V6

THE

FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

THE FISH THEREOF.

Third Fisherman. — Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.

First Fisherman. — Why as men do a-land ; the great ones eat up the little
ones.
I can compare our rich misers to nothing so fitly as to a
whale ; 'a plays and tumbles, driving the poor fry
before him, and at last devours all at a mouthful.
Such whales have I heard on o' the land, who never
leave gaping, till they've swallowed the whole parish,
church, steeple, bells and all.

Shakespeare, Pericles.

HA

C.

THE

FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC

AND

THE FISH THEREOF.

£ Iftrport of

THE AUSTRO- HUNGARIAN SEA- FISHERIES,

5S2aitfj a "OftailcK Kcs'criptton of tljc jftartnr dfauna of tlje Sloitattc <&ulf.

Iy G. L. FABER,

HEK .MAJESTY'S CONSUL, FIUME.

WITH EIGHTEEN WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS AFTER DRAWINGS BY LEO LITTROW,
■\NI> NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON STONE.

LONDON :

BERNARD OUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY.
Jr 1883.

All rights reserved.

. . . . Away then, away,
We lose sport by delay,

But first leave our sorrows behind us ;
If Miss Fortune should come,
We are all gone from home,

And a-fishing she never can find us.

Cotton.

To CAPTAIN RICHARD F. BURTON,

Her Majesty's Consul far Trieste,
&>*c. &>c. &c.

My Dear Colleague,

As the execution of this work — or Report, as I shall
call it — is due to your conception, encourageme?tt, and, in a main degree,
to your patient advice to a ?iovice, in an art in which you excel, I venture
to hope you will accept its dedication as a slight tribute of my high
regard and personal devotion.

Your grateful friend and admirer,

G. L. FABER.

Fiume, September 30, 1882.

INTRODUCTION.

AVING enjoyed the privilege of perusing the following
pages before publication, I have great pleasure in complying
with the Author's request to introduce his work with a
few remarks.

The circumstance that the year of the birth of this work
coincides with that of the Great International Fisheries Exhibition in
London, cannot fail to attract a greater amount of attention than any words
of mine could secure. For, although it relates to a district, the Fauna
and Fishing interests of which are in great measure foreign to those of
the countries in whose language it is written, it will be favourably
received as one of the contributions which help to accomplish the very
objects aimed at by the promoters of the International Exhibition. It
will be found to give much practical information applicable to conditions
in this country, and, therefore, valuable to those who have British Fishing
interests at heart. Pisciculturists will have their attention drawn to the
plan practised by Italians, viz., to rear fry of marine fishes, such as Red
and Grey Mullets, Flat-fishes, Eels, &c, in enclosed waters to a marketable
size ; a practice yielding direct and immediate profits, and advocated by
myself for the last twenty years. To the great number of persons who
annually leave these shores for the Mediterranean in quest of sport and

viii FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

recreation, the present work may serve as guide to a field which hitherto
seems to have been much neglected by them. And, finally, the Zoologist
' will be glad of finding in it a general review of the Adriatic Fauna with
its singularly varied character, and of the agencies by which its distribution
has been determined.

I trust that the Author will be amply repaid for the sacrifices he has
had to make in the production of this work, by seeing its usefulness extend
far beyond the limits to which its contents relate.

ALBERT GUNTHER.

British Museum, 24 March, 1883.

TO THE READER.

S far as I am aware, no comprehensive work has hitherto
been published on the Austro- Hungarian Sea-fisheries.1
Count Antonio Marazzi, Vice-Consul for Trieste,
addressed in 1873, to the Italian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, a report on the subject, from the point of
view of the Italian fishermen engaged in the East
Adriatic fisheries.2 Valuable information on the same
subject was also prepared by Dr. Syrski for the Vienna Exhibition of
1873, and published by the Marine Section of the Austrian Ministry
of Commerce.3 The following report, suggested by my learned colleague,
Capt. R. F. Burton, Her Majesty's Consul for Trieste, is intended to
treat the subject in a more general sense, and to pave the way for a
comprehensive work.

The original plan has been considerably enlarged in the course of
execution.

Inquiries into the nomenclature of fishes, local and popular, and their
identification, have necessitated more serious studies of the fauna than was
at first contemplated: this has led to a short description of the fauna and
its chorology, which does not by any means aspire to scientific merits, and

1 Dr. Carlo de Marchesetti's work, La Pesca lungo k coste orientali delV Adria, has
appeared since these pages were written, and I am indebted to this valuable contribution for a
variety of information.

2 Bollettino Consolare of July, 1873.

3 Special Catalog der im Pavilion der Oesterr. Handelsmarine mid Maritimen Etablissements
ausgestellten Gegenstiinde.

b

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

is given only as what it really is, — a study or rather a report. It must
accordingly claim the privileges due to a work of the kind. My only
excuse in presenting it to the reader must be the excellence and value of
the investigations of Dr. J. R. Lorenz on the horizontal chorology of animal
life in the Ouarnero, — a work, which, although familiar to many Austrian
and German readers, is not so generally known to my countrymen as it
deserves. Hence the reason of the prominence I have thought fit to give
to his observations.

The nomenclature of fishes has led to a systematic list (including the
fresh-water fauna of the water-shed of the northern and eastern shores
of the Adriatic), and to a partial list of invertebrates, as far as they have
any value or possess local names. A systematic list of invertebrates
would have been beyond the scope of this volume.

The list of fishes is compiled with the greatest care, and with a view
of obviating, if possible, the almost inevitable mistakes, or inaccuracies, to
which an unassisted student is liable. The classification was adopted
from the learned Dr. Albert Gunther's " Catalogue of Fishes of the
British Museum." It has since been rearranged on the system of Dr. A.
Gunther's subsequent work "An Introduction to the Study of Fishes."1
The list of the fauna is compiled on the authority of Giinther, Lorenz,
Canestrini, Grube, Nardo, Perugia, and Plucar ; and the fresh- water fishes
on the authority of Giinther, Meckel and Kner, Bonizzi, Canestrini, Nardo,
and Ninni. A systematic list is now in course of publication by Prof.
M. Stossich, of Fiume : it will be a very valuable contribution to the
investigation of the Adriatic fauna.2

The Italian nomenclature has been published by Canestrini, Grube,
Naccari, Nardo, Martens, Olivi, Perugia, Plucar, and others ; this has been
subjected to careful comparison and revision as regards those names which
are in use on these shores, and others have been added from personal
information and inquiry. I am indebted to Dr. C. de Marchesetti, Director

1 Edinburgh: 1880.

2 Bol. della Soc. Adriat di Scienze Nat. Trieste ; 1879-81. (See Appendix, p. 258.)

PREFACE xi

of the Trieste Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, for the identification of
various fishes and for other valuable information he has been kind enough
to furnish.

The Croatian names are entirely new ; they have not hitherto been pub-
lished, and I have been at great pains to collect them from a variety of
sources too numerous to catalogue.1

I am indebted to Mr. H. Thierry and Mr. Bacarcic, of Fiume, for
many of those in use on the Hungarian-Croatian littoral, and to Mr. C. I.
Kovacevic, late Harbour-master at Spalato, for those in use at his former
post. Prof. Anton Korlevic, Professor of Natural History at the Croatian
Gymnasium at Fiume, has been good enough to revise the Croatian
nomenclature, and Prof. Spiridion Brusina, Professor of Zoology at the
University of Agram, has had the kindness en demie}' lien to correct and
further extend the list. I am particularly indebted to these two gentlemen
for their valuable aid.

In part of the text I have thought fit to introduce, where practicable,
the more familiar English names of fishes, in order to render the text
more intelligible.

The invaluable work of Forbes and Godwin- Austen, on the Natural
History of the European Seas; "The Sea-fisheries," by E. W. H.
Holdsworth, and " Die Bewirthschaftung des Meeres, mit Riicksicht auf
den Adriat. Golf," by M. Anton Gareis, have in their turn furnished a
variety of information. Nardo's work, " Sulla Coltura degli Animali acqua-
tici nel Veneto Dominio," is my authority on the subject of the lagoon-
fisheries.

In many instances I have quoted my authorities; but it would have been
tedious to do so in every case, and I hope I may not be accused of

1 Since writing these lines I have received, through the kindness of Prof. G. Kolombatovic,
his works entitled Pesce della Acque di Spalato. Spalato: 1881 ; and Fische welche in den
Gewiissern von Spalato beobachtet und ilberhaupt im Adriatischen Meere registrirt wurden.
Spalato, 1882 : to these volumes I am indebted for a variety of information concerning the
fauna of Spalato and the local Croatian nomenclature.

b 2

xii THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

plagiarism on that account ; my study does not profess to be more than a
compilation of details derived from a variety of sources.

This I have endeavoured to put together in a form such as I hope
may recommend itself to the reader. Beginning with a topographical and
climatic account of the Adriatic Gulf, the report — for such I must again call
it — proceeds to give a description of the horizontal distribution of animal
life in the Quarnero, and of the fauna generally ; of the fisheries from
an historical and legislative point of view ; of the share taken in the
Austrian fisheries by Italian fishermen; of the fishing districts and the pro-
duce of the fisheries, together with an account of the fishing craft and gear,
such as nets, lines, and similar matters ; the names applied to fishermen
and different modes of fishing ; the fish-market, and methods of cooking
and curing fish ; concluding with a systematic list of the fauna, with
scientific, English, German, Italian, Croatian nomenclature, and with sundry
details including statistics.

The plates and engravings will add much to the interest of this work.
The latter are executed after drawings for which I am indebted to a friend,
M. Leo Littrow. They speak for themselves.

I am conscious of my shortcomings, — for the more one enters into the
subject the more imperfect one's work appears, — and I must, therefore,
again solicit the indulgence of the reader. My task is, however, fulfilled
if I have the satisfaction of thinking that my report may lead to a more
comprehensive work on the subject, — a work which at present is wanting.

In conclusion, I must express my thanks to Messrs. Wyman & Sons
for the trouble and care they have taken in preparing this book in its
present shape.

Fiume, September 30///, 1882.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE FAUNA.

Preliminary. — Topographical. — Tides. — Currents.— Temperature. — Saltness. — Professors
Wolf and Luksch ; their investigations in the Adriatic Gulf. — Haunts of fishes. —
Investigations of the fauna in the Adriatic. — Dr. J. R. Lorenz; his work on the
Horizontal Chorology in the Quarnero.— Zone I.— Zone II. — Zone III. — Zone IV. —
Zone V. — Zone VI. — Zone VII. — Vertebrates.— Sedentary class. — Shore fishes. —
Littoral forms. — Rovers. — Squatters. — Forms of the declivity and shallows. —
Rovers. — Squatters. — Forms of the deep-bed. — Squatters. — Migratory forms. —
Recapitulation. — Invertebrates, Articulates, and Radiates. — Characteristic species of
the various zones. — Extended and limited distribution. — Boreal forms. — Pisces. —
Fresh-water fishes. — Fishes which frequent the brackish waters. — Sea-fishes

PAGE.

CHAPTER II.

HISTORICAL.— LEGISLATION.— THE CHIOGGIOTTI.

Historical. — State of the coast, political and economic. — Inland markets ; fluctuations
of the trade. — Trawlers. — Statistics. — Ice. — Salt. — Italian fishermen. — Legislation. —
Privileges of the Italian fishermen. — Titles from which the fishing rights were derived
under the Republic of Venice. — Treaty between Austria and Italy. — The Chioggiotti;
their craft engaged in the Austrian fisheries ; proceeds of their share in the fisheries. —
Count Marazzi. — Professor Ninni. — Individual profit of the Chioggiotti. — Consul
Revest — Distribution of the Italian fishing fleet on the Austrian coast; value of
craft and gear employed. — Total value of craft and gear at Chioggia and Pelestrina. —
The Italian fisheries.— Italian fishing craft ; ditto engaged in the Austrian fisheries ;
ditto engaged in the foreign fisheries. — Value of the Chioggia fisheries. — Imports
and exports of fish at Venice. — Venetian fisheries. — Craft and crew. ... ... 40

XIV

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

CHAPTER III.

FISHING DISTRICTS.— SEASON OF FISHING.— PRODUCE.

PAGE.

Fishing Districts.— Austria : Gorizia, Gradisca, Trieste.— Istria : Isola, Pirano, Salvore,
Umago, Daila, Parenzo, Pola, Lussinpiccolo, Preluca.— Hungarian-Croatian littoral :
Fiume, Buccari, Portore, Segna.— Dalmatia ; Zara, Sebenico, Spalato, Ragusa,
Cattaro.— Dalmatian Archipelago.— Season of Fishing.— Descriptive part.— Produce.
—Pisces.— Sharks, Rays, Sturgeons, Perch tribe, Sea-perches, Red Mullet, Sea-breams,
Scorpions, Meagres, Sword-fish, Scabbard-fish, Hair-tail, Horse Mackerel, John Dory,
Black-fish, Dolphins, Mackerel, Tunny, Star-gazers, Weevers, Anglers, Gurnards,
Flying-Gurnards, Gobies, Dragonets, Band-fishes, Blennies, Spets, Atherines, Mullets,
Sticklebacks, Trumpet-fish, Suck-fishes, Lophotes cepedianus, Ribbon-fishes, Coral-
fishes, Wrasses, Cod tribe, Ophidium, Fierasfer, Sand-eels, Macrurus, Flat-fish tribe,
Scopelidse, Cyprinodon, Gar-pikes, Flying-fish, Salmon tribe, Herring tribe, Eel tribe,
Pipe-fishes, Sea-horses, File-fishes, Sun-fishes, Lampreys, Lancelot— Mollusks.—
Cephalopods, Bivalves, Univalves, Tunicates. — Crustaceans. — Echinoderms. —
Actinias.— Sponges.— Red Coral 6z

CHAPTER IV.

THE FISHING CRAFT.
Description of craft.— Value of the same 99

CHAPTER V.

THE NETS.

Process of making, tanning, and mounting. — Drift-nets ; Trammel-nets j Circle-nets ;
Seine-nets; Trawling-nets ; Hand-nets.— Fish-weirs and Ponds.— Snares.— Basket-
traps. — Store-pots, &c. — Value of the fishing gear io4

C H APTE R VI.
LINE-FISHING.

Lines.— Hooks.— Implements of various kinds.— Prongs, &c— Scares. -Bait. ... 13°

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

PAGE.

NAMES APPLIED TO FISHERMEN AND VARIOUS MODES OF FISHING—

SARDINE FISHERIES.— DIVISION OF PROFITS 135

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FISH-MARKETS.
Description ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •■• ••• ••• 141

CHAPTER IX.

METHODS OF CURING AND COOKING FISH.

Curing Pilchards, Anchovies, &c. — Preserving Pilchards, Tunny, Norway-lobster, &c. in
oil. — Fishes which are smoked, or dried for exportation. — "Ways of preparing various
fishes and other produce of the sea for the table. ... ... ... ... ... 148

CHAPTER X.

STATISTICS.

Proceeds of the fisheries. — The Austrian fishing fleet ; its distribution on the coast. — Yield
of the Istrian, Hungarian-Croatian, and Dalmatian fisheries. — Recapitulation. — Share
of the Italian boats. — Statistics of the Austrian sea-fisheries ; ditto of the Hungarian
sea-fisheries. — Total yield. — Craft belonging to the Hungarian-Croatian seaboard. —
Imports and exports of fish. — Fish sold in the Fiume fish-market. ... ... ... 154

XVI

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

FAUNA OF THE ADRIATIC.

Mammalia
Reptilia ...
Fishes ... . . ••• ••■ ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

Special Lists of Fishes :

A. Fresh-water Fishes ...

B. British Fishes which are common to the Adriatic Fauna .. .

C. Five Fishes belonging exclusively to the Adriatic Fauna ...

D. Thirty-one Fishes which are only quite accidentally met with in the Adriatic ...

E. Fourteen Fishes which belong more especially to the Venetian Fauna ...

F. Forty-eight Fishes which belong more especially to the Dalmatian Fauna

G. Twenty-nine Fishes which have hitherto been caught only on the south coast

of Dalmatia
H. Fishes which belong to the class of Minutaja, or Misto, i.e., Fishes which are

thrown together, and sold as one class ...
I. Table of the Fresh-water and Sea Fishes, showing the number of Species

belonging to each Family

In vertebra ta :

Mollusca ...

Crustacea ...

Echinodermata

Polypi

Mollusks of the Adriatic enumerated by Professor M. Stossich

Crustaceans of the Adriatic enumerated by Professor M. Stossich

Vermes of the Adriatic, enumerated by Professor M. Stossich

PAGE.

i77
178
179

234
236

237
237
238
238

239
239
240

242
252
255
257
258

259
261

APPENDICES.

I. Alphabetical Index to the Scientific Names ... ... ... ... ... ... 262

II. Alphabetical Index to the English Names ... ... ... ... ... ... 265

III. Reference Index to the Italian Local and Vulgar Names of the Adriatic Fauna on

the Austro-Hungarian Seaboard and Venetian Estuary ... ... ... ... 269

Key to the Pronunciation of Croatian Words ... ... ... ... ... ... 277

IV. Reference Index to the Croatian Local and Vulgar Names of the Adriatic Fauna on

the Austro-Hungarian Seaboard ... ... 278

INDEX TO THE
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FISHES.

Sub-Classes, Orders, Families, and Genera,

Sub-Class I.— PAL^EICHTHYES.
Order I. — Chondropterygii.

Sub-Order I. — Plagiostomata.
A. Selachoidei {Sharks).

Fam. I.— CARCHARIID^E p. 179

Group I. — Carchariina.
Gen. 4 Carcharias.
1 Galeus.

Group II. — Zygsenina.
Gen. 2 Zygaena.

Group III. — Mustelina.
Gen. 2 Mustelus.

Fam. II.— LAMNID^E

Group I. — Lamnina.
Gen. 2 Lamna.

1 Carcharodon.

2 Odontaspis.
1 Alopecias.

Group II. — Selachina.
Gen. 1 Selache.

/. 180

Fam. III.— NOTJDANID^E /. 181

Gen. 3 Notidanus.

Fam. IV.— SCYLIIDvF; /. 181

Gen. 3 Scyllium.
1 Pristiurus.

Fam. V.— SPINACIM: ......

Gen. 1 Centrina.
2 Acanthias.
1 Spinax.
1 Echinorhinus.

/. 182

Fam. VL— RHINID^E
Gen. 2 Rhina.

p. 182

B. Batoidei {Rays).

Fam. L— TORPEDINID.E /. 183

Gen. 3 Torpedo.

Fam. II.— RAJID^E p. 183

Gen. 12 Raja.

C

XV111

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

Fam. III.— TRYGONID.E /. 185

Gen. 3 Trygon.

1 Pteroplatea.

Fam. IV.— MYLIOBATIDvE /. 185

Group I. — Myliobatina.
Gen. 2 Myliobatis.
1 Rhinoptera.

Group II. — Ceralopterina.
Gen. 1 Dicerobatis.

Order II. — Ganoidei

Sub-Order I. — Chondrostei.

Fam. I.— ACIPENSERID^E (Stur-
geons) p. 1;

Gen. 7 Acipenser.

Sub-Class II.— TELEOSTEL

Order I. — Acanthopterygil
Divis. I. — Acanthopterygii Perci-

FORMES.

Fam. I.— PERCID^E (Perch-tribe) /. 187

Group I. — Percina.
Gen. 1 Perca.
1 Labrax.
1 Lucioperca.

Group II. — Serranina.
Gen. 1 Centropristis.
1 Anthias
4 Serranus.
1 Polyprion.

Group III. — Apogonina.
Gen. 1 Apogon.

Group IV. — Pristipomatidae.
Gen. 3 Dentex.

3 Maena.

4 Smaris.

Fam. II.— MULLID^E (Red Mullets) p. 190
Gen. 2 Mullus.

Fam. III.— SPARID^E (Sea-breams) ...p. 190

Group I. — Cantharina.
Gen. 3 Cantharus.
2 Box.
1 Oblata.

Group II. — Sargina.

Gen. 4 Sargus.

1 Charax.

Group III. — Pagrina.
Gen. 3 Pagrus.

5 Pagellus.

1 Chrysophrys.

Fam. IV. SCORP^ENID^E (Scorpions) p. 193
Gen. 1 Sebastes.

2 Scorpaena.

Divis. II. — Acanthopterygii Sci^eni-
formes.

Fam.— SCI^ENIM; (Meagres) /. 193

Gen. 1 Umbrina.
1 Sciaena.
1 Corvina.

Divis. III. — Acanthopterygii Xiphii-

FORMES.

Fam.— XIPHIID^E (Sword-fishes) /. 194

Gen. 1 Xiphias.

1 Histiophorus.

INDEX TO SYSTEMATIC LIST.

Divis. IV. — ACANTHOPTERYGII TRICHI-
URIFORMES.

Fam. — TRICHIURID^E {Scabbard-
fishes, Hair-tails) p. 194

Gen. 1 Lepidopus.
1 Trichiurus.
1 Thyrsites.

Divis. V. ACANTHOPTERYGII COTTO-

SCOMBRIFORMES.

Fam. I.— CARANGID.E {Horse Macke-
rels, &>c.) p. 194

Gen. 1 Trachurus.
r Caranx.
1 Seriola.
1 Naucrates.
3 Lichia.
1 Temnodon.

1 Capros.

Fam. II.— CYTTID.E {John Dorys)... p. 196
Gen. 2 Zeus.

Fam. III.— STROMATEIM; {Black-
fish) /. 196

Gen. 2 Stromateus.

2 Centrolophus.

Fam. IV.— CORYPH^ENID^E {Dol-
phins) p 196

Gen. 2 Coryphsena.
1 Brama.

1 Schedophilus,

1 Ausonia.

Fam. V.— SCOMBRI D.E {Mackerel,

Tunny, &c.) p, 197

Gen. 3 Scomber.
4 Thynnus.

2 Pelamys.

1 Auxis.

2 Echeneis.

Fam. VI.— TRACHINIM; p. 198

Group I. — Uranoscopina {Star-gazers).
Gen. 1 Uranoscopus.

Group II. — Trachinina ( Weevers).
Gen. 4 Trachinus.

Fam. VII.— PEDICULATI {Anglers) p. i99
Gen. 2 Lophius.

Fam. VIII.— COTTID.E {Bull-heads,

Gurnards) p. 199

Gen. 1 Cottus.

1 Lepidotrigla.
6 Trigla.

Fam. IX.— CATAPHRACTI {Flying

Gurnards) p, 20'

Gen. 1 Peristethus.

1 Dactylopterus.

Divis. VI. ACANTHOPTERYGII GoBII-

FORMES.

Fam. L— GOBIID^E {Goby-tribe) p. 201

Group I.— Gobiina {Gobies).
Gen. 22 Gobius.

2 Latrunculus.

Group II. — Callionymina {Dragonets).
Gen, 6 Callionymus.

Divis. VII. ACANTHOPTERYGII BLENNII-

FORMES.

Fam. L— CEPOLID^E {Band-fishes)... p. 204
Gen. 1 Cepola.

Fam. II.— BLENNIID.E (Blennies) ...p. 204
Gen. 14 Blennius.
r Cristiceps.
1 Tripterygium.

C 2

XX

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

Divis. VIII. ACANTHOPTERYGII MUGILI-

FORMES.

Fam. I.— SPHYRiENIDiE p. 206

Gen. 1 Sphyraena.

Fam. II.— ATHERINID^F {Atherines,

or Sand-smells) p. 206

Group. — Ath erina.

Gen. 3 Atherina.

Fam. III.— MUGILID^F: {Mullets) ...p. 206
Gen. 6 Mugil.

Divis. IX. — ACANTHOPTERYGII GASTRO-
STEIFORMES.

Fam.— GASTROSTEID.F {Stickle-
backs) /*• 207

Gen. 2 Gastrosteus.

Divis. X. ACANTHOPTERYGII CENTRIS-

CIFORMES.

Fam.— CENTRISCID^E {Trumpet fish) p. 207
Gen. 1 Centriscus.

Divis. XL — ACANTHOPTERYGII GOBIESO-
CI FORMES.

Fam.— GOBIESOCIDiF {Suck-fishes) p. 208
Gen. 6 Lepadogaster.
1 Leptopterygius.

Divis. XII. — ACANTHOPTERYGII LOPHO-
TIFORMES.

Divis. XIII. ACANTHOPTERYGII T/ENII-

FORMES.

Fam.— TRACHYPTERID^ {Ribbon-
fishes) /. 208

Gen. 2 Trachypterus.

Order II. — Acanthopterygii Pha-

RYNGOGNATHI.

Fam. I.— POMACENTRID^ {Coral-
fishes) p- 209

Gen. 1 Heliastes.

Fam. II.— L ABRIDGE (Wrasses).
Group I. — Labrina.
Gen. 6 Labrus.

10 Crenilabrus.
1 Acantholabrus.

Group II. — Julidina.
Gen. 1 Novacula.

1 Julis.

2 Coris.

Order III.— Anacanthini.
Divis. I. — Anacanthini Gadoidei.

Fam. L— GADID^E {Cod-tribe) ...

Gen. 5 Gadus.

1 Merluccius.

2 Phycis.
1 Lota.

1 Hypsiptera.

3 Motella

/. 209

p. 2\2

Fam.— LOPHOTID^

Gen. 1 Lophotes.

p. 208

Fam. II.— OPHIDIIDiE

Group. I. — Brotulina.
Gen. 1 Pteridium.

Group II. — Ophidiina.
Gen. 4 Opbidium.

p. 214

IXDEX TO SYSTEMATIC LIST

xxi

Group III. — Fierasferina.
Gen. 2 Fierasfer.

Group IV. — Ammodytina (Sand-
eels, or la unces).
Gen. i Ammodytes.

Fam. III.— MACRURIIX'E p. 214

Gen. 1 Macrurus.

Divis. II. — Anacanthini Pleuronec-

TOIDEI.

Fani._PLEURONECTI DM (Flat-fishes)

p. 214
Gen. 2 Rhombus.

1 Phrynorhombus.
4 Arnoglossus.

1 Citharus.

2 Rhomboidichtys.
2 Pleuronectes.

9 Solea.

1 Ammopleurops.

Order IV. — Physostomi.
Fam. I.— SCOPELID.F:

p. 2 1 j

Group. — Saurina.
Gen. 1 Saurus.
1 Aulopus.

Fam. II.— CYPRINIM: (Carp-tribe) p. 217
Group I. — Cyprinina.
Gen. 2 Cyprinus.

3 Barbus.

1 Aulopyge.

2 Gobio.

Group II — Leuciscina.
Gen. 1 2 Leuciscus.

2 Paraphoxinus.
1 Tinea.

4 Chondrostoma.

Group III. — Abramidina.
Gen. 1 Abramis.
2 Alburnus.
Group IV. — Cobitidina.
Gen, 1 Nemachilus.
1 Cobitis.

Fam. III.— CYPRINODONTID^: ... /. 223
Group. — Cyprinodontidae carnivorse.
Gen. 1 Cyprinodon.

Fam. IV.— SCOMBRESOCID^ (Gar-
pikes, &c.) /. 223

Gen. 1 Belone.

1 Scombresox.

2 Exocoetus.

Fam. V.— ESOCID.^ (Pikes)
Gen. 1 Esox.

p. 223

Fam. VI.— SALMONID^ (Salmons) p. 224
Group. — Salmonina.
Gen. 6 Salmo.

1 Thymallus.
1 Argentina.

Fam. VII.— CLUPEIM: (Herring-
tribe) /. 225

Group I. — Engraulina.
Gen. 1 Engraulis.
Group II. — Clupeina.
Gen. 5 Clupea.

Fam. VIII.— MURJENIDJE (Eel-tribe), p. 226
Group I. — Anguillina.
Gen. 2 Anguilla
1 Conger.
1 Myrus.

Group II. — Ophichthyina.
Gen. 3 Ophichthys.

Group III.— Muraenina.
Gen. 2 Muraena.

::xn

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

Order V. — Lophobranchii.
Fam,— SYNGNATHID^E {Pipe-fishes) p. 227
Group I. — Syngnathina.
Gen. 3 Siphonostoma.
6 Syngnathus.
2 Nerophis.

Group II. — Hippocampina (Sea-horses).
Gen. 2 Hippocampus.

Order VI. — Plectognathi.
Fam. I.— SCLERODERMI (File-

fishes)

Group I. — Balistina.
Gen. 1 Balistes.

/. 229

Fam. II.— GYMNODONTES

fishes)

Group I. — Molina.

Gen. 2 Orthagoriscus.

(Sun-

p. 229

Sub-Class III.— CYCLOSTOMATA.

Fam.— PETROMYZONTIM: (Lam-
preys) p- 230

Gen. 3 Petromyzon.

Sub-Class IV. -LEPTOCARDII.

Fam.— CIRROSTOMI (Laiicelets) /. 231

Gen. 1 Branchiostoma.

Recapitulation of fishes.

4 Sub-Classes.

10 Orders.

57 Families.
161 Genera.
382 Species.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

DRAWINGS ON STONE.

Diagram of the Tonnare in the Quarnero to face page 66

BOATS: — Toppo ; Zoppolo 98

Batello di Muggia; Barca di Muggia 99

Br AGAGNA IOO

Brazzera di Capo d'Istria; Gaeta 101

Leuto; Tartana 102

Br agozzo 103

ClMAROL 1 04

NETS: — Various Knots used in Netting 105

Meshes of the most common Nets 106

s altarello 109

TONNARA DI PRELUCA Ill

Tonnara DI Buccarica 112

Palandara da posta 113

Palandara da tiro 114

TR ATT A 115

Tratta 116

sciabica 117

COCCHI A Il8

Tartana 120

Valle chiusa arginata 124

Valle a grigiuoli 126

Parangala distesa; Parangala gallegiante 131

Sundry Fishing Gear 133

xxiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

WOOD ENGRAVINGS.

1 Fiume from the West Frontispiece.

J Arbe (Island), Quarnero to face page 9

\ Bragozzi at anchor 17

/Castle Tersato, near Fiume 25

Lighthouse of Promontore (Istria) 33

1 Bragozzi at anchor, drying nets 40

„ leaving port 49

\ „ running before the wind 57

i tonnara in the bay of preluca 65

,, Volosca Harbour (Gulf of Fiume) 73

zoppoli at buccari 8 1

, Scoglio S. Marco, from the Island of Veglia 89

Bragozzi fishing 97

Segnale (Barrel-buoy) '. 134

Fiume from the East 141

Ship-building off Scoglio S. Marco 145

Gulf of Buccari and Channel of Maltempo, from the Heights

of Buccari 152

Buoy 175

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ON ICHTHYOLOGY IN CONNEXION WITH THE ADRIATIC

Bonaparte, C. L. — Fauna Italica.

Catalogo metodico.

Brusina, S. P.— Conch. Dalmat. Ined. 1865.
Contrib. pella Fauna dei Molluschi Dalmat.

Vienna. 1866.
Canestrini, G. — Fauna italica.
Chiereghini, S. — Descr. dei Crost. Test, e

Pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo Veneto.
Claus, C. — Studien iiber Polypen und Quallen

der Adria. Wien. 1877.
Donate — Trattato de' Pesci marini dei Lidi di

Venezia.
Eckhel, G. — Commun. sopra le Spugne. Bot.

Soc. Adriat. Sc. Nat. Trieste. 1875.
Gareis, A. — Die Bewirthschaftung des Meeres

mit Riicksicht auf den Adriat. Golf.
Giglioli, E. H. — Catal. dei Pesci italiani. Cat.

Esposizione di Pesca in Berlino. 1880.
Ginnane — Testacea marina del Mare Adriat.
Gravenhorst. — Tergestina.
Grube, A. E. — Ein Ausflug nach Trieste und

dem Quarnero. Berlin. 1861.

Die Insel Lussin. 1864.

Actinien, Echinodermen und Wiirmer des

Adriat. und Mittelmeeres.

Heckel, Jacob. — Cat. dei pesci della Dalmazia
in Carrara. La Dalmazia, Zara, 1864.

Descr. di una nuova specie di Acipenser

nel mare di Venezia. IX. Congresso di sc.
Ital. 1847.

Die Storarten der Lagunen bei Venedig.

Sitzungsber. der Acad. d. Wissensch. Wien.

1851.

1852.

Ichthyolog. Reisen. Sitzungsber. 1851-

Heller, C. — Horae Dalmat. 1863-4.

Crust. Sud-Europas. 1863.

Amph. Adriat. Meeres. 1866.

Die Tunicaten, Zoophyten und Echino.

dermen des Adriat. Meeres. Wien. 1874-7,

Kolombatovic, G. — Pesci delle Acque di Spa-
lato. Spalato. 1881.

Osservazioni sul lavoro di M. Stossich-

Spalato, 1S80.

Fische welche in den Gewassern von

Spalato beobachtet und iiberhaupt im Adriat.

Meere registrirt wurden. Spalato. 1882.
Lorenz, J. R. — Physicalische Verhaltnisse und

Vertheilung derOrganismen imQuarnerischen

Golfe. Wien. 1863.
Marchesetti, Dr. C. de. — La pesca lungo le

coste orientali dell' Adria. Tr. 1882.
Marenzeller, E. — Adriatische Anelliden.

Wien. 1874-5.
Martens. — Reise nach Venedig. Ulm. 1838.
Michaellis, M. — Nuovi pesci del mare Adriat.

Isis. 1829. Pag. ion.

Scyphius cultirostris. Isis. 1830. Pag. 251.

Naccari, F. L. — Ittiologia Adriatica. Pavia.

1822.
Nardo, G. D. — Prospetti sistematici degli

Animali delle Prov. Venete. Ven. i860.

Annot. d. 54 Crost. Ven. 1869.

Sinonimia moderna delle Specie, etc.,

descritte dall' Abate Stef. Chieroghini. Ven.
1847.

Prodromus observationum et disquisi-

tionum Adriat. Icht. Ticini. 1827.

Del Prottostego. Annali della sc. del

Regno Lombardo. Veneto. 1840.

d

XX VI

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Nardo, D. G. — Osservazioni Itt. Ann. d. sc.
del Regno L.V. 1843.

De Proctostego. Pataviae. 1827.

Annotazioni, etc., in Isis. 1833.

Consideraziont sui Pesci Mola. Ann. d.

sc. del Regno L.V. 1859.

Osservazioni anat. intorno alia struttura

delle cute del Xiphias. Firenze. 1841.

Descr. di un pesce raro. Giorn. di fisica.

Pa via. 1827.

Memoria sopra tre nuove sp. di pesci.

Giorn. di fisica. Pavia. 1824.

Ninni, Dr. A. P. — Gli Anacantini del Mare

Adriatico. Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Vol.

XXIII. 1880.
Materiali per la fauna Veneta. Atti reale

Istituto Veneto. Tom. IV., Serie V.
Olivi. — Zoologia Adriatica.
Perugia Alberto. — Catalogo dei Pesci dell'

Adr.
Elenco dei Pesci dell' Adriat.

Milano.

1881.
Plucar, E. — Der Fischplatz zu Trieste. Tr.

1846.
Renier. — Osservazioni postume di Zool. Adriat.
Sars. — Bemaerkninger over det. Adriat. Havs

Fauna sammenlignet med Nordhavets.

Schmarda, L. K. — Die maritime Production
der Oesterr. Kiistenlander (Oesterr. Revue).

Zur Naturgeschichte der Adria. Wien

Staatsdruckerei. 1852.

Stalio. — Catal. Crost. Adriat. 1877.
Steindachner, Dr. F. — Icht. Notizen. Sit-
zungsber der Wiener Ak. 1880. Band. LXI.

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gobioiden.

Sitzungsber der Wiener Ak. i860. Band
XLII.

Stossich, M. — Prospetto della Fauna del Mare
Adriat. Parte I., II., III. (Bot. delle Sc.
Adriat. d. Sc. Nat. Trieste. 1 879-1881.

En. Mollusch. di Trieste. 1865.

Trois, E. F. — Pesci del Adriat. Venezia.

i875-

— Notizie sopra l'Echinorinus spinosus.
Atti 1st. Veneto. Vol. III., Serie V.

— Sulla Platessa vulgaris. Atti 1st. Ven.

Vol. IV, Serie V.

Ricerche Zootomiche ed Ittiolog. sul

Luvarus imperialis. Mem. dell' 1st. Ven.
Vol. XX.
Volpi. — Verzeichniss verschiedener Fische und
Krebse des Adriat. Meerbusens. Trieste.
1796.

FRESH-WATER FISHES.

Bonaparte, C. L. — Catalogo metodico.
Bonizzi, P. — Prosp. Sistem. e Catalogo dei

Pesci nel Modenese.
Canestrini, G. — Fauna d' Italia. Part I.

Catalogo dei Pesci d' acqua dolce d' Italia.

De-Betta, Ed. — Ittiol. Veronese.

De-Filippi, F. — Cenni sui Pesci d' Acqua dolce

della Lombard.
Heckel & Kner. — Die Susswasserfische der

Oesterreichischen Monarchic. Leipzic. 1858.

Naccari, F. L.— Ittiolog. Adriat.

Nardo, G. D. — Prodomus observ. et disquisit.

Adriat. Ittiolog.
Prospetti sistem. degli Animali delle Prov.

Venet.
Delia coltura degli animali acquatici nel

veneto dominio. Ven. 1864.
Ninni, A. P. — Cenni sui Pesci della Prov. di

Treviso. Ven. 1863.
Perugia, Alb. — Catal. dei Pesci dell' Adriat.

CHAPTER I.

THE FAUNA.

Preliminary.— Topographical.— Tides.— Currents.— Temperature.— Saltness.— Professors Wolf and
Luksch ; their investigations in the Adriatic Gulf.— Haunts of fishes.— Investigations of the
fauna in the Adriatic— Dr. J. R. Lorenz; his work on the Horizontal Chorology in the
Quarnero.— Zone I.— Zone II. — Zone III. — Zone IV. — Zone V. — Zone VI. — Zone VII. —
Vertebrates. — Sedentary class. — Shore fishes. — Littoral forms. — Rovers. — Squatters. — Forms
of the declivity and shallows. — Rovers. — Squatters. — Forms of the deep-bed. — Squatters. —
Migratory forms.— Recapitulation.— Invertebrates, Articulates, and Radiates.— Characteristic
species of the various zones.— Extended and limited distribution. — Boreal forms.— Pisces. —
Fresh-water fishes. — Fishes which frequent the brackish waters. — Sea-fishes.

HE Adriatic Gulf (Mare Sziperum, Mare Adriaticum) derives
its name, according to most authorities, from the Venetian
town of Adria, near Rovigo, once situate on the sea-
shore, and a place of some importance ; whereas nowadays
it is a small village, lying twelve miles inland. Other
authorities, again, attribute its derivation to the Neapolitan
town of Atri, in the Abruzzo Ulteriore, once known by the
name of Adria, or H adria, and situate on the coast, now four miles distant from
the sea. Its southernmost limit is marked by the Cape S. Maria di Leuca,
the Promontorium Solentinum of old, on the west ; and the Cape Glossa,
or Linguetta, on the Albanian coast, on the east. Its narrowest breadth
is 54 miles (6om. = i°), between Otranto and Cape Linguetta; its greatest
breadth 120 miles, between the mouths of the Tronto and Spalato ; its
average breadth is about 96 miles; its length 425 miles; and its surface
has a total superficial area of 2,500 square geographical miles.

What is generally understood as the eastern shore extends from Epirus
to Venice, and comprises the Austrian-Hungarian seaboard in a total length

B

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

of 330 nautical miles in a straight line, and an extent of sea-coast of 2,840
miles, including the islands. It consists : —

1. Of the Dalmatian coast and islands, commencing somewhat north of
Antivari, and extending to a point south of Carlopago, including the island
of Pelagosa as the most distant island off the coast, and the islands of
Arbe and Selve as the most northern limit.

2. Of the Hungarian-Croatian littoral, including Carlopago as southern
and Fiume as northern limits.

3. The Austrian coast proper, including the peninsula of I stria, com-
mencing at the northernmost head of the Ouarnero Gulf, including the
islands of the Ouarnero, and the Trieste seaboard (Kiistenland), extending
as far as the Italian frontier, marked by the river Aussa and Cape Buso.

The eastern and western shores are essentially different from one
another in their physical aspect. The western coast is exposed to the
full fury of the S.E. (Scirocco) and N.E. (Bora) winds; the northern
part is flat and low, and is studded with sand-banks and marshes ; whereas
further south it becomes iron-bound, and the entire coast is devoid of
natural harbours. The eastern shore has, on the other hand, a very
different character ; a high coast-land much indented and studded with
numerous islands and reefs (scogli),x which extend from Ragusa in the
south to the Istrian shores in almost unbroken continuity,2 thus forming a
sort of natural rampart, or breakwater, against the fury of the winds and
waves. The innumerable creeks and bays {valli),z inlets and channels, which
thus abound along the coast, are so many natural harbours, with deep water
and ofood anchorasfe-oround, so that the coast of Dalmatia and I stria has not
without reason been termed " a natural harbour from beginning to end " (tutto

1 This term is often misapplied on the coast to the islands generally, as, for instance, at
Zara, where the inhabitants of the islands are called Scogliani.

2 The only interruption is at the promontory of Planca {Slav. Ploca), the wave-lashed
Promontorium Diomedis of old.

3 The larger fjords are called valloni, and secondary basins {mandracchio) are artificially
created, which extend out of the primary creeks in order to afford protection to small craft : these
are known as Drazice {Slav.).

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

un porto), a circumstance which may account — though offering no excuse —
for the covetousness with which the possession of this coast is viewed by the
restless, ambitious, and ever-watchful neighbour to the west.

The eastern flank of Istria partakes of the characteristics of the Italian
shores, being exposed alike to the fury of the Bora and the full force of the
Scirocco, and is consequently much less hospitable than the western coast
of the peninsula. There are other points of the Austrian- Hungarian
seaboard, such as the Gulf of Trieste, the Channel of Maltempo or
Morlacca (Ouarnero), the Bocche di Segna further south, and the Bay of
Vrulja (between Almissa and Macarsca on the Dalmatian coast), which
are specially subject to the vehemence of the Bora, and thus form so many
exceptions to the rule.

The tides1 are inconsiderable, the normal rise and fall being only \\ foot,
and only one ebb and flow in 24 hours ; the spring tide is 2 feet in excess,
thus giving a maximum of 5-6 feet. The greatest ebb is in February, the
greatest flood in September ; they are also affected by the winds, the Bora
depressing, whilst the Scirocco swells, the waters. The currents (Correnti)
are numerous, and keep the water in constant circulation, thus acting as
modifiers of the effects of climate, and influencing by their agency the
diffusion of submarine life.

There is a constant current along the eastern or Dalmatian coast in a
northerly direction, returning along the western or Italian coast in a southerly
direction ; this current is necessarily subject to local influences, such as the
interposition of islands, which neutralise its effects, without, however,
seriously affecting its course. It does not affect the water in greater depths
than 3 to 4 fathoms, and it is generally met with 6 or 10 miles from the
shore, according to the formation of the coast. Beyond that point the sea
is often very rough, without any visible cause, a phenomenon which has

1 //. Marea. At Venice, the tides, which are called there by the names of Cevbite and
Dosana, do not, as a rule, exceed a few inches, excepting under the influence of a strong
Scirocco wind, when the waters are known to rise 1-4 feet beyond the average limit, over-
flowing the dikes, inundating the town, and damaging the fishing-ponds {7'alli).

B 2

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

hitherto received no satisfactory explanation ; these waves are called
Ligazzi.

, The mean temperature of the air is between 590 and 730 F., that of the
water being between 66° and 710 F., and it has been found that, as a rule, the
temperature of the water decreases from the coast-line outwards, as also from
the surface downwards, this decrease being greater in summer than in winter.
This rule is, however, somewhat modified by local influences, such as the
influence of the land and the outward atmosphere, as also the prevalence of
submarine sources. Thus, it has been ascertained that layers of water,
which are in contact with the land, are subject to alterations of temperature
altogether independent of this theory, having both a higher temperature in
summer, and a lower temperature in winter, than similar layers of water
further outwards.

Again, the surface waters are subject to the influence of the temperature
of the atmosphere, hence the changes are more sudden than in lower depths ;
thus, in winter, the surface waters may become colder than the deeper layers,
and even, as a rule, it will be found that the temperature in winter (February)
is almost alike in all depths, the difference being only 1-20 F.; at the same
time the temperature does not appear to fall below 450 F. in any zone, even
in winter.

The greatest difference in the various zones is met with in summer,
when the surface waters reach 770 F., and exceptionally, when under the
direct influence of the sun's rays, or the proximity of the land, even more,
whereas the lower zones retain much of their winter freshness. Thus in
10 fathoms the temperature never exceeds 720, in 20 fathoms 66°, and in 30
fathoms 6i°.

The mean temperature of the air in winter is from 40 to 320 F., which is
that of the British Isles and both coasts of the British Channel; but the
waters retain during winter much of the warmth acquired during the summer
heats, and their temperature is higher than that of the air in autumn and
winter ; and lower in spring and summer.

The slower influence of changes of the temperature of the air on the
lower zones has the effect that, excepting in summer, warmer layers of water

AXD THE FISH THEREOF.

are found under colder layers, contrary to the current theory, or, in other
words, the seasons are later in proportion to the greater depth of water.

Thus, in winter, there is a continual increase of temperature downwards,
or warmer layers under cold layers ; in spring- (March), above warmer, under-
neath colder, and below, again, warmer layers ; in autumn, cold surface
waters, underneath warmer layers, below these colder layers, and below these
again warmer layers. This theory is rendered more intelligible by the aid of
the following table : —

Depth

January.

February.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Surface

7-3°

7-8°

7-8°

S-io°

1 2- 1 50

12-15°

16-19°

io fathoms

64-7°

64-7°

64-7°

*

7-8°

10-12°

14°

14-16°

20 fathoms ....

7°

*

7°
*

7°

7°

7-8°

10-11°

n°

13°

30 fathoms

S-7i°

74°

74°

6-7°

6-7°

7-8°

8-io°

10°

n°

Winter.

Spring.

Date.

July.

August.

September.

October.

November.

December.

Surface

17-19°

17-19°

17-19°

15-10°

*

12-10°

io-8a

8-7°

16-174°

16-174°

14-12°

*

12°

*

12°

12-10°

8-7°

*

13-150

15°

i5°

15-12°

*

I2-IO°

*

IO°

*

10°

10-80

*

30 fathoms

"-13°

11-13°

n-130

11-13°

13-100

10-90

Summer.
Temperature in ° Reaumur.

Autumn.

Professors J. Wolf and J. Luksch, of the Imperial and Royal Naval
Academy of Fiume, have made some very interesting investigations on the
subject of currents, temperature, and soundings in the Adriatic, which form

* Denotes the points at which warmer layers are to be found under colder layers.

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the subject of four reports,1 which may be recommended to the attention of
those whom the subject may specially interest. Suffice it here briefly to
recapitulate the principal conclusions.

i. The greatest influx of sweet water in the Adriatic is found on the
Austro- Italian coast between Grado and Ravenna.

2. A current of sweet water flows from the north-west basin towards
south-east; the further it proceeds south, the nearer it skirts the Italian
shores, and the more it affects the deeper layers of water, thus bringing them
into circulation.

3. A line drawn from Trieste to a point 20 miles south of Cape Pro-
montore (the apex of the Istrian triangle) gives a uniform depth of
20—22 fathoms.

4. Increase of temperature towards the south-east; in the north higher
temperature outwards, and in the south higher temperature nearer the shore
(thus showing the influence of the proximity of the land).

5. Between Brindisi and Aulona the greatest depth is 270 fathoms (512
metres), and the ground temperature 140 centigrade (ii°'2 Reaumur). This
temperature is not lower than, shortly before, on the same line nearer
Brindisi, in 61 fathoms. The summer temperature of the water off Punta
d'Ostro, in 100 fathoms, is i3°*4 cent.; Ancona — Tremiti, 73 and 60 fathoms,
i3°'2-i3°'4 cent.; Quarnerolo, 40-50 fathoms, i3°"i \2°"j I3°'i cent. The
greater coolness of the water in the Quarnero is due to the influence of the
ground-springs.

6. Lower temperature and higher degree of saltness on the eastern than
on the western coast ; increase of temperature the more one proceeds south.

7. In the Dalmatian channels lower degree of saltness and higher tem-
perature in the upper layers than on the Albanian coast.

8. The Gulf of Fiume, the Sesfna Channel, and the Ouarnerolo show the
lowest temperature of water in the whole northern basin of the Adriatic,
which fact is probably due to the abundance of fresh-water springs bursting

1 " Berichte an die konigliche Ungarische Seebehorde in Fiume, iiber Physicalische Unter-
Buchungen im Adriatischen Meere." Fiume: 1878.

\ND THE FISH THEREOF.

forth from the sea-bed. The water is also colder than at similar depths
elsewhere ; thus, on the Dalmatian coast, nowhere less than 1 2,°'$ cent. ;
opposite Ragusa, in the high sea, in 125 fathoms, i3°-9 cent. ; Lissa, in
60 fathoms, i4°cent. ; Channel of Brazza, in 40 fathoms, i3°'8 cent.; whereas,
in the Gulf of Fiume, in 30 fathoms, 120 cent., and even 1 1° cent.; off Arbe,
in rather deeper water, io° cent.; and near Segna, g°-y cent., this being the
approximate temperature of the sweet-water springs at Fiume.

9. In the Gulf of Fiume and Channel of Segna the surface-waters have
a smaller proportion of salt, owing to the Fiumara and other torrents ; the
greatest amount of saline matter is found in 30 fathoms, below which again
there is a decrease, owing to the submarine springs. The increase from the
surface downwards is very rapid.

10. The high sea contrasts with the foregoing conclusions (No. 9), by
higher temperatures, and higher degree of saltness in deep waters.

11. In the Gulf of Trieste the highest temperatures are to be met with
throughout, owing to the shallowness ; lowest degree of saltness on the
surface, and below 5 fathoms a relatively high degree of saltness, showing
that the supply of sweet water from the Po and other water-courses does
not mix with the sea water, but remains upon the surface.

12. The variations of the temperature in deep water, which is impervious
to the direct effect of light or radiation, are necessarily slow, for the simple
reason that such effect can only make itself felt by degrees. The fact, how-
ever, of such variations taking place on days when the sea has been calm
for some time past, seems to point at the influences of vertical currents, on the
theory of Dr. Carpenter, created by the evaporation of the surface waters,
bringing forth an increased percentage of saltness, greater specific gravity,
and consequent tendency downwards. This motion is further increased by
the influence of the ground-springs, whose lighter waters naturally tend to
the surface, thus creating a current upwards, and necessarily a corresponding
current downwards, by which means the warmer surface waters are brought
to the lower depths, thereby influencing their temperature.1

1 The results of these valuable investigations have been recapitulated in a publication :

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

It has been shown what great variety the shores of the eastern coast
present in their physical characteristics ; owing to the protection afforded
by the islands, and the innumerable creeks, inlets, and channels, fjords
and bays. The same variety may be noticed in the formation of the
bed of the Adriatic. Towards the middle it is composed chiefly of mud
(fango), but near the coast it changes from shingle or sand to the lime-
stone rock, which forms the steep declivity of its shores. The fissures and
crevices furnish the favourite lurking-places and resorts of many of the
sedentary class of fishes, on the waving fields of zostera, which afford
protection to myriads of invertebrates, and over which many kinds of fish
love to hover, either in search of food or in order to seek protection from
pursuers.

There are no large sand-banks, but this is in some wise compensated for
by their number. Between the shallow banks and the rocks are deep hollows,
where the temperature of the water remains low. These afford a favourite
resort to many kinds of fish, which there seek protection in summer from the
hot rays of the sun.

Thus, each variety of fish has abundant choice for its particular predi-
lection. Those of the sedentary class, which are bound to a particular locality,
either by temperature, depth, comparative saltness of water, or nature of
bed or food, and have their fixed habitations, or places of refuge, amongst
the crevices of rocks, or amongst the zostera, tangles, or sea-weed, on the
precipitous slopes forming the sea-coast, or the bed of the sea, or on the
plateaux or sand-banks. Also those amongst the class of shore fishes which
are always on the move in search of prey, shunning, as a rule, the light of
day. Each kind has its particular fancy in the choice both of its lurking-
places, where it rests by day, on the watch for any prey that may pass
within reach, and for its hunting-grounds, which it frequents by night, some

" Physicalische Untersuchungen im Adriatischen und Sicilisch-Ionischen Meere wahrend des
Sommers, 1880." Von den Akademie Professoren Julius Wolf und Josef Luksch. Wien :
Gerold. 1881. The maps appended to this work were exhibited at the Geographical Congress
at Venice, 1881, for which the authors received the gold medal. A reference to this work is
recommended to those whom the subject may specially interest.

I

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

preferring well-overgrown declivities or zostera meadows, whilst others seek
the rocky shores, or the creviced precipices, according to the nature of their
food, tarrying, nevertheless, in the vicinity of their favourite resorts, and
hovering about within given limits, both horizontal and vertical.

The sea water proper of the Adriatic, in respect of the degree of saltness,
is about the same as the Atlantic under the tropics, so that southern forms
prosper.1

But it has been shown that, similar to the lochs of Scotland and the
fjords of Norway, the salt water is often intermingled with fresh water,
arising from the limestone springs, which abound especially in the Quarnero,
so that the surface waters may be fresh, or nearly so, whilst the depths are
as salt as in mid-ocean.

This circumstance alone accounts for the prosperity of single colonies of
otherwise foreign, and even northern forms, though not affording an
explanation of the question how they came there.

The depth of the Adriatic is for the most part moderate ; the depth of
the Quarnero varies from 20 to 40 fathoms, and only at points it reaches 60 ;
proceeding south, it increases to So to 100 fathoms near the islands of Zuri,
Incoronata, and Scoglio Porno ; from Porno, the course of the greatest depths
is south-east, and near the island of Meleda the bed has not been reached at
500 fathoms.

In the great variety of physical characteristics here enumerated we find so
many factors in favour of a high development, and furnishing the require-
ments for the most opposite attributes of submarine animal life. Thus it is
that the Adriatic offers an extensive field for the investigations of the student
of natural history, and is justly appreciated on this account by naturalists from
all parts of the world.

Nevertheless, the fauna of the Adriatic has not been subject to a thorough
and systematic investigation like many other seas, such as the yEgean, the

1 The affinity between the Mediterranean and Japanese faunas has been pointed out by
Dr. Gunther, the number of genera common to these two faunas being larger than that of the
genera common to the Mediterranean and the opposite American coasts.

C

io THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

shores of Nice, &c., &c, although partial researches have furnished a variety
of valuable information which constitutes an important instalment towards the
fulfilment of the more comprehensive task of an exhaustive work. Foremost
amongst such researches must be mentioned the able and painstaking work
of Dr. J. R. Lorenz1 on the Quarnero.

These interesting investigations refer to the horizontal distribution of
animal and vegetable life in the Quarnero, on the theory of Professor Forbes,
demonstrating that marine animals and plants have their zones of depth, just
as plants have their regions of altitude.

As no systematic account of the horizontal distribution, or chorology, of
animal life in the Adriatic has yet been published, this must be considered a
most valuable contribution to the inquiries on the subject of its fauna, on
which subject so much remains to be done, and it may not be out of place
here to give a short account of the general results of this work as regards
the chorology in the Quarnero.

Dr. Lorenz has found the following distinct zones : —

ZONE I. — The Super-Littoral Zone, characterised by the one very
poor species of Algae, Catenella; and the fauna facies,2 Ligia Brandtii,
and other animals, which neither live in the water nor proceed more than
a few feet from the immediate border of the sea.

ZONE II. — The Littoral Zone, divided into the Exposed Littoral
Zone, between high and low-water marks, and, when influenced by the
wind, two feet above, or i^foot below the normal tide-marks — altogether a
maximum range of 5^ feet. This is the region of green sea-weeds, charac-
terised by the Algae, Ulvcc (sloke plants), Enteromorpha, and Cladophoi'a in

1 " Physicalische Verhaltnisse und Vertheilung der Organismen im Quarnerischen Golfe."
Wien: 1863.

2 Facies is the representative species of any particular zone, so that, as Professor Forbes
observes, the facies of the inhabitants of any given region of depth is so marked, that the
sight of a sufficient assemblage of them from some one locality can enable the naturalist to speak
at once to the soundings within certain limits, without the aid of line or plummet.

AXP THE FISH THEREOF. u

brackish waters ; in other places Heteractis, Oscillaria, and other kinds
abound. On rocky shores the upper edge is covered with the periwinkle
(Litorina B aster oti) \ Ligia Brandtii from above, and Grapsus varius from
below, meet here ; below this, several species of the littoral shell-fish limpets
{Patella) adhere to the rocks near the water's edge, also Chiton Polii. About
midway between the tide-marks appears the advance-guard of the Balani
(barnacles), which grow on the rocks so as to belt the coast when the tide is
out ; the representative species is in this case Chthamalus stellatus. On spots
retaining the moisture after the receding tide Nereis cultrifera, Heterocirrus
saxicola, Sipunculus verrucosus^ and Mytilus minimus are commonly to be seen.

Below these, again, as far as low-water mark, whole groups of Mytilus
minimus, and, in hidden places attached to the rocks, the date-shell,
(Lithodomus lithophagus), and the indolent Actinia mesembryantJiemum, one
of the few Red-Sea polyps l found in the Mediterranean region, and one of
the most characteristic forms of this zone, never moving during the whole
period of its exposure to the air, whereas species of TrocJms? which here
first make their appearance, and Grapsus varius, a marginal crab, follow the
receding tide, remaining exposed to the air at most for one or two consecutive
hours.

Shores exposed to the breakers are overgrown with Fucus vesiculosus, and
the genera are limited here to Mytilus minimus, Trochi, and Grapsus varius
already mentioned. On shingle, sandy, or muddy shores, also when covered
with sea-weed, and where the moisture is retained at low water, Amphitoe
penicillata is characteristic, being found here in large numbers, besides
Gammarus Olivii, in second order.

On muddy, but sheltered, flat shores we find species of the rag- worm
{Nereis) ; where sand predominates, Gebia littoralis, an elegant green and
sandy-coloured, marbled shore-crab, which swims backwards and forwards ;

1 A sea-anemone like masses of brilliant crimson, or bright green pulp, but, when covered by
the water, expanding into many armed disks and displaying shapes and colours of exquisite
beauty. — E. Forbes.

2 Trochus divaricatus, the purple-striped top-shell, remains exposed to the air on moist
shores. — E. F.

C 2

12 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

also Arenicola branckialis, a species of lug-worm, which, together with the
Nereis, are caught by fishermen for bait.

ZONE III. — The Submerged Littoral Zone, extending from low-
water mark to a depth of 2 fathoms; average temperature of water 590 F.,
subject to rapid changes ; characterised by forty species of Mollusks, ten
Crustacea, six Annellides, four Echinoderms, four Polyps, three Amorphozoa.

This is the region of the corallines, more especially of the pretty calci-
ferous sea-plant Corallina officinalis, which marks its appearance just below
low-water mark ; these are often overgrown by dense Cystoseira, forming the
most prevalent and striking facies of this region. Another prevalent facies is
that of the waving meadows of Zostera, or grass-wrack, which grows on sand
or mud. This mass of vegetation is interwoven by Diatomaceae, of which fifty-
nine species, belonging to twenty-six genera, belong exclusively to this region.
At a depth of 4 to 10 feet commence the Nullipores, coral-like vegetables,
simulating minerals in figure and consistence, and furnishing a favourable
spawning-ground for fishes ; they grow in vast quantities, and assume many
strange modifications of form, sometimes expanding into small cabbage-heads,
but mostly assuming the appearance of coral. Nullipore ground is very
necessary to the development of animal life, as it harbours a number of forms
which are scattered by its destruction ; hence the value attached to its
preservation. On rocky shores are found several species of the Polyp
Actinia, chiefly A. viridis ; more rarely A. aurantiaca, A. rlwdodactylos,
A. bimacnlata: Echinus lividus adheres to the rocks, Bonellia viridis lies
in crevices ; Purpura maculosa, Trochus fragarioidcs, T. tessellatus, Patella
ccerulea, Chiton siculus, Spondylus aculeatus just below the surface on Algae,
as also the crustaceans Grapsus varius and Palccmon squilla.

On corallines are found Conus mediterraneus, Murex cristatus, and different
species of Trochus (T. Laugieri), all shells of varying beauty. Here and
there appears the Echinoderm Asteracanthion glacialis, common to the Boreal
and Celtic regions, sometimes as much as 7 to 8 inches long, often left dry by
the receding tide and anxiously clinging to the rocks. Asteracanthion
tcnuispinus is found less frequently.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 13

Animal life increases where the rocks are covered with hard, brittle
and useless sponges, which first make their appearance here, and are
so far characteristic of this region as to form the facies of littoral Spongieta.
They are of three species : — 1. Sarcotragns spinosuhts (which harbours some
Annellides, such as Lumbriconereis Nardonis, Polynoe squamata, P. elegans);
2. Gcodia placenta (which, besides the aforenamed Annellides, supports Nereis
Costcv in large numbers, and Saxicava arctica and S. Giicrini embedded in the
sponge), resembling the Tethya lyncumium in its texture, and 3. Reniera
calyx.

On coasts sheltered from the full force of the prevalent winds, Bora and
Scirocco, on the surface of rocks covered -with Algae, are found elegant
Bryozoae, such as the dark Lepralia Heckelii and a bright red Cellcpora ;
adhering to the rocks, Haliotis tnberculata, a shell extending as far as Guernsey,
which is its most northern limit, Patella ccerulea, P. vulgata, Chiton siculus,
Fissurella gibba ; species of Trochus, Murex ; Area barbata, A. lactea, Lima
squamosa, Spondyhis gadceropus. Underneath the rocks several nudibranch
sea-snails seek shelter, such as Don's Villafranca, a beautiful dark blue snail
with golden, white, and light blue lines, also D. argus and Elysia splendida,
a snail of exquisite beauty found and described by Dr. Grube,1 and displaying
the most brilliant colours (it is in many respects similar to Acteon Hopei of
Ve.rany).

Inside the rock swarms of Lithodomus lithophagus, also Galcomma
turtoni, Venerupis Irus are to be found. The Crustaceans Eriphia spinifrons
and species of Sphcsroma likewise hide here, also a number of Annellides,
such as Sabella, Tei'rebella, Etcnice, soft sea-worms of various lengths which
inhabit the rocks, E. sanguinea, for instance, attaining a length of 2 feet and
more, Polynoe, and sporadically Bonellia viridis.

Nullipore ground affords protection to Serpula aspera, Eupomatos unci-
nahis, Terrebella corallina, T. spiralis, Eulalia macroceros, Polynoe areolata,
P. clypcata, &c, besides several Crustacea. Foremost amongst the latter
are Palcsmon squilla, Galeomma ttirtoni, Chiton cajetanus, together with

1 " Ein Ausflug nach Trieste und dem Quarnero," p. 86. By Dr. A. E. Grube. Berlin : 1861.

i4 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Saxicava artica and the Lima, a kind of scallop, which constructs for itself a
comfortable nest in and by means of the coral-like weeds. Such are the
characteristic forms.

Where broken rocks rest upon sand or shingle, gravel or mud, grows the
sponge Ancorina verruca. Under similar conditions is found an enormous
limivorous Annellide of extreme beauty, Sabclla Spallanzanii, which attains a
length of as much as 16J inches, and appears in groups, resembling sub-
marine palms or tree-ferns.

Where the position is sheltered, and the shingle, being undisturbed, is
covered with a fine coating of sea-weed, are found the shell-framing Annellide,
Spirorbis pusilla, and the Crustaceans Sphceroma serratum, Amphitoe Pre-
vostii, and Gammarus Olivii. This is the only locality in which appears the
large black periwinkle (Littorina litored).

Where there is dense vegetation, with or without sponges, the genera
Caprella and Idotkea, Acantonyx lunulatus, are characteristic ; also the
beautiful little univalves Rissoa, wonderfully varied in colour and form.
Myriads of Cerithea are to be found amongst the grass- wrack, besides
Buccinum, the bivalve Modiola costulata, species of Trochus, and a number of
Annellides, foremost amongst which Nerine vulgaris.

Cystoseira or Sargassum-tangles harbours the characteristic facies of Pisa
Gibsii and Mitra Savignyi, and on the branches of the tangles creeps the
Annellide Eitphrosyne myrtosa, amongst many other similar species.

On shingle and loose rocks, exposed to the heaviest roll of the waves,
appear Sipunculus nudus (the Syrinx of Forbes), the bivalve Mya arctica,
and Heterocirrus saxicola, a soft and very delicate Annellide discovered and
described by Dr. Grube,1 to whom it owes its name : it is found in narrow
channels of the hard limestone, probably worked by its own industry.

On coarse sand appear Venus decussata, V. atirea, Buccinum retictdatum,
Cardium edule ; on fine sand, C. tuberculatum.

Where the sand, or mud, is covered with dense .Zostera, animal life is still
more numerous, and is characterised by several species of Bucci;mm, the

Ein Ausflug nach Trieste," &:c., pp. 47, 66.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 15

Echinoderm Astcriscus cilia/us, Phasianella ptilla, Cerithium vulg., TrocJius
Biasolctti, and Cyclonassa ncrithca, a curious little whelk resembling a nerithea
in shape, creeping on the sand and burrowing in it.

In shallow and sheltered creeks, whose muddy bed is covered with
Valonia, is found a numerous variety of small Crustaceans, viz., Gammarus
scissimanus, Amphitoe guttata, Cymodoce pilosa, Sphceroma Jziriiiii.

Loam or red clay bed is rare, and affords little attraction to animal or vege-
table life ; the characteristic species are Gebia litoralis, Scobicularia piperita,
and species of Sphceroma and Amphitoe. This is a favourite site for the
propagation of the sand-smelt (Atherina hepsetus) and various species of grey
mullet (MugHicUe) ; in the month of April the young fry is caught by the
million in the Bay of Dobrigno, and transferred to the lagoons of Venice and
the valli chiuse (fish-ponds), where they are reared as nourishment for other
fishes.

On black muddy ground, composed of decaying animal and vegetable
matter, and in the shallows of sheltered bays, the characteristic Annellides are
Cirratulus Lamarckii, not found elsewhere, also species of Clymene, Glycera
alba, hitherto known only in Norwegian and Danish waters ; the Mollusks
Cerithium scabrum, Natica pulchella, Troclms canaliculars, Venus nitens,
V. lata, Psammobia vcspertina, &c, also prevail here.

ZONE IV. — The Sub-Littoral Zone, extending from 2-10 fathoms;
average temperature 57 to 590 F., subject to slow changes; pressure at
6 fathoms 2*13 atmospheres; the variations of the temperature are only
slightly less than those of the surface waters ; effect of waves, slight. This
is the region of the sea-flags, or tangles, lying beyond the lowest ebb, which
are overgrown by dense Cystoseira. The number of Algae is very much
reduced, as also the prevalence of the different species, only forty-four species
belonging to eighteen genera being found here. On the sea-shrubs live a
quantity of Mollusks, Actiniae, and Ascidians. Characteristic are four Crusta-
ceans, one Annellide, ten Mollusks, two Echinoderms, one Polyp, and one
sponge. The latter is the Aplysina aerophoba, a remarkable yellow sponge
which grows on craggy rock-inclines, mostly covered by more, or less, dense

16 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Cystoseira, shining like smooth yellow leather whilst immersed, but changing
to dark green when exposed to the air ; it is peculiarly characteristic of depths
of 5 to 6 fathoms. The Spongia Qtia7rnerensis is also found adhering to the
tangles.

Here abound the Crustacean Galathea squamifera and the univalves Aplysia
depilans, Buccinum ascanias, Cerithium vulg. var.gracile, and most characteristic
of all are the Annellides Lumbriconereis quadristriata of Grube. In shallow
waters on bare rock, or shingle, appear the bivalve Pinna squamosa, the
Ascidians Cynthia microcosmus and C. papulosa, a large species in form some-
what like the common species, but of extreme beauty from the effect of its
colour ; its tough skin is thickly overset with disks of the brightest scarlet ;
it is known here by the name of Limone di Mar, or sea-lemon.

The Polyp Actinia bellis here attains its maximum development, the
sea-urchin Echinus brevispinosus also appears, and amongst the rocks is
found the common lobster, Homarus marinus.

On clean sand is found the elegant crab, Gonoplax rhomboides, also the
bivalve Cytherea chione, and the Echinoderm Astropecten aztrantiacus, which,
however, only attains to its maximum of development in the next region.
On clean clay beds appear Venus verrticosa, Modiola barbata, Cardium
exigtmm, different species of Pectines (P. sulcatus, P. jacobceus, P. poly-
mor pints), and Echinus microtuberculatus.

The oyster, Ostrea cdulis var. cristata, is rarely found in the Ouarnero,
but otherwise abounds in this region, chiefly at Val Cassione, on the island
of Veglia.

Black clay supports a number of Foraminifers, such as Miliola obesa,
Rosalina varians, and Acervulina inhcsrens.

The Zostera fields swarm with animal life, the most characteristic of
this region ; most prevalent amongst these are Sicyonia sculpta, Palccmon
rectirostris, Leucotoe denticulata, and Ilia nucleus; also the Annellides
Serpula echinata, and Aspidosiphon Million.

Forms found in the littoral zones, such as Idothea appendiculata,
Lysianassa spinicornis, Trochus pyramidatus, here attain their maximum of
development.

a

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 17

Cymodocc pilosa, C. truncata, Sphccroma Jurinii, Pectinaria auricoma,
Nereis zostericola, and Buccinum ascanias do not descend below 6 fathoms.

The pipe, or needle-fishes (Syngnatkidce), the gar-pike (Belone vulgaris),
and the wrasse (Labnts turdus) are also found here.

Squilla mantis, Maja squinado, Murex brandaris, Pecten jacobams, and
Ostrea cdulis are forms which abound in this region, in the Gulfs of Trieste
and of Venice. They are exceptional in the Ouarnero, var. cristata being
the only kind of oyster found in some parts of this gulf.

ZONE V. — This is the medium declivity and depth extending from
10 to 20 fathoms, mostly on steep inclines, rarely on flat beds.

Sweet surface waters have no effect here, and submarine springs do not
issue forth in this region; specific gravity of water 1,027 ; intensity of the
effect of the daylight on the decrease, rays of light yellowish and difference
between night and day perceptible ; pressure at 15 fathoms 3-67 atmospheres ;
no effect felt of the action of the waves ; no drift currents, but the chief
currents reach to the bottom of this zone ; average temperature 560 F.,
difference of temperature between summer and winter, 18-200 F.

This zone corresponds closely with Professor Forbes' Laminarian Zone.
The number of Algae falls off considerably, particularly the typical forms of
the Mediterranean and Adriatic flora, general forms only remaining. The
lower declivity and the flat bed are both characterised by dense and high
Cystoseira and Nzdlipores, which especially abound there ; few Diatomacece
remain. Characteristic forms : — eight Crustaceans, four Annellides, twenty-
two Mollusks, eight Echinoderms, two Polyps, and two Sponges.

On bare rocks, free of, or with little vegetation, in crevices and fissures
are found the Conger-eel {Conger vulgaris), the common lobster, the crabs
Palimirus vulg., and the smaller Praniza ccerulata ; in sponges, Typton
spongicula and the Echinoderm Ophiopsila aranea of Forbes. The Annellides
Serpula contortiplicata and Terebella parviloba adhere to stones. Eunice
norvegica, E. gallica, Meckelia anmdata, and Polynde cirrata, a Boreal and
Celtic Annellide, where it attains to higher development than here, are often
found in the holes of stones, or amongst the coral-like Nullipores.

D

1 8 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Cardium echinatum, C. Icsvigatum, the sea-urchins Echinus brevispinosus,
and especially the enormous E. mclo, which presents the characteristic facies,
occupy rocks covered with loose gravel, or grit.

Polyps of the Gorgonia genus, such as G. verrucosa, G. Bertoloni, first
appear in 1 5 fathoms, and increase in number with the depth.

Where Cystoseira grows on rock, or loose stones, or broken shells, the
crustaceans Pisa armata, Porcellana platycheles, Atelecychis heterodon, Ethusa
mascarone, Inachus t/wracicus, are particularly characteristic. They are joined
by XantJio jloridus, X. rivolosus, Pagurus maculatus, Pilumnus hirtellus, ■
and Galathca strigosa, which here attain to their maximum. S tenor hynchzis
phalangium here commences to appear and increases with the depth ; Portunus
longipipes is on the decrease.

The characteristic Annellides are Euphrosyne mediterranea, Eulalia
viridis, and Polyophthalmus pictus, the latter a remarkable one described by
Quatrefrages (the Nais picta of Duges).1

Under similar conditions appear the Mollusks : Fusus rostratus, Cardium
exigmim, and Turbo ru-gosus ; on the tangles, Chiton Rissoe, and Fissurella
gr<zca ; on the branches Doris tuberculata, a Celtic form, Aplysia mar-
ginata, Fusils syracusanus, Mitra ebenus, Cerithium pulchcllum, C. minutum,
Rissoa Bruguieri, also the bivalve Auatina pusilla. Besides these many
species of Trochus, Cerithium, and Rissoa are found, characteristic of the
littoral zone ; they disappear in the course of this region.

Where Sargassum grows scattered on gravel, or grit, and loose stones,
life is still more varied. Inside the stones dwell Saxicava Guerini, Anccus
forficularis, and attached to the outside of stones are Scrpula contorhiplicata,
S. aspera, Pomatoceros tricuspis, and Spirorbis pusilla, which cease here. The
Polyps Cyathina striata, Actinia carciuiopados, and A. bellis, likewise appear
in their company.

The Ascidian Phallusia intestinalis, whose mantle is invariably incrusted
with Modiola discrcpans, adheres to stones (Philippi cites this as the ordinary

1 Quatrefrages, " Annales des Sciences Naturelles," iii. serie, tome xiii., 1850, p. 8; and
Grube, " Ein Ausflug," &c, p. 49.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 19

appearance of this small bivalve) ; also Tcthya lyncurium, a species of sponge
rendered firm by containing numerous needles of flint throughout its sub-
stance, extending to Celtic waters.

The Crustaceans Lambrns angulifrons, L. masscna, Dromia vulgaris,
Ethusa mascarone, Eurynoiue scutellata, Maja vej'rucosa, are here charac-
teristic.

Annellides are less abundant. The most characteristic are Cerebratulus
spectabilis, Meckelia annulata, and a beautiful violet Eunice, new to the
European fauna, discovered and described by Dr. Grube :l it is similar to
the E. violacea of Oersted, though only half its size, viz., 2\ inches long.

The characteristic species in this zone are the univalves Eusus rostratus,
Ovula spelta, and Dentalium entails, a Boreal species ; the bivalve Solen
ensis ; the sea-urchin Schizaster canaliferus ; the star-fishes, Asterisais
verruculatus, Asteracanthion glacialis, Alecto mediterranea ; and the cucumbers
Holothuria tubulosa and Cucumaria doliolum.

The Polyps Gorgonia verrucosa and G. Bertoloni rise amid the Cysto-
seira and Sargassum in the form of shrubs, whose withered branches are
often entirely covered with the cherry-red-coloured Sympodium coralloides.
These, again, are varied by Tubularia larynx, T. ramosa, Lcpralia tctragona,
and Filograna implexa, which either grow amongst the tangles, or are inter-
woven with, or cling to, their branches.

More numerous than elsewhere appear the snails Doris ccc-rulca, of a
beautiful violet tint, sEolis Bellardii, Pleurobranclms species, and Tylodina
citrina, a species of a sulphur-yellow colour.

Clean gravel and coarse sand harbour most of the foregoing species, but
in fewer numbers. The most characteristic form of this locality is Venus
verrticosa, both as regards abundance and development. The bivalve
Tellina donacina has a wide horizontal extension, and it is found here in
the company of a quantity of Annellides, especially Borlasia species, Meckelia
annuiata, besides a beautiful green Phyllodoce.

On clay-bed covered with scattered Dictyomenia, the number of groups

1 See "Ein Ausflug nach Trieste," &c, by Dr. A. E. Grube, p. 61. Berlin.

D 2

20 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

of the Ascidians Phallusia cristata, and more especially P. mammillata
entwined with Dictyomenice, are most characteristic. Quantities of Tzirritella
communis and Aporrhais pes pelicani here first make their appearance,
whilst the bivalves Corbula nucleus and Pecten inflexus seem to be limited
to this region, and form one of its principal facies. The Capanus, or
Dry-rot-worm, Teredo navalis, the " calamitas navium," or the scourge of
vessels, as it has been called, is found in sunken pieces of wood, and is
especially prevalent at Sebenico. Lastly may be noticed the Annellides
Aphrodite hystrix, A. sericea, the Crustacean Portunus plicatus and species
of Ophiolepis.

Some species descend here from the former region, such as Lambrus
angulifrons, Portunus Rondeletii, &c. ; the Echinoderms Asteracanthion
glacial is, Astropecten aurantiacus, A. platyacanthus, and Echinus microtuber-
culatus. But they disappear entirely in the course of this zone ; Astropecten
aurantiacus is at its height of development here.

Last of all may be mentioned on loam-beds the sponge Esperia massa,
and other yellow and red sponges ; also the Echinoderms Echinaster sepositus,
Ophioderma longicatida, Astropecten pentacantlms, and Cucumaria pentactes :
the latter has a northern extension.

ZONE VI., forming the lowest declivity of the shore-incline, and a great
part of the bed of the Gulf, including a number of channels and larger bays,
extending from 20 to 45 fathoms' depth, in which respect, as also to some
extent also in character, it corresponds with Professor Forbes' coralline zone.
Rocky precipice, whose base consists to a great extent of stone fragments
and debris; bed chiefly loam, or clay; springs from the limestone rock
below, influencing the degree of saltness, and the temperature of the
water ; influence of light reduced to a minimum, but the difference between
day and night still perceptible; pressure at 30 fathoms, 6*35 atmospheres;
absolute quiescence of waters ; change of temperature slow, and the difference
between the extremes 16-180 F.

The characteristic forms of the Mediterranean flora vanish, and there
remain for the most part only general Atlantic, Celtic, and Scandinavian.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 21

The vegetation decreases markedly below this point, and is only repre-
sented by some species of Dictyomenias, which reach down to 50 fathoms,
and are characteristic of these depths. The characteristic fauna comprises
three Crustaceans, two Annellides, fourteen Mollusks, three Echinoderms,
three Polyps, and four Sponges.

At the bottom of the shore-incline, formed by stone debris, and more
seawards, on loam or sand-beds, amongst the mostly distorted forms of
Cystoseira, which still grow here and there, and heaps of broken fragments
of shells, which have accumulated in course of time— the most characteristic
forms are the Annellide Onuphis hibicola, the bivalves Venus ovata, V.
fasciata, Cardium oblongum, C. punctatum, and the Polyp Eschara cervi-
comis. Besides these, some few characteristic species of the former region
still appear, but are on the decrease.

On gravel and scattered fragments of shells, stone, or Nullipores, in
20-30 fathoms, forming the bed in a wide circle around the island of Lussin,
and partly also that of Veglia, and also less prominently so in other parts, are
quite characteristic : the Annellides Serpula venusta, Vermilia clavigera,
Eunice gallica, E. norvegica, Nereis Dumerilii, and Cerebratulus marginahis,
mostly Celtic forms ; the Mollusks Fusils lavatus, Turritella triplicate/,,
Pleurotoma Philberti, and Tttrbo rtigosus in swarms ; Chiton lesvis, Capulus
hungariais, both Boreal forms, small elegant specimens of Pecten (P. pusio,
P. testes, P. pellucidus, P. opercularis) ; swarms of Comatula {Alecto)
viediterranea, also well-developed and many-coloured varieties of the Boreal
species Ophiotrix fragilis, Astropecten pentacanthus, and Retipora
reticulata.

Forms characteristic of the whole region are found here, such as
Lysianassa humilis in hollow sponges ; the Annellide Terebella pustulosa
on plants and sponges ; the Mollusks Turritella quadricarinata, Denta-
lium dentalis, and two Boreal bivalves, Venus fasciata and Cardium
Icevigahim.

On uniform and extended loam-beds appear, in dispersed groups, the
Crustaceans Alpheus ruber, Galathea rugosa, Corystes dentatus, and swarms
of Portuuus plicatus ; also Maldane glebifex, an Annellide described by

22 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Dr. Grube,1 which, wrapped in 1-2 inch loam-sausages about the thickness of
a finger, cover the bed by the million, and are easily taken for mere lumps of
earth. On the same ground dwell Terebella crocea, T. pustulosa, Sabella
brevibarbis, adhering to Ascidians, Dictyomenise, or fragments of shells, also
swarms of Aphrodite hystrix, more rarely A. aculeata ; besides these are
found Clymene digitata, Nereis Dumerilii, Lumbriconereis unicornis, Sigalion
tetragonum, Chcetopterus pergamentaceus, Protula protensa, and P. R?idolphii,
one of the most magnificent of its genus, adorned by the most brilliant
colours (the Serpula intestinum of L.) ; P. protensa, though less brilliant
in its colouring, is perhaps as beautiful, on account of the more tasteful and
delicate diffusion of its tints.2

The Mollusks Bullcea planciana, swarms of Aporrhais pes pelecani and
Turritella ungulina, more rarely T. triplicata ; Trochus granulans ; here
and there Dolium galea, the largest snail of the Adriatic ; Cassidaria echino-
phora, Tapes geographica, Cardium ciliare, Isocardia cor, Pectuncuhis pilosus,
a Boreal form, and Nuctila sulcata, all abound here. Amongst the Echino-
derms Holothuria regalis is characteristic by their abundance ; Ophiolepis
ciliata are numerous, but Cladodactyla pentactes, which has a wide northern
extension, Cucumaria tergestina, Echinaster sepositus, Asteriscus palmipes,
AsteracantJiion glacial is, Ophioderma longicauda, are scarce.

The characteristic Polyps are Mammillifera tmivittata, Alcyoniuvi
palmahim in large quantities ; Pennatula phosphorea, or sea-pens, and
Cyathina striata on the shells of Turritella.

The Sponges found here are Raspailia stelligera, Spongia adriatica,
Cacospongia scalaris, and Esperia Lorenzii.

The Norway Lobster {Nepkrops norvegicus), found in swarms locally
distributed over the deepest parts of the northern and central portion of the
Gulf of Ouarnero, must be considered a colony of an entirely foreign
form, as it is not met with in any other part of the Adriatic. In its
company appear, imbedded in and firmly adhering to the mud, Virgularia

1 "Ein Ausflug," &c, by Dr. A. E. Grube, pp. 46, 62, 63, 65. Berlin : 1861.

2 See Grube's work, "Ein Ausflug," &c, pp. 51, 63.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 23

multiflora, a representative species of the Boreal form Virgularia mirabilis>
a form hitherto strange to the Mediterranean fauna, and altogether to the
Lusitanian province. In the same locality are found Alcyonium palmatum
and Pennatula phospliorca ; and the Crustacean, GalatJica rugosa, is more
prevalent and prosperous here than elsewhere.

In order to account for the insular appearance of this association of
northern representative forms it is necessary to assume that, as elsewhere
where analogous appearances of Boreal outliers occur, these forms had a
further southern distribution during the Glacial Period, and that in course
of time, owing to a raised temperature of the waters, particularly in summer
time, their distribution became limited to the deeper and cooler regions, as
long as the nature of the bed proved suitable, and the pressure of the water
was not too great.

The Gulf of Fiume, the Quarnerolo, and the Channel of Punta Croce
are depressions in the bed to which this theory applies. Further to the south
they are shut in from the open sea by a ridge of higher ground, which
accounts for their isolation, whilst the lower temperature which prevails
on the bed of the Quarnero, and the difference in the composition
of the water, due to the limestone springs, must explain why they
prosper here, whereas they do not occur in the neighbouring Dalmatian
waters.

Ulterior investigation may possibly bring to light fossil remains of
northern forms of Gasteropods and Lamellibranchs, now extinct in these
waters. The discovery would go far to explain the phenomenon which has
caused this apparent freak of nature, and to furnish the proof of what at
present must remain an assumption, viz., that changes of temperature have
taken place, which have destroyed some forms of life, whilst others have
been able to assimilate themselves to the new conditions.

Mr. R. Godwin-Austen, in the work, "The Natural History of the
European Seas," commenced by Professor E. Forbes, but edited and con-
tinued by him, says (p. 157), "the Nephrops norvegicus has its numerical
maximum in, and is a good characteristic Crustacean for, the Scandinavian
region, but it occurs abundantly in Dublin Bay ; it has not, however,

24 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

according to Mr. W. Thompson, a general distribution — such as west and
south, even throughout the Irish seas. We may feel sure, from its excellence
as an edible species, that it has not been overlooked by fishermen, whilst its
size, form, and proportions make it the most elegant Crustacean we have — a
prize which no naturalist would overlook ; yet, strange to say, it has not been
recorded from the western coasts of France, nor do we meet with it till we
reach the Mediterranean. It seems to be abundant in the Adriatic,1 in which
sea it may be noticed, that several other outlying forms of northern types
have also been met with."

This is one of the many curiosities which abound in Natural History,
affording abundant food for meditation to the student, and over which it is
well worth his while to ponder.

On this head it is not out of place to recall to the reader Professor
Forbes' reflections whilst dwelling on a similar, and not less interesting
enigma, viz., that of the presence of certain littoral Mollusks on both
sides of the Atlantic, and the problem how their migration from one side
of the Atlantic to the other was effected, as it undoubtedly was effected in
some manner which at best remains a mere conjecture. He says : —

" The student of history follows with intense interest the march of a
conqueror or the migration of a nation.

" The traveller traces, with most breathless delight, every step of the
progress of some mighty hero of ancient days.

" I have had my share of the pleasure when tracking the course of
Alexander and his armies in Pisidia, and determining mile by mile the route
of Manlius through Milias ; on ground, too, to the modern geographer
wholly new.

" Yet, absurd as it may seem to those who have not thought of such
things before, there is a deeper interest in the march of a periwinkle and
the progress of a limpet.

"It is easier to understand how the son of Philip made his way safely
through the sea, on his famous march from Phaselis, than to comprehend

1 In the Quarnero Gulf.

TERSATO, NEAR FIUME.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 25

how the larva of a Patella crossed the fathomless gulf between Finmark and
Greenland. It is a strong saying, but not said without a meaning, that the
existence of Alexander may have been determined by the migration of the
shell-fish. If I am right in my interpretation, we acquire a clue to the
origin of the peculiar physical conformation of the world as it is, and to the
disposition of those geographical arrangements upon which the development
of nations and characters of men in a great measure depend."

ZONE VII. is that of the greatest depths, extending from 45 to 75
fathoms ; limestone springs rise here and there ; effect of light reduced to a
minimum; pressure at 60 fathoms, 12*26 atmospheres ; average temperature
520 F. ; difference of extreme temperatures 50 F., and change very gradual.

The characteristic species are the Polyps Aglaophccnia myriophylhun, and
Semalaria lendigera; the bivalves, Pec ten glaber, Avicula tarentina, Venus
ovata, and Venus fasciata, and the univalve, Turritella quadricarinata, which
ends the short list.

VERTEBRATES.

The distribution of the Vertebrates is much more extended than that of
the forms hitherto described ; their division by horizontal regions is to a
certain extent practicable, but the limits are not nearly so well defined as is
the case with the Invertebrates.

They are divided into two very distinct classes, viz. : —

1. The Sedentary class of fishes, composed of those which are bound
to given limits, both horizontal and vertical ; these being determined by the
temperature or composition of the water, the depth, the nature of the bed
or the adjacent land, or the quality of their food. This class, which is also
called Shore fishes, is subdivided into what I shall term : —

(a) The Rovers?- which hover about within given limits, suitable to
their particular predilections.

1 I consider these divisions the most appropriate rendering of what Dr. Lorenz terms (a),
Grundschwarmer ; (b), Grundstete.

E

26 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

(b) The Squatters? which are bound to given localities, and have their

fixed abodes.
2. The Migratory or Pelagic class {voyageurs), which frequents the
deep, without reference to the coast or formation of the bed.

Class I. — Sedentary Forms.

i. Littoral forms in depths of 0-6 fathoms, or within the third and
fourth zones. .

{a) Littoral Rovers. — On the open coast-lands most species of Blcnnies
and Gobies abound, such as the ocellated Blenny, or Butterfly-fish, a
British species here common ; Bl palmicomis, BL tentacularis, and Bl. pavo,
rarer ; the black Goby, a British species, common, and G. capito rarer.
These genera are numerously represented in these waters, the Gobies by no
less than twenty-two species, of which only seven are known in British
waters ; and the Blennies by fourteen species, of which four belong to the
British fauna. Some of them are brilliantly coloured.

Calm and sheltered rocky shores are frequented by Lepadogasteres, or
Suck-fishes, amongst which are three British species : the Cornish Sucker
and the Connemara Sucker are the most prevalent of this genus.

The Wrasses hover about the littoral tangles and grass-wrack ; they are
very numerous, and are represented by twenty distinct species, only four of
which are known in British waters. This is the characteristic genus of the
Mediterranean region.

