think this to be the case, but because as followers of Herakleitos they are obliged to speak as they do.
Phys.i.2; 185b19. But still, if in the argument all things that exist are one, as a cloak or a himation, it turns out that they are stating the position of Herakleitos ; for the same thing will apply to good and bad, and to good and not-good, so that good and not-good, and man and horse, will be the same; and they will not be argu- ing that all things are one, but that they are nothing, and that the same thing applies to such and to so much.
Phys. iii. 5; 205438. As Herakleitos says that all things sometime become fire.
De celo i. 10; 279b16. And others in their turn say that sometimes combination is taking place, and at other times destruction, and that this will always con- tinue, as Empedokles of Agrigentum, and Herakleitos of Ephesos.
De anima i. 2; 405a25. And Herakleitos also says that the first principle is soul, as it were a
58 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
fiery exhalation, of which all other things consist ; for it is the least corporeal and always in a state of flux, and the moving is known by the moving; and he agreed with most thinkers in holding that things are in motion.
De part anim. i. 5; 645a17. And as Herakleitos is reported to have said to strangers who wanted to meet him, who stopped when they entered and saw him getting warm by an oven—for he bade them enter boldly, since, said he, gods are here—so should one enter upon the investigation of each of the animals without timidity, as there is in them all something natural and beautiful.
Met. i. 3; 984a7. Hippasos of Metapontum’ and Herakleitos of Ephesos call fire the first cause. Cf. 996 a9, 1001 a 15.
Met. iii. 3; 1005b 24. For it is impossible for any
‘sone to postulate that the same thing is and is not, as .~ some think Herakleitos says.
Met. iii. 5; 1010a13. V. Frag. 41-42, supra.
Met. iii. 7; 1012a 24. For the word of Herakleitos, that all things are and are not, séems to make all things true.
Met. x.5; 1062a32. For one might ask Herakleitos himself after this manner and speedily compel him to agree that it is never possible for opposite statements to be true about the same things. Cf. 1063 b 24.
Met. xii. 4; 1078 b 12. For the doctrine of ideas is held by its supporters because they are convinced by Herakleitos’s words in regard to the truth, viz., that all things perceived by the senses are always in a state of flux; so that if there is to be a science and a know- ledge of anything, it is necessary to assume the existence of other objects in nature besides those that are perceived by sense, for there can be no science of things in a state of flux. é:
HERAKLEITOS 59
Eth. iti. 3; 1105a8. It is harder to fight against pleasure than against anger, as Herakleitos says.
Eth. vii. 3; 1146 b 30. For some believe their opinions no lessstrongly than what they know by 8cientific procedure ; and Herakleitos is an example of this.
Eth. viii. 2; 1155b4. And Herakleitos says that opposition unites, and that the most beautiful harmony results from opposites, and that all things come into being through strife.
Eth. x. 5; 1176a6. As Herakleitos says, an ass would prefer refuse to gold, for natural food is sweeter to asses than gold.
Sext. Emp. adv. Math. vii.129. According to Hera- kleitos we become intelligent when we get this divine reason by breathing it in, and in sleep we are forgetful, but on waking we gain our senses again. For in sleep since the pores of the senses are closed, the mind in us is separated from what is akin to it in what surrounds us, and its connection through pores is only preserved like a sort of root ; and being cut off it loses its former power of memory; but when we wake it peeps out through the pores of sense as through little doors, and entering into connection with what surrounds us it regains the power of reason.
PASSAGES REFERRING TO HERAKLEITOS IN THE * DoxoGRAPHISTSs.’
Ar. Did. Epit. 39, 2; Dox. 471. Zeno as well as Herakleitos says that the soul is a perceptive exhalation. The latter desiring to make it clear that souls always gain mental faculties by giving forth exhalations, likened them to rivers; and these are his words: (Fr. 42) ‘ Other and yet other waters are flowing on upon those who step in the same rivers.’
Sim. in Phys. 6r; Dox. 475. (Theophrastos says)
60 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Hippasos of Metapontum and Herakleitos of Ephesos teach that the one is moved and limited, but they make fire the first principle and derive all things from fire by condensation and rarefaction, and again they resolve them into fire since this one thing is the essential nature underlying their appearance; for Herakleitos says that all things are transformations of fire [7rupos apor8nv|, and he finds a certain order and definite time in the changes of the universe according to a fated [ e(wappevnv | necessity.
Theoph. de Sens. 1; Dox. 499. The followers of Anaxagoras and Herakleitos say that men perceive by the presence in themselves of the opposite quality.
Phil. de Piet. 14, 25; Dox. 548. (Chrysippos) in his third book says that the universe is one of the beings endowed with sense, fellow-citizen with men and gods, and that strife and Zeus are the same thing, as Hera- _ kleitos says.
Hipp. Phil. 44; Dox. 558. Herakleitos the Ephesian, a philosopher of the physical school, was always lament- ing, charging all men with ignorance of the whole of life, but still he pitied the life of mortals. For he would say that he himself knew all things, but that other men knew nothing. His language agrees quite well with that of Empedokles when he says that strife and love are the first principles of all things, and that god is intelligent fire, and that all things enter into a common motion and do not stand still. And as Empedokles said that the whole region occupied by man is full of evils, and that the evils extend from the region about the earth as far as the moon but do not go farther, inasmuch as all the region beyond the moon is purer, so also it seemed to Herakleitos.
Kpi. adv. Haer. iti. 20; Dox. 591. Herakleitos the Ephesian, son of Bleson, said that fire is the source of
HERAKLEITOS 61
all things, and that all things are resolved into fire again. :
Galen, His. Phil. 62; Dox. 626. Herakleitos says. that the sun is a burning mass, kindled at its rising, and quenched at its setting.
Herm. I.G.P. 18; Dox. 654. Perhaps I might yield to the arguments of noble Demokritos and want to laugh with him, unless Herakleitos led me to the opposite view as he said weeping: Fire is the first principle of all things, and it is subject to rarefaction and condensation, the one active, the other passive, the one synthetic, the other analytic. Enough for me, for I am already steeped in such first principles.
Aet. i.3; Dox. 283. Herakleitos and Hippasos say that the first principle of all things is fire; for they say that all things arise from fire and they all end by becoming fire. As this is quenched all things come into the order of the universe; for first the dense part of it contracting into itself becomes earth, then the earth becoming relaxed by fire is rendered water in its nature, then it is sublimated and becomes air ; and again the universe and all bodies are consumed by fire in the conflagration. [Fire then is the first principle because all things arise from this, and the final principle because all things are resolved into this. |
Aet. i. 5 ;. Dox. 292. Hippasos of Metapontum and Herakleitos the Ephesian say that the all is one, ever moving and limited, and that fire is its first principle.
Aet. i. 7; Dox. 303. MHerakleitos says that the periodic fire is eternal, and that destined reason working through opposition is the creator [dnysoupyor] of things.
Aet. i. 9; Dox. 307. H. et al. declare that matter is subject to change, variation, and transformation, and that it flows the whole through the whole.
Aet. i. 13; Dox. 312. H. introduces certain very
G 62 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
small and indivisible particles (or H. seems to some to leave particles, instead of the unity).
Aet. i. 23; Dox. 320. H. denies rest and fixed position to the whole; for this is the attribute of dead bodies; but he assigns eternal motion to what is eternal, perishable motion to what is perishable.
Aet.i. 27; Dow. 322. H.says that all things happen according to fate and that fate itself is necessity. Indeed
he writes ‘ For it is absolutely destined.’ (Frag. 63.) 3 Aet.i. 23; Dow. 323. H. declares that reason, pervad- ing the essence of the all, is the essence of fate. And it is itself ethereal matter, seed of the generation of the all, and measure of the allotted period.
Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 827, Herakleitos etal. The universe isone. 4; Dox. 331. The universe is generated not according to time, but according to thought. 11; Doz. 340; H. et al. The heaven is of a fiery nature. 18; Dox. 342. H. and Parmenides. The stars are compressed bits of fire. 17; Dox.346. H. and Parm. The stars are nurtured by an exhalation from the earth. 20; Dox. 351. H. and Hekataios. The sun is an intelligent burning mass rising out of the sea. (The same words are assigned to Stoics, Plut. 2, 890 a; Doz. 349.) 21; Dox. 851. It is as great ‘as the width of a human foot.’ 22; Dox. 352. It is bowl-shaped, rather gibbous. 24; Dox.354. An eclipse takes place by the turn- ing of the bowl-shaped body so that the concave side is upward,and the convex side downward toward our vision. [25 ; Dox. 356. The earth is surrounded with mist.] 27 ; Dox. 358. (The moon) is bowl-shaped.! 28; Doz. 859. Sun and moon are subject to the same influences. For these heavenly bodies being bowl-shaped, receive bright rays from the moist exhalation, and give light in appearance [mpdos thnv davtaciav|; the sun more
' Cf. Galen. Hist. Phil. 64; Dox. 626.
HERAKLEITOS - 63
brightly, for it moves in purer ether [ap], and the moon moves in thicker «ther and so it shines more dimly. 29; Dow. 859. Eclipses of the moon are occasioned by the turning of the bowl-shaped body. 82; Dox. 364. The great year consists of eighteen thousand sun-years. According to Diogenes and Herakleitos the year consists of three hundred and sixty-five days.
Aet. iii. 3; Dox. 369. Thunder is occasioned by a gathering of winds and clouds, and the impact of gusts of wind on the clouds; and lightning by a kindling of the exhalations; and fiery whirlwinds [wpnothpas| by a burning and a quenching of the clouds.
Aet. iv. 8; Dox. 338. Parmenides and Hippasos and Herakleitos call the soul a fiery substance. 7; Doz. 392. H. says that souls set free from the body go into the soul of the all, inasmuch as it is akin to them in nature and essence.
Aet. v.23; Dox. 484. Herakleitos and the Stoics say that men come to maturity at about fourteen years, with the beginning of sexual life ; for trees come to maturity when they begin to bear fruit. . . And at about the age of fourteen men gain understanding of good and evil, and of instruction as to these matters.
Te ae aa ae
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 65
V. THE FLEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES.
XenopHanes of Kolophon, son of Dexias (Apollodoros says of Orthomenes), was the founder of the Eleatic School. After a careful review of the evidence, Zeller (Vorsokr. Phil. pp. 521-522) concludes that he was born about 580 B.c. ; it is agreed by all writers that he lived toa great age. The stories of his travels and adven- tures are very numerous. He speaks of the war between the Ionic colonies and the Persians as beginning in his youth. According to Diogenes he sang the founding of Elea in 2,000 hexameter verses. The reference to him by Herakleitos (Fr. 16) indicates the general respect for his philosophy. He composed poetry of all varieties, and is said to have recited his own poems. His philosophic views were embodied in a poem which was early lost, and to which later ages gave the name ‘ rept dicews.’
Literature: Brandis, Comm. Eleat. 1813; Cousin, Nowv. frag. phil. 1828, pp. 9-45; Karsten, Phil. Graec. vet. relig. i. 1, 1830; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. ii.; F. Kern, Quaestionum Xenophanearum cap. duo, Naumb. 1864; Beitrdge, Danzig 1871; Ueber Xenophanes, Stettin 1874 ; Freudenthal, Die Theologie des Xenophanes, 1886; and Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. i. 1888, p. 322 sqq.; Thill, Xéno- phane de Colophon, Luxemb. 1890.
On the book De Xen. Zen. Gorg. Aristotelis, v. Fiille- born, Halle 1789; Bergk, 1843; Mullach, 1845 ; Ueberweg, Philol. viii. "1858, p. 104 sqq.; xxvi. 1868, p. 709 sqq.; Vermehren, 1861; F. Kern, Symbola crit. ad libellum xz. Zevod. ete. Oldenb. 1867; Diels’ Doxogr. pp. 109-113; Zeller, Ge- schichte d. Phil. d. Griechen, i. 499-521.
F
66 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
(a) Fracments or XENOPHANES.*
1 els Oeds év Te Ozoicr Kal avOpeTroict péyLoTos, ovte Séuas Ovntoicww opoitos ovTE vonma.
2 ovddos Opa, odAos SE vost, odNOS 5é 7’ AKovet. 3 GAN amdvevde tovoto voov ppevi TavTa Kpadaives. 4 aiel & év radTo pluver Kivovpevor ovdér,
ovde petépyerOal pv érimpérrer GNAOTE GAND.
5 anda Bporol Soxgover yevvacbar Oeods, Thy opetépav © éoOAra 7 eyew povnv te déwas TE. 6... adn a xelpas Exov Boes he NéEorTes,
e / / ee 4 a iA ” <a@s> ypdwai xelpecot kal zpya Téeneiv dmrep avopes, Kal Ke Oey idéas Fypadov Kal c@part’ erolovy Tolad0’, olov wep Kal avtol déwas sixov <éKacToL> ” / 9 7 , / \ ec a tarmoe pév O imorot, Boes 52 Te Bovoly opota.
Sources and Critical Notes.
1, Clem. Alex. Strom. v. p. 714. Euseb. Praep. Hv. xiii. 13, p. 678 p. MS, odd 3, ... ore, corr. Potter.
2. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 144.
3. Simplic. Phys. 6 r 23, 20; Dow. 481.
4, Simplic. Phys. 6 r 23, 11; Dow. 481.
5. Clem. Al. Strom. v. p. 714; Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiii. 13, p. 678 p, following Fr. 1. Theodoret, Gr. Aff. Curat. iii. 72, p. 49. V.1: Theod., Clem. cd. Par. and Ed. Floren., Euseb. CF'GI read GAA’ of Bporoi. Text follows remaining MSS. of Clem. and Euseb. V.2: Theod. kal Yonv, Clem. and Euseb. tiv cperépay; Theod. 7’ ato@now, Clem. and Euseb. 8 éoc@7jra.
6. Clem. Euseb. and Theod. after preceding fragment. Line 5 stands third in MSS. and earlier texts; Karsten places it fifth.
V.1: Clem. and Theod. &ar’ ef ro: xeipas eixov: Clem. Euseb. Aéovres, Theod, eAepdvres. V. 2: Euseb. F'G kal, other MSS. }, corr. Hiller. V.3: Euseb. and Theod. kat re: Kus. DEFG déuar’. V. 4: MSS. écxov, corr. Karst.: MSS. dpotov, Meineke éxacro. V. 5: Clem. Theod. duoto:, Hus. Soro,
Karst. duota.
* The text follows in the main the edition of Bergk-Hiller, Poet. Lyr. Graec., Leipzig, 1890.
-
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 67
TRANSLATION.
1. God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind.!
2. The whole [of god] sees, the whole perceives, the whole hears.”
3. But without effort he sets in motion all things by mind and thought.
°
4. It [%.e. being] always abides in the same place, not moved at all, nor is it fitting that it should move from one place to another.
5. But mortals suppose that the gods are born (as they themselves are), and that they wear man’s clothing and have human voice and body.*
6. But if cattle or lions had hands, so as to paint with their hands and produce works of art as men do, they would paint their gods and give them bodies in form like their own—horses like horses, cattle like cattle.‘
' Zeller, Vorsokratische Philosophie, p. 530, n. 3. 2 Zeller, 526, n. 1. -No author is given in the context; Karsten follows Fabricius in accrediting it to Xenophanes. 3 Zeller, 524,n.2. Cf. Arist. Rhet. ii. 23; 1399 b 6. ‘ Zeller, 525, n.2. Diog. Laer. iii. 16; Cic. de nat. Deor. i. 27. F 2
68 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
a iA Ld 7 mavra Oerts aveOncav” Ounpos & “Haiodds re iA 5152 , > , \ / > / dooa Tap avOpwroow dveldea Kal Yroyos éoTt, Kal wrsiat’ épOéyEavto Gedy abeuloria Epya, KNETTEW, moltyevel TE Kal GAA HAOUS aTraTEvEL. 8 > / \ , \ > fol s x n éx yains yap Tavta, Kal eis yijv wavTa TEdEUTA. / y / VER 2 > / mavres yap yalns Te Kal datos exyevouecOa. 10 yi Kal bdwp TravT’ éoP boa yivovT’ iS2 dvovTat. 11 anyn & éott Oddaco’ batos, rnyhn & avéwoo: \ oUTe yap év védheow <Tvolal K aveu“oto pvowrTo &xmrvelovTos> zowOev avev TovTOU pEyadoLo bd e \ bes wo ba ea v a oUTE poal ToTauav ovT aiPgpos GuBpiov bdwp Gra péyas ToVTOS yeveTwp vehéwv avémov TE fal * Kal TOTAMOV. g / ~ ¥ lal BA \ \ e an 12 yains pév rode Teipas dvw Tapa Tocclv opatat > / / + / a) BA id / aidép. mpormriov, TA KaTw S 2s AmrEeipov iKadveL. 13 fv 7 Ipiv Kadégover, védos Kal TodTO TEPUKE / Topupeov Kal howixeov Kal ywpov idecOar.
7. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 193 and i. 289 combined. V. 3: MSS. 6s, Karst. rad. 8. Sext. Emp. Math. x. 313; Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. p. 294, Dow. 284; Schol. Vill. and Schol. Min. to Homer, Jl. H 99. 9. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 361 and x. 313 ; Eustath. J]. H 99, p. 668, 60. 10. Simplic. Phys. 41 r 189, 1, attributes this verse to Anaximenes on the authority of Porphyry. Joh. Philoponus (Phys. i. 188 b 30) attri- butes it to Xenophanes on the same authority. MS. yivovra, corr. Diels.
11. Schol. Genev. to Homer, JJ. 1 199, 2. V. Site. d. berl. Akad. June 18, 1891. I have inserted Diels’ emendation in lines 2 and 3. The first line also occurs in Stob. Flor. ed. Gais. iv. App. p. 6.
12. Achill. Tat. in Isagoge ad. Aratum (Petavit. Doctr. Tempor. iii. p. 76). Cf. Aristotle, de Xenophane, &c., 2; 976 a 32.
V.2: kal pei mpoomAd(ov, Ta ndrw 3’ eis, Karst. aidép:.
13. Eustath. IJ. A 24, p. 827,59; Schol. Vill. ad Z7. A 27 and Schol. Leyd. in Valckenaer, Diair. Eurip. p. 195.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 69 -
7. Homer and Hesiod attributed to the gods all things which are disreputable and worthy of blame when done by men; and they told of them many lawless deeds, stealing, adultery, and deception of each other.!
8. For all things come from earth, and all things end by becoming earth.’
9. For we are all sprung from earth and water.’
10. All things that come into being and grow are earth and water.
11. The sea is the source of water and the source of wind ; for neither would blasts of wind arise in the clouds and blow out from within them, except for the great sea, nor would the streams of rivers nor the rain-water in the sky exist but for the sea; but the great sea is the begetter of clouds and winds and rivers.
12. This upper limit of earth at our feet is visible and ttouches the air,f but below it reaches to infinity.‘
13. She whom men call Iris (rainbow), this also is by nature cloud, violet and red and pale green to behold.
1 Zeller, 525,n.3. Cf. Diog. Laer. ix. 18; Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. i. 224. 2 Of. Stob. Hcl. Phys. ii. 282, 2 mupds yap Ta mdvra Kal eis wip tH mdvra TeXevTG, which Karsten does not assign to Xenophanes. *® Zeller, 541, n.1. Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. ii. 30. 4 Cf. Arist. de Coelo ii. 13; 294421.
70
THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
14 cal 7d pév obv cadis odtis dvyp yéver’ ovde Tis EaTaL
15 16
17
18
eldos audi Oedv Te Kal dooa Aéyw TEpl TavTo * ei yap Kal Ta pddLoTa TUYOL TETENETMEVOY ELTTOV, > \ is4 > 3 \ » Wa \ a / avTos Guws ovK olde* SoKxds & eri Tact TéTUKTAL. nr , ms 3 , oe 5) 4 tadra Sedd~acOar perv zorxoTa Tots érvpotot.
ovtot an’ apyhs mavta Geol Ovntois brédevEar, , \ , ' > / ” GNA Xpove Cnteovtes EhevpicKovawy apewvov.
\ a a eo Tap Tupl xYpn ToLadTa eye YELLavos ev Wp > / al / ” ” EV KNW) MAAAKH KATAKELMEVOV, EUTAEOY OVTA, / \ 3 ¢ , 9°93 / mivovta yNuKvV olvov, UToTpwYyovT épeBivOovs ° dt / 3 > lal ‘4 ” ee / U tis woGev eis avdpav ; Toca ToL ete’ goTl, PEploTE ; mnrikos 700 68’ 6 Misos adixeto ;
vov adr’ ddXov erevpt NOvyor, SelEw OF KeNEVAOr.
* * * * * *
/ A / / / Kal ToTé piv oTUdEertfouevov oKVAaAKOS TrapLdVTA
\ > a \ / 4 A ghaciv érouxtipat Kai Tobe hadcbas eros *
mavoat unde part’, érrel 7) pirov avépos éoriv 5
uy), THY Fyvov POeyEauevns dior.
14. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 49 and 110, and viii. 326. Vv. 1-2: Plut. aud. poet. 178; Laer. Diog. ix. 72. Vv. 3-4: Hipp. Phil. 14, Doz. 565; Origen, Philos. xiv. vol. i. p. 892; Galen, de diff. puls. iii. 1, viii. p- 62. Last half line: Sext. Emp. Pyrrh.ii. 18; Proklos in Tim. p. 78, &e.
V.1: Sext. Diog. ev. V.3: Galen Rv yap kal Ta wéyiora Tixy
Teredcoueva, Hipp. tdxn.
15. Plut. Symp. ix. 7468. Karst. reads Sedétaora. 16. Stob. Flor. xxix. 41 G, Hel. Phys., I. 224.
V. 1: Flor. érésetav, Hcl. mapédotav. V. 2: Hcl. MS. Flor.
épeupickovowv, other MSS. épedpicxor.
17. Athen. ii. p.54z. V.3: Eustath. p. 948, 40.
18. Diog. Laer. viii. 36; Suidas, v. Zevoddyns. Anthol. Graec. i. 86, p. 345, ed. Bosch. prefixes two verses which Karsten assigns to Apollo- doros on the evidence of Athen. 418 zr.
V. 1: MSS. viv ody 7’, corr. Steph. V.3: Suidas dnciy. V.5:
Karst. rjs. Suidas BE $0eytauévny.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 71
14. Accordingly there has not been a man, nor will there be, who knows distinctly what I say about the gods or in regard to all things, for even if one chances for the most part to say what is true, still he would not know; but every one thinks he knows.!
15. These things have seemed to me to resemble the truth.
16. In the beginning the gods did not at all reveal all things clearly to mortals, but by searching men in
the course of time find them out better.
17. The following are fit topics for conversation for men reclining on a soft couch by the fire in the winter season, when after a meal they are drinking sweet wine and eating a little pulse: Who are you, and what is your family? What is your age, my friend? How: old were you when the Medes invaded this land ?
18. Now, however, I come to another topic, and I will show the way.... They say that once ona time whena hound was badly treated a passer-by pitied him and said, ‘Stop beating him, for it is the soul of a dear friend; I recognised him on hearing his voice.’
1 Zeller, 549, n. 2. Burnett, ‘ All are free to guess,’
‘
72 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
19 GAN ei pév TayvThTe Today vikny Tis porto 4H wevtadnrevwv, tv0a Aros Ttépevos- map Ilicao pono’ év ’Odvuprin, sire Taralov, } Kal TuKToovvny addyiwoecoay 2xor, ” 2.7 \ »” a / / elite TO Sewvov deOdov, 0 TayKpaTiov KadéoveL, 5 actoiciv x’ ein KvdpoTEpos Tpocopay, Kat Ke Tposdpiny havepny ev ayaou apo.To, Kai Kev ott’ ein Snpociwy KTedvov éx ToNEws Kal S@porv, 6 of KEetuHdsov Ein: + \ @& rn / sav / glTE KAL ITTOLOW, TAUTA Y ATTAaVTA NAYXOL, 10 > 3\ ” CA \ 5 PR \ > / ovK éwv akios, WoTEp syo* Pouns yap apelvav > an 9Q9 7 e / / avdpav 79 trav hpetépn copin. GAN’ 2ikh para TodTO vomilerar: ovde Sixatov Mpoxpivew pwounv Ths ayabhs codins. ” \ > 4 > \ a / ovTE yap ei TUKTHS ayabds Naoiot pETE(n, 15 ovr’ et TevTaOnEiv, ovTE TANALT MOTH), ovoe ev gi TAYXVTHTL TOOGY, TOTEP oT TPOTYLOV popuns doo’ avdpav epy ev ayave TéNe1, + x \ Lal > > / , ” Touvecev dy 51) waddov év Evvopin TOALS etn * \ 4 / / / 9. 2h A _ opixpov & dv Tt Tod Kappa yéevolT’ eri TO, 20 el Tus aeOXevwv vik@ Ilicao rap’ dy@as - ov yap Tiaiver TadTa puyods TONEWS. 20. d8pocivas 52 pabdvtes dvwdedéas rapa Avdor, odpa Tuppavins hoa dvev orvyepijs, jeoar eis ayopnyv mavadoupyéa pape’ 2xovTes, ov pelos Momrep ytduoe eis érrimay, avbyaréo., yaltnow ayardomevor evTrpeTéeccow, 5 aoKntots dduiy ypimace Sevopevos. 19. Athen. x. 413 F.
V. 3: Schneidewin fods, cf. v.21. V.5: MSS. ri, Wakef. 7d. V.6: Vulg. xpbs &xpa, Jacobs mpocopay from MS. A mpocépay. V. 8: MSS. ovrein, corr. Turnebus. V. 10: Dindorf connects with the preceding line and reads of x’ 1 &fios. V.15: A Aaotow ér’ etn, corr. Steph.
20. Athen. xii. p. 526.
V. 1: MSS. a&ppootvas, corr. Schneider V. 2: Vulg. emt orvyepijs, corr. Dindorf. V.4: ABéorep, PVL rep. V.5: Last word: Schneidewin tavanow, Bergk! prefers aydApaci 7’.
10
15
20
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 73
19. But if one wins a victory by swiftness of foot, or in the pentathlon, where the grove of Zeus lies by Pisas’ stream at Olympia, or as a wrestler, or in painful boxing, or in that severe contest called the pancration, he would be more glorious in the eyes of the citizens, he would win a front seat at assemblies, and would be entertained by the city at the public table, and he would receive a gift which would be a keepsake for him. If he won by means of horses he would get all these things although he did not deserve them, as I deserve them, for our wisdom is better than the strength of men or of horses. This is indeed a very wrong custom, nor is it right to prefer strength to excellent wisdom. For if there should be in the city a man good at boxing, or in the pentathlon, or in wrestling, or in swiftness of foot, which is honoured more than strength (among the contests men enter into at the games), the city would not on that account be any better governed. Small joy would it be to any city in this case if a citizen conquers at the games on the banks of the Pisas, for this does not fill with
wealth its secret chambers.
20. Having learned profitless luxuries from the Ly- dians, while as yet they had no experience of hateful tyranny, they proceeded into the market-place, no less than a thousand in number all told, with purple garments completely covering them, boastful, proud of their comely locks, anointed with unguents Of rich perfume.
74 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
21 viv yap 51) Saredov KaSapor Kai yeipes ardvT@v
Kal KvdALKES* TrEKTOvS O audiTOe? oTEpdvovs, ddndos & evades ptpov év diddy tapatelvec-
kpatnp & gornKev wectos éuppoovyys * adXos & olvos étoipos, ds ovtroTé Hnot Tpod@cew, 5
b] / b] v > la
pelduyos év Kepapoto’, avOzos dcdopevos* > X / 9 is \ > \ \ 7 év 88 wécoto’ ayvnv odynv ABaveros now,
auypov & zotw bdap Kal yAvKd Kal Kaapov:
nd 7 \ / A mapKewtat 8 aptor EavOol yepapyn te Tpdmela
a \ , > /
Tupov Kal péruTos Tiovos ayOopévn* 10 Bopos & avOeouw av To pécov TavTH TETUKACTAL,
por? & apdhls eye: Sopata Kal Garin.
\ XN a X \ e a ” ” xpn S& mpatov pév Ocdv bpveiv edppovas avdpas
b , / \ a ,
evhypors wv0os Kal Kabapoitct NOyors. omelcavtas 5: Kai evéapévous Ta Sixata Sivacbat 15
mpnocew: (TadTa yap wy éoTL TpoxElpoTEpoV *) ody UBpis rivew ordcov Kev Exwv adixoto
v 3s / \ / /
oixad’ dvev TpoTrodov, pa) Wav ynpadéos * avopav & aivety TodTov, Os 2oOXa Tiwy avadgaivet,
@S of pynpoctvn Kal <tovos> aud’ apetijs. 20 ove wayas Siétrew Titdver ov62 Tvyavtor,
ovoee Tt Kevtatpwv, tAdGopaTa TOV TpOTEpwY, h otacias opedavas: Toio’ ovdév ypnoToy EvEecTL *
Oe@v <d2> mpopnOeiny aiév zyew ayabov.
21. Athen. xi. p. 462.
Vv. 4-8: Eustath. Od. 1 359, p. 1633, 53. V. 2: MSS. auguriéels, corr. Dindorf. V.13: Bergk! reads ropotve. V.4: Eust. omits 5¢ and reads eudpooctyns. V.5: AE olvos éorly @romos, Karst. tAAw 8 olvos €romos. Text follows Meineke and Bergk. V.11: Vulg. ard uéoov, corr. Karst. V.14: MSS. Adyos, Hichstidt vdors, Schneid. véuos. V.16: Vulg. puts colon after mphocew and period at end ofline. Meineke puts comma at end of line, and colon after #Bpis. Bergk reads taitra yap dv ... UBpis as paren- thetical. Schneid. rpoopéreov. V. 19: Hermann dvadalyn. V.20: Voulg. 7H pynuociyn, kal tov ds, Schneid. of uvnuoortvn Kal révos, Bergk of uynuo- oty’ H, kal rov, ds. V. 21: Bergk d:érex, V.22: Hermann ovdé 71, Bergk ovd ad: MSS. wAacudrwy, corr. Hermann. V. 23: MSS. ¢evddvas, Scalig. paAcddvas, Osann. opedavds. V. 24: Scalig. adds 5¢: MSS. ayabhy, corr. Franke et al.
10
20
THE ELEATIG SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 75
21. For now the floor is clean, the hands of all and the cups are clean; one puts on the woven garlands, another passes around the fragrant ointment in a vase ; the mixing bow] stands full of good cheer, and more wine, mild and of delicate bouquet, is at hand in jars, which says it will never fail. In the midst frankincense sends forth its sacred fragrance, and there is water, cold, and sweet, and pure; the yellow loaves are near at hand, and the table of honour is loaded with cheese and rich honey. The altar in the midst is thickly covered with flowers on every side; singing and mirth fill the house. Men making merry should first hymn the god with propitious stanzas and pure words; and when they have poured out libations and prayed for power to do the right (since this lies nearest at hand), then it is no un- fitting thing to drink as much as will not prevent your walking home without a slave, if you are not very old. And one ought to praise that man who, when he has drunk, unfolds noble things as his memory and his toil for virtue suggest ; but there is nothing praiseworthy in discussing battles of Titans or of Giants or Centaurs, fic- tions of former ages, nor in plotting violent revolutions.
But it is good always to pay careful respect to the gods.
76 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 22 réurpas yap KoXdiv épipov oKxédos ijpao Tiov Tavpov Napwod, Titov avdpl AaxEt, Tod Kréos “EXddba tracav éhi€etas odd’ arrornEer for’ av dowddav 7 yévos ‘EXXabcKov. 23 obdé Kev év KUAIKL TPOTEpOY KEpdoeElé TLS OlVOV éyxéas, AN bdwp Kai KabdrrepOe wv. 24 40n & émra 7 tact nal éEjKovr’ éviavToi BrAnotpifovres éunv ppovtis’ av’ “EXXdda yiv: 2x yeveThns O& TOT’ Hoav éelKkoo. TevTE TE TPOS TOTS, elmep éym Trepi THVO oida éyey ETHOS. 25 ovx ion mpdxAnots avtn, aceBet pos evoeBi. 26 avdpos ynpévtos Toddov adauporepos. 27 scraow & ératns <Bdaxyou> wvKwor wept Sopa. 28 2& dpyfs ca?” Opnpov éerrel pepabnKacr Travtes.
29 ei pH yAwpov Educe Oeds péds, TOArOY EhacKoV yAvooova cdKa TérETOaL.
30 <dyvov> évi omeatecos Teols KatanrelBetar HOwp.
81 ommoca b) Ovnrotet redyvacw eicopdacbat.
22. Athen. ix. p. 368. V.3: MSS. aoftera:, corr. Karst. V.4: Meineke kaAéos “EAAadixay, Bergk do:dordAwy 7 yévos “EAAadikar.
23. Athen. xi. p. 782. V.2: Vulg. eyxevas, corr. Casaub.
24. Diog. Laer. ix. 19.
25. Arist. Rhet.i. 15; p. 377 a 20.
26. Etym. Magn. s.v. Pnpds ; attributed to Xenophon.
27. Schol. ad Aristoph. Hqwit. v. 408. Vulg. éddra:, MS. © éAdre, V éAdrn. Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 308i, suggests éxoraow 3° éAaray muKwol wept Suara Béxxo., and compares Eurip. Bacch. 110.
(28). Draco Straton. p. 33, ed. Herm.; Cram. An. Oxon. iii. p. 296 (Herod. epi d:xpév. p. 367 Lehrs); Cram. An. Oxon. iv. p. 415 (Choerob. dict. p. 566 Gais.).
(29). Herod. wep) pov. Aé. 41, 5. MSS. Zevopay, corr. Dind. Cf. Etym. Magn. 235, 4. Etym. Gud. 301, 15.
(30). Herod. Ibid. 30, 30. MSS. «al why, corr. Lehrs. Cf. mepi eric. évon. 772, 33. ;
31). Herod. rep dixpdv. 296, 5.
THE ELEATIC. SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 17
22. For sending the thigh-bone of a goat, thou didst receive the rich leg of a fatted bull, an honourable present to a man, the fame whereof shall come to all
Greece, and shall not cease so long as there is a race of Greek bards. ;
23. Nor would any one first pour the wine into the cup to mix it, but water first and the wine above it.
24. Already now sixty-seven years my thoughts have been tossed restlessly up and down Greece, but then it was twenty and five years from my birth, if I know how to speak the truth about these things.!
25. Nor is this (an oath) an equal demand to make of an impious man as compared with a pious man.
26. Much more feeble than an aged man.
27. Bacchic wands of fir stand about the firmly built house.
28. From the beginning, according to Homer, since all have learned them.’
29. If the god had not made light-coloured honey, I should have said that a fig was far sweeter.
30. Holy water trickles down in thy grottoes.
31. As many things as they have made plain for mortals to see!
1 Bergk‘ interprets ppovrida by carmen.
2 Hiller, Dewt. Litt. Zeitg., 1886, Coll. 474-475, suggests ‘(Men know the wanderings of Odysseus) from the beginning as Homer tells them, since all have learned them.’
78 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Sayincs OF XENOPHANES.
Arist. Rhet. ii. 28; 1899b6 (Karsten, Fr. 34). Xenophanes asserts that those who say the gods are born are as impious as those who say that they die; for in both cases it amounts to this, that the gods do not exist at all.
Ibid. 1400 b 5 (K. 85). When the inhabitants of Elea asked Xenophanes whether they should sacrifice to Leukothea and sing a dirge or not, he advised them not to sing a dirge if they thought her divine, and if they thought her human not to sacrifice to her.!
Plutarch, de vit. pud. p. 580 F (K. 386).. When Lasos, son of Hermiones, called that man a coward who was unwilling to play at dice with him, Xenophanes answered that he was very cowardly and without daring in regard to dishonourable things.
Diog. Laer. ix. 20 (K.37). When Empedokles said to him (Xenophanes) that the wise man was not to be found, he answered : Naturally, for it would take a wise man to recognise a wise man.
Plut. de comm. not. p. 1084 8 (K. 88). Xenophanes, . when some one told him that he had seen eels living in hot water, said: Then we will boil them in cold water.
Diog. Laer. ix. 19 (K. 89). ‘ Have intercourse with tyrants either as little as possible, or as agreeably as possible.’
Clem. Al. Strom. vii. p. 841. And Greeks suppose the gods to be like men in their passions as well as in their forms; and accordingly they represent them, each race in forms like their own, in the words of Xenophanes : Ethiopians make their gods black and snub-nosed, Thracians red-haired and with blue eyes; so also they conceive the spirits of the gods to be like themselves.2
' Cf. Plutarch, Amat. p. 763 p; Is. et Os. p. 379 B. * Cf. Theod. Graec. Aff. Cur. iii. p. 49.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 79
A. Gellius, Noct. Att. iii. 11 (K. 31). Some writers have stated that Homer antedated Hesiod, and among these were Philochoros and Xenophanes of Kolophon ; others assert that he was later than Hesiod.
(b) PassaGES RELATING TO XENOPHANES IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE.
Plato, Soph.242p. And the Eleatic group of thinkers among us, beginning with Xenophanes and even earlier, set forth in tales how what men call all things is really one.
De Coelo, ii. 18; 294a 21. On this account some assert that there is no limit to the earth underneath us, saying that it is rooted in infinity, as, for instance, Xenophanes of Kolophon; in order that they may not have the trouble of seeking the cause.!
De mirac. oscult. 88; 833 a 16. The fire at Lipara, Xenophanes says, ceased once for sixteen years, and came back in the seventeenth. And he says that the lava- stream from Aetna is neither of the nature of fire, nor is it continuous, but it appears at intervals of many years.
Metaph. i. 5; 986b10. There are some who have expressed the opinion about the All that it is one in its essential nature, but they have not expressed this opinion after the same manner nor in an orderly or natural way. 986b 238. Xenophanes first taught the unity of these things (Parmenides is said to have been his pupil), but he did not make. anything clear, nor did he seem to get at the nature of either of these things, but looking up into the broad heavens he said: The unity is god.
1 Two passages from the Rhet. ii. 23 are translated above, p. 78. Extracts from the book ordinarily called De Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia, and ascribed to Aristotle, are in part translated below, p. 80, n. 2 fi., .in connection with the fragment of Theophrastos which covers exactly the same ground.
80 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
3 These, as we have said, are to be dismissed from the present investigation, two of them entirely as being rather more crude, Xenophanes and Melissos; but Par- menides seems to speak in some places with greater care.'
(c) PassaGES RELATING TO XENOPHANES IN THE ‘ DoxoGRAPHISTS.’
Theophrastos, Fr. 5 ; Simpl. Phys. 5v: 22,36; Doz. 480. Theophrastos says that Xenophanes of Kolophon, teacher of Parmenides, asserted that the first principle is one, and that being is one and all-embracing, and is neither limited nor infinite, neither moving nor at rest. Theophrastos admits, however, that the record of his opinion is derived from some other source than the investigation of nature. This all-embracing unity Xenophanes called god; he shows that god is one be- cause god is the most powerful of all things; for, he says, if there be a multiplicity of things, it is necessary that power should exist in them all alike; but the most powerful and most excellent of all things is god.2 And he shows that god must have been without beginning, since whatever comes into being must come either from what is like it or from what is unlike it; but, he says, it is no more natural that like should give birth to like, than that like should be born from like; but if it had sprung from what is unlike it, then being would have
1 V. Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. i. 513, n.1; Diels’ Dox. p. 110; Teich- miiller, Studien, p. 607.
* Cf. Arist. Xen. Zen. Gorg. 977.223. It is natural that god should be one; for if there were two or more, he would not be the most powerful and most excellent of all.... If, then, there were several beings, some stronger, some weaker, they would not be gods; for itis not the nature of god to be ruled. Nor would they have the nature of god if they were equal, for god ought to be the most powerful; but that which is equal is neither better nor worse than its equal.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 81
sprung from not-being.' So he showed that god is without beginning and eternal. Nor is it either infinite or subject to limits; for not-being is infinite, as having neither beginning nor middle nor end; moreover limits arise through the relation of a multiplicity of things to each other.? Similarly he denies to it both motion and rest; for not-being is immovable, since neither could anything else come into it nor could it itself come into anything else; motion, on the one hand, arises among the several parts of the one, for one thing changes its position with reference to another, so that when he says that it abides in the same state and is not moved (Frag. 4.), ‘And it always abides in the same place, not moved at all, nor is it fitting that it should move from one place to another,’ he does not mean that it abides in arest that is the antithesis of motion, but rather in a stillness that is out of the sphere of both motion and rest. Nikolaos of Damascus in his book On the Gods mentions him as saying that the first principle of things is infinite and immovable.* Accord- ing to Alexander he regards this principle as limited and spherical. But that Xenophanes shows it to be neither limited nor infinite is clear from the very words
' Of. Arist. X.Z7.G. 977a19. Headds: For even if the stronger were to come from the weaker, the greater from the less, or the better from the worse, or on the other hand the worse from the better, still being could not come from not-being, since this is impossible. Accordingly god is eternal.
2 Of. Arist. X.7.G.977 b 6. The second part reads: But if there were several parts, these would limit each other. The one is not like not-being nor like a multiplicity of parts, since the one has nothing by which it may be limited.
3 Arist. X.Z.G.977b13. He adds: Nothing, however, can be moved into not-being, for not-being does not exist anywhere. But if there is change of place among several parts, there would be parts of the one. Therefore the two or more parts of the one may be moved ; but to remain immovable and fixed is a characteristic of not-being. The one is neither movable nor is it fixed ; forit is neither like not-being, nor like a multiplicity of being.
G
82 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
quoted,—Alexander says that he regarded it as limited and spherical because it is homogeneous throughout ; and he holds that it perceives all things, saying (Frag. 3) ‘But without effort he sets in motion all things by mind and thought.’ !
Theophrast. Fr. 5a ; Galen, in Hipp. d. n. h. xv. 35K. ; Dox. 481. Several of the commentators have made false statements about Xenophanes, as for instance Sabinos, who uses almost these very words: ‘I say that man is not air, as Anaximenes taught, nor water, as Thales taught, nor earth, as Xenophanes says in some book;’ but no such opinion is found to be ex- pressed by Xenophanes anywhere. And it is clear from Sabinos’s own words that he made a false statement in- tentionally and did not fall into error through ignorance. Else he would certainly have mentioned by name the book in which Xenophanes expressed this opinion. On the contrary he wrote ‘as Xenophanes says in some book.’ Theophrastos would have recorded this opinion of Xenophanes in his abridgment of the opinions of the physicists, if it were really true. And if you are interested in the investigation of these things, you can read the books of Theophrastos in which he made this abridgment of the opinions of the physicists.
Hipp. Philos. i. 14; Dox. 565. Xenophanes of Kolophon, son of Orthomenes, lived to the time of Cyrus. He was the first to say that all things are in- comprehensible, in the following verses : (Frag. 14) ‘ For even if one chances for the most part to say what is true, still he would not know; but every one thinks he
' Arist. X.Z7.G. 977. Since god is a unity, he is homogeneous in all his parts, and sees and hears and has other sensations in all his parts. Except for this some parts of god might rule and be ruled by one another, a thing which is impossible. Being homogeneous throughout he is a sphere in form; for it could not be spheroidal in places but rather throughout.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 83
knows.’' And he says that nothing comes into being, nor is anything destroyed, nor moved; and that the universe is one and is not subject to change. And he says that god is eternal and one, homogeneous throughout, limited, spherical, with power of sense- perception in all parts. The sun is formed each day from small fiery particles which are gathered together ; the earth is infinite, and is not surrounded by air or by sky ; an infinite number of suns and moons exist, and all things come from earth. The sea, he said, is salt because so many things flow together and become mixed in it; but Metrodoros assigns as the reason for its saltness that it has filtered through the earth.? And Xenophanes believes that once the earth was mingled with the sea, but in the course of time it became freed from moisture ; and his proofs are such as these: that shells are found in the midst of the land and among the mountains, that in the quarries of Syracuse the imprints of a fish and of seals had been found, and in Paros the imprint of an anchovy at some depth in the stone, and in Melite shallow impressions of all sorts of sea, products. He says that these imprints were made when everything long ago was covered with mud, and then the imprint dried in themud. Farther he says that all men will be destroyed when the earth sinks into the sea and be- comes mud, and that the race will begin anew from the be- ginning ; andthis transformation takes place for all worlds.
Plut. Strom. 4; Dox. 580. Xenophanes of Kolo- phon, going his own way and differing from all those that had gone before, did not admit either genesis or destruction, but says that the all is always the same. For if it came into being, it could not have existed before this ; and not-being could not come into existence
1 Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 9; Doz. 590. 2 Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 543, n. 1.
84 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
nor could it accomplish anything, nor could anything come from not-being. And he declares that sensations are deceptive, and together with them he does away with the authority of reason itself. And he declares that the earth is constantly sinking little by little into the sea. He says that the sun is composed of numerous fiery particles massed together. And with regard to the gods he declares that there is no rule of one god over another, for it is impious that any of the gods should be ruled ; and none of the gods have need of anything at all, for a god hears and sees in all his parts and not in some particular organs.' He declares that the earth is infinite and is not surrounded on every side by air; and all things arise from earth; and he says that the sun and the stars arise from clouds.
Galen, Hist. Phil. 3; Dox. 601. Xenophanes of Kolophon is said to be the chief of this school, which is ordinarily considered aporetic (skeptical) rather than dogmatic. 7; Dox. 604. To the class holding eclectic views belongs Xenophanes, who has his doubts as to all things, except that he holds this one dogma: that all things are one, and that this is god, who is limited, endowed with reason, and immovable.
Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dox. 284. Xenophanes held that the first principle of all things is earth, for he wrote in his book on nature: ‘All things come from earth, and all things end by becoming earth.”?
Aet. ii. 4; Dow. 332. Xenophanes et al.: The world is without beginning, eternal, imperishable. 13; 848. The stars are formed of burning cloud ; these are extinguished each day, but they are kindled again at night, like coals; for their risings and settings are
' Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. p. 526, n.4; Arch. f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. ii. 1889, pp. 1-5.
* Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 9; Dow. 590.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 85
really kindlings and extinguishings. 18; 847. The objects which appear to those on vessels like stars, and which some call Dioscuri, are little clouds which have become luminous by a certain kind of motion. 20; 548. The sun is composed of fiery particles collected from the moist exhalation and massed together, or of burning clouds. 24; 354. Kclipses occur by extinction of the sun; and the sun is born anew at its risings. Xeno- phanes recorded an eclipse of the sun for a whole month, and another eclipse so complete that the day seemed as night. 24; 855. Xenophanes held that there are many suns and moons according to the different regions and sections and zones of the earth ; and that at some fitting time the disk of the sun comes into a region of the earth not inhabited by us, and so it suffers eclipse as though it had gone into a hole; he adds that the sun goes on for an infinite distance, but it seems to turn around by reason of the great distance. 25; 356. The moon is a compressed cloud. 28; 358. It shines by its own light. 29 ; 360. The moon disappears each month because it is extinguished. 30; 362. The sun serves a purpose in the generation of the world and of the animals on it, as well as in sustaining them, and it drags the moon after it.
Aet. ili. 2; 867. Comets are groups or motions of burning clouds. 3; 368. Lightnings take place when clouds shine in motion. 4; 871. The phenomena of the heavens come from the warmth of the sun as the principal cause. For when the moisture is drawn up from the sea, the sweet water separated by reason of its lightness becomes mist and passes into clouds, and falls as rain when compressed, and the winds scatter it; for he writes expressly (Frag. 11): ‘ The sea is the source of water.’
Aet. iv. 9; 396. Sensations are deceptive.
Aet. v. 1; 415. Xenophanes and Epikouros abolished the prophetic art.
86 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
VL. THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES.
Parmenipges, the son of Pyres (or Pyrrhes), of Elea, was born about 515 z.c.; his family was of noble rank and rich, but Parmenides devoted himself to philosophy. He was associated with members of the Pythagorean society, and is himself called a Pythagorean by later writers. In the formation of his philosophic system how- ever he was most influenced by his aged fellow-townsman, Xenophanes ; the doctrines of Xenophanes he developed into a system which was embodied in a poetic work ‘ On Nature.’ The statement that he made laws for the citizens may have reference to some connection with the Pythagorean society.
Literature: The fragments of Parmenides have been collected by Peyron, Leipzig 1810 ; Karsten, Amster- dam 1830; Brandis, Comm. Hleat. Altona 1813; Vatke, Berlin 1864; Stein, Symb. philol. Bonn. Leipzig 1867; V. Revue Phil. 1883, 5: 1884, 9. Berger, Die Zonenlehre d. Parm. Miinchen, 1895.
(a) FRaGMENTS oF PARMENIDES.
v “Imrot tai pe bépovow, cov 7’ él Oupos ixdvor, / > / b} e \ n Tremor, étrel pw’ és odov Bicav tworddnuov dyoveat 5 s A \ / b] eS ae / O77 rn aimovos i) Kata TavT avTi dépe iddta Porta. a , a / 4 7H Pepopnv: TH yap we ToAppacTor hépov trot e a c 5 appa tiraivovea.: xotpas & odor 2 ELOvEvov. » Py b fal i / > \ afov 8 év xvoujow <ie> cdpuyyos authv
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 87
120/ a \ 3 r al aiPopevos (Sovots yap érrelyeto Suvwtoiow KiKrois aupotépwOev), te oTEpYolaTO TeuTELY ‘“Hyuddes Kodpas, mporwrrodcar SoOpata vuKTos,
Sources and Critical Notes.
1-30. (Followed without break by 53-58) Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 111. Cf. Porphyrius, de antro nymph. ch. 22. 28-32. Simpl. de coelo 557, 25. 28-30. Laer. Diog. ix. 22. 29-30. Plut. adv. Colot. 1114 p. Prokl. Tim. p. 1053; Clem. Al. Strom. v. p. 682.
Vv. 6-8 Karsten transfers toa position after v. 10 (order: 5, 9, 10, 6, 7,8, 11),comma at end of v. 5 and period at end of v.8. Stein transfers vv. 4-8 to a position after v. 21, and changes daiuovos of v. 3 to da/woves in apposition with ‘HAiddes xovpa. Order: 3,9,10...20, 21,4,5... 7, 8, where a break occurs, and v. 22 begins a new section.
V.2: SV (nowy. V.3: MSS. mdvra 7H pepe, Karst. mdv7’ ada7 ¢., Hermann kal rdv7’ adrh, Stein ravra wdbn. Diels compares v. 32 and Verg. Aen. vi. 565. V.4: C epopévny, G pépoua. V.6: Karsten inserts te. V.7: G aic@duevos, Stein ax Oduevos : GR énhyeto, C éerfyetos V. 10: MSS. xparepév, except G Kparepais, corr. Karsten. V. 12: MSS. kal opas. V. 14: CRV Siknv. V.17: FG rais. V. 20: MSS. CGRV apnpéra 77, Hermann dpnpétas fj. V. 25: V tra: R re, other MSS. ral. V. 26: CR otra, G otre. V.27: Stein tnAov for exrds. V. 28: CR reidec@ar. V.29: Prokl. eipéyyeos, Simpl. edxurdréos : Plut., Diog., Sext. L arpexés ; text follows Prokl. and other MSS. of Sext. Stein compares Sextus’s explanation émerakiynrov 215 6. V. 31: Steinlsuggests roiro. V. 32: MSS. elva, corr. Karsten.
TRANSLATION.
(Prooemium) The horses which bear me con- ducted me as far as desire may go, when they had brought me speeding along to the far-famed road of a divinity who herself bears onward through all
5 things the man of understanding. Along this road I was borne, along this the horses, wise indeed, bore me hastening the chariot on, and maidens guided my course. The axle in its box, enkindled by the heat, uttered the sound of a pipe (for it was driven on by the rolling wheels on either side), when the maiden daughters of Helios hastened to conduct me
88 10
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35
THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
lal \ / eis hdos, @odmeval KPAaTOY aro YEpot KadUTTTpAS. > 4, fv0a TvdaL vUKTOS TE Kal HuaTos cio KENEVOOD, / > / kal ohas brrépOupor apdis Zyet Kal Nawvos ovdos, n / / avtal & aidépias TAHvTar peyddovor Oupétpors. al > s tav 53 Aiken rodvrrowos ever KAnidas aporBors. a al / tiv 8 Tappdpevar Kovpar wadaKotor NoyoLowW lal \ > fol méiocay érippadéws, Ws odiv Badaverov oxja > / ” / »” \ ys fa} / amréepéws Mose TUAZMY Aro. Tal 5 Oupétpwv xdop’ ayaves Toincay avaTrTdmevat, TONVYAaNKOVS { . \ G d£ovas év cipuyEw apuoiBadov eiriEacan,
2 lal ’ fal youdos Kal Tepovyow apnpdTe’ TH pa dv adtav 72\ ” a y oe \ e » eg (Ods éyov Kodpas kal’ duakirov appa Kal tarovs.
