; 577

A8 A32

V.

o^a^u'-i-^ -■'•■■ ■ ■

1913

Commonwealth of Australia

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS

FISHERIES

Notes on Australia's Fisheries

with a Summary of the

Results obtained by

the F. I. S.

"Endeavour"

By H. C. DANNEVIG,
Commonwealth Director of Fisheries.

Published under the direction of the

HONORABLE LITTLETON E. GROOM,
Minister of State for Trade and Customs,

In connection with the Great All - Australian
Exhibition arranged by the Associated Chambers of
Manufactures, held during September- November, 1913.

£oW*

PREFACE

It is the object with this short pamphlet to outline the
nature and character of the existing Australian fisheries,
and to explain why they have not and cannot be developed
proportionately with other industries or in accord with
local requirements; and, secondly, it is intended to show
that surrounding our coasts virgin fishing grounds exist to
such an extent, and are so rich, that there is no apparent
reason why the Australians should not have as regular and
abundant a supply of prime hsh in markets and shops as
any other modern nation. It is, as will he seen, a matter
of enterprise only.

A summary only is here given of the "Endeavour's"
work- to date, the fuller details being in course of prepara-
tion for Parliamentary Report. Meanwhile, the oppor-
tunity is open for anyone bent on the business to obtain
every detailed information desired at this office, where
charts are also available for inspection.

H. C. I).

1 21

AUSTRALIAN FISHERIES

It is a common and natural occurrence in " new " coun-
tries that the early colonists and their descendants devote
attention miinly to occupations and industries which
promise the greatest and quickest returns, and thereby the
best prospect of accumulating wealth, while other avenues
and vocations are mostly allowed to remain undeveloped
until force of circumstances (competition) gradually renders
greater application necessary.

In the ease of Australia, attention was early directed to
gold mining and pastoral pursuits, while agiiculture after-
wards became a third main source of revenue; and, under
these circumstances, it is easy to see how the population
not only had all its interests centred in the land, but in most
cases became scattered over a wide area, with more or less
primitive means of communication. This isolation com-
pelled self-help and independence, and in all matters per-
taining to country life the residents soon acquired an
expertness and aptness that has set its mark upon the
race. In the case of foodstuffs also, it became necessary,
in most instances, to depend upon local production, as
distance and a semi-tropical climate rendered transport
difficult. This, of course, has meant a meat diet at all tmes
of the <!av, and the Australians are now pronounced meat-
eaters in spite of the fact that a fish diet is much more
suitable in a warm climate. Fresh fish could only be
intermittently obtained, or not at all; and the tinned or
salted products from America and Europe provided prac-
tically the only change.

The conditions of life that in this manner have rivetted
attention to the land and the soil have equally prevented
an acquaintance with the sea and its vocations, and the
.Australians are not in consequence a sea-faring people to
the same extent as most other nations with an extended
seaboard; but sailors and fishermen are much akin, and
without the one there are but few of the other.

From the combination of circumstances here related, it
is plain that during the earlier period of the development

Australian Fisher] es.

of this rich c.&nutry the fishing industry was not only
iie^fti <?h d "i- ^veri despised as a vocation, Inn no encourage-
ment mi facilities presented themselves . for the few
that endeavoured to make a living by fishing. lo this
should be added the very important circumstance that the
nature of the fisheries themselves did not lend itself to
expansion in proportion to tne growth of the population.
The industry, which some 50 or 60 years ago might have
reasonably satisfied the requirements of at least the coastal
population, soon reached its natural maximum of produc-
tivity, and it is now altogether inadequate for the increased
need of the people. The latter statement needs no fnrther
proof than mention of the fact that the annual catch in the
two principal States ( Xew South Wales and Victoria)
amounts only to about 9 lbs. per inhabitant. The explana-
tion hereof is that the existing fisheries are almost without
exception carried out in coastal waters, lakes, and river
estuaries, etc., which are limited both in number and extent;
and the fish found in these places are peculiar to the coastal
region, and, with slight exceptions, they do not occur in
the open ocean or at a greater depth than a few fathoms.