Amongst the most prevalent species are Labrus turdtis, L. mei'ula,

Crenilahrus pavo, Cr. melops (the Cork wing), Cr. quinquemaculatus, Cr.

griseus, Cr. rostratus, Con's Geoffrcdi, and Coris julis (the Rainbow Wrasse).

They are very brilliant, and the last-named is the brightest of the painted

beauties, exceeding all Adriatic fishes in splendour of colour.

Shallow zostera fields, on clay or muddy beds, are the favourite resort of
the Atherines {Atherina kepsetus).

1 I consider these divisions the most appropriate rendering of what Dr. Lorenz terms (a),
Grundschwartner ; (b), Grtmdstete.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 27

Shoals of the Sea-bream tribe, particularly the young, rise here from the
lower zone they usually frequent : they are to be found in sheltered bays, or
creeks, where the bed is muddy, or covered with sea-weed, and are parti-
cularly characteristic of this zone.

The most prevalent kinds are : — Box Salpa, also the Gilthead, a British
species, and one of the most esteemed of fishes : Sargus annularis and Oblata
melanura ; they are seen in shoals around the vessels at anchor, their broad
silvery sides glancing in the water, in some striped with irregular bands of
gold, in others marked with one or two dusky clouds, or tinged with brilliant
ultramarine or purple.1

{b) Littoral Squatters. — In the mud at the mouths of rivulets and
streams, and in the lagoons, the common Eel {Anguilla vulgaris) is common,
its long, slimy body beautifully clouded with purplish brown and salmon-pink.

Of the Amphibious Carnivorse, the common Seal {Phoca vitulind)?
the Sea-Wolf of most Mediterranean people, ranging from the northern
latitudes, is said to enter the Adriatic, and occasionally to be caught at
Ragusa, but not further north. They are believed to go ashore in the Ombla
valley in quest of grapes during the vintage season.

The Adriatic seal "The Monk" (Petagns, Pkoca, or Leptonyx monachus)
also belongs to the littoral forms, but makes its appearance only on the
eastern shores of the Quarnero. It is reported not to be uncommon in the bay
of Carin, but only when the Bora blows across the channel of Morlacca ; and
it is abundant about the islands of the Dalmatian Archipelago.3

The tortoise (Chelonia caretta) must also be included amongst the littoral
forms ; but it is rarely caught so far north as the Quarnero.

1 See Forbes and Godwin-Austen.

2 Consult Petter's "Dalmatia," also Cornalia, "Fauna d'ltalia," part i. p. 62; the identity
of this species as applied to these waters is, however, doubted by many authorities ; E. H.
Giglioli says that the assertion as to the presence of this species in these waters " e basato su
erronea identificazione specifica"; and it is not altogether impossible that the above species
may have been confused with " the Monk."

3 This species is said to commit great havoc in the vineyards of Sardinia and Sicily at the
time of the vintage.

E 2

28 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

2. Forms of the declivity and shallows in depths of 15 to 20 fathoms.

(a.) Rovers. — The ragged steps and prongs of the rocky declivity, over-
grown with tangles, also the rocky shallows, which here and there crown
the deeper loam-beds, swarm with Sea-perches, several species of Scorpions,
Gurnards, Wrasses, and Sea-breams, which form a characteristic fades of this
locality, vulgarly termed Pesci di Grotta.

The most common are Box salpa, Box boops (the Bogue of British waters),
Sargus annularis and Oblata vielanura, which rove in large shoals. In
smaller shoals are Sargus Rondeletii, Pagcllus mormyrus, P. erythrinus (the
red, or Spanish Sea-bream of British waters), Cantharus orbicularis, and
Charax puntaszo.

Solitary mature specimens of Dentex vulgaris (the British Dentex, or
Toothed Gilt-head, the much-valued Dentate of these climes), and Chrysophris
aurata (the Gilt-head, or Dorada of these shores) roam about amongst the
rest.

The Sea-breams are often joined by the Umbrina of British waters
(Umbrina cirrhosd), less frequently by Corviua nigra, also by Bloch's
Gurnard (Trigla cuculus Bl.), the Piper, or Lyra (Tr. lyrd). The streaked
Gurnard {Trigla lineata) only frequents the deep loam-bed. In their
company also appear Serranus scriba, S. cabrilla, also the smooth Serranus
(never S. hepatus), Scorpoena porcus, S. scrofa, Labrus festivus, L. trimaculatus
(the Three-spotted Wrasse) ; a British species.

On the lower declivity and over deep crags range the Stone-basse
(Polyp rion ceruium), the John Dory (Zeus Faber), sometimes also the Boar-
fish (Capros aper), all belonging to the British fauna.

Several varieties of Sea-horses (Hippocampus) are found over the whole
declivity down to 30 fathoms : these belong, however, rather to the pelagic
class.

Most Cephalopods frequent the overgrown rocky ground in average
depths : the Squid (Loligo vulg.), the Cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis), which
often rise to the littoral zones. Sepiola Rondclctii, Octopus vulgaris (the
Poulp, or common Octopus), and Eledonc moschata prefer the open sea, on
loam-beds.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 29

Other forms frequent the sand-banks and zostera fields, such as Smarts
vulgaris^ Sm. gracilis, Mcsna vulgaris, Trachinus draco (the Great Weever)
and Be lone acus (the Gar-Pike), more rarely the Spet (Sphyrcena vulgaris), the
Scald-fish [Arnoglossus lateriia), and several species of the Pipe, or Needle-
fishes [Syugjiathus).

Some migratory forms, especially the Clupcidw, represented chiefly by the
Anchovy and Pilchard (the Sardine of commerce), and a species peculiar
to the Mediterranean fauna, CI. papalina, periodically appear on these
grounds.

[b.) Squatters. — The Conger-eel [Conger vulgaris) lurks in holes and
crevices of the lower declivity. Where the declivity changes at no great
depth into flat loam-beds, or narrow channels, is the dwelling-place of the
flat-fish tribe, such as the Turbot {Rhombus maximus), the Italian Flounder
(Pleuronectes italicus), the Common Sole (Solea vulgaris), S. monochir,
S. lascaris, S. lutea, and the British species, Bloch's Topknot [Phrynorhombus
unimaculatus).

3. Forms of the deep-bed.— These are all squatters; the principal group
amongst which is that of the Gadidce, or Cod tribe, a specifically northern
family, only few of the less valuable species of which appear in these waters,
such as the Poor, or Capelan [G. miuutus), the Whiting (G. merlangtis), the
Bib, or Whiting Pout (G. luscus), the Hake [Merlucius vulgaris), the three-
bearded Rockling [Motella vulgaris), all British species, which, with the
exception of the last-named rare species, form the chief produce of the
ground fisheries.

Amongst these live shoals of the red Band-fish (Cepola rubescens), Star-
gazers [Uranoscopus scaber), and Scrranus hepatus, mostly imbedded in the
mud, whereas the Gadidce hover one or two feet above the bed.

The Rays come next in order of importance. These are the Thornback
[Raja clavata), R. pimctata, the Burton Skate (R. oxyrhynchus), R. miralelus,
the Bordered Ray (R. marginata), the Eagle Ray (Myliobatis aquila1), the
Sting Ray (Trygon pastinaca), Tr. brucco ; the Electric Ray [Torpedo

1 This is rather one of the pelagic forms.

3o THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Galvanii), and another species T. narce. They inhabit exclusively the soft
loam-beds in 20-60 fathoms water.

They are often joined by the Angler, or Fishing Frog {Lophius pisca-
torius), which, however, also frequents shallow waters.

The young and immature Sharks also inhabit these regions,— probably
also the mature ones, although these are rather to be classed amongst the
migratory class of fishes. Amongst them the Angel-fish (Rhina sqiiatina),
the Spiny Dog-fish (Acanthias sp.), the Spotted Dog-fish (Scyllium sp.), are
the most prevalent ; the Blue Shark {Carckarias glaums) is rare ; and
Centrina Salviani is very rare.

Class II. — Migratory Forms.

The migratory or pelagic forms comprise fishes, Cephalopods, Medusae,
also some species of Tunicates, and Gasteropods, which plough the deep
without fixed abode, and without reference to coast and bed. Their move-
ments are determined entirely by the properties of their element, i.e. by
the temperature, composition, and depth of water, as also by the amount
and quality of the nourishment it affords. They come mostly in dense
shoals, and this is the season most propitious for their capture ; others, again,
follow these shoals in pursuit of prey.

They appear near land only during certain months. At other times they
are supposed to be in deep water, and perhaps far away. But absolutely
nothing is known on the subject, nor is a satisfactory reason given why they
approach the land : the idea of their coming for spawning, if not altogether
a fallacy, is at all events questionable as regards the majority, whose ova and
young are found at a great distance from the shore.

In the upper strata of water, down to 10 fathoms' depth, Rhizostoma
Cuvieri are common, often as much as one metre long, and 40 lb. weight,
99^ per cent, of which, however, is water, \ lb. being the actual weight of
animal substance when exposed to the air. Less frequently met with are
species of Pelagia, Oceana ampullacea (a kind of medusa), Beroe cucumis}

1 The members of the Medusa tribe which appear to abound most in the Arctic Seas

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 31

the " Fountain-fish " of the early voyagers to Spitsbergen ; Salpa maxima
often appears, of which sometimes a hundred or more individuals are united
too-ether, forming long chains, known as " Serpents de mer" several of which
often swim in company, producing the most intense phosphorescence ; from
these chains each individual detaches itself, in its turn, for purposes of
reproducing its species. The progeny is a single individual which, totally
dissimilar from its parent, carries on its solitary existence until it, in its turn,
produces a whole chain, consisting of hundreds linked together, but each like
the grandmother!

Tethys fimbria is less frequent ; it is one of the most beautiful, as it is the
largest, naked sea-snail in the Mediterranean; it is furnished with lateral
protuberances, extending on either side of the back, which it moves back-
wards and forwards to serve as oars, besides a sail which, in a specimen
5 inches in length, measured as much as 4^ inches across, the foremost
lateral extensions measuring 2 inches ; it is particularly remarkable for the
phosphorescence it produces.1

The Nautilus, or Paper sailor (Argonaut a papiracea), is not uncommon in
the waters of the islands of Lissa and Lesina, and occasionally, but quite
accidentally, it finds its way as far north as the Gulf of Trieste.

Some minute species of Pteropods, probably belonging to the genus of

are Ciliograda, creatures which are, for the most part, more or less spherical in shape, or else
simulate strips of riband, transparent as the purest crystal, and moving through the water by
means of variously-arranged bands of thread-like hyaline fins, which, as they flap, all keeping
exact time, in each long row, decompose the rays of light, and glitter with the hues of the
rainbow. More exquisitely beautiful creatures than these Beroidce (for so the tribe is called) do
not exist among all the wondrous beings that people the seas. The elegance of their shape is
equalled by the grace of their movements ; and when the prismatic lustre of their bands of cilia
marks the course of their crystal bodies, as they swim with gentle motion through the water, they
seem as if they were diamonds endowed with life. Some, such as the Bero'e cucumis, one of the
most characteristic of the northern forms, yet having a wide range to the south, although in fewer
numbers, are tinged with a charming amethystine blush. This is the " Fountain-fish " of the early
voyagers to Spitzbergen, who, mistaking the cause of the eight bands of iridescence, gleaming
along the sides of its body, fancied they were so many rivulets of lustrous water.— Forbes and
Godwin-Austen, "Natural History of the European Seas."

1 See Dr. Grube's work, " Ein Ausflug," &c, p. 29, and illustration 12. Taf. i.

32 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Cleodora, also appear sometimes with the outward semblance of so many
minute icicles.

The representative forms of migratoryx fish are the Basse {Labrax lupus),
one of the most voracious, as it is also one of the best fishes frequenting
these waters ; the Grey Mullet species, Mugil auratus, the Sea-lamprey
{Petromyzon marinus), mostly to be found in 1 2 fathom waters.

Mugil auratus often seeks the shallows in hungry shoals ; Labrax lupus
approach the shore mostly after rain, when the effect of the swollen streams
and torrents is to cloud the sea ; Petromyzon marinus is fond of the
brackish waters.

The Herring tribe : Clupea sardina, the Pilchard of British waters, comes
in tremendous shoals, less frequently the Anchovy {Engraulis encrasicholus),
and in isolated forms the Shad, {Alosa vulgaris)', they hover about halfway
between the surface and zostera and cystoseira banks, which lie in 15 to 25
fathoms, on which they settle for pasture. They are, however, chased by
Dolphins down to the bed in 30 to 40 fathoms, and also by the Mackerel
{Scomber scombrus), which attacks them from below, thus driving them to
the surface.

The Pilchards seek for given temperatures of water more than any other
fish, and, in the Quarnero, they seem to prefer the medium depths, where a
temperature of 550 F. is to be met with. This temperature occurs twice a
year,- — in April to May, and in September to November, and these are the
seasons in which they visit us ; during the rest of the year they are absolute
strangers to these shores.

The Pilchard is followed in spring by the family of Mackerels ; the
common Mackerel {Scomber scombrus) at their head. There is no fish of
the migratory class that approaches nearer to the shore at certain seasons,
but there is no doubt about its spawning in the open sea, and it approaches

1 I.e. migratory in the sense that they migrate from the sea into fresh and brackish waters,
and vice versa, but not migratory as are the Mackerel and Tunny, which are representative species
of the true pelagic class of fishes. Basse is, in fact, a shore-rover, Grey-mullet and Lampreys are
fishes of the brackish waters.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 33

the shore only after the spawning- is over ; it frequents these waters in dense
shoals from April to October, and is the most lucrative object of the summer
fisheries. The Spanish Mackerel (Sc. colias), the Horse Mackerel (Caranx
trackurus), appear in their company ; also the Flying-fish (Exocoetus volitans),
besides smaller shoals of the common Tunny (Thynnus vulgaris), and, more
rarely, the Pelamid (Scomber pelamys).

Lickia am/a and L. glauca (the Derbio) are rarely met with ; and the
Sword-fish (Xyphias gladius) and the Pilot-fish (Naucrates ductor), thus called
from its sometimes preceding vessels into harbour, as if to show them the
way, belong rather to the exception.

The Remora, or Sucking-fish (Echeneis remora), is found adhering close
to the bronchial aperture of Sharks, the Sword-fish, the Tunny, but it is very
rarely met with.

Seriola Dumerilii (Yellow-tails), Centrolophus (Black-fish), Coryphcena
hyppurus and pclagica (known by misapplication as Dolphins), and Brama
Rail (Ray's Sea-bream) occasionally make their appearance in the Gulf of
Trieste. The flying Gurnard does not appear to proceed north of Lissa.

Mullidcr} or Red Mullet family, abound hovering about the shores in
medium depths in summer, and retreating to the deep waters on the approach
of cold weather : the striped Surmullet (Mullus surmuletus) is the most
prevalent kind, the Red Mullet (M. barbatus) is found in lesser quantities.

Delphinus delphis (the common Dolphin), and D.pkoccena, the former being
the most prevalent, plough the deep in chase of the dense shoals of Mackerel,
and Pilchards ; although causing great havoc amongst the shoals of fish, and
doing, often, great damage to the nets, they are seldom destroyed by the
fishermen, by whom they are considered a favourable augury of a plenteous
catch.

The huge Sharks, — such as the Fox Shark (Alopias vulpes), the Blue
Shark (Carc/iarias), the Hammer-headed Shark (Zygoma malleus), so called
on account of its peculiar hammer-shaped head, scud about in search of prey.

The Tope (Galeus canis) is often common towards the end of autumn ;

1 See note, page 32. Mullida? belong to the class of shore fishes.

F

34

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the Smooth Hound (Mustehts vulgaris) generally so;1 the Grey Notidanus
(Notidanus griseus), known as the Pesce Manzo, or " Ox-fish," from the
resemblance of its eye to that of an ox, specimens of which weighing as much
as 900 lb. have been caught, is, on the contrary, rare ; and also another
species (Notidanus barbarus, Nardo), a specimen of which was fished in
the Quarnero in the year 1770. The other Sharks are all more or less
rare ; thirty species are enumerated as belonging to the Adriatic fauna, of
which fourteen extend to British waters.

The Molebut, or Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mold), is often found quite near
the surface of the sea, and Orthagoriscus planci occasionally so. The
Hippocampus is common.

RECAPITULATION.

Dr. Lorenz has found and enumerated 460 Invertebrates, Articulates, and
Radiates; Dr. Grube, 412. Combining the two lists, we arrive at the
following results: viz. — Mollusks, 220; Arthropods, 117; Vermes, 100;
Radiata, 56; Sponges, 17; total, 510 species.2

The following number of the different types are especially characteristic
of the various zones described by Dr. Lorenz.

Characteristic Species of the various Zones.

ITl

a

c

&

n

u

Zones
of

<u
B

"3
c

H

T3
O

a

in

u
bi)

c
0

Total.

Dr. Lorenz.

3

c

<

0

0

I

I

3

10

8

I

I

I

13

67

19

46

29

4

II

Ill

40
10
22

6

2

4

2
8

3
1

2

IV

4
8

I

4
2

V

VI

3
...

14
3

3

1

3

4

VII

Total . . .

29

97

14

12

17

10

179

1 Galeus, Mustehis, belong to the class of shore fishes.

2 These numbers refer to the Quarnero; Professor Stossich enumerates 13 cephalopods, 371

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

35

The third, or submerged littoral zone is the richest in animal, as it is also
in vegetable, life, two-fifths of the above species being common to, one-fifth
being exclusively found in, and one-seventh being characteristic of, this zone.

The relative figures are : —

Zones.

Species common

to

the various Zones.

Species found exclusively

in

the various Zones.

I

I

3°
206

i39

187

92

6

I

8

104

16

32

15 ■

3

II

Ill

IV

V

VI

VII

Of those which have an "extended" vertical distribution in the Quarnero,
there are 36 whose horizontal distribution are known ; of these 8 have a
"limited" extension (only Mediterranean), whereas 28 are known to have an
"extended" horizontal distribution; of those which are limited to one zone,
59 are known to have a "limited,'1 and 71 to have an "extended" horizontal
distribution.

If, however, the Celtic-Lusitanian region l be comprised within the
denomination " limited distribution" thus drawing- into one region the Medi-
terranean, the Celtic-Mediterranean, the Celtic-Lusitanian and the Canary-
Lusitanian regions combined, as against the Lusitanian, Celtic and Boreal
regions, as representing the "extended" distribution, we find :—

I11 the first instance (as above stated), — horizontal distribution,

limited extended

extended vertical distribution in the Quarnero 8 28

limited to one zone 59 71

univalves, 191 bivalves, 369 crustaceans, and 311 vermes as belonging to the Adriatic fauna.
See Appendix No. 5.

1 The regions are according to the map in the "Nat. Hist, of the European Seas."

F 2

36

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

In the second instance, — horizontal distribution,

limited extended

extended vertical distribution in the Quarnero 27 9

limited to one zone 103 27

both of which results (we quote Dr. Lorenz) would speak against the theory
of Professor Forbes (a theory which in the case of Algst is fully borne out),
viz., — that an "extended" vertical distribution speaks, at the same time, for an
"extended" horizontal distribution, and vice versa.

At any rate, the greater number of species, which, according to this
theory, should have an "extended" distribution, belong, on the contrary, to
the "limited" distribution in whichever sense we chose to comprehend the
term "limited"; on the other hand, however, it is fully borne out in the
instance of some species, such as, — Ophiotrix fragilis, Asteracanthiou
glacialis, Echinus microtuberculatus^ Xantho rivulosus, and Portunus Roncleletii,
which are distributed throughout most of the zones, and have, likewise, a
wide horizontal distribution, even as far as the Indian Ocean and the Arctic
regions.

The lower we proceed the higher becomes the percentage of Northern forms.

The following table shows the horizontal distribution of those species
whose general distribution is known : —

Description.

Number of
Species found in

the Quarnero,
whose general dis-
tribution is known.

Regions to which they are known to extend, and number
of Species belonging to each region.

Lus. ; Lus. Can.;
Med.

C.J C. Med.;
C. Lus.

Lus. C. Bor.

Polyps

7
24
27

49
66
76

I

14

10

19

22
48

6

1

28

25
12

91
42
2

19 *

16

Echinoderms

Annellides

Crustaceans

Bivalves

Univalves

Total

249

114

85

5°

1 Of which 4 are almost exclusively Boreal.

2 Of which 3 ditto ditto.

3 Of which 3 extend to the Arctic regions.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 37

The following is an enumeration of those species which extend to the
L. C. Bor. region ; those marked with an asterisk being those which are
almost exclusively Northern species, or, in the case of three bivalves, extend
to the Arctic regions ; and showing, likewise, the zones to which they extend
in the Ouarnero : —

9 Echinoderms : * Ophiolepis ciliata, V. VI. ; *0. Sundevalli, V. ; OpJiiotrix
fragiliSy III. — VII.; Astropecten aurantiacus, IV. V. ; Asteriscus palmipes,
V. VI. ; *Asleracanthion glacialis, II. — V. ; Echinus lividus, III. ; Echinocya-
mus tarcntinus (?) ; * Cladodactyla pentactes, V. VI.

3 Annellides : * Pomatocerus tricuspis, V. ; *Ezdalia viridis, III. ; *Polynoe
cirrata, IV. V. VI.

2 Crustaceans : Nephrops norvegicus, V. ; Stcnorhyncus phalangium, V. VI.

19 Bivalves: Peden operailaris, V. VI.; P. pusio, V. VI. ; P. varius,
V. VI.; * JModiola discrepans, V.; Pectzmcuhts pilosus, V. VI.; Nuctda
margaritacea, III.—- V. ; Cardium ccliinatum, V. ; C. edule, IV. ; C. l<zviga(um,
V. VI.; Venus fasciata, VI. VII.; V. gallina, III. IV.; V. Iceta, III.;
V. ovata, VI. ; Venerupis Irus, III. ; * Saxicava arctica, III. ; Donax trun-
culus, V. VI.; Tel Una donaciuci, V.; Corbula nucleus, V.; * Teredo sp. (?)
V. VI.

16 Univalves: Aplysia depilans, IV. — VI.; Bullcea aperta, III.- — V. ; Bulla
hydatiSy V. ; Chiton fascicularis, III. — V. ; C. Icevis, VI. ; Dentalium entalis,
V. ; Fissure I la grceca, IV. V. ; Capulus huugaricus, V. VI. ; Scalaria
communis, III.; Trochus magus, V. VI.; Littorina littorea, II. III.;
PJiasianella pulla, III.; Tirritella ungulina, V. VI.; Ccrithium lima,
III. — V.; Aporrhais pes pelicani, V. VI.; Buccinum reticulatum, III.

Turning to the pisces, we find 316 species of sea-fishes, belonging to 137
genera, 51 families; and 66 species of fresh-water fishes, belonging to 27
genera, and 14 families, which are found in the watershed of the Adriatic.
This gives a total of 382 species belonging to 161 genera, 57 families, 10
orders, and 4 sub-classes.

Of the fresh-wrater fishes, 2 1 species (belonging to 9 families) are also
common to the sea ; they either prefer the brackish waters, such as the Pike,
the Sticklebacks and Cyprinodon calaritauus, also 2 Gobies (G. panizzce,

38 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

G.pundatissimus) ; or descend the rivers and enter the sea at regular intervals

such as the Eels, also Salmo carp to and Salmo trutta ; or ascend the rivers

at certain seasons, chiefly for the purpose of spawning, such as the Shad,
which only ascend the rivers in spring, the Sturgeon, and the Lamprey.
The fresh-water Perch is also occasionally met with in brackish water.

Amongst the sea-fishes, the Italian Flounder (Pleuronectes italicus)
frequents brackish waters, and even -sometimes enters the rivers ; some fre-
quent and prosper in the Lagoons — such as the Atherines, two Blennies (Bl.
gattorugine, Bl. galerita), Sea-horses, and the Greater Pipe-fish ; others only
occasionally frequent the lagoons and brackish waters — such as the Three-
bearded Rockling, the Turbot, Brill, common Sole, Basse, several species of
the Grey Mullet tribe, the Gilt-head, the Black-fish {Centrolophus pom-
pilus), Mama vulg. and Sargus vulg. ; whilst others only frequent the
deeper channels in the vicinity of the lagoons, such as — the Black Bream,
the Umbrina, the Red Mullet, the Sapphirine Gurnard, also Gobius paganelhis,
Lichia amia, Scomber pneumatophonis, the Horse Mackerel, and the Gar-
Pike.

The Bogue, the Flying-fish, the Pilot-fish, the File-fish, the Molebut,
also Carcharias Milberti and Falx Venetorum, are only accidentally met with
in the laeoons and brackish waters.

The Eel, Flounder, Turbot, Sole, Gilt-head, Basse, Sand-smelt, five grey
and two red Mullets, and three Gobies are reared in the lagoons, the Mullet
species, Turbot, Sole, and Gilt-head being introduced as young fry.

Only 126 species belonging to 86 genera of the sea-fishes, and 24
species belonging to 18 genera of the fresh -water fishes extend to British
waters .

Of the sea-fishes, 125 species are more or less common all over the
Adriatic ; 70 species are more or less rare ; 90 species are so rare as
to be of no importance; whilst 31 species are only quite accidentally met
with ; 14 species belong more especially to the Venetian fauna, yy species to
the Dalmatian fauna, and 29 species are exclusively and only occasionally
cauoht on the southern shores of Dalmatia ; 5 species belong specifically to
the Adriatic fauna. Only 100 species have a recognised commercial value,

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 39

40 coming under the denomination of prime, whereas 60 are only con-
sumed by the poor ; the rest are absolutely worthless, excepting- as manure,
although many are of surprising beauty in form and colour.

Amongst the fresh-water fishes, only the Trout, Pike, Shad, Eel,
Sturgeon, and Lamprey have any value, commercially speaking, and, of the
invertebrates, 10 crustaceans and 30 mollusks.

Note. — The Italian fauna of both seas (Mediterranean and Adriatic)
comprises about 570 species of fishes, of which 74 species are fresh-water
fishes.

40

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

CHAPTER II.
HISTORICAL.— LEGISLATION.— THE CHIOGGIOTTI.

Historical. — State of the coast, political and economic. — Inland markets ; fluctuations of the
trade.— Trawlers.— Statistics.— Ice.— Salt. —Italian fishermen.— Legislation.— Privileges of
the Italian fishermen.— Titles from which the fishing rights were derived under the Republic
of Venice.— Treaty between Austria and Italy.— The Chioggiotti; their craft engaged in the
Austrian fisheries; proceeds of their share in the fisheries. — Count Marazzi. —Professor
Ninni.— Individual profit of the Chioggiotti.— Consul Revest— Distribution of the Italian
fishing fleet on the Austrian coast ; value of craft and gear employed.— Total value of craft
and gear at Chioggia and Pelestrina.— The Italian fisheries.— Italian fishing craft; ditto
engaged in the Austrian fisheries ; ditto engaged in the foreign fisheries.— Value of the
Chioggia fisheries.— Imports and exports of fish at Venice.— Venetian fisheries.— Craft and
crew.

HE Austrian fisheries partake of the character of our coast
fisheries and the petite peche of the French, and they are
carried on in the manner and with the appliances in use
many centuries ago. The political condition of affairs on
the Adriatic shores has necessarily cast its shadow on the
state of the fisheries. The constant change of rulers up to
within the last sixty-five years impeded the organisation
and consolidation of the country, and no thought was given, under such
circumstances, to the regulation of fisheries, or to other economical measures
of still greater importance. Even the long period of peace which followed
the Treaty of Vienna, by which the Dalmatian coast, increased by Ragusa,
once more reverted to Austria, proved of small avail to the newly-acquired
provinces ; there was a total want of union and consciousness of identity of
interests with the rest of the Empire.

On account of its poverty, the country was looked upon in the light

V

,iSA

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 41

of a burden,1 as in the clays of Charlemagne, when the conquest of I stria,
Liburnia, and Dalmatia is described by Gibbon as an easy though un-
profitable acquisition. A civil or military appointment to any post in Dalmatia
was considered a banishment, as it is indeed even now. Thus, all interest
in these provinces was nipped in the bud, and the brilliant history of Venice
and Ragusa was entirely ignored..

It is not until very recently, and under the present reign, that the impulse
has been given to deal with the existing order of things. Politically speaking,
progress has been urged by the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the
acquisition of which had become almost a question of political existence to
Dalmatia. This shore-land, although in the possession of the finest natural
harbours in the Mediterranean, and thus pre-eminently adapted as an outlet
of commerce, was precluded from securing the advantages to which its natural
position entitled it, as long as it remained a mere strip of coast without any
back-country.2 Economically speaking, the country has gained by the creation
of a marine section of the Ministry of Commerce, and the execution of the
more important harbour works, foremost amongst which may be mentioned
those of Trieste,3 the great emporium of Austrian commerce ; Fiume,4 which
is fast becoming the great outlet of Hungarian produce, and the rival port of
Trieste ; and Spalato, which is the " coming " port of Dalmatia.

Lastly, an attempt is being made to organise and develope the fisheries,
which have always proved a most important branch of industry to every
country which has the good fortune to be in the possession of a seaboard,
not only on account of the immediate profits it brings to those personally

1 The remark of Emperor Joseph is characteristic ; when told that all the roads, piers,
forts, &c, had been constructed by the French during their occupation of Dalmatia, he said that
he thought it was a pity they had been driven out of the country so soon.

2 The greatest breadth of Dalmatia is only thirty-seven Italian miles \ near Ragusa it is only
one mile, and at Cattaro still less.

3 See "The Port of Trieste, Ancient and Modern," by Capt. R. F. Burton, H.B.M. Consul
at Trieste {Journal of the Society of Arts, Oct. 29 and Nov. 5, 1875).

4 See " Fiume and her New Port," by G. L. Faber, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Fiume (Journal
of the Society of Arts, Nov. 9 and 16, 1877).

G

42 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

engaged in its exercise, but for the highest State reasons, as it is the best
school for training seamen, — a fact which nowadays is generally recognised.1

Hitherto, the poverty of the inhabitants, and the want of markets other
than their own, where they could dispose of the superfluous produce of the
fisheries, were the chief causes which acted in unison to damp all enterprise,
and to restrict it to the most immediate wants of the communities themselves,
and thus check a regular development.

But, by degrees, other markets are being opened up by the construction
of railways, and, instead of the complaints formerly heard as to the want of
sale, we now hear complaints of shortness of supply, and dearness of the
prices. This is natural and easily explained. The same change has occurred
in England, only in a much more acute form; the railways have brought about
an entire revolution in the trade, which is now concentrated in the metropolis,
and to such an extent that seaport towns draw their supply thence. This is
by no means the case here ; the railways have enlarged the market to some
inland towns, it is true, but only, as yet, to a very limited extent. Yet the
difference is such that hitherto the fishermen were dependent on the local
demand; whereas, now, the consumer is mainly dependent upon the fisherman,
and the difference is felt.

The increase of the demand and the opening-up of new markets should
lead, by a very natural inference, to a proportionate increase in the enterprise
of the fishermen. But this is only the case in a much less degree than it
could be thought possible ; the people require goading on to enterprise, and
there is an entire want of that free impulse to which one is accustomed in
England, which works on ahead, regardless of all obstacles instead of only

1 Thus for instance, by France, under Napoleon III., and by Germany since 1870, who have
done everything in their power to foster and encourage their national fisheries. This was par-
ticularly the case in Germany, whose fisheries had, since 1847, been on the decrease. The
" Deutsche Fischerei Verein," several establishments of pisciculture, foremost amongst which the
I. Centralanstalt zu Hiinnigen have since been founded, besides a joint-stock company for
Herring-fisheries started at Emden in 1872, with six boats, realising 87,000 florins gross profits on
a capital of 105,000 florins. The exhibition of fisheries at Berlin is another instance of the
importance attached to her fisheries by Germany.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 43

following in the wake of the most needful requirements. It will thus take
years before the much-desired development is brought about, owing chiefly
to the difficulty which prevails in attracting the necessary capital. It is,
however, ridiculous to hear the complaints which burst forth at times, and
which, for want of a better reason, assume the form of an indictment against
the Italian trawlers and the bad effects of trawling.

As a class, fishermen are always given to grumbling. The fluctuations in
the yield of their industry are necessarily subject to greater movement than
most other trades — fluctuations which are, no doubt, due, in a great measure,
to the habits of the migratory class of fish, and the influences, climatory and
others, which direct their movements, rather than the direct action of man ;
but until more is known on the subject it is impossible to supply a satisfactory
explanation for their recurrence. The fishermen often fish by instinct, rather
than upon any regulated principles : their success is, to a great extent, due to
their luck ; and the assumption is, therefore, permissible, that the rules which
guide their efforts may often be at fault.

The consumers, on their part, set down everything to a decrease in the
yield, and purposely ignore all other considerations which bear on the subject,
such as the effect of the railways, which has been the principal cause in
bringing about an increase of 50 per cent, and more in the prices.

The usual charges against the trawlers are that they destroy the young
fry, frightening away the shoals, preventing their passage to the inner parts of
creeks and bays ; but the real objection is, obviously, that the larger hauls
by the trawls tend to lower the market price of fish and the profits of the
other fishermen.

Similar disputes have been common elsewhere, and restrictions brought
to bear on the use of the trawl, as it has generally turned out, with little or
no reason. The subject has been fully gone into by successive Royal
Commissions in England, and the result has been an entire condemnation of
all restrictions on trawling, as it was distinctly proved that the fluctuations in
the yield of the several fisheries had been fully as great after the restrictions
had been put in force as before, and, consequently, trawling was again
permitted as before, and has increased with wonderful success and rapidity.

g 2

44 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The disinclination of migratory fish to enter, in certain seasons, water
which they otherwise frequent has been shown to extend to waters where
trawling is unknown ; and this amply proves that the periodical scarcity of
fish which is noticed in other places has nothing to do with trawling.

The disappearance of fish from waters where trawling was carried on has
repeatedly led to the usual outcry against trawlers, but the dispute invariably
ends in the reappearance of the fish the next season, notwithstanding the
trawlers.

It must be remarked that most of the charges against trawlers are due to
the idea that the spawn of fish is destroyed by their action. But the notion
is now exploded, since it has been proved that the spawn of most deep-sea
fish is not deposited at the bottom, but floats freely in the water, and there is
not the least evidence of spawn being destroyed by the action of the trawl.1

One of more important innovations, the importance of which cannot be
over-estimated, is the regular publication of detailed statistics on everything
appertaining to the fisheries ; by this means, an opportunity is given
of finding out what is wanting, and where a screw may be loose. The
issue of such statistics rests with the Marine Section ; their great difficulty,
however, is to overcome the suspicions of the fishermen, who are always
inclined to think that information of the kind is required with a view
to an increase of taxation : hence we may conclude that, as a rule, they are
understated. Thus, their reliance is doubtful on the face of them, yet, by their
regular recurrence, a standard is obtained by means of which inferences may
be drawn, and this is their principal value. By such means we have the
opportunity of ascertaining to some extent the quantities of fish annually
brought to market, which, hitherto, we have only been able to judge approxi-
mately : there is no reason to doubt its increase, but it is only by the aid of
figures that comparisons can be made and conclusions drawn, and elsewhere it
has become an accepted fact, that where railway communication exists the
more important a place as a fishing-station, the more difficult it is for the local
inhabitants to procure fish.

1 See "Sea Fisheries." By E. W. H. Holdsworth, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. London : 1877.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 45

This coast is not likely to prove an exception to the rule, and, although
the trade is yet in its infancy, it is no doubt capable of great development, if
the value of ice were fully understood and recognised.

Ice becomes a necessary item in order successfully to carry on the trade ;
and as there is a superfluity of it in Carinthia and Carniola, to be procured for
the mere cost of transport, there would be no difficulty in introducing it as a
necessary element of the trade.

One of the great drawbacks to development is also the State monopoly of
salt. The fishermen are, it is true, allowed a certain quantity of salt at
reduced prices, but not sufficient, and very often they fall short of their
supply. Thus, when large hauls of mackerel, pilchard, &c, are made, so that
they cannot be consumed in their fresh state, or the fishing craft are becalmed,
the fish has often to be thrown away from want of a sufficient quantity of
salt ; this ought to be remedied, and the fishermen allowed as much salt as
they please, returning what is not consumed.

We are now brought to consider the position of the Italian fishermen on
these shores.

They chiefly hail from Chioggia, in the province of Venice, a town com-
posed almost exclusively of fishermen, and which up to 1866 was under
A ustrian dominion ; they go by the name of Chioggiotti, and are expert
fishermen and mariners. Their boats, called bragozzi, and described else-
where, are constructed at Chioggia ; they are good sea-boats and above the
average size of the Austrian fishing-boats ; they are used exclusively for
trawling {cocchia) ; the sails are, as a rule, of a dusky brick colour, and orna-
mented with various designs more or less fantastic, in order the better to
recognise one another in the exercise of their vocation, especially at night-
time, as they always fish in pairs.

These boats are to be seen all along the Austrian- Hungarian seaboard,
where they are engaged for months far away from their homes. Their
concourse in these waters dates from the most remote times, and they have
always been able to sustain a reputation of being hardy seamen, skilled
in their profession, sober and frugal in their habits, and daring, when
it became a question of risking their lives either in the pursuit of their

46 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

own trade, or in saving the lives of their fellow-creatures from the fury

of the deep.

The difference in the conformation of the Eastern and Western shores,
the iron-bound character of the Western coast, the want of safe harbours and
secure anchorage-grounds, as compared with the advantages which the
Eastern coast affords, alike to the development of animal life and the industry
of man, — these causes, combined with the proximity of the two shores, have
necessarily led to the encroachment of the Italians on the rights of the
Austrian- Hungarian fishermen, and to everlasting quarrels which descend
from the most remote times, recurring on identical grounds.

Vice-Consul Count Antonio Marazzi has written a very interesting report1
on the subject of the fishermen of Chioggia, and the laws regulating the
fisheries in the Adriatic : from it much of the foregoing and following
remarks are gleaned.

It appears that the privilege of the Italian fishermen to exercise their
industry on the Eastern shores is based on usage rather than on right ; yet
the privilege seems to have been recognised under the Venetian Republic, as
may be seen by their ordinances, and the custom is so fully established that
Austria- Hungary has thought fit to recognise — or may be to tolerate — the
continuation of the practice under the commercial treaty with Italy, subject,
however, to the rights of the local fishermen and the municipal laws. This
concession, or privilege, granted to the Italians by Austria, has become a
matter of such importance to the Italians, that it was one of the main
levers by which the renewal of the commercial treaty with Italy was brought
about by Austria in 1878, it may be said, at the twelfth hour.

The regulations, decrees, and ordinances bearing upon the fisheries on
the Austrian coast have retained an exclusively local character, and have not
been embodied in a general law.

The exclusive rights originate from three titles, viz : —

1. Privata proprieta (private property) ;

2. Baronia (seigneurie) ;

3. Comune (communal) ;

1 " Bollettino Consolare" of July, 1873.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 47

the rights having been absolute in the first instance, whereas, in the second
and third instances, they were confined to the usufruct of the produce, as an
attribute of jurisdiction conceded by the reigning lord.

In the case of the Communes, this right extended only to those in pos-
session of land (domiuio), called capo comuni in contradistinction to the
comuni, vassal/, soggcti, or tributari.

As a rule, the possession of estates brought with them, as a natural
consequence, the fishing rights over the adjacent waters ; but there were
exceptions in the case of waters held independently of the territory they
washed, and which were transferable as any other property.

This theory was adopted by the Venetians, who, in emancipating the
littoral communes [comuni litorani), drew the difference between comuni di
terra and comuni di mare.

Those were held di mare, or marittimi, whose chief town [capoluogo) was
situate either on the shore, or was in communication by water with the seas ;
whereas, those whose chief town was situate inland were considered di terra,
though they might be in possession of seaboard.

The fishing-rights were conferred on the comuni di mare, to the exclusion
of the comuni di terra. Hence arose the anomaly of some Communes holding
fishing- rights over tracts of water the shores of which belonged to other
communities, which were thus excluded from the rights of fishing on their own
shores.

The Republic, nevertheless, retained her supreme rights over the seas,
and required, in each case, the payment of a nominal sum of one gold coin
each year in acknowledgment of these rights.

The comuni and bai'oni, however, generally transferred their rights of
fishing to the inhabitants of the bordering coast.

The baroni generally claimed a fixed rent, whereas the comuni saddled
the fishermen with the engagement to supply the adjoining markets with fish
at fixed moderate prices.

The Republic defended the privileges and rights of her subjects with the
utmost rigour, and nobody dared encroach on them.

The law established by these ancient and traditional customs, and handed
down from generation to generation, had thus become so engrafted in the

48 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

minds of the inhabitants of the coast, that when Austria first came into
possession of the coast it was thought impolitic to meddle with it.

Even the Regolamento of Dandolo, the Provveditore of Dalmatia under
the French in 1808, did not attempt to interfere with rights based upon
usage, but only regulated the exercise of those rights, and thus we find
these feudal principles retained, until a law of 1835 attempted to deal with
them.

By virtue of this law the deep-sea fisheries were declared free, the rights
of fishing within the territorial boundary — i.e., within one mile of the coast —
being reserved to the inhabitants of seaboard, and the ancient rights per-
taining to the barons and the Communes were thus virtually abolished.

But the new law gave rise to so much litigation, that an explanatory
notification had to be issued two years later, to the effect that fishing rights
based upon private civil contracts, or derived from ancient conventional cus-
toms, were not infringed thereby.

Nevertheless, such rights were upheld only in exceptional cases, in
order to prevent needless litigation, and the rule was only intended to ease
the transition from the old to the new state of things introduced by the law
of 1835, and, later on, more fully borne out by the general law of 1848, which
abolished all feudal holding of landed property.

It must, therefore, be inferred that the possession of fishing rights based
upon feudal principles have no longer any legal locus standi ; moreover, the
law does not exclude the right of transferring the fisheries to others by those
not choosing to exercise the rights themselves ; it is thus that many Com-
munes have let their fisheries to the Italian fishermen within the territorial
waters, thus giving rise to the protests and jealousy of the neighbouring local
fishermen.1

Beyond the general laws above cited, no special law concerning the
fisheries in Austria- Hungary has been passed, owing, probably, to the
difficulty that exists in reconciling the different interests, and at present it

1 The treaty rights of the Italian fishermen arc limited to the waters outside the territorial
boundary.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 49

must be said that the fisheries are guided' entirely by municipal regulations,
and, to a great extent, by custom and usage.

The necessity of passing a special and general law is, however, generally
acknowledged, and, may be, it is being worked out at the present moment.
In this the Italians have gained a march on the Austrians ; their law
regulating the fisheries was passed on March 4, 1877, and came into force
December 31, 1879. They do not, however, definitely deal with the private
fisheries, but merely regulate their exercise.

It has thus been shown how the Chioggiotti have been able to maintain
their position in these waters, notwithstanding the opposition they often meet
with, caused by the enmity and jealousy of the local fishermen.

In I stria, their share of the fishing exceeds that of the native fishermen,
and they still retain an important share of the Dalmatian fisheries.

The produce of the trawls is chiefly composed of the ordinary class of fish
(pesce popu/o), in contradistinction to the " prime " (pesce find). This, as it
constitutes almost exclusively the animal food of the poorer inhabitants of the
greater part of the coast, is always of ready sale at low prices ; and as the
indolence of the inhabitants, and their non-use of the trawl, preclude them
from competing with the Italians in the sufficient supply of this important
article of consumption, the consequence is that their presence is, as a rule,
welcomed by all classes, and often sought by the Communes. In their absence
fish becomes a luxury, and is only within reach of the purses of the richer
classes.

In some places, and particularly in the south of Dalmatia, at Ragusa, and in
the Bocche di Cattaro, also at Barcola, near Grado, opposite Trieste, they meet
with so much opposition from the local fishermen, that they have had to give
up exercising their profession there in favour of more genial and hospitable
waters. But in such cases the consuming population are the sufferers, the
local fishermen drive a grinding monopoly, and in some places only go out
fishing on the eve of fast-days, when they are sure of selling their small catch
at exorbitant prices to the over-confiding public, that can ill afford to pay for
it, .but are obliged to do so from religious motives.

There are also many kinds of "prime" fish, the supply of which is entirely

11

5o THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

dependent on the Italian trawlers, such as the flat-fish tribe, the Norway
lobster, and other kinds inhabiting the deep sea-bed.

The complaints that are made against the Chioggiotti are based chiefly
upon the small-meshed nets in use by them ; that they fish the greater part of
the year, and closer in-shore than their treaty-right admits, owing to which
facts, it is contended, they disturb the spawning grounds (which has been shown
to be a popular fallacy), and that they either catch or destroy a quantity of
worthless fry.

The fact is, they offer great competition to the local fishermen, in as far as
by their greater industry and laboriousness they are to a large extent enabled
to regulate the market prices, whereas the local fishermen would prefer a
monopoly in their favour, do as little work, and make as high prices as
possible.

The question as to the spawn having been disproved, there remains the
complaint as to the young fry, in respect of which is to be said that, un-
doubtedly, the local fishermen do infinitely more damage themselves by the
use of the ground or foot-seine, worked off-shore, or in shallow creeks and
bays, — a mode of fishing most commonly in use all the year round, and very
pernicious to the development of the fry.

On the other hand, there is no doubt that the Italians do often fish closer
in shore than they have the right to do, and this they should avoid in their
own interest ; moreover, they are subject to the municipal laws wherever
they happen to be, and the municipalities are able to enforce the rules as to
the season of their fishing, and the limits which they should not overstep,
by withdrawing their licences in cases of contravention.

In any case, the privilege derived by the treaty to the Italian fishermen
of the Venetian estuary is the source of sustenance to a great number of the
Italian population of that coast, and its withdrawal would cause great misery ;
and it would be difficult for them to find a new field of action which would
compensate them for their loss.

The average number of Italian boats fishing in the Austrian- Hungarian
waters is about 600, of 6,000 tons burden, and a crew of 2,500 men : of these,
58o — 590 hail from Chioggia, the remaining 10—20 being Romagnoli.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

5i

According to statistics of 1869, the Chioggia boats engaged in the
fisheries on the Austrian coast were thus divided : —

Boats. Tonnage. Crew.

Istria ... 437 ... 4-321 ••• l>7$7

Croatia ... 64 ... 547 ••• 27$

Dalmatia ... 85 ... 853 ... 35 l

586

5.721

2,416

This o-ives an average of ten tons and four men for each boat.

On the other hand, the Austrian fishing-craft is three times the number,
but their tonnage is less than that of the Italian craft.

The crews of the Italian boats are one man for 2-4 tons, as against one
man for 078 tons in the Austrian boats. Count Marazzi values the share of
the Italian boats in the Austrian fisheries at —
Kilos.
995,000 Gorizia, Istria and the Ouarnero.

7,000 Croatian coast.
760,000 Dalmatian coast and islands.

Together, 1,762,000 kilos, of which —

460,000 prime ..
1,302,000 ordinary

Francs,
value 650,000
976,500

1,762,000 kilos

1,626,50c1

The greater part of this is sold on the coast, say, for about 1,000,000
francs ; the sale is effected by middle men, the local dealers, who resell to the

1 Assuming the quantity to be right, I should be inclined to put the value at, say, 400,000
florins (— 870,000 francs). Count Marazzi has, I consider, set down too high prices ; but, on
the other hand, he has understated the yield : hence it may be assumed that the value given
may not be far out.

II 2

5 2 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

consumers at a large profit, and the balance is transported in their own boats
to Venice, Chioggia, and other Italian ports.1

According to the statistics of 1870, the value of imports of fish into Italy
from Austria-Hungary was 1,486,606 francs ; and the value of exports from
Italy into Austria- Hungary 356,085 francs.

Comparing the two sets of figures, we find : —

Francs.

Average value of fish caught by the Italian boats)

& ° > 1,020,500

on the Austrian- Hungarian coast ... ... )

Exports to Austria- Hungary 356,085

1,982,585

Imports from Austria- Hungary 1,486,606

Value of fish caught by Austrian boats in Italian") 9Q 000

waters, not above, say ... ... ... • • • *

1,506,606

Or a balance of 475,979 francs in favour of Italy.

The individual profit to the fishermen may be stated thus,2 viz.

Francs.

Value of fish caught 1,626,500

From which deduct for expenses, wear and tear)

r > 276,500

of nets, &c, taxes, &c. ... ... ... • •• )

Leaving a net profit of ... ... ... ... 1,350,000

1 Professor Dr. A. P. Ninni gives the following results of the Chioggia fishing-boats fishing in
foreign waters (i.e. Austrian-Hungarian seaboard) : — 374 boats, manned by 1,47 imen, produce
2,900,000 kilos, value 2,270,000 lire ; of which 1,700,000 kilos, value 1,770,000 lire, is sold
abroad; and 1,200,000 kilos, value 500,000 lire, is brought to Italy for sale. But the value of
the fish sold on the spot is here again set down at too high a figure, as in the case of Count
Marazzi's estimate. I should reduce the amount by one-half.

- I am still quoting Count Marazzi.

AXP THE FISH THEREOF. 53

to be divided amongst 600 boats and 2,500 men; = 2,250 francs per boat

and 540 francs, or 248 florins, per man; or about i\ franc per day for the

fisherman and his family. This is not over-flourishing, considering the

constant life of toil and danger these men have to lead.1

Consul Revest, formerly Italian Consul at Fiume, in his report of 1878,

estimates the proceeds of thirty pair of boats fishing in the Ouarnero at a still

lower figure, viz. : —

Florins.
One pair at 6 florins a day — $0 pair at 6 florins

a day = 180 florins — for six months ...

Less expenses, 10 florins a week ... ... 7,800

j 32>3QO

24,500

Two-thirds to the fishermen ... ... 16,333

divided amongst 240 men = 69 florins per man, for 7 months.

1 I should be inclined to alter the above calculation as follows : —

Francs.
Value of fish caught ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,626,500

Deduct one-third, which goes to the owners of the boats as )
their share of the yield ... ... ... ... ... )

542,167

Leaving 1,084,333

as the share of the crew, or, taking an average crew of 4 men per boat = 452 francs, or 203
florins per man.

If we deduct expenses, say 500 francs per boat for the season, including wear and tear, taxes,

&c, we obtain the following result : —

Francs.

Gross amount ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• ••• 1,626,500

Less expenses 500 francs per boat ... ... ... ... 300,000

1,326,500

One-third share of owners of craft ... ... ... 442,167

Two-thirds share of crew ... ... ... ... 884,333

Or 369 francs = 166 florins per man.

54

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

But the yield of the year 1877 was exceptionally low; according to the
official statistics it was only 198,187 kilos, against 272,402 kilos in 1878, and
319,978 kilos in 1879.

Taking the lowest average value of the yield at
22^ soldi per kilo, it represents a sum of

From which amount deduct expenses at the rate
of 500 francs per boat for the season, say

Leavine

at)
ite)

Florins.
45»583

12,900

32,683

of which two-thirds, say 21,789 florins, divided amongst 240 men, = 91
florins per man, for the season of 7 months.

In like manner, the yield of 1878 represents a value of 62,652 florins,
and a net value of 56,202 florins; of which two-thirds, or 37,468 florins,
divided amongst only 30 bragozzi and 120 men, = 312 florins per man.

In the year 1878 the Italian fishing fleet was distributed as follows : —

Trieste ... Winter season 60 Summer season 95
Rovigno ... ,, ,, 30 ,, ,, 27

Pola

Lussinpiccolo ,

H. Croatian littoral
Zara ' ... ,,

Spalato ... ,

42
12

33
12

27

26
12
38
14

221

220

representing a value of about 300,000 florins ; and the gear in use, a value of
about 75,000 florins.

The following is an extract of a report made to the Austrian Ministry of
Commerce on the subject of the Chioggia fisheries in 1S62, for the preceding
ten years, showing the number of fishermen, boats and tonnage thereof,

1 M. Revest puts it at 7,800 florins only,

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

55

eno-ao-ed, capital invested, and other details. These include the two fishing
places Chioggia and Pelestrina.

41 Tartani.
Each craft has 5 shares of the gain
Crew of 6 men, each 1 share ...
41 X 11 X 130 florins

399 Bragozzi.

Each craft has 2 shares...

Crew of 3 men, each 1 share ...

399 X 5 X 130 florins

133 Bragozzetti.

Each craft has \\ share...
Crew of 3 men, each 1 share ...
133 X 4i X 130 florins ...

626 Battelli

Each craft has 1 share ...
Crew of 3 men, each 1 share . . .
626 X 4 X 130 florins

= 5 shares.
= 6 „

= florins 58,630

= 2 shares.

= 3 »

= florins 259,350

= i\ share.

= 3 »

= florins 77,805

= 1 share.
= 3 shares.

= florins 325,520

300 Battelli and Sandoli engaged in the lagoon and valli-
fisheries, of which
100 Boats, with a total crew of 150, are estimated to gain —
37 soldi for the crew.
20 „ for the boat.
• 19 ,, for the owners of the valli in which they are allowed
to fish.
76 soldi per day for 1 boat, or

76 florins per day for 100 boats, or, per annum, = florins 27,740

Carried forward florins 749,045

56

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Brought forward florins 749,045
200 Boats, with a total crew of 300 —
30 soldi for the crew.

20

for the boat.

50 soldi for 1 boat, or

100 florins per day for 200 boats, or, per annum, = florins 36,500

Total florins 785,545
Profit on wholesale sale of fish, 5 per cent. ... ... ... 41,344

Ditto on retail sale of fish, 15 per cent. ... ... ... 145,921

Fish consumed by fishermen on board, say 5,000 @ 5 cents

for 300 days
Gratuities

75>ooo

2,190

Total florins 1,050,000

Tonnage of Craft.

41 Tartani
532 Bragozzi and Bragozzetti

626 Battelli

300 Battelletti

Total 1,499

Tonnage.
1,106

3.764

1.743

600

7.213

5,000 Fishermen.

Capital invested.

41 Tartane

@ fl. 4,500

Gear ...

@ „ 1,000

Florins.

fl. 5,500

= 225,500

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

57

532 Bragozzi
Gear ...

626 Battelli
Gear . . ,

300 Battelletti
Gear ...

Brought forward
@ fl. 1,200

120

fl.

1,320

@fl.

@ »

400

350

fl.

750

@fl.

@ „

IOO

17*

fl.

H7i

Florins.
225,500

= 702,240

= 469.500

35.250

Total florins

1,432,490

Thus, we obtain a maximum of 203, and a minimum of 69 florins per
man for the season, both of which estimates I am led to consider understated
for reasons given elsewhere.

In any case the official estimate, which puts the share at 130 florins, must
be considered the lowest possible figure ; exceptionally bad seasons may
account for lower estimates, but, on an average, I should be inclined to put it
at double that amount, and, in some instances, it will be seen that it reaches
a still higher figure.1

On comparing, for instance, the official statistics for the last five years,
we find that the shares of 18 Italian boats fishing in the Zara waters realised
10,136 florins per boat, and 1,382 florins for each man of the crew.

The season in which the Italian boats are allowed to fish on the Austrian
coast commences in September and ends with April, which, deducting the
festivities and holidays, would leave six months, or 180 days, clear.

The boats return home at given seasons, i.e., at Christmas, Easter, All

1 See Statistics. Dr. C. de Marchesetti estimates it at 300 florins

58

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Saints' Day, the patron saint of the town in June, and for the fair in August.
The scenes of festivity at these seasons are very gay and lively.

The return of the father, the brother, the son, the husband, and the sweet-
heart, is celebrated with a sincerity and good-will, tempered with sobriety,
which is the result of the fisherman's humble and laborious calling, producing
alike the simplicity of his habits and the morality of his life. His only
ambition consists in becoming one day the owner of his own craft, in which
he may continue and probably end the rest of his frugal, uniform and always
perilous existence.

The number of fishing craft engaged in the fisheries of the Venetian
estuary maybe given at 3,000, of which 1,000 belong to the deep-sea fisheries
and 2,000 to the lagoon fisheries. The deep-sea fishing craft {barche da mare)
employ the whole population of Chioggia. In the year 1784, 164 tartane
and 1 50 bragozzi were engaged in the deep-sea fisheries, and employed about
3,500 men.

At present, they are carried on mostly by the smaller bragozzi, which have
increased to about 800, whereas the tartane have decreased to only about 50,
about 6,000 fishermen being" engaged.

The number of pieleghi has not perceptibly increased, the fisheries being
carried on mostly by the bragozzi}

Italian Fishing Boats.

1st class
2nd „

In 1871

1 st class
2nd „

In 1876

In 1878

Number.
I 1,222

Tonnage.

3,867
39,620

Crew.
?
?

11,652 43487 l_

483 3,884 6,920

I3>543 44,901 30,788

13,926 48,785 37,708

Average
tonnage.
9—
3,53

3^73

3>3*
3,5o

15441

52,339

,39

1 The Italian Fisheries. — The Italian coast, including the islands, has an extent of 6,341
kilometres, and the aggregate value of its territorial and deep-sea fisheries is variously estimated

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

59

showing an increase of 20 per cent, in the number of craft, and 1 2 per cent,
in the tonnage, from 1871 to 1876, and an increase of 1 1 per cent, craft, and
7 \ per cent, tonnage from 1876 to 1878. There is, however, a decrease
throughout in the mean tonnage.

Italian Boats engaged in the Fisheries on the Aust rian-H ungarian Coast. 1 876.

Number.

Tonnage.

Crew.

Fiume

88

26
19

757

53

206

235

401
24

"3

85

Lussinpiccolo

Spalato

Zara

1876

138 1

1,251

623

187*

132 1

1,240

595

Numbers of Italian Boats employed in Foreign Fisheries for 1876.

Common Fisheries.

Coral.

Sponge.

Boats.

Tonnage.

Crew.

Boats.

Tonnage.

Crew.

Boats.

Tonnage.

Crew.

France

Corsica

Greece

Monaco

138

59
17

75
2

176

15
68

14

1,251

3*9

60

1,084

2

394

1,720

226

457
263

623
3l8

80
699

7

208

1,188

142

38i
123

25
71

I

54

48
488

2
569

181
523

12
646

9

203

165

European Turkey. . .
Algeria

Egypt

Asiatic Turkey

Total

587

5.776

3,769

151

1,107

1,362

9

203

165

at 35 — 40 millions of francs. Italy is, nevertheless, a large importer of fish, and consumption
exceeds production to the extent of 20 millions of francs : this is the more surprising considering
her natural position and length of coast-line, which, one would think, would pre-eminently dispose
her to take a foremost rank in this important industry. Thus, the export of salt pilchards from
St. Ives is entirely to the Mediterranean, chiefly to Genoa, Leghorn, Civita Vecchia, Naples, and
Adriatic ports, and reaches as much as 45,000 hogsheads in particularly good years.

1 Besides some 4 or 500 boats fishing in extra-territorial waters on the coast of Istria, which
do not appear in the official statistics.

I 2

6o

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Italian Fishing Craft engaged in Foreign Fisheries, from 1 864-1 876.

Years

1876

1875

1868

1867

1866

1865

1864

Common Fishery.

Number.

587

695

451
407

342 1
288 ]
238 1

Tonnage.

5?776

6,115

4,360

3,95J
2,689

1=965

i,77!

Coral.

Number.

J51

243

71

74

162

137

127

Tonnage.

1,107

1,972

760

833
1,621

i,344
1,267

Sponge.

Number.

9
17

16

Tonnage.

203
261

278

The common fisheries are carried on by Italian craft in France, Corsica,
Greece, Monaco, Turkey, Algeria, Egypt, Tunis, Syria and Asiatic Turkey,
besides Austria. The coral fisheries in France, Corsica, Monaco, Turkey,
Algeria, Asiatic Turkey. Finally the sponge fisheries in Tunis.

CHIOGGIA FISHERIES.

Kilos.

Lire.

Deep-sea fisheries ...

6,000,000

... value 2,100,000

Lagoon fisheries ...

700,000

,, 280,000

Total

6,700,000

2,380,000

Imports and Exports of Fish at Venice.

Lire.
Imported by sea and land ... ... ... value 980,550

Exported „ 1,018,890

1 Exclusive of the Chioggia boats, now included in the returns since Venetia reverted to
the Italian kingdom.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 61

VENETIAN FISHERIES.

1872.

Craft employed in the coast fisheries, 117; tonnage, 396.

Craft employed in the deep-sea and foreign fisheries, 681 ; tonnage, 5069.

Fishermen.

Deep-sea Fisheries.

Masters (direttori) ... ... ... ... ... 822

Fishermen ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,982

Coast Fisheries.
Fishermen ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,229

Lagoon Fisheries.
Fishermen ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,850

Total 7,883

62 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

CHAPTER III.

FISHING DISTRICTS.— SEASON OF FISHING.— PRODUCE.

Fishing Districts.— Austria : Gorizia, Gradisca, Trieste.— Istria : Isola, Pirano, Salvore, Umago,
Daila, Parenzo, Pola, Lussinpiccolo, Preluca.— Hungarian-Croatian littoral : Fiume, Buccari,
Portore, Segna.— Dalmatia ; Zara, Sebenico, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro.— Dalmatian Archipelago.
— Season of Fishing. — Descriptive part— Produce.— Pisces. — Sharks, Rays, Sturgeons, Perch
tribe, Sea-perches, Red Mullet, Sea-breams, Scorpions, Meagres, Sword-fish, Scabbard-fish,
Hair-tail, Horse Mackerel, John Dory, Black-fish, Dolphins, Mackerel, Tunny, Star-gazers,
Weevers, Anglers, Gurnards, Flying-Gurnards, Gobies, Dragonets, Band-fishes, Blennies,
Spets, Atherines, Mullets, Sticklebacks, Trumpet-fish, Suck-fishes, Lophotes cepedianus,
Ribbon-fishes, Coral-fishes, Wrasses, Cod tribe, Ophidium, Fierasfer, Sand-eels, Macrurus,
Flat-fish tribe, Scopelidag, Cyprinodon, Gar-pikes, Flying- fish, Salmon tribe, Herring tribe,
Eel tribe, Pipe-fishes, Sea-horses, File-fishes, Sun-fishes, Lampreys, Lancelot.— Mollusks.—
Cephalopods, Bivalves, Univalves, Tunicates. — Crustaceans. — Echinoderms. — Actinia;. —
Sponges. — Red Coral.

HE Austrian- Hungarian fisheries may be divided into three
principal sections, viz. : —

i. Trieste and the coast of Istria. ■

2. Fiume and the Hungarian-Croatian littoral.

3. Dalmatian coast and Archipelago.
These are subdivided into the following- harbour-masters'

districts, given in the order of their importance: —

1. Trieste, Rovigno, Pola and Lussinpiccolo.

2. Fiume, Portore and Segna.

3. Zara, Spalato, Ragusa and Megline.

These include the minor fishing places, such as Grado, Monfalcone, Muggia,
Isola, Capo d' I stria, Umago, Parenzo, Orsero, Sansego, Lesina, Lissa, Lagosta,
Macarsca, Trappano and Gravosa ; also Buccari, Selce, Segna, &c.

The sponge fisheries are carried on almost exclusively in the vicinity of the

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 63

island of Crapano, and the coral fisheries near the island of Zlarin, both in the
neighbourhood of Sebenico.

The waters washing" the counties of Gorizia (Gorz) and Gradisca, to the
north-west of Trieste, are very rich in fish, especially Grado and the neigh-
bouring islands : pilchard and mackerel are prevalent in summer. According
to a convention of 1869 with the Italian Government, the fishermen of Grado,
on the Austrian side of the frontier, were accorded the right to fish within a
mile of the shore, along the Italian coast, within the jurisdiction of the Com-
mune of Marano.

The Trieste district comprises the Vallone di Muggia and Capo d'Istria.
These waters are at all times well supplied with grey mullet, basse, gobies,
and in summer with mackerel, pilchard, anchovy, and species of Mcena
(chiefly M. vulgaris; Ital., Menole)} One-sixth of the local demand is
supplied by the Italian trawlers.

The market is daily supplied with large quantities of fish from the Istrian
coast, Fiume, and the Ouarnero.

I sola, Pirano. — The waters lying between these two places team with
pilchard, anchovy, and Mendole, these being the most profitable fisheries.

The communal fishermen supply large quantities of grey mullet and basse,
most of which are sent fresh to the Trieste market.

The pilchards (sardines of commerce) are sent to the curing establish-
ments of Capo d'Istria, Duino, and Grado : about half of these are supplied by
the Italian fishermen (Chioggiotti), and there is little variation in the yield
from one season to another.

From Pirano to Salvore Mendole predominates ; also large quantities of
mussels, chiefly the arch-mussels, are caught, and, in the open sea, the sole.

The same species occur between Umago and Daila, but less anchovies,
besides the red mullet and the famous gilt- head.

Cittanuova and the mouths of the Ouieto river is an important fishing

1 Afcena vulgaris has been caught on the British coast ; Couch calls it by its French name
" Mendole"; see Couch's "British Fishes," vol. i. page 206.

64 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

ground for red and grey mullet, basse, mackerel, pilchard, the gilt-head, and
the red or Spanish sea-bream.

Parenzo. — The best fishing waters are off Punta del Dente. Red and
grey mullet, basse, gilt-head, red sea-bream, pilchard, soles, both caught in
large quantities, and crabs abound ; the pilchards are salted and sent to
Venice ; the common fish, and half the "prime," are consumed on the spot.
Excess of " prime " is sent to Trieste.

The channel of Leme furnishes large quantities of grey mullet and basse.

Rovigno. — Same character as Parenzo. The Chioggiotti contribute one-
fourth of the local consumption.

Fasana. — Similar in character, but more red mullet and scorpions.

Pola is the best district in I stria for the tunny ; otherwise, the character
is similar to the foregoing. The waters lying between the Brioni Islands
and Cape Promontore are favourable for the pilchard fisheries, which
are carried on mostly by Italian fishermen; by the Chioggiotti with their
trawling-nets {cocchia), and Romagmwli (people of Romagna) with their seine-
nets {tratte). The greater part of the yield is consumed of late years at Pola,
where prices range high. The excess of pilchard is salted and exported,
sometimes as much as half of the total catch ; the excess of fresh tunny is
also sent to Trieste and the Italian coast. The Italian fishermen furnish
two-fifths of the market supply.

The number of fishermen has much increased of late years, and their
profits do not seem to have decreased in the aggregate, owing to the large
demand at Pola, and consequent high range of prices.1

In addition to the species of fishes hitherto mentioned, the Istrian fisheries
yield the conger-eel, gar-pike, the Oblata melanura, the black bream, the
Box salpa, the pelamid, the angel-fish, &c, besides lobsters, sea-spiders, a few
oysters, mussels, and the Squilla mantis, &c, &c.

Lussinpiccolo, including the islands of the Ouarnero, is much fre-
quented by the Chioggiotti ; the prevalent fishes are Mendole, Maride (species

1 Pola is now a town of 20,000 inhabitants, having risen to being what it is since 1S56,
when it was a fishing village of 600 inhabitants.

TONNARA DI PRELUCA.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 65

of Smarts), which belong to the "offal" class of fish, being only consumed by
the poor. In May, June, July, they engage in the pilchard fisheries off
Sansego, which are often very important.

The local fishermen compete in fishing the " prime " fishes, the excess of
which is sent to Pola and Trieste. The Italian boats contribute one-eighth
of the supply of fish which is sold on the spot.

Tunny fisheries {Tonnare) at Preluca1 (district Volosca, Istria), at the
northernmost head of the Gulf of Fiume, and at Castelmuschio, on the island
of Veglia (the former communal, the latter private).

Fiume and the Hungarian-Croatian Littoral. — The principal summer
fisheries comprise the tunny, mackerel, pelamid, pilchard, and whiting, and are
carried on chiefly by the native fishermen (called Kirzi or Ghirzi), who are
of the poorest, their stock-in-trade being of the most primitive kind.

The chief produce of the trawling-nets, which are worked by the
Chioggiotti all over the Gulf of Quarnero from September till May, is the
hake, whiting, poor (or capelan), most of the flat fish—chiefly the sole —
several rays and small sharks, the angler or fishing-frog, and last, not least,
the famous Scampo, or Norway lobster ; red and grey mullets, the basse,
and the cephalopods, such as the cuttle-fish, poulp, and squid, are common,
more or less, all the year round. The pilchard fisheries of Selce in the
Canale della Morlacca yield on an average 75 tons.

Plate I. shows the situation of the fifteen Tonnare on the coast, the
number of nets belonging to each, their value, and the number of fisher-
men employed. The principal ones are those of Buccari, Buccarica, San
Giacomo, Voz, and Peschera, each of which has two or three nets ; the
remaining ten have only one net. The value of each net is 600 florins.
They are all farmed out for a period of five years to the same farmer
for 25,000 florins, say, 5,000 florins per annum, and he has to supply the fish
to the various Communes at a fixed rate, say, 25 soldi (fivepence) per kilo.
The season lasts from the middle of April to the end of September, and is
best in April and May, and in August and September. The weight of tunny -

1 See Plate XII.
K

66 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

fish varies from 3 to 300 kilos a head, and the average may be 6 to 8 kilos :
fishes of 1 50 to 200 kilos are not uncommon, beyond 200 kilos they are rare.

The fish is sent on at once to Fiume, and what is in excess of the demand
goes by rail to Trieste, and by water to Venice, in which traffic five
Italian boats are constantly employed. Fresh tunny-fish is not consumed
inland, but it is preserved in oil for the inland markets, and also for export.
The tunny fisheries would be much more productive if salt were used for
preserving the catch. The fish which is sent to Trieste and Venice, when
there is an excess, generally arrives in a state unfit for food, and has to be
destroyed ; thus, the excess beyond the local demand cannot be reckoned
upon with any certainty as a profit to the farmers. The annual catch averages
125 tons, of which 40 tons are exported. The Italian fishermen have no
share in the tunny fisheries, but the deep-sea fisheries are, so to say, a
monopoly of theirs. They supply one-third of the local demand.

Coast and Islands near Zara. — These waters abound in pilchard,
mackerel, and grey mullet ; the Chioggiotti contribute a quarter of the
market supply. About a quarter of the catch is exported, chiefly tunny,
pelamid, pilchard, and crustaceans. Oysters are caught along the coast of
San Cassano and on the Scogli Ostia and Galisniac. The average annual
yield is : Tunny 140 tons, pelamid 45 tons, mackerel and Spanish mackerel
75 tons, dentex 44 tons, Mendole 200 tons, and oysters 30 mille.

Sebenico. — The best fishing grounds are the channel and harbour, which
team with tunny, pelamid, the famous dentex (known here by the name of
Dentale della corona), and pilchard off the island of Zuri. The annual average
yield of the tunny fisheries is 43 tons.

Fresh tunny and salted pilchard are exported hence to Trieste, Venice,
Chioggia, Ancona, &c. The Italian fishermen are not met with here, not
beine allowed to trawl. The Teredo navalis is the curse of these waters.

Spalato. — This district is the most favourable of all on this coast,
owing to its special configuration being rocky, and cut up by innumerable
channels and bays. Unfortunately, the fisheries suffer from the want of
proper organisation and supervision, and an utter want of economy tends
to diminish the large profits which otherwise could not fail to accrue. The

Diagram of the Tonnaro in the Quairtero , showing their situation , the number

0

and. vn/iit of nets &■ the munber of fishermen employed-.

VOLOSCA

FIUME

I
II
ID
IV
V
VI
VD
Mil
LX
X
XI
XII

xra

W
XV

Place Number
of
Nets .

PRELUCA I

BUCCARI . . 2

BUCCARICA •'! (+1)

PORTORE . . . 1

Value

a . eoo

MOO

19 00

. 600

SERSTICE . I 6<)()

DUBNC
S.GIACOMO
VOZ . . .
PESCHERA .
KACIAK
NOVI . . .
SELCE . .
ZRNOVNICE .
SILO . .

VRBENICO

00 0
I 1 O 0

]Nxmiber
of fishermen

employed.

16

34

8

8

8

J 300 ... j 16

2000

500

600
60 0
000
600
6 0 0

Total 13Q00 florins 186 fishermen

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 67

pilchard fishery is the only one which is carried on with some degree of
energy by the inhabitants of the coast, owing to the large gains it often
brings. The waters off Lissa, Lesina, and Scoglio Sant' Andrea, furnish the
best hauls ; next in importance are the channels of Trail, Spalato, and off the
islands of Brazza and Macarsca.

Grey mullet is caught in masses at the mouths of the river Narenta,
and tunny in the channel of the same name. Besides these, mackerel, the
Spanish mackerel, anchovy, LicJiia, pelamid, basse, turbot, and S maris — the
latter species being most prevalent at the mouths of the rivers Narenta, Zer-
magna, Kerka, Cetina, Giadro, and Ombla. Ostriculture might be cultivated
here to advantage, as also sponge fisheries, but both are unknown.

One-third of the produce of the fisheries, consisting principally of salted
pilchards and fresh tunny, is exported to Trieste, Venice, Ancona, Bari, and
even to Greece.

The produce of the sardine fisheries varies from year to year. More than
half is caught by the Chioggiotti, but they only supply five per cent, of the
local demand.

Coast and Islands off Ragusa. — These waters team with fish ; those
species which frequent rocky ground and calm waters abound in the channels
of Calamotta, Meleda, and Stagno. In Meleda there is a salt lake containing
an abundance of fish, but it is little fished, owing to its distance from Ragusa.
Oysters and other mollusks are reared in the Bay of Stagno, where sweet
springs temper the salt water ; sardines are here the produce of the chief
fisheries, Smarts come next in order ; the first are shoals in passage, the
second are indigenous. Sardines are fished all along the coast from Budua to
the extremity of the island of Curzola ; the best fishing grounds are the channel
of Cattaro, Ragusavecchia, le Bocche False, and between Curzola and Pelagosa.

The larger sardine (pilchard) is fished in the open sea, whereas the smaller
kinds frequent the channels and sheltered waters : the smallest species (Clupea
papalina or sardelline) is caught chiefly near Stagno and the Narenta. When
the yield is good, the sardine fisheries are the chief source of livelihood
to the inhabitants of Ragusavecchia (old " Epidaurus "), Calamotta, Mezzo,
Giuppana, and Trappano. Smaris is taken in large quantities at Curzola ;

K 2

68 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the fish next in order of importance are mackerel, Spanish mackerel, pelamid,
tunny, rays, &c. Tunny is caught in the channel of Cattaro, off Ragusa-
vecchia, in the Valle di Brenno, and above all in the Bocche False ; these
fisheries belong to Government, who farm them out. The oyster fisheries
at Stagno belong to the Commune of that place, and are farmed out for
twenty years at a time, in order that they may be worked on principles of
economy.

The Italian fishermen are not tolerated on this coast by the native fisher-
men. The consequence is that the fish markets of Ragusa, Cattaro, and other
places are badly stocked With, prime fish, as the native fishermen enjoy a kind
of monopoly, and do not find it worth their while to engage in any other than
the principal fisheries above cited : moreover, the deep-sea fish, caught by the
Italian trawling-nets, are, as a rule, quite wanting, and fish often fetch fancy
prices in consequence. It is surprising how a whole population can allow itself
to be so treated by a greedy camora, particularly as the remedy is in their
own hands.

Three-quarters of the yield are exported in the shape of salt fish, com-
prising tunny, pilchard, and other fishes ; two-thirds of which is sent to
Greece and one-third to Italy. The average export of salt sardines amounts
to about 10,000 barrels of 1 cwt. a piece, representing a value of about
,£10,000.

The principal fisheries of Dalmatia are carried on by the inhabitants of
the islands of Zuri, Lissa, Brazza, Lesina, Lagosta, and more especially by
those of Lissa and Lesina. The fishermen of Lesina, alone of their class in
the whole Empire, extend their operations beyond the limits of their native
waters. They carry on the pilchard fisheries with drift-nets on the coast of
Africa ; thirty-four boats are at present engaged in these fisheries, and each
boat carries twenty-four pieces {spedoni) of drift-net, each measuring eight
fathoms in depth, and ten fathoms in length. The catch averages about
10,000 barrels, which find a market in Italy and the Levant.

SEASON OF FISHING.
Fishing is carried on, more or less, all the year round, with the exception

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 69

of the height of summer, when the catch is small, and is chiefly limited to
line-fishincr for mackerel and whitinef.

The Italian boats make their appearance on the eastern shores at about
the end of August, and begin to take their departure in April, and it is only
during their presence (where they are tolerated) that the markets are well
stocked ; in other seasons the produce of the trawl-nets is entirely wanting.

When the North-Easter {Bora), or the South-Easter (Scirocco), is blowing
a gale, or during calms in the height of summer, and after Sundays and
holidays, the markets are mostly empty, and the time thus lost may be set
down at four months in the year.

The fishing is carried on chiefly in the day-time, by preference at dawn or
at sun-set, and also by night, either with or without the aid of artificial lights.
The Italians get through a great deal of fishing on moonlight nights, which
are more favourable for catching the Scampi than dark nights, the proportion
being, it is said, as 5 to 2.

PRODUCE.— PISCES.

The Shark tribe has become much more numerous in the Adriatic of late
years, probably owing to the opening of the Suez Canal, some say in conse-
quence of the naval battle of Lissa in 1866, having been attracted by the
smell of the decomposing bodies.

The smaller ground Sharks are numerous and common all along the
shores of the Adriatic, and constantly furnish the markets with food for the
lower classes, the spiny Dog-fish (Acautkias) being the most valued, then
the Smooth-hound (Mttstelus), the spotted Dog-fish {Scylliwn), the Angel-fish
{RJiinidce), and lastly the Tope (Galeics).

The larger Sharks of the Pelagic order, which are caught occasionally,
such as the Blue Shark (Carcharias), the hammer-headed Shark {Zygccna),
the Porbeagle (Lamua), the Fox (Aloftias), the Notidanus, and other still
larger Sharks, which occur quite accidentally in these waters, are eaten only
by the poorest classes ; they are too uncommon to be of any use for the
extraction of the oil on a lar^e scale, or for the sale of their fins, as in India and

;o THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

China. The skins of the Tope, the Spotted Dog-fishes, and Angel-fishes are
dried and preserved and used as elsewhere, for polishing purposes in domestic
households and by cabinet-makers. The Tope and spiny Dog-fish are very
troublesome to the fishermen ; they bite through the nets and steal the fishes,
or watch for hooked fish, biting through the lines. The Fox follows the
shoals of pilchards, the Blue Shark is found in chase of tunny.

The Rays are mostly the inhabitants of the loam-beds, or the muddy
bottom near the mouths of rivers. They are mostly caught by means of the
Italian trawling-nets {cocchid). They are all more or less eaten by the poor.
The Thornback {Rasa spinosa) and Raja miraletus (Qtiattrocchi) are the best
of the kind and belong to Class No. 2 ; the rest must be classed as No. 3,
although the flesh of some — such as the Sting-rays and Devil-fishes — is so
indifferent as to be eaten only by the poorest classes. The Electric-rays
are sometimes caught in large quantities, dried, and shipped to the Levant.
The Sting-rays {Trigonidcd) and Devil-fishes (Myliobatidcd) attain to great
size and weight ; some are mentioned of 1,250 lb. weight and 20 feet length.
The tail of the Sting-ray is furnished with a weapon, whose wound is much
feared by the fishermen, and the tail is generally cut off when the fish is
brought to market.

The Sturgeons are represented in the Adriatic by seven species, four of
which are absolutely distinct, whereas the other three are held by many to
be mere varieties of one or more of the other species, without being able to
lay claim to a distinct identity. They frequent the western head of the Gulfs
of Venice and Trieste, near the estuaries of the principal rivers, such as
the Po, Tagliamento, Livenza, Piave, Brenta, Adige and Bacchiglione, which
they ascend in spring to spawn. They are seldom found on the eastern
shores of the gulf, where there are no important rivers.

The common Sturgeon (Aciftenser sturid) does not attain to the high state
of development met with elsewhere, and seldom exceeds 5 or 6 feet in length.
Its flesh is far superior to that of the other species and, being much esteemed
in the markets of Venice and Trieste, it is one of the dearest fishes on the
Dalmatian coast. It is occasionally, but rarely, caught in the Quarnero.
The Adriatic Sturgeon {A. naccarii, Bp.) is smaller in size, the average length

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 71

being 3 feet, although sometimes attaining to as much as 5 feet in length ;
the flesh is far inferior to the foregoing.

A. nardoi (Heck.), A. nasus (Heck.), and A. Heckelii (Fits.), are
held by many authorities to be mere varieties of the foregoing species :
they are caught under similar circumstances, either in the Venetian lagoons
or in the rivers, and are brought to market as one and the same kind
under the name of Copcse at Venice and Sporzella at Trieste. The Huso
(Ladano at Venice) is but occasionally caught at Venice, and in the river
Po; it attains to a length of 7 feet and a weight of 100 lb. Acipenser
stellatus (Pall.) is reported as having been caught in one instance in Zara
waters.

Of the Perch tribe the most important, as regards its prevalence and the
excellence of its flesh as food, is the Basse (Labrax lupus)1 ; it is common,
more or less, at all seasons, and attains to a size of as much as 3 feet in
length and 20 lb. in weight. It is generally found close to the shore and in
brackish waters, and is caught by net, line, and prong ; and it never enters
fresh water. The adult is best in April, the young in November ; it is reared
in the fish-ponds (valli) of the lagoons.

The Sea-perches (Serranina) are represented by seven species, of which
four belong to the genus Serranus (Sea-perches proper) ; none are of
importance, the more prevalent kinds having little value as food. The two
common are S. kepatus, which is sold amongst the Minutaja (mixed fish),
with otjier small fish of little value, and the 5. scriba, which belongs to class
No. 2 ; the latter frequents shallow rocks on sheltered shores.

Anthias sacer is a very rare species, of little or no value as food, which
has been caught on the Dalmatian coast south of Lissa ; Dr. Giinther mentions
that, according to Aristotle, the fishers of sponges called this fish sacred,
because no voracious fishes came to the places which it frequented, and the
diver might descend with safety.

1 Termed "Lupus" by the Romans, on account of its voracity; by the Greeks it was so
highly esteemed that Archestratus called it " Offspring of the Gods "; they attributed to it a tender
regard for its own safety ; and Aristotle says that it is the most cunning of fishes, and that, when
surrounded by the net, it digs for itself a channel of escape through the sand. — Gunther.

72 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The smooth Serranus (S. cabrilla), a British species, is also found on the
Dalmatian coast, where it goes by the name of Pirka ; it frequents the high
seas, and approaches the shore only in spring to spawn : its flesh is inferior
to that of the .S. scriba.

The dusky Serranus (S. gigas) is an Atlantic species, rarely met with in
the Adriatic, and is evidently accustomed to colder climes. It is occasionally
met with in deep water, in small shoals, where it eagerly seeks the shade
alongside any craft, and is so unwilling to quit its quarters that it is
easily caught with a hand-net. It is known in the Adriatic by the name of
Chema, or Chiema (pronounced Kerna, Kierna), a word probably borrowed
from the Stone-basse {Polyprion cernium), which is known as Cherne
by the Portuguese (pronounced Shareny) ; Chernotte at Madeira,1 and
Cernio at Nice ; thus, at Naples, both are called Cemia, the former Cemia
di scoglio, the latter Cemia de funnale ; and, indeed, the confusion of
the two is easily explained by the close resemblance of their habits, if
not so much of their form, as the Polyprion cernium, or Stone-basse, has
the same attributes, accompanying floating wood, whence it has been
called the wreck-fish. The latter is known here and at Trieste, under the
name of Scarpena salvatica, in Venice Scarpena de sasso, owing to the
resemblance of its dorsals with those of the common Scorpions, with which
it is generally sold as one and the same species. At Spalato it appears to be
common in deep water and over rocky bottoms. The flesh of both the
dusky Serranus and the Stone-basse is much prized, and, next to the cemmon
Basse, is the best of their kind.

Apogon imberbis (L.) is a species not unfrequently met with in Dalmatia,
especially in winter ; in other waters it is rare.

The group Pristipomatidee furnishes the Dentex, or toothed Gilt-head
(Dentex vulgaris), which holds the first rank amongst the "prime" class of
edible fishes of these seas. It attains to great size and development, specimens
of 2-2^ feet in length and 15-20 lb. in weight not being uncommon. It
abounds more or less all the year round, more especially in autumn. An

1 See Yarrell's "British Fishes," 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 127.

C/

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 73

abnormity of this species {Dentex gibbosus, Cocco) is common at Sebenico,
where it is known by the name of Dcntalc del la Corona, and is held in
particular esteem all along the coast. Two other species of Dentex have
been fished in Dalmatian waters, but they have only a scientific interest.

Three species of Meena and four species of Smarts belong to the same
group, and their flesh is so inferior in quality as food, that it is a common
mode of derision at Venice to accuse a person of eating this class of fish
(Magna menole ! — i.e., he eats Menolel). They are sometimes caught in
large quantities by the Italian trawling-nets, and furnish cheap food for the
poorest class of the population of the coast ; the surplus is salted, and forms
an article of export to Greece and the Levant. One species (Smarts vul-
garis) is reared in the fish-ponds (valli) of the lagoons.

Red Mullet is common in most seasons, and the yield of the fisheries
is worth ,£12,000 a year ; the larger species (M. sunnuletus) attains to a
weight of from 2 to 3 lb., and is known by the name of Triglia, because,
according to the ancients, it was reputed to spawn three times a year. The
specific difference of the two kinds is not established, and Dr. Giinther holds,
with Gronovius, that they form only one species, M. sunnuletus being pro-
bably the female. The Romans prized it above any other fish, and paid its
weight in silver. Even to this day it ranks amongst the most delicate of the
edible fishes.

The genus is commonly known as Pesce rosso, and is caught with the
trammel ; and both species are reared in the artificial ponds in the lagoons
of Venice. At Naples three species are distinguished ; they are known by
the names of Triglia saponara, of a pale reddish hue, frequenting sandy
bottoms, far from rocks ; Triglia di fango, of a pale, fleshy colour, only the
head being bright red, and frequenting, as the name implies, muddy bottoms ;
and Triglia di aurito, of a brown colour, frequenting the beds overgrown
with alga (see Canestrini, " Fauna d' Italia," parte terza, p. So). At Spalato,
a variety is distinguished by the name of Sgrtenice, which is applied to them
for the reason that they rise to the surface, twisting and wriggling their
bodies in the shape of a semicircle, thus remaining for a certain time, then
straightening themselves up again, and then recommencing the contortion of

L

74 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

their bodies ; the fishermen consider them a distinct species (see " Kolom-
batovic"). These are, however, apparently mere varieties of colouring, due to
the conditions of the beds they frequent, as fishes are known to assimilate
themselves in colour and otherwise to the surrounding circumstances (see
Giinther, " On the Variation of Colour — an Introduction to the Study of
Fishes," page 183).

The family of Sea-breams {Sparides) furnishes twenty different species,
three of which are much valued for the excellence of their flesh. These are
the Gilt-head {Chrysophrys aurata1), the red or Spanish Sea-bream (Pagelhis
erythrinus), and the Braize, or Becker {Pagrus vulgaris), which, together
with the basse, dentex, and red mullet, are the fishes which hold the fore-
most rank amongst the class of " prime," or Pesce nobile, a term whose
signification varies considerably according to locality, and is to a great extent
arbitrary as regards a number of fishes which are often included in the
denomination. The group Cantharina comprises three specimens of Can-
tharus, amongst which are the Black Sea-bream, a British species, which
is not uncommon in winter, and C. orbicularis, the best of the genus.
Box vulgaris is the better of the two Bogues, although neither are much
valued as food ; Oblata melanura is a better class of fish, as are also the
three more common species of Sargina. Charax ptmtazzo, known as Pesce
morti, on account of its stripes, is little valued.

Of the group Pagrina, the Gilt-head is the most important. These fish are
caught with a line in summer, and in winter they are encircled by a net at
night-time and then pronged individually, artificial illumination being used to
keep them from effecting their escape underneath the net, as they are wont

1 Aurata was the Latin name; and the Greeks called it Chrysophrys (i.e., "golden eye-
brow"), in allusion to the brilliant spot of gold which it bears between its eyes. According to
Columella, the Aurata was among the number of fishes brought up by the Romans in their
vivaria ; and the inventor of those vivaria, one Sergius Grata, is supposed to have derived his
name from this fish. It is said to grow extremely fat in artificial ponds. Duhamcl states that it
stirs up the sand with its tail, so as to discover the shell-fish concealed in it. It is extremely
fond of mussels, and its near presence is sometimes ascertained by the noise it makes in breaking
their shells with its teeth (see Giinther, " Introduction to the Study of Fishes," p. 409).

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 75

to do. By this means, many hundred are sometimes caught at a time, and
not a single one attempts to escape. The Gilt-head is one of the fish which
is reared in the artificial ponds {valli ckiuse) of the Venetian lagoons, and
attains to a size of 2\ feet in length and 20 lb. in weight.

The genus Pagrus is too scarce to be of much importance ; but the red,
or Spanish Sea-bream (Pagellus erythrinus) is both common and much
valued as food. P. mormynis is not uncommon, but inferior in quality to the
foregoing species.