\ , ¢ , a \ \ kai we Oca mpodppav wredeEaTo, yetpa 52 yeupt \ ef. e o 0 / U /, Sefvrepiyy Erev, we S Eros Hato Kai pe rpocnida * ® Kodp’ GBavdrovor cuvHopos Hvioyo.cL, immo tai ce pépovow ixdvev jpérepor 60, yap, 2irel ove oe potpa Kaxi mpovrewre véeoOa / 8 550 5 \ > \ Nog 3 0 , b) \ , b] / THVO O0oVv* % yap aT’ avOpeTwv éxTos TaTOU éoTlY* Gra Demis Te Sikn Te. ypéw 8é ce wdvta rubécbat, > ~ > / > / > \ io nuev adnOeins evrreOéos atpzuis rop, 02 Bpdrwv SdEas Ths ob« 2 rlatis ddnOns. > + ed \ n tA e \ rn aN’ Eurrns Kai TadTa pabjosa, ws Ta SoKodvTA \ / lal lal XpN Soxipws Kpivar Sia wavros wdvta Tepovta.
\ \ Ta Tpos adHOevav.
en eee ae 8 , ’ aA el 0 dy’, yar epg, Kdpuroas 83 od pvOov axovcas,
trZ € \ an A aitep od0i podvar difjords stor vofoau.
e X ing »” HEV OT MS ECT TE Kai WS OvK ZoTL ph ElvaL
33-40. Prokl. Tim. 1058. 35-40. Simpl. Phys. 25 r 116,28. 40b-. Plot. Ennead, v. 1, 8, p. 489; Clem. Al. Strom. 749.
V. 33: MSS. &ye ray, corr. Karsten. V.34: MSS. povoa, corr. Brandis. V. 38: Prokl. 3 #rot: Simpl. ravarevdéa, Stein mavanesdi, text follows Prokl. V. 39 Prokl. egpicroy, text follows Simpl. Stein compares Simpl. D 109, 24; 111, 25.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 89
10 to the light, leaving the realms of night, pushing
15
20
30
aside with the hand the veils from their heads. There is the gate between the ways of day and night ; lintel above it, and stone threshold beneath, hold it in place, and high in air it is fitted with great doors ; retributive Justice holds the keys that open and shut them.' However, the maidens addressed her with mild words, and found means to persuade her to thrust back speedily for them the fastened bolt from the doors; and the gate swinging free made the opening wide, turning in their sockets the bronze hinges, well fastened with bolts and nails; then through this the maidens kept horses and chariot straight on the high-road. The goddess received me with kindness, and, taking my right hand in hers, she addressed me with these words :—Youth joined with drivers immortal, who hast come with the horses that bear thee, to our dwelling, hail! since no evil fate has bid thee come on this road (for it lies far outside the beaten track of men), but right and justice. ’Tis necessary for thee to learn all things, both the abiding essence of per- suasive truth, and men’s opinions in which rests no true belief. But nevertheless these things also thou shalt learn, since it is necessary to judge
~ accurately the things that rest on opinion, passing
35
all things carefully in review.
ConcEeRNING TRUTH.
Come now I will tell thee—and do thou hear my word and heed it—what are the only ways of enquiry that lead to knowledge. The one way,
! Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. iii. p. 173.
90 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
mevOovs gare KédEv0os, dnnGely yap omqdei
i & @s ode EoTw TE Kal OS xpeay goTl pn ElLvat
si 5 Toe ppato mavaTrevbéa z, Eyer érapirée ,
ode vap av ryvoins TO YE pr gov" ov yap avuoTov * 40 ore dpdaats. 7d yap avo voeiv éotiv te Kal etvat.
\ / se | Evvov 6¢ pot éotwy, émmobev dpEwpat, 7O0e yap wadw iEopar adOrs.
xn TO eyew Te vosiv 7 gov Eupevar. got. yap eivat, pndav & ove sivas, Ta 0° ey@ ppaleOar avwya,
45 mparns yap o° ad’ 0800 tadrns Subijovos < eipywo> abtap erreur’ ard Tihs, tv 8) Bporol eiddres oddev mrdtovras Sixpavor aynyavin yap év avTov otnOeow (Over TAaYKTOV Voov: of 5 popedyTaL Kool ouas tuprol te TeOnTroTEs Axpita Hora,
50 ols rd wéNew Te Kal ovK Elval TOUTOV VEevOmLoTAaL Kov TaUTOV, TavTwY 52 TadivTpoTos éaTL KEdEVOOS. ov yap un mote TOUT Saph, Hyow, eivar pn zovTA aA od THAS ad’ o800 Sifjovos eipye vonua’
41-42. Prokl. Parm. ii. 120; Vulg. &ptoua: corr. Karst.
43-51. Simpl. Phys. 251117, 4. 438-44. Ibid. 19 r 86, 27. 45. Cf. Ibid. 17r78, 6. 50. Ibid. 17178, 3.
V. 43: F réov, aDE (19: 86) 7d bv. V.44: MSS. (19: 86) anda (25: 117): D un Be of8’", F off, LH wh Sé01 8: f elvar, DEF (25: 117) or. V.45: Diels supplies e%pyw, Stein concludes the line likey. 52. V.47 DEF madrrovrai, text follows a. Vv. 50, 51: Diels rairdy.
53-588 follow 1-32 in Sext. Emp. 52-53. Plato, Soph. 237 a, 258p; Arist. Met. xiii. 1089; Simpl. Phys. 29 v 135, 21; 317143, 31; 53v apy 53. Simpl. Phys. 11178, 6; 152v 650,13. 54-56. Diog. Laer.
V. 52: Plato, rodr’ obdauf, Arist. rodro dajjs Simpl. 5au%, corr. Stein. Karsten omits v. 52. V.55: Bergk evoxorov. V.56: CRV xplve, G xpwav; L woatrepov. Vulg. dye, corr. Burnet. Stein
ngs v. 53, and transfers 54-57a to the prooemium following
40
45
50
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 91
assuming that being is and that it is impossible for it not to be, is the trustworthy path, for truth attends it. The other, that not-being is and that it necessarily is, I call a wholly incredible course, since thou canst not recognise not-being (for this is impossible), nor couldst thou speak of it, for thought and being are the same thing.
It makes no difference to me at what point I begin, for I shall always come back again to this.
It is necessary both to say and to think that being is ; for it is possible that being is, and it is impos- sible that not-being is; this is what I bid thee ponder. I restrain thee from this first course of investigation; and from that course also along which mortals knowing nothing wander aimlessly, since helplessness directs the roaming thought in their bosoms, and they are borne on deaf and like- wise blind, amazed, headstrong races, they who consider being and not-being as the same and not the same; and that all things follow a back-turning course. '
That things which are not are, shall never prevail, she said, but do thou restrain thy mind from this course of investigation.
' Stein, Symbol. p. 782; Bernays, Rhein. Mus. vii. 115; Zeller, 738 and n. 1,
92 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
c A / / pndé o° 00s modvrretpoy Oddy Kata THVdE Bracbw lal \ / > / 55 vepay doKotrov Oupa Kai nYynEeToay aKkouny \ a a 8: / sO Zr Kal yA@ooar, Kpivat 0 Noywy ToNVONpLY ELEY XOV v fo) ¢ na 2& 2ud0ev pnOevta. jovos & ert p0Oos odoto / id ov 4 8’ ois. & 4 9 Aelrerat, ws tot. TavTn 8 emi onpar’ Zacr / TOANA Man’, os ayévnTov ov Kal avodreOpov zou, 60 oddov povvoyevés Te Kal aTpewis 70 ATENEOTOV. > | 4 >Q9 2 \ n ” € a a ove Trot’ Hv ov0’ Zorae eel viv ZoTLV OMod TAY, ef / / \ / / > a &v, Euveyés: tiva yap yévvay Sifjoeat avtod ; Ae. Tae s af 29\r9 Vp es 27 wh TwoOEev avénbér ; ovT’ éx pun eovTOS Zav@ / ’ LANBS a > Nt \ Qr x pdcOat o” obb2 voeiv: ob yap hatov ovde vonTov 65 éoriv draws ovK ott. ti 8 av ply Kal ypéos WpoEV, A x L4 a \ ’ / fal vorepov 7) Tpoabev Tod pndevos apEdpevov pov ; x ovTws }) Taprrav TéEvaL YpEwV zoTLV 7) OVX. > / ” / / oveé mot’ Ex my sovTos epyoe. TiaTLos lays / / a ylvecOal ti Tap’ ado: Tod elvexev ote yevéa0ar bs + aA 70 ov’ OdAdXVEOaL avijKe Ain yadrdcaca Tédnow > so” aX’ Ex et.
[) 52 xpiows wept TovT@Vv év TOS’ EveoTiV]
57 b-112 (except 90-93). Simpl. Phys. 31: 145-146. 57b-59. Ibid. 31 r 142, 34. 57 b-70. Ibid. 17 r 78, 12. 59-60. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 716; Euseb. Praep. xiii. 680 c. 59-61. Simpl. Phys..7 r 30,1. 60. Plut. adv. Col. 1114p; Euseb. Praep. i. 23; Theod. Ther. Ser. iv. 7 ; Phil. Phys. B5r: 65; Simpl. de Caelo 557, 17; Phys. 26 x 120, 23. 60a. Simpl. Phys. 19 r 87, 21; Plut. Strom. 5; Dox. 580. 61. Ammon. on Herm. D7 (=Cramer A. P. 1388); Philop. Phys. 5 r: 65; Prokl. Parm. iv. 62. 62-66. Simpl. Phys. 34 v 162,18. 62-65. Simpl. de Caelo, 137, 1.
V. 57: Stein udvns: V dé m1, CH d¢ ro, FG Bé ye. V.60: Plut. Strom. 5 reads podvoy for oddAov: a (17: 78) aréAevrov, MSS. (26: 120) and Dow. 284 and 580 &yévnrov. V. 62: F diChoerat, V. 66: D (31: 145) pwndauas: B (81: 145) ab&duevov: Da (17: 78) a (31: 145) piva, EB iv. Cf. Stein, p. 786. V. 68: MSS. & ye uh bvros, DE om. vé, Karst. é« rod édyros, Stein & ye médovtos. Corr. Diels, paraphrasing Simpl. 78, 27. V. 70: EF Bergk, Diels ré5now. V. 71b: v. Stein, Symbol. 787. V. 73: aDE dyévnrov; text follows F. V.75: MSS. érera médo ro, corr. Karsten, Stein dardaorro médov : MSS. &y, corr. Stein. V. 76: EF éyéver’, D éyer’, corr. Bergk.
55
60
65
70
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 93
And let not long-practised habit compel thee along this path, thine eye careless, thine ear and thy tongue overpowered by noise; but do thou weigh the much contested refutation of their words, which
I have uttered.
There is left but this single path to tell thee of : namely, that being is. And on this path there are many proofs that being is without beginning and indestructible ; it is universal, existing alone, im- movable and without end; nor ever was it nor will it be, since it now is, all together, one, and continuous. For what generating of it wilt thou seek out ? From what did it grow, and how? I will not permit thee to say or to think that it came from not-being ; for it is impossible to think or to say that not-being is. What thing would then have stirred it into activity that it should arise from not-being later rather than earlier? So it is necessary that being either is absolutely or is not. Nor will the force of the argument permit that anything spring from being except being itself. Therefore justice does not slacken her fetters to permit generation or de-
struction, but holds being firm.
(The decision as to these things comes in at
this point.)
94
75
80
85
90
THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Zor ovk & d & ody Ootrep avayK
i obn Eotw. Kéxpurar 0 ody p avayKn, THY bev eav aueyrav, av@vupov' ov ‘yap drys goriv 650s: THY & woTE TédEW Kal arg runon elvat. aras 8 av ereit’ ardXowro éov ; Tas 8 ad KE yévolTo ; el yap éyévt’ ovK Bor’ od8’ ei rote wérev foeo Oar. Tas yéveots piv aréaBeotar Kal drrvoTos OdeOpos. ovee SvalpeTov éoTWW, érrel wav éotiv opotor*
oved TL TH padrov, TO KEV Elpryou py owvixeo bat, ovod TL xetporepor, wav & auechaon 2 got eovTos.
7? Euvexes Tav eT, gov yp éovTe TwEera€et.
avrap axivytov weyddwv év Treipace Seopov
Zot, dvapyov, atravoTor, eet yéveois Kal brcOpos Tire pan etrayyOnoav, arace dé riotis adnOys. TovToV T ev TOUTO TE pevov KAY EwUTO TE KEITAL, yotrws gumedov adOc péver* Kpatepr) yap avaryKn me(patos ev Secpotow Fyel, TO pw apis eépryer. otvekev OUK GTENEUTHTOV TO Zov Oeuts Eivat:
éoTl yap ovK emidevés, cov 8 av mavtos edziro.
Nedoce 8 Opwws atredvTa vo@ mapeovra BeBaios: ov yap amotunters Th gov TH govTos exer Gas
77. De Caelo, 559,115. 78. Simpl. Phys. 19 r 86, 24, 31 r 143, 3; 81. Simpl. Phys. 86, 22; 87, 23. Plot. Enmead. vi. 4, 4, 6484; Prokl. Parm. ii. 62 and 120; Philop. B 5: 65. 82-89 (except 85). Simpl. Phys. 9 r 39, 26. 82-84. Ibid. 17 v 79, 32. 85-89. Ibid. 7 r 30,6; 9r 40, 3. 85. Prokl. Parm. iv. 32. Simpl. Phys. 31 r 143, 15.
V.78: Fdiupéreov, V.79: For paddoy Stein reads nev edy. V. 80: F 5é rAgov. V.82: D dkwhrwv. V.84: MSS. 7ri8e, corr. Scal. DHF éradx@noay, corr. a. V. 85: Diels rairdv, ravT@, éavTd. Simpl. 30, 6 omits the last re. V.86: C odx obtws, a ovrws, text from DF. V.88: Stein réAov. V. 89: Simpl. uh edby St dy wayrds. Karsten reads émidevés in three syllables and puts xe for &v. Preller omits uf. Stein considers these views untenable, and finds a break, probably longer than one line, after émidevés.
90-93. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 2, 653. 90. Theod. Ther. Ser. i. 13.
V.90: Stein suggests awedy te véw mapedy re BeBaly. V. 91: Stein réAov: Vulg. adroruhte:, corr. Brandis. MSS. rd édv rod, corr. Preller, comparing vy. 105 and 108.
75
80
85
90
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 95
. Hither being exists or it does not exist. It has been decided in accordance with necessity to leave the unthinkable, unspeakable path, as this is not the true path, but that the other path exists and is true. How then should being suffer destruction? How come into existence? If it came into existence, it is not being, nor will it be if it ever is to come into existence. . . . So its generation is extinguished, and its destruction is proved incredible.
Nor is it subject to division, for it is all alike ; nor is anything more in it, so as to prevent its co- hesion, nor anything less, but all is full of being; therefore the all is continuous, for being is con- tiguous to being.
Farther it is unmoved, in the hold of great chains, without beginning or end, since generation and destruction have completely disappeared and true belief has rejected them. It lies the same, abiding in the same state and by itself; accordingly it abides fixed in the same spot. For powerful neces- sity holds it in confining bonds, which restrain it on all sides. Therefore divine right does not permit being to have any end ; but it is lacking in nothing, for if it lacked anything it would lack everything.'
Nevertheless, behold steadfastly all absent things as present to thy mind ; for thou canst not separate
! Following Karsten and Preller ; Stein rejects the interpretation.
96
95
100
105
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THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
\ , ode oKLOVapEvov TAYTH TAYTWS KATA KOTMLOV ovTE TUVLOTApEVOV. by 5 \ a \ A / > 4 twvtTov & gor) vosiv Te Kal OUVEKEV ETL VONLA. al @ / ov yap dvev Tod eovtos, gv 6 TepaTicpevoy eoTiv, a x ebphoeis TO vosiv. ovdev xptos EoTW 7) EaTAL s rn \ / lal Gro wapeE Tod zdvTos, erat TO ye pop’ earéOnoev S > / , sy n ‘A + ee 4 bie odAov akivntov 7 Euevar. TO TaVT Ovo ETTAaL / 3 a bcca Bpotol Katébevto, rerrovOores sivas anrnO7, / ty yivecOal te kal OAAVoOaL, Elva‘ TE Kal OKI, Kal Témrov adddAdooew Sia Te ypoa havov apetBew. \ a t avrap eel melpas TUpatov, TeTEAEopévov zoTt / > tA sg > / y mavrTobev, evKUKNOU ohaipns EVANIYKLOY OYKO, / N lal pscodbey icorradis TavTn* TO Yap ovTE TL petfov / rn a ote Te Baworepov Trédevat YpE@V zoTL TH 7) TH. \ , lal ote yap ovK eo éoTL, TO KEV TraVoL py ikveto Oat 4 / \ eis Omov, ovT’ éov Zotw Straws eln Kev 2ovTOS TH padrNrov TH S’ hocov, eel Trav got dovdrov. ? \ U = a el yap wavTobev icov omes év TEipact KUpEl.
Ta mpos do€av.
a , \ év TO COL Tavow TLOTOV AOYoY HOE VOnMA > ‘ > / 4 a apis arnOeins: Sofas 8 amo todde Bporetas
94-112. Simpl. Phys. 31 v 146, 7. 94-98. Ibid. 19 r 87, 13 and 86, 31. 94-96. Ibid. 317 143,22. 98. Plat. Theaet. 180 2, and from this Simpl. Phys. Tr 29,18. 103-105. Plat. Soph. 244%; from Plato, Simpl. Phys. 12r 52, 23; 19 v 89, 22; Stob. Hcl. i. 15, p. 352. 103-104. Arist. de X.Z.G. ch. 2 and 4; Prokl. Tim. 160p; Simpl. Phys. 27r 126, 22 and 127, 31; 29 v 137,16. 104-105. Prokl. Parm. iv. p. 62.
V. 95: DZ (87,15) wepwrispévov, V. 96: (19: 86, 13) odd8v yap
éotiv, (31: 146) 008° ef xpdvos éoriv, corr. Stein. V. 98: Text from Simpl. 19: 87. Simpl. 31: 146 rdvt’ dvéuacru. Plato olov akivnrov ft reAdber TH wdytit Svow’ elvar. V.100: MSS, ovx!, corr. Karst. V.105: H and Plato xpedv. V. 102: Kar- sten abtap émi, Stein airdp édy. V. 106: DEF avo, text from a: F' xweioOau, Stein ixéoOa. V. 107: MSS. ore dv, corr.a. DEF kai év, a kevdv, corr. Karsten. V. 109: DEF oi yap, a 7 ydo, Diels ei ydp or § ydp: MSS. «upe?, corr. Stein.
95
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105
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THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 97
being in one place from contact with being in an- other place; it is not scattered here and there through the universe, nor is it compounded of parts.
Therefore thinking and that by reason of which thought exists are one and the same thing, for thou wilt not find thinking without the being from which it receives its name. Nor is there nor will there be anything apart from being; for fate has linked it together, so that it is a whole and immovable. Wherefore all these things will be but a name, all these things which mortals determined in the belief that they were true, viz. that things arise and perish, that they are and are not, that they change their position and vary in colour.
But since there is a final limit, it is perfected on every side, like the mass of a rounded sphere, equally distant from the centre at every point. For it is necessary that it should neither be greater at all nor less anywhere, since there is no not-being which can prevent it from arriving at equality, nor is being such that there may ever be more than what is in one part and less in another, since the whole is inviolate. For if it is equal on all sides, it abides in equality within its limits.
CoNCERNING OPINIONS.
At this point I cease trustworthy discourse and the thought about truth; from here on, learn the opinions of mortals, hearing of the illusive order of my verses.
H
98 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
’ > a DI / > \ > uA pavOave, wher now guav éréov aTaTnov aKxovov. poppas yap katé0evto Svo venues ovopalew Tov plav ov pe? goTw, ev @ PERG EVOL elolv.
115 avtia 8 ve coed Sguas Kal onuat’ 0evTo xepis an addqphoov, TH pev Proyos aifépvoy Up ijmvov Saper dpaioy, éavT@® TAVTOTE TWOUTOD,
7@ & érépp pr) Tadrdv: atap KaKéeivo Kat’ avTod dvtla vin’ adah, wuKivov Sduas éuBpwbés te.
120 trav cot éyw Sidkocpov goixoTa Tavta patito, ds ob pn Tote Tis ce BpoTdy yvoun wapedacn.
\ Le / avtap éreid) Tdvta pdos Kal vvE ovopacrat 4 a a4 fal Kal Ta KaTa odetépas Suvdpets ei Toll TE Kal Tots, n s 2 \ c a s ‘, \ > s may TA€ov eoTly Omov pdgos Kal VUKTOS apayToU, ” > / > \ > / U / 125 icwv audorépar, érrel ovdeTépw wera pdév.
ai yap oreworepat aay Tupos CT,
ai © él tats yuKTos, poeta & proves | ieTae aioa,
> / éy 68 péo@ TOUTwY Saipwr, 1) TavTa KUBEpvG.
110-121. Simpl. Phys. 9r 38, 30. 110-119. Ibid. 7 v 30, 4. 113-119. Ibid. 88 r180,1. 110-113. Simpl. de Coelo 138, Peyr. 55 sq. V. 113; (9138) DEF yvepuas. 110-111. Phys. 9 r 41,8 (7 v 30 and 38 r 180 all MSS. give yreéuas and Stein prefers this, p. 794). V. 117: (9 r 39) DE, (39 r 180) DEF Hmov dpady érappdy (Zorw a), 7x 30, and (9r 39) al’ Hmov by wey dpardy edrappdy, RP Aerrdy dpudy édAappdy, text follows Stein V. 118: (9139) aHF (89 r 180) af, (7 v 31) MSS. kar’ aité: (9r 39) DE kara tavrov, text follows Stein, who uses first letter of the next line. V.119: F kar’ airé rayria, aDE révartia, text from Stein by change of Tto Y. V. 120: MSS. 7rdv, corr. Karsten. V. 121: Stein reads yvdun. 122-125. Simpl. Phys, 39 r 180, 9. V. 125: D ioov, Stein suggests aupdrepor. 126-128. Ibid. 939,14. 127-131, Ibid. 7 v 31, 13. V. 126: E*D! wdnvro, D*E rinvro, a rolnvyto, corr. Bergk: DE* axphros; a axplrowo, corr. Stein. V.127: EH ofera. V.129:
MSS. wdvra, Mullach mdytn, Stein maow: aF épxn, text follows DE, V.130: Stein suggests uryjv, ré 7’,
115
120
125
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 99
Men have determined in their minds to name two principles [lit. forms]; but one of these they ought not to name, and in so doing they have erred. They distinguish them as antithetic in character, and give them each character and attributes distinct from those of the other. On the one hand there is the aethereal flame of fire, fine, rarefied, everywhere identical with itself and not identical with its oppo- site; and on the other hand, opposed to the first, is the second principle, flameless darkness, dense and heavy in character. Of these two principles I declare to thee every arrangement as it appears to men, so
that no knowledge among mortals may surpass thine.
But since all things are called light and darkness, and the peculiar properties of these are predicated of one thing and another, everything is at the same time full of light and of obscure darkness, of both equally, since neither has anything in common with
the other.
And the smaller circles are filled with unmixed fire, and those next them with darkness into which their portion of light penetrates; in the midst of
these is the divinity who directs the course of all.
H 2
100
130
135
140
145
150
THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
, a / \ / + ‘ mavtn yap otvyepoto ToKov Kal piEvos apxei 2 rc s > réumova’ dpaoeve Orv puyev 76 7’ évavtuov aves dpaev Onrutépo.
mparictov piv" Epwra Oedv pnticato TAVTOV. elon & aideplav te piow Ta 7 ev aibépe TAVTG onpata Kal Kkabapas edaryéos 7edLoL0 Aapwmrddos Epy’ aidnra nal ommdbev e€eyzvovto, Zoya Te KiKAwTOS Tevon TEpipolTa cEhyvNS kal pvow. eidjosis Te Kal oipavov audis ExovTa, vOev Edu re, Kal ds pu ayova’ érednoev “Avaynn melpar’ Fyew aotpav.
Tas yala Kal ros noe ceAHVH aidjp te Evvos yada 7’ odpdviov Kal "OdvpTros Zryatos 7d dotpwv Oeppov pévos wpunOncav yiver Oat. vuxtipass mepl yaiav dd@pevov addoTpLov Pos
. \ al alist TaTTaivovea Tpos avyas nEhLoto
@s yap sxdoror yer Kpaows wedgov TOAVKALTTOD, Tas voos avOperroiot TapéoTHKEV* TO Yap AUTO Zorw Strep ppovéer perewv pvors avOporoiow
Kal Taow Kal Tavti* TO yap Wréov éoTl Vonma.
deEvtepoiow pév Kovpous, Naoto 52 Kovpas.
132. Plato, Symp. 178 B; Arist. Met.i. 4, 984 b 26; Plut. Amat. 756 F ; Sext. Emp. Math. ix.9; Stob. Hel. i. 10, p. 274; Simpl.Phys. 9 r 39, 18.
133-139. Clem. Al. Strom. vy. 14, 732. Stein assigns to Empedokles.
140-143. Simpl. de Coelo f. 138: Peyr. 55 sqq., Brandis 510a.
VY. 140: Stein introduces Aéyeww before rws from what precedes.
144. Plut. Colot. p. 1116. 145. Plut. Quaest. Rom. 2824; de fac. lun. 929 a. 146-149. Arist. Met. iii. 5, 1009 b 17; Theophr. de sens. 3; Dox. 499.
V. 146: Text follows Arist. SB°C*, Theophr. PF; Vulg. éxaoros-:
MSS. xpaow, corr. Stephan. V. 147: Arist. wapiorara; text follows Theophr.
150. Galen, Hipp. Epid. vi. 48; Comm. ii. (ix. p. 430 Char).
130
135
140
145
150
150
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For she controls dreaded birth and coition in every part of the universe, sending female to join with male, and again male to female.
First of all the gods she devised love.
Thou shalt know the nature of the heavens and all signs that are in the sky, the destructive deeds of the pure bright torch of the sun and whence they arose, and thou shalt learn the wandering deeds of the round-eyed moon and its nature. Thou shalt know’ also the sky surrounding all, whence it arose, and how necessity took it and chained it so as to serve as a limit.to the courses of the stars. How earth and sun and moon and common sky and the milky way of the heavens and highest Olympos and the burning (might of the) stars began to be.
It (the moon) wanders about the earth, shining at night with borrowed light. She is always gazing earnestly toward the rays of the sun.
For as at any time is the blending of very com- plex members in a man, so is the mind in men con- stituted; for that which thinks is the same in all men and in every man, viz. the essence of the members of the body; and the element that is in excess is thought.
On the right hand boys, on the left hand girls.
So, according to men’s opinions, did things arise, and so they are now, and from this state when they shall have reached maturity shall they perish. For each of these men has determined a name as a distinguishing mark.
When male and female mingle seed of Venus in the form [the body] of one, the excellence from the two different bloods, if it preserves harmony, fashions a well-formed body ; but if when the seed is mingled the excellencies fight against each other
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a ? oltw To Kata Sdkav Epuv Tade viv TE Fact, \ rn , Ka) petérect amo TobdE TeAUTHTOVTL TpapEeVTa. lal / rots § dvoya avOpwrros xatéOevt’ érionpov ExaoTo.
Kars. (150) Femina virque simul Veneris cum germina miscent unius in formam diverso ex sanguine virtus temperiem servans bene condita corpora fingit. at si virtutes permixto semine pugnent nec faciant unam permixto in corpore dirae nascentem gemino vexabunt semine sexum.
Simpl. Phys. 7, v. 81, 4. él rddé os TO dpavov Kat To Oeppov Kal Td pads Kal TO parOaxov Kal TO Kovpor, ert ’ , 82 rvKvd @vowactat TO Yuypov Kal o Cogos Kal oxAnpov kal Bapv: Tadta yap aexplOn Exatépws Exarépa.
151-153. Simpl. de Coelo f. 188; Peyr. 55 sq., Gaisf. Poet. Min. 287.
V. 151: MSS. @pv, corr. Stein. MSS. (kat) voy gaor, Peyr. viv re
éaot, Stein viv kal fao1. V.153: Text follows Oxford MS.: Turin MS. transposes last two words.
150-155. (Karsten) Coelius Aurel. de Morb. Chron. iv. 9, p. 545
Wet. RP.102c. V. (151) Vulg. venis informans, corr. Diels, Dox. 193, n.1,
and do not unite into one, they will distress the sex that is coming into existence, as the twofold seed is mingled in the body of the unfortunate woman.
With this there are fineness and heat and light and softness and brightness; and with the dense are classed cold and darkness and hardness and weight, for these are separated the ones on one side, the others on the other.
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b) PassaGES RELATING TO PARMENIDES IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE.
Plato, Theaet. 180p. I almost forgot, Theodoros, that there were others who asserted opinions the very opposite of these: ‘ the all is alone, unmoved ; to this all names apply,’ and the other emphatic statements in opposition to those referred to, which the school of Melissos and Parmenides make, to the effect that all things are one, and that the all stands itself in itself, not having space in which it is moved.
Ibid. 183 8. Feeling ashamed before Melissos and the rest who assert that the all is one being, for fear we should examine the matter somewhat crudely, 1am even more ashamed in view of the fact that Parmenides is one of them. Parmenides seems to me, in the words of Homer, a man to be reverenced and at the same time feared. For when I was a mere youth and he a very old man, I conversed with him, and he seemed to me to have an exceedingly wonderful depth of mind. I fear lest we may not understand what he said, and that we may fail still more to understand his thoughts in saying it; and, what is most important, I fear lest the question before us should fail to receive due consideration. . . . '
Soph. 238 c (concluding a discussion of Parmenides). You understand then that it is really impossible to speak of not-being or to say anything about it or to conceive it by itself, but it is inconceivable, not to be spoken of or mentioned, and irrational.
-Parm. 1508. Accordingly the unity itself in relation to itself is as follows: Having in itself neither greatness nor littleness, it could not be exceeded by itself nor -could it exceed itself, but being equal it would be equal to itself.
' Cf. Soph. 217 c.
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lbid. 163 c. This statement: It does not exist, means. absolutely that it does not exist anywhere in any way, nor does not-being have any share at all in being. Accordingly not-being could not exist, nor in any other way could it have a share in being.
(Symp. 178 B, 195 c: Reference to the stories which Hesiod and Parmenides told about the gods. Line 132 is quoted.)
Arist. Phys. i. 2; 184b16. The first principle must be one, unmoved, as Parmenides and Melissos say, .. .
Ibid. i. 3; 186a4. To those proceeding after this impossible manner things seem to be one, and it is not difficult to refute them from their own statements. For both of them reason in a fallacious manner, both Parmenides and Melissos ; for they make false assump- tions, and at the same time their course of reasoning is not logical. . . . And the same sort of arguments are used by Parmenides, although he has some others of his own, and the refutation consists in showing both that he makes mistakes of fact and that he does not draw his conclusions correctly. He makes a mistake in assuming that being is to be spoken of absolutely, speaking of it thus many times ; and he draws the false conclusion that, in case only whites are considered, white meaning one thing, none the less there are many whites and not one; since neither in the succession of things nor in the argument will whiteness be one. For what is predicated of white will not be the same as what is pre- dicated of the object which is white, and nothing except white will be separated from the object; since there is no other ground of separation except the fact that the white is different from the object in which the white exists. But Parmenides had not yet arrived at the knowledge of this.
Ibid. i. 5; 188420. Parmenides also makes heat
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and cold first principles; and he calls them fire and earth.
Ibid. iti. 6; 207215. Wherefore we must regard Parmenides as a more acute thinker than Melissos, for the latter says that the infinite is the all, but the former asserts that the allis limited, equally distant from the centre [on every side].'
Gen. Corr. i. 3; 318b6. Parmenides says that the two exist, both being and not being—i.e. earth and water.
Metaph. i. 3; 984b1. None of those who have affirmed that the ail is one have, it happens, seen the nature of such a cause clearly, except, perhaps, Parmenides, and he in so far as he sometimes asserts that there is not one cause alone, but two causes.
Metaph.i.5 ; 986 b18. For Parmenides seemed to lay hold of a unity according to reason, and Melissos accord- ing to matter; wherefore the former says it is limited, the latter that itis unlimited. Xenophanes first taught the unity of things (Parmenides is said to have been his pupil), but he did not make anything clear, nor did he seem to get at the nature of either finiteness or infinity, but, looking up into the broad heavens, he said,. the unity is god. These, as we said, are to be dismissed from the present investigation, two of them entirely as being somewhat more crude, Xenophanes and Melissos ; but Parmenides seems to speak in some places with greater care. For believing that not-being does not exist in addition to being, of necessity he thinks that being is one and that there is nothing else, . . . and being compelled to account for phenomena, and assuming that things are one from the standpoint of reason, plural from the standpoint of sense, he again asserts that. there are two causes and two first principles, heat and.
1 V. Parmenides, Frag. v. 104.
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cold, or, as he calls them, fire and earth ; of these he regards heat as being, its opposite as not-being.
Metaph. ii. 4; 1001a 82. There is nothing different from being, so that it is necessary to agree with the reasoning of Parmenides that all things are one, and that this is being.
(c) PASSAGES RELATING TO PARMENIDES IN THE DoxoGRAPHISstTs.
Theophrastos, Fr. 6 ; Alexander Metaph. p. 24, 5 Bon.; Dox. 482. And succeeding him Parmenides, son of Pyres, the Eleatic—Theophrastos adds the name of Xenophanes—followed both ways. For in declaring that the all is eternal, and in attempting to explain the genesis of things, he expresses different opinions accord- ing to the two standpoints:—from the standpoint of truth he supposes the all to be one and not generated and spheroidal in form, while from the standpoint of popular opinion, in order to explain generation of phenomena, he uses two first principles, fire and earth, the one as matter, the other as cause and agent.
Theophrastos, Fr. 6a; Laer. Diog. ix. 21, 22; Doz. 482. Parmenides, son of Pyres, the Eleatic, was a pupil of Xenophanes, yet he did not accept his doctrines. . . . He was the first to declare that the earth is spheroidal and situated in the middle of the universe. He said that there are two elements, fire and earth; the one has the office of demiurge, the other that of matter. Men first arose from mud; heat and cold are the elements of which all things are composed. He holds that intelligence and life are the same, as Theophrastos records in his book on physics, where he put down the opinions of almost everybody. He said that philosophy has a two- fold office, to understand both the truth and also what
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men believe. Accordingly he says: (Vv. 28-30), ‘ ’Tis necessary for thee to learn all things, both the abiding — essence of persuasive truth, and men’s opinions in which rests no true belief.’
Theoph. Fr. 17; Diog. Laer. viii. 48; Dox. 492. Theophrastos says that Parmenides was the first to call the heavens a universe and the earth spheroidal.
Theoph. de Sens. 3; Dox. 499. Parmenides does not make any definite statements as to sensation, except that knowledge is in proportion to the excess of one of the two elements. Intelligence varies as the heat or the cold is in excess, and it is better and purer by reason of heat; but nevertheless it has need of a certain symmetry. (Vv. 146-149) ‘For,’ he says, ‘as at any time is the blending of very complex members in a man, so is the mind in men constituted; for that which thinks is the same in all men and in every man, viz., the essence of the members of the body; and the element that is in excess is thought.’ He says that perceiving and thinking are the same thing, and that remembering and forgetting come from these! as the result of mixture, but he does not say definitely whether, if they enter into the mixture in equal quantities, thought will arise or not, nor what the disposition should be. But it is evident that he believes sensation to take place by the presence of some quality in contrast with its opposite, where he says that a corpse does not perceive light and heat and sound by reason of the absence of fire, but that it per- ceives cold and silence and the similar contrasted qualities, and in general that being as a whole has a certain knowledge. So in his statements he seems to do away with what is difficult by leaving it out.
Theophr. Fr. 7 ; Simpl. Phys. 251115; Dox. 483. In
' Karsten understands ‘heat and cold,’ Diels ‘perceiving and think- ing.’
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the first book of his physics Theophrastos gives as the opinion of Parmenides: That which is outside of being is not-being, not-being is nothing, accordingly being is one.
Hipp. Phil. 11; Dox. 564. Parmenides supposes that the all is one and eternal, and without beginning and spheroidal in form; but even he does not escape the opinion of the many, for he speaks of fire and earth as first principles of the all, of earth as matter, and of fire as agent and cause, and he says that the earth will come to an end, but in what way he does not say. He says that the all is eternal, and not generated, and spherical, and homogeneous, not having place in itself, and unmoved, and limited.!
Plut. Strom. 5; Dox. 580. Parmenides the Eleatic, the companion of Xenophanes, both laid claim to his opinions, and at the same time took the opposite stand- point. For he declared the all to be eternal and immoy- able according to the real state of the case; for it is alone, existing alone, immovable and without beginning (v. 60); but there is a generation of the things that seem to be according to false opinion, and he excepts sense perceptions from the truth. He says that if any- thing exists besides being, this is not-being, but not- being does not exist at all. So there is left the being that has no beginning; and he says that the earth was formed by the precipitation of dense air.
Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 10; Dox. 590. Parmenides, the son of Pyres, himself also of the Eleatic school, said that the first principle of all things is the infinite.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. i.11; Dowx.584. For Parmenides devised a sort of contrivance like a crown (he applied to it the word oregdyy), an orb of light with con- tinuous heat, which arched the sky, and this he called
V. Herm. Irr. Gen. Phil. 6; Dox. 652.
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god, but in it no one could suspect a divine form or a divine sentiment, and he made many monstrosities of this sort; moreover, he raised to the rank of gods War, Discord, Desire, and many other things which disease or sleep or forgetfulness or old age destroys ; and similarly with reference to the stars he expresses opinions which have been criticised elsewhere and are omitted here. Aet. 1.3; Dox. 284. Parmenides, the Eleatic, son of Pyrrhes, was a companion of Xenophanes, and in his first book the doctrines agree with those of his master ; for here that verse occurs: (v. 60), Universal, existing alone, immovable and without beginning. He said that the cause of all things is not earth alone, as his master said, but also fire. 7; 303. The world is immovable and limited, and spheroidal in form. 24; 320. Parmenides and Melissos did away with generation and destruction, because they thought that the all is unmoved. 25; 321. All things are controlled by necessity ; this is fated, it is justice and forethought, and the producer of the world. Aet. ii. 1; Doz. 327. The world isone. 4; 832. It is without beginning and eternal and indesiructible. 7; 335. Parmenides taught that there were crowns encircling one another in close succession,' one of rare- fied matter, another of dense, and between these other mixed crowns of light and darkness; and that which surrounded all was solid like a wall, and under this was a crown of fire; and the centre of all the crowns was solid, and around it was a circle of fire; and of the mixed crowns the one nearest the centre was the source of motion and generation for all, and this ‘the goddess who directs the helm and holds the keys,’* he calls ‘justice and necessity. The air is that which is separated from the earth, being evaporated by the
1 Cf. vv. 123-131. 2 VY. Simpl. Phys. 8: 34, 14.
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forcible pressure of the earth; the sun and the circle of the milky way are the exhalation of fire, and the moon is the mixture of both, namely of air and fire. The aether stands highest of all and surrounding all, and beneath this is ranged the fiery element which we call the heavens, and beneath this are the things of earth. 11; 339. The revolving vault highest above the earth is the heavens. 340. The heavens are of a fiery nature. 13; 342. The stars are masses of fire. 15; 345. He ranks the morning star, which he considers the same as the evening star, first in the aether; and after this the sun, and beneath this the stars in the fiery vault which he calls the heavens. 17; 846. Stars are fed from the exhalations of the earth. 20; 349. The sun is of a fiery nature. The sun and the moon are separated from the milky way, the one from the thinner mixture, which is hot, the other from the denser, which is cold. 25; 356. The moon is of a fiery nature. 26; 357. The moon is of the same size as the sun, and derives its light from it. 80; 361. (The moon appears dark) because darkness is mingled with its fiery nature, whence he calls it the star that shines with a false light.
Aet. iii. 1; 865. The mixture of dense and thin gives its milk-like appearance to the milky way. 11; 377.. Parmenides first defined the inhabited parts of the earth by the two tropical zones. 15; 880. Because the earth is equally distant on all sides from other bodies, and so: rests in an equilibrium, not having any reason for sway- ing one way rather than another ; on this account it only shakes and does not move from its place.
Aet. iv. 3; 888. The soul is of a fiery nature.. 5; 891. The reason is in the whole breast. 392. Life and intelligence are the same thing, nor could there be any living being entirely without reason. 9; 397. Sen- sations arise part by part according to the symmetry of
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the pores, each particular object of sense being adapted to each sense (organ). 3898. Desire is produced by lack of nourishment. r
Aet. v. 7; 419. Parmenides holds the opposite opinion ; males are produced in the northern part, for this shares the greater density; and females in the southern part by reason of its rarefied state. 420. Some descend from the right side to the right parts of the womb, others from the left to the left parts of the womb; but if they cross in the descent females are born. (11; 422. When the child comes from the right side of the womb, it resembles the father ; when it comes from the left side, the mother. 380; 443. Old age attends the failure of heat.
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Vil. THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO.
Zeno of Elea, son of Teleutagoras, was born early in the fifth century p.c. He was the pupil of Parmenides, and his relations with him were so intimate that Plato calls him Parmenides’s son (Soph. 241). Strabo (vi. 1, 1) applies to him as well as to his master the name Pythagorean, and gives him the credit of advancing the cause of law and order in Elea. Several writers say that he taught in Athens for a while. There are numerous accounts of his capture as party to a conspiracy ; these accounts differ widely from each other, and the only point of agreement between them has reference to his determination in shielding his fellow conspirators. We find reference to one book which he wrote in prose (Plato, Parm. 127 ©), each section of which showed the absurdity of some element in the popular belief.
Literature : Lohse, Halis 1794; Gerling, de Zenoms Paralogismis, Marburg 1825; Wellmann, Zenos Beweise, G.-Pr. Frkf. a. O. 1870; Raab, d, Zenonische Beweise, Schweinf. 1880; Schneider, Philol. xxxv. 1876; Tannery, Rev. Philos. Oct. 1885; Dunan, Les arguments de Zénon, Paris 1884; Brochard, Les arguments de Zénon, Paris 1888; Frontera, Hiude sur les arguments de Zénon, Paris 1891.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO 113
(a) FrRacMENTS oF ZENO, FROM SIMPLICIUS ON THE Puysics. 1. Simpl. Phys. 30 r 139, 11. ef yap ddXo dvte mpoc- , > 8: x A / \ \ yévoito, ovdev av petlov Troijoeev: eyéOous yap undevos t évTos, Tpooyevomevov & ovdév olov Te sis péyeOos éri- Sodvat. Kai ottws av 48n TO Tpocyivomevov ovdéey Ein. > x > / \ ed \ B) U J ‘\ 9 el O& AToyLVouEvoU TO ETEpoV uNdév EXATTOV eoTL, UNdE ad Tmpooyivouévou avéjcetar, Ondov OTL TO TpocryEvomEvov ovdsy HY OVOE TO ATrOYEVOMEVOD.
2. Simpl. Phys. 30 r 140, 29. e¢ word éortev, avaynn Tocavta éivat boa éoTi Kal ovTEe TAEiovVa aUTOY oOvUTE éXdtTova. & O& TocavTa zoTW boa éoTi, TeTEpacpeVA xX ” > / > BA \ v > / b wees. \ dp ein. e TONG eoTLV, ATrELpa Ta dvTA eoTlV. aE yap érepa peta THY OvTwY ézoTi, Kal TadW eKxelvov ETEpa petakv. Kal oUTws aTrEelpa Ta bvTa éoTl.
3. Simpl. Phys. 30v 141, 1. ef pu Eyou péeyeOos TO dv
299 XA x > Ne > tA eg / / ” ovo ay ein, et 58 ZoTW, avayKn Exactov péyebos TL exe Kal TaXOS Kal aTréyelv avTOD TO ETEpoV amo TOD ETEpov. Kal mwepl Tod TpovyovTOS 6 avTOS NOYoS. Kal Yap exéivo e , \ fA > a 7 \ n oe &£eu péyeOos nal mpoéEet avTod TL. Gpotov 82 TovTO amrak Te sively Kal del eye: ovdeY yap avdTod ToLOdTOY Zoyatov ZoTat ovTE ETEpov pos ETEpoY OUK ZoTAL. OUTWS
> Y Age | > / > \ 4 3 | 4 él TOANG EOTLY, GVAYKN AUTA MLKpa TE Eival Kal mEyana,
\ X\ iA \ 4 0 4 Os co BA piKpa pev WoTE wy Eye pwéyeOos, weydra O& WoTE aTrELpa eivat.
4, Simpl. Phys. 180 v 562, 4. ei ZoTw oOo Té7os, gy Twt toTas Tav yap ov ev Twe+ TO b&é ev TWt Kai év
a rn TOmT@. %oTat dpa Kal oO TOTos év TOT@M Kal TODTO eT” dmEelpov’ OvK apa zoTLW O TOTS. ; Sources and Critical Notes.
Fr. 1. D «i yap, EF od yap, a od yap ei: E tAAwv. mpooyevouévov 5€] Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 591, n. 2, strikes out 5¢: F' ofovra eis: E gives ob dia for ov8¢: DEF aroywépevor.
Fr. 2. a adds kal radu after bv e%n.
Fr. 3. DF éxo, aE exe. Fr. 4. E omits xal after apa.
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(a) Stmpricrus’s AccouNT OF ZENO’S ARGUMENTS, INCLUDING THE TRANSLATION OF THE FRAGMENTS.
30 + 138, 80. For Eudemos says in his Physics, ‘Then does not this exist, and is there any one? This was the problem. He reports Zeno as saying that if any one explains to him the one, what it is, he can tell him what things are. But he is puzzled, it seems, because each of the senses declares that there are many things, both absolutely, and as the result of division, but no one establishes the mathematical point. He thinks that what is not increased by receiving addi- tions, or decreased as parts are taken away, is not one of the things that are.’ It was natural that Zeno, who, as if for the sake of exercise, argued both sides of a case (so that he is called double-tongued), should utter such statements raising difficulties about the one ; but in his book which has many arguments in regard to each point, he shows that a man who affirms multiplicity naturally falls into contradictions. Among these arguments is one by which he shows that if there are many things, these are both:small and great—great enough to be infinite in size, and small enough to be nothing in size. By this he shows that what has neither greatness nor thickness nor bulk could not even be. (Fr. 1)! ‘For if, he says, anything were added to another being, it could not make it any greater; for since greatness does not exist, it is impossible to increase the greatness of a thing by adding to it. So that which is added would be nothing. If when something is taken away that which is left is no less, and if it becomes no greater by receiving additions, evidently that which has been added or taken away is nothing.” ‘These things Zeno says, not denying the one, but holding that each thing has the greatness of
' Cf. Arist. Metaph. ii. 4; 1001 b8.
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many and infinite things, since there is always some- thing before that which is apprehended, by reason of its infinite divisibility ; and this he proves by first showing that nothing has any greatness because each thing of the many is identical with itself and is one.
Ibid. 30 v 140,27. And why is it necessary to say that there is a multiplicity of things when it is set forth in Zeno’s own book? For again in showing that, if there is a multiplicity of things, the same things are both finite and infinite, Zeno writes as follows, to use his own words: (Fr. 2) ‘If there is a multiplicity of things, it is necessary that these should be just as many as exist, and not more nor fewer. If there are just as many as there are, then the number would be finite. If there is a multiplicity at all, the number is infinite, for there are always others between any two, and yet others between each pair of these. So the number of things is infinite.’ So by the process of division he shows that their number is infinite. Andas to magnitude, he begins with this same argument. For first showing that (Fr.. 3) ‘if being did not have magnitude, it would not exist at all,’ he goes on, ‘if anything exists, it is necessary that each thing should have some magnitude and thick- ness, and that one part of it should be separated from another. The same argument applies-to the thing that precedes this. That also will have magnitude and will have something before it. The same may be said of each thing once for all, for there will be no such thing as last, nor will one thing differ from another. So if there is a multiplicity of things, it is necessary that these should be great and small—small enough not to have any magnitude, and great enough to be infinite.’ !
Ibid. 180 v 562, 8. Zeno’s argument seems to deny that place exists, putting the question as follows: (Fr. 4)
' Of. Diels, Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. i. 245; Zeller, i.* 593 n. 1. 12
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‘If there is such a thing as place, it will be in some- thing, for all being is in something, and that which is in something is in some place. Then this place will be in a place, and so on indefinitely. Accordingly there is no such thing as place.’
Ibid. 131r 568, 17. Eudemos’ account of Zeno’s opinion runs as follows :—‘ Zeno’s problem seems- to come to the same thing. For it is natural that all being should be somewhere, and if there is a place for things, where would this place be? In some other place, and that in another, and so on indefinitely.’
Ibid. 286v. Zeno’s argument that when anything is in a space equal to itself, it is either in motion or at rest, and that nothing is moved in the present moment, and that the moving body is always in a space equal to itself at each present moment, may. I think, be put in a syllogism as follows: The arrow which is moving forward is at every present moment in a space equal to itself, accordingly it is <in a space equal to itself - in all time; but that which is in a space equal to itself in the present moment is not in motion. Accordingly it is in a state of rest, since it is not moved in the present moment, and that which is not moving is at rest, since everything is either in motion or at rest. So the arrow which is moving forward is at rest while it is moving forward, in every moment of its motion.
237r. The Achilles argument is so named because Achilles is named in it as the example, and the argu- ment shows that if he pursued a tortoise it would be impossible for him te overtake it.
255r. Aristotle accordingly solves the problem of Zeno the Hleatic, which he propounded to Protagoras the Sophist.' Tell me, Protagoras, said he, does one grain of millet make a noise when it falls, or does the
' Arist. Phys. vii. 5, 250*, 20.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO Eur
ten-thousandth part of a grain? On receiving the answer that it does not, he went on: Does a measure of millet grains make a noise when it falls, or not? He answered, it does make a noise. Well, said Zeno, does not the statement about the measure of millet apply to the one grain and the ten-thousandth part of a grain ? He assented, and Zeno continued, Are not the state- ments as to the noise the same in regard to each? For as are the things that make a noise, so are the noises. Since this is the case, if the measure of millet makes a noise, the one grain and the ten-thousandth part of a grain make a noise.
(b) ZENO’S ARGUMENTS AS DESCRIBED RY ARISTOTLE.
Phys. iv. 1; 209 a 28. Zeno’s problem demands some consideration ; if all being is in some place, evi- dently there must be a place of this place, and so on indefinitely. 3; 210 b 22. It is not difficult to solve Zeno’s problem, that if place is anything, it will be in some place ; there is no reason why the first place should not be in something else, not however as in that place, but just as health exists in warm beings as a state while warmth exists in matter as a property of it. Soit is not necessary to assume an indefinite series of places.
vi. 2; 233 a 24. (Time and space are continuous . . . . the divisions of time and space are the same.) Accordingly Zeno’s argument is erroneous, that it is not possible to traverse infinite spaces, or to come in contact with infinite spaces successively in a finite time. Both space and time can be called infinite in two ways, either absolutely as a continuous whole, or by division into the smallest parts. With infinites in point of quan- tity, it is not possible for anything to come in contact in a finite time, but it is possible in the case of the infinites
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reached by division, for time itself is infinite from this standpoint. So the result is that it traverses the infinite in an infinite, not a finite time, and that infinites, not finites, come in contact with infinites.
vi. 9; 2839 b5. And Zeno’s reasoning is fallacious. For if, he says, everything is at rest [or in motion | when it is in a space equal to itself, and the moving body is always in the present moment <in a space equal to itself, » then the moving arrow is still. This is false ; for time is not composed of present moments that are indivisible, nor indeed is any other quantity. Zeno pre- sents four arguments concerning motion which involve puzzles to be solved, and the first of these shows that motion does not exist because the moving body must go half the distance before it goes the whole distance; of this we have spoken before (Phys. vill. 8; 263a5). And the second is called the Achilles argument; it is this :— The slow runner will never be overtaken by the swiftest, for it is necessary that the pursuer should first reach the point from which the pursued started, so that neces- sarily the slower is always somewhat in advance. This argument is the same as the preceding, the only difference being that the distanée is not divided each time into halves. . . . His opinion is false that the one in advance is not overtaken; he is not indeed overtaken while he is in advance; but nevertheless he is overtaken, if you will grant that he passes through the limited space. These are the first two arguments, and the third is the one that has been alluded to, that the arrow in its flight is stationary. This depends on the assumption that time is composed of present moments; there will be no syllogism if this is not granted. And the fourth argument is with reference to equal bodies moving in opposite directions past equal bodies in the stadium with equal speed, some from the end of the stadium, others from
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the middle ; in which case he thinks half the time equal to twice the time. The fallacy lies in the fact that while he postulates that bodies of equal size move forward with equal speed for an equal time, he compares the one with something in motion, the other with something at rest.
(c) PASSAGES RELATING TO ZENO IN THE DoxOGRAPHISTS.
Plut. Strom.6; Dox.581. Zeno the Eleatic brought out nothing peculiar to himself, but he started farther difficulties about these things.
