Wildlife Research

Problems Programs Progress

1963

Marine Biological Laboratory

Ul B R A R Y

DEC 8 19G4
WOODS HOLE, MASS.

1

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH \M) WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAT OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

Circular 188

The Department of the Interior, created in 1849, is a Department of Con-
servation, concerned with management, conservation, and development of
the Nation's water, wildlife, fish, mineral, forest, and park and recreational
resources. It has major responsibilities also for Indian and Territorial
affairs.

As America's principal conservation agency, the Department works to
assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that park
and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that renewable
resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security
of the United States, now and in the future.

Front cover photo by

Luther C. Goldman

Whooping Cranes, Aransas National Wildlife Refuge
Texas, February 1964

Vignettes by
Alfred J. Godin

Back cover photos by
Lee E. Yeager

WILDLIFE RESEARCH

PROBLEMS PROGRAMS PROGRESS

1963

Activities of the Division of Wildlife Research

in the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

for the Calendar Year 1963

'My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge . . ."

Hosea 4: 6

Circular 188

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Stewart L. Udall, Secretary

Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary for Fish and It ildlife

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
Daniel II. Janzrn, Director

Washington, D.C. • May 1961
ii

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword vii

The Division of Wildlife Research 1

Tim research program 1

Organizat ion 2

Special Activities and Events 3

Bureau services through the Division 3

Research centers serve the public 3

Assistance to Government agencies 3

Research of special note 4

Contamination by pesticides 4

New animal control methods 4

Bird banding 4

Bat banding 4

Studies of Midway albatrosses continued 5

Wintering waterfowl in Mexico G

Studies on diseases common to man and animals 6

Rare geese from Buldir Island G

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units conduct 250 projects 8

New research facilities 8

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center 8

New quarters for bird and mammal sections 8

Machine data processing unit 8

New laboratory at Denver Center 10

Control methods research facility 10

New pesticide laboratory equipment 10

Bear River Station improvements 10

Notable publicat ions 10

Honors 11

Iowa Wildlife Unit leader 11

Nat ional award 12

Research Highlights of the Year 13

Waterfowl management research 13

Mallard population dynamics studied 13

Wood duck research 13

Mail surveys of waterfowl hunters 13

Whistling swan hunting survey 15

Hunters' reaction to waterfowl regulations 1G

Kill on private versus public land 10

Species management studies 16

Habitat evaluation of Back Bay and Currituck Sound 10

Goose product ion 17

Wood duck nesting structures 18

Management of aquatic plants 19

Improvement in North Dakota waterfowl habitat 19

Waterfowl production improves on Far North area 20

Rapid growth of ducklings in Arctic 21

Wood duck roost counts 21

Factors affecting waterfowl foods in rice fields 22

Fulvous tree duck in Louisiana 22

Waterfowl renesting and homing 22

Canada goose sex ratios 22

Wood ducks prefer metal boxes 22

Canada geese in the Flathead Valley 23

Production and utilization of sago pond weed 23

Ecology of wetland timber impoundments 24

Page

Other migratory birds 24

National mourning dove breeding survey 24

Mourning dove studied in Arizona . 25

Dove production in north-central Colorado 25

Mourning dove color sensitive. 25

Mourning dove food habits in New York 26

Earlier woodcock season 26

Woodcock product ion 26

Sandhill cranes in Mexico 27

Search for missing w hooping cranes 27

Upland wildlife ecology 29

Reindeer 29

Hunter access and deer kill distribution 29

Ecological characteristics of a mule deer winter range 29

Ecology of the Middle Fork mule deer winter range 31

Nutrient requirements of white-tailed deer 33

Venison quality and palat ability studies 33

Population study of bighorn sheep 34

Horn growth and aging in bighorn sheep 34

Grizzly bear population study in Yellowstone Park 154

Peccary 34

Social behavior in swamp rabbits 34

Ecology of the striped skunk determined by telemetry 35

Arctic fox 35

Effect of slope on browse production 36

Productivity of bobwhite quail in Alabama 36

Fertilization improves quail habitat 36

Habitat components of the bobwhite quail 36

Mearns' quail 37

Juncos important consumers of conifer seed 37

Problems with multiflora rose 39

Recreational use of forest land 40

Foreign game introduction program 40

Pesticide- wildlife relations 43

Improved methods and equipment 43

Persistent pesticides from remote areas 43

Canada geese in 2,4-D feeding test 44

Sevin appears low in toxicity to wildlife 44

Pesticides and prairie grouse 44

DDT residues in mule deer 45

Toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to mallards 45

Effects of DDT on bald eagles 46

Effects of heptachlor on wildlife 47

Pesticide residues in black duck eggs 17

Effects of pesticides on osprey productivity 49

Nonchemical methods in mosquito control 50

1>DT in relation to towhees 50

Malathion S-35 distribution in a small forested watershed. 50

Effects of endrin on vole reproduction in bluegrass meadows 50

Wildlife diseases and parasites 51

Widespread botulism losses reported 51

Avian botulism-invertebrate relation investigated 51

Waterfowl helminth manuscript near completion 52

Fowl cholera low in 1963 52

Trumpeter swan cygnets show lower mortality 52

Malaria infections in waterfowl 52

Throat disease in mourning doves 52

Nematodes in relation to merganser losses 52

Type E botulism in birds 52

Tissue damage from pesticides -r>-

Ring-necked pheasant

Wildlife disease surveys 53

Gizzard worms in wintering goose population 53

Page

Animal control methods 55

Physiology in bird control 55

New avicide for starlings and blackbirds 55

Curtain spray for control of roosting birds 56

Fourth year of blackbird study completed 56

Breeding redwing populations in Arkansas 57

Scare devices 57

Decoy trap for blackbirds and starlings 58

Bird behavior studies implemented by banding 58

Sudan dye for tagging birds 59

Gull populations in southeastern New England 59

Seagull problem at Naval air station relieved 60

Bird hazard survey at Washington National Airport 60

System developed for rating chemicals 60

Antifertility agents have promise in predator control 60

Compound S-6999 shows specificity for commensal rats 60

Registration of DRC-714 as a pocket gopher control 61

Nutria studies progressing 61

Pocket gophers injurious to Christmas trees 61

New method of testing seed protectants 61

Classification, distribution, and life-history studies 62

North American mammal collections 62

Bird and mammal specimens handled 62

Sea otter studies 62

Wild turkey monograph 62

Preparation of bat banding manual 62

Geographic variat ion in Canada geese 62

Methods of determining sex of cranes 64

Taxonomie review of the woodpeckers 64

Variation and hybridization in flickers 64

Fluorescence studies 64

The Mammals of Maryland 64

Walrus studies 65

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units 65

Wildlife graduates at Unit schools 65

Employment of 1962-63 graduates 65

Appendixes 66

A. Organization chart 66

B. Location of Wildlife Research Stations (map) 67

C. Funds available 68

D. Bureau and Division offices related to research 69

E. Publications, 1963 72

The emperor goose la one of the must striking of the many species of geese. II nests along the coastal estuaries and
tundra of western Alaska, and winters southward mainly among the Aleutian Islands and the coastal areas of
southern Alaska and British Columbia. (Photo by Karl \V. Kenyon)

VI

FOREWORD

Today 's paramount wildlife problem stems from our material
success as a Nation. Each day there are 8,000 more Americans ;
industrial development is on a fantastic scale; and suburbia is
surrounding every city and town. Our national growth is con-
suming the very environment that is essential to wildlife — land,
water, and space.

Continued national growth wall require still more land and
water. A population nearing 200 million individuals requires
more land and water than one of only half or three-fourths that
number, as we had in 1920 and 1950. This all adds up to the
inescapable fact that the problem of preserving adequate living
space for wildlife will become increasingly difficult to solve.

Research, the accumulation of more knowledge, and the trans-
lation of that knowledge into more effective management, offers
hope. When we know more — much more in many instances —
about the environmental requirements of wild birds and mam-
mals, about how best to control noxious species, and about the
socioeconomic relations of wuldlife as a renewable resource, we will
be in a better position to manage for maximum wildlife production
on specific areas, or optimum wildlife populations in a watershed
or region, or perhaps — as has been done with field crops — more
wildlife on less land. And certainly increased knowledge will
enable responsible Government agencies to meet more effectively
other problems involving wildlife resources — pesticides, pollution,
protection, harvest, and disease.

Wildlife ups and downs and major changes in kinds and
quality are due to two main things: Changes in environment, and
application of knowledge in management. Migratory birds, big
game, upland game, fur animals, song birds, and fish can be
retained as great natural assets if we can learn enough, and in
time, about their needs.

The function of the Division of Wildlife Research of the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is to obtain information
on wildlife resources, and the purpose of this report is to relay
for administrative and management use some of the information
obtained in 1963.

Daxiel H. Jaxzex,

Director.

Vll

Outstanding among events in the Bureau's wildlife research programs in 1963 was the dedication of the new Bio-
chemistry and Wildlife Pathology Laboratory at Patuxenl Wildlife Research Center. Laurel. Md.. en April L'.". by
Stewart I.. Udall, Secretary of the Interior. (Photo by Hex G. Schmidt)

Vlll

THE DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH

The calendar year 1963 was one of expansion
and personnel change in the Division of Wildlife
Research.1 Personnel changes, other than new
starting, were mainly in key positions.

There was no change in purpose and function
of the Division. Through the year, as previously.
it served as the wildlife factfinding arm of the
Bureau, responsible for research on all wildlife —
game and nongame, resident and migratory, harm-
ful and beneficial. Results of the Division's in-
vestigations are used by the Bureau and by
cooperating Federal and State agencies in wild-
life management aimed at the production of more
recreational enjoyment for the people, and more
effective control of forms injurious to agricultural,
industrial, and urban interests.

Th, research />r<></r<tni. — Division research cur-
rently involves waterfowl and other migratory
birds, upland wildlife with particular emphasis
on problems occurring on public lands, pesticide-
wildlife relations, diseases and parasites, control
methods, and classification, distribution, and life
history studies of wild birds and animals. Marine
mammal research is presently concentrated on the
sea otter.

Continuing an expansion that began in 1958 were
research programs in animal-control methods and
pesticide-wildlife relations. Disease and parasite
research in the Held of resident wildlife was ex-
panded during the year through a contract with
the University of Georgia. Smaller but still sig-
nificant growth characterized research on water-
fowl and on other migratory birds.

1 In action taken late in 1963. the Branch of Wildlife Research.
as well as other Branches constituting the Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife, were given Division status, effective early in
1964

In meeting its wildlife research responsibilities,
the Division cooperates with agencies of the De-
partment of the Interior, the Department of Agri-
culture, the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, and the Department of Defense. In its
game-bird introduction program, it cooperates
with the Wildlife Management Institute, the In-
ternational Association of Game, Fish, and Con-
servation Commissioners, more than 40 State con-
servation departments, and, of course, with the
foreign countries concerned; and much of this re-
search is in the native ranges of game birds con-
sidered potentially adaptable for release in selected
game-deficient areas in the United States.

One of the oldest and best known of the Divi-
sion's cooperative programs is that of the Coopera-
tive AVildlife Research Units. These cooperatives
are supported and administered under terms of a
memorandum of understanding signed by officials
of the Bureau, the Wildlife Management Institute,
and the land grant colleges and game and fish de-
partments of the 18 participating States. In
addition to the research endeavor, the Units facil-
itate training of qualified graduate students in the
wildlife field and promote conservation education
through publication, demonstration, lecture, and
consultation.

The Division i- concerned with numerous other
instances of cooperative research, made possible
by the interest of various conservation agencies,
scientific institutions, and individuals. These pro-
grams include the bird-banding record center at
the Migratory Bird Populations Station at Laurel,

Md., where banding data on nearly L2,l ,000

birds of all kinds and recovery records on more
than 1,000,000 migratory birds are filed, and where

734-563 O — 64- 2

more than 3,000,000 cards on the migration and
distribution of North American birds arc housed.
In another cooperative program, bats have been
banded, and the records arc filed and kepi current
in the Bird and Mammal Laboratories housed in
the U.S. National Museum.

The world's largest collections of North Ameri-
can birds and mammals are maintained at the
U.S. National Museum, in cooperation with the
Smithsonian Institution. These records, together
with the professional taxonomic services provided
by Division employees, arc available t<> investiga-
tors both in and out of the Bureau. The assistance
of thousands of banders, observers, and collectors
who have cooperated in obtaining these specimens,
or in providing data on them, makes this compre-
hensive service possible.

Organisation. — The Division is organized on a
line-and-staff basis. The directors of the 5 re-
search centers, the leaders of the 18 Cooperative

Wildlife Research Units, the leader of the foreign
game introduction project, and the editor all report
directly to i lie Division's central office in Wash-
ington; program planning, coordination, and
administration for all Division research arc func-
tions of the Washington office; routine fiscal, per-
sonnel, and property management of field re-
search stations are handled through the 5 regional
offices of the Bureau. An editor, stationed at the
Washington office, and a biometrician for the
Denver Center, were 2 specialized positions filled
in L963.

In fiscal year 1964 the Division had 190 profes-
sional and l»'i<> clerical or other employees, and
a budget of about $4,599,000. Details of organi-
zation, administrative and supervisory channels,
Location of research stations, and financing are
given in appendixes A, B, ( ', and D of this report.
The 250 publications authored by Division person-
nel and close coworkers are listed in appendix E.

Chemical assay in progress at the new 1"
F. C. Schmid)

■iticiile Laboratory at the Patuxent Research Center. Laurel. Md. (Photo by

SPECIAL ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS

BUREAU SERVICES THROUGH THE
DIVISION

Research centers serve the public

The several wildlife research centers, stations,
and laboratories of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, because of their central locations,
have great opportunity to serve the interests of
the people in wildlife matters.