The Scorpion family is represented by three species. One is the Sebastes
imperialism a rare kind inhabiting deep waters ; and the other two belong to
the genus Scorpcrna, of which S. scrofa is the larger, attaining to as much
as 4 lb. in weight, whereas 5. porcus seldom exceeds 2 lb. They are shore-
fishes inhabiting the beds, and the latter generally appear in shoals ; their
name is due to the prickly nature of their dorsal fins, with which they are
apt to inflict painful stings, causing inflammation, if one is not careful in
handling them when alive. The gall of this fish is used as a remedy for
its sting ; they are generally caught by means of the trammel-net or shore-
seine, and belong to the second class of fish.

Of the Meagre family, the Umbrina holds the first rank ; it frequents
brackish waters, and is reared in the ponds (valli) of the Venetian lagoons ;
it attains to 3 feet in length and 20 lb. in weight, as does also the M eagre
proper (Scicsna aauila), a species which is, however, by no means common in
these waters ; the latter also frequents the mouths of rivers and brackish
waters, and makes a noise, or grunts, when taken out of the water, similar
to the gurnards. Corvina nigra is the third species of this tribe ; it frequents
the stony beds, where it deposits its spawn ; hence it is called di sasso, or
di scoglio. The flesh of all three kinds is much esteemed.

Sword-fishes belong rather to the exception in the Adriatic, although
common in Sicilian waters, where the fisheries constitute an important
industry,1 their flesh selling as well as that of the tunny ; they are some-

1 See " La pesca del Pesce-Spada nello Stretto di Messina." Messina : 1880.

L 2

76 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

times caught in the tunny-nets. Histiophorus belone is not uncommon at
Spalato.

The Scabbard-fish is quite exceptional ; a species in the Trieste
Museum was caught off Zaole after a hurricane ; it is a deep-sea fish, and its
flesh is said to be excellent. The Hair-tail is likewise accidental ; a species in
the Trieste Museum was caught on the Dalmatian coast. Thyrsites pretiosus
was found in one instance on the beach of the island of Solta (Dalmatia).

The family Carangidce comprises nine species, of which the common
Horse Mackerel and Lichia amia are the two most important ; they are
all much esteemed as food, with the exception of the Boar-fish, which is not
eaten. Three species of Lichia, the Pilot-fish, and Caranx dentex are more
especially prized, whereas the Horse Mackerel belongs to the second class,
beine inferior to the common mackerel. The Horse Mackerel is common in
summer, when it migrates to these shores in company of the Scombridce, or
mackerel tribe ; they are caught by net and line, and owe their local denomi-
nation [Cantarini, Musicanti) to the sound they emit when drawn from
the water. Caranx dentex has been caught on the Dalmatian coast, and
Seriola Dumerilii has been fished at Venice, Trieste, and Ragusa. The
Pilot-fish is general, and, at times, not uncommon ; as many as twenty have
been caught at a time in the harbour of Fiume, having arrived in the
company of a vessel : Prof. Kolombatovic mentions an instance of one
hundred having been caught at Spalato in November, 1880, under similar
circumstances. From this habit of accompanying vessels and large fish, such
as sharks, it has derived its name ; it is the Pompilus1 of the ancients, who
held it sacred. Licliia amia? is not uncommon in summer ; it attains to a
length of upwards of 3 feet, and its flesh is much esteemed, being fully on
a par with that of the tunny. The other two species of this genus, amongst
which is the Derbio, a British species, are both rare : the Skipjack has been
caught in Dalmatia ; and the Boar-fish is very rare, and of no value.

1 See "An Introduction to the Study of Fishes," by Gunther, p. 444; also, Yarrell's
" British Fishes," vol. ii. p. 227.

2 It is reared in the lagoons.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 77

John Dorys are common at all seasons, and belong to the second class
of fishes. Their Latin name was Janitor, the door-keeper, in allusion to
Saint Peter ; hence they have probably derived their vulgar name (Pesce San
Pietro) ; the popular legend points to this fish as being the one out of whose
mouth the Apostle took the tribute-money, the marks on either side of its
body being supposed to be the impressions of his thumb and finger.

The family of Black-fishes is of little or no value ; it is represented by
two species of Stromateus, which are common, but have little value as food,
and two species of Centroloft/ms, which are rare. Centrolophus pompilus
frequents brackish waters, the mouths of rivers, and the lagoons of Venice ;
it has also been caught at Trieste and in Dalmatia.

The Dolphins, a name which is misapplied to the genus Coryphama, are
rare in the gulf; two species are known, and single specimens are some-
times fished in the course of the summer ; C. pelagica has been caught at
Trieste ; their flesh is not bad. Ray's Sea-bream belongs to the same
family ; its flesh is good, but it is too rare to be of any value in the fisheries.
Ausonia Cuvieri is occasionally met with, but is very rare ; it attains to great
size, and in December, 1879, a specimen of 50 kilos weight was caught at
Miramare, near Trieste, Twenty years ago one was caught at Muggia, also
near Trieste ; its flesh is said to be excellent. Schedophilus Botteri has been
found in one instance off Lesina. The Coryphcznidce are all pelagic forms.

The Mackerel family furnishes the chief produce of the summer fisheries,
but the take is subject to great fluctuations, and it almost seems that the
stream of the migrations of this tribe does not always reach the head of
the Adriatic Gulf. The fishing lasts from May to September, and angling
for mackerel constitutes a favourite summer sport. The Spanish mackerel
is not uncommon at Spalato, but is inferior in quality to the common
mackerel. Scomber pneumatophorus is a southern species, with an air-
bladder, only occasionally met with.

The common Tunny1 and the Thynnus thunnina are the chief repre-

1 Its salted preparation was esteemed by the Romans under the name of Saltamentum
Sardicum. — Gunther.

7S THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

sentatives of this genus in these waters, whereas the Bonito and the Germon,
although occasionally met with, can hardly be taken into consideration ; they
are both Atlantic species, which seldom enter the Mediterranean, and the
latter frequents the high seas, rarely approaching the shores. The common
tunny attains to great size and weight: specimens are mentioned of 10 feet
in length, and i,ooolb. in weight, and those of 5 to 6 feet are by no
means uncommon in these waters. T. thunnina is smaller in size, but
equally good eating : the Pelamid (Pelamis sardct) is common on the Dal-
matian coast, but is inferior to both the tunny and the mackerel as food.

The tunny fisheries of the Adriatic are much behind those of the
Mediterranean in their development, and the preserving of the fish is not
understood here as it is, for instance, at Genoa, Marseilles, and other places.
In the Quarnero, however, large hauls are sometimes made ; thus, in 1872,
40 tons were taken at one spot in the course of three days. The surplus
of the Quarnero fisheries is exported in a fresh state to Trieste and Venice.
The average annual value of the tunny fisheries is ,£15,000.

The Remora must be mentioned here, but it has no value.

The Star-gazers, thus called on account of the position of the eyes being
on the upper surface of the head, are common shore-fishes, which frequent
the beds in small depths amongst the stones and belong to the second class
of fishes. They class under the family of Weevers (Tracliinidcr), which
comprises also four species of Trachimis, three of which are common and
esteemed as food. T. araneus, the best of its kind, attains to as much as
4 lb. in weight, the other species being much smaller.

This genus has the same properties as the scorpions to inflict most painful
wounds with its dorsal and opercular spines, which create intense inflamma-
tion and fever ; and, indeed, amputation of the wounded limb has had, it is
said, to be resorted to in some cases. The sting of the lesser Weever
(T. vipera), also called the Sting-fish, or Adder-pike, is the most redoubted;
hence its name. According to Dr. Glinther, " no special poison-organ has
been found in these fishes, but there is no doubt that the mucous secretion
in the vicinity of the spines has poisonous properties. The dorsal spines,
as well as the opercular spine, have a deep double groove, in which the

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 79

poisonous fluid is lodged, and by which it is inoculated into the punctured
wound." The white gall of the cuttle-fish is used for wounds inflicted by
these fishes and the sting-ray, and, according to Costa, the fishermen of
Gaeta apply the juice of the Euphorbia titimalus as a remedy for the sting
of the Adder-pike. The spine of the operculum is generally cut off before
exposure for sale.

There are two species of Fisiiing-frogs, or Anglers, the British species
Lop hiu s piscatorhis, and a second species L. btidegassa, which is the smaller
but the preferable of the two, and is sometimes very common at Fiume ;
these are amongst the most common of fishes, and are to be found in our
markets all the year round, furnishing cheap food for the lower classes. Tney
owe their name to a filament placed in the middle of the head, which termi-
nates in a lappet, and is movable in every direction, and is used by the fish to
play just in front of its wide mouth as a bait to allure fishes, which are thus
caught ; they inhabit the beds, and hide in the sand or amongst sea-weed.

The Gurnards {Triglidce) are little valued as food, and belong to the
third class. The Sapphirine Gurnard (Lucerna venetoruni) is the best of the
genus, and owes its name (Lucerna) to the great phosphorescence it produces.
This species, besides the streaked Gurnard, and the Piper, are the commonest
of the tribe ; they are not caught in sufficient quantities to be of any import-
ance. Dr. Gtinther informs us that the grunting noise made by gurnards
when taken out of the water is caused by the escape of gas from the air-
bladder through the open pneumatic duct. There are altogether seven
species of this tribe.

The Cataphracti furnish two species, both rare in the Adriatic, viz., the
mailed Gurnard, or "Fork-fish" (Forcato), a name derived from its prolonged
praeorbitals, which project beyond the snout in the shape of a fork, and which
are often broken off against the rocks : it inhabits deep water, and has
been caught in the Dalmatian archipelago. The second species is the Flying
Gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans), a species which belongs to the class gene-
rally known as Flying-fishes, which comprises the Flying-herrings (Exoccetus),
these being the only two fishes which are enabled by their long pectoral fins
to take flying leaps out of the water (Gtinther). They are much heavier and

8o THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

larger than the Exocceti, and have not been caught, as far as I am aware,
north of Lissa (Dalmatia).

Of the family of Discoboli, the Lump-sucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) is
mentioned by Nardo, amongst other fishes, as having been observed in the
Dalmatian archipelago, on the authority of Botteri, Heckel, Stalio, and
Belotti. This fish also appears in Perugia's list of the Trieste Museum.
Dr. de Marchesetti, however, pronounces Perugia's citation altogether a
mistake, and I hardly think I should be justified in including the species in
the Adriatic fauna.

The family of Gobidce, or Gobies, comprises thirty species, of which
six belong to the genus Callionymus, or Dragonets ; they are all small fishes
and belong to the class of minutaja (mixed fish), with the exception of
G. capito, the largest of its kind. They are found, more or less, everywhere,
and at all seasons, and furnish food to a great portion of the poorer classes ;
they are shore-fishes, frequenting, as a rule, rocky coasts. Three species
frequent brackish waters, and are reared in the valli of the lagoons, viz.,
G.jozo, elongatus and paganellus, whilst three others are fresh-water fishes.

The Red Band-fish (Cepola rubescens) is common, but of little or no
value.

The Blennies rank with the Gobies in many respects ; they are shore-
fishes, and some of them enter brackish waters and have become fresh-water
fishes ; they belong, as a rule, to the class of minutaja (mixed fish) ; the only
exceptions are two species, viz., B. gattorugine, which attains to a length of
twelve inches, and B. ocellaris, both British species. Two are fresh-water
fishes.

The Spet {Sphyrama vulgaris) is one of the rare class, and has no
importance in the fisheries.

The Atherines, to which the name of Smelt is misapplied from their
resemblance to the real smelt, have little value as food ; they are common in
summer all over the gulf, and the young fry is sold in many sea-ports fried
or baked in milk under the name of Nonnati (Nonnatx of the French,

1 The young, for some time after they are hatched, cling together in dense masses, and in

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 8r

Aphycs of the Ancients) ; they are also preserved in oil {Angucla marinata).
They are, however, only consumed by the poor. Being one of the few kinds
of fish which spawn in the lagoons and brackish waters, their chief value is
as food for the more valuable kinds of fishes which are reared in the valli
of the lagoons. There they come under the denomination of Pesce da strame
[strame = fodder). Sometimes they are caught in such quantities in the
lagoons of Commacchio that whole cargoes are shipped to serve as manure.
They are shore-fishes, living in large shoals, and the fry collects and ascends
the rivers in shoals. Three species are known here, all are common.

The Grey Mullets (Mugilidez), known in these parts by the general
term of Cievolame, are of great importance ; there are five common species,
all of which are numerous, prolific, and develope rapidly. They endure more
than other kinds of fishes the rapid changes of temperature ; they prefer
brackish waters, and the small fry enters in multitudes the mouths of rivers,
the lagoons, and the valli chiuse ; they are, therefore, of prime importance
in the fisheries of the valli ; their roe is smoked in Dalmatia, and is known
by the name of Bolarga ; it is considered a delicacy, and the produce of
Tunis and Cartha^ena is the most renowned in the Mediterranean. In the
valli, they come under the class of fish known as Pesce bianco ; three species
extend to British waters, and M. chelo is known to ascend the rivers and
to live in lakes, returning to the sea for spawning. M. labeo is a new species
for these seas which has been caught at Ragusa.

The Sticklebacks frequent the Venetian lagoons, and the Trumpet-
fish {Centriscus scolopax) is occasionally caught, but neither of them have
any value.

There are seven species of Suck-fishes (Gobieso cider), all small fishes
exhibiting brilliant colours and not exceeding four inches in length : two are
common, and belong to the class of minutaja ; the remainder are only
occasionally met with.

Lophotes cepedianus is a deep-sea fish, which only occurs quite accidentally.

numbers almost incredible. The inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast of France called these,
newly-hatched Atherines nonnat (unborn). — Gunther.

M

82 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The Ribbon-fishes (Trachypteridce) are likewise deep-sea fishes, but it
has not been ascertained at what maximum depth they live : their occur-
rence is general in these waters, though rare ; they are common in the south,
for instance, at Naples, where their flesh is considered a delicacy.

Only one species of the genus Hcliastes is known here ; it is common,
but little valued as food.

The Wrasses (Labrida) constitute one-seventh of the Mediterranean
fauna, and are, therefore, one of its chief characteristics. Twenty-one species
are, more or less common to these seas : some show the most brilliant
colouring, hence they derive such names as Peacock, Rainbow, Parrot,
Butterfly, Damsel, &c. They do not seem to exceed a length of 12-15 inches,
and are almost valueless as food, the smaller ones being thrown in amongst
the minutaja (mixed fish). The Ballan Wrasse and the striped Wrasse, the
Cork-wing and the Rainbow Wrasse, are species which extend to British
waters.

The Cod tribe (Gadidce) is poorly represented in these seas ; its most
valuable representatives, viz., the Cod, Haddock, Coal-fish, Pollack, and the
Ling, are altogether wanting. Three kinds, however, are of some importance
in the fisheries on these coasts, i.e., the Hake {JMerluccius vulgaris), the Poor,
or Capelan {Gadus minutus) and the Whiting {Gadus merlangus). They
constitute a considerable share of the produce of the trawlers ; they are also
caught by means of the ground-line, and these are infinitely superior in quality
to the produce of the trawls. Gadus euxinus and Gadus luscus (Bib, Pout, or
Whiting- Pout) do not come into consideration, from the fact of their rarity.1
Hake is caught all the year round, and is best eating in winter, the Poor in
October. Ground-line fishing for Whiting is a favourite summer sport. The
Hake attains to a length of 28 to 32 inches, and the Poor to a weight of
2 lb. ; Poor and Whiting are common only in the north. Next in importance
is the three-bearded Rock-ling [Motella tricirrata) which attains to a length
of 8-12 inches, and is pretty common in summer. The two kindred species,

1 Gadus euxinus is not rare at Spalato, where, in summer, it is more common than
G. minutus. — Kolombatovic.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. S3

JIT. maatlata and AT. mustcla, are exceptional ; two species of P/iycis, or
Forked- Hake, are occasionally found in the north ; they frequent deep water,
and attain to a length of from 16 to 20 inches. Lota arocntca has been
met with at Trieste. The Gadidcc belong to the class of Pesce bianco, and
to the better kinds of fish consumed by the lower orders known as Pesce
populo (people's fish).

The family Ophidiidce furnishes Pteridium atrum, four species of Ophidium,
one of which is not uncommon ; two species of Ficrasfer, and the Sand-eel, or
Launce {Ammodytes siculus)? both of which are rare. None of the species of
this family have any value in the fisheries.

ATacrnriis ccelorJiyncns is a deep-sea fish, which occurs in the south of
Dalmatia.

The Flat-fish tribe is represented by twenty-two species, amongst which
the Turbot, Brill, and common Sole hold the first rank, the next in importance
being the Italian Flounder {Pleuronectes italictis) ; the remainder are all of
minor importance. They live, on the bottoms, and are caught in considerable
quantities by the Italian trawlers, chiefly over the sandy beds off the coast
of Grado.

The Turbot seems to attain to greater size in the Adriatic than in the
Mediterranean ; specimens of 8-10 lb. are common, and it is said to attain to
as much as 3 feet in length and 30 lb. in weight. It is best in September, and
from December to February : at other seasons it is apt, when cooked, to become
a mere mass of jelly. The Brill seldom exceeds 18 inches in length, 10 inches
in breadth, and 2 lb. in weight : it sometimes ascends the rivers for a great
distance ; hence it is called " Strombutte " in North Germany. The common
Sole occurs, more or less, all the year round, and is best in winter. The
Italian Flounder, an Adriatic (not Mediterranean) species, likewise ascends
the rivers, and is common in the brackish waters of the Venetian lagoons and
the Narenta : it seldom exceeds 12 inches in length, 6 inches in breadth, and
\ lb. in weight. The four foregoing species are all reared in the valli, or
fish-ponds, of the lagoons. Other kinds of minor importance are common

1 It is very similar to the British species A. tobianus, with which it is often confused.

M 2

84 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

in the Venetian lagoons, but are not reared in the z>alli, such as the Scald-
fish (Amoglossus latema) and Arnoglossus Grohmanni : they evidently prefer
brackish waters, and belong, together with the small Soles, to the class of
minutaja. Citharus linguatuta is common, but inferior as food. Two species
of Rhomboidichtys are rare, and occur only on the coast of Dalmatia.

Only two specimens of the Plaice (Pleuro7iectes platessd) have been found
by Professor Trois in the fish-market at Venice, said to have been caught in
the Quarnero. The Soles, with the exception of the common Sole, are either
rare, or have little value as food. Generally speaking, it may be said that
the flat-fish caught in these seas are inferior to their brethren in more
northern climes : the flesh is flaccid and less firm.

Two specimens of the family of Scopelidce, which have been met with on
the southern coast of Dalmatia, have no interest but from an ichthyological
point of view. -Cyprinodon calaritanus is half a fresh-water fish, for it ascends
the rivers for a considerable distance : it occurs in the brackish Venetian
lagoons, and in places where the sea is collected for evaporation {saline)
and where the degree of saltness is much greater than the ordinary sea-water.
Like most fish which lie imbedded in mud or frequent the muddy beds, it has
no value as food.

The Gar-pike, caught in considerable quantities at Sansego and Lussin,
is one of the fish which is reared in the valli. The Saury-pike occurs,
quite exceptionally, on the Dalmatian coast only, and is a pelagic species, as
is also the closely-allied genus of Exoccetns, or Flying-fishes. The latter
seldom come so far north, and that only in the height of summer. The
common Pike (Esox) has been observed in the brackish waters of the
Venetian lagoons.

Of the Salmon family, five species of Trout belong to this fauna, two
of which are non-migratory species of Dalmatia : Salmo fario ausonii is the
one common on the northern shores (at Trieste and Fiume), and Salmo
carpio occurs in the Venetian watershed. The Grayling is found in the
northern and western watershed, but not on the eastern coast : the Argentine
has a southern extension, and being, moreover, a deep-sea fish, it is seldom
met with in the north. A specimen of Salmo trotta (L.) is mentioned by

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 85

Giglioli as having been caught near Spalato ; this appears to be the first
notice of this species in Mediterranean waters.

Of the Herring tribe {Clupeida) the more important northern forms, such
as the Herring, Sprat, and Whitebait (fry of the Herring), are not met with
in these waters ; but the kindred species, Pilchard, or Sardine, and Clupea
papal ina, commonly called Papal ina, a Mediterranean species, and the
Anchovy {Engraulis encrasicJiolus) are the representative species of this
tribe, and form the chief staples of these fisheries.

The Anchovy is common all over the Adriatic, from May to September,
and seldom occurs further north ; Clupea aurita has occasionally been
observed on the coast of Dalmatia, and is generally mistaken for the
common Sardine, though its flesh is far inferior : the Papal ina occurs under
the same conditions, and is as much esteemed as the common Sardine. It
attains a length of 4 inches. This species is not described- by the learned
ichthyologist Dr. Giinther, his nearest description as applying to it being that
of C. aurita, as synonymous with C. phalerica (Risso), which latter Canestrini,
on his part, renders as synonymous with C. papalina (Bp.). Dr. de
Marchesetti has been good enough to point out the difference between the
illustration of Valencienne and the description of Giinther, on the one hand,
and the C. papalina, as known here, on the other hand (see Systematic
List of Fishes, No. 322).

The Sardine is common all over the Adriatic from May to October, and
is eaten fresh, salted, smoked, and preserved in oil, like the " Sardines de
Nantes." Risso made the observation at Nice that only every fifth year
was a good year for the Sardine fisheries on those coasts. Here, the fisher-
men consider themselves lucky if every fourth or fifth year prove a good one,
but in some places a really good season is not known for seven, twelve, or
fourteen years, the same being the case in respect of mackerel. The salting
is carried on chiefly on the west coast of I stria, on the coast of Dalmatia
(Ragusa), and the Dalmatian islands, the produce of Rovigno (Istria) and
the island of Lissa being especially renowned.1

1 See methods of curing and cooking fish.

86 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The Sardine fisheries hold the first rank amongst the sea-fisheries of the
Austrian-Hungarian coast. Their average annual value is computed at
.£40,000, and the value of the Anchovy fisheries at £4,000. The total
value of the produce of the Sardine and Anchovy fisheries in the Medi-
terranean does not probably exceed ,£400,000 ; this is trifling in com-
parison to the Herring fisheries in the north, whose value is estimated at
at least £3,000,000. In the south, the Sardine is fished sometimes in con-
siderable quantities, even in the winter, and Professor Kolombatovic mentions
that in the winter of 1880 eighty barrels were cured at Spalato, besides those
consumed fresh. This may also be said of the Papalina, which, however,
appears by no means to be so common in the south.

The Allice-Shad (C. alosd) is said to ascend the rivers of northern Italy
and to enter the lakes of Garda and Como for spawning. It appears doubt-
ful whether this species occurs on the eastern coast, and whether it is not the
inferior Twaite-Shad {C. fait a), which is common there, and with which the
former has been confused. The specimens in the Trieste Museum are all
C. fait a, and the resemblance of the two species accounts for the uncertainty
on the point ; in fact, many authors, amongst whom Canestrini, Valencienne,
Heckel, and Kner, consider them identical.

The common Eel is of prime importance in the fisheries of the lagoons
on the Venetian coast and near Grado,1 and it is pickled (inarinatd) and
preserved in oil to a large extent.

Two kinds of Conger-eels are caught, the common species being much
esteemed as food ; they are also dried and smoked. Three species of
Ophichthys and two species of Murczna (the Murry) occur occasionally, but
they all have a southern extension, and seldom find their way very far north.

Some of the Pipe-fishes are common in summer, but they have no value

1 There are 173 vallt, or breeding-ponds, on the Venetian coast, of which 63 arc in the
lagoons of Venice alone; they employ upwards of 1,000 fishermen, and produce upwards of
2,600 tons offish a year; one alone — that of Comacchio — yields 1,200 tons of fish, Soo tons of
which are Eels. Such results would not be possible were it not for the quantities of atherines
and Crangon vulgaris, which serve as food for other fishes (see Nets, Vallt).

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 87

in the fisheries ; they frequent the Venetian lagoons and other brackish
waters, as do also the Sea-horses. File-fishes and Sun-fishes are rare on
these shores ; they are more common in the south, and are occasionally met
with in the lagoons of Venice: they have no culinary value. Lampreys
belong rather to the exception on the eastern coast ; they are more com-
mon on the western coast, and in the lagoons and watershed of Venice.
The Lancelet has been caught off the island of Lesina (Dalmatia).

MOLLUSKS.

The Mollusks, generally speaking, are much more numerous in variety
than in northern waters. Some 600 species are common to the Mediterranean
fauna (exclusively of nudibranchs and tunicates), whereas this number de-
creases to 400 in British, and to 300 in Scandinavian waters. On the other
hand, the prevalence of certain of the more useful kinds, such as Oysters,
Pectins, Cardium, Mytilus, &c, is not to be compared with what is found in
northern waters.

Cephalopods are much consumed, throughout the Adriatic and Medi-
terranean, by all classes of the population, although despised in the north of
Europe. When caught in large quantities, they are dried and exported to
the Levant, where they are in great demand by the Greek population. They
are mostly caught by means of the jiocina (prongs), exceptionally so in nets,
and sometimes in the basket-traps (nasse) set for fish, which they enter in
pursuit of Lobsters, Conger-eels, &c.

The Squid (Lo/igo vulgaris) is the most valued of the kind, Sepiola
Rondeleletii is next best in quality. The average annual catch of the various
kinds of Cephalopods is 600 tons, valued at ,£12,000.

Oysters are found mostly on rocky shores in 2-5 fathoms ; on a bank to
the south-west of Grado, near the estuary of the river Isonzo ; on a smaller
bank west of Isola, near Capo d'Istria; near Pola and Novegradi, east of
Zara ; along the coast of San Cassano, and on the Scogli Ostia and Galisniac.
They occur also near Sebenico, Stagno, &c. ; on the Italian coast, near
Brindisi, Ancona, Punto di Maestra and Chioggia, and near the mouths of the
rivers P6, Adige, and Brenta. They are caught in the open by means of the

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

ostrighera; in the lagoons with the cassa, or by hand ; in harbours with the
fiocina a branche curve, and on piles, dams, and rocks by the rasparetta, or
mezzahma. Three-year old oysters are the best. The annual consumption
at Trieste is 10,000, @ 5 to 10 soldi a piece. The inland import is incon-
siderable, as Vienna is supplied from Hamburg and Ostende. The annual
yield is estimated at 70 to 80 mille, valued at ,£600.

Ostreoculture 1 is carried on in a most primitive manner by the fishermen
of Monfalcone, Duino, Zaole, Muggia, &c. It consists in driving piles, or
rather oak branches (pali), into the bed of the sea, in \\-2 fathoms water.
This is done in spring ; and in autumn, when the spat has settled on them,
they are transferred into deeper waters, there to await their development
after the third season. In Dalmatia, the branches of oak are merely thrown
into the water, and there allowed to remain until the oysters mature and
fall off.

At Grado, the French system known as Claires was tried, but it proved
a failure, and had to be abandoned, chiefly on account of the small tides
prevalent in these waters, which accounts for the high mortality of the oysters,
which perished of cold in winter and of heat in summer.

A great deal more might, no doubt, be done in the way of ostreoculture,
and the Hungarian Government is anxious to promote something of the
kind in the bay of Buccari. Capt. R. F. Burton, H.B.M. Consul for Trieste,
has also interested himself in the matter, and has proposed a company for
the purpose: Val d'Arsa, in Istria, would be a most suitable ground for
carrying out the project, the more so as it is connected by rail with Vienna.

There are five different kinds of oysters common to the Adria, viz.,
O. adriatica (Lam.), {Ostrica di palo, Ostrica deW Adriaticd), found generally
on the limestone-beds of the Adriatic, but neither in the lagoons nor in the
oyster-ponds ; O. lamellosa (Brocchi), {Ostrica a lamclle), a species which is
reared in ponds on a large scale, attains to large dimensions, and is the most
savoury of the Adriatic species ; three varieties of O. cdulis (L.), viz., var.
depressa (Phillipi), (Ostrica commune depressa, vulgo Ostrichino), a small species

1 Consult " Die Bewirthschaftung der Meeres," &c, von Anton Gareis.

SCOGLIO SAN MARCO, FROM THE ISLAND OF VEGLIA.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 89

common to the lagoons and at Zaole, found attached to wood, and the
mussels Pinna and Mytilus, and much liked on account of its savoury taste;
var. cristata (Auct. (?) Born. (?) ) (Ostrica commune crestatd), and var. falcata
(Chiereghin) {Ostrica commune falcata), both found in the lagoons, ponds,
harbours, on limestone and muddy beds. The former is the only kind which
occurs in the Ouarnero.

The Common Mussel {Mytilus edulis), Motile of the French (Pedocchio,
"sea-louse"),1 is found in large quantities on piles in the Trieste Harbour ; on
stones near Novegradi ; at Stagno, and between Grado and the mouths of the
Tagliamento, in a depth of 80 feet and about nine miles from the shore ;
also on the rocks on the coast of Istria. This is the most valuable species
after the oyster;2' it is both well-flavoured and prolific, and well deserves to
be reared as in France, viz., by collecting the spawn in artificial ponds.
Mussels are caught by means of the cassa, or an iron hook. The annual
yield is about four millions, valued at ^"400.

The next most important species are : Pectince (Capa santa and Cane-
strello), of which there are some ten different species, all more or less prized ;
Cardium cdule and rusticum (Capa tonda), the latter being the most important
of its genus, forming large banks in the mud of the lagoons ; Venus (Biberazzi,
Caparoni, Caparozzoli) ; Solen (Capa longd); Pinna (Stura); Ai'ca (Cofano,
Mussolo) ; Pectunculus (Pie d' asino) ; Mactra (Biberon) ; Spondylus gcederopus
G aider 0, Jar don); Modiola barbata (Pedocchio pelosd); Lithodomus lithophagus
(Dattolo di pietra, "stone-date"); P kolas dactylus (Dattolo di mar, " sea-
(date") ; Ltitraria compressa (Loca); Lima inflata (Sorbolo di mar), and other
species of more or less value, either from a culinary point of view or as bait.
Most of these are caught by the cassa or ostreghera, or by hand ; the cape
longhe by means of an iron rod with a conical knob at the end ; this is passed
between the shells which close upon it, and are thus drawn up. Solen
siliqua is also called Capa tabacchina, on account of its taste resembling
that of tobacco. The dattoli are especially prized in some places, but are

1 So the Arabs call shrimps and prawns : Barghut el-bahr — sea-fleas.
3 See " Die Bewirthschaftung des Meeres," &c, von Anton Gareis.

N

90

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

not consumed everywhere as food, for instance, at Ancona, although caught
there in large quantities ; in France they are eaten and are also used for
bait. The shells of the Cytherea chione, L. {Issolone), and the Unto pictorum
( Unione, or Sbadiglia dei pittori, vulgo Caparone d' acqua doice, Cucchiarelld),
are used as painters' pallets ; those of the Pecten jacobceus (L.), as ornaments
by the pilgrims to S. I ago di Compostella and other places, whence the
name of Cat>a santa}

The univalves are very numerous on the eastern shores of the Adriatic,
but are much inferior in quality to the bivalves, and are, as a rule, eaten only
by the poorer classes.

Those which most deserve notice are : species of Trochus {Caragolo,
Neridold) ; Turbo rugosus {Occhio di Sa?ita Lucid) ; Cassidaria tyrrhena
{Porcelletta) ; Cerithium vulgatum {Caragolo longo, Campanari) ; Murex
brandaris (Garusoli), attached to the shells of which is generally found an
Actinia effect a ; Murex trunculus {Garusoli), the species which is supposed to
have supplied the purple of the Romans; Aporrhais pes pelicani (Zama-
rugolo)', Haliotis tuberculata {Orecchio di San Pietro, "St. Peter's ear");
species of Fissure/la and Patella {Pantalena). The shells of Turbo rugosus
and Trochus adriaticus are made use of as women's ornaments (Caragoletti
da galanterie). The nudibranchs are not eaten.

Of the tunicates may be mentioned Cynthia microcosmus, called Sponga
mangiabile by misapplication. They are found on hard beds in open, shallow
waters, generally in company of the arch shells, together with which they
are usually caught from November to March by means of the Mttssolera.
After removing the outside coating, or mantle, the inside, resembling the
yellow of an egg, but tasting somewhat bitter, is eaten either raw by the

1 See Capt. Burton's account of the Legend of St. James, in " Camoens : his Life and his
Lusiads," vol. i. p. 207. " . . . . and during the height of his (the Saint's) fame, a hundred
thousand ' Saint Jaque's pilgrims,' many of them English, who preferred it even to Canterbury and
her 'holyblisful martir,' made pious visitations to ' Sanctus Jacobus Apostola' (Compostella).
The cockle-shell was the badge of this tribe, as the palm was of the ' palmer,' or Jerusalem
pilgrim. Our ' remember the grotto ' is connected with St. James "

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 91

fishermen themselves, or otherwise is sprinkled with flour and fried in oil.
The liver is also eaten, but the outside coating, hard and indigestible,
resembles the fibres of wood.

CRUSTACEANS.

Ligia italica {Salizzoni dcllc rive) does great damage in the fishing-ponds
(valli), gnawing the fishing-nets. Squilla mantis (Canocchie) is found on
muddy beds between the Istrian and Italian shores, as far as Ancona, in 4-10
fathoms water ; in lesser quantities on the eastern coast of Istria, near the
islands of Ulbo and Selve ; otherwise it is rare. It is in season from
September till March, and is caught by the Italian trawling-nets ; it is much
consumed in Italy, and the females, before they are in egg, are highly
esteemed. The annual consumption at Trieste is 3,000 kilos @ 12-40 soldi
per kilo.

The Prawn, Palcemon squilla {Gambaro), Salicoques of the French, is
found near the shore, in bays and creeks, on sandy and overgrown beds, in
spring and autumn, and in deeper water in summer and winter, chiefly near
Grado and on the Istrian coast; also near Ulbo, Selve, Novegrad, Sebenico,
Spalato, Curzola, &c. It is in season all the year round, particularly in spring
and autumn, and is caught with the hand-nets known as the Cogblo, Guatto,
and the trawls; it is also reared in the lagoons and used as bait for the basse ;
it is generally sprinkled with flour and fried in oil, and is also used as bait.
The annual consumption at Trieste is 200 kilos @ 12-50 soldi per kilo.

The Shrimp, Crangon vulgaris (Schilla) is caught and sold together with
the Gambari ; it is used as bait for the basse, and is fished in autumn. Those
reared in the valli are the most prized, and fetch higher prices.

Gebia litoralis [Corbola or Scardobola) is, when alive, used as bait for
the basse, the gilt-head, and the Sargus vulgaris, and is plentiful in the Bay
of Noghera.

Calianassa stibterranea (Scardobola falsa) is similar to the foregoing
species, and is found imbedded in the sand ; it is used chiefly as bait.

The celebrated Norway Lobster (Scampo) is limited to certain parts
of the Gulf of Quarnero, about the islands of Veglia and Cherso, where

N 2

92 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the temperature of the water on the bed is low. It is in season all the
year round, but is caught exclusively by the Italian trawls from September
to March. Thirty thousand kilos are brought to market at Fiume, and sell
at 60-250 soldi per kilo ; it is exported to Trieste and the interior, also to
Venice and Chioggia. At Venice the tails fetch, in times of scarcity, as much
as 8 lire a kilo. The annual value of the fisheries may be given at ^2,000. x

Lobsters [Astice) are found chiefly on the west coast of I stria, less
commonly in Dalmatia, on rocky shores in 7-15 fathoms; they are caught
with a trammel-net, or with a number of willow-basket traps (Alasse, Verse)
baited with sea -spiders or sardines, &c, or by night with the prong by
artificial illumination. The annual consumption at Trieste is 1,700 (a) 1-5
florins each ; a considerable number is also sent inland. The average catch
is about 30 thousand a year, valued at ,£2,000 ; these figures include the
Rock-lobster, Palimirtis vulgaris (Languste), which is caught in Dalmatia
from May to August, especially off the islands of Lesina, and Lissa ; near
Rogosnica, Sebenico, &c, as far as San Pietro, just south of the island of
Lussin. It is not caught further north. As food it is inferior to the lobster.
The annual consumption at Trieste is 2,000 at from 1-5 florins each, the
latter price when very fine.

Dromia vulgaris (Fachino), of no importance and not abundant, is caught
near the shore.

The Sea-spider, Maja squinado {Granzo or Granzon, male, Granztola,
female), is found on rocky beds along the whole coast of Istria, especially on the
west coast, near the islands of Ulbo and Selve, and as far south as the islands
of Incoronata; it is less abundant further south to Ragusa. In April
and May it is often met with in shoals in 2-|-io fathoms ; it is in season
from March to June. It is caught by the Sqticrnera, Popovnica or Volega
attached to a long pole, Gra7?ipa, Fiochia, and Ganzo. It has a good flavour,
and is much used as bait for sardines, and, in some waters, for catching the

1 For illustrations of the Norway Lobster and the Rock Lobster (Palinurus vulgaris) consult
Prof. T. H. Huxley's monograph, "The Crayfish, an introduction to the study of Zoology."
London : Kegan Paul, t88o.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 93

young fry of fish destined for the fishing-ponds. The annual consumption at
Trieste is 3,000 kilos @ 20-50 soldi per kilo. The fisheries yield on an
average 400 thousand a year, valued at £2,200.

Maja verrucosa (Pea) is smaller and less frequent than the foregoing
species ; it is found near the shore.

Eripliia spinifrons (Granziporo, male, Poressa, female) is found near the
shore, chiefly on the west coast of I stria, on rocky beds, where crevices and
fissures abound, often on breakwaters : it is in season from February till
April, and is caught by the Togna, Nassa, Ganzetto, and Prongs. The
annual consumption at Trieste is 500 @ 3-5 soldi a piece.

The common shore or harry Crab, Carcinus mamas {Granzo, Gambero,
Spiantano (male), Masanetta (female), in egg, and Molecca, pi. Molecche, with
the soft shell). The Molecche form an important article of commerce, this
being the term applied to the crab after the shedding of the skin, or cuticular
layer, a process of moulting technically termed ecdysis, or exuviation. They
are found in warm weather in shallow, brackish waters, on muddy beds,
in creeks and lagoons, and often, at ebb-tide, on the damp shore ; in winter
they seek greater depths. They are most abundant near Grado and Venice ;
they are rare on the rocky shores of I stria, and still more so in the Quarnero
and in Dalmatia. They are in season from April to September, i.e., during
the sardine fisheries. They are caught by means of a small bag and also by
the hand ; and in winter by the Italian trawls (Cocchia). Sprinkled with flour
and fried in oil, the Molecche are considered a savoury dish ; 1 50,000 to
200,000 sacks, each averaging 40 kilos at 80 soldi a sack, are sent from
Venice to I stria for bait ; further, 40,000 sacks of Masanette, i.e., females
whilst in egg, at 70 soldi a sack; whilst 80,000 to 100,000 sacks of Molecche
are consumed inland. This is one of the most important fisheries of the
lagoons, and those of Grado alone net 100,000 florins per annum.

The following kinds of crabs are rare and not eaten : — Scyllarus lalus,
S. arctos, both of which species appear only in Dalmatia ; Galathea strigosa,
Numida mgosa ; species of Pagurus (Hermit Crabs) in the shells of Murex
(Bulli col granzo); Pagurus striaius, in the shells of Dolium galea, and
Cassidaria tyrrhena ; Pagurus varians, in the shells of Trochus Biasoletti ;

94

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Calappa granulata ; Cancer pagurus (Granziporo) ; X ant ho rivolosus (For-
fetula); Portnmis deptirator {Gambero deW a/a), found in small quantities
on rocky shores ; P. arcnatus and P. corrugator, both rare, the latter found
chiefly on the Dalmatian coast; Grapsus mannoratus (Granzo piatto), some-
times found on rocky beds.

Pinnotherus veterum, "the watchman of the Pinnae" [Granzetto dell
Ostrega), is found in the shells of living bivalves, such as Pinna, Mytilus,
Modiola, Ostrea, &c., in which it seeks refuge, living on the small animalcule
contained in the constant stream of water which flows in and out of these
mollusks.

The fancy of our forefathers has attributed the status thus existing
between the two species as arising from a friendly alliance based upon
mutual benefits rendered, viz., protection and board afforded, on the one hand,
by the mollusk, whilst the duties of the " watchman " consist, on the other
hand, in giving due warning of the approach of an enemy, such as a star-fish
or crab, thus enabling the host to ensure protection by closing its doors
on the intruder. And these observations descend from so early a date, that
we find the pinna and the crab amongst the early Egyptian hieroglyphs,
bearing the interpretation of the duty incumbent on the " pater-familias " of
duly providing for his offspring. According to Grube, the crab is also found
in the respiratory cavity of Phallusia mamillata.

Pinnotheres pisum, a smaller species than the foregoing, lives in Modiola
shells, sometimes as many as a whole family, consisting of one male, several
females, and their offspring, all in one shell.

These kinds are generally eaten together with the mollusks.

Species of Porcellana are also found in the shells of mollusks.

RADIATES.

The Echinoderms play a very unimportant part as nourishment to man,
although some species are consumed, and even regarded as delicacies, in some
countries, for instance, in China, where the Sea-Slug, Holothnria edulis, or
Trepangy which attains to a length of i 2 inches, forms an important article of

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 95

commerce. H. tubulosa is eaten at Naples, but only by the lowest classes ;
it is not eaten at all in the Adriatic.

Sea- Urchins (Rizzi di marc) and Star-fishes (Stclle marine) are
sometimes caught in large quantities by the trawls and seines, and the latter
are generally reconsigned to the deep. This is a mistake, as they might
be used as manure ; besides which, they commit great ravages on the
oyster-banks. The Urchins, when in egg, are eaten raw, and, on account of
their greater development than in northern waters, become rather important
articles of food for the lower classes in winter and spring ; this is especially
the case with Echinus melo.

In Sicily they are in season about the full moon of March, where E. escu-
lentus still goes by the name of " King of Urchins," whilst the larger
" Melon" Urchin [Melon di marc) is popularly considered to be its mother;
hence its name, Echinomctra, among the ancient naturalists. The size and
abundance of these edible species is a striking peculiarity of all Mediterranean
and Adriatic fish-markets.

At Trieste and Fiume the consumption is small, but they are eaten more
or less along the whole coast, and the consumption increases in the south,
especially on the coasts of Greece, and generally by Greek sailors, when in
season. In Dalmatia they are pounded and used as bait in the basket-
traps (Nasse), and also as a cure for diarrhoea.

E. brevispinostis and E. lividus are eaten at Trieste and in I stria under
the name of Rizzi di mare ; E. melo in Dalmatia, under the name of Melone
di mare.

All Sea-anemones (Actinia) are edible, and are to be met with in large
quantities in most French fish-markets, such as Marseilles, Cette, Bordeaux,
Bayonne, &c, under the name of cul de mnlet.

Here the green Actinia (Actinia viridis), Madrona, occasionally appears
in the markets of Trieste and on the coast of I stria, where it is caught near
the shore, on stony and sandy beds ; it is sprinkled with flour and fried
in oil.

96 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

SPONGES.1

According to Dr. Syrski many more than ioo different kinds are found
in the Adriatic, none of which, however, have any value, commercially
speaking, excepting the one species Spongia adriatica (Sponga). It appears
on the coast between Budua on the one hand, and Trieste and Duino on the
other, on rocky or otherwise hard beds, in 3 to 10 fathoms. The fisheries are
carried on almost exclusively by the inhabitants of the island of Crapano
(west of Sebenico), during calm weather, from March to October. The
sponges are torn off or raised by means of prongs, or tongs ; they are well
pressed and washed, sometimes bleached, and exposed in bags in the sea,
and once more soaked. There are 80 to 100 boats engaged in these fisheries,
each manned with two men, and each boat fishes, on an average, 300 to 400 lb.
a year, or together about 320 cwt., fetching from 15 to 100 florins, or an
aggregate of 20,000 florins.

Three qualities are prepared for the trade ; the first (Spugne da bag?w,
0 levantine) comes from the islands of Incoronata and Zara vecchia, and is
worth 10 florins a kilo; the second (Spugne da cavallo, od equine) is worth
5 florins ; and the third {Spugne Zimoccd) is worth 3 florins, and is fished on
the coast of I stria. The greater part of the take is forwarded to Trieste,
whereas little is sold on the Dalmatian coast.

Little or no economy is observed in the sponge fisheries. The fishermen
go over the same grounds year after year, instead of taking the various
grounds by rotation of four or five years, as ought to be the case, in order to
allow the sponges time for their development. This want of economy is in
a great part due to the customary method of fishing, which is of the
most primitive character, and wasteful in the highest degree. Divers and
divers' apparatus are unknown ; the sponges are torn off indiscriminately,
whether mature or not; a number are lost in drawing up the prongs, or
tongs, and most of what is brought to the surface is more or less damaged ;

1 A collection of about 100 species was arranged and exhibited by MM. G. R. von Eckel at
the Berlin Exhibition of Fisheries, t88o.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 97

in fact, everything is left to chance, as the fishermen have little or no idea of
the state of the ground they are working over ; and it is, therefore, hardly
surprising that the fisheries do not assume more importance.1

RED CORAL.

Red Coral (Corallium rubrum), Corallo rosso, is found on the Dalmatian
coast from Budua as far as the island of Grossa, to the west of Zara ; thence,
in a lesser degree, to the islands of Unie and Cherso, in the Gulf of
Ouarnero, on rocky beds, in depths of 10 to 150 fathoms.1

The season of fishing lasts from May to September, and is carried on only
in calm weather. The fishing gear is described elsewhere (see Nets).

The proceeds of the fisheries are variously estimated at 6,000 florins and
14,000 florins : exports to Genoa for about 10,000 florins, where it is valued on
account of its consistence and pale red colour. Up to 1868 the coral fisheries
were crown property, and were farmed out for about 1,000 florins ; since
1868 they are free, but only to Austrian subjects. They are exclusively
carried on by the inhabitants of the island of Zlarin, near Sebenico, by means
of eight boats, each manned with a crew of five men ; each boat requires in the
course of the season 3 to 6 cwt. of hemp, and, in order to supply this and the
necessary stores of provisions, each boat requires about 500 florins to fit out ;
in order to provide this, the fishermen are generally forced to sell the produce
of their labour beforehand, at prices ranging from 6 to 9 florins per pound.3
The yield of each boat varies from 80 to 100 lb. in the course of the season,
say from 600 to 800 florins in value, which is very small in comparison to
that in the Mediterranean.3 The fisheries are on the decrease ; only three
boats were engaged in the fisheries in 1881, and the total catch was under
1 50 kilogrammes.

1 See " Die Bewirthschaftung des Meeres," &c, von Anton Gareis.

2 The price of coral in the market varies from 40 frs. to 70 frs. per kilo, and choice thick
and pale red coral (peatt d'ange) is worth 400 to 500 frs., and even more.

3 The average yield of a boat on the coast of Algiers is 200 kilos.

o

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The remarks concerning the sponge fisheries apply equally in this
case ; the fishing gear is primitive, and improvements introduced elsewhere
have not been applied here ; divers are not employed, no close time is
observed, and no system prevails in respect of fishing over the same grounds
only after a given rotation of years,1 — in one word, there is a total want of
economy in their practice.2

Note. — The number of distinct genera of fish and invertebrates, caught
on the Austro- Hungarian coast, attained to 123 in the year 1877-1878.
The different districts yielded each the following numbers, viz.: Trieste, 86;
Rovigno, 70; Pola, J2>'> Lussinpiccolo, 66; Hungarian-Croatian littoral, 62;
Zara, 66 ; Spalato, 101 ; Ragusa, 56 ; Megline, 38. These numbers
represent only those which have a marketable value, and similar species
of one and the same genus figure as one.

1 For instance, in the Straits of Messina the waters are divided into ten allotments, only one
of which is allowed to be fished over each year. Consult on this subject " L'Industria del Corallo
in Torre del Greco," per Giov. Mazzei-Megale. Napoli : 1880.

2 The Austrian coral fisheries are of little or no importance as compared with the fisheries
of the Mediterranean. Thus the French fisheries employed, in 1855, 226 boats and 2,000 men,
and yielded 2,700,000 frs. The Italian fisheries are still more important; thus, Torre del Greco,
renowned for its tunny fisheries, has always carried on important coral fisheries, in which, 100
years ago, 300 boats were engaged (in 1858, 330 boats). Elba and Leghorn have likewise over
50 boats engaged in the fisheries; altogether some 900 to 1,000 boats, and 7,000 to 8,000 men
are employed, and the produce amounts to at least 1 2 million francs.

TO PPO

ZOPPOLO

PLATE 3.

BATELLO Dl MUGGIA

Wyrria-n. ic Soxu

L ondon

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

99

CHAPTER IV.
THE FISHING CRAFT.

Description of craft. — Value of the same.

HESE are constructed chiefly at Grado, Rovigno, Bescanova
(Veglia), Trait, Milna, and Curzola; the framework is of oak
and the planking of pine.

The SandolOy or Cio, is a small flat boat (-| to i ton
burden), used in the lagoon fisheries and brackish waters
near Grado ; 6 to 8 m. in length. Crew, two to three men.
The Zoppolo (Croat. Ladva, Kir ska ladja, Ital. Nazddrd)
is a rather larger boat, used by the fishermen of Monfalcone, S. Bortolo,
and on the Croatian coast ; it is hewn out of a single trunk, and the sides
are raised by planking. In order to obviate the tendency to capsize of so
narrow a craft, a broad plank (Croat. Jaram, Igd) 3 m. long is nailed across
the boat, extending about 1 m. on either side. It serves at the same time
as an outrigger, the row-locks being fixed on to the ends. Length, 4 m.1 ;
breadth, 1 m. ; cost, 50 fl. to 60 fl.2 (see Plate II.).

The Toppo is a flat boat, 7-8 m. long, 3-4 inches draught, 1-4 tons burden,
used at Venice in the lagoon fisheries, and latterly also at Zaole, near Trieste,
and Muggia, for fishing with the trawl-net called Grippo ; with a shifting
mast, lug sail, and small jib sail. Crew, one to five men ; cost, 100 fl. to 150
fl. (see Plate II.).

The Guzzo is a small rowing boat used in the Quarnero for line-fishing.
The Batello is a decked boat of different sizes in use on the west coast
of I stria, chiefly at Rovigno, for casting the Sardine and Anchovy nets, for

1 m. denotes metres.

2 fl. denotes Austrian florins; 12 fl. — jQi.
O 2

ioo THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

fishing with prong or line; it often has two masts and two sails ; length, 5-8
m. ; tonnage {tonellata), 1-8 tons ; for three to five oars. This name is also
applied to an undecked boat, from 18-36 feet long, with pointed bow and
circular poop, used in the lagoon fisheries, in which two sails can be hoisted.

The Barca, Barca di Miiggia, is a flat-bottomed, fore-decked boat, about
the size of the foregoing, with one mast and lateen sail ; used on the west
coast of Istria, chiefly at Rovigno and Muggia, near Trieste (see Plate III.).

The Bragagna, or Bragagnello, is a deep undecked boat, 30-40 feet long,
with two masts and two spunteri, or spars, common to the Tartana, to the
ends of which are attached the ropes (resta) of the trawling-net Tartana;
used in the lagoons, and worked by two or more men. In calm weather
the boat is worked by means of a windlass (argand). Burden, 1-2 tons ;
crew, two to four men (see Plate IV.).

The Brazzera di Capo dy Istria is a large broad open boat now little in
use, but still used at Capo d' I stria for casting the large seine-nets ; with one
mast and lateen sail and a flying jib. Burden, 2-3 tons ; cost, 200 fl. to
400 fl. (see Plate V.).

The Gaeta is a partly decked boat used chiefly in Dalmatia ; one mast and
lateen sail, three oars ; crew, three to five men ; tonnage, 2-4 tons ; length,
5-6 m. ; breadth, 4 feet ; price, 70 to 100 fl. Used for casting the Sardine
drift and other nets ; furnished with an iron basket (Gratico/a), for the purpose
of holding fuel, which is required for artificial illumination for night fishing.
The Illwminatore (Croat Svicaricd) is used in the Sardine fisheries with the
large seine-nets on dark, calm nights by the light of resinous pine-wood.
One of the fishermen has a weighted line (Scandaglio), by means of which
he finds out the position of the shoals, or schools, which, attracted by the
light, are slowly and quietly led into a creek, encircled in the net, and
drawn ashore. It is surprising how clever the men are in feeling their
way about with the line, and thus divining, with a great amount of certainty,
not only the exact position of the shoal, but also the class of fish, on their
mere contact with the line (see Plate V.).

The Lento is a decked boat, with an opening in the middle, which can be
closed ; one-masted, with a large lateen sail and flying jib (JIocco) ; four or

"Wyman &.5cms

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 101

more oars ; crew, five to seven men ; 3-5 tons ; 6-8 m. long ; price, 100 fl. to
350 fl. Used in Dalmatia for the trawl and seine-nets (see Plate VI.).

The Bragozzo, or Scliilctto, as it is called at Ancona, is a fore and aft
decked boat, constructed at Chioggia, and used exclusively by the fishermen
of that place. The undecked part is called boccaporta. Two masts, with
trabaccolo sails ; foremast and sail much smaller than the main, and foremast
raking considerably forward ; fore stem ornamented with polished iron stem
and hawser-holes (pcchi dclla catena) ; flat-bottomed, and rudder extending
considerably beyond the bottom, to obtain stiffness. Length, 30-40 feet ;
6-10 tons burden; crew, four to five men; price, 350-1,000 fl. To be met
with all over the Adriatic, fishing in couples, and running parallel to each
other before the wind, each having one end of the trawling-net known as
cocchia in tow ; they have great beam, and sail in the strongest bora which
many larger vessels are afraid to face, with lowered fore-sail and treble-reefed
main-sail luffing up to the wind as each successive gust strikes them. The
deep rudder contributes materially to the stability of the crafty and on this, in
fact, it mainly depends, as is the case with the American centre-boards ; it is
so fixed to the stern-post, that, when passing in shallow water, it can be
hoisted by a block fixed on the mainmast, so that it does not touch the
ground (see Plate VII.).

The device carried by these boats on the top of their masts in fine
weather, or when in port, is most elaborate ; it is known by the name of
Cimarol} and is fixed into the mast-head, acting as a weather-cock. It is
carved out of a single piece of wood, and is divided into three fields, con-
taining an allegorical design of some religious subject. In the specimen
represented (Plate VIII.), the centre piece represents the Passion of Christ;
there is the cross, the crown, the ladder, the vinegar-vessel, &c. ; above is
S. George and the dragon, and below are represented the patron saints of
Chioggia (S. Felice and S. Fortunato).

The woodwork, being perforated, presents in itself no hold for the wind,
and for this reason the outer edge is bordered with a piece of canvas, on

1 Cimarol, derived from Cima — mast-head.

102 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

which the wind acts as on a sail ; above are two turtle-doves, the messengers
of peace and the emblems of constancy, with extended wings, each supporting
a wind-rose ; above each turtle-dove are real palm-branches, which are fixed
there on Palm Sunday and renewed each year, emblematic of success ; at the
top is the Italian flag, held by a mariner, bearing on one side the initials of
the name of the boat, and on the other side the initials of the name of the
owner ; the flag-staff is crowned by the cross, and the whole device is
ornamented by a number of small banners, placed there as records, and
probably in consequence of vows made at the time of escapes from danger.
The whole device is extremely elegant, and is a novel and tasteful
decoration wherever it may be seen ; it gives a fair idea of the simplicity of
thought, the piety and at once the ingenuity of these laborious, nerved, and
frugal seamen, in their dangerous calling. The whole is balanced to a nicety,
and moves easily when fanned by the slightest breeze. The foremast carries
a similar, though smaller and less elaborate, device ; the design varies in
shape and details amongst the different craft, but the emblems are more or
less common to all. They are so coloured, that they appear as of bright
metal when the sun shines on them.

The Tartane are somewhat out of use, their number having decreased to
about fifty. They likewise hail from Chioggia, but they originate from the
south, and are very much more common in Sicilian waters and in the Gulf of
Naples : the Spaniards have very large ones, exceeding ioo tons. They
work the trawl singly (not in couples, as is the case with the Bragozzi), and
the drag-ropes (alzane) are attached to two long spars (spuntieri, or sponteri),
extending fore and aft, the vessel drifting broadside on. The trawling-net is
also known by the same name of Tartana. This craft varies from 60-100 feet
in length, is decked throughout, with circular bows and poop, and more beam
than the Bragozzo ; it is of 10-15 tons burden, and is worked by a crew of
eight men. It has not so much spring aforehead as the Trabaccolo, and the
helm does not extend beyond the after-steven. The rig consists of one mast
raking a little forward, a very large lateen sail, a driver and jib like the
Brazzera ; it is seldom met with on the eastern coast (see Plate VI.).

The Tartanella is a decked shore-boat used in Dalmatia, particularly

L E U T O

TARTANA

R A G 0 Z Z O

London.

WyrriaTl S.SonS

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 103

at Scbcnico and the neighbouring islands ; one lateen sail and jib ;
2-4 tons.

The Portellata is similar to the Bragozzo, but smaller, and is generally
used for carrying on the service between the trawlers, when these are actively
employed, and the shore ; it is also used occasionally instead of the Bragozzi
or Tartane for trawling.

The Batelli, Ta?'tane, Bragozzi, and Portellate are all Italian boats, the
first used in the lagoon fisheries and on the west coast, of I stria, whereas the
remainder are used in the deep-sea trawling fisheries.

Other boats peculiar to the lagoon fisheries are the Batellazzo, or Sar-
dellcra} BurcJiiella, Caorlina? &c.

The value of the fishing craft belonging to the Austrian- Hungarian coast
represents an amount of 600,000 fl.

1 Length, 9-12 m. ; tonnage, 1-3 tons ; crew, three to four men.
3 Length, 9-1 1 m. ; tonnage, 1-2 tons; crew, two to eight men.

104

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

CHAPTER V.

THE NETS.

Process of making, tanning, and mounting. — Drift-nets; Trammel-nets; Circle-nets; Seine-nets;
Trawling-nets ; Hand-nets. — Fish-weirs and ponds. — Snares. — Basket-traps. — Store-pots, &c.
— Value of the fishing gear.

LL nets and fishing gear go by the name of Arti, or Arte _
The fine nets are made of flax {Lino) and the coarser ones
of hemp (Canapin, or Grisiolo), whilst the strongest fixed
nets, such as the Tonnare, are made of Canapa, or Trada,
and are imported from Italy. Canapa is the hemp in its
raw state ; Trada consists of the longest, strongest, and
whitest fibres of hemp, collected after the process of combing
has taken place ; Canapin is the second quality, the fibres of which are shorter;
and Grisiolo is the third quality, or refuse, consisting only of short fibres.
The strongest twine (tregind) made for nets consists exclusively of trada,
three threads or strands being twisted together ; this twine is also used for
fishing-lines. The smaller nets are made by the fishermen themselves and
their wives, who also spin the hemp or flax for the purpose ; the tanning
process of home and machine-made nets is also done by them. Nets are
made at Grado, I sola, Loyrana, Rovigno, Spalato, and Ragusa, or imported
from Venice, Chioggia, Ancona, and more especially from Apulia.

The tanning process (intcnzer la re) is effected by a solution of the bark
of the Pinus viaritima (scorza de pin mazcnd), which is ground fine and
boiled in sea-water ; the solution is either repeatedly poured over the net, or
the net is boiled in it and then dried in the sun. The finer nets are tanned
either with the branches and leaves of the Pistacia lentiscus, the leaves
of the Shumac (Rhus cot inns), the myrtle (Myrtus italica), and the Erica

Scale l: lO

"Wyman&.So:ns

L xn '• ■ .

PLATE 9.

CROPPO DRITTO

GROPPO SCORRENTE

CROPPO SINISTRO

GROPPO SCORRENTE.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 105

vulgaris, a species of heath, of which a solution is prepared and used in a
similar manner to that described above. Nets in constant use are tanned,
as a rule, once every one to three months, and last one to three years ;
if only occasionally used, and dried after use, the fine thread-nets last six
to ten years, with the aid of trifling repairs ; untanned nets are naturally
less durable, but are preferable, as being less conspicuous in the water.
The coarser twine nets which are tanned, and still more so those which are
tarred, as is the case in the north of Dalmatia, last eight years and more.

When tanned, the nets are " mounted," i.e., cut to their proper shape and
size; the lower edge, "foot," or "sole" (ima)s is then weighted with lead
(piombi), and the "back," or uppermost part, is edged with rope, as also
the "heads," or ends of the net; the back is further provided with the
necessary cork floats (corteghe, or sugkeri), and ropes for hauling in.

The common knots (groppi) in use are illustrated on Plate IX. They
consist of the groppo dritto (right-hand knot), the groppo sinistro (left-hand
knot), and the groppo scorrente (sliding-knot). The prevalent classes of
meshes (maglia) are illustrated on Plate X.

The different kinds of nets in use may be classed as follows :—

1. Drift-nets

(Standnctze, Poste), or Reti da posta, d' imbrocco, da incetto, generic terms
used to designate the class of nets into which the fish enter of their
own accord, or are allured by bait, or are driven in by fright, and, once
embroiled in the meshes, are there held by their gills, — terms which
comprise the trammel-nets. They are called also reti semplici, or nude,
i.e. "simple," or "naked," in contradistinction to the trammel-nets, which
are known as trimagliate, or vestite, i.e. " dressed " (see Plate X.). Fore-
most amongst these is the Sardellera (called Voiga, or Budcllo in Dalmatia,
and Manaida or Signorella in Italy), a hanging-net consisting of one large
or eight to sixteen smaller pieces (Spedoni or Budelli), joined together so as to
form a long straight wall, several hundred yards long and several yards deep,
the "head" being supported by floats at or near the surface, and the "foot"
weighted so that the net hangs perpendicularly in the water ; the " head " is

p

io6 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

mounted on a shorter length of line, so as to hang slack in the water, and to
give way when the fish strike it. Four Spedoni joined together form what is
called 2,giogo.

The net is attached at one end by a rope to a stone, and at the other end
to a float, consisting either of an empty cask or of cork ; it is then allowed
to drift at the mercy of winds or currents.

The net is "cast," or "shot," by first casting anchor, from which spot the
boat is then withdrawn to a certain distance, where the stone is sunk to
which one end of the net is attached ; the boat is then hauled in by the
anchor-rope, whilst the net is being paid out by two men. If bait is used, as
on the west coast of Istria, it is scattered about before paying out the net,
and subsequently, also, in a circle round the position of the net.

If mackerel, or horse mackerel, make their appearance, they are looked
upon as the forerunners of sardines ; which is, however, not always the case.

The nets act as barriers for intercepting moving shoals, and the fish
become meshed in their efforts to pass through, forcing their heads into the
meshes, the size of mesh varying according to whether mackerel, or other
fish, are to be caught, and being made so as to allow the head and gill-covers
to pass through, but not so the body of the fish. When the fish has passed
through beyond the gills, it is effectually caught, and there is little chance of
escape, the opening of the gill-covers which enable the fish to breathe, and
the act of breathing itself, causing the mesh to slip forward and catch in the
gill-opening, by which action the fish is prevented from withdrawing the
head.1

If the net is moved, and scales appear at the surface, it is 'a sure sign that
the net has been " struck," and the net is then drawn in, commencing at one
end, and by degrees, as it is drawn in, the fish are extracted and put in
casks, or tubs, being at the same time sprinkled with salt.

The catch is effected most profitably just before sunrise, or just after
sunset, when the net escapes the notice of the fish.

The sardine rises to the surface only in fine and moderately warm weather ;

1 E. W. H. Holdsworth.

RETI DA IMBROCCO SEMPL.ICI

TON N ARA

PALANDARA

/ \

.

SALTARELLO

TR IM A G LI ATA

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^j. ' . ■ .' ■' "

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 107

whereas the cold or heat, the wind or rain, are so many inducements for it to
seek the greater depths ; thus, fishing at the surface is carried on chiefly in
the months of June to September. The most profitable fisheries are in June ;
in the cooler months of April and May, and October and November, the
fishing is carried on with the same nets in deeper waters, the nets being extra
weighted by means of stones.

These nets are used for mackerel, sardines, and anchovies.

On the west coast of Istria, the harry crab (Carcinas mccnas), brought
almost exclusively from Venice and Grado, and the sea -spider (Mam
squinado), caught on the coast, are used as bait ; and, in the season of the
Sardine fisheries, as many as 1,000 sacks of this bait are used a day.
They are kept alive until used, then pounded in a stone mortar, and mixed
with sea-water ; the liquid bait (tritura, pacciugo, pastello, pesto di granzetti)
is thrown into the sea round about where the net is cast ; the sardines are
very greedy, dart after it and dash against the net, where they become
embroiled. In Dalmatia, the seine-net and the Illuminatore, which will be
presently described, take the place of this mode of fishing.

A bait made of salt herrings has also been used with success.

Length of one piece (spcdone), 30 m. ; depth of ditto, 8 m. ; size of mesh
for sardines, i|to 2 c.1 diagonally ; price, 30 fl.

The Rete di Sardelletti is a smaller-meshed net of the same description,
for catching the small sardines {Clupea papalind). Length, 40 m. ; depth,
8 m. ; price, 35 fl.

The Sardonera is a still smaller-meshed net, of coarser twine than the
Sardelicra, for catching anchovies {Sardoni), used chiefly in the month of
July. Mesh, 1 c. in the diagonal. Length, 40-60 m. ; depth, 5 m.; price,
35-60 fl.

The ^inguellera {Rete d angitdclld) is a ground-net for catching the fry of
atherines (Anguelle), the smallest-meshed net of all (8 mm. diagonally); eight
to ten lengths of which are generally joined together. One length, 30 m.;
depth, 3 m. ; price, 20-35 ft-

1 C denotes centimetre, m. metre, and mm. millimetre.

io8 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The Zerer is a similar net to the foregoing one, made of very fine
twine, and used at Rovigno. Mesh, i c. in the diagonal. Length, 25m.;
depth, 2 m.

The Agonera (Gavonera in Dalmatia) is a ground-net for full-grown
atherines (Agoni, Gavoni, Gerai). Mesh, 1 c. in the diagonal. Length,
40 m. ; depth, 3 m. ; price, 25 fl.

The Senello is a ground-net of fine twine, for Menole (Mcena vulgaris),
and young grey mullet (Cievoli). Mesh, 38 mm. in. the diagonal. Length,
20-30 m. ; depth, i^m. ; price, 15 fl.

The Spirone di Verzelate is a ground-net for grey mullet ( Verzelate =
Mugil saliens), which is cast in a circle. Mesh, 5 c. in the diagonal. Length,
25m.; depth, 8 m. ; price, 30 fl.

The Spirone da Lotregani, or Cievolera, is a similar net of finer twine for
grey mullet (Lotregan = Mngil auratus, and Cievolo = Mugil cephalus).
Mesh, 4 c. diagonally.

The Prostica is a ground-net used in Dalmatia for catching red mullet,
bogue, Oblata melanura, and Mamidcz, generally cast in the evening and
drawn up the following morning. Mesh, 26 mm. in the diagonal ; length,
100 m.; depth, 4 m. ; price, 50 fl.

The Bobera (Posta di bobe, Croat. Bukvare) is a ground-net for the bogue,
mackerel, horse mackerel, and mendole. Mesh, 35 mm. in the diagonal ;
length, 20-100 m. ; depth, 6-7 m. ; price, 20-80 fl. In many places this
net is used for the kind of fishing known a.s pesca da ludro.

The Scombrera is a smaller ground-net for mackerel (Scombri). Length,
50 m. ; depth, 5 m. ; price, 30 fl.

The Cagnera (Rete di can) is a ground-net weighted with stones for small
sharks (pcsce can), and rays, in the open sea ; used at Zara, and in the
Ouarnero. Length, 40 m. ; depth, 2 m. ; price, 25 fl.

The Sqtiaenera is a ground-net of coarse twine for angel sharks {Squaene),
and rays, also for sea-spiders, and lobsters. Mesh, 20 c. in the diagonal.
Length, 20 m. ; depth, 1^ m. ; price, 15 fl.

The Poklopnica is a net similar to the Prostica, with the difference that
the "head" is weighted instead of being sustained by floats. It is held

CAM1

Ld

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CO

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 109

stretched by means of wooden laths, and its position in the water is horizontal.
It is used at Lesina for fishing mcndole, and the net is cast just over the
shoals, or schools, of fish. Although made of fine twine, the net is heavily
weighted.

2. Trammel, or Set- Nets,

Rett tramacchiate, or tramagliate, or vestite, i.e. dressed, derived from the
Latin trcs macule? , i.e., three meshes ; it is known in France by the name
of tremail, or tramail (from trois mailles), and in low Latin by the name
of tramallum, or tramela (see Plate X.).

They consist of three long nets, placed side by side, and fastened together
at the back, foot, and ends. The middle net is small-meshed {iiappa sottile),
2-3 c. in the diagonal, and is made both longer and wider than the two outside
nets, the excess being gathered in at short intervals along the edges, where
the three nets are fastened together. The consequence is that the middle
net hangs slack between the two outer nets. The two outer nets {Chiaroni)
are made of coarse twine, the mesh called (Cerbere) measuring 15-34 c.
in the diagonal ; they are mounted so that the meshes are exactly opposite
one another, the inner net hanging loosely between them, and, being fully
extended, the meshes are wide open, thus allowing a free passage for the
fish. When a fish passes through the first outer net, it meets the inner small,
meshed net, and carries a portion of it through the other outer net, thus
producing a bag or pocket beyond it, whence is derived the term of Reti
d'insacco, by which these nets are also known. The more the fish struggles
to escape, the more hopelessly it becomes entangled.

The trammel is cast so that its length is in the direction of the tide, being
anchored and buoyed or sustained by means of dry pumpkins at both ends;
the back, or upper side, being well corked, and the foot weighted, to keep the
whole net in its proper position. It is generally left down over night, some-
times longer, and the fish either enter by chance, or are driven towards it by
striking on the water.

The Saltarello (at Naples called Vollari) is a combination of a simple
ground-net composed of several Spedoni hanging perpendicularly in the water,

no THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

by means of which the fish, chiefly grey mullet and basse, are encircled,
together with a trammel-net, which is made to float on the surface of the
water outside the ground-net, but attached to it, and entirely surrounding
it. In practice it acts so that the fish, finding themselves closed in by the
ground-net, and finding exit impossible, are given to jump (saltare) out of
water in their endeavours to clear the obstruction of the ground-net, and thus
fall on to the trammel (il saltd), in which they entangle themselves.

On the Istrian coast the trammel is kept afloat by means of cork floats,
and the ground-net is secured by piles driven into the bed of the sea ; in
Dalmatia, it is supported by reeds, which are tied to it at intervals of i -J to 2
feet, and act as floats. It is generally set close to the shore, the outside
forming a semicircle, whereas the shore-side is cast in a straight line, and con-
sists merely of the ground-net without the floating trammel. Length of
ground-net, 200-300 m. ; depth, 8 m. ; length of trammel, 60 m. ; breadth, 2 m. ;
price of the whole, 300-500 fl.

In use at all seasons (see Plates X. and XL).

The Cerberao, or Rete tramezzata, is a ground-trammel cast in a straight
line or semicircle, into which basse and gilt-head are driven by shouts, or by
striking the water ; used chiefly in spring. Length, 20-30 m. ; depth, inner
net, 6-8 m. ; outer net, 4-6 m. ; price, 18 fl. Mesh, inner net, 5c; outer
net, 21 c.

The Baicokra is a similar but smaller-meshed trammel, for catching the
fry of the basse (Baicoli) at the commencement of the winter.

The Bombina, or Gombina (Croat. Popovnica), is a trammel generally
used for grey mullet, toothed gilt-head, Occhiada, Spizzo, Sargo, Sparo,
scorpions, &c, into which they are driven. Length, 20-25 m. ; depth,
2-4 m. ; price, 10-30 fl. Mesh, inner net, 4 c. ; outer net, 30 c.

The Tarabara is a similar net in use in the Ouarnero.

The Passelcra is a ground-net for flounders (Passera), rays, soles, scor-
pions, &c. Length, 8-12 m. ; depth, 70-90 c. ; price, 15 fl. Mesh, inner
net, 6-8 c. ; outer net, 30 c. This net is generally cast over night, and drawn
up in the morning. At Grado they distinguish two kinds, viz., Passarclla da
palude, i.e., for the marshes or lagoons, and Passarclla da fondo, i.e., for deep-

AND THE FISH THEREOF. in

sea fishing. The latter is known at Rovigno as Passarclla da pelago. The
former is used only in shallow waters and is less substantial in make than the
other kinds : the drag-ropes are of bulrushes, the twine is slender, and the
net is not heavily weighted.

The Sfogliante, or Rctc di Sfoglie, is a ground-net for soles (Sfoglie).
Length, 20 m. ; depth, \\ m. ; price, 15 fl.

The Rctc di Barboni, Barbonera (or Tarantella in the Ouarnero), is a
ground-net for red mullet {Barboni), small scorpions, &c. Length, 20-35 m- 5
depth, 2 m. ; price, 20 fl. Mesh, inner net, 2\ c. ; outer net, 26 c.

The Rctc di Gnatti di sasso is a ground-net for gobies (Guatti). Length,
10 m. ; depth, 1-2 m. ; price, 8-10 fl. Mesh, inner net, 2\ c. ; outer net, 22 c.

3. Set, or Circle-nets (Reti a fermo or da chiusd).

These are fixed nets, used for the capture of tunny, made of thick cord,
with floats but without leads, and sometimes as much as 250 fathoms long
and 15 fathoms deep (see Plate X.).

The Tonnare (Madrague of France), or Poste di Ton, are found all along
the coast, but mostly on the Croatian seaboard, and they are much on the
increase in Dalmatia. The distribution of the net is, as a rule, semicircular,
one end being anchored close in shore ; the net is then drawn out seawards,
the outer part being parallel with the land, thus forming an enclosure, with one
side left open for the passage of the fish. The locality is chosen according
to the formation of the shore and bed, the chief condition being deep water,
especially at the entrance. This favours the passage of the tunny, which
is in the habit of approaching the shore in shoals, either in pursuit of
mackerel, or, as is generally believed to be the case, to scratch itself against
the rocks in order to rid itself of a parasite which irritates it. Thus, a deep
creek, or bay, is favourable for fixing the net, particularly where the channel
forming the opening is narrow and deep : in this case a net is simply drawn
across, leaving the channel free.

Special regard has to be paid, in fixing the locality of these nets, to the
course frequented by this eminently migratory genus in its annual passage
from the Atlantic to the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, a distance of 2,800

ii2 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

miles, and back again. Its course is always the same, from one year to
the other, and, as it would seem, age after age, — an ever-living stream
of undiminished fulness, furnishing food to thousands of the Mediterranean
populations.1

The fishermen must be continually on the watch for the shoals of fish ;
and for this purpose a watchman is constantly posted, during the season of
passage, at the top of an inclined ladder, at an angle of about 750, forming
a kind of observatory, or crow's nest, whence the entrance of the fish can be
seen. These are the Thynnoscopi, or Ichthyoscopi of the Greeks. When the
shoal has entered the enclosure, the entrance is at once closed by drawing
ashore a sufficient quantity of slack netting, which is left hanging for this
purpose at the outer end of the net, by means of a rope, the end of which is
kept on shore (see Plate XII., Tonnara di Prelucd). The alarm is then
sounded by throwing stones near the inlet through which the fish have just
passed, and by raising a hue and cry, in which all join, in order to drive the
shoal towards the closed end of the enclosure. The scene is now one of
intense excitement and bustle, the nets are hauled in, and the fish are killed
by means of spikes and oars, thrown ashore, disembowelled, and sent to
market.

The Tonnara di Buccarica (see Plate XIII.) is constructed in a more
complicated style, forming a series of three nets similar to that of Preluca.
The shoals of Tunny generally hug the land and enter the smaller net close
to the shore ; but, owing to the irregular conformation of the coast, they are
apt sometimes to pass outside the first or second net, in which case the
second and third larger nets are ready for their reception. Owing, again, to
the sea-bed not being properly levelled, the shoals sometimes escape under
the nets, in which cases the outer nets serve to prevent their further escape,
unless they find another exit below the next nets. As a last resource, a net is
drawn across the entrance of the bay in which the three nets are fixed, by
means of a boat, from the points, a b, shown in Plate XIII. The value of a
Tonnara varies in price from 600 florins (Preluca) to 2,000 florins (Peschera):

1 Godwin-Austen.

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AXD THE FISH THEREOF. 113

that of Buccarica costs 1,900 florins. The fishermen employed vary from
eight men (Preluca) to thirty-four (Buccarica).

The Palandara da posta is a net fixed at right-angles to the shore, in
which the fish are caught on whichever side they strike the net. It is used
for bonito (Croat. Palandd). Length, 100 m. ; depth, 20 m.; mesh, 1 1 c. ;
price, 150 fl. (see Plate XIV.).

4. Seine, Draw, or Circle Nets (Tratte).

This is the most common, as it is the most antiquated mode of fishing.
The Phoenicians are known to have used the net; and it remains to this
day the mode of fishing most generally adopted by the fishermen of these
shores. It corresponds to the English seine fishing, and its special character
— subject to variations according to the object for which it is used —is to
enclose or surround the fish, which are drawn ashore and thus captured. It
consists of a long piece of netting, varying in its dimensions according to
circumstances, sometimes as much as 300 fathoms long, and 25 fathoms deep
in the centre ; but the middle, or " bunt," as it is called in England, is
always deeper than the "wings" or "sleeves" {alt or pareti), as the ends
are called, forming a kind of bag (Pansa, Sacco), thus preventing the escape
of the fish underneath when the net is being hauled in.

It is used for catching fish which are found near the surface of the water :
the "back" (ima da cortici) is well supported by corks, and the "foot"
{ima da piombd) sufficiently weighted to maintain the perpendicular position
in the water. If worked from the shore, it is cast in a semicircle, and in a
circle if worked from the boats ; in either case the ends are, sooner or later,
brought together, thus enclosing the fish. The net does not touch the bed
when cast, but when drawn ashore by both ends simultaneously the whole
" foot," or lower edge of the net, as a rule, touches the shore-incline at the
same time, by reason of the greater depth of the middle than the wings ;
as the net is drawn in, the fish congregate in the bag and are hauled ashore.
The net is so made that when suspended in the water the meshes are
opened by the intrinsic weight of the net, but when in the act of being hauled
in the meshes close, the tension beinsr horizontal instead of vertical ; and

Q

ii4 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the fish, finding no issue at the sides, which form an impervious barrier, rush
to the bag, whence there is no escape for them.

Foremost amongst these is, —

The Trait a di Sardelle ( Tratta grande d' estate). The employment of this
net is subject to certain provisoes — instituted by a Regolamento, or enactment,
of Dandolo, the French Provveditore of Dalmatia in 180S, and subsequently
revised by an enactment of 1861, — according to which the proprietors of
nets, wishing to fish during the ensuing seasons, have to register their
application before the municipal authorities, and later on to appear in person.
Their nets and boats are subject to inspection, and those that are in
proper condition are divided into groups, called Broschctti, to each of which
suitable fishing tracts, i.e., small creeks and bays with flat beds, called Poste,
are allotted, which they subdivide amongst themselves by drawing lots.
The object of this supervision is to insure the due and proper exercise of
the fisheries, upon the yield of which so large a part of the community
depends either directly or indirectly.

The fishing is carried on only during dark nights of the months of May,
June, July, August, and September, i.e., more or less during 21 nights of each
month, or 105 nights in all.

The Regolamento requires three boats for each net ; one of these is the
Gaeta, which carries the fire -basket and a supply of fire-wood for one night,
and is termed the Luminiero. An experienced fisherman proceeds in this
boat about a mile from the shore in search of the Sardines [Sardelle), which
he leads into the bay,1 where, at a distance of 300 to 500 m. from the shore,
they are enclosed in the net, the manipulation of which is carried on on board
a second boat called Leuto. The net is then hauled ashore, and the depth of
the bag (Panza, Saccd) is regulated, i.e., drawn up, or lowered, according to
the position of the fish in the water, and the depth of the water itself, by
a line which is worked on board a third small boat which follows in the wake
of the net. The net is 120-200 m. in length, sometimes longer; depth of
bag, 20-40 m. ; mesh, 2 c. ; cost, 600-800 fl. and upwards.

1 See description given under the heading Boats (Gaeta).

TRATTA

'/Y/i'i in '■■■:: 5

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 115

The crew of the three boats consists of fifteen men ; the cost of the net
and the boats is 1,500 fl., and of the wood burnt in one season by each group
of three boats 375 fl. The proprietors of the nets are often well-to-do people,
who have the fishermen in their employ, supplying them with cash and
provisions on usurious terms, besides drawing one half-share of the yield as
the share of the net (see Chapter VII., Division of Profits).

The question of the seine fisheries versus the drift-net fisheries is often a
very vexatious one, and great rivalry exists between the fishermen exercising
the one mode as against those exercising the other. A great deal is to be said
for both, and there are no reasons for favouring the one to the detriment of
the other ; yet the drift-nets have sometimes been banished in favour of the
seine, although there is no satisfactory reason why they should not be placed
on a footing of equality, and suitable tracts allotted to each, to the exclusion
of the other.

The drift-net fisheries are carried on entirely by the poorer class, and the
fishermen themselves are, as a rule, the owners of the craft and nets ; hence
greater consideration is due to them, if any difference is to be made, than to
the seine fisheries, the greater part of whose yield is absorbed by people who
have nothing to do with their immediate exercise and the labour and
dangers consequent thereon. Besides this, the fish caught in the bag of the
Tratta is often more or less damaged, and the produce of drift-nets is, for this
reason, infinitely preferred by the curing establishments.

The Tratta d'Angusigole, or Agiigliara, Croat. Iaglivcara, is a seine
for gar-pike (Angusigole, Croat. Iaglica) carried on the deck of one
boat, the end being drawn by another smaller boat, by which the net is
cast in a circle, the end being brought back to the first boat, on which the
net is then hauled in. The net is well corked and remains at the surface ;
this mode of fishing being known as pesca a volo. Length, 100 m. ;
depth of centre bunt, 20-24 m. ; depth of wings, 2 m. ; mesh, 2 c. ; price,
300 fl.

The Tratta da Sardoni is used for anchovies {Sardoni). Length,
150-300 m. ; depth, 20-25 m. ; mesh 1 \ c. ; price, 600-1,000 fl.

The Tratta da Scombri is for mackerel {Scombri), Spanish mackerel,

Q 2

n6 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

bogue, &c, in use in the Ouarnero and on the coast of Dalmatia. Length,
200 m. ; depth, 24 m. ; mesh, 1 \ c. ; price, 500 fl.

The Tratta da Cievoli is made of coarse twine and is used in the Gulf of
Trieste, in autumn, for grey mullet (Cievoli). Length, 600-1,000 m. ; depth,
20 m. ; price, 2,000-8,000 fl. ; mesh, 4 c.

The Tratta da Orate is a smaller-meshed net (mesh, 2 c.) for gilt-head
{Orate). Length, 300 m. ; depth, 12-16 m.

The Palaudara da Tiro is for tunny and bonito (Croat., Palanda), and is
drawn by a boat under sail or oars, or by hand from shore. Length,
80-100 m. ; depth, 30-50 m. ; price, 100-120 fl. (see Plate XV.).

The Tratta di Ton (called Sabakone or zabakwi in Dalmatia), likewise
for tunny and bonito. Length, 400 m. ; depth, 50 m. ; price, 800 fl.

The common Tratta, also called Sciabica (zabica) and Rezzola
(Rezzttola), which corresponds with what is called in England the ground or
foot-seine, or scringe-net, is much used all along the coast by the native
fishermen, as it gives comparatively little trouble. It is worked from the
shore ; each wing is attached to a long drag-rope, and when the net is
shot one end is left on shore, and made fast. The whole of the net is
then put in a boat, which is rowed out from the shore and proceeds in a
semicircle, casting the net on its course, and landing the drag-rope of the
other end on the beach at some distance from the starting-point. The
two ropes are, after a while, hauled in, the men working the drag-ropes
approaching one another as the net comes to land, until at last they meet,
and then the bunt of the net, in which the fish are collected, is drawn
ashore. This net is familiar to everybody who has visited the shores of
the Mediterranean.

Like all tratte, they are netted on the same principle, viz., that the
meshes open out by the vertical strain in the water, and close by the
longitudinal strain when being hauled in. It is the one most in use in
the Ouarnero, made of coarse string; depth of bunt as much as 20 to 25
fathoms ; size of mesh diagonally, — bunt t cent., wings 4 cent. ; they are
sometimes 400 to 500 metres in length (see Plates XVI., XVI I., XVIII).

MA USA

C-

USA

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 117

5. Trawling-nets,

Rett a strascino (strascico), Rcti raschiauti, a term which is applied not only
to the trawl proper, as we understand it in England, but also to a variety of
seine-nets which are shot in a semicircle and both ends drawn towards some
place, either on shore or to a boat at anchor, where the net is gathered in.
Among the latter may be mentioned the Tratta di fondo and Grippo, a
mode of fishing which is infinitely more pernicious to the fisheries in general
than any properly-worked trawl, as it is carried on in shallow waters, and
often close in shore, thus destroying a quantity of young, and, at the time of
catching, worthless fry.

The systems adopted by the Italian fishermen (Chioggiotti), which are
known as the Cocchia and Tartana, are the only ones which at all come up
to our ideas of trawling, the principal difference being that no beam is used
as in England.

The Cocchia, or coccia (see Plate XIX.), is used exclusively by the
Chioggiotti, and drawn by two boats ipragozzi) under sail, each boat running
parallel to the other and drawing one end of the net, which is held by means of
drag-ropes (alzand) 40 to 50 fathoms in length. It is worked, by preference,
against the current, over muddy grounds by day, — the mud raised by the
passage of the net clouding the water and shutting out the light, which
renders the fish confused and motionless, whereby they become an easy
prey. By night-time it is worked over rocky beds. The depth varies from
20 to 50 fathoms.

The structure of this net differs from that of the seine {trattd) in the
shape of the bag (sacco or panza), which, in this case, is conical, measuring
5 to 6 fathoms across at the opening, and narrowing by degrees to 8 to 10
feet diameter. Here commences a kind of funnel, which is kept open by
means of hoops, and ends in a purse, the opening of which measures 5 feet
across, and the ends of which are gathered together and secured by a rope.
This has simply to be undone when the net is hauled on deck, and the fish
fall out at the end. The funnel and purse is known as the Cogblo, and
forms about one-half of the total depth of the bag, which is 6 fathoms ;

n8 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

the Cogblo is generally enclosed in a second net of coarse string in order
to protect it against the friction with the bed and the depredations of the
dolphins, which are apt, at times, to injure the net. The length of the
wings, or arms, is sometimes as much as 30 fathoms each, the depth being 10
feet at the ends, and 20 feet towards the middle, where the bag commences.
The bag is small-meshed (1^-2 c), and well corked at the head, to keep it
well open whilst in motion. It is also extra weighted at the foot, so that it
falls quickly to the bottom, and is thus trawled along the ground, the boats
being under full sail, the faster the better, the Italian fishermen fishing in
almost all kinds of weather. Two pieces of wood are fastened longitudinally
to the under side of the bag to protect it from friction with the ground and to
enable it to slide along with greater facility. The value of the Cocchia is about
100 fl. This mode of fishing was prohibited by the Venetian Republic in
former times, and by the Austrian Government by the enactment of 1835 ;
but the want of organised inspection rendered it impossible to enforce the
prohibition, and it was once more recognised under the Austro-Hungarian
and Italian treaties of commerce of 1867 and 1878.

As to the destruction of spawn, Professor G. O. Sars has proved that the
ova of the best-known and most valuable fish are found floating at the surface
during the whole period of their development. This is the case with cod
and haddock, and probably also with whiting, coal-fish, pollack, hake, and
tusk. The spawning of mackerel at the surface has been repeatedly seen,
and the ova identified. The common plaice has also the habit of spawning
near the surface, and its ova float during the whole of their development.
This being the typical representative of the flat-fish, it is probable that the
turbot, brill, and sole do not differ in this respect. Several other kinds have
been identified, such as the gar-fish, gurnard, &c. Hitherto the only fish
whose spawn has been found on the ground is the herring. It is, therefore,
a mistake to assume that trawling is more liable to destroy the spawn than
any other modes of fishing.1

The Cogblo is a hempen net made in the shape of a long conical bag, nar-

1 See Holdsworth's "Sea Fisheries."

I
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AND THE FISH THEREOF. 119

rowing by degrees to the tail end, and held open by successive hoops
(cerckietti). It is composed of different parts : the first, called chiara, is large-
meshed ; the second is the bnsto, and is made of smaller meshes ; the third is
the mezzana, made of still smaller meshes; last comes the pillela, or picla,
the purse, made of very coarse and strong twine, and very small-meshed, into
which the fish enter through a kind of very narrow funnel called cnca.
Once inside, they become packed, and are unable to turn back. It is also
used for catching eels in the fishing-ponds (valli chiuse).

The Bragagna, worked by a boat called Bragagna, or Bragagnella, is a
seine combined with the Cogblo. The boat having previously cast anchor, at a
short distance off, hauls in the anchor chain on a roller {inolinello), thus
drawing the net in its wake. The net has no floats to keep up the head, but
it is held stretched in the water by a series of sticks fixed vertically along the
two winofs and around the mouth of the baor At the end of each of the
wings there is a small Cogblo with three hoops with the opening in an
opposite direction to that of the middle bag.