Hpiph. adv. Haer. ii. 11; Dox. 590. Zeno the Eleatic, a dialectician equal to the other Zeno, says that the earth does not move, and that no space is void of content. He speaks as follows :— That which is moved is moved in the place in which it is, or in the place in which it is not; itis neither moved in the place in which it is, nor in the place in which it is not; accordingly it is not moved at all.
Galen, Hist. Phil. 8; Dow.601. Zeno the Eleatic is said to have introduced the dialectic philosophy. 7; Doc. 604. He was a skeptic.
Aet. i. 7; Dow. 303. Melissos and Zeno say that the one is universal, and that it exists alone, eternal, and unlimited. And this one is necessity {Heeren inserts here the name Empedokles|, and the material of it is the four eleménts, and the forms are strife and love. He says that the elements are gods, and the mixture of them is the world. The uniform will be resolved into them ;! he thinks that souls are divine, and that pure men who share these things in a pure way are divine. 23; 320. Zeno et al. denied generation and destruc- tion, because they thought that the all is unmoved.
1 Reading mpds radra Avdjoeras, which, as Mr. G. D. Lord suggests to me, is probably the source of the corruption mpoorayAvéfcerar. The Vatican vulgate combines both readings.
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VIII. THE ELEATIC: SCHOOL: MELISSOS.
Meuissos of Samos, son of Ithagenes, was a contem- porary of Zeno, though he may have been slightly younger. Parmenides is said to have been his teacher, and it is possible that he may have made the acquaint- ance of Herakleitos. According to Diogenes, he was a respected statesman, and there seems to be good evidence (Plutarch, Perikles 26, after Aristotle) that he com- manded the Samian fleet at its victory over the Athe-
nians, 4408.c. He wrote a book which later writers refer to under various titles.
Literature: The fragments are treated by Brandis, Commen. Eleat. iii. and by Mullach de Melisso X. @. p. 80; Pabst, de Meliss. Fragmentis, Bonn 1889, disputes the authenticity of Fr. 1-5. Spalding, Vindic. philos. Megar. Berlin 1798, first showed that the first two chapters of the book called de Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia, refer to Melissos. Cf. also Fr. Kern, Zur Wiirdigung des Melissos, Fest- schrift d. stettin. Stadtgym. 1880.
Sources and Critical Notes.
Fr. 1-5. The passage giving these fragments, as they have been called, contains little that is not found in the remaining fragments, and in spite of the fact that it is given as a direct quotation, it seems best to regard it as a condensed statement of the opinions of Melissos. V-
Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 607, n. 1, and Pabst, de Meliss. Fragments, Bonn 1889.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 121
(2) Fragments or MELIssos MAINLY FROM SIMPLIcrIUS ON THE Puysics.
Simpl. Phys. 23 v 109, 20 (Fr. 7). 6te tolvuy ov« > / ” / Meek, eRe \ ee" BA \ > \ > éyéveTo, gots O€, del Hv Kal asl EoTar Kal apynv ovK BA > X\ / A > BA / b] > X \ Exel ovde TENEUTHV, GAN Areipov eoTwv. et wey yap éyéveto, apynv av siyev* npEato yap av ToTEe yLvomevov * Kal TedevTHY * éTENe’TNTE Yap av ToTE ywvopevov’ et Oz
Me BA / 3 7 25 si; 9 \ SN ente HpEato ponte éTeXeUTHTEV Gel TE HV Kal Gel ZoTAL, obK &xeu apyny ovd= TEXEUTHY* Ov yap del Elval avUoTOY 6 Te py wav got. 1.81. (Fr. 8.) GAN Borep ZoTw azi, ovTw Kal TO péyeOos dmetpov ael xpi) civar. 1. 83. (Fr.
> A / \ >. 7. lal - Q > 15.) ef yap Sujpytas to eov, Kweitar. Kivotpevov S& ovdK av ein dua.
Phys. 24r 110, 1. (Fr.16.) ef wév dv ein, Se¢ adto bv eivar* bv 5é dv bet avTo c@pa pry Exe. (19 rv 87, 6) at 52 2you aos, Zyou dv pmopia cal ovKére Sv ein. 1. 8. (Fr.
2 / \ + yi IQv yo a7) ” 9.) apynv te kal Téros zyov odvdéy ovtE aldiov ovTE areipov éotwv. 1.5. (Fr. 10.) ef pi dv ein, repavet mpos ” andro.
Phys. 247111, 19. (Fr. 11.) ottws otv aidi0v éore Kal dretpov: Kal ev Kal buowov av. Kal ovT av ar- ONOLTO OUTE pElCov yivoLTO OUTE ETAKOTMEOLTO OUTE aNyEt
lal yw oUTE aviaTaL. yap TLTOUTM@Y TaaXOL, OVK av ETL EV y n e a ein. et yap ETEpolovTal, avdyKn TO eov YW) Opovoy Eivat, / ara aTrorrAvVGOaL TO TpdaOev zov, TO 53 OvK zov yivec Oat. Lal \ Lal el Tolvuv TpLYl muh upiots rec ETEpotoy YivoLTO TO TAY,
Fr. 7. D omits kal . . . ywduevov. Simplicius writes yivduevor, Diels would restore yevduevoy regularly, and compares Spengel ad Eudem. fr. p. 18,18. DE éxe., aF' éxov.
Fr. 15. af” Gua, HE Gand.
Fr. 16. aD dv etn, EF obv etm, Brandis suggests bv @ors. FH 5é wh dv- Cf. 19 r 87, 6.
Fr. 11. aF ylyvorro. E odxér, omits dv. E omits dé after 7d. aD
(F) rpixt wih, E rp uh %. Vulg. from Brandis «i tolvyy tpicpuplooe éreot. F' wapévtt for mayti.
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a A ' ’ 3 Or breirar dv év TS Tavtl ypove. 1. 24. (Fr. 12.) GAN oddE na e \ / e / 3\ petaxocpnOivar avvctov' 6 yap Koopos 0 mpocOev éwy > > , LA ¢ \ 2\ / 4 6: / OUK GTOAAUTAL OVTE O fH EWV YiVETAL OTE OF MITE , / c a mpooyiverat pnoev pare amroddvTaL pate ETEpOLOUTAL, fal lal / S > XN / Tos dv petakocunOey THY eovTMY TL 3 El MEV Yap TL + Pl L c lal aay x \ 0 / S ye ir a éyivero étepoiov, Hdn av Kal petakocpnOein: ovde adyet > \ x a yy > U > \ Xv év yak 9S ov yap av wav ein adygov: ov yap av OvVaLTO aél Eivat al 5) / Dy: wv 54 80 ne veges WED ON xphua adyéov ovd8 Exeu ionv Svvayw TO vylet: ovT’ av t / x 4 x dpovov ein, ei adryéou* ATroyWwopevou yap TEev av adyEoL 7 ¢ $3 st mpoaywopévov, KovK. av ete Suotov ein. odd av TO iyLES > fal / > \ \ x v aK 2 3 \ Nu EX adynoat Sbvaito: amd yap av GroLTO TO UYyLEs Kal TO gor, lal na x To S& ovK zOv yévotto. Kal wepl Tod avidcPat wuTos Aoyos TO adyéovTs. 1.6. (Fr. 14.) odd3 Kevedv got ovdév- 3 io / TO yap Kevedv ovdev éotiv: ovK av odv ein TO Ye pnoED. 2S val . € a \ > ” > a > \ ove KwveitaL* UToxwphoat yap ovK zxEr ovdaph, GNA Tréov goriv. ei pev yap KEvedov Hv, UTEeywpEl av Eis TO , a i Kevov' KEevod O& pH edvTos ovK eye ben broywpHcEt. mukvov 2 Kal apaiov ovK av ely: TO yap apaov ovK > \ / S A“ n avuotov mréwv sivar opolws TO TuKVa, GXN HON TO > , , fal a apawv ye Kevewtepov ylvetar Tod TuKVOD. Kplow 8 / \ / lol a TaUTHY xpn ToLncacBat TOD TAEW Kal TOD wn TAEw* EL \ 5 Lal x 3 pev ovv xwpet TL 7) eiadéyeTat, ov TrAgov: ei SF pre al / > Yopel pte eiodéyeTal, TA€WY. avayKn Tolvuy TAEoV > > \ % 4 eival, € KEVOV fy EOTW. ei Toivuy TAgwV eoTiVY, OV KUVELT AL. Phys. 834v 162, 24. (Fr. 6.) det Fv é te Fv Kal asi bad > \ a éoTal. & yap éyéveTo, avayKaioy eote Tplv yevéoOat > 62. tT > 4 fal 8s 9S ? \ x / eivat pnoev. Tet TvXOL viv pndev Hr, ovdapa av yévorTo > ovdéy &x pndevos.
Fr.12. D wera 7d KoounPiva: a amodcira: DF peTakoounbevT av edvrwv: a yap, DFE ye: a daryewdy (twice): D ob« for xodk: DF dvutds, ak 6 abrds,
Fr. 14. Cf. Simpl. 40, 12. EH waéov et passim, Text follows aD: DF kevérepov, E xowdrepov: a omits otv.
Fr. 6. E ei réxor viv, Dei rbxn, aF ei rolvuv. Diels suggests dre tolvuy; cf. 109, 20. DE oddty, ak’ undtv.
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 123
Simpl. de Coelo, 137r; Schol. Aristot. 509b18; ef. Aristokl. Huseb. Pr. Ev. xiv.17. (Fr. 17.) wéyeotov pév a € 7 ovv onpetoy ovTOS O AOYyos STL ev povoy éoTiv. aTap Kai Tabe onusia ei yap Hv TONAA, ToLadTAa yYphy avTa eivat, , \ 5 n \ olov wep &yw hype TO ev sivas. ei yap ZoTe yh Kal Bdwp Kat anp kal cidnpos Kat ypucos Kal Top Kal TO wev Edov TO OF \ \ / \ x \ \ 4 \ € teOvnKkos Kal médav Kal AEvKOV Kal Ta boa daciv ot ” 2 > a > \ nr ” V6 a ? lal avOpwrror eivat adnO},—e 57 TadTa zoTt Kal tpsis opOds Op@mEev Kal aKovomev, Elva ypi) ExacTov ToLodTOV oiov TéEp TO Tpa@Tov okey Huiv, Kal py pEeTaTimtEew pynde yiveoOat éTepotov, aN’ aiet eivar ExacTov oloy TEp zoTLV. vov 52 hapev opOas opav Kal axovewv Kal ovviévar, Soxet X\ e an / x b, f \ \ x 5 jyty TO Te Oepwov >vypov yiverPar xai TO Wuypov @zpyov Kal TO oKANpOY padOaKkov Kai TO padOaKkov \ % \ Lal > / N > ak Led oxrnpov, Kal TO E@ov amobvncKew Kai &x py CaHvTos yiverOat, Kal TadTa TavTa éETEpotovcbaL, Kal 6 TL HV TE +e n Or ed =. ? 9c / \ Kai 0 voy ovdéev bmocoy Eivat, GAN 6 TE Gidnpos oKANpOS 2ov TO OAKTUN iBecOar ft opod pé i 0 ® SaxTihw KkatatpiBecOar ft opod péwrv Kal ypuaos \ / a ae a 2 XN lal s an [4 kal XLGos Kal GX 6 TL ioyupoy Soxet eivar TaV, WOTE cupBaiver pyre opav unte Ta dvTa ywookew* 2& datos Te yn Kat AlOos yiverOat. ov Toivyy TadTa addrANdOLS € n omoroye* papévors yap eivat ToAda Kal aidia Kal eidy Te Kal ioyvy exyovta, TavtTa ETepotodabar piv SoKxei Kai f fa fo petarintew éx Tod ExdoToTe Opwpevov. OShdov Tolvur 67t ovK Ops EwpOpev OSE Exeiva TroArA opOds SoxKet 3 a @ > 9 ar gival. ov yap av perémimtev ei adNOH Hv, adr Hv olov mTep @d0Ket Exactov ToLodtTov’ Tod yap zovTos adnOuvod cal Od, x \ , \ N 2X > , Kpsiocov ovdev. Hv 8 petatéon, TO pév 20v aT@NdETO, TO 52 ovK 2ov yéyovev. ovTws odv ei TOANA Ein, TOLADTA \ @: , “pn sivas olov TrEep TO Ev.
Fr. 17. Vulg. xpi: Simpl. (gov, Aristokl. (@y (twice): Aristokl. «iva: eypiv, nal 7d edy Towodrov, olov mpatov eotey juiv elya, Simpl. omits adyta and 4764: Aristokl. érepov, GAA’ elva: Suotoy, ofdv wep eori Exacrov, Simpl. omits ¢erw: Bergk déuovpéwy, digito conterminus, aptatus, MSS. 70 uécor, corr. Brandis, Gesch. d. Phil. i. 403: Vulg. ¢fn.
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Srpricius’s Account OF MELISSOS, INCLUDING THE TRANSLATION OF THE FRAGMENTS.
22; 108, 18. Now let us glance at Melissos’ argu- ment, which we ran across a few lines back. Melissos, making use of the axioms of the physicists, in regard to generation and destruction, begins his book as follows : (Fr. 1) If nothing is, how could this be spoken of as though something is? And if anything is, either it has come into being, or else it always has been. If it came into being, it sprung either from being or from not-being; but it is impossible that any such thing should have sprung from not-being (for nothing else that is could have sprung from it, much less pure being) ; nor could it have sprung from being, for in that case it <would simply be, and > would not have come into existence. So then being is not generated ; being always is, nor will it be destroyed. For being could not be changed into not-being (this also is conceded by the physicists), nor into being; for then it would abide as it is, and would not be destroyed. Accordingly being was not generated, nor will it be destroyed ; so it always was and always will be. (Fr.2) But while that which comes into existence has a beginning, that which does not come into existence does not have a beginning, and being which did not come into existence would not have a beginning. Farther, that which is destroyed has an end ; but if anything is not subject to destruction, it does not have an end ; and that which has neither begin- ning nor end is of course infinite ; so being is infinite. (Fr. 3) And if it is infinite, it is one ; for if being were two, both parts could not be infinite, but each would be limited by the other. But being is infinite; there could not be several beings ; accordingly being is one. (Fr. 4) Farther, if being is one it does not move; for the
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one is always homogeneous [lit. like itself]; and that which is homogeneous could not perish or become greater or change its arrangement or suffer pain or annoyance. If it experienced any of these things it would not be one ; for that which is moved with any sort of motion changes something from one thing into something different ; but there is nothing else except being, so this will not be moved. (Fr. 5) To follow another line of argument : there is no place void of being, for the void is nothing ; but that which is nothing could not exist; so then being is not moved: it is impossible for it to go anywhere, if there is no void. Nor is it possible for it to contract into itself, for in that case different degrees of density would arise, and this is impossible; for it is impossible that the rare should be as full as the dense ; but the rare is more empty than the dense, and there is no such thing as emptiness. It is necessary to judge whether being is full or not by its capacity to receive something else: if it will not receive anything it is full; if it will receive something it is not full. Now if the void does not exist, it must of necessity be full; and if this is the case it does not move, not because it is im- possible for it to move through space already filled, as we say of bodies, but because all being cannot be moved into being (for there is nothing besides itself), nor can being be moved into not-being, for not-being does not exist.
23; 109, 7. Melissos also is blamed because in his frequent references to the beginning he does not use the word to mean a beginning in time which applies to that which comes into existence, but rather to mean a logical beginning which does not apply to the things that are changing collectively. He seems to have seen clearly before Aristotle that all matter, even that which is eternal, being limited has a limited capacity,
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and in itself is always at the end of time, and because of the ever-moving beginning of that which passes, it is always at the beginning, and remains eternal, so that that which has beginning and end in quantity has also beginning and end in time, and the reverse ; for that which has beginning and end in time is not everything simultaneously. So he bases his proof on beginning and end in time. Accordingly he says that that which is not everything—i.e. which is not the whole simultaneously—is not without beginning or end; what applies to things that are indivisible and infinite in their being, applies so much the more to pure being; and that all applies to being. Melissos puts it as follows: (Fr. 7) Since then it did not come into being but is, it always was and always will be, and has neither beginning nor end, but is infinite. For if it had come into existence it would have had a keginning (for that which once came into existence would have a begin- ning) and an end (for that which once came into exist- ence would come to an end) ; if it neither had a beginning nor came to an end, it always was and always will be; it has not beginning or end; but it is impossible that anything which is not the whole should always a ae 1. 31. (Fr. 8) But as it-always exists, so it is necessary also that it be always infinite in magnitude. 1. 38. (Fr. 15) If being is separated it moves; and that which moves could not exist simultaneously.
24; 110, 1 (Fr. 16) If being exists it must be one, and being one it is necessary that it should not itself have body ; (19; 87, 6) and if it should have thickness, it would have parts and would no longer be a unity. 1. 3 (Fr. 9) Nothing which has beginning and end is either eternal or infinite. 1.5 (Fr. 10) If it were not one, it would be bounded by something else.!
' The paraphrase above (Fr. 3) gives the argument in fuller form.
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24; 111, 18. Melissos bringing his previous topic.to a conclusion goes on to consider motion. (Fr. 11) So then the all is eternal and infinite and homogeneous ; and it could neither perish nor become greater nor change its arrangement nor suffer pain or distress. If it experienced any of these things it would no longer be one ; for if it becomes different, it is necessary that being should not be homogeneous, but that which was before must perish, and that which was not must come into existence. If then the all should become different by a single hair in ten thousand years, it would perish in the whole of time. (Fr. 12) And it is impossible for its order to change, for the order existing before does not perish, nor does another which did not exist come into being ; and since nothing is added to it or subtracted from it or made different, how could any of the things that are change their order? But if anything became different, its order would already have been changed. (Fr. 13) Nor does it suffer pain, for the all could not be pained; it would be impossible for anything suffering pain always to be ; nor does it have power equal to the power of what is healthy. It would not be homogeneous if it suffered pain ; it would suffer pain whenever anything was added or taken away, and it would no longer be homogeneous. Nor could what is healthy suffer a pang of pain, for both the healthy and being would perish, and not-being would come into existence. The same reasoning that applies to pain applies also to distress. (Fr. 14) Nor is there any void, for the void is nothing, and that which is nothing could not be. Nor does it move, for it has nowhere to go to, since it is full; for if there were a void it could go into the void, but since there is no void it has nowhere to go to. It could not be rare and dense, for it is not possible for the rare to be as full as the dense, but the rare is already more empty than the dense.
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This is the test of what is full and what is not full: if it has room for anything, or admits anything into it, it is not full; if it does not have room for anything, or admit anything into it, it is full. If no void exists it must be full; if then it is full it does not move. These are the doctrines of Melissos.
34; 162, 24. (Fr. 6) What was, always was and always will be; for if it had come into existence, it necessarily would have been nothing before it came into existence. If now there were nothing existing, nothing would ever have come into existence from nothing.
Simpl. de Coelo 187r; Schol. Aristot. 509b; cf. Aristokl. Euseb. Pr. Ev. xiv.17. (Fr. 17) This argument is the strongest proof that being is one only. And the proofs are as follows: For if a multiplicity of things existed it would be necessary that these things should be just such as I say the one is. For if earth exists, and water and air and iron and gold and fire and the living and the dead and black and white, and everything else which men say is real,—if these things exist and we see and hear them correctly, it is necessary that each thing should be such as we first determined, namely, it should not change its character or become different, but should always be each thing what it is. Now we say that we see and hear and understand correctly ; but it seems to us that hot becomes cold and cold hot, that hard becomes soft and soft hard, that the living being dies and life comes from what is not living; and that all these things become different, and what they are is not like what they were. It seems to us that iron, being hard to the touch, wastes away tbecoming liquefied,t! and so does gold, and rock, and whatever else seems to be strong, so that we conclude that we do not see or know things
* Zeller i. 613 n. 1 suggests bm’ iod péwy, ‘passing away because of rust.’
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that are. And earth and rock arise from water. These things then do not harmonise with each other. Though we said that many things are eternal, and have forms and strength, it seems that they all become different and change their character each time they are seen. Evi- dently we do not see correctly, nor is the appearance of multiplicity correct; for they would not change their character if they were real, but would remain each thing as it seemed, for nothing is nobler than that which is real. But if they change their character, being perishes and not-being comes into existence. So then if a multi- plicity of things exist, it is necessary that they should be such as the one is.
(6) ARISTOTLE’sS ACCOUNT OF MELIssos.
Phys. i. 3; 186 a6. Both Melissos and Parmenides argue fallaciously, and they make false assumptions and their reasonings are not logical; but the argument of Melissos is the more wearisome, for it sets no problem, but granted one strange thing, others follow ; and there is no difficulty in this. The error in the reasoning of Melissos is plain, for he thinks that if everything which has come into being has a beginning, he can assume that that which has not come into being does not have a beginning. This, then, is strange, that ke shou'd think that everything has a beginning except time, and ‘this does not, and that simple generation has no begin- ning but change alone begins, as though change as a whole did not come into being. Even if the all is a unity, why then should it not move? Why should not the whole be moved even as a part of it which is a unity, namely water, is moved in itself? Tken why should there not be change? It is not possible that being should be one in form, but only in its source.
K
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Soph. Elen. 5; 163 b 18. The same is true of syllogisms, as for instance in the case of Melissos’ argu- ment that the all is infinite ; in this he assumes that the all is not generated (for nothing is generated from not- being), and that that which is generated, is generated from a beginning. If then the all was not generated, it does not have a beginning, so itis infinite. Itis not necessary to assent to this, for even if everything which is generated has a beginning, it does not follow that if anything has a beginning it was generated, as a man with a fever is warm, but one who is warm may not have a fever.
Soph. Elen. 6; 164635. Or again, as Melissos assumes in his argument that generation and having a beginning are the same thing, or that that which is generated from equals has the same size. The two statements, that whatis generated has a beginning, and that what has a beginning is generated, he deems equiva- lent, so that the generated and the limited are both the same in that they each have a beginning. Because what is generated has a beginning, he postulates that what has a beginning is generated, as though both that which is generated and that which is finite were the same in having a beginning.
(c) PASSAGES RELATING To MELISSOS IN THE DoxoGRAPHISTs.
Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 12; Dox. 590. Melissos of Samos, son of Ithagenes, said that the all is one in kind, but that nothing is fixed in its nature, for all things are potentially destructible.
Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dow. 285. Melissos of Miletos, son of Ithagenes, became his companion, but he did not pre- serve in its purity the doctrine that was transmitted to
=
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him. For he said in regard to the infinite that the world of those things that appear is limited. i. 7; 303. Melissos and Zeno say that the one is universal, and that it exists alone, eternal, and unlimited. And this unity is necessity [Heeren inserts here the name Empedokles], and the material of which it consists is the four elements, and the forms are love and strife. He calls the elements gods, and the mixture of them the world. And the uniform will be resolved. He thinks that souls are divine, and that pure men who share these things in a pure way are divine. i. 24; 320. Melissos (et al.) deny generation and destruction, because they think that the all is unmoved.
Aet. il. 1; 327. Melissos (et al.): The universe is one. 328. The all is infinite, but the world is limited. 4 ; 332. Melissos (et al.): The world is not generated, not to be destroyed, eternal.
Aet. iv. 9; 896. Melissos (et al.) : Sensations are deceptive.
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IX. PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS.
Pyrnacoras; son of Mnesarchos, a native of Samos, left his fatherland to escape the tyranny of Polykrates (5833/2 or 529/88.c.). He made his home for many years in Kroton in southern Italy, where his political views gained control in the city. At length he and his followers were banished by an opposing party, and he died at Metapontum. Many stories are told of his travels into Egypt and more widely, but there is no evidence on which the stories can be accepted. He was a mystic thinker and religious reformer quite as much as a philosopher, but there is no reason for denying that the doctrines of the school originated with him. Of his disciples, Archytas, in southern Italy, and Philolaos and Lysis, at Thebes, are the best known. It is the doctrine of the school, not the teaching of Pythagoras himself, which is known to us through the writings of Aristotle.
Literature :—On Pythagoras: Krische, De societatis a Pythagora conditae scopo politico, 1880 ; E. Rohde, Fthein. Mus. xxvi. 565 sqq.; xxvii. 23 sqq.; Diels, Khem. Mus. xxxi. 25sq.; Zeller, Sitz.d. kgl. preus. Akad. 1889, 45, p. 985 sqq.; Chaignet, Pythagore, 1873, and the excellent account in Burnett.
Philolaos : Boeckh, Philolaos Lehren, nebst den Bruchstiicken seines Werkes, 1819; V. Rose, Comment. de Arist. libr. ord. et auct. Berlin 1854 ; Schaarschmidt, Die angebliche Schriftstellerei des Phil. Bonn 1864; Zeller, Gesch. d. griech. Phil. 4 Auf. 261, 341, 886 ; Hermes x. 178; Bywater, Journal of Philol. i. 21 sqq.
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Archytas : Hartenstein, de Archyt. Tar. fragm. Lips. -
1833 ; Gruppe, Die Fragm. d. Archyt. Berlin 1840; Petersen, Zeitschr. f. Altertumsk. 1836 ; Chaignet, Pythagore, 1873, pp. 191, 255.
PassaGEs IN PLATO REFERRING TO THE PyYTHAGOREANS.
Phaedo 623. The saying that is uttered in secret rites, to the effect that we men are in a sort of prison, and that one ought not to loose himself from it nor yet to run away, seems to me something great and not easy to see through ; but this at least I think is well said, that it is the gods who care for us, and we men are one of the possessions of the gods.
Kratyl. 400 8. For some say that it (the body) is the tomb of the soul—I think it was the followers of Orpheus in particular who introduced this word—which has this enclosure like a prison in order that it may be kept safe. |
Gorg. 493 a. I once heard one of the wise men say that now we are dead and the body is our tomb, and that that part of the soul where desires are, it so happens, is open to persuasion, and moves upward or downward. And, indeed, a clever man—perhaps some inhabitant of Sicily or Italy—speaking allegorically, and taking the word from credible’ (7é@avos) and ‘persuadable’ (wicteKos), called this a jar (700s) ; and he called those without intelligence uninitiated, and that part of the soul of uninitiated persons where the desires are, he called its intemperateness,'and said it was not water- tight, as a jar might be pierced with holes—using the simile because of its insatiate desires.
Gorg. 507 x. And the wise men say that one com- munity embraces heaven and earth and gods and men and friendship and order and temperance and righteous- ness, and for that reason they call this whole a universe,
afred
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my friend, for it is not without order nor yet is there excess. It seems to me that you do not pay attention to these things, though you are wise in regard to them. But it has escaped your notice that geometrical equality prevails widely among both gods and men.
PassaGes IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO THE PyTHa- GOREANS.
Phys. iii. 4; 208321. For all who think they have worthily applied themselves to such philosophy, have discoursed concerning the infinite, and they all have asserted some first principle of things—some, like the Pythagoreans and Plato, a first principle existing by itself, not connected with anything else, but being itself the infinite in its essence. Only the Pythagoreans found it among things perceived by sense (for they say that number is not an abstraction), and they held that it was the infinite outside the heavens. ‘
ili.4; 204 a 33. (The Pythagoreans) both hold that the infinite is being, and divide it.
iv. 6; 218 b 22. And the Pythagoreans say that there is a void, and that it enters into the heaven itself from the infinite air, as though it (the heaven) were breathing; and this void defines the natures of things, inasmuch as it is a certain separation and definition of things that lie together; and this is true first in the case of numbers, for the void defines the nature of these.
De coel. i. 1; 26810. Foras the Pythagoreans say, the all and all things are defined by threes; for end and middle and beginning constitute the number of the all, and also the number of the triad.
ii. 2; 284 b 6. And since there are some who say that there is a right and left of the heavens, as, for instance,
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those that are called Pythagoreans (for such is their doctrine), we must investigate whether it is as they say.
li. 2; 285a 10. Wherefore one of the Pythagoreans might be surprised in that they say that there are only these two first principles, the right and the left, and they pass over four of them as not having the least validity ; for there is no less difference up and down, and front and back than there is right and left in all creatures.
ii. 2; 285 b 23. And some are dwelling in the upper hemisphere and to the: right, while we dwell below and to the left, which is the opposite to what the Pytha- goreans say; for they put us above and to the right, while the others are below and at the left.
ii. 9; 290 b15. Some think it necessary that noise should arise when so great bodies are in motion, since sound does arise from bodies among us which are not so large and do not move so swiftly ; and from the sun and moon and from the stars in so great number, and of so great size, moving so swiftly, there must necessarily arise a sound inconceivably great. Assuming these things and that the swiftness has the principle of harmony by reason of the intervals, they say that the sound of the stars moving on in a circle becomes musical. And since it seems unreasonable that we also do not hear this sound, they say that the reason for this is that the noise exists in the very nature of things, so as not to be distinguishable from the opposite silence; for the dis- tinction of sound and silence lies in their contrast with each other, so that as blacksmiths think there is no difference between them because they are accustomed to the sound, so the same thing happens to men.
ii. 9; 291a7. What occasions the difficulty and makes the Pythagoreans say that there is a harmony of the bodies as they move, is a proof. Fcr whatever things
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move themselves make a sound and noise; but whatever things are fastened in what moves or exist in it as the parts in a ship, cannot make a noise, nor yet does the ship if it moves in a river.
ii. 18; 298219. Theysay that the whole heaven is limited, the opposite to what those of Italy, called the Pythagoreans, say ; for these say that fire is at the centre and that the earth is one of the stars, and that moving in a circle about the centre it produces night and day. And they assume yet another earth opposite this which they call the counter-earth [avriy@wv}, not seeking reasons and causes for phenomena, but stretching phenomena to meet certain assumptions and opinions of theirs and attempting to arrange them in a system. . . . And farther the Pythagoreans say that the most authoritative part of the All stands guard, because it is specially fitting that it should, and this part is the centre; and this place that the fire occupies, they call the guard of Zeus, as it is called simply the centre, that is, the centre of space and the centre of matter and of nature.
ili. 1; 800a15. The same holds true for those who construct the heaven out of numbers; for some con- struct nature out of numbers, as do certain of the Pythagoreans.
Metaphys. i.5; 985 b 23-986b8. With these and before them (Anaxagoras, Empedokles, Atomists) those called Pythagoreans applying themselves to the sciences, first developed them ; and being brought up in them they thought that the first principles of these (i.c. num- bers) were the first principles of all things. And since of these (sciences) numbers are by nature the first, in numbers rather than in fire and earth and water they thought they saw many likenesses to. things that are and that are coming to be, as, for instance, justice is such a property of numbers, and soul and mind are
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such a property, and another is opportunity, and of other things one may say the same of each one.
+And further, discerning in numbers the conditions and reasons of harmonies alsot; since, moreover, other things seemed to be like numbers in their entire nature, and numbers were the first of every nature, they assumed that the elements of numbers were the elements of all things, and that the whole heavens were harmony and number. And whatever characteristics in numbers and harmonies they could show were in agreement with the properties of the heavens and its parts and with its whole arrangement, these they collected and adapted ;- and if there chanced to be any gap anywhere, they eagerly sought that the whole system might be con- nected with these (stray. phenomena). To give an example of my meaning: inasmuch as ten seemed to be the perfect number and to embrace the whole nature of numbers, they asserted that the number of bodies moving through the heavens were ten, and when only nine were visible, for the reason just stated they postu- lated the counter-earth as the tenth. We have given a more definite account of these thinkers in other parts of our writings. But we have referred to them here with this purpose in view, that we might ascertain from them what they asserted as the first principles and in what manner they came upon the causes that have been enumerated. They certainly seem to consider number as the first principle and as it were the matter in things and in their conditions and states; and the odd and the even are elements of number, and of these the one is infinite and the other finite, and unity is the pro- duct of both of them; for it is both odd and even, and number arises from unity, and the whole heaven, as has been said, is numbers.
A different party in this same school say that the
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first principles are ten, named according to the following table :—finite and infinite, even and odd, one and many; right and left, male and female, rest and motion, straight and crooked, light and darkness, good and bad, square and oblong. After this manner Alkmaeon of Kroton seems to have conceived them, and either he received this doctrine from them or they from him ; for Alkmaeon arrived at maturity when Pythagoras was an old man, and his teachings resembled theirs. For he says that most human affairs are twofold, not meaning opposites reached by definition, as did the former party, but opposites by chance—as, for example, white-black, sweet-bitter, good-bad, small-great. This philosopher let fall his opinions indefinitely about the rest, but the Pythagoreans declared the number of the opposites and what they were. From both one may learn this much, that opposites are the first principles of things; but from the latter he may learn the number of these, and what they are. But how it is possible to bring them into relation with the causes of which we have spoken if they have not clearly worked out; but they seem to range their elements under the category of matter, for they say that being is compounded and formed from them, and that they inhere in it.
987 a 9-27. Down to the Italian philosophers and with the exception of them the rest have spoken more reasonably about these principles, except that, as we said, they do indeed use two principles, and the one of these, whence is motion, some regard as one and others as twofold. The Pythagoreans, however, while they in similar manner assume two first principles, add this which is peculiar to themselves: that they do not think that the finite and the infinite and the one are certain other things by nature, such as fire or earth or any other such thing, but the infinite itself and unity itself are
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the essence of the things of which they are predicated, and so they make number the essence of all things. So they taught after this manner about them, and began to discourse and to define what being is, but they made it altogether too simple a matter. For they made their definitions superficially, and to whatever first the defini- tion might apply, this they thought to be the essence of the matter; as if one should say that twofold and two were the same, because the twofold subsists in the two. But undoubtedly the two and the twofold are not the same ; otherwise the one will be many—a consequence which even they would not draw. So much then may be learned from the earlier philosophers and from their successors.
i.6; 987b10. And Plato only changed the name, for the Pythagoreans say that things exist by imitation of numbers, but Plato, by sharing the nature of numbers.
i. 6; 987 b 22. But that the one is the real essence of things, and not something else with unity as an attribute, he affirms, agreeing with the Pythagoreans; and in harmony with them he affirms that numbers are the principles of being for other things. But it is peculiar to him that instead of a single infinite he posits a double infinite, an infinite of greatness and of littleness; and it is also peculiar to him that he separates numbers from things that are seen, while they say that numbers are the things themselves, and do not interpose mathe- matical objects between them. This separation of the one and numbers from things, in contrast with the position of the Pythagoreans, and the introduction of ideas, are the consequence of his investigation by concepts.
i. 8; 989 b32-990a 82. Those, however, who carry on their investigation with reference to all things, and divide things into what are perceived and what are not perceived by sense, evidently examine both classes, so
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one must delay a little longer over what they say. They speak correctly and incorrectly in reference to the ques- tions now before us. Now’ those who are called Pytha- goreans use principles and elements yet stranger than those of the physicists, in that they do not take them from the sphere of sense, for mathematical objects are without motion, except in the case of astronomy- Still, they discourse about everything in nature and study it; they construct the heaven, they observe what happens in its parts tand their states and motionst ; they apply to these their first principles and causes, as though they agreed entirely with the other physicists that being is only what is perceptible and what that which is called heaven includes. But their causes and first principles, they say, are such as to lead up to the higher parts of reality, and are in harmony with this rather than with the doctrines of nature. In what manner motion will take place when finite and infinite, odd and even, are the only underlying realities, they do not say;.nor how it is possible for genesis and destruction to take place without motion and change, or for the heavenly bodies to revolve. Farther, if one grant to them that greatness arises from these principles, or if this could be proved, nevertheless, how will it be that some bodies are light and some heavy ? For their postulates and statements apply no more to mathematical objects than to things of sense; accord- ingly they have said nothing at all about fire or earth or any such objects, because I think they have no dis- tinctive doctrine about things of sense. Farther, how is if necessary to assume that number and states of number are the causes of what is in the heavens and what is taking place there from the beginning and now, and that there is no other number than that out of which the world is composed? For when opinion and opportune time are at a certain point in the heavens,
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and a little farther up or down are injustice and judg- ment or a mixture of them, and they bring forward as proof that each one of these is number, and the result then is that at this place there is already a multitude of compounded quantities because those states of number have each their place—is this number in heaven the same which it is necessary to assume that each of these things is, or is it something different ? Plato says it is different ; still, he thinks that both these things and the causes of them are numbers; but the one class are ideal causes, and the others are sense causes.
ii. 1; 996a4. And the most difficult and perplexing question of all is whether unity and being are not, as Plato and the Pythagoreans say, something different from things but their very essence, or whether the un- derlying substance is something different, friendship, as Empedokles says, or as another says, fire, or water, or air.
ii. 4; 1001a9. Plato and the Pythagoreans assert that neither being nor yet unity is something different from things, but that it is the very nature of them, as though essence itself consisted in unity and existence.
1086b 17. Soit turns out that many things of which the forms appear different have one form, as the Pytha- goreans discovered ; and one can say that there is one form for everything, and the others are not forms; and thus all things will be one.
ix. 2; 1053b 11. Whether the one itself is a sort of essence, as first the Pythagoreans and later Plato affirmed. ..
xi.7; 1072b 381. And they are wrong who assume, as do the Pythagoreans and Speusippos, that the most beautiful and the best is not in the first principle, because the first principles of plants and animals are indeed causes ; for that which is beautiful and perfect is in what comes from these first principles.
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xii. 4; 1078b21. The Pythagoreans (before Demo- kritos) only defined a few things, the concepts of which they reduced to numbers, as for instance opportunity or justice or marriage. . .
xii.6; 1080b16. The Pythagoreans say that there is but one number, the mathematical, but things of sense are not separated from this, for they are com- posed of it; indeed, they construct the whole heaven out of numbers, but not out of unit numbers, for they assume that the unities have quantity; but how the first unity was so constituted as to have quantity, they seem at a loss to say. b 381. All, as many as regard the one as the element and first principle of things, except the Pythagoreans, assert that numbers are based on the unit; but the Pythagoreans assert, as has been remarked, that numbers have quantity.
xii. 8; 1083b9. The Pythagorean standpoint has on the one hand fewer difficulties than those that have been discussed, but it has new difficulties of its own. The fact that they do not regard number as separate, removes many of the contradictions ; but it is impossible that bodies should consist of numbers, and that this number should be mathematical. Nor is it true that indivisible elements have quantity; but, granted that they have this quality of indivisibility, the units have no quantity ; for how can quantity be composed of indivisible elements? but arithmetical number consists of units. But these say that things are number; at least, they adapt their speculations to such bodies as consist of elements which are numbers.
xii. 3; 1090a 20. On the other hand the Pytha- goreans, because they see many qualities of numbers in bodies perceived by sense, regard objects as numbers, not as separate numbers, but as derived from numbers. And why ? Because the qualities of numbers exist in
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harmony both in the heaven and in many other things. But for those who hold that number is mathematical only, it is impossible on the basis of their hypothesis to say any such thing; and it has already been remarked that there can be no science of these numbers. But we say, as above, that there is a science of numbers. LEvi- dently the mathematical does not exist apart by itself, for in that case its qualities could not exist in bodies. In such a matter the Pythagoreans are restrained by nothing ; when, however, they construct out of numbers physical bodies—out of numbers that have neither weight nor lightness, bodies that have weight and light- ness—they seem to be speaking about another heaven and other bodies than those perceived by sense.
Eth. i. 4; 1096b5. And the Pythagoreans seem to speak more persuasively about it, putting the unity in the co-ordination of good things.
ii. 5; 1106629. The evil partakes of the nature of the infinite, the good of the finite, as the Pythagoreans conjectured.
vy. 8; 1132b21. Reciprocity seems to some to be absolutely just, as the Pythagoreans say ; for these defined the just as that which is reciprocal to another.
Mor. i. 1; 1182411. First Pythagoras attempted to speak concerning virtue, but he did not speak correctly ; for bringing virtues into correspondence with numbers, he did not make any distinct. ,
PyTHAGORAS AND THE PyTHAGOREANS: PASSAGES IN THE DoxoGRAPHISTS.
Aet. Plac.i. 8; Doz. 280. And again from another starting-point, Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, a Samian, who was the first to call this matter by the name of philosophy, assumed as first principles the numbers and
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the symmetries existing in them, which he calls har- monies, and the elements compounded of both, that are called geometrical. And again he includes the monad and the undefined dyad among the first principles; and for him one of the first principles tends toward the creative and form-giving cause, which is intelligence, that is god, and the other tends toward the passive and material cause, which is the visible universe. And he says that the starting-point of number is the decad; for all Greeks and all barbarians count as far as ten, and when they get as far as this they return to the monad. And again, he says, the power of the ten is in the four and the tetrad. And the reason is this: if any one treturningt from the monad adds the numbers in a series as far as the four, he will fill out the number ten (i.e. 1+2+8+4=10); but if he goes beyond the number of the tetrad, he will exceed the ten. Just as if one should add one and two and should add to these three and four, he will fill out the number ten; so that according to the monad number is in the ten, but potentially in the four. Wherefore the Pythagoreans were wont to speak as though the greatest oath were the tetrad: ‘By him that transmitted to our soul the tetraktys, which has the spring and root of ever-flowing nature. And our soul, he says, is composed of the tetrad; for it is intelligence, understanding, opinion, sense, from which things come every art and science, and we ourselves become reasoning beings. The monad, however, is intelligence, for intelligence sees according to the monad. As for example, men are made up of many parts, and part by part they are devoid of sense and comprehension and experience, yet we perceive that man as one alone, whom no being resembles, possesses these qualities; and we perceive that a horse is one, but part by part it is without experience.
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For these are all forms and classes according to monads. Wherefore, assigning this limit with reference to each one of these, they speak of a reasoning being and a neighing being. On this account then the monad is intelligence by which we perceive these things. And the undefined dyad is science ; fittingly, for all proof and all persuasion is part of science, and farther every syllogism brings together what is questioned out of some things that are agreed upon, and easily proves something else; and science is the comprehension of these things, wherefore it would be the dyad. And opinion as the result of comprehending them is the triad; fittingly, for opinion has to do with many things; and the triad is quantity, as ‘The thrice-blessed Danaoi.’ On this account then he includes the triad. . . . And their sect is called Italic because Pythagoras taught in Italy, for he removed from Samos, his fatherland, because of dissatisfaction with the tyranny of Polykrates.
Aet. i. 7; Dox. 302. Pythagoras held that one of the first principles, the monad, is god and the good, which is the origin of the One, and is itself intelligence; but the undefined dyad is a divinity and the bad, surrounding which is the mass of matter. i. 8; 307. Divine spirits [Saiuoves] are psychical beings; and heroes are souls separated from bodies, good heroes are good souls, bad heroes are bad souls. i. 9; 807. The followers of Thales and Pythagoras and the Stoics held that matter is variable and changeable and transformable and in a state of flux, the whole through the whole. i. 10; 3809. Pythagoras asserted that the so-called forms and ideas exist in numbers and their harmonies, and in what are called geometrical objects, apart from bodies. i. 11; 310. Pythagoras and Aristotle asserted that the first causes are immaterial, but that other causes involve a union or contact with material substance [so that the world is
L
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material]. i. 14; 812. The followers of Pythagoras held that the universe is a sphere according to the form of the four elements ; but. the highest fire alone is conical. i. 15; 314. The Pythagoreans call colour the manifesta- tion of matter. i.16; 314. Bodies are subject to change of condition, and are divisible to infinity. i. 18; 316. (After quotation from Arist. Phys. iv. 4; 212 a 20) And in his first book on the philosophy of Pythagoras he writes that the heaven is one, and that time and wind and the void which always defines the places of each thing, are introduced from the infinite. And among other things he says that place is the immovable limit of what surrounds the world, or that in which bodies abide and are moved; and that it is full when it surrounds body on every side, and empty when it has absolutely nothing in itself. Accordingly it is necessary for place to exist, and body ; andit is never empty except only from the standpoint of thought, for the nature of it in perpetuity is destructive of the interrelation of things and of the combination of bodies; and motions arise according to place of bodies that surround and oppose each other; and no infiniteness is lacking, either of quantity or of extent. i. 20; 318. Pythagoras said that time is the sphere of what surrounds the world. i. 21; 318. Pythagoras, Plato: Motion is a certain otherness or difference in matter. [This is the common limit of all motion.] i. 24; 820. Pythagoras and all that assume that matter is subject to change assert that genesis and destruction in an absolute sense take place ; for from change of the elements and modification and separation of them there take place juxtaposition and mixture, and intermingling and melting together.
Aet. Plac. ii. 1; 327. Pythagoras first named the circumference of all things the universe by reason of the order in it. ii. 4; 880. Pythagoras, Plato, and the Stoics
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held that the universe is brought into being by god. And it is perishable so far as its nature is concerned, for it is perceived by sense, and therefore material; it will not however be destroyed in accordance with the foreknowledge and plan of god. ii.6; 334. Pythagoras: The universe is made from five solid figures, which are called also mathematical; of these he says that earth has arisen from the cube, fire from the pyramid, air from the octahedron, and water from the icosahedron, and the sphere of the all from the dodecahedron. ii. 9; 338. The followers of Pythagoras hold that there is a void outside the universe into which the universe breathes forth, and from which it breathes in. ii. 10; 839. Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle: The right hand side of the universe is the eastern part from which comes the beginning of motion, and the left hand side is the west. They say the universe has neither height nor depth, in which statement height means distance from below upwards, and depth from above downwards. For none of the distances thus described exist for the universe, inasmuch as it is disposed around the middle of itself, from which it extends toward the all, and with reference to. which it is the same on every side. ii. 12; 340. Thales, Pythagoras, and their followers: The sphere of the whole heaven is divided into five circles, which they call zones; the first of these is called the arctic zone and is ever visible ; the second the summer solstice, the third the equinoctial, the fourth the winter solstice, and fifth the antarctic zone, which is invisible. And the ecliptic called the zodiac in the three middle ones is projected to touch the three middle ones. And the meridian crosses all these from the north to the opposite quarter at right angles. It is said that Pythagoras was the first to recognise the slant of the zodiacal circle which Oenopides of Chios appropriated as his own dis- i 2
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covery. ii. 18; 848. Herakleides and the Pythagoreans asserted that each world [xdcpos] of the stars is air and aether surrounding earth in the infinite aether. And these doctrines are brought out in the Orphic writings, for they construct each world of the stars. i. 22; 352. The Pythagoreans: The sun is spherical. ii. 23; 353. Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle: The solstices lie along the slant of the zodiacal circle, through which the sun goes along the zodiac, and with the accompaniment of the tropic circles; and all these things also the globe shows. ii.24; 854. Aneclipse takes place when the moon comes past. ii. 25; 857. Pythagoras: The moon is a mirror- like body. i. 29; 860. Some of the Pythagoreans (according to the Aristotelian account and the statement of Philip the Opuntian) said that an eclipse of the moon takes place, sometimes by the interposition of the earth, sometimes by the interposition of the counter-earth [avrivyOov]. But it seems to some more recent thinkers that it takes place by a spreading of the flame little by little as it is gradually kindled, until it gives the com- plete full moon, and again, in like manner, it grows less until the conjunction, when it is completely extin- guished. ii. 80; 361. Some of the Pythagoreans, among them Philolaos, said that the earthy appearance of the moon is due to its being inhabited by animals and by plants, like those on our earth, only greater and more beautiful; for the animals on it are fifteen times as powerful, not having any sort of excrement, and their day is fifteen times as long as ours. But others said that the outward appearance in the moon is a reflection on the other side of the inflamed circle of the sea that is on our earth. ii. 82; 364. Some regard the greater year... . as the sixty year period, among whom are Oenopides and Pythagoras.
Aet. Plac. iii. 1; Dox.864. Some of the Pythagoreans
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said that the milky way is the burning of a star that fell from its own foundation, setting on fire the region through which it passed in a circle, as Phaethon was burned. And others say that the course of the sun. arose in this manner at the first. And certain ones say that the appearance of the sun is like a mirror reflecting its rays toward the heaven, and therefore it happens at times to refiect its rays on the rainbow in the clouds.
Aet. ili. 2; 366. Some of the followers of Pythagoras say that the comet is one of the stars that are not always shining, but emit their light periodically through a certain definite time; but others say that it is the reflection of our vision into the sun, like reflected images. iii. 14; 378. Pythagoras: The earth, after the analogy of the sphere of the all, is divided into five zones, arctic, antarctic, summer, winter, and equinoctial ; of these the middle one he defines to be the middle of the earth, called for this very reason the torrid zone; but the inhabited one [the one between the arctic and the torrid zones] being well-tempered. .. .
Aet. iv. 2; Dox. 386. Pythagoras holds that number moves itself, and he takes number as an equivalent for intelligence. iv. 4; 889. Pythagoras, Plato: According to a superficial account the soul is of two parts, the one possessing, the other lacking, reason; but according to close and exact examination, of three parts; for the unreasoning part they divide into the emotions and the desires. (Theodor. vy. 20); Dox. 890. The successors of Pythagoras saying that body is a mixture of five elements (for they ranked the aether as ar fifth along with the four) held that the powers of the soul are of the same number as these. And these they name intelligence and wisdom and understanding and opinion and sense- perception. iv. 5; 391. Pythagoras: The principle of life is about the heart, but the principle of reason and
150 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
intelligence is about the head. iv.5; 892. Pythagoras et al.: The intelligence enters from without. iv. 7; 392. Pythagoras, Plato: The soul is imperishable. iv. 9; 396. Pythagoras et al.: The sense-perceptions are deceptive. iv. 9; 897. Pythagoras, Plato: Each of the sensations is pure, proceeding from each single element. With reference to vision, it was of the nature of aether ; hearing, of the nature of wind; smell, of the nature of fire; taste, of the nature of moisture; touch, of the nature of earth. iv. 14; 405. The followers of Pytha- goras and of the mathematicians on reflections of vision : For vision moves directly as it were against the bronze [of a mirror], and meeting with a firm smooth surface it is turned and bent back on itself, meeting some such experience as when the arm is extended and then bent back to the shoulder. iv. 20; 409. Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle: Sound is immaterial. For it is not air, but it is the form about the air and the appearance [érupaveia| after some sort of percussion which becomes sound ; and every appearance is immaterial ; for it moves with bodies, but is itself absolutely immaterial ;! as in the case of a bent rod the surface-appearance suffers no change, but the matter is what is bent.
Aet. Plac. v.1; 415. Pythagoras did not admit the sacrificial part alone (of augury). v. 3; 417. Pytha- goras: The seed is foam of the best part of the blood, a secretion from the nourishment, like blood and marrow. v. 4; 417. Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle: The power of seed is immaterial, like intelligence, the moving power ; but the matter that is poured forth is material. v. 20; 432. Pythagoras, Plato: The souls of animals called unreasoning are reasonable, not however with active reasoning powers, because of an imperfect mixture of the bodies and because they do not have the power of
' Cf. Galen, 27; Dow. 615 sq.
PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 151
speech, as in the case of apes and dogs; for these have intelligence but not the power of speech.
Ar. Did. Ep. Fr. 32; Dox. 467. Apollodoros in the second book Concerning the gods: It is the Pythagorean opinion that the morning and the evening star are the same.
Theophr. Phys. Op. Fr. 17; Dox. 492. Favorinus says that he (Pythagoras) was the first to call the heavens a universe and the earth round [otpoyytrn7}.
Cie. de Deor. Nat. i. 11; Philod. piet. Fr. c 4b; Dox. 533. For Pythagoras, who held that soul is extended through all the nature of things and mingled with them, and that from this our souls are taken, did not see that god would be separated and torn apart by the separation of human souls; and when souls are wretched, as might happen to many, then part of god would be wretched ; a thing which could not happen. |
Hippol. Phil. 2; Dox. 555. There is a second philo- sophy not far distant from the same time, of which Pythagoras, whom some call a Samian, was the first representative. And this they call the Italian philo- sophy because Pythagoras fled the rule of Polykrates over the Samians and settled in a city of Italy where he spent his life. The successive leaders of this sect shared the same spirit. And he in his studies of nature mingled astronomy and geometry and musie <and arithmetic>. And thus he asserted that god is a monad, and examining the nature of number with especial care, he said that the universe produces melody and is put together with harmony, and he first proved the motion of the seven stars to be rhythm and melody. And in wonder at the structure of the universe, he decreed that at first his disciples should be silent, as it were mystae who were coming into the order of the all ; then when he thought they had sufficient education
152 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
in the principles of truth, and had sought wisdom sufficiently in regard to stars and ‘in regard to nature, he pronounced them pure and then bade them speak. He separated his disciples into two groups, and called one esoteric, and the other exoteric. To the former he entrusted the more perfect sciences, to the latter the more moderate. And he dealt with magic, as they say, and himself discovered the art of physiognomy. Postulating both numbers and measures he was wont to say that the first principle of arithmetic em- braced philosophy by combination, after the following manner : '
Number is the first principle, a thing which is unde- fined, incomprehensible, having in itself all numbers which could reach infinity in amount. And the first principle of numbers is in substance the first monad, which is a male monad, begetting as a father all other numbers. Secondly the dyad is female number, and the same is called by the arithmeticians even. Thirdly the triad is male number; this the arithmeticians have been wont to call odd. Finally the tetrad is a female number, and the same is called even because it is female.