In 1963 the Bureau's staff of mammalogists and
ornithologists housed in the Natural History Mu-
seum, Washington, D.C., were called upon many
hundreds of times for information concerning
their specialities. Members of the Congress, more
than 20 Federal bureaus and agencies, various
American and foreign universities, a dozen nation-
ally circulated magazines, nearly a score of na-
tional scientific organizations, museums through-
out the world, professors and graduate students
from many educational institutions, and hundreds
of individuals who queried by letter or telephone,
sought information on birds and mammals.

Visitors to the Bureau's wildlife laboratories in-
cluded 1(!!» parties from 25 States, the District of
Columbia, and 15 foreign countries, among whom
were 107 nat ionally and internationally known sci-
entists and wildlife officials. In addition, 20 scien-
tists or officials concerned with marine mammals,
and scores of individuals, visited the Seattle. Lab-
oratory on the West Coast.

The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel,
Md., readily accessible to the Washington metro-
politan area and its •"> million people, has become
widely known as an outdoor-indoor laboratory
and scientific headquarters. More than 100 visit-
ing parties, including institutional and agency
scientists. Federal and State personnel, scientists
from foreign lands, and conservation groups,
vouth and adult — all concerned with or interested

in wildlife resources — sought information or in-
struction here in 1963. With the availability of
meeting rooms, the Patuxent Center was used for
several regional, interdivisional, and special wild-
life workshops and conferences during t lie year.
Such use promises to increase.

In the West, the Denver Wildlife Research
Center is a meeting place for professional wildlife
personnel associated with various Federal land-
management agencies and concerned with wildlife
problems or plans. State wildlife personnel, espe-
cially of Colorado but also of many other States,
are frequent visitors. Wildlife and natural-
resource students from several Colorado and other
State colleges and universities favor the Center for
Held trips and instruction. And like the Patux-
ent Center, the Denver installation is frequently
a meeting place for conferences and workshops on
wildlife affairs.

The 18 Cooperative Wildlife Research Units and
the 22 substations of the Division are local meet-
ing centers for Federal, State, and layman groups
having wildlife or other conservation interests.

Assistance to Government agencies

Bureau research specialists are being called upon
increasingly by Federal and State agencies, munic-
ipal governments, industry, and private land-
users for help in finding solutions to their wild-
life and nuisance-animal problems.

Ornithologists use the taxonomist's skill to
identify positively, from only a feather or two.
birds involved in plane strikes and, occasionally
crashes. Mammalogists, using infrared or other
"black" light, identify rodents previously mis-
classified, or devise a more accurate identification
technique. Chemists with special training and

equipment detect minute quantities of pesticides in
soil, water, and animal tissue. Cunt ml methods
experts prescribe for mouse-infested orchards or
woodlands, seek repellents that prevenl forest
damage, or screen chemosterilants that may, w hen
perfected, prevent rodent and predator outbreaks.
The specialist in animal diseases is railed upon
when rabies in skunks or foxes reaches epidemic
proportions, or when birds are the suspected vec
tor in bacteria] contamination discovered in food
processed for human use.

There are specialists in oilier disciplines used in
wildlife research. Available in Bureau programs,
or in cooperation with other agencies, are biologists
and biometricians skilled in measuring population
dynamics in game birds and mammals; ecologists
who devise methods of converting land marginal
for agricultural or industrial use into productive
and economically profitable wildlife habitat : and
aviculturists whose knowledge of animal behavior
appears to offer hope of preventing extinction of
the whooping crane and other threatened species.

There are Bureau research specialists in other
wildlife fields. Their main and general assign
ment, in lx>th direct and cooperative investigations,
is the conservation of the Continent's migratory
bird resources, perpetuation of hunting and fishing
now inventoried at $8 billion annually, and preser-
vation and enhancement of outdoor recreational
opportunities of still greater value.

RESEARCH OF SPECIAL NOTE

Contamination by pesticides

During the year, research biologists and analyti-
cal chemists of the Bureau collected and analyzed
hundreds of specimens of fishes, birds, mammals,
and food organisms. The findings revealed the
presence of pesticide residues in the eggs, tissues.
and vital organs of numerous species collected
from practically all parts of the country, including
several Canadian Provinces. For example, DDT
residues were present in 36 of 37 clutches of eggs
of wild black ducks taken in 8 States from Maine
to Maryland. In a number of cases the pesti
cidal levels in game species exceeded the tolerances
permitted in domestic meats shipped in interstate
commerce. The significance of almost universal
contamination of fish and wildlife by these chemi-
cals is yet to be determined. Since it is known
that minute amounts of some pesticides in the
daily diets of species such as quail and pheasants

have pronounced effects upon their survival and
reproduction, man's widespread use of these chemi-
cals is regarded as one of the most serious threats

faced by agencies charged with conservation of
living natural resources.

New animal control methods

I msiderable progress was made during the year
toward the discovery and development of new
and improved methods for controlling damage
caused by certain species of birds and mammals.
Foremost among these was the successful field test-
ing of a chemosterilant to limit reproduction of
coyotes over a 720-square-mile area in New Mexico.
Approximately BO percent fewer coyote pups were
produced on the treated area than on a comparable
check area. Advances were made also in the dis-
covery and development of selective lethal chemi-
cals with high toxicity to target species of birds
and mammals and comparatively low toxicity to
other kinds of wildlife.

Bird banding

With the installation of more versatile data-
processing equipment, methods of processing band-
ing data changed markedly in 1963. During the
year somewhat more than son, Dim birds were
banded, including 300,000 ducks, geese, and coots,
of which mallards totaled 10-2,841. Species of ma-
jor economic importance, mainly blackbirds and
starlings, accounted for about 200,000 records, and
gulls and terns for about 100,000. The good band-
ing year is further reflected by the .">0 percent in-
crease in the number of waterfowl banded, and
by the '21-percent increase in band recoveries. A
total of 2,329,931 bands were issued in 10(5.3, and
the attachment of preopened bands on plastic tub-
ing was begun.

Visitors to the banding -tat ion came from
throughout the United States and Canada, and
from Europe and South America.

Bat banding

The importance of learning more about the dis-
tribution, migration, and life history of bats has
Keen under-cored during the past year by the ap-
parent increase in bat rabies, (irowth of the bat-
banding program during the year was spectacular,
as indicated by the following: Hands issued 254,-
925; records received, 19,500; recoveries reported,
1,201); total letters written (by the Bird Mammal
Laboratories). 635; and number of bats banded,
195,000 (approximately).

Pelicans fe?d on fish which feed on invertebrate aquatic fauna which may pick up pesticide residues from a contaminated
water environment. Often, the magnificat inn of poison concentrations through the food chain results in the death of
the fish and/or birds. The Bureau is studying food-chain relations in aquatic birds at several locations in the United
States. ( Photo by V. B. Seheffer I

Since te inception of the bat-banding work,
over 1,161,889 bands have been issued for use on
bats. The recovery rate over the years has aver-
aged aboul 1 for every 100 bats banded. Several
major papers have incorporated results obtained
l>y tracing movements of handed hats, and much
has been learned about the distribution, abundance,
and life history of these mammals through the pro-
gram. There are currently about 50 active band-
ers, till scientists attached to universities or mu-
seums, engaged in studies of hat biology which
require the use of handed animals.

All data on banded hats and recoveries are
housed in the files of the Bird and Mammal Labo-
ratories where they are available lor study by
qualified individuals.

Studies of Midway Albatrosses continued

Dr. Chandler S. Robbins and frame Manage-
ment Agenl John Waters continued studies of

albatrosses, long a hazard to military aircraft on
Midway Atoll.

In accordance with recommendations previously
made by the Bureau, the Navy paved a strip at
least 40(i feet wide along taxiways that were for-
merly used l>\ tin- birdsasa nestingarea. Asa re-
sult, fewer than •". percent of the Laysan alba-
trosses nested within 400 feet of their former
breeding grounds, and displaced black-footed al-
batrosses moved even farther away from (he taxi-
ways during the nest in^- season <d' 1962 63.

Three of the original '•»'■» Laysans banded as nest-
ing adults •-'! years earlier were recaptured. These
birds presumably are now at least 31 year- old.

During the fall of 1963, before the nesting sea-
son, the Navy made preparations for leveling and
hard-surfacing (he shoulders of the two runways
tu a distance of 7.">o feet from the center lines in
order to give still further safety to departing and
landing plane.-. Also, trails were bulldozed

f

\

Chemosterilants screened by Bureau chemists promise a humane method of animal control without the use of poisons
or traps, and with savings in time and cost. (Photo hy E. P. Uaddon)

through the dense growth of Scaevola to provide
access to birds scheduled to be removed during the
nesting season of 1963-64. The 750-foot bound-
aries were clearly marked so that none of the birds
nesting outside the construction area would be
sacrificed in t lie limited control action planned.

Wintering waterfowl in Mexico

Tabulation of waterfowl band recoveries at the

Patuxent Center has shown clearly that the heav-
iest hunting pressure in Mexico is from Baja Cali-
fornia south to Nayarit. This reflects the influx
of American hunters into these nearby areas more
than it docs the location of wintering waterfowl
concentrations in the region. The January aerial
surveys made since 1948 show thai Mexican water-
fowl are distributed as follows in the winter:
Pacific coast, II percent, East coast, '56 percent,
and interior Mexico, -JO percent.

Studies on diseases common to man and animals

Collaborative programs on diseases common to
man and wild animals are being conducted at the
Patuxent Center. The National Institute of
Neurological Diseases and Blindness, of the Na-
tional Institutes of Health, is collaborating in this
field in relation to slow-acting viruses of animals
and man; the Armed Forces Institute of Pathol-
ogy, Division of Geographic Pathology, in rela-
tion to trypanosome infection in raccoons and
various filariid worms of other animals; and the
Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and
Public Health, Department of Pathobiology, in
relation to infections of the respiratory systems
of various wild animals.

Rare geese from Buldir Island

The Aleutian Canada goose, Branta canadensis
li ucopareia, formerly occurred widely along the

5

Banding offers the most effective means of determining the flight patterns of migratory birds, knowledge of which is
essentia] in formulating regulations and other management activities required for the protection and harvest of these
resources. The use of various colors in multiple bands permits identification of individual birds in intensive field
studies. ( Photo by P. C. Sehmid)

Aleutian chain, nesting on main of the islands.
Widespread introduction of foxes on the islands,
mostly after 1880, led to losses of geese so severe
that the race was al one time regarded as extinct.
Buldir Island, extremely remote and forbidding,
was spared the attention of the fox ranchers, and
hctv a population of the geese persisted. An ex-
pedition in July sought to obtain goslings for
propagal ion in cap! ivity.

Personnel of the party included five Bureau
employees and a graduate student of the Univer-
sity of British Columbia. Support and hearty
cooperation were provided by personnel of the
U.S. Navy. Coast Guard, Federal Aviation
Agency, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
three commercial airlines.

The weather during time on the island was
windy, with heavy fog and ram. The party saw
120 adult and 31 young geese; il was estimated
that a total of 200 to -".on might occur there. Oh
tabled were 18 goslings, which were transported
by air to Denver for eventual transfer to the
.Monte Vista Refuse in Colorado. During the ex-
pedition, observations were also made of 35 species
of birds and 6 of marine mammals.

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units conduct
250 projects

In 1963, the 18 Cooperative Wildlife Research
Units worked on about 250 formal projects, of
which about 80 were completed. This research, all
at the graduate level, resulted in the graduation of
50 men with masters* degrees and -21 with doctoral
degrees. The 18 Unit schools also graduated 162
men with bachelors' degrees.

NEW RESEARCH FACILITIES
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

In response to the need for a center to handle
more effectively research concerned with wetland
habitat preservation and management, a new facil-
ity, authorized by the Congress in 1962, came into
being in 1963. Called the Northern Prairie Wild-
life Research ('enter, it consists of -i land tracts
iii North Dakota: a 500-acre headquarters near
Jamestown, and a 1,440-acre research area near

Woodworth. The Wood worth field station has a
laboratory as its central structure, complemented
by a residence and service buildings. This station
is in the critical pothole wetland type, typically
interspersed with crop and grazing lands. Water

fowl product ivity of these lands and compatibility
of such use with agricultural interests will be
featured in research planned at the station.
The main laboratory will he on the Jamestown

tract. On this area will he residences, a service

building, a greenhouse, a series of experimental

ponds, propagation facilities, and other installa-
tions required for the extensive research program
now getting under way.

The research program of the Center will follow
two main approaches: (1) Fundamental studies
id' restricted scope on plant and animal require-
ments under controlled conditions in the labora-
tory, the greenhouse, ami the Center's ponds and
fields; and {■!) practical field studies on Federal
refuses and other public land, and on private
property where wildlife problems occur.

The relations between land use and wildlife
production, correlated with habitat quality, will l>e
given particular attention in the research planned.

New quarters for Bird and Mammal Sections
Early in the year the Bird Section of the Bird
and Mammal Laboratories moved to the new easl

wing of the Natural History Museum. Now
stored there is the combined U.S. National
Museum-Biological Survey Collection of birds,
and there the staffs of the two units operate in
proximity and harmony and with increased
efficiency.

Late in 1963 construction began on a new
matching west wing of the Museum. The work,
immediately adjacent to the Mammal Section in
the old building, will provide new quarters on the
top floor of the old building where the combined
mammal collection and staffs will he housed as
soon as the space is ready.

Machine Data Processing Unit

Most of the work done at the Migratory Bird
Populations Station is dependent on its Machine
Data Processing Unit. The Unit plays a vital
role in mail-questionnaire and wing-collection
surveys, processing of banding data, preparation
of reports to band reporters and banders, and
preparation of tabulations of data for use in
analyzing results of mail-questionnaire and wing-
collection surveys and banding data. In per
forming these jobs during the year, 750,000 cards
wire punched and verified, and over 50 million
cards were passed through the sorting machines.
Nearly 3 million cards were tabulated and sum-
marized.