Through recent economic developments, the conditions
of life in Australia have greatly changed. Rapid means of
communication have been provided, and cool storage
generally introduced; but of equal or greater importance
is the increased cost of living, occasioned largely through
the export trade to Europe. A further circumstance is the
increasing concentration of the people in large coastal
centres, attracted by the establishment of factories or
simply a love for city life.

All of this has not only rendered the situation favorable
for development of the fishing industry, but it has become
an urgent necessity to provide an ample fish supply avail-
able at moderate prices in order to augment the less expen-
sive foodstuffs, and satisfy the constantly increasing
demand. Fish is at present a luxury that only a few can
afford, and is frequently unobtainable.

Realising the seriousness of the situation, several of the

Stales have from time to time made efforts to ascertain
whether deep-sea fisheries, as existing in other parts of the
world, might not also be developed in Australian waters,
and trawling has mainly been relied upon.

lint these preliminary experiments were not calculated
to throw much light on the subject, for each of them were
too short-lived, and otherwise incomplete, to solve so vast.

Australian Fisheries.

a problem; and it is only since [908, when the Common-
wealth Government took the matter in hand, that methodi-
cal investigations have been carried out, and fortunately,

and as will he shown, with marked success.

The Australian coastline, if taken from point to point,
measures 7.000 miles, or thereabouts, and it would take a
great many years for a single vessel to systematically
explore the waters between the coasts and the hundred-
fathom line. When, therefore, the " Endeavour " some
four years ago commenced her fishery investigation work,
it was decided to treat sections of the coast at a time, and
the areas within reasonable distance from principal centres
were first chosen.

This concentration of the work was afterwards found the
more necessary, as experience soon made it clear that the
information contained on existing- charts, which, in most
cases, ma}- he ample for ordinary navigation purposes, is
in nearly all instances quite inadequate for trawling pur-
poses: for it is necessary not only to know where rocks
or rough bottom occur, so that they may be avoided, but
it is equally important'to know what portions of the "soft
bottom " provide favorable conditions for fish life, and
which are more or less barren.

Still main other conditions present themselves, and call
for careful study; the changing seasons of the year lead to
physical alterations, which., together with spawning seasons,
are the causes of migrations. Most species have a more
or less limited geographical sphere of 'movement within the
same ocean; and when it has been found that for some
reason or other certain important species are abundant in
one ocean, and do not occur in others adjoining, although
the temperature and food conditions may be practically the
same, it will be realised that the task set the " Endeavour "
was sufficiently comprehensive to necessitate continuous
and carefully-planned investigations to be conducted within
limited areas in order to ascertain the true state of things.

It was originally intended to carry out experiments with
various methods of capture simultaneously, but experi-
ence soon made it clear that one method at a time was all
that could lie systematically dealt with; and, as this also
would be tin; means of giving results in specific directibiis
within tin- shortest space of time, it was decided to confine
ittention to trawling an! such necessary scientific investi-
gations as circumstances appeared to warrant, and time
and 1 >pp' iriunit y \v< >uld aff< rd.

Vote- Thi black cldiincf i-n- -

ijcates the principaj trawl- M

unc's cjsccvcred by ~~

he. r I S EnieiVou.?- ' m fJiC ~~

Pacific Ocean k dite. —

' ' ' \ ' ' ' ' ! | ' ' ' ' ' | j '

,* l l . I I j i l I ' I

Australian Fisheries.

The following short report is intended to give a summary
of the principal results obtained by the "Endeavour," in
as far as they have an immediate practical application:—

TRAWLING GROUNDS.

From charts it will be seen that surrounding the Aus-
tralian continent is a narrow, submerged ledge of less than
100 fathoms depth; this is known as the continental shelf
or plateau, from the outer edge of which the bottom slopes
away more or less quickly towards the great ocean depths.
This shelf varies in width from less than 10 miles to more
than loo, and it is within tins area that trawling grounds
may he looked for.

Strong ocean currents sweep along the coasts, and dis-
tribute the fine bottom deposits variously, according to
conformation of the bottom and the coastline; eddies are
formed horizontally against the land, and vertically behind
shallow ledges. As a result hereof, the bottom is rough
and rocky opposite projecting headlands, while in between
such places long stretches of sandy or muddy bottom are-
met with.