All numbers, then, taken by elasses are fours (for number is undefined in reference to class), of which is composed the perfect number, the decad. For the series, one two three and four, becomes ten, if its own name is kept in its essence by each of the numbers. Pythagoras said that this sacred tetraktys is ‘the spring having the roots of ever-flowing nature’ in itself, and from this numbers have their first principle. For the eleven and the twelve and the rest derive from the ten the first principle of their being. The four parts of the decad, this perfect number, are called number, monad, power, and cube. And the interweavings and
PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 153
minglings of these in the origin of growth are what naturally completes nascent number ; for when a power is multiplied upon itself, it is the power of a power; and when a power is multiplied on a cube, it is the power of a cube; and when a cube is multiplied on a cube, the cube of a cube; thus all numbers, from which arises the genesis of what arises, are seven :—number, monad, power, cube, power of a power, power of a cube, cube of a cube.
He said that the soul is immortal, and that it changes from one body to another ;! so he was wont to say that he himself had been born before the Trojan war as Aethalides, and at the time of the Trojan war as Euphorbos, and after that as Hermotimos of Samos, then as Pyrrhos of Delos, fifth as Pythagoras. And Diodoros of Eretria and Aristoxenos the musician say that Pythagoras had come into Zaratas of Chaldaea ; and he set forth that in his view there were from the beginning two causes of things, father and mother ; and the father is light and the mother darkness; and the parts of light are warm, dry, light, swift; and of darkness are cold, moist, heavy, slow; and of these all the universe is composed, of male and female. And he says that the universe exists in accordance with musical harmony, so the sun also makes an harmonious period. And concerning the things that arise from the earth and the universe they say that Zaratas spoke as follows: There are two divinities, one of the heavens and the other of the earth; the one of the earth produces things from the earth, and it is water; and the divinity of the heavens is fire with a portion of air, warm, and cold ; wherefore he says that none of these things will destroy or even pollute the soul, for these are the essence of all things. And it is said that Zaratas forbade men
ji Cf. Epiph. Haer. i. 7; Dow. 589.
154 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
to eat beans because he said that at the beginning and composition of all things when the earth was still a whole, the bean arose. And he says that the proof of this is that if one chews a bean to a pulp and exposes it to the sun for a certain time (for the sun will affect it quickly), it gives out the odour of humanseed. And he says that there is another and clearer proof: if when a bean is in flower we were to take the bean and its flower, and putting it into a pitcher moisten it and then bury it in _ the earth, and after a few days dig it up again, we should seein the first place that it had the form of a womb, and examining it closely we should find the head of a child growing with it.
He perished in a conflagration with his disciples in Kroton in Italy. And it was the custom when one became a disciple for him to burn his property and to - leave his money under a seal with Pythagoras, and he remained in silence sometimes three years, sometimes five years, and studied. And immediately on being released from this he mingled with the others and con- tinued a disciple and made his home with them; other- wise he took his money and was sent off. The esotéric class were called Pythagoreans, and the others Pytha- goristae. And those of the disciples who escaped the conflagration were Lysis and Archippos and Zalmoxis the slave of Pythagoras, who is said to have taught the Pythagorean philosophy to the Druids among the Celts.! Itis said that Pythagoras learned numbers and measures from the Egyptians; astonished at the wisdom of the priests, which was deserving of belief and full of fancies and difficult to buy, he imitated it and himself also taught his disciples to be silent, and obliged the student to remain quietly in rooms underneath the earth.
Kpiph. Pro. i.; Dox. 587. Pythagoras laid down
‘ Cf. 25; Dox. 574.
’ PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 155
the doctrine of the monad and of foreknowledge and the interdict on sacrificing to the gods then believed on, and he bade men not to partake of beings that had life, and to refrain from wine. And he drew a line between the things from the moon upwards, calling these immortal, and those below, which he called mortal; and he taught the transmigration of souls from bodies into bodies even as far as animals and beasts. And he used to teach his followers to observe silence for a period of five years, Finally he named himself a god.
Epiph. Haer. i. 8; Dox. 390. Pythagoras the Samian, son of Mnesarchos, said that the monad is god, and that nothing has been brought into being apart from this. He was wont to say that wise men ought not to sacrifice animals to the gods, nor yet to eat what had life, or beans, nor to drink wine. And he was wont to say that all things from the moon downward were subject to change, while from the moon upward they were not. And he said that the soul goes at death into other animals. And he bade his disciples to keep silence for a period of five years, and finally he named himself a god.
Herm. J.G.P.16; Dox. 655. Others then from the ancient tribe, Pythagoras and his fellow-tribesmen, revered and taciturn, transmitted other dogmas to me as mysteries, and this is the great and unspeakable ipse- dixit: the monad is the first principle of all things. From its forms and from numbers the elements arose. And he declared that the number and form and measure of each of these is somehow as follows :—Fire is com- posed of twenty-four right-angled triangles, surrounded by four equilaterals. And each equilateral consists of six right-angled triangles, whence they compare it to the pyramid. Air is composed of forty-eight triangles, sur- rounded by eight equilaterals. And it is compared to
156 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
the octahedron, which is surrounded by eight equilateral triangles, each of which is separated into six right-angled triangles so as to become forty-eight in all. And water is composed of one hundred and twenty triangles, sur- rounded by twenty equilaterals, and itis compared to the icosahedron, which is composed of one hundred and twenty equilateral triangles. And aether is composed of twelve equilateral pentagons, and is like a dodeca- hedron. And earth is composed of forty-eight tri- angles, and is surrounded by six equilateral pentagons, and it is like a cube. For the cube is surrounded by six tetragons, each of which is separated into eight triangles, so that they become in all forty-eight.
| Or =~]
by
X. EMPEDOKLES.
EMpEDoKLEs, son of Meton, grandson of an Empedokles who was a victor at Olympia, made his home at Akragas in Sicily. He was born about 494 z.c., and lived to the age of sixty. The only sure date in his life is his visit to Thourioi soon after its foundation (444). Various stories are told of his political activity, which may be genuine traditions ; these illustrate a democratic tendency. At the same time he claimed almost the homage due to a god, and many miracles are attributed to him. His writings in some parts are said to imitate Orphic verses, and apparently his religious activity was in line with this sect. His death occurred away from Sicily—probably in the Peloponnesos.
Literature :—Sturz, Emped. vita et phil. carm. rell. Lips. 1805; Karsten, E’mped. carm. reli. Amst. 1838 ; Bergk, Kleine Schriften, Berl. 1839 ; Pan- zerbieter, Beitr. z. Krituk u. Erkl. d. Emped. Meining. 1844 ; Stein, Hmped. Frag. Bonn 1852 ; Schneidewin, Philol. xv.; H. Diels; Hermes xv. pp. 161-179 ; Gorgias und Empedocles, Acad. Berol. 1884; Unger, Philol. Suppl. 1888, pp. 511-550; O. Kern, Archi f. d. Gesch. d. Philos. i. 498 ff. ; Knatz, ‘ Empedoclea’ in Schedae Phil. H. Usener oblatae, Bonn 1891; A. Platt, Journal of Philology, xxiv. p. 246 ; Bidez, Archiv, ix. 190 ; Gomperz, Hermes, xxxi. p. 469.
Norz.—I print Stein’s numbers at the left of the Greek text, Karsten’s -numbers at the right.
158 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
10
15
FRAGMENTS OF EMPEDOKLES. EPI ®YTSEQS TPOTOS.
Tavoavia, od 83 Kri0t, Saippovos ’Ayyxirov vie.
oTEWOTOL Mev yap TaAdpwaL KATA Yuta KéYUTAL*
morra b& Sead eumaa, ta 7 apBd0vovor pepluvas.
mavpov 52 Cwijs aBlov pépos aOpicavtes
@Kvpopo KaTrvoto Sikny apbévtes arrértay,
avdTo movoy mEtaOévTEs, OT@ TpOTeKUpCEV EKATTOS
mavtoo édavvdpmevos, TO 8 ONO par evyETaL evpetv*
ovTws ovT’ émidepxtTa Tad’ avdpdcw ovd éra- KovoTa
oUTE VOM TEp\AnTTa. ad OS our, érel OO ENIG- cOns,
mevoeae ov TAoV He BpoTtEin wHTLS OTwTED.
an + J
GNA, Oeol, THY wey pavinv aTroTpée ate ywoo-
ons, 3 Py e / / fal \ > vA Kx oclwy aTouatwv Kabaphy dyeTevoaTe
/ yyy. /
Kal of, ToAUvpVHOTH AEVKwAEVE Tapbéve Modoa, ” avTopat, Ov Oéuis éotiv epnweplovaw aKoverr,
r en , » / % 9.7 oe TéuTre Tap evoePins, 2ddovo’ edyviov apua*
Sources and Critical Notes.
54
40
45
1. Diog. Laer. viii. 60. 2-10. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 123-124. 3. Prokl. on Tim. p. 175. 5. Plut. Mor. 360c. 6. Diog. Laer. ix. 73; 8-9a. Plut. Mor. 17 z.
11-23. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 125.
3. MSS, deAcuméa, corr. Emperius. Prokl. Sew’ érea. 4. MSS. (wher Biov, corr. Scaliger. CFR d6polcavros. 7. MSS. édavyduevor, 7d 8° dAoy etxerat, corr. Stein. 9. Bergk adds 3 after ov. 10. MSS. mAcidy ye, Karsten mAéov’ #%, Stein madov: MSS.
dpwpev, corr. Panzerbieter.
18. Prokl. Tim. 106; Plut. Mor. 93 x. 12. MSS. oxevoare, corr. Steph. 16. MSS. o¢, Stein »é. 17. Sext.
16-17. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 682:
EMPEDOKLES 159
TRANSLATION.
Book I.
1. And do thou hear me, Pausanias, son of wise Anchites.
2. For scant means of acquiring knowledge are scattered among the members of the body; and many are the evils that break in to blunt the edge of studious thought. And gazing on a little portion of life that is not life, swift to meet their fate, they rise and are borne away like smoke, persuaded only of that on which each one chances as he is driven this way and that, but the whole he vainly boasts he has found. ‘Thus these things are neither seen nor heard distinctly by men, nor com- prehended by the mind. And thou, now that thou hast withdrawn hither, shalt learn no more than what mortal
mind has seen.
11. But, ye gods, avert the madness of those men from my tongue, and from lips that are holy cause a pure stream to flow. And thee I pray, much-wooed white- armed maiden Muse, in what things it is right for beings of a day to hear, do thou, and Piety, driving obedient car, conductmeon. Nor yet shall the flowers of honour
160 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
und: pé y’ evd0Eovo Bujoetar avOea Tipijs
mpos Ovntav avedécOar, ef’ 6 O oains mréov elmrety
Odpaosi kal Tore 8H codins er’ dKxporor Boalew.
GAN ay’ GOper waon Tardy TH Sijrov Exactov,
20 prjre tw’ Ow yor Tiotet TAgOV 7) KAT AkoUnY «50 pir’ axonv épidovrrov brep Tpavopwata yocans, pte TL TOV AOD, OTOT@Y TOPOS zoTL VOHTAL, yulev miotiv puxe, voew & 4 Sijdov Exacrov.
bdppaxa 8 dcca yeyaot KakOv Kal yjpaos adKap 25 wevon, érel povvm col yw Kpavéw Tade TavTa. 425 mavoes § dKxapadtov avéuwv pévos of 7 etl yatav dpvdpevor Tvoiaiar KaTtapOiviOova.y apovpas* kal Tadu, ed7 20éAno0a, TadicovTa TvEevpaT’ erraéeis* Ojoes 8 2& duBporo KeXaLvOv Kaipioy avypov 30 dvOpHrois, Onces 52 Kai 2E avypoto Oepelov 430 pevuata SevdpecOperta Kat’ aidépos aiccovta’ d&eus 8 2& ’Aidao xatapOipévov pévos avdpos.
Técoapa TOV TdvTeV pilopuata TpaTov aKove’ 55 Zevs apyys “Hpn te pepéc Bros 75° ’Acdwveds
MSS. epwdoelns, corr. Steph. Clem. confirms correction. 18. MSS. GoaCet, Plut. @aulfe, corr. Hermann. 19. MSS. dada yap pec
mas, corr. Bergk. 20. Bergk te. . . moriv, Gomperz, dpe éxwv rior mréov’. 22. MSS. érd07n, corr. Stein. 23. MSS. 6’, Karsten 3.
24-32. Diog. Laer. viii. 59 from Satyros; Suidas under é&rvovs ; Eudocia, p. 170; Tzetzes, Chil. ii. 906 f.; Iriarte, Catal. Matrit. p. 450. 26-28. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 754.
27. Clem. @vnrote:; Clem., Diog. Laer. Vin. MS., Tzt. dpovpas. Else- where &povpay. 28. Clem. eé7’, others #v «’. Diog., Clem. madiytira, corr. Stein. 29. Tzt. ortoes, Suidas ories. 30. Tat. orjoes. 31. Diog. ra 3° ev Oper ahoayra, Hermann 747° aidépt aidtccoyra, corr. Stein.
33-35. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 362, and x. 315; Plut. Mor. 8784 (Eus. Pr. Evang. xiv. p. 749) ; Probus on Verg. Ecl. vi. 31; Hipp. Ref.
EMPEDOKLES 161
well esteemed compel me to pluck them from mortal hands, on condition that I speak boldly more than is holy and only then sit on the heights of wisdom.
19. But come, examine by every means each thing how it is clear, neither putting greater faith in anything seen than in what is heard, nor in a thundering sound more than in the clear assertions of the tongue, nor keep from trusting any of the other members in which there lies means of knowledge, but know each thing in
the way in which it is clear.
24. Cures for evils whatever there are, and protec- tion against old age shalt thou learn, since for thee alone will I accomplish all these things. Thou shalt break the power of untiring gales which rising against the earth blow down the crops and destroy them; and, again, whenever thou wilt, thou shalt bring their blasts back ; and thou shalt bring seasonable drought out of dark storm for men, and out of summer drought thou shalt bring streams. pouring down from heaven to nurture the trees; and thou shalt lead out of Hades the
spirit of a man that is dead.
83. Hear first the four roots of all things: bright Zeus, life-giving Hera (air), and Aidoneus (earth), and Nestis who moistens the springs of men with her tears.!
1 Cf. Dow. p. 90, n. 3.
162 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
85 Nijoris 0’ 4 Saxpiors Téyyer Kpovvapa Bporevov. dro 84 ror épéw* dicts ovdevds 2otiv aTravTwv bunrav, ovdé Tis obAOpEvov Oavdrevo TEdEvTH,
GANG povov peikis re SiddAakis Te peyévTov go7l, pias & eri rots dvouatetas avOpairroow. 80
40 of & bre ev cata dota puyev pas aidépe <ixn> h Kata Onpav dypotépwy yévos 4 Kata Oapver He KaT’ OlwYOY, TOTE psy TA A€yovEL yEevér Oat ° evte © drroxpibéwo, Ta 8 ad Svodaipova Totpov, 345 4) Oduis éori, kadodor, vou & eins Kal adres.
45 shee ov yap sides done ghaxdpovds lot pépipuval, of 89 yiyveo Oat mapos otk 2ov em iLovow Hn Tt KaTaOvynoKe Te Kal 2€oAAVCOaL arrdvTH.
ix Te yap ovdap’ éovtos dunyavor éott yevécOar, 81
haer. 246; Stob. Hcl. i. 10, p. 287. 34-35. Athenag. Legatio, p. 22; Diog. Laer. viii. 76; Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 443 a. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 746 joins 33, 78, and 104. 33. trav, Sext. yap, Prob. 5). Last word Prob. éaow. 34. Plut. Zebs aidhp. 35. Diog. Laer. émimixpot dupa Bpdresov, Prob. ye miKpois vwpa (vend ?) Bpdresoy yévos. 36-39. Plut. Mor. 1111 Fr, 885p. 36b, 38. Arist. Gen. Corr.I.1; 314b7; Meta. iv. 4; 1015a1. 38, 39. Arist. de X.Z.G. c. 2 975 b 7. 36. Plut. de placit. obdtv, adv. Colot. éxdorov. Ar. Meta. ebvtwv. 37. Plut. adv. Col. obdAopévn 0. yevébAn. 39. Plut. de placit. tos 5¢ Bporois. 40-44, Plut. Colot.1113c. 44. Plut. Mor. 820 Fr.
40. MSS. re wiv. . . pas aidéps, Mul. 8 7: nev, Panz. ai@épos xn. 42. MSS. tiv yevéoOa, Reiske 7d Aéyous: yev., Karst. Soxéovct yev. 43. MSS. aroxpi0Gor, corr. Ritschl. 44. MSS. elva: xadgovor- Suws. Plut. Mor. 820¥ gives the line as in the text. Duebner suggests eixalws for elva: here.
45-47. Plut. Colot. 1113 o.
47. MS. #ro, corr. Reiske. MS. rdvrn, corr. Steph.
48-50. Arist. de X.Z.G. 2; 975436. 48-49. Philo, de incorr. mundi p. 488.
48, Vulg. && re wh, Cd. Lps. Syl. é« rod wh, Philo é« rod yap
ovdauy. 49. MS. ré re dy, Stein kal 7’ dv. Arist. &epnKrov,
Philo &ravorov. Text from Diels, Hermes xv.p. 161. 50. MS. @hoecbat, corr. Karst.
EMPEDOKLES 163
36. And a second thing I will tell thee: There is no origination of anything that is mortal, nor yet any end in baneful death ; but only mixture and separation of what
is mixed, but men eall this ‘ origination.’ o
40. But when light is mingled with air in human form, or in form like the race of wild beasts or of plants _ or of birds, then men say that these things have come into being; and when they are separated, they call them evil fate; this is the established practice, and I myself
also call it.so in accordance with the custom.
45. Fools! for they have no far-reaching studious thoughts who think that what was not before comes
into being or that anything dies and perishes utterly.
48. For from what does not exist at all it is impos- sible that anything come into being, and it is neither possible nor perceivable that being should perish com- pletely; for things will always stand wherever one in
each case shall put them. m2
164 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
/ \. 9 = kal 7 gov sEarroddoOat avnvuetov Kal aTUaTOV K ek, § \ / ee / AN > (S 50 alel yap orncovras bmn KE TLS alev pelo.
an \ / obx dy aynp ToLadTa copos ppeci pavtevoaito, 350 a \ \ / 4 ws dpa pév Te Biodor, TO 67 BioTov Kadzovor, \ Toppa pav odv eicly Kal odw Tapa berra Kal écOXa, apiv d¢ mayev Te BpoTol Kat érrel AvVOev, ovdEV dip’ siclv. 55 Gd Kakols piv Kapta TédEL KpaTéovoLy aTLOTELD. 84 e \ Mae / / , vA ws 83 rap’ jpetépns KéheTas TIaT@paTa Movons, ae / ibe) / / yvabs, ScatunOévtos evi omrAayyvoict Noyoo.
Kopuas ETEpas ETEpNTL TPOTATT HV 447 pvOwv, pyte Tedely ATpaTroy pilav * 60 Sis yap wal tpls Se? & te 82 Kadov éotw évi- OTrEW. 446 [welpata pv0ar] 87 dim’ épéw' ToTE pev yap sv NVENOn povov eivar
51-54. Plut. Colot. 1113 p. 53. MSS. eiot kal ogi, corr. Karst. MSS. dewa, corr. Bergk.
55-57. Clem. Al. Strom. 656. 56-57. Theod. Serm. 476 Sch. 56. Theod. &d¢ yap. 58-59. Plut. de orac. def. 418c. Arranged in verse by Xylander, MSS. are Aéyew corr. Knatz, Empedoclea, p. 7.
60. Plut. non pos. swav. viv. 1103 F Sls yap d Se? Kadrdy éorw axodoa, Schol. Plat. Gorg. 124 Ruhnk. dls nal rpls 7d kadrdv. . . "Eumed. 7d eros “kad dls yap db Se? Kaddy eorw évlorev.” Text from Sturz.
61-73. Simpl. in Arist. Phys. 34 r 158,1 sq. 66-68. Tzetzes, Hom. 58 Sch. 67-73. Simpl. de caelo Peyr. p. 47 sq. 67-68. Simpl. Phys. 6yv 25, 29, and 310r. Diog. Laer. viii. 76; Stob. Hcl. i. 11, p.290; vit. Hom. p. 327 Gal. 69-73. Arist. Phys viii. 1; 250 b 30.
61. Karst. supplies welpara wv0«y from vy. 75. 62. Cf. 104. 65. EH Spupbeion, MS. dperrh. 66-67. Cf. 116-117. 68. Simpl. 158, 8 dixa mévra, Elsewhere as in text. 69. Om. Simpl. 158 b 1. 73. MSS. ax«ivnro: corr. Bergk.
EMPEDOKLES ; 165
51. A man of wise mind could not divine such things
as these, that so long as men live what indeed they call life, so long they exist and share what is evil and what is excellent, but before they are formed and after they
are dissolved, they are really nothing at all.
55. But for base men it is indeed possible to withhold belief from strong proofs; but do thou learn as the pledges of our Muse bid thee, and lay open her word to
the very core.
58. Joining one heading to another in discussion, not completing one path (of discourse) . .. for it is
right to say what is excellent twice and even thrice.
60. Twofold is the truth I shall speak; for at one time there grew to be one alone out of many, and at another time, however, it separated so that there were many out of the one. Twofold is the coming into being, twofold the passing away, of perishable things ;
for the latter (i.e. ‘passing away) the combining of
166 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
2x mreovev, tots 8 avd Siépv mréov’ 2& Evos elvat. Sout 88 Ovntav yéveots, Son & arrorenpis. 90 Thy pv yap TavTwy ovvodos Tixtel T’ OdéEKEL TE, 65 % 53 wadw Siadvopévor OpepOeioa Siérrn. Kal Tad’ adddooovta Staptrepés ovdapa Arjyet, Grote psv Pidornte cuvepyouer’ eis 8v arravta, adrote & ad Six’ Exacta gopevweva Neikeos Eyer, 95 118 els 6 xev Sv cvupdivta To wav iTévepOe yévntar. 144 obtws H pev bv éx TAEOVaY pEeuaOnke HvEecOaL 70 7S madw Siabdytos évds mréov’ ExTeeOover, TH psy ylyvovrai Te Kal ov odiow zurredos aiwv- 9 58 Tad’ GdrXdooorTa Siaptrepés ovdapa AHYEL,
TaUTY aisv acl aKiwynTov KaTAa KUKXOD. 100 GN ays, pvO@v KrDOL, abn yap Tor Ppévas av&e..
rs e \ \ \ ” , / 75 ws yap xal mply gera tipatcxov telpata pvOor, Sim’ épéw* rote wiv yap Sv nvEnOn povov eivat
74-95. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 158, 13 sq. following the preceding with- out break. 74. Stob. Hcl. App. 34 Gais.; ef. Clem. Al. Strom. 697. 77-80. Simpl. Phys. 6 v 26, 1; Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 10. 78. Plut. de adult. p. 63; Clem. Al. Strom. 746 (with v. 33). 79-80. Sext. Emp. Math. x. 317. 79. Plut. Mor. 9528. 80-81. Plut. Amat. 756 p. 81. Clem. Al. Strom. 653; Simpl. Phys. 41r188,26. 91. Cf. Stob. Ecl. i. 18; Placit.i.18 and Theod. iv. 529¢ (Dox. 316); Galen, Hist. phil.
0. 92. Arist. X.Z7.G.975b10. Simpl. omits 91. 74. Simpl. uéén, corr. Bergk from Stob. and Clem. 78. Sext. mov, Clem. aifépos, Plut. aiécpos Hmov. 79. Simpl. écacroy, Sext. ardyrp, corr. Panz. 80. Plut. év rots, Sext. piAim .. . Yoov. 81. Simpl. aF ody v@; eof. Plut. 82. Simpl. F pvrotow: Bergk, Karst. eviferax. 83. Simpl. DE xai &p@uia, F nad dp’ duo, 85. Simpl. wer’ bcoiww, Pang. ued’ Sroiow, Prel. 7’ doooorw. { have suggested wera roiow. 89. Simpl. cal xpds rors ot’ Gpri. Cf. 159, 8 unity exvyiverda: und’ awodtyew, corr. Stein. 93. Simpl. DEa xe kal xhpvt, F omits xe, corr. Stein (notes).
95. D yivovra, MS. &adore, corr. Stein. DE xal avexts (cf. Hesych.), aF’ dinvekés.
EMPEDOKLES 167 all things both begets and destroys, and the former (i.e. coming into being), which was nurtured again out of parts that were being separated, is itself scattered. 66. And these (elements) never cease changing place continually, now being all united by Love into one, now each borne apart by the hatred engendered of Strife, until they are brought together in the unity of the all, and become subject to it. Thus inasmuch as one has been wont to arise out of many and again with the separation of the one the many arise, so things are con- tinually coming into being and there is no fixed age for them; and farther inasmuch as they [the elements] never cease changing place continually, so they always
exist within an immovable circle.
74, But come, hear my words, for truly learning causes the mind to grow. For as I said before in declaring the ends of my words: Twofold is the truth
I shall speak; for at one time there grew to be the one
168 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
ix TrEbvev, ToT 8 ad Siépu wréov’ 2& Evis civat, \ mip kat bSwp Kal yaia wai aidgpos da)erov irpos * 105 Neixés 7’ ovAOpmevov Sixa TOV, ATaNAYTOV EKATTO, «i ‘80 Kab hor NS év toto lon mijkos TE TAATOS TE. Thy ‘ov A S€oxev nd dppacw hoo TeOnTos, iris Kal Ovnrotar vomiterat Eugutos apOpors, rH Te Hida dpovéover Kal dpOwa Epya Tededoe, 110 ynbootvnv Kadéovtes era@vupov 40 ’“Adpodirny’ 85 thy odris tuer’ Soorow EXLcoomévny Sedanxe Oynros avjp. av 8 dxove Adyou oTddov ovK aTraTnrov. radta yap tod Te Tavta Kal HrAlKa YyévvaV Zact, Tyuns & &ddAns aro pedsr, mapa & 700s éxdor@. 115 ovdev yap Tpos Tots érruylyveTat ovS arodryet. 90 cite yap ébOeipovto Siaputrepés, ovKér’ av Hoar. ovog TL TOD TavTOs KEvEoV TéAEL OVOE TEPLT OD. TovTo & éravéncee 70 wav Ti Ke Kal TOoOEv 2nOov; 120 mh O¢ Ke Kal amodolat eet tTavd ovdév Zpnpov ; 112 éy 88 péper xpatéover TepiTropévoto KUKAOLO
96-109. Simpl. Phys. 34r 159,13. 98-107. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 33, 8, 98 and100. Arist. Gen. Corr. i. 1, 314 b 19; Philopon. Comment. on this passage; Plut. de prim. frig. 249 r; Galen, vol. xiii. p. 31 Chart. 104-107". Arist. Meta. ii. 4; 1000229: 98. Arist. Philopon. Aevxdy . . . Oepudy, Simpl. Galen @eppdy .. . Aaumpoy: Simpl. Arist. épiv, Plut. Aristot. dpa, Simpl. F’ dpa. 99, Simpl. era: or éderr0: Stein Boca wéret, Diels Soca ber ze. 100. Some MSS. Arist. and Plut. Copdevra. 101. Simpl. 6éAnua, a Ocdriuva, corr. Sturz: Simpl. 33, 11 crepéwua. 102. Simpl. 159, 19 réAovra. 104. Simpl. 159, 21 D mavrds &rny, a F mdvr’ hy: Arist. Met. c& dv wav@ 80a 7’ Fv boa 7’ eo?” doa 7’ Fora: dricow. 105. Simpl. 133, 15 dév5pa re BeBadornke, 108. ED toyov, Diels ré y bv? Hermes xv. 163 técov: E dtdxpacis, D Sidepiors. Sturz. dudwrviis from Simpl. 34 v 161, 20. Platt 5: Kémpis duelBe: Jowrn. Philol. 48, p. 246. I bracket 108-109 as another form of 94-95.
EMPEDOKLES | 169
alone out of many, and at another time it separated so that there were many out of the one; fire and water and earth and boundless height of air, and baneful Strife apart from these, balancing each of them, and Love among them, their equal in length and breadth. 81. Upon her do thou gaze with thy mind, nor yet sit dazed in thine eyes; for she is wont to be implanted in men’s members, and through her they have thoughts of love and accomplish deeds of union, and call her by the names of Delight, and Aphrodite; no mortal man has discerned her with them (the elements) as she moves on her way. But do thou listen to the undeceiving course of my words.!...
87. For these (elements) are equal, all of them, and of like ancient race; and one holds one office, another another, and each has his own nature. . . . For nothing is added to them, nor yet does anything pass away from them ; for if they were continually perishing they would no longer exist... . Neither is any part of this all empty, nor over full. For how should anything cause this all to increase, and whence should it come? And whither should they (the elements) perish, since no place is empty of them? And in their turn they prevail as the cycle comes round, and they disappear before
[adra yap éore TadTa, Sv’ dddjArwv 52 OgovTa 109 yiverat adroLwrrd. froyov Sia Kpaows apelBet.| 137
1 Cf. Parmenides y. 112.
170 ‘THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
113 cal Oliver eis addrmra Kal abferar év péper 188 aicns. 94 ddA ab? Eri tadta’ 80 addAndrov 82 Oéovtra = 122
‘ ‘ e lal 95 yiverat GdroOev GAXa Kal Hvexes aiev opota.
110 cal yap wal rdpos Hv Te Kal Eooerat, ovdé ToT’, olw, 111 rovrav audotépwr KewooeTat doreTos aiwy.
96 aX aye Tavs’ ddpwv Tpotépwv éemriudptupa / dépxeu, el tt kal év mpotépotoe AuTTOEvAOY ErdeTo poppy. 125 +s ~ \ ¢ lal \ \ e / nédcov pev Oeppov opav Kal Naympov amavTn, dpBpota 8 bcca méher te Kal apyéte Severar > A avyn, 100 duBpov & év raox dvopoevta Te pryadéov Te, 2 >] by } / \ 4 2x 8 -ains mpopéovar Oédupvd Te Kal orEpewTra. wo év 82 Koto Sdpopdha kal dvivya ravta Tédovtat, 130 \ 7 of 3 f A. 3 / a avy & &Bn év Biroryte Kai dAAnXOLoL TOOEiTAL. 2 4 b 4 907 9:9 ¢ er \ &k TovTwY yap TavO’ boa 7 HY boa 7 ETL Kal zor, 105 dévdped 7 2BdXdotHcE Kal avépes 752 yuvaixes Oijpés 7 oiwvol te Kal bdaToOpéupoves iyOis
kai Te Geol Sortyatwves Tyshor pépioroL. 135 as & orétav ypadées dvabnyata TokiiNwow 120 avépes audi téyvns bro pntios eb SedadTe 155
110-111. Hippol. Ref. haer. 247 Mill.
110. MS. ef yap... ora: obdérw rolw, corr. Schneid. Phil. vi. 160. 111. MS. kevdoera: ic Beoros, corr. Mill.
112-118. Simpl. Phys. 8r 33, 19.
114. MS. éor:, corr. Panz. 115. MS. knpav, Stz. Onpar, Bergk 6vnrav. 118, E év, D dv, F bv, A dv, Text Hermes xv. 163. Lines 114-115 are bracketed as a duplication of 94-95, and accordingly 112-113 are inserted before 94-95, where 113 corresponds excellently with 93; 116-117 are bracketed as another form of 67-68 (cf. 248), and accordingly 118 finds its
proper place after 68. Cf. “Repetitions in Empedokles,” Classical Review, Jan. 1898.
EMPEDOKLES lit
each other, and they increase each in its allotted turn. But these (elements) are the same; and penetrating through each other they become one thing in one place and another in another, while ever they remain alike (i.e. the same).
110. For they two (Love and Strife) were before and shall be, nor yet, I think, will there ever be an unutterably long time without them both.
96. But come, gaze on the things that bear farther witness to my former words, if in what was said before there be anything defective in form. Behold the sun, warm and bright on all sides, and whatever is immortal and is bathed in its bright ray, and behold the rain- cloud, dark and cold on all sides; from the earth there proceed the foundations of things and solid bodies. In Strife all things are, endued with form and separate } from each other, but they come together in Love and are desired by each other. 104. For from these (ele- ments) come all things that are or have been or shall be ; from these there grew up trees and men and women, wild beasts and birds and water-nourished fishes, and the very gods, long-lived, highest in honour.
121. And as when painters are preparing elaborate votive offerings—men well taught by wisdom in their
114 [aira yap torw tadra, 8 addHrwv 53 Ofovra 140 115 yivovt’ dvOpwroi Te Kal dddwv FOvea Knpar, diddore wav PidrsryT1 cuvepyoper’ eis Eva Koo por, ddrote & ad Siy’ Exacta dopetpeva Neixeos ey Oe,
eis 6 kev Sv cupghovta To Trav brévepOe yévnrar. |
_ “I bo
THE FiRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
of 7 éel obv’ pdpyoot TorAvypoa Pdpzeaka xepaly, dppovin wlEavte Ta pav TAE, Gra 8’ Eagow,
123 2x Tov eiSea Tacw adlyKLa TOpavvoUcL*
127 ote pu o° dardtn dpéva xawitw adrobev sivar 162 Ovntav, deca ye Sida yeyaow adoreta, THYNDY. GMAa Topas Ttad7’ ich Oeod mapa pibov
axovoas."...
1380 ef & dye, viv Tor éym AZEw TPO’ HALov apyny,
2& av On éyévovTo Ta viv éoopwmeva TavTa, yaia Te Kal TovTOS TOAUKUpOY 70’ LYpos a7p Tirav 78 aidiyp odpiyyov mepl KvKdov Gravta. 185
[odaipov env. | 64 185 20’ ovr’ jeriowo SedioxeTat ayNadv Eidos 72
ovdz wav od ains Adotov pévos 0d? Odracca:
OUTS Apmovins TUKWO@ KUTEL eoTNPLKTAL 59
odaipos KuKAOTEp?)s movin TEpinye yaiwv.
119-129. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 160, 1. 120. DEF tuow: F Sdedawres. 122. MSS. apuovin: D ultavtes, a pétay te, 123. al mao’ évarlyxia. 124, D xri(ovres... dvépes. 127. F obtw why amdrn; a as vd nev: Bergk opévas: kawitw (Hesych. vixdrw) corr. Blass for MSS. nai vi te, 128. MSS. yeydaow t&omera, corr. Bergk. 130-133. Clem. Al. Strom. 674.
130. €i 8 &ye ror Ackw, Pott. ei 8 Bye Tor wev eye. 131. Gomperz, Hermes xxxi, 469 écopduev Grayra.
134. Simpl. Phys. 258r kal Ody ewovoudcer Kat obderépws more Kader cpaipoy env. Of. v. 138.
135-138. Simpl. Phys, 272 v. 135-136. Plut. de fac. in lun. 9268, 138. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 47; M. Antonin. xii. 3; Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. 15, 354; Achilles (Tatius) tn Anat. 77 Pet. and frag. Schol. P- 96; Prokl. in Tim. 160.
135. Simpl. d:efSerat dkéa yvia, Plut. S8/rrera:, corr. Karst. 136. Plut. MS. yévos, Bergk pévos. 137. MS. xpvd@ or xptoa, Karst. xpipg, Stein «trex, 1838. Simpl. Phys. uovrh meprynbér
aidy, Text from Simpl. de caelo. Stob. Tatius xalpwy. Schol. in Arat. kvkAorepe? pavia. y
EMPEDOKLES 178 art—they take many-coloured pigments to work with, and blend together harmoniously more of one and less of another till they produce likenesses of all things; so let not error overcome thy mind to make thee think there is any other source of mortal things that have likewise come into distinct existence in unspeakable numbers ; but know these (elements), for thou didst hear from
a god the account of them.
130. But come, I will tell thee now the first principle of the sun, even the sources of all things now visible, earth and billowy sea and damp mist and Titan aether
(i.e. air) binding all things in its embrace.
135. Then neither is the bright orb of the sun greeted, nor yet either the shaggy might of earth or sea; thus, then, in the firm vessel of harmony is fixed God,
a sphere, round, rejoicing in complete solitude.
[SévSpea te xriSovte Kal avépas Hz yuvaixas 125 Ofpas 7’ oiwvovs Te Kal VdaToOpéupovas ixOds 160
kai te Ozovs Sodvyaiwvas Tinos hepicrovs. |
174 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
abrap érrel wéya Neixos évi pedéecow 26pepOn 66 140 és ryds 7 dvdpovce TedELopévoto YpovoLo, 8s ow aporBaios TraTéos TapedyjraTaL GpKov.
mavra yap éEeins werenilero yvia Geoio. 70 xwpis yap Bapd wav, xwpis Kod¢gov. 71 doropyor Kal axpnrot. 145 ocwpevopevoy péyebos. elmep atreipova ys Te BaOn Kai Saryridos aiOyjp, 199 ws 1a ToAA@Y 87 Bpotéwy pnOévTa pataiws éxxéyvtat orouatav, ddiyov Tov mavTos iddv- TOV. . + « : Hruos EvBerHs HS ad ikdeipa cerHVN. . « 168 150 add 6 pév ddicGels péyav odpavov duditrorever. 187 avtavyeiv mpos "OdXvprov atapBytowwe mpoc- @TOLS. 188
139-141. Arist. Meta. ii. 4; 1000b13; Simpl. Phys. 272 b. 139. Arist. GAA’ dre 5h, Simpl. abtap eel. 141. Simpl. 6: Arist. E mapeAfaAaro. 142. Simpl. Phys. 272 v. associated with v. 135. 143-144. Plut. de fac. lun. 926 F. 143. Sturz ends the line %nxev with object Neikos. 144. MSS. &xparo: kal &oropyot, corr. Stein.
145. Arist. Gen. et Corr. i. 8; 325 b 22. 146-148. Arist.de X.Z7.G. 2; 976435; decoeloii. 113 ; 294a 25; and Simpl. on this passage. 147-148. Clem. Al. Strom. 817.
147. Arist. X.Z7.G. Bporéwy, de coelo, Clem. yAéoons: Clem. €rAOdvra. 148. Clem. eidérwy.
149. Plut. de fac. lun. 920 c.
MS. dfvmeAhs, Xylander dtuBeAhs : MS. H5é Adwa, corr. G. Dindorf.
Cf. Hesych. iadeipa; Preller Adi’ #58. 150. Macrob. Saturn. i.17; Eiym. Mag., Orion Etym., Suidas, under HAws; Cramer, Anec. ii. 444.
Macrob. oivex’ dvadioGels, Suid. Cram. arcioba; Et. M. uécov. 151. Plut. Pyth. or. 4008; Galen, de us. part. iii. 3.
Plat. avravyeiv, Galen aytavyéw, ©
EMPEDOKLES ~~ —___,, 175
139. But when mighty Strife was nurtured in its members and leaped up to honour at the completion of the time, which has been driven on by them both in turn under a mighty oath.....
142. For the limbs of the god were made to tremble,
. all of them in turn.
148. For all the heavy (he put) by itself, the light by itself.
144. Without affection and not mixed together. 145. Heaped together in greatness.
146. If there were no limit to the depths of the earth and the abundant air, as is poured out in foolish words from the mouths of many mortals who see but little of the all.
149. Swift-darting sun and kindly moon.
150. But gathered together it advances around the
great heavens.
151. It shines back to Olympos with untroubled
face.
176 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
9 53 NOE iNdetpa puvvOadins Tbyev avdyijs. 193 ds avy} TUaca cednvains KUKNOV EvpUP. . 192 kukdoTEpes Trepl yalay EdicceTat addOTpLOV dos 190 155 dppyatos daorep av’ ixvos 189 GOpet wiv yap dvaxtos évavtiov ayéa KUKAOV. 191
éreokddacey 5 of adyas / eis alOpny KabvrepOev, éreckxvidace Oz yains 195 TOoGoY Ocov 7’ Evpos yAaUKwTLOOS ETNETO LHVNS.
160 viera 53 yaia TiOnow idictapévn hagecow. 197 vuktos épnuains adawr bos. 198 moAna 8 EvepO’ Edzos Tupa KaieTal. 207
152. Simpl. Phys. 74.v; 331, 7. aDF Wixe, H tixe: MSS. yalns, Stein adyijs. 153. Plut. de fac. lun. 929 5. 153a. Diels, Hermes xv. 175, constructs the following line from Philo ed. Aucher, p. 92: kal uéyav, adtix’ aviAde, Ogova’ as obpaydy tka. 154. Achill. Tat. Introd. in Arat.c. 16 p.77 Pet. 155. Plut. de fac. orb. lun. 925. 155. Plut. (cedjvn) mepupepouevn mAhowwv, Gpuatos dowep txvos averlooerat re wep) &kpay. 156. Bekk. Anecd. i. 337. 157-159. Plut. de fac. lun. 929. 157. MS. ameckevace, Xyl. dweonédacey, Bergk dmecktacev. 158. MS. fore yala, Xyl. és yaiay: Stein icrauévy or eis atdpny: MS. Gmreckvipwoe, corr. Karst. 159. yAavedmidos, cf. Plut. de fac. lun. 934 pv (Diels, Hermes xv. 176). 160. Plut. Quaest. Plat. 1006 ¥. 161. Plut. Quaest. conv. 7208.
MS. a@yAaémdos, corr. Xyl. Cf. Hesych. dAad@my: .. . ob BAé- mouvcay,
162. Prokl. on Tim. iii. 141. MS. obdeos, Sturz writes #5e0s from following. Diels finds con- nection only with preceding and writes eos. Cf. Hesych.
eSos* . . . yh.
EMPEDOKLES 177
152. The kindly light has a brief period of shining.
153. As sunlight striking the broad circle of the
moon.
154. A borrowed light, circular in form, it revolves
about the earth, as if following the track of a chariot.
156. For she beholds opposite to her the sacred circle
of her lord.
157. And she scatters his rays into the sky above, and spreads darkness over as much of the earth as the
breadth of the gleaming-eyed moon.
160. And night the earth makes by coming in front
of the lights. 161. Of night, solitary, blind-eyed.
162. And many fires burn beneath the earth. N
178 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
, e+ pvrov dpovoov ayovca TohvoTEpewY Kapacr-
vov. 205 ars érdyn pirjow éwopévos Hediovo 206 165 ys iSpata Oddaccav.
<dAn’> aidyp paxphor Kata xOova Svero pifais. 203 cttw yap ovvéxupoe Oéwy TOTeE, ToAKKL S anos.
KapTanipws avorratov. 202
avtap éyo manrivopoos éhevoopuat és ropov buvwv, 165 170 tov mpdtepov Katéde~a, NOyou Aoyov eEoxeTEvov / \ a \ > eer if / xetvou’ émet Netxos pév évéptatov ixeto BévOos Sivns, év d& péon Dirorns otpopdryyt yévntat, év th 8) Tade TaVTA cuvépyETat ev povoY Eivat, ove adap, adda Oedynua ouvioctdpev’ addoOev ana. 170 175 trav 83 cvvepyopévwn er’ Exyatov ictato Neévxos.
163. Plut. Quaes. conv. 685 F. Karst. roAvomopéwy. Cf. 214.
164. Hephaest. Hnchir. c. 1 p. 4 Gais.
165. Arist. Meteor. ii. 3; 357 a 26; Plut. Placit. phil. iii. 18, and de Is. 3658. Clem. Al. Strom. 676. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. c. 41.
166-167. Arist. de Gen. et Corr. ii. 6; 334a3. 167. Phys. ii. 43.196 a 22.
166. Diels suggests fimais. Cf. v. 164.
168. Eustath. on Od. a 320, p. 1 (from Herodian, wep) oxnu. ‘Ounp.). Cf. Arist. de gen. et corr. ii. 6; 334 a1.
169-185. Simpl. de caelo, Peyron p. 27; Gais. Poet. Min. Gr. ii. p. xlii; Schol. Aristot. Brand. p. 507 a. 171-185. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 32, 11. 175. Stob. Hcl. i. 286. Cf. Arist. Met. ii.4;1000b2. 178-181. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. p. 37. 182-183. Theophr. Athen. x. 423; Arist. Poet. c. 25; 1461 a 24. Hust. ad Iliad. i. p. 746, 57.
170. MS. Ady, corr. Bergk. Peyr. droxeretwy, Brand. émrox., COrY. Bergk. 173. Simpl. Phys. év rH 5h, de caelo Cd. Taur. Peyr. ev i 75, corr. Bergk. 174. Phys. DE OcAnpad, F 6éAnua, de caelo JP Cd. Taur. add’ eéAnua. 175. Simpl. repeats 184 instead of 175,
EMPEDOKLES 179
163. (The sea) with its stupid race of fertile fishes.
164. Salt is made solid when struck by the rays of
the sun.
165. The sea is the sweat of the earth.
166. But air! sinks down beneath the earth with its long roots . . . . For thus it happened to be running at
that time, but oftentimes otherwise. 168. (Fire darting) swiftly upwards.
169. But now I shall go back over the course of my verses, which I set out in order before, drawing my present discourse from that discourse. When Strife reached the lowest depth of the eddy and Love comes to be in the midst of the whirl, then all these things come together at this point so as to be one alone, yet not immediately, but joining together at their pleasure, one from one place, another from another. And as they were joining together Strife departed to the utmost
boundary. But many things remained unmixed, alier-
1 In Empedokles’ verses, ai@yp regularly means air. N 2
180 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
ToAnd 8 dmx’ EotnKe Kepacopévorouy évarnd€é,
Boo’ éruNeixos Epuxe peTdparov * ob yap apéupews
aa wav eéotnnev ex’ toyata Tépuata KUKNOV.
GANA Ta pay 7 Evéuysve peréwv, Ta Oé 7 eEePe- ByxKet.
180 dccov 8 aly irexmpobéo, Técov aisv ernec
” e / Arvidpov Dirstntos ausudéos auBpotos opp" alva 83 Oujr’ épdovto Ta Tpiv padov aBavar’ Elvat,. Copa Te Ta mplv dxpnta, varrda€avra KevevOous. tov bé Te pioyouévy yeit’ Z0vea pupia Ovntar, | <4 / 6. # > / al fal 6 / G 5 wavroins idénow apnpota, Gatpa ioecbau. dpOpia piv yap gavTa éavTov TavTa pepecow HrAgTop TE YIav T: Kal odpavos 702 Oadacca, boca bin év Ouyroicw aroTAayyOévta TepuKer. et oy oe ¢ a 5) / a 3 as & avtTws Oca Kpacuv érapTea adXov Elval,
190 Grd jroLs éorépKTat OporwbEvT’ ’Agpoditn.
éyOpa 68 wretotov am’ addjrwv OiéXovat madoTA yevva Te Kpdoe TE Kal Eldscow ExpaKToicN, mavtTn cuyyiyverOar anbea Kal para AvYpa
‘n ovyyiy Oca Kal mara NuYypa
175
180
326
330
which is inserted from Stob. by Schneid. 176. Phys. E éore: DEF xexepacpévoiow, Taur. repar(ouevorow, text from de caelo. 177. de caelo &upapéws. 178. Phys. ak rw wav, DE otnw ray, de caelo 7) wav. 180. aF brexmpobée:. 181. Phys. DE wippwyr, F 4 replppwr, DEF (de caelo P) piddérnros, Phys. ameupéos, de caelo dupéooor, Stein piddrns re kal uwecev, 182. Arist. omits
elvat. 183. Phys. txpira, Theophr. &kpnra: Arist. (aa Te kéxpito Athen. d:aAAdrrovra, Phys. diadAakavra.
mply
186-194. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 160,28. 191-192. Theophr. de sens. § 16. 186. DE tpQui, aF tpria: DE éavta éavrdv, aF abra éavray, Stein suggests mdv@’ aitay eyévovro, Diels @aow €avrav.
188. MS. 8s0a gy, Diels baa
oir’, Hermann éecdxis.
189. MSS. émwdpwea, Karst. émdprea. ak’ &xOpa, ED épya: MS. pddsora, Karst. duixra, 192. DEF xpioe, a updoe 193. DE 8 bypa, a Avyps. 194. MSS. and Simpl. 161, 12 veeoyevveornow, Panz. velkeos evvecinat, MS. color yévvav
opya (a yévvas), Panz. opiot yévr’ &ercpyos, Diels Eopyev.
EMPEDOKLES 181
nating with those that were mixed, even as many as Strife, remaining aloft, still retained; for not yet had it entirely departed to the utmost boundaries of the circle, but some of its members were remaining within, and others had gone outside. 180. But, just as far as it is constantly rushing forth, just so far there ever kept coming in a gentle immortal stream of perfect Love; and all at once what before I learned were immortal were coming into being as mortal things,' what before were unmixed as mixed, changing their courses. And as they (the elements) were mingled to- gether there flowed forth the myriad species of mortal things, patterned in every sort of form, a wonder to behold.
186. For all things are united, themselves with parts of themselves—the beaming sun and earth and sky and sea—whatever things are friendly but have separated in mortal things. And so, in the same way, whatever things are the more adapted for mixing, these are loved by each other and made alike by Aphrodite. But what- ever things are hostile are separated as far as possible from each other, both in their origin and in their mixing and in the forms impressed on them, absolutely unwonted to unite and very baneful, at the suggestion of Strife, since it has wrought their birth.
1 @ynrd, ‘perishable things’ in contrast with the elements, might almost be rendered ‘ things on the earth.’
182 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
/ f 4 Neixeos évvecinos, bre ofiot yevvav bopyii. 195 rHde wav ody LoTnTE rx meppovynkev aTravTa... 312 cad Kal? Soov wey apavotata Evvexupoe TEcOVTa.
[bare pev yap BSwp,| wupi & avferar [@yvrycor |
mop 270 ave. 88 xOdav piv odérepov déuas, aifépa
& aiPip. 4 88 xOcv earinpos év ebatépvors Yoavorse 211
200 rw S00 THY dKTw pEepgwv AdyEe Njoridos aiydns. récoapa 8 ‘Halcrow: ta 8 dotéa Reve’ éyévovTo ‘Appovins KOAAnCLY apnpota Oearredinbev.
4 83 YOa@v TovToLcw lon cuvéxupos padioTa 215 ‘Hdaicto 1 "OuBpo re kai AiOépe Tap- pavowyTt, 205 Kurpid0os oputobeioa Terelous év Apeverouy, vo
> Vg / ” La > / eit’ Odbyov peiCwy elite TAEOVETTWW ELaTCOV. > a ’ , saree ” f &k TOV alwa TE yévTO Kal AdANS Eldea GapKos.
adgurov bdati KoAN}oaS. . « 208 oxedvvnv Pirornta.
195-196. Simpl. Phys. 74 v 331, 12. 195. aF' omit ody, 197-198. Arist. de gen. et corr. ii. 6; 333 b 1. 197. Arist. rupt yap atte: 7d wip, corr. Karst. 198. yévos H, déuas, 199-202. Simpl. Phys. 66 v 300, 21. 199-201. Arist. de anima i. 5; 410 a 4; and commentators on this passage. 199. Simpl. aHF’ edrixros, D and Arist. eborépvois. 200. al’ 74, DE tas, Diels ro: aF’ wepewv, DE woipdwv. 203-207. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 32,6. 203. 74 v, 331, 5.
205. aDE dbpuncdeioa, F' dpuicdeioa. 206. MG. rddov eoriv, corr. Panz. 207. al’ aluar’ eyévovro, D aliua réyevto, El aiuar’ eyevro,
208. Arist. Meteor. iv. 4; 382 a1; Probl. 21, 22; 929 b 16; cf. Plut. de prim. frig. 952 B, 209. Plut. de prim. frig. 952 8,
EMPEDOKLES 183
195. In this way, by the good favour of Tyche, all things have power of thought.
196. And in so far as what was least dense came
together as they fell.
197. For water is increased by water, primeval fire by fire, and earth causes its own substance to increase,
and air, air.
199. And the kindly earth in its broad hollows received two out of the eight parts of bright Nestis, and four of MHephaistos, and they became white bones, fitted together marvellously by the glues of
Harmony.
208. And the earth met with these in almost equal amounts, with Hephaistos and Ombros and bright- shining Aether (i.e. air), being anchored in the perfect harbours of Kypris; either a little more earth, or a little less with more of the others. From these arose
blood and various kinds of flesh. 208. . . . glueing barley-meal together with water.
209. (Water) tenacious Love.
184 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
*
TIEPI ®TSENS AETTEPO® 210 Bi dé ri cou wept ravde MemrdEvAos Exreto Triotis, 136
mas datos yalns Te Kal aidgpos nediov TE
xipvapévov xpovat 7’ sidn Te yevolaTo Oyntav
701’, doa vov yeydact cvvappoobévr’ "Agpodirty. .
mas Kat dévdpea paxpa Kal eivddro1 Kapachves.. 248
215 &s 83 tore yOova Kumpis, eel 7° edinvev év bu8po 207
aidép’ érurveiovoea Oo rupt Saxe xpativat.
tov & ba’ fom psy Tuva, Ta 8 ExTos pava TENN YE, 230 Kumpsd0s év wadduns wrAGONs ToLRoSe TUYOVTA.
otra & goroxet paxpa devopea mp@tov éraias. 245 220 obvexev dwiyovol te cidat Kal bTépproa pra 246
> \ olvos urd drow TédeTar catrév év EiAw Ddwp. 247
210-213. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. p. 28; Gaisf. Poet. Min. Gr. II. xliii. Brand. Schol. Arist. 507 a.