8

Headquarters of the Woodworth Station of the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center near Jamestown, N. Dak.
The laboratory is on the right, and the pumphouse and garage-service huilding are to the left. (Photo by Harvey
K. Nelson)

O Headquarters Site
• — - Area Boundary

Aerial photograph of tin. 500-acre headquarters site of the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center near Jam est own.
X. Dak. The Center will serve the "pothole" country of the Dakotas and Minnesota — a part of the northern prairie
characterized by the presence of many natural marshes and ponds. Much of this land, important to In-ceding water-
fowl, is being converted to agricultural use. (Photo by U.S. Geological Survey I

734-563 O — 64-

Iii 1963, important improvements were made in
the equipment used by the Processing T'nit. An
082 card sorter was exchanged for an ,|S-"> sorter.
substantially increasing t lie rate of operation.

The station also exchanged the "'us interpreter,
limited to only 60 cards per minute with 2 lines
of print, for a 557 interpreter handling I'm cards

per minute on any one of -J."> line-.

Also, the tabulating and printing capacity of
the T'nit was greatly increased by the exchange of
the 4ns accounting machine for a 1004. This
exchange increased the printing output from 150

to 360 lines per minute, and the summary punch-
ing operation from •_'."> to 200 cards per minute,
cutting down operating time on routine jobs by as
much as 80 percent. Lastly, the L004 has the
ability to make computations which should
greatly expedite the work of research biologists.

New laboratory at Denver Center

The Denver Center has long had need for a
major laboratory building designed specifically to
meet the Bureau's needs for research in the West-
ern States. In fiscal year 1964 the Congress
alloted $50,000 to develop plans for such a facility
at a contemplated cost of $600,000. It is to be
constructed at the Denver Federal Center on a
location that will provide for a greater consolida-
tion of activities than is now possible. When
completed, the Chemical-Wildlife Evaluation
Laboratory, as it will be called, will provide space
for much of the Center's control-methods research
and similar facilities for pesticide-wildlife work.
It is planned also to house t lie administrative
oflices of the Outer in the new building.

Control methods research facility

On July is the unit concerned with bird-control
research moved into new quarters at the Denver
Center. The new facilities consist of a 33- by 70-
foot office and laboratory building, the upper floor
of which is devoted to chemical laboratories and
oflices, and the lower floor to an electronic labora-
tory and office. A 30- by 50-foot aviary adjoins
t lie main building, and has a top floor designed for
holding experimental birds and a basement for
Storage and work-hop. This new facility will
greatly enhance the development of techniques for
alleviat ing bird damage.

New pesticide laboratory equipment

Procurement at the Denver ('enter of a gas
chromatograph, equipped wit h an elect ron capl ure

detector, will allow detection of extremely small
quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.

Bear River Station improvements

A Hi- by 20-foot addition to the animal quarters
at the Hear River Research Station was completed
and equipped during the summer of 1963. The
addition is divided into two rooms of equal size,
one of which is used as an insectary for the study
and propagation of invertebrates suspected of
being involved in naturally occurring avian
botulism. The other room is used for the clean-
ing and sterilization of laboratory animal cages.

Two 12- by 16-foot screened, flyproof enclosures,
each containing a 0- by 12-foot concrete basin,
were constructed during the summer They will
be used for ciilturing aquatic invertebrates and
studying experimentally induced botulism out-
breaks.

Among the major pieces of equipment acquired
by the Bear River Station were a freeze-dry unit
for preserving bacteria and viruses, a large steam
sterilizer for animal cages, and an electrically
operated steam generator for the sterilizer.

NOTABLE PUBLICATIONS

One of the distinctive wildlife publications of
L963 was the "grouse issue" of the Journal of Wild-
life Management (vol. -27, No. 4). In this 370-
page number. Bureau employees are authors of 4
of the 30-odd main articles. They are:

John W. Aldrich. "Geographic Orientation of
American Tetraonidae," p. 529—545.

Gardiner Hump. "History and Analysis of
Tetraonid Introductions into North America," p.
855 867.

Paul D. Dalke (and 4 coauthors). "Ecology,
Productivity, and Management of Sage Grouse in
Idaho." p. 811 841.

Carlton M. Herman, "Disease and Infection in
the Tetraonidae," p. 850 855.

Two books by Bureau employees were published
in 1 DC.:;:

John J. Craighead ( and t wo coauthors). . 1 Fii l<l
Guide to Rocky Mountain Flowers, Houghton-
Mifflin Company, Boston, 227 p.

Arnold (). Haugen (and one coauthor). Field
Archery mid Bowhunting. Ronald Press, New
York, 213 p.

Another book, scheduled for publication in 1964,
is Marsh Wealth; .1 Study in fin Ecology of the
Fresh and Salt Marshes of tin United States, by

10

Neil Hotchkiss of the Patuxenf Center. The '224-
page volume will be published by Devin-Adair
Publishing Company, New York.

Dr. Lester L. Short, Jr., was author of a promi-
nent paper: "Hybridization in the Wood Warblers
Verm-lvora plnus ami V. chrysoptera" Proceed-
ings ofthe 13th International Ornithological Con-
gress, vol. 1, p. 147-160.

The Migratory Bird Populations Station con-
tinued publication of the Administrative Reports
series through 1963 by issuing numbers Hi through
39, a total of 23 papers on various aspects of mi-
gratory bird management, research techniques,
harvest, population dynamics, and related subjects.

Among the 50-odd theses produced by Unit
graduate students in 1963, a particularly out-
Standing one was: Charles M. Loveless, "Ecologi-
cal Characteristics of a Selected Mule Deer Win-
ter Range," Colorado State University, doctoral
thesis, 318 p. ( typewritten ) .

HONORS

Iowa Wildlife Unit leader

Dr. Arnold O. Haugen was continued in his
appointment as a member of Operation Archery
Project of the American Association of Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation, a section of
the National Education Association. He served
as regional membership chairman, and as a mem-
ber of the nominating committee of the Wildlife
Disease Association. He was a member of the
North Central Dove Committee and of the Mid-
west Pheasant Council, discussion leader for the
panel "Evaluation and Research" at the National
Conference on Leadership and Leisure, elected
President of the North Central Section of the
Wildlife Society for 1964, and appointed vice
chairman of the Governor's Advisory Committee
on Conservation of Outdoor Resources by Harold
E. Hughes, Governor of the State of Iowa.

Scientific equipment in wide variety and almost fantastic capability is used in modern wildlife research. This Atomic
Seanogram II Chromatogram Scanner is used at the Denver Wildlife Research Center to measure radioisotope-tagged
pesticide materials on paper chromatograms. (Photo by James E. Peterson)

11

National award
Dr. Aelred I). Greis and Mr. Samuel M. Carney

of the Migratory Bird Populations Station re-
ceived one of the $.500 awards made annually by
the American Motors Corporation, New York
City, for outstanding contributions to conserva-
tion. The award was for development of the wing
technique for identifying, aging, and sexing ducks

killed by hunters. Only one wing of a duck need
he contributed by a hunter, using a self-mailing
envelope. The method provides information es-
sential to an understanding of the population dy-
namics of the various important species, and makes
possible the use of a larger and better-distributed
sample. It is also saving in time and manpower
and. therefore, in costs.

The sea lions on Walrus Island in the Bering Sea, pictured here, and the sea otters of the northern coast, are among
the marine mammals under study by Bnreau biologists. (Photo by Karl W. Kenyon)

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR

WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

A primary responsibility of the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife is the preservation and
management of migratory birds, among which
waterfowl are of paramount importance. In
meeting this responsibility, continuing research is
necessary, to improve habitat management, to de-
velop new habitat, to define guidelines for habitat
acquisition, to evaluate the effects of regulations
and other management measures, and to improve
inventory methods and operations. In these re-
search activities the Bureau wishes to acknowledge
the cooperation of the Provinces and States, both
through the Flyway Councils and through their
own research programs.

Mallard population dynamics studied. — Because
of the Mallard's dominant position, analyses of
data on this species have been emphasized at the
Migratory Bird Populations Station. From the
size of the kill in 1062 as measured by the mail
questionnaire survey of hunters, the age composi-
tion of the kill indicated in the mail wing-collec-
tion survey, and the band recovery rates computed
in the preseason banding program, it was possible
to estimate the size of the 1963 breeding popu-
lation.

These analyses verified the results of the Bu-
reau's aerial surveys in May, since this indirect
method of estimating the population yielded es-
sentially the same estimates as the May aerial sur-
veys adjusted for visibility rates. This study also
explained that because of low production in 1002
(only 0.8 immature bird per adult) the breeding
population did not increase substantially in 1963,
despite the reduced hunting kill in 1062. The data
also indicated that if the kill in 100-2 had not been

substantially reduced through restrictive regula-
tions, the continental mallard population, already
at a low level, would have continued a downward
trend instead of attaining some recovery in num-
bers.

Wood duck research. — The wood duck is an ex-
tremely important species in the Atlantic and
Mississippi Flyways, ranking second in the hunt-
ing kill in 1062 in both. Because of its unique
range and the wooded habitat it utilizes, the status
of the species cannot be determined either by
breeding-ground survey or winter inventory. In
order to provide information needed for manage-
ment, research personnel have measured its status
by indirect methods, mainly through band-recov-
ery rates and kill statistics from the questionnaire
survey of hunters, and the wing-collection survey.
This approach has established that there are over
2,000,000 wood ducks associated with the Atlantic
and Mississippi Flyways and that, despite the
large, number shot, the rate of kill does not appear
to be excessive.

Since banding data play a vital role in under-
standing population dynamics of the wood duck,
the Populations Station has also worked on tech-
niques for increasing the efficiency with which the
birds can be captured for banding. One develop-
ment is drive-trapping roosting wood ducks at
night. In one. drive, 870 were taken in a trap
erected by 4 men in half a day. No other tech-
nique has approximated this potential for captur-
ing the birds.

Mail surveys of waterfowl hunters. — During
loo.'! several mail questionnaire surveys, as well as
duck-wing, goose-tail, and swan head-feather sur-
veys, were carried out to measure the size, species,

13

Blessed event at the Canvasback factory. The pose of the mother duck is characteristic, and she guards the ducklings
witii devotion and courage when Intruders appear. This nest was on the Redvers study area in Manitoba. (Photo by

Jerome Stondt )

; > <j-e , and sex composition of the waterfowl kill
and determine certain characteristics of hunters.
The results of the L962-63 questionnaire survey
indicated a reduction in the duck kill of nearly
50 percent below that of L961-62 in the Central
and Mississippi Flywavs, while in the Atlantic
Fly way there was no real change ( I •"• percent).
In the Pacific Flyway, there was approximately a
1'2-percent reduction in the (hick kill. The re-
duced kill in the Central and Mississippi Flywavs
was undoubtedly the result of very restrictive
waterfowl regulations in L962, which permitted

only a two-bird limit (hut only one mallard) and
a 25-day season. The results of the wiiifj-collec-
tion survey in L963 suir«rest a marked increase in
the kill — approximately double that of 1962 in
each of the two middle flywavs, :'><> percent greater
in the Pacific Flyway, and unchanged in the At-
lantic Flyway. Final figures await completion
of data analyses for the several surveys employed.
The species composition of the kill in L962 was
indicated by the wing-collection survey, and it
indicated a decrease, proportionally, in the mal-
lard kill in both the Mississippi and Central Fly-

14

ways. In the Mississippi, the wood duck kill
increased greatly in 1962, amounting to 15 percent
of the total and ranking second only to the mal-
lard with 40 percent. In contrast, the wood duck
kill represented 15.3 percent of the kill in 15)63,
but only 6.1 percent in 1961. The increase in the
proportion of wood ducks in 1963 was probably
the combined results of the liberalized wood duck
bag limit and the restrictive limit on mallards.
Despite a "bonus scaup" regulation, the kill of
lesser scaup generally declined in all fly ways: the
kill of greater scaup increased substantially in all
but the Central Flyway where this species is not
common.

The sex composition of the mallard kill in the
1962-63 season was of special interest in view of
the restrictive regulations in effect. In the Cen-
tral Flyway. the sex composition of the kill in

adult mallards changed from 2.5 males per female
in 1961-62 to 2.8 in 1962-63. [n the southern half
of the Mississippi Flyway, the sex composition of
the kill increased from 2.3 to 2.7 males per female.
These data suggest that, with the one-mallard
limit, hunters showed slightly greater tendency
to shoot drakes. For mallards in entile United
States, the adult sex composition of the kill was
two males per female, while that of immature
birds was 1.2 males per female.

Whistling swan limiting survey. — The whistling
swan hunting season in Utah in 1962 was evalu-
ated through a mail head-feather collection sur-
vey, as well as three mail questionnaire surveys.
The head-feather collection provided information
on age composition, since gray feathers from im-
mature birds can readily be differentiated from
white feathers of older birds. It also showed that

A "wing-bee'

mined from
survey — info
4 waterfowl

' — identifying ducks from wings mailed to the Bureau by successful hunters. Sex and age can he deter-
examination of these wings. Distribution of hunters and kill likewise are obtained from the wing
rmation of great value to management. In 1963. "wing-bees" were held at one location in each of the
Byways, and a total of about 100.000 wings were processed. (Photo by Arnold O. Haugen)

15

well over 50 percent of the birds taken were imma-
ture. A total of 313 swans were shot by the 1,000
hunters with permits. Hunters reported knocking
down an additional 82 birds that were not
retrieved.

Ninety-six percent of the hunters expressed an
interest in applying again for a permit, while 58
percent of a random sample of Utah waterfowl
hunters favored a controlled swan-hunting season.
Twenty-five percent of all Utah waterfowl hunters
were opposed to the season.