It is well weighted at the foot {ima) to keep it down, and the drag-rope
ends are attached to the bows and the poop, the boat moving broadside on
(in fianco), the net grazing the ground ; worked by day or night, on muddy
beds, in shallow water, in creeks and lagoons, chiefly for gobies and small
shore-fish. Length, 20 m. ; depth, 4 m. ; mesh, 2J c. ; price, 60 florins.

The Grippo is similar to the foregoing almost in every respect. It is
smaller-meshed (i-J c), and, instead of the two Cogbli at the ends of the
wings, it has two small bags without hoops. It is less heavily weighted at
the foot ; it is sustained in the water by corks at the head ; and has fewer
sticks to keep it extended.

The Tartana is composed of the Sacco and Cogblo, somewhat similar to
the Grippo, and is used by the Chioggiotti for catching ground-fish in
15-fathoms water ; it is drawn by a single boat of the same name under sail,
the drag-ropes being attached to two spars (spuntieri or spout eri), one fore
and the other aft, in order to keep the net better extended in the wrater, the
boat drifting broadside on (in fianco). Total length, 1 2 m. This method is
falling gradually into disuse, in favour of the Cocchia.

120 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The Tartana is still met with in the Gulf of Trieste, and on the west
coast of Istria, but it is hardly known on the rest of the Austrian- Hungarian
seaboard (see Plate XX.).

The Tratta da Menole (Giravica, Olihiica, or Tratta piccola a" inverno in
Dalmatia) is similar to the sardine seine-net, only smaller and of coarse
twine ; used for Mmiidce {Menole), and Smaridce (Gira, or Girica, Croat.).
Length, 120 m.; depth, 8-10 m. ; mesh at the wings 3 c, at the bunt \\ c. ;
price, 100-150 florins.

The Tratta da fondo (ATigavica,1 or Sabaka, or zabaka, in Dalmatia)
consists of a small-meshed bag in the middle, without the hoops used in the
Cogblo ; it has longer wings, of larger meshes, than the Grippo ; it is used for
catching all kinds of shore-fish. Length, 180 m. ; depth of bunt, 30-35 m. ;
mesh at the ends of the wings 1 1 c, decreasing to \\ c. towards the bunt ;
bunt 2 c. ; price, 1 20-300 florins. The net of this name used on the coast of
J stria is smaller and has no bag. Length, 50 m. ; depth, 8 m. The Tratta
per novellame is a very small trawl used for catching fry for the fish-ponds
(valli). Length, 4 m. ; depth, 65 c. ; mesh 1 c. at the sides, \ c. in the
middle.

The Trattisella is a small trawling-net.

6. Hand-nets.

The Ostreghera, Ostricara, or Cassa (I tab, Cucchiaia, or ladle), is a
coarse and strong large-meshed (6 c.) hempen net, fixed to a heavy semi-
circular iron-rod frame, after the fashion of a weeding-hook ; turbots and
flounders, and other ground-fish are caught with this. Iron spikes are,
sometimes, fixed to the under side for the purpose of raking the ground,
and thus forcing up certain species, which would otherwise remain buried in
the mud or sand. The net is bag-shaped, and is held extended lengthways by
a thick pole 2 m. long, and vertically by a cross-bar fixed to the middle of the
pole. Inside the net there is sometimes a small net-bag, so constructed that

1 The meaning of this word is to " wink " (with the eye). This term is in allusion to the
closing of the meshes by the horizontal tension of the net.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 121

the fish can enter but cannot get out, being unable to turn round. The
Ostreghera da palude, i.e., for marshes, is used at Grado ; it has no inner net,
and the mesh only measures 5 c. ; price, 8-10 fl.

The Ostreghera a piombo, or Mussolera, is the same description of net,
well weighted, so as to scrape the ground when drawn in the wake of a
rowing boat ; it is used for scraping together oysters (Ostreghe) and mussels
(Mussoli). Length of bag, 2 m. ; breadth of opening, 2 m. ; price, 10 florins.

The Rete da Capparozzoli is fixed to a triangular frame, the foot of which
is furnished with prongs, forming a rake 3 J feet long ; the angle opposite the
rake is fixed to a handle by which the net is worked ; used for catching
Venus decussata, V. gal Una, V. verrucosa [Capparozzoli), by raking it through
the sand. Length of net, 4 feet ; price, 6 florins.

The Guatta is a bag-net fixed on a semicircular frame, the upper side of
which is straight, and is fixed to a handle several feet long ; it is worked by
a man wading in shallow water, who shoves the net in front of him, so that
the semicircular foot of the frame passes through the mud ; used for catching
gobies (Guatti). Length of bag, 6 feet ; width of opening, 4J feet ; price,
4 florins.

The Saceolcva, literally " bag-lift " (called Bragotto, or Bragottin di mar in
the lagoons of Venice), is a square, very small-meshed net fixed on a frame,
for catching young fry (pesce novelld) in spring for the fish-ponds (ralli).
Ordega is the name more commonly applied to this net on these shores ; it is
called Zel at Rovigno. It is fixed to a circular wire frame 2 m. in diameter,
the bag having a mesh of 1^ c. The frame is tied by a number of short
strings to a single rope, by means of which the net is submerged and drawn
up. The fish are attracted to it by bait.

The Tela is similar in form, for similar purposes ; made of cotton cloth.

The Ordegno, or Ingegno di pesca del Co7'allo, is an apparatus for fishing
Coral. This is of the most antiquated kind. Two wooden beams, 3 to 4 feet
long, are fixed transversely in the shape of a cross, and weighted with a stone
at the point of intersection. Two branch spars (coscioni), 2-3 m. long, are
fastened at right-angles to the cross-beams, and loose hempen nets (radazze),
1 \ m. long, hang suspended from the ends of the spars. Besides these,

R

122 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

four other nets are tied to as many cords, i\- 2 m. long, and disposed at the
point of intersection of the spars and the beams. The stone, which weighs
60 kilogr., is fixed to the cross-beams by what is called the gassa ; to this are
attached double ropes (fregand), 20 m. long, which,, in their turn, are tied to
the drag-ropes (alzane), 120-200 m. long. The apparatus is drawn by a
rowing boat at full speed over the coral beds, and is constantly raised and
lowered so as to suit the depth of water and only to graze the bed. By this
means, where coral is met with, and particularly on the projecting points
(seccke), the branches are broken off, and get entangled in the loose netting ;
but everything is left to chance, and, doubtless, much of the coral is lost.
For working under projections of rocks a single beam is used, to which a ring
is attached for hanging a net. As a great deal of netting is destroyed by the
constant friction with the rocks, as much as 300 to 600 lb. of hemp are
required each season by each apparatus.

Rizzajo (Rizzagio, Rizzagno, Rizzer, also Gaccio, or Giacchio) has some-
what the form of an open umbrella, which is thrown over a swarm of fish,
such as grey mullet, salpa, &c. The lower part is well weighted, so that
it sinks rapidly, and is, at the same time, fixed by a number of strings, which
pass inside the net through an aperture in the centre of the top, and which
are held in the hand of the fisherman. When the net is thrown over the
fish, the lower sides are almost instantaneously drawn together at the centre
aperture, by which means a greater or lesser number of fish is captured.
Sometimes 5-10 kilogr. of fish are caught at a time. Price, 8- to fl. (see
Plate XXIV.).

The Volcga, or Oprara (in Venice Vuoega, Germ., Koescker, Croat., spicrtilo),
is a kind of butterfly-net, for taking fish out of the seine-nets. Cerchio and
Cerchiello are similar nets, used for similar purposes in the lagoons.

7. Fish-weirs and Ponds.

These are peculiar to the Venetian lagoons, but they are also found on
the coast near Grado and Capo d'Istria; and, although they pertain rather
to the Italian than to the Austrian fisheries, they deserve mention here, as
they form an important item in the fisheries of the northern head of the

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 123

Adriatic, and were, moreover, for a succession of years comprised in the
Austrian fisheries.

Fisk-weirs (Fischwehren^ Fischz'dune) Scrragli, or Serragie, constructed
either of nets (S. di reti)> or of reed-screens {S. di grigiuoli)1 fixed to piles
driven into the bed ; the latter mode is adopted near Grado, Capo d' I stria, &c.
The thickness of the screens varies according to the use they are put to, in
some places doubfe or treble screens being used. From point to point the
screen sides are made to converge towards one another, forming a funnel-
shaped enclosure called lavoriero ; at the narrowest point are fixed the
Cogo/o-nets, which allow of the entrance of the fish, but from which the exit
is impossible. As the tide recedes, the fish find their way into the Cogbh,
which are drawn up by means of a float to which they are attached, and
emptied of their contents. The Cogbli are made of three different sizes, as
regards the size of mesh and of the entrance, according to the species of fish
for which they are intended, viz., for eels, grey mullet, and gobies.

The foundation of the serragli is commonly called zocco, and by the
valligiani, i.e., the people who have charge of the ponds, sciassa ; the broken
and useless reed-screens, which have to be cleared away before new ones are
set, are called scattaroni, and the act of clearing them away, which is done
once or twice a year, scattaronare.

Fish-ponds (valli), chiefly on the coast of Venice,2 also on the coast near

1 Grigiuoli, Griziole, and Canne are screens, or mats, made of marsh reeds by fastenings or
ties, called drezze : when the reeds are fastened together singly, the screen is called pesson, and
when in bunches griziole. Their height is regulated according to the number of drezze they
contain ; the higher ones have eighteen, the lowest four or five ; the drezze should be a foot
apart : 100 drezze form a cusidura — a term used in contracts.

2 The Venetian lagoons comprise that of Marano, or Friuli, with an area of 55 square miles
(60 to i°); that of Caorle (area 160 square miles), and that of Venice proper (200 square miles) :
to these may be added the lagoon of Chioggia, lying to the south (33 square miles), and the
lagoon of Comacchio with an extent of 49,000 hectares. (See "Industrie de la Lagune de
Comacchio," by Coste ; also Friedlander, "La pesca nelle Lagune di Comacchio," 1S72; also the
"Fisheries of Comacchio and Ferrara," by Mr. Consul Colnaghi, September, 1876, in the Consular
Reports, 1877, and Journal S. A., vol. xxv., No. 1,304). North-East of Comacchio are the minor
lagoons of Messola (23,000 hectares), Codigoro (2,374 hectares), and Massa Fiscaglia (1,000
hectares).

R 2

124 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Grado, consisting- of a space of water partitioned off from the rest of lagoons,
in which they are situated, by reed-screens {valle a grigiuoli or grisiole), or by
dams and sluices {valle chiusa arginata) ; there are also valli semi-arginate.

La valle chiusa ad arsrine is so constructed that the sea-water can flow in
at different points, the in-flow being regulated by means of sluices (cliiaviclie),
so that the water does not become stagnant. The bed must vary in its
quality and depth of water, so as to suit the requirements of the different
kinds offish as to food and temperature. In winter a stream of sweet water
is let in, in order to facilitate the freezing of the surface, and thus afford
greater protection to the fish from the cold.

The valli a grigiuoli, and semi-arginate, are built on the same principle,
but they are liable to destruction by storms or floods, and require more
expense for keeping in repair. The people in charge are called vallicultori,
or valligiani, and the head man Par 011 {padron) da valle. The pond proper
is termed Lago, or Campo della valle, where the young fish {pesce novello) is
allowed three years to mature. The cogolera is a labyrinth of reed-screens
and Cogbli, similar to the serragli, into which fresh water is at times let, thus
alluring the fish into the nets ; the mature fish are taken out in the autumn
and winter. In the pond there are deeper basins and channels (Gorg/ii), to
enable the fish to seek refuge from the great heats and colds ; otherwise they
die off.

The pond proper is separated from the cogolera by a dam {traghettd)
with an opening furnished with a sluice. The approach to the cogolera is
called Vegnua, or Venuta ; an obstruction to the passage of grey mullet and
gilt-head is the fermativa di cievoli e orade, by means of which they are
isolated ; further on is a similar obstruction for eels, the fermativa di bisatti,
and another called ckila, for catching the eels that escape from the former.

On either side of the cogolera are ditches {depositi), partly roofed over,
affording protection to the young fry in hot or cold weather ; a trellis- work
separating the depositi from the rest of the cogolera, in order to afford
protection to the fry from the pursuit of the mature fish.

The valli are opened in spring, allowing the free passage of the fish,
which accordingly enter of their own accord ; this is called the " montata"

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VALLE CHIUSA ARG1NATA.

Wyman & Sons

X anion

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 125

and occurs chiefly in the months of March and April, and the valli are closed
when the heat of the sun becomes scorching, as, otherwise, the fish would
escape into deeper and cooler waters.

The diked ponds are again opened in the months of August and
September, at which season the grey mullet species (Mugil salicns) ascends,
the reed-ponds remaining closed, as the young fry, even if it were admitted
at this season, would escape through the reed-screens on the first approach of
the cold weather. In the case of the diked ponds, the dikes and sluices
prevent the escape of all fish.

The descent of those species of mature fish which enter the sea at
regular seasons, for spawning or other purposes, is known as the calata ;
this is the time which is looked forward to with the greatest impatience by
all concerned. It is the season when the catch of eels, and the so-called
pesce bianco, is at its height, i.e., at the commencement of November ; it is
also known as the fraima, or frimas, i.e., the hoar-frost (infra hyemem).
The scene on a night of fraima is indescribably lively and exciting ;
nobody, who has not witnessed it, can have any idea of the feelings of
wonder and astonishment it produces in the spectator, and it requires the
pen of an artist properly to describe it.

A valle gives a profitable yield, so to say, all the year round ; thus, a
pound of eel-fry {Elvers) (known as capillari) will yield from 3,000 to 4,000
kilogrammes, at the age of five or six years ; and a pound of grey mullet-fry
will yield 1 70 kilos of flesh in the course of a year. A second catch of eels
takes place during Lent ; this is known as the pesca quaresimale. As most of
the valli are able to sustain a greater quantity of fish than enters of its
own accord, this being particularly the case in respect of the diked ponds, to
which the passage is limited to the apertures in the dikes known as dove,
recourse is had to what is called seminagione, i.e., the replenishment of the
ponds with pesce novello, which is caught by the pescenovellanti, as described
elsewhere. Fry of the gilt-head is worth 10 florins per mille ; grey mullet
1 florin per mille.

Great care is requisite for rearing the fish which has entered the valli ;
the different species are carefully separated according to the state of their

126 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

maturity, and are restrained from returning to the sea during the great heats
or colds.

The eels change their name from Capillari (Elvers, or fry) to Pasciuti in
the course of their development, and to Anguille or Bisatti when mature ;
these, again, are distinguished by the names of Anguille comuni, Anguillazzi,
Roccke, Miglioramentiy and Capitoni.

Description to Plate No. XXI. — The fish enter from the Campo della
Valle, through the Vegnua or Venuta, into the Colauro or Colaura {dove cola
il pesce), which is formed of screens, called contrapetti ; thence through the
aperture, a, called boccarin or boccarielo, into the space, b, called anticamera^
whence they are distributed in the various fermative, camarelle, or Otelle
{Qstelli ), after passing through the lavoriero, 4, also called the cappello a Ire
venti, into 5, the pizzo. 2, are the Otelle {Ostelli) ; 3, the camarelle ox fer-
mative, forming so many obstructions to the passage of different kinds of fish
which are to be separated from the rest ; 6 is the chila or chilla, for catching
the eels which escape from 3.

A fresh-water supply is kept up through the double sluices {chiaviche),
first, of the Traghetto or outer dam; and, second, of the Argine or dam
proper.

Description to Plate No. XXII. — Instead of dikes or dams, the sides
or partitions consist of reed-screens fixed to piles driven into the bed 1^ foot
apart, and the rampart is somewhat higher than the high-water mark at
spring-tides.

1. Lavoriero or Cappello a tre venti.

2. Pizzo, or go in to.

3. Boccariol delT otella (or fcriuativd) da cievoli (grey mullet), through
which mouth (boccd) or entrance the fish pass into

4. Camarella ") . . .. . 1t .
^ „ \ da cievoli (srrey mullet).

5. Otella ) \s J J

6. Camarella ") .

^ „ \ da strame, ox pesce moro.

7. Otella ) r

8. Camarella delpizzo.

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VALLE A GRIGIUOLI

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"Wyman &: Sons

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

127

Pcsce da strame designates the fish of minor value servinq- as food to the
more valuable kinds, in contradistinction to the pesce bianco (grey mullet and
eels), strame meaning litterally straw or fodder. The fish included in this
term are gobies, flounders, and smelts (atherines).

The space marked 8, not partitioned off by Cogbli, or forming special
Camarelle or Formative (such as 6 and 7), is occupied by the eels, which
require more room in which to circulate freely.

Cogolcre, furnished with the camarelle, or otelle, are called Cogolera
maestra ; and those which have not these are called Cogolera da bisatti and
da strame.

In the Venetian lagoons, there are as many as 135 cogolere in a single
valle ; their number depends, as a matter of course, on the size and position
of the valle, and other less important circumstances.1

Fish which are Reared in the Valli.

Angusigola, the Gar-fish.

Anguela, the Smelt (Atherine).

Barbon (Mullus barbatus, L.), Red Mullet.

Bisatto, the Eel.

1 Produce of the valli from the Po to Grado, according to the investigations of the
Sub-Commission of Fisheries at Chioggia.

Kilogr.

Lire.

800,000

1,200,000

600,000

640,000
840,000
150,000

Sole, Goby, Carcinus maenas, and other Crustacese

Total

2,600,000

1,630,000

Fishermen employed in the valli, 1,000.

Produce of the Campi (valli) of Comacchio from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 kilogr. per annum.

128 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Bosega (Mugil chelo), a Grey Mullet species.

Branzin, the Basse.

Corbetto, the Umbrina.

Cmistelo (Mugil capito, Cuv.), a Grey Mullet species.

Go, Goby species (G.jozo, L.).

Dotregan (Mugil auratus), a Grey Mullet species.

Lizza {Lie hia amia, Cuv.).

Lucerna, the Sapphirine Gurnard.

Marsion, a Goby (G. elongatus, Can.).

Menola bianca (Smarts vulgaris).

Orada, the Gilt-head.

Paganello, a Goby (G. pagane litis, L.).

Passarin, the Italian Flounder.

Rombo, the Turbot.

Sfoglio, the Sole.

Soazo, the Brill.

Triglia, the Striped Surmullet.

Volpina, the common Grey Mullet (M. cephahis).

Verzelata (Mzigil saliens), a Grey Mullet species.

8. Snares.

Nasse, or Verse, are basket-traps, made of willow withes in the shape of
casks, with funnel-shaped entrances at either end, through which fish,
cephalopods, and crabs enter, allured by means of bait. Once inside, the
prey is prevented from escaping by the pointed ends of the willow switches.
These traps are provided with an aperture closed by a lid, by which the
captives are secured. Their size varies from ij to 6 feet in length and
8 to 30 inches in breadth ; the width of the entrances varies according to
the description of fish they are set to catch. Several of them, as many as
a dozen, are generally laid together in 6 fathoms of water, well baited with
produce of the sea, either living or dead, pieces of grilled or smoked fish,
crabs and sea-spiders, pieces of cephalopods, small fish and sometimes a

• AND THE FISH THEREOF. 129

paste made of bread or flour and cheese, mixed with the refuse water of
salted sardines.

They are used chiefly for wrasses, gobies, red mullets, gilt-heads,
scorpions, conger-eels, cephalopods, lobsters, &c, in spring, summer, and
autumn, and are drawn up for examination once in twenty-four or forty-eight
hours (see Plate XXIV.).

The Vivajo, or Vicra, derived from the Latin vivarium, is a paunch-bellied
willow basket, with a narrow mouth and cover, for keeping fish alive in the
sea until sold ; used as store-pots for eels, turbots, crabs, &c. They are
much used in the lagoons, where they are sunk in sheltered waters, and
secured by cross-piles {barriaghi). The common shore-crabs are kept in
them to await the process of ccdysis or moulting (shedding of the skin), when
they are sold as moleccke ("soft crabs" of the United States). These
baskets are both wider and deeper than the common.

The Marotta, or Burchio, is a boat for keeping fish alive in, also Burchio
da bisatti for eels; length, 2 to 12 m. ; price, 10 to 25 fl., and above. The
holes in them are, however, generally too small, and the fish are apt to die
from this cause : perhaps, also, from the fact of the water getting foul, or
not being exactly what is required, either as regards its temperature or its
saltness, these boats being, as a rule, moored in harbours, and in the
proximity of the shore and of sweet-water springs or courses.

The Burchicllo is a smaller boat of the same description, used by the
tognaroli in line-fishing.

The value of the fishing gear on the Austro-Hungarian coast, belonging
to native fishermen, represents an amount of 1,150,000 fl. For further
particulars on this subject, see Statistics.

i3o THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

CHAPTER VI.

LINE-FISHING.
Lines. — Hooks. — Implements of various kinds. — Prongs, &c. — Scares. — Bait.

INE-FISHING is not of great importance in these waters,

and is not carried on on a scale to render it of much

consideration. There is, consequently, little to be said on

this head. Suffice it to enumerate the different kinds of

lines in use. These consist, as elsewhere, of the hand-lines

which the fishermen hold, and of the long lines which are

shot or trailed in the wake of a boat and then hauled in.

The Canna is a simple hand-line, to which two or three hooks {ami) are

fixed, baited with worms or smelts, and used from the shore with or without a

rod, for gobies, the smooth serranus, Sargo, Sparo, Spizzo, Occkiada, &c.

The Pannola is a line 1 5 to 40 fathoms long, weighted with lead at intervals
of 10 to 15 feet. At its end there is a copper wire 10 feet long, to which
one, two, or more hooks are attached ; it is sometimes made of horsehair
and wound on a large piece of cork. The hooks are baited with small
fishes, or pieces of dried sardines, which shine in the water, and the line is
towed by a boat close in shore, and hauled in from time to time. It is used
for catching mackerel, basse, Occhiada, gar-fish, gobies, &c. (see Plate XXIV.).
The pannola da scombri (for mackerel) is rather complicated. It consists
of the principal line {maistrd), 15 m. long. At the end of this are four
snoods; two (i volanti) are of the ordinary kind ending in catgut, and two
hooks ; the other two (le piombere) are heavily weighted with shot (60-70,
at intervals of 1-2 inches), and end, likewise, in catgut and two hooks. The
pannola da dentale (for dentex) is 30 m. long, with copper wire at the end

AND THE FISH THEREOF. I3I

and two hooks ; the line is well weighted at intervals of 6 inches. Besides
these, there are the pannola da occhiate (for Oblata melanura) and the pannola
da branzin (for basse) ; the former ends in wire, the latter in catgut.

The Lcnza is a similar line to the foregoing, made of three or four horse-
hairs twined together, but with larger hooks, for catching gilt-head.

The Traena, or Trajua, is similar in form, made of coarse twine ; length,
50 fathoms and above. At the end there is a copper wire 10 feet long,
with two large hooks ; it is drawn by a sailing or rowing boat at a fair
speed, and is used in the south of Dalmatia for gilt-head, dentex, Lizza (see
Plate XXIV.).

The Togna is a hand-line without lead, with 3 to 10 or more small hooks,
used from a stationary boat for gobies, mendole, and Maride, &c. (see
Plate XXIV.). There are various kinds, viz., the Togna da menole, the Togna
da spari, and the Togna da orate, &c, according to the variety of fish they
are used for.

The Squadrale is a hand- line for dentex. It is made of coarse twine
80 m. in length, and 20 m. are kept in hand by the fisherman to ease the line
(filare lo sqtiadrale) in case a large fish makes a bite. It is well weighted at
intervals of 2 m., and ends in a copper wire 8-10 m. long and two hooks
fixed in opposite directions to one another. It is drawn by a sailing or
rowing boat at full speed.

The Parangale is a line, 50 to 250 fathoms long, which carries 100 to 300
hooks on snoods two or three feet long and about a yard or two yards apart.
According to the fish to be caught, the cord is either kept up by floats near
the surface, the hooks hanging down, as in the case of gar-fish (Parangale
gallcggiante) ; or it is sunk at the bottom of the sea, being weighted by
stones at the one end, and buoyed to a floating signal (segnale) at the other,
from which it is hauled in, as is the case with the conger-eel, sharks, rays, &c.
(Parangale distesa). The hooks are baited with small mendole or pieces of
cephalopods, and the line is drawn up for examination every two or three
hours, or left down over night (see Plate XXIII.).

The Dcntala is a similar long line for the dentex (Dentale).
The Parangale a vela a angusigole is a similar line for gar-fish (angusigole),

s 2

132 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

used near Pola, fixed by one end to the shore, the other being attached
to a floating plank (barchetta), on which is hoisted a sail, when the wind
is blowing off shore. The snoods are of horsehair, so as not to become
entangled.

The Canavaca is a deep-sea line, 30 to 40 fathoms long, with four or six
snoods at the end, baited with sardine and well weighted to keep the baited
hooks near the sea-bed. It is for catching poor, whiting, hake, &c., in
summer, at Fiume (see Plate XXIV.).

The Brancarella is an 8-inch staff attached to a line, the under end of
which forms a crown of 16 to 25 hooks bent upwards. The bait (esca)
consists of a bogue, or other fish, through which the staff is passed, the head
of the fish being at the upper end. It is used for catching the cuttle-fish,
which darts at the bait and is caught by the upturned hooks.

The Puschia is similar in form, but smaller.

The Sustavica is similar to the foregoing, the only difference being that
the staff is covered with white rabbit-skin. It is used for catching the
squid (Calamaro), near the islands of Selve and Arbe (see Plate XXIV.).

The Scpparola is a dummy cuttle-fish made of wood, painted and
weighted, with glass eyes, attached to a line and drawn by a boat. It is
used as a snare for the cuttle-fish, which follows and encircles it, both being
drawn up together (see Plate XXIV.).

Various Implements..

Implements of different kinds for raising sponges, mussels, &c, or for
spiking fish and cephalopods in clear water not above 5 fathoms in depth.

Great practice and skill are required for using with effect the prongs for
spiking fish and cephalophods. This mode of fishing is carried on chiefly
at night by the light of torches, which attracts the fish (chiefly the dentex and
the basse), the fishermen of the channel of Novigrad being especially expert.

Quicklime is often used to burn the octopus out of the holes or interstices
of rocks in which it has sought refuge after an unlucky attempt to prong it.
By this means it is often forced out of the place of retreat on finding no

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 133

other exit ; but these animals are so wary that they often elude all pursuit
after an unsuccessful attack, and, in this way, it is often a game of hide-and-
seek for hours together between the fisherman and his prey. Sometimes they
are only brought out piecemeal, so firmly do they adhere to whatever they
catch hold of, if not successfully drawn up on the first attack.

The Tanaglia is a kind of tongs, one side of which is fixed to a long
pole, the other being worked by a cord ; it is used for laying hold of
sponges, &c. (see Plate XXIV.).

Prongs.

The Asturcra is a double-toothed prong, the teeth being bent inwards at
right-angles ; it is for raising the Stwa {Pinna rudis, P. squamosa) off sandy
or muddy beds.

The Grampa is a trident with bent prongs, used at Zara for catching sea-
spiders, Mytilus edulis, and JModiola barbata (see Plate XXIV.).

The Grampon, similar to the Asture7'a, is used on the coast near Rovigno,
in Istria, for raising oysters, sponges, &c.

The Fiocina, or Foscina (Lat, Fuscina), is a straight prong with five to
eleven teeth, with barbed heads, fixed at the end of a pole, which is often as
much as 25 feet long. It is handled by a man stationed at the bows of a boat,
sculled slowly and with as little noise and motion as possible, by day or more
frequently at night by torchlight, for spiking grey mullet, dentex, basse, gilt-
head, cephalopods, sea-spiders, crabs, lobsters, &c. It is also used for spiking
large fish caught in the seine ; and, attached to a cord, it is sometimes cast at
the fish at some distance off (see Plate XXIV.).

The Fossemn, or Fossenigolo, is a small Foscina with two or three prongs
for smaller fish.

The Delfinera is a harpoon for casting at dolphins, tunny-fish, and the
like (see Plate XXIV.).

Scares.

For driving or scaring the fish into the nets (Pesca a spavcnto, a ludro).
The Piston, or Pobug, also called in some districts Sttwiigio, and Stambul,

i34 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

is a hollow cone at the end of a pole, for striking the surface of the water ; at
Trieste, a square board is substituted for the cone.

The Tramata is a cord for the same purpose.

The Fraschiata is a similar cord, to which are tied bundles of brushwood,
at intervals from one another.

Bait (Esca, Esche).

Besides the bait commonly used elsewhere, poisonous bait is used in
some places, for instance, the sap of the Euphorbia cyparisias is used
near Rogosnica, Milna, and at the mouth of the Narenta, to stupefy the
basse ; also the fruit of the South Asiatic plant, Menispermum cumins,
which is sold in retail at about a penny for five grains in the form of a
powder, and is made into paste with flour. The latter is often used near
Meligne.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 135

CHAPTER VII.

NAMES APPLIED TO FISHERMEN AND VARIOUS MODES OF FISHING.
SARDINE FISHERIES. DIVISION OF PROFITS.

H E names of the fishing- classes are derived either from their
mode of fishing or from the names of the boats they use.
For instance, Bragozzanti are those that work on board
the bragozzo. Picleganti, Tartananti, Bragaguauti, &c, are
used in the same sense.

Trattarioi are those who fish with the seine (tratta) ;
Foscinanti use the foscina ; Tognaroli the togna, &c.
Sometimes also the names of the fish designate the fishermen ; for
instance, Pescenovellanti, Sardellanti, Cievolanti, Baicolanti, Passerinanti,
Pombarioi, Capparioi, Mazaneteri, &c, &c.

The union of two or more boats which fish in company, as is the case
with the bragozzi, is called compagnia, each of which has its capo, or head.
They are managed according to established customs and rules ; the tempo-
rary chief is called capo de mare at sea, and on shore vendatore. The latter
receives the fish caught by the union in the boat called portcllata, and is
charged with the sale ; he keeps the accounts, supplies the provisions for
the boats, in fact, he looks after the business on shore, and receives five
per cent, commission on the sale.

The wholesale dealer is called basegaro ; the retail dealer, compravendi,
pescivendolo, pesciamolo.

The commonest kind of fish is called pesce populo, pesce misto, or minutaja
{inenuagia), minutaglia, pesce miniito ; the medium class, pesce ordinario, pesce
salvatico ; the prime, pesce nobile, pesce fino.

136 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Names applied to the different Modes of Fishing.

The different modes of fishing are designated, as a rule, by the names of
the fishing gear ; for instance, pcsca a cocchia, a cassa, a cerberai, a bragagna,
co lie bombine, a fosciua, a togna, a tratta, a tartaua, &c, &c.

Other modes of fishing, again, are designated by special terms ; for,
instance, the opening of the valli ckiuse, in order to allow the fish to enter
the fish-ponds, is called pesca a montada, or pesca a valle ; pcsca a saltarello is
with a rowing boat, at night, with a light in the bows, the rowers pulling hard
but with muffled oars, and the fish, following in the wake of the boat, jump
(saltare) out of the water and into the boat. The fish thus caught are grey
mullet {volpine and cievoli).

Pesca a zattera is similar in principle, but differs in one respect, that no
light is used, the fish, also grey mullet, being scared in a given direction by
striking the surface of the water ; they meet with an obstruction, which
they jump over, and are caught in a net, on the principle of the Saltarello,
described amongst the trammel-nets.

The boat called Pielego drags in its wake a heavily-weighted line, to which
are attached a number of baited hooks on snoods at equal distances apart, the
end of the line grazing the bed. This is called pesca a pielego.

Pesca a parangala is carried on with* a similar line, which remains motion-
less in the water (described under Line-fisheries).

Pesca a spavento, or a ludro, is when the fish are driven or scared into nets
by artificial means, such as by striking the surface of the water, &c.

Pesca a comagna is carried on with a very fine net called fiorese in the
lagoons, for catching grey mullet {cievoli) when feeding : hence the term
comagna, a distortion of quando mangia {i.e., when it eats).

Pescar a braccio, a fiappar, a palpar, is also a method of fishing in use in
the lagoons, and consists in wading in the shallows, and extracting by hand
the gobies which are immersed in the mud. This mode is also employed, in
mild autumns and winters, for catching flounders and turbots at the heads of
channels.

Pescar colle peche, or orme, or pedate (footsteps), consists in leaving

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 137

imprints of the foot on soft mud or sand, which retain the water at ebb-tide,
and thus attract crabs (granclii), which are thus caught by hand. This is also
known by the term o>{ facendo le zappcghe.

The fisheries are also designated by the names of fish ; for instance,
pcsca a pesce novcllo, which is carried on by means of the tela, or bragotto ;
pcsca a scombri is the line-fishing for mackerel {scombri') with the togna ;
pesca a sardella is the sardine fishery with the boats known as Sardellere,
&c, &c.

When fishing is carried on without defined aim, it is called pesca vagantiva ;
pesca al memio, or pesca minuta, is when the fishing is limited to small fish of
little or no value {ininutaja).

Deep-sea fishing is called pesca da mar, such as is exercised by the
Chioggiotti ; pesca da marina is fishing from the shore ; pesca da valle, such
as is practised by the valesani in the valli (fish-ponds), especially in the
season of the fraima. Those that fish at random in the lagoons are called
mestieretti, or pescaoreti.

Sardine Fisheries.

It is necessary to supplement the description given at pages 100 and 114
by a few remarks. The single hauls made by the drift-nets are much
smaller than those of the seine-nets! They seldom exceed 40-50 casks in
the first instance, whereas hauls of 500 and even 700 casks are occasionally
made by the seine-nets. In Dalmatia the fisheries are carried on only on
the dark nights {scuri). In Istria the fishing goes on also by moonlight.
The scuri from May to September are known as the scuri pi'incipali. Then
the fishing is carried on promiscuously off the islands of Lissa, Lesina,
Brazza, and Curzola. The scuri before May and after September are called
venturini. In this season the fishermen are. only allowed to exercise their
calling in their own fishing districts.

The fishermen of Comisa (western Lissa) are chiefly engaged in these
fisheries, and they export 10-12,000 casks of salted sardines a year. After
a mild winter the first shoals of sardines put in an appearance in the South
Adriatic at the beginning of March, and at this season the fishermen of

T

138 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Comisa are already on the watch for fish at the more distant poste off the
island of Pela^osa.

The groups (Broschettt) consist of four nets. The nets vary from
40-100 fathoms in length, 12-18 fathoms depth of bag, the wings measuring
4 fathoms in depth. The Croat names used in Dalmatia are as follow : —
the seine-net is called Mrjeza srdeljna ; the bag, Gaja ; the mouth of the
bag, Gose ; the wings, Krilo. One of the drag-ropes is called usa prva ; the
other, usa zatega ; they are kept at the surface of the water by means of
small casks.

The iron basket, carried by the boat, Gaeta (see page 100), for fuel, is
called Svitalo ; the fuel itself, Luc. The third boat, which is used for landing
the fish, is called Ciglarica. While the fishing is going on, a fire is kept
burning on the shore to serve as a landmark : this fire is called palak. The
weighted line (skandaj), used on board the Gaeta (see page 100), has a hollow
pumpkin (tikva) to sustain it in the water.

The fuel required is a considerable item of expense. Fifteen cubic m.
are used for each net during the twenty scuri of each month, thus making
75 m., or 375 florins for the season, at 5 florins per metre. Thirty tratte
from Lissa consume 2,250 cubic m. in the course of the season at a cost of
10,000 florins; and eighty tratte, hailing from Lesina, 6,000 cubic m. at an
expense of 27,000 florins. The devastation of the forests caused by these
requirements accounts for the rise in prices from i^fl. to 5 fl. per cubic m.
On the island of Lesina alone 50,000 trees are felled every year for the
purpose of these fisheries. Supplies are also drawn from Curzola {Corcyra
nigra of old, thus called on account of its dense forests), Lagosta, Lissa,
Brazza, Meleda, &c. The wood used is the Pinus maritima (Croat, morski
bor), Juniper us oxycedrus (Croat, smrc), Juniperus pJioenicea (Croat, gluhai),
and Juniperus macrocarpa (Croat, puk). Common fir- wood (zappino) is also
imported from Apulia, the demand exceeding the local supply.

Division of Profits.
The division of the yield of the seine-fisheries amongst the fishermen is
deserving of notice. It varies according to locality and season. During the

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 139

venturing i.e., out of the regular season, half of the proceeds goes to the
master {padrone), and half to the crew, each supplying his own victuals, and
the padrone the wood for lighting. During the regular season, from May to
September {senri prineipali), the partition is of a more complicated descrip-
tion. The padrone provides bread and wine for the crew for the twenty
nights {senri), and the firewood for lighting. After each day's haul, ten
per cent, is equally divided on the spot amongst the crew, and three and
one-third per cent, between the direttore della tratta and the vogatore (rower).
The former is the master of the seine, and the latter the master of the
Ga'eta, with whom rests the responsibility of finding out the shoals, and
leading the craft to a convenient place for making the haul, by means of the
artificial light he carries on board.

This first division is known as the porzione piccola (small share).

At the end of the twenty nights' fishing in each month of the scuri
prineipali the accounts are made up, and the net proceeds are divided into
twenty-six shares. Of these four go to the owners of the net, one share to
the owners of each of the three boats enofaQfed in the fisheries, and one share
to the Church for the privilege of being allowed to fish on Sundays and feast-
days, in virtue of a Bull of Pope Alexander III. The remaining eighteen
are equally divided amongst the crew, including the master {direttore). Thus,
if, as is sometimes the case, the direttore happens to be at the same time the
padrone, or owner of craft and gear, he receives altogether eight shares.

The cost of outfit, i.e., bread, wine, and firewood, is deducted from the
proceeds before the final distribution takes place, so that, in fact, everybody
bears his share. But, if no catch is made during the month, the padrone,
who provides for the outlay in the first instance, has to bear the whole
loss, as the expense cannot be carried over to the next month's account.
On the other hand, the padrone has the advantage, that the crew is
obliged to sell him its share of the catch at about ten shillings a barrel, or
half the market value, the difference being supposed to defray the cost of
curing and packing. The crew retains for its own use only one barrel for
every ten barrels thus sold to the padrone. If the direttore is not at the
same time padrone, he receives from the latter a gratuity.

T 2

Ho THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

This is the mode of partition in vogue off the islands of Lissa, Lesina,
Brazza, and Curzola, where the principal sardine fisheries are carried on.

At Trieste, Cattaro, Giuppana, Calamotta, and Sebenico, the padrone
generally receives half, the other half being equally divided amongst the
crew.

At Pola one-sixth falls to the share of the owner of the craft, one-sixth to
the owner of the seine, one-sixth to the master (direttore), and one-half is
equally divided amongst the crew.

At Spalato the padrone is in the habit of receiving seven shares; the crew
of three men each two shares ; the boat which carries the fresh fish to market
two shares, and the master (direttore) two shares ; together, seventeen shares.
The direttore likewise receives a weekly pay of fifty soldi (ten pence).

At Gravosa two-thirds fall to the share of the owners of craft and gear,
and one-third to the crew.

At Curzola five shares go to the owner of the net, one share to the boat,
and one share to each man of the crew, including the master (direttore).

At Zara and along the Hungarian-Croatian littoral the crew, as a rule, is
paid fixed daily wages and finds its own victuals : the wages vary from one
shilling to two shillings and sixpence a day according to the season.

In the case of the drift-net fisheries (voigari), carried on chiefly off the
coast of I stria, the accounts are made up at the end of the season, the value
of the fish being calculated at export prices current at the time. After
deducting the cost of victuals supplied to the crew by the padrone and the
cost of salt and barrels for curing purposes, the balance is divided into
sixteen shares, of which the padrone receives three, the master (dij^ettore)
three, and each of the five men two shares.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

141

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FISH-MARKETS.

Description.

HE most interesting fish-market on the I stro- Dalmatian coast
in respect to the variety of submarine produce exposed for
sale is that of Spalato ; next in order come Trieste,
Rovigno, Fiume, Zara, the others being pretty well on a par
with one another.

Out of a total of 1 18 different species of produce brought
to market in 1878, the respective official figures were : —
Spalato, 95; Trieste, 78; Rovigno, 70; Pola, 56; Zara, 55; Lussinpiccolo
and Ragusa, 54; Megline, 38. Of Fiume there are no data.1

Each market has its speciality at certain seasons ; for instance, Fiume,
the Scampi (Norway Lobster) ; Zara, a great variety of Crustaceans, amongst
which is the Rock Lobster {Palinurtts vulgaris); Sebenico, the Dentale della
corona (Dentex gibbosus), whilst at Spalato the Pelamid and Lichia {Lizzd)
are very abundant. Trieste being the best market, most of the specialites of
other markets are sent there for sale, for instance, the Scampo of Fiume, the
Tunny of Croatia, and the Rock Lobster from Dalmatia, &c.

As a rule, the most valued of the Adriatic fishes are the Basse (Bramm),
the Dentex {Dentale), the Surmullets (Barbone and Triglia), the Red, or
Spanish Sea-bream (Ribone), the Gilt-head (Orada); these are always more
or less common, especially in autumn and spring. The summer fisheries

1 The well-defined, prevalent species which, according to the official statistics, appear in the
Adriatic fish-markets, may be given at ten crustaceans, thirty mollusks, and about ninety fishes,
excluding the larger sharks, and uniting under one name various species of the same genus.

142 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

yield the Mackerel (Scombrd) and its relatives the Tunny [Ton), the Pelamid
(Palamidd), and the plain Bonito (Tombarelld), the latter being only occa-
sionally met with. To these must be added the Lizza (Lichia amid). Of
the flat-fish tribe, occur the Turbot (Rombo), the Brill (Suazo), and the Sole
(Sfoglia), which are most prevalent and best for eating in the autumn and
winter months. Of the Herring family, are the Pilchard (Sardella), the
Anchovy (Sardon), and the Papalina or Sardellina (Clupea papalina), which
belong to the yield of the summer fisheries. Pilchard comes early and late
in summer ; Anchovy in autumn. These are all, more or less, to be classed
among the prime fish, Pesce nobile or fino.

Amongst the second class of fish, known as Pesce ordinario, or salvatico,
are included the five species of Mugilidce, or Grey Mullet tribe ( Volpina,
Cievolo, &c): they are almost always in the market, and in Fiume they are
distinguished by the vulgar names of vietja, divi, pravi, bon. Besides these
are the two Scorpions (Scarpend), two Gurnards (Lucerna, Anzoletto), four
Weevers (Ragno), the Star-gazer (Bocca in cad), some of the better of the
Serranus tribe, the Cantharus orbiailaris, the Bogue (Bobbd), the Oblata
melanura (Occhiadd), the Sargtcs Rondeletii (Sargo), the S. annularis (Spare),
the Meagres and Umbrina (Corbo), the John Dory (Pesce San Pierre), the
Horse Mackerel (Suro, Saron), some of the better class of Gobies not
included amongst the class of Minutaja (mixed fishes), most of the Cod tribe
(Gadidcd), the Whiting (Molo da pai'angolo), the Poor, or Capelan (Pesce
nio/e, Busband), the Hake (Asinello, Merlnzzd) and the Rock Ling (Mare
dei gronghi). Of the flat-fish tribe is the Citharus linguatula (Pataraccid)
besides the Gar-pike (Angosigold) ; and the Conger-eel (Grongd). The
Shark tribe supplies the Spiny Dogs (Assia), which are not despised even
by the better class ; and the Ray, the Thornbacks (Razza spinosa) and Raja
miralctns (Quattr occhi).

The third class of fish, known as Pesce populo, comprises the minutaja,
or misto (mixed fish), the Mendole (Menole, Maride, Garizzd), the Can-
tharus vulgaris (Cantard), the Box Salpa (Salpd), the Charax ptmtazzo
(SpizzOy Pesce morti), the common kinds of Gurnards (Anzoletti), the genus
Stromateus (Pesce jigo), the common kinds of Gobies {Guatti), and Blennies

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 143

(Gaf/ont$o/c), the Anglers (Rospi), the Atherines (Angucle), the Red Band-
fish [Pesce cordchi), the Heliastes chromis [Pesce fabbro), the Wrasses [Liba,
donzella), and, generally speaking, the Sharks and Rays, amongst the latter
the Electric Ray {Tremolo).

The smell of the Sharks is anything but agreeable ; they are at once
gutted, and the bowels thrown away ; the body is cut open lengthways and
the larger fish divided in their breadth ; this is also the case with the Rays,
Tunny, and Pelamid. The entrails of some fish, such as the Grey Mullet,
are a delicacy (like the Woodcock's), and are not extracted.

The Spiny Dogs (Asszd) are the most esteemed amongst the Sharks, and
both the Smooth Hound [Cagnettd) and the Spotted Dogs [Gatte) are often
sold in their stead, although much inferior. The better to deceive purchasers,
they are skinned previous to exposure for sale, only a strip of the dorsal
fin being retained in order to simulate the spine peculiar to the former
species. The oil extracted from the liver of Centrina Salviani [Pesce Pored)
is much valued for healing burns and wounds, and that of the Notidanus is
light and good.

Small Sharks and Rays, Anglers, the Hake and Rock Ling, the Star-
gazers, and John Dorys are common features in almost all markets during
the greater part of the year ; they are most prevalent and best for eating in
winter, when they are brought to market, sometimes in large quantities, by
the Italian trawlers. They find a ready sale among the poorer classes.

Hake caught by the line [Asinello d'amo) is much superior in quality to
that caught in the trawling-nets, and is held a delicacy and preferred by many
people to the Basse. This circumstance, or else the prevalence of this fish
on the Croatian shores, has given rise to the vulgar name by which it is
known at Fiume, Branzin croato, which is applied in a contumelious sense
against the Croats. Specimens are sometimes caught 3 feet in length. A
favourite way of preparing them for the table is to "lard" them with salted
sardines and to broil them in cream. Hake is a spScialitd of the Fiume and
Croatian markets : 125 tons are bought and sold in the course of the year.
The supply of the Austrian markets is only 10 tons. The chief take of Poor
and Whiting extends likewise along the eastern coast as far as Zara. The

144 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

relative figures are: Fiume and Croatian ports, 80 tons; Zara, 140 tons;
and the remaining ports together, 60 tons.

The huge Sharks make their appearance only during the summer heats.
Gurnards are most prevalent in winter and early spring; Weevers, Scorpions,
and the Poor in spring and autumn ; Meagres in spring and summer ;
Gar-pike, Whiting, Horse Mackerel, and Lizza in summer; Mendole and
Conger-eels in summer and autumn. The Cephalopods are never missing
in the markets, and, especially the young ones, are much esteemed as food
in winter. The Cuttle-fish (Seppa), the Octopus (Folpo), and Eledone
moschata are the cheapest produce of the sea, and are favourites with the
lower classes. The flesh of the Squid [Calamard) is sweetish, and hard as
leather ; it is indigestible, even in the best of seasons, yet it is a favourite
with the better classes, to judge by the price it sometimes fetches. Sepiola
Rondeletii {Sepiola) is often served on the tables of the rich, and is not to
be despised.

Among the Crustaceans the Norway Lobster (Scampo) undoubtedly holds
the first rank in the Fiume market ; it is found throughout the winter, from
September to April, when the Italian trawling-boats ply, and it sells, as a
rule, at is. to is. 6d. per kilo, and at 3s. to 4s., exceptionally, for instance,
at Christmas and Easter. In Trieste and Venice it is considered a great
delicacy. The heads are removed for transit, and only the tails are offered
for sale, fetching as much as 10s. a kilo. The common Lobster (A slice) is
common on the west coast of I stria and Trieste, and the Rock Lobster
(Langusle) on the Dalmatian coast ; they are often very abundant in summer,
selling at Fiume and Trieste at is. to is. 6d. a piece. At other seasons they
sometimes fetch as much as 10s. for the inland markets.

Crabs are not much cared for : the larger kinds, such as the Sea-spider
(Granzeole), and the Harry Crab (Granzi), when plentiful, sell at id. or 2d.
each. The Fiume market is very poor in this respect, the variety in other
fish-markets being much greater. Shrimps and Prawns (Skilla, Gambaretld)
are caught in large quantities on the sand-beds near Grado and in the
lagoons of Venice, whence they are brought to market at Trieste.

The rest of the submarine animal produce goes by the name of Frutli di

SHII'-BUILDING, SCOGLIO SAN MARCO.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 145

mar; this term includes all mollusks, such as Oysters {Ostriche), the Solen
siliqua {Cape lung he), the Rock-borers (P/iolas dactyl us) and the Date Shell
(Dattoli), the latter being considered a great delicacy ; likewise the Mussels,
JMytilus edulis {Pcdocchio) and Modiola barbata (Mussoli). The poorer
classes of Trieste and Venice consume a quantity of Pectines, chiefly Pecten
jacobecus {Cape sante), also Area Noce {Cofani di grotto), Cardium rusticum
{Cape tonde), Venus gallina {Peverozze), V. deeussata, Scrobiadaria piperita
(Caparozzoli). Pinna rudis, P. squamosa, P. imtricata {Ashire, or Palostnche),
are also eaten.

Some Sea-snails are regularly sold at Trieste and other markets, such
as Helix sp. (Buovoli) and Murex brandaris {Garusoli), the latter often in
large quantities, overgrown by Actinia effceta. The Murex trunculus is
covered with a kind of slime of the brightest violet colour, from which the
purple of the Roman Caesars was made.

The stranger will be struck in many markets by the appearance of Ascidia
microcosmtis, which looks anything but appetising ; in like manner the Sea
Urchins {Rizzi di mar), Echinus lividus and E. melo, which show signs of
life by the fact of their prickles being constantly in motion. They are
eaten, but only when they are in egg, and in this state they form an
important article of food in all southern waters. They are in season in
winter. Nardo says that they are not consumed at Venice. The most
prevalent is E. lividus, which is abundant, adhering to the rocks just below
the water-mark, and the small E. microtuberculatus. The large violet
E. brevispinosus, Risso, is not so common. It is armed with short white-
tipped prickles, and was formerly considered identical with the northern
species, E. esadentus. An Actinia (A. cereus) is also consumed by the poor
classes at Trieste and at Nice, whence Risso has called it A. edulis.

Besides the foregoing produce, which is common to most fish-markets,
and is more or less prevalent according to the seasons in which each parti-
cular species occurs, there are other species, which form the exception.
The latter are looked upon as curiosities, and find their way into the hands
of the ichthyologist, if he be lucky, or, as is more frequently the case, they
are sold together with the other commoner kinds of fish without any special

u

146 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

distinction. Amongst these may be mentioned the dusky Serranus {Cherne),
the Stone Basse, the Sebastes impei'ialis, the Flying Gurnard {Rondinella),
the Spet {Pescke schermo), and the Scabbard -fish [Spada argentind), which
has been caught after a hurricane off Zaole ; also the Hair-tail, the Atlantic
Bonito, the Germon and the Pilot-fish {Fan/and), which occasionally enters
the ports in the company of vessels; the Remora, attached to the bronchial
aperture of sharks, tunny, and sword-fish ; the Black-fish {Cetitrolophus sp.),
Dolphins {Coryphama sp.), Ray's Sea-bream and Ausonia Cuvieri {Pesce
gallo), a specimen of which was caught near Trieste in December, 1879,
weighing 50 kilos, the first time since twenty years ago, when one was
caught at Muggia ; also the Caranx dentex, the Seriola Dumerilii, the
Derbio {Lizza bastardd), the LicJiia vadigo, the Boar-fish, the Sword-fish
{Pesce spadd), the Ribbon- fish [Pesce fake), the Histiophorus belone, the
Trumpet-fish {Pesce trombetta), besides various of the rarer species of the
Goby, Blenny, Wrasse, Cod, and Flat-fish tribes ; the larger kinds of
Sharks, which only occur sporadically in these waters ; the File and Sun-
fishes, the Needle-fishes, &c, &c. A specimen of Orthagoriscus Planet, the
truncated Sun-fish {Girasol) was caught not long since in the Ouarnero,
likewise a specimen of the Flying-fish (Fxoccetus). To these may be added
the following species, viz., the Hammer-headed Shark, the Notidanus
barbarzts, the Sargus Salviani, the mailed Gurnard, the Coris Giofredi, the
Phycis blennioides, the Phycis mediterraneus, the Pleuronectes platessa, the
My rus vulgaris. The Sturgeon is but rarely met with on the eastern coast,
but a specimen has been caught in a trawling-net in the Quarnero in the
month of October.

The Sea-spider {Grazdole) is seldom to be found in the Fiume market
though common at Trieste. Other kinds of crabs, as for instance, Stenor-
rhynclms phalangium, Xantho Jloridus, Pagurtis sp., Galathea sp., are
occasionally met with. Dromia Rtnnphii and Pinnothcnis veterum are less
prevalent. Amongst the shell-fish, Spondylus aculeatus, Haliotis tuberculata,
Dentahtim entails, Cerithium vulgatum, Turritella communis, Aporrhais pes
pelecani, and Dolium galea, are occasionally to be found, especially so at
Trieste.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 147

Specimens of the Echinoderms Alecto curopcza, Ophiotrix fragilis, Astro-
pecten bispinosus and aui-autiacits, Asteracanthion gelatinosum, and ScJiizaster
canalijcrus, likewise occur.

The large Sea-tortoise, Chclonia atra, is sometimes brought to market in
Dalmatia, specimens of which weigh as much as 80 lb. Small fresh-water
Turtles are sometimes brought by the ship-load from Greece and Albania,
and are much consumed in Fiume and all over Istria, selling at 2d. to 3d.
a piece. They are considered a delicacy.

U 2

i48 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

CHAPTER IX.
METHODS OF CURING AND COOKING FISH.

Curing Pilchards, Anchovies, &c. — Preserving Pilchards, Tunny, Norway-lobster, &c. in- oil. —
Fishes which are smoked, or dried for exportation. — Ways of preparing various fishes and
other produce of the sea for the table.

ALT FISH is prepared chiefly on the west coast of I stria,
at Isola, Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Rovigno, &c, and on the
islands Lesina, Lissa, Lagosta, &c. The curing of Pilchards
and Anchovies is the most extensive ; next in importance
are Mackerel, Horse Mackerel, Gar-fish, Smarts vulgaris.
The Pilchards are, as a rule, slightly salted, and packed
in casks or tubs on board the fishingf craft. On landing
they are sorted and washed in sea-water. Those in good condition are then
packed tightly in small pine casks 18 by 12 inches, about 1 lb. of clean white
salt being spread between each alternate layer of fish. When the cask is
full, a circular piece of wood (fracca), rather smaller than the head of the
cask, is placed on the top of the fish, weighted with a stone of about 2 cwt.,
so as gradually to press out the brine and oil, and by compressing to exclude
the air. The hoops of the cask being loose, the brine and oil drain through
the sides and bottom of the cask. This is called the primo stivaggio.
A fter twenty-five or thirty days the stone is removed ; the brine {Salamoja)
is allowed to run off, the cask is filled up with fish and salt as before, and
re-weighted. This process, called the sccondo stivaggio, or dare il colmo
(colmo = superfluity), is repeated until the fish is sufficiently compressed
(saldo) ; the cask is then closed and brine is poured on the cover until
sold, in order to keep the contents fresh and moist.

This operation is carried on on a stone, or, generally speaking, on a hard

AND THE FISH THEREOF. I49

and waterproof ground- floor, built on a slant so as to allow the brine to run
oft* by gutters made for this purpose in the floor, into a well or cistern, for
further use in moistening the fish. The liquid fat or oil which floats on the
water is put in casks and sold to leather-dressers. The due degree of
saltness of the brine is ascertained by means of a raw hen's egg ; if it sinks,
more salt must be added.

The number of fish contained in each cask is marked on the outside ;
thus: + = i,ooo; =f- = 1,500; =fi = 1,700; >zf-= = 1,750; =£
= 2,000. A cask contains from 1,200-2,200 Sardines, or 400 Mackerel.

Three to five months after salting, the fish is in proper condition for
consumption ; well-cured fish keeps for two or three years ; the colour
becomes dark-red, the smell aromatic, and the flavour spicy. In commerce
a pointed stick, or skewer, is stuck into the midst of the fish in order to see
whether the fish is in good condition, which is ascertained by the smell ; this
is called speronare il pesce.

The fish caught by the seine-nets {Tratte) do not cure as well as those
caught in the drift-nets {Rett d' imbrocco), being more or less damaged by
pressure and devoid of scales ; hence the latter are preferred for curing
purposes.

Anchovies (Sardoni) and Smarts sp. (Menole) are preserved in like
manner, chiefly in small tubs, but not so durably, on account of the easier
access of the air.

The pine wood of which the casks are made comes from Croatia and
Bosnia; a cask costs 80 soldi, = is. 4d. ; a tub, 30 soldi, = 6d. The salt
used for a cask, say about 40 lb., is supplied by the Government monopoly
at half the usual price charged, say 4 fl. to 4*65 fl. per 100 kilogr., = 6s. 8d.
to 7s. 6d.

The curer and packer is, as a rule, also the fisherman. When this is
not the case, he pays the fisherman 9-12 fl. (15S.-20S.) for the fresh fish
requisite for one cask, say 1,500 larger, or 1,600 smaller fish. The cask of
cured fish sells at 15-22 fl. (25s. to 36s. 8d.). The retail price is one soldo
a piece, or 5-6 for a penny. A tub of salt fish contains 22 kilos, for which
8 kilos of salt are required. The packer pays 3-5 fl. for the fish (5s. to

150 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

8s. 4d.), and sells the cured fish at 6-7 fi\ (ios.-iis. 8d.), the retail price
being 2-5 fish a penny (1-2 soldi a piece).

The labour of salting and packing is carried on chiefly by women, for
which service they receive, as a rule, 5 soldi (id.) per mille pilchards, and one-
half of the damaged fish and of the pressed fat gained from the process of
curing. Some are paid as much as 1 2 soldi per mille ; the foreman receives
25 fl. per month during the curing season, and 10 fl. per month up to the
time of sale. Rovigno, in I stria, is the principal place of this industry,
which is, on the whole, flourishing, though the export to Italy has decreased
since 1866. The produce was 3,600 casks in 1872 ; that of Pirano was
1,400 casks Sardelle, and 600 tubs Menole, in 1870. This industry seems to
have declined since the former century. The Venetian Senate assigned to
the Commune of Rovigno an annual allowance of 580 tons of salt in 1753.
This is sufficient for curing 30,000 casks after deducting a third for domestic
purposes. Dalmatia exports from 30,000-50,000 casks of salt fish a year ;
Lissa, 10,000 casks.

Meanwhile a new industry has sprung up at Barcola, Duino, and Grado,
consisting in curing the Pilchards in oil, after the fashion of the Sardines de
Nantes, in small tins and casks. Lissa exports 500 small casks of Sardines in
oil, and 3,000-4,000 tins, of which 2,500 are Sardines, 1,000 Anchovies, and
500 Mackerel. The fish is bought at 3-4 florins (5s. to 6s. 8d.) per 1,000, the
drift-net fish being preferred to the seine-net fish. The heads are cut off and
the fish gutted. They are next washed, put in baskets and strewed with salt.
After a lapse of eight hours, they are washed in sea- water and exposed to the
sun to dry on small gridirons. If the weather is damp, they are put in a
drying-room. They are then put into large kettles and cooked in oil heated
by means of steam. During the latter process they remain on the gridirons,
by means of which they are put into and extracted from the kettles. They
are then brought on to large tables, covered with zinc plates, and there
packed into tins of 6, 7, 8, 12, 20, 2>°> and 50 fish. The open tins are put
into a large tank which is filled with oil, and in which they remain twenty-
four hours, so as to allow the oil time to soak the fish. The surplus oil is
then drained off by means of a tap, and the tins are taken out and soldered.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 151

The closed tins are then boiled for a few hours, in large kettles, at a
temperature of 2120 F. The tins are then examined for leakage, and the
sound ones are packed in cases. The tins are made on the establishment,
the tin-plates being imported from England. The manufacturers receive a
drawback on the tins exported equal to the amount of duty paid on the
tin-plates. They also buy the salt from Government on the same terms as
the common curers. The oil is imported from Italy or France, paying a
duty of 5s. per 100 kilogr., the inland oil from Istria and Dalmatia not being
sufficiently clean for the purpose ; a process for filtering the oil is also
adopted. The empty tins cost from 8-20 soldi (ifd.^d.) a piece, according
to size. The Sardines in tins are sold at Trieste, the small ones at 30 soldi
(6d.) ; those containing 12, at 45 soldi (c^d.) ; 20, at 60 soldi (is.) ; and 30, at
1 fl. (is. 8d.).x

The success of this new industry, which is daily assuming larger pro-
portions, and bids fair to supplant the common method of curing, is due to
Mr. Carl Warhanek, who first tried this process at Fiume in 1861, and then
removed to Gelsa, on the island of Lesina. The high import duties on the
oil and tins in Dalmatia forced him to renounce Gelsa, whence he removed
to Barcola (S. Bortolo), near Trieste, where, at length, his venture met with
well-earned success. In 1872 he extended his establishment to Grado. The
establishment at San Bortolo has since been abandoned, and new factories
have been started at Duino, I sola, and Rovigno. A similar establishment,
started at Fiume about the year 1870, proved unsuccessful, for what reason
it is difficult to say. Besides the Sardine, the Norway Lobster (Scampo) and
the Tunny {Ton) are preserved in oil at Duino.

On the islands of the Quarnero and in South Dalmatia many kinds of
submarine animals, — chiefly Cephalopods, Conger-eels, Sharks, Rays, some-
times also the Basse and Gilt-head, — are split up along the belly, the soft
parts extracted, and the flesh either simply dried in the sun, or slightly salted
and smoked and kept for winter food. The Cephalopods are also exported

1 As the florin is subject to constant fluctuations, the value in sterling can only be given
approximately ; throughout, the florin, Austrian currency, has been taken at is. 8d.

152 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

to Greece, but this article is of a very inferior quality. Conger-eels, Gilt-
head, Mackerel, Red Mullet, Dentex, and Grey Mullet are smoked in
Dalmatia and I stria.

The roe of the Grey Mullet is extracted, smoked separately, and sold
under the name of Bottarga, the botargo of our Elizabethan writers. This
is the chief occupation of the fishermen of Trappano and Makarska, who are
engaged in the Grey Mullet fisheries at the mouths of the Narenta in the
months of October and November. The catch at Trappano is 15 tons of
fish, producing 300 kilogr. of roe ; the fish is eaten on the spot.

In some parts, especially in the piccolo mare of Taranto, the Red Mullet
{Barb 011) is sometimes so fat, especially at the time of the new moon, that it
falls to pieces when cooked, and has, therefore, to be cooked wrapped up in
a piece of paper.

Sea Urchins are eaten raw ; Anemones are fried in oil ; Crabs are either
simply boiled and the flesh eaten with finely-cut garlic and parsley, or else
the water, in which they have been partly boiled, is poured off, and the flesh
stewed in vinegar and oil, and seasoned with garlic, parsley, pepper, &c. ; or,
after being well washed and sprinkled with salt, they are fried in oil.
Mussels are generally stewed in their own water in addition to salt and
oil, or else fried with bread-crumbs, parsley, oil, and pepper, lemon-juice being
added. A soup is also made by boiling them in their own water, water and
bread being added, or else olive oil with as much rice as may be needed,
with a seasoning of garlic, parsley, and pepper. Periwinkles are first boiled,
extracted from the shell by the aid of a pin, and eaten either with salt alone,
or dipped in a broth of oil, pepper, and salt.

Cephalopods, when large, are boiled and eaten in a broth of vinegar and
oil well seasoned with pepper and salt ; the Octopus has first to be well
beaten, on account of its toughness ; the smaller ones are generally fried in
oil and are a favourite dish, especially in winter. The favourite way of eating
all kinds of fish is in a broth made of the water in which they have been
boiled, to which oil is added and a seasoning of garlic, parsley, and pepper
This mode of cooking is called brodetto, and, as a rule, it is eaten with a
great deal of rice. The Stock-fish (bacca/d) is eaten in this way, and is a

GULF OB' BUCCARI, PORTO Rfe.

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 153

favourite dish on fast-days. Otherwise, fishes are boiled, dipped in oil and
grilled, or fried in oil with bread-crumbs, much the same as in other countries,
the only difference being that oil is substituted for butter. Some fishes
(Hake, for instance) are " larded " with salt sardines and broiled in cream.
The livers of large Sharks are boiled down, as in Iceland, for oil, mostly
" Cod-liver oil."

154

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

CHAPTER X.
STATISTICS.1

Proceeds of the fisheries. — The Austrian fishing fleet ; its distribution on the coast. — Yield of the
Istrian, Hungarian-Croatian, and Dalmatian fisheries. — Recapitulation. — Share of the
Italian boats. — Statistics of the Austrian sea-fisheries; ditto of the Hungarian sea-fisheries. —
Total yield. — Craft belonging to the Hungarian-Croatian seaboard. — Imports and exports
of fish. — Fish sold in the Fiume fish-market.

HAVE mentioned how difficult it is to collect reliable
statistical data on the subject of the fisheries, wherefore they
can at best be given approximately, and, as a rule, it must
be assumed that they are under-stated. Professor Schmarda
estimates the value of the Austrian fisheries at three and a
half million florins, including the valli c/imse, or fishing
ponds of the lagoons. This comprises, however, the
fisheries of the coast of Venice, which at the time belonged to Austria,
consisting of about 1,000 boats of 6,000 tons burden and a crew of 5,000
men, but which now belong to Italy. In 1864, before the cession of Venice
by Austria, the Austrian fishing fleet comprised 2,340 boats of about 10,000

1 The statistics of the Austrian sea-fisheries are compiled with commendable exactitude and
completeness, and, what is more, they are regularly published in the "Austria," a statistical
periodical of the Austrian Ministry of Commerce. Strange to say, this state of things bears a
favourable comparison to England, where it is a matter of great difficulty, not to say of impossi-
bility, to attain anything like exhaustive data on the subject of the British sea-fisheries ; and this
is the more remarkable, considering their great national importance, representing, as they do, a
value of something like twelve millions sterling, and probably more. Even Ireland has her
Inspectors of fisheries and Scotland her Fishery Board, both of which publish statistics in their
reports to Parliament, but these relate almost entirely to the salmon fisheries. As to the sea-
fisheries of Great Britain, it appears that the Board of Trade has no official statistics on the

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

155

tons, and a crew of 8,000 men. On the cession of Venice, in 1867, it fell
to 1,296 boats, of 3,892 tons and 2,571 crew.

The following table shows to what extent the Austro- Hungarian fishing
fleet has increased during the ten years 1 868-1 877 : —

Year. Number of Boats.

Tonnage.

Crew.

1868

1,269

1,859
1,880

3,799
4,967
4,992
3,802

5,533
5,670
5,688

5,787
6,056

5,877
6,397

4,049
5,228
5,322
4,303
7,H7
7,196
7,264

7,341
7,400

7,489
8,544

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

!,349
1,894

i,952

i,959
1,966
1,990
2,004
2,184

In 1872 the distribution of the fleet was as follows : —

Boats.

Tonnage.

Crew.

Gorizia, Gradisca

65
508

73

1,248

292
1,678

187
3,376

254

i,953

248

4,662

Istria, Islands of the Quarnero

Hungarian-Croatian littoral

Dalmatia and islands

Total

1,894

5,533

7,n7

subject. It is to be hoped that the International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883 may serve to do
something to remedy this deficiency. The Hungarian statistics fall short in completeness and
clearness of those of the sister country, and they are not published ; but, then, her fisheries are of
small significance, and people here are only beginning to awaken to the fact of the importance of
the sea-fisheries if properly carried on, and of the vast amount of capital swimming in the seas,
which they only have to stretch forth their hands to secure. Improved railway communication
may contribute in a main degree to improve this state of things, for hitherto the great drawback
has been the want of market for the sale of the yield in excess of the local consumption.

X 2

156 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

or an average of rather less than three tons and a crew of four men per craft,
which has since remained unchanged.

i. The average yield of the Istrian fisheries, including Trieste, Gorizia,
and the islands of the Quarnero, Veglia, Cherso, and Lussin, may be given
at between three and three and a half million kilogr., valued at about 600 to
650 thousand florins, of which about one-half is consumed on the spot,
three-fifths of the prime and two-fifths of the ordinary being exported.
The proportion of prime and ordinary varies according to the yield of the
Sardine fisheries, the proportion of prime being larger when the Sardine
fisheries are favourable ; in average years it may be taken at two-fifths
prime and three-fifths ordinary. The neighbourhood of Trieste and Venice
facilitates the sale, and the market is extending rapidly in consequence of the
railway communication, the value of which will only in course of time be fully
appreciated by those engaged in the fishing trade. At present it is looked
upon as a luxury to send fish by rail inland, but the time will come when the
inland markets will look for their supply of sea fish with the same regularity
as of meat. This is the case in other countries, and it will be the case here
sooner or later ; indeed, signs are not wanting even now that the local supply
suffers under the innovation ; and, as the supply of fresh fish in Austria is
largely supplemented by the importation of salt fish, there is no doubt that
fresh sea fish will, in course of time, find its way to those inland markets
best able to pay the higher prices. Even nowadays sea fish from Trieste is.
sometimes to be had at Vienna at lower prices than at Trieste. About
two-thirds of the take is consumed or exported in a fresh state, whilst
one-third, and sometimes more, is salted ; this depends on the catch of
Mackerel {Scombri), Spanish Mackerel (Lanzardo), Menole, and Maride,
which are salted in seasons of large takes.

In normal years it may be assumed that the fish cured by salting consists
of two-thirds of Sardines, one-sixth of Anchovies, one-twelfth of Menole,
and one-twelfth of Mackerel, Spanish Mackerel [Lanzardo), Maride, and
Tunny-fish.

2. On the Hungarian-Croatian littoral Tunny predominates, hence also

AND THE FISH THEREOF. I57

the proportion of prime fish ; the yield of the Tunny fisheries is liable to
great fluctuations, thus : —

in 1877 68,140 kilogr.; value, 26,271 florins;

in 1878 I57.II3 » » 79.462

in 1879 87,068 „ „ 34,828

The average yield for eight years was 122,000 kilogr. ; value, 60,000 florins.
The total yield of the fisheries in the said years amounted to : —

in 1877 744,374 kilogr.; value, 144,217 florins;

in 1878 927.474 » „ 228,874

in 1879 529.508 „ „ 143.197

The average yield for eight years was 778,000 kilogr. of fish and 31,000
crabs; value, 152,000 florins. The share of the Italian fishermen was
between one-fourth and three-fifths of the total catch : — ■

1877 198,187 kilogr.

1878 272,402 ,,

i879 319.978 »

The ordinary fish is consumed on the coast; whereas the prime, and
more especially the tunny-fish, is much exported to the neighbouring markets
and to Italy, in a fresh state. The proportion of salted fish was formerly
higher than in I stria on account of the want of railway communication, but
this has since changed in favour of this coast.

*&"

3. Dalmatian Coast and Archipelago. — Average total, 5,500,000 to
6,000,000 kilogr. ; value, 1,400,000 florins. The value suffers from want of
markets and railway communication ; and this tells most on the value of the
prime, which elsewhere is exported in a fresh state. Two-fifths consist of
prime and three-fifths of ordinary. The local consumption is large, owing
to the long extension of coast and the poverty of the inhabitants, whose

158

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

nourishment consists in a great degree of fish ; hence it may be taken that
the ordinary fish is consumed entirely on the coast, and that the total local
consumption amounts to two-thirds of the whole take. The greater part of
the prime (including sardines) is salted for export to Trieste, Italy, and
Genoa.

Exportation of salt fish from Dalmatia.

Casks of 50 kilogr.

Value in Florins.

24,649
33,269
37,452
50,476
54,594
33,276
32,730

394,384
532,304
599,232
807,616

873,504
532,4l6
523,680

1870

187c .,

x876

t877

1878

If we recapitulate, we arrive at the following figures : —

total catch, say, 10,000,000 kilogr. ;
value 2,100,000 florins;

or an average price of 21 soldi per kilo. This is, however, probably a
minimum estimate. I should be inclined to put it at 2,500,000 florins, if
not more.1

The share of the Italian fishermen in the Austrian-Hungarian fisheries,
according to the official statistics for the year 1878 to 1879, is as follows : —

1 Part of the foregoing information is taken from Count Marazzi's report, but I have been
obliged to demur to his concluding figures ; Count M. puts the total yield at 5,750,000 kilogr.,
which is too low; and the value at 5,690,000 francs, which, proportionately to the quantity
given, is much too high ; but it must not be forgotten that Count M. had not to hand the official
statistics that are now published.

Statistics of the Austrian Sea-Fisheries.
(Published by the Statistical Department of the Austrian Ministry of Coi

Harbour Master's
Districts.

Material used.

Fisher-

engage.l.

Catch.

Craft.

Gear.

Local Consumption.

Number.

I Value in
k''°gr- florins.

Number. Value, fl.

Number.

Value, fl.

Number.

Kilogr.

From 23 April to 22 October, 1877.

1.745
82,198
472.079
24.S68
1. 577.691
■29,258
1.398

1,435.147
3S2.944
143.676
304,426
1,769,348
2,069,868
273.573
38,600

160,766
90,443
47,395
62,398
391,990
421,394
55.619
■4,901

482

■47
232
362
739
306
23

196,490
63,360

■43.309
43.300
66,683

■ 69,322
65,640
5.450

228,946
■43,856
44,494
69,987
■ 50,825
212,942
106,027
6,778

2,13'
979
705
926
1,700
3,587
904
■30

1,745

3L454

■32,779

22,797

1,551,368

124,150

1,880

?

327,380
150.263
■32,656
■ Sl.ou
1,608,67s
3i5,484
■23,274
38,600

Rovigno

8
I

74"
600
892
531
8.9

Lussinpiccolo...

Raeusa

Megline

Total

33

2,289,237

n. 53°

4S.S92

276,420

4.901

3.363. 5«S

309,316

758

2,000

6,417,582

1,244,906 2,495 753,554

From 23 October, 1877

36,943 963.857
to 22 April, 1878.

11,062 ■

1,865,173

2,877,346

524.394
214,360
252,894
95,890
1,919,171
737,183

2S2.2I2
■8,530

I03,9I3
66,885
58,820
■9,977
479,443
"3.502
44.779
8,659

673
■65
■ 47
217
363
580
309

■95.336
96,240

143,870
56,440
76,667

■53,337
69, 262
2,000

24,023

7,201

7.987
1,681

1,614

2,467

1,561

233

214,662

64,415
■■7,577

48,768
■53,706
■07,478

88,667

6,980

2,115
746
6.5

S47

2)519
1,076

11.530

7,792

7S.770

4,901

3-l8o,473

3oS,3l6

596

■91,870
■34,334
146,394

78,070

■.737,958

617,604

142,876

■8,530

Lussinpiccolo...

Total

4,017,405

4,044.634 "

895,978 13

2,466 8
From 2.

775,152"
April to 2

46,857 '•

2 October,

802,253"

IS7S.

9,228 •

3,594,378 3,067,636

7.550
42,946
1.239,729
5.030
l.S45.>39
90,118
1,461
2,400

772,787
475,856
"6,559
355.4S4

■ ,565,658

■ ,825,Sl0

32S.945
42,460

165,548
■04.332
4",854
77,155
404,408
341,563
66,505
■ 5,6oi

716
148

146

357
720
314
15

244, 240
8. ,7.0

100,690
50,540
7S.703

162,664
68,540
3.000

31,388
7,067
4.363
1,680
■ ,416
3.092
■,470
■9

400,435
69,522

71,433
63,545
■ 52,079
2oS,4iS
103,525
6,750

2,459

981

55°

883

1,380

3,556

' 86

18,728

1,096,029

5,030

■ ,7S7,579

89,898

83.498
133.792
■,450,014
574.S78
132,130

Lussinpiccolo ...

Total

3.234.373

5,483,559 "

1,216,966"

2,636*

790,087 5

50,495 '

■,075.707'

10,979 s

3.007,951 I 3,101,292

Notes to the Statistics on the Austrian Fisheries.

The numbers of the different kinds of produce caught are not given in every instance

so that the sum total is not exact.

86 5 Italians.

7 Comprising 60, 130 florins, value of the Italian gear.

12 Comprising ■>.■,'-), ,45 kilus caught by Ital

13 Comprising j.j ,,■■.;■:.- llnrins as [he share

of Italian

iSj Italian craft.

10 Comprising jOi Italian li>hing gear.

11 Comprising 47,510 florins, value of the Italian

l* Comprising 716.7.x) kil<>5 caught by Ital

257.75° florins, value of the Italian craft.

of Italian

■ ,-■-■ I ulian gear.

fishing gear.

craft.

Total amount of Capital Invested fro
Native Capital, florins

r 23 April to 22 October, :

Total florins

)f its actual employment, 1,731,991 florins.

[To face page 15c,.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

159

Summer.

Winter.

Trieste

24,158

10,038

9,601

3,650

14,453
88,247
13,180

14,682

25,143

20,368

4,640

67,586

H7,5I7
10,740

Rovigno

Pola

Lussinpiccolo

Zara

Spalato

Florins

163,327
Total florins...

260,676
163,327

424,003!

but this represents only the fish actually sold on the coast, which Count
Marazzi puts at about the same figure (one million francs2), the excess,
valued at 250,000 florins, being sent direct to Italy. The total value Count
M. puts at 1,626,500 frcs. (600,000 florins), and, making due allowance for
differences of yield and value, I should be inclined to consider this a minimum
figure ; 750,000 florins would probably be nearer the mark.

1 The average for five years is 400,000 florins.

2 See Chapter II., " Chioggiotti."

\Hung.-Cr. Littoral.

i6o

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Statistics of the Hungarian-Croatian Littoral.
1876, 1877.

Districts.

Fiume

Buccari.*...

Portore

Selce

Segna ....
Carlopago.

Italian Fishermen
Tunny Fisheries .

Total

Caught by
Native Fishermen.

Kilogr.

325,753
10,516
15,260
29,361
64,486
32,671

478,047

198,187

68,140

744,374

Caught by
Italian Fishermen.

Kilogr.

198,187

198,187

Value

in

Florins.

91,806
2,268

i,453

3,i94

17,483

1,742

117,946
26,271

144,217

Tunny
Fisheries.

Kilogr.

25,5co
42,000

45°
190

68,140

Value

in
Florins.

9,900
16,300

50

26,271

1877.

1878.

Districts.

Caught by
Native Fishermen.

Kilogr.

Caught by
Italian Fishermen.

Kilogr.

Value

in
Florins.

Tunny
Fisheries.

Kilogr.

Value

in

Florins.

Fiume

423,821
17,850
17,766

23,050
15,472

272,402

132,548
2,764
1,784
9,372
2,944

50,000

101,000

6,H3

16,600

60,600

2,262

Buccari

Portore

Segna

Selce

Carlopago

Italian Fishermen

Tunny Fisheries

497,959
272,402

i57,n3

272,402

149,412
79,462

I57,H3

79,462

Total

927,474

228,874!

1 The average for eight years is officially stated at 152,000 florins,

Statistics of the Hungarian Fisheries

Summer Wii

Summer Winter

Summer Wn

Palsemon rectirostris and Crangon")

Nephrops norvegicus

Hbmarus vulgaris

Maja squinado

Carcinus masnas

Lithodomus lithophagus

Pectunculus glycimeris

Sepia officinalis

Loligo vulgaris

Eledone moschata

Galeus canis

Mustelus vulgaris

Carcarodon Rondeletii

1 Two specimens. a One speciir

Scyllium canicula

Acanthias vulgaris

Raja clavata

Myliobatis aquila

Alosa finta

Alosa major (?)

Clupea sardina

Clupca papalina

Engraulis encrasicholus

Anguilla vulgaris

Conger vulgaris

Merlucius vulgaris

Gadus sp

Solea vulgaris

Platessa passer

Rhombus maximus

Belone acus

Labrax lupus

Exoccetus exilicns

Trachinus draco

Uranoscopus sraber

Mullus surmuletus

Trigla lyra

Scorprena porcus

Serranus cabrilla

Sargus annularis

Sargus vulgaris

Chrysopbrys auratus

Cantharus vulgaris

Charax puntazzo

Box boops

Oblata melanura

Dentex vulgaris

Smaris vulgaris

Mugil cephalus

Scomber scombrus ....

Scomber colias

Thynnus vulgaris

Thynnus pelamys

Zeus iaber

Caranx trachurus
Lichia amia

Gobius jozo

Gobius paganellus ....
Gobius ophiocephalus
Lophius pisi atorius
Delphinus delphis8
1 i hree sp

Total .

4.475
3.547
9,610

2,485

^5°

45°

"5.5°5

ii,So5

•.653

2,642
15.322
350
16,193
6,57o
71,898
11,870
>,658
650

835
.,613

22,400
26,630

6,063

3°
19.93°
2,070
13.617
4,040
280

4,090

23.952

5°
300

585
3.98o
34,57o
2,785
21,645
990

2 1,431

8,900
606

3,285

10,465

2,660

3.1&5

22,400
26,630
6.063

18,125

97o

11,017

4.040

3.S40
23.352

"585

1.175
33.870

2,58s
21,425

496

S05

268

.515

1.740

660

5.890

4,597

1,870

175

3.239

1,314

28,760

4.748

1.330

663

948

99.899 53,955 266,023 71.279 71.91S

AND THE FISH THEREOF. 161

The foregoing table gives the yield of the fisheries on the Hungarian-
Croatian littoral from 25 April, 1878, to 24 April, 1879, showing the total
catch of each principal class of produce, the share of the Italian boats, and
the total market value. The summer season is from 25 April, 1878, to
24 October, 1878; and the winter season from 25 October, 1878, to 24
April, 1879.

The principal produce of the fisheries at Fiume in the order of their
importance are : —

Summer fisheries. — Tunny, Mackerel, Hake, Poor and Whiting, Smarts
vulgaris^ Pilchard, Cephalopods, &c.

Whiter fisheries. — Cephalopods, Pilchard, Norway Lobsters, Anglers,
Rays, Crabs, Eels, Poor and Whiting, Sargus annularis, Sargus vulgaris,
S maris V2ilga7'is, Red Mullet, &c.

Italian fishing craft. — Cephalopods, Pilchard, Norway Lobsters, Poor,
Whiting, Anglers, Rays, Crabs, Eels, Sargus annularis and vulgaris, Hake,
Red Mullet, &c.

The value of the shares taken by the Italian boats is

14,453 florins during the summer season ;
67,586 florins during the winter season ;

total 82,039 florins, divided amongst 38 boats.

If we deduct 500 frcs. per boat for expenses, say 8,170 florins, there remain
73,869 florins, of which one-third share, or 24,623 florins, goes to the owners
of the boats, leaving 49,246 florins to be divided amongst the crews of
152 men. This would give each man a share of 324 florins, an amount which
exceeds all former estimates given.1

An average of three years is, however, more likely to lead us to a due
appreciation of the results of the fisheries carried on by the Italian fishermen.

The Italian boats fishing in Zara waters yielded a much higher average (see page 57).

1 62 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

The value of the produce of the Italian bragozzi in the Ouarnero was

45,583 florins in 1877;
62,652 florins in 1878;
82,039 florins in 1879;

total 190,274 florins for three years,1

to be divided amongst 130 bragozzi and 520 men. Expenses deducted
(26,000 florins), there remain 109,516 florins as the two-thirds share of the
crew, or 210 florins per man. The yield of 182 bragozzi in the Austrian
fisheries in the year 1877-8 (see Statistics) was 342,324 florins;2 deducting
expenses (36,400 florins), there remain 203,948 florins as the two-thirds
share of a crew of 728 men, or 280 florins. Reviewing the figures given
here and elsewhere (see pages 53-57), we may fairly come to the conclusion
that the average share of the Italian fishermen in the Austrian -Hungarian
fisheries amounts to from 200 to 300 florins per man. The average value
of the Italian fishing craft and gear engaged in the Austro- Hungarian
fisheries is 400,000 fl.

In order to arrive at an approximate estimate of the individual share of
the native fishermen, we will take the official statistics to hand, viz.: —

Austrian Fisheries.

Florins.

Summer fisheries... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,216,966

Winter fisheries 895,978

2,112,944
Deduct shares of Italian craft ... ... ... ... ... 342,324

1,770,620s

1 Taking the official average figures for eight years, this would be only 146,000 fl.

2 The official average values for five years are as nearly as possible the same figure.

3 If we take the average yield for five years, this sum would be 1,604,000 fl.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

163

Hungarian Fisheries.

18/6-77

1877-73

1878-79

excluding the produce of the tunny fisheries ..
Deduct share of Italian craft for the said three years . ,

Total for three years ...
Average per annum, 61,818 florins.1

Florins.
117,946
149,412
108,369

375727
190,274

185.453

We thus arrive at a total yield of 1,832,43s2 florins, excluding the share
of the Italian craft and the produce of the tunny fisheries on the Hungarian-
Croatian littoral, which are worked by contractors (see page 65). Some of
the fisheries are worked on the system of shares, such as the sardine seine-
fisheries (see page 139) and the tunny fisheries (see page 165); in other
cases the fishermen are paid fixed wages at the rate of 70 soldi to 1 50 soldi
a day. It is, therefore, difficult to arrive at a fixed valuation of the individual
gain derived from the yield of the fisheries.

The value of the material used, the property of native fishermen, repre-
sents an amount of 1,650,000 florins; one-third of this amount, say 550,000 fl.,
would represent the interest on capital, wear and tear of material, &c. This
would leave a net yield of, say roughly, 1,280,000 fl., or, according to the
lower estimate, 1,130,000 fl., to be divided amongst, say on an average,
10,000 men, more or less, engaged in the fisheries, or 1 13-128 fl. per man.
The gross yield would be from 168-183 fl. per man. This is, probably, the
lowest figure that can be taken. Considering, however, that many of the
fishermen do not devote the whole of their time to fishing but have other
occupations besides, it is easily explained how the average gain of each

1 If we take the average for eight years, this sum would be 78,700 fl.

2 Or, according to the official averages for five and eight years, 1,683,700 fl.

Y 2

164 THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

individual native fisherman falls short of the gain of the Italian fishermen,
who devote the whole of their time to fishing and exercise their calling on
a much more extensive scale, considering the number of men employed and
the capital invested in their craft and gear. The gross profit of the fisheries,
compared with the capital invested, is as nearly as possible ioo °/0 in both
instances.

The yield of the tunny fisheries on the Hungarian-Croatian coast was : —

Florins. Tons.

1876—77 26,271 ... 68

1877—78 79462 ... 157

1878—79 34»828 ... 87

total for three years ... 140,561 ... 312

Average per annum, 46,854 florins; 104 tons.1

The fishermen engaged in the Tunny fisheries on the Hungarian-Croatian
littoral receive from 28 florins to 72 florins per ton, according to circum-
stances, say, an average of 50 florins, or 5,200 florins on 104 tons. If we,
further, deduct rent, 5,000 florins; interest on capital invested, 1,200 florins;
wear and tear and maintenance, 3,000 florins ; sundries, 2,000 florins, there
remains a profit of 30,000 florins to the farmer, — a profit which might be
greatly increased if a system of properly salting the fish caught in excess of
the local demand were introduced.

Note. — This calculation is based on the supposition that all the fish
caught is sold ; but it appears that a great quantity of fish caught in excess
of the local demand is spoiled in transit to other markets, owing to the want
of a proper system of salting; and, whereas the local demand is probably
not more than one-half the quantity which serves as the basis of this
calculation, it is safer not to put the net profit to the farmer at above from
15,000 to 20,000 florins.

1 The average for eight years is 122 tons.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

165

The individual gain of the fishermen employed in the tunny fisheries is
very small ; their share varies from 28 to 72 florins per ton of fish, say, an
average of 50 florins; 186 men are employed in the various Tonnare
on this coast, and their share varies from 20 to 42 florins a season, the
average being 30 florins, or from 5 to 6 florins a month, if we take the
highest figure, 8 florins a month. During the seven months of the year
when the fisheries are at a stand-still, these men have to seek other occu-
pations, for the fisheries afford them but a bare existence during the time
they are actually employed in them.

Table showing the various Craft and Fishing Gear used in Fishing on the
Hungarian- Croatian Littoral during the period from April 25, 1878, to
Api'il 24, 1879, and their relative Value {according to Official Statistics).

Boats.

Number.

Value
per Boat.

Total
Value.

Nets.

Number.

Value
per Net.

Total

Value.

Florins.

Florins.

Florins.

Florins.

(a.) Fin me.

Bragozzi .
(b.) Segna.

Gaete ...
(c.) Biiccari.

Barche ...

Zoppoli ...
(d.) Selce-.

Gaete and
Zoppoli
(e) Portore.

Guzzi

Zoppoli . . .
(f.) Carlopago.

Guzzi

Total

33
6

6

2

32

7
4

10

1,000

300

200
60

80

60
60

60

38,000

I,8oo

1,200
120

2,560

420

240

600

Tratte

Reti

Reti fiochini...
Tonnare

Majo di ferro .

Fishermen \
engaged >•
in fishing j

22

9
IO
IO

7
20

3

850
250
IOO

3
1,200
no
3

18,700
2,250
1,000

3°
8,400

2,200
9

81

32,589

386

io5

44,940

Fish brought to market at Fiume during the winter season of 1 879-1 880.
Weight in kilogrammes ; value in florins.