»
210. A ei 8 &@ co, B eidér: cot, Taur. ef 5€ t101, 212. MS. €%8n Te yevolaro xpoidore, corr. Ritschl. 214. Athen. viii. 334 3. 215-218. Simpl. de caelo a little after 218. 218. Simpl. Phys. 74 v 331, 9. 215. MS. as 5¢ . . . &rerr’, corr. Karst.: A eSinver ev, B edelavuer év, Taur. eSelxvuey. 216. A 4 5é dromvéouca, B ei 5t dromvolovea, Taur. h 8& dGmomvetovoa, Panz. #30 8 émmvelovca, corr. Stein. 217. Phys. H wAdons, a wAdotos, text from de caelo. 219. Arist. de gen. anim. i. 23; 781.5; ef. Philop. on this passage and Theophr. de caus. plant. i. 7, 1. Philop. and Arist. . . . wimpa... édalas.
220. Plut. Quaest. conv. 683 v. 221. Plut. Quaest. nat. 912 0c, 919D; ef. Arist. Top. iv. 5; 2 a 18, MS. amd pAoiwd, corr. Meziriacus.
EMPEDOKLES 185
Book II.
210. And if your faith be at all lacking in regard to these (elements), how from water and earth and air and sun (fire) when they are mixed, arose such colours and forms of mortal things, as many as now have arisen under the uniting power of Aphrodite. ...
214. How both tall trees and fishes of the sea (arose).
215. And thusthen Kypris, when she had moistened the earth with water, breathed air on it and gave it to swift fire to be hardened.
217. And all these things which were within were made dense, while those without were made rare, meeting with such moisture in the hands of Kypris.
219. And thus tall trees bear fruit (lit. eggs), first of all olives.
220. Wherefore late-born pomegranates and luxu- riant apples ...
221. Wine is water that has fermented in the wood beneath the bark.
186 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
elyap xévog' adwicw brs wpaTidecow éEpsicas evpevéws xabaphoww éromtevons pEdeTyOLW, radta Té cot para Tavta 8: ai@vos TapEecorTat, 925 ddXa Te TOAN’ Grd TOVde KEKTHTEAL* aUTA yap avec tabr eis i00s Exactov, dn duets éotiv Exact. ei 52 ot of GdXoiwy eropéEcat ola Kat’ avdpas pupia Seika wrédovta, Ta T GuBAdvvoveL pepip- vas, tov adap éxreirover TepiTAOpevoto ypovoto 230 ocdav aitav robzovta didny eri yévvar ixec Oar: t mavta yap ich dpovnow eye Kat vopatos aicav.
(xapts) otuyéer SvoTANTOY ’Avayrnv. 69 ToUTO pev év Koyyatct Garaccovopois Bapvye- ToUs 220
KaXYO@V KnpvKwY TE ALOoppivwy yedUor TE. .
235 0" Ovvn yOova ypwros bréptata vateTdovear.
222-231. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. 251 Mill; Schneidewin, Philol. vi. p. 165.
222. MS. nal ty, corr. Mill. MS. opaSivnow . . . corr. Schneid. 223. MS. érowreveis, corr. Schneid. 224. MS. ravra 6é, corr. Schneid. 225. MS. xr... Schneid. xarepyduer’, corr. Stein. 227. MS. rdaa’ olay émipéte:s, corr. Schneid. 228. MS. 57Aa mwéhovrat . . . wéptuvat, Schneid. defA’ &wdAauva . . . pepluvas. 229. MS. ojjs, Schneid. io’. 231. Cf. Sext. E. Math. viii. 286. MS. of Hippol. kal ywwuarociwov.
232. Plut. Quaest. conv. 745 p. 233-235. Plut. Quaest. conv. 6188. 234-235, de fac. lun. 927 F.
234. Quaest. conv. nal why, de fac. lun. nai rhy, Stein uwawar, Diels kaAx@v, comparing Nicander, Alexipharm. 393 and Schol. Schneid. p. 98 for the interpretation of a fish furnishing a dye. Also Arist. Hist. anim. viii. 13; 599210 woppipa Kat «hpuxes. ;
EMPEDOKLES 187
222. For if thou shalt fix them in all thy close-knit mind and watch over them graciously with pure attention, all these things shall surely be thine for ever, and many others shalt thou possess from them. For these themselves shall cause each to grow into its own cha- racter, whatever is the nature! of each. But if thou shalt reach out for things of another sort, as is the manner of men, there exist countless evils to blunt your studious thoughts; fsoon these latter shall cease to live as time goes on, desiring as they do to arrive at the longed-for generation of themselves.f For know that all things have understanding and their
share of intelligence. 232. Favor hates Necessity, hard to endure.
233. This is in the heavy-backed shells found in the sea, of limpets and purple-fish and stone-covered tortoises .... there shalt thou see earth lying uppermost on
the surface.
! tots here seems to mean ‘ nature,’ and not ‘ origin.’
188 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE TAUTA TpLYES Kai dvAXa Kal olwvdv wrEepa TuKva 223 kal provides yiyvovtas ert otiBapoios pédecow. avTap éyivo.s 225 6€uBereis yalrar vwro.s érureppixacw. 240 2& dv dupar’ zrnkev arepéa 87 “Agpodirn. youdous aoxnoaca KataoTopyos ’“Adpoditn. 228 Kumpio0os év rardpyow ote Ely rpar’ epvovto. 229 ToAvaiwatov HTrap. % ToAAal pév Kopoar avavyeves ZBAXaoTHTaV, 232 245 yupvol & érrdfovto Bpayloves eivides @por, Oupata & of érNavato TevnTEvovTAa METOTTOD. TodTo pep év Bpotéwy peréwv apidelkeTov yx@. 335 adore pev PirorynTe cvvepyouer’ eis bv Aravta yuia Ta TOpa NEdoyyxe Biov PareOovow ev dkny’
250 adrote 8 adte xaxjot SiatpnOévT epidecoe Trdkerar avouy’ Exacta Tapa pyypive Biowo.
236-237. Arist. Meteor. iv. 9 387 b 4. 237. MS. Aemides, corr. Karst. from a gloss of Hesych. 238-239. Plut. de fort. 98 p. 238. MS. éxivos, corr. Steph. 239. MS. dtuBeAhs 5é re, text follows Cd. Vule. 240-242. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 28; Gaisford xliii. Brand. Schol. 512a. The three lines are cited separately. 242. A tuumpér’, B tvumpérais, corr. Karst. 243. Plut. Quwaest. conv. 683 E. 244-246. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 46; Gaisf. xliv. Schol. Brand. 512 a.
244. Ar. de anim. iii.6; 430029; degen. an.i. 18; 722 b 20, and com- mentators.
244. MS. #, #, as. 245. moda), TOAAGY e€umAdCovTo. 247-253. Simpl. Phys. 258 r. 247. MS. rotroy piv dv ... dyxov, Vulg. omits &v, text from
Diels. 249. MS. @aA@ovros, corr. Karst. 253. Ald. dpemedé- eco, corr. Schneider (cf. 438).
EMPEDOKLES 189
236. Hair and leaves and thick feathers of birds are the same thing in origin, and reptiles’ scales, too, on strong limbs.
238. But on hedgehogs, sharp-pointed hair bristles on their backs.
240. Out of which divine Aphrodite wrought eyes
untiring.
241. Aphrodite fashioning them curiously with bonds of love.
242. When they first grew together in the hands of Aphrodite.
243. The liver well supplied with blood.
244. Where many heads grew up without necks, and arms were wandering about naked, bereft of shoulders, and eyes roamed about alone with no foreheads.
247. This is indeed remarkable in the mass of human members; at one time all the limbs which form the body, united into one by Love, grow vigorously in the prime of life; but yet at another time, separated by evil Strife, they wander each in different directions along’ the breakers of the sea of life. Just so it is with
190 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
c s os § abtws Odpvoicr kat ixOvow b6poperaOpors eee. ae 4 PANS , , Onpol 7’ dpeirexdecow is mTEpoBaporce KUp- Bats. avrap érrel KaTa peor é eularyero Saipove Salwon, 255 radrad te cuumlateckov On cuvéexupoev Exacta, ddXa Te Tpos ToLs movnra Sinvexh e&eyevovTo.
Tovrea pv auditpocwma Kal audiotepy’ epv- ovTo, Bovyevi avdporpwpa, Ta 8 Eurradu efaverehrov avopodun Bovxpava, pepiypéva 7TH pev aT” av- dpav, 260 7H 82 yuvatxopun, otelpors noKnpéva yviols.
eiimrod’ axpiToxelpa.
vov & dy, Orws avdpav te ToAvKAAUTMY TE yuvarK@v
éupuxtous Sprrnkas aviyaye Kplvomevov TUP,
TOVOE KAV’* Ov yap LOGOS atrocKoOTOS OVO ada7)- pov.
265 ovrodueis wév mpaTa TUTroL moors SSapETeN NOD, anpoTipwr bdatos te kal eldeos aicav EXovTes, Tovs ev TOP avérreuTre OéXov Tpos opmotoy ike-
c0at,
340
235
239
242
248
254-256. Simpl. de caelo following 246 after a break. 254. B Taur. omit daluovr. 256. B Taur. ékeyévero.
257-260. Aelian, hist. anim. xvi. 29. Cf. Plut. Colot. 1123 x.
257. MS. gteoc@u, Karst. epdovro. 258. MS. avdpémpwva . . . étavaretvewy, corr. Gronovius. 259. MS. sm’, corr. Jacobs.
260. MS. oxtepois, corr. Diels. 261. Plut. Colot. 1123 s. MS. ¢iAiroda xpiréxeipa, corr. Karst. and Duebner. 262-269. Simpl. Phys. 86 vy 381, 31,
263. MS. évyvxtous, corr. Panz. cf. ‘Odyssey A 344 awd crorod, which perhaps should be restored here. 266. MS. efdeos, Stz. ovdeos, but cf. Simpl. 382,7. 269. E cia 7’, F ott’, a ot" ai,
Diels oféy 7’: EF yiwyv, a yipuy, corr. Stein.
EMPEDOKLES 191
plants’ and with fishes dwelling in watery halls, and beasts whose lair is in the mountains, and birds borne
on wings.
254. But as divinity was mingled yet more with divinity, these things kept coming together in whatever way each might chance, and many others also in addi-
tion to these continually came into being.
257. Many creatures arose with double faces and double breasts, offspring of oxen with human faces, and again there sprang up children of men with oxen’s heads; creatures, too, in which were mixed some parts from men and some of the nature of women, furnished with sterile
members.
261. Cattle of trailing gait, with undivided hoofs.
262 But come now, hear of these things; how fire separating caused the hidden offspring of men and weeping women to arise, for it is no tale apart from our subject, or witless. In the first place there sprang up out of the earth forms grown into one whole,” having a share of both, of water and of fire. These in truth fire
caused to grow up, desiring to reach its like; but they
1 @duvos, ‘ bush,’ I have rendered regularly ‘ plant.’ 2 Cf. Aet. vy. 19; Dox. 430.
192 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
obre Tl Tw pedéav épaTov Séuas éudaivovtas, ot’ évorrhy olov 7 éruvydpiov avipdot yviov. 255
270 drAra Siéorractat pedéov hiors* 1) pev év avdpos 257 % SF yuvarkos ev. . .
7@ & eri Kal 7O00s HAGE Ov drptos appryOevTs. 256 év 8 2yt0n xaBapoicr* Ta péev TENOovoryuvaixes 259 uyeos avTidcayTa.
275 Aysdvas cyiotovs ’Adpoditns. 261 év yap Oeppotépw ToKas appevos ErdeTo yaoTHp, 262 kal pédaves dia TodTO Kal ivwdécTEpoe avOpes Kal AaxyVIiEvTEs MANDoOv. as & br Orbs yada AevKov éyoudacer Kal Zynoe. 265
280 pnvos év dySodtov Sexatn Tov ErNETO NevKoV. 266 yvovs Tt TadvTwv eiciv aTroppoal baa’ éyévovto. 267 Qs yAved pay yAvKd paprte, TWiKpov 5° él
miKpov Spoucev, 268 o&d & én’ o€0 EBn, Sadepov Sadepe@ éerroyevev.
270. Arist. de gen. anim. i. 18; 722b12; ibid. i.1; 764b17; and 270-271 in Philop. on this passage. 270. Z omits év. 271. Stein transposes last two words.
272. Plut. Quaest. nat. 917 c. MS. 7@ 5€ te... . efre Bid mepews duuloywy. Karst, 7g 3° én .. . 88 bWeos ay7’ aloowy, Stein dupix deve. 273-274. Arist. de gen. anim. iv. 1; 723 a 24 after 271. S eavén. 275. Schol. Eur. Phoen. p. 600 Valck. Stein transposes first two words. 276-278. Galen in Hippokr. Hpidem. iv. 2. 276. MS. 7d Kar’ %ppeva ewAero yalns. Text from Diels. 279. Plut.de amic. mult. 95a; ef. Arist. de gen. anim. iv.4; 771 b 23. 280. Arist. de gen. anim. iv. 8; 777 a 10 ; and Philop. on this passage., 281. Plut. Quaest. Nat. 916 v. 282-283. Plut. Quaest. Conv. 663 a.
282. MS. mév ew) yAvkd, corr. Macrob. 283. MS. omits %8n and ends dadepod AaBerw, corr. Karst.
EMPEDOKLES 193
showed as yet no lovely body formed out of the members, nor voice nor limb such as is natural to men.
270. But the nature of the members (of the child ?) is divided, part in the man’s, part in the woman’s (body).
271. But desire also came upon him, having been united with . . . by sight.
273. It was poured out in the pure parts, and some
meeting with cold became females. 275. The separated harbours of Aphrodite.
276. In its warmer parts the womb is productive of the male, and on this account men are dark and more
muscular and more hairy. 279. As when fig-juice curdles and binds white milk.
280. On the tenth day of the eighth month came the white discharge.
281. Knowing that there are exhalations from all
things which came into existence.
281. Thus sweet was. snatching sweet, and bitter darted to bitter, and sharp went to sharp, and hot coupled with hot.
194 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
olve Sap parrov pv évdpOpsov, aitap édaip 285 ov« 20éreu.
Bboow 52 yravKh KoKKov Kataployetas (avOos)
Ode 8 avatvel rdvta Kal éxrvet* Taot Aidatpor capa cvppuyyes TUpaToV KaTa cpa TéravTal, cal obw émt otoptors mixvars TérpyvtTar Grok 290 pwav toxata TépOpa Siaprepés, date hovov mev xevOew, aidéps & edrropinv Siddover TeTuHjo Oat. ba 514 , fee} , % b of. / 2vOev errev0’ orroray pev atral—n Tépev aia, Mr e / of is / ailnp wapralov kataiccetas oidpate wapyy, 5 2? ! s 3 7 Emenee 2 ? ete 0 ava0pwoKn, Tadw éxTrvéer* WaTrEp OTAV Tais, 295 Krewvdpnv traifovca Suretéos yadxoio, = X > n x ] > a \ lal evTE “ev avAOD TopOmov em’ everdet yEpi Oeioa eis Ddatos Barnet Tépev Séwas apyudpéoro, ov 767’ és dyryooS’ GuBpos écépyeTat, GAG pw elpryet aidgpos dyxos Zowbe Tecay érl TpNnuwaTa TUK, 800 eis 6 drrocteydon TuKWoV poov* adTap ErELTa mvevpatos éAXeltrovTos écépyeTat aicipov Vdwp. as & aitwos 60 tdwp pév Eyes xdta BévOea YanKov
272
274 275
280
285
300
284-285. Philop. on Arist. de gen. anim. 59 a.
284. MS. Bdwp otvp MaAAov evaplOuiov. Text frm Stein. 236. Plut. de def. orac. 433 B.
MS. yAaueijs xpéxou, corr. Karst. and Xylander. 287-311. Arist. de respir.7; 473b9.
287. Mil dfamo, 289. MSS. émeroulos, ZMil émoroulass,
corr.
Stz. MSS. wvuxvais or wuxivois, Mil ddévaks. 290. Some MSS. 7é0pa, Mil pédvov, others gaydy. 291. M péy vy’ evOcivar Oépet, pr Z etrvouy, 292. Several MSS. éwdin, éwaltn. 293. Bekker with majority of MSS. xaraBjoerat, 294. MSS. dvalpdoxei,
corr. Karst. 295. Several MSS. caeWddpais, il wal(not,
MZ
malfovor, others mal(ovea, MZil dSumeréos, others 4: edmeréos. 298. ilMZ 008’ br’, obdér’, Bk 038’ 8y’, Stein od ré7’. 299. MSS. dépos, corr. Stein. 301. MSS. avtmoy, a few others atomor.
EMPEDOKLES y 195
284. Water combines better with wine, but it is un- willing to combine with oil.
286. The bloom of the scarlet dye mingles with
shining linen.
287. So all beings breathe in and out; all have bloodless tubes of flesh spread over the outside of the body, and at the openings of these the outer layers of skin are pierced all over with close-set ducts, so that the blood remains within, while a facile opening is cut for the air to pass through. Then whenever the soft blood speeds away from these, the air speeds bubbling in with impetuous wave, and whenever the blood leaps back the air is breathed out; as when a girl, playing with a klepsydra of shining brass, takes in her fair hand the narrow opening of the tube and dips it in the soft mass of silvery water, the water does not at once flow into the vessel, but the body of air within pressing on the close-set holes checks it till she uncovers the compressed stream; but then when the air gives way the determined amount of water enters. (802.) And so in the same way when the water occupies the depths of the bronze vessel, as long as the narrow opening and passage is blocked up by human flesh, the air outside striving eagerly to enter holds back the water inside behind the gates of the resounding tube, keeping
control of its end, until she lets go with her hand. 02
196 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
mopO pov nacbiutos Bpotée xpol 70é Tropovo, aidhip & éxros Eow Nedunpevos duBpov & dpbet 805 dpi mvnras icOpoio Svonxtos, aKxpa KpaTuvor, eis 6 xe yeupt weOH* Tore 8 ab waduy, Zumranwy 4) mpi,
. ceatnros éumimrovtos TexOéer aictpov Bdenp. 295 ds & avtws Tépev aiwa Kradaccdbpevov Sid yuieov Omméte piv Tadivopooy arraikee wvyoves,
810 aiddpos edOds pedua xatépyetar oiduate Odor, edre 8 avabpdonn, Tadw éxtrvést icov OTiccw.
Képpata Onpsiwv pedwv wuKTHpow Epevvar. 300 Ode pay ody Tvoins Te NEAOYYaCL TavTAa Kai Oo Mov. 301 315 odpKwwov ofov.
as & Ore Tus mpdodov voewv @TA.accaTO NU YVOY
xeyepinv dia vvKTA, TUpos céhas aiPopévoto
tapas, Tavtol@y avépov NauTTpas awopyovs,
CL9° 1D / ‘ lal na Dy
or’ avépov pev treba SiacKkiovacw aévTor, 305 820 hos & zw diabp@oxor, bcov TavawTeEpov ev,
Ndpreckev KaTa Bnrov ateipéow axTiverow*
&s 53 ror’ év pnvuyEw éepypévov wyvyov Tip
Cf. Simpl. Phys. 151 v. 303. Many MSS. xpwoévtos. 307. MSS. avtmov, Bk. avomov. 309. MSS. emattee, corr. Stein. 310. MZil aifépos, others Erepov, MZil ofdua ritalvor. 311. 1 dva0peoror, 313.1 Plut. Qwaest. nat. 9178; de curios. 520 F. MS. (Q.n.) Kéumara, (de c.) tépuara, Buttmann Képuara. From Plutarch Mor. 917 5 and Arist. Problem. inedit. II. 101, (Didot, IV. p. 310); Diels Hermes xv. 176 restores the following line after 313: < év iplg > b00° dméAcime rodav Grad} sitente 314. Theophrast. de sens. § 22. 315. Theophr. ibid. § 9. Diels Dox. 501 suggests dcrodr, 316-325. Arist. de sens. et sensib. c. 2; 4837b26. Alex. Aphrod. on this passage. ‘
318. YE dpdpyous, M1 auovpyods. 320. Many MSS. rip. 323. MSS. Aerriiay ‘y’ 60dvyow corr. Bekker: several MSS. éxevaro, Aoxdfero, 324, Several MSS. duqivaévros,
* Stein omits 312 from his numbering of the lines,
EMPEDOKLES 197
(306.) Then, on the other hand, the very opposite takes place to what happened before; the determined amount of water runs off as the air enters. Thus in the same way when the soft blood, surging violently through the members, rushes back into the interior, a swift stream of air comes in with hurrying wave, and whenever it (the blood) leaps back, the air is breathed
out again in equal quantity.
318. With its nostrils seeking out the fragments of animals’ limbs, <as many as the delicate exhalation from
their feet was leaving behind in the wood.>
314. So, then, all things have obtained their share of breathing and of smelling.
815. (The ear) an offshoot of flesh.
816. And as when one with a journey through a stormy night in prospect provides himself with a lamp and lights it at the bright-shining fire—with lanterns that drive back every sort of wind, for they scatter the breath of the winds as they blow—and the light darting out, inasmuch as it is finer (than the winds), shines across the threshold with untiring rays; so then elemental fire, shut up in membranes, it entraps in fine coverings to be the round pupil, and the coverings protect it against the deep water which flows about it, but the fire darting forth, inasmuch as it is finer... .
198 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
7 tA Aerrhs eiv O0dvynct Noyxdeto KVKOTrA KoUpHY* / ai 8 Bdatos psv BevOos arécteyov audiwaovtos, 310 nr . , »” 825 sip 8 2w duabp@ckov, dcov Tavawtepov HEV. . .
(dP0arpar) pia yiyveras aupotépwv dp. 311,
| atwartos év meddyerot TEOpaupévn avTBopovTos, 315 Th Te vonua padoTa KuKdoKeTar avOpoTroow: f alua yap avOpwrois Trepixdpo.ov éoTt vonpua.
380 mpos mapedv yap pitis agEera dvOp@Toiv. 318
dccov 7 aAXoiot petéhur, TOcov ap odicw asi 319 \ / > a / Kal dpovéew addota tapictato.
yain pev yap yatay orw@rapev, Vdate 8 tdwp, 321 aidéps 8 aidépa Siov, atap Tupi Tip aidnror, 885 oropyh 62 otepyny, vetKos 52 Te veil AVYPO. 8x TOUTwY yap TaVTA TeTHYyaTW appocbévTa \ , ' Noo 9 9Qrx 38 a Kal TovToLs Ppovéover Kal HSovt’ noe avi@VTAL.
326. Arist. Poet. c. 21; 1458a5. Strabo, viii. 364. 327-329. Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. p. 1026.
327. MSS. rerpauéva, corr. Grot. ACt. avr:Opavros, other MSS. ayt@podvros, corr. Bergk. 328. ACt. KikAhonerar. 329. Cf. Etym. M. and Or. under afua; Tertul. de an. xv. 576; Chal- cid. on Tim. p. 305.
330-332. ‘Arist. de anim. iii. 3; 42723; and Philop. on this passage. Arist. Met. iii. 5; 1009 b 18; Themist. on Arist. de anima 85 b.
330. Some MSS. évatiera:. 330. MS. omits 7’. 331. MS. nad 7d poveiv, corr. Karst.
333-335. Arist. de anim. i. 2; 404b 12; Met. ii. 4; 1000b6; Sext. Emp. Math. i. 303, vii. 92, 121. Philop. on Arist. de Gen. et corr.59b; Hipp. Ref. haer. p. 165. Single lines are mentioned elsewhere.
334. Sext. Hép: 3’ Hépa. 335. Sometimes oropyny 5& oropyn. 336-337. Theophr. de sens. § 10; Dow. 502.
336. MS. ds é« rovrwy m., corr. Karst. 337. MS. fdovra Kal &., corr. Karst. é
EMPEDOKLES 199
326. There is one vision coming from both (eyes).
327. (The heart) lies in seas of blood which darts in opposite directions, and there most of all intelligence centres for men ; for blood about the heart is intelligence
in the case of men.
330. For men’s wisdom increases with reference to
what lies before them.
331. In so far as they change and become different, to this extent other sorts of things are ever present for
them to think about.
333. For it is by earth that we see earth, and by water water, and by air glorious air; so, too, by fire we see destroying fire, and love by love, and strife by baneful strife. For out of these (elements) all things are fitted together and their form is fixed, and by these men think and feel both pleasure and pain.
900 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
TEP] ®TSEQL TPITOX.
Ei yap ébnuspiwv Evexev Ti cot, 4uppote Movaa,
Hpetépns Ewerev pedrerns dia ppovtioas 2dOeiv, 340 ebyouéve viv adte mapictaco, Kaddoreva,
audi Oz@v paxdper ayabov Noyor éudaivovTe.
drBios ds Oeiwy mpatidwy éxtycato TOUTOY, 354 deid0s & 5 oxotdecca Oewy trépt b0Ea péwnrev.
ovx oti TerAdoac#’ ovd’ opOarpotow édixtov 356 845 perdpous % yepol AaBely, Hrep TE weyioTy meOods avOpotroow apakitos eis ppéva Titel. ov pev yap Bpotén Keparh Kxata yvia KéxaoTat, > X\ > \ v A / YP. ov pév atral vaToLo Svo0 KAdOoL aiccorTat, 360 > 4 > \ nr 4 > / , ov 1d0es, od God yoor’, od pidea Nayvynerta, 350 GAA pprv iep? Kal Abécpatos ZrdeTo podvor, ae : = ~ § dpovtict kocpov &rrayta Kataiccovaa Bojow.
* ed
py en
388-841, Hipp. Ref. haer. vii. 31; 254. Cf. Schneid. Philol. vi. 167.
338. MS. eixdpa: pnueplwy, corr. Mill. MS. ribs, corr. Schneid. 339. MS. jjmerépas meAeras, corr. Schn. 340. MS. edxouéver, corr. Schn. 341. MS. paxdpwy, corr. Mill. Schn. ka@apdv Aédyoy.
342-343, Clem. Al. Strom. 733. 344-346. Clem. Al. Strom. 694; Theodor. Ther. i. 476 p.
344. Theod. reAdcacé 08’, Clem. meAdoacdas ev.
347-351, Ammon. on Arist. de interpret. 199 b; Schol. Arist. i. 35 b. Tzet. Chiliad. xiii. 79. 848-849. Hippol. Ref. haer. p. 248. 350-351. Tzet. vii, 522.
_ 347. Ammon. otre yap avdpouen neparg, Tzt. ob piv yap Bpotén xeparf. 348. Tat. od wey amal, Hippol. ob yap amd, Ammon. Tzt. vérwy ye... dlocovow. Text from Hippol. 349. Hippol. yotvar’ od whdea yerherra. (349a. Hippol. adds after 349 the following Aad ogaipos env Kal loos early a’re, Schneid. GAAG ahaipos eis Kal mdvrobey Toros éavT@.)
EMPEDOKLES __ 201
Book III.
838. Would that in behalf of perishable beings thou, immortal Muse, mightest take thought at all for our thought to come by reason of our cares! Hear me now and be eon again by my side, Kalliopeia, as I
utter noble discourse about the blessed gods.
342. Blessed is he who has acquired a wealth of divine wisdom, but miserable he in-whom there rests a
dim opinion concerning the gods.
344. It is not possible to draw near (to god) even with the eyes, or to take hold of him with our hands, which in truth is the best highway of parraciee into the mind of man; for he has no human head fitted to a body, nor do two shoots branch out from the trunk, nor has he feet, nor swift legs, nor hairy parts, but he is
sacred and ineffable mind alone, darting through the
whole world with swift thoughts.
902 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
KA@APMOI
"OQ piror, of péya dotu Kata Fabéov Axnpayavtos 389 valet’ av axpa TodéEvs, ayabdv pedredrpoves Epyor, Ecivwv aidoi@y Nupéves, KAKOTNTOS ATrELpOL, 355 yalper’> éyd 8 vupwv Oeds auBpotos, ov«ére . Ovnros, TONEDMAL META TAL TETLULEVvOS, MaTrEp EOLKE, rawiats Te TeploteTtos oTépecty Te Oareious. * rotow dp’ edt’ dv ixopar és dotea THAEOdwvTa, 395 avipdow 788 yuvakl oeBifouar: of S ay’ ErrovTat 360 pupior, 2Eepéovtes Sry mpos Képdos aTapTos, of piv pavtocuvéwy Keypnpuévor, of 8 ert vovow, Snpov 5) yaretjow meTappévor dud’ ddvvyct, mavtoiwy érvOovto KrWvew evnnéa Baku. 400 GAA TE ToIcS’ erika’, Ooel péya yphyd Tt Tpdoowr, 365 ef Ovntov Tepleius ToUPOEpéwv avOpeTrar ;
352-363. Diog. Laer. viii. 62. Omitting 354, 362, Anthol. Bosch. i. 86. 352-353, 355-356. Anth. gr. Jacobs ix. 569. 352-358. Diog. Laer. viii. 54 (cited as beginning of Book on Purifications). 354 inserted by Stz. from Diod. Sic. xiii. 83. 355. Diog. Laer. viii. 66; Sext. Emp. Math. i. 302; Philost. vit. Apoll. i. 1.; Lucian, pro laps. inter salut. i. 496 ; Cedren. chron. i. 157. j
352. MS. gavO00, Bergk (a0éov. 353. variant valere &kpny: variants av, ay’, dv. Anth. wéAnos, Bergk réAews, Steph. wéAcus. 354. MS. aidoto:, Bergk aidolwy. 355. Vulg. duiv, Bergk tuuw. 356. Cd. Vind. reriunuévos . . . foun, 357. Vulg. Oadelns, corr. Karst. 361. MS. 8€ 7, corr. Stz. Clem. Al. Strom. 754 mapaxo- Aovbeiy . . . Tobs wey wavToTUVaY Kexpnuevous, Tods 3° em) vodTov odnpdy 8) xadewoiot memapuévovs. 363. Platt, Jowrn. Philol. 48 p. 247 €B8dAovro: MS. etnxéa, Seal. edfyen.
364-365. Sext. Emp. Math. i. 302.
365. Some MSS. moAupbopéwy, Cf. 163.
EMPEDOKLES 203
On PURIFICATIONS.
352. O friends, ye who inhabit the great city of sacred Akragas up to the acropolis, whose care is good deeds, who harbour strangers deserving of respect, who know not how to do baseness, hail! I go about among you an immortal god, no longer a mortal, honoured by all, as is fitting, crowned with fillets and luxuriant garlands. With these on my head, so soon as I come to flourishing cities I am reverenced by men and by women; and they follow after me in countless numbers, inquiring of me what is the way to gain, some in want of oracles, others of help in diseases, long roe in truth
pierced with grievous pains, they seek to hear from me
keen-edged account of all sorts of things.
364. But why do I lay weight on these things, as though I were doing some great thing, if I be superior
to mortal, perishing men ?
904 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
& diror, olda pév odv 67’ adnbein mapa pwbos, 407 ods éy@ aGepio: para 0’ apyanen ys TeTUKTAL avdpdor kal Svobmros él ppéva Tictios bpp.
Zotw dvayKns xpipa, Oedv hpirpa Traravoy, 1
870 aidvov, mraTéecou KaTec¢pyylopévov Spots. edré Tis dumrakinor hove ira yvia pijvyn 3 alwaros %) ériopkov dwapTncas éropocon . Satpov, olte paxpatevos Aehagaae Buoito, 4 Tpis piv pupias @pas aro paxdpwv ddadno bat,
375 huodpevoy travtoia Sua xpovov eidea OvynTar, 6 dpyanréas Buoto.o peTadrXaccovta KEdevbous. aibépiov piv yap ode pévos TovTOVeE StoKél, 16 movtos © és yOovds oddas drrémtuce, yaia 8 és
auyas nediov akapavTos, 0 8’ aidgpos euBare divacs.
880 drXdos & 2& adrdov SéyeTat, oTuyéovar b= TavTEs.
Tov Kal éy@ viv sipl, puyas Ogobev Kal adyTns, 7 velKEel palwopéev@ TicvVos.
366-368, Clem. Al. Strom. 648.
366. AH 67° dAndein, Cd. Paris. ex 7’ GAnOein. 367. Diels ots épéw* uddra 9’ apyadéen mavtecot TéTUKTAL.
369-382. 369, 371, 873-374, 381 Plut. de exil. 607c. 369-370, 372-383. Hippol. Ref. haer. 249-251 (scattered through the text). 369-370. Simpl. Phys. 272 v; Stob. Hcl. ii. 7; 384. 374-375. Origen c. Cels. vill. 58 p.780. 377-380. Plut. de Is. et Os. 361 ¢ (Euseb. Praep. Ev. v. 5; 187). 377-379. Plut. de vit. alien. 880 Fr. 381-382. Asclep. in Brand. Schol. Arist. 629 a; Hierokl. carm, aur. 254; Plotin. Hnn. iv. 81; 468 c¢.
369. Plut. gor: ris (71), Hippol. gor: ri: Simpl. oppdyioua. 371. Panz. Schneid. gpevav. 372. MS. bs nal éemiopxoy apap- Thoas émou@oet, corr. Schneid. Schneid. afuaciw, Stein aivaros. Knatz rejects 372 as a gloss from Hesiod Theog. 793. 373. Plut. da/uoves ofre paxpaiwves AeAdyxac1 Kioto, Hippol. magicwint re (remainder as in text), Heeren daluwy., Orig. Hipp. pay amd, Of. awal vy. 848. 875. Orig. yiyvouévny mavrolay did xpévov idtay, Hippol. gvouévouvs mayroia bie xpdvov eldea. 377. Hippol, wév ye, 378. Plut. de vit. alien. 5& x0ords . . . avémruce. Plut. de Is. ecadis. 378. Hipp. pacOovtos. 381. MSS. és, r3,v, rds, corr. Scal. ; Hippol, confirms correction. Hippol. omits viv, Asclep. dip’, 882. Asclep, aiouéve.
EMPEDOKLES 205
866. Friends, I know indeed when truth lies in the discourses that I utter; but truly the entrance of assur- ance into the mind of man is difficult and hindered by
jealousy.
369. There is an utterance of Necessity, an ancient decree of the fae eternal, sealed fast with broad oaths: whenever any one defiles his body sinfully with bloody gore or perjures himself in regard to wrong-doing, one of those spirits who are heir to long life, thrice ten thousand seasons shall he wander apart from the blessed, being born meantime in all sorts of mortal forms, changing one bitter path of life for another. For mighty Air pursues him Seaward, and Sea spews him forth S the threshold of Earth, and Earth casts him into the rays of the unwearying Sun, and Sun into the eddies of Air ; one receives hind from the other, and all hate him. One of these now am I too, a fugitive from the gods
and a wanderer, at the mercy of raging Strife.
906 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
HSn ydp Tor’ eye yevounv Kodpos Te KOpy Te 380 Odpvos 7’ oiwves Te Kal civ dds Eddorros ixOds.
885. Kradod Te Kal KbKvoa, idwv dovvibea yOpov, 13 ?v0a Bévos te Kéros te kal Gddwv ZOvea Knpov 21 avypnpat Te vocot Kal onrpies Epya Te pevoTd,
"AThs av NelmOva KATA TKOTOS HAdoKOVOLW. 23
2A > / aidvos apepOets.
890 2& oins Tos Te Kal 6ocov pnKeos OABou 11 Oe Tecwv KaTa yaiav errrcrat peta Ovnrots. HVOopEV TO’ UT’ AvTpoV UTdaTEYOD. 31 #v0’ Hoav XOovin te cal ‘HdLoTN tavawres, 24
Afpis 0 aipatoecoa Kat ‘Appovin Oepeparis,
383-384. Clem. Al. Strom. 750; Diog. Laer. viii. 77; Athen. viii. 365; Philostr. vit. Apoll. i. 1; 2, and often.
383. Hippol. Philos. 3 fro: pév yap, Cedren. Chron. i.157 #rot pév mpara, Often kotpn te kdpos re. 384. Cedren. kal yp x.0. e& aAds tumvous ixOdsnal év "OAvutia Bods, Diog. Laer. Zumupos, Athen. éumopos, Clem. €AAoros. Others &udopos, vixuros, paldiuos.
385-388. 385. Clem. Al. Strom. 516. 385b-386. Hierocl. carm. aur. 254, 386, 388. Synesius de prov. i. 89D. 386-387. Prokl. on Kratyl. 103 ; 386. Philo vol. ii. 638 Mang. 388. Synes. epist. 147 ; Julian. Imp. orat. &e.
385. Clem. aovyfea, Hierocl. aréprea. 386. Synes. p0dvos, Philo pévar re Aluor re. 388. Syn. Iul. év Acid, Hier. dvd Acmuava, corr. Bentl.
389. Hierocl., as just cited; Aemé@va dy dmodimdvy . . . els yhivov epxerar cama dABlov aidvos duepbels.
. 390-391. Clem. Al. Strom. 516. 390. Plut. de exil. 607; Stob. Flor. ii. 80 Gais. 390. Clem. kat ofov. 391. Clem. Aurdy,
392. Porphyr. de ant. nymph. e. viii.
393-399. (United by Bergk.) 393-396. Plut. de tranquil. an. 4748. 394. Plut. de Is. Os. 3708. 396. Tztz. Chiliad. xii. 575. 397- 399. Cornut. de nat. deor. chap. xvii.
394. Plut. Is. Os. uépom:, 395. MS. Aeiwaln, corr. Bentl. 396. Tat.
EMPEDOKLES 207
883. For before this I was born once a boy, and a maiden, and a plant, and a bird, and a darting fish in the sea. 885. And I wept and shrieked on beholding the unwonted land where are Murder and Wrath, and other species of Fates, and wasting diseases, and putrefaction
and fluxes.
888. In darkness they roam over the meadow
of Ate. 389. Deprived of life.
390. From what honour and how great a degree of blessedness have I fallen here on the earth to consort
with mortal beings ! $92. We enter beneath this over-roofed cave.
393. Where were Chthonie and far-seeing Heliope (7.¢. Earth and Sun ?), bloody Contention and Harmony of sedate face, Beauty and Ugliness, Speed and Loitering, lovely Truth and dark-eyed Obscurity, Birth and Death, and Sleep and Waking, Motion and Stability, many-
crowned Greatness and Lowness, and Silence and Voice.
90S THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
395 Kadtuoro 7’ Aioypy te, Qowod te Anvain Te, Nnpeptis 7’ épdecoa pedadyxoupos 7’ ’Acddeva, Dvow te DOipévyn te, Kal Edvain cal ”Eyepors,
Kwo 7’ ’Acteudis Te, ToAvaTépaves Te Meyioro teal Dopin, Luwry te cal ’Oudain.t
400 & mérrot, & SeiXov Ovntav yévos, & SvadvorBoyv, 14
Toiwv ek 7’ épidwy Ex Te cTOVAXGY eyéver Oe.
capkav aiodoypwtt TepiaTéANovea YITaVL. 379
. apdiBpotnv xOova.
ex piv yap Cow érider vexpoeioe’ apeiBov. 378
405 ob8é tis Fy Kelvorcw "Apne Beds ob8: KuSoupos, 368 ovde Zevs Bacireds ovd2 Kpdvos ov? Iocedar, adra Kurpis Bacinrea. 370 THy oly evosBéecow aydd\pacw ihadcKovTo yparrois Te Cohort pipioict Te Sardaneddpots
410 opvpyns Te axpyntov Ovoias NuBavou Te Pvwbdovs,
i]
meAdyko(u)pos, Plut. weAdyxapros. MSS. gopih, odpn. Mullach Siw14h. 400-401. Clem. Al. Strom. 516-517. Timon Phlias. in Euseb. Pr. ev. xiv. 18.
400. MS. 4 8, corr. Scalig. 401. MS. ofwy, corr. Stein. Cf. Timon. and Porphyr. de abstin. ii. 27.
402. Stob. Hcl. i. 1050; Plut. de esu car. 998 c. Plut. dddoyvare, Stob. V addorxari, A GAAOYAGTL.
403. Plut. Quaest. conv. 683 x. 404. Clem. Al. Strom. 516.
MS. vexpa, e%5e’, Flor. 758, corr.
405-414. Porphyr. de abstin. ii. 21 (405-412), 27 (413-414). 405- 411. Athen. xii. 510p. 405-407. Eustath. Iliad. x. p. 1261, 44. 412- 414. Euseb. Pr. ev. iv. 14 from Porphyry; Cyrill. adv. Julian. ix. 307.
406. Porphyr. 03’ 6 Kpévos, Eustath. omits. 407. Porphyr. adds H éorw 7 piAla. 408. Cf. Plato Legg. vi.782p and Iamblich. Vit. Pyth. 151. 409. Athen. yp. 8, Burnett jaxrois: Porphyr. dadarcécuos. 410. Porphyr. dxpdérov. 411. Athen.
EMPEDOKLES 209 400. Alas, ye wretched, ye unblessed race of mortal
beings, of what strifes and of what groans were ye born!
402. She wraps about them a strange garment of
flesh. 403. Man-surrounding earth.
404. For from being living he made them assume
the form of death by a change. .. .
405. Nor had they any god Ares, nor Kydoimos (Up- roar), nor king Zeus, nor Kronos, nor Poseidon, but queer Kypris. Her they worshipped with hallowed offerings, with painted figures, and perfumes of skilfully made odour, and sacrifices of unmixed myrrh and fragrant frank- incense, casting on the ground libations from tawny bees. And her altar was not moistened with pure blood of bulls, but it was the greatest defilement among men, to
deprive animals of life and to eat their goodly bodies. , PF
a oa
see
.
®10 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Eov0ar Te oTrovdas pedTOv purtobvtes és ovOas, tavpwv 8 axpyrovcr povors od Severo Boyds. 375 GNX pdoos TOOT’ ZoKev 2v avOpwTroLot péeyioTor, Oupov aroppaicavtas 2édpevat Héa yvia.
415 hy Sé tus év Keivoiow av)p Tepiovora eidws 440 / 4 la] > (4 ”
TavToiwy Te padioTa copay érrinpavos Epywv, 442
ds 0) pnKioToy TpaTidwp exTicaTO TOUTOD. 441
e y \ / > é : a)
ommoTe yap Tadonow opéEatTo TpaTivecow,
peta ye TOV dvToOY TavTwY NEVooECKEV ExacTO), 420 Kai te 52x’ avOpétrav Kai 7 elkoow aidverow... 445 Hoav yap Ktina Tavta Kal avOpwtro.ot Tpoonviy, 864 pipes T oiwvoi Te, diioppoctvy Te SedHe0, dévdpea 8’ eurredoduAra Kal épumeddxaptra
TeOnre1,
nr 5] / / / Tvs ,
KapTa@v apGovines KaTHopa TavT’ éviauTov.
425 ov méXeTat Tots piv Oeuitov dda, Tots & abgutoror, 403 GNNA TO pev TaVT@V Voptpoy Sid 7’ evpupédovTos aidépos nvexéws TétaTas bia 7 aTréTOU avyis.
tavOav . . . pimroyres, 412. Porphyr. Cyrill. axpiroiw1, Euseb. axpdroiwt, corr. Scalig. Porphyr. Severa:. 413. Cyrill. érxov. 414. Porphyr. awroppécayres . . . €éAuevai, corr. Stein and Viger. 415-420. Iamblich. Vit. Pyth. 67. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. 30. 415, 417. Diog. Laer. viii. 54. Order of verses in MS. 415,17, 16. 421-424. 421-422. Schol. Nicand. Theriac. p. 81 Schn. 423-424, Theophrast. de caus. plant. i. 18,2. Cf. Plut. Quaest. conv. 649 o.
422. MS. iroppootyn, corr. Stz. 423-424. delpuada Kal eumedd- _kaprd pnot OddAAcW Kaprav apbovinet Kar’ hépa mdr’ éviauvToy restored by Hermann. Herm. aiefpvada, corr. Karst. from Plutarch. Stz. kar’ népa, Lobeck. KaThopa.
425-427. Arist. Rhet. i. 13 1873 b 15. 425. Arist. rodro yap ob tis) pey Bleawov, Tic 8 od Bixouov, Karst. ;
Oeurdy . . . G0emorov. 427. YbZbAc avyis, Bekker from one MS. ad yijs.
EMPEDOKLES 211
415. And there was among them a man of unusual knowledge, and master especially of all sorts of wise deeds, who in truth possessed greatest wealth of mind; for whenever he reached out with all his mind, easily he beheld each one of all the things that are, even for ten
and. twenty generations of men.
421. For all were gentle and obedient toward men, both animals and birds, and they burned with kindly love; and trees grew with leaves and fruit ever on
them, burdened with abundant fruit all the year.
425. This is not lawful for some and unlawful for others, but what is lawful for all extends on con- tinuously through the wide-ruling air and the boundless
light.
427. Will ye not cease from evil slaughter? See ye not that ye are devouring each other in heedlessness of
mind ? P 2
212 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
ov mavcecbe hovowo Svonxéos ; OvK écopaTe 416 GdAjrovs Sarrovtes axnodelyot voto ;
430 popdyy & adrdkavta watnp dpidov viov asipas 410 obdle érevyomevos, péya vytrios’ ot 62 hopsbytat Aroadpevor Ovovtos: 0 8 dp viKovaTos OpoKhéwv odbdtas éy weydpoict Kaxhv adeyivato Satta. as 8 aitws tatép’ vids Ehwv Kal pntépa Traides
435 Ovpov aroppaicayte piras Kata cdpKas Edovow.
olpoe 67’ ov mpocbev pe SubdrEcE VNEES Hap, 9
mpw axétr’ Epya Bopads epi xeideou pnTi- cacba.
év Onpecot ALovTEs OpElhexées Yaparedvat 382
yiyvovtat, Sadvat & evi dévdpecow HuvKdpotorv.
440 Sadvaiwv dvAXwv aro TapTray Exec Oat. 419
1 Serr0/, TavoeArol, Kudpwv aro xeipas #xyecOa. . 418
Kpnvawv ato TévTE Taw ev ATELPEL YAAKO 422 xXsipas atroppuwat. VNOTEVTAL KAKOTNTOS. 406
428-429. Sext. E. Math. ix. 129. 430-435. Sext. following the last verses. 430-431. Plut. de swper- stitione 171 ¢.
431. MSS. oi 5 ropetyra, Scalig. ds . . . wopedra, Diels popedyrat, 432. MSS. @vovres 68° avqxovoros, corr. Hermann. 435. MSS. amoppaicayra, corr. Karst.
436-437. Porphyr. de abst. ii. 31. 438-439. Aelian, Hist. An. xii. 7; Orphic. Frag. p. 511 Herm, 438. Ael. év @npat 88. 440. Plut. Quaest. conv. 646 pv. MSS. rijs Sdgyns tay piAdrAwy ard mdumay ExeoOa xph, corr. Stein. 441. Aul. Gell. N.A. iv. 11; Didym. Geopon, ii. 35, 8. 442-443. Theo. Smyrn. Avith. i. 19 Bull, p. 15, 9 Hill.
MS. kpnvdwv ard rev’ dvinayra, pnoly, arelper xaArK@ Seiv aaroppu- wrecGat, Arist. poet.xxi.; 1457 b13 randy dreipér xardnG. Text from Diels.
444, Plut. de ira 4648.
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430. A father takes up his dear son who has changed his form and slays him with a prayer, so great is his folly ! They are borne along beseeching the sacrificer ; but he does not hear their cries of reproach, but slays them and makes ready the evil feast. Then in the same manner son takes father and daughters their mother, and devour the dear flesh when they have deprived them of life.
436. Alas that no ruthless day destroyed me before I devised base deeds of devouring with the lips!
438. Among beasts they become lions haunting the mountains, whose couch is the ground, and among fair- foliaged trees they become laurels.
440. Refrain entirely from laurel leaves.
441. Miserable men, wholly miserable, restrain your hands from beans.
442. Compounding the water from five springs in unyielding brass, cleanse the hands.
444, Fast from evil.
445. Accordingly ye are frantic with evils hard to bear, nor ever shall ye ease your soul from bitter woes.
447. But at last are they prophets and hymn-writers and physicians and chieftains among men dwelling on the earth ; and from this they grow to be gods, receiving the greatest honours, sharing the same hearth with the other immortals, their table companions; free from human woes, beyond the power of death and harm.
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445 rovydptou yadeT how advovtes KaxdTHOLW 420 obrote Seihalwv ayéwv Awdiycete Ovpdr.
eis 83 Tedos paves Te Kal bpvorrddot Kat intpot 384 Kal mpdpot avOpwrrovoww erry Ooviowce médovTat, EvOev avaBracTover Ozol Tiphor Péprotos,
450 d@avdros ddXNoLow opéoTtiol, adtotparrefot, eivies Gvopéslwv ayéwv, aTOKNpOL, ATELpEts.
445-446. Clem. Al. Protr. p. 23. Cf. Carmen aureum v. 54 f.
447-449. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 632; Theod. Therap. viii. p. 599.
450-451. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 722; Euseb. Praep. evang. xiii. 13. MSS. édyres d. "Axa dwénAnpo: amnpets corr. Scaliger.
PassaGES FROM PLATO RELATING TO EXMPEDOKLES.
Phaed. 96 3. Is blood that with which we think, or air, or fire ...?!
Gorg. 493 a. And perhaps we really are dead, as I once before heard one of the wise men say: that now we are dead, and the body our tomb, and that that part of the soul, it so happens, in which desires are, is open to per- suasion and moves upward and downward. And indeed a clever man—perhaps some inhabitant of Sicily or Italy—speaking allegorically, and taking the word from ‘credible ’ (ai@avds) and ‘ persuadable’ (aietixds), called: it a jar (7/00s). And those without intelligence he called uninitiated, and that part of the soul of the uninitiated where the desires are, he called its intemperateness, and said it was not watertight, as & jar might be pierced with holes—using the simile because of its insatiate desires.
Meno 76 c. Do you say, with Empedokles, that there are certain effluences from things ?—Certainly.
And pores, into which and through which the effluences go ?—Yes indeed.
1 Cf. Cicero, Tusc. I. 9: ‘Empedocles animum esse censet cordi suffusum sanguinem.’
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And that some of the effluences match certain of the pores, and others are smaller or larger ?—It is true.
And there is such a thing as vision ?—Yes.
And... colour is the effluence of forms in agree- ment with vision and perceptible by that sense ?—It is.
Sophist. 242 p. And certain Ionian and Sicilian Muses agreed later that it is safest to weave together both opinions and to say that Being is many and one [wodda Te cai ev}, and that it is controlled by hate and love. Borne apart it is always borne together, say the more severe of the Muses. But the gentler concede that these things are always thus, and they say, in part, that sometimes all is one and rendered loving by Aphrodite, while at other times it is many and at enmity with itself by reason of a sort of strife.
PassaGEes IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO EMPEDOKLES.
Phys.i. 3; 187a20. And others say that the opposites existing in the unity are separated out of it, as Anaximan- dros says, and as those say who hold that things are both one and many, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras.
i. 4; 188a18. But it is better to assume elements _ fewer in number and limited, as Empedokles does. “ii. 4; 19620. Empedokles says that the air is not - always separated upwards, but as it happens.
viii. 1; 250 b 27. Empedokles says that things are in motion part of the time and again they are at rest ; they are in motion when Love tends to make one out of many, or Strife tends to make many out of one, and in the intervening time they are at rest (Vv. 69-73).
viii. 1; 25246. So it is necessary to consider this (motion) a first principle, which it seems Empedokles means in saying that of necessity Love and Strife control things and move them part of the time, and that they | are at rest during the intervening time.
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De Caelo 279 b14. Some say that alternately at one time there is coming into being, at another time there is perishing, and that this always continues tobe the case ; so say Empedokles of Agrigentum and Herakleitos of Ephesus.
ii. 1; 284a24. Neither can we assume that it is after this manner nor that, getting a slower motion than its own downward momentum on account of rota- tion, it still is preserved so long a time, as Empedokles says. ii. 18; 295a15. But they seek the cause why it _ remains, and some say after this manner, that its breadth or size is the cause; but others, as Empedokles, that the movement of the heavens revolving in a circle and moving more slowly, hinders the motion of the earth, like water in vessels. . . .
ili. 2; 301a14: It is not right to make genesis take place out of what is separated and in motion. Wherefore Empedokles passes over genesis in the case of Love; for he could not put the heaven together preparing it out of parts that had been separated, and making the combination by means of Love; for the order of the elements has been established out of parts that had been separated, so that necessarily it arose out of what is one and compounded.
lil. 2; 802a28. Empedokles says that fire and earth and associated elements are the elements of bodies, and that all things are composed of these.
li. 6; 805a1. But if separation shall in some way be stopped, either the body in which it is stopped will be indivisible, or being separable it is one that will never be divided, as Empedokles seems to mean.
iv. 2; 809219. Some who deny that a void exists,
do not define carefully light and heavy, as Anaxagoras and Empedokles.