Hunters' reaction to waterfowl regulations. —
To determine how waterfowl hunters react to re-
strictive regulations, a questionnaire was sent to
individuals who had purchased a duck stamp for
1960. They were asked their reaction to various
regulations. In the Atlantic and Pacific Flyways
a majority of hunters indicated a preference for
the seasons in effect in 1962 rather than closed
seasons. In the Mississippi and Central Flyways
only 38 and 35 percent preferred the restrictive
open season to a closed season.

The most important finding from this survey
resulted from a comparison of hunting success in
1960 of hunters who purchased and those who did
not purchase duck stamps in 1961 and 1962. It
was found that hunters who continued to purchase
stamps each year had been approximately three
times as successful in 1960 as hunters who did not
continue duck-stamp purchase, indicating that the
decrease in kill is not necessarily proportional to
decrease in number of hunters.

Kill on private versus public land. — A mail
questionnaire survey was conducted in 1963 to esti-
mate for each State and Flyway the relative
amounts of hunting and kill on various types of
public and private land. The survey indicated
that the total number of hunter-days was about
equal on public and private areas in all but the
Central Flyway, where about 65 percent of the
hunting was on private land. Slightly over 50
percent of all ducks were reportedly bagged on
public areas in the two eastern Flyways, slightly
over 50 percent on private areas in the two western
Flyways. Private areas provided more than half
the goose bag in all Flyways, whereas public areas
contributed the larger share of the coot bag.
Hunting success for ducks appeared slightly
higher on private than on public areas in the Pa-
cific Flyway, but was nearly equal in all other
Flyways. Hunting success in all Flyways was

higher for geese on private land, and higher for
coots on public land.

Species managt mi nt stuil',, .v. — Blue-winged teal,
lesser scaup, and ring-necked duck banding data
have been examined to evaluate the effectiveness of
regulations designed to increase their harvest.

For lesser scaup and immature blue-winged teal
it was found that there was little relation between
band recovery rates (which reflect the rate of
hunting kill) and the annual mortality. For
scaup, the rate of kill seems to fluctuate greatly
from year to year, but this is not due to regula-
tions. Apparently such factors as timing of mi-
gration, variations in weather, and distribution in
relation to hunter concentration are responsible
for fluctuations in the kill of scaup.

For blue-winged teal, there is a high mortality
in immature birds not explained by differences in
kill. There is relatively low shooting pressure on
both lesser scaup and blue-winged teal, but for
teal, at least, the kill rate is influenced by the date
on which the season opens. Band recovery rates
were much higher in years with early opening
dates, which more nearly coincided with the
migration period.

Data for the ring-necked duck, considered be-
cause of its great similarity to the lesser scaup,
prompted proposals that this species be included
with scaup as "bonus birds." It was found that
the ringneck generally received about twice as
much shooting pressure as lesser scaup. Also, both
harvest rates and annual mortality for ringnecks
are influenced by hunting and changes in hunting
regulations. This indicates that, although the
lesser scaup is a prime candidate for special regu-
lations which increase its kill, this is not the case
for the ring-necked duck.

Habitat evaluation of Back Bay and Currituck
Sound. — A 5-year investigation of Back Bay-Cur-
rituck Sound as waterfowl habitat was terminated
by the Patuxent Center in September 196.'!, about
18 months after the severe storm of March 1962
had raised the salinity to 13 percent of sea
strength, and provided a unique opportunity for
evaluating the effects of this change on food
productivity.

During the summer of 1962, water salinity re-
mained above 10 percent of sea strength, and
aquatic plant production exceeded that of all pre-
vious years since the beginning of the study in
1958. The water was clearer, seed and tuber pro-
duction increased, and multitudes of brackish-

16

a

w^«

■Mi

The canoe paddle marks a nest site used for 4 consecutive years by a ring-necked duck. This diving duck character-
istically nests in dense emergent vegetation, especially vulnerable to severe drought. Drought brings extensive
destruction of the nesting grounds of the diving-duck group, which includes also the canvasback, the redhead, and
the scaups. (Photo by Howard L. Mendall)

water clams, which later served as waterfowl food,
were observed for the first time in the investiga-
tion. Waterfowl utilization totaled 27 million
waterfowl days from September 19, 1962, to Ajoril
9, 1963. This is the highest observed during the
5 years and more than twice the utilization in 1958.

In the summer of 1963, Back Bay freshened to
about 4 percent of sea strength — a near record- —
and aquatic plant production was the worst on
record. Currituck Sound, on the other hand,
maintained salinities in excess of 7 percent and
aquatic plant production continued to be good.

Goose 'production. — Fall and winter family
counts are used to determine productivity of snow
geese, blue geese, and white-fronted geese, all of
which nest in the far north where observation is
impract ical. In 1962, about 38 percent of the con-
tinental population of white-fronted geese were
immature birds, and preliminary data for 1963

Nest of a black duck on an upland site. This species, the
most important game duck in the East, has been studied
extensively since 1937 by the Maine Unit. (Photo by
Howard L. Mendall)

734-563 I

i

'*••»-•«-■..

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MMM

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4« * tf

m

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Ross' goose, showing the characteristic dusky patches on the head and shoulders of young of the year. From this
Characteristic, productivity for the year can be determined after the birds reach their wintering ground. (Photo by
John J. Lynch)

indicate better than 38 percent production. In
1962, about 29 percent of the lesser snow geese
were immature, and 196:5 data indicate a produc-
tivity between 29 percent and 40 percent. Blue
geese innnalures constituted 32 percent of the
population in 1962, but preliminary data for 1963
indicate only 16 percent to 27 percent immature
birds in the population.

Wood duck nesting structures. — Studies on 20
impoundments at the Patuxent Center revealed

that predation of wood duck boxes by raccoons,
minks, and snakes was eliminated in 1963 by the
installation of aluminum predator guards 9 inches
wide and 38 inches long. These guards enclose
the post of the nest structure longitudinally in
"sandwich*' fashion.

Tests of methods to discourage starlings from
using wood duck houses yielded valuable results.
In 1963, starlings used 37 percent of the conven-
tional vertical houses but only about 4 percent of

18

the horizontal furnace-pipe boxes and none of
the horizontal roofing-paper boxes. Wood ducks
used 28 percent of b"> available vertical boxes, 25
percent of the ~>2 furnace-pipe boxes, and 15 per-
cent of '■'>'■* roofing-paper boxes.

Management of aquatic plants. - Eurasian
watermilfoil has spread rapidly over many of the
more protected parts of Chesapeake Bay and now
occupies more than loo.OOO acres. It has also been
found in Alabama. California, Indiana, New Jer-
sey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. This exotic
milfoil grows in medium to hard water and in
saline situations up to about 28 percent of sea
strength, and it can exist in salinities as high as
13 percent of sea strength.

In the Chesapeake Bay area, the effectiveness of
•_M-D treatment at 20 and 30 pounds acid equiva-
lent per acre was best when the water temperature
was above 18° C, the vegetation thick enough to
contain the treatment, and before the period of
flowering. Preliminary studies with new com-
pounds reveal that diquat, a mixture of endothal,
and the potassium salt of silvex, showed promise
in tidal situations. The sodium salt of fenac was
not effective in tidal areas in controlling Eurasian
watermilfoil.

Alligatorweed is another exotic plant that de-
tracts from waterfowl habitat in southeastern
United States by crowding out food plants and
blocking waterways. In cooperation with U.S.

^'\ -

A typical 12-acre pond on the Yellowknife area. Mackenzie
District. Northwest Territories. Lesser scaup commonly
nest in the sedges bordering such ponds. In the Far
Xorth. water tables are still relatively stable. (Photo
by II. W. Murdy)

Army Engineers, biologists from Patuxent tested
several methods of control. They found that the
iso-octyl ester of silvex is effective for a longer
period of time than the potassium salt of silvex.
Both formulations are effective in controlling
rooted alligatorweed at rates of 20-pound acid
equivalent per acre. Elicit ivc methods of control-
ling floating mats have not yet been found.

1 mprovement in North Dakota waterfowl
habitat. — Most potholes in three study areas in
North Dakota were in good condition in the spring
of 190;}, owing to an excellent winter carryover of
water from the previous fall and fairly good
spring snow melt. During mid-April, water levels
in potholes of the more permanent type were much
higher than during the corresponding periods in
1961 and 1962. Water levels of temporary or sea-
sonal types also were considerably improved, with
the exception of a few potholes on higher eleva-
tions. Date spring and summer rainfall in 1963
was not sufficient to maintain levels and potholes
dried increasingly as the season progressed. On
October 15, at the end of the growing season, only
19 out of 137 ponds still contained water. Com-
parable figures for 1961 and 1962 were 0 and 109.

Transient waterfowl concentrated on the study
areas in much larger numbers last April and May
than in 1961 and 1962. Diving ducks, including
redheads,' canvasbacks, and lesser scaup, were
especially abundant. Unusually large populations
of waterfowl were resident during late spring and

Many potholes in Stutsman County. N. Dak., even large
ones like this, became completely dry during the summer
of 1961. In years of average precipitation, this is one of
the better duck-nesting areas in the prairie pothole coun-
try. Waterfowl reproduction is seriously affected as
drought becomes severe. (Photo by R. E. Stewart)

19

summer. Coots showed a phenomenal increase in
breeding pairs, as compared with 1961 and 1962,
and the 11 species of ducks that became established
were also represented by substantially greater
numbers.

The total waterfowl breeding population in 1963
< un-Mt'd of 592 pairs of ducks and 369 pairs of
coots and may be compared with the 136 and 278
pairs of ducks and 29 and 94 pairs of coots in 1961
and 1962. Nesting success on the 3 areas in 1963,
based on 53 duck nests active (containing eggs)
when found, was 32 percent (17 nests), while 68
percent (36 nests) were destroyed by predators
or were deserted. Raccoons appeared to be re-
sponsible for most of the nest losses. A total of
183 duck broods were recorded on Stutsman
County areas in 1963, a marked increase over the
116 broods in 1962 and the 40 broods in 1961.

Waterfowl production improves on Far North
area. — The 5-year Yellowknife study was initi-
ated in 1961 and became fully operational in 1962.
Located in the Mackenzie District- of the North-
west Territories in a superior habitat type, the

area consists of a 30-mile segment of the Mackenzie
Highway and contains 15 square miles with 236
natural water areas ranging in size up to 92 acres.

Field work in L963 was carried out on the tract
between May 1 5 and August 24. A notable feature
of the investigation was the opportunity to com-
pare productivity during an extremely early sea-
son with productivity during the moderately late
season of 1962.

The breeding population was estimated at 776
pairs, averaging 51.7 per square mile or 13 percent
more than in 1962. Lesser scaup, ringnecks, and
baldpates were substantially more abundant ;
green- winged teals were decidedly less numerous;
and there were fewer mallards. As compared
with 1962, nesting began 12 days earlier for the
mallard and pintail, and 3 and 4 days earlier for
the bufflehead and scaup. Hatching, beginning
al>out June 7, was also more advanced than in
1962, and was about as early as can be expected in
the Yellowknife region. Production was recorded
at 1,353 class I ducklings, or 32 percent more than
in 1962.

-«~** \

Waterfowl brood counts on Far North study areas sometimes requires portaging of canoes over rugged terrain, like
that shown here on the Yellowknife area. Mackenzie District. Northwest Territories. (Photo by II. W. Murdy)

20

In an Iowa Unit project, clucks were counted on specified areas as they flew to and from roosts at dawn and at dusk.
(Photo by Arnold O. Haugen)

Rapid growth of ducklings in Arctic. — It has
long been assumed that the rapid growth of duek-
lings in arctic and subarctic regions accounted for
the high rearing success observed under conditions
induced by the short far-north summer. Actual
measurements of growth differences between tem-
perate and northern breeding areas has not pre-
viously been accomplished. In an Alaska Cooper-
ative Wildlife. Research Unit study, color-dyed
canvasback ducklings were found to attain flight
at -47 to 50 days, or 1 to 2 weeks earlier than in
southern Manitoba; arctic-born buffleheads were

flying at 40 days; lesser scaup showed growth
rates comparable to those noted in South Dakota.
Wood duck roost, counts. — In evaluating the use-
fulness of roosting flights for determining wood
duck populations, an Iowa Unit fellow concen-
trated on pool 10 of the Upper Mississippi River
Wildlife and Fish Refuge, where he had access
to 530 pairs of nesting birds. About 35 percent
nested in the 50 square miles of bottomlands and
65 percent nested off the refuge along 5 miles of
tributaries or on adjacent bluffs. This pattern
represented no significant change from 1962, either

21

in size of the nesting population or its distribution
among major habitat types. Migration and
chronology of nesting were 1 week earlier than in
1!)62. An index to annual fluctuations in the nest-
ing populal ion on the refuge was based in roosting-
fliglit counts at the mouths of tributaries.

Factors affecting waterfowl foods in rice
fields. — Ecological factors that influence the loss
of waterfowl foods associated with rice culture
were studied during the winter of 1962-63 by the
Louisiana Unit. Emphasis was on the rate and
magnitude of seed loss, the causes of loss, and the
effect on viability and nutritive content of seeds
exposed on the ground and under water. Under-
water storage resulted in less loss in all species ex-
cept domestic rice, which showed an almost total
loss shortly after flooding. Red rice, signal grass,
jungle rice, barnyard grass, and browntop millet
showed little deterioration during 120 days of sub-
mergence; signal grass, browntop millet, and
smartweed showed low viability after 120 days of
inundation, and birds and small mammals caused
major losses of foods when the seeds were exposed
on the ground.