Description.
Local terms and equivalents.

16.
41.
II.

25-

9-

3°-

35-

23-
20.
14.

40.

iS-

38.
37-
7-
i7-
28.
19.
26.
29.

i3-
1.

5-

2.
27.
12.

6.

4-
36.
24.

3-
18.

3i-
33-
10.

39-
34-

8.

32.
42.
21.
22.

Agoni {Smarts gracilis, Bp.)

Angosigole (Gar-pike)

Anguille (Eels)

Arbori (Red, or Spanish Sea-bream)

Barboni (Red Mullet)

Barracole ( Thornback)

Bobe (Rogue)

Branzini (Rasse)

Calamari (Squid)

Cani (Sharks)

Cantre (Sea-bream)

Cievoli ( Grey Mullet)

Colombi ( Whip, or Eagle Ray) . . .

Dentali ( Toothed Gilt-head)

Folpi (Poulp, Octopus)

Gatti (Spotted Dog-fish)

Girai (Sand Smelts)

Grancevole (Sea-spiders)

Granzi (Harry Crabs)

Gronghi ( Conger-eel)

Menole (Mczna vulg., Smaris vulg.)

Merluzzi (Hake)

Misti (mixed)

Molli (Poor and Whiting)

Occhiade (Oblata melanura)

Orade (Gilt-head)

Rase (Rays)

Rospi (Angler, Frog-fish)

Salpe (Rox salpa)

Sardelle (Pilchard)

Sardellini ( Clupea papalina) . .

Sardoni (Anchovies)

Sarghi (Sargus Rondeletii)

San Pietro (John Dory)

Scampi (Nonvay lobster)

Scarpene (Scorpions)

Scombri (Mackerel)

Seppie ( Cuttle-fish)

Sfoglie (Soles)

Spizzi (Sargus vulgaris)

Tombarelli ( Plain Ronito)

Tonno ( Tunny)

Total

October.

Weight. Value

633

250

3°

1,715

ii,37°
i,95°
4,040

5°
1,240

2,075

20

265

9,93°

70

1,520

5°
,5"

40

385

253

37>427

2,436

148

1,140

31

196

192

6

81
823

17

641

32

495

29

73

150

November.

Weight. Value

7,073

622

95

20

20

210

i5
100

1,610
40

40

45
321

8,405
1,385
3,278

10
1,420
2,200

10

i,!55
47o

839

25

1,086

20

20

77

23,638

60

221
17

16
10

35
2

36

246
6

6

27
64

1,565
210
811

8
210
265

4

ii5

83

37o

16

371
16

5
39

December.

Weight. Value

4,834

40
1,335

355

5°
40

"5

80

35°

810

45
180

255
4,080

723
1,140

95
45°
735

40

280

10
i47

349

20

15

n,739

483
186

30
72
75
32

27
16

81

i,312
186

414

72
108
167

19

"38

4
146

156
*6

4, of

N.B. — The numbers prefixed to the names indicate the order of importance according
to the quantity.

Fish brought to market at Finnic during the winter season of 1879- 1880.
Weight in kilogrammes ; value in florins.

Description.
Local terms.

16.
41.

II.

25-

9-

3°-
35-
23-
20.
14.
40.

15-

38.
37-
7-
17-
28.
19.
26.
29.

13-

1.

5-

2.
27.
12.

6.

4-
36.
24.

3-

18.

3i-
33-

10.

39-

34-

8.

32-
42.
21.

22.

Agoni

Angosigole
Anguille . . .

Arbori

Barboni . . .
Barracole . . .

Bobe

Branzini . . .
Calamari ...

Cani

Cantre

Cievoli

Colombi . . .

Dentali

Folpi

Gatti

Girai

Grancevole

Granzi ,

Gronghi . . ,

Menole

Merluzzi . . ,

Misti

Molli

Occhiade ...

Orade

Rase

Rospi

Salpe

Sardelle . .
Sardellini . .
Sardoni . .

Sarghi

San Pietro

Scampi

Scarpene ..
Scombri . .

Seppie

Sfoglie

Spizzi

Tombarelli
Torino

January.

Weight. Value

155

'i85
973

"67

5°
140

205

3°
20

io5

225

20

1,000
6,300

1,59°
2,162

37
925

1,520

1,485

2,110

60

215

3°

553

5

10

Total 20,177

63

45
455

73
3°
39

i°5

6

16

210

5°
5

164
1,762

333
662

14
520

311

200

242

29

186
14

"258

5
6

5.803

February.

Weight.

380

80

910

93
r5o

16
711

80

10
190

15
360

8,210
2,290

2,375
21

675
1,313
1,820

960

886

865

22,763

Value.

109

202

18

442

64
17
43

12
140

19
6

38

10
7o
868
631
658
6
402
270
380

167

4
460

348

5,39o

March.

Weight.

371
10

655
947

20

61

164

9°

J5i

660

240

9°
278

"46

60

5,234

i,35i

4,969

115
336

1,970
1,621

3,36°

"38

12

821

920

24,590

Value.

192

5
200

553

10

56

104

26

95

177

58
5i
56

27

14
1,617

393
824

39
234
448
287

742

5
659

7,38i

Total.

Weight.

776

10

2,470

265

4,440

95

70

301

432
920

!5

846

30

36

5,611

585

165

468

220

116

1,996

43,599

9,289

17,964

i73
2,091

7,9!3

9,936

60

275

17,795

54o

88

82

4,428

3°

75

5,284

85
10

405

345

Mo,334

Value.

384

5

945

63

2,141

17

40

297

236

218

2

47°

6

28

1,171

J33

89

94

22

7o

393

9,56°
1,901

4,509

59

1,267

i,543
1,491

25

85

2,127

100

25

38

2,462

14

48

2,116

86

6

78

201

34,565

N.B. — The numbers prefixed to the names indicate the order of importance according
to the quantity.

1 68

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Qtiantity and Value of the Imports and Exports of Fish in the
Austrian-Hungarian Empire during the Year 1878.

IMPORTS.

EXPORTS.

Quantity
in 100
kilogr.

Of which
Hungary.

As compared
with 1877.

Quantity
in 100
kilogr.

Of which
Hungary.

As compared
with 1877.

(a.) Fish and Shell- ]

fish, living and >

5>484

318

+ 472

8,628

132

+ 1,571

(b.) Herrings, salt )
and smoked... J

62,759

2,659

+ 14,989

...

(c.) Stock-fish, &c

(d.) Undefined, pre-\
pared and pre- 1
served Caviar, V
Sardines salted

4,943
23*879

275
5.265

- 77
4- 2,004

642

248

— 962

and in oil J

Total

97,o65

8,517

+ 17,388

9.270

38o

4- 609

Value florins 2,

726,036.

Flori

ns 552.406.

Excess of Imports over Expoi

ts ("Quantity 87,795

\ Value florins ..

8,137 + 16,779
■•• 2,173,540.

D

ALMATIA, 1878.

100 kilogr. Value in florins.

14,534

5*677

460,066
113,840

Excess of Exports

8,857

346,226

In the above returns the fish caught by the Italian fishermen and taken
by them direct to Italy is not included amongst the exports : this may be
taken, as has been shown elsewhere, at at least 600,000 francs, or 250,000
florins, or 1 J million kilogrammes at an average price of 20 soldi per kilogr.
The excess of imports over exports is 7,894 tons; value, 1,827,404 fl. ; as
against a yield of the sea-fisheries of 10,000 tons; value, 2,100,000 fl. The

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

169

consumption is, therefore, nearly double the yield of the sea-fisheries. The
conclusion may be drawn that the yield of the sea-fisheries may be easily
doubled without affecting prices.

Austrian Sea-Fisheries.
Annual average for the last five years (1 877-1882), from Official Statistics.

Average

Average

Annual Produce of

Annual Local

Average

Fisheries.

Consumption.

Annual Exports.

s

c
S

0

0

"-> .

•

c

^2 ^

_G <«

u

"C

— n$

.S3 c

.2 s

in

fa is

fa b

<u

0

<u

Description.

a

£

'2,

en

0
0

CD

v 0

<v a

(J •-
tJ". s

a, cc
• >
■~ O

« R
£ °-

.5 0
|8

0 a

£

^2

0
0
5

E

t/)

'J2

0
0
0

c

8

CO

3

aj So

<u

—

0
0

3

0
0

Hi

3

cj

>

0

rt

0 cs

w

>

<

CO

00

M

>

>

Fishes

7,642

1,740

22i

4,740

2,902

Mollusks

955

58

154

58

16

66x

294
26

100

32

Total

8,655

i>952

1,604

348

jnoo

'I'JO

3,444 1

, --^

1 Not including direct exports to Italy effected by Italian fishing-boats engaged in the
fisheries off the Austrian coast.

\JO

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

A ustrian Sea-Fisheries.
Annual average for the last five years (i 877-1 882), from Official Statistics.

District.

a

u

rt
P

.s

ri
O
O

ci
0

0
p

0)

"S
W

.S

<u O

'C ^

<J c!

* e
u j!
,p x

O S
O

Wl 0

'O <~

^ 0

0 <u
p IP

£ s

"° 5

0 j

Pm g

0 *

*J <U

two -K

P rt
S O

Si «

O v^

a °

a a

P —

S.H
*1

O en
i-, <n

CD T3

u <u

0 °

IU

1)

-e

p
p

-S3

'd
O
H

Boats and Gear (native) registered
on the 22nd April, 1882.

Fishermen.

Boats.

Gear.

Total.

Native Fishermen actually
engaged in the fisheries.

P
"3 ■ ■ —

Number of Native Fishermen
per mile of coast extent.

a
1

.a

0

"53

O
O
<D

_£

CD

>

Q

0

a

u
<u

a

p

in

.a

0

CC

O
O

5

.a

>

in

.a
*^

0

cp

O
O
O^

IU

P

>

ril

G<P

P u

C "^

~ .5

E'g

bo

.2 c

3 w
1— 1

0)

u u
<u d

£ to -

75

79

131

329

986

5°5
380
119

4,056

1,676

882

214

726

955
273
235

I

2
4

8
5
3
6

7

304
132

115
70
7l6
482
IO4
28

894
150
150
143
427
793
316

39

189

43
15
27
85
195
68

5

393
91
17
12

23

31

28

1

399

78
37
48

215

216

109

13

588

121

52

75
300
411
177

18

2,022
688
496
665

1,288

3,489
1,060

153

383
318
178

58

86

138

2,636

599

477

517

1,652

3,588

1,246

158

35
8

4
2
2
7
4
1

Pola

Lussinpiccolo...

Total

2,604 750

1,952

2,912 627

595

1,116

i,743

9,861

1,161 10,873

1 1

4

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

171

Government pays for the capture of the shark of the species Carcharodon a reward varying from
20 florins for specimens under 1 metre in length to 100 florins for specimens over 4 m. in length,
if casually caught ; but, if special chase is made after a particular Shark, its capture is rewarded
with 100 florins for specimens from 1 m. to 4 m. in length, and with 500 florins if above 4 m. in
length. Of 53 Sharks sent to the Trieste Museum, from 1872 to 1882, for identification, there
were : —

21 Carcharodon Rondeletii.

23 Lamna Spallanzanii.
2 Odontaspis ferox.

2 Odontaspis taurus.
2 Notidanus griseus.
2 Carcharias lamia.

1 Carcharias glyphis.

These varied in length from 1-46 m. to 5*30 m., 7 were above 4 m. in length, and the largest
Lamna measured 3^50 m.

Specification of the average animal quantity and value of Fishing Craft
and Gear, native and Italian, actually engaged in the Austrian fisheries
[the Hungarian-Croatian littoral excluded) during the last five years
{from Official Statistics).

Fishing
Districts.

Fishing Craft.

Fishing Gear.

Native.

Italian.

Native.

Italian.

Number.

Value in
1,000 Fls.

Number.

Value in
1,000 Fls.

Number
in 100.

Value in
1,000 Fls.

Number.

Value in
1,000 Fls.

Trieste

Rovigno

Pola

Zara

Spalato

Ragusa

Megline

Total

665

155

154
182

315

723

3°5

32

161

44
28

3°

69

164

67
5

89

42

43
1 1
18
32

77
59
81

14
1 1

34

292

81

122

15
l6

31
l8

2

336

79

91

56

171

205

104

11

I31

965
200

3°
37
16

34

9
1 1

3
4
3

2,531

568

235

276

577

i>°53

i>379

64

/ 2

172

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Specification of native Fishing Gear registered on April 22, 1882, on the
Austrian Littoral (Hungarian-Croatian Littoral exc hided).

Description.

A — Drift-nets.

1 . Sardellere

2. Sardonere

3. Agonere

4. Zereri

5. Spironi da verzellate

6. Prostice

7. Bobere

8. Reti da ludro

9. Scombrere

10. Cagnere

11. Squsenere

B — Trammel-nets.

12. Gombine

13. Cerberai

14. Passelere

15. Barbonere

1 6. Saltarelli

C — Set-nets.

17. Pallandare

18. Tonnare

D — Seine, Drag, and Trawling-nets, Szc.

19. Tratte

20. Bragagne

21. Cocchie

2 2 . Tartane

23. Grippi

24. Sciabacche

25. Mussolere

26. Ostregheri

27. Guatte a mano

E — Sundries.

28. Various implements, lines, &c

Total

Number.

Value 1,000
Florins.

13,006

429

635

26

252

16

4

—

240

8

234

8

260

4

209

8

141

12

55

2

1 1,016

24

7,15°

83

43i

6

3,468

92

23

1

12

1

120

90

24

24

1,082

213

5

1

14

3

144

5

70

3

I25

10

16

1 ,

1,01 1

56

19.797

59>5°°

46

1,116

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

173

Specification of the Quantity and Value of the various kinds of Fishes
caught on the Austrian- Littoral {Hungarian-Croatian Littoral ex-
cluded), viz., the average annual yield for the last five years from
Official Statistics.

Description.

> Q

> 3

Description.

w

<u

u,

-0

c

<u

5

0
e

'A

> 9

Pilchard

Red Mullet

Tunny

Maenidse, Smaridas

Coly Mackerel

Grey Mullet

Squid

Basse

Whiting, poor

Anchovy

Conger Eel

Gilt-head

Sargus annularis

Dentex

Pelamid

Box Salpa

Octopus

Mackerel

Oblata melanura

Bogue

Scorpions

Cuttle-fish

Sea-spiders

Rays (the Thornback).

Lobsters

Soles

Gar-pike

407
28

2,077
386

354
1,089
404
227
162
102
198
3i8
no
98
226

9i
100
117
222
to6
101
140
106
170

145

"38
59

432'

131-

I2 23
I764

775
686
637
4?

439
4010

3811

3713

3513

35u

3515

3416
3117

2918
29W
2920

2921
27-
2623
24s24

2225
I926
15

Eels

Black Sea-bream

Horse Mackerel

Italian Flounder

Gobius jozo

Smooth Hound

Spanish Sea-bream

Black Gobies

Clupea papalina

Oysters

Eagle Rays

John Dorys

Sargus Rondeletii

Modiola barbata

Turbot

Picked Dog-fish

Mussels

Atherines

Hake

Norway Lobster

Rays (R. marginata ...
„ R. macrorhynchus
„ R. oxyrhynchus . . .

Spotted Dog-fish

Sting Rays

Gobius paganellus

7i

3.839
569

42
62
80

39
82

54
32
38
60

42
3°
19

n
r9

20

10

9

15

14
1 1

5

T5
13

12

12

1 1

10

9

9

9

8

7
6

5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3

este, 81 fls. ; Rovigno, 42 fls. ; Zara, 33 fls. ; Ragusa, 29 fls. ; Pola, 14 fls. 2 Zara,
ila, 25 fls. ; Spalato, 12 fls. 3 Zara, 86 fls. ; Lussin, 21 fls. 4 Zara, 97 fls. ; Spalato,
5 Spalato, 53 fls.; Zara, 16 fls. 6 Trieste, 34 fls.; Zara, 16 fls. 7 Zara, 46 fls.
- a" 10 Trieste, 18 fls.; Spalato, 13 fls. " Zara, 24 fls. lS Zara, 18 fls.
Is. 16 Zara, 21 fls. 17 Zara, 16 fls. 1S Spalato, II fls. 18 Zara,

1 Spalato, 227 fls. ; Tries
43 fls. ; Trieste, 39 fls. ; Pola
42 fls.; Ragusa, 23 fls. 5 Spalato, 53
* Trieste, 14 fls. ; Zara, 14 fls. 9 Zara, 29 fls.
13 Zara, 30 fls. l4 Zara, 24 fls. 15 Zara, 23 fls.

19 fls. 20 Zara, 12 fls. 21 Zara, 15 fls. * Zara, 15 fls. 23 Pola, II fls. 2i Zara, 12 fls. M Zara, 12 fls.
26 Rovigno, 10 fls.

Values in thousand florins, excluding values under 10 thousand.

174

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC,

Table showing the share taken by Italian boats in the Austro- Hungarian
Fisheries during the last five years, 1 8 77-1881, the average annual
value of the fish sold on the spot, the average catch per boat, and the
individual share ofi the crezv.

Fishing Districts.

Total number
of Craft en-
gaged during
five years.

Annual ave-
rage of Craft
engaged.

Annual
average of

Crews
engaged.

Annual

average value

of Fish sold

on the spot, in

1,000 florins.

Average share
of each Boat.

Individual
share of each
Man of the
Crews.

Trieste

444

89

383

53

591

64

Rovigno

210

42

318

32

768

47

Pola

213

43

178

46

1,077

J35

Lussinpiccolo

57

11

58

9

822

75

Fiume

212

42

180

49

1,167

i33

Zara...

88

18

86

182

10,136

1,382

Spalato

Total

160

32

138

26

800

90

i>384

277

i533i

397

1,433

166

Besides what is sold on

the spot, fish is taken

to Italy in their own

boats, valued at ...
Total

240

867

120

1,384

277

1,33*

637

2,300

286

Average Annual Catch for Eight Yrears on the Hungarian-
Croatian littoral.

Fiume and Quarnero
Buccari . . .
Portore . . .
Segna (Zengg)
Selce
Calopago
Jablanaz ...
Stinizza ...

Total

74 tons were taken at Selce.

I.OOO KILOGRS.
522
36

71

46

86

778

Comprising—
Hake

Pilchard* ...
Tunnyt
Whiting, Poor
Rays

Norway Lobster
Octopus
Msenidfe
Cuttle-fish ...
Anglers
Red Mullet...
Mackerel ...

t 34 tons at Buccari, 70 tons at Portore, 9 tons at Segna, io tons at Selce.

KILOGRS.

125

123

122
79

37

30

25

20

18
18

iS

17

BUOY.

AND THE FISH THEREOF.

175

Specification 0/ Fishing Craft belonging to native fishermen on the Austrian
Littoral {Hungarian-Croatian Littoral excluded) on 22nd April, 1882,
from Official Statistics.

Description.

Number.

Value in
1,000 Florins.

Average value
per craft.

Barchette

Battelle

Battelli

Battellini

Brazzere

Gaete

Guzzi

216

34

63

210

75
61

25

1497

i53

1

167

6

3i8
47
38

103

4

4

37

3

5*

14

324

14

56

} ■ {

11

4
4

480

123

60

175
34
835
54i
217

89

80

337

5°
400

35
75
92

Passere

Sandoli

Zoppoli

2912

627

215

FAUNA OF THE ADRIATIC.

Part L— LIST OF MAMMALIA.

Order— PINNIPEDIA.

Fam. Phocina.

Gen. Phoca, L,
i. PHOCA VITULINA, L
The common Seal.
Foca (It).

Croat, Tuljan, nerpa, morsko tele.
Habit Only single specimens are occasionally
caught at Ragusa, but not further north ;
identity appears doubtful as regards these
waters.

Gen. Pelagius, Cm\
2. PELAGIUS MONACHUS, L.
Phoca monachus, L.
The Monk.
Foca (//.),
Habit Frequents the reefs {Scogli) of the Dal-
matian coast, where it is not uncommon ;
Bay of Carin.

Order— CETACEA.

Fam. Delphinida,

Gen. Delphinus, X.

3. DELPHINUS DELPHIS, L,

The true Dolphin.
Delfino comune (It.).
Croat, Pliskavica, piskavica, dupin.
Habit The most common sp. of its tribe in the
Adriatic, appearing in chase of the shoals of
mackerel and pilchards in summer.

4. DELPHINUS TURSIO, Fabr.

Croat., Velika pliskavica.
Habit. A rare sp. of the Adriatic ; Civitanova.

5. DELPHINUS RISSOANUS, Laur.

Grampus griseus, Cuv. (?)

Habit. Only accidentally met with in the
Adriatic ; Chioggia, Zara.

Gen. Physeter, L.

6. PHYSETER MA CRO CEPHAL US, L.

Spermaceti Whale.
Fisetere (//.).
Croat., Uljesura.
Habit. Only accidentally met with in the
Adriatic ; Porto S. Giorgio.

7. PHYSETER TURSIO, L.

Habit. Not unfrequently met with in the
Adriatic ; sp. from the coasts of Istria and
Dalmatia ; Umago, Pago.

i;8

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Part II.— LIST OF REPTILIA.

Order— CHE LON I A.

Fam. Cheloniid^e — Sea-Turtles or Tortoises — Schildkroten.

Gen. Chelonia, Brongn.
i. CHELONIA MLDAS, Schweigger.
Chelonia albiventer, Nardo {young).
Tartaruga (Lt.).
Croat., Morska zeljva.
Habit. — Only two specimens have hitherto been
caught in the Adriatic.

2. CHELONLA CABETTA, L.
Testudo caretta, Schneider.

Tartaruga de mar (//.).
Galana, Gagiandra de mar ( Ven.).
Croat., zeljva glavusa.
Hab. Pretty general, and not uncommon ; has
been taken in the port of Trieste.

3. EMYS LUTARLA, Mer.

Vulg., Bissa scudelera, Gagiandra, G lana,
Codope ( Ve?iice).

Croat., zeljva muljaca.
Habit. Salt marshes of Venice.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

179

Part III.— GENERAL LIST OF FISHES.

Sub-Class— PAL./EICHTHYES.

Order— CHONDROPTERYGII.

Sub-Order— PLAGIOSTOMATA.

A. SELACHOIDEI— Sharks.

Gen. I. Carch arias, Cuv.*

1. CARCHARIAS GLAUCUS, Cuv.

The Blue Shark.

Der blaue Hai.

Prionodonte verdesca (/?.).

Vulg., Cagnizza, a term generally applied
to all large sharks, Cagna (Tr.).

Cagnizza glauca (Tr.).

Can, Pesce Can (generic terms).

Can da denti, Can turchin (Veil.).

Croat., Pasnica.
Habit. General, but not common ; sp. from

Dalmatia.
Season. Summer.
Quality, o ; flesh tough and inferior.

2. CARCHARIAS MLLBERTL, Bp.

Prionodonte del Milbert (//.).
Vulg., Cagnizza, (Tr.).
Cagnea, Caecchia ( Ven. ).
Habit. General, very rare ; sp. caught at Trieste
and Venice.

Gen. II. Galeus, Cuv.

3. GALEUS CANIS, Bp.

The Tope, Toper, Tope Shark, Common
Tope, Penny Dog, Miller's Dog.

* Carcharias lamia and C . glyphis. (.feNos. 351, 352.)

Fam. I. Carchariid^e.

Le Milandre.

Der Hundshai, Die Meersau.

Galeo cane (//.).

Vulg., Can, Can da denti (Tr., Flume,

Ven., Cattaro).
Can negro, Moretta (Ven.).
Croat., Pas (generic term), Pas riba, Pas
cerni, Pas sa zubi, Pas cernomanjast
(Croat, littoral).
Pas crni, Pas butor (Spalato).
Habit. Common all the year round, all over
the Adriatic ; chiefly in autumn ; sp. from
Trieste and Venice.
Quality. Flesh tough, and little eaten.

Gen. III. ZyG/Ena, Cuv.
4. ZYGAHNA MALLEUS, Risso.

The Hammer-headed Shark, Balance-fish.

Zygene, Squale marteau.

Der Hammerfisch, Hammerhai.

Sfirna martello (It.).

Vulg., Martello, Pesce martello (Tr.,

Flume, Ven.).
Baile, Pesce Baile ( Ven. ).
Croat., Jaram, Joron, Jorona (Spalato).
Habit. Very rare ; sp. from Dalmatia, Quarnero,

Venice.
Season. Summer.

2 B

i8o

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Quality. Flesh tough, and oily taste ; only eaten
by the very poor.

5. ZYGjENA TUBES, Cuv.

Sfirna tiburo (//.).

Vulg., Pesce Pantofola ( Ven.).

Intermediate sp. between Z. malleus and

Z. tiburo (Heart-headed Shark) ; Bonap.

doubts the validity of this sp.
Habit. Sp. from Venice ; very rare.

Gen. IV. Mustelus, Cuv.

6. MUSTEL US Z^£ VIS, Risso.

Mustelus equestris, Bp.

Palombo nocciblo (//.).

Vulg., Can, Cagnetto ( Ven.).
Habit. More southern sp. than M. vulgaris, and
rare in the north of the Adriatic ; ground fish.
Quality. Flesh fairly good (No. 3).

7. MUSTELUS VULGARIS, M. & H.

Mustelus plebejus, Bp.

The Smooth Hound, Skate-toothed Shark,

Stinkard, Ray-mouthed Dog.
Der Glatthai.
Palombo comune (It.).
Vulg., Pesce Can, Can bianco, Cagnetto

(Tr., Fiu me, Ven.).
Can macchia, Can pontisa.
Can senza denti (Ven.).
Croat., Pas, Pas hulas' (Spalato).
Habit. General and common at all seasons ; sp.

from Trieste, Venice, Quarnero, Spalato.
Quality. Flesh inferior and little valued.

Fam. II. LamniD/E.

Gen. I. Lamna, Cuv.

8. LAMNA CORNUBICA, Gm.

Porbeagle, Beaumaris Shark.
Fouille-bceuf, Loutre, Taupe de mer, Squale

Nez, Longnez.
Lamna smeriglio (//.).
Vulg., Cagnizza (Tr.).

Cao da oglio, Cavo d'ojo ( Ven., Fiume).
Cagnia ( Ven.).
Habit. Rare ; southern sp.

9. LAMNA SPALLANZANII, Bonap.

Der Nasenhai, Schnauzenhai.

Ossirino dello Spallanzani (//.).

Vulg., Cagnizza nasuta (Tr.).

Cagnia ( Ven.).
Habit. Rare ; Dalmatian coast.
Season. In the autumn, 1880, five large sp. were

caught in Dalmatia.
Quality. Flesh little or no value.

Gen. II. Carcharodon, M. & H.

10. CARCHARODON RONDELETII,

M. & H.
The great Blue Shark.
Der Riesenhai, Menschenhai.
Carcarodonte del Rondelezio (It).
Vulg., Cagnissa, Cagnissa vera (Jr.), Cagnia

(Ven.).
Croat., Pasnica, Pas zenska. Kucina
(Spalato).
Habit. Occasionally, but rarely, met with in the
Adriatic ; one was caught at Ustrine in Sep-
tember, 1879, measuring 5-30 metres in
length, one of the largest which has been
caught in these waters.
Season. Summer.
Quality. Flesh uneatable.

Gen. III. Odontaspis, Ag*

11. ODONTASPIS FEROX, Risso.
Triglochide feroce.

Vulg., Cagnia, Can da denti ( Ven.).
Habit. Quite accidental in the Adriatic.
Quality. Flesh uneatable.

Gen. IV. Alopecias, M. & H

12. ALOPLAS VULPES, Gm.

The Fox Shark, Fox, Sea-Fox, the

* Odontaspis taunts. (See No. 353.)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

181

Thrasher, or Thresher, Sea-Ape, Long-
tailed Shark.
Le renard marin, Singe de mer, Squale

renard.
Der Seefuchs, Fuchshai.
Alopia codalunga {It.).
Vu/g., Volpe, Pesce Volpe, Pesce bandiera,

Pesce spada ( Ve?i., Tr., Fiume).
Croat., Riba lesica {Croat, lit.).
Lisica {Spalato).
Pas spadun {Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare; sp. from Venice,

Rimini, Trieste.
Season. Summer.

Gen. V. Selache, Cuv.

13. SELACHE MAXIMA, Cuv.

The Basking Shark, Sun-fish, Sail-fish,

Common Sail-fish.
Le Pelerin, Squale tres-grand.
Selachio gigante {It.).
Vulg. Cagnia ( Ven.).
Habit. Quite accidental in the Adriatic.

Fam. III. Notidanim:.

Gen. I. Notidanus, Cuv.

14. NOTIDANUS GRLSEUS, Cuv.

The Grey Notidanus, Six-gilled Shark.

Le griset, Squale griset.

Der Rothbraunehai.

Notidano capo-piatto (//.).

Vulg., Pesce manzo ( Ven., Tr., Fiume).

Gatton bruno {Tr.).

Cagnia, Can ( Ven.).

Croat., Vol {Croat, littoral).

Volina {Spalato).
Habit. Rare ; sp. from Venice, Rimini, Quar-

nero, Spalato.
Quality. Flesh white, but not good.
Season. Summer ; at Spalato two large sp. were
caught in the winter of 1880.

15. NOTIDANUS CINEREUS, Raf.

Heptanchus cinereus, Raf.

Le Perlon.

Der Grauhai.

Eptanco anciolo (//.).

Vulg., Gatton grigio {Tr.).

Cagnia Can {Ven.).
Habit. Rare ; sp. from Trieste.
Quality. 3 ; flesh pretty good.

16. NOTIDANUS BARBARUS, Chicr.

Notidano del Chiereghin (//.).
Vulg., Can barbaro ( Ven.).
Habit. Very rare ; sp. from Venice, Quarnero.
Adriatic species.

Fam. IV. ScylliidvE.

Gen. I. Scyllium, Cuv*

17. SCYLLIUM CANICULA, L.

The Rough Hound, the Spotted Dog-fish
{female), Lesser Spotted Dog-fish {male),
Spotted Shark, Robin Huss, Morgay.
La Squale rousette, Squale rochier.
Der Katzenhai, Seehiindchen.
Scillio gattuccio (//.).
Vulg., Gatta {Ven., Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).
Gatta d'aspreo ( Ven., Tr.).
Gatta de Quarnero ( Ven.).
Croat., Macka, Macak cerni.
Habit. Common at all seasons all over the
Adriatic ; on muddy bottom and amongst
algcs on the hunt after cuttle-fish.
Season. Spring and autumn.
Quality. Flesh has a disagreeable musky smell
and oily taste ; is tough and stringy ; the skin
is rough and is much used for polishing
cabinet work.

18. SCYLLIUM STELLAR E, L.

The Spotted Dog-fish, Large Spotted Dog-
fish, Rock Dog-fish, Nurse-hound,
Bounce, Cat-fish.

* Scyllium acanthomotum. (See No. 354. )
2 B 2

182

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Le Squale Roussette, Chat rochier.

Der Pantherhai.

Scillio gatto-pardo (//.).

Vulg., Gatta, Gatta schiava (Tr., Ven.,

Fin me).
Gatta nostrana ( Ven.).
Croat, Macak naski, Suzanj macak, Macka
Sargasta (Spalato).
Habit. Common in summer; frequents the

open sea.
Quality. Flesh less disagreeable than that of
the foregoing sp. ; skin rougher and tougher,
hence more serviceable for the cabinet-maker.

Gen. II. Pristiurus, Bp.

19. PRISTIURUS AIELANOSTOMUS,Bp.

The Black-mouthed Dog-fish, Eyed Dog-
fish.

Pristiuro boccanera (It.).
Habit. Very rare ; common in the south of Italy.
Quality, o ; flesh uneatable.

Fam. V. Spinacim:.

Gen. I. Centrina, Cuv.

20. CENTRINA SALVIANI, Risso.
Le Squale humantin.

Der Stachelhai.

Centrina porco {It.).

Vulg., Pesce porco, Pesce sorcio (Tr., Ven.,

Fiume).
Croat., Prasac, Ribaprasac (Croat, littoral).
Prasac morski (Spalato).
Habit. Not uncommon in the Quarnero in
summer; sp. from Venice, Trieste, Fiume,
Spalato.
Quality, o ; oil used for healing burns ; flesh
indifferent.

Gen. II. Acanthias, M. cV H.
ai. ACANTHIAS VULGARIS, Risso.

The Spiny Dog-fish, the Picked Dog-fish,
Common Dog-fish, Hound-fish, Thorn-
hound, Bone-dog, Picked Shark.

L'aiguillat.

Der Dornhai, Speerhai, Dornhund.

Spinarolo imperial e (//.).

Vulg., Asia, Asiar, Asial (Tr., Ven., Fiume,
Cattaro).

Pesce Can-spinarol (Fiume).

Croat., Koscerin. Kostelj (Spalato).
Habit. Common at all seasons.
Season. Best for eating in the winter months.
Quality. 3 ; best of all the sharks.

22. ACANTHIAS BLAINVILLII, Risso.

Spiny Dog-fish.
Spinarolo comune (//.).
Vulg., same as foregoing sp.
Croat., same as foregoing sp.
Pas, Kostelj vlastelin (Spalato).
Habit. Not as common as, and hardly distinct

from, the foregoing species.
Season. Autumn, March.

Quality. Inferior to foregoing species, for which
it is generally sold.

Gen. III. Spinax, M. &< H

23. SPINAX NIGER, Bp.

Le Sagre.

Sagri moretto (It.).
Habit. Dalmatian coast in depths of 4 — 500
fathoms ; very rare ; does not exceed four-
teen inches in length.

Gen. IV. Echinorhinus, Bl.

24. ECHINORHINUS SPINQSUS, L.

The Spinous Shark.
Squale boucle.
Ronco spinoso (//.).
Habit. Quite accidental ; Venice.

Fam. VI. Rhinid/e.

Gen. I. Rhina, Klein.

25. RHINA SQUATINA, L.

The Angel-fish, Angel Shark, Monk, Monk-
fish, Shark Ray.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

183

Squatine, Squalc ange.
Der Engelhai, der Meerengel.
Squadrolino pellenera (//.).
Vulg., Squaena ( Feu., Tr., Fiume).
Squalena, Violin, Pesce Violin ( Ven.).
Croat., cuk, sokot, sklat.
Sklat od purica (Spa la to).
Habit. Common at all seasons all over the
Adriatic ; inhabits the deep-beds, and feeds
on flat-fish.
Season. January, February, May.
Quality. Flesh somewhat better than that of the
Tope ; skin used for polishing and as shagreen
leather.

26. SQUATINA OCULATA, Bp.
Giinther cites this fish as synonymous with the

foregoing.
The same nomenclature applies to this species.
Vulg., Sagri, Sagrin ( Ven.).
Croat., Sklat (Spalato).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Spalato.
Season. March.

B. BATOI DEI— Rays.

Fam. I. Torpedinim:.

Gen. Torpedo, Hum.

27. TORPEHO HEBETANS, Lowe.
Torpedo nobiliana, Bp.

Electric Ray, New British Torpedo.

Der Zitterrochen.

Torpedine del Nobili (//.).

Vulg., Tremolo, Tremola, Pesce Tremolo,

( Ven., Tr., Fiume, Cat.).
Croat., Tern, ternka, ternovka, tararajka,
tarnjaca, trepljivica, tremavka, trema-
juka, trepotnjak ; sarena drhtulja (Spa-
lato).
Habit. Frequents shallow water on stony

bottoms ; sp. from Trieste.
Quality. 3 ; flesh inferior.

28. TORPEHO NARCE, Risso.
Der gefleckte Zitterrochen.
Torpedine occhiatella (//.).

Vulg, as No. 27, Tremolo occhia, Tremolo

a macchie negre (Ven.).
Croat., as No. 27.
Drtulja (Spalato).
Habit. Very rare in the Adriatic.

29. TORPEHO MARMORATA, Risso.
Torpedo galvanii, L.

The Electric Ray, or Old British Torpedo,
Common Cramp-fish, Numb-fish.

La Torpille.

Der marmorirte Zitterrochen.

Torpedine del Galvani (//.).

Vulg., same as No. 2 7; besides Sgramfo( Ven.).

Croat., same as No. 27.
Habit. Found all over the Adriatic ; the most

common of the genus.
Season. Particularly common in summer months.

Fam. II. RajidvE.

Gen. Raja, Cuv.

30. RAJA C LAV ATA, L.

Dasybatis clavata, Blainv.

The Thornback, Rough Ray.

Raie bouclee.

Der Nagelrochen, Dornrochen, Stachel-

rochen.
Arzilla chiodata (//.).
Vulg, Rasa (generic), Baracola (Ven., Tr.,

Fiume, Cat.).
Rasa (Razza) spinosa (Ven., Fiume).
Croat., Kamenica.
Polig koscati (Croat, littoral).
Raza, Barakula, Razina dracava (Spalato).
Habit. Common at all seasons throughout the

Adriatic.
Season. Most common in March, best in

January.
Quality. 2; flesh the best of the genus.

1 84

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

31. RAJA MA CUT ATA, Mont.

Raja batis, Bp.

The Homelyn Ray, Fuller Ray, Spotted
or Painted Sand-Ray.

Der gefleckte Rochen.

Dornrochen.

Razza macchiettata (//.).

Vulg., Rasa.
Habit. Rare sp. of the Adriatic; sp. from

Venice, Trieste.
Note. Identity confused.

32. RAJA PUNCTATA, Risso.

Dasybatis asterias, Bp.

Der punctirte Rochen, Sternrochen.

Arzilla rossina (//.).

Vulg., Rasa (Jr., Ven., Fiume).

Rasetta, Baracola, Baracola bianca, Bara-
cola alba (Ven.).

Baracoletta {Fiume).

Croat., Barakulica, Polig bieli. Razica
(Spa la to).
Habit. Common at all seasons.
Quality. 3.

33. RAJA ASTERIAS, M. & H.

Hardly distinct from the foregoing sp. ; Canes-
trini cites it as synonymous with R. metadata
Montagu.

Habit. Venice.

34. RAJA FULLONICA, L.

The Shagreen Ray.

Arzilla scardasso (//.).

Vulg., Rasetta, Baracola ( Ven.).
Habit. Rare ; Venice.
Quality. 3.

35. RAJA ASTER A, Bp.

Vulg., Rasa (Tr.).

Baracola vera ( Ven.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste ; common in summer.
Quality. 3.

Note. Canestrini doubts the identity of this sp.
with the figure described by Bp. ; represented
in the Trieste Museum.

36. RAJA MIRAIETUS, L.

Der zweifleckige Rochen.

Das Vierauge.

Razza baraccola (It.).

Vulg., Quattro occhi, quattr' occhi (Tr.,
Ven., Fiume), Baosa, Scarparo, (Ven.).

Croat., cetiri oci. Barakula (Spa la to).
Habit. Common at all seasons.
Quality. 2.

37. RAJA RADULA, Delar.

The Sandy Ray ( Yarrow).
The Cuckoo Ray ( Yarrow).
Razza scufhna (It.).
Vulg., Rasa.
Habit. Only accidentally met with in the
Adriatic ; frequents the southern waters ; sp.
from Trieste.
Quality. 3.

Note. Almost identical with the R. circulates
of Couch. (See Note, No. 41.)

38. RAJA MARGINATA, Lac.

The Bordered Ray.

Raie petit museau.

Der Randrochen.

Razza marginata (It.).

Vulg., Rasa (Tr., Fiume).

Baracoletta ( Ven., Fiume).

Bavosa, Baosa ( Ven.).

Croat., Buca. Volinica (Spa la to).
Habit. More or less throughout the Adriatic ;

not very common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 3.

39. RAJA MACRORHYNCHUS, Bp.

Der dickschnauzige Rochen.

Razza bavosa (It.).

Vulg., Rasa, Bavosa (Tr., Ven., Fiume).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

18:

Moro (Tr.).

Rasa di sabbia (Fiume).

Croat., Klinka. Volina (Spalato).
Habit. Common all the year round.
Quality. 3.

40. RAJA OXYRHYNCHUS, L.

The Burton Skate.

Der Schlammrochen.

Der spitzschnauzige Rochen.

Die Spitzchnauze.

Razza monaca (//.).

Vulg., Bavosa, Baosa {Tr., Ven., Fiume).

Croat., Volina. Klinka (Spalato).
Habit. More or less common all the year round,

throughout the Adriatic.
Quality. 3.

41. RAJA QUADRIMACULATA, Risso.

Raja circularis, Couch. (?)

Raja miraletus, Couch. (?)

The Sandy Ray, Couch. (?)

The Cuckoo Ray, Couch. (?)

Der vierfieckige Rochen.

Razza quattrocchi (//.).
Note. Identity hardly confirmed ; in any case a
very rare species in these waters. Prof.
Kolombatovic has met with it at Spalato.
Couch distinguishes his R. circularis or Sandy
Ray, from his R. miraletus or Cuckoo Ray,
whereas Giinther cites the two sp. as identical.
Nos. 36, 37, and 41 are very similar.

Fam. III. Trygonid^e.

Gen. I. Trygon, Adanson.

42. TRYGON THA LA SSI A, Column.
Trigone talassia (//.).

Croat., siba. Velik sunj (Spalato).
Habit. An Adriatic species, though rare ; speci-
mens from Spalato.

43. TRYGON BRUCCO, Bp.
Trygone brucco (//.).
Vulg., Matan (Tr.).

Croat., Buca. Sunj (Spalato).
Habit. Pretty common at all seasons, frequents

muddy bottoms at the mouths of rivers, and

in the lagoons.
Quality. 3.

44. TRYGON PASTINACA, L.

The Sting Ray, Fire-Flaire, Fiery-Flaw,

Common Trygon.
La Pastinaque.
Der Stechrochen.
Der Pfeilschwanz.
Trigone pastinaca (It.).
Vulg., Matan, Matana, also (by misapplica-
tion) Pesce Colombo (Tr., Fiume, Ven.).
Colombo (Cattaro).
Muccio, Mucchio, Baracola ( Ven.).
Croat., as above. Viza, zutulja (Spalato).
Habit. As above, but much more common than

the foregoing sp.
Quality. 3.

Gen. II. Pteroplatea, M. & H.

45. PTEROPLATEA ALTAVELA, L.

Pteroplatea altavela (//.).

Altavela (Naples), Altavida, Altavila, Tavila

(Sicily).
Croat., Pazdrk (Spalato).
Habit. A species of Neapolitan and Sicilian
waters, which has been met with in the Gulf of
Venice, and seems to be indigenous to a
scoglio in the Canale delle Castella, Spalato,
where two specimens were caught in August,
September, 1880. It has also been caught at
Zara.
Season. January, August, September.
Quality. 3.

Fam. IV. Myliobatid^e.

Gen. I. Myliobatis, Cuv.

46. MYLIOBATIS AQULLA, L.

The Whip-Ray, Eagle Ray, Devil-fish, Sea-
Devil, Toad-fish, Sea-Eagle.

1 86

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Raie aigle.
Der Adlerrochen.
Miliobate aquila (//.).
Vulg., Colombo, Pesce Colombo, also (by
misapplication), Matan (Tr., Ven.,
Fiume), Colombo di Mar (Fin me).
Cm*/., Golub, Golubmorski (Croat. littoral),
zutulja, Kosir (Spalato).
Habit. Common at all seasons, more particu-
larly small ones. The adults are rare.
Quality. 3.

47. MYLIOBATIS NO C TULA, Bp.
Der Eulenrochen.
Die Meer Eule.
Miliobate nottola (//.).
Vulg., Colombo vescovo (TV., Ven., Fiume).
Vladika (Cattaro).

Croat., Golub, Biskup, siba (Croat, littoral),
Golub (Spalato), Vladika (Cattaro).
Habit. As above, but more common.
Quality. 3.

Gen. II. Rhinoptera, Kuhl.
48. RHLNOPTERA MARGLNATA, Cuv.
Habit. Coast of Dalmatia ; rarely met with.

49

Gen. III. Dicerobatis, Blainv.
DLCEROBATLS GLORN^E, Lac.
Cephaloptera Giorna, Cuv.
The Ox Ray, Horned Ray, Devil-fish, Sea-
Devil.
Habit. Accidental in the Adriatic ; sp. from

Trieste.
Quality, o.

Order— GANOIDEI.
Sub-Order-

Gen. Acipenser, Art.
50. ACLPENSER NACCARLL, Bp.
The Adriatic Sturgeon.
L'Esturgeon.
Der Adriatische Stor.
Storione cobice (It.).
Vulg., Coppese (Tr., Fiume).
Cbpese (Ven.).
Sporcella (Tr.).
Croat., stiriun.
LLabit. A species confined to the Adriatic ; in-
habits the rivers P6, Isonzo, and other water-
courses of the Gulfs of Venice and Trieste ;*
frequents also the lagoons of Venice in
autumn.
Season. March, April, November, December;
more or less common at all seasons.

* Has been caught in the rivers Brenta, Adige. Piave,
Livenza, Bacchiglione and Tagliamento.

CHONDROSTEI. Sturgeons.

Fam. — ACIPENSERID^E.

Quality. Flesh inferior to that of the common

Sturgeon.

51. ACLPENSER NARDOL, Heck.
Described by Heckel as a distinct sp., but

Giinther cites it as synonymous with the fore-
going sp. (See Catalogue of Fishes in the
British Museum, Vol. VIII. page 336.)
Nomenclature and remarks as above apply
equally to this sp. ; the two species are
generally sold together.

52. ACLPENSER NASUS, Heck.

The specimen described by Heckel was 26 in.
long (Heck, and Kner, "Siisswasserf," p. 360).
Prof. Brandt rejects this and other sp.
established by Heckel (Bull. Ac. Sc. St.
Petersburg, 1869, p. 171), and considers
this sp. as synonymous with A. naccarii. (See

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUX A.

18?

Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum,
Vol. VIII. page 517.)
Habit. P6 and the Venetian lagoons. In
practice, the three species merge into one.

53. ACIPENSER HUSO, L.

The Broad-nosed, or Blunt-nosed Sturgeon.

The Huso.

Le grand Esturgeon.

Der Hausen.

Storione ladano (//.).

Vulg., Ladano ( Ven.).

Croat., Moruna, Morun.
Habit. A rare visitor in the Adriatic ; occasion-
ally found at Venice, and ascends the P6, in
which river specimens are sometimes caught
weighing 100 lb. and measuring seven feet.

54. ACIPENSER HECKEIII, Fitz.

Vulg., Cbpese (Ven.).
Another variety from Venice described by Heck.
(Heck, and Kner, " Siisswasserf.," p. 357),
but which, according to Giinther, does not
appear to be a distinct sp. ; he considers it
identical with A. guldenstad.'ii (See Catalogue
of Fishes in the British Museum, Vol. VIII.
p. 341), whilst Prof. Brandt considers it
identical with A. naccarii. (See Catalogue of

Fishes in the British Museum, Vol. VIII.

P. 5*7-)

55. ACIPENSER STURIO, L*

The Sturgeon, Common Sturgeon.

L' Esturgeon, L' Esturgeon ordinaire.

Der Stor, der gemeine Stor.

Storione comune (It.).

Vulg., Adilo, Adello, Adano (Prov.).

Storion, Sturione, Sporzella (young) (Tr.,

Fin me).
Sturion, Porzella, Porcelletta (young),

Speardo ( Ven., Treviso).
Storione, Porzella (young) ( Verona).
Croat., stiriun, Jesetra, Jesetre (plur.),
(generic terms), Pravi jesetar.
Habit. This species is also cAught on the eastern
shores; it frequents the sea during the greater
part of the year, and ascends the P6 and other
rivers of the Gulf of Venice in the spring to
deposit its spawn ; it is not uncommon at
Spalato, and is also occasionally caught in the
Quarnero. One specimen has also been
caught in the River Narenta, but this seems
to be quite accidental.
Season. February, May, and more or less all

the year round.
Quality. 1 ; and much superior to the other sp.

Sub-Class— TELEOSTE I.

Order— ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Fam. I. Percid.e — Perch Tribe.

Gen. I. Perca, Art.
56. PERCA FIUVIATIIIS, L.
Perca italica, C. 6° V.
The Perch, the Fresh-water Perch.
La Perche.
Der Flussbarsch.
Pesce Persico (//.).

Vulg., Persego (Trent ino, Verona, Ven.).
Pesce Perseghin (Bologna).

Perso di fiume (Tuscany).
Croat., Ostries, bulja.
Habit. General ; fresh-water courses and lakes ;

Lake of Garda.
Season. May, July, September, October, and

more or less all the year round.
Quality. 2.

* Acipenser stellatus.

{Sec No. 355.)
2 C

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. II. Labrax, C. &> V.

57. LABRAX LUPUS, Cuv.
The Basse, Common Basse.
Le Loup, Loubine.

Der Seebarsch, Wolfsbarsch, Gemeiner

Wolfsbarsch.
Labrace, Spigula ragno (//.).
Vu/g., Branzin ( Ven., Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).
Varolo, Variolo ( Ven.).
Ragno {Tuscany).

Baicolo {when young) (Ven., Tr., Fiume).
Croat., Luben, Lubin, Lubanj, Ljubljaj,
Smudut, Agaca.
Habit. General, all over the Adriatic ; enters

the brackish waters and mouths of rivers.
Season. Common all the year round ; best in

autumn.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. III. Lucioperca, Cuv.

58. LUCLOPERCA SANDRA, Cuv.

The Pike-perch.

Le Sandre.

Der Sander, Zander, Sandbarsch, Hecht-
barsch, Schiel, Schill.

Lucioperca sandra (It.).

Hungarian, Fogas (mature), Siillo (young).

Croat., Smudj, Silj.
Habit. Has a northern extension ; its southern-
most limits are the rivers Isonzo and Adige.
Quality. 1.

Gen. IV. Centropristis, C 6° V.

59. CENTROPRISTIS HEPATUS, Gm.
Serranus hepatus, C. 6° V.

Le Serran.
Der Beutelbarsch.
Schiarrano sacchetto (It.).
Vulg., Sacchetto ( Ve?i., Tr., Fiume).
Croat., Pinzulic, Sanketice (Croat, littoral).
Vucic, cucina (Spalato).
Habit. General ; throughout the Adriatic.

Season. Always common.

Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

Gen. V. Anthias, Schn.

60. ANTHIAS SACER, Bl.

Le Barbier.

Der Rothling.

Canario largo (//.).

Croat., Kirnjavelika. Kirnjamala(6^«/a^).
Habit. Dalmatia, Lissa, Comisa.
Season. May, September, November. Very rare.
Quality. 3.

Gen. VI. Serranus, Cuv*
(Sea-Perches proper.)

61. SERRANUS SCRIP A, C. & V.
Der Schriftbarsch, Buchstabenbarsch.
Sciarrano scrittura (//.).

Vulg, Perga, Sperga, Merlo di mar (Tr.).
Sperga, Perga, Merlo di mar, Donzela,

Papaga ( Ven.).
Perha (Fiume).

Croat., Lenica, Smokvaca, Kanjac. Pirka
(Spalato).
Habit. General ; Venice, Trieste, Quarnero.
Season. Always common.
Quality. 2.

62. SERRANUS CAB RILL A, C. & V.
The Comber, the Smooth Serranus.
Der Sagebarsch.

Sciarrano cabrilla (//.).

Vulg., Perga dalmata, Canissi, Canizzi (Tr.).

Perha (Fiume).

Sperga, Donzella, Cortesan de caorle,
Schiavon, Cragnizi (Ven.).

Croat., Pirka (Dalmatia).

Kanjac (Spalato).
Habit. Eastern shores of the Adriatic ; frequents

the deep on sandy bottoms.
Season. Spring, autumn ; common.
Quality. 2.

* Serranus acutirostris. (See No. 356. )

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

189

63. SEH&ANUS GIGAS, C. & V.
The Dusky Serranus, or Dusky Perch.
Le Meron.

Der braune Serran, grosser Sagebarsch.

Sciarrano gigante (It.).

Vulg., Chierna (Tr., Cattard), Cherne

(Fiu me).
Croat., Kerna, Kirnja prava. Kraja (Spalato).
Habit. An Atlantic sp. ; Trieste, Fiume, Spalato ;

frequents deep water on rocky beds.
Season. Winter; occasional; common at Spa-
lato, where it attains to a weight of 18 kilos.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. VII. Polyprion, C. 6° V.

64. POL YPRLON CERNLUM, Cuv.

The Stone-Basse, Wreck-fish, Couch's Poly-
prion.
Die gefieckte Vielsage.
Cerniola (It.).
A Vulg., Scarpena di sasso (?), Scarpena salva-
tico(?) (Fen., Tr.).
Habit. A northern species, frequenting depths

of 500 fathoms ; Cherso, Fiume, Spalato.
Season. Very rare ; March, May, August.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. VIII. Apogon, Lac.

65. APOGON LMBERBLS, L.

Apogon rex mullorum, Cuv.
Apogone (Lt.).

Croat., Kirnja mala. Matulic (Spalato).
Habit. South of Dalmatia, Spalato ; in deep

waters.
Season. Very rare ; not uncommon at Spalato
in winter.

Gen. IX. Dentex, Cuv*

66. DENTEX VULGARLS, C. & V.

The Spams, Dentex, Toothed Gilthead,
Four-toothed Sparus.

* Dentex Jilosus and Dentex macrophthaimus, (See
Nos. 357, 358.)

Spare dentee.

Der Zahnbrassen.

Dentale comune (//.). .

Vulg., Dental ( Ven., Tr., Fiume).

Croat., Zubac, Zubatac.
Habit. General.

Season. Always ; chiefly autumn ; common.
Quality. 1 .

DENTEX GLBBOSUS, Cocco.

Abnormity of the foregoing sp.

Vulg., Dentale della corona (Sebenieo).

Croat., Zubatac od krune, Zubatac krunas.
Habit. Sebenieo.
Season. October.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. X. M^ENA, Cuv.

67. JLENA VULGARLS, C. & V.
Mendole, Cackarel. La spare Mendole.
Der Laxirfisch.

Menola comune (//.).

Vulg., Menola schiava (Tr., Fiume).

Menola, M. chiava, Pontio ( Ven.).

Croat., Modrak, Modra§, Trog, Gira.

Gira oblica (Spalato).
Habit. General.

Season. Common in summer and autumn.
Quality. 3.

68. M.ENA JUSC UL UAL, C. & V.

Menola schiava (//.).
Habit. Venice.
Season. Rare ; autumn.
Quality. 3.

69. MsENA ZEBRA, Brunn.

Maena Osbeckii, C. 6° V.

Menola zebra (//.).

Vulg., Menola schiava, Bufalo de aspreo,
Sparo bastardo ( Ven.).
Habit. General ; chiefly in southern waters.
Season. May, September ; common.
Quality. 3.

1 90

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. XI. Smaris, Cut.

Fam. II. Mullid^e — Red Mullets.

70. SMARIS VULGARIS, C. & V.

Gen. Mullus, L.

Der weisse 'Schauzenbrassen, gemeiner

74. MULLUS BARBATUS, L.

Picarel.

The Red Mullet, or Surmullet.

Menola zerolo (//.).

Le Mulle Rouget, le Rouge Barbet.

Vulg., Menola, Marida, Maridola

(Tr.,

Die rothe Meerbarbe, der Rothbart.

Ven., Fiume).

Triglia minore (//.).

Menoloto, Ghirsa, Garizzo, Menola

Dianca

Vulg., Barbon ( Ven., Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).

{Ven.).

Cavazioi (young) ( Ven.).

Croat., Oblica biela, Mendula biela

, Mil-

Croat., Barbun, Trlja, Berkavica.

vica (?), Ostruja, Cicavica. Ostruja

Pujoglavica {Spalato).

(female), Perc (male) (Spalato).

Habit. General.

Habit. General.

Season. Always common ; best in March, April,

Season. Common in summer.

August, September, December.

Quality. 3.

Quality. 1.

71. SMARIS ALCEDO, C. & V.

Menola alcedine (It.).

Vulg., Menola (Tr., Ven.), Garizzo (

Croat., Oblica.

Modrulj (Spalato).
Habit. General.
Season. February, May ; not so common

Ven.).
as the

75. MULLUS SURMULETUS, L.

The Striped Surmullet.
Le Surmullet.
Die gestreifte Meerbarbe.
Der grosse Rothbart.
Triglia maggiore (//.).
Vulg., Triglia, Tria ( Ven., Tr., Fiume,
Cattaro).

foregoing sp.

Barbon de nassa (Fiume).

Quality. 3.

Croat., Trlja. Sgrcenice (Spalato).
Habit. General.

72. SMARIS MAURI I, Bp.

Season. Always common; best in January, March,

Menola del Mauri (//•).

October, September. Probably not a distinct

Vulg., Menola (Tr., Ven., Spalato).

species, but the female of the preceding.

Habit. Trieste, Venice, Spalato.

Quality. 1 .

Season. August, October ; rare.

Quality. 3.

Fam. III. Sparid.e — Sea Breams.
Group I. Cantharina.

73. SMARIS GRACILIS, Bp.

Gen. I. Cantharus, Cuv.

Menola gracile (It.).

76. CANTHARUS VULGARLS, C. & V.

Vulg., Agon or Agone d'Istria, Maridola

The Sea Bream, Old-Wife, the Black

( Ven., Fin me).

Bream.

Croat, Oliga.

La Sarde Grise.

Habit. Has a southern extension.

Der braune Brassen.

Season. April, May, February, September

; rare.

Cantaro comune (//.).

Quality. 3 ; best of the genus.

Vulg., Cantera, Cantara (Tr., Ven., Fiume).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

191

Cantarina, Cantarina de aspreo, Cantarella
{Vcn.).

Croat., Kantar (Spalato).
Habit. General.
Season. Common in winter.
Quality. 3.

77- CANTHARUS BR A ALA, C. & V.
Habit. Dalmatia, Trieste ■ an Adriatic species.
Season. Not so common as the foregoing sp. ;

autumn.
Quality. 3.

78. CANTHARUS ORBICULARIS, C.&V.

Cantaro orbicolare (//.).

Vulg., Cantara, Ociada.

Croat., Kantar (Spalato).
Habit. General.

Season. November, March, July, October.
Quality. 2 ; best of the genus.

Gen. II. Box, Cuv.

79. BOX VULGARLS, C. & V.

Sparus boops, L.

The Bogue, Ox-eye.

Le Bogue commun.

Der Gelbstriemen.

Boba comune (//.).

Vulg., Boba, Bobba (TV., Ven., Fiu/ue,
Cattaro).

Croat., Bugva (Dalmatia).

Buba (Fiume).

Bukva (Spalato).
Habit. General.

Season. Midst of winter ; common.
Quality. 2.

So. BOX SALPA, C. & V.
Sparus salpa, L.
Der Goldstriemen.
Boba salpa (//.).

Vulg., Salpa (Ven., Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).
Croat., Salpa.

Habit. General.

Season. Always common.

Quality. 3.

Gen. III. Oblata, Cuv.

81. OBLATA MELANURA, L.
Der Brandbrassen.

Obbiada codanera (//.).

Vulg., Occiada, Occhiada, Ochia, Albero
bastardo ( Ven.).

Occhiada (Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).

Croat., Usata, Osata, Crnorep.
Habit. General.
Season. Always common.
Quality. 2.

Group II. Sargina.

Gen. IV. Sargus, Klein*

82. SARGUS VULGARLS, Geoffr.
Sargus Salviani, C. & V.

Der gemeine Geissbrassen.

Salvian's Geissbrassen.

Sargo del Salviani (It.).

Vulg., Sparo ( Ven.).

Spizzo (Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).

Croat., Pic (Croat, littoral).

Fratric, Oluz (Spalato).
Habit. Dalmatia, Cherso, Trieste.
Season. June, July, January, March ; rare.
Quality. 2.

83. SARGUS RONDELETLL, C. & V.

Der grossere Geissbrassen.

Sargo del Rondelezio (//.).

Vulg., Sargo (Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).

Sparo ( Ven.).

Sparetto (Tr.).

Croat., sarg, fratar ; sarag (Spalato).
Habit. General.
Season. Summer; common.
Quality. 2.

* Sargus vcl ula. (See No. 359.)

192

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

84. SARGUS ANNULARIS, L.
Der kleine Geissbrassen.
Sargo annulare (It.).

Vulg., Sparo, Sparetto (TV., Fiume, Cat.).

Sparo, Sparolo ( Ven.).

Croat., spar.
Habit. General.

Season. Common in summer ; best in Sept.
Quality. 2.

Gen. V. Charax, Risso.

85. CHARAX PUNTAZZO, C. & V.
Puntazzo.

Der schwarzgebandete Brassen.

Carace acuto (It.).

Vulg., Spizzo, Spizzo bastardo (Tr.).

Sargo d'Istria ( Ven.).

Pesce morti, Magna morti (Fiume).

Croat., Pic.
Habit. General.

Season. Autumn and winter ; common.
Quality. 3.

Group III. Fag r in a.

Gen. VI. Pagrus, Cut*

86. PAGRUS VULGARIS, C. & V.

The Braize or Becker, Pandora, King of

the Sea Bream.
Der rothliche Goldbrassen, der grosse

Rothbrassen.
Pagro vulgare (//.).
Vulg., Pagaro, Tabaro, Sparo d'Istria,

Alboro pagnesco (generic term) (Ven.).
Cantarella (Tr.).
Croat., Pagar, Pagrun.
Habit. General, but scarce.
Season. May, June, October.
Quality. 1 .

87. PAGRUS OR RHUS, C. & V.

Couch's Sea Bream.

* Pagrus Ehrcnbergii. {See No. 360.)

Le pagre Orphe.
Note. — A very rare sp.

Gen. VII. Pagellus, C. & V

88. PAGELLUS ERYTHRINUS, C. & V.

The Erythrinus, the Red, or Spanish Sea

Bream.
Der rothe Goldbrassen, der kleine Roth-
brassen.
Pagello fragolino (//.).
Vulg., Ribon, Ribone (Tr.).
Arboro (Fiume, Cattaro).
Madagia, Madagiola, Arboro, Alboro,

Alboretto ( Ven.).
Croat., Arbun.
Habit. General and common.
Season. Most common in September; best in

March and May.
Quality. 1 .

89. PAGELLUS CENTRODONTUS, C.

& V.
The common Sea Bream, the Sharp-
toothed Sea Bream, the Red Gilt-head.
Pagello rosso (//.).
Habit. A southern species ; Dalmatia, Venice ;
Rarely met with in the north of the gulf.

90. PAGELLUS BOGARAVEO, C. & V.

Pagello bogaraveo (It.).
Croat., Grbic (Spalato).
Habit. General, but scarce, on rocky beds.

91. PAGELLUS MORMYRUS, C. & V.

Der Marmorbrassen.

Pagello mormora (It.).

Vulg., Mormoro, Mormiro, Mormora* (Tr.,

Ven., Fiume).
Croat., Ovca (Croat, littoral).

* Not to be confused with Gadus minutus, which
is also known by this name.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

193

Arkaj, Ovcica (Spalato).
Habit. General, but scarce \ common at Spalato

at all seasons.
Quality. 2.

PAGELLUS ACARNE, Cuv.
Questionable as belonging to the Adriatic fauna;
at any rate very rare. (See No. 361.)

Gen. VIII. Chrysophrys, Cuv.

92. CHRYSOPHRYS AURATA, C. & V.
The Gilt-head. Spare Dorade.

Der gemeine Goldbrassen.

Orada comune (//.).

Vulg., Orada, Dorada.

Croat., Ovrata, Lovrata, Lovratica, Pod-
lanica.

Komarca (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Most common in summer and autumn.
Quality. 1 .

Fam. IV. Scorp.-eniDjE — Scorpions.
Gen. I. Sebastes, C. &* V.

93. SEBASTES IMPERIALIS, C. & V.
Sebastes dactylopterus, De la Roche.
Sebaste imperiale (It.).

Vulg., Scorfano de funnale (Naples).
Habit. General, but very scarce ; Dalmatia,
Cherso, Trieste ; inhabits great depths.

Gen. II. ScORPiENA, Artedi.

94. SCORPA^NA PORCUS, L.

Der kleine, oder braune Drachenkopf.

Scorpena nera (It.).

Vulg., Scarpena, Scarpena negra, Scarpon

(Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.).
Croat., Cerni skarpoc.
Cerna skarpena (Fiume and littoral).
skarpun, bodeljka (Spalato).

Habit. General and common.

Season. Always ; particularly April to June,

September and October.
Quality. 2.

95. SCORPAENA SCR 0 FA, L.

Der grosse Drachenkopf.

Der rothe Drachenkopf.

Scorpena rossa (//.).

Vulg., Scarpena, Scarpena di sasso (Tr.,
Fiume).

Scarpena rossa ( Ven.).

Croat., Cerveni skarpoc, cerjena skarpena
(Croat, littoral).

skarpina, bodeljka (Spalato).
Habit., Season, and Quality. Same as the fore-
going sp.

Fam. V. Sci^enim: — Meagres.

Gen. I. Umbrina, Cuv.

96. UMBRINA CIRRHOSA, L.
The Umbrina.

L'Ombre.

Der Bart-umber.

Ombrina corvo (//.).

Vulg., Corbo (Tr., Ven., Fiume).

Ombrella, Corbel* (Tr.).

Corbetto, Ombrela ( Ven.).

Croat., Kurben, Kurbes (Fiume), Havba
(Croat, littoral).

Kerb, Grb, Crnelj (Spalato).
Habit. General and common ; brackish waters.
Season. Spring and summer.
Quality. 2.

Gen. II. Scle:na, Art.

97. SCIA^NA A QUIT A, Lac.
The Maigre, Meagre, Shade-fish.
Le Maigre, Poisson royal.

* Nardo applies the name Ombrella to the young, and
Corbo to the mature sp.

194

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Der Seeadler.

Sciena aquila (It.).

Vulg., Ombra, Ombria ( Fen.).

Croat., Grb. Kerb (Spalato).
Habit. General; brackish waters, mouths of

rivers ; Venice.
Season. April ; rare.
Quality. 2.

Gen. III. Corvina, Cuv.

98. COR VINA NIGRA, Cuv.

Sciaena umbra, L.

Le Corbeau.

Der schwarze Schattenfisch.

Corvina locca, Corvo di fortiera (It.).

Vulg., Corbo di sasso ( Ven., Fiume).

Corbel, Corbel di sasso, Ombrella (TV.).

Ombrela ( Ven).

Cavalla.

Croat., Kurben, Kurbes, Kurben od ka-
mena (Croat, littoral).

Kavala (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. Same as the Umbrina.

Fam. VI. Xiphiid/E — Sword-fishes.

Gen. I. Xiphias, Art.

99. XIPHIAS GLADIUS, L.

The Sword-fish, the common or Sicilian

Sword-fish.
Espadon.

Der gemeine Schwertfisch.
Pesce Spada (//.). .
Vulg., Pesce Spada (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.),

Spadon (Tr., Ven.).
Croat, Riba sablja, Jaglun, Obicna sablja
(Croat, littoral).
Habit. General, but rare in the north.
Season. June, August, September.
Quality. 2.

Gen. II. Histiophorus, Lac.

100. HISTIOPHORUS BE LONE, C. & V.
Tetrapterus belone, Raf.

Tetrapturo muso corto (//.).
Vulg., Acura imperiale (Taranto).
Croat., Jaglun (Spalato).
Habit. Very rarely met with ; is occasionally
caught at Spalato at all seasons of the year ;
Canale delle Castella.

Fam. VII. Trichiurid^.*

Gen. I. Lepidopus, Gouan.

101. LEPIDOPUS CAUDATUS, Euphr.
Trichiurus ensiformis, Vand.

The Scabbard-fish, Scale-foot.

Der Degenfisch.

Lepidopo argentino (//.).

Vulg, Spada argentina (Tr., Fiume).

Arzentin, Serpentin, Spada arzentina, Spada
di arzento (Ven.).

Croat., Riba sablja, Zmijicnjak (Croat, lit-
toral).

Zmijica morska (Spalato).
Habit. General, but very rare ; Venice, Zaole,
Trieste, Spalato.

Gen. II. Trichiurus, L.

102. TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS, L.
The Hair-tail, Silvery Hair-tail, Blade-fish.

Habit. Quite accidental ; a sp. is in the Trieste
Museum, caught off the Dalmatian coast.

Fam. VIII. CARANGID.E.t

Gen. I. Trachurus, C. & V.

103. TRACHURUS TRACHURUS, L.
Scomber Trachurus, L.

Caranx Trachurus, C cV V

* Thyrsites pretiosas. (See No. 362.)
f Temnodon saltator. (6^ No. 363.)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

195

The Scad, or , Horse Mackerel.

Der gemeine Stoker.

Die bastard Makreele.

Trachuro comune (//.).

Vulg., Suro (7>., Fiume, Fen.).

Saron (Tr., Fiume).

Suero (Tr.).

Cantarini, Musicanti (Fiume).

Croat, Sur, sirun (Croat. littoral).

Snjur (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. July, August.
Quality. 2.

Gen. II. Caranx, Cup.

104. CARANX DENTEX, Bl., Schn.
Selenia luna, Bp.

Carange luna (//.).

Vulg., Pei Suvareou (Nice).
Habit. Dalmatia, but very rare.
Season. April, September, October.
Quality. 1.

Gen. III. Seriola, Cuv.

105. SERIOLA DUMERLLLL, Risso.
Yellow-tails (generic).

Seriola del Dumeril (//.).

Vulg., Lissa bastarda.

Croat., Bilizna (Croat, littoral).

Manjak (young), Gof (mature), (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare ; inhabits great depths ;

Venice, Trieste, Ragusa, Spalato.
Season. Winter.

Gen. IV. Naucrates, Cuv.

106. NAUCRATES DUCTOR, L.
Naucrates indicus, C. 6° V.
The Pilot-fish.

Le Pilote.

Der Lootsenfisch.

Der gemeine Lootsenfisch.

Pesce pilota (Lt).

Vulg., Fanfano (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat).

Croat, Fanfan (Fiume).

Riba od pjene (Croat littoral).
Habit. General ; at times not uncommon.
Season. August to October.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. V. Lichia, Cuv.

107. LICHIA AMI A, L.
Scomber amia, L.

Der bunte Lootsenfisch.

Der bunte Griinzling.

Lizza amia (//.).

Vulg., Lissa (Tr.).

Lizza ( Ven., Fiume, Cat).

Croat, Lica, Bilizna, Pastirica (Croat,
littoral).

Bilizna, Bitinica, Bjelica (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. July, August.
Quality. 1.

108. LLCHLA GLAUCA, L.
Scomber glaucus, L.

The Derbio.

Lampuge.

Lizza glauca (//.).

Vulg., Lizza bastarda (Tr., Ven., Fiume,
Cat).

Croat, Pastirica (Croat, littoral).

Bilizna (Spalato).
Habit. Trieste, Dalmatia ; rare.
Season. September.
Quality. 1 .

109. LLCHIA VADIGO, Risso.
Lizza fasciata (//.).

Habit, Season, Quality. Same as foregoing sp.

Gen. VI. Capros, Lac.
no. C AFROS A PER, Lac.
The Boar-fish.
Le Sanglier.

2 D

ig6

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Caprisco aspro {It.).

Pesce figa {Ven.).

Vulg., Tariolo {Sicily).

Habit, Season, Quality. As the foregoing sp.

Habit. Fiume, Spalato ; very rare.

Gen. II. Centrolophus, Lac.

Fam. IX. Cyttid/e — John Dorys.

115. CENTROLOPHUS POMPLLUS, C.

Gen. Zeus, Art.

& V.

in. ZEUS FABER, L.

The Black-fish, Black Ruffe, Black Perch,

The Dory, John Dory.

Pompilus.

Doree, Poule de mer. Zee forgeron. Janitor

Merle, Serran de Provence.

{Latin) the door-keeper, i.e., Saint Peter.

Holocentre noir.

Der gemeine Sonnenfisch oder Spiegelfisch.

Centrolofo pompilo {It).

Pesce San Pietro {It.).

Vulg., Figa (TV).

Vulg., Sanpiero, Pesce Sanpiero (TV., Ven.,

Fanfano ( Ven).

Fiume, Cat.).

Habit. Brackish waters, mouths of rivers, lagoons

Croat., Petar {Croat, littoral).

of Venice ; Dalmatia, Trieste.

Kovac {Spalato).

Season. July, August ; rare.

Habit. General and common.

Quality. 3.

Season. Always.

116. CENTROLOPHUS CR A SSUS,C.&V.

Quality. 2.

Centrolofo grosso {Lt).

112. ZEUS PUNGIO, C. & V.

Season. April ; very rare.

Habit. Dalmatia.

Remark. Considered by many authors to be

Fam. XI. Coryph/enidjE — Dolphins.*

identical with the foregoing species.

Gen. I. Coryph^na, Art.

117. COR YPHsENA HIPPUR US, L.

Fam. X. Stromateid^e — Black-fish.

Dolphin, by misapplication.

Gen. I. Stromateus, Art.

Corifena cavallina {It).

113. STROMATEUS FIATOLA, L.

Vulg, Cataluzzo {Tr).

Der gemeine Pampel oder Deckfisch.

Croat., Lanceska {Croat, littoral).

Lampuga dorata {It).

Habit. General, but rare.

Vulg., Figo (TV., Fiume, Cat).

Season. Single specimens sometimes caught in

Pesce figa ( Ven).

June, July, August.

Croat., Smokvaca, Pis'ka od mora {Croat.

Quality. 2.

littoral).

118. CORYPH^ENA PELAGIC A, L.

Smokva {Spalato).

Habit. Trieste ; very rare ; summer.

Habit. General and not uncommon.

Season. Summer.

Gen. II. Brama, Risso.

Quality. 3.

119. BRAMA RAH, Bl. & Schn.

1 1 4. STR OMA TE US MICR 0 CHIR £/£, Bp.
Der gestreifte Pampel oder Deckfisch.

Ray's Sea-bream, Rayan Gilt-head, Ray's
Toothed Gilt-head.

Lampuga fasciata {It.).

Spare castagnole.

J'u/g., Figo {Tr., Fiume, Cat.).

* Schedophilus Bo/ten. {See No. 364.)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

197

Der gemeine Bramen.

Der Seebrassen des Ray.

Brama occhiuta (If.).

Vulg., Cataluzzo, Castagnola (Tr.).

Ociada bastarda, Nodola ( Ven.).

Croat., Lanceska.
Habit. Dalmatia, Trieste ; a rare sp.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 1.

Gen. III. Ausonia, Risso.

120. AUSONIA CUVLERL, Risso.
Luvarus imperialis, Raf.

Der Hahnenfisch.

Ausonia del Cuvier (Lt.).

Vulg., Pesce Gallo (Tr.).
Remark. A very rare sp.; occasionally caught
in the Gulf of Trieste ; has been caught at
Spalato.

Fam. XII. Scombridve.

Gen. I. Scomber, Art.

121. SCOMBER SCOMBER, L.

The common Mackerel.

Le Macquereau.

Die gemeine Makreele.

Scombro comune (It.).

Vulg., Scombro (Tr., Fin me, Cattaro).

Sgombro, Garzariol (young) (Ven.).

Pesce blu (/amity term).

Croat., Lokarda, Skusa, Skus, Vernut
(Croat, littoral).

Golcic (young).

Skusa, Sgusa pastrica (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. April to October.
Quality. 1.

122. SCOMBER PNEUMATOPHORUS,

Delar.
Die grossaugige oder blasentragende
Makreele.

Vulg., Lanzardo (Tr.).

Garzariola ( Ven.).
Remarks. On the authority of Bp., Grube,
Plucar, Canestrini requires confirmation ; at
all events only occasional.

123. SCOMBER COLIAS, L.
The Spanish or Coly Mackerel.
Die mittellandische Makreele.
Scombro macchiato (It.).

Vulg., Lanzardo (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.).

Croat., Plavica (Croat, littoral).

Lokarda, Skusa bilica (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare ; common at Spalato.
Season. July to September.
Quality. 2 ; inferior to the common mackerel.

Gen. II. Thynnus, C. &> V.

124. THYNNUS VULGARIS, C. & V.
Scomber Thynnus, L.

The common Tunny.

Scombre Thon.

Der gemeine Thunfisch.

Tonno comune (Lt.).

Vulg, Ton, Pesce Ton, Tonina (Tr., Ven.,
Fiume, Cattaro).

Pompilo, Pompin, Trompeto, Trompilo,
Trompin ( Ven.).

Croat., Tuna, Tun, Tunina (Croat, littoral).

Tunj, Trup ili tunj (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 1 .

125. THYNNUS THUNNLNA, C. cSc V.
Tonno tonnina (Lt.).

Vulg., Tonnina (Tr., Fiume).

Carcana ( Ven.).

Croat., Tunina (Croat, littoral).
Habit. General and common.
Season. September, October.
Quality. 1 .

1 98

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

126. THYNNUS PELAMYS, C. & V.
Scomber pelamys, L.

The Bonito.

Scombre Bonite.

Der Bonit, der atlantische Bonit.

Tonno palamida (//.).

Vulg., Palamida (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.).

Palamia ( Ven.).

Croat., Palanda, Polanda (Croat. littoral).

Palamida {Spalato).
Habit. Trieste.

Remark. An Atlantic sp. which is only occa-
sionally met with in the Adria.
Quality. 1 .

127. THYNNUS ALALONGA, Risso.
Scomber alalonga, L.

The Germon, or Long-finned Tunny.
Le Germon, Alilonghi.
Aile-longue.
Tonno alalunga (It.).
Habit. Frequents deep water, seldom approach-
ing the shore.
Season. September; but only accidentally met

with.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. III. Pelamys, C. 6° V*

128. PELAMYS SARD A, C. & V.
Scomber pelamys, Briinn.
Scomber Sarda, Block.

The Pelamid.

La Pelamide.

Der mittellandische Bonit.

Palamida sarda (//.).

Vulg., Palamida (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.).

Croat., Polanda (Croat, littoral).

Polandra (Spalato).
Habit. Not uncommon in Dalmatia, Spalato ;

in other waters it is rare.
Season. August to October.
Quality. 2.

* Pelamys unicolor. (Sec No. 365.)

Gen. IV. Auxis, C. &> V

129. AUXIS VULGARIS, C. & V.
Scomber rochei, Risso.

The Plain Bonito.

Tambarello comune (//.).

Vulg., Sgionfetto (Tr.).

Tambarello (Ven.).

Tombarello (Fiume).

Goffo, Letterato.

Croat., Tumbarel (Fiume).

Trup (Croat, littoral, Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare.
Season. September, October.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. V. Echeneis, Art*

130. ECHENEIS RE MORA, L.

The Sucking-fish, Remora, Mediterranean
Remora.

Le Remora.

Der kleine Schildfisch.

Echeneide remora (It.).

Croat., Ustavica (Croat, lit.).
Habit. General, but rare ; Trieste.
Quality, o.

Fam. XIII. Trachinid,e.
Group I. Uranoscopina.

Gen. I. Uranoscopus, L.

131. URANOSCOPUS S CABER, L.
The common Star-gazer.

Der gemeine Sternseher.

Uranoscopo scabro (It.).

Vulg., Bocca in cao (Tr., Fiume, Ven., Cat.).

Bocca in capo (Tr.).

Toti, Chiachia ( Ven.).

Croat., cac, cac muski (Fiume).

Bezmek, Batofina (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always ; January, May to July, Sep-
tember.
Quality. 2.

* Echeneis scutata. {Sec No. 366. )

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

199

Group II. Trackinina.

Gen. II. Tkachinus, Art.

132. TRA C MINUS DRA CO, L.

The Great Weever, Sting-Bull, Sea-Cat.

Die gemeine Queisen, das Petermannchen.

Trachine dragone (It.).

Vulg., Ragno (Tr., Fiume, Cat.).

Ragno bianco, R. di mar (Fiume).

Varagno bianco, Varagnolo (Ven.).

Croat., Ranje, Ranje biele, Ranjen.

Pauk (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always ; May, September, and October.
Quality. 2.

133. TRACHINUS ARANEUS, C. & V.
Die mittellandische Queisen.

Das mittellandische Petermannchen.

Trachino ragno (It.).

Vulg., Ragno, Ragno pagano (Tr.).

Ragno nero, R. di grotta (Fiume).

Varagno negro ( Ven.).

Croat., Ranjen (generic).
Habit. General and not uncommon.
Season. Always; August.
Quality. 2 ; best of the genus.

134. TRACHINUS RADIATUS, C. & V.

Trachino raggiato (It.).

Vulg., Ragno, R. pagano (Tr.).

Varagno pagan ( Ven.).

Croat., Pauk (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always ; March to June, September.
Quality. 2.

135. TRACHINUS VIPER A, C. & V.
The common Weever.

The Viper Weever.
The lesser Weever.

Black-fin, Sting-fish, Adder-pike, Otter-
pike.
Trachino vipera (//.).

Vulg., Ragno (Tr.).

Varagnola (Ven.).
Habit. Trieste.

Season. April, May, August ; rare.
Quality. 2.

Fam. XIV. Pediculati — Anglers.
Gen. I. Lophius, Art.

136. LOPHIUS PISCATORIUS, L.

The Angler, Common Angler, The Sea-
devil, Toad-fish, Fishing-frog, Frog-fish.
Der gemeine Froschfisch.
Froschteufel, Seeteufel.
Lophie baudroie, Baudroie pecheresse.
Lofio piscatore (//.).

Vulg., Rospo, Pesce Rospo, Rospo di mar,
Rospo di fango, Diavolo di mar (Tr.,
Ven., Fiume).
Croat, zaba, vrazic, caca, hudobina,
morski djavol, vrag morski, vukodlak
(Croat, littoral).
Grdobina (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always ; especially summer.
Quality. 3.

137. LOPHLUS BUDEGASSA, Spin.
Lofio martino (It.).

Note. Less common than the foregoing sp. ;
though sometimes very common at Fiume ;
smaller and preferable eating to the foregoing.

Fam. XV. Cottid^e.

Gen. I. Cottus, Art.

138. COTTUS GOB 10, L.

The Miller's Thumb, The Bull Head,

Tommy Logge.
Le chabot de riviere, chabot tetard,

Sechot, La cotte chabot, Tete d'Aze,

Le Chapsot.
Der Kaulkopf, Dickkopf, Die Miihlkoppe

Rotz Kolbe, Groppe, Gruppe, Koppe,

Der Kautzenkopf, Die Kaulquappe.

200

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Scazzone, Ghiozzo (It.).

Vulg., Marson, Cavedon (Trentino).

Magnarone, Magnerone ( Verona).

Marzion, Marsion, Marson (Treviso).

Chiavedon (Gorizia).

Sloven, Menkisek, Kapc (Carniola).

Croat, Balavac, Pes, Pesa.
Habit. Fresh-water courses of northern and
central Italy; Trentino, Adige, Izonso, Garda.
Quality. 2.

Gen. II. Lepidotrigla, Gthr.

139. LEPIDOTRIGLA ASTER A, C. & V.

Trigla aspera, C. 6° V.

Trigla cavillone, Lac.

Capone caviglione (//.).

Vulg., Anzoletto (generic) (Tr.).

Anzuletta (generic) (Fiume).

Turchello insanguina (Ven.).

Croat., Ankulete, Anzuleta (generic) (Croat,
littoral) ; cucina (Spalato).
Habit. General ; not common.
Season. January, February, April to June,

August, September.
Remark. One of the smallest sp. of the genus.
Quality. 3.

Gen. III. Trigla, Art.

140. TRLGLA TLNL, Bl.
Triglia cuculus, L.

The Elleck, The Red, or Cuckoo-Gurnard.

Capone imperiale (//.).

Vulg., Anzoletto (Tr.).

Anzoleto, A. commune, A. piccolo ( Ven.).

Croat., Ankulete, Anzuleta.
LLabit. General ; common.
Season. Always ; March.
Quality. 3.

141. TRLGLA LLNEATA,
T. lastoviza, Briinn.
T. adriatica, L.

L.

The streaked Gurnard, French or rock

Gurnard.
Rouget camard.

Der gestreifte See- oder Knurr-hahn.
Capone ubbriaco* (Lt.).
Vulg., Anzoletto, Angioletto, Ubriago,

Musoduro (Tr.).
Anzoleto, Musoduro (Ven.).
Anzoletta, Testa grossa, Testa dura (Fiume).
Croat., Lastavica, Glavuje (?) Kokot.
Habit., Season, Quality. Same as foregoing sp. ;
very common.

142. TRLGLA HLRUNDO, Bl. & L.
Lucerna Venetorum, Will.
Trigla corax, Bp.

The Tubfish, The Sapphirine Gurnard.

Trigle hirondelle.

Der grosse See- oder Knurr-hahn.

Die Meerschwalbe.

Capone galinella (//.).

Vulg., Anzoletto, Lucerna f (Tr., Ven.,

Fiume).
Maziola (Ven.).
Laterna,t Fanalef (Lig).
Croat., Lucenka, Lucerna, Prasica (Croat,
littoral).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always; best in January, May, August;
the most common of the genus in Spalato
waters.
Quality. 2 ; best of the genus.

143. TRLGLA GURNARD US, L.
The Grey Gurnard.

Capone gorno (//.).

Vulg., Anzoletto (Tr., Ven.).

Croat., Lastavica.
Habit. General ; rare ; Trieste.
Quality. 3.

* Signifies " inebriated," owing to its reddish hue.
t Owes these names to the great phosphorescence it
produces.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

201

144. TRIG LA CUCULUS, Bl.
T. milvus, Lac.

Bloch's Gurnard.

Die Seeweihe.

Capone caviglia (//.).

Vulg., Anzoletto (Tr., Ven.).

Anzoletto grande (Ven.).

Croat., Lastavica.
Habit. General ; not uncommon.
Season. Best in January, May, August.
Quality. 3.

145. TRLGLA LYRA, L.

The Piper, Lyra, Crowner, Sea-hen.

Die Meerleyer.

Capone organo (It.).

Vulg., Anzoletto (Tr.).

Turchello, Succhetto ( Ven.).

Anzoletto grande (Ven.).

Turchello (Fiunie).

Croat., Lucerna (Croat, littoral).

Kokot (Spalato).
Habit. Istria, Dalmatia ; 'rather rare.
Season. April, March, October.
Quality. 3.

Fam. XVI. Cataphracti — Flying Gurnards.
Gen. I. Peristethus, Kaup.

1 46. PERISTE THUS CA TAPHRA C-

TUM, L.
Peristedion cataphractum, C. 6° V.
Trigla cataphracta, L.
The Mailed Gurnard.
Le Malarmat.
Der Gabelfisch.

Der gabelige, See- oder Knurr-hahn.
Peristedione forcuto (It.).
Vulg., Anzoletto, Angioletto del mare, o di

mar, Forcato (Tr.).
Anzoleto della Madonna (Ven.).
Croat., Turcin (Spalato).

Habit. General ; Dalmatia, Cherso ; inhabits

great depths ; rare in the north.
Season. Common at Spalato in winter.
Quality, o.

Gen. II. Dactylopterus, Lac.

147. DACTYLOPTERUS VOLLTANS.

C. & V.

Trigla volitans, L.

Der Flughahn.

Pesce rondine (Lt.).

Vulg., Pesce barbastrillo, o barbastella,

Rondinela ( Ven.).
Rondinella (Fiume).

Croat., Lastavica, Leteci kokot (Croat, lit-
toral).
Poletusa, Lastavica prava (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare; Dalmatia, Lissa,

Trieste.
Season. April to July, September.
Quality, o.

Fam. XVII. Gobiid^e.

Gen. I. Gobius, Art*

148. GOBLUS NIGER, L.

The Black Goby, Rock-fish, Rock Goby.

Gobie boulerot.

Die schwarze Meergrundel.

Ghiozzo nero (//.).

Vulg., Guatto (generic term).

Guatto giallo (Tr., Fiume).

Paganello di mar (Ven.).

Croat., Glavoc (generic term).

zuti gulj, glavoc od rupa (Croat, littoral).

Glamoc zuti (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 3; Minutaja (mixed fish).

149. GOBIUS AURATUS, Risso.
The Yellow Goby, Couch.

* Gobius Lesueuri, G. Buchichii, G. Zebra, G.
pusillus. (See Nos. 367— 370.)

202

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Ghiozzo dorato (//.).
Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).
Marsion (Ven.).

Croat, Glamoc zutac {Spain to).
Habit. General, but rare; Dalmatia, Lesina,
Spalato, Trieste.

150. GOBIUS JOZO, L.

Die blaue Meergrundel, Blaugrundel, See-
stint.
Ghiozzo comune (It.).
Vulg., Guatto, Guatto di fango (Tr., Fiume).
Paganello di mar, Paganello bianco, Go,

Menuaja mora (Ven.).
Croat., Gulj od blata, Cernjak, Glavoccerni

(Croat, littoral).
Batovina, Glamoc bilac, Glamoc lucni
(Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

151. GOBIUS MART EN SI I, Gthr.
Gobius Bonelli, Nardo.

Gobius Fluviatilis, C. &> V

The Fresh-water Goby.

Ghiozzo comune (//.).

Vulg., Marsion d'aqua dolce (Ven.).

Bottola (Trentino, Verona).