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Gen. corr. i. 1; 314 b7. Wherefore Empedokles speaks after this manner, saying that nothing comes into being, but there is only mixture and separation of the mixed.
i. 1; 315a 3. Empedokles seemed both to contradict things as they appear, and to contradict himself. For at one time he says that no one of the elements arises from another, but that all other things arise from these ; and at another time he brings all of nature together into one, except Strife, and says that each thing arises from the one.
i, 8; 324 b 26. Some thought that each sense impres- sion was received through certain pores from the last and strongest agent which entered, and they say that after this manner we see and hear and perceive by all the other senses, and further that we see through air and water and transparent substances because they have pores that are invisible by reason of their littleness, and are close together in series ; and the more transparent substances have more pores. Many made definite statements after this manner in regard to certain things, as did Empe- dokles, not only in regard to active and passive bodies, but he also says that those bodies are mingled, the pores of which agree with each other. .. .
i. 8; 825a34. From what is truly one multiplicity could not arise, nor yet could unity arise from what is truly manifold, for this is impossible; but as Empe-: dokles and some others say, beings are affected through pores, so all change and all happening arises after this manner, separation and destruction taking place through the void, and in like manner growth, solid bodies coming in gradually. For itis almost necessary for Empedokles to say as Leukippos does; for there are some solid and indivisible bodies, unless pores are absolutely contiguous.
825b19. But as for Empedokles, it is evident that he
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holds to genesis and destruction as far as the elements are concerned, but how the aggregate mass of these arises and perishes, it is not evident, nor is it possible for one to say who denies that there is an element of fire, and in like manner an element of each other thing— as Plato wrote in the Timaeos.
ii. 3; 880b19. And some say at once that there are four elements, as Empedokles. But he combines them into two ; for he sets all the rest over against fire.
ii. 6; 833 b 20. Strife then does not separate the elements, but Love separates those which in their origin are before god ; and these are gods.
Meteor. 357 a 24. In like manner it would be absurd if any one, saying that the sea is the sweat of the earth, thought he was saying anything distinct and clear, as for instance Empedokles; for such a statement might perhaps be sufficient for the purposes of poetry (for the metaphor is poetical), but not at all for the knowledge of nature.
369 b11. Some say that fire originates in the clouds ; and Empedokles says that this is what is encompassed by the rays of the sun.
De anim. i. 2; 404b7. As many as pay careful attention to the fact that what has soul is in motion, these assume that soul is the most important source of motion; and as many as consider that it knows and perceives beings, these say that the first principle is soul, some making more than one first principle and others making one, as Empedokles says the first prin- ciple is the product of all the elements, and each of these is soul, saying (Vv. 838-835).
i. 4; 408a14. And in like manner it is strange that soul should be the cause of the mixture ; for the mixture of the elements does not have the same cause as flesh and bone. The result then will be that there are many
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souls through the whole body, if all things arise out of the elements that have been mingled together; and the cause of the mixture is harmony and soul.
i. 5; 410a 28. For it involves many perplexities to say, as Empedokles does, that each thing is known by the material elements, and like by like. .. . And it turns out that Empedokles regards god as most lacking in the power of perception ; for he alone does not know one of the elements, Strife, and (hence) all perishable things; for each of these is from all (the elements).
li. 4; 415 b28. And Empedokles was incorrect when he went on to say that plants grew downwards with their roots together because the earth goes in this direction naturally, and that they grew upwards because fire goes in this direction.
li. 7; 418b20. So it is evident that light is the presence of this (fire). And Empedokles was wrong, and any one else who may have agreed with him, in saying that the light moves and arises between earth and what surrounds the earth, though it escapes our notice.
De sens. 441a4. It is necessary that the water in it should have the form of a fluid that is invisible by reason of its smallness, as Empedokles says.
446 a 26. Empedokles says that the light from the sun first enters the intermediate space before it comes to vision or to the earth.
* De respir. 477a82. Empedokles was incorrect in saying that the warmest animals having the most fire were aquatic, avoiding the excess of warmth in their nature, in order that since there was a lack of cold and wet in them, they might be preserved by their position.
Pneumat. 482.229. With reference to breathing some do not say what it is for, but only describe the manner in which it takes place, as Empedokles and Demokritos..
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484.88. Empedokles says that fingernails arise from sinew by hardening.
Part. anim. i.1; 640219. So Empedokles was wrong in saying that many characteristics appear in animals because it happened to be thus in their birth, as that they have such a spine because they happen to be descended from. one that bent itself back. . . .
i. 1; 642a18. And from time to time Empedokles chances on this, guided by the truth itself, and is com- pelled to say that being and nature are reason, just as when he is declaring what a bone is; for he does not say it is one of the elements, nor two or three, nor all of them, but it is the reason of the mixture of these.
De Plant. i.; 8154216. Anaxagoras and Empedokles say that plants aremoved by desire, and assert that they have perception and feel pleasure and pain. . . . Em- pedokles thought that sex had been mixed in them. (Note 817 a1, 10, and 36.)
i.; 815 b12. Empedokles et al. said that plants have intelligence and knowledge.
i.; 817b35. Empedokles said again that plants have their birth in an inferior world which is not perfect in its fulfilment, and that when it is fulfilled an animal is generated.
i. 3; 984a8. Empedokles assumes four elements, adding earth as a fourth to those that have been men- tioned ; for these always abide and do not come into being, but in greatness and smallness they are com- pounded and separated out of one and into one.
i. 3; 984 b 32. And since the opposite to the good ap- peared to exist in nature, and not only order and beauty but also disorder and ugliness, and the bad appeared to be more than the good and the ugly more than the beautiful, so some one else introduced Love and Strife, each the cause of one of these. For if one were to
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follow and make the assumption in accordance with reason and not in accordance with what Empedokles foolishly says, he will find -Love to be the cause of what is good, and Strife of what is bad; so that if one were to say that Empedokles spoke after a certain manner and was the first to call the bad and the good first principles, perhaps he would speak rightly, if the good itself were the cause of all good things, and the bad of all bad things. Met. i. 4; 915a 21. And Empedokles makes more use of causes than Anaxagoras, but not indeed sufficiently; nor does he find in them what has been agreed upon. At any rate love for him is often a separating cause and strife a uniting cause. For whenever the all is separated into the elements by strife, fire and each of the other elements are collected into one; and again, whenever they all are brought together into one by love, parts are necessarily separated again from each thing. Empedokles moreover differed from those who went before, in that he discriminated this cause and introduced it, not making the cause of motion one, but different and opposite. Further, he first described the four elements spoken of as in the form of matter; but he did not use them as four but only as two, fire by itself, and the rest opposed to fire as being one in nature, earth and air and water. i. 8; 989a20. And the same thing is true if one asserts that these are more numerous than one, as Empedokles says that matter is four substances. For it is necessary that the same peculiar results should hold good with reference to him. For we see the elements arising from each other inasmuch as fire and earth do not continue the same substance (for so it is said of them in the verses on nature) ; and with reference to the cause of their motion, whether it is necessary to assume one or two, we must think that he certainly did not speak either in a correct or praiseworthy manner.
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i.9; 993a15. For the first philosophy seems to speak inarticulately in regard to all things, as though it were childish in its causes and first principle, when even Empedokles says that a bone exists by reason, that is, that it was what it was and what the essence of the matter was.
Meta. ii. 4; 1000a25. And Empedokles who, one
‘might think, spoke most consistently, even he had the same experience, for he asserts that a certain first prin- ciple, Strife, is the cause of destruction ; but one might think none the less that even this causes generation out of the unity; for all other things are from this as their source, except god.
Meta. ii. 4; 1000a 32. And apart from these verses (vv. 104-107) it would be evident, for if strife were not existing in things, all would be one, as he says; for when they come together, strife comes to a stand last of all. Wherefore it results that for him the most blessed God has less intelligence than other beings ; for he does not know all the elements; for he does not have strife, and knowledge of the like is by the like.
Meta. ii. 4; 1000b16. He does not make clear any cause of necessity. But, nevertheless, he says thus much alone consistently, for he does not make some beings perishable and others imperishable, but he makes all perishable except the elements. And the problem now under discussion is why some things exist and others do not, if they are from the same ‘elements).
Meta. xi. 10; 1075 b2. And Empedokles speaks in a manner, for he makes friendship the good. And this is the first principle, both as the moving cause, for it brings things together; and as matter, for it is part of the mixture.
Ethic. vii. 5; 1147b12. He has the power to speak
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but not to understand, as a drunken man repeating verses of Empedokles. Ethic. viii. 2; 1155b7. Others, including Empe- dokles, say the opposite, that the like seeks the like. Moral. ii. 11; 1208b11. And he says that when a - dog was accustomed always to sleep on the same tile, Empedokles was asked why the dog always sleeps on the ‘same tile, and he answered that the dog had some like- ness to the tile, so that the likeness is the reason for its frequenting it. _ Poet. 1; 1447 b 16. Homer and Empedokles have no-
thing in common but the metre, so that the former should be called a poet, the latter should rather be called a student of nature.
Fr. 65; Diog. Laer. viii. 57. Aristotle, in the Sophist, says that Empedokles first discovered rhetoric and Zeon dialectic.
Fr. 66; Diog. Laer. viii. 63. Aristotle says that (Em- pedokles) became free and estranged from every form of rule, if indeed he refused the royal power that was granted to him, as Xanthos says in his account of him, evidently much preferring his simplicity.
Passaces In Diets’ ‘ DoxoarapHi GRAECI’ RELATING TO E\MPEDOKLES.
Aet. Place. i. 3; Dox. 287. Empedokles of Akragas, son of Meton, says that there are four elements, fire, air, water, earth ; and two dynamic first principles, love and strife ; one of these tends to unite, the other to separate. And he speaks as follows :—Hear first the four roots of all things, bright Zeus and life-bearing Hera and Aidoneus, and Nestis, who moistens the springs of men with her tears. Now by Zeus he means the seething and the aether, by life-bearing Hera the moist air,
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and by Aidoneus the earth; and by Nestis, spring of men, he means as it were moist seed and water. i. 4; 291. Empedokles: The universe is one; not however that the universe is the all, but some little part of the all, and the rest is matter. i.7; 303. And he holds that the one is necessity, and that its matter consists of the four elements, and its forms are strife and love. And he calls the elements gods, and the mixture : of these the universe. And its uniformity will be re- solved into them ;! and he thinks souls are divine, and that pure men who in a pure way have a share of them (the elements) are divine. i.13; 312. Empedokles: -Back of the four elements there are smallest particles, as it were elements before elements, homoeomeries (that is, rounded bits). i.15; 818. Empedokles declared that colour is the harmonious agreement of vision with the pores. And there are four equivalents of the elements —white, black, red, yellow. i. 16; 815. Empedokles (and Xenokrates) : The elements are composed of very small masses which are the most minute possible, and as it were elements of elements. 1.24; 320. Empedokles et al. and all who make the universe by putting together bodies of small parts, introduce combinations and separations, but not genesis and destruction absolutely ; for these changes take place not in respect to quality by transfor- mation, but in respect to quantity by putting together. i. 26; 821. Empedokles: The essence of necessity is the effective cause of the first principles and of the elements.
Aet. Plac. ii. 1; Dox. 328. Empedokles: The course of the sun is the outline of the limit of the universe. ii. 4; 831. Empedokles: The universe <arises and> perishes according to the alternating rule of Love and Strife. ii.6; 834. Empedokles: The aether was first separated, and secondly fire, and then earth, from which,
1 Cf. p. 119, note 1.
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as it was compressed tightly by the force of its rotation, * water gushed forth; and from this the air arose as vapour, and the heavens arose from the aether, the sun from the fire, and bodies on the earth were compressed out of the others. ii. 7; 336. Empedokles: Things are not in fixed position throughout the all, nor yet are the places of the elements defined, but all things partake of one another. il. 8; 3838. Empedokles: When the air gives way at the rapid motion of the sun, the north pole is bent so that the regions of the north are elevated and the regions of the south depressed in respect to the whole universe. i. 10; 339. Empedokles: The right side is toward the summer solstice, and the left toward the winter solstice. li.11; 839. Empedokles: The heaven is solidified from air that is fixed in crystalline form by fire, and embraces what partakes of the nature of fire and of the nature of air in each of the hemispheres. H, 18; 341. Empedokles: The stars are fiery bodies formed of fiery matter, which the air embracing in itself pressed forth at the first separation. 342. The fixed stars are bound up with the crystalline (vault), but the planets are set free. ii. 20; 350. Empedokles: There are two suns ; the one is the archetype, fire in the one hemi- sphere of the universe, which has filled that hemisphere, always set facing the brightness which corresponds to itself; the other is the sun that appears, the corre- sponding brightness in the other hemisphere that has been filled with air mixed with heat, becoming the erystalline sun by reflection from the rounded earth, and dragged along with the motion of the fiery hemisphere; to speak briefly, the sun is the brightness corresponding to the fire that surrounds the earth. ii. 21; 851. The sun which faces the opposite brightness, is of the same size as the earth. ii. 23; 353. Empedokles: The solstices are due to the fact that the sun is hindered from moving Q
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always in a straight line by the sphere enclosing it, and by the tropic circles. ii. 24; 354. The sun is eclipsed ° when the moon passes before it. ii. 25; 357. Empedo- kles: The moon is air rolled together, cloudlike, its fixed form due to fire, so that it is a mixture. 11.27; 358. The moon has the form of a disk. ii. 28; 358. The moon has its light from the sun. ii. 81; 362. Empedokles : ~ The moon is twice as far from the sun as it is from the earth (?) 868. The distance across the heavens is greater than the height from earth to heaven, which is the dis- tance of the moon from us; according to this the heaven is more spread out, because the universe is disposed in the shape of an egg.
Aet. Plac. iii. 83; Dox.868. Empedokles: (Thunder and lightning are) the impact of light on a cloud so that the light thrusts out the air which hinders it; the ex- tinguishing of the light and the breaking up of the cloud produces a crash, and the kindling of it produces light- ning, and the thunderbolt is the sound of the lightning. iii. 8; 875. Empedokles and the Stoics: Winter comes when the air is master, being forced up by condensation ; and summer when fire is master, when it is forced down- wards. iii. 16; 881. Theseais the sweat of the earth, brought out by the heat of the sun on account of increased pressure.
Aet. Plac. iv. 83; Theod. v.18; Dox. 889. Empe- dokles: The soul is a mixture of what is air and aether in essence. iv. 5; 892. Empedokles et al.: Mind and soul are the same, so that in their opinion no animal would be absolutely devoid of reason. Theod. v. 23; 392. Empedokles et al.: The soul is imperishable. Aet. iv. 9; 396. Empedokles et al.: Sensations are deceptive. 397. Sensations arise part by part according to the sym- metry of the pores, each particular object of sense being adapted to some sense (organ). iv. 18; 408. Empe-
EMPEDOKLES 226.
dokles: Vision receives impressions both by means of rays and by means of images. But more by the second method ; for it receives effluences. iv.14; 405. (Re- flections from mirrors) take place by means of effluences that arise on the surface of the mirror, and they are completed by means of the fiery matter that is sepa- rated from the mirror, and that bears along the air which lies before them into which the streams flow. iv. 6; 406. Empedokles : Hearing takes place by the impact of wind! on the cartilage of the ear, which, he says, is hung up inside the ear so as to swing and be struck after the manner of a bell. iv. 17; 407. Empedokles: Smell is introduced with breathings of the lungs; whenever the breathing becomes heavy, it does not join in the per- ception on account of roughness, as in the case of those who suffer from aflux. iv. 22; 411. Empedokles : The first breath of the animal takes place when the moisture in infants gives way, and the outside air comes to the yoid to enter the opening of the lungs at the side; and after this the implanted warmth at the onset from without presses out from below the airy matter, the breathing out; and at the corresponding return into the: outer air it oceasions a corresponding entering of the air,, the breathing in. And that which now controls the blood as it goes to the surface and as it presses out the airy matter through the nostrils by its own currents on its outward passage, becomes the breathing out ; and when the air runs back and enters into the fine openings that are scattered through the blood, it is the breathing in. And he mentions the instance of the clepsydra.
Aet. Place. v.7; 419. Empedokles: Male or female are born according to warmth and coldness; whence he records that the first males were born to the east and south from the earth, and the females tothe north. v. 8; 420. Empedokles: Monstrosities are due to too much or
a2
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too little seed (semen), or to disturbance of motion, or to division into several parts, or to a bending aside. v. 10; 491. Empedokles: Twins and triplets are due to excess of seed and division of it. v.11; 422. Empedokles: Like- nesses (of children to parents) are due to power of the fruitful seed, and differences occur when the warmth in the seed is dissipated.! v.12; 423. Empedokles: Offspring are formed according to the fancy of the woman at the time of conception ; for oftentimes women fall in love with images and statues, and bring forth offspring like these. v. 14; 425. Empedokles: (Mules are not fertile) be- cause the womb is small and low and narrow, and attached to the belly in a reverse manner, so that the seed does not go into it straight, nor would it receive the seed even if it should reach it. v.15; 425. Empedokles : The embryo is [not] alive, but exists without breathing in the belly; and the first breath of the animal takes place at birth, when the moisture in infants gives way, and when the airy matter from without comes to the void, to enter into the openings of the lungs. v. 19; 480. Empedokles: The first generations of animals and plants were never complete, but were yoked with imcongruous parts; and the second were forms of parts that belong together ; and the third, of parts grown into one whole; and the fourth were no longer from like parts, as for instance from earth and water, but from elements already permeating each other; for some the food being condensed, for others the fairness of the females causing an excitement of the motion of the seed. And the classes of all the animals were separated on account of such mixings; those more adapted to the water rushed into this, others sailed up into the air as many as had the more of fiery matter, and the heavier remained on the earth, and equal portions in the mixture spoke in ' Cf. Galen, Hist. Phil. 118 ; Dox. 642.
EMPEDOKLES 229
the breasts of all. v. 22; 484. Empedokles: Flesh is the product of equal parts of the four elements mixed together, and sinews of double portions of fire and earth mixed together, and the claws of animals are the product of sinews chilled by contact with the air, and bones of two equal parts of water and of earth and four parts of fire mingled together. And sweat and tears come from blood as it wastes away, and flows out because it has become rarefied. v.24; 435. Empedokles: Sleepis a moderate / cooling of the warmth in the blood, death a complete cool- g is ing. v.25;487. Empedokles: Death is a separation of ~ the fiery matter out of the mixture of which the man} is composed ; so that from this standpoint death of the | body and of the soul happens together ; and sleep is a} separating of the fiery matter. v.26; 438. Empedokles : Trees first of living beings sprang from the earth, before the sun was unfolded in the heavens and before day and night were separated; and by reason of the symmetry of their mixture they contain the principle of male and female ; and they grow, being raised by the warmth that is in the earth, so that they are parts of the earth, just as the fetus in the belly is part of the womb; and the fruits are secretions of the water and fire in the plants; and those which lack (sufficient) moisture shed ( their leaves in summer when it is evaporated, but those | which have more moisture keep their leaves, as in the ease of the laurel and the olive and the date-palm ; and differences in their juices are (due to) variations in the number of their component parts, and the differences in plants arise because they derive their homoeomeries from (the earth which) nourishes them, as in the case of grape-vines; for it is not the kind of vine which makes wine good, but the kind of soil which nurtures it. v. 26; 440: Empedokles: Animals are nurtured by the substance of what is akin to them [moisture], and
230 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
they grow with the presence of warmth, and grow smaller and die when either of these is absent; and men of the present time, as compared with the first living beings, have been reduced to the size of infants (?). v.28; 440. Empedokles: Desires arise in animals from a lack of the elements that would render each one complete, and pleasures...
Theophr. Phys. opin. 3; Dox. 478. Empedokles of Agrigentum makes the material elements four: fire and air and water and earth, all of them eternal, and changing in amount and smallness by composition and separation; and the absolute first principles by which these four are set in motion, are Love and Strife; for the elements must continue to be moved in turn, at one time being brought together by Love and at another separated by Strife; so that in his view there are six first principles ; for sometimes he gives the active power to Love and Strife, when he says (vv. 67-68): ‘Now being all united by Love into one, now each borne apart by hatred engendered of Strife;’ and again he ranks these as elements along with the four when he says (vy. 77-80) : ‘ And at another time it separated so that there were many out of the one; fire and water and earth and boundless height of air, and baneful Strife apart from these, balancing each of them, and Love among them, their equal in length and breadth.’
Fr. 23; Dox. 495. Some say that the sea is as it were a sort of sweat from the earth; for when the earth is warmed by the sun it gives forth moisture; accord- ingly it is salt, for sweat is salt. Such was the opinion of Empedokles.
Theophr. de sens. 7; Dox. 500. Empedokles speaks in like manner concerning all the senses, and says that we perceive by a fitting into the pores of each sense. So they
EMPEDOKLES 231
are not able to discern one another’s objects, for the pores of some are too wide and of others too narrow for the object of sensation, so that some things go right through untouched, and others are unable to enter com- pletely. And he attempts to describe what vision is ; and he says that what is in the eye is fire and water, and what surrounds it is earth and air, through which light being fine enters, as the light in lanterns. Pores of fire and water are set alternately, and the fire-pores recog- nise white objects, the water-pores black objects; for the colours harmonise with the pores. And the colours move into vision by means of efiluences. And they are not composed alike ...and some of opposite elements ; for some the fire is within and for others it is on the out- side, so some animals see better in the daytime and others at night; those that have less fire see better by day, for the light inside them is balanced by the light outside them; and those that have less water see better at night, for what is lacking is made up for them. And in the opposite case the contrary is true; for those that have the more fire are dim-sighted, since the fire increasing plasters up and covers the pores of water in the daytime; and for those that have water in excess, the same thing happens at night ; for the fire is covered up by the water.... Until in the case of some the water is separated by the outside light, and in the case of others the fire by the air; for the cure of each is its opposite. That which is composed of both in equal parts is the best tempered and most excellent vision. This, approximately, is what he says con- cerning vision. And hearing is the result of noises coming from outside. For when (the air) is set in motion by a sound, there is an echo within; for the hearing is as it were a bell echoing within, and the ear he calls an ‘ offshoot of flesh’ (v. 315): and the air when it is set
932 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
in motion strikes on something hard and makes an echo.! And smell is connected with breathing, so those have the keenest smell whose breath moves most quickly ; and the strongest odour arises as an effluence from fine and light bodies. But he makes no careful discrimina- tion with reference to taste and touch separately, either how or by what means they take place, except the general statement that sensation takes place by a fitting into the pores ; and pleasure is due to likenesses in the elements and in their mixture, and pain to the opposite. And he speaks similarly concerning thought and igno- rance: Thinking is by what is like, and not perceiving is by what is unlike, since thought is the same thing as, or something like, sensation. For recounting how we recognise each thing by each, he said at length (vv. 336-337) : Now out of these (elements) all things are fitted together and their form is fixed, and by these men think and feel pleasure and pain. So it is by blood especially that we think ; for in this especially are mingled <all> the elements of things. And those in whom equal and like parts have been mixed, not too far apart, nor yet small parts, nor exceeding great, these have the most intelligence and the most accurate senses; and those who approximate to this come next; and those who have the opposite qualities are the most lacking in intelligence. And those in whom the elements are scattered and rarefied, are torpid and easily fatigued; and those in whom the elements are small and thrown close together, move so rapidly and meet with so many things that they accomplish but little by reason of tlie swiftness of the motion of the blood. And those in whom there is a well-tempered mixture in some one part, are wise at this point; so some are good orators, others good artisans, according as the mixture is in the
? Reading «vovpevoy with Diels.
EMPEDOKLES 233
hands or in the tongue; and the same is true of the other powers.
Theophr. de sens. 59; Dox. 516. And Bitvpadokhe says of colours that white is due to fire, and black to water.
Cie. De nat. deor. xii.; Dox. 585. Winpeicklen, along with many other mistakes, makes his worst error in his conception of the gods. For the four beings of \ which he holds that all things consist, he considers divine ; but it is clear that these are born and die and are devoid of all sense.
Hipp. Phil. 3; Dox. 558. And Empedokles, who lived later, said much concerning the nature of the divinities, how they live in great numbers beneath the earth and manage things there. He said that Love and Strife were the first principle of the all, and that the intelligent fire of the monad is god, and that all things are formed from fire and are resolved into fire; and the Stoics agree closely with his teaching, in that they ex- pect a general conflagration. And he believed most fully in transmigration, for he said: ‘For in truth I was born a boy and a maiden, and a plant and a bird, and a fish whose course lies in the sea.’ He said that all souls went at death into all sorts of animals.
Hipp. Phil. 4; Dox. 559. See Herakleitos, p. 64.
Plut. Strom. 10; Dox. 582. Empedokles of Agri- gentum: The elements are four—fire, water, aether, earth. And the cause of these is Love and Strife. From the first mixture of the elements he says that the air was separated and poured around in a circle; and after the air the fire ran off, and not having any other place to go to, it ran up from under the ice that was around the air. And there are two hemispheres moving in a circle around the earth, the one of pure fire, the.other of air and a little fire mixed, which he thinks is night. And motion
234 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
began as a result of the weight of the fire when it was collected. And the sun is not fire in its nature, but a reflection of fire, like that which takes place in water. And he says the moon consists of air that has been shut up by fire, for this becomes solid like hail ; and its light it
—_/| gets from the sun. The ruling part is not in the head or in the breast, but in the blood ; wherefore in whatever part of the body the more of this is spread, in that part men excel.
Epiph. adv. Haer,. iii. 19; Dox. 591. Empedokles of Agrigentum, son of Meton, regarded fire and earth and water and air as the four first elements, and he said that enmity is the first of the elements. For, he says, they were separated at first, but now they are united into one, becoming loved by each other. So in his view the first principles and powers are two, Enmity and Love, of which the one tends to bring things together and the other to separate them.
239
XI. ANAXAGORAS.
AnaxaGoras of Klazomenae, son of Hegesiboulos, was born in the seventieth Olympiad (500-497) and died in the first year of the eighty-eighth Olympiad (428), according to the chronicles of Apollodoros. It is said that he neglected his possessions in his pursuit of philosophy ; he began to teach philosophy in the archon- ship of Kallias at Athens (480). The fall of a meteoric
stone at Aegos Potamoi (467 or 469) influenced pro-
foundly his views of~the heavenly bodies. Perikles brought him to Athens, and tradition says he remained there thirty years. His exile (434-432) was brought about by the enemies of Perikles, and he died at Lam- psakos. He wrote but one book, according to Diogenes, and the same authority says this was written in a pleasing and lofty style.
Literature :—Schaubach, Anax. Claz. Frag. Lips. 1827; W. Schorn, Anaz. Claz. et Diog. Apoll. Frag. Bonn 1829; Panzerbieter, De frag. Anaz. ord. Meining. 1886; Fr. Breier, Die Philosophie des Anax. nach Arist. Berl. 1840. Cf. Diels, Hermes xiii. 4.
a
936° THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
FRAGMENTS OF ANAXAGORAS.
1. duod yphpata Tavta jy areipa Kal TAHOsS Kat opiKpoTnta* Kal yap TO oplKpov arrELpov HV. Kal TavT@V Opod govtTwv ovdsyv evdnrov Hv bd cpLKpOTHTOS* TavTAa yap anp te Kal aiOip Kateiyev appoTepa arreipa ZovTa: TaiTa yap péywota eveotiv év Tots ovptract Kal wAHOEL Kab peye0er.
2. cal yap arp te Kal aidijp amoxpivovtas amd Tob ToAAOD TOU TEpleyovTOS. Kal TO Ye TEpLexov aTrELPCY éoTl TO TAHOOS.
4, mplv 83 amoxpiOfvar ... TavT@Y opmod eovTwV Ode xpon evdnros Fv ovdeulas amex@Ave yap 9 oipptis TavTov xpnuadtwv Tod Te Siepod Kal Tov Enpod Kal Tov Oepuod Kal Tod ~Wuypod Kal Tod Nawmpod Kal Tod Copepod Kal ys mwodAHs éveovons Kal oTreppatov aTrEipov TAHOovs ovdzv Z0LKOT@V GAXAjAOLS. -0vb2 yap TOV AwV ovdev EouKe TO ETEpov TO ETEpM.
3. ToUTwy O& otTws éyovTwv, yp SoKety évelvar TOANG Te Kal TavToia év Tact Tots cuyapwopdvors Kab aaspuars TavT@OV YpnudTaV Kal iddas mavtolas ExovTa Kai xpoias Kal 7Sovas.
Sources and Critical Notes. 1. Simpl. Phys. 88 v 155, 26. (First clause 8 r 34, 20, and 37r 172, 2.) 34,20 and 172, 2 wavra xphuara. 155,28. aD etdndrov, Text from DE. 2. Simpl. Phys. 33 v 155, 31. 155, 31. aD 6 ap re Kal 6 aidhp, Text follows EF.
4. Simpl. Phys. 838 v 156, 4. (8 r 34, 21 substitutes for the last line a paraphrase of Fr. 3.) 34, 21 inserts raira after dmoxpiOjva. 34, 24 nal ris, Text from 156, 7.
3. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 34, 29. 33 vy 156, 2. 33 v 157, 9. (Cf. p. 34, 25 at end of Fr. 4.)
ANAXAGORAS 237
TRANSLATION.
1. All things were together, infinite both in number and in smallness ; for the small also was infimite. And when they were all together, nothing was clear and dis- tinct because of their smallness; for air and aether com- prehended all things, both being infinite; for these are present in everything, and are greatest both as to num-
ber and as to greatness.
2. For air and aether are separated from the sur- rounding mass; and the surrounding (mass) is infinite
in quantity.
4, But before these were separated, when all things were together, not even was any colour clear and distinct ; for the mixture of all things prevented it, the mixture of moist and dry, of the warm and the cold, and of the bright and the dark (since much earth was present), and of germs infinite in number, in no way like each other ; for none of the other things at all resembles the one the other.
8. And since these things are so, it is necessary to think that in all the objects that are compound there existed many things of all sorts, and germs of all objects, having all sorts of forms and colours and tastes.
938 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
fol Py \ . ft lal 10. cal avOpemovs Te cuptrayivar Kal Ta adda Coa a / 3 doa wWuynv exe. Kal Tois ye avOpwToiow eivar Kai ” / ef mToNELS TUVOKNMEvAaS Kal Epya KaTETKEVAT EVA, WOTEP n lal XN / map’ jpiv, Kal nédvov Te avTotow sivas Kat TEAHVHVY Kai \ » ? g eon \ \ a 2 A , Ta GAA, WoTEPp Tap Huly, KaL THY Yhv avToicL hve ; a a / ToAAd Te Kal TavTola, wy éKElvot TA OVHLOTA CUVEVEY- «apevoe sis THY OlKNnoOW ypaYTal. TavTa pév OvV pot an n / AéAEKTaL TEepl THs atoKpicLos, OTL OK av Tap uty povor amoxpiOein, AANA Kal Gy. 11. oftw toiTwy TEepiywpovvTwy TE Kal aTroKpwwo- é PSN / \ a , 6: ¢€ \ pévev vrd Bins Te xal TaxyuThTos. Binv 58 % TaxuT}s mous. 1) O& TayuTns av’T@v ovdevl ZovKE YpHwaTL THY TAXUTHTA TOV viv zovTaY XpnuaTwv év avOpwTra.s, adda TavTws TOMNATAATIwWS TAYY OTL. , H 14. rovtwy 82 otta Siaxexpipévov yivoOcKev yp, OTL / Os 2 / b] \ yds , > \ bd \ mavtTa ovdsv éhdoow éotiv ovdé TAEiW. OD Yap avUOTOV TavToV TAElw Eival, GANG TaVTa ica él. 5. &y mavtl tavtos poipa evectw Try vod, EcTLV giat 62 Kal vovs ev. 6. \ \ ” \ a , a ae oa pap ara TayTos poipay peréyet, vais 62 oT, drretpoy Kal abroxpar és Kal peemonras ovdevt Xpipart, anr4a povos autos é’ gavtod got. ei on yap ed’ savTod Hr,
10. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 35, 3. 83 v 157, 9 (continuing Fr. 3).
Simpl. de coelo. 157, 12. cuvnuuévas, Text from 35, 4. 157, 13. #Avoy . . . abrots éveivat, 35,7. E racwviuora, aF ré éviord, Text from 157, 15. 35, 8. (radra . . . &AAn) is omitted at 157, 16. 11. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 35, 14. 35, 16. DE xphmara. 17. DE voir. 14. Simpl. Phys. 33 v 156, 10. DE r& xdvra, Text from aF’.
5. Simpl. Phys. 35 r 164, 23.
6. Simpl. Phys. 35 v 164, 24 ra wey. . . wéuiwrar odder!, and 83 r 156, 13, beginning vois 5¢ éorw. Phys. 156,13 cf. 67 y 301, 5, and 38 v 176, 32 (37 1174, 16). Phys. 156, 19 cf. 88 v 176, 34. Phys. 156, 24 ef. 35 v 165, 31 and 37 r 174, 7. Phys. 157, 2 cf. 87 yr 175, 11 and 38
ANAXAGORAS 239
10, And men were constituted, and the other animals, as many as have life. And the men have inhabited cities and works constructed as among us, and they have sun and moon and other things as among us; and the earth brings forth for them many things of all sorts, of which they carry the most serviceable into the house and use them. These things then I have said concerning the separation, that not only among us would the separation take place, but elsewhere too.
11. So these things rotate and are separated by force and swiftness. And the swiftness produces force; and their swiftness is in no way like the swiftness of the things now existing among men, but it is certainly many
times as swift.
14. When they are thus distinguished, it is necessary to recognise that they all become no fewer and no more. For it is impossible that more than all should exist, but
all are always equal.
5. Inall things there is a portion of everything except mind; and there are things in which there is mind also.
6. Other things include a portion of everything, but mind is infinite and self-powerful and mixed with no- thing, but it exists alone itself by itself. For if it were
240 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
GN Tem euéucKTo AX, mETElyev Av dTrdyTOV ypnuaTor, el 2uguixto Te@. év TavTl yap TavTOs polpa EvecTLV,WoTEp dv Trois mpocbev por AédEKTaL, Kal av 2xddvEV adbTov Ta TUppemuyéva, BITE pNdEVOS YpHuaToS KpaTEiv Ouolws ws kal povov zovta 2p’ égavtod. zott yap NeTTOTAaTOY TE mavrev ypnudtov Kal KaBapwrtatov Kal yveOpny ye Tept mravtos Tacav layer Kal ioyver péyioTor, Kal boa ye Yuy7y yer xal peifo Kal ehacow, TayTov vods Kpaté. Kal THs TépLYwopnolos THS cuuTracns voos éxpatnaey, ote Tept- Yophcar Ty apyyv. Kat TpATov amd Tod cpyiKpod HpEato mepiywpelv, eel 68 mAEiov wEeptywpEl, Kal TEprywpyoEet éql wAéov. Kal TA TUppLOYomEVa TE Kal ATrOKpLVOmEVa Kal Suaxpwopeva, Tavta zyvw vods. Kal omola Euedrev Eoe- a0at Kal oroia Hv, Kai boca viv ott Kal OTola zoTaL, mavTa SuKocpnoe vods, Kal Ty TEpiyopnow TavTHy iv viv TEepiywpéeer TA TE AoTpA Kai O HrLOs Kal ) TEAHVN Kal 0 anp Kal 6 aidnp oi arroxpivopevor. 1 SF TEpLywpnots aitn éeroincey atoxpivecOa. Kal amoxplvetat amd TE Tod dpavod TO TUKVOY Kal dro TOD Yruypod TO Oeppdv Kal amo Tov Copepod TO Aaptrpov Kai ard Tod SiEepod TO Enpdv. poipat 6& modal ToAdAMY sict. TavTamact Os OvdEeV dmoxpivetat obbé Svaxpiveras Erepov dro Tod Etépov TAHY vod. vods d& mas buovds gore Kai 6 psifwv Kal o édaTTOoP.
v 176, 24. Phys. 157, 3 cf. 35 v 165, 14. Phys. 157, 4 ef. 35 v 165, 3. 156, 15. 176, 34 ém’ éwurod: D GAAd Téw, E GAAG Téws, F GAN’, Text froma. 156,16. DEF weretxe uév, Text from a. 156, 17. Refers to Fr. 5. ak F' dvexéavev, Text from D. 156,20. toxeu. 177, 1 xe. 156, 21. aDF' omit «al before Sea, Text from H and 177,2. 177, 2 ra pmel(w Kal ra eAdoow. 156, 22. ED! meptxwphioews, Text from aD?F. 177, 3 omits &ore—éni mréov. 156, 23. E omits rod before cucpod. al’ wepixwpiioai, Text from DE. 156, 26. 165, 33 Kad érdca viv éort Kal forat, 177, 5. Gooa viv ws) ors. 157, 3. 165, 15. After Suoov oidevl the words érépw admelpwy ivrwy should probably be ascribed to Simpl. 157, 4. DE aaa’ 81a, F tAAw tH: F ra wAciora (also 165, 3), Text from aDE.
ANAXAGORAS 24]
not by itself, but were mixed with anything else, it would include parts of all things, if it were mixed with any- thing ; for a portion of everything exists in everything, as has been said by me before, and things mingled with it would prevent it from having power over anything in the same way that it does now that it is alone by itself. For it is the most rarefied of all things and the purest, and it has all knowledge in regard to everything and the greatest power ; over all that has life, both greater and less, mind ie rules. And mind ruled the rotation of the whole, so that it set it in rotation in the beginning. First it began the rotation from a small beginning, then more and more was included in the motion, and yet more will be included. Both the mixed and the separated and distinct, all things mind recognised. And whatever things were to be, and whatever things were, as many as are now, and whatever things shall be, all these mind arranged in order; and it arranged that rotation, according to which now rotate stars and sun and moon and air and aether, now that they are separated. Rotation itself caused the separation, and the dense is separated from the rare, the warm from the cold, the bright from the dark, the dry from the moist. And there are many portions of many things. Nothing is absolutely separated nor distinct, one thing from another, except mind. All mind is of like character, both the greater and the
smaller. But nothing different is like anything else, but R
249 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Erepov 52 oddév orev Spovov obdévt, GAN btw Tréiota Evt,
fa) b) 5 , e . , > Hat, 4 rabdta évonrornta bv ExacTov éoTe Kal I~
7. Kar are ApEato 6 voids KuweEir, ard TOU KivoUpLEvov
va 7 e fol n“ lal mavtos amexpiveto, Kal doov éKivycEv 0 VOUS, TAY TOUTO BuexplOn. —xivoupéveov 8: xal Svaxpivopévev 1) TEpLy@- pnris TOANG padrov erroler Scaxpivec Oar.
8. 7O. pay mu«vov Kal Suepov Kat auxypov Kal TO Copepov evOdde auvexopnosv evOa viv <1) yn>* TO Oe b] \ \ \ \ \ \ x \ \ \ dpawov Kal To Oeppov Kat TO Enpov <xal TO Kaytpov> éEeyadpnoev eis TO mpoaw Tov aidépos.
9. ard TouTéwy aToKpwopévov cupTyvuTat Yi)" aK
x \ cn ame a ) , Pas a 4S usv yap Tov veperov Udwp aroKpiveTal, Ex Oe TOU VoaTos a a a m / fal - vit, 8 O& THS ys AiOor cvpmrHyvuvTas vrs Tod Wuypod, & a | / jal a TD) obo 88 éxywpéovet paNdov TOV VOATOS. 12. 6 88 vods, ds del Tote, Kapta Kal viv zoTW, iva Co tN tee , > a n ; Nay A Kal Ta ANA TAVTA, EV TO TOAAM TEPLEXOVTL KAL EV TOLS arroxpileior Kal év Tots GTrOKpLVOpevols.
13. od KeyopioTas GAM)OV TA ev TO svi Koopm ovde > ; BA \ XN > Ni an a arrokéxomTat Tedéxer odTE TO Ospyov amo Tod >AruxpoU
+ ’ na n ode TO Wruxpov amd TOD Oeppod.
15. ovre yap Tod opiKpod zoTu TO YE éhdyoTov, aNd’ >: pee a \ \ 9\ > ” \ \ > + Zraccov del. TO yap gov OvK EoTL TO pN OVK ELVAL.
7. Simpl. Phys. 66 r; 300, 31. 33. DE nal, af’ omit.
8. Simpl. Phys. 381; 179, 3. Cf. Dow. 562, 3.
4. 179, 4 Diels would supply 7d before d:epdy and wuxpoy. 5. From Dow. 562 add h yi. . . Td Aapumpdr.
9. Simpl. Phys. 38 r 179, 8. In part 33 r 155, 21. Cf. 106 v 460, 18-14. 155,22. Al@or cvmrqyvevra.
12. Simpl. Phys. 33 x 157, 7. Simpl. 80a éori re, corr. Diels : roAAd mepiéxovt, corr. Diels; cf. p. 155, 31: mpookpidetot . . . dmoxpwopévors, corr. Diels ; cf. 156, 28.
13. Simpl. Phys. 37 r 175, 12 beginning with otdé. To meAéxet, 38 v 176, 29.
15. Simpl. Phys. 85 vy 164,17. Cf. 351 166, 15.
164,17. MS. 7d ph, Zeller, Phil. Gr. i.', 884 n. 8 rou. After
ANAXAGORAS 943
a
in whatever object there are the most, each single object is and was most distinctly these things.!
7. And when mind began to set things in motion, there was separation from everything that was in motion, and however much mind set in motion, all this was made distinct. The rotation of the things that were moved and made distinct caused them to be yet more distinct.
8. The dense, the moist, the cold, the dark, collected there where now is the earth; the rare, the warm, the dry, the bright, departed toward the farther part of the aether.
9. Earth is condensed out of these things that are separated. For water is separated from the clouds, and earth from the water; and from the earth stones are condensed by cold; and these are separated farther from water.?
12. But mind, as it always has been, especially now also is where all other things are, in the surrounding mass, and in the things that were separated, and in the things that are being separated.
13. Things in the one universe are not divided from each other, nor yet are they cut off with an axe, neither hot from cold, nor cold from hot.
15. For neither is there a least of what is small, but
there is always a less. For being is not non-being.
1 Le. things are called after the element or elements (homoeomeries) which predominate in their make-up. * Cf. Herakleitos, Fr. 68. R2
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GANA Kal TOD peyarou aei gots petfov. Kal loov éoTi THO ouiKp@ TAHOos, Tpos éavTd O8 ExacTov zoTL Kai péya Kal oMLKpoV.
16. Kat dre 83 icas poipai eiot ToD TE MEyddov Kal TOD optKpod TAOS, Kal oUTws av ein Ev TavTi TayTa. ovdE xopls toTw sivalt, ANNA TavTa TavTOS poipay mETEXEL. dte TOvAdYLTTOV fun) EoTLY sival, ovK dv SvvaLTO ywpt- cOjvat, ovd’ av ep Eavtod yevér Oar’ AXN STrMOTEpP apyny eivat Kal viv, TavTa Omov. é&v TaoL O& TOA EvEeoTL, Kal TOV atoKpiwopevav ica TAHOos év Tos peifoot TE Kat éXacooot.
17. 70 88 yiver Oar Kai adrodAvabar odK opOds vopi- Govew of “EXXyves* obd8v yap yphua yivetas ovd2 aTrOd- AuTalL, GAN ard édvToV ypnudToV cuUpployeTal TE Kal duaxpivetat. Kat ows av opOas Kadolev TO TE yiverOat oupployecOat Kal TO atroddrAva Oar Siaxpiver Oar.
(18.) was yap dy é« un TpLxds yivoito OplE Kal cape &K pu) TapKos ;
elvat Schorn inserts ore 7d wéyiorov, comparing previous line and 166, 16.
16. Simpl. Phys. 35 v 164, 24.
17. Simpl. Phys. 34 v 163, 20.
18. Schol. in Gregor. Naz. Migne 36, 911. (Cf. Hermes xiii. 4, Diels.)
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But there is always a greater than what is great. And it is equal to the small in number; but with reference to itself each thing is both small and great.
16. And since the portions of the great and the small are equal in number, thus also all things would be in everything. Nor yet is it possible for them to exist apart, but all things include a portion of every- thing. Since it is not possible for the least to exist, nothing could be separated, nor yet could it come into being of itself, but as they were in the beginning so they are now, all things together. And there are many things in all things, and of those that are separated there are things equal in number in the greater and the lesser.
17. The Greeks do not rightly use the terms ‘ coming into being’ and ‘perishing.’ For nothing comes into _ being nor yet does anything perish, but there is mixture and separation of things that are. So they would do right in calling the coming into being ‘ mixture,’ and the perishing ‘ separation.’
(18.) For how could hair com2 from what is not hair? Or flesh from what is not flesh ?
PassaGES FROM PLATO REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS.
Apol. 26 p. He asserts that I say the sun is a stone and the moon is earth. Do you think of accusing Anaxagoras, Meletos, and have you so low an opinion of these men and think them so unskilled in letters as not to know that the books of Anaxagoras of Klazomenae are full of these doctrines? And forsooth the young men are learning these matters from me, which some- times they can buy from the orchestra for a drachma at the most, and laugh at Sokrates if he pretends that they are his—particularly seeing they are so strange.
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Phaedo 72 0. And if all things were composite and were not separated, speedily the statement of Anaxa- goras would become true, ‘ All things were together.’
97 c. I heard a man reading from a book of one
~. Anaxagoras (he said), to the effect that it is mind which — arranges all things and is the cause of all things. 98s. Reading the book, I see that the man does 7 ‘not make any use of mind, nor does he assign any causes for the arrangement of things, but he treats air and aether and water as causes, and many other strange things.
Lysis 214 8. The writings of the wisest men say . that it is necessary for the like always to be loved ne the unlike.
Hipp. Mai. 283 a. They say you had an experience opposite to that of Anaxagoras; for though he inherited much property he lost it all by his carelessness; so he practised a senseless wisdom.
Kratyl. 400 a. And do you not believe Anaxagoras that the nature of all other things is mind, and that it is soul which arranges and controls them ? (ef. Phaedo 72 c).
409 a. It looks as though the opinion Anaxagoras recently expressed was a more ancient matter, that the moon has its light from the sun.
: 413 c. Anaxagoras is right in saying that this is
» mind, for he says that mind exercising absolute power
and mingled with nothing disposes all things, running through all.
Rival. 182 a. But the youths seemed to be quarrel- ling about Anaxagoras or Oenopedos, for they were evidently drawing circles and imitating certain inclina- tions by the slope of their hands with great earnestness.
Phil. 28c. All the wise men agree that mind is king of heaven and earth for us.
<
“1
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30 p. Some long ago declared that always mind rules the all.
Legg. 967 8. And some had the daring to conjecture this very thing, saying that it is mind which disposes all things in the heavens. And the same men again, being in error as to the nature of soul, in that it is older than bodies, while they regarded it as younger, to put it in a word, turned all things upside down, and themselves most of all. For indeed all things before their eyes—the things moving in the heavens—appeared to them to be full of stones and earth and many other soulless bodies, which dispose the causes of all the universe.
Phaedr. 270 a. All the arts that are great require subtlety and the higher kind of philosophy of nature ; so such loftiness and complete effectiveness seem to come from this source. This Perikles acquired in addition to being a man of genius; for as the result, I think, of his acquaintance with such a man as Anaxagoras he became imbued with high philosophy, and arrived at the nature of intelligence [vods] and its opposite, concerning which Anaxagoras often discoursed, so that he brought to the art of speaking what was advantageous to him.
PassaGEs IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS.
Phys. i. 4; 187a 20. And others say that the oppo- sites existing in the one are separated out of it, as Anaximandros says, and as many as say that things are one and many, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras; for these separate other things out of the mixture. . . And Anaxagoras seems to have thought (the elements) in- finite because he assumed the common opinion of the physicists to be true, that nothing arises out of non- being; for this is why they say, as they do, that all
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things were together, and he established the fact that such ‘ arising’ was change of form.
Phys.i.4; 187236. They thought that (what arose) arose necessarily out of things that are and their attri- butes, and, because the masses were so small, out of what we cannot perceive. Wherefore they say that everything was mixed in everything because they saw everything arising out of everything; and different things appeared and were called different from each other according to what is present in greater number in the mixture of the infinites; for the whole is not purely white or black or sweet or flesh or bone, but the nature of the thing seems to be that of which it has the most.
Phys. iii. 4; 2083 a 19. And as many as make the elements infinite, as Anaxagoras and Demokritos, the former out of homoeomeries. . . .
Phys. iii. 5; 205b1. Anaxagoras speaks strangely about the permanence of the infinite; for he says that the infinite itself establishes itself—that is, it is in itself; for nothing else surrounds it, so that wherever anything may be, it is there in virtue of its origin.
Phys. iv. 6 ; 218.a 22. Some who try to show that the void does not exist, do not prove this of what men are wont to call a void, but they make the mistake Anaxa- goras did and those who attempted to prove it after this manner. Tor they show that air is something, blowing skins up tight, and showing how strong air is, and shut- ting it up in clepsydrae.
Phys. viii. 1; 250b24. For Anaxagoras says that when all things were together and had been at rest for an infinite time, mind introduced motion and caused separation.!
Phys. viii. 5; 256 b 24. So Anaxagoras is right in
1 Cf. 265 b 22.
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saying that mind is not affected by other things and is unmixed, since he makes it the first principle of motion. For thus only, being unmoved, it might move, and being unmixed, it might rule.'
De caeloi.3; 270 b 24. Anaxagoras does not use this word [ai@yp| rightly, for he uses the word aether instead of fire.
De caelo iii. 2; 301212. Anaxagoras starts to con- struct the universe out of non-moving bodies.
De caelo iii. 3 ; 302 a 81. Anaxagoras says the oppo- site to Empedokles, for he calls the homoeomeries ele- ments (I mean such as flesh and bone and each of those things), and air and fire he calls mixtures of these and of all the other ‘seeds ;’ for each of these things is made of the invisible homoeomeries all heaped together. Where- fore all things arise out of these things; for he calls fire and aether the same. And since there is a peculiar motion of every material body, and some motions are simple and some complex, and the complex motions are those of complex bodies and the simple motions of simple bodies, it is evident that there will be simple bodies. For there are also simple motions. So it is evident what elements are, and why they are. .
De caelo iv. 2; 809 a 20. Some of those who deny that there is a void say nothing definite concerning lightness and weight, for instance Anaxagoras and Empedokles.
Gen. corr. i. 1; 814a11. Others assert that matter is more than one, as Empedokles and Leukippos and Anaxagoras, but there is a difference between these. And Anaxagoras even ignores his own word, for he says that he has shown genesis and destruction to be the same as change, but like the others, he says there are many elements. ... Anaxagoras et al. say there
1 Cf, Met. 989 b 15,
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are an infinite number of elements. For he regards the homoeomeries as elements, such as bone and flesh and marrow, and other things of which the part (wépos) has the same name as the whole.
De anima i. 2; 404 a 25. In like manner Anaxa-
: _b_/feoras says that soul is the moving power, and if any one else has said that mind moved the all, no one said it absolutely as did Demokritos.
De anima i. 2; 404 b 1. Anaxagoras speaks less clearly about these things; for many times he rightly and truly says that mind is the cause, while at other times he says itis soul; for (he says) it is in all animals, both great and small, both honoured and dishonoured. But it is not apparent that what is intelligently called mind is present in all animals alike, nor even in all men.
De anima i. 2; 405418. Anaxagoras seems to say that soul and mind are different, as we said before, but he treats both as one in nature, except that he regards mind especially as the first principle of all things; for he says that this alone of all things is simple and un- mixed and pure. And he assigns both to the same first principle, both knowledge and motion, saying that mind moves the all.!
De anima i.19; 405b19. Anaxagoras alone says that mind does not suffer change, and has nothing in common with any of the other things.
De anima lii.4; 429218. It is necessary then that “it be unmixed since it knows [voet] all things, as Anaxa- | goras says, in order that it may rule, that is, that it may rai know [yvepifn]. er De part. anim. iv. 10; 687a7. Anaxagoras says that man is the most intelligent of animals because he has hands.
'Cf. iii. 4; 429b 24.
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De plant. i.; 815416. Anaxagoras said that plants are animals and feel pleasure and pain, inferring this because they shed their leaves and let them grow again.
De plant. i.; 816b 26. Anaxagoras said that plants have these (motion and sensation) and breathing.
De plant.i.; 817 a 26. Anaxagoras said that their moisture is from the earth, and on this account he said to Lechineos that the earth is mother of plants, and the sun father.
De X. Z. G. ii. ; 976 b 20. Anaxagoras busying him- self on this point, was satisfied with saying that the void does not exist, nevertheless he says beings move, though there is no void.