For the rice grower interested in waterfowl
management, the following recommendations can
be made: (1) Delay flooding of rice stubble until
after the first frost to prevent rice seed deteriora-
tion and germination, and (2) flood fallow fields
from October 1 through March 31 to provide rest-
ing and feeding areas for waterfowl.

Fulvous tree duck in Louisiana. — In the 1963
breeding season, fulvous tree ducks returned to
the fresh marshes of north-central Cameron
Parish in Louisiana in late March and early April.
Nesting had begun by late May, and the last
broods were flying by November 1. Early in No-
vember practically the entire tree duck population
in the State concentrated on Lacassine National
Wildlife Refuge and shortly thereafter departed
for the wintering grounds. Aerial censuses of
tree ducks on spring and fall concentration areas
showed a decline in the State population.

Tree duck crop depredations were serious in
1963 in only a few fields, and were limited to
water-planted rice seed. Primary losses of breed-
ing water fowl are apparently largely confined
to deliberate actions of farmers to protect their
crops.

The investigation suggested the following
recommendations: (1) make an annual appraisal
of the tree duck population; (2) inform rice

farmers of nonlethal control methods; (3) feed
ducks on Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge in
an effort to hold them on the refuge during periods
when serious crop depredations occur; (4) clarify
and publicize the legal status of tree ducks in an
effort to reduce killing in summer; and (5) obtain
further data necessary to the proper management
of the species.

Watt rfowl re/nesting mid homing. — A long-term
waterfowl renesting and homing study by the
Maine Unit was completed at the end of its eighth
year. Results in 1963 continued to indicate that
half or more of the breeding populations on the
study areas consist of females that had previously
nested here, the majority of surviving hens return-
ing to the same small islands in succeeding years.
Many important relations with respect, to cover
used, laying dates, and clutch sizes have been in-
dicated in the data gathered, and hold important
implications for waterfowl management in the
Northeast. The report is now being readied for
publication.

Canada goose sex ratios. — In a project recently
completed by the Missouri Unit, under the direc-
tion of Dr. William H. Elder of the University
of Missouri, it was found that accurate age ratios
of Canada geese could not be deduced by compar-
ing the number of old with the number of young
geese trapped at baited banding stations without
taking into account the length of time the bait was
available to the birds. The proportion of adults
in the catches increased with the time the bait
was exposed. There were no significant differ-
ences in the ease of trapping male and female birds.
This means that sampling birds captured in band-
ing traps at random sites is not a satisfactory
means of determining the success of the previous
nesting season.

Wood ducks prefer metal boxes. — In a 2-year
study of wood duck nesting in southeastern Mis-
souri, wood and metal boxes were dispersed and
available in almost equal numbers. Metal boxes
apparently were preferred throughout the nesting
period. Despite the ducks' preference for metal
boxes, losses to predators were slightly higher in
them. Metal boxes also were often hotter than
wooden boxes. Daytime temperatures in the
wooden boxes closely paralleled the ambient tem-
perature, but daytime temperatures in metal boxes
usually exceeded ambient temperatures by a few
degrees.

22

The Montana Unit, working with the nesting population of Canada geese in the Flathead Valley, determined the
reproductive rate and population turnover for the flock over a 10-year period, and devised various methods for field
study such as the neck band of colored plastic tape (left) and the weighing device (right). (Photos by John J.
Craighead)

Canada geese in the Flathead Valley. — Study of
banded and color-marked Canada geese in the Flat-
head Valley by the Montana Unit revealed that
goslings exhibit a strong tendency to return to
the area where hatched. None of these geese
nested the first year of life, but they did pair, and
some pairs defended an area. Only two-thirds of
the 2-year-old geese nested, and they, too, showed
a strong homing instinct. Geese 3, 4, and 5 years
of age. and older tended to return to the previous
year's nest site, or near vicinity, to nest. It would
appear that the goose population in the Flathead
Valley of Montana is largely maintained by mem-
bers of the population unit returning each year to
nest.

Production and utilization of sago pondweed. —
Sago pondweed is one of the major waterfowl food
plants in the United States. It grows abundantly
in the marshes of the Bear River National Wild-
life Refuge. In 1962 and 1963, the Utah Unit,
cooperating with the Refuge Division, sought to
determine just how much sago pondweed is being
produced on the Refuge, and how important it
is as a waterfowl food.

During the two growing seasons, numerous sam-
ples were taken to determine the amount by weight,
of vegetation and seed, and the number of tubers

produced. In addition, soil and water salinities
have been measured, water temperatures and
depths recorded, and soil types observed to ascer-
tain whether correlation exists between plant pro-
duction and any or all of these factors.

An excellent brood-production area on the Montezuma
National Wildlife Refuge for mallards, black ducks, blue-
winged teals, and wood ducks developed by flooding a low-
grade stand of young hardwoods. An evaluation of the
type as waterfowl habitat is being made by the New York
Unit in cooperation with the Division of Wildlife Refuges
of the Bureau. (Photo by Daniel Q. Thompson)

23

In addition to productivity studies, a number of
waterfowl were placed in enclosures of predeter-
mined size in order to approximate summer uti-
lization. Results showed that, in summer, ducks
take a high percentage of the seeds produced, but
their consumption of vegetative parts and of
tubers was not extensive.

Ecology of wetland timber impoundments. —
The. New York Unit's research on plant succes-
sion, waterfowl use, and waterfowl productivity
on Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge lias been
greatly facilitated by the development of an auto-
matic sequence camera, giving photographic sur-
veillance of randomly selected plots for the entire
daylight period. Three such cameras were in op-
eration during the late summer and early fall of
19G3 and obtained a total of 60 observation-days in
this initial attempt. Minor technical problems
have been encountered in the operation of the cam-
eras; however, a completely transistorized circuit
was developed during the winter quarter, and
promises to make the camera even more useful.

OTHER MIGRATORY BIRDS

Migratory birds other than waterfowl of special
concern to the Bureau include mourning doves,
woodcock, wild pigeons, various shore birds, and
sandhill and whooping cranes. The whooping
crane is threatened by extinction; the other groups
are of particular recreational importance.

National mourning dovt breeding survey. — The
breeding population of the mourning dove in the
I'nited States is censused in a national cooperative
effort in late May and early June each year by Bu-
reau and State personnel. The data obtained are
used to compute indexes to breeding populations
in the three mourning dove management units.

* . * *»..

one of 60 "photographic plots" established by the New Jork t'nit on the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge.
Automatic-sequence cameras are mounted at sampling locations t<> obtain a measure of duck use at different periods

of the i>r ling and rearing seasons. The camera, in the waterproofed open-end i«>x on the pole, is set to begin

photographic surveillance of the plot at daylight the next morning, taking 1 picture every 15 minutes. (Photo by

Daniel Q. Thompson)

24

This census is based on the number of doves heard
cooing at 20 stops of 3 minutes each and 1 mile
apart along permanent routes in each Slate.
Analysis and interpretation of data is done by
the Migratory Bird Populations Station.

Since the census is made before, production of
young has been completed, much effort has been
given to the development of techniques that will
yield data on age composition of the dove popula-
tion in the fall. Attention has been focused on
wing collections, which have worked successfully
for other migratory game birds. Studies to date
indicate that September-shot cloves, when repre-
senting a sufficiently high portion of the total
hunting season collection, can be used to measure
the age composition of the kill.

As a means of assessing the importance of hunt-
ing in mourning-dove mortality, the Bureau has
initiated a program of preseason and postseason
dove banding. Emphasis will be on a comparison
of recovery rates from birds banded before, and
after the hunting season, thus estimating hunting-
season loss. The program is expected to run for
3 years.

Analysis of dove-banding data has permitted
refinements in relating production areas to harv-
est areas. Statistical tests indicate that recovery
patterns of doves banded as adults are different
from those of birds banded as immatures; data for
young and adults are now treated separately.
Similar tests indicate that direct recovery patterns
of all age groups differ from indirect recovery
patterns, except for adult males; therefore, except
for adult males, only direct recoveries are used.

Mourning dove studied in Arizona. — The
mourning dove is one of Arizona's most important
game birds; the State is important as both a nest-
ing and a wintering area. During the last 2 years
the Arizona Unit has attempted to develop better
methods of determining the annual production,
and has also studied the percentage, of doves killed
in Arizona but hatched outside the State. Dur-
ing the 2-year period 2,221 mourning doves were
trapped and banded. The coo count or call count
has been used to measure the number of breeding
pairs in specific areas. Emphasis in the study was
on refinement and improvement of this technique.

Dove production in north-central Colorado. — In
the four primary habitat types used by mourning
doves in north-central Colorado, a quantitative
measure of productivity was determined in 1962-
63 by the Colorado Unit. The four types, each

The extensive mourning dove banding program of the
Bureau and many State cooperators will result in clearer
definition of migration routes, longevity, and population
dynamics, knowledge of which is necessary to sound man-
agement. The banding of nestlings has proved to be
relatively rapid and economical. (Photo by Oklahoma
Wildlife Conservation Department)

represented by a typical sample of 150 acres, were
(1) urban (Fort Collins, Colo.), (2) foothills
brushland, (3) irrigated farmland, and (4) short-
grass high prairie.

The urban type showed by far the highest pro-
ductivity during the 2 years of study. Compara-
tive production figures per 150 acres are given in
the following tabulation.

AVERAGE ANNUAL DOVE PRODUCTION IN MAJOR
HABITAT TYPES OF NORTH-CENTRAL COLORADO

Habitat type

Number
of nests

Successful
clutches

Young
fledged

Youne
per 100
acres

Nesting
pairs

245

32

11

2

138

16
6
2

236

27
11
2

157
18
7
2

115

12

5

Shortgrass high prairie

2

The urban type, during the 2-year period of
1062-63, was about 8.7 times more productive than
the foothills type, 22 times more so than the farm-
land type, and 28 times more, so than the short-
grass prairie type. The far larger area contained
in the nonurban types gives these three habitats
greater significance than indicated in the tabula-
tion.

Mourning dove color sensitive. — Research at the
Missouri Unit on the effects of head-marking
penned mourning doves provided elaborations of
previously published information on this subject.
Removal of the female and eggs or squabs from
the pen always broke the pair bond, and caused
the males' rate of perch cooing to increase as much
as fifteenfold.

734-563 O— 64-

25

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One of the most distinctive of American game birds is the woodcock. They nest in the Northeast, including south-
eastern Canada, the Lake States, and elsewhere. The species' wintering grounds are in the more southern States,
especially Louisiana, where unfrozen ground permits the birds to probe for the staple of their diet, angleworms.
(Photo by Howard L. Mendall)

Green, white, or red head marks on the female
did not prevent reestablishment of the pair bond
upon the return of the female to her mate, at which
time the rate of perch cooing decreased rapidly.
Yellow head marks on the female did prevent re-
establishment of pair bonds, and the rate of perch
cooing in previous mates remained high. Pair
bonds were quickly re-formed when yellow head
marks were removed.

Significance of these findings to field studies
employing color-marked birds is not yet known.
Preliminary results indicate that colored back
straps do not have the effects on behavior that
head marking does.

Mourning dove food habits in Neio York. —
Study of the mourning dove by the New York
Unit has centered on its food habits in Tompkins
County. A total of 181 mourning doves were
collected, including 103 adults and 78 juveniles.
By considering the phenology of weed-seed avail-
ability and crop harvesting patterns in relation to
utilization of these foods by doves, the research
has established significant relations in dove food
habits in the Northeast. Wheat occurred in the
highest frequency (44 percent), followed by fox-
tail grass (36 percent), corn (27 percent), buck-
wheat (20 percent), and lesser ragweed (21 per-
cent ).

Earlier woodcock season. — As reported a year
ago, the woodcock season was advanced 10 days in
the fall of 1962, to October 10, because research by
the Massachusetts Unit indicated that many birds
migrated through the State before the season that
opened on October 20. Presumably because of
this action, the woodcock harvest in Massachusetts,
as shown by hunter questionnaires, almost doubled
in 1962 and in 1963.

Woodcock production. — As a means of measur-
ing the annual woodcock production, a sample of
hunters in the United States and Canada is asked
each year to send woodcock wings to the Migra-
tory Bird Populations Station. Hunters pro-
vided 15,315 wings in 1962. Examination of the
wings lias revealed both the ratio of adult to
current-year birds and the sex composition of the
kill. A comparison of the ratio of young per
adult female indicated no change in productivity
from 1961 to 1962, a conclusion supported by
spring counts of breeding-population size in 1962
and 1963.

The reliability of singing-ground counts is
being tested in Michigan, where 126 randomly
selected routes were censused in 196:5. These
routes, together with regular nonrandom routes,
will be covered again in 1964. With 2 years of
data it will be possible to compare both numbers

26

;» 1 1 tl change in numbers of birds recorded on the
two types of routes. Results obtained in 1963
suggest that random routes provide a more accu-
rate picture of woodcock abundance.

A great need in woodcock management is knowl-
edge of mortality rates and the extent to which
one age or sex is more likely to be shot than
another. An effective banding program would
supply this information. Using improved trap-
ping methods, personnel at Moosehorn National
Wildlife Refuge in Maine banded over 500 wood-
cocks in the summer of 1903.

Sandhill cranes in Mexico. — A sandhill crane
survey initiated by the Denver Center in Mexico
in 1962 was continued in January 1963. The 1962
survey was conducted in the States of Chihuahua,
Durango, Sinaloa, and Sonora, and expanded in
1963 to include the States of Coahuila, Guana-
juato, Puebla, and Tamaulipas.

The Bustillos and Babicora valleys in the State
of Chihuahua are by far the most important sand-
hill crane wintering grounds in Mexico. In 1963
a total of 31,850 cranes were recorded here, as com-
pared with 20,125 in 1962. In addition to small,

scattered flocks found in other regions of Chi-
huahua and Durango, the only other cranes ob-
served were in the Carmen Marshes of Puebla.
These wet lands are potentially an excellent winter-
ing area for the birds but at the time of the sur-
vey showed signs of a prolonged drought.