The principal trawling ground along the east coast (the
Pacific section) extends from near Port Stephens in New
South Wales, southwards past Sydney to Gabo Island; it
continues across the eastern slope of Bass Strait, past
Flinders Island to Tasmania. It covers approximate!)
6,000 square miles, and is. as will be observed, within easy
access of the two principal markets (Sydney and Mel-
bourne). A central port is at Eden, in Twofold Bay, when-,
if a cool store were estandshed, a base station could with
advantage be established, and smokehouses, etc., kept in
continuous operation.

Another principal trawling ground is situated along the
edge of tlie shelf in th.e Great Australian Bight, and covers
an area of approximately 4.000 square miles. The depth
varies from 80 to 300 fathoms, although the greater portion
is situated between ico and 200 fathoms. A few rocky
ledges have been met with, particularly in the eastern por-
tion; Init. generally speaking, the bottom is very sui able for
trawling. This ground is situated about half-way between
Adelaide and Albany, about two days' steaming from either,
and from these two centres the >ther principal markets mav
be readied by train. The Great Australian Bight has,
amongst travellers, a bad repute as regards weather, ami
then- i- ample evidence to show that along the ordinary
steamer route and southwards, heavy seas are often met
with . bul the trawling grounds here sp dcen of are situated

Australian Fish eri es.

about too miles further north, and experience has shown
that in this locality the conditions arc altogether different:
as an illustration, it may be mentioned that the " Endeav-
our" worked on these grounds between the end of

iannarv and the end of June this year, and only lour days
were lost on account of heavy seas.

To the south and east from Kangaroo Island (South
Australia) is an extensive area of shallow water and clear
bottom, but so far the catches have there been too small
to warrant the locality being included amongst established
crawling grounds. The same is the case with the greater
portion of Bass Strait, where only limited areas have been
found to carry fir-h in paying quantity.

The " Endeavour" has so far located approximately
10.000 square miles of tiawlable ground carrying fish in
paying quantity, and all this area is within reasonable
distance of principal centres. It may at first thought
appear impracticable to send a trawler 500 miles into the
ocean before commencing her operations; but British
vessels of similar type travel often two or three times as
far; and there is notning to hinder similar work being
successfully undertaken in Austialia. It is only a question
of carrying capacity of the vessels and abundance of fish
on the' distant grounds. Most of the -Endeavour's"
trawling grounds are. however, less than 200 to 250 miles
from Melbourne and Sydney.

It has been estimated that the trawhble area of the North
Sea is 100,000 square miles, and if it be assumed that
Greal Britain has the sole use of these grounds, it equals
one square mile for every 450 inhabitants. The same pro-
portion has now been established by the "Endeavour" —
10.000 square miles tor 4.-03,000 people. It will after-
wards be shown that the abundance of fish per mile com-
pares very favorably.

ABUNDANCE OF FISH.

It is a well-known fact that no particular kind of fish
remain.-, stationary within the same locality all the year
through; they migrate in accordance with seasons, and
sometimes also with age, so that a prolonged study of all
circumstances is necessary before a forecast can be made
as to where any particular species may be found in greatest
quantity at a given time.

Cut no information on this point was to hand regarding
the Australian deep-sea fishes when the "Endeavour"
first commenced her investigations; and it would only have

io

Australian Fisheries.

been by exceptional luck and chance if at any time she
happened to be examining a locality at the time of its
•'fullness."" This is not at all probable, and it follows the
" Endeavour's '* catches do not represent the maximum
that might be taken within any one locality after its good
and bad periods have been ascertained. Such knowledge
is now being- gained, and will be of exceptional value to
the commercial fisherman.

Another circumstance requiring mention is that the
purpose with the " Endeavour " is to ascertain the abun-
dance of fish in the various localities rather than
making a big haul within any one area, where fish happen,
for the time being, to be plentiful; so, for this reason also,
the " Endeavour's " average catches are cons'derably below
what a commercial vessel would secure when devoting its
attention to the richest grounds continuously.