Meta. i. 3; 984a11. Anaxagoras of Klazomenae, who preceded him (Empedokles) in point of age and followed him in his works, says that the first principles are infinite in number; for nearly all things being made up of like parts (homoeomeries), as for instance fire and water, he says arise and perish only by composition and separation, and there is no other arising and perishing, but they abide eternal.
Meta.i. 8; 984b8. Besides these and similar causes, inasmuch as they are not such as to generate the nature of things, they (again compelled, as we said, by the truth itself) sought the first principle which lay nearest. For perhaps neither fire nor earth nor any other such thing should fittingly be or be thought a cause why some things exist and others arise; nor is it well to assign any such matter to its voluntary motion or to chance. Moreover one who said that as mind exists in animals, so it exists in nature as the cause of the universe and of all order, appeared as a sober man in contrast with those before who spoke rashly.
Meta. i. 4; 985a18. Anaxagoras uses mind asa de- vice by which to construct the universe, and when he is
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t a loss for the cause why anything necessarily is, then fr drags this in, but in other cases he assigns any other cause rather than mind for what comes into being. Meta. i. 8; 989a 30. And if any one were to assume that Anaxagoras said the elements were two, he certainly would assume it according to a principle which that one did not describe distinctly ; nevertheless he would follow along a necessary path those who guided him. For though it is strange particularly that he said all things had been mixed together at first, and that they must first have existed unmixed because they came together, and because chance had not in its nature to be mingled with chance; and in addition to this it is strange that he should separate qualities and accidental characteristics from essences (for there is mixture and separation of these), nevertheless if any one should follow him and try to put together what he wanted to say, perhaps he would seem to speak in a very novel manner. For when nothing was separated, clearly it was not possible to say anything true of that essence, I mean to say that anything was white or black or grey or any other colour, but every- thing was necessarily colourless ; for it might have any of these colours. In like manner it is tasteless, nor according to the same line of argument could it have any other of the like qualities; for it could not have any quality, or quantity, or anything. For then one of what are sometimes called forms would exist for it, and this is impossible when all things are mixed together ; for it would have been already separated, and he says that all things are mixed together except mind, and this alone is unmixed and pure. It results from these views that he says the first principles are unity (for this is simple and unmixed), and what is different from unity, such as we suppose the undefined to be before it was defined and partook of any form. So he
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does not speak rightly or clearly, still he means some- thing like those who spoke later and with greater clearness.
Meta. iii. 5; 1009b 25. And he called to mind the saying of Anaxagoras that just such things as men assume will be real for them.
Meta. iil. 7; 1012a26. The thought of Anaxagoras . . . that some things exist between contradictory propo- sitions, so that all things are false; for when they are mixed together, the mixture is neither good nor not- good, so that there is nothing true to be said.!
Meta. x. 6; 1063b25. According to the position of Herakleitos, or of Anaxagoras, it is not possible to speak the truth.
Ethic. vi. 5; 1141b38. Wherefore they say that Thales and Anaxagoras and such wise men are lacking in intelli- gence, when they see them ignorant in things that are for their own advantage, and they say they know things extraordinary and wonderful and dreadful and divine, but these are of no use, because they do not seek human good, ;
Ethic. x. 9; 1179 a 18. And Anaxagoras did not seem to regard the rich man nor yet the powerful man as the happy one when he said he would not be sur- prised if any one appeared strange to the many; for these judge by what is outside, for that is all they can see.
PASSAGES IN THE DOXOGRAPHISTS REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS.
Aet. Plac. i.8; Dox. 279. Anaxagoras of Klazo- menae declared that homoeomeries are the first prin- ciples of things. For he thought it most difficult to
1 Of. iv. 4; 1007 b 25.
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understand how anything should arise out of not-being, or perish into not-being. Certainly we take simple food of one kind, such as the bread of Demeter, and we drink water; and from this nourishment there are nurtured hair, veins, arteries, sinews, bones, and the other parts. Since these arise we must acknowledge that in the nourishment that is taken are present all realities, and from them everything will grow. And in that nourishment there are parts productive of blood and of sinews and bones and the rest; these are the parts that may be discovered by contempla- tion. For it is not necessary to perceive everything by sense, how that bread and water give rise to these things, but the parts may be discovered in them by contemplation. From the fact that parts exist in the nourishment like the things that are generated, he called them homoeomeries, and declared that they are the first principles of things; and he called the homoeomeries matter, but the active cause that arranges all things is mind. And he began thus: All things were together ‘and mind arranged and disposed them. So we must assert that he associated an artificer with matter. 1.7; 299. Anaxagoras says that bodies are established according to first principles, and the mind of God arranged them and caused the generations of all things. i. 7; 802. The mind that made the universe is God. i. 14; 312. Anaxagoras: The homoeomeries are of many shapes. i. 17; 3815. Anaxagoras and Demokritos: The elements are mixed by juxtaposition. i. 24; 820. (See p. 241. i. 29; 326.) Anaxagoras and the Stoics: Cause is not evident to human reason ; for some things happen by necessity, and others by fate, and others by purpose, and others by chance, and others of their own accord. i. 30; 326. Anaxagoras: Origination is at the same
time composition and separation, that is, genesis and destruction.
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Aet. Plac. ii. 1; 327. The universe is one. ii. 4 ; 331. The universe is perishable. ii. 8; 837. Diogenes and Anaxagoras: After the universe arose and the animals were brought forth out of the earth, it tipped somehow of its own accord towards its south part, perhaps inten- tionally, in order that some parts of the universe might be inhabited and others uninhabited according as they are cold, or hot, or temperate. ii.13; 341. Anaxagoras: The surrounding aether is of a fiery nature, and catching up stones from the earth by the power of its rotation and setting them on fire it has made them into stars. 1.16; 345. Anaxagoras et al.: All the stars move from east to west. iil. 21; 351. Anaxagoras: The sun is many times as large as the Peloponnesos. ii. 23; 352. Anaxagoras: The solstices are due to a repulsion of the air towards the south, for the sun compressed it and by condensation made it strong. ii. 25; 856. Anaxa- goras and Demokritos: The moon is a fiery solid body having in itself plains and mountains and valleys. ii. 29; 860. Anaxagoras, as Theophrastos says, at- tributed eclipses to bodies below the moon which sometimes come in front of it.) ii. 80; 861. Anaxa- goras says that the unevenness of the composition (the surface of the moon) is due to the mixture of earthy matter with cold, since the moon has some high places and some low hollows. And the dark stuff is mingled with the fiery, the result of which is the shadowy appear- ance; whence it is called a false-shining star.
Aet. Plac. iii. 1; 865. Anaxagoras: The shadow of the earth falls along this part of the heaven (the milky way), when the sun is beneath the earth and does not shed light on all things. iii. 2; 366. Anaxagoras and Demokritos: (Comets etc.) are due to the conjunction of two or more stars, and the combination of their rays. 367.
1 Of. Theophr. Phys. op. Frag. 19; Dow. 493.
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The so-called shooting stars come darting down from the aether like sparks, and so they are immediately ex- tinguished. iii.3; 368. Anaxagoras: When the hot falls on the cold (that is, aether on air), it produces thunder by the noise it makes, and lightning by the colour on the black of the cloud, and the thunderbolt by the mass and amount of the light, and the typhoon by the more material fire, and the fiery whirlwind by the fire mixed with cloud. ili. 4; 871. Anaxagoras: Clouds and snow are formed in somewhat the same manner; and hail is formed when, already cooled by its descent earthwards, it is thrust forth from frozen clouds; and it is made round. iii. 5; 378. Anaxagoras: (The rainbow) is a reflection of the. sun’s brightness from thick cloud, and it is always set op-: posite the star which gives rise to the reflection. And in, a similar way he accounts for the so-called parhelia, which, take place along the Pontos. iii. 15; 379. Anaxagoras: (Earthquakes take place) when the air falls on the thick- ness of the earth’s surface in a sheltered place, and it shakes the surrounding medium and makes it tremble, because it is unable to effect a separation. iii. 16; 881. Anaxagoras: When the moisture which was at first gathered in pools was burned all around by the revolution of the sun, and the fresh water was evaporated into saltness and bitterness, the rest (of the sea) remained. Aet. Plac. iv. 1; 885. Anaxagoras: The Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia which melts in summer and freezes in winter. iv. 3; 387. Anaxagoras et al.: The soul is of the natureof air. iv.5,392. The intelligence is gathered in the breast. The soul is imperishable. iv. 9; 396. Anaxagoras et al.: Sensations are decep- tive. 897. Sensations arise part by part according to the symmetry of the pores, each particular object of sense corresponding to a particular sense (organ). iv.19; 409. Anaxagoras: Sound arises when wind falls
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on solid air, and by the return of the blow which is dealt to the ear; so that what is called an echo takes place.
Aet. Plac. v. 7; 420. Anaxagoras, Parmenides: Males are conceived when seed from the right side enters the right side of the womb, or seed from the left side: the left side of the womb; but if its course is changed females are born. v. 19; 430. As Anaxagoras and Euripides say: Nothing of what is born dies, but one thing separated from one part and added to another produces different forms. v. 20; 482. Anaxagoras: All animals have reason that shows itself in activity, but they do not have a sort of intelligence that re- ceives impressions, which may be called the interpreter of intelligence. v. 25; 487. Anaxagoras: Sleep is due to a weariness of the body’s energy; for it is an ex- perience of the body, not of the soul; and death is the separation of the soul from the body.
Theophr. Phys. opin. Fr. 4; Dox.479. Theophrastos says that the teaching of Anaxagoras is much like that of Anaximandros ; for Anaxagoras says that in the sepa- ration of the infinite, things that are akin come together, and whatever gold there is in the all becomes gold, and whatever earth becomes earth, and in like manner each of the other things, not as though they came into being, but as though they were existing before. And Anaxa- goras postulated intelligence (vody) as the cause of mo- tion and of coming into being, and when this caused separation worlds were produced and other objects sprang forth. He might seem, he says, to make the material causes of things taking place thus infinite, but the cause of motion and of coming into being one. But if one were to assume that the mixture of all things were one nature undefined in form and in amount, which he seems to mean, it follows that he
SS)
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speaks of two first principles, the nature of the infinite and intelligence, so that he appears to treat all the material elements in much the same manner as Anaxi- mandros.
Phys. op. Fr. 19; Dox. 498. See Aet. ii. 29; Dow. 360, translated above, p. 255.
Phys. opin. Fr. 28 ; Dox. 495. And the third opinion about the sea is that the water which filters and strains through the earth becomes salt because the earth has such flavours in it; and they point out as a proof of this that salt and saltpetre are dug up out of the earth, and there are bitter flavours at many places in the earth, Anaxagoras and Metrodoros came to be of this opinion.
Theophr. de sens. 27; Dox. 507. Anaxagoras held that sensation takes place by opposite qualities ; for like is not affected by like. And he attempts to enumerate things one by one. For seeing is a reflection in the pupil, and objects are not reflected in the like, but in the oppo- site. And for many creatures there is a difference of colour in the daytime, and for others at night, so that at that time they are sharpsighted. But in general the night is more of the same colour as the eyes. And the reflection takes place in the daytime, since light is the cause of reflection ; but that colour which prevails the more is reflected in its opposite. In the same manner both touch and taste discern ; for what is equally warm or equally cold does not produce warm or cold when it ap- proaches its like, nor yet do men recognise sweet or bitter by these qualities in themselves, but they perceive the cold by the warm, the drinkable water by the salt, the sweet by the bitter, according as each quality is absent ; for all things are existing in us. So also smell and hearing take place, the one in connection with breathing, the other by the penetration of sound into
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the brain ; for the surrounding bone against which the sound strikes is hollow. And every sensation is attended with pain, which would seem to follow from the funda- mental thesis; for every unlike thing by touching pro- duces distress. And this is evident both in the duration and in the excessive intensity of the sensations. For both bright colours and very loud sounds occasion pain, and men are not able to bear them for any long time. And the larger animals have the more acute sensations, for sensation is simply a matter of size. For animals that have large, pure, and bright eyes sce large things afar off, but of those that have small eyes the opposite is true. And the same holds true of hearing. For large ears hear large sounds afar off, smaller ones escape their notice, and small ears hear small sounds near at hand. And the same is true of smell; for the thin air has the stronger odour, since warm and rarefied air has an odour. And when a large animal breathes, it draws in the thick with the rarefied, but the small animal only the rarefied, so that large animals have a better sense of smell. For an odour near at hand is stronger than one far off, because that is thicker, and what is scattered is weakened. It comes about to this, large animals do not perceive the thin air, and small animals do not perceive the thick air.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 11; Dox. 582. Whence Anaxa- goras, who was a pupil of Anaximenes, first taught that the separation and character of all things were deter- mined and arranged by the power and reason of infinite mind; but in this he fails to see that no motion can be connected with and contiguous to infinite sensation, and that no sensation at all can exist, by which nature as a whole can feel a shock. Wherefore if he meant that mind is as it were some sort of living being, there will be something inside of it from which that living being
s 2
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is determined. But what could be inside of mind? So the living being would be joined with an external body. But since this is not satisfactory, and mind is ‘open and simple,’ joined with nothing by means of which it can feel, he seems to go beyond the scope of our intelligence.
Hipp. Phil. 8; Dox. 561. After him came Anaxa- goras of Klazomenae, son of Hegesiboulos. He said that the first principle of the all is mind and matter, mind the active first principle, and matter the passive. For when all things were together, mind entered and disposed them. The material first principles are infinite, and the smaller ones of these he calls infinite. And all things partake of motion when they are moved by mind and like things come together. And objects in the heavens have been ordered by their circular motion. The dense and the moist and the dark and the cold and all heavy things come together into the midst, and the earth consists of these when they are solidified; but the opposite to these, the warm, the bright, the dry, and the light move out beyond the aether. ‘he earth is flat in form, and keeps its place in the heavens because of its size and because there is no void ; and on this account the air by its strength holds up the earth, which rides on the air. And the sea arose from the moisture on the earth, both of the waters which have fallen after being evaporated, and of the rivers that flow down into’ it.! And the rivers get their substance from the clouds and from the waters that are in the earth. For the earth is hollow and has water in the hollow places. And the Nile increases in summer because waters flow down into it from snows tat the north.f ?
Sun and moon and all the stars are fiery stones that
* I translate the suggestion of Diels in his notes. * Cf. Aet. iv. 1, supra, p. 256.
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are borne about by the revolution of the aether. And sun and moon and certain other bodies moving with them, but invisible to us, are below the stars. Men do not feel the warmth of the stars, because they are so far away from the earth; and they are not warm in the same way that the sun is, because they are in a colder region. The moon is below the sun and nearer us. The sun is larger than the Peloponnesos. The moon does not have its own light, but light from the sun. The revolution of the stars takes them beneath the earth. The moon is eclipsed when the earth goes in front of it, and sometimes when the bodies beneath the moon go in front of it ; and the sun is eclipsed when the new moon goes in front of it. And the solstices are occasioned because the sun and the moon are thrust aside by the air. And the moon changes its course frequently because it is not able to master the cold. He first determined the matter of the moon’s phases. He said the moon is made of earth and has plains and valleys in it. The milky way is a reflection of the light of the stars which do not get their light from the sun. The stars which move across the heavens, darting down like sparks, are due to the motion of the sphere.
And winds arise when the air is rarefied by the sun, and when objects are set on fire and moving towards the sphere are borne away. Thunders and lightnings arise from heat striking the clouds. Earthquakes arise from the air above striking that which is beneath the earth ; for when this is set in motion, the earth which rides on it is tossed about by it. And animals arose in the first place from moisture, and afterwards one from another ; and males arise when the seed that is separated from the right side becomes attached to the right side of the womb, and females when the opposite is the case. He was in his prime in the first year of the eighty-
262 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
eighth Olympiad, at the time when it is said Plato was born. They say that he became endowed with know- ledge of the future.
Herm. I. G. P.6; Dox. 652. Anaxagoras takes me aside and instructs me as follows :—Mind is the first principle of all things, and it is the cause and master of all, and it provides arrangement for what is disarranged, and separation for what has been mixed, and an orderly universe for what was disorderly.
APPENDIX
THE SOURCES OF THE FRAGMENTS.
THE value of a quotation depends on two things, (1) the habit of accuracy in the person who quotes it, and (2) whether it is quoted from the original or from some intermediate source. Consequently the careful student of the early Greek philo- sophers, who depends wholly on quotations for his direct knowledge of these thinkers, cannot neglect the consideration of these two questions. Closely connected with the accuracy of quotations is the question as to the accuracy of later writers in the opinions which they have attributed to these thinkers. These topics I propose to consider very briefly, that the student may have at least some clue to guide him in his studies.
I.
§1. We findin Plato! scarcely any quotations, since the literary character of the dialogue excludes anything that might seem pedantic. There are allusions to certain phrases of Herakleitos which had already become all but proverbs :—the Herakleitean .sun, the harmony of opposites, ‘all in motion’ with the example of the river ; and the comparison ‘god : man:: man : ape’ is also given as the teaching of Herakleitos.? Similarly phrases of Anaxagoras are brought into the dialogues—‘ all things were together,’ ‘ vods disposed all things,’* but they hardly deserve the name of quotations. Other allusions to his
1 Cf. the consideration of this topic by Zeller in the Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Philos. Bd. V. (1892) p. 165 f.
2 See I. Index of Sources, ‘Plato.’ Cf. Krat. 401 p, 402, 412 p, 439 z, 440 c, Theaet. 152 v.
3 Phaed. 978, Gorg. 4650, Phaed. 72c, Legg. 5954.
264 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
theory do not even suggest a quotation. The only real quota- tions are from Parmenides,! and in two of these passages the textas read by Simplicius was corruptand unmetrical. Simpli- cius quotes the same passage at one time from Plato, at another time apparently from the original,” so that he enables us to correct the form of the quotation which he (or the writer from whom he drew) read in his MS.of Plato. Plato’s writings betray no particular interestin any of the pre-Sokratic thinkers except Parmenides and the Pythagorean school, nor do they convey any hint as to the value of the work of the other early thinkers. So it need not surprise us that he alludes to popular phrases and seems rather to avoid exact quotation.
§ 2. Beyond these allusions we get comparatively little light from Plato as to the teachings of his predecessors. Xeno- phanes is once spoken of as the founder of the Eleatic school and of its doctrine of unity. Parmenides is a far more inter- esting character to Plato, and the highest regard is expressed for him.* When his position as to the unity of being and the non-existence of not-being is discussed, there is no reason to think that his opinions are not correctly given; but when Parmenides is introduced as a speaker, we are not to believe that he states the opinions of the real Parmenides any more than the Platonic Sokrates states the positions of the real Sokrates. Of Zeno we learn that he was skilled in the art of dialectic. Zeno’s statement of the occasion and purpose of his book® is of course Plato’s deduction from the book itself. The speculations of Anaxagoras are several times mentioned. The statement that he regarded the heavenly bodies as ‘Ao.’ is a welcome addition to our knowledge of his doctrines ; and Plato’s criticism of Anaxagoras’ use of his fundamental principle is most important. Of Empedokles we hear but little ; the statement of his doctrine of sense-percep- tion is a happy exception to the rule. The aceuracy of Plato’s statements where they can be tested gives an added importance
’ Parm. 52, 53 ap. Soph. 237 a, 258 p; 98 ap. Theaet. 180 £; 103- 105 ap. Soph. 244; 132 ap. Symp. 178 zs. * Cf. Simpl. Phys. 7r 29, 42 and 19 87, 1. ® Theaet. 183 2, Soph. 237 a. * Phaedr. 261d. 5 Parm 1288.
° Apol. 260, Krat. 400 a, 409 a, 413 4, Legg. 967 8.
APPENDIX 265
to what he says about the Pythagoreans.'! In a word all the data which we have from Plato are valuable, but these data are much fewer than we might expect. ,
§ 3. Both the citations from earlier philosophers and the statement of their opinions are much more frequent in the writings of Aristotle. Two of his references to the sayings of Herakleitos are not new to the reader of Plato ; indeed Fr. 41 ap. Meta. 1010a 13is cited with direct reference to the passage where it is cited in Plato. Fr. 37, if we may accept the con- jecture of Patin,? is a sarcastic phrase of Herakleitos which Aristotle has introduced seriously into a theory of sense-per- ception. Fr. 46 and 57 are summary phrases stating the fundamental positions of Herakleitos ; Fr.51 and 55 proverbial sayings attributed to him; Fr. 59 alone has the form of a genuine quotation.? It is evident that summary phrases give the philosopher’s impression, just as proverbial sayings may come through the medium of popular thought, so that neither have quite the value of direct quotation.
From Xenophanes Aristotle gives two mots, which were attributed naturally enough to the poet-skeptic. There is no proof that Xenophanes was the original author of either of them.
From Parmenides four passages are quoted; strangely enough three of them are passages that had been quoted by Plato. Lines 52-58 in our texts of Aristotle repeat the same error that appears in our texts of Plato; ll. 103-105 are not so near to what seems to be the original (judged by the quota- tion in Simplicius) as is the Platonic version. Unless our MSS. are greatly at fault, two of the four passages were very carelessly reproduced, and we have reason to believe that they were drawn from Plato. The fourth passage, given by Aris- totle and Theophrastos, has the appearance of careful quotation, though one verb has an unmetrical form in our - Aristotle (where Theophrastos gives a correct form). Aristotle does not quote directly from either Zeno or Melissos.
Coming now to Empedokles, we find two extended passages
which can only be regarded as genuine quotations, namely
1 See supra, p. 133 f.; also Phileb. 16 c, 23 c, Pol. 530 v, 600 a. 2 Die Eimheitslehre Heraklits, p. 17. , % See I. Index of Sources, under ‘ Aristotle.’
966 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
ll. 287-811 and 816-825. On the other hand several phrases (ll. 208, 826, 448) give only a general idea of the language of Empedokles. Most of the quotations consist of from one to four lines preserving their metrical form, so that they deserve the name of quotations; but their accuracy is doubtful in matters of detail. This is most clearly seen by an examination of the ten cases where the same passage is quoted twice by Aristotle, namely : lines 86-39, 104-107, 146-148, 167, 208, 244, 270-271, 830-832, 388-335. In only three of these instances (88-39, 270-271, 333-335) is the quotation identi- cal; in the other cases there is some slight difference in the text, although commonly both versions scan correctly. An examination of the lines quoted only once in Aristotle shows very frequent deviation from the same lines as quoted by others. In two instances a line is omitted from the context (37 and 99); a case is changed, a connecting particle changed or omitted entirely, a common word is substituted for a rarer one (236-237) or an Aristotelian word for the word required by the full context (e.g. Meta. 10152 1), or finally only the substance of the line is given (e.g. lines 91, 92). These variations are so numerous as to justify the conclusion that the text furnished by Simplicius or by Sextus Empiricus deserves quite as much weight as that furnished by Aristotle, since the latter cares only for the thought and not at all for the exact language in which the thought had been clothed.
§ 4. In addition to these quotations we find in the writings of Aristotle a comparatively full statement of the opinions of the pre-Sokratic philosophers. Aristotle was interested in the work of his predecessors, since he rightly regarded his own system as the crowning result of partial views that had been set forth before. All that is valuable in their work he would give its place in his own philosophy, and their false or partial opinions he would controvert. Accordingly his ordinary method is to commence the discussion of a theme by stating .the opinions of his predecessors and criticising them; and it is natural that the early thinkers who first set forth charac- teristic views with force and vigour should receive the fullest consideration, for indeed this position is still due to them in the history of philosophy.
APPENDIX 267
Inasmuch as Aristotle set the fashion for later philosophic writers in collecting and criticising the opinions of earlier thinkers, it is important to form a clear conception of both the excellence and the defects of his method.
On a first examination of his statements of these opinions the student is struck by their fullness and comparative accuracy. Emminger! has collected and discussed these data, and arrives at the conclusion in every instance that Aristotle’s statement is based on a use of the best materials at his command, and that it reproduces correctly the view of the philosopher in question. It is true that Emminger takes the position of an apologist. There is no doubt, however, that Aristotle was very familiar with the poems of Empedokles, the arguments of Zeno, the system of the Pythagoreans ; when he cannot verify his opinions, as in the case of Thales, they are commonly introduced with a A€éyera: of caution ; and where the views of earlier thinkers seem to be distorted, it is generally due to one of several simple causes which we can estimate with considerable accuracy.
My own conclusion is that the data given by Aristotle are of the greatest value for the study of his predecessors, though they are to be used with caution.
Turning to the defects of the Aristotelian method, I would point out that there is apparently no little difference in the care with which Aristotle had studied the writings of his predecessors. His general attitude towards the Eleatic school is well known, and there is no evidence that he was really familiar with the works of Xenophanes or Parmenides or Melissos. The fact that three of the four quotations from Parmenides were at least suggested by Plato’s writings should not receive undue weight, yet it is certainly suggestive. Several sayings are quoted from Herakleitos, and his logic is severely criticised ; we do not, however, obtain from Aristotle any conception of the real importance of Herakleitos. In fact, Aristotle does not seem at all to have understood the
‘meaning of Herakleitos’ work, whether we are to attribute it to his inability to put himself in sympathy with so different a
1 Emminger, Die vorsokratische Philosophie der Griechen nach den Berichten des Aristoteles. Wiirzburg 1878.
268 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
thinker, or to his failure to study his writings. If we had only the data’from Aristotle, we should really know more of the significant work of Anaximandros than of Herakleitos.
The conception of the earlier Greek thinkers which we obtain from Aristotle’s writings is distorted along four lines.
1. Whether or notit was due to his failure to study certain of these thinkers, Aristotle’s comparative estimate of them is not one with which we can agree. As for Herakleitos, we can say that Aristotle assigns him a very important place in early thought, even though he gives us but little clue to what his work really was. Perhaps he overestimates the work of Anaximandros and Anaximenes because he finds in them so clear an anticipation of his own thought. Certainly he does not give due weight to the Eleatic school as a whole, and in particular to Melissos. Melissos was not a great original thinker along entirely new lines, but his work in systematising Kleatic thought was very important. Perhaps because he resembled Aristotle in what he sought to do, although from so very different premisses, he is handled with the greater disdain.
2. We may get from Aristotle a slightly distorted view of the earlier thinkers because he stated their views in the terms . of his own philosophic system. The commonest philosophical terms, such as azreipoy, &v, pots, KEVOV, TH OVTA, TTOLXELOV, TOMA, ovcia, aby, slightly changed tl their meanings as they gradually took their place in a definite philosophical terminology. dpxy is regularly used by Aristotle to denote the original principle of all things which the early thinkers sought, «ios is used in the statement of Herakleitos’ position ! and of the Pythagorean philosophy ®: the latter a word introduced into philosophy by Plato, the former probably not used in this sense before Aris- totle himself.
3. This tendency, however, is not limited to the use of philosophical terms. Aristotle states the general position of earlier thinkers from the standpoint of his own developed system. The arguments of Zeno and Melissos are thrown into logical form that he may the better criticise them. Herakleitean teachings also are stated in Aristotelian logic, and thereby lose the truth they might have had. Aristotle
? Meta. 1078 b 12. 2 Meta. 1036 b 18.
APPENDIX 969
finds his own theory of indeterminate potential matter in Anaximandros, and it is no easy task to discern what is due to Aristotle and what to Anaximandros in the Aristotelian account. Again in the case of Parmenides we may well question the statement ! that his two principles were heat=fire =being, and cold=earth=not-being. $
4. Finally Aristotle may be said to give a false impression of his predecessors when he assigns the probable causes for their opinions. Cf. Meta. 988 b 18, supra p. 2; Phys. 204 b 26, supra p. 10 ‘in order that other things may not be blotted out by the infinite ;’ de anima 405 a 25, supra p. 58.
The mere statement of these lines, along which Aristotle may be said slightly to distort the views of his predecessors, is sufficient to put the reader on his guard; and it is com- paratively easy to make allowance for them.
§ 5. The fragments of Theophrastos that remain are suffi- cient only to show that he studied the work of the pre-Sokratic thinkers even more carefully than Aristotle; to make any exact inferences as to his method of making quotations, how- ever, is impossible on the basis of these fragments. Four of his quotations are also cited by Aristotle,? and it is interesting to notice that in the second and the fourth of this list Theo- phrastos gives a text that is probably more correct than that found in our MSS. of Aristotle. The remaining quotations found in Theophrastos* show a familiarity only with Empe- dokles. Only one of these scans correctly, and that by the change of one word, which probably was erroneously copied. Ll]. 191-19% have lost some words, and Il. 423-424 are quite rewritten in prose. Apparently Theophrastos was even more careless of the form of his quotations than Aristotle, though he knows the early thinkers at first hand and can correct Aristotle's quotations. The statement of the opinions of these thinkers by Theophrastos will be considered later in connection with the doxographic tradition.
§ 6. From the time of Aristotle to Plutarch we know com- paratively little of the works of the early philosophers, or of the habit of quoting from them. There is abundant evidence,
‘ . 987 a 1. * maak 46; Parm. 146-149 ; Emped. 182-183, 219.
’ Herakl. 84; Emped. 191-192, 314-315, 336-337, 423-424,
270 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
however, that they were studied ; the positions and sayings of Herakleitos especially seem to have attracted much attention. The works extant under the name of Hippokrates are attributed by some writers to a period even before Aristotle. In these works there are allusions to the positions of Empe- dokles and Anaxagoras, and Book I of the treatise epi dvairijs contains much Herakleitean material. There is scarcely one direct quotation (cf. Fr. 60), and Bernays cannot be said to be successful in reconstructing phrases of Herakleitos from this source. The book, however, is a comparatively early witness to the work of Herakleitos, and doubly important because it is independent of that Stoic study to which is due most of our knowledge of him.
§ 7. More than the other schools that succeeded Aristotle the Stoics devoted themselves to the history of philosophy, and they were interested in Herakleitos for the same reason that Aristotle had been interested in Anaximandros, because they regarded him as a precursor in their own line of thought. Herakleitean phrases occur already in the hymn of Kleanthes to Zeus, thus showing that they had already been adopted into the Stoic phraseology.! Philodemos (vii. 81) quotes Chrys- ippos also as giving a quotation from Herakleitos.
It is only from later writers, however, that we can ascer- tain how much Herakleitos was studied in this period. Ap- parently collections were made of his sayings, which soon displaced the more complete form of his writings. Indeed, it is hard to prove that his book existed at all in later times, although Sextus Empiricus quotes a passage of some length which is considered to be the beginning of the work. Further, the works of at least some Stoic writers must have abounded in quotations from Herakleitos. In the writings of Philo there are numerous allusions to sayings of Herakleitos; and the Stoic context, the connection with Stoic ethics, as well as Philo’s general interest in the Stoic school, make it probable that he finds his Herakleitos in his Stoic sources. But while Philo is thus an important witness to the study of Herakleitos among the Stoics, he is of little value in reconstructing the text of the Ephesian philosopher. The
1 See Index of Sources under ‘ Kleanthes.’
APPENDIX 271
carelessness of his method of quotation is shown by the form in which he gives three lines of Empedokles (48-49, 386). To seven fragments of Herakleitos (1, 22, 24, 46, 56, 64, 70) Philo makes a mere allusion; in another series of instances (10, 67, 69, 79, 80, 82) a phrase, often a single word, of Herakleitos is worked into the context. Fr. 68 and 85 are quoted very carelessly, and 76 and 89 have assumed a form very different from that which they originally had.- Com- monly the name of the author (Herakleitos) is not given.
Cicero quotes Herakleitos 113 in Greek without the author's name, and translates 114 carefully; Bywater, p. x, suggests that he found the latter in somebody’s de exilio commentatio. Returning to the Stoic school, we find in Seneca an accurate translation of Herakleitos 77 and 81, so that we are inclined to trust his version of 120. What seems to be Herakleitos 113, however, is assigned to Demokritos in an expanded form. The epistles attributed to Herakleitos belong to approximately this period, and are interesting only as additicnal evidence to the study of Herakleitos by Stoic philosophers. Stobaeos quotes several Herakleitean phrases from Musonius. Fr. 20 and 69 are given only in substance, a phrase from 114 is worked into the context, and 75 is quoted in a later form. Fr. 75 as well as 27 and 67 is found in the second and third books of Clement’s Paedagogos, books which draw largely from Musonius. The use of Herakleitean material by Lucian, especially in his Vitarwm auctio, ch. xiv., is doubtless based on a Stoic source, as is indicated by the work éxzipwors. We may conclude this survey of Stoic writers with Mareus Aurelius. In his writings we find bare allusion to Herakleitos 2, 5, 20, 78, and perhaps to 97; a word or two of 84, 84, and 98 are worked into the text; while 25, 69, 90, 93, 94 are half quoted in the text. Apparently all are allusions to, or abbreviated citations of, sentences with which the reader was supposed to be familiar. It is wholly improbable that citations made in this manner were drawn from the book itself ; rather they seem to point toa collection of ‘ sayings’ of Herakleitos which must have been quite generally known. Unless such a collection-is assumed, they must be regarded as phrases which were familiar to all because they were so often quoted. The former hypothesis seems to me the more tenable.
972. THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
§ 8. We find in Plutarch one of the principal sources of our fragments. Nearly fifty fragments of Herakleitos are quoted more or less fully in his writings. Many of these quotations consist of a single phrase containing perhaps only a word or two of the original writer, so that they are not of much value for purposes of reconstruction. Sometimes the citation is given in Plutarch’s own words ;' sometimes there is only a careless allusion, as to Fr. 41, 48, and 120. Even when we seem to have a real quotation, it may be expanded, as in the case of Fr. 108 ap. Moral. 148 p compared with Moral. 644 F, or Fr. 31 ap. Moral. 98D as compared with Moral. 957. So I am inclined to regard Fr. 11, 22, and 44 as having been expanded by Plutarch. We cannot therefore place much reliance on the form of Plutarch’s quotations from Herakleitos. As to the source of these quotations we should notice that two of them (Fr. 41 and 45) had been mentioned by Plato, and others (88, 41, 48, and 105) by Aristotle; it is probable that Plutarch quotes these because they were familiar to the readers of Plato and Aristotle. Fr. 20, 22, 24, 25, 34, 44, 75, and 85 occur in Stoic writers, and Plutarch himself refers 91 to the Stoics. Fr. 45-56 are made Stoic in Plutarch by the addition of the word kécpov (defining épyovin) which does not appear e.g. in Plato; and Fr. 19, 20, 74, 75, and 87 have a decided Stoic colouring. Thus we may suspect that about half the quotations from Herakleitos were drawn from Stoic sources. On the other hand 78 with its context seems to be based on a considerable passage of Herakleitos, and 11, 12, and 127 have the appearance of careful quotation.
Plutarch’s method in handling quotations from philoso- phers who wrote in poetry is more satisfactory. It is only rarely that the thought is put in his own words,” or that the quotation consists of less than a full line. Sometimes lines are grouped which do not belong together, as ap. Moral. 607c and 6188. In some instances the text itself seems to be at fault.* In general, however, the poetic form protected such quotations from change, and the poetic form was naturally
1 E.g. 78 ap. Moral. 1068; 95 ap. 166.c¢.
2 Hi.g. Emped. 272 ap. Moral. 917.0; 369 ap. Moral. 996 8.
’ Emped. 232 ap. Moral. 745.0; 154-155 ap. Moral. 925 B; Parmen. 29-30 ap. Moral. 1114p.
APPENDIX 3 273
retained in quotations for the purpose of embellishment. I may add that Plutarch rarely neglects to give the name of the author from whom he quotes. As to the source of these poetic quotations, we cannot doubt that Plutarch sometimes quotes Empedokles from the original. A literary man could hardly fail to be acquainted with his poems, and it is by no means likely that the quotations Moral. 607c, 1111 ¥, 1118 are taken from an intermediate source. Five of the quotations from Par- menides, on the other hand; were not new to the readers of Plato and Aristotle, and the two remaining ones, together with some of the lines from Empedokles, as I have tried to show elsewhere,! were probably drawn from a collection of passages on the moon. There is no evidence that Plutarch knew Parmenides at first hand. Many passages of Empedo- kles also had become common property in the time of Plutarch, and in some instances Plutarch no doubt found collections of quotations suitable for his purpose, so that wecannot attribute all the single lines quoted from Empedokles to Plutarch’s own study of his poems.
§ 9. Judged by the Herakleitos fragments which they yield, the works of Clement and Hippolytos are hardly seeond in importance to Plutarch for the student of early Greek philo- sophy. Inthe Protreptikos of Clement there is an interesting series of passages from Herakleitos on popular worship ; in the Paedagogos and the first and fourth books of the Stromata there are scattered quotations most of which bear clear marks of their secondary origin; book II contains several quotations from the introduction to Herakleitos’ works ; while the third and fifth booksof the Stromata containa much larger collection of passages from Herakleitos, Xenophanes, Parmenides, and Empedokles. A casual glance at the whole series of quotations shows that Clement’s method was by no means uniform, and that he was often contented with a secondary source for his quotations, not taking the trouble to look them up in the original. In the first book of the Siromata the first quotation from Herakleitos is a proverb familiar in Greek literature, the second passage a bare allusion to a sentence quoted by Plu- tarch, and the two remaining ones refer to two quotations also
1 Transactions of American Philol. Assoc. XXVIII. pp. 82-83. Hy
274 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
given by Diogenes. That Clement used the Bio. which were the basis of the work of Diogenes: Laertios is probable from his quotation of Parmenides 28-30 and Empedokles 26-28, 383-884. It is also highly probable that Clement found much of his material in Stoic sources. It is generally agreed that in Paedagogos ii. and iii. he freely used Musonius. Hera. 122 ap. Clement 188 ‘ what men do not expect at death’ is interpreted by Clement as referring to Stoic fire, and Clement 649 (Hera. 123) also attributes to Herakleitos and the Stoics an idea be- longing to the latter only. Hera. 77 is alluded to by Seneca as familiar to his Stoic readers, and other fragments cited by Clement were apparently found by Philo in his Stoic sources. Hera. 69 ap. Clement 718 looks like another form of Hera. 19 which Plutarch quotes from a Stoic source, and perhaps we may regard 20 also as from the Stoic source from which Plutarch drew. Hera. 31 ap. Clement 87 includes an added phrase (as to the stars) which appears also in one of the two passages in Plu- tarch where itis quoted. One of the lines of Parmenides and six of the single lines of Empedokles given by Clement are also found in Plutarch. Consequently I regard it as not impro- bable that Clement drew quotations from Plutarch, and as all but certain that he drew from the Stoic sources of Plutarch. The wrong interpretation of Hera. 116 (ap. Clement 699), 122 (ap. 18), 67 (ap. 251), 79 (ap. 111), and perhaps 27 (ap. 229) is additional proof that Clement was entirely unfamiliar with the context in which these passages originally stood, and therefore probably did not draw from the original. While we are quite unable to trust Clement’s interpretation of his quota- tions, it should be remarked that he is exceedingly careful to give the correct form (e.g. Hera. 101 ap. Clement 586 as compared with the same fragment in Hippolytos; in this quotation he gives the dialect forms with his usual fidelity).
It remains to consider several series of passages, and to ask whether these were quoted at first hand. Inthe Protreptikos we find Herakleitos fragments 122, 124, 125 together, and a little farther on 126-127 (cf. 122 ap. Clement 680, and 123 - ap. 649) on the topic of popular worship. These are clearly quoted irom a connected passage, and not phrases that have been passed on as proverbs. Moreover 124-127 are somewhat
APPENDIX 275
closely connected with each other (perhaps 122 belongs with them). It is evident that Clement (or possibly the immediate source ‘of Clement) drew them from a somewhat extended passage in the original. Another series of passages from Herakleitos and Empedokles (ap. Clement 516 and 520) are quoted as illustrating the misery of human life. They oecur together in a long series of quotations on this topic, and at least one line, Empedokles 404, is not quite pertinent ; its lack of fitness in this connection may mean that Clement is ‘adapting a collection of passages made (wholly or in part) by another hand for a slightly different purpose. Again, a con- siderable number of fragments, especially in books ii. and v. of the Stromata, are pithy proverbial statements of the funda- mental attitude of Herakleitos toward other men (cf. Herakl. 5-8, 104, 2-3, 49, 111b with its addition from Demosthenes de corona p. 824). These are all marked by their proverbial form, and are many of them quoted by other writers. It is most natural to think that they were drawn from a collection of Herakleitean sayings such as is presupposed by the allusions of Marcus Aurelius and perhaps by the parody of Lucian.
As to the poetic citations in the fifth book of the Stromata it seems to me wholly likely that the verses of Xenophanes, and Parmenides 138-189, are quoted from the original poems. Empedokles lines 74 and 165 are repeated as proverbs; lines 88, 74, 104 (quoted with Herakleitos 68) are often-quoted
_verses on the favourite topic of the elements ; lines 342-343 are quoted with Herakleitos 49, lines 16-17 with Parmenides 28-30 and Herakleitos 111, and it is quite probable that Clement found the topical groups of quotations ready to his hand. Empedokles 26f., 55f., 81, 180f., are all introductory lines, and these too may have been collected by some earlier writer. We may conclude, then, that many of the citations in Clement were not taken from the original works, but that some may have been; the most important fact is that Clement tran- scribes his quotations with great faithfulness. be
§ 10, The citations given in the works of Sextus Empiricus are important because they are in a measure independent of the Stoic line of tradition ; we may even say with confidence that some of them are cited from the original works. For
T 2
276 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
Herakleitos there is only one important series of fragments, namely that found in adv. Math.vii. $$ 126-134. Fragments 52 and 54 of Herakleitos are indeed mentioned in a series of epigrams with no name attached to them (Pyrrh.i. 55), anda little later (Pyrrh. iii. 115 and 280) there is an allusion to the well-known Fr. 42 and a statement of Herakleitos’ opinion as to life and death (cf. Fr.78). The discussion adv. Math. vii. §§ 126-134 is a statement of the doctrine of sense-perception which Sextus attributes to Herakleitos. Diels has given good reasons (Dox. 209-211) for believing that this passage is based on Aenesidemus,'a skeptic philosopher with strong Herakleitean leanings of the first century s.c. In it are contained the full form of Fr. 2 (cited in part by other writers) and Fr, 4 and 92 (with comment based on a longer passage) ; there is also a phrase reminding the reader of Fr.77 in § 130. This is the fullest extant material for reconstructing the introduction to Herakleitos’ book, and was evidently based on the text of Herakleitos. While it is cited quite accurately, it is probable that Sextus took the citation from the same source as the rest of the discussion ; still, when we remember Sextus’ fondness for citing proemiums, we cannot say definitely that he did not take it himself from the work of Herakleitos. Xenophanes is cited in passages varying in length from one to four lines. Most of these passages are not known from other writers or known only from late Homeric commentators. - Where the same passage is cited twice, there is no variation except in the arrangement of the lines. Fr. vii. is given in part twice—once lines 8-4, and again lines 1, 2, and 4 (see supra p. 66).—From Parmenides (in addition to the line 182 given by Plato and Aristotle) Sextus gives the proemium of his work. Although earlier editors have extensively re- arranged this passage, I believe it is substantially correct in Sextus, and I see no reason to doubt that it was taken from the work itself. The citation of other lines before 53 by Plato and by Simplicius confirms the suspicion, however, that Sextus had omitted something at this point. From Empedo- les’ main philosophical work Sextus gives a portion of the procemium (lines 2-23), as well as four lines from the intro- duction to the xafdpyara, It is reasonable to believe that
APPENDIX 277
these lines with 428-435 were cited from the original poem ; the only errors are copyists’ blunders. Sextus also cites Empedokles 83-35 and 78-80. These are much copied lines, and the form in Sextus includes some obvious errors, e.g. dnp for aifyp (I. 78) and ¢iAria for dAdrys (1. 80), (cf. #rov 1. 79)— errors which very likely were found in the source from which Sextus drew the lines! We may conclude that Sextus cited sometimes from the original, sometimes at second hand; and that his citations reproduce his source accurately except that he sometimes omits verses from their connection.
§ 11. The quotations in the Refutatio omnium heresium, which is now attributed to Hippolytos, include some that are very accurate and others of which the text is hopeless, an anomaly that is very difficult to explain. In the fifth book one phrase reminds the reader of Herakleitos 71, while Hera- kleitos 68a is quoted with the authcr’s name, and 101 without it. In the sixth book there is an allusion to two forms of fire (Hera. 21), and Herakleitos 29 combined with 95 is quoted under the name of Pythagoras. Most of the quotations from Herakleitos, however, are closely grouped in ix. ch. 9-10. Some of these are phrases familiar in earlier writers (e.g. Hera. 3, 47, and 69); 2, 44, 45, and 35 are passages of some length which Hippolytos gives in accurate form; 24 is accompanied by a Stoic explanation, and probably the phraseology of 28 and 36 is Stoic ; in most of the citations in this group the text is very carefully given, even to the connecting particles, but besides the fragments in Stoic form just mentioned, the text of 123 is corrupted beyond possibility of restoration, and 58 is almost as bad. These fragments are consistently interpreted as antici- pating the views of a Christian sect, and it is possible that the xotvée of 26 is due to this influence rather than to the Stoics. Bywater (p. ix) suggests that Hippolytos drew his quotations directly from the work of Herakleitos ; but it is not easy to regard the difference in accuracy as wholly a difference in the accuracy of one man’s copying.
The quotations from Empedokles, as indeed from other poets, show that Hippolytos was often very careless. The
1 Simplicius copies the same error in line 78, probably finding it in his copy of Empedokles.
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omission of a word (e.g. lines 334, 885 ap. Hipp. 165, 1. 34 ap. 246) is too common to be attributed wholly to the carelessness of copyists, nor would the rest of the text of Hippolytos justify this supposition. Lines 33-35 are quoted twice (p. 246 and p. 813), and the last line differs in the two cases; such a change as from réyya to odvde (p. 818) is not one that a copyist would be very likely to make. On the other hand, it is hardly conceivable that the errors in Il. 110 f. ap. p- 247, 222 f. ap. p. 251, 838 f. ap. p. 254 existed in any text that Hippolytos copied. The only possible explanation for this phenomenon is that sometimes Hippolytos quoted from memory, paying no attention either to metre or to phraseology, and sometimes (as in his quotations from Herakleitos gene- rally) from either the original or a source that was very close to the original. Since so many of the Empedoklean passages are not cited by any other writer, we may suppose that Hippolytos drew them from the original.
§ 12. Of the quotations in Diogenes Laertios from Hera- kleitos, Bywater says (p.x): ‘Laertium . . . libro pervetusto usum esse nemo jam adfirmaverit.’ We do find four sentences of some length from Herakleitos, the genuineness of which is not questioned (Fr. 16, 17, 112, 114); it is noticeable that these fragments, together with the allusions to Fr. 38 and 119, all refer to particular men, and so possessed a special interest for the biographical writers, who were Diogenes’ main source. Three other fragments of more than two words are given by Diogenes (71, 100, and 103), and these are not found in any other Greek writer. The remaining fragments consist of only one or two words (22, 48, 62, 69, 80, 113), or are now regarded as spurious (131, 132), There is no reason to think that the fragments of Herakleitos contained in this work are not copied with reasonable accuracy; on the other hand, we may assume from what we know of Diogenes’ method of work that they were not drawn directly from the writings of Herakleitos.
Diogenes quotes Xenophanes xiv. 1-2, and Empedokles 1. 6, in a series of passages on skepticism, Xen. xviii. in a series on Pythagoreanism; Fr. xxiv., the only one not found elsewhere, relates to the life of Xenophanes. From Parmenides
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are quoted lines 28-30 and 54-56. The last passage does not really illustrate the point for which it is quoted (the senses inexact), and our text of Diogenes contains two blunders from some copyist. Portions of the proewmium of Empedokles’ main work on philosophy ( 1, 24-82, ap. viii. 60 and 59) are mentioned in connection with the name of Satyros. It is pretty clear (ap. viii. 62) that a ‘ Herakleitos’ is the source from which lines 352-363 are taken; if so, the statement vill. 54 that thisis the beginning of the xafdppara comes from the same writer. Lines 384-885 are quoted much in the form in which they appear in Athenaeos, though with one copyist’s error; from the same work of Empedokles we have also lines 355, 415, 417 in passages where Diogenes had just mentioned Timaeos. The familiar lines 35 and 67-68 are found here— line 85 in a very confused form. In general these lines from poetic writers show numerous small errors, which may be due to the state of our manuscripts. Both the fragments from Herakleitos and those in poetic form are of great value, though we are in the dark as to their immediate source.
§ 13. The works of neo-Platonic writers frequently mention the earlier philosophers, but yield few fragments of value. Plotinos refers to ten fragments of Herakleitos. Four of these (80, 82, 83, 85) have the form of quotations, and in two instances the name of Herakleitos is mentioned; they are, however, very short, and give no clue to their source. Sometimes Plotinos plays on words that were evidently known as Herakleitean, e.g. Fr. (472), 54, 69, 80; or again an Herakleitean idea is stated in his own words, Fr. 82, 83, 99, 130. The manner in which these quotations and allusions are made shows that the phrases were very familiar, either in earlier writers or possibly in some collection of sayings. Line 81 b of Parmenides is quoted with no name; line 40b is quoted with the author’s name, and is followed by an account of the context which shows that it was drawn from a passage of some length. From Empedokles we find only two phrases, taken from lines 381 and 882, that are worked into the text of Plotinos. ‘
Porphyry quotes from Herakleitos only familiar phrases, and these in the briefest form (74 ap. de anir. nym. xi. and
280 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
72 ap. de antr. nym. x.). The phrases were so familiar that it was only necessary to suggest the idea (e.g. 56 ap. de antr. nym. xxix.) without mentioning the name of the philosopher. Parmenides is not so wellknown; Greeks and Egyptians, we read, say that he mentioned the two gates in his Physika (de antr.nym.xxiii.). Only the ca6dppara of Empedokles is quoted, but here Porphyry knows the subjects treated in the work (de abst. II. xxi.), and sometimes the full context of the passage he quotes (e.g. de antr. nym. viii.). In the case of lines 415-420 we are not sure that Porphyry was right in applying the verses to Parmenides; still, the quotations would seem to be taken directly from the xafdppyara and copied with fair accuracy. »
Jamblichos draws a few quotations from his predecessors in the neo-Platonic school (Empedokles, lines 415-420 from Porphyry; and Herakleitos, Fr. 69, 82, 83 from Plotinos, if Stobaeos is correct in attributing this group of fragments to Tamblichos). Most of the allusions to fragments of Hera- kleitos, however, cannot be traced to this source. The com- bination of Herakleitos 29 and 95, which Hippolytos had attributed to Pythagoras, Iamblichos also attributes to the same thinker; his language, however, differs in detail from that used by Hippolytos. Two words of Herakleitos 114 (which had been cited by the Stoics and by Diogenes) are given, with the additional statement that Herakleitos gave laws to the Ephesians. Bywater’s number 128 is an allusion probably including a single word from Herakleitos, as does 129 also. Two words each from Fr. 11 and 12 (both found in Plutarch) are worked into the text of Iamblichos—in the former instance with the name of Herakleitos. Finally 105, which also appears in Plutarch, is given here in more accurate form. These references to Herakleitos, like those of the earlier neo-Platonists, are all made to fragments assumed to be familiar because they had been quoted often by earlier writers.
The writings of his predecessors in this same school are
frequently mentioned by Proklos, but his quotations from pre- Sokratic thinkers seem not to be derived from them. In the commentary on Parmenides several scattered lines are quoted
APPENDIX 281
from the works of the original Parmenides. The quotations are very brief; they include in all only parts of six or seven lines, and sometimes these are cited more than once. It is therefore quite unlikely that Proklos drew them directly from the poem of Parmenides. In his commentary on the Timaeos Proklos uses the form of quotation from Herakleitos six times (alluding to Fr. 16, 82, 44, 68, 79, 80), but only 32 and 44 can be called quotations, while even these are very brief. On p. 1068 we find part of what Diogenes gives in connection with Fragment 80, but no part of 80 itself; 79 was cited by the early Christian writers, and Proklos interpreted it in the same manner that they had done; 68 also had been paraphrased in the source from which Proklos drew it. So far as Herakleitos is concerned, we see how far from their origin the tradition of the fragments had gone, but we get no new light on their original form.
A few lines of Parmenides we know only from Proklos. Verses 29-30 had been given by Diogenes and Clement, but some of the verses 83-40 are new. In these instances, as is usually the case with the quotations in Proklos, the text of the quotations is in a condition almost hopeless. Indeed, at p. 160 D a line and a half of Parmenides are filled out with half a line from Empedokles under the name of the former writer. From Empedokles only single lines (once two lines together) are given, and they aid but little in the reconstruc- tion of the text. Proklos, like Plutarch, is very careful to cite the name of his authorities ; but the text of the quota- tions is so carelessly reproduced that they are of little value.