Search for misxhu/ ir hooping cranes. — The dis-
appearance of four whooping cranes from the
Aransas Refuge and adjacent barrier islands dur-
ing the winter of 1962-63 prompted an intensive
aerial search that extended from Galveston to
Mexico. Nearly 100 hours of flying time were de-
voted to the search over a 4-week period in Febru-
ary and March, 1963, and all possible habitat, both
coastal and inland, was covered on four occasions
without success. Repeated flights over the usual
wintering grounds failed to provide any clues re-
garding the fate of the missing whoopers.

In addition to the four birds that disappeared
from the wintering grounds, six failed to return
from the breeding grounds in the fall of 1962.
This, coupled with the fact that no young were
produced, made the year 1962 one of the most
disastrous on record for the wild population of
whooping cranes.

The Bureau is committed to protection of rare and threatened species of mammals, birds, and other American wildlife.
Special efforts are being given to preservation of the whooping crane. (Photo by Luther C. Goldman)

£? *'.-V'i

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Wildlife habitats — tidewater to timberline, bottomland hardwood in Maryland (above) to cold-stunted Engelmann
spruce in Colorado (below), 100 to 11,000 feet — are studied by Bureau ecologists in both direct and cooperative
programs. (Photo by F. C. Schmid, top; Lee E. Yeager, bottom)

M\.

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28

i ' ' '

UPLAND WILDLIFE ECOLOGY

Much of the resident game of the United States,
both birds and mammals, is produced on privately
owned land, where wildlife management respon-
sibilities are primarily those of State game and
fish departments. The Bureau has clear respon-
sibility for research on public lands leading to
improved management of upland wildlife. An-
other segment of the Bureau's responsibility in
the upland area deals with wildlife affecting forest
regeneration and range condition. The primary
approach in this country-wide Bureau program is
close cooperation with Forest and Range Experi-
ment Station personnel of the U.S. Forest Service.
Bureau research on farm game species is carried
on principally through the Cooperative Wildlife
Research Units working directly with the States.

Reindeer. — A study of the reindeer herd on St.
Matthew Island, in the Bering Sea, is being con-
ducted by the Alaska Unit. The reindeer in-
creased from 29 animals introduced in 1944 to
1,350 animals in 1957 and now number approxi-
mately 6,000, an average annual increase of over
30 percent. There are now many indications of
excessive stocking of the range. Yearlings de-
creased from 21 percent of the population in 1957
to 14 percent in 1963. Fawn weights averaged
36 percent less than in 1957, and adults were cor-
respondingly lighter. Subcutaneous fat was ab-
sent in most animals examined. Lichens have
been nearly eliminated from the winter range, and
willows have died in some areas. Grasses and
sedges showed an increase in density on winter-
range study plots, at the expense of the lichens,
the main winter reindeer food. A drastic reduc-
tion of the population is imperative if the herd
and range are to be saved.

Hunter access and deer kill distribution. — The
Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Serv-
ice and the North Carolina Natural Resources
Commission, has completed a detailed analysis of
the relation between access roads and the white-
tailed deer kill in North Carolina. Assigned

biologists worked on the Uwharrie Wildlife Man-
agement Area in the Piedmont region and on 13
game-management areas in mountainous country.

Of 3,633 kills on the Uwharrie over a 3-year
period, and 4,132 kills in the mountain areas over
a 4-year period, the following distance-to-road
data were obtained: On the Uwharrie, 40 percent
of the kills were within 300 feet from the nearest
road or trail; 81 percent were within 600 feet, and
99 percent were within 1,200 feet. None of the
deer were killed beyond 1,800 feet from a road
or trail. Of the total area 99 percent lies within
2,400 feet of driveways of some sort.

In the 13 mountain areas, hunters shot 25 per-
cent of the deer within 300 feet of a road, 54 per-
cent within 600 feet, 83 percent within 1,200 feet,
93 percent within 1,800 feet, and 98 percent within
half a mile of a road or trail. Of the total area,
98 percent lies within 2,400 feet of a roadway or
trail.

The Uwharrie was hunted by urban sportsmen,
who were not prone to enter remote areas. In
the mountains, most of the hunters were local resi-
dents, more likely to work back-country range.

Ecologiced characteristics of a mule deer winter
range. — The ecological characteristics of a selected
mule deer range in north-central Colorado was
studied by the Colorado Unit during a 2-year per-
iod from 1960 to 1962. The investigation was
conducted in cooperation with the Colorado De-
partment, of Game, Fish, and Parks, the Atomic
Energy Commission, and the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife.

The uncorrected map acreage of the Sevenmile
area is about 600 acres but when topographic con-
figuration is accounted for the actual surface area
is 960 acres. Shrubs and coniferous trees cover
about 90 percent of the tract, and are about equally
divided between the two types. About 75 percent
of the surface lies between gradients of 41 and 60
percent ; 45 percent of the slopes are south facing,
and 45 percent are north facing.

In the winter, the mean radiation index for
south-facing exposures was 37, and for north-
facing exposures was 19. South-facing slopes
received approximately nine times as much direct
sunlight in the winter as other aspects, and were
generally warmer, had less ground-surface snow,
more total annual precipitation, lower relative hu-
midity, and much more wind. North-facing con-
iferous timber types, contrastingly, had signifi-
cantly lower minimum and mean air temperatures,

29

The Romanzof Mountains of the Arctic Wildlife Range where the Alaska Unit undertook a back-pack reconnaissance
of its wildlife resources in 10(52. (Photo by David R. Klein)

30

greater frequencies and longer durations of sub-
zero and subfreezing temperatures, deeper ground-
surface snow for longer periods, higher relative
humidity, more effective precipitation, and less
wind than the other exposures.

Of the 600-odd deer observed during the study
73 percent were in shrub types, 13 percent in open-
timber types, 11 percent in drainage areas, and 3
percent in heavy timber areas. Of the total num-
ber seen, 70 percent were observed on the upper
half of the exposures involved.

Results of this and associated research conducted
concurrently by the Colorado Game, Fish, and
Parks Department have provided new and rela-
tively precise information for more effective man-
agement of mule deer winter range, the key prob-
lem in maintaining herds of the most important
big-game species in the West.

Ecology of the Middle Fork mule deer winter
range. — The Idaho Unit's investigation of this
critical winter range on the Salmon River revealed
an area of unstable soil on relatively steep slopes.
Downward soil movement is caused by runoff,

gravity, and big-game concentration on the area
during the winter months, abetted by relatively
thin density of the principal shrubs: bitterbrush,

27.7 percent; gray rabbit brush, 23.3 percent; big
sagebrush, 19.3 percent; and slender eriogonum,

14.8 percent. Bitterbrush provided only 9 percent
of the live perennial vegetative cover; big sage-
brush, 5.4 percent; gray rabbit brush, 4.3 percent;
and slender eriogonum, 4.3 percent. There are
approximately 444 shrubs per acre, of which 69
are bitterbrush plants. Utilization of bitterbrush
during the mild winter of 1961-62 was 56 percent
of the annual growth.

The inaccessibility of the critical Middle Fork
range makes adequate harvests of mule deer diffi-
cult. During the early part of the hunting season
(September 15-Xovember 15), deer remain high
and scattered in precipitous terrain and descend to
lower elevations in numbers only during the third
month of the season. Productivity studies for
both the herd and the range have provided the
Fish and Game Department and the U.S. Forest
Service with basic management information.

The expanding reindeer herd on St. Matthew Island in the Bering Sea provides the basis for a range-use study by
the Alaska Unit. The herd has increased from 29 animals at the time of release in 1944 to 6.000 in 1963. (Photo by
David R. Klein)

Environmental analysis shows the way to more effective management of critical wildlife areas. The Colorado Unit,
under AEC contract and in a cooperative projeel with the Colorado Game. Fish, and Parks Department, concluded a
comprehensive study of a selected mule deer winter range that involved the measurement of weather, vegetational,
topographic, and soil factors, correlated with deer use and behavior on the area. (Photos by Lee E. Yeager)

lift-/

In range studies nn the Public Lands, the Bureau cooperates with the U.S. Forest Service or the

Bureau of Land Management and usually with the states involved. Here, forage production

and utilization are Under measurement on heavily used elk range ill Idaho (left), and on a critical
deer winter range in Utah. (Photos by Paul 1>. Dalke. left: W. L. Kobinette, right)

32

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t . '? Aon a1 (7^tA "■/«*«. . t.Tj/* , • » W. 2X .* - m

Winter food is a major factor in sustaining deer herds. The Denver Center, in cooperation with the Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, is experimenting with chemical repellents in efforts to protect newly established
deer browse, in this case aspen regeneration. (Photo by Donald R. Dietz)

Nutrient requirements of white-tailed deer. —
Studies of calcium and phosphorus utilization in
male deer, using specially designed metabolism
stalls, were continued through the year by the
Pennsylvania Unit. Deer were subjected to re-
stricted diets and sacrificed. Bone marrow condi-
tions paralleled the well-known New York studies.
The sequence in utilization of various body-fat
deposits appeared highly definitive as to stage of
malnutrition. Microflora in the rumen apparently
retained ability to digest carbohydrates much
longer than proteins when deer were subjected to
starvation diets for extended periods. Mainte-
nance of male deer on 16-hour days through the
use of artificial light, initiated June '22, 1963, has

734-563 (

thus far resulted in a general retardation in antler
velvet rubout and molting of the summer pelage.

Venison quality and palatability studies. — Fac-
tors influencing quality and palatability of venison
were studied by the Utah Unit. Washing the car-
cuss after field dressing and field cooling, or not
washing it, or not transporting the carcass while
it retained body heat, had no appreciable effect
on the quality and palatability of the deer tested.
Aging was found to be beneficial in developing
better flavor and greater tenderness in venison,
as well as making the carcass easier to handle, cut,
and wrap for storage. One week of aging gave
optimum results in flavor. Meat from animals 2
years old or less was preferred to that of the older

33

animals. Meat taken during the earlier months
was preferred to late season kills. The live pack-
aging materials recommended for locker use, al-
though showing variation in effectiveness, pre-
served a good color and prevented freezer burn
and weight loss. Flavor, palatability, and tender-
ness of ground meat were increased by the addition
of fat. Fat also contributed to a moister (juicier)
product. Use of the antibiol ic A.ureomycin <>n the
meat increased significantly the flavor and accepta-
bility scores.

Population study of bighorn sheep. — The ob-
jective- of this investigation were to determine the
population dynamics of Rocky .Mountain bighorn
sheep on Wildhorse Island (in Flathead Lake)
during the years 1959 to 1962, and to bring to-
gether information on this population for a 22-
year period. The work was conducted by the
Montana I nit.

The number of bighorn sheep on Wildhorse Is-
land increased from 2 yearlings in 1939 to 6 sheep
(2 rams, 3 ewes, and 1 lamb) in May of 1047, when
an additional 7 (3 rams. 3 ewes, and 1 lamb) were
released. The herd increased to approximately
100 animals by the summer of 1054. Counts for
the 4 years 1951) to 1962 were 114. 11-2, 100, and 97.
It is considered probable that almost all of the
2-year-old ewes produced lambs from initial in-
troduction until the peak population was reached.
Under the present condition of a stable or declin-
ing population, just over 50 percent of the 2-year
ewes reproduce. A minimum loss of 114 bighorns
can be accounted for since 1952. The heaviest mor-
tality of adult bighorns, found dead with horn
sheaths intact, was estimated to have occurred dur-
ing the sixth year of life in females and during
the eighth year in males. The maximum life span
of 17 rams (1 year old or older) found dead or
dying was estimated to be 10 years.

Horn growth and aging in bighorn slurp. — A
study of 62 bighorn sheep by the Montana Unit
showed that horn growth in rains is affected by
physiological and environmental conditions, evi-
dent from cessat ion and resumpl ion of growth that
formed distinct rings, and the retardation of
growth that formed secondary or false annuli.
Examination of external and internal characteris-
tics revealed that horn growth occurred over the
entire surface of the bony core and not just at its
base.

Differential growth rates control conformity of
the horn. Linear growth was greatest during the

second year and became increasingly less subse-
quently. Definite differences were noted in the
formation of distinct annual rings and secondary
or false rings. Within limitations of individual
variation, the distinct annual rings (true annuli),
formed at the end of growth periods, may be used
as an indication of age in rams.

Grizzly bear population study in Yellowstone
Park. — In L963, a total of 55 bears were handled
(•24 initial captures and 31 recaptures), by Mon-
tant Unit personnel, raising the total number for
the 5-year study to 282. Thirty-three bears were
captured during 28 of 68 t rap-nights, for a success
of II percent, an increase of 9 percent over 1962.
The remaining 22 animals were shot with drug-
filled syringe darts while free-ranging. Twenty-
four bears were marked for a 5-year total of
165 different grizzlies. Eighty-seven marked
bears were theoretically in the population in 1963
and 74 were observed 1 or more times.

The radio-tracking system and a bioeleetronic
laboratory were in full operation during 1963.
Seven bears were instrumented during 1963 for a
total of 13 to date. The last grizzly to receive its
transmitter (No. 164) was tracked to its "hiber-
nating" den on November 5. The distinctive sig-
nal was first received at a distance id' about in
miles. Using directional receivers, the source of
the signal was located deep in wilderness country
during a severe snow storm and the instrumented
hear was actually ohserved entering the den.

I'rrctiry. — For the sixth consecutive year the
Arizona Unit and the Arizona Game and Fish
Department worked together in manning the L963
javelina hunter checking stations. A total of 156
animals were handled, and data on weights, gen-
eral condition, and age were collected. Aging was
determined from the teeth. In addition, attention
was given to the possibility of using eyelens for
aging, and eyeballs were collected from dead jave-
linas for the second consecutive year.