These limitations notwithstanding, however, it w 11 be
seen that the " Endeavour's " results arc not only highly
satisf actor)-, but that they compare favorably with the
average catches obtained in the Xorth Sea by the commer-
cial vessels of modern type, and working in accordance
with a long-established experience as to the migrations of
the fish.

For the purpose of giving a general view as to the relative
abundance of fish within the various localities, the fishing-
grounds have in the following tables been divided into
main sections as follows. —

\. The Eastern or Pacific area, and
i:. The Great Austiakan Bight fishing grounds.
The former has been further subdivided into —

(i) The northern section, or grounds between Gabo
Island and Sydney, and

(2) The grounds to the south and west from Gabo

Island, extending eastwards from Flinders Island
to Tasmania.

The grounds located in the Great Australian 1 light have
been subdivided into two sections, viz.: —

(3) The edge of the shelf, in depths varying from 80

to 120 fathoms, and

(4) The deeper section extending beyond 200 fathoms.

Tin- Gabo to Sydney section has been examined during
the whole or part of 16 different cruises at varying inter-
vals between April, [909, and August, 1913. During this
period the trawl was on the bottom for 228} hours, and
produced a total of 84.721 lbs. of marketable fish, or at the
rate of 371 lbs. per hour of fishing.

Australian Fisheries. u

The area south from Gabo Island includes the eastern
slope and Flinders Islaii; it has been visited during 23
different cruises between April. 1909, and August, 1913 ;
the net was fishing for 432-I hours, and the t stal catch of
marketable fish amounted to 81,715 lbs, or an average of
189 lbs. per hour of fishing. The gross result for tli.se
eastern waters is: —

No. of Total Trawl- Total Catch of Average

Cruises. in;jf Time. Marketable Fish. per Hour.

Hours. lbs. lbs.

30 65ol/2 166,436 252

(741 _■ tons.)

In the Great Australian Bight, five cruises were devoted
to examination of the edge of the shelf; two during Febru-
ary and March, 1912, and the other three between Febru-
ary and April, 1913. The net was fishing for 144 hours.
and resulted in a catch of 29,232 lbs. of marketable fish.
the average taken being 203 lbs. per hour of fishing. The
deeper section in the Bight was examined during three
cruises in May and June this year; the net was fishing for
122 hours, and resulted in the capture of 13,939 lbs. of
marketable fish, or an average of 118 lbs. per hour.

The gross totals for :he Bight experiments are —

No. of Total Trawl

Cruises. ing Time.

I fours.

S 266 43.171 '5°

The totals for eastern and western waters combined are —

Average

Catch.

per Hour

lbs.

lbs.

No. of

Total Trawl-

Total

Average

Cruises.

ing Time.

Catch.

per Hour

Hours.

lbs.

lbs.

38 916]/? 209,607 _'j'i

In considering these figures, great care is neces-
sary in order to appreciate their true value, for it must
alwavs be kept in mind that during a cruise the " Endeav-
our " has to make effort to cover as much ground as
possible consistent with systematic work, and frequently
she is compelled to leave rich areas and go on to others.
either quite unexplored or known to be inferior. When,
therefore, the mean average catch over the two principal
grounds is practically equivalent to the average result in
tlie North Sea, a commercial vessel, having no other object
than the catching of the greatest possible quantity of fish,
must be exoected to capture a good deal more. Twenty

12 Australian Fisheries.

to thirty per cent, may saieiy be added under these circum-
stances. But, even if basing an estimate on the average
of 2 cwt. only, a suitable vessel ought to bring home 300
tons per annum. (This i« equal to 20 hours' work a day
for 150 days out of 360 — a very safe margin of time). This
fish, if sold at 46. a lb. wholesale, would bring in a yearly
gross earning of £it,200, from which, after deducting the
working expenses, a net balance of about £6,oco would
remain. A suitable trawler will cost less than £12,000
imported from the United Kingdom, and it follows that in
two years' time the capital and working expenses will be
covered. A profit of fully £5,000 a year may subsequently
be looked forward to with confidence ; for there is no fear
of the supplies giving out, or that the market will become
over-stocked.