§ 14. The commentators on Aristotle early began to illus- trate his statements about earlier thinkers by passages copied from their works. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Joh. Philoponos seldom add fragments not contained in the works of Aristotle himself; but Simplicius copies long extracts, so that, except for Herakleitos, his commentaries are the most important source for our knowledge of the writings of the pre-Sokratic philosophers. There can be no doubt that most of these quotations—at least in his commentary on the Physics of Aristotle—were drawn from the original works. The most careful scrutiny of the passages from Zeno, Melissos,
282 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
and Anaxagoras fails to reveal any reason for questioning their character as genuine quotations, except in the case of some of the fragments of Melissos. Pabst (and independently Burnet) has shown that the so-called Fragments 1-5 of Melissos, though given in the form of quotations, are in reality an epitome covering more briefly the same ground that is covered by the following fragments, and adding almost nothing to our knowledge of Melissos. It is wholly unlikely that Simplicius made this epitome him- self, for that would be at variance with his ordinary method of work, and with his custom later in dealing with Melissos. So we are driven to assume either that he drew them from some epitome of Melissos to which he had access, or, what seems to me more probable, that he copied them from an earlier commentator, whose habit it was to condense his quotations rather than to copy them at full length. If now we examine the quotations in Simplicius’ commentary on the de caelo (Melissos Fr. 17 and numerous lines from Parmenides and Empedokles), it is noticeable that a considerable number of them occur also in the scholia to Aristotle. It is possible that as they appear in our scholia they all come: from Simplicius. One long quotation (Melissos Fr. 17) is, however, taken by Eusebios from Aristokles, a much earlier commen- tator on Aristotle. This fact of course confirms the belief that earlier commentators on Aristotle accessible to Simplicius already contained quotations from the philosophers in question ;! and the presence in our scholia of so many fragments quoted by Simplicius on the de caelo would at least suggest an inves- tigation of the question whether our scholia drew them from an earlier source than Simplicius—in other words, whether Simplicius did not in all probability take them from the commentaries of his predecessors. So when we find Par- menides line 78 ap. Simplicius, Physica 29, 18 in the form that Plato had quoted it,? when we find line 60 ap. 120, 23 quoted from an indirect source (cf. p. 145, 4, where it is quoted in context), we may conclude that Simplicius took
' Diels, Doxographt Graeci, p. 112, shows that Simplicius used the work of Alexander of Aphrodisias.
2 Cf. the correct form Simp. Phys. 159, 15; it is not unlikely that lines 52, 53 ap. 135, 21, and 122 ap. 39, 18 were also taken from Plato.
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those quotations from Parmenides at second hand, and not improbably from earlier commentators on Aristotle. The quotations from Herakleitos are all of them in a late form, and show that Simplicius was not familiar with any work under the name of Herakleitos.! Nor did Simplicius know Xenophanes at first hand. The two quotations from his poem occur in the discussion of a passage from Theophrastos, and are probably taken from him. The quotations show, how- ever, that Simplicius knew at first hand the works of Zeno, Melissos, Anaxagoras, Parmenides, and Empedokles, and it remains to examine the numerous quotations from the last two thinkers in order to form some idea as to the probable accuracy of Simplicius’ method of quotation.
Stein in his attempt to restore the text of Parmenides finds numerous misarrangements of the lines and breaks where one or more lines have dropped out. Certainly there is evidence that Simplicius omitted four or more lines between 89 and 94, nor does he indicate the breakin any way. Several times a phrase of his own is inserted in the middle of a line (e.g. Phys. 89, 28; 148, 22), and once a line is filled out metrically, according to our manuscripts, by a phrase which is generally regarded as a comment from Simplicius (Phys. 145, 16). The text itself of these fragments is often very dubious in our manuscripts (e.g. lines 96, 98, 100), but Simplicius may not be responsible for this. In our manu- scripts also we read sometimes wirds, sometimes airds, and when either dv or édv (dvra or édvra) is metrically possible, the shorter is usual; here again we cannot with any confidence hold that Simplicius is responsible.
The quotations from Empedokles shed more light on the method of Simplicius. Not infrequently lines are omitted in sequence, as two lines between 68 and 70 (Phys. 158, 1 f.), and again in the same quotation one line between 90 and 92, and two lines between 93 and 94. According to Bergk the line between 174 and 176 should be omitted (it is identical with 184) ; and Schneidewin inserts here line 175 (of Stein)
' Four out of the six quotations from Herakleitos are given either in Plato or Aristotle, or both; Frag. 20 comes directly or indirectly from a Stoic source. : :
284 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE
from Stobaeos; the passage occurs twice in the same form in Simplicius, however (and once in the scholia to Aristotle), so that this error probably existed in the text from which Simpli- cius copied. On p. 33, 19 of the Physica two passages from different parts of the poem of Empedokles are joined without break, and the end of line 95 (Stein 115) is modified to make the connection between the two passages. In two instances I believe that Simplicius (or some copyist) has repeated in a quotation some lines from the last previous quotation. On p. 159 of the Physica the end of the first quotation is repeated as the end of the second, except that a summary phrase is substituted for the last half-line; again on p. 160 (lines 6-8) we find three lines which had occurred in the last previous quotation, and which are inserted here with the change of a connecting word. Sometimes we can point out an error that probably existed in the text from which Simplicius copied, as in the case of line 175 mentioned above. Thus édeiro in line 99, xjové in 98, BeBAadoryKe at 105, and probably y<pos in 78 appear in repetitions of the same quotation at different points, and so may be assigned to the source of Simplicius. In other instances we may say that Simplicius copied carelessly, as in the case of line 89, which is corrected in the prose paraphrase, and possibly 138, where the curious text in the Physica may be corrected from the de caelo. The state of our manuscripts of Simplicius, however, is probably responsible for most of the numerous errors in the forms of words.
From this survey of the sources I have omitted the names of many writers who furnish some little addition to our know- ledge of the fragments, for their method of quotation is relatively unimportant, nor have I thought it necessary to consider later writers who throw light only on the later history of the fragments. Accordingly I have not spoken of Eusebios, who repeats quotations from Plutarch and from Clement, or of Theodoret, who drew from Clement, or of Julian, who drew from Plutarch. Again, I have not spoken of Stobaeos, or Eustathios, or the scholia generally, as sources, for we are not at present able to determine the Tine of tradition for these fragments. I have, however,
' APPENDIX 285
examined the more important sources of fragments, in order that the student may be able to estimate the relative value of the sources, both as to text and as to directness of trans- mission, in his own study of them.
aE,
§$ 15. Turning now to the doxographic tradition, we may state the problem as follows :—In the Placita philosophorum attributed to Plutarch, in the Eclogae physicae of Stobaeos, in fragments from Arius Didymos, in Hippolytos, and in other writers, we find copious statements as to the opinions of the early philosophers. These opinions shed light on many points not mentioned in the fragments of their writings now remain- ing, and so they have great importance for the student of their systems. At the same time they are often confused and unre- liable. The problem is to determine the relation of these writers to each other, as well as to the source of the whole series, in order that we may estimate their relative value, This work has been most successfully accomplished in the Prolegomena to Diels’ Doxographi Graeci, a work that is
‘absolutely indispensable to the student of this subject. There is no occasion to reopen here a question that Diels has so suc- cessfully solved, but I propose to state briefly a few of the conclusions which the reader will find substantiated in the work of Diels.
The most obvious fact to one who takes up the study of the doxographic writers is that the Placita attributed to Plu- tarch, and the Eclogae physicae, which was originally a part of the Florilegium of Stobaeos, are intimately related ; and when the two are printed side by side, as the reader finds them in the text of Diels, the likeness of the two is most striking. At ‘the same time the two books are not identical, and each gives much material that the other omits. Stobaeos cannot have copied from the work attributed to Plutarch, for even in pas- sages that occur in the Placita Stobaeos not infrequently gives the fuller form ; nor can the writer of the Placita have copied from Stobaeos, for his work can be traced back nearly three centuries before the time of Stobaeos. It was used by
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Athenagoras in his defence of the Christians 177 a.p. (Doz. p. 4) ; it was mentioned by Theodoret (Doz. p. 47); and im- portant corrections of the text are made by Diels on the autho- rity of Eusebios, Cyril, and the pseudo-Galen, all of whom had used it. Theodoret (Therap. IV. 31, Dox. 47) mentions the epitome by Plutarch, but only after he has mentioned the Placita of Aetios, *Aeriov tiv rept dpecxovrwv cvvaywyyv, and it is this work of Aetios which Diels vindicates as the source both of Plutarch and of Stobaeos, while Theodoret also quotes from it occasionally. A careful study of these three writers and their methods enables Diels to reconstruct a large part of the work of Aetios; and it is the sections of this work bearing on the earlier philosophers which I have translated (see III. English Index under ‘Aetios’). Of Aetios himself almost nothing is known; the work assigned to him must have been written between the age of Augustus and the age of the Antonines (Doxw.100). It was in four books, divided into chapters by topics, and in each chapter the opinions of the philosophers were given not by schools but by affinity of their opinions.
§ 16. Fortunately we are in a position to say what was the beginning of that style of composition of which the work of Aetios is an example. Aristotle, as we have seen, paid con- siderable attention to the earlier thinkers and often stated their opinions as the introduction to his own position. A list of the works of his pupil and successor Theophrastos is given by Diogenes Laertios (v. 46, 48), and in the list there is mentioned a book in eighteen chapters wept rév duoixdv, and a little later another book in sixteen chapters of gvoixdv ddfuv. We have a long fragment de sensibus which Diels has edited in connection with the later doxographists (Dow. pp. 499 f.), and from this we can learn something of his method. In this fragment he discusses the opinions of his predecessors as to sense-perception, grouping them by affinity, and not chronologically or by schools. The work is done conscien- tiously, and is based on a study of the original writings of the thinkers he treats (v. supra, pp. 280f.). Other fragments from _ the first book have been pointed out by Brandis and Usener
-(Analecta Theophrastea) in Simplicius’ Commentary on
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Aristotle’s Physics ; while we have also several pages pre- served in Philo de incorrupt. mundi. In the first book, to judge from the fragments in Simplicius, Theophrastos arranged the earlier thinkers by schools and accompanied his statements with brief biographical notices (e.g. pp. 11, 257 supra). Such a work was of the greatest convenience to later writers, and especially to the compilers who were so numerous in the age of the decadence. In fact: the whole doxographic tradition may be traced back to this work of Theophrastos.
In the last centuries of the pre-Christian era there was an unusual interest in the biographies of famous men. Apocry- phal anecdotes were gathered from popular gossip, deduced from the works of these writers, or made up with no foun- dation at all. In the second century several writers of the peripatetic school wrote the lives of the philosophers after this fashion. We hear of Bio. by Hermippos and by Satyros, and of the diadoyxai trav pirocedwv of Satyros; and we are told that Herakleides of Lembos worked over what his immediate pre- decessors had collected. Phanias of Eresos is one of the ‘authorities’ of this school. Much of this material has come down to us in the work of Diogenes Laertios.
'On the book of Theophrastos, and on the ‘ Lives’ or the ‘ Successions of the philosophers,’ as they were often called, the later doxographic writers based their work. Even in Diogenes Laertios there is material from both sources, and we can define some fragments almost in Theophrastos’ own words. In the Philosophumena of Hippolytos the two sources are pretty clearly distinguished: chapters 1-4 and 10 (on Thales, Pythagoras, Empedokles, Herakleitos and Parmenides, see III. English Index under ‘ Hippolytos’) are made up of personal anecdotes such as writers of the lives were eager to collect and to repeat; chapters 6-8 and 11 (on Anaximandros, Anaxi- menes, Anaxagoras, and Xenophanes) come indirectly from the work of Theophrastos. The Stromateis attributed by Eusebios to Plutarch (see III. English Index under ‘ Plutarch,’ and Doz. pp. 579f.) are like the last-mentioned chapters of Hippolytos, though the language is often more careless,
A comparison of Aetios with Hippolytos, the Stromatezis, and the doxographic material in Cicero and Censorinus (from
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Varro) makes it clear that the Placita of Aetios are not based directly on the work of Theophrastos. Indeed (Doz. p. 100, and pp. 178 f.) it is evident from an examination of the work of Aetios by itself that much of his material is drawn from Stoic and Epicurean sources. As the main source for what remains after Stoic and Epicurean passages have been cut out, Diels postulates an earlier Placita (Vetusta placita, pp. 215f.). He finds traces of this in the work of Varro as used by Censorinus, in Cicero's Zusculan Disputations, and in some later writers.
§ 17. Résumé. The doxographic tradition starts with the work of Theophrastos on the opinions of his predecessors. On this work is based immediately the Vetusta placita; on the Vetusta placita is based the Placita of Aetios, and there are traces of its use by later writers; the Placita of Aetios may be partially reconstructed from Plutarch’s Placita and Stobaeos’ Hclogae. Again, using Theophrastos and gathering anecdotes from every side, writers of the second century B.c. wrote the lives of the philosophers. A line of tradition pro- bably independent of the Placita just considered appears in the work of Hippolytos, who used now the work of Theo- phrastos, now the lives; in Diogenes Laertios, where material from most various sources is indiscriminately mixed ; and in the Stromateis attributed to Plutarch by Eusebios, which are related to the better material of Hippolytos. Sim- plicius used Theophrastos directly. Finally in the fragments of Philodemos and the related material in Cicero’s Lucullus and De natura deorwm we find traces of a use of Theophrastos either by Philodemos himself, or in a common source of both Cicero and Philodemos—probably a Stoic epitome of Theo- phrastos made by the Phaedros whom Cicero mentions,
~~
INDEXES
I. INDEX OF SOURCES
The references are to the critical notes.
Anaximandros (Ad.), Herakleitos (H.),
Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), are referred to by fragments; Par- menides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) by lines. Other references are by pages (p.) _
Achilles (commonly called Tatius) in Petavii de doctrina tempo- rum. Antwerp 1703. H. 119; Z. 12; E. 138, 154
Aelian de natura animalium, ed. Hercher. E. 257-260, 438-439
Aeneas Gazaeus, Theophrastus, ed. Wolf. Turici 1560. H. 82
Albertus Magnus de vegetabilibus, ed. Meyer. H. 51
Alexander of Aphrodisias, Com- mentaries on Aristotle. H. 32, 84, 121
Amelius in Eusebios, Praeparatio evangelicae. - H. 2
Ammonius on Aristotle de inter- pretatione. P. 60; E. 347-351
Anecdota Graeca, ed. Bekker. Ber- lin 1821. KE. 156
Apollonios, Epistolae, in Hercher, Scriptores epistolographé. Paris 1873. H. 130, 133
Apuleius de mundo, ed. Gold- bacher. Wien 1876. H. 55, 59
Aristides Quintilianus de musica, ed. Meibomius. Amst. 1652. H. 68, 74
Aristokles in Eusebios, Praeparatio evangelicae. M.17
Aristotle (Edition of the Berlin Academy), Ad. 1; H. 2, 32, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 55, 57, 59, 105; Z. 12, 25; P. 52-53, 103-104, 132, 146-149 ; E. 36-39, 48-50, 69-73, 92, 98, 100, 104-107, 139-141, 145, 146-148, 165, 166-167, 168, 175, 182-183,
197-198, 199-201, 208, 219, 221, 236-237, 244, 270, 273-274, 279, 280, 287-311, 313b, 316-325, 326, 330-332, 333-335, 425-427 Arius Didymus in Eusebios, Prae- paratio evangelicae. H, 42 Athenaeos, Deipnosophistae. H. 16, 54; Z.17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23; E. 214, 383-384, 405-411 Athenagoras, Legatio in Migne, Pa- trologia Graeca, vol. vi. EB. 34-35 Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae. H. 16; E, 441
Caelius Aurelianus de moribus acutis et chronicis, ed. Wetstein. Amst. 1709. P. 150-155
Cedrenus, Chronicles in Scriptores historiae Byzantinae. Bonn 1838. E. 355
Censorinus de die natali, ed. Hultsch. Lips. 1867. H. 87
Cicero, opera. H. 113, 114
Clement of Alexandria (references are to the pages of Potter’s edition, Oxford 1715). H. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21; 23, 27, 31, 49, 54, 60, 64, 67, 68, — 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86,-101, 102, 104, 110, 111, 116, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130; Z. 1, 5,6; Po 29-30, 40, 59-60, 90-93,133_-139 ; E. 26-28, 33, 55-57, 74, 78, 81, 130-133, 147-148, 165, 342-343, — 344-346, 366-368, 383-384, 385,
390-391, 400-401, 404, 445-446,
447-451
G
290
Columella de ve rustica, ed. Ernesti. 1774. H. 53 Cornutus, Compendium graecae theologiae. HE. 397-399 Cyrillus adversum Julianum in Migne, Patrologia Graeca. E. 412-414
Didymos, Geoponica in Niclas, Geoponicorum libri xx. Lips. 1781. HK. 441
Dio Cassius, Historia Romana. H. 67 Dio Chrysostom, Reiske. H. 80 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca~ his- torica. HE. 354 Diogenes Laertios de vitis philo- sophorum. H. 4, 16, 17, 19, 22, 33, 48, 62, 69, 71, 80, 103, 112, 113, 114, 119, 131, 1382; Z. 14, 18, 24; P. 28-30, 54-56; E. 1, 6, 24-32, 34-35, 67-68, 352-363, 383-384, 415, 417 Draco Stratoniceus _ poeticis, ed. Hermann. 1812... Z. 28
Orations, ed.
de metris Lips.
‘Elias Cretensis, p. 54
Epicharmos. in Mullach, F'rag- menta Philos. Graec. H. 81
Epictetus, Dissertationes.. H. 85
Etymologicum Magnum. H. 66; Z.18; E. 150
Eusebios, Praeparatio evangelicae. _H. 2, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23,25, 110, 122, 124, 125; Z. 1, 5, 6; M. 17; P. 60; E. 33-35, 377-380, ' 412-414, 450-451
Eustathius, Commentaries on Homer. H. 43, 66, 74, 119; %. 13, 17; E. 168; 182-188, 405-407
Monacense, ed.
Florilegiwm H. 132, 134, 135
Meineke.
Gaisford, Poetae minores Graeci. P. 151-153; E. 169-185, 210- 213, 240-242, 244-246
Galen, in Scriptores medici, ed. Kuhn. H. 53, 74, 113; Z. 14; P.160;. i. 91, 98, 100; .151, 276-278
INDEX OF SOURCES
Glykas, Annales, ed. Bekker, Bonn 1836, in Corpus script. Byzant. H. 74
Gregory Nazianzen, H. 130
Orations.
Hephaestion, Enchiridion, ed. Gaisford. Lips.1832. E. 164 Herakleitos (pseudo-), Hpistolae in
Bywater’s Heraclitus. H. 12, 39, 40, 60, 121 Herakleitos (Herakleides), Alle-
goriae Homericae. H. 22, 67, 81; E. 34-35
Hermeias on Plato’s Phaedros, ed, Ast. H. 74
Herodian, Reliquiae, ed. Lentz. Lips. 1870. Z. 28, 29, 30, 31
Hesychius, Lexicon. H. 80
Hierokles, Commentary on the Carmen aureum, in Mullach, Fragmenta Philos. Graec. vol. i. E. 385-386, 389
Hippokrates, in Bywater’s Hera- clitus. H. 39, 61, 66, 69, 70, 82
Hippolytos, Refutatio omnium haeresiwm, ed. Duncker, Schnei- dewin. Géttingen 1859. H. 1, 2, 13, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 35, 36, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 71, 79,101, 123; Z. 14; EH. 33-35, 110-111, 333-335, 338-341, 348- 349, 369-370
Iamblichos de mysteriis &c. H.11, 12, 29, 69, 79, 82, 83, 95, 105, 114, 128,129; E. 415-420
Iohannes Lydus de mensibus, ed. Bekker. Berlin 1837,in Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae.
H. 87 Iohannes in Walz, Rhetores Stuttgart
1836. H. 2
Siceliotas Graeci.
Julian, Orations, ed. Spanheim. Lips. 1696. H. 10, 16, 68, 80, 85 E. 388
Kleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus; in Heeren’s Stobaet Eclogae Phy- sicae. 1792. H:. 19; 28, 91
Kleomedes wept fetedpay, -ed. Bakius. Lips..1832. H. 69
INDEX OF SOURCES 291
Linos (pseudo-) in Mullach, F'rag- menta Philos. Graec. vol. i. H. 19
Lucian, Dialogues. H. 14, 44, 67, 79,114; HE. 355
.Macrobius, on Somniwm Scipionis, and Saturnalia. H. 31; E. 150
Marcus Antoninus, Commentaries. H. 25, 34, 69, 73, 84, 90; E.138
Maximus Confessor, Sermones, ed. Combefisius. Paris1675. H. 34, 136, 137
Maximus Tyrius, Dissertationes. H. 25, 67, 69
Musonius in Stobaeos, Florilegium. H. 69, 74, 114 (Cf. H. 27, 67, 74 in Clement, Paidagogos)
-Numenius in Chalcidius on the Timaeos, in Mullach, Fragmenta Philos. Graec. vol. ii. H. 43 (Cf. H. 72in Porphyry, de antro nympharum)
Olympiodoros (cf. p. 17), Commen- taries on Plato and Aristotle. H. 20, 32, 68
Origen contra Celsum. H. 62, 85, 130; Z. 74; BE. 374-375
Orphica, ed. G. Hermann. 1805. EH. 438-439
Lips.
Philo Judaeus, Opera, ed. Mangey. H. 1, 2, 10, 22, 24, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 134; E. 48-49, 386-387
Philodemos de pietate, ed. Gom- perz. H. 28
Philoponos, Commentaries on Aristotle. Z.10; P. 60-61, 81; E. 98, 100, 219, 244, 270-271, 280, 284-285, 330-332, 333-335
Philostratos, vita Apollonii, ed. Kayser. EH. 355, 383-384
Plato (Stephanus’ pages). H. 32, 41, 45, 58, 69, 79, 98,99; P.52- 53, 98, 103-105, 132
Plotinos,. Hnneades. H. 32, 54, 69, 80, 82, 83, 85,99; P. 40,81; E. 381-382
Plutarch, Moralia and Lives. H.11, 12, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 62, 70, 74, 78, 79, 80, 85, 87, 105, 108,
115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 127, 138; Z. 14,15; P. 60, 132, 144, 145; E. 5, 8-9, 33-35, 36-39, 40-44, 45-47, 51-54, 58-59, 60, 78, 79, 80-81, 98, 100, 135-136, 143-144, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157-159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 208, 209, 220, 221, 238-239, 243, 257-260, 261, 272, 279, 281, 282-283, 313, 373-381, 390, 393- 396, 402, 403, 423-424, 430-431, 440, 444
Pollux, Onomasticon. H. 85
Polybios, Historia. H. 14-15
Porphyry, de antro nympharum, &c. H..67; 70, 74:5 P.. (236}3 Z. 10; E. 165-392, 401, 405- 420, 436-437
Probus, Comment. in Virgilii Bu- col. et Geor. HK. 33-35
Proklos, Commentaries on Plato. H. 16, 32, 44, 68, 79, 80, 111; P. 29-30, 33-42, 65, 81, 85, 103- 105; Z.14; E. 3, 18, 138, 162, 386-387
Satyros in Diogenes Laertios. E. 24-32
Scholia to Aristophanes. Z.27 _
Scholia to Aristotle. P. 140-143; M. 17; E. 169-185, 210-213, 244, 246, 240-242, 381-382
Scholia to Euripides. H. 138; Z. 13; EB. 275 Scholia to Homer. H. 39, 43, 61,
66, 85, 119; Z. 8, 11,13; E. 168, 182-183, 405-407, 67-68 Scholia to Nicander, Theriaca. E. 421-422 Scholia to Plato, ed. Ast. E. 60 Seneca, Hpistolae. H.77, 81,113,120 Sextus Empiricus, adv. Mathemati- cos, ed. Bekker. H. 2, 4, 42, 52, 54, 183.2. 2,-7,.8,,14 5-2. 1-80, 53-58, 132; E. 2-10, 33, 35,77, 80, 333-335, 355, 364-365, 428-429 Simplicius de caelo. M. 17; Z. 28-32, 60, 62-65, 77, 110-113, 140-143, 151-153; HE. 67-73, 114-115, 128, 169-185, 178, 181, 210-213, 215-218, 240-242, 244— 246, 254, 256 ; Simplicius, Commentary on the Physics. H. 20, 41, 48, 56, 57, 58; X.3,4; Z.1-16; M. 1-16;
292
P. 35-40, 48b-51, 52-53, 57-70, 82-89, 94-112, 110-121, 122-125, 126-128, 132; E. 61-73, 74-95, 96, 109, 112-118, 119-129, 135, 138, 139, 141, 152, 171-185, 186-194, 195-196, 199-202, 203- 207, 218, 247-253, 262-269 Stobaeos, Florilegiwm and Eclogae hysicae. H. 4, 11,18, 59, 63, 67, 73, 74,104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 134; Z 8, 11, 16; P. 103-105, 132; E. 67-68, 71, 91, 138, 175, 287-239, 269-270, 390, 402 Suidas, Geography. H. 30, 88, 114; E. 326 ; _|Symmachus, Fpistolae. H. 113 Synesius, Hpistolae, ed. Hercher. Paris 1873. E. 386-388; De insomnia, 474 Suidas, Lexicon. H. 9, 80; E. 24-32, 150
Tatianus, Oratio ad Graecos in Otto, Corpus apologet. vi. Jena 1851. H. 80
GREEK INDEX
Tertullian, in Migne, Patrologia latina i.-iii. H. 69, 71
Themistius, Orationes, ed. Trunca- vellus. Venet. 1534. H. 10 ; Para- phrases Arist. libr. ed. Spengel. Lips. 1866. H.122; E.330
Theodoret, Ecclesiastica historia. H. 3, 7, 8, 101, 102, 104, 122; Z. 5, 6; P. 60, 90; E. 56-57, 91, 334-336
Theodorus, Prodromus, v. supra, p- 50
Theon Smyrnaeus, Arithmetica, ed. Hiller. 1878. E. 442-443
Theophrastos, Opera, ed. Wimmer. H. 46, 84; P. 146-149; E. 182- 188, 229, 314-315, 836-337, 423-424; Ad. 2; Z. 2,38
Timon of Phlius in Eusebios, Praeparatio evangelicae. HE. 400-401
Tzetzes, Chiliades, and Exeget.in Iliadum. H.66, 78; E. 24-32, 66-68, 244, 347-351, 396
Xenophon, Memorabilia. H. 58
Ii. GREEK INDEX
Parmenides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) are referred to by lines; Anaximandros (Ad.), Herakleitos (H.), Xenophanes (X.), Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), by the number of the fragment in which the word occurs. Occasional references to
pages are indicated by p.
ayads, H. 57, 61, 111
tyadua, H. 130; E. 408
&yxiBaoin, H. 9
&ywv, H. 119; X. 19
Gdixla, Ad. 2
&eBAov, X. 19
anp, pp. 17, 63; M.17; E. 132; A. 1, 2,6; P. 24; E. 450
d0avaros, BH. 425; H. 67
e&Opéw, BE. 4, 19, 156
aidios, M. 17; E. 370
aidépios, E. 377
aiéjp, X.11; P. 133, 141; E. 31, 40, 78, 133, 146, 166, 198, 204, 211, 216, 291, 293, 299, 304, 310, 334, 379, 427; A. 1, 2,6
alépn, EB. 158
at@pios, H. 30
aina, E. 207, 292, 308, 327
aloa, P. 127; KE. 113, 231, 266
ataiuos, EK. 301, 307
aisxph, E. 395
atwv, H. 79; E. 71, 111, 224, 389, 420
akivntos, P. 82
twos, H. 129
axotn, H.13; P.55; E. 20, 21
éxotw, H. 2,6; X.2; M.17; E. 14, 33
&xpnrtos, BK. 144, 183, 410, 412
aAnbeln, P. 29, 36,111; E. 366
&AnOdhs, P. 73,84, 99; M. 17
é&pBaivo, EB. 3, 228
&uBpotos, E. 99,181, 355
é&unxavin, P. 47
&uorBh, p. 60
&umdAaxin, E. 371
avéyen, P. 72, 86,1388; E. 232
GREEK INDEX
évdravois, H. 104
avaratw, H. 83, 86
avarvéw, E. 287
aveuds, X.11
avdnros, P. 73
ayTix8wv, pp. 136, 148
a&tdveros, H. 2,3
ao.dds, H. 111; X. 22
&mreipos, H.2; X.12; A.1, 6; Z.1,3; M. 7, 8,9, 11
amoylvouct, Z. 1
amroxplvouat, H.43; A. 2, 4,6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16
axéxpiois, A. 10
améArenfis, E. 63
améAavumt, M. 11, 12, 17; A. 17; E. 93
&moppoh, KE. 281-
&paos, p.102; M. 14; E. (196); A. 6,8 °
&pOpov, EK. 82
&peros, H. 30
apuovin, H. 45, 46,47; E. 122, 137, 202
apxh, H. 70; M. 7,9; E. 130; A.16
&omeros, HE. 111, 128
aoreuphs, E. 398
abyh, E. 99, 152, 153, 157, 427 avroxparns, A. 6
Bdxxor, H. 124; X. 27
BdpBapos, H. 4
Bacavifw, H. 58
Bios, H. 66,67; E. 249, 251, 373
Banotpl(w, X. 24
BépBopos, H. 53-54
Bpérews, P. 111; E.10, 35
Bporés, X.5; P. 46, 99, 109, 121; E. 54, 147, 247, 303, 347
Bouds, X. 21; E. 412
yéveois, P. 77, 83; E. 63
yévvn, P. 62; E. 87, 192, 194, 230
Yi, yata, H. 21, 25, 68; X. 8,9, 10, 12; P. 140,144; M. 17; E. 26, 78, 132, 146, (152), 154, 158, 160, 165, 211, 333, 378, 391; A. 4, 9, 10
ynpels, X. 26
vyivopa, P. 69, 100; M. 6, 11,17; EK. 46, 48, 71, 95
yweokw, H. 18, 35, 106, 115, 130; X. 18; P.39; A. 14; E. 281
yAave@ms, E. 159
293
yvadets, H. 50.
- youn, H. 19,96; P. 113, 121
ywopl(w, p. 250
yéuoos, P. 20; E. 241, (279)
yviov, E. 2, 23, 142, 249, 260, 269 308,347, 371,414.
daluwv, H. 97,121,131; P.3,128, p. 145 ;. E. 254, 373
daippwy, E. 1
SelAaios, E. 446
deAds, E. 3, 53, 228, 343, 400, 441
déuas, P. 115,119; E.198, 268
dnutoupyds, p. 61
Sjuos, H. 100
Siaxoouéew, A. 6
didxoouos, P. 120
Siaxpivoua, A. 6, 7,14, 17
didAAakis, EB. 38
diduoppa, E. 102
Siabépw, H. 45, 46, 59, 93
di¢nu:, H. 80; P. 62
di¢nots, P. 34, 45, 53
Sixatos, H. 61; X. 19, 21
dixn, H. 60, 62, 118; P. 14, 28, 70; E. 5
divn, E. 378
doArxaiwy, E.107, (126)
d6&m, H.133; P. 30, (31), 111, 151; E. 343
Stvauis, P. 123
€00s, P. 54
eldos, M. 17; E.123, 135, 192, 207, 266, 375
efuapuéva, H. 63, p. 60
éxmvéw, E. 287, 294, 311
éreyxos, P. 56
€umatos, E. 3
év, H.19,59,91; M. 11,17; E. 62, 67, 118, 70, 76, 248
étavatéAAw, E. 258, 265
étevpioxw, H. 7
efdAAvmt, EB. 47
éeraviornut, H. 123
érlorauat, H. 6, 19, 35
émixOdvios, E. 448
épyarns, H. 90
épis, H. 43, 46, 62
etd, H. 2
evvouln, X. 19
evoeBhs, X. 25; E. 408
evopévn, H. 31, 36, 77
exouat, X. 21
epnueptor, E, 14, 338
294
één, SI. 56, 78, 123 (wn, E
HOos, H. 96, 121; gE 88, 226
ffAwos, H, 29, 31, "32, 135; P. 134, 140, 145 ; E. 98, 130, "135, 149, 164, 211, '379 ; A. 6, 10
jimap, P.11; HE. 436
fuépn, H. 82, 85, 86°
fpws, H. 130
Oddacoa, H. 21,23; X.11; E.136, 187
Oduvos, BK. 41, 252, 384
Oavaros, H. 25, 64, 68
OeAnud, E. (101), 174
Oguis, P. 28, 88: E. 14, 44
Oeuirds, BK. 425
Geds, H. 12, 43, 44, 61, 67, (91), (96), 6,7, 16, 21,29; P.22; B.11, 107, 129, 142, 341, 343, 355, 369, 405,
102, 130, 130a; X. 1, 5,
449 Ovnckw, H. 78
éynrés, H. 67,111; X. 1, 16, 31; E. 17, 37, 63, 82, 86, 115, 128, 182, 184, 188, 212, 355, 365, 375,
391, 400 Olé, E. 237; M.11; A.18
Ouuds, H. 105; P.1; EH. 414, 436,
446
iarpés, H. 58
idéa, A. 3
iepds, E. 350 iAdepa, E. 149, 152 ioropin, H. 17 torwp, H. 49
Kabalpw, H. 130 Kabapuds, EH. 352
kabapés, H. 52; X. 21; P. 134; E.
12, 223, 273 xabeviw, H. 78, 90, 94 kaxorexvln, H. 17 kapacjves, EH. 163, 214 kdpatos, H. 82, 104 kamvés, H. 37 katabrjokw, BE. 47 xérevdos, P. 11, 36, 51;
376 xeveds, M. 14; E. 91 kepauvds, H. 28 Keparn, E. 347 . kwéw, M.8, 14; A. 7
GREEK
E. 183,
INDEX
KAehvdpn, E. 295
xémpios, H. 85
xépos, H. 24, 36, 104, (111)
kopuon, EH. 58
kéopuos, H. 20, 90, 95; P. 92, 112, pp. 146, 148; E. 116, 351; A. 13
Kpaows, H. 189,192
Kptous, P. 72; M. 14
“ Kpotvwpa, E. 35 kuBepydw, Ad. 1; H.19; P. 128
kukeoy, H. 84
xixdros,P. 7; BE. 78, 112, 1383, 153, 178
kvov, H. 115
kopds, H. 3; P. 49
Aaumds, P. 135
Acoxnvedo, He180
Anyo, E. 66, 72, (89)
Ajjiva, H. 124, (127)
ArBavwrds, X. O1
Al@os, A. 9
Adyos, H. 1, 2, 92,116, 117; X.18; P1556, 110; M12, 17:5. 57, 59, 86, 170, 341
Adpn, H. 45
pdryo., H. 124
patvouc, H. 12, 127, 130
paptus, H. 4, 15, 118
péyebos, Z.1,3; M.8
péaAea, P. 146, 148; E. 139, 179, 238, 247, 268, 270, 312
peAcdquwy, E. 353
peaAérn, E. 223, 339
péunre, BE. 343
pévw, P. 85, 86
peptuyn, BE. 3, 45, 228
uépos, BH. 112, 186, 200
petaBddAdAw, H. 83
pmetakoouew, M. 11, 12
petamintrw, H. 78; M. 12,17
petpéeoucn, H. 23
pétpoy, H. 20, 29
pntioua, P. 131; E. 437
eAtis, E. 10, 120, 330
puatvw, H. 130
piypa, p.9, 11, 122
plyvum, P. 180; E. 38, 259; A. 6
pluvw, X. 4
ptkts, P. 129; HK. 38, 40
ployw, EH. 184, 254
poipa, P. 26,97; A. 5, 6, 16
uépos, H. 86, 101
pépon, P. 113; E. 97, 430
GREEK INDEX
povvoyerts, P. 60
bibs, P. 33, 57; E. 58,74, 75, 129, 264, 367
pborn, H. 124
puotipia, H. 125
veikos, E. 68, 79, (117), 139, 171, 175, 177, 194, 335, 382 ,
vexpés, H. 123
véxus, H. 85
voéw, X. 2; P. 34, 40, 43, 64, 94, 96; E. 22, 23, 316, p. 250.
vonua, X.1; P. 53,94, 110, 149; E. 328, 329
vontés, P. 64
vouos, H. 91, 100, 110; E. 44
yous, Ho 91, 111 XK. 3%- BP; 48;. 90; 147; E. 9, 81, 429; A. 5,6, 7,12
vovgos, H. 104
vuktimoAos, H. 124
bykos, E. 247
656s, 1: 69; 71, 1375 P. 2. 27,34; 45, 54, 57, 74
d(os, E. 315
oiakiCw.H. 30
olda, X. 14, 24; P. 8, 46; E. 417
oldua, E. 293, 310, 367, 415
otnois, H. 132, 134
oivos, X. 17, 21
bAcOpos, P. 77, 83
dAAvwL, P. 70, 100
éuBpos, E. 100, 204, 215, 298, 304
buirdos, H. 111
éuov wavra, p. 11; A. 1, 16
éperAexns, E. 253, 438
Sows, E. 12,17
dorea, E. 201
ovAduevos, E. 37, 79
ovaAoguys, E. 265
ovpavos, P. 137; HB. 150, 187
bpOaduos, H. 4, 15, 326, 344
tyis, H. 13; E. 20, 272
aabos, M. 16
maifw, H. 79; BE. 295
mats, H. 73, 79, 86, 97; E. 294
maddun, BE. 2,19, 218, 242
maAdlytovos, H. 45 (note)
madlytpomos, H. 45; P. 51
meide, P. 36; E. 346
mweipap,H. 71; X. 12; P. 82, 87, 102, 109, 139; E. 75
medexns, A. 13
mépas, H. 70
295
mepiexw, A. 2, 12
Tepixwpew, A. 7,41
TEpixepnors, A. 6
mecoevw,H.79 =. *
anards, H. 130
miBavos, pp. 133, 214
mi@os, pp. 183,214
tlotis, P. 30, 68, 84; E. 20, 23, 210, 368
mictwpa, EB. 56
anicuvos, EK. 382
wAd(w, P. 47; E. 251 -
mwAacpatra, X. 21
mA Pos, A. 1, 4, 15, 16
tvevua, p. 21, K. 301, 307, 319
avoin, E. 314
méAeuos, H. 36, 44, 62
moAvdnpis, P. 56
toAuuadin, H. 16-17
toAupbepys, E. 365
rounrn, H. 127
mpamides, EH. 222, 342, 417, 418
ampnornp, H. 21, p. 63
mpooyivoua, Z.1; M. 12
muxvés, p. 102, M. 14; E. 217
van, P. 11; E. 305
muvOdvoua, EK. 10, 25
wip, H. 20, 21, 22. 25, 26; P. 116, 126R Me 7 OHS 78,890 a1. 263, 267, 317, 322, 334
fiCopara, BE. 33, 55 pdos, EK. 300
odpéi, E. 207, 402, 435; A. 18
ceAhvn, P. 136, 140; E. 149, (153); A. 6, 10
ojua, P. 58, 115, 134
onuatvw, H. 11
oiBvaAda, H. 12
oxtaAat, X. 18
opuicpd7ns, A. 1
cogin, H. 107; X.19; E. 18
copds, H. 1, 18, 19, 74; EH. 51, 416
oméepua, A. 3, 4
omddyxvos, E. 57
otewwrds, E. 2
orepavn, p. 108, 109
otopyn, E. 335
otpoyyvaAn, p. 151
orupedt(w, X. 18
ovyypapn, H. 17
avykpivoua, A. 3
ovyxwpew, A. 8
ctpukis, A. 4
296 ENGLISH INDEX
ovpploryw, A. 17 cupmhyvupt, A. 9, 10 cungéepw, H. 46, 59 cuvepxouwat, E. 173, 175, 248 ovvlarnu, P. 93; EH. 174 rpatpn, P. 103
opaipos, B. 134, 138 oxediyn, E. 209
oGua, M. 16; E. 249 owppovéw, H. 106-107
taxuTns, A. 11 teOnmads, P. 49; EH. 81 rereutdw, H. 122; P. 152 tedeuth, M. 7; E. 37 tédos, M. 9
rTépua, H. 178
tun, E. 16, 88
tiows, Ad. 2
rétov, H. 45
témov, P.101; Z. 4 tphpara, H. 299 Tuxn, H. 195
bBpis, H. 103; X. 21
bypés, H. 72, 73
Hdwp, H. 25,68 ; X.9,10,11; M.17; E. 78, 208, 211, 221, 266, 284, 297, 301, 302, 307, 324, 333; A.9
gavracta, p. 62
dos, P. 10, 144; E. 40, 72, 320 odpyara, HE. 24, 121
birdcogos, H. 49
girdrns, E. 67, 80, 103, (116), 172, 181, 209, 248
padé, EH. 152
pévos, EB. 371, 384, 412, 428
gphv, H. 111; X. 3; E. 51, 74, 127, 346, 350, 368
gppovéw, H. 5,90; P. 148; E. 195, 332, 337
pornos, H. 92; E. 231
ppovtis, X. 24; E. 839, 351
pvtadov, E. 237, 440
piaov, P. 49; EH. 163
gvots, H. 2,10, 107; P. 133, 187, 148; E. 36, 39, 226, 270
gio, X. 10; P. 66, 138, 151; E. 69, 182, 188, 242, 257, 375; A. 10
xdpis, H. 136
xelp, P. 22; EH. 296, 306, 345, 441, 443
x9aév, HE. 166, 187, 198, 199, 203, 215, 235, 378, 403
xdavos, E. 199 Xpéos, P. 65, 96
xpedv, Ad.2; P. 28, 37, 67, 105, 116
xpnomoovyn, "HL 24
xpon, A. 3,4
Weddos, H. 118, (132) wuxn, H. 4, 38, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 105, 181, 186; X. 18; A. 10
@otokéw, H. 219 épn, H. 34; E. 374
Ill. HNGLISH INDEX
The references are to pages; a star * indicates the important reference in a series.
Achilles argument, the, 116, 118
Aether, 110, 149, 183, 223, 237, 261
Aetios, 5, 6, 7, 14ff., 21f., 83f., 109 £.,119, 129, 143, 146 f., 223f., 253 £.
Aetna, 78
Aidoneus, 161, 223
Air, 17, 19, 179, 223, 237, 248
Akragas, 203
Alexandros, 12, 81
Alkmaion, 138
All, the, 78, 105, 108 ; one, 57
Anaxagoras, 18, 215, 216, 220, *235 f.
Anaximandros, *8, 215, 257
Anaximenes, *17, 81
Animals, 13, 171; origin of, 189, 191, 228, 261; from moisture, 16; souls of, 150
Anthropomorphism, 67, 77
Aphrodite, 167,181, 185
Apollodoros, 17, 23, 151
Archilochos, 53
ENGLISH INDEX
Archippos, 154
Archytas, 132. -
Ares, 209
Aristotle, 2, 8, 9, 18, 57£., 78, 104, 129, 134 f., 145, 215 f., 247
Aristoxenos, 153
Arius Didymus, 151
Arrow argument, 116
Astronomy, 5
Ate, 207
Athletic contests vs. wisdom, 71
Banquet, sacrificial, 75
Beginning of the universe, 124 f., 129
Being, 91f., 108, 124f., 173, 243; not moved, 95; not generated, 95; not divided, 95, 126
Bias, 51
Blood, seat of thought, 214, 234
Blyson, 23
Body, the tomb of the soul, 133, 214; subject to change, 146; infinitely divisible, 146
Breathing, Empedokles on, 195, 227
Cause, active, 22
Change, constant, 35, 165; impos- sibility of, 127, 129
Chariot of Parmenides, 87 -
Chrysippos, 60
Chthonie, 207
Cicero, 7, 16, 21, 108, 151, 233
Circles of the heavens, 99
Clouds, 19, 256
Comets, 84, 255
Community of gods and men, 133
Condensation of matter, 9, 21, 60 £., 125
Counter-earth, 136, 148
Cube, 152 f.
Cycles of the universe, 179, 216
Darkness as first principle, 99
Day and night, 89
Death, 45, 53, 229
Decad, 144, 152
Delphi, oracle at, 27
Demokritos, 18, 33, 248, 250, 254
Destruction of things, 10, 13, 14, 82, 93 f., 119, 124, 165, 222, 245
Diodoros, 153
Diogenes Laertios, 63, 64, 120
297
Discord, 39 Divisibility of matter, infinite, 115 Dyad, 144, 152
Earth, the, 31, 67f.,83 ; a heavenly body, 13; form of, 13, 14, 22, 106 ; is infinite, 78; once covered by the sea, 82; rests on water, 3, 4; rests on air, 20; is sinking into the sea, 83 a
Earthquakes, 7, 18, 22, 261
Eclipses, 7, 15, 63, 84, 148
Ecliptic, 6
Egyptian wisdom, 154
Eleatic school, 641f.; unity, 79, LOS 05,019
Elements, 41, 161, 167, 183, 221, 224; imperishable, 169, 230; indivisible, 142 ; motion of, 215 ; separation of, 12
Embryo, 228
Empedokles, 57, 60, *157 f., 247, 249; reverenced as a god, 203
Enquiry, ways of, 89
Epikouros, 85
Epiphanius, 108, 119, 129, 154f., 234
Equality, geometrical, 133
Erinyes, 33
Esoteric class, 154
Eudemos, 116
Euripides, 257
Eurystratos, 17, 19, 21
Eye, Empedokles on the, 197
False assumptions of Melissos, 129
Fate, 39, 62, 97, 163
Fire, 19, 99, 155, 191; central Pythagorean, 136; ever-living, 29; periodic, 61; transforma- tions of, 31
First principle, 2, 5, 67, 218, 230, 234, 260; are ten, 138; heat and cold as, 104; is eternal, 13; is fire, 58; is water, 4, 67
Flame, sphere of, 14
Flesh forbidden, 205, 213
Fossils, 82
Friendship, 222
Galen, 81, 83, 119
Gate of Parmenides, 89
Generation, 10, 13 f., 20, 82, 93f., 119, 124, 129 f., 163, 245 ,
Genesis, 165
x
God, 83, 39, 47, 65, 79, 147, 151, 173, 201, 222, 254
Gods, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 58, 201, 233; anthropomorphic, 67, 77; are born, 16, 171; Homeric treat- ment of, 67; goddess of Par- menides, 89
Good and bad, 39, 57
Habit, 93,
Hades, 35
Hail, 20
Harmony, 35, 37, 39, 1387, 153; of the spheres, 135,151
Heavens, 101, 110, revolution of, 11, 216
Hekataios, 29, 63
Heliope, 207
Helios, 87
Hephaestos, 183,
Hera, 161, 223
Herakleides, 148
Herakleitos, *23 f., 120, 216, 253
Hermeias, 14, 23, 155, 262
Hermodoros, 51
Heroes, 6, 145
Hesiod, 29, 33
Hippasos, 58, 60, 63
Hippolytos, 13, 19, 25, 108, 151, 233, 260 f.
Homer, 35, 53, 57, 103, 223
Homoeomeries, 248 f.
Homogeneous, Being is, 125, 127
134, 137;
Ignorance, 49 Incredulity, 51
Infinite, the, 9, 11, 15, 114, 125, ' 184, 188, 248; double, 139 Infinites, 117, 237 Invocation of Empedokles, 159 Tonic school, 5
Justice, 39, 51, 89
Kalliopeia, 201
Klepsydra compared with breath- ing, 195
Knowledge, 89; of the gods, 69; progress of, 69
Kronos, 209
Kypris, 188, 185, 209
Law, 47, 49 Leukippos, 217, 249
ENGLISH INDEX
Lightning, 14, 16, 20, 31, 63, 84, 226, 256, 261 .
Lipara, fire at, 78
Loadstone, 3
Love and strife, 167, 171, 179, 215 f., 218, 221, 224, 230
Luxury, 73
Lysis, 132, 154
Many, the, 165
Matter, 6, 15, 145; eternal, 125; divisibility of, 6
Melissos, 79, 103, 104, 109, 119, *120f.; fallacies of, 129
Men, origin of, 106; from animals, 14; from fish, 11, 13; mind of, 101, 107
Metempsychosis, 71
Meteor, 235
Metrodoros, 82, 259
Milky Way, 101, 110, 148, 255
Mind as first principle, 239 f., 246 f.
Mnesarchos, 29, 132
Monad, 144 f., 151 f.
Moon, 7, 13, 14 f., 20, 62, 84, 101, 110, 148, 175, 177, 226, 246, 255, 261; phases of, 7; revolution of, 12
Motion, 119, 126 f., 146, 248; 249 ; eternal, 14, 21, 62; universal, 57, 58, 243
Multiplicity, 114, 128, 217
Muse, invocation of, 159, 201
Mysteries, 53
Necessity, 6, 95, 119, 131, 187, 203
Nestis, 161, 183, 223
Nikolaos, 80
Nile, 256, 260; rise of, 7
Noise, Zeno on, 116
Not-being, 11, 103, 108, 124, 243, 254
Number, 134 f., 152
Oenopides, 147 f., 246
Olympia, 71
Olympos, 101, 175
Ombros, 183
One, the, 114, 119, 131, 139, 145
One, all are, 57
Opinion of men, 89, 97, 145; vs. truth, 187
Opposites, 35, 37, 58, 138, 247; separation of, 12
« .
ENGLISH INDEX
Order, 29 Origination, 163 Orpheus, 133
Parmenides, 23, 62f., 78, *86f., 112, 120, 129, 257; fallacies of, 104; theory of sensation, 107 f., 110; theory of thought, 107; Plato on, 103
Passion, 49
Perception by pores, 230; by likes, 199
Perikles, 235, 247
Philip the Opuntian, 148
Philodemos, 7
Philolaos, 132, 148
Pisas, the, 71
Place, 146; existence of, Zeno on, 117
Plants, 7, 220, 229, 251
Plato, 2, 57, 78, 103f., 112, 133, 141, 146, 148 f., 214, 245£., 262
Plutarch, 5, 11, 14, 21, 82, 108, 119
Polykrates, 132
Poseidon, 209
Praxiades, 13
Progress, 56
Protagoras, 116
Purifications, Empedokles on, 203
Pythagoras, 23, 29, 56, 132f.; science of, 151
Pythagoreans, 86, 132 f.
115;
Rainbow, 21, 69, 149, 256
Rarefaction, 9, 21, 60 f., 125
Reason, 47, 62; authority of, 83; ‘destined,’ 61 ; in the universe, 6
Sabinos, 81
Sacrifice, 53, 155, 209
Samian fleet, 120
Science, 58, 145; of numbers, 143
Sea, the, 12, 37, 69, 179, 218, 226, 259
Sensation, 85; validity of, 128f., 131, 159, 226, 256
Sense-perception, 27, 60, 108, 150, 161; theory of, 214, 217, 258 f.
Senses, Empedokles on, 227, 231
Separation, 217, 237, 239, 245
Sibyl, 27
Simplicius, 114f., 124 f.
Sky, 22
Sleep, 25, 59, 229, 257
299
Solstice, 6, 147 f., 225, 255, 261
Soul, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 43, 57, 59, 63, 110, 149, 153, 218, 225, 250, 256 ; transmigration of, 71, 155, 203 f., 213
Space, 117
Speusippos, 141
Stars, 6, 7, 13 f., 20, 22, 62, 84,110, 225, 255, 260; revolution of, 22
Stoics, the, 63, 145 f., 226, 254
Stones, 19
Strife, 35, 37, 39, 60, 167,171, 175, 179, 215, 218
Sun, 6, 7, 13 £., 22, 83, 612, 84, 101, 110, 148, 171, 175, 225, 255, 260; revolution of, 12; setting of, 18, 20
Temperance, 49
Tetrad, 144, 152
Tetraktys, 152
Thales, *1 f., 33, 81, 145, 147, 253
Theology of Xenophanes, 65 f., 77
Theophrastos, 4, 11, 19, 59, 79, 81, 106, 155, 230 f., 257 f.
Things eternal, 129
Thought equals being, 91, 97
Thunder, 63
Thunderbolt, 31, 256
Timaios, 56
Time and space, 117
Tomb, the body a, 133, 214
Tortoise, 116
Treatise, first philosophical, 8
Truth, 69, 89 f.; vs. opinion, 106
Tyche, 183
Understanding, common to all, 47; lacking, 25, 51
Unity, 78, 129; of being, 103; is God, 79
Universe, the, 60, 62, 146f., 153, 224, 255, 262; structure of, 109
Void, 6, 119, 125, 127, 134, 146f., 216, 248, 251
Wantonness, 49
War, 35, 39
Water, 2, 67
Weather, control of, 161
Winds, 13, 19, 20, 63, 261
Wisdom, 29, 47
Worlds, 15; infinite in number, 14, 22
300 ENGLISH INDEX
Worship, 209; popular, 55. Zaratas, 153 d Zeno, 59, *112 f., 120; arguments Xenophanes, 23, 29, *64f., 105; of, 114 f.; on motion, 119 sayings of, 77; skepticism of, Zeus, 29, 33, 60, 71, 136, 161, 209,
82f.; theology of, 65 f., 77 223 Zodiac, 147 f. Zalmoxis, 154 Zones, 6, 110, 147, 149
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