Further data on javelina reproduction, rate of
increase, and food and water requirements were
collected from captive animals kept by the Unit.
To assist in solving the difficult problem of inter-
preting corpora lutea data, females are being
sacrificed at known stages of the reproductive
cycle.

Social behavior in swamp rabbits. — A study of
social behavior of confined swamp rabbits by the
Missouri Unit showed that males have strong so-
cial hierarchies. The penned rabbits formed

34

breeding groups, each of which hud its own dom-
inant male and its females. Some males were ex-
cluded from any breeding groups. Within the
groups, dominant males evidently sired most or all
of the young. Males of the breeding groups
showed some territorial tendencies and defended
areas depending upon location of the females.
Wild swamp rabbits may form breeding groups of
this type, and the interrupted habitat type often
used by the species would be conducive to forma-
tion of such groups. This is apparently the first
specific delineation of a habitat preference in rela-
tion to breeding habits of the swamp rabbit.

Ecology of the striped skunk determined by
telemetry. Five skunks were trapped and r:nli<>-
equipped by the Ohio Unit in July and August of
1063. A high incidence of rabies in this species
prompted an attempt to develop tracking equip-
ment to study movements and behavior patterns.
Radio tracking showed that skunks prefer water-
way shorelines as travel lanes, but frequently use
fencerows. They feed in hayfields, meadows, or
pastures with short vegetation, and usually travel
0.5 to 1 mile from the densite. Movements from
dens began at about 7 p.m. and the animals re-
turned between 3 and 5 a.m. Four to six hours
were spent in the feeding area once it was reached
by casual, unhurried travel. After feeding, the
instrumented skunks moved directly back to the
den.

Arctic fox. — In an arctic fox study by the
Alaska Unit it has been found that eskimo trap-
pers along the Arctic coast blame the low price of
furs ($12.50 average), availability of other forms
of employment, and occasional poor health, for the
reduced trapping in recent years. At the village of
Barrow an average of 73 traps per trapline is
maintained. Traplines vary from 5 to 175 miles in
length and average 63 miles; motorized over-snow

Radio-tracking: of wild animals has become common, and
offers a means of studying movements, range, and be-
havior provided by no other technique. Montana Unit
members "instrument" a grizzly bear by installing a radio
transmitter attached to a neck collar (top); South
Dakota Unit personnel demonstrate a radio tracking de-
vice (middle) ; a striped skunk, "instrumented" by the
Ohio Unit, travels through a soybean field toward feeding
ground (bottom) — this animal was tracked continuously
for several days. (Photos by Montana Cooperative Wild-
life Research Unit, top ; Paul F. Springer, middle ; and
Tony J. Peterle, bottom)

35

Trapping wildlife, alive and unharmed, for in-hand study
is commonplace in Bureau programs, both direct and
cooperative. A snowshoe hare just removed from livetrap
hy Alaska Unit graduate student (top), and a trap being
set for pine squirrel by Bureau biologist. (Photos by
David R. Klein, top; Denver Wildlife Research Center,
bottom)

vehicles are used more frequently than dog teams
to maintain traplines. Pelt studies indicate that
young foxes reach primeness later than adults; a
large early season catch of juveniles can therefore
have a pronounced effect on the value of the an-
nual harvest.

F.fft et of slope on browse production.— In a tim-
berstand improvement study on the Pisgah Na-
tional Forest in North Carolina, in cooperation
with the U.S. Forest Service, clearings on lower
slopes produced 10 times more available deer
browse than those on upper slopes. Cleared areas
on lower slopes produced 801 pounds of browse
per acre, as compared with 5 pounds on uncut
areas. The most important browse species were
red oak, black gum, smilax, dogwood, red maple,
black locust, sourwood, Vaccinium sp., sassafras,
and white oak. Track-count plots indicated that
clearings were used more than check areas during
the first growing season and during critical
periods.

Productivity of bobwhite quail in Alabama. —
This 10-year study, designed to evaluate the an-
nual production of quail as related to weather or
other factors, was completed in 1963. Wings were
solicited from hunter cooperators, who contributed
81,749 during the period. The percentage of
juvenile quail in the bag, and the fraction of the
total hatch before July 1 of each year, were ascer-
tained from these materials. It was clearly de-
monstrated that the peak hatch for each year was
correlated with the wettest part of the season.
Dry periods early in the season resulted in the
hatching of an above average number of young
after July 1, and years of above-average rainfall
resulted in an above-average percentage of young
quail in the kill, the Alabama Unit reported.

Fertilization improves quail habitat. — Fertiliza-
tion experiments in conjunction with burning
were continued on both the burned and unburned
tracts studied by the Alabama Unit. Intercepts
measured in September indicated the following
coverage, in percent, by quail food plants: burned
and fertilized area, 23.82: burned area. 13.38; fer-
tilized area, 2.64; check area, 1.42. These results
are considered significant and of definite manage-
ment interest.

Habitat components of the bobwhite quail. —
This project, completed in 1963 by the Oklahoma
Unit, showed that from late May until autumn the
principal foods of quail were mass seeds. Of
particular importance were Johnsongrass, fringe-
leaf paspalum, panic grasses, and wheat ; insects

36

Habitat of bobwhite quail is being studied by the Alabama, Oklahoma, and Virginia Units, and pesticide investigations
are under way at the Patuxent Center and at two research stations in Alabama. Nest in typical cover in Oklahoma
(left) and a quail family in old field type in Virginia (right). (Photos by Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit, left ; and L. G. Kesteloo, right)

also were prominent in the summer diet. In win-
ter, seeds remained a dietary staple, but the insect
material was largely replaced by leafy foods. Of
more than passing interest was the fact that when
the ground is covered with snow, sumac seeds be-
come important in the quail's diet.

Cover used for various purposes possessed dis-
tinctive characteristics. Roosting spots were typi-
cally surrounded by taller herbaceous plants,
usually bunchgrasses. These were of low to mod-
erate density and provided little overhead canopy
or obstruction. Resting places on the other hand
were generally under low trees or shrubs, which
did provide overhead canopy, lateral concealment,
and low stem density. Cover used for escape was
at least 3 feet in height and dense enough to pro-
vide some concealment. Foraging and dusting
were, carried out in places where stem density was
low.

Metirm' quail. — The Arizona Unit conducted re-
search on Mearns' quail during the year, working
in grassy areas of the live-oak woodland in the
southeastern part of the State. In recent years
very short hunting seasons on Mearns' quail have
been permitted by the Arizona Game and Fish De-
partment. The study has clearly shown that the
quail population is not damaged in these hunts,
since the bird has a high reproductive potential.
Age ratios in the fall population are comparable
to those in Gambel's and scaled quails.

Juncos important consumers of conifer seed. —
In the Northwest, the seeds of Douglas-fir and
other important forest trees are staple foods for
many birds and mammals. In some years forest
regeneration is threatened by the loss. The juncos,
small birds common to the region, are perhaps the
most abundant of the seed eaters. Analyses of
the gizzard contents of juncos collected seasonally

37

FALL

MID-WINTER

EARLY SPRING

CORN STALKS

iKL

Kf.

--* -

CORN STUBBLE

WHEAT STUBBLE
UNDISKED

WHEAT STUBBLE
DISKED

mm

%j

BARLEY STUBBLE
UNDISKED

OATS STUBBLE
UNDISKED

$Sk,

Determination of the kind and quality of winter food available to wildlife is highly Important to management The
Colorado Unit found that there is extreme variation in quantity of grain left in fields at this season, determined
largely by cultural practice, as shown in the direct comparison above. (Photo by Wayne W. Sandfort and Harold
W. Steinhoff)

38

Typical cover along dry drainage courses in the desert type of southwestern Utah. Gambel's quail find fairly suitable
habitat in such cactus-yueca-greasewood stands. (Photo by Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit)

on the Andrews Experimental Forest of western
Oregon have revealed that Douglas-fir and hem-
lock seeds are most freely taken, amounting to
more than 20 percent of the total diet in a 90-bird
sample. The juncos displayed a strong preference
for Douglas-fir seed over the seeds of hemlock and
red cedar, the Denver Center reported.

Problems with mult! font roxe. — Multiflora roses
have been widely planted in hedgerows for wild-
life food and cover and as a "living fence."
About 3 miles of experimental multiflora hedge-
row was established on the Patuxent Center, be-
ginning in 1D4T. During ensuing years it became
a nuisance in many places on the Center, owing
to vigorous growth and wide dissemination of
seeds by birds. Elsewhere many landowners had
become bitterly disillusioned with multiflora, and

State response had ranged from warnings to at-
tempts at legislation to prohibit its further use.

In an attempt to reevaluate the rose for wildlife
purposes on agricultural land, Patuxent personnel
determined that, from the original plantings, the
rose had spread over much of the developed area
of the Center itself. In favorable locations, it
had formed impassable thickets, and it was very
common along fencerows, forest edges, roadsides,
ditches, an orchard, and the banks of a farm pond.

In cooperation with the Agricultural Research
Service, the Center has undertaken control tests
with seven leading herbicides. Most of the
chemicals killed the canes quickly, but some of
the treated plants had started to sprout again be-
fore the onset of winter. Final results cannot be
evaluated until after another growing season.

39

3i

Multiflora rose, good wildlife cover and effective as a hedgerow and "living-fense," is an aggressive spreader under
some conditions. Its ecology and methods of control are being studied intensively at the I'atuxent Center. (Photo
by F. C. Schmid)

Recreational use of forest land. — The Virginia
Unit studied area use in George Washington Na-
tional Forest, interviewing 1,532 parties leav-
ing the study area. Resultant data yielded a total-
use estimate for commercial, residential, and
miscellaneous categories amounting to 833,314
man-hours with a probable error of ±15 percent.
Approximately 83 percent (691,837 man-hours) of
this total was recreation use. Component recrea-
tion uses were 233,71 1 man-hours in private camps,
182,389 man-hours on developed sites, and 275,688
man-hours on undeveloped areas, with probable
errors of ±26, ±28, and ±21 percent. Hunting,
sightseeing, fishing, and primitive camping were
the major uses on undeveloped areas. Hunting

was estimated at 140,517 man-hours, sightseeing
at 54,395, fishing at 34.119, and camping at 24,285,
with errors ranging from ±26 to ±47 percent.
On developed sites, campgrounds received 79 per-
cent of the 182,839 man-hours of use.

The most important result of the study was the
development, in the absence of prior knowledge
of optimum sample size or allocation of effort, of
a stratified random sampling design for obtaining
acceptable estimates of total and component rec-
reation use on large units of forest land.

Foreign game introduction program. — Trial
liberations of 16 species or subspecies of foreign
game birds, including 5 pheasant crosses new to
the United States, are currently under way in 23

40

The Foreign Game Introduction Program has required extensive travel in foreign lands, and close working relations
with native peoples, in the search for birds adaptable to game-vacant regions in the United States. Francolin grouse
trappers in India with tools of the trade — nets, rope for dragging net, and carrying basket (top) ; gray francolin,
a game bird adaptable to cultured lands in semiarid regions (bottom left) ; and black francolin, a species apparently
suitable to forests and farmlands of the humid South, in holding pen (bottom right). All species of foreign game
are carefully evaluated as potential pests, and held 2 months in quarantine for assurance against disease introduction
before release. (Photos by Gardiner Bump)

41

States and Guam. Twelve species or subspecies,
10 of which are pheasants, occupy farm and adja-
cent brushland habitats. Six are potentially
adaptable to rangelands and dry farmlands; and
three are woodland species. Areas in which the
releases are being made lie mainly in the east-
central, southern, southwestern, and far-western
States.

No new game birds were obtained or recom-
mended for trial in 1963. Program personnel
continued to assist cooperating States in the selec-
tion of release sites and evaluation of previous lib-
erations. Much of their time was spent in pro-
viding technical suggestions relative to product ion,
on State game farms, of quality stock well condi-

tioned for survival upon release in the wild.
During the year, 25 States reared and liberated
23,958 birds of 19 species or subspecies, mostly
to supplement previous releases.

Although it is still too early to evaluate results
for most species under trial, some trends are
evident. Iranian pheasants, black francolin, and
gray francolin have definitely demonstrated the
ability to survive, reproduce, and increase sub-
stantially in a number of release locations. Con-
versely, Indian sandgrouse have disappeared, and
Reeves pheasants are barely hanging on. Six
other species are maintaining themselves in num-
bers great enough to justify guarded optimism,
and two others have probably failed.

The Iranian black-necked pheasant, brought to the United States through the Foreign Game Introduction Program,
now occurs in more than 40 counties of Virginia and in smaller numbers in several other southern and southeastern
States. This pheasant appears adaptable to semihumid forest-farmland habitats where ring-necked pheasants have
failed to survive. (Photo by Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries)

*f J ■ ■ k '..V •

PESTICIDE-WILDLIFE RELATIONS

In the controversial pesticide question, the
Bureau has wide responsibility for obtaining facts
on the immediate and long-range effects of pesti-
cides on wildlife resources. The objective of ex-
tensive investigations is to assist in the develop-
ment of methods and materials which will insure
effective pest control with the greatest possible
safety to man and wildlife. In the Bureau's con-
cept, safe use requires a multiple approach in re-
search: more selective chemicals; more accurate
dosage; substitution, where possible, of biological
or ecological methods for chemicals; use of less
persistent but still effective chemicals; rigid ad-
herence to prescribed directions; and, above all,
thorough testing prior to release for general
application.

Improved methods and equipment. — In chem-
istry, the Bureau's research centers have given
special emphasis to the simplification of analytical
methods in order to reduce the time required for
determining pesticide residues in biological speci-
mens.