Lardel, Lardello, Goffo (Treviso).
Habit. Tagliamento, Isonzo, Adige, Treviso,

Garda; common.
Season. February, March, September, October.
Quality. 2.

152. GOBIUS PANIZZsE, Verga.
Ghiozzo del Panizza (//.).
Vulg., Marsion (Ven.).
Marsionsini (Treviso).

Habit. Brackish waters and lagoons; Venice,
Comacchio ; watercourses of Venice ; com-
mon.

Season. April.

Quality. 2.

153. GOBIUS PUNCTATISSIMUS,

Canestr.
Ghiozzo punteggiata (It.).
Habit. Same as foregoing ; Tagliamento, Sile.
Season. February, April, May.
Quality. 2.

154. GOBIUS QUAGGA, Heck.

Habit. Spalato.

Season. June ; very rare.

155. GOBIUS KNERII, Steind.
Habit. Zaole (Trieste), Lesina (Dalmatia).
Note. An Adriatic species.

Season. May ; rare.

156. GOBIUS FAGANFIIUS, L.

Paganellus Venetorum, Will.

The Paganellus.

Die Paganell-Grundel.

Ghiozzo paganello (//.).

Vulg, Guatto, G. di sasso (Tr., Fiume).

Paganello (Ven., Tr., Fiume).

Paganello de porto, Paganello verga ( Ven.).

Croat., Gulic, Kamenski gulj (Croat, lit-
toral).

Plahut* (Fiume).

Glamoc, Pornpujak (Spalato).
Habit. General ; common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 2 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

157. GOBIUS OPHIOCEPHALVS, Pall.
Gobius lota, C. & V.

Die marmorirte Meergrundel.

Ghiozzo go (//.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).

Go ( Ven). Guatto giallo (Spalato).

Croat., Gulj (Croat, littoral).

Glamoc puricas (Spalato).
Habit. General ; common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 2 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

* Denotes timidity.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

203

158. GOBIUS CRUENTATUS, Gm.
Die blutrothe Meergrundel.

Ghiozzo insanguinato (It.).

Vulg., Guatto di mar (Tr., Fiume).

Paganello di mar (Tr.).

Paganello insanguina ( Ven.).

Croat, Morski gulj, Glavoc (Croat. lit-
toral).

Glamoc zudij (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare ; not uncommon at

Spalato on zostera beds.
Season. April, May, August, September.
Quality. 2 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).]

159. GOBIUS GENLPORUS, C. & V.
Ghiozzo geniporo (Lt.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Finnic).

Marsion ( Ven.).
Habit. General, but rare ; Dalmatia, Trieste.
Season. August.
Quality. 2 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

160. GOBIUS CAFITO, C. & V.
Ghiozzo testone (Lt.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).

Go di mar ( Ven.).

Croat., Glavoc, Glamoc.

Glamoc plocar (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always.

Quality. 2 ; the largest and most common sp. ;
does not belong to the class of Minutaja.

Variety of the above sp. : —

Gobius guttatus, C 6° V.
Habit. Lesina (Dalmatia).
Season. March, September ; very rare.

161. GOBIUS MINUTUS, L.
Gobius quadrimaculatus, C 6° V.
Gobius unipunctatus, Parn.

The Freckled or Spotted Goby, the One-
spotted Goby (Parn), the Polewig, Polly-
bait.

Buhotte, Boulerau blanc.

Ghiozzo macchiato (//.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).

Marsion, Marsion di mar ( Ven.).

Croat., Glamoc (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Always.
Quality. 2; Minutaja (mixed fish).

162. GOBIUS RUTHENSPARRI, Euph.
The Doubly-spotted Goby.

Vulg., Scagioto ( Ven.).
Habit. Trieste, Venice ; very rare.

163. GOBIUS QUADRIVITTATUS,

Steind.
Gobio fasciato (Lt.).
Habit. An Adriatic sp. found near Lesina, Dal-
matia, in 1863 ; also at Zaole and the Canale
delle Castella ; very rare.

164. GOBIUS MINUTUS, Penn.
Pennant's Spotted Goby.
Ghiozzo minuto (//.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).
Marsion (Ven.).
Habit. General ; rare.

165. GOBIUS E LONG AT US, Canestr.
Habit. Venice ; accidental.

Season. April.

Gen. II. Latrunculus, Gtlir*

166. LA TR UNC UL US ALB US, Parn .
Gobius albus, Pa?-n.

The White Goby.
Ghiozzo bianco (//.).
Habit. Ragusa ; very rare.

Gen. III. Callionymus, L.j

167. CALLLONYMUS LYRA, L.
Callionymus dracunculus, L.

* Latrunculus pellucidus. (See No. 371.)
t Callionymus fasciatus. (See No. 372.)

2 E

204

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

The Dragonet, Fox, Skulpin, Sordid Dra-
gonet, Gemmeous Dragonet, Yellow
Skulpin.
Die Goldgrundel.
Fuchsgrundel.
Callionimo lira (//.).
Habit. Trieste.

Season. Quite exceptionally met with in sum-
mer, if not, indeed, altogether questionable.

1 68. CALLIONYMUS MA C ULA TUS, Raf.
Callionimo macchiato (It.).

Vulg., Guatto (Tr., Fiume).

Lodra, Lodrin (Veu., Tr.).

Croat., Mis (Spalato).
Habit. Rare at Trieste and Venice ; common

at Spalato.
Season. March, July to September.
Quality. 3.

169. CALLIONYMUS FESTIVUS, Pall.

Callionymus dracunculus, Risso.
Callionimo dragoncello (It.).
Vulg., as foregoing sp.
Habit. General, but rare ; Venice.

170. CALLLONYMUS BELENUS, Risso.
Die Belen.

Callionimo belenno (It.).

Vulg. as foregoing sp. ; also Schilin ( Ven.).

Croat., Mis', zabaric (Spalato).
Llabit. Venice, Trieste, Spalato, Ravenna ;

pretty general and common.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

171. CALLLONYMUS MORLSSONLL,

Risso.

Habit. Trieste, Venice ; very rare.

Season. Summer.

Remark. Identity questionable ; Perugia cites
this as a distinct sp.; Canestrini considers it to
be identical with C. Belenus (Risso); whereas

Bonap. and Giinther consider it identical with
C. festivus (Bp. not Pall), synonymous with
C. phaeton (Gtlir.)

Fam. XVIII. Cepolid/e — Band-fishes.
Gen. Cepola, L.

172. CEPOLA RUBESCENS, L.

The Band-fish, Red Band-fish, Red Snake
fish.

Der gemeine Bandfisch, Rother Bandfisch.

Cepola rosseggiante (//.).

Vulg., Pesce cordela (Tr., Fiume).

Pesce spada, Spada rossa (Tr.).

Spada da Quarnero, Lanspada ( Ven.).

Croat., Ugoraca (Croat, littoral), Macinac
(Spalato).
Habit. General.

Season. Common at all seasons.
Quality. 3.

Fam. XIX. Blenniid.e — Blennies.
Gen. I. Blennius, Art*

173. BLENNIUS GATTORUGINE, Bl.
The Gattoruginous Blenny.

Der gestreifte Schleimfisch.
Bavosa gattorugine (It.).
Vulg., Strega, Gattorusola (Tr.), Gattaro-
zola ( Ven.), Baba (Fiume) (generic terms).
Croat, Kokot, Baba ( Cratf. littoral) (generic

terms).
Barbir, Babak (Spalato).
Habit. General and common ; enters brackish

waters ; lagoons of Venice.
Season. Always.
Quality. 3.

174. BLENNIUS TENTACULARIS,

Briinn.
Der Meerhirsch.

* Blennius Caneva and B. trigloides. (See Nos. 373,
374-)

SYS 77: J/AF/C LIST OF THE FAUNA.

205

Bavosa cornuta (It.).
Croat., Babica, Barbaroga (Spalato).
The same remarks apply to this as to the fore-
going sp. ; belongs to the class ol.Minutaja.

175. BLENNIUS ROUXI, Cocco.
Vulg., Bausa janca (Sicily).
Croat., Kraljica (Spalato).

Habit. Not uncommon at Spalato in the spring ;
not found in the north.

176. BLENNIUS VULGARIS, Pollini.
The Fresh-water Blenny.

Cagnetto comune (//.).
Vulg., Cagnetto, Cabazza (Lomb.).
Croat., Babuka (Spalato).
Habit. Izonso, Adige (?), Lake of Vrana (Dal-
matia, not Cherso), River Giadro, near Salona,
Lake Bacina (Dalmatia) ; is also found in the
sea.
Quality. 1 .

177. BLENNIUS VARUS, Bp.
Cagnetto varo (It.).

Habit. Fresh-water courses of Venice.
Remark. Canestrini holds this to be a variety of
the foregoing sp.

178. BLENNIUS PALMLCORNIS, C. &V.
Blennius sanguinolentus, Pall.

Bavosa palmicorne (//.).

Croat., Balavica (Spalato).
The remarks on B. tentacularis apply to this sp.
Habit. General and common ; Spalato, Lesina,
Rimini.

179. BLENNIUS BASLLISCUS, C. &V.
Habit. Very rarely met with in the Adriatic.

180. BLENNIUS SPHYNX, C. & V.
Habit. Lesina (Dalmatia), Trieste, Zaole ; rare.

181. BLENNIUS PAVO, Risso.
Bavosa cristata (//.).

Vulg., Gallo, Gattarozola marina (female),
Gattarozola colla cresta (Ven.).

Croat., Pivac, Baba krunasica (Spalato).
The remarks on B. tentacularis apply equally to

this species.

182. BLENNIUS OCELLARLS, L.

Ocellated Blenny, Butterfly-fish.

Papillon de mer, Blennie Lievre.

Der geaugelte Schleimfisch.

Schmetterlingfisch.

Bavosa occhiuta (//.).

Vulg., Strega, Gattorusola d'aspreo, G. di

mar, Lampusa (Tr.).
Gattorozola dall'occial, Pesce occhial, Gat-

tina piccola (Ven.).
Smida (Flume).
Croat., Baba, Kokot.
Babica od dubine (Spalato).
The same remarks apply to this sp. as to B.
gattorugine.

183. BLENNIUS GALERLTA, L.
Montagu's Blenny, Diminutive Blenny.

Habit. Dalmatia (Lesina, Lissa, Curzola) ; but
very rare.

184. BLENNLUS PHOLLS, L.

Phocis laevis, Flem.

The Smooth Blenny, the Shanny, Shan,
Smooth Shan.

Die Meerlerche.

Der kleinste Schleimfisch.

Vulg., Gattorusola senza cresta (Tr., Ven.).

Lampusa (Tr.).

Gattarozola bavosa, o chiossa ( Ven.).
Remark. Canestrini and other authors are not
satisfied as to the identity of this species,
although it is cited by Perugia, Martens, and
others. In any case, it seems doubtful whether
it is the Shanny of British waters, or a southern
representative variety of this fish.*

* See " Martens' Reise nach Venedig," ii. p. 419 ; and
"Catalogo dei Pesci dell' Adriatico," by Alberto Perugia,
p. 16, No. 190.

206

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. II. Cristiceps, C. 6° V.

185. CRISTICEPS ARGENTATUS, Risso.
Blennius variabilis, Raf.

Clinus variabilis, Canestr.

Der silberne Schleimfisch.

Clino variabile (//.).

Vulg., Spirolottu, Sperdetto, Spirda {Sicily).
Habit. Dalmatia, Trieste ; southern extension.
Season. Summer ; very rare.

Gen. III. Tripterygium, Risso.

186. TRIPTERYGIUM NASUS, Risso.

Tritterigio caponero (It.).
Croat., Pivcic (Spalato).
Habit. General ; Spalato, Lesina (Dalmatia),

Trieste, &c.
Season. Common in summer.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

Fam. XX. Sphyr,enid;E.

Gen. I. Sphyr^ena, Art.

187. SPHYRAENA VUIGARIS, C. & V.
Esox Sphyrrena, I.

Sphyrama spet, lac.

The Spet.

Der Pfeilhecht.

Sfirena comune (It.).

Vulg., Luzzo di mar (Tr., Ven.).

Merluzzo salvatico (Tr.).

Pesce schermo (Eiuuie).

Croat., Jaglunic, Skaram (littoral).

Skaran (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3.

Fam. XXI. Atherinid^e — Atherines or Sand-
smelts.

Gen. Atherina, Art.

188. ATHERINA HEPSETUS, L.

The Smelt, Atherine, Sand-Smelt.
Le Sanclet Cabassons de Provence.

Der gemeine Aehrenfisch.

Latterino sardaro (It.).

Vulg., Anguela, Gerao, Jaral, Garal (Tr.).

Anguela, Anguela agonada, Agona, Acqua-

dela ( Ven.).
Croat., Gavon, Gavun (Croat, littoral and

Halm.).
Girica (generic).
Gaun pravi (Spalato).
Habit. General and common, particularly in
summer; frequents brackish waters and the
lagoons ; it is the most common of the genus.
Qualify. 3.

189. ATHERINA BOYERI, Risso.
Boier's Atherine, Couch.
Latterino capoccione (//.).

Vulg., Anguela (Tr., Ven.).
Croat., ciga (Croat, littoral).
Gaun batelj (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. As above.

190. ATHERINA MO C HON, C. & V.
Der kleine Aehrenfisch.

Latterino comune (It.).
Vulg., as above.

Croat., Gaun hrskavac (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. As above.

Fam. XXII. Mugilid^e— Mullets.
Gen. Mugil, Art*

191. MUGII CEPHAIUS, Cuv.
The Grey Mullet.

Le Mulet-Cabot.

Die gemeine Meeriische.

Der Harder.

Muggine cefalo (//.).

Vulg., Volpina, Cievolo (young) ( Tr., Fiume).

Mecchiarini, Mecchiati, Volpina, Cievolo

Ceolo, Magna, Magnariazo, Orbeti, Topi,

Volpinetti (Ven.).

* Mugil labco. {Sec No. 375.)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

207

Croat., Mulj, Muljal {Croat, littoral).
Babas, Ciepa, cipal glavotni (Spalato).
Habit. General and common ; frequents brack-
ish waters.
Season. All seasons ; particularly in winter ;

the most prevalent sp. of the genus.
Quality. 2.

192. AW GIL C A PL TO, Cuv.
Le Meuille blanc.
Muggine calamita (Lt.).

Vulg., Caostello (Tr., Fen., Fiume).
Cavostello (Tr.).

Caustello, Botolo, Batauro (Fen.).
Mazinette (Fiume).
Croat., Stirjas (Croat, littoral).
Balavac (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. As above ; common.

193. MUGLL AURATUS, Risso.
Long-finned Grey Mullet, Golden Mullet.
Muggine orifrangio (Lt.).

Vulg., Lotregan, Dotregan (Tr., Fen.).
Croat., Zlatoperac (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. As above.

194. MUGLL SALLE NS, Risso.
Muggine musino (//.).

Vulg., Verzelata (Tr., Ven).
Croat., Mrznjak. Bavus (Spalato).
Habit., Season, Quality. As above.

195. MUGLL CHELO, Cuv.

The thick-lipped Grey Mullet, lesser Grey

Mullet.
Le Mulet chaluc.
Muggine chelone (//.).
Vulg., Bosega, Boseghe, plural (Tr., Ven.).
Croat., Putnik (Spalato).
Habit. As above ; ascends the rivers, and can

live in the lakes, but spawns in the sea.
Season, Quality. As above.

Fam. XXIII. Gasterosteid^e — Sticklebacks.
Gen. Gasterosteus, Art.

196. GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, L.

The Stickleback, Prickleback.

L'Epinoche.

Der gemeine Stichling, Stachelbarsch,
Stachelfisch, Scharfling, Stachbuttel.

Spinarello (Lt.).

Vulg., Spin, Spinarola, Spinarella ( Ven.).

Spinariola ( Treviso).

Pesce Spin, Roncone (Lombardy).

Croat., Gergec, Koljuska, Zet.
Habit Tagliamento, Adige, Garda, Monfalcone,

Venice ; brackish waters.
Season. February, May, June.
Quality, o.

197. GASTEROSTEUS BRACHYCEN-
TRUS, C. & V.

The Three-spined Stickleback.
Spinarola (//.).
Vulg., Spinariola (Treviso).
Habit. Has a southern extension ; Gorizia, Tre-
viso, Lake of Garda, Venice, Istria ; brackish
waters.
Season. October.
Quality, o.

Fam. XXIV. Centriscid,e.

Gen. Centriscus, L.

198. CENTRLSCUS SCO LO PAX, L.
The Trumpet-fish, Sea-snipe, Bellows-fish,

Snipe-nosed Trumpet-fish, Woodcock

fish, Snipe-fish.
Centrisque becasse.
Der Schnepfenfisch.
Pesce trombetta (//.).
Vulg., Galinazza, Pesce trombetta (Tr.,

Fen., Fiume).
Croat., Morska sljuka.

208

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Habit. General ; rare ; sp. from Dalmatia,

Venice, Fiume.
Season. Spring and summer.
Quality, o.

Fam. XXV. Gobiesocim: — Suck-fishes.
Gen. I. Lepadogaster, Gouan.

199. LEPADOGASTER GOUANLL, Lac.
The Small Suck-fish, Cornish Sucker,

Ocellated Sucker, Jura Sucker.
Le Barbier, Porte-Ecuelle.
Der Bauchschild.
Lepadogastro del Gouan (//.).
Vulg.} Taccasasso (Tr.).
Pesce ranin (Ven.).
Sporcello di sasso, Porchetti {generic term)

{Fiume).
Croat., Riba prasica, Pizdin-prilipak {generic

terms) {Croat, littoral).
Prilipak, Svicica, Babka (Spa la to).
Habit. General ; not uncommon ; Venice, Lissa,

Spalato, Zaole, Trieste, Fiume.
Season. March to June, September.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

200. LEPADOGASTER LLSTELLUS,

Nardo.
Vulg., Listello, Sfrizin (Ven.).
Habit. Venice ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

201. LEPADOGASTER PRO JFA77, Risso.
Habit. A few sp. caught off Lesina (Dalmatia).

202. LEPADOGASTER ACUTUS, Canestr.
Lepadogaster elegans, Nardo.

Der rothe Bauchschild.
Lepadogastro acuto (//.).
Vulg., Porchetti (Ven., Fiume).
Pesce ranin ( Ven.).
Taccasasso (Tr., Fiume).
Croat. As No. 199.
Habit. Rare ; sp. from Trieste.

203. LEPADOGASTER CANDOLLLL,

Risso.
Mirbelia Decandollii, Canestr.
The Connemara Sucker.
Vulg., Croat. As No. 199.
Habit. General ; common ; sp. from Venice,

Trieste, Spalato.
Season. Winter; in summer it retreats to deep
waters.

204. LEPADOGASTER BIMACULATUS,

Flem.
Lepadogaster Desfontainii, Risso.
Mirbelia Desfontainii, Canestr.
The Bimaculated Sucker, Doubly-spotted
Sucker.
Nomenclature. As above.
Habit. Common and general.
Season. June, September.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja.

Gen II. Leptopterygius, Troscli.

205. LEPTOPTERYGLUS PLGER, Nardo.
Gouania piger, Bp.

Gouania prototypus, Nardo.

Gouania tipo* (//.).
Habit. A southern sp. occasionally found in the
Adriatic ; specimens from Lesina (Dalmatia),
Trieste, Venice ; is not uncommon at the
northern head of the island of Bua (Dal-
matia).

Fam. XXVI. Lophotid/e.

Gen. Lophotes, Giorna.

206. LOPHOTES CEPEDLANUS, Giorna.
Lophote Cepediano (//.).

Habit. Very rare — in fact, accidental ; has been
met with at Lesina on the Dalmatian coast.

Fam. XXVII. Trachypterid.e — Ribbon-fishes.
Gen. Trachvpterus, Gouan.

207. TRACHYLLPTERUS T.ENLA, Bl.

& Sch.
Falx Venetorum, Bcllon.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

209

Ribbon-fish.

Der gemeine Sensenfisch, dcr weisse Band-
fisch.

Trachittero tenia (It.).
Vulg., Falce, Pesce Falce ( Ven., Tr.).
Spada argentina (Tr.).
Spada d'arzento (Ven.).
Croat., Mac (Croat, littoral).
Riba vlasuja (Spalato).
Habit. General, though rare ; Trieste, Venice,
Dalmatia.

Season. Summer.

Quality. Flesh said to be excellent, and is much

consumed at Naples, where it is much

esteemed.

20S.

REP AND US,

TRA CHYPTER US

Costa.
Trachittero ritorto (//.).
Habit. Has been fished in the Gulf of Trieste,
and in the Dalmatian Archipelago off Lissa
and Lesina, but is very rare.

Order— ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI,

Fam. I. Pomacentrid/e — Coral-fishes.
Gen. Heliastes, C. 6° V.
209. HEIIASTES CHROMIS, L.

Der Rabenfisch.

Castagnola (//.).

Vulg., Fabbro, Pesce fabbro (Tr., Fiume).

Caligher, Fabretto, Favaretto (Tr.).

Pesce scarpolero, pesce pestafero ( Ven.).

Croat., Crnjelj, Crnej.
Habit. General and common at all seasons.
Quality. 3 ; little eaten.

Fam. II. Labrid/E — Wrasses.

Gen. I. Labrus, Art.
210. I A PR US TURD US, L.

Der griine Lippfisch.

Labro tordo (//.).

Vulg., Liba (generic term) (Tr.).

Donzela (generic) Papaga ( Ven.).

Papagallo verde ( Ven., Fiume).

Verdon (Fiume).

Croat., Usnace, Vrana (generic terms), Le-
nica, Zeleni papagal (Fiume). Orfanic,
Vrana zelena (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare.
Season. Spring and autumn.
Quality. 3; Minutaja (mixed fish).

21 1. LABRUS MACULA TUS, Bl.

Labrus bergylta, Ascan.

The Ballan Wrasse, Ancient Wrasse, Old

Wife.
La Vieille.
Das alte Weib.
Vulg, Liba, Pinco (Tr.).
Habit. Trieste ; one of the rarest sp. of this
genus ; identity questionable.

212. LABRUS FESTIVUS, Risso.
Labro festivo (//.).

Vulg, Liba (Tr.).

Donzela, Papaga (Ven.).

Croat., Drozak, cvrljak (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare ; common at Spalato.
Season. Common in autumn.
Quality. 3.

213. LABRUS ME RUL A, L.
Der braune Lippfisch.
Dunkler Lippfisch.

Die Meerschleihe.
Labro merlo (//.).
Vulg., Liba (Tr.).
Donzela, Papaga (Ven.).
Tenca di mar (Tr., Ven.).

210

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Croat, Luceta morska, Vrana {Spa I a to).
Habit. General and common at all seasons.
Quality. 3.

214. LABRUS RETLCULATUS, Lowe.
Labrus nereus, Risso.

Vulg., Liba {Tr.).
Habit. General, but rare.

215. LABRUS MLXTUS, L.

The striped Wrasse, Red Wrasse, Cuckoo

Wrasse, the Cook Wrasse.
Labre mele.

Der gefleckte Lippfisch.
Meerjunker.
Labro pavone (//.)•
Vulg., Liba, Donzella di grotta, Donzelladi

sasso ( Tr., Fiume).
Donzella, Papaga, Donzella de Quarnero,

Cragnisso {Ven.).
Croat., Figa {Spalato).
Habit. General at all seasons, but rare ; not

uncommon at Spalato.
Quality. 3.

Female of the above sp.

Labrus carneus, Ascan.

The Red Wrasse, trimaculated or three-
spotted Wrasse, Flesh-coloured Wrasse.

Der fleischrothe Lippfisch, Vierfleck.
Habit. General and common at all seasons.

Variety of female.

Labrus bimaculatus, L.

The Bimaculated Wrasse.

Der zweigefleckte Lippfisch.
Note. A rare species.

Gen. II. Crenilabrus, Cuv.
216. CRENLLABRUS PAVO, C. & V.
Paon de mer.
Der buntfarbige Lippfisch.
Der Meerpfau.

Crenilabro pavone (//.).

Vulg., Liba, Donzella {Tr.).

Donzella, Papaga, Pesce spuzza {Ven.),
Lepa {Chioggia), Verdon {Fiume).

Croat., Lenica {Fiume).

Lumbrak {Spalato).

Boculjava gusavica {Spalato).

Jebac {inasc), Solnjaca {fern.), Smokva
{generic).
Habit. General and common at all seasons.
Quality. 3.

217. CRENLLABRUS MEDLTER-
RANEUS, C. & V.

C. boryanus, Risso.

Der borische Lippfisch.

Crenilabro mediterraneo (//.).

Vulg, Liba, Leppa, Donzella {Tr.).

Donzella, Papaga, Smergo, Gardelin, Pesce
cavalier ( Ven.).

Croat., Knez. Podujka {Spalato).
Habit. General and not uncommon at Spalato.
Season. Winter and spring.
Quality. 3.

2 1 8. CRENLLABR US ME LA NO CER C US,

Risso.
Croat., Modri Iffac {Spalato).
Habit. A rare sp. ; specimens from Trieste and
the islands of Lesina, Solta, Bua, and the
Canale delle Castella (Dalmatia).

219.

C^RULEUS,

CRENLLABRUS
Nardo (Risso?).
Habit. Trieste, Lesina, Spalato; a rare sp.,
represented in the Trieste Museum.

220. CRENLLABRUS ME LOPS, Cuv.
The Corkwing, Connor or Golden Maid,

Golden Wrasse, Gilt-head, Goldsinny,

Goldfinny.
Der blaue Lippfisch.
Croat., Smokvica, Spirka {Spalato).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

21 I

Habit. Venice, Dal mat ia ; very rare ; a specimen
from Dalmatia is in the British Museum. (See
Giinther's Catalogue of Fishes in the British
Museum, Vol. IV. p. 82.)

Season. April, May, September.

22r. CRENILABRUS ROISSALI, Risso.

C. quinquemaculatus, Bl.

Der funfgefleckte Lippfisch.

Crenilabro macchiato (//.).

Vulg. As No. 212.

Croat., Kraska.

Kosirica (Spalato).
Habit. Dalmatia, Trieste, Venice ; pretty

common.
Quality. No. 3.

222. CRENILABRUS GRISEUS, L.
C. massa, Risso.

Der griine Lippfisch.

Crenilabro grigio (It.).

Croat., Inac (Spa/ato).

Vulg. As above.
Habit. Venice, Dalmatia ; pretty common.
Season. March to June.
Quality. Minutaja (mixed fish).

223. CRENILABR US OCELLA TUS, Forsk.
C. littoralis, Risso.

Crenilabro occhiato (//.).

Vulg. As above.

Croat., Hinjusa.

Pavlinka (Spa/ato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3.

224. CRENILABRUS RO STRATUS, Bl.
Coricus rostratus, C c> V.
Crenilabro rostrato (It.).
Vulg. As above.
Luzziolo (Fen.).
Croat., Dugonosica.

Habit. General and common ; amongst the

rocks in shallow water.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3.

225. CRENILABRUS TINCA, Briinn.
Crenilabro tenca (//.).

Vulg. As No. 212.
Croat., Inac (Spalato).
Habit. General, but rare; Lesina (Dalmatia);
not uncommon at Spalato.

Gen. III. Acantholabrus, C. 6° V.

226. A CANTHOLABR US PALL ONLL,

Risso.
Acantolabro roseo (//.).
Vulg, Pesce spuzza, Pesce nello (Ven.).
Croat., Macin (Spalato).
Habit. A rare sp. found amongst the rocks in
shallow water ; specimens from Venice,
Trieste, Spalato ; not uncommon in spring
off the island of Solta in Dalmatia.

Gen. IV. Novacula (Xyrichthys), C 6° V.

227. NOVACULA CULTRATA, C. & V.
Pecten romae, Aldrov.

Pesce pettine (It.).
Habit. One of the rarest sp. ; southern exten-
sion ; Dalmatia.

Gen. V. Julis, C. &> V.

228. JULIS PAVO, C. &° V.
Julis turcica, Risso.
Donzella turca (//.).
Vulg., Pesce leone (Sicily).

Note. A very rare sp. ; southern extension.

Gen. VI. Coris, Gthr.

229. CORIS JULIS, L.
Julis vulgaris, Flem.
Julis mediterranea, Risso.
The Rainbow Wrasse.

2 F

212

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Indented-striped Wrasse.

La Girelle.

Der Regenbogenfisch.

Meerjunker.

Donzella zigurella (//.).

Vulg., Donzella, Girella (Tr.,Ven.), Papaga

( Ven.).
Croat., Knez, Dugnjaca, Vladikinja (Sj>a-
lato).
Habit. General and common ; amongst the

rocks covered with algce.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3.

Variety. Julis speciosus, Risso.

Note. Has been met with in Dalmatia.

230. CORIS G 10 FRED I, Risso.

Julis Giofredi, Risso.

Der Meerjunker.

Donzella del Giofredi (//.).

Vulg., Donzella, Girella (Tr., Ven.).

Croat. As No. 229.
Habit. Pretty general, but rare ; specimens

from Fiume, Trieste, Venice, Lesina.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3 ; probably the same as the foregoing.

Order— ANACANTHINI.

Fam. I. Gadid.e — Cod Tribe.

Gen. I. Gadus, Art*

231. GADUS EUXINUS, Nordm.
Der sudliche Schellfisch.

Gado pontico (It.).

Vulg., Molo, Molo da parangolo.

Croat. Ugotica dugonosica (Spalato).
Habit. A sp. of the Black Sea, occasionally
found in the Adriatic : Venice, Fiume, Zara ;
it has never been caught in the Mediterranean.
Professor Kolombatovic says that in summer,
at Spalato, it is more common than No. 233.
A specimen from Dalmatia is in the British
Museum.

232. GADUS MERL ANGUS, L.
Merlangus vulgaris, Cuv.
Merlangus vernalis, Risso.

The Whiting, Le Merlan, Der Merlan.

Merlango comune (//.).

Vulg., Molo, Molo da parangolo (Tr.,Ven.,

Fiume), Falso molo, Molloso ( Ven).
Croat., PiSmolj od parangala.

* Gadus poutassou. (See No. 376.)

Habit. Common in the northern waters ; Trieste,

Fiume.
Season. August to September.
Quality. 2.

233. GADUS MINUTUS, L.
The Poor, Capelan, Power Cod.
Der Zwergdorsch.

Gado minuto (//.).

Vulg., Pesce mollo (Tr., Fiume, Cattaro).

Mormoro, Molmolo (Tr.).

Molo, Mormora (Ven.).

Croat., Pismoj, Pismolj (generic), Busbana
(Croat, littoral).

Tovarcic, Ugotica (Spalato).
Habit. Common in the north ; Trieste, Fiume,

Zara and Spalato.
Season. September to April.
Quality. 2.

234. GADUS LUSCUS, L.
The Bib, Pout, Whiting-Pout.
Le Tacaud.

Der Steinbolk.
Gado barbato (//.).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

213

Habit. Trieste (Giglioli).

Note. Quite accidental. Two specimens in the
Florence Museum of Vertebrates.

Gen. II. Merluccius, Cuv.

235. MERLUCCIUS VULGARIS, Flem.
The Hake, Common Hake.

Le Grand Merlus.

Der mittellandische Stockfisch.

Merluzzo comune (//.).

Vulg., Merluzzo (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cattard).

Asinello (Tr., Fiumc).

Lovo {Tr., Ven).

Branzin croato (Fiume).

Pesce prete ( Ven.).

Croat., Oslic, Osal, Tovar morski {Croat,
littoral). Tovar, Konj morski (Spalato).
Habit. General and common at all seasons.
Season. Best in winter.
Quality. 2.

Gen. III. Phycis, Cuv.

236. PHYCIS BLENNLOIDES, Brunn.
Phycis tinea Bl., Schn.

The Forked Hake, Greater Forked Beard.

Le Merlu barbu, Barbu.

Fico argentino (//.).

Vulg., Figo (Ven.).

Sorzo, Sorzo salvatico (Tr.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Fiume ; according to

Ninni, it is not so very scarce at Venice.
Season. July, August.

237. PHYCIS MEDITERRANEUS, Delar.
Die siidliche Meerschleihe.

Fico mediterraneo (It.).

Vulg., Sorzo, Tenca (Tr., Fiume), Figo

(Ven).
Croat., Tabinja (Croat, littoral, Spalato).
Habit. Fiume, Zara, Trieste, Spalato, Lesina,
Venice ; rather rare, if not accidental, in the
north ; deep water ; abounds off Lesina.
Season. July, August, September.

Gen. IV. Lota, Cuv*

238. LOTA VULGARLS, Cuv.
The Burbot, Burbolt, Eel-pout.
La Lotte.

Die Aalrutte, Aalraupe, Aalquappe.

Bottatrice (It.).

Vulg, t Bottrisa (Lombardy).

Sloven, Menek.

Hung., Menyhal.
Habit. In running courses, lakes, and ponds, in
depths of thirty to forty fathoms in Lombardy,
Lake of Garda, Lake of Zirknitz (Carniola),
etc.
Quality. 1.

Gen. V. Motella, Cuv.

239. MOTELLA TRLCLRRATA, Bl.
M. communis, Costa.

M. vulgaris, Cuv.
M. fusca, Risso 6° Swainson.
Galea Venetorum, Bellon.
The Three-bearded Rockling, Rockling,
Three-bearded Cod or Gade, Whistler,
Whistle-fish.
Gade Mustelle.
Die Meertriische.
Motella comune (//.).
Vulg., Sorzo, Sorcio (Tr.).
Sorze, Pesce Sorze, Mare dei gronghi

(Ven.).
Madre dei gronghi (Fiume).
Croat., Grunjeva mati, Tabinja (Croat.

littoral).
Mis morski, Mater od ugora (Spalato).
Habit. More or less general, and pretty com-
mon at all seasons ; Trieste, Venice, Rimini,
Fiume, Spalato.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 2.

* Lota argentea,

{Sec No. 377.)
2 F 2

214

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

240. MO TELL A MACULATA, Risso & S\v.
Note. A mere variety of the above sp., to which

the foregoing remarks equally apply ; a speci-
men from Dalmatia in the British Museum.

241. MO TELL A MUSTELA, Nilss.
Gadus mustela, L.

The Five-bearded Rockling or Cod.
Note. Appears in Perugia's list of the Trieste
Museum, though not represented there ; men-
tioned by Nardo as having been observed on
the Dalmatian coast. Identity questionable ;
almost identical with the two former sp.

Fam. II. Ophidiid.e.

Gen. I. Pteridium, Scopoli.

242. PTERLDLUM ATRUM, Risso.
Pteridio nero (//.).

Habit. Almissa, Zirona, Lesina (Dalmatia) ; very
rare ; inhabits great depths.

Gen. II. Ophidium, Art.

243. OPHIDIUM BARBATUM, L.
The Bearded Ophidium.
Ophidie barbu.

Das Bartmannchen.

Ofidio barbato (//.).

Vulg., Galiotto, Galera (TV., Ven.), Galia
( Ven.).

Croat., Huj, Hulj.
Habit. General, and not uncommon.
Season. August, October.
Quality. 3.

244. OPHIDIUM BR OUSONE Til, Mull.

Note. Very similar to the foregoing species.
Habit. Spalato ; rare.

245. OPHIDIUM ROCHII, Mull.

Note. Very similar to the foregoing sp.
Habit. Southern range ; San Benedetto del
Tronto.

246. OPHIDIUM VASSALLL, Risso.
Habit. Venice, Istria, Spalato ; rare.

Gen. III. Fierasfer, Cuv*

247. FLERASFER AC US, Brunn.
Der Schlangenaal.

Fiasfero ago (//.).
Vulg., Galiotto (Tr., Ven.).
Croat., Strmorinac (Spalato).
Habit. Lives inside the Holothuria ; Spalato,
Bocche di Cattaro ; rare.

Gen. IV. Ammodytes, Art.

248. AMMODYTES SLCULUS, Swains.
Sand-eel, Sand-launce.

Le lancon.
• Der Sand-aal, die Schmelte.
Ammodite (//.).
Vulg., Cicirelli (Sicily).
Habit. Makarska (Dalmatia) ; very rare at Venice.

Fam. III. Macrurid^e.

Gen. Macrurus, Bl.

249. MA CR UR US CCEL ORHYNC US,
Risso.

Macrouro camuso (//.).
Vulg., Pesce sorice (Sicily).
Habit. Southern coast of Dalmatia (?); very rare.

Fam. IV. PLEURONECTID.E — Flat-fish Tribe.
Gen. I. Rhombus, Klein.

250. RHOMBUS MAXLMUS, Cuv.
The Turbot.

Le Turbot.

Die Steinbutte, Dornbutte.
Rombo chiodato (It.).
Vulg., Rombo (Tr., Ven., Flume, Cat.).
Rombo di sasso ( Ven.).
Croat., Rumbac, Oblic (Croat, littoral).
Oblic (Spalato).
Habit. General and common.

* Fierasfer dentatus. {See No. 378. )

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

215

Season. Winter.
Quality. 1.

251. RHOMB US E £ VIS, Rond.
The Brill.

La Barbue.
Die Glattbutte.

Rombo liscio (//.).

Vulg., Suazo, Sfazo, Soazo (Tr. Ven., Fiume,
Cat.).

Croat., Svac.
Habit. General and common at all seasons.
Season. Best in November.
Quality. 1.

Gen. II. Phrynorhombus, Gunth.

252. PHR YNO RHOMB US UNI MA C U
LATUS, Risso.

Bloch's Topknot.
La petite Limandelle.
Die punctirte Scholle.
Rombo di grotta (It).
Vulg., Peloso, Peloso di grotta (Tr.).
Rombetto (Peloso) di grotta (Fen.).
Croat., Kosmate sib Ij ice, Kosmate od grota,
§folja kosmata.
Habit. Rocks and cavities in the rocks, hence
its Italian name ; Trieste, Zara ; not uncom-
mon at Spalato, in other waters it is rare.
Season. January, September, October.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

Gen. III. Arnoglossus, Blkr*

253. ARNOGLOSSUS LATERNA, Walb.
The Megrim, Scald-fish, Smooth Sole.
Die nackte Scholle.

Suacia cianchetta (//.).

Vulg., Sanchetto (Tr., Fiume).

Pataraccia (Tr., Ven.). Misapplied to this

species.
Croat., Sankete, Sanketice.

* Arnoglossus boscii. (See No. 379. )

Habit. General and more or less common ; rare

at Trieste, common at Venice and Spalato.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

254. ARNOGLOSSUS CONSPERSUS,
Canestr.

Suacia macchiata (It).
Habit. Ravenna ; rare.
Season. June, August, October.

255. ARNO GL OSS US GR OHMANNL, B p.
Suacia fosca (//.).

Vulg., Pataraccia (Tr., Ven.).

Pataraccia mora ( Ven.).

Sfojo (Fiume).

Croat, sfolj.
Habit. As No. 253.
Season. Two specimens caught at Trieste in

August.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

Gen. IV. Citharus, Blkr.

256. CITHARUS LINGUA TULA, L.
Suacia comune (//.).

Vulg., Pataraccia (Tr., Ven., Fiume).

Croat, Patarace.
Habit. General and common.
Season. Summer.
Quality. 2.

Gen. V. Rhomboidichtvs, Blkr.

257. RHOMBOIDICHTVS POD AS, Delar.
Rombo poda (//.).

Habit. Coast of Dalmatia ; very rare.

258. RHOMBOIDICHTVS MANCUS,
Risso.

Rombo passero (It).
Habit. The same as the foregoing species.
Note. Costa considers this to be the female of
R. podas.

2l6

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. VI. Pleuronectes, Art.

259. PLEURONECTES PL A TESSA, L.
Platessa vulgaris, Bp.

The Plaice.
Habit. Two specimens were found by Professor
Trois in the fish-market at Venice; these
appear to be the only ones hitherto caught
in these seas.

260. PLEURONECTES LTALLCUS, Gthr.
Platessa passer, Bp.

The Italian Flounder.

Le Flet.

Der Flunder.

Pianuzza passera (Lt).

Vulg., Passera, Passara (Tr., Fiu/ne, Ven.,

Cat.).
Passarin, Latesiol ( Ven.).
Passariello (Lesina).
Croat., Pasera, Pasara (Croat, littoral).
Plosnatica, Iverak (Spalato). Kalkan
(Narenta).
Habit. An Adriatic, not Mediterranean species ;
general, and common in brackish waters, and
ascends the rivers ; Narenta.
Season. Best in May, June.
Quality. 2.

Gen. VII. Solea, Cuv.

261. SOLEA VULGARLS, Quensel.
The Sole.

La Sole.

Die Zunge, Zungenscholle.

Sogliola volgare (//.).

Vulg., Sfoja, Sfoglia {Tr., Fiume, Cat).

Sfogio, Sfogio nostran, Sfogio de sasso,
Zentil ( Ven).

Croat., sfolja, svoja (Croat, littoral).

Tabinja ili list, Zalistak (Spalato).
Habit. General and common ; deep sea-beds.
Season. Best in winter.
Quality. 1 .

262. SOLEA OCELLATA, L.
La Pegouse.

Sogliola occhiuta (//.).
Habit. Common at Spalato in deep water ;
very rare in the north of the Gulf.

263. SOLEA KLELNLL, Risso.
Sogliola turca (Lt).

Vulg., Sfogio turco ( Ven).
Sfoja (Tr).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Spalato, on alga; sea-
beds ; rare.

264. SOLEA LASCARIS, Risso (not Bp.).
Habit. Trieste, Spalato, on sandy bed ; not un-
common.

Note. Many authors confuse this species with
S. lascaris (Bp.), synonymous with S. impar*
(Benn. and Gthr.), and S. nasuta (Nordm.) ;
Giinther cites the two as distinct species;
Costa considers it a variety of S. vulgaris ;
Canestrini does not cite it at all.

265. SOLEA VARLEGATA, Donov.
Solea mangili, Risso.

The Variegated Sole, Thickback, Bastard

Sole, Red-backed Flounder.
Sfogliola fasciata (//.).
Vulg., Sfogietto (generic for all small soles) ;
Sfogietto peloso (Ven). Peloso ( Tr).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Zara, Spalato; not

uncommon at Spalato.
Season. April, September.
Quality. 3 ; Minutaja (mixed fish).

266. SOLEA LUTEA, Risso.

Sogliola gialla (Lt).
Vulg., Sfogietto, Peloso.
Habit. Ravenna, Trieste, Spalato, Dalmatia ;

rare.
Season. June.
Quality. 3.

Solea impar. {See No. 380. )

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

217

267. SO LEA MLNUTA, Parn.
Little Sole.

La Solenette.

Sogliola minuta (//.).

Vu/g., Sfogio menuo (Yen.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste; rare.
Season. September.

268. SOLEA MONOCLLLR, Bp.
Die einflossige Scholle.
Sogliola pelosa (//.).

Vulg, Peloso, Pataraccia (Tr.).
Sanchetto peloso (Fiume).

Peloso, Sfogietto peloso ( Fen.).

Croat., Kosmate sfoljice.
Habit. General, and not uncommon in summer.
Quality. 3.

Gen. VIII. Ammopleurops, Gthr.

269. AMMOPLEUROPS LACTEUS, Bp.

Plagusia lactea, Bp.

Croat., Golica (Spalato).
Note. Is met with every winter on the southern
coast of Dalmatia ; it frequents great depths ;
it does not appear in the north of the Gulf.

Order— PHYSOSTOMI.
Fam. I. Scopelid^e.

Gen. I. Saurus, C. & V.

270. SAUEUS GELSEUS, Lowe.
Saurus lacerta, C e> V.
Tarantola Romre, Will.

Sauro lacerta (//.).
Croat., Manjur [Spalato).
Habit. Has a southern extension ; Lesina
(Dalmatia), where, according to Prof. Kolom-
batovic, it is common, and off the islands
Zirona and Solta.

Gen. II. Aulopus, Cuv.

271. AULOPUS ELLAMENTOS US, Bl.
Saurus lacerta, Eisso.

Aulopo filamentoso (//.).
Habit. Found in Sicilian waters ; a specimen
caught in the Bocche di Cattaro is in the
Trieste Museum.

Fam. II. Cyprinid^e.

Gen. I. Cyprinus, L.

272. CYPELNUS CARPIO, L.
The Carp, common Carp.

La Carpe, Carpe vulgaire.

Der Karpfen, gemeine Karpfen.

Carpa (Lt).

Vulg., Raina {Tr., Veil.).

Carpione (Eiume).

Carpione maschio (Tr.).

Bulbero, Carpa (Trentino).

Gobbo, Gobato, Bulbero ( Ven.).

Gobbo, Raina, Rainotto (young), (Treviso).

Croat., Karpiun, Krap obicni, saran.

Sloven, Karf (Carniola).
Habit. Venetian watershed : Trentino, Isonzo ;
attains to a length of thirty-two inches and
upwards, and, if reared, up to thirty-five to
forty pounds' weight; is best in winter; the
flesh of the lake and river carp is preferable
to that of ponds and stagnant waters, which
retains a disagreeable taste and smell.

273. CYPELNUS KOLLARLL, Heck.

La Carpe blanche, Carpe batardee, le

Carreau, la Carouche blanche.
Die Karpf-Karausche, der Karausch
Karpfen.
Note. A hybrid of the common Carp and Cypr.
carassius, varying according to whether bred
by the female of the one or the other kind.
Habit. Occurs in the Adige.

218

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. II. Barbus, Cut.
2 7 4. iL4^ £/S .FZ c7FZ4 TLLLS, Ag.
The Barbel.
Le Barbeau.
Die Barbe, Steinbarbe.
Barbo fluviatile (It.).

Sloven, Mrena, Pohra, Poharza (young)

( C ami old).

Habit. River Sala, a tributary of the Isonzo,

river Piave, river Santerno ; this appears to

be its southernmost limit ; further south, the

following species takes its place.

275. BARBUS PLEBEJUS, Val.

Barbus eques, Heck &> Kner.

Barbo comune (Lt.).

Vulg., Barbo, Barbio, Balbio, Barbolo,
Balb, Barb, Barbol.

Croat., Mrena (Dal in.).
Habit. This is the southern Barbel, found in
lakes and rivers of Italy and Dalmatia : the
Adige, Osbo, or Ospo (near Trieste), Taglia-
mento, Sile (Treviso), Knin and Xegar
(Dalmatia); spawns in April and May ; its roe
is said to be poisonous ; length twelve inches.
B. eques is cited by Heck, and Kner as a dis-
tinct species, but Gthr. considers them identi-
cal ; it is not found in northern Italy, and in
Dalmatia it has hitherto only been found
in the river Zermagna ; it is smaller than
B. plebejus — only five inches long.

276. BARBUS CANINUS, Cuv.
Barbo canino (//.).

Habit. Tributaries of the Isonzo, and in Istria.

Gen. III. Aulopyge, Heck.

277. AULOPYGE HUGELL, Heck.
Croat., Uklja ostrulja (Dalin.).
Ostrulj (Livno).

Habit. Sign (Dalmatia), and in the rivers
Cettina, Rieka, Sabljak, Starba ; it is five
inches long, and is good eating.

Gen. IV. Gobio, Cuv.
278. GOBLO FLUVLATLLLS, Flem.
The Gudgeon.
Le Goujon.
Die Grundel, Gressling, Kressling, Griind-

ling.
Gobione (It.).

Vulg., Gobione, Temalo (Trentino).
Veccie, Temalo (Verona).
Veccio, Vecez, Variolo (Treviso).
Brocciolo, Vana (Bologna).
Sloven, Krasorka, Grundelc, Globocek
(Carniola).
Habit. River Sala (tributary of the Isonzo) in
Carniola ; Trentino, Adige, Garda, Sile
(Treviso), Bologna, and, generally speaking,
the watershed of the north of Italy ; it attains
to a length of four to five inches, and spawns
April, May, and June ; its flesh is very good
and much prized.

279.

GOBLO URANOSCOPUS, Ag.
The Wapper.
Le Goujon uranoscope.
Die Steinkresse, Steingressling.
Sloven, spice (Carniola).
Habit. Sala (tributary of the Isonzo).

Gen. V. Leuciscus, Rond. (White-fish).
280. LEUCLSCUS AULA, Bonap.
Der weisse Scharl.
Triotto (It).

Vulg., Pessata (Trentino).
Bruffolo, Brussolo ( Ven.).
Brussolo (Treviso).
Croat., Mazenica (Dalmatia).
Habit. More or less general and common in
running courses and stagnant waters : lake of
Garda, the rivers Trentino, Treviso, Taglia-
mento, and in Dalmatia.
Quality. Nowhere valued, and therefore little
fished for.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

219

Varieties or synonymous: —

a. Leuciscus pauperum de Fit.
Sbroffone (It).

Vulg., Brussolo (Treviso).
Bruffolo ( Verona).

b. Leuciscus rubella, Heck. 6° Kner.
Croat, Peskvela (Halm.).

Habit. Has a southern range ; it is found at
Treviso, in Istria, and in Dalmatia, where it
is common in the Narenta, the marshes of
Norin, Imosky, and Carin ; two to six inches
long.

c. Leuciscus basak, Heck. 6° Kner.
Croat, Bazak ( Vergoraz).
Plotice (generic term).

Habit. Peculiar to Dalmatia : at Vergoraz and
in the lake of Drusino near Imosky ; three
to six inches long.

281. LEUCISCUS ADSPERSUS, Heck.

Croat., Gaovica (Dalm.).
Habit. Peculiar to Dalmatia ; found in the

small lake Jezero Rosso, near Imosky ; two

to four inches long.

282 LEUCISCUS PIGUS, de Fil.
Vraw-fish.

Der Frauenfisch, Nerfiing.

Pigo, Salione (//.).

Vulg., Pigo (Trentino).

Orada, Sajon (Ven.).

Encobia (Lake of Como).

Sajon, Sajon colle broche (Treviso).

Orada dell' Adese ( Verona).
Habit. Venetian water-courses : Adige, Bnc-
chiglione, Sile, and peculiar to the lakes of
north Italy ; it attains to a length of sixteen
inches and a weight of three pounds ; it spawns
in spring \ its flesh is white and savorous, and
when full grown it is one of the most es-
teemed fishes of its kind.

283. LEUCISCUS CEPHALUS, L.

The Chubb, Skelly.

Le Chevanne, Meunier, Vilain, Testard.

Der Altel, Altl, Alse.

Squaglio (//.).

Hung., Do bancs.

Sloven, Klenec (Carniold).
Habit Has a northern extension ; its southern-
most limit in this part of Europe appears to
be the river Sala in Carniola, a tributary of
the Isonzo, and the Tagliamento ; flesh of no
value ; used as food for other fish in fish-
ponds.

Varieties or synonymous : —

a. Leuciscus cavedanus, Bona p.
Der Alten (Bozen).

Lasca cavedo, Cavedano (It).

Vulg., Trotta bastardo, Temolo bastardo.

Squal (Trentino, Treviso).

Cavezzale, Cavedano (Lombardy).

Cavazzino (Lombardy, Verona).

Cavedo (Bologna).
Habit. The southern representative of the Chub,
described by Heck, and Kner as a distinct
species or variety ; Gthr. and Canestrini cite
it as synonymous ; found all over Italy, in the
Trentino, rivers P6, Isonzo, Sile (Treviso) ;
frequents deep but quiet waters ; flesh of
little or no value.

b. Squalius albus, Bp., Heck., &* Kner.
Habit. River Kerka, near Scardona, Dalmatia.

284. LEUCISCUS SVALLIZE, Heck. &
Kner.
Croat, Svalica (Dalm.).
Habit. This is the southern representative of
L. vulgaris (Gthr)., the Dace, or Graining,
La Vandoise (French), Der Hasel (German),
found in Dalmatia in the lakes near Vergoraz
and the marshy Narenta.

2 G

220

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

285. LEUCISCUS LLLYRLCUS, Heck. &

Kner.
Croat., Klen, Klencic (Dalm.).
Habit. Rivers Isonzo and Cettina (Dalmatia) ;
attains to a length of thirteen inches.

286. LEUCISCUS ERYTHROPHTHAL-

MUS, L.

The Rudd, Red-eye.

Le Rotengle, la Rosse.

Das Rothauge, die Rothfeder, Rother
Scharl, Rothschweif.

Scardola comune, Piotta, Pesce del diavolo
{It.).

Vulg., Scardola, Sgardola.

Coe-rosse (Trentino, Ven.).

Scardola, Scardoloto del Sil (Treviso).

Croat, Krupatka (Dalm.).
Habit. All Europe, and has both a northern
and a southern extension ; found all over
Italy, in the Trentino and Venetian water-
sheds; river Tagliamento, lake of Vrana (island
of Cherso) ; frequents marshy waters and the
ditches of rice-fields; spawns in April, May;
flesh of little value, eaten only by the poor,
or used as food for other fish ; ten to twelve
inches long and one and a half pound weight.

Varieties or synonymous : —

a. Scardinius dergle, Heck. 6° Kner.
Croat., Drlje (Dalm.).

Habit. Rivers Kerka and Zermagna in Dalmatia;
like the foregoing species, it is little esteemed
as food.

b. Leuciscus scardafa, Bonap.
Cavezzal (//.).

Croat., PeS'kelj, Keljavac (Halm.).
Habit. An Italian species, found also in Dal-
matia, in the marshes of the Narenta, near
Fort Opus.

c. Scardinius plotizza, Heck. 6° Kner.
Croat., Plotica (Dalm).

Habit. Jezero Grande near Vergoraz and near
Imosky in Dalmatia ; fourteen inches long.

287. LEUCLSCUS HEEGERL, Ag.
Habit. Found in the water-courses of parts of

Istria, whence it is brought to market at
Fiume, although not much valued as food.

288. LEUCLSCUS MUTLCELLUS, Bonap.
Telestes Savignyi, Bp.

Telestes Agassizii, Heck.

Die Langen, Laube.

Vairone (//.).

Vulg., Vairone (Trentino, Verona, Lomb.).

M o zzetta ( Trentino) .

Varone (Verona).

Fregarola (Treviso).
Habit. Running courses of Italy; Trentino,
Sile, etc.; length, four to five inches; flesh
insipid and little valued.
Note. Heck, and Kner cite T Savignyi and
T Agassizii as different sp., of which the
former would appear to be the southern
representative ; Gthr. cites them as identical.

289. LEUCLSCUS UKLLVA, Heck.
Habit. River Cettina near Sign, Lake of Imoschi,

both in Dalmatia ; six inches long.

290. LEUCLSCUS TURSKYL, Heck.
Habit. Stream Ciccola, near Drnis (Dalmatia);

six inches long.
Varieties, or synonymous : —

a. Squalius microlepis, Heck.

b. Squalius tenellus, Heck.
Croat., Maklja ( Vergoraz).

Habit. Narenta, near Vergoraz, Lake of Dusino,
near Imosky, both in Dalmatia; seven to
eight inches long, seldom twelve inches.

Note. Probably not specifically distinct from
L. Turskyi, according to Gthr. ; Canestrini
considers L. ukliva, turskyi, microlepis, and
tenellus as identical.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

221

291. LE UCISC US PHOXLNUS, L.
The Minnow, Pink.

Le Veron, Veron lisse.

Die Pfrille, Pfrill, Elritze.

Sanguinerola (//.).

Vulg., Bressanella, Varone (Trentino,
Verona).

Lanfresca ( Treviso).

Fregarola (Lombardy).

Hung., Kiisz, Csetri.

Sloven, Trigle (Carniola).

Croat, Uklja (Kniu).

Uklja mecica (Sign).

Koravica, Tupcic.
Habit. Streams, torrents, rivers, and lakes of
the north of Italy ; Klincizza (near Trieste),
Idria, Treviso ; rivers Isonzo, Tagliamento,
Adige, Trentino, etc. ; in Dalmatia, from
Knin, Sign, Xegar, Lake Rastak, island of
Veglia (Quarnero) ; three to four inches long ;
spawns in spring ; flesh little valued as food.

Gen. VI. Paraphoxinus, Blkr.

292. PARAPHOXINUS ALEPIDOTUS,

Heck.
Croat., Uklja mecica, Mecica.
Habit. Rivers Cettina and Narenta (Dalmatia) ;
very similar to the Minnow.

293. PARAPHOXINUS CROATICUS,

Steindachner.
Croat., Piur.
Habit. Lika, in Croatia.

Gen. VII. Tinca, Cuv.

294. TINCA VULGARIS, Cuv.
The Tench.

La Tanche.

Die Schleihe, Schley, Schlein.
Tinca, Tenca (//.).

Vulg., Tinca, Tenca (Trentino, Ven., Tre-
viso), Tencoto (young) (Treviso).

Hung., Cziganyhal, Czompo.

Sloven, Karpoz, slajn (Carniola).

Croat., Cvicenica, Linjak, Linj (Dalmatia).
Habit. Found all over Italy: Trentino, Lake
of Garda, Sile (Treviso), Ravenna, Timao
(near Duino), River Sala, Lake Zirknitz
(Carniola) ; general and common ; frequents
stagnant waters on muddy beds, never strong
currents ; flesh unhealthy and indigestible,
said to produce fever.

Gen. VIII. Chondrostoma, Ag.

295. CHONDROSTOMA SO ETTA, Bonap.
Savetta, Lasca (//.).

Vulg., Savel, Soetta, Savetta.
Croat., sljivar (Dal in.).
Habit. Venetian water-shed, but not common ;
River Piave (Treviso) ; attains to a length of
twelve to sixteen inches ; flesh little prized.
Note. This is the southern representative of
Chr. nasus (Ag.), die Nase, or Nasling, of
Germany, le Nez of France.

296. CHONDROSTOMA GENE I, Bonap.
Lasca del Gene (//.).

Vulg., Strilot (Trentino).

Strigio (Verona).

Strillo, Mercandola, Fregata (Treviso).

Stria (Lombardy).
Habit. Northern and central Italy, Trentino,
Tagliamento, Adige, Po, Ticino ; length, seven
to eight inches ; flesh of little or no value.

297. CHONDROSTOMA KNERLL, Heck.
Croat., Podustva (Dalm.).

Habit. Dalmatia, in the Narenta, near Metcovic

and Norin ; Istria (?).
Note. Similar to No. 296 ; six to seven inches

long.

298. CHONDROSTOMA PHOXINUS,
Heck.

Habit. Sign (Dalmatia).

2 G 2

222

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Gen. IX. Abramis, Cuv. (Breams.)

299. ABRAMIS BLPUNCTATUS, Bl.
Alburnus bipunctatus, Heck. &• Kner.
L'able Eperlan, Le Platet.

Die Laube, Steinlaube.

Habit. Imoschi (Dalmatia).

Note. A species of central Europe, resembling
Alburnus lucidus (Heck. & Kner) (the Bleak,
or Blick), but smaller ; it does not exceed four
inches in length.

Gen. X. Alburnus, Gthr.

300. ALBURNUS ALBURNELLUS, Mar-

tens.

Alburnus alborella, Heck. 6° Kner.

Alburnus fracchia, Heck. 6° Kner.

Der Sonnenfisch.

Avola (//.).

Vulg, Alborella, Avola (Lomb., Trent i no),
Aspio (Trentino), Avola, Aola, Pincie
(Ven.), Pincia (Treviso).

Croat., Uklja svitloka (Dalmatia').
Habit. The southern representative of the Bleak
(A. lucidus) ; its northernmost limit is Bozen
(south of Tyrol) ; it inhabits the Lake of
Garda, the rivers Isonzo, Tagliamento, Tre-
viso, and generally the whole of north and
central Italy ; also Dalmatia : the Lake of
Dusino, near Imoschi : at Obrovac, Vergoraz,
the Narenta, etc. ; found in shoals in lakes
and rivers ; spawns in June, July ; length, four
inches; flesh of little or no value, excepting as
bait for pike and other fishes.

301. ALBURNUS SCORANZA, Heck.
Croat., Skoranza (Da I in.).

Habit. Lake of Scutari (Albania).

Gen. XI. Nemachilus, Van Hasselt.

302. NEMACHILUS BARB ATULUS, L.
Cobitis barbatula, L.

The Loach, Beardie.

La Loche, Loche franche.

Die Grundel, Bartgrundel.

Cobite barbatello (//.).

Vulg., Strega (Trentino, Verona).

Forapiere, Foraprie, Forasassi, Forasecchi
(Treviso).

Hung., Kovi-Csik.

Sloven, Grudel (Carniola).

Croat., cikov, piskor.
Habit. North of Italy : Adige, Lake of Garda,
Trentino ; in clear running courses ; length,
four to five inches ; spawns in spring ; flesh
delicate, and valued as food ; rare.

Gen. XII. Cobitis, Art.

303. COBITIS TAENIA, L.

The Spinous or Spined Loach, the Ground-
ling.

Der Steinbeisser, Steingrundel, Dorn-
grundel.

Cobite fluviale (It.).

Vulg., Cagnola (Trentino).

Pesseta, Pessucola (Treviso).

Cagnola, Foraguarda, Lampreola ( Verona).

Ussellina (Lomb.).

Lampreda (Dalmatia).

Hung., Pavagd, Kircza.

Sloven, stajngeljni (Carniola).

Croat., Lizibaba, Legbaba, Govedar.
Habit. North of Italy: Trentino, Lake of
Garda; rivers Adige, Tagliamento, Isonzo,
Sala (Carniola) ; Istria ; also in Dalmatia,
at Sign (river Cettina), Imosky, the Narenta ;
in lakes, rivers, streams, and ditches, on
muddy beds, mostly imbedded in the mud ;
spawns in April, May; seldom exceeds three
inches in length; is only eaten by the poor;
makes a curious noise when taken out of
the water. Cobitis elongata is a variety de-
scribed by Heckel and Kner, found in the

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THF FAUNA.

223

Sala, near Idria (Carniola); measures five to
six inches.

Fam. III. Cyprinodontid/E.

Gen. I. Cyprinodon, Lac.

304. CYPRLNODON CALARLTANUS,
C. & V.

Lebias calaritana, Bonelli.
Lebia calaritana (//.).
Vu/g., Nonno, Nani, Nano (Veil.).
Habit. Venice, Zaole ; in brackish waters,
mouths of rivers, which they ascend for a con-
siderable distance ; in the lagoons they are
common all the year round ; length, three
inches.
Quality. Flesh bad, and of no value.

Fam. IV. Scombresocidte — Gar-pikes and
Flying-fishes.

Gen. I. Belone, Cuv.

305. BELONE AC US, Risso.

The Gar-fish, Gar-pike, Long-nose, Horn-
beak.
L'orphie, Belone, Broche.
Der Hornfisch, Hornhecht, Schneffel,

Nadelhecht, die Meernadel.
Aguglia comune, Aguja (//.).
Vulg., Angusigola (TV., Ven., Eiume, Cat-
faro).
Croat., Igla, Iaglica.
Habit. General and common ; attains to a length

of twenty inches and above.
Season. July to September.
Quality. 2.

Gen. II. Scombresox, Lac.

306. SCOMBRESOX RONDELETLL,

C. & V.

Sayris camperi, Bo7iap.
The Saury, Skipper, Skipper-pike, Saury-
pike, Bill-fish.

Sairide del Camperi (//.).
Croat., Kusaca (Spalato).
Habit. Sicilian and Neapolitan waters ; has been
observed on the 1 )almatian coast ; very rare.

Gen. III. Exoccetus, Art.

307. EXOCCETUS VOLLTANS, L.

The Flying-fish.

Hirondelle de mer.

Der Italienische Flederfisch, Fliegender-
fisch.

Rondinella chiara (//.).

Vulg., Rondinella (Tr.).

Pesce barbastrillo {Ven.).

Croat., Lastavica (Croat, littoral).

Poletusa (Spalato).
Habit. Rare.
Season. Summer.

308. EXOCCETUS RONDELETLL, C. & V.
Vulg., Rondinella.

Croat., Letica, Lastavica (Spalato).
Habit. More common than the above, with

which this sp. is often confused ; Trieste,

Fiume, Spalato.
Season. Summer.

Fam. V. Esocid^e — Pikes.

Gen. Esox, Cuv.

309. ESOX LUCLUS, L.

The Pike, Jack, Luce, Gedd.

Le Brochet.

Der Hecht, gemeiner Hecht.

Luccio (//.).

Vulg., Luzzo, Lusso.

Hung., Csuka.

Sloven, suka (Carniola).

Croat., stuka (Dalni.).
Habit. General and common ; Lake of Garda,
Adige, Udine, Tagliamento, Ravenna, Lake
of Zirknitz (Carniola), Lake of Vrana (island
of Cherso), etc. ; enters brackish waters, and
has been observed in the Venetian lagoons.

224

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Fam. VI. Salmonid/e — Salmon Tribe.
Gen. I. Salmo, Art*

310. SALMO FARIO AUSONII, Val.
Trutto fario, L.

Salar ausonii (Heck. 6° Kner).

The Trout, Common Trout.

La Truite.

Die Forelle, Steinforelle.

Trota, Trutta, Truta {It.).

Vulg., Trutta, Forella (Fiumc).

Sloven, Postern (Carniola).

Croat., Postrva (Croat, littoral).

Truta (Illyr.).

Pastrva (Spalato).
Habit. Fresh-water courses, seldom large rivers ;
found in almost all fresh-water courses of the
Julian Alps : Fiume ; spawning commences
in October, and lasts till January ; ascends
the rivers to deposit its spawn.

311. SALMO DENTEX, Heck.
The Great Dalmatian Trout.
Croat., Pastrva, Bistranga, Pastermka.

Habit. A non-migratory sp. from the rivers of
Dalmatia ; in the river Kerka, near Knin, in
the river Cettina, near Sign, and in the
Narenta, between Metcovic and Fort Opus ;
attains to a length of thirty-six inches ; Canestr.
mentions it as being found also in the Isonzo.

312. SALMO GENIVITTATUS, Heck. &

Kner.
Habit. Known from a single specimen only,
eighteen inches in length, caught in the river
Sala, a tributary of the river Isonzo.

313. SALMO OBTUSIROSTRIS, Heck.
River Trout of Dalmatia.

Vulg., Trotta.

Croat., Pastrva, Mladica.

Pastrva pirgasica (Spalato).

* Salmo trot la. {See No. 3S1 .)

Habit. A non-migratory sp. from the Dalmatian
rivers Zermagna, Giadro (Salona), and Verlica,
near Imosky, and from the Tiber; rarely
exceeding a foot in length.

314. SALMO CARPLO, L.
Trutta Benaci lacus, Aldrov.
Trout of the Lake of Garda.
Carpione, Trutta del lago (//.).
Vulg., Trutta rossa (Treviso).

Habit. Lakes of Lombardy and Venice, de-
scends the rivers and enters the sea ; river
Tagliamento ; attains to a length of twenty
inches ; formerly held to be peculiar to the
Lake of Garda (Lac. Benacus), after which it
has been called, and where it is still best
known (as Carpione) ; flesh much esteemed ;
spawns in December.

Gen. II. Thymallus, Cuv.

315. THYMALLUS VULGARIS, Nilss.
Thymallus vexillifer, Ag.

The Grayling, Umber.

L'Ombre.

Der Asch, die ^Esche, ^Eschling.

Temolo, Temola (//.).

Hung. Tomolika. Sloven, hipan (Carniola).

Croat., Lipan, Lipljen.
Habit. Rivers of Lombardy and Venice, Car-
niola and Istria : Tagliamento, Sala, Isonzo,
Adige, etc. ; clear and shallow streams ;
attains from one to one and a half pound
weight ; flesh excellent.

Gen. III. Argentina, Art.

316. ARGENTINA SPHYR^ENA, L.
The Argentine.

Der toscanische Silberfisch.
Argentina sfirena (/A).
Vulg., Arzcntin (Tr., Ven.).
Croat., Srebernica {Spalato).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA,

225

Habit. A deep-sea fish rarely met with in the
north of the Adriatic ; more common in the
Mediterranean ; it is common at Spalato in
winter.

Fam. VII. CLurEiD^: — Herring Tribe.
Gen. I. Engraulis, C. 6° V.

3 1 7. ENGRA ULIS ENCRASICHOL US, L.
The Anchovy.

L'Anchois.

Der Anschovi.

Sardella comune, Anciuga {It.).

Vulg., Sardon(7>., Fiume, Cat).

Sardon, Anchio (Ven.), — the name Sardella
is sometimes misapplied to this sp.

Croat., Mincion, Incun.

Brgljun {Spalato).
Habit. General and common.
Season. May to September.
Quality. 1 .

Gen. II. Clupea, Cut.

318. CLUPEA AURLTA, C dr> V.
Sardinella aurita, C. 6° V.
Sardinella dorata (//.).

Habit. Occasionally, but rarely, found on the
coast of Dalmatia ; generally mistaken for the
Sardine ; common in the Mediterranean.

Quality. Inferior ; its flesh has a bad flavour.

319. CLUPEA ALOSA, L.
Alosa communis, Yarr.
The Shad, Allis-Shad.
L'Alose commune.

Die Alse, Else, Maifisch, Mutterharing.
Alosa comune (//.).
Vulg., Sardena {Trentino, Verona).
Ceppa (/), Cheppia {Ven., Tr.).
Ciepa (/), Sardella salvatica {Fiume).
Ceppa {p), Agone, Scarabina ( Verona).
Ceppa (/) {Treviso).

Ceppa (/), Agone (/), Ceppino (t),
Aciuga (/) {Lomb.).

Agon de Como (/).

Missoltini {Lake Como, in a salted state).

Croat., cepa, cipa.
Note. Marked thus (/) applied to mature sp. ;
marked thus (/) applied to the half mature
sp. ; marked thus (f) to the fry.
Habit. Frequents the sea and ascends the
rivers in spring, entering the lakes for spawn-
ing ; is caught in the lakes of north Italy in
May, June ; attains to a length of twelve to
sixteen inches ; flesh good, excepting at the
season of spawning, and in October and
November.
Note. This and the C. finta are very similar,
and they have been generally confused with
one another. In fact they have been described
as one species by many authors. It there-
fore becomes doubtful whether it is the Alosa
proper (the better of the two) we have to
deal with here ; Gareis doubts the identity,
and considers it the less valuable C fi?ita
which frequents the eastern shores of the
Adriatic ; these remarks may, therefore, apply
equally to the one or the other of these two
species.

320. CLUPEA FLNTA, Cuv.
The Twaite-Shad, Maid.
La Feinte, Alose Feinte.
Die Finte, der kleine Maifisch.
No7nendature and Remarks. See above

(No. 319).
Note. The species hitherto found at Trieste and
represented in the Trieste Museum are all C.
finta.
Habit. Common in summer at Trieste ; at
Spalato it makes its appearance in October,
and is fished during the winter, and chiefly
so in spring, disappearing altogether in
summer.

226

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

321. CLUPEA PLLCHARDUS, Walb.
Clupea sprattus, Bfunn.

Clupea sardina, Cuv.

The Pilchard, Sardinia of Commerce,

Gipsy or Crue Herring.
La Sardine, le Celeron.
Der Pilchard, die Sardelle.
Sardina comune (77.).
Vulg, Sardella (Tr., Fiume, Ven., Cat).
Sardele, Sardeline ( Ven.).
Croat, Srdela, Srdjela, Srdjelica.
Habit. General and common; attains to a

length of six inches.
Season. May, June, August, September; at

Spalato also in the winter.
Quality. 1.

322. CLUPEA PAPALLNA, Bp.
Clupanodon phalerica, Risso.
Die Melet.

Sardina papalina (Lt).

Vulg., Papalina (Tr., Ven., Fiume, Cat.,

Spalato).
Sardellina (Fiume).
Croat, sarak, sarakina.
Habit General and common.
Season. As No. 321.
Quality. Equally as good as No. 321, but

smaller ; attains to a length of four inches.
Note. Dr. Giinther does not cite this sp., which
is, however, common in these seas. His nearest
description is C aurita, which he gives as
synonymous with C phalerica (Risso), but
neither the figure of Val., nor the description
of Giinther, viz., "lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting beyond the upper," corresponds with
our common Papalina, whose lower jaw
strongly projects beyond the upper. I am
indebted to Dr. de Marchesetti, Director of
the Trieste Museum of Natural History, for
the above description. Canestrini cites C
phalerica as synonymous with this species.

Fam. VIII. Mur^enid^e — Eel Tribe.

Gen. I. Anguilla, Cuv.
323. ANGULLLA VULGARLS, Flem.
Anguilla latirostris, Risso.
The Eel, common Eel. Elvers (fry).
L'Anguille. Cives, Pibales (fry).
Der Aal, gemeiner Aal. Elvers (fry).
Anguilla, Inguilla (Lt).
Vulg., Anguilla, Bisatto (7>., Ven., Fiume).

Buratello (fry).
Teston ( Ven).

Croat, Ogor, Ugor, Angulja, Jegulja,
Jamarica, Punjeglavica, Gruj, Gor, Mala
jegulja (fry).
Habit. General and common ; chiefly in the
lagoons of Venice and Comacchio and the
mouths of rivers ; Fiume, Noghera (near
Trieste), Timavo (near Duino), etc. ; ascend
the rivers in January and February (Montata),
and descend the rivers and enter the sea
for spawning from October to December
(Calata) ; are reared in the valli of the
lagoons.
Quality. Those of rivers and lakes are prefer-
able to those of the lagoons.

324. ANGULLLA EURYSTOMA, Heck. &

Kner.
Croat, Capor (Dalmatia).
Note. A variety found in the Narenta (Dalmatia).

Gen. II. Conger, Kaup.

325. CONGER VULGARLS, Cuv.
Conger niger, Risso.

The Conger Eel.

Le Congre, Der Meeraal.

Grongo vulgare (Lt).

Vulg., Grongo (Tr., Ven., Fiume).

Grongo di grotta (Fiume).

Croat, Grum, Grunj (Croat, littoral).

Ugor (Spalato).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

Habit. General and common.
Season. Particularly in the autumn.
Quality. 2.

Gen. III. Myrus, Kaup.

326. MYRUS VULGARIS, Kaup.
Conger myrus, Cuv.

Grongo muro (//.).

Vulg., Grongo {Ven., Tr., Finme).

Grongo di sabbia {Fiicme).

Croat., Morska zmija {Spalato).
Habit. General ; rare ; Quarnero, Trieste, Spalato.
Qua titj'. Inferior to No. 325.

Gen. IV. Ophichthys, Gtlir*

327. OPHICHTHYS SERPENS, L.
Murasna serpens, L.

Ophisurus serpens, Lac.

Ofisuro serpente (//.).
Habit. General, but rare ; Almissa (Dalmatia),
Trieste ; the specimen caught at Almissa
measured 2*29 metres; it has been caught
at Trieste in December.

328. OPHLCHTHYS LMBERBLS, Delar.
Sphagebranchus imberbis, Delar.
Sphagebranchus oculatus, Risso.
Sfagebranco sbarbato (//.).

Habit. Very rare ; it has been observed on the
Dalmatian coast ; length, twelve to sixteen
inches ; flesh excellent.

Gen. V. Mur.ena, Gthr.

329. MURAENA HELENA, L.
The Murry.

La Murene.

Die Murane.

Murena elena.

Vulg., Murena, Morena, Bisatto tegra,

Bisatto indevisa {Ven.).
Croat, Ugor sari, Murina, Gruj {Croat.

littoral).
Ugorova majka, Mrina {Spalato).
Habit. A rare species in the north of the
Adriatic, — Trieste, Zara ; frequents the rocky
beds, and has a southern extension ; it is
common off the islands in the open sea, as
Lagosta and Lesina, and is also caught off
the islands of Solta and Zirona, near Spalato.
Season. Winter.
Quality. Flesh white and savoury.

330. MURsENA UNI CO LOR, Delar.
Murena monaca (//.).

Habit. Southern Adriatic ; specimen from
Otranto; smaller than No. 329.

Order— LOPHOBRANCH II.

Fam. Syngnathid^;
Gen. I. Siphonostoma, Kaup.
331. SIPHONOSTOMA TYPHLE, L.
Syngnathus typhle, L.
Broad-nosed Pipe-fish.
Der gemeine Nadelfisch, die Seenadel.
Sifonostomo tifle (//.).
Vulg., Angusigola falsa, Angusigola salvatica,
Ago di mar, getieric terms {Tr., Ven.,
Fiume).

* Ophichthys ctecus. (See No. 382.)

Pipe-fishes.

Croat., Igla diva, Igla morska, silo, generic
Habit. General and common ; Sebenico, Spalato.
Season. February, September.
Quality, o.

332. SIPHONOSTOMA RONDELETIL,
Delar.

Syngnathus viridis, Risso.
Habit. Rare ; not uncommon at Spalato.
Season. January, March, May, September.
Note. Very similar to No. 331 ; Dr. Gunther
considers them synonymous.

2 H

228

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

333. SIPHONOSTOMA ROTUNDATUM,

Michah.
Der abgerundete Nadelfisch.
Habit. Venice ; rare ; eight inches in length.
Season. March, August.

Gen. II. Syngnathus, Art.

334. SYNGNATHUS ACUS, L.
Syngnathus tenuirostris, Rath.

The Great Pipe-fish or Needle-fish, Tangle-
fish.
Signato tenuirostre (It.).
Vulg., Pesce ago ( Ven.).
Croat., silo, generic.
Habit. General and common ; sixteen inches in

length.
Season. Summer.

3 3 5 . £ YNGNA THUS R UBESCENS, Risso.
Signato rossastro (Tt.).

Habit. General and common.

Season. March, May, September.

Note. Dr. Giinther holds this sp. to be synony-
mous with No. 334 ; attains to twelve inches
in length.

336. SYNGNATHUS T^ENIONOTUS, Can.
Signato fasciato (It.).

Habit. Confined to the Venetian lagoons.

337. SYNGNATHUS AB ASTER, Risso.
Signato cristato (It.).

Habit. Venice ; rare ; attains to five inches in

length.
Season. May, August.

338. SYNGNATHUS AGASSIZII, Michah.
Syngnathus murama, Kaitp.

Signato dell' Agassiz (77.).
Habit. Venice ; rare ; six inches in length.
Season. July to September.

339. SYNGNATHUS BREVIROSTRIS,

H. & E.
Signato brevirostre (It.).
Habit. General and common ; length, five to
six inches.

Gen. III. Nerophis, Kaup.

340. NEROPHIS O PHI DION, Kaup.
Syngnathus ophidion, L.

The Straight-nosed Pipe-fish.

Nerofide cristata (77.).
Habit. Has a southern extension ; Spalato,
Dalmatia ; rare ; length, seven to eight inches.
Season. May.

341. NEROPHIS PAP ACINUS, Risso.
N. maculata, Raff.

Nerofide macchiata (It.).
Habit. Rarer than No. 340 ; Trieste, Spalato ;

length, eleven to twelve inches.
Season. Summer.

Gen. IV. Hippocampus, Cuv.

342. HIPPOCAMPUS BREVIROSTRIS,

Cuv.
Hippocampus antiquorum, Leach.
The Sea-horse, Short-snouted Hippo-
campus.
Cheval marin.
Das Seepferdchen.
Pferdeformiger Nadelfisch.
Hippocampo brevirostre (It.).
Vulg., Caval marin (Tr., Ven.).
Cavalo storno ( Ven.).
Caval di mar (Fhane).
Croat., Konj morski, Konj odmora(Cm77.
littoral), Konjic morski (Spalato).
Habit. General, and common at Trieste ; length,

six inches ; rare at Spalato.
Season. Summer.
Quality, o.

343. HIPPOCAMPUS GUTTULATUS,

Cuv.
Hippocampo comune (It.).
Vulg. As No. 342.
Croat. As No. 342.
Habit. General, and more common than No.
342.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

229

Order— PLECTOGNATH I.

Fam. I. Sclerodermi — File-fishes
Gen. Balistes, Cut
344- BALISTES CAFRLSCUS, Gm.

The File-fish, Mediterranean File-fish, Pig-
faced Trigger-fish.
Le poupon noble.

Der Hornfisch, Seebock, Schiessfisch.
Balista caprisco (//.).
Vulg., Pesce balla, pesce balestra(TV, Ven.,

Fiume).
Croat., Mihaca.
Habit. General ; Venice, Trieste ; rare ; not

uncommon in the south (Spalato).
Season. Summer.
Qualify, o.

Fam. II. Gymnodontes — Sun-fishes.
Gen. Orthagoriscus, Bl. Schn.

345. ORTHAGORISCUS MO LA, L.
Tetrodon mola, L.
The Molebut, Sun-fish.
Le Mole.

Der Mondfisch, Klumpfisch.
Ortagorisco luna {Lt.).

Vulg., Pesce luna, pesce balla (TV.), pesce
balla, pesce barila {Fiume), pesce luna,
pesce rioda, pesce rioda ruvido, ( Ven.).
Mjesecarka, butac,bucat mjese6tra {Croat).
ILabit. General, but rare ; sp. from Venice,

Trieste, Spalato.
Season. July, August.

Quality, o ; attains to a length of upwards of
three feet.

346. ORTHAGORLSCUS TRUNCATUS,
Retz.
Truncated Sun-fish.
Der Mondfisch.
Ortagorisco del Planco (//.).
Vulg., Girasol {Fiume).
Pesce luna, Pesce balla (TV.).
Pesce rioda liscio {Ven.).
Croat. As No. 345.
Habit. General, but rare ; sp. from Trieste,
Curzola, St. Pietro della Brazza, Neum,
Czirquenicza, off the island of Solta.
Season. Occasionally caught in July, August,

and April.
Quality, o ; attains to a length of twenty inches.

Sub-Class— CYCLOSTOMATA.

Fam. Petromyzontim:
Gen. Petromyzon, Art.
347. FETROMYZON MARLNUS, L.

The Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Spotted Lam-
prey.
La Lamproie de mer, la grande Lamproie.
Die Seelamprete, das Neunauge, die Pricke,

Meerpricke.
Lampreda marina {Lt.).
Vulg., Lampreda, Lampreda di mar (TV,
Ven., Fiume).

Lampreys.

Magna (Mangia) pegola* (TV., Fiume).
Croat., Lamprida, Paklena.
Paklara {Spalato).
Habit. General, though rare ; ascends the rivers
in spring ; found in most rivers flowing into
the Adriatic ; also in Dalmatia (Narenta).
Season. Summer.
Quality. Flesh savoury.

* i.e. " Pilch-eater. "

2 H 2

230

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

348. PETROMYZON FLUVIATILIS, L.
The River Lamprey

Lamproie de riviere.
Das Flussneunauge.
Lampreda di fiume {It.).
Vulg., Lampreda, Lampredone, Lampreda
d'argento (Ven.), Lampreda di sasso,
(Treviso).
Hung., Orsohal.
Sloven, Piskur (Carniola).
Croat., Lamprida, zmijulica. Pi§kor, potocni
piskor.
Habit. Lake of Garda, river Ticino, and, gene-
rally speaking, in lakes, rivers, streams, and
stagnant waters ; also in the lagoons of
Venice ; further south it becomes very rare ;
length, twelve to eighteen inches.

349. PETROMYZON PLANERI, Bl.
Petromyzon branchialis, L. {the young).

The Fringe-lipped Lampern, Planer's Lam-
prey.
La petite Lamproie.
Das kleine Neunauge, die kleine Pricke.

The Young: —

The Pride, Sand-piper, Small Lamprey,

Mud Lamprey, Sandpride, Sandprey.
Le Lamprillon.
Die Uhle.

Piccola Lampreda (//.).
Vulg., Lampreda piccola, Lampreda di sasso,

(Treviso).
Sloven, Pohkaza, young (Carniola).
Croat., Obloustka, potocni piskor.
Habit. All over Italy, watershed of the Adria ;
Lake of Garda, Monfalcone ; the most com-
mon of the genus.
Quality. Flesh good when mature ; young used
as bait ; attains seven to nine inches in length.

Sub-Class— LEPTOCARDI I

Fam. Cirrostomi.

Gen. Branchiostoma, Costa.
350. BRANCHIOSTOMA LANCEOLA-
TUM, Pall.
Branchiostoma lubricum, Costa.

The Lancelet.
Croat., Sulicica.
Habit. Appears to be very rare in the Adria ;
has been caught off the island of Lesina
(Dalmatia).

NEW FISHES OF THE ADRIATIC*

Fam. CARCHARIID.E.

Gen. Carcharias.
351. CARCHARIAS LAMIA, Risso.

Prionodon lamia, Risso.
Habit. Two specimens have been caught in
Dalmatian waters, of which one is in the

* See the " Elenco dei Pesci dell' Adriatico " di
Alberto Perugia, Milano, 1881, and " Fische welche in
den Gewassern von Spalato beobachtet und iiberhaupt
im Adriatischen Meere registrirt wurden " von Prof.
George Kolombatovic, Spalato, 1882, and "La Pesca
lungo le coste Orientali dell' Adria " del Dr. Carlo de
Marcheselti, Trieste, 1S82.

Trieste Museum. (See " La Pesca," by Dr.
Carlo de Marchesetti, Trieste, 1882, p. 137.)

352. CARCHARIAS GLYPHIS, M. & H.
Prionodon glyphis, M. & H.

Habit. One specimen in the Trieste Museum
was caught in Dalmatian waters. (See as
above, No. 351.)

Fam. Lamnidje.

Gen. Odontaspis.

353. ODONTASPIS TAURUS, Raf.
Habit. Two specimens were fished in Dalmatian

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

231

waters in the summer of 1881. (See Kolom.,
"Fische,"p. 56.)

Fam. ScylliiDjE.

Gen. Scyllium.

354. SCYLLIUM ACANTHOMOTUM,

De Fil.
Dr. Gunther considers this a foetal example of

S. stellare, or canicula.
Habit. One specimen, one decimetre long,

found in the market at Spalato, March 30,

1882.— Steindachner. (See Kolombatovic,

"Fische," p. 56.)

Fam. AdPENSERIDiE.

Gen. Acipenser.

355. ACLPENSER STELLA TUS, Pall.
Habit. A specimen is in the Museum at Trieste,

caught in the waters of Zara ; hence it may
be presumed that it inhabits the rivers of
Dalmatia. (^Perugia's " Elenco," No. 211.)

Fam. Percid^e.

Gen. Serranus.

356. SERRANUS ACUTLROSTRLS,

C. & V.

Habit. A single specimen from the Istrian
coast ; not uncommon at Taranto. (See
Perugia's " Elenco," No. 7, and Plate I.)

Gen. Dentex.

357. DENTEX ELLOSUS, Va.

Habit. Steindachner found a specimen at
Spalato, December 7, 1881, and the fisher-
men say that it is not the first time this species
has been caught there. (See Kolom.,
"Fische," p. n.)

Note. Hitherto not mentioned in the Adriatic,
nor by Canestrini in Italian waters ; Doder-
lein found two specimens at Palermo.

358. DENTEX MACRORHTHALMUS,

C. & V.

Habit. Not uncommon at Spalato in autumn
and winter ; probably to be found in other
waters too ; is easily overlooked by its
outward resemblance to Pagellus erythrinus.
Risso found it at Nice, Canestrini at Genoa,
so it is probably common to the Mediter-
ranean. (See Kolom., "Fische," p. 12.)

Fam. Sparid^e.

Gen. Sargus.

359. SARGUS VETULA, C. & V.

Habit. Very rare, from two sp. of the Southern
Adriatic. (See Perugia's " Elenco," No. 26.)

Gen. Pagrus.

360. PAGRUS EHRENBERGLL, C. & V.

Croat. Pagar prljas (Spalato).
Habit. One specimen found by Professor
Kolombatovic in the fish-market at Spalato
in 1873, and one specimen caught in Cattaro
waters by the Italian cutter " Violante " in
September, 1880. (See "Pesci delle Acque
di Spalato" by Professor G. Kolombatovic,
Spalato, 1 88 1.)

Gen. Pagellus.

361. PAGELLUS ACARNE, C. & V.
The Axillary Bream.

Croat., Grbic (Spa la to).
Habit. Not common ; every autumn some
specimens are caught at Spalato, and some-
times a large number. — Steindachner. (See
Kolom., "Fische," p. 16.)

Fam. TrichiuridjE.

Gen. Thyrsites.

362. THYRSLTES PRETLOSUS, Cocco.
Habit. A specimen is mentioned by Professor

Kalombatovic as having been found in April,
1875, alive on the beach of the island of

232

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Solta, where it had been washed ashore.
This is supposed to be the first fish of this
species which has been caught in these
waters.

Fam. Carangid^e.

Gen. Temnodon.

363. TEMNODON SALTATOR, Bl.

Skipjack.
Habit. In the winter 1879-80 ten specimens
were caught in the channel off Almissa
(Dalmatia), and one specimen was found in
the same year in the Trieste fish-market. —
Steindachner, Giglioli. (See " Pesci di
Spalato," by Prof. Kolombatovic.)

Fam. CORYPHiENID^E

Gen. Schedophilus, Cocco.

364. SCHEDOPHILUS BOTTERI, Stein-

dachner.
S. Berthelotii, Val.
Habit. From a single specimen from Lesina in
the Viennese Museum. (See Perugia's
"Elenco," No. 73.)

Fam. Scombrid/e.

Gen. Pelamys.

365. PELAMYS UNICOLOR, Gthr.
Habit. Very rare ; a dried specimen in the

Museum at Trieste. (Sec Perugia's " Elenco,"
No. 61.)

Gen. Echeneis.