The figures here quoted are too comprehensive to require
further explanation or support; an average which is based
upon fully four years' experiments over an area equivalent,
practically, to the Dogger Bank must be taken as a very
fair and reliable test, and there need be no fear or doubt
as to .in available supply.

THE DEMAND.

People, who for some time have taken a close interest
in the " Endeavour's" work, and followed the developments,
are now perfectly satisfied that a sufficient supply is avail-
able to bring the local consumption up to a fair average ;
but the suggestion is sometimes made that " as an extra
ton or so added to the present average supplv creates a
surplus, how can there be a read)- sale for four or five
times the present quantity?" The answer is — by retailing
the fish at something like half the present rate. Fish is
now considerably dearer than meat, and for that reason a
luxury. Only the well-to-do take fish, and mostlv on
stated occasions; they are supplied by arrangement. So
also is the case with most of the hotels and restaurants;
and, as far as this part of the business is concerned, there
is little or no fluctuation in the weekly consumption. The
balance of the fish brought to the market is purchased bv
a fluctuating number of hawkers and barrow-men; the
latter sell in the city streets, and the former mostly in the
suburbs. When the market is a little short, and prices
high, these men have the fish alone and deal in rabbits, or
oysters, or other commodities; so, meanwhile, their custo-
mers are disappointed, and find it necessary to rely upon
the butcher. When in a following week the fish is cheaper

A rsr kalian Fisheries. 13

and the hawker renews his calls, he is turned oft with
explanations and regrets.

1 he reason why fish is so surprisingly expensive i> that
there are too many men handling too small a quantity. All
of them require a " living wage " added to any small quan-
tity handled, and a profit that ought to he distributed over
say half a ton is usually placed upon a cwt. or less. \\ hen
this process is repeated a tew times no one need wonder
why fish is dear.

According to the official statistics of the number of fisher-
men in Australia, and the quantity of fisn caught, it appears
that the average catch per man is just about 3 tons per
annum, and when it is mentioned that the average catch
per trawl fisherman in the North Sea is ten times as great,
or 30 tons per annum, it becomes apparent that the
industry, from start to finish, is antiquated, and its methods
so clumsy, as to render the necessary profit:, impossible,
except by the gieatly inflated prices; and there does not
appear to be any way whereby the general public can
benefit from the present methods of working.

The prime qualities now caught, such as whiting, garfish,
and flounder, will always be in demand !>y the well-to-do,
and that trade will not suffer when trawlers get to work,
for they will aim at supplying quantity at such moderate
prices as to be within the reach of all. The conditions
under which this may be possible have already be*;n indi-
cated, and the essential circumstance is that every indivi- -
dual connected with the business is rendered as produc-
tive as possible, and enabled to handle fish in bulk instead
of small parcels. From a catching point of view, the
trawler is nowadays acknowledged to be the most efficient
agent for intense production and the purveyor to the
people's markets: A second point is the mode of sale,
which, in the first instance, should be on wholesale princi-
ples, and by fixed standards. At present a buyer is fre-
quently in doubt as to what weight (or bulk) he is I idding
for, and that is detrimental to all concerned. A third point
is that all fish offered for sale should be disposed of to the
highest bidder, and under no condition be returned to
cool stores. By "clearing up" the market from, day to
day, a fair chance is provided for next day's supply, and in
this manner both the catcher and the consumer may have
Minic benefit from the fluctuating prices; now, neither party
is deriving much benefit therefrom.

i4 Australian Fisheries.