366 ECHENEIS SCUTA TA, Gthr.

Habit. From a single specimen described by
Perugia in his " Elenco," No. 65, and Plate
II., now in the Florence Collection of
Vertebrates.

Fam. GoBiiDiE.

Gen. Gobius.
367. GOBIUS LESUEURI, Risso.
Croat. Popauk (Spalato).

Habit. Common at Spalato ; inhabits deep
water on muddy beds (Kolombatovic) ; also
common in the waters of Istria. — Stein-
dachner & Ninni.

368. GOBIUS BUCHICHII, Steindachner.
Croat. Glamocic (Spalato).

Habit. This new aud quite distinct sp. is
common (at Spalato) amongst the rocks on
muddy beds partly covered with shingle. —
Kolombatovic.

369. GOBIUS ZEBRA, Risso.
Croat. Glamoc (Spalato).

Habit. Not uncommon in spring along the
shores of Spalato.— Steindachner. Com-
mon at Trieste. — Perugia.

370. GOBIUS PUSILLUS, Can.

Habit. Zaole ; rare. (See Perugia's " Elenco,"
No. 93.)

Gen. Latrunculus.

371. LATRUNCULUS PELLUCID US,

Nardo.
Croat. Mlic (Spalato).
Habit. Common along the coast from Traii,
the Riviera delle Castella, as far as Vranjica,
where the sea-water is tempered by the sweet
water of the river Giadro. — Kolombatovic.
Season. Common from the commencement of
spring to the end of summer ; rare during
the rest of the year.

Gen. Callionymus.

372. CALLIONYMUS FASCIA TUS, C. &

V.

Vulg., Guatta.
Habit. First cited by Ninni in the Adriatic ; a
specimen is in the Trieste Museum from
Istria. (See Perugia's " Elenco," No. 103.)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

233

Fam. Blenniidje.

Gen. Elennius.

373. BLENNIUS CANE FA?, Vinciguerra.
Croat. Prhna ribica (Spalato).

Habit. A new sp. recently described by Dr.
Vinciguerra (Genoa) according to a specimen
caught in the Gulf of Genoa. Since found
in 1SS1 by Dr. Kolombatovic in the Canale
delle Castella, near Spalato ; frequents the
cavities of large rocks.

Season. Spring, summer, and autumn.

374. BLENNIUS TRLGLOLDES, C. & V.

Habit. Lesina. — Giglioli. (See Perugia's
"Elenco," No. 114.)

Fam. Mugilid.e.

Gen. Mugil.

375. MUGLL LABEO, Cuv.

Habit. Rare ; Ragusa. — Giglioli. (See Pe-
rugia's "Elenco," No. 127.)

Fam. GadidjE.

Gen. Gadus.

376. GADUS BOUTASSOU, Risso.
Merlangus albus, Yarrell.
Couch's Whiting, Yarrell.

Habit. Very rare. Ninni, loco cit. (See Perugia's
"Elenco," No. 152.)

Gen. Hypsiptera.

377. HYBSIFTERA ARGENTEA, Gthr.
Lota argentea, Bp.

Habit. Professor Stossich mentions this sp. as
having been met with at Trieste.

Fam. OphidiiDjE.

Gen. Fierasfer.

378. FIERASFER DENTATUS, Cuv.
Drummond's Echiodon.

Habit. Two specimens of this species have
been caught at Venice, and one at Spalato ;
two are in the Trieste Museum. — Kolom-
batovic.

Fam. Pleuronectid^e.

Gen. Arnoglossus.

379. ARNOGLOSSUS BOSCLL, Risso.
Habit. Lower Adriatic ; quoted by Ninni,

" Anacantini Basso Adriatico." (See Perugia's
"Elenco," No. 168.)

Gen. Solea.

380. SOLEA IMBAR, Benn.
Solea lascaris, Bp.

Solea nasuta, Nordm.
Sogliola dal porro (//.).
Vulg., Sfogio dal porro ( Ven.).

Habit. According to Ninni this sp. is very
common in the lagoons of Venice and in the
sea.

Season. June to October ; rarely in winter.

Quality. Inferior to S. vulgaris.

Note. This sp. is entirely distinct from Solea
lascaris, Risso, (No. 264). (See Giinther's
" Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum,"
also Professor Ninni's " Gli Anacantini del
Mare Adriatico, "and Professor Kolombatovic's
" Pesci delle Acque di Spalato.") Professor
Stossich does not cite this sp.

Fam. Salmonid^e.

Gen. Salmo.

381. SALMO TRUTBA, L.

Habit. A specimen weighing three kilos was
caught on the 24th December, 1879, °ff
Vranjica, near Spalato. — Giglioli. According
to Professor Kolombatovic it appears that,
hitherto, no other author has mentioned this
sp. as having been found in Mediterranean
waters.

Fam. Mur^nid^e.

Gen. Ophichthys.

382. OFHLCHTHYS CAUCUS, L.

Habit. A specimen was caught off Zirona in
October, 1881 ; the first one cited in the
Adriatic. (See Kolombatovic, "Fische," p. 50.)

234

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

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SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUX A.

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2X6

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

B. List of British Fishes which are common to the Adriatic Fauna.

24 Fresh-water Fishes.

The Sturgeon {Acipenser stiirio), the Fresh-
water Perch, the Bullhead, 2 Sticklebacks, the
Burbot, the Carp, the Barbel, the Gudgeon, the
Chubb, the Rudd, the Minnow, the Tench, the
Loach, the Groundling, the Pike, the Trout, the
Grayling, 2 Shads, the Eel, 3 Lampreys.

126 Sea Fishes.

14 Sharks, viz. : the Blue Shark, the Tope,
the Hammer-head, the Smooth-hound, the Por-
beagle, the Fox, the Basking Shark, the Grey
Notidanus, 2 Spiny Dogs, 3 Dog-fishes, and the
Angel-fish.

10 Rays, viz. : 2 Electric Rays, 5 Rays, 1
Sting Ray, and 2 Eagle Rays.

66 Acanthopterygii, viz. : the Basse, the
Stone-basse, 2 Serranus, the Dentex, 1 Men-
dole, 2 Red Mullets, the Black Sea-bream, the
Bogue, the Braize, Couch's Sea-bream, the
Spanish Sea-bream, the Common Sea-bream,
the Gilt-head, the Axillary Bream, the Umbrina,
the Meagre, the Sword-fish, the Hair-tail, the

Horse Mackerel, the Derbio, the Pilot-fish, the
Boar-fish, the John Dory, the Black-fish, Ray's
Sea-bream, 2 Mackerels, the Tunny, the Bonito,
the Germon, the Pelamid, the Plain Bonito, the
Remora, 2 Weevers, the Angler, 6 Gurnards,
1 Flying Gurnard, 7 Gobies, 1 Dragonet, the

Band-fish, 4 Blennies, 1 Atherine, 3
Mullets, the Trumpet-fish, 3 Suck-fishes.

Grey

4 Acanthopterygii Pharyngog'nathi, viz. : 4
Wrasses.

18 Anacanthini, viz: the Whiting, the Poor,
the Bib, Couch's Whiting, the Hake, the Forked
Hake, 2 Rock Lings, the Bearded Ophidium,
Drummond's Echiodon, the Turbot, the Brill,
the Topknot, the Scald-fish, the Plaice, 3 Soles.

6 R/iysostomi, viz. : the Gar-pike, the Saury-
pike, the Anchovy, the Pilchard, the Conger-eel,
the Murry.

4 Lophobranchii, viz. : 3 Pipe-fishes, 1 Sea-
horse.

3 Plectogjiat/ii, viz. : 1 File-fish, 2 Sun-fishes.
1 Leptocardii, viz. : the Lancelet.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

237

C. List of Five Fishes belonging exclusively to the Adriatic Fauna.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

42

77
155

Trygon thalassia.
Cantharus brama.
Gobius Knerii.

163
260

Gobius quadrivittatus.
Pleuronectes italicus.

D. List of Thirty-one Fishes which are only qtdte accidentally met with

in the Adriatic.

Reference No. to

Reference No. to

Systematic List.

Description.

Systematic List.

Description.

1 1

Odontaspis ferox.

122

Scomber pneumatophorus.

353

,, taurus.

126

Thynnus pelamys.

13

Selache maxima.

127

„ alalonga.

354

Scyllium acanthomotum.

366

Echeneis scutata.

24

Echinorhinus spinosus.

165

Gobius elongatus.

37

Raja radula.

167

Callionymus lyra.

45

Pteroplatea altavela.

184

Blennius pholis (?).

49

Dicerobatis Giorna?.

206

Lophotes cepedianus.

355

Acipenser stellatus.

211

Labrus maculatus.

356

Serranus acutirostris.

234

Gadus luscus.

360

Pagrus Ehrenbergii.

377

Hypsiptera argentea.

93

Sebastes imperialis.

241

Motella mustela.

102

Trichiurus lepterus.

259

Pleuronectes platessa.

362

Thyrsites pretiosus.

271

Aulopus filamentosus.

364

Schedophilus Botteri.

381

Salmo trutta.

120

Ausonia Cuvieri.

238

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

E. List of Fourteen Fishes which belong more especially to the

Venetian Fauna.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

33
34
68

165
200

376
246

Raja asterias.

,, fullonica.
Msena jusculum.
Gobius elongatus.
Lepadogaster listellus.
Gadus poutassou.
Ophidium vassalli.

259

380

304

333
336
337
338

Pleuronectes platessa.
Solea impar.
Cyprinodon calaritanus.
Siphonostoma rotundatum.
Syngnathus tcenionotus.

„ abaster.

,, Agassizii.

F. List of Forty-eight Fishes which belong more especially to the

Dalmatian Fauna.

Reference No. to

Reference No. to

Systematic List.

Description.

Systematic List.

Description.

351

Carcharias lamia.

154

Gobius quagga.

352

„ glyphis.

155

„ Knerii.

9

Lamna Spallanzanii.

160

„ guttatus.

353

Odontaspis taurus.

163

„ quadrivittatus.

354

Scyllium acanthomotum.

368

„ Buchichii.

23

Spinax niger.

166

Latrunculus albus.

48

Rhinoptera marginata.

371

„ pellucidus.

355

Acipenser stellatus.

175

Blennius rouxi.

60

Anthias sacer.

183

galerita.

62

Serranus cabrilla.

373

„ Canevse.

66

Dentex gibbosus.

374

,, trigloides.

357

„ filosus.

201

Lepadogaster Brownii.

358

„ macrophthalmus.

206

Lophotes cepedianus.

69

Maena zebra.

230

Julis speciosus.

82

Sargus vulgaris.

241

Motella mustela.

360

Pagrus Ehrenbergii.

244

Ophidium Broussonetii.

361

Pagellus acarne.

257

Rhomboidichtys podas.

93

Sebastes imperialis.

258

„ mancus.

102

Trichiurus lepturus.

38i

Sal mo trutta.

362

Thyrsites pretiosus.

3i8

Clupea aurita.

104

Caranx dentex.

328

Ophichthys imberbis.

112

Zeus pungio.

382

,, caecus.

128

Pelamys sarda.

329

Muraena helena.

i47

Dactylopterus volitans.

35°

Branchiostoma lanceolatum.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

239

G. List of Twenty-nine Fishes which have hitherto been catight only on

the south coast of Dalmatia.

Reference No. to

Systematic List.

Description.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

8
26
65

359
89

100

364
175

185

375
205

208

225
227
228

Lamna cornubica.
Squatina oculata.
Apogon imberbis.
Sargus vetula.
Pagellus centrodontus.
Histiophorus belone.
Schedophilus Botteri.
Blennius rouxi.
Cristiceps argentatus.
Mugil labeo.
Leptopterygius piger.
Trachypterus repandus.
Crenilabrus tinea.
Novacula cultrata.
Julis pavo.

242

245
247

248
249

379

262

269

270 -

271

306

316

33o
34o

Pteridium atrum.
Ophidium Rochii.
Fierasfer acus.
Ammodytes siculus.
Macrurus coelorhyncus.
Arnoglossus boscii.
Solea ocellata.
Ammopleurops lacteus.
Saurus griseus.
Aulopus filamentosus.
Scombresox Rondeletii.
Argentina sphyrsena.
Murama unicolor.
Nerophis ophidion.

H. List of Fishes which belong to the class of Minutaja, or Misto, i.e.,
Fishes which are tlwown together, and sold as one class.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

Reference No. to
Systematic List.

Description.

59
148-166
167-171

173-185

186
199-205

Centropristis hepatus.
Gobius sp., excepting G. capito.
Callionymus sp.
Blennius sp., excepting B. gat-

torugine and B. ocellaris.
Tripterygium nasus.
Lepadogaster sp.

2IO

222

252
253

255
265

Labrus turdus.
Crenilabrus griseus.
Phrynorhombus unimaculatus.
Arnoglossus laterna.

,, Grohmanni.
Solea variegata.

>40

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

I. Table of the Fresh-water and Sea Fishes, showing the number of
Species belonging to each Family.

Names of Families.

Fresh-water Fishes.

Family. Genus. Species,

Sea Fishes.

Family. Genus. Species

Total.

Family. Genus. Species

CHONDROPTERYGII— sharks.

Carchariidae (Blue Shark, Tope, Hammerhead,

Hound)
Lamnidse (Porbeagle, Fox-Shark, Basking -

Shark)

Notidanidae

Scylliidae (Dog-fishes) ..
Spinacidae (Spiny Dogs)
Rhinidse (Angel-fish) ...

Total

RAYS.
Torpedinidae (Electric Rays) ...
Rajidae (Rays and Skates)
Trygonidae (Sting-Rays)
Myliobatida; (Eagle-Rays)

Total

GANOIDEI.
Sturgeons

ACANTHOPTERYGII.
( Percidae (Perch tribe)
| Pristipomatidae

Mullidse (Red Mullets)

Sparidae (Sea-breams) ...
Scorpaenidaj (Scorpions)
Sciaenidae (Meagres)
Xyphiidae (Sword-fishes)
Trichiuridae (Scabbard-fishes, .Hair-tails)
Carangidae (Horse Mackerels, Pilot-fish, Boar-
fish)

Cyttidae (John Dory) ...

Stromateidae

Coryphaenidae (Dolphins)

Scombridae (Mackerel, Tunny, Bonito, Remora)

Trachinidae (Weevers, Star-gazers)

Pediculati (Anglers)

Cottidas (Gurnards, Bull-heads)

Cataphracti (Flying Gurnards)

Gobiidae (Gobies, Dragonets) ...

Cepolidae (Band -fishes)...

Blenniidae (Blennies)

Sphyraenidae (Spet)

Atherinidas (Atherines)...

Mugilidae (Mullets)

Gasterostidoe (Sticklebacks)

Centriscidae (Trumpet-fish)

Gobiesocidae (Suck-fishes)

Lophotidae

Trachypteridae (Ribbon-fishes)

Total

Carried forward

17

30

3

\2

4
4

23

■7

26
16"

69

93

9
10
2
20
3
3
2

3

9
2

4

5

12

5
2

7

2

27

1

14
1

3
6

1

7
1
2

163

216

27

38

17

73

9S

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

241

Index /t> Fresh-water

Fishes and Sea Fis/ics (

continued).

Names of Families.

Freshwater Fishes.

Sea Fishes.

Total.

Family.

Genus.

Species.

Family.

Genus.

Species.

Family.

Genus.

Species.

I
2

I
2
3

4

1

2
3
4
5
6

7
8

1

1

2

1

1

Brought forward ...

ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGO-

GNATHI.
Pomacentrida? (Coral-fishes) ...
Labridae (Wrasses)

Total

ANACANTHINI.

Gadidae (Cod tribe)

Ophidiidae (Sand-Eels, &c.)

Macruridae
Pleuronectidaa (Flat-fishes)

Total

PHYSOSTOMI.

Scopelidas

Cyprinidae (Carp tribe)...

Cyprinodontidae...

Scombresocidse (Gar-pike, Saury, Flying-fish)

Esocidae (Pike) ...

Salmonidae (Salmon)

Clupeidae (Herring tribe)

Muraenidae (Eel tribe) ...

Total

LOPHOBRANCHII.

Sygnathidae (Pipe-fishes, Sea-Fforses)

PLECTOGNATHI.

Sclerodermi (File-fishes)
Gymnodontes (Sun-fishes)

Total

CYCLOSTOMATA.

Petromyzontidae (Lampreys) ...

LEPTOCARDII.

Cirrostomi (the Lancelet)

Grand Total

6

7

17

36

93

2l6

38

98

233

I

I

1
6

I

21

I
I

I

6

I
21

2

7

22

2

7

22

1

1

I

I
I
I

I

5
4
1
8

12

8

1
22

I
I
I
I

6

4
1
8

13

8

1

22

1

1

I

4

18

43

4

19

44

1
1

1
1
1
1

12

1

1
2
1
1

32
I

I

7
2
2

1

1

1
1
1

2

3

1

2
4

2

4

1

4
7

2
12

1

3

1

3

2

5

2
32

1

4
1
8
6
9

6

18

45

5

12

18

8

29

63

1

4

13

1

4

13

1
1

1
1

1

2

1
1

1
1

1
2

2

2

3

2

2

3

1

1

3

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

14

27

66

5i i37

316

57

161

382

242

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

pART v.— LIST OF INVERTEBRATA.*

MOLLUSCA.

Class I. CEPHALOPODA.

Fam. Octopodid^e,

Gen. Octopus, Cuv.
i. OCTOPUS VULGARIS, Lamark.
The Poulp or Octopus.
La Poulpe.
Gemeiner Vielfuss, grosser Tintenfisch,

grosse Sprutte.
Vulg., Folpo, Folpo todero, Polpo.
Folpi toti ( Ven.).
Croat, Merkacic, Hobot, Karakatnica,

Hobotnica, Ubotnica.
Muzgavac (Spalato).
Habit. General and common, but not much prized.

Gen. Eledone, Leach.

2. ELEDONE MOSCHATA, Risso.

Die Bisamsprutte, Bisam Tintenfisch.
Vulg., Folpo, Folpo da risi (Ven.), Mus-

cardino, Muscarolo, (Ven.).
Croat., Merkac, Hobotnica, Perc.
Habit. General and common ; much prized by
the poor.

Fam. II. Loligid/E.

Gen. Loligo, Lam.

3. LOLL GO VULGARLS, Lam.

The Squid.

* This list comprises only the more important kinds,
viz., those which have a commercial value, or boast of a
local name.

Calmar, Rautenformiger Tintenfisch.
Vulg., Calamajo, Calamaro, Kalimar, Kala

mar, Totano.
Croat., Liganj.

Lignja ili obicna crna kraka (Spalato).
Pocuranac (Fiume).
Habit. General and common ; the most valued
of the Cephalopods.

4. LOLIGO SAGITTATA, Lam.

Pfeilformiger Tintenfisch.
Vulg., Calamaro todero, Calamar toto.
Habit. Not common and little prized ; Gulf of
Venice.

Gen. Sepiola, Rond.

5. SEPIOLA RONDELETLL, Leach.

Kleine Sprutte, Kleiner Tintenfisch.
Vulg., Sepiola, Sepolina, Zottolina, Zottolo,

Calmaretto, Seppetta.
Croat., Sipica.
Habit. General and common, and prized as
food.

Fam. III. Sepiad^e, d'Orb.

Gen. Sepia, L.

6. SELLA OFFLCLNALLS, L.

Cuttle-fish, Black-fish.
La Seiche.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

243

Der Tintenfisch, Sepia, Sprutte.
Vulg., Seppa, Sepa, Seppia.
Croat., Sipa,
Habit. General and common.

Class II. CEPHALOPHORA.

Fam. I. Muricid^e, Adams.
Gen. Murex, Lam.

7. MUREX BRANDARLS, L.

Brandhornschnecke.

Vulg., Garusolo, Garusolo mascio.

Bullo maschio, Murice, Scoglio brandare

( Ven.).
Croat., Moruzga, Volak, Volina.
Habit. General and common ; on muddy beds
in fifteen fathoms at all seasons, and is eaten
by the lower classes.

8. MUREX TRUNCULUS, L.

Leistenschnecke, Purpurschnecke, Stumpfe

Leistenschnecke.
Vulg., Garusolo, Garusolo femena, Porpora,

Porco, Garusa, Bullo femmina, Murice,

Scoglio troncato.
Croat., Kravica.
Habit. As above, but inferior as food.

Fam. II. Buccinim:, Deshayes.

Gen. Buccinum, L. (Nassa, Lam.).

9. NASSA RETLCULATA, L.

A Whelk.

Vulg., Berolla del tenero.
Croat., Iskra.
Habit. Cherso, Trieste ; general and common.

10. CYC LOPE NERLTEA, L.

Little whelk.
Gemeines Wellenhorn.
Vulg., Buligone.
Croat., Klapunice.
Habit. Trieste, Fiume, Cherso ; common.

Fam. III. Cassidacea, Adams.

Gen. Cassidaria, Lam.

11. CASSLDARLA ECHLNOPHORA, L.

Knotenhorn.

Cassidaria tuberculosa (//.).

Vulg., Porcelletta, Porzelletta.

Croat., Kaciga.
Habit. Off the coast of Grignano, Pirano, Capo
d'Istria ; also at Venice, Ravenna, Cherso,
Zara, Lesina ; rare in seventeen to twenty-five
fathoms.

Fam. IV. DoliidjE.

Gen. Dolium, Lam.

12. DOLLUM GALEA, L.

Vulg., Porcella.
Habit. Deep water ; Gulf of Trieste ; rare in
the Quarnero ; more common in Dalmatia
at Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Lissa, Lesina.

Fam. V. Cerithiim:.

Gen. Cerithium, Brug.

13. CERLTHLUM VULGATUM, Brug.
Gemeine Nadelschnecke.

Ceritio comune (Lt.).

Vulg., Caragolo longo (Ven.), Campanari

(TV.).
Croat., Vretenaca, Krapulj.
Habit. Common in the lagoons of Venice,
where it is much eaten by the poor; also
found in the salines of Zaole and Pirano in
one to five feet of water, and in greater depths
on muddy beds ; Quarnero.

Fam. VI. Strombid.e, dOrb.

Gen. Aporrhais, Aldrov.

14. APORRHALS PES PELECANL, Dill.

Der Pelicansfuss.
Pie di pellicano (Lt.).
Vulg., Zamarugolo.

2 K.

244

THE ADRIATIC GUIF.

Habit. Sometimes caught in large quantities and
brought to market ; inhabits depths of twenty-
five fathoms on muddy beds ; Trieste,
Quarnero \ general.

Fam. VII. Turritellid^e, Clarck.
Gen. Turritella, Lam.

15. TURRITELLA COMMUNIS, Risso.

Thurmschnecke, Thurmschraube.
Vulg., Campanile.

Croat., Bumburak, bamburac, Tornjic,
Kampanil.
Habit. Common in the greater depths (twenty-
five to thirty fathoms) on muddy beds ;
Trieste, Quarnero.

Fam. VIII. Trochim:, Adams.
Gen. I. Trochus, L.

16. TROCHUS CONOLUS, L.

Top-shells.

Eckmund.

Vulg., Caragolo (generic).

Croat., Narikle, cigrasi (generic).
Habit. In twenty-five fathoms ; Grignano, Punta
Grossa, Pirano, Rovigno, Trieste, Quarnero,
Dalmatia ; not uncommon.

17. TROCHUS BLASOLETTL, Phil.
Kreiselschnecke.

Caragolo tondo (//.).
Vulg., Trottolo bianchiccia.
Croat., Nanarica, Nanaric.
Habit. Common on the limestone beds in six
to ten fathoms off Sestiane ; Quarnero, Zara.

18. TROCHUS ADRIATIC US, Phil.
Adriatischer Kreisel.

Caragolo (//.).

Vulg., Caragoletti da galanterie (Ven.).
Habit. Littoral univalves found on algce in the
salines of Zaole, Capo d'Istria, Pirano ; shells
used as women's ornaments.

19. TROCHUS VARIUS, L.
Geschneckter Eckmund.
Caragolo tondo (It.).
Vulg., Naridola.

Habit. Zaole, Barcola, Rovigno, Quarnero ;
rare.

20. TROCHUS UMBILICARIS, L.

Caragolo tondo di mar (It.).
Habit. Rare ; Rovigno, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

21. TROCHUS ZIZYPHINUS, L.

Jujuben Kreisel.
Caragolo, Naridola grande (It.).
Habit. Rare; on sandy beds in twenty fathoms;
Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Venice, Zara.

Gen. II. Monodonta, Lam.
2 2. MONODONTA FRA GAROLDES, Lam.
Trochus tessellatus, Gm.
Bunte Kreiselschnecke.
Naridola (It).
Habit. Littoral univalves found more or less all
along the coast adhering to stones ; edible.

23. MONODONTA ARTICULATA, Lam.
Griine Kreiselschnecke.

Naridola (//.).
Habit. As above ; Isola, Trieste, Venice, Zara,
Curzola.

Gen. III. Turbo, L.

24. TURBO RUGOSUS, L.
Runzeliger Rundmund.
Vulg., Occhio di Santa Lucia.

Habit. Common on limestone beds in eight to
ten fathoms ; Quarnero, Isola, Pirano ; little
eaten ; shells used as women's ornaments.

Fam. IX. Haliotim:.

Gen. Haliotis, L.

25. HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA, L.

Seeohr, Meerohr, gemeines Meerohr.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

245

Vulg., Orecchio di San Pietro.

Croat, Zlatinka, Puzlatka (Spalato).
Habit. Attached to stones in shallow water ;
Pirano, Zaole ; common in the south of
Istria; Quarnero.

Fam. X. FlSSURELLID.^E.

Gen. Fissurella, Brug.

26. FISSURELLA CO STASIA, Desh.
Spaltschnecke, Schlitzschnecke.
Vulg., Pantalena, Santalena.

Croat., Priliepak, Razporka, cupka (Spa-
lato).
Habit. Isola, Pirano, Rovigno, Dalmatia ;
edible and pretty common in medium depths,
attached to stones.

Fam. XI. Patellid^e.

Gen. Patella, L.

27. PATELLA VULG ATA, L.

Common Limpet.

Gemeine Schiisselschnecke, Napfschnecke.
Vulg., Pantalena, Santalena.
Croat., Priliepak, Lupar, Bljudica.
Habit. Quarnero.

Fam. XII. Chitonid^e.

Gen. Chiton, L.

28. CHLTON SLCULUS, Gray.
Kaferschnecke.

Vulg., Salissoni cape.
Croat., Babuska, Priliepak.
Habit. Found attached to stones and Pinnce,
off Zaole, Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Quarnero; in
one to eight fathoms.

Fam. XIII. Dentalilve, cfOrb.
Gen. Dentalium, L.

29. DENTALLUM ENTALLS, L.

Der Wolfszahn.
Croat., Slonov zub.
Habit. Rare ; Pirano, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

Fam. XIV. Bullid^:.

Gen. Bulla, L.

30. BULLA LLGNARIA, L.

Meerblasenschnecke.
Vulg., Berolla di mar.
Croat., Zlatenka.

31. BULLA HYDATLS, L.

Vulg., Oliva. •
Croat., Miehuraca.
Habit. Near Trieste, amongst zostera and algcc
on limestone beds ; Quarnero, Dalmatia.

Fam. XV. Aplysiid^e.

Gen. Aplysia, L.

32. APLYSLA DEPLLANS, L.

Sea-hare.

Der Seehase, die Seelunge.
Lepre marino (//.).
Vulg., Coghe de mar.
Croat., Morski zee, Zecac.
Habit. Barcola, Servola, in shallow waters ;
Quarnero, Venice.

Fam. XVI. Helicidte, Gray.

Gen. Helix, L.

Gen. Clausilia, Drap.
Snail-shells.
Vulg., Buovoli.
Croat., Puzi, Puzici, Spuzi, generic (Spalato).

S3. HELLX SECERNENDA, Rossm.

Croat., Glevoc.
Habit. Castelli di Spalato.

34. HELLX VERMLCULATA, Miiller.

Croat., Puz, Spuz.
Habit. Castelli di Spalato.

35. HELLX APERTA, Born.

Croat., Kravica.
Habit. Castelli di Spalato.

2 k 2

246

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

36. HELIX PONZOLZI, Michel.

Croat, Crni spuz, Zenski spuz, Pizdarica.
Habit. Ragusa.

37. HELIX SETLGERA, Ziegler.

Croat., Gubavac.
Habit. Ragusa.

38. HELLX SETOSA, Ziegler.

Croat., Runjavac.
Habit. Montano di Zara.

39. ZONITES ACIES, Partsch.

Croat., Magavetas.
Habit. Castelli di Spalato.

40. ZONITES ALBANICUS, Ziegler.

Croat., Pasjak.
Habit. Duave, near Almissa.

41. HYALINA CELLARLA, Mull.

Croat., Poljski slemak.

Class III. ACEPHALA.

Fam. I. Ostreid^e, Brod.
Gen. Ostrea, L.
The Oyster.
L'huitre.
Die Auster.
Ostrica.

42. OSTREA ADRLATICA, Lam.
Ostrea stentina, Payeandeau.
Ostrica dell' Adriatico (//.).
Vulg., Ostrica di palo.

Habit. Limestone beds ; not in the lagoons or
oyster-ponds.

43. OSTREA LAMELLOSA, Brocchi.
Ostrea Cyrnusii, Payeandeau.

Vulg., Ostrica a lamelle (//.).
Habit. Reared in ponds ; attains to large
dimensions, and is much prized ; Trieste.

44. OSTREA EDULIS, L.

Croat., 0£triga; Kamenica {Spalato),
generic terms.

Varieties : —

a. Depressa, Phillipi.

Ostrica comune depressa (//.).

Vulg., Ostrichino.
Habit. Lagoons of Venice and Zaole, attached
to wood and the mussels Pinna and Mytilus ;
a small sp., but very savoury and much
liked.

b. Cristata, Auct. {?), Born. {?).
Ostrica comune cristata {It.).

Habit. Lagoons, ponds, harbours ; on limestone
and muddy beds ; is the only kind which is
found in the Quarnero.

c. Falcata, Chiereghin.
Ostrica comune falcata {It.).

Habit. As above.

Fam. II. Pectinim:, L.

Gen. I. Pecten, L.

45. PECTEN JACOBS US, L.

Scallop.

Pilgermuschel, Jacobsmuschel.
Capa santa, {It.).
Pellegrina di San Giacomo.
Croat., Pokrovaca, Jakovska kapica {Spa-
lato).
Habit. Grado, Pirano, Quarnero ; much sought
for on account of the shells, which are
exported ; general and common.

46. PECTEN OPERCULARIS, L.

Pettine operculare (//.).

Vulg., Canestrello {generic).

Croat., Pokrovaca poklopita.
Habit. Formerly much more common than at
present ; lagoons of Venice ; edible ; one of
the most elegant of the genus; Quarnero,
Trieste.

47. PECTEN GLABER,
Glatte Kamm-muschel.
Pettine vario (//.).

L.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

247

Vulg., as above.

Croat., Pokrovaca gladka, Kapica,
Migavica.

Habit. Common in the Trieste market mixed
with No. 49 ; Quarnero.

48. PEC TEN VAR1US, L.

Gescheckte Kamm-muschel.
Pettine vario (//.).

Vulg., Canestrello de mar, C. da una recia

( Ven.), Capa santa piccola.

Habit. Common in the lagoons, and at Zaole,

Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Cherso, etc., in shallow

water amongst sponges, on muddy beds ;

Quarnero.

49- TEC TEN POLYMORPHUS, Brown.
Vulg., Canestrello.

Habit. Common in the lagoons and on sandy
beds on the Istrian coast, amongst zostera,
alga, and sponges; off Zaole, Pirano, etc.;
Quarnero.

Gen. II. Lima, Brug.

50. LIMA LNFLATA, Lam.

Feilenmuschel, Raspelmuschel.

Vulg., Sorbolo di mar.

Croat., Pilaca.
Habit. Deep limestone beds (twenty-five fathoms),
also on the sandy beds off Zaole, Capo d'Istria,
Pirano; edible, but not much prized; general
and common.

Gen. III. Spondylus, Lam.

51. SPONDYLUS GAZDEROPUS, L.

Gemeine Klappmuschel, Lazarus Klappe.

Vulg., Gaidero, Copiza, Iardon.

Croat., Kopito, Kopitnjak.
Habit. Zaule, Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Rovigno, in
two to four fathoms ; general and common,
particularly in the south of Istria on limestone
beds.

52. SPONDYLUS ACULEATUS, Delle

Chia.
Nomenclature. As 51.

Habit. Rovigno, Quarnero ; rare ; both sp.
are edible, but seldom come to market.

Fam. III. Aviculid^e, Swainson.
Gen. Pinna, Z.

53. PLNNA NOB ILLS, Weinkauff.

Steckmuschel.
Pinna nobile (//.).

Vulg., Astdra, Astiira, Lastura, Ostiira,
Astara, Stura, Paldstrega di porto ( Ven.),
Piede de caval (Fiume).
Croat., Butovka, Ljustura, Peritska (Spa-
lato).
Habit. Lagoons of Venice and elsewhere on
muddy beds ; Quarnero ; this and other sp.
of Pinna, such as P. rudis (L.), and P.
squamosa (Gra.), are little eaten.

Fam. IV. Mytilid^, Flem.

Gen. I. Mytilus, L.

54. MYTLLUS EDULIS, L.

Common Mussel.

Moule of the French.

Gemeine Miesmuchel.

Mitilo commestibile (//.).

Vulg., Pedocchio, Pedocchio di mar, Pe-

occhio, Peocio.

Croat., Kokoslca, Klapunica. senac

{Fiume). Daguja (Novigrad), Klapavica

(Spalato).

Habit. On muddy and sandy beds in the lagoons

of Venice (those hailing from the Royal

Arsenal at Venice being especially prized),

and very numerous between Grado and the

mouth of the river Tagliamento in a depth

of thirteen to fifteen fathoms and about nine

miles distant from the shore, also off the reefs

(Scogli) of Istria. M. flavins (Poli) is not

248

THE ADRIATIC GUIF.

uncommon in these waters, and M. minimus
(Poli) is common everywhere, and is found
attached to rocks, oysters, modio/a, etc.

Gen. II. Lithodomus, Lam.

55. LITHODOMUS LITHOPHAGUS,

Lam.

The Date-shell.

See- oder Stein-dattel.

Litodomo litofago (//.).

Vu/g., Dattolo di pietra, Dattolo di mar,
Dattero di mar ( Ven.).

Pevarone (Ven.).

Croat., Perstenac, Prstenci, Prstici (Spa/ato).
Habit. Pretty general and common in the south
of Istria and the Quarnero, and on the
eastern coast of the Adriatic ; rare on the
western coast of Istria, and not known at
Venice ; found imbedded in the limestone
rock ; is much esteemed as food.

Gen. III. Modiola, Lam.

56. MODIOLA BARB AT A, L.

Bartige Miesmuschel.
Modiola barbata (//.).
Vu/g., Mussolo, Muzzolo, Pedocchio peloso,
Peocio peloso ( Ven.).
Habit. General and common on muddy and
sandy beds ; little esteemed as food, and only
eaten by the poor.

Fam. V. Arcacid^:, a" Orb.

Gen. I. Arca, L.

57. ARCA NO A?, L.

Noah's Ark, Noah's Lighter.

Arche de Noe.

Noah's Arche, Das Schiffchen.

Arca di Noe (//.).

Vu/g., Coffano di grotta (Ven.), Mussolo

(Tr., Fiume).
Croat., Kunjka, Musul, Pizdica ; skoljak

(Ragusa).

Habit. Pretty general and common ; has a
disagreeable flavour and is only eaten by the
poor.

58. ARCA BARBATA, L.

Fringed Ark.

Bart Arche, Bartige Arche.
Arche barbue.
Arca barbata (//.).
Vu/g., Cofano del duro.
Habit. Fissures of rocks ; Venice, Cherso,
Salvore, Lussin, Dalmatia.

Gen. II. Pectunculus, Lam.

59. PECTUNCULUS GLYCIMERIS, L.

Orbicular Ark.

Veranderliche Sammtmuschel, glatte Arche,
Gogelhopflein.

Arche glycymeride, Bignet, Vovan.

Arca liscia (//.).

Vu/g., Pie d'asino.

Croat., Konjina, caska.
Habit. Pretty common on muddy and sandy
beds ; Isola, Pirano, Pago ; rare at Ragusa
and Lesina.

Gen. III. Nucula, Lam.

60. NUCULA MAGARITACEA, Lam.

Vu/g., Fave, Sangue de Turco (//.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Muggia, Pirano, Cherso,
Unie, Val Cassione, Zara, etc., on muddy
bed; rare.

Fam. VI. Chamid^.

Gen. Chama, L.

61. CHAMA GRYPHOIDES, L.
Gienmuschel.

Vu/g., Ostreghetta del duro.
Habit. Pretty common and general ; Quarnero.

Fam. VII. Cardiid^, Brod.

Gen. I. Cardium, L.

62. CARDIUM EDULE, L.

Common Cockle.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

249

Essbare Herzmuschel.

Cardium commestibile (It.).

Vulg., Capa tonda (Veil.).

Croat., Kunjka, cancica; Srcavka (Spalato).
Habit. General and common, on muddy and
sandy beds in shallow water, imbedded in the
mud or sand ; is the best of the genus, and
forms the object of profitable fishing, espe-
cially in the lagoons of Venice; it is best in the
winter.

63. CARDIUM CLODLENSE, Renier.
Cardio di Chioggia (//.).

Vulg., Capa tonda di valle.
Habit. Lagoons of Venice.

64. CARDIUM RUSTIC UM, L.

Runzelige Herzmuschel.

Vulg., Capa tonda rigata, Cocciola.

Croat., Kapica, Solinarka.
Habit. One of the most common of the genus
at Trieste ; found in shallow water on muddy
beds at Zaole, Capo d'Istria, Pirano, etc.

65. CARDIUM TUBERCULATUM, L.

Hockerige Herzmuschel.
Vulg., Capa tonda di mar (//.).
Croat., Kapica obla, Morska srcavka (Spa-
la to).
Habit. Rather rare ; Venice, Sestiane, Capo
d'Istria, Pirano, Quarnero, Zara, Curzola,
Lesina.

66. CARDIUM CILIARE.

Habit. Common at Trieste, Zaole, Capo d'Istria,
Pirano, Portore, Cherso, Veglia, Zara, etc.

Note. Other sp., such as C. aculeatum (L.),
C echinatum (L.), C. papillosum (Poli), C
parvum (Phil.), are more or less rare.

Gen. II. Isocardia, Lam.

67. ISOCARDIA COR, Lam.

Heart-shell.

Vulg., Bibaron de mar.

Croat., canca.

Habit. Common at Zara and Spalato ; a single
sp. from Promontore in Istria ; Quarnero.

Fam. VIII. VeneriDjE, Leach.
Gen. I. Venus, L.

68. VENUS GALLINA, L.
Strahlige Gienmuschel.
Venere gallina (//.).
Vulg., Bibarazza, Pevarazza.

Habit. Very common on sand-banks and along
the shore of the gulfs of Venice, and Trieste,
and in Dalmatia ; less common in the Quar-
nero ; it is found imbedded in the sand, and
is caught by hand or the voleghetta, and in
deep water by the cassa ; is good eating, but
is only eaten by the poorer classes.

69. VENUS VERRUCOSA, L.
Wartzige Gienmuschel.

Vulg., Bibarazza di mar, Caparozzolo.
Croat., Prnjavica, Ladinka.
Habit. Common all along the coast on sandy-
beds.

Gen. II. Cytherea, Lam.

70. CYTHEREA CHI ONE, L.

Spielmuschel.

Citerea chione (//.).

Vulg., Issolon, Issolone.

Croat., Klapun, Klapunica.
Habit. The most common sp. of the genus' in the
lagoons of Venice and on the sand-banks of
Grado ; rare on the deeper sand-banks off the
coast of Istria (Pirano, Rovigno), and in the
Quarnero ; Unie, Zara, Lesina ; not inferior
eating to the other sp. ; shells are large, and
are exported for miniature painting.

Gen. III. Tapes, Miihlf.

71. TAPES ED ULLS, Chemn.
Jungfern Gienmuschel.
Venere commestibile (//.).
Vulg., Caparon, Longon.
Croat., Lisanka (Fiume).

2$0

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Puzica (Novigrad).
Habit. Common in the lagoons of Venice,
imbedded in the muddy or sandy beds ; is
indigestible, like the other sp. of this genus,
and only eaten by the poorer classes.

72. TAPES DECUSSATUS, L.
Gegitterte Gienmuschel.
Clovissa of France.
Venere incrocicchiata (//.).
Vulg., Caparozzolo (Trieste), Caparozzolo
dal scorzo grosso (Ven.), Capa tonda di
mar.
Croat., Kucica, Gajun ( Veglia), Pripelanka.
Habit. On mixed clay and sand beds, amongst
stones in the lagoons of Venice and the Gulf
of Trieste and the Quarnero ; the best of the
genus, and is much esteemed as food at
Venice and Trieste, as also in France, espe-
cially in the Provence, where it is known by
the name of clovissa.
Note. T. aureus (Gm.) (vulg. Longdn), and T.
geographicus (L.), are also sp. which are
common, and are prized as food for the
lower classes, especially at Venice.

Fam. IX. TelliniDjE, Latreille.
Gen. I. Donax, L.

73. DONAX TRUNCULUS, L.

Gemeine Dreieck-Muschel.

Donace troncata (It).

Vulg., Cazzonello, Calzinei (Ven.).
Habit. Common along the littoral of the Gulfs
of Venice and Trieste; rare on the eastern
coast ; Cherso ; lives on the sand close to the
shore, and is left dry by the receding tide ; is
little eaten.

Gen. II. Tellina, Z.

74. TELLINA EXIGUA, Poli.

Croat., Crljene kucice, Crljenice.
Habit. Sands of Grado, Cherso, Lesina,
Curzola.

Gen. III. Scrobicularia, Schum.
75. SCROBICULARLA PLPERLTA, Schum.

Ottermuschel.

Scrobicularia peverina (Lt.).

Vulg., Caparozzolo sottile, C. dal scorzo
sottile ( Ven.).

Loca, Loca di fango (Tr.).
Habit. Common in the Gulfs of Venice and
Trieste on clay and mud beds in shallow
water, or on the shore, which is only watered
at flood tide, as in the salines of Zaole ;
lives imbedded in the mud, whence it
establishes communication with the outer
world by means of two siphons, about six
inches in length, which extend through the
mud ; at ebb-tide it is caught by hand or the
voleghetta, or is dug out with a spade; common
in the markets of Trieste and Venice, where
it is valued as food, making a good soup ;
Quarnero, Zara, Spalato, Ragusa.

Fam. X. Mactrid^e, Fleming.

Gen. I. Mactra, L.

76. MACTRA LA CLE A, Poli.

Milchweisse Trogmuschel.

Madia Candida (//.).

Vulg., Bibaron di marina (Ven.).
Habit. Inhabits the sand and is often left dry
by the receding tide ; is little eaten, although
not bad food ; Venice, Grado, Zaole.

77. MACTRA STULTOSUM, Auct.

Mactra corallina, L.
Gefarbte Trogmuschel.
Madia corallina (//.).

Vulg., Bibaron colorito, B. di marina ( Ven.).
Croat., Kopanjica.
Habit. As above ; Capo d' Istria, Veglia, Zara,
Meleda, Curzola, Spalato, Almissa.

Gen. II. Lutraria.

78. LUTRARLA ELLIPTIC A, Lam.

Croat., Skipa (Novigrad).

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

251

Fam. XI. Solenidje.

Gen. Solen, L.

79. SOLEN FAGLNA, L.

Weisse Rinne, gemeine Messerscheide.
Soleno manicajo, Soleno coltellajo.
Fulg., Capa longa nostrana, Capa da dito,
Manico da coltello ( Fen.), Capa da deo
(Tr.), Capa lunga, Capa lunga bianca
( Fen.).
Croat., Sljanak, sljanci, krastavica (Sftal.).
Habit. On sandy and muddy bed, which it
penetrates to a depth of three feet and above,
rising to the surface in calm weather ; lagoons
of Venice, Monfalcone, Capo d'Istria, Pirano ;
common at Venice and Trieste, where it is
much eaten by the lower classes ; Zara,
Curzola.

80. SOLEN SILLQUA, L.

Ensis siliqua, L.

Gefarbte Rinne, Hiilsenformige Messer-
scheide.
Soleno siliqua (//.).
Fulg., Capa longa marina (Fen.), Capa

longa colorita.
Tabachina, Capa tabachina ( Chioggia).
Habit. As above; inferior to No. 79. Trieste,
Brevilaqua, Zara, Spalato, Ragusa.

Fam. XII. Pholadid.e.

Gen. Pholas, L.

81. PHOLAS DACTYLUS, L.

Dactylina dactylus, L.

Bohrmuschel, Steinbohrer, Steinfinger

muschel.
Folade dattilo (It.).
Fulg., Dattolo, Dattolo di mar, Dattolo di

sabion, Dattero di mar ( Fen.).

Croat., Obicni kamotoc (Spalato).

Habit. Found all along the littoral in the rock,

and in pieces of submerged wood ; it is very

good eating ; abounds at Ancona, where it is

not eaten ; has entirely disappeared from the

lagoon of Chioggia since fresh water has been
conducted into it. Trieste, Pirano, Brevi-
laqua, Zara.

Fam. XIII. Teredinin^e.

Gen. Teredo, L.

82. TEREDO NA FALLS, L.
Calamitas navium, Z.
Capanus, Dry-rot Worm.
Le Taret.

Die PfahlmuscheL

Teredine commune (//.)-

Fu/g., Brumo, Bissa dei legni, Verme dei

legni.
Croat., Glistice, Glista drva, Obicni
sasanj, Lad jar.
Habit. Penetrates wood, submerged piles, and
the bottoms of uncoppered wooden vessels ;
is the curse of some harbours ; abounds at
Sebenico.

Class IV. TUNICATA.

Gen. Cynthia, Sav.

83. CYNTHLA PAPULOSA, L.
Fulg., Limone di mar (//.).

Habit. Portore.

84. CYNTHIA MICRO CO SMUS, Cuv.
See-scheide.

Fulg., Uovi di mar (//.), Ovi di mar

(Fiume).
Croat., Jaja od mora.
Habit. Trieste, Quarnero.

Gen. Polyclinum.

85. POLYCLINUM FICUS, Cuv.

Fulg., Figo di mar, Tartuffolo (//.).

Class V. BRYOZOA.

Gen. Retepora, Lam.

86. RETEPORA CELLULOSA, L.

Neptun's Manschette.
Fulg., Rosa di mar (Lt.).
Croat, seputnjaca (generic).
Habit. Trieste, Quarnero,

2 L

252

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

CRUSTACEA.

Gen. Stenorrhynchus, Lam.

87. STENORRHYNCHUS PHALAN

GIUM, Lam.
Vulg., Zanzaloro (//.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Quarnero,
Dalmatia.

Gen. Inachus, Leach.

88. INACHUS SCORPLO, Fabr.

Vulg., Selmo delle granceole (//.).
Habit. General and pretty common on lime-
stone beds.

Gen. Maia, Latr.

89. MAIA SQUINADO, Latr.

Sea Spider.

Araignee de mer, Grampelle.

Spinnen-Krebs, Seespinne, gemeiner See-

Krebs.
Vulg., Granzon, Granzon falso d'aspreo

(male), Granzeola (female) (It.).
Croat., Rakovica, Racnjak, Morski pauk.
Habit. General and common; Trieste, Quarnero.

Gen. Lambrus, Leach.

90. LAMBRUS MEDITERRANEUS,

Leach.
Vulg., Granzo compasso (//.).
Croat., Rakovica, sestilo, krugalo.

Gen. Iaxea.

91. IAXEA NOCTURNA, Chier., Nard.

Vulg., Granzo di notte (//.).
Croat., Rakovica, Nocno krugalo.

Gen. Xantho, Leach.

92. XANTHO FLORLDUS, Leach.

Schwarzscheerige Strandkrabbe.
Vulg., Forfetula (It).

Habit. Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Lussin, Quarnero,
Dalmatia.

93. XANTHO RIVOLOSUS, Risso.

Vulg., Poressa salvatica (//.)•
Habit. Quarnero, Venice, Pirano, Lussin,
Dalmatia.

Gen. Pilumnus, Leach.

94. PLLUMNUS HLRTELLUS, Leach.

Vulg., Grancipol, Grancipoletto (//.).
Croat., Strigljaca.
Habit. Trieste, Portore', Cherso, Lussin, Dal-
matia.

Gen. Eriphia, Latr.

95. ERLPHLA SPLNLFRONS, Desm.

Italienischer Taschenkrebs.

Vulg., Taska, Granciporo (male), Poressa

(female) (It.).
Croat., Grmalj.
Habit. Venice, Rimini, Trieste, Cherso, Pirano,
Dalmatia.

Gen. Carcinus, Leach.

96. CARCLNUS MsENAS, Leach.
Common Shore-crab, Harry-crab.
Crabe commun, Cr. enrage, Menade.
Gemeine Krabbe, Gemeiner Seekrebs.
Vulg., Granzo, Spiantano (male), Masanetta,

Masinetta (female), Molecca, Molecche
(with the soft shell) (It).
Croat., Rak, obicna rakovica, gola rakovica
(Spalato).
Habit. General and common ; Venice, Trieste,
Cherso, Dalmatia.

Gen. Portunus, Fabr.

97. PORTUNUS DEPURATOR, Leach.

Ruderkrabbe.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

253

Vulg., Gambero dell' ala, Granze"ola, Gran-

zevolo (It).
Croat., Rakovica, Strigjaca.
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

Gen. Pinnotherus, Latr.
98. PINNOTHERUS VETERUM, Bosc.
Erbsenkrabbe, Erbsenschild, Steckmuschel-

krebs.
Vulg., Granzetto d' ostriga (It.).
Croat., Racic od ostrige.
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

99- PINNOTHERUS PISUM.

Muschelwachter.
Vulg., Piso (It.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

Gen. Gonoplax, Leach.

100. GONOPLAX RHOMB OIDES, Fabr.
Vulg., Azzalino, Contrapasso (It.).

Habit. On limestone beds: Venice, Trieste,
Quarnero, Dalmatia.

Gen. Grapsus, Lam.

1 01. GRAPSUS VARIUS, Latr.
Schwarzer Taschenkrebs.

Vulg., Granzo piato, Grancipdro (male),

Poressa (female) (Lt.).
Croat, Urak.
Habit. Trieste, Lussin, Dalmatia.

102. GRAPSUS MARMORA TUS, Fabr.
Marmorirte Viereckskrabbe.
Vulg., Granzo piato (//.).
Croat, Urak.

Habit. Trieste, Quarnero.

Gen. Ilia, Leach.

103. ILIA NUCLEUS, Herbst.
- Vulg., Zucchetto (//.).

Habit. Fiume, Cherso, Dalmatia.

Gen. Dromia, Fabr.

104. DROMIA RUMPHII, Bosc.
Kugelkrebs.

Vulg., Facchino (//.).
Croat, Kosmac, Prug (Spalato).
Habit Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Portore, Lussin,
Dalmatia.

Gen. Dorippe, Fabr.

105. DORIPPE LAN ATA, Latr.
Vulg., Facchino piccolo (//.).

Habit Rimini, Ravenna, Venice, Trieste, Quar-
nero, Spalato.

Gen. Coristes, Latr.

106. CORLSTES DENTAL US, Latr.
Vulg., Scarpion di grotta (Lt).
Croat, Scarpion.

Habit Very rare ; Venice, Quarnero, Lesina.

Gen. Pagurus, Fabr.

107. PAGURUS MACULA TUS, Roux.
The Great Crab.

Grosser rother Taschenkrebs.
Vulg., Granzipdro (male), Poressa (female)
(Lt).
Habit Trieste, Pirano, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

108. PAGURUS BERNHARDUS, L.
Sp. of Pagurus in shells of Murex.
Hermit-crab.

L'Ermit, Le Soldat.
Einsiedlerkrebs.

Pagurus Arten in Gehausen von Murex.
Vulg., Bulli (Bule) col granzo (//.).
Croat, Bramburaci, Rak-samac.
Habit. Trieste, Pirano, Dalmatia.

Gen. Porcellana, Lam.

109. PORCELLANA LONGICORNIS,

Lam.
Vulg., Scarpion de sabbion, Scarpione de
sabionao (It.).

254

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Habit. Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Cherso, Lussin,
Dalmatia.

Gen. Galathea, Fabr.
no. GALATHEA FUG OS A, Fabr.

Vulg., Scampo morte, Scampa falsa a man

lunghe (//.).
Croat., Smert.
Habit. Rimini, Pirano, Quarnero, Dalmatia.

in. GALATHEA STFLGOSA, Fabr.

Vulg., Scampa salvatica (//.).
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Quarnero, Dal-
matia.

112. GALATHEA SCAMFAFELLA, Chier.
Vulg., Scamparello, Scampetto (//.).
Croat., Kozlica, Skila, Hlapic.

Gen. Palinurus, Fabr.

113. PALLNUFUS VULGAFIS, Latr.
The Rock-lobster, Spiny Lobster.
Languste (von Locusta), Heuschrecken-

krebs.
Vulg., Grillo di mar (//.).
Langusta, Agusta, Agosta, Ragosta, Ara-

gosta (Ven.).
Astice (Dalmatia).
Croat., Prug, Pizdoklep, cercak.
Habit. Dalmatia ; not north of Lussin.

Gen. Gebia, Leach.

114. GEBIA LITTOFALLS, Leach.
Vulg., Cdrbola, Scarddbola (It.).
Croat., Karlic.

Habit. Venice, Trieste, Cherso, Ossero, Dal-
matia, Taranto.

Gen. Astacus, Fabr.

115. A ST A C US FL UVLA TILLS, Fabr.
The Crayfish.

Siisswasserkrebs.
Gambero d'acqua dolce (Lt.).
Croat., Vodni rak, Potocni rak.
Habit. Lake of Vrana (Cherso).

Gen. Homarus, Edw.

116. HOMARUS VULGARLS, Edw.
The Lobster.

Der Hummer.
Astice, Astese, Astise (//.).
Croat., Astic, Jastog.
Habit. Trieste, Cherso ; general and common.

Gen. Nephrops, Leach.

117. NEFHFOPS NOFVEGLCUS, L.
The Norway Lobster.
Norwegischer Krebs, Buchstabenkrebs.
Vulg., Scampo (Fiume, Trieste).
Croat., Rak.

Habit. Common in the Quarnero; not found
elsewhere in the Adriatic.

Gen. Crangon.

118. CFANGON VULGAFLS, Fabr.
The Shrimp.

Garnele, Graue Garnele.
Vulg., Schila, Squilla, Skila (//.).
Croat., Obicni racic.
Habit. Venice, Trieste, Pirano, Dalmatia.

Gen. Scyllarus.

119. SCYLLAFUS AFCTUS, Fabr.
Vulg., Cigala di mar (//., Fiume).
Croat., zezalo (Fiume).

Habit. Quarnero, Dalmatia.

120. SCYLLAFUS LATUS, Latr.
Croat., Kuka.

Habit. Lesina.

Gen. Pal.emon, Fabr.

121. PAL^FMON SQULLLA, Fabr.
The Prawn.

Salicoques of France.

Garnat, Garnele, Glashelle Garnele.

Vulg., Gambero, Gambaro, Gambaretto

d'acqua salsa, Skilla.
Croat., Kostica, Morski rak, Rak (Spalato).
Habit. Trieste, Fiume, Dalmatia.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

255

Gen. Lysianassa, Edw.

122. LYSIANASSA SPINICORNIS, Cost.
Vulg., Granzeola piccola (//.).

Habit. Trieste, Cherso, Dalmatia.

Gen. Squilla, Rond.

123. SQUILLA MANTIS, Rond.
Goger, Gemeine Goger.

Vulg., Candcchia, Candccia (//.).
Croat., Kanoce, Vabic.
Habit. General and common ; Trieste, Quar-
nero, Dalmatia.

Gen. Orchestia.

124. ORCHESTIA LLTTOREA, Leach.
Vu/g., Saletto de fosso (//.).

Habit. Quarnero, Dalmatia, Otranto.

Gen. Ligia, Fabr.

125. LIGIA ITALLCA, Leach.
Vulg., Sallizzoni delle rive (Lt.).

Habit. General and common.

Gen. Coronula.

126. CORONULA TESTUDINARIA, Lam.
Vulg., Cappa delle galene (//.).

Croat., zelvin zvoncic.

Gen. Chthamalus, Ranz.

127. CHTHAMALUS STELLA TUS, Ranz.
Vulg., Capa de palo (//.).

Capa delle piere.
Habit. General and common ; Quarnero.

Gen. Anatifa.

128. ANATIFA LA5VLS, Brug.
Vu/g., Caparozzoletti di mar (//.).
Croat., Obicni lupar, Cicala.

Class. II.— VERMES— Annulata.
Gen. Serpula, L.

129. SERPULA, sp.

Vulg., Bisse delle cape, Bisse delle sassi,

Cannelle.
Croat, skoravi cievnjak, svirale od mora,

cievnjak svijac.

Gen. Arenicola, Lam.

130. ARENICOLA FLSCATORUM, Cuv.
Lug-worm.

Vulg., Vescola (//.).
Croat, skorak, pjeskozil.

Gen. Aphrodite, L.

131. APHRODLTE HYSTRLX, Sav.
Aphrodite.

Chenille de mer.
Die Aphrodite Seeraupe.
Vulg, Afrodita, Bruco di mar (Lt).
Croat, Pustenka, dlakuSa.
Habit. Trieste, Portore.

ECHINODERMATA.

Gen. Holothuria, L.

132. HOLOTHURIA TUBULOSA, Gthr
Sea-slugs.
Seewalzen.

Croat, Pestelj (Spalato), terpen, trp,
morski kurac, brizgavac.
Habit. Trieste, Portore, Cherso.

Gen. Cucumaria, Blainv.
Vulg., Cazzo del mar, Caz marin, Cucumero I 133. CUCUMARIA DOLLOLUM, Grube.
de mar (It). Cucumbers.

256

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Concombres, Cornichons de mer, Meer-

139. ASTERACANTHION RUBE US,

gurken.

M. Tr.

Vulg., Cucumero de mar (//.).

Stella rossa (It.).

Habit. Trieste, Portore.

Croat., Kerstijez, Kerstaca.

Gen. Echinus, L.

Gen. Asteriscus. M. Tr.

134. ECHINUS MICROTUBERCU-

140. ASTERISCUS MEMBRANACEUS,

LATUS, Blainv.

M. Tr.

Sea-urchins.

Vulg, Pie d'occha (//.).

See-Igel.

Vulg., Castagne de mar, Tartuffoli (It-).

Croat., Jezic.

Croat., Guskina noga, Nejasitka (Spalato).
141. ASTERISCUS VERRICULATUS,

Habit. Trieste, Quarnero.

M. Tr.

Vulg., Stelletta (//.).

135. ECHINUS BREVISPINOSUS, Risso.
Vulg., Rizzo di mar, Castagna commun de

Croat., Krizalina.
Habit. Portore.

mar (//.).
Croat, Jezina.

Gen. Astropecten, Lmck.

Habit. Trieste, Quarnero.

142. ASTROPECTEN A URANTLA CA, L.

Vulg., Stellon, Stella (//.).

136. ECHINUS LIVID US, Deslong.

Habit. Portore.

Stein See-igel.

Vulg. As No. 135 (//.).

Gen. Ophioderma, M. Tr.

Croat., Jez, Morski jez.
Habit. Trieste. Quarnero.

143. OPHLO DERMA LONGICAUDA,
M. Tr.

137. ECHINUS MELO, Lmck.

Vulg., Selmo a compasso (//.).
Habit. Trieste, Portore.

Vulg., Melon de mar, Rizzo melon (//.).

Croat. As No. 136.

Gen. Schizaster, Ag.

Habit. Dalmatia, Quarnero.

144. SCHIZASTER CANALLFERUS, Lam.

Vulg., Peto de dolfin (It.).

Gen. Asteracanthion, M. Tr.

Croat., Dupinska persa.

138. ASTERACANTHION, ST.

Habit. Zaole, Quarnero.

Sea-pads, Sea-star, Finger-fish, Star-fish.
Etoiles de mer.

Gen. Ophiothrix, M. Tr.

See-sterne.

145. OPHIOTHRIX FRAG I LIS, Mull.

Stelle marine (77.).

Vulg, Selmo (Lt.).

Croat, Morska zviezdica.

Habit. Trieste, Quarnero.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE FAUNA.

257

POLYPI.

Gen. Anemonia.

146. ANEMONIA, SP.
Sea Anemones.
Anemone de mer.
See Anemone.
Anemonia di mare (//.).

Croat., Moruzga, vlasulja (generic terms).

Gen. Actinia, L.

147. ACTINIA, Sp.
Actinia, Blubber.
Actinie.
See-rose, Aktinie.

Attinia, Rosa di mar, Madrona, Marona

(It).
Croat., Vlasulja, cvjetulja, vjetrenica,

moruzga.

148. ACTINIA VIRIDIS, L.
Attinia verde (//.).
Croat., Moruzga zelena.

Habit. Quarnero.

149. ACTINIA RUBRA, Brug.
Wrinkled Actinia.

Actinie ridee.
Rothe Aktinie.

Attinia rossa, A. porporina, Anemolo rosso

marino (//.).
Croat., Moruzga, vlasulja crvena.

150. ACTINIA EFFCETA, L.
Enervated Actinia.

Actinie epuisee, anguleuse, blanche.
Die Seeblume.

Attinia angulosa, bianca (//.).
Habit. Attached to Murex brandaris ; Trieste.

Gen. Rhizostomum, Cut.

151. RHIZOSTOMUM CU FIERI, Earn.
Vulg., Potta di mar, Potta marina (It.).
Croat., Modra morska pluca.

Habit. Trieste.

Gen. Pennatula, L.

152. PENNATULA PHOSPHOREA, Ell.
Sea-pen.

Vulg., Penna di mar, Pennacchiera (//.).
Croat., Perulja.
Habit. Quarnero.

153. PENNATULA RUBRA.
Vulg., Pennacchiera rossa (//.).
Croat., Perulja rumena.

2;i

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Appendix to the List of Invertebrates.
A. Mollusks of the Adriatic enumerated by Professor M. Stossich.

a. 13 CEPHALOPODS,

viz. :

GASTROPODS (continued).

3 Octopus.
2 Eledone.

2 Loligo.
2 Sepiola.

3 Fissurella.
6 Emarginula.

1 Tethys.
1 Doto.

1 Argonauta.

2 Sepia.

1 Gadinia.

3 ^Eolis.

1 Ommastrephes.

6 Patella.
2 Acteon.

1 Elysia.

1 Truncatella.

b. 371 GASTROPODS,

viz. :

7 Cylichna.

1 Auricula.

10 Murex.

2 Lachesis.

1 Volvula.

2 Melampus.

1 Typhis.

13 Raphitoma.

2 Bulla.

1 Asseminia.

8 Fusus.

3 Mangelia.

2 Haminea.

7 Chiton.

1 Euthria.

8 Defrancia.

4 Akera.

8 Dentalium.

1 Triton.

1 Chenopus.

1 Ranella.

2 Cypraea.

c. 190 CONCHIFERS,

viz. :

1 Pisania.

3 Trivia.

2 Pholas.

1 Pandora.

3 Pollia.

1 Erato.

4 Teredo.

4 Mactra.

9 Nassa.

3 Ovula.

1 Gastrochaena.

2 Lutraria.

1 Cyclope.

9 Cerithium.

1 Clavagella.

1 1 Tellina.

1 Fasciolaria.

1 Triforis.

1 Solen.

1 Gastrana.

1 Voluta.

1 Littorina.

2 Ensis.

2 Lucinopsis.

10 Mitra.

6 Fossarus.

1 Pharus.

3 Psammobia.

4 Columbella.

1 Rissoina.

5 Solecurtus.

1 Strigilla.

4 Marginella.

28 Rissoa.

2 Saxicava.

5 Donax.

i Dolium.

12 Alvania.

1 Corbula.

5 Scrobicularia

1 Cassis.

2 Setia.

1 Lyonsia.

4 Erycina.

2 Cassidaria.

3 Cingula.

7 Thracia.

1 Mesodesma.

2 Lamellaria.

2 Amnicola.

1 Neaera.

3 Cytherea.

8 Natica.

2 Hydrobia.

2 Dosinia.

1 Scacchia.

4 Scalaria.

1 Barleeia.

12 Venus.

1 Diplodonta.

8 Turbonilla.

3 Turritella.

2 Venerupis.

5 Kellia.

14 Odostomia.

6 Vermetus.

1 Cypricardia.

1 Thyasira.

1 Eulimella.

1 Siliquaria.

1 Petricola.

1 Montacuta.

3 Aclis.

1 Caecum.

1 2 Cardium.

2 Galeomma.

6 Euliraa.

2 Calyptraea.

2 Laevicardium.

1 Solemya.

3 Leiostraca.

2 Crepidula.

1 Isocardia.

1 Astarte.

2 Solarium.

1 Capulus.

3 Chama.

4 Cardita.

4 Cerithiopsis.

1 Neritina.

6 Lucina.

4 Mytilus.

1 Conus.

4 Phasianella.

2 Loripes.

2 Crenella.

1 Turbo.

1 Scaphander.

3 Modiola.

2 Leda.

1 Collonia.

1 Philine.

1 Lithodomus.

10 Pecten.

1 Cyclostrema.

1 Gasteropteron.

1 Avicula.

1 Vola.

1 Adeorbis.

6 Aplysia.

4 Pinna.

5 Lima.

3 Clanculus.

7 Pleurobranchus.

5 Area.

1 Spondylus.

1 Craspedotus.

1 Umbrella.

3 Pectunculus.

8 Anomia.

2 Monodonta.

2 Tylodina.

2 Nucula.

5 Ostrea.

12 Zizyphinus.

13 Trochus.

8 Doris.

1 Polycera.

^. 7 BRACHIOPODS,

viz. :

1 Anatomus.

2 Idalia.

1 Terebratulina.

4 Argiope.

2 Haliotis.

2 Tritonia.

1 Megerlea.

1 Crania.

APPENDIX TO THE LIST OE INVERTEBRATES.

*y.

B. Crustaceans of the Adriatic enumerated by Professor M. Stossich.

126 MALACOSTRACA,

Vt'z. :

ARTHROSTRACA {continued).

2 Stenorhynchus.

1

Ethusa.

2 Corophium.

2 Iphimedia.

1 Achaeus.

1

Dromia.

1 Cyrtophium.

1 Isaea.

4 Inachus.

1

Homola.

2 Cratippus.

1 Ampelisca.

1 Herbstia.

x3

Pagurus.

1 Icridium.

1 Kroyera.

6 Pisa.

2

Porcellana.

2 Microdeutopus.

1 Eusirus.

1 Lissa.

3

Galathea.

2 Cerapus.

1 Leucothoc.

2 Maja.

1

Munida.

5 Podocerus.

6 Gammarus.

1 Acanthonyx.

2

Scyllarus.

4 Amphitoe.

3 Melita.

1 Eurynome.

1

Palinurus.

1 Talitrus.

7 Maera.

2 Lambrus.

2

Callianassa.

4 Orchestia.

1 Eurystheus.

1 Cancer.

1

Gebia.

3 Allorchestes.

1 Amathilla.

1 Pirimela.

1

Calliaxis.

1 1 Nicea.

7 Lysianassa.

4 Xantho.

1

Homarus.

1 Atylus.

2 Probolium.

2 Pilumnus.

1

Nephrops.

3 Protomedeia.

2 Ichnopus.

2 Eriphia.

5

Crangon.

1 Pherusa.

7 Anonyx.

1 Lupa.

4

Alpheus.

5 Dexamine.

1 Callisoma.

5 Portunus.

2

Pontonia.

1 Carcinus.

r

Typton.

c. 1 LEPTOSTRACA,

viz. :

1 Platyonychus.

1

Caridina.

1 Nebalia.

1 Gelasimus.

1

Nika,

1 Gonoplax.

1

Athanas.

1 Heterograpsus.

4

Palaemon.

d. 91 ENTOMOSTRACA, viz.:

1 Pachygrapsus.

1

Gnathophyllum.

2 Cypridina.

1 Laemargus.

1 Nautilograpsus.

3

Anchistia.

1 Lepas.

1 Perissopus.

2 Pinnotheres.

3

Hyppolyte.

1 Conchoderma.

1 Anthrosoma.

1 Ilia.

2

Pandalus.

1 Scalpellum.

5 Lernanthropus.

4 Ebalia.

1

Lysmata.

1 Chthamalus.

1 Dichelestium.

1 Calappa.

1

Sicyonia.

1 Chelonobia.

1 Kroyeria.

2 Atelecyclus.

2

Penaeus.

1 Balanus.

1 Clavella.

1 Corystes.

2

Mysis.

2 Peltogaster.

2 Nemesis.

1 Dorippe.

3

Squilla.

1 Parthenopea.

1 Ergasilina.

1 Cymopolia.

1

Gonodactylus.

1 Sacculina.
1 Lichomolgus.

1 Cycnus.

1 Eudactylina.

51 ARTHROSTRACA,

viz. :

1 Sabelliphilus.
1 Staurosoma.

5 Philichthys.
2 Sphasrifer.

1 Tanais.

2

Cymodocea.

2 Bomolochus.

2 Pennella.

2 Apseudes.

1

Nesaea.

1 Nicothoe.

3 Lernaeenicus.

2 Anthura.

6

Idotea.

1 Ergasilus.

1 Tripaphylus.

1 Praniza.

3

Jaera.

1 Medesicaste.

1 Lernaeolophus.

3 Anceus.

1

Limnoria.

7 Chondracanthus.

1 Naobranchia.

4 Cymothoa.

1

Bopyrus.

5 Caligus.

1 Charopinus.

3 Anilocra.

r

Gyge.

2 Lepeoptheirus.

1 Achtheres.

2 Nerocila.

1

lone.

1 Liitkenia.

6 Brachiella.

1 -iEga.

1

Ligia.

1 Trebius.

10 Anchorella.

4 Rocinela.

1

Tylos.

1 Elytrophora.

1 Notopterophorus

1 Cirolana.

8

Caprella.

1 Dinematura.

1 Peltidium.

8 Sphaeroma.

1

Chelura.

1 Cecrops.

1 Hersilia.

26o

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

C. Vermes of the Adriatic, enumerated by Professor M, Stossich.

a. 168 ANNELIDES.

i Tomopteris.

2 Eteone.
5 Eulalia.
i Carobia.

5 Phyllodoce.
i Oxydrcmus.

i Ophiodromus.

3 Podarke.
i Periboea.
i Fallacia.

4 Procergea.
2 Grubea.

i Sphasrosyllis.
2 Pterosyllis.
i Trypanosyllis.
i Eurysyllis.
i Eusyllis.
2 Odontosyllis.
i Ehlersia.
i Syllides.
9 Syllis.
i Sylline.
4 Glycera.
i Nephthys.
io Nereis.
2 Marphysa.
4 Eunice,
i Onuphis.
i Lysidice.
2 Nematonereis.
4 Lumbriconereis.
i Arabella,
i Staurocephalus.
i Spinther.
2 Euphrosyne.
i Chrysopetalum.
2 Sigalion.
i Leanira.
i Acholoe.
i Hermadion.
i Lepidonotus.
i Lepidasthenia.
i Lagisca.

6 Polynoe.

i Hermione.

i Aphrodite.

6 Serpula.

2 Eupomatus.

ANNELIDES (contd.).

i Placostegus.

i Spirorbis.

i Filograna.

3 Vermilia.

i Pomatocerus.

3 Protula.

io Sabella.

i Spirographis

i Lagis.

i Pectinaria.

i Melinna.

i Sabellides.

i Terebellides.

i Polycirrus.

i Myxicola.

15 Terebella.

1 Siphonostomum.

1 Chaetopterus.

3 Heterocirrus.

2 Cirratulus.
1 Maldane.

4 Clymene.
1 Arenicola.

1 Uasybrancus.

1 Notomastus.

1 Armandia.

1 Polyophthalmus.

1 Enchytraeus.

1 Pontobdella.

b. 8 GEPHYREA.

1 Sipunculus.
4 Phascolosoma.

1 Aspidosiphon.

1 Bonellia.

1 Thalassema.

c. 42 NEMATHEL-
MINTHES.

1 1 Echinorhynchus.

1 1 Ascaris.

2 Acanthocheilus.

1 Heterakis.

2 Lecanocephalus.

3 Agomonematodum.
3 Agomonema.

1 Thominx.

1 Stelmius.

1 Echinocephalus.

NEMATHELMINTHES {contd.)

2 Ichthyonema.

1 Spiroptera.

1 Enchelidium.

2 Enoplus.

d. 92 PLATELMINTHES.

5 Cerebratulus.

1 Meckelia.

2 Tubulanus.
1 Micrura.

1 Polystemma.

1 Valencinia.

3 Nemertes.

1 Tetrastemma.

1 Borlasia.

1 Gyrator.

1 Stylochus.

1 Leptoplana.

2 Thysanozoon.
1 Proceros.

1 Polycelis.

1 Opisthomum.

x Proporus.

1 Otocelis.

1 Sidonia.

2 Monotus.

3 Turbella.

2 Vortex.

1 Trigonostomum.

1 Vorticeros.

1 Celidotis.

1 Stenostomum.

26 Uistomum.

1 Holostomum.

1 Monostomum.

1 Gasterostomum.

1 Onchocotyle.

3 Tetrarhynchobothrium.

2 Orygmathobothrium.

1 Tetrabothrium.

2 Echeneibothrium.

1 Phyllobothrium.

2 Anthobothrium.

1 Polyonchbothrium.

2 Calliobothrium.

3 Dibothrium.

1 Amphicotyle.

4 Rhyncobothrium.

2 Caryophyllseus.

APPENDIX I.

261

Appendix I.

Alphabetical Index to the Scientific Names.

a. MAMMALIA AND REPTILES.

(The numbers opposite the names refer to the Systematic List, p. 177.)

Chelonia sp., 1, 2.

Delphinus sp., 3-5.
Emys Lutaria, 3.

Grampus griseus, 5.
Pelagius monachus, 2.
Phoca monachus, 2.

Phoca vitulina, 1.
Physeter sp., 6, 7.

b. PISCES.

(The numbers opposite the names refer to the Systematic List, p. 179.)

Abramis bipunctatus, 299.
Acanthias sp., 21, 22.
Acantholabrus Pallonii, 226.
Acipenser sp., 50-55, 355.
Alburnus sp., 299-301.
Alopias vulpes, 12.
Alosa communis, 319.
Ammodytes siculus, 248.
Ammopleurops lacteus, 269.
Anguilla sp., 323, 324.
Anthias sacer, 60.
Apogon imberbis, 65.

„ rex mullorum, 65.
Argentina sphyrsena, 316.
Arnoglossus sp., 253-255, 379.
Atherina sp., 188-190.
Au.lopus filamentosus, 271.
Aulopyge Hiigeli, 277.
Ausonia Cuvieri, 120.
Auxis vulgaris, 129.
Balistes capriscus, 344.
Barbus sp., 274-276.
Belone acus, 305.
Blennius sp., 173-185, 373,

374-
Box sp., 79, 80.
Brama Raji, 119.
Branchiostoma lanceolatum,

35°-
Callionymus sp., 167-171, 372.

Cantharus sp., 76-78.
Capros aper, no.
Caranx dentex, 104.

,, trachurus, 103.
Carcharias sp., 1, 2, 351, 352.
Carcharodon Rondeletii, 10.
Centrina Salviani, 20.
Centriscus scolopax, 198.
Centrolophus sp., 115, 116.
Centropristis hepatus, 59.
Cephaloptera giorna, 49.
Cepola rubescens, 172.
Charax puntazzo, 85.
Chondrostoma sp., 295-298.
Chrysophrys aurata, 92.
Citharus linguatula, 256.
Clinus variabilis, 185.
Clupanodon phalerica, 322.
Clupea sp., 318-322.
Cobitis \s/>., 302, 303.
Conger sp., 325, 326.
Coricus rpstratus, 224.
Coris sp., 229, 230.
Corvina nigra, 98.
Coryphsena sp., 117, 118.
Cottus gobio, 138.
Crenilabrus sp., 216-225.
Cristiceps argentalus, 185.
Cyprinodon calaritanus, 304.
Cyprinus sp., 272, 273.

Dactylopterus volitans, 147.
Dasibatis sp., 30-32.
Dentex*/., 66, 357, 358.
Dicerobatis giornas, 49.
Echineis sp., 130, 366.
Echinorhinus spinosus, 24.
Engraulis encrasicholus, 317.
Esox belone, 305.

„ lucius, 309.

„ sphyraena, 187.
Exoccetus sp., 307, 308.
Falx Venetorum, 207.
Fierasfer sp., 247, 378.

,, dentatus, 360.
Gadus sp., 231-234, 376.
Galeus canis, 3.
Gasterosteus sp., 196, 197.
Gobio sp., 278, 279.
Gobius <r/., 148-166, 367-370.
Gouania piger, 205.
Heliastes chromis, 209.
Heptanchus cinereus, 15.
Hippocampus sp., 342, 343.
Histiophorus belone, 100.
Hypsiptera, 377.
Julis sp., 228-230.
Labrax lupus, 57.
Labrus sp., 210-215.
Lamna sp., S, 9.
Latrunculus sp., 166, 371.
2 m 2

262

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Lebias calaritana, 304.

Paraphoxinus sp., 292, 293.

Serranus hepatus, 59.

Lepadogaster sp., 199-204.

Pelamys sp., 128, 365.

Serranus sp., 61-63, 356.

Lepidopus caudatus, 101.

Perca fluviatilis, 56.

Siphonostoma sp., 331-333-

Lepidotrigla aspera, 139.

Peristedion cataphractum, 146.

Smaris sp., 70-73.

Leptopterygius piger, 205.

Peristethus cataphractum, 146.

Solea sp., 261-268, 380.

Leuciscus sp., 280-291.

Petromyzon sp., 347-349.

Sphagebranchus sp., 328.

Lichia sp., 107-109.

Pholis laevis, 184.

Spinax niger, 23.

Lophius sp., 136, 137.

Phrynorhombus unimaculatus,

Sphyraena vulgaris, 187.

Lophotes cepedianus, 206.

252.

Squalius albus, 283.

Lota vulgaris, 238.

Phycis sp., 236, 237.

Squatina oculata, 26.

„ argentea, 359.

Plagusia lactea, 269.

Stromateus sp., 113, 114.

Lucerna Venetorum, 142.

Platessa passer, 260.

Syngnathus sp., 334-339-

Lucioperca Sandra, 58.

Platessa vulgaris, 259.

Tarantola Romas, 270.

Luvarus imperialis, 120.

Pleuronectes sp., 259, 260.

Telestes sp., 288.

Macrurus ccelorhyncus, 249.

Polyprion cernium, 64.

Temnodon saltator, 363.

Masna sp., 67-69.

Pristiurus melanostomus, 19.

Tetrapterus belone, 100.

Merluccius vulgaris, 235.

Pteridium atrum, 242.

Tetrodon mola, 345.

Mirbelia sp., 203, 204.

Pteroplatea altavela, 45.

Thymallus vulgaris, 315.

Motella sp., 239-241.

Raja sp., 30-41.

Thynnus sp., 124-127.

Mugilf/., 1 91-195, 375-

Rhina sp., 25, 26.

Thyrsites pretiosus, 362.

Mullus sp., 74, 75.

Rhinoptera marginata, 48.

Tinea vulgaris, 294.

Mursena sp., 329, 330.

Rhomboidichtys sp., 257, 258.

Torpedo sp., 27-29.

Mustellus sp., 6, 7.

Rhombus sp., 250, 251.

Trachinus sp., 132-135.

Myliobatis sp., 46, 47.

Salar ausonii, 310.

Trachurus trachurus, £03.

Myrus vulgaris, 326.

Salmo sp., 310-314, 381.

Trachypterus sp., 207, 208.

Naucrates ductor, 106.

Sardinella aurita, 318.

Trichiurus sp., 101, 102.

Nemachilus barbatulus, 302.

Sargus sp., 82-84.

Trigla^., 139-145.

Nerophis sp., 340, 341.

Saurus sp., 270, 271.

„ cataphracta, 146.

Notidanus sp., 14-16.

Sayris Camperi, 306.

,, volitans, 147.

Novacula cultrata, 227.

Scardinius sp., 286.

Tripterygium nasus, 186.

Oblata melanura, 81.

Schedophilus Botteri, 364.

Trutta sp., 310-314.

Odontaspis sp., n, 353.

Sciaena aquila, 97.

Trygon sp., 42-44-

Ophichthys sp., 327, 328, 382.

Scomber^/., 121-123.

Umbrina cirrhosa, 96.

Ophidium sp., 243-246.

Scombresox rondeletii, 306.

Uranoscopus scaber, 131.

Ophisurus serpens, 327.

Scorpama sp., 94, 95.

Xiphias gladius, 99.

Orthagoriscus sp., 345, 346.

Scyllium^., 17, 18, 354.

Xirichthys cultrata, 227.

Paganellus Venetorum, 156.

Sebastes imperialis, 93.

Zeus sp., in, 112.

Pagellus sp., 88-91, 361.

Selache maxima, 13.

Zygsena sp., 4, 5.

I'agrus sp., 86, 87, 360.

Seriola Dumerilii, 105.

c. INVERTEBRATES.

(The numbers opposite the names refer to the Systematic List, p. 242. )

Actinia .y/., 147-150.
Anatifa hcvis, 128.
Anemonia sp., 146.
Aphrodite hystrix, 131.
Aplysia depilans 32.

Aporrhais pes pelicani, 14.
Area sp., 57, 58.
Arenicola piscatorum, 130.
Astacus fluviatilis, 115.
Asteracanthion sp., 138, 139.

Asteriscus sp., 140, 141.
Astropecten aurantiaca, 142.
Bulla sp., 30, 31.
Calamitas navium, 82.
Carcinus masnas, 96.

APPENDIX I.

263

Cardium sp., 62-66.

Iaxea nocturna, 91.

1'cnnatula sp., 152, 153.

Cassidaria echinophora, 1 1 .

Ilia nucleus, 103.

Pholas dactylus, 81.

Cerithium vulgatum, 13.

Inachus scorpio, 88.

Pilumnus hirtellus, 94.

Chama gryphoides, 61.

Isocardia cor, 67.

Pinna nobilis, 53.

Chiton siculus, 28.

Lambrus mediterraneus, 90.

Pinnotherus sp., 98, 99.

Chthamalus stellatus, 127.

Ligia italica, 125.

Polyclinum ficus, 85.

Coristes dentalus, 106.

Lima inflata, 50.

Porcellana longicornis, 109.

Coronula testudinaria, 126.

Lithodomus lithophagus, 55.

Portunus depurator, 97.

Crangon vulgaris, 118.

Loligo sp., 3, 4.

Retepora cellulosa, 86.

Cucumaria doliolum, 133.

Lutraria elliptica, 78.

Rhizostomum Cuvieri, 151.

Cyclope neritea, 10.

Lysianassa spinicornis, 122.

Schizaster canaliferus, 144.

Cynthia sp., 83, 84.

Mactra sp., 76, 77.

Scrobicularia piperita, 75.

Cytherea chione, 70.

Maia squinado, 89.

Scyllarus sp., 119, 120.

Dentalium entalis, 29.

Modiola barbata, 56.

Sepia officinalis, 6.

Dolium galea, 12.

Monodonta sp., 22, 23.

Sepiola Rondeletii, 5.

Donax trunculus, 73.

Murex sp., 7, 8.

Serpula, sp., 129.

Dorippe lanata, 105.

Mytilus edulis, 54.

Solen sp., 79, 80.

Dromia Rumphii, 104.

Nassa reticulata, 9.

Spondylus sp., 51, 52.

Echinus sp., 134-137.

Nephrops norvegicus, 117.

Squilla mantis, 123.

Eledone moschata, 2.

Nucula margaritacea, 60.

Stenorrhynchus phalangium,

Eriphia spinifrons, 95.

Octopus vulgaris, 1.

87.

Fissurella costaria, 26.

Ophioderma longicauda, 143.

Tapes sp., 71, 72.

Galathea sp., 110-112.

Ophiotrix fragilis, 145.

Tellina exigua, 74.

Gebia littoralis, 114.

Orchestia littorea, 124.

Teredo navalis, 82.

Gonoplax rhomboides, 100.

Ostrea sp., 42-44.

Trochus sp., 16-21.

Grapsus sp., 101, 102.

Pagurus sp., 107, 108.

Turbo rugosus, 24.

Haliotis tuberculata, 25.

Palaemon squilla, 121.

Turritella communis, 15.

Helix sp., 33-38.

Palinurus vulgaris, 113.

Venus sp., 68, 69.

Holothuria tubulosa, 132.

Patella vulgata, 27.

Xantho sp., 92, 93.

Homarus vulgaris, 116.

Pecten sp., 45-49.

Zonites sp., 39, 40.

Hyalina cellaria, 41.

Pectunculus glycimeris, 59.

264

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Appendix II.

Alphabetical Index to the English Names.

a. FISHES.

(The numbers opposite the names refer to the Systematic List, p. 179.)

Adder-pike, 135.
Adriatic Sturgeon, 50.
Allis-Shad, 319.
Anchovy, 317.
Angel-fish, Angel Shark, 25.
Angler, the common, 136.
Argentine, 316.
Atherine, 188.

,, Boier's, 189.
Axillary Bream, 361.
Balance-fish, 4.
Band-fish, 172.

„ the Red, 172.
Barbel, 274.
Basse, 57.

„ Stone Basse, 64.
Beardie, 302.
Becker, 86.
Bellows-fish, 198.
Bib, 234.
Bill-fish, 306.
Black Bream, 76.
Black-fin, 135.
Black-fish, 115.
Black-mouthed Dog-fish, 19.
Black Perch, 115.
Black Ruffe, 115.
Blade-fish, 102.
Blenny, the Diminutive, 183.

„ the Freshwater, 176.

„ the Gattoruginous, 173.

„ Montagu's, 183.

„ the Ocellated, 182.

„ the Smooth, 184.
Boar-fish, no.
Bogue, 79.

Boier's Atherine, 189.
Bone-dog, 21.
Bonito, 126.

,, the Plain, 129.
Bounce, 18.
Braize, 86.
Brill, 251.

British Torpedo, 27-29.
Bullhead, 138.
Burbot, Burbolt, 238.
Burton Skate, 40.
Butterfly-fish, 182.
Cackarel, 67.
Capelan, 233.
Carp, 272.
Cat-fish, 18.
Chub, 283.
Cod, the Three-bearded, 239.

„. the Five-bearded, 241.
Comber, 62.
Conger-eel, 325.
Connor Maid, 220.
Coral-fish, 209.
Cork wing, 220.
Couch's Polyprion, 64.

,, Sea Bream, 87.
Cramp-fish, 29.
Crowner, 145.
Crue Herring, 321.
Dentex, 66.
Derbio, 108.
Devil-fish, 46-49.
Dog-fish, 17-19, 21, 22.
Dolphin, 117, 118,
Dory, in.
Dragonet, 167.

Dragonet, the Gemmeous, 167.

„ the Sordid, 167.
Eagle-Ray, 46.

Echiodon, Drummond's, 378.
Eel, the common, 323.

„ the Conger, 325.
Eel-pout, 238.
Electric Ray, 27-29.
Erythrinus, 88.
Eyed Dog-fish, 19.
File-fish, 344.

„ the Mediterranean, 344.
Fire Flaire, Fiery-Flaw, 44.
Fishing Frog, 136.
Flounder, the Italian, 260.

„ the Red-backed, 265.
Flying-fish, 307, 308.
Fox, 12, 167.
Freshwater Perch, 56.
Frog-fish, 136.

Gade, the Three-bearded, 239.
Gar-fish, Gar-pike, 305.
Gedd, 309.
Germon, 127.
Gilt-head, 92, 220.

,, the Rayan, 119.

,, Ray's Toothed, 119.

„ the Red, 89.

„ the Toothed, 66.
Gipsy Herring, 321.
Goby, the Black, 148.

„ the Doubly-spotted, 162.
„ the Freshwater, 151.
„ the Paganellus, 156.
,, Pennant's Spotted, 164.
,, the White, 166.

APPENDIX II

265

Goby, the Yellow, 149.
Golden Maid, 220.
Goldfinny, Goldsinny, 220.
Grayling, 315.
Grey Mullet, 1 91-195.

„ the Golden, 193.

„ the Long-finned,

193- .
„ the Thick-lipped,

i95-
Grey Notidanus, 14:
Groundling, 303.
Gudgeon, 278.
Gurnard, Bloch's, 144.

,, the Cuckoo, 140.

„ the Elleck, 140.

„ the Flying, 147.

„ the French, 141.

„ the Grey, 143.

„ the Lanthorn, 142.

„ the Mailed, 146.

„ the Piper, 145.

„ the Red, 140.

„ the Rock, 141.

,, the Sapphirine, 142.

„ the Streaked, 141.
Hair-tail, 102.
Hake, 235.

„ the Forked, 236.
Hippocampus, the Short-
snouted, 342.
Hornbeak, 305.
Horse Mackerel, 103.
Hound-fish, 21.

„ the Rough, 17.

Huso, 53.
Jack, 309.
John Dory, 111.
King of the Sea Bream, 86.
Lampern, the fringe-lipped,

349-
Lamprey, 347.

Planer's, 349.

,, the River, 348.

„ the Sea, 347.

,, the Spotted, 347.
Lancelet, 350.
Large Spotted Dog-fish, 18.
Lesser „ ,, 17.

Loach, 302.

,, the Spinous or Spined,

3°3-
Long-nose, 305.
Luce, 309.
Lyra, 145.
Mackerel, the Coly, 123.

„ the common, 121.

,, the Horse, 103.

„ the Spanish, 123.
Maid, 320.
Maigre, Meagre, 97.
Mediterranean Remora, 130.
Megrim, 253.
Mendole, 67.
Miller's Dog, 3.

„ Thumb, 138.
Minnow, 291.
Molebut, 345.
Monk, Monk-fish, 25.
Morgay, 17.
Mullet, the Grey, 1 91-195.

„ the Red, 74.
Murry, 329.
Needle-fish, 334.
Numb-fish, 29.
Nurse-hound, 18.
Notidanus, 14.
Old Wife, 76, 211.
Ophidium, the Bearded, 243.
Otter-pike, 135.
Ox-eye, 79.
Ox-Ray, 49.
Paganellus, 156.
Pandora, 86.
Pelamide, 128.
Penny-Dog, 3.
Perch, 56.

„ the Dusky, 63.
Picked Dog-fish, 21.
Pike, 309.
Pike-perch, 58.
Pilchard, 321.
Pilot-fish, 106.
Pink, 291.
Pipe-fish, the Broad-nosed, 331.

„ the Great, 334.

,, the Straight-nosed, 340
Piper, 145.
Plaice, 259.
Pompilus, 115.

Poor, 233.

Porbeagle, 8.

Pout, 234.

Power Cod, 233.

Prickleback, 196.

Rays, 27, 49.

Ray, the Bordered, 38.

„ the Cuckoo, 37, 41.

,, the Eagle, 46.

„ the Electric, 27-29.

,, the Fuller, 31.

„ the Homelyn, 31.

„ the Horned, 49.

„ the Ox, 49.

,, the Painted, 31.

,, the Rough, 30.

„ the Sand, 31.

„ the Sandy, 37, 41.

,, the Shagreen, 34.

,, the Spotted, 31.

„ the Sting, 44.

„ the Whip, 46.
Rayan Gilt-head, 119.
Ray's Sea-bream, 119.

,, Toothed Gilt-head, 119.
Ray-mouthed Dog, 7.
Red-eye, 286.
Red Gilt-head, 89.
Red Mullet, 74.
Red Snake-fish, 172.
Remora, 130.
Ribbon-fish, 207.
Robin Huss, 17.
Rock Dog-fish, 18.
Rock-fish, Rock Goby, 148.
Rock Ling, 239.

,, the Three-bearded,

239-
,, the Five-bearded,

241.
Rough Hound, 17.
Rudd, 286.
Sail-fish, 13.
Sand-eel, 248.
Sand-launce, 248.
Sapphirine Gurnard, 142.
Sardine, 321.
Saury, Saury-pike, 306.
Scabbard-fish, 101.
Scad, 103.

266

THE ADRIATIC GUIF.

Scald-fish, 253.
Scale-foot, 101.
Scorpions, 93-95.
Sea- Ape, 12.
Bream, 76.

„ the common, 89.

,, Couch's, 87.

„ King of the, 86.

„ Ray's, 119.

„ the Red, or Spanish,

88.
„ the Sharp-toothed,
89.
Cat, 132.

Devil, 46, 49, 136.
Eagle, 46.
Fox, 12.
Hen, 145.
Horse, 342.
Perch, 61.
Snipe, 198.
Serranus, the Dusky, 63.
,, the Smooth, 62.
Shad, 319.
Shade-fish, 97.
Shanny, Shan, Smooth Shan,

184.
Sharks, 1-26.
Shark, the Angel, 25.
,, the Basking, 13.
„ the Beaumaris, 8.
„ the Blue, 1.
„ the Dog-fish, 17, 18.
„ the Fox, 12.
„ the Great Blue, 10.
„ the Hammer-headed, 4.
,, the Long-tailed, 12.
„ the Notidanus, 14.
„ the Picked, 21.
,, the Porbeagle, 8.
,, the Six-gilled, 14.
„ the Skate-toothed, 7.
,, the Smooth-hound, 7.
„ the Spinous, 24.
„ the Spotted, 17.
„ the Tope, 3.
Shark Ray, 25.
Silvery Hair-tail, 102.
Six-gilled Shark, 14.
Skelly, 283.

Skipjack, 363.

Skipper, Skipper-pike, 306.

Skulpin, 167.

,, the Yellow, 167.
Smelt, Sand Smelt, 188.
Snipe-fish, 198.
Sole, the Bastard, 265.
,, the common, 261.
,, the Little, 267.
,, the Smooth, 253.
„ the Variegated, 265.
Sparus, 66.

„ the Four-toothed, 66.
Spet, 187.

Spiny Dog-fish, 21, 22.
Spotted Dog-fish, 17, 18.
Star-gazer, 131.
Stickle-back, 196.

,, the Three-spined,

197.
Sting Bull, 132.
„ -fish, 135.
„ Ray, 44.
Stinkard, 7.
Stone-Basse, 64.
Sturgeons, 50-55.

„ the Adriatic, 50.

,, the Blunt-nosed, 53.

„ the Broad-nosed,

53-
Suck-fish, the Small, 199.
Sucker, the Bimaculated, 204.

,, the Connemara, 203.

„ the Cornish, 199.

„ the Jura, 199.

„ the Ocellated, 199.
Sucking-fish, 130.
Sun-fish, 13, 345.

,, the Truncated, 346.
Surmullet, 74, 75.

„ the Striped, 75.
Sword-fish, 99.
Tangle-fish, 334.
Tench, 294.
Thickback, 265.
Thornback, 30.
Thornhound, 21.
Thrasher, Thresher, 12.
Toad-fish, 46, 136.
Tommy Logge, 138.

Toothed Gilt-head, 66.
Tope, Toper, 3.
Topknot, Bloch's, 252.
Trigger-fish, the Pig-faced, 344.
Trout, the common, 310.

,, the Great Dalmatian, 3 it.

,, River Trout of Dal-
matia, 313.

„ of the Lake of Garda,

3i4-
Trumpet-fish, 198.

„ the Snipe-nosed,

198.
Trygon, 44.
Tubfish, 142.
Tunny, the Bonito, 126.

„ the common, 124.

,, the Long-finned, 127.
Turbot, 250.
Twaite-Shad, 320.
Umbrina, 96.
Viper Weever, 135.
Wapper, 279.
Weevers, 132-135.
Weever, the common, 135.

„ the Great, 132.

„ the Lesser, 135.
the Viper, 135.
Whip Ray, 46.
Whistler, Whistle-fish, 239.
Whiting, 232.

„ Pout, 234.

„ Couch's, 376.
Woodcock-fish, 198.
Wrasse, the Ancient, 211.

„ the Ballan, 211.

„ the Cook, 215.

,, the Cuckoo, 215.

„ the Flesh-coloured, 2 15.

„ the Golden, 220.

„ the Indented- striped,
229.

„ the Rainbow, 229.

„ the Red, 215.

„ the Striped, 215.

,, the Three-spotted, 215.

,, the Trimaculated, 215.
Wreck-fish, 64.
Yellow Goby, 149.
Yellow-tail, 105.

APPHXDIX II.

267

b. INVERTEBRATES.

(The numbers opposite the names refer to the Systematic List, p. 242.)

Actinia, 147.
Black-fish, 6.
Blubber, 147.
Capanus, 82.
Cockle, 62.
Cray-fish, 115.
Cucumbers, 133.
Cuttle-fish, 6.
Date-shell, 55.
Dry-rot Worm, 82.
Fringed Ark, 58.
Great Crab, 107.
Harry Crab, 96.
Heart- shell, 67.

Hermit Crab, 108.
Limpet, 27.

Lobster, the common, 116.
Lug- worm, 130.
Mussels, 54.
Noah's Ark, 57.
Norway Lobster, 117.
Orbicular Ark, 59.
Oyster, 42-44.
Poulp, 1.
Prawn, 121.
Rock Lobster, 113.
Scallop, 45-49.
Sea-anemone, 146.

Sea-hare, 32.
Sea-pad, 138.
Sea-pens, 152.
Sea-slugs, 132.
Sea-spider, 89
Sea.-star, 138.
Sea-urchin, 134.
Shore Crab, 96.
Shrimp, 118.
Snail-shells, 33-38.
Spiny Lobster, 113.
Squid, 3.

Top-shells, 16-21.
Whelk, 9, 10.

2 N

268

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Appendix III.

Reference Index to the Italian Local and Vulgar Names of the Adriatic
Fauna on the Austro- Hungarian Seaboard and Venetian Estuary.

Acquadela Atherina hepsetus.

Adano, Adello, Adilo...Acipenser sturio.

Afrodita Aphrodite hystrix.

A j. ( Siphonostoma and Syn-

Ago di mar { l ., . J

° I gnathus sp.

Agon, Agone d'Istria ...Smaris gracilis.

Agona Atherina hepsetus.

Agone, Agon deComo...Clupea alosa and finta.

Agosta, Agusta Palinurus vulgaris.

Albero bastardo Oblata melanura.

Alboro pagnesco Pagrus vulgaris.

Alborella Alburnus alburnellus.

Anchio Engraulis encrasicholus.

Anemolo rosso marino. . .Actinia rubra.

Anguilla Anguilla vulgaris.

Anguela Atherina sp.

„ agonada „ hepsetus.

Angusigola Belone acus.

„ falsa ) Siphonostoma and Syn-

,, salvatica... J gnathus sp.

Anzoletta, Anzuletta ...Trigla 4^.

Anzoletto comune ... ) ^ • ,

, > 1 ngla pini.

„ piccolo ... j ° 1

„ grande „ cuculus.

j ., ( Peristethus cataphrac-

a " ( turn,

donna. J

Aragosta Palinurus vulgaris.

Arbon Pagellus erythrinus.

Arboro, Alboro, Albo- )

retto. j " "

Arzentin { ArSentina sphyrsena.

" ( Lepidopus caudatus.

Asia, Asiar, Asial ... { Acanthias vulgaris and

( Blainvilln.

Asinello Merluccius vulgaris.

Aspio Alburnus alburnellus.

l .- / . . ,• f Homarus vulgaris.

Astice, Astese, Astise { ^ r ,°

( Palinurus vulgaris.

Astdra, Astara, Astiira... Pinna nobilis.

Attinia Actinia sp.

" ?;ngulosa 1 „ effoeta.

„ bianca j "

" rossa • I „ rubra.

„ porporma J

Avola, Avla Alburnus alburnellus.

Azzalino Gonoplax rhomboides.

Babba Blennius gattorugine.

Baicolo Labrax lupus {fry).

Baile Zygaena maleus.

Balestra Balistes capriscus.

( Raja clavata.
Baracola ■; ,, punctata.

( „ fullonica.

" , . ]■ „ punctata.

„ bianca j ' r

Baracoletta j " "• ,

( „ margmata.

Barbo, Barbio, Barb, \

Barbol, Barbolo, D , , , •

Barbio, Balb, Bai: ( Barbus plebejus.

bio )

Barbon Mullus barbatus.

„ de nassa „ surmuletus.

Batauro, Botolo Mugil capito.

Bavosa, Baosa Raja marginata.

Berolla del tenero Nassa reticulata.

,, di mar Bulla lignaria.

Bibaron colorito Mactra stultosum.

„ di mar Isocardia cor.

, • . f Mactra lactea.

„ di marina ... < , ,.

( ,, stultosum.

Bibarazza Venus gallina.

Bibarazza di mar Venus verrucosa.

APPENDIX III.

269

Bisatto Anguilla vulgaris.

„ tegra ) ,r , ,

: j ■ > Murama liclena.

„ mde visa )

Bisse delle cape j 0 ,

} Serpula sp.
., „ sassi J ^ 1

Boba, Bobba Box vulgaris.

Bocca in cao ) TT ,

> Uranoscopus scaber.
„ capo I l

Bon One of the Mugil sp.

Bosega, Boseghe Mugil chelo.

Branzin Labrax lupus.

„ croato Merluccius vulgaris.

Bressanella Leuciscus phoxinus.

Bruco di mar Aphrodite hystrix.

t, rr , -r, , f Leuciscus aula.

Bruffolo, Brussolo ... <

{ ,, pauperum.

Brumo, Bisse dei ^ , ,.

, 1 eredo navalis.

legni

Bufalo de aspreo Maena zebra.

Bulbero Cyprinus carpio.

Buligone Cyclope neritea.

Bulli (Bule)col granzo...Pagurus Bernhardus.

Bullo maschio Murex brandaris.

„ femena * „ trunculus.

Buovoli Helix sp.

Buratello Anguilla vulg. {Elvers).

Caecchia, Cagnea Carcharias Milberti.

{Selache maxima.
Notidanus griseus.
,, cinereus.

Lamna cornubica.
,, Spallanzanii.
Carcharodon Rondeletii.
Odontaspis ferox.

r, , ( Mustelus lsevis and vul-

Cagnetto <

& ( gans.

r, ■ ( Carcharias glaucus and

Cagnizza < ., , & , ,

& ( other large sharks.

„ glauca Carcharias glaucus.

,, nasuta Lamna Spallanzanii.

,, vera Carcharodon Rondeletii.

Cagnola Cobitis taenia.

Calamajo, Calamaro ...Loligo vulgaris.

., todero ... ) .. . .

;, toto / - sa§ittata-

Caligher Heliastes chromis.

Campanari Cerithium vulgatum.

Campanile Turritella communis.

P f Generic term for all

" ) sharks.

Can barbaro Notidanus Ixirbarus.

,, bianco Mustelus vulgaris.

( Carcharias glaucus

„ da denti Galeus canis.

( Odontaspis ferox.

Can macchia \

„ pontisa Mustelus vulgaris.

„ senza denti )

„ negro Galeus canis.

„ turchin Carcharias glaucus.

Canestrello Fecten sp.

„ di mar ... \

„ da una • Pecten varius.

recia )

Canissi, Canizzi, Crag- | 0 , •„

• • ' ' ° > Serranus cabnlla.
nizi J

Cannelle Serpula sp.

Candcchia, Canoccia ...Squilla mantis.

Cantarella I Pagrus vulgaris.

( Cantharus vulgaris.

Cantarini Trachurus trachurus.

Cantara, Cantera, Can- )

tarina, Cantarinade '-Cantharus vulgaris.

aspreo )

Cao da oglio ) T , .

ry ,, y > Lamna cornubica,

Cavo dojo J

Caostello, Cavostello ) ,, .,

Caustello } Mugil capito.

Capa da deo ) 0 ,

,, dadito [Solen vagina.

" j 11 ■ \ Chthamalus stellatus.

„ delle piere J

„ „ galene Coronula testudinaria.

„ lunga )

,, „ nostrana \ Solen vagina.

,. ,, bianca... j

„ „ colorita |

„ „ marina > „ siliqua.

,, tabachina )

„ santa Pecten jacobseus.

„ „ piccola „ varius.

„ tonda Cardium edule.

,. j „ tuberculatum.

" ( Tapes decussatus.

„ ,, rigata Cardium rusticum.

Caparon Tapes edulis.

^ -, I „ decussatus.

Cai^arozzolo • . < *T "

1 ( Venus verrucosa.

„ dal scorzo ) n, , .

I apes decussatus.
grosso ... j x

2 N 2

70

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Caparozzolodalscorzo )

sottile, Caparozzolo > Scrobicularia piperita.

sottile J

Caparozzoletti de mar...Anatifa lsevis.

Caragolo Trochus sp.

,, longo Cerithium vulgatum.

Caragoletti da galan- ) TrQchus adriatkus<

tene J

Carcana Thynnus thunnina.

Carpa, Carpione, C. I c inus ia

maschio j Jl

Carpione Salmo carpio.

Castagne commun de ) ^ , • , • •

° } Echinus brevispinosus.

mar J

_ . ( „ microtubercula-

Castagne de mar < "

Castagnola Brama raji.

Cataluzzo | Coryphsena hippurus.

Caval marin \

„ de mar >• Hippocampus sp.

Cavalo storno )

Cavalla Corvina nigra.

Cavazioi Mullus barbatus (fry).

Cavedo, Cavedano Leuciscus cavedanus.

Cavedon, Chiavedon ...Cottus gobio.

Cavezzal Leuciscus scardafa.

Cavezzale, Cavazzino ...Leuciscus cavedanus.
Caz marin, Cazzo del ) Holothuria tubuiosa.

mar j

Cazzonello, Calzinei ...Donax trunculus.
Ceppa, Ceppino, ) Q alQsa and finta

Cheppia, Ciepa ... J L

Cherne, Chierne Serranus gigas.

Chiachia Uranoscopus scaber.

Cievolo, Ceolo Mugil cephalus.

Cigala de mar Scyllarus arctus.

Cocciola Cardium rusticum.

~ { Leuciscus erythropthal-

Coe-rosse { J L

\ mus.

Coffano del duro Area barbata.

„ di grotta „ Nose.

Coghe de mar Aphysia depilans.

~, , . ( Myliobatis aquila.

Colombo < rrJ Jln„„

I i rygon pastinaca.

„ de mar Myliobatis aquila.

„ vescovo „ noctula.

Contrapasso Gonoplax rhomboides.

Copiza Spondylus gaederopus.

Coppese, Cope'se Acipenser sp.

Corbo, Corbel, Cor- ) Umbrina cirrhosa.

betto j

Corbo di sasso, Cor- ) Corvina n[

bel di sasso J

Corbola Gebia littoralis.

Cortesan de caorle Serranus cabrilla.

Cragnisso Labrus mixtus.

_, , f Holothuria sp.

Cucumero de mar ... -j Cucumaria ^

Dattolo, Uattolo di |

mar, Dattolo di Sa- V Pholus dactylus.

bion, Datterodi mar )
Dattolo di pietra, Dat- | Lithodomus.

tolo di mar, Dattero Lith h us.

di mar ; x

Dental Dentex vulgaris.

Dentale della corona ... „ gibbosus.

Diavolo di mar Lophius piscatorius.

^ „ i Serranus scriba.

Donzella \ Labrus ^

Donzella di grotta, \

Donzella di sasso, f Labrus mktus;

Donzella di Quar- i

nero )

Dorada Chrysophrys aurata.

Dotregan Mugil auratus.

Fabbro, Fabretto, Fa- ) Hdkstes chromis.

varetto j

Facchino Dromia Rumphii.

,, piccolo „ lanata.

Falce Trachypterus taenia.

Falso molo Gadus merlangus.

Fanale Trigla hirundo.

| Naucrates ductor.
t anfano -^ Qentrolophus pompilus.

Fave Nucula magaritacea.

j Stromateus sp.

Figo Centrolophus pompilus.

( Phycis sp.

„ di mar Polyclinum ficus.

Folpo, Folpo todero, ) Q ^ .

Folpo toti J i b

Folpo, Folpo da risa ...Eledone moschata.

Foraguarda Cobitis taenia.

Forapiere, Forasassi, \ Nemachilus barbatulus.

rorasecchi I

^ I Peristethus cataphrac-

Forcato j turn.

Forella Salmo fario.

Forfetula Xantho floridus.

APPENDIX III.

27 [

Fre°-arola / Leuciscus muticell us.

"{ „ phoxinus.

Fregata Chondrostoma genei.

( laidero Spondylus gicderopus.

( ralinazza Centriscus scolopax.

Galiotto, Galera I OPhidfium barbatum.

I r lerasfer acus.
Gambaro, Gambero, j

Gambarettod'acqua >Pal»mon squilla.

salsa )

Gambero d'acqua | . . n . .,.

dolce ; I Astacus fluviatihs.

Gambero dell' ala Portunus depurator.

( lanzarioi Scomber scomber.

Ganzariola „ pneumatophorus.

Gardelin I Oenilabrus mediterra-

( neus.

Garizzo (Smaris vulgaris and

( alcedo.

Garusa Murex trunculus.

Gariisolo „ sp.

„ maschio „ brandaris.

„ femena „ trunculus.

Gatta Scyllium sp.

„ d'aspreo ) . ,

„ deQuarnero.../ " canicula.

„ nostrana ) ..

„ schiava / " stellare-

Gattorusola, Gattaro- It.,.

zola \ Blenmus gattorugine.

Gattorusola colla I D1 . , , .

cresta | Blenmus pavo (///^).

Gattorusola marina, ) , , 7 .

Gallo f » " (M*kh

Gattorusola bavosa ... \

„ chiossa... ( , ..

s e n z a J" » Pholls-
cresta )
Gattorusola d'aspreo \

„ di mar ... ( ...

„ _ dall'occialf " ocellans.

Gattina piccola J

Gatton brunno Notidanus griseus.

„ grigio ,, cinereus.

Gerao, Garal, Gavon ...Atherina hepsetus.

Ghirsa Smaris vulgaris.

Girasol Orthagoriscus Planci.

Girella Coris Julis and Giofredi.

q^ j Gobius ophiocephalus

\ and other Gobius sp.

Go di mar Gobius capito.

( robato, Gobbo Gyprinus carj)io.

Gobione Gobio fluviatilis.

Goffo Auxis vulgaris.

j Grapsus varius.
Grancipdro Eriphia spinifrons.

( Pagurus maculatus.
Grancipol, Grancii)o- | t.., , . „

letto > Pilumnus hirtellus.

Granzetto d'ostriga Pinnotherus veterum.

Granz^ola piccola Lysianassa spinicornis.

Granzevola,Granzeola... Portunus depurator.
Granzo Carcinus maenas.

„ compasso Lambrus mediterraneus.

„ di notte Iaxea nocturna.

n;nfr, / Grapsus varius and mar-

( moratus.
Granzon, Granzeola, »

Granzon falso d'as- • Maia squinado.

preo j

Grillo de mar Palinurus vulgaris.

Grongo Conger sp.

„ di grotta „ vulgaris.

„ di sabbia Myrus vulgaris.

Quatto / Gobius and Callionymus

"; \ sp.

„ di fango Gobius jozo.

» giallo „ niger.

„ di sasso „ paganellus.

Iaral Atherina hepsetus.

Iardon Spondylus gsederopus.

Issolon, Issolone Cytherea chione.

Kalimar, Kalamar Loligo vulgaris.

Ladano Acipenser huso.

Lampreda ) „

di mar I ^etromyzon niannus.

Lampreda \

„ d'argento f .

di sasso ( " Auviatihs.

Lampredone )

Lampreda piccola ... ) _,,

di sasso.../ " Planen-

Lampreda, Lampreola. . .Cobitis taenia.

Lampusa / Blennius ocellaris and

( phohs.

Lanfresca Leuciscus phoxinus.

Langusta Palinurus vulgaris.

Lanspada Cepola albescens.

Lanzardo f Scomber colius.

I „ pneumatophorus.

272

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Lasca Chondrostoma soetta.

Lastura Pinna nobilis.

Laterna Trigla hirundo.

Latesiol Pleuronectes italicus.

T T ( Crenilabrus pavo.

Lena, Leppa < \.-.

1 ' 1 1 ( „ mediterraneus.

Letterato Auxis vulgaris.

Liba Labrus sp.

Limone de mar Cynthia papillosa.

Listello Lepadogaster listellus.

Lizza Lichia sp.

„ bastarda „ glauca.

,."';■" ' > Scrobicularia piperita.
„ di tango J l L

Lodra, Lodrin Callionymus sp.

Longon Tapes edulis.

Lotregan Mugil auratus.

Lovo Merluccius vulgaris.

Lucerna Trigla hirundo.

Luzziolo Crenilabrus rostratus.

Luzzo, Lusso Esox lucius.

„ di mar Sphyraena vulgaris.

Madagia, Madagiola ...Pagellus erythrinus.
Madre dei gronghi, 1 ^ „ tl[drra^

Mare dei gronghi... j

Madrona, Marona Actiniae/.

Magna, Magnariazo ...Mugil capito.
Magna morti Charax puntazzo.

„ pegola Petromyzon marinus.

Magnarone Cottus gobio.

Manico da coltello Solen vagina.

Maride, Maridole Smarts sp.

, r • ( Gobius auratus, Paniz-

Marsion < , ., '

( zae, and other sp.

Marson, Marsion Cottus gobio.

Marsion d'acquadolce... Gobius fluviatilis.

„ de mar „ minutus.

Martello Zygaena malleus.

Matan, Matana j T^F? ?" ■,

( Myhobatis aquila.

Mazanetta, Masinetta...Carcinus maenas.

Mazinette Mugil capito.

Maziola Trigla hirundo.

Mechiati, Mechiarini ...Mugil cephalus.

Melon de mar Echinus melo.

Menole Maena and Smaris sp.

Menola schiava (chi- ) Maena vulgaris and other

ava) J sp.

Menoloto' Smaris vulgaris.

Menuaja mora Gobius jozo.

Mercandola Chondrostoma genei.

Merlo de mar Serranus scriba.

Merluzzo Merluccius vulgaris.

,, salvatico Sphyraena vulgaris.

Molecca, Molecche Carcinus maenas.

Molloso Gadus merlangus.

Molo „ sp.

, i I ?, euxinus and mer-

" ^parangolo..."} langus.

Moretta Galeus canis.

Mormoro, Mormora, 1 -p, „

,„• • ' > PageJlus mormvrus.
Mormiro J to

Mormoro, Mormora, ) ^ ,

■,,/r , , ' > Gadus minutus.
Molmolo J

Moro Raja macrorhynchus.

Mozzetta Leuciscus muticellus.

Muccio, Mucchio Trygon pastinaca.

Murena, Morena Muraena helena.

■mt ■ ( Murex brandaris and

Munce < . ,

( trunculus.

Muscardino, Musca- ) -,-, , , ,

, > Eledone moschata.

Musicanti Trachurus trachurus.

Musoduro Trigla lineata.

A/r , , , , I Modiola barbata.

Mussolo, Muzzolo ... < A ^^r

XT -j , ( Trochus varius and other

Nandola <

\ sp.

„ grande Trochus zizyphinus.

Nodola Brama raji.

Nonno, Nano Cyprinodon calaritanus.

Occiada, Occhiada, i A1 , . ,

^ , .,' ' } Oblata melanura.
Ochia J

Ociada Cantharus orbicularis.

„ bastarda Brama raji.

Occhio di Santa Lu- ) ^ ,

> Turbo rugosus.
cia J &

Oliva Bulla hydatis.

Ombra, Ombria Sciaena aquila.

^ , , ^ , ,, ( Umbrina cirrhosa.

Ombrela, Ombrella... < ^

( Corvina nigra.

/-\ j j Chrysophrys aurata.

} Eeuciscus pigus.

Orada dell' Adese „ „

Orbetti Mugil cephalus.

Orecchio di San Pietro. . . Haliotis tuberculata.

Ostreghetta del duro ...Chama gryphoides.

Ostrica a lamelle Ostrea lamellosa.

„ comune cris- ) „ edulis, var. cris-

tata ( tata.

APPENDIX III.

273

Ostrica comunc de- ( Ostrca edulis, var. de-

pressa, Ostrichino j pressa.
Ostrica comunc fal- ( Ostrca edulis, var. fal-

cata j cata.

Ostrica di palo Ostrea adriatica.

Ostura Pinna nobilis.

Ovi di mar Cynthia microcosmus.

Paganello \

„ di porto ... Gobius paganellus.

„ verga I

,, bianco „ jozo.

„ di mar ,, niger and jozo.

„ insanguina ... ,, cruentatus.
Pagaro Pagrus vulgaris.

Palamida, Palamia ... i ™>'nnus V*****
( Pelamys sarda.

Palostrega di porto Pinna nobilis.

Pantalena Fissurella and Patella sp.

p J / Labrus sp.

" ° " ' \ Serranus scriba.

Papagallo verde Labrus turdus.

Papalina Clupea papalina.

Passara, Passera, Pas- ) ™ . ,.

■ r, • ,, > Pleuronectes itahcus.
sarin, Passanello... J

j Arnoglossus sp.

Pataraccia ■' Citharus linguatula.

( Solea monochir.

,, mora Arnoglossus Grohmanni.

Pedocchio, Peocchio, )

Peocio, Peocio di Mytilus edulis.

mar )

Peocio peloso Modiola barbata.

Pellegrina di San Gia- } ^ . ,

0 > Pecten jacobaeus.

como j J

-n , ( Solea varieo;ata.

Peloso < & ,.

( „ monochir.

Peloso j Phrynorhombus uni-

,, di grotta ( maculatus.

Penna di mar, Pen- (n . ,

, • ' < Pennatula sp.

nacchiera { r

Perga Serranus scriba.

„ dalmata ,, cabrilla.

p , / „ scriba and ca-

Ferha ; \ brilla.

Perso di flume Perca fluviatilis.

Persico, Persego „ „

Pesce ago Syngnathus acus.

,, baile Zygsena maleus.

. |, , J Balistes capriscus.

" ( Orthagoriscus mola.

Pesce bandiera Alopias vulpes.

„ barbastrillo ... ) Exoccctus volitans.

,, barbastella ... j Dactylopterus volitans.

„ barila Orthagoriscus mola.

„ blu Scomber and Thynnus sp.

, , can Generic term for sharks.

sninnrnl f Acanthias vulgaris and

" » sPinaro1 - \ Blainvillii.

1; ( Crenilabrus mediterra-

,, cavalier n

} neus.

, , f Myliobatis aquila.

„ Colombo < m; ^

\ 1 rygon pastinaca.

„ cordela Cepola rubescens.

„ fabbro Heliastes chromis.

„ falce Trachypterus taenia.

„ figa Stromateus sp.

„ gallo Ausonia Cuvieri.

,, luna Orthagoriscus mola.

„ manzo Notidanus griseus.

„ martello Zygaena maleus.

„ mollo Gadus sp.

„ morti Charax puntazzo.

,, nello Acantholabrus Pallonii.

,, occhial Blennius ocellaris.

„ pantofola Zygaena tudes.

„ perseghin Perca fluviatilis.

,, pestafero Heliastes chromis.

„ pettine Novacula cultrata.

„ porco Centrina Salviani.

„ prete Merluccius vulgaris.

,, ranin Lepadogaster sp.

„ rioda Orthagoriscus mola.

„ ,, liscio „ Planci.

„ „ ruvido ,, mola.

,, rospo Lophius piscatorius.

,, sanpietro Zeus faber.

„ scarpolero Heliastes chromis.

,, schermo Sphyraena vulgaris.

„ sorcio Centrina Salviani.

„ sorze Motella tricirrata.

, j Xiphias gladius.

" ^ "■ { Cepola rubescens.

„ spin Gasterosteus sp.

( Crenilabrus pavo.

" ^ "j Acantholabrus Pallonii.

,, ton Thynnus sp.

„ tremolo Torpedo sp.

„ trombetta Centriscus scolapax.

,, violin Rhina squatina.

„ volpe Alopias vulpes.

274

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Pesseta, Pessucola Cobitis taenia.

Peto de dolphin Schizaster canaliferus.

Pevarazza Venus gallina.

Pevarone Lithodomus lithophagus.

Pie d'asino Pectunculus glycimeris.

,, , ( Asteriscus membran-

„ d occha <

" ( aceus.

Piede de caval Pinna nobilis.

Pigo Leuciscus pigus.

Pincia, Pincie Alburnus alburnellus.

Pinco Labrus maculatus.

Piso Pinnotherus pisum.

Polpo Octopus vulgaris.

Pompilo, Pompin Thynnus vulgaris.

Pontio Msena vulgaris.

Porcella Dolium galea.

Porcelletta, Porzeiletta . . . Cassidaria echinophora.

Porchetti Lepadogaster sp.

j Pagurus maculatus.
Poressa - Eriphia spinifrons.

( Grapsus varius.

„ salvatica Xantho rivolosus.

Porpora, Porco Murex trunculus.

Porzella, Porzellata Acipenser sturio {fry).

Potta di mar I -n i • *. r> • :

> Rhizostomum Cuvieri.
„ marina J

Quattro occhio ) R . miraletus

Quattr' occhio J Kaja miraletus-

P j Trachinus draco.

° " ( Labrax lupus.

" ,. > Trachinus draco.

., di mar j

„ nero )

;; digrotta I » araneus-

» Pa§ano { ;; radiatus.

Ragnola Trachinus vipera.

Ragosta Palinurus vulgaris.

Raina, Rainotto Cyprinus carpio.

Rasa Raj a sp.

„ spinosa clavata.

,, di sabbia macrorhyncus.

Rasetta ( " P^ctata and other

( small rays.
Ribon, Ribone Pagellus erythrinus.

t,. , | Echinus lividus and

Rizzo de mar < , • •

I brevispinosus.

„ melon Echinus melo.

D u iu. j- 1 I'hrynorhombus uni-

Rombetto di crrotta... < J , .

maculatus.

Rombo I Rhombus maximus.

„ di sasso I

-r, ,. ., ( Exoccetus volitans.

Rondmella ' • • • j Dactylopterus volitans.

_. ,. ( Retepora cellulosa.

Rosadimar { Actinia^.

Rospo |

,, di mar , Lophius piscatorius.

,, di fango )

Sacchetto Centropristis hepatus.

Sagri, Sagrin Squatina oculata.

STcoile'b'roc'he'"'.::}LeUcisCUSPigUS-

Saletto de fosso Orchestia littorea.

Salissoni cape Chiton siculus.

,, delle rive Ligia italica.

Salpa Box salpa.

Sanchetto Arnoglossus laterna.

, , peloso Solea monochir.

Sangue de Turco Pectunculus glycimeris.

Sanpiero Zeus faber.

Santalena Fissurella and Patella sf.

Sardella, Sardele, Sar- ) Q ikhardus.

dehne J L

Sardelina „ papalina.

Sardella salvatica, Sar- ) aloga and finta>

dena j

Sardon Engraulis encrasicholus.

Sargo Sargus Rondeletii.

„ d'Istria Charax puntazzo.

Saron, Suro, Suero Trachurus trachurus.

Savetta, Savel, Soetta ...Chondrostoma soetta.

Scagiotto Gobius Ruthensparri.

Scampa salvatica Galathea strigosa.

Scamparello, Scam- ) SCamparella.

petto J ^

Scampo morte I

Scampa falsa a man ,, rugosa.

lunghe )

Scampo Nephrops norvegicus.

Scarabina Clupea alosa and finta.

Scardobola Gebia littoralis.

Scardola, Sgardola, { Leuciscus erythro-

Scardoloto del Sil j' pthalmus.

Scarparo Raja miraletus.

Scarpena Scorpaena sp.

„ negra, Scar- ) g

pon j

Scarpena de sasso ... ) scrofa

„ rossa )

APPENDIX III.

275

Scarpena salvatica ... \ Pol ion cernium(?).

,, di sasso ... j -71 w

Scarpion di grotta Coristes dentalus.

di sabbion ) porcdlana ] icomis>

„ del sabionao J °

Schiavon Serranus cabrilla.

Schih Skila Sauilla I Cranzon vulg™s-
bcnila, Skila, bquilla j paljemon squina.

Schilin Callionymus belenus.

Scoglio brandare Murex brandaris.

,, troncato „ trunculus.

Scombro, Sgombro Scomber scomber.

Selmo Ophiothrix fragilis.

,, a compasso Ophioderma longicauda.

„ delle granceolc.Inachus scorpio.

Sepiola, Sepiolina Sepiola Rondeletii.

Seppa, Sepa, Seppia ...Sepia officinalis.

Serpentin Lepidopus caudatus.

Sfogietto Solea lutea.

Sfogietto 1 „ variegata.

,, peloso J „ monochir.

Sfogio dal porro „ impar.

„ menuo „ minuta.

,, turco. „ Kleinii.

Sfoja, Sfoglia, Sfogio )

„ nostran ■ Solea vulgaris.

„ di sasso )

Sfojo AmoglossusGrohmanni.

Sfrizin Lepadogaster listellus.

Sgardobola falsa Calianassa subterranea.

Sgarzanel Donax trunculus.

Sgionfetto Auxis vulgaris.

Sgramfo Torpedo marmorata.

0 f Crenilabrus mediterra-

Smergo {

° ( neus.

Smida Blennius ocellaris.

Sorbola di mar Lima inflata.

Sorzo Phycis mediterraneus.

„ Sorcio, Sorze Motella tricirrata.

„ salvatico Phycis blennioides.

Spada argentina ) T • , , .

v b ^ Lepidopus caudatus.

,, arzentina >rr. r , r.

" j. Trachypterus taenia.

,, di argento ; J l

" j A > Cepola rubescens.

„ de Quarnero... ] l

Spadon Xyphias gladius.

o ** / Sargus Rondeletii and

P " ( annularis.

Sparo Sargus sp.

Sparo bastardo M?ena zebra.

Sparo d'Istria Pagrus vulgaris.

Sparolo Sargus annularis.

Speardo Acipcnser sturio.

c f Serranus scriba and ca-

SPer8a { brilla.

Spiantano Carcinus masnas.

Spin, Spinarola, Spina- ) „
1 ■ \ l o • 11 r Gasterosteus sp.

nola, Spinarella ... j r

Spizzo I Sargus vulgaris.

r [ Charax puntazzo.

,, bastardo „ „

Sporcella, Sforzella Acipenser sp. {fry).

Sporcello di sasso Lepadogaster sp.

Squaena, Squalena Rhina squatina.

Squal Leuciscus cavedanus.

Stella rossa Asteracanthion rubens.

„ marina „ sp.

q ,, C Asteriscus verricula-

\ tus.

Stellon, Stella Astropecten aurantiaca.

Storion, Sturione Acipenser sturio.

Q j Blennius sp.

btrega j Nemachilus barbatulus.

Stura Pinna nobilis.

Suazo, Soazo, Sfazo Rhombus lasvis.

Succhetto Trigla lyra.

Tabaro Pagrus vulgaris.

Tabacchina Solen siliqua.

Taccasasso Lepadogaster sp.

Tarenorell°' T°mba" } Auxis VulgaHs-

j Polyclinum ficus.

Tartuffolo - Echinus microtubercu-

( latus.

Taska Eriphia spinifrons.

Temalo Gobio fluviatilis.

,, bastardo Leuciscus cavedanus.

Tenca Phycis mediterraneus.

„ di mar Labrus merula.

Testadura I Trigla lineata.

,. grossa J °

Teston Anguilla vulgaris.

Tinea, Tenca, Ten- \ Tinca ^ ^

coto J °

Ton, Tonina Thynnus vulgaris.

Tonina „ thunnina.

Topi Mugil cephalus.

Totano Loligo vulgaris.

Toti Uranoscopus scaber.

Tremolo, Tremola Torpedo sp.

2 o

276

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Tremolo occia \

„ a macchie V Torpedo narce.

negre j

Triglia, Tria Mullus surmuletus.

Trompeto, Trompilo, ) r™ 1 ■

rp r •' 1 -Thynnus vulgaris.

Trotta bastarda Leuciscus cavedanus.

Troltolo bianchiccia ...Trochus Biasoletti.

Trutta Salmo fario.

,, rossa „ carpio.

Turchello Trigla lyra.

„ insanguina, ...Lepidotrigla aspera.

Ubriago Trigla lineata.

Uovi di mar Cynthia microcosmus.

,T • ir f Leuciscus muticellus.

Vairone, Varone < ,

( ,, phoxinus.

Varagno bianco Trachinus draco.

„ nero ,, araneus.

„ pagan „ radiatus.

Varagnolo / Trachinus draco and vi-

0 ( pera.

Varolo, Variolo Labrax lupus.

Veccio, Veccie, Vecez...Gobius fluviatilis.

Verdon j Labrus turdus.

( Lremlabrus pavo.

Vermi dei legni Teredo navalis.

Verzelata Mugil saliens.

Vescola Arenicola piscatorum.

Violin Rhina squatina.

Volpe Alopias vulpes.

Volpina, Volpinetti Mugil cephalus.

Zamarugolo Aporrhais pes pelicani.

Zanzaloro..„ I Stenorrhynchus phalan-

i gium.
Zentil Solea vulgaris.

zottoima : : : : *. : ::::::;::} SePia Rondeietii.

Zucchetto Ilea nucleus.

Key to the Pronunciation of Croatian Words.

The c is pronounced like die German z, English tzet.

c like tshay (English).

c like the Italian ci, in cielo.

£ like the English s/i.

z as in English.

z like the French j, as in jour.

nj like the French gn, in sigfial.

lj like the French 1 mouille, or the Italian gli.
gje like je-ay (Eng), gie (Ital.).
gjo like je-oh (Eng.), gio (Ital.).
gja Yikeje-a/i (Eng.), gia (Ital.).
gju like /£-?*/; (Eng.), giu (Ital.).

e before an r, as in drna, fifoc, etc , is not pronounced
at all.

APPENDIX IV.

277

Appendix IV.

Reference Index to the Croatian Local and Vtc/gar Names of the Adriatic
Fauna on the Austro- Hungarian Seaboard.

Agaca Labrax lupus.

Angulja Anguilla vulgaris.

Ankulete, Anzuleta Trigla sp.

Arbun Pagellus erythrinus.

Arkaj , o vcica Pagellus mormyrus.

Astic Homarus vulgaris.

Babas Mugil cephalus.

Baba ( Blennius gattorugine.

( Blennius ocellaris.

Baba krunasica Blennius pavo.

Babica Lepodogaster sp.

Babica od dubine Blennius ocellaris.

Babka Blennius tentacularis.

Babuka Blennius vulgaris.

Babuska Chiton siculus.

Balavac f Mugil capita

( Cottus gobio.

Balavica Blennius palmicornis.

P , , ( Raja clavata and mira-

} letus.

Barakulica Raja punctata.

Barbaroga Blennius tentacularis.

Barbir Blennius gattorugine.

Barbun Mullus barbatus.

Batofina Uranoscopus scaber.

Batovina Gobius jozo.

Bavus Mugil saliens.

Bazak Leuciscus basak.

Berkavica Mullus barbatus.

Bezmek Uranoscopus scaber.

tv,. n... ( Seriola Dumerilii.

Bihzna, Bihzma < T- ,.

( Lichia amia.

Bis kup Myliobatis noctula.

Bistranga, pastrmka ...Salmo dentex.

Bitinica Lichia amia.

Bjelica Lichia amia.

Bljudica Patella vulgata.

Boculjava gusavica Crenilabrus pavo.

Bodeljka Scorpaena sp.

Bramburaci Pagurus Bernhardus.

Brgljun Engraulis encrasicholus.

Brizgavac Holothuria tubulosa.

-r, ^ (Raja marginata.

Buca { rj, J J

I Trygon sp.

Bucat mjesecarka Orthagoriscus mola.

Bugva, Bukva, Buba ...Box vulgaris.

Bulja Perca fluviatilis.

Bumbarak | ^ v ,,

t, u *■ t I urntella communis.

Bamburac J

Busbana Gadus minutus.

Butac Orthagoriscus mola.

Butovka Pinna nobilis.

cac, cac muski Uranoscopus scaber.

caca Lophius piscatorius.

canca Isocardia cor.

cancica Cardium edule.

Capor Anguilla eurystoma.

caska Pectunculus glycimeris.

cepa, cipa Clupea alosa and finta.

cercak Palinurus vulgaris.

Cerna skarpena 1 0

^s • ., l ^ > bcon^aena porcus.

Cerni skarpoc ) l l

Ceriena skarpena ... ) 0 c

^v J ■ v, L v > Scorpa^na scrota.

Cerveni skarpoc J L

Cernjak Gobius jozo.

cetiri oci Raja miraletus.

Cicala Anatifa laevis.

Cicavica Smaris vulgaris.

.• ', , "> Mugil cephalus.

cipal glavotni J ° L

Cievnjak Serpula sp.

ciga Atherina boyeri.

cigrasi Trochus sp.

cikov Nemachilus barbatulus.

202

278

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Crhene kucice ) ^ „•

^ , • • > I elhna exigua.

Crljenice J to

Crnelj, cmej Umbrina cirrhosa.

Crnjelj Heliastes chromis.

Crni spuz Helix Ponzolzi.

Crnorep Oblata melanura.

£u£ina f Centropristis hepatus.

'" ( Lepidotrigla aspera.

cuk Rhina squatina.

cupka Fissurella costaria.

Cvicenica Tinea vulgaris.

cvrljak Labrus festivus.

Cvjetulja Actinia sp.

Daguja Mytilus edulis.

Divi One of the Mugil sp.

,, pismoj Gadus minutus.

Dlakusa Aphrodite hystrix.

Drhtuja Torpedo sp.

Drlje Scardinius dergle.

Drozak Labrus festivus.

Dugnjaca Coris sp.

Dugonosica Crenilabrus rostratus.

Dupinska persa Schizaster canaliferus.

Fanfan Naucrates ductor.

Figa Labrus mixtus.

Fratar Sargus Rondeletii.

Fratric, oluz ,, vulgaris.

Gajun Tapes decussatus.

Gaovica Leuciscus adspersus.

Gaun batelj Atherina Boyeri.

,, hrskavac „ mochon.

„ pravi ,, hepsetus.

r< f Atherina hepsetus and

Gavun,gaun,gavon...<j ^ ^ 1

Gergec Gasterosteus aculeatus.

G!aobiica'::::::::::::}Mcenavulgaris-

Girica Atherina sp.

Glamoc bilac Gobius jozo.

„ lucni „ jozo.

„ plocar ,, capito.

,, purica£ „ ophiocephalus.

,, zutac „ auratus.

,, zudij „ cruentatus.

,, 2futi „ niger.

Glamocic Gobius Buchichii.

Glavoc, Glamoc, Gulj... „ sp.

„ cerni ... „ jozo.

„ od ruba „ niger.

Glavuje Trigla lineata.

Glevoc Helix secernenda.

Glista drva ) ^ , ,.

n,. .. V Teredo navahs.

Ghstice J

Gof Seriola Dumerilii.

Gola rakovica Carcinus maenas.

Golcic Scomber scomber (fry).

Golica Ammopleurops lacteus.

r , , j Myliobatis noctula.

" ( ,, aquila.

„ morski „ „

Govedar Cobitis taenia.

P , J Umbrina cirrhosa.

" I Sciaena aquila.

Grbic Pagellus acarne.

Grbic Pagellus bogaraveo.

Grdobina Lophius piscatorius.

Grmalj Eriphia spinifrons.

Grum, Grunj Conger sp.

Gruj, Gor Anguilla vulgaris.

Grunjeva mati Motella tricirrata.

Gubavac Helix setigera.

Gulic Gobius paganellus.

Gulj od blata „ jozo.

~ ■> ■ f Asteriscus membrana-

Guskina noga <

" ( ceus.

Havba Umbrina cirrhosa.

HinjuSa Crenilabrus ocellatus.

Hlapic Galathea scamparella.

Hobot Octopus vulgaris.

TT , . • ( Eledone moschata.

Hobotmca < ^ . ,

( Octopus vulgaris.

Hudobina Lophius piscatorius.

Huj, Hulj Ophidium barbatum.

Iaglun Histiophorus belone.

Igla Belone acus.

Igla diva ) Siphonostoma and Syn-

„ morska J gnathus sp.

j J Crenilabrus griseus, and

I 1 1 . 1 ' \ •

( tinea.

Incun Engraulis encrasicholus.

Iskra Nassa reticulata.

Iverak Pleuronectes italicus.

Jaglica Belone acus.

Jaglun Xyphias gladius.

Jaglunic Sphyraena vulgaris.

Jaja od mora Cynthia microcosmus.

Jakovska kapica Pecten jacobaeus.

Jaram, joron, jorona ...Zygaena malleus.

Jastog Homarus vulgaris.

Jebac Crenilabrus pavo {male).

APPENDIX IV.

279

Jegulja, jamarica Anguilla vulgaris.

Jesetra, jesetre Acipenser sp. ■

K/, morski jez Echinus lividus & melo.

Jezic „ microtuberculatus.

Kvina ,, brevispinosus.

kariga Cassidaria echinophora.

Kalkan Pleuronectes italicus.

T^ f Ostrea sp.

Kamenica { ^ . , t

\ Raja clavata.

Kamenski gulj Gobius paganellus.

Kampanil Turritella communis.

Kanjac Serranus scriba.

Kantar Cantharus sp.

Kanoce Squilla mantis.

Kapica ^ Pecten glaber.

* ) Cardium rusticum.

„ obla „ tuberculatum.

Karakatnica Octopus vulgaris.

Karlic Gebia littoralis.

Karpiun Cyprinus carpio.

Kavala Corvina nigra.

Keljavac Leuciscus scardafa.

Kerb Umbrina cirrhosa.

Kerna, Kirnja prava ...Serranus gigas.

Kerstaca )

Kerstijef \ZZ" '.'.'.'.'.'. ) Asteracanthion ™beus-

Kirnja mala Apogon imberbis.

Kirnia mala ) * ,*•

J ri > Anthias sacer.

,, vehka J

Klapavica Mytilus edulis.

Klapun, Klapunica Cytherea chione.

Klapunica Mytilus edulis.

Klapunice Cyclope nerithea.

Klen, Klencic Leuciscus illyricus.

T^j- . j Raja macroryhnchusand

" ( oxyrhynchus.

t^- j Crenilabrus mediterra-

{ neus.

Knez Coris sp.

Kokosica Mytilus edulis.

j Blennius sp.
Kokot < Trigla lyra.

( Trigla lineata.

Koljuska Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Komarca Chrysophrys aurata.

t- • 1 • ( Hippocampus sp.

Koni morski < ,, 1{ . l ,r.

1 \ Merluccius vulgaris.

Koni od mora, Ko- ) TT-

njic morski... ) Hippocampus sp.

Konjina Pectunculus glycimeris.

Kopanjica Mactra stultosum.

Kopitnjak*";;;.'.';;:::: J ^™^^ g^eropus.

Koravica Leuciscus phoxinus.

Koscerin Acanthias sp.

Kosir Myliobatis aquila.

Kosirica Crenilabrus Roissali.

Koslica Galathea scamparella.

Kosmac Dromia Rumphii.

Kosmate od grota ... ( Phrynorhombus unima-

„ sfoljice j culatus.

Kosmate sfoljice Solea monochir.

Kostelj Acanthias, sp.

Kostelj vlastelin Acanthias Blainvillii.

Kostica Palsemon squilla.

Kovac Zeus faber.

Kraja Serranus gigas.

Kraljica Blennius rouxi.

Krap obicni Cyprinus carpio.

Krapulj Cerithium vulgatum.

Kraska Crenilabrus Roissali.

Krastavica Solen vagina.

t- • ( Murex trunculus.

Kravica { xj v

{ Helix aperta.

Krizalina Asteriscus verriculatus.

Krugalo Lambrus mediterraneus.

Krupatka I Leuciscus erythrophthal-

1 ( mus.

Kucica Tapes decussatus.

Kucina Carcharodon Rondeletii .

Kuka Scyllarus latus.

x^ -i f Area Nose.

Kunika < ^ ,. , ,

J { Cardium edule.

Kurben, Kurbes^ j ^mbrina cirrhosa-

( Corvina nigra.

Kurben od kamena ... „ „

Kusaca Scombresox Rondeletii.

Ladinka Venus verrucosa.

Ladjar Teredo navalis.

Lamprida Petromyzon marinus.

Lanceska Coryphaena hippurus.

Lastavica < „ ° ' / " , .

( Lxoccetus vohtans.

Lastavica prava Dactylopterus volitans.

( Serranus scriba.
Lenica Labrus turdus.

( Crenilabrus pavo.

Leteci kokot Dactylopterus volitans.

Letica, lastavica Exoccetus Rondeletii.

Lica Lichia amia.

280

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Lierani, Lumia ill ) T r ,

°,-i °i i > Lohgo vulgaris,

obicna crna kraka J ° °

Linj, Linjak Tinea vulgaris.

Lipan, Lipljen Thymallus vulgaris.

Lisanka Tapes edulis.

Lisica Alopias vulpes.

Lizibaba, Legbaba Cobitis taenia.

Ljustura Pinna nobilis.

T , , ( Scomber Scomber

Lokarda < ,-

( „ colias.

Lovrata, Lovratica Chrysophrys aurata.

Ltwajbin,Lub!cj: } Labrax lupus"

T ^ , T v, f Trierla hirundo.

Lucenka, Lucerna . . { ° ,

\ » tyra.

Luceta morska Labrus merula.

Lumbrak Crenilabrus pavo.

Lupar Patella vulgata.

Mac Trachypterus taenia.

Macak crni Scyllium canicula.

Macak naski „ stellare.

Macka ,, canicula.

Macin Acantholabrus Pallonii.

Macinac Cepola rubescens.

Macka sargasta Scyllium stellare.

Magavetas Zonites acies.

Maklja Squalius tenellus.

Mala jegulja Anguilla vulg. (Elvers).

Manjak Seriola Dumerilii (fry).

Manjur Saurus griseus.

Mater od ugora Motella tricirrata.

Matulic Apogon imberbis.

Mazenica Leuciscus aula.

M ecica Paraphoxinus alepidotus .

Mendula biela Smaris vulgaris.

Merkac Eledone moschata.

Merkacic Octopus vulg.

Metja One of the Mugil sp.

Mjehuraca Bulla hydatis.

Migavica Pecten glaber.

Mihaca Balistes capriscus.

Milvica Smaris vulgaris.

Mincion Engraulis encrasicholus.

, ,-v j Callionymus maculatus

{ and belenus.

Mis mcrski Motella tricirrata.

Mjesecarka Orthagoriscus mola.

Mladica Salmo obtusirostris.

M 1 ir I .atrunculus pellucidus.

Modra morska pluca ...Rhizostomum Cuviori.

Modrak, Modras Msena vulgaris.

,r , . T . f Crenilabrus melano-

Modn Inac <

( cercus.

Modrulj Smaris alcedo.

Morska sljuka Centriscus scolopax.

,, zmija Myrus vulgaris.

„ sreavka Cardium tuberculatum.

„ zviezdica Asteracanthion sp.

Morski djavol Lophius piscatorius.

„ gulj Gobius cruentatus.

. ^ j Echinus lividus and

" Jez \ melo.

„ kurac Holothuria tubulosa.

„ pauk Maia squinado.

,, rak Palaemon squilla.

„ zee Aplysia depilans.

Morun. Moruna Acipenser huso.

Moruzga Murex brandaris.

Moruzga Anemonia and Actinia sp

Mrena Barbus plebejus.

Mrznjak Mugil saliens.

Mulj, Muljal Mugil sp.

Murina, Mrina Muraena helena.

Musul Area Nose.

Muzgavac Octopus vulgaris.

Nanaric, Nanarica Trochus Biasoletti.

Narikle Trochus sp.

,-t • %i { Asteriscus membrana-

Neiasitka {

J \ ceus.

Nocno krugalo Iaxea nocturna.

Obicna rakovica Carcinus mamas.

., sablja Xyphias gladius.

Obicni kamotoc Pholas dactylus.

,, lupar Anatifa laevis.

,, racic Crangon vulgaris.

,, sasanj Teredo navalis.

Oblic Rhombus maximus.

Oblica Smaris sp.

„ biela „ vulgaris.

Obloustka Petromyzon Planeri.

Ogor Anguilla vulgaris.

Oliga Smaris gracilis.

Oluz Sargus vulgaris.

Orfanic Labrus turdus.

Osata Oblata melanura.

Osal, Oslic Merluccius vulgaris.

Ostries Perca fluviatilis.

Ostriga Ostrea sp.

Ostruja Smaris vulgaris {female).

Ostrulj Aulopyge Hiigeli.

APPENDIX IV.

281

Ovca, Ovcica Pagellus mormyrus.

( h rata Chrysophrys aiirata.

Pagar, Pagrun Pagrus vulgaris.

Pagar prljas ,, Ehrenbergii.

Paklena, Paklara Petromyzon marinus.

Palamida, Palanda, ( Thynnus pelamys.

Polanda \ Pelamys sarda.

Pas Generic term for sharks.

„ butor

,, crnomanjast \ Galeus canis.

i) riba

„ sa zubi

„ spadun Alopias vulpes.

„ zenka CarcharodonRondeletii.

Pasara, Pasera Pleuronectes italicus.

Pas bulas Mustelus vulgaris.

Pasjak Zonites albanicus.

p • f Carcharias glaucus.

(_ CarcharodonRondeletii.

Pastermka Salmo dentex.

Pastrva Salmo sp.

Pastrva pirgasica „ obtusirostris.

Pastirica Lichia sp.

Patarace Citharus linguatula.

Pauk Trachinus draco.

Pavlinka Crenilabrus ocellatus.

Pazdrk Pteroplatea altavela.

pv v- j Smaris vulgaris (male).

" { Eledone moschata.

Peritska Pinna nobilis.

Perstenac Lithodomus lithophagus.

Perulja Pennatula phosphorea.

Pes, pesa Cottus gobio.

Pes kelj Leuciscus scardafa.

Peskvela Leuciscus rubella.

Pestelj Holothuria tubulosa.

Petar Zeus faber.

pic I Sargus vulgaris.

" ( Charax puntazzo.

Pilaca Lima inflata.

Pinzulic Centropristis hepatus.

p- , j Serranus cabrilla.

{ ,, scriba.

Piska od mora Stromateus fiatola.

Piskor Nemachilus barbatulus.

-d-v', . • • -v, f Petromyzon fluviatilis

Piskor, potocni piskor { , /,,

( and Planen.

Pismoj, Pismolj Gadus sp.

Pismolj od parangala ...Gadus merlangus.

Piur Paraphoxinus croaticus.

Pivac '. Blennius pavo.

I 'i\ ric Tripterygium nasus.

Pizdarica Helix Ponzolzi.

Pizdica Area Noa;.

Pizdin-prilipak Lepadogaster sp.

Pizdoklep Palinurus vulgaris.

Pjeskozil Arenicola piscatorum.

Plahut Gobius paganellus.

Plavica Scomber colias.

Plosnatica Pleuronectes italicus.

Plotica Leuciscus plotizza.

Plotice Leuciscus sp.

Pocuranac Loligo vulgaris.

Podlanica Chrysophrys aurata.

^ , -, \ Crenilabrus mediterra-

Poduika <

J I neus.

Podustva Chondrostoma Knerii.

Pokrovaca Pecten jacobseus.

gladka_ „ glaber.

„ poklopita... ,, opercularis.

Poletusa C Dactylopterus volitans.

( Lxocoetus volitans.

Polig bieli Raja punctata.

,, koscati „ clavata.

Poljski slemak Hyalina cellaria.

Popauk Gobius Lesueuri.

Pornpujak ,, paganellus.

Postrva Salmo sp.

Potocni rak Astacus fluviatilis.

Prasac \ ^ , C1.

, ■ > Centnna Salviani.

„ morski J

Prasica Trigla hirundo.

Pravi One of the Mugil sp.

Pravi jesetar Acipenser sturio.

Prhna ribica Blennius canevae.

Pripelanka Tapes decussatus.

i Fissurella sp.
Priliepak ■ Patella sp.

{ Chiton siculus.

Prilipak Lepadogaster Gouanii.

Prnjavica Venus verrucosa.

p .... > Lithodomuslithophagus.

p j Dromia Rumphii.

&'" "| Palinurus vulgaris.

Pujoglavica Mullus barbatus.

Punjeglavica Anguilla vulgaris.

Pustenka Aphrodite hystrix.

Putnik Mugil chelo.

282

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Puzi, Puzici Helix sp.

Puzica Tapes edulis.

Puzlatka Heliotis tuberculata .

Racic od ostrige Pinnotherus veterum.

Racnjak Maia squinado.

Ranje biele Trachinus draco.

Ranjen „ sp.

P , J Carcinus maenas.

" } Nephrops norvegicus.

( Maia squinado.

„ , ) Lambrus mediterraneus.

Rakovica < T

} Iaxea nocturna.

\ Portunus depurator.

Rak-samac Pagurus Bernhardus.

Raza Raja punctata.

Razica Raja punctata.

Razina dracava „ clavata.

Razporka Fissurella costaria.

Riba lesica Alopias vulpes.

„ od pjene Naucrates ductor.

„ prasac Centrina Salviani.

„ prasica Lepadogaster sp.

sablia i Xyphias gladius.

J " \ Lepidopus caudatus.

„ vlasuja Trachypterus taenia.

Rumbac Rhombus maximus.

Runjavac Helix setosa.

Salpa Box salpa.

Sankete Arnoglossus laterna.

Sanketice j Centropristis hepatus.

sarak, sarakina Clupea papalina.

saran Cyprinus carpio.

Sarena drhtulja Torpedo sp.

sarg, §arag Sargus Rondeletii.

s karpion Coristes dentalus.

Skoranza Alburnus scoranza.

senac Mytilus edulis.

Seputnjaca Retepora cellulosa

sestilo Lambrus mediterraneus.

sfoj Arnoglossus Grohmanni.

*r ,. , C Phrynorhombus unima-

s folia kosmata { -\ ,

J ( culatus.

sfolja, §voja Solea vulgaris.

Sgrcenice Mullus surmuletus.

Sgusa bilica Scomber colias.

,, pastrica „ scomber.

£iba i Trygon thalassia.

\ Myliobatis noctula.

silj ...Lucioperca sandra.

.-, f Siphonostoma and

" " ( Syngnathus sp.

Sipa Sepia officinalis.

Sipica Sepiola Rondeletii.

Skaram, skaran Sphyraena vulgaris.

skarpina Scorpasna scrofa.

s'karpoc „ sp.

skarpun ,, porcus.

Skila Galathea scamparella.

Skipa Lutraria elliptica.

Sklat Rhina sp.

Sklat od purica Rhina squatina.

s koljak Area Noas.

skorak Arenicola piscatorum.

skoravi cievnjak Serpula sp.

Skus, skusa, sgusa Scomber scomber.

s'lianak ) 0 ,

sljanci jSolen vagina.

s'ljivar Chondrostoma soetta.

Slonov zub Dentalium entalis.

Smrt Galathea rugosa.

c , j Crenilabrus sp.

| Stromateus fiatola.

Smokvaca \ 0 " •/'

{ Serranus senba.

Smokvica Crenilabrus melops.

Smudj Lucioperca sandra.

Smudut Labrax lupus.

Sokot, Sklat Rhina squatina.

Solinarka Cardium rusticum .

Solnjaca Crenilabrus pavo.

spar Sargus annularis.

Spirka Crenilabrus melops.

Spuzi Helix, sp.

Srcavka Cardium edule.

Srdjela, srdela ) ^, ., , ,

c i- i- )■ Clupea pilchardus.

Srebrnica Argentina sphyraena.

q, • ,. < ( Pilumnus hirtellus.

& -* * " ( Portunus depurator.

stiriun Acipenser sp.

Stirja£ Mugil capito.

Strmorinac Fierasfer acus.

stuka Esox lucius.

r, ,.,/. { Branchiostoma lanceola-

Suhcica {

\ turn.

Sunj Trygon brucco.

sur, s^irun, snjur Trachurus trachurus.

Suzanj macak Scyllium stellare.

Svac Rhombus laevis.

APPENDIX IV

283

Svalica Leuciscus svallize.

Svicica Lcpadogaster Candollii

Svirale od mora Serpula sp.

Svitloka Alburnus album ellus.

rp , • . } Phycis mediterraneus.

1 aDlnja \ Motella tricirrata.

Tabinja ili list Solea vulgaris.

Tararajka, Tarnjaca \

Tern, Ternka \ Torpedo sp.

Ternovka )

Terpen, Trp Holothuria tubulosa.

Tornjic Turritella communis.

Tovar, Tovar morski . . . Merluccius vulgaris.

Tovarcic Gadus minutus.

Tremajuka,Tremavka )

Treplj ivica - Torpedo sp.

Trepotnjak )

Trlja Mullus sp.

Trog Maena vulgaris.

Trup ili tunj Thyanus sp.

Truta Salmo fario.

Tumbarel, Trup Auxis vulgaris.

Tuna, Tun, Tunina ...Thynnus sp.

Tupcic Leuciscus phoxinus.

ry •• j Peristethus cataphrac-

( turn.

Ubotnica Octopus vulgaris.

TT ( Anguilla vulgaris.

Ugor { „ & , & .

( Conger vulgaris.

Ugor sari Muraena helena.

Ugoraca Cepola rubescens.

Ugorova majka Muraena helena.

Ugotica Gadus sp.

Ugotica dugonosica ...Gadus Euxinus.

-rT, ,. J Leuciscus phoxinus.

' " ( Alburnus alburnellus.

TT1 ,. •• f Leuciscus phoxinus.

Lklja mecica { „ , -1 , . , ,

J { Paraphoxinus alepidotus

Uklja ostrulja Aulopyge Hiigeli.

jj , C Grapsus varius.

{ „ marmoratus.

Usata Oblata melanura.

Ustavica Echeneis remora.

Uznace Labrus sp.

Vabic Squilla mantis.

Velik sunj Trygon thalassia.

Vernut Scomber scomber.

Viza Trygon pastinaca.

Vjetrenica Actinia sp.

Vladika Myliobatis noctula.

Vladikinja Coris sp.

Vlasulja, cvjetulja Actinia sp.

Vodni rak Astacus fluviatilis.

Vol, Volina Notidanus griseus.

Volak, volina Murex brandaris.

Volina I RaJa oxyrhynchus an<i

( macrorhynchus.

Volinica Raja marginata.

Vrag morski Lophius piscatorius.

Vrana Labrus sp.

Vrana zelena Labrus turdus.

Vrazic Lophius piscatorius.

Vretenaca Cerithium vulgatum.

Vucic Centropristis hepatus.

Vukodlak Lophius piscatorius.

zaba Lophius piscatorius.

zabaric Callionymus belenus.

Zalistac Solea vulgaris.

Zecac Aplysia depilans.

Zeleni papagal Labrus turdus.

zelvin zvoncic Coronula testudinaria.

Zenski spuz Helix Ponzolzi.

Zet Gasterosteus aculeatus.

zezalo Scyllarus arctus.

Zlatenka i Bulla Hgnaria-

( Haliotis tuberculata.

Zlatoperac Mugil auratus.

Zmijica morska ) T •-, , ,

7 A.^ . , } Lepidopus caudatus.

Zmijicnjak J l l

Zmijulica Petromyzon fluriatilis.

Zubac, zubatac Dentex vulgaris.

Zubatac od krune ... ) ■,,

„ krunas' } » Slbb°SUS-

zuti gulj Gobius niger.

zutuga Trygon sp.

*, . ,. ( Myliobatis aquila.

zutulia ^T; .■

J I Irygon pastinaca.

2 p

THE FISHERIES OF THE ADRIATIC.

285

GENERAL INDEX.

Adria

Adriatic gulf, its limits

„ seal
Agonera ...
Agugliara ...

Ali

Alzana

Ancona ...

Anchovy, the

Anglers, or fishing frogs ,

Anguellera

Aphyes

Arbe, island

Arctic forms

Argano

Argentine, the

Arte, Arti

Asturera ...
Atherines ...

Atri

Aulona

Aussa, river

Austrian coast, its limits .

Baicolera

Bait

Bait for Sardine fisheries.

Band-fishes

Barbonera

Barca

„ di Muggia ...
Barcola
Barriaghi ...
Basket-traps
Basse, the

Battello

Battelletto, Battellazzo .
Bed, sea-bed
Bivalves ...
Black-fishes
Blennies ...
Boar-fish ...

page 1
1

27

108

"5

ri3

102, 117
6

29, 85

30, 79

107
81

... 2, 7

••• 37

100

... 84

1 04

133

15, 26, 38, 80

1

6

2

2

no

107, 134

107

29, 80

in

100

100

... 49

129

... 128

• 32,38,71

99, 103

... 103

8

... 87

33,38,7 7

26, 38, 80

28, 76

Bobera
Boccaporta
Bocche di Cattaro

„ false

,, di Segna ...
Bogue, the
Bombina ...
Bora

Boreal forms
Botarga ...

Brackish waters, forms of the
Bragagna, Bragagnello ...
Bragotto, Bragottin di mar
Bragozzo, Bragozzetto
Brancarella
Brazza, channel ...

„ island
Brazzera di Capo d' Istria

Brill, the ... '

Brindisi
Brioni, islands
Broschetti
Buccari
Buccarica...

Budello

Bukvare ...
Burchio, Burchiello
Burton, Capt. R. F.
Buso, cape
Busto

Cagnera ...

Calamotta, channel

Calata

Canapa, Canapin...

Canavaca ...

Canna

Caorlina ...

Capelan, the

Capo d' Istria

Carlopago...

Carpenter, Dr,

page 108
101

49
... 67

3

28, 38, 74

no

2

23, 37
... 81
... 38

100, 119

121

101, 103

... 132

7

67, 68

100

38,83

6

... 64

114, 138

62, 65

... 65

... 105

108

103, 129

41, 88, 90

2

... 119

108
... 67
... 125
... 104
... 132

I23, 130

... 103

29, 82

62, 63

286

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Cassa

page 120

Deep-bed, fishes of the ...

page 29

Castelmuschio

65

Delfinera ...

••• J33

Cattaro, channel of

67, 68

Dentala ...

... 131

Cephalopods

.. 28, 30, 87

Dente, Punta del

... 64

Cerbere, Cerberao

109, 1 10

Dentex, the

28, 72

Cerchietti ...

"9

Depths

6, 9

Cerchio, cerchiello

122

Derbio, the

33, 76

Cetina, river

67

Diatomaceae

12, 17

Cevente ...

3

Distribution of fauna

10

Characteristic species of the various zones 34

„ " extended "

35

Chelonia caretta ...

27

„ "limited" ...

35

Chiara

"9

Districts of the Aust. -Hungarian

fisheries 62

Chiaroni ...

109

Division of profits

... 138

Chiaviche...

124

Dobrigno, bay of . . .

15

Chioggia fisheries, value of craft and gear 60

Dolphins ...

33, 77

Chioggiotti fishermen

45, 49, 64, 117

Dosana

3

Chorology

10

Dragonets

80

Cievolame

81

Draw-nets . . .

... 113

Cievolera ...

108

Drazice

2

Cimarol ...

101

Drezze

... 123

Cio

99

Drift-nets ...

... 105

Circle-nets

in, 113

„ fisheries

106

Cittanuova

63

Duino

... 63

Cladophora

10

Claires

Cod tribe, the

Cogblo

Complaints against trawling

Conger-eel, the ...

Cocchia, coccia ...

Coral fisheries

Corallines

88

29, 82
117, 123

43

.. 17, 29, 86

64, 117

.. 97, 98, 121

12

Eastern shore of the Adriatic,

Ecdysis of the shore-crabs

Echinoderms

Eckel, G. R. von .. .

Eel tribe, the

Enca

Enteromorpha

ts limits 1, 2

93, I29

94, 145
... 96

• 27, 38, 39

... 119

10

Coralline zone

20

Epidaurus

... 67

Cornalia ...
Correnti ...

27

3

Esca

"Extended" distribution

... 134
••• 35

Corteghe ...

105

Coscioni ...

121

Facies

10

Crabs

93

Fango

8

Crapano, island ...

63

Fasana

... 64

Crustaceans

91

File-fishes...

38, 87

Cucchiaia ...

120

Fiocina, Foscina ...

••• 133

Currents ...

3

Fishing gear, value of

129

Curzola, island ...

67

Fish-market

... 141

Cusidura ...

123

„ ponds, fish-weirs

122, 123

Cystoseira...

14, 16, 17

,, reared in the valli chiuse ..

127

Fisheries, their character...

40

Daila

63

„ value of

154, 158

Dalmatia, its breadth

4i

Fishes, recapitulation of ...

••• 37

Dalmatian coast, its limits

2

Fishing craft

• 99, x55> l65

Dandolo ...

iM

„ frog, the ...

3°, 79

Declivity, fishes of the ...

28

„ gear

. ... 165

GENERAL INDEX.

287

Fishing rights pertaining to the communes | Grube, Dr. A. E.

under the Republic of Venice, page 47 Guatta

Fiumara 7 Giinther, Dr. A.

Fiume ... ... ••• ••• ... 2, 62 Gurnards ...

„ Gulf of 6, 7, 23 Guzzo

Flat-fish tribe 29, 83

Flocco ... ... ••• ••• ••• 100

Fluctuations in the yield of the fisheries 43

Flying-fishes 33, 38, 84

Forbes, Professor... ... 10, n, 17, 24, 27

Forked hake ... ... ... ... 83

Fossenin, fossenigolo ... ... ... 133

Fountain-fish, the ... ... ... 31

Fraima ... ... ... ... ... 125

Fraschiata ... ... ... ... 134

Fregana ... ... ... ... ... 122

Fresh-water fishes... ... ... 37, 39

Frutti di mar ... ... ... ... 144

Gaccio, Giacchio
Gaeta

Gar-pike, the
Gareis, Anton
Gassa

Gavonera . . .
Giravica . . .
Ghirzi

Giadro, river
Giglioli, E. H.
Gilt-head, the
Giogo

Giuppana ...
Glossa, Gape
Gobies

Godwin-Austen, R
Gombina ...
Gorghi

Gorizia (Gorz)
Gradisca ...
Grado
Grampa, Grampon
Gralicola ...
Gravosa . . .
Grayling, the
Grey Mullet, the
Grigiuoli Griziole
Grippo
Grisiolo ...
Groppo
Ground-springs

■■ P*& T3» Mi l8> J9> 22> 31

121

9, 7i, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81

28, 38, 79

99

122
100, 114
17, 29, 38, 84

97
122
108
120

65
67

85

38, 74

106

67

1

37, 80

23

1 10

124

63

63

6, 62, 63

i33

100
62

Hadria ...
Hair-tail, the
Hake, the
Hand-nets
Herring tribe, the...
Heteractis
Historical part
Holdsworth, E. W. H. :
Horizontal distribution
Horse Mackerel, the
Hound, the

.29

" Sea-fisheries"

1

.. 76

82, 143

120

32, 85
11
40

106
10, 35, 36

33, 76
34

Hungarian-Croatian littoral 2, 62, 65, 156, 160,
161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167

15, 3
99,

Iaglicara

Ice for preserving fish

Ichthyoscopi

Illuminatore

Ima

Ima da cortici ... ... ... 105,

„ piombo ... ... ... 105,

Imports into Italy of fish caught in Aus-
trian-Hungarian territorial waters 52,
In fianco ...
Incoronata, island
Increase of demand for fish
Individual share of fishermen ... • 163,
Intenzer la re
Invertebrates ... 10-25, 34_37> 87

... 115

••• 45

112

100, 107

... 105

113

IT3

168
119

9

42

165
104

-95

, 38, 81
•• 123
17, 119

104
.. 105
•• 7, 23

Isola ... ... ... ... 62, 63

Istria, peninsula of, its limits ... ... 2

Italian boats fishing in Austrian-Hun-
garian waters ... ... 51

„ their share in the Austrian-

Hungarian fisheries 51, 162
,, individual profits derived

thence ... 52, 162

„ fishing in foreign waters 59, 60

Italian fauna ... ... ... ... 39

,, fisheries ... ... ... ... 58

,, fishing fleet ... ... ... 58

„ flounder 29, 38, 83

,, law regulating the sea-fisheries ... 49

John Dory, the ..

28, 77

2 Q

288

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

page 67

■ - 65

... 105

122

82

2

86, 123

81

62, 68

17

•32,38, 39,87

... 87

... 123

... 47

... 64

... 131

62, 67, 68

100, 114

3

••• 35

... 130

1

104

7, 62, 67, 68

26

... 27

10

12

17, 92

10, 25, 26

5

... 114

62, 64

3, 62, 67

32, 38, 77

... 105

3

2
... 63
Marazzi, Vice-Consul Count Antonio 46, 51,

*58, i59

Marchesetti, Dr. C. de 57, 85

Marea ... ... ... ... ... 3

Mare Adriaticum ... ... ... ... 1

„ Superum ... ... ... ... 1

Marotta ... ... ... ... ... 129

Meagre, the ... ... ... ... 75

Megline ... ... ... ... ... 62

Meleda, channel ... ... ... ... 67

Kerka, river

Kirzi

Knots

Koescher ...

Kolombatovic, Professor G.

Kiistenland

Lagoons of Venice

„ fish reared in the

Lagosta, island ...

Laminarian zone ...

Lampreys ...

Lancelet, the

Lavoriero ...

Legislation

Leme, channel

Lenza

Lesina, island

Leuto

Ligazzi

" Limited " distribution of fauna

Line-fishing

Linguetta, Cape ...

Lino

Lissa, island

Littoral rovers

„ squatters...

„ zone, the exposed

„ „ the submerged

Lobsters ...

Lorenz, Dr. J. R.

Luksch, Professor J.

Luminiero

Lussinpiccolo, island

Macarska
Mackerel, the

Maglia

Maltempo, channel
Mandracchio
Marano ...

Meleda, island
Mendole ...
Meshes
Mezzana ...
Mezzo, channel ...
Migavica ...
Migratory fishes ...
Ministry of Commerce
Minutaja, or Misto
Molebut, the
Mollusks ..
Monfalcone
Monk, the

Montata

Molinello

Morlacca, channel
Moulting of crabs
Mounting the nets
Muggia
Murry, the
Mussels ...
Mussolera...

page 9, 67

63, 73

... 105

... 119

... 67

120

26, 29, 30

4i, 44

135, x42

34, 38

... 87

... 62

27

124

... 119

3
129

io5

62, 63

86

93

Names applied to fishermen ... ... 135

,, „ the various methods of

fishing ... ... 136

Nappa sottile ... ... ... ... 109

Narenta, river ... ... ... ... 67

Nasse ... ... ... ... ... 128

Nazadra ... ... ... ... ... 99

Nephrops Norvegicus ... ... ... 22

Nets ... ... ... ... ... 104

„ where made... ... ... ... 104

Ninni, Professor A. P. ... ... ... 52

Nonnati ... ... ... ... ... 80

Northern forms, isolated colonies of ... 23

Norway lobster, the ... 22, 65, 91, 144

Nudibranchs ... ... ... ... 90

Nullipores ... ... ... 12, 17

Number of well-defined species of fish
and other sea produce which come to

market ... ... ... ... 98, 141

Occhi della catena ... ... ... 101

Octopus, the 28,30,87

Olizhica ... ... ... ... ... 120

Ombla, river ... ... ... ... 67

Opposition to the Chioggiotti ... ... 49

Oprara .... ... ... ... ... 122

Ordega ... ... ... ... ... 121

Ordegno di pesca del corallo ... ... 121

GENERAL INDEX.

289

( Organisation of the fisheries

Orsero

Oscellaria

Ostreghera

„ a piombo

Ostreoculture
Otranto
Outliers ...
Oysters
Oyster fisheries of Stagno

Pacciugo ...
Palanda ...
Palandara da posta
„ tiro

Pali

Pannola ...

Panza

Paper sailor, the ...

Parangale ...

„ a vela ...
Parenzo ...
Pared

Passelera ...
Pastello ...
Pelagic fishes
Pelagosa, island ...
Pelamide, the
Perch

,, tribe, the ...
Pesca a spavento, a ludro

„ a volo
Pesce bianco

„ da strame ...

,, di grotta

„ nobile, fino

„ novello

„ ordinario, salvatico

„ populo

„ rosso
Peschera ...
Pesson
Pesto

Petter's " Dalmatia"
Phoca monachus ...

,, vitulina

Pike, the

Pilchard, the

Pillela, Piela

Pilot-fish, the

Piombi

page 62

...' 62

11

120

121

88

1

23

17,87

... 68

107

... 116

... 113

... 116

88

... 130

... 113

... 31

... 131

... 131

62, 64

... 113

no

107

26, 30

... 2, 67

••• 33
... 38

71

133, T36

... 115

81, 125

81, 127

28

135, J42

121, 124

142

>3, 135, x42

••• 73

... 65

... 123

107

... 27

27

27

37, 39, 84

29, 32, 85

... 119

33, 38, 76
... 105

Pipe-fishes
Pirano

Piston, Pobug

Plaice, the

Planca, promontory

Ploca

Poklopnica

Pola

page 17, 29, 38, 86
... 63

133

84

2

2

... 108

62, 64

Political conditions of the Adriatic sea-
coast

Porno, scoglio

Pompilus, the

Poor, the ...

Popovnica

Portore

Portellata ...

Posta, poste ..; ... ... 105

Posta di bobe
,, di ton

Poverty of the inhabitants of the coast...

Preluca

Produce of the fisheries 69, 161, 166, 169, 170

Promontore, Cape ... ... 6, 64

Promontorium Diomedis
,, Solentinum

Prongs

Prostica ...

Proximity of land, its influence on the
temperature of the water

Punta Croce, channel

Punta d' Ostro ...

Puschia ...

41

9

• 76

.29, 82

no

62

103

114

108

in

40

65

2
1

^33
108

4

23

6

132

QUARNERO

Quarnerolo
Quatrefages
Quieto, river

6

... 6, 23

18

... 63

Radazze ...

Radiates ...

Ragusa

Ragusavecchia

Ravenna ...

Rays

Ray's Sea-bream ...

Recapitulation of the fauna

Red Mullet, the

Regulations for fishing under the French
„ seine-fishing in Dalmatia

114, i37
Remora, the ... ... ... 33, 78

94

2, 7, 62, 67, 68

67,68
6

29, 70

33, 77

34

33, 3$, 73

290

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Resta

Rete

„ a fermo

,, a strascino (strascico)

„ da chiusa

„ d' angudella ...

„ di barboni ...

„ di can

,, di capparozzoli

„ di guatti

„ d' imbrocco, da incetto

„ d' insacco

„ da posta

„ di sardelletti

,, di sfoglie

,, simplice, nude

„ trammacchiate, tramagliate.

,, tramezzata ...

„ vestite
Reti raschianti
Revest, Consul Dr. Nic...
Rezzola, rezzuola . . .
Ribbon-fishes
Rights of fishing
Rizzajo, Rizzagio, Rizzagno
Rockling, the
Romagnuoli
Rovers
Rovigno ...
Rovigo

Sabaka (zabaka) ...

Sabakone (zabakun)

Sacco

Saccoleva ...

Salmon tribe, the...

Saltarello ...

Salting offish

Saltness of water .. .

Salvore

San Giacomo

Sand-banks

Sand-eel, Sand-launce, the

Sandoli

Sansego ...

Santa Maria di Leuca

Sardellera...

Sardines de Nantes

Sardine, the

,, fisheries, the ... 86,
Sardonera...

105,
105,

page 100

... 105
in

... 117
in
107
in

... 108
121
hi

... 105
109

... 105
107
in

i°5
109

1 10
109
... 117

••• 53

... 116

82

... 46

T22

29, 38, 82

... 64

25, 28

62, 64

I

I20
... Il6
... II3

121
... 84

I09
... I48

... 6, 9

... 63

... 65
8

... S3

... 99

... 62

103, 105

... 150

• 29, 32, 85

106, 114, 137

107

Sars, Professor G. O., on

fishes ...
Scabbard-fish, the
Scald-fish, the
Scandaglio
Scares
Scattaroni ,.
Schiletto ...
Sciabica (zabica) ...
Sciassa
Scirocco ...
Scogli

Scogliani ...
Scoglio Sant' Andrea
Scombrera
Scorpions ...
Scorza de pin mazena
Scuri

Sea-anemones
Sea-breams
Sea-horses
Sea-perches
Sea-urchins
Seals

Seine-nets...

Seine fishing versus Drift-
Seasons ...

„ of fishing
Sebenico ...
Secche

Sedentary fishes ...
Segna (Zengg) ...

„ channel
Segnale
Selve, island
Selce
Senello
Sepparola ...
Serpents de mer ...
Serragli, Serragie ...
Serranus, the
Set-nets
Sfogliante ...
Shad, the ...
Sharks
Shore fishes
Skipjack, the
Sloke plants
Snares
Sole, the ...
Spalato

the spawning of

page 118

76

29

100

*33

123

101

116

123

2
2
2

67

108

28, 75

... ... 104

137

95

27, 28, 74

28, 38, 87

28,71

95

27

... 113
net fishing ... 115

5

68

66

... ... 122

8, 25, 26

7. 62

6,7

13I

2

62

108

132

31

123

28, 29, 72

109, in
in

38, 39, 86

••• 3°. 33, 69

8,25

76

10

128

... 29, 38, 83
1, 62, 66

GENERAL INDEX.

291

Spanish mackerel, the ... page 32, 38, 77

Spawning of fishes ... ... ... 44

Species common to the various zones ... 35
Species exclusively found in the various
zones ...

Spedoni ...
Spot, the ...
Spireme di verzelati

„ da lotregani
Sponge fisheries ...
Sponges ...
Spunteri ...
Squadrale ...
Squaenera
Squatters ...
Squid, the
Stagno, channel ...
Star-gazers
Statistics ...

„ of Austro-Hungarian craft

„ of the imports and exports of
fish in the Aust.-Hungarian
empire

„ of fish brought to market at

••• 35

... 105

29, 80

... 108

... 108

... 63

... 96

, 102, 119

... 131

... 108

26, 29

28, 30, 87

67, 68

29, 78

... 154

!55

Fiume

,, of fisheries

„ of the yield of the fisheries
Sticklebacks
Stone-basse, the ..
Stumigio, Stambul
Sturgeons...
Submarine springs
Sub-littoral zone ..
Suck-fishes

Sucking-fish, the, or Remora
Sugheri
Sun-fishes...
Super-littoral zone
Supplies by rail . .
Surface waters
Sustavica ...
Svicarica ...
Sword-fish, the
Syrski, Dr.

Tanaglia

Tanning nets
Tarabara ...
Tarantella...
Tartana, Tartanella
Tela

161

38

62

102, 103, 117,

166

i54

163

81

28, 72

i33

39, 7°

7, 23

i5

26, 81

78

34, 87

10

42, 156

4
132

100

33, 75
96

*33
104
1 10
in
119
121

Temperature

Thynnoscopi

Tides

Titles from which originate fish

Togna

Tonnare, Tunere, Tonnere

Tope, the...

Topknot, Bloch's...

Toppo

Tortoise, the

Trabaccolo

Trada

Traena, Trajna ...

Tramata ...

Trammel-nets

Trappano ...

Tratta

,, d' angusigole ...

„ da cievoli

„ da fondo

„ da menole

„ da orate

„ di sardelle

„ da sardoni

„ da scombri

„ di ton ...

„ grande d' estate

,, piccola d' inverno

Trattisella...
Traii

Trawling, Trawlers
Trawling-nets
Tremeti, islands ...
Treaty rights of the Italian fishermen

„ with Italy ...
Tregina ...
Trieste, Gulf of ...

,, seaboard, its limits
Tritura di granzetti
Tronto
Trout, the
Trumpet-fish, the ...
Tunny-fish

,, fisheries ... ... 65

Tunicates...
Turbot, the

page 4
112

3

ing rights 46

.. 131

65, in

34
29

99
47
01

04
3i
34
09
67
J3
J5
16

20
20
16
14
*5

!5

16

14
20
20
67-

Ulv^e
Umago
Umbrina, the
Univalves . . .

27>

62,

64.

17,

roi,

17
6

46
104

3, 7

2

107

1

39> 84

... 81

33> 77

78, in, 164

90

29, 38, 83

10
62, 63

28, 38, 75
... 90

292

THE ADRIATIC GULF.

Valli ... ... page 2, 3, 86, 119,

„ a grigiuoli . . .

„ chiuse

„ chiuse arginate

„ di Brenno ...

,, semi-arginate
Valligiani, Vallicultori ... ... 123,

Valloni

Vallone di Muggia

Value of Aust.-Hung. fishing craft, 103, 165, 170
fishing gear, 129, 165, 170

123
124
124
124

68

124

124

2

63

Veglia, island

Venetian fisheries, fishing craft, &c.

Venetian lagoon fisheries ... 86, 123

„ regulations concerning the fish-
eries ...
Venice, imports and exports of fish at
Verse

Vertebrates
Vertical currents ...

„ distribution
Vivajo, Viera
Voiga
Volega, Vuoega ...

Vollari

Volosca ...
Voyageurs

Voz

Vrulja, bay

Want of capital . . .
„ of markets...
„ of salt
,, of ice

65

61

127

47

60
128

25
7

35
129

105
122
109

65
26

65
3

43

42

45
45

Weevers ...

.. page 29, 78

Whiting, the

29, 82

Whiting-pout, the

29, 82

Willow basket-traps

128

Winds

3

Wolf, Professor J.

5

Wrasses ...

17, 26, 28, 82

Yarrell's " British Fishes "

72

Yellow-tails

33

Yield of the valli chiuse ...

127

of the Aust.-Hungarian fisheries, 156, 158
of the fishing by Italian boats on

the Aust.-Hungarian coast
of the fisheries of the Hungarian-
Croatian littoral...

159

160

Zara

Zel

Zerer

Zermagna, river

Zlarin, island

Zocco

Zone I.

„ II.

„ HI.

„ IV.

„ V...

„ VI...

„ VII.
Zoppolo
Zostera
Zuri, island

62, 66

121

.. 108

.. 67
.. 63

.. 123

10

10

12

•• !5

17

20

.. 25

.. 99
8

.. 9> 68

THE END.

WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN 's-INN FIELDS, W.C

.; " ':;.;V: \