The '"Endeavour's" fishing- grounds can accommodate
about 1 20 trawlers, and these would bring the supply up to
about 31 lbs. per head of population against the present
9 lbs. For comparison, it may be stated that the con-
sumption of fish in Great Britain is estimated at 42 lbs. per
head. Great Britain is considered a great meat-eating
nation, and, according to statistics, the consumption is
about 115 lbs. per head annually; in Australia, however,
the corresponding figure is 276 lbs. (poultry excluded), so
there is great scope for alteration and improvement. Meat
has previously been very cheap, and most families are still
affording their three meals of it a day. But the increasing-
export trade in frozen produce is altering all this, and
meat is now practically as expensive in Australia as in the
I nited Kingdom. It is under these circumstances that
the housewives are becoming concerned, and the question
of a cheap fish supply is constantly cropping up, with an
always increasing seriousness. So much light has of late
been thrown on this question, and efforts made by the
authorities, that evidently it is only the temporary apathy
on the part of financial people towards anything relating
to the sea that has prevented this sound and much-needed
industrial development from maturing. But it is a question
of time onlv when through increasing" competition and
other causes the local investors will think it worth while to
enter upon fisheries enterprise — a much safer and richer
one than many of the hazardous ventures so cheerilv sup-
ported in what elsewhere would be termed a gambling-
spirit; and the question of the moment is rather whether
they will be in time. The strong and long-established fishing-
companies of the United Kingdom have naturally been slow
in following up this new development on account of their
fleets being profitably employed elsewhere, but now there
is strong evidence that at least a few of the more progres-
sive are slowly but surely directing their attention towards
the virgin " fields " of Australia.

Finally, it is of interest to mention that some six or
seven years ago the Japanese obtained their first trawler
equipped from Great Britain; the business has since
increased at such a rate that more than 100 trawling vessels
are now at work, mostly locally built, and they no longer
confine their operations to home waters, but are met with
along the coasts of Korea, and further and further south
in Chinese waters. Australia must do likewise, or will
have to depend upon others.

Melbourne, September 5th, 1913.

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Explanation of Diagram.

Comparison between consumption of fish and meal in Australia and

the United Kingdom: —

A. I. — Present fish consumption of Australia (a— imported fish). II. —
Prospective supply based upon the " Endeavour's" present results.
III. — United Kingdom fish consumption. B. IV. — United Kingdom
meal consumption. V. — - Australia's meat consumption.

EXPLAXATOX OF PLATE I.

F.I.S. " Endeavour."
Built at Government Dockyard, Sydney, 1908.

Length between perpendiculars .. 132 ft. 2 in.

Beam between perpendiculars. ... 23 ft. 2 in.

Depth 12 ft. 4 in.

Draught 1 1 ft. 9 in.

Gross tonnage ' 331 tons.

Engines — Triple expansion.
Speed — 10 to 11 knots.

Plate i.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Cod cud, or extreme portion of trawl, containing the catch:
About 26 cwt. of marketable fish for two hours' fishing.
(Eden District, New South Wales.)

Plate ii,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Catch emptied into pond for sorting, cleaning, etc. (East
from Flinders Island.)

Plate hi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV
Catch being sorted and gutted.

Plate iv.

EXPLANATION OF PLATK V.

Catch hung up to dry before storing in the chilling chamber.

Plate v.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Portion of a catch in Cool Store, Port Adelaide. Note
large fiathead, king schnapper, and black perch.
(Specimens of Eurometopus johnstoni on the floor.)

I 'LATE VI.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
(After McCulloch.)

Dactylosparus macropterus, Forster. Black Perch. Very
plentiful between Gabo Island and Tasmania; also in
the Great Australian Bight (70 to 120 fathoms). i4
to 3 lbs. Excellent table fish.

Plate vii.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

(After McCullocii.)

Austrobery.v gerrardii, Gunther. Nanny gai (or King"
Schnapper). Great Australian Bight. Plentiful
between" 80 and 100 fathoms. 6 to 10 lbs. weight.
Excellent table fish.

Pla'

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
(After McCulloch.)

Seriolella Brain, Gunther. TrevaUa (Travaila). Great
Australian Bight and Pacific Coast (pelagic?). Some-
times very plentiful along the shores and islands of
Bass Strait. 3 to 6 lbs. Excellent table fish.

Plate in.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Eurometopus johnstoni. Giant Travalla. 16 specimens
taken in the Great Australian Bight (170 fathoms;,
and south from Gabo Island (180 fathoms); weight,
from 15 to 48 lbs. Excellent table fish.

Plate n.

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LOAN DEPT.

This book is due on the last date stamped below,
or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only:

Tel. No. 642-3405
Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

1

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