The adaptation of the gas chromatograph,
employing an electronic-capture detector, to rou-
tine analyses for chlorinated hydrocarbon residues

shows promise of reducing cost as well as increas-
ing sensitivity of pesticide detection without ex-
cessive "cleanup."

New facilities have been added to the laboratory
at the Denver Center to aid in the. development of
methods and to allow the detection of lower levels
of certain materials. Such equipment includes
an Atomic Scanogram II Chromatogram Scanner
and a liquid scintillation counter to permit, detec-
tion and measurement of extremely minute quan-
tities of radioisotope-tagged pesticide materials
used in translocation and metabolism studies.

Limited field observation on the effects of
experimental applications of Phosphamidon on
wildlife was possible through cooperation with the
U.S. Forest Service in tests to determine its suit-
ability for the control of spruce budworm and
hemlock looper. Additional joint investigations
are anticipated in order to attain a mutual goal
of replacement of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
cides with less persistent pesticides for forest
insect, control.

Persistent pesticides from remote areas. — Pesti-
cide residues have been isolated and identified
from aquatic plants and snails collected in north-
ern Canadian waterfowl nesting habitat, as well as
in the atmosphere in these areas. In an attempt
to understand better the presence of pesticides in
remote, and untreated areas, the Denver Center
developed an air-sampling device consisting of a
2-inch glass tube containing a loosely packed glass-
wool filter coated with mineral oil, fastened out-
side the airplane.

Modern and highly specialized laboratory equipment permits measurement of minutely small quantities of pesticides
in animal tissues. A chemist I left ) using gas chromatograph for separation and analysis of pesticide residues, and
(right! a chemist preparing thin-layer chromatography plates for pesticide analysis. (Photos by Rex G. Schmidt)

43

t'anada geis, m .'.( /' feeding test.— The feed-
ing habits of Canada geese make them vulnerable
to herbicide ingestion. To investigate the impacl
nf one such material on the internal organs of
geese, an ad-lib feeding tesl using 1,000 p.p.m. of
2,4-D sodium salt was initiated at the Denver Cen-
ter. Upon examination, tissue damage in the form
of progressive kidney enlargement and a general
"jaundiced" appearance of the viscera was evident.
Microscopic examination of tissues indicated more
specific damage consisting in general "disorgani-
zation" of the kidney and liver cellular structures
through a fatty degeneration, round-cell and con-
nective-tissue invasion, lesions and dissolution of
renal tubules, arteriole wall enlargement, and
glomeruli enlargement .

Histologic examination of geese removed from
extended treatment and placed on a "clean" con-
trol diet indicated that tissue damage may be
repaired.

Sevin appears loir in toxicity to wildlife. — At
Lost wood National Wildlife Refuge in North

Dakota, Sevin, an insecticide of the carbamate
group, is being field tested by the Denver Center
for acute and chronic effects on wildlife. In the
laboratory, this compound appears to be of low
toxicity to birds and mammals and is not stable in
composition, thereby reducing chronic hazard in
the field. It appears promising for use on upland
areas where pests such as grasshoppers must be
■ Hiit rolled with minimal danger to wildlife.
Spraying of water areas should be avoided be-
cause of its high toxicity to some forms of aquatic
life.

Pesticides and prairie grouse. — Tests with
penned prairie grouse have indicated that dieldrin
is highly toxic to them. The largest oral dose
survived by sharptails has been 1.5 mg kg. and by
prairie chickens, 10 mg/kg. Sevin, a carbamate
insecticide of potential use on grouse range, has

Holding pen with water and feeder used in conducting pesticide studies with wild ducks and Reese. Denver Wildlife
Research Center. ( 1'hoto hy M. (!. Sheldon)

44

3S£*

The effects of pesticides on game and aquatic birds are being determined under controlled conditions at Bureau
research centers. Pheasants, quails, ducks, geese, sharptail grouse, gulls, and pelicans are some of the birds studied
in 1963. (Photos by L. G. Kesteloo, left ; James E. Peterson, right)

been found low in direct toxicity. Sharptails have
survived acute doses of Sevin up to 1,500 mg/kg,
and prairie chickens have survived up to 1,800
mg/kg.

DDT residues in mule deer. — The accumulation
and elimination rate of DDT residues or metabo-
lites was determined at the Denver Center in a 2-
year mule deer buck by analyzing subcutaneous
fat from the rump before, during, and after ex-
posure to DDT placed in the feed at a rate of 10
mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Feeding of
DDT began on September 27 and ended on Novem-
ber 8, 1963. Fat samples ranging in amount, from
2.8 to 5.4 grams were obtained at each biopsy.

Analysis of fat samples taken 3 days before the
beginning of the test showed less than 0.5 p. p.m.
for the aggregate of insecticide residues. Seven
days after ingestion, residue levels were 27 p.p.m.
for DDT and 1.6 p.p.m. for TDE. Sixteen days
after conclusion of the 10-day test, residue values
had increased to 58 p.p.m. and 7.3 p.p.m. respec-
tively, and by November 8, about 1 month after
the last DDT ingestion, they were 0.6 p.p.m. and
2.4 p.p.m., respectively, in the fat samples. On
the same date, various organs showed traces of
DDE, up to 12 p.p.m. of DDT, up to 1.6 p.p.m. of
TDE, and up to 0.84 p.p.m of DDMU.

Toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to
?)iallards. — In 1963, the Denver Center, in coopera-
tion with the University of California and the
Kern Mosquito Abatement District, began research
on the effects on mallards of Guthion, Baytex,
parathion, SD-7438, and Sumithion, at 25 p.p.m.
of the diet.

Eight ducks in each of six pens were offered food
contaminated with one of the five insecticides.
One pen served as a control. From the first week,
birds on Baytex and parathion diets ate much less
than those on Guthion, Sumithion, and SD-7438.
The average consumption in grams per bird per
day was: Control, 74; Guthion, 77; parathion, 50;
Baytex, 38 ; SD-7438, 78 ; and Sumithion, 72.

Birds on Baytex and parathion diets ate an aver-
age of 140 grams of clean food per bird per day
during the first week, indicating that they were
influenced more by the repellent quality of the
insecticides than by intoxication. Later, control
birds consumed 46 grams of clean food per bird
per day and 15 grams per bird per day of the Bay-
tex diet, indicating that mallards are repelled by
even small amounts of this insecticide. Individual
birds continuously on Baytex diets died after 28,
32, and 35 days, and those on parathion diets died
after 28, 29, and 41 days.

45

Effects of I>1>T in, bald < agU -. Studies on the
effects of pesticides on eagles were continued in
1963, both by experimental studies and by deter-
mination of DDT residues in eagles found dead
in various places in North America.

The 1961-62 feeding experiments in Alaska
demonstrated that eagles can be killed by DDT,
and indicated that a median lethal dose within
100 days is about Kit) p. p.m. in the diet. Residue
analyses of those birds show that they are variable
in their accumulation of pesticides.

In 1962 -63, 16 eagles were captured along the
Chilkat River, Alaska, where large numbers con-
gregate to feed on spawning salmon. The birds
were kept at the Experimental Fur Station,
Petersburg, Alaska, and had continuous access to
water and to the ground.

The feeding experiments were designed to show
residue gain and loss rates in wild birds. Results
indicated that eagles accumulated residues when

fed pesticide-contaminated food and eliminated
them when fed clean food.

The Patuxent Center has received 58 bald eagles
found dead or incapacitated in 20 States and 2
Provinces. Autopsies showed that at least 16
(and possibly 24) had been shot : 3 were sick; the
others died of unknown causes. Residue analyses
have been made of at least some organs of 56 of
the eagles. All but one, a bird from Alaska, con-
tained detectable DDT residues. In addition, five
bald eagle eggs from three unsuccessful nests in
Xew Jersey and Missouri contained 24.3, 11.4, 36.9,
1.1, and 5.6 p.p.m. of DDT.

These findings show that eagles in the wild have
access to, and ingest, substantial quantities of
DDT. This strongly suggests that a high pro-
portion of bald eagles carry DDT and its metab-
olites in their tissues. The existence of residues,
however, does not foretell what effects, if any,
they may have, either on adults or on eggs.

An immature bald eagle being examined for evidence of disease and parasites. Tissue specimens will be subjected to
pesticide analysis. The bird, found weak and sick on the Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota, was sent to the
Patuxent Center for examination. (Photo by F. C. Schmid)

46

>;

Chicken eggs at various stages of incubation are exposed to aerial application of malathion. Embroyologists at the
University of California critically evaluated the effects of the insecticide on egg development and hatchability. (Photo
by James O. Keith)

Effect* of heptachlor on wildlife. — In studies
on three similar areas of 14,000 to 20,000 acres
in Georgia and Alabama, from February 1958 to
March 1962, Patuxent Center determined the ef-
fects of heptachlor on bobwhite quail and other
animals. On two areas in Decatur County, Ga.,
the Plant Pest Control Division of the U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture applied heptachlor by
airplane, to eradicate the imported lire ant. An
untreated area in Escambia County., Ala., was a
control.

Whistling cocks and coveys were counted along
transects on the study areas. On the Georgia
sample, whistling bobwhite cocks averaged 28 per
1,000 acres the year before treatment and coveys
averaged 20 : on the untreated Alabama area, cocks
and coveys averaged 2."» per 1,000 acres through
the study period.

Three years after treatment, cocks and coveys
were at a lower level on parts of the sample treated
with 2 pounds of heptachlor per acre than had
been recorded before treatment. Whistling cocks
and coveys also declined on adjoining land which
remained untreated (data significant for cocks,
and approached significance for coveys). This
decline was attributed to movement of quail from
untreated land to repopulate treated land.

Pesticide residues in black duck eggs. — Black
duck populations of the Atlantic Coastal Region,
studied at the Patuxent centers, reached a peak
during the 1954—55 fall-winter period, according
to the cumulative winter survey data. Popula-
tions then declined to a low in January 1958 and
have increased only slightly since, despite restric-
tive hunting regulations and fewer duck hunters.

47

Pesticides are applied chiefly by plane in large-scale oi*>rations. and the effects of such applications on fish and wildlife
are of great interest to conservationists and wildlife management agencies. At top. biologist and pilot are reviewing
flight plan to be followed in experimental spraying; and at bottom, left and right, biologists are banding or otherwise
marking birds and mammals for appraising effects of the pesticide. (Photos by Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research
('nit. top ; James O. Keith, left bottom ; and Van T. Harris, right bottom)

48

Wing surveys of the last 3 years have shown
declining age ratios. In 19(10 the immature-to-
adult ratio was i* : 1, in 1961 it was 1 : 7, and in 1962
it was 1 : 5. .Mortality studies indicate that a 2: 1
ratio is barely adequate to rebuild a popu-
lation if it is hunted heavily. So far as deter-
mined, the breeding-ground habitat has not
changed drastically during this period, and cli-
matic changes have not been sufficient to explain
the reduced breeding success.

The possible effect of pesticides on black duck
populations was considered worthy of exploration.
Since black ducks feed on animal life as well as
plant material, they may be more susceptible to
exposure to pesticides than many other species
of waterfowl. During the winter, for example,
they often feed avidly on worms, small clams,
mussels, snails, small crabs, other crustaceans, and
small fish.

In an exploratory survey, three black duck eggs
were collected from each of three to five nest
samples in a series of representative breeding
areas. Sample clutches were received from Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, Maryland, and Michigan. Eggs were
opened and examined for freshness and stage of
embryonic development, then prepared for chemi-
cal analysis of residues. The three eggs from a
single nest were pooled for a sample unless they
differed in developmental stage or freshness.

Analyses completed to date bj the thin-layer
chromatographic technique showed DDT residues
in .'id of 37 clutches taken in 8 States from Maine
to Maryland, indicating a high incidence of egg
contamination.

Effcetx of pesticides on osprey productivity. —
Ospreys studied by Patuxent have decreased in
Atlantic-coast areas for several years, and con-
servationists are wondering if pesticides are in-
volved in the decline. Since ospreys subsist on
shoal-water fish, they could be exposed regularly
to toxicants through the food chain.

The presence of pesticides in osprey eggs and
young was shown in 190:2 by Mr. Peter Ames of the
Yale Peabodv Museum, who reported DDT oi
its metabolites in six eggs, one nestling, and ohm
embryo. Three fish samples taken from osprey
nests at Old Lyme also contained pesticide residues.
The colony is declining, and reproductive success
is low.

A biologist checks on osprey's nest. The never-abundant
osprey, a fish-eating hawk, is vulnerable to pesticides of
the chlorinated hydrocarbon group which may accumulate
in the water where it feeds. (Photo by F. C. Sehniid)

Parallel studies were accordingly initiated in
two areas, Old Lyme and the lower Potomac in
Maryland, where an osprey colony apparently was
thriving. Single eggs were taken from a series
of nests in each locality, and the success of the
remaining eggs was followed. Embryo develop-
ment in the eggs collected was determined in the
laboratory. Pesticide determinations for the eggs
have not yet been completed. Food samples and
a series of fecal samples from the nest sites were
collected for analysis if pesticide residues in the
eggs indicate that this is desirable.

A comparison of nest histories from which eggs
were taken showed that the lower Potomac nestings
were more successful. Here, eggs from 17 of 26
nests hatched 27 nestlings and fledged 24 young.
Eleven eggs disappeared from nests, and ?> failing

49

to hatch were later collected. In Connecticut,
eggs from 2 of 15 nests hatched 4 nestlings and all
fledged; 16 eggs disappeared, and 9 eggs failed to
hatch and were collected. Correlations between
productivity and pesticide residues in eggs and
food items remain to be determined.

NoncJu inicitl methods in mosquito control. —
Mosquito control districts along sections of the
Atlantic coast of Florida are convinced that per-
manent impoundment of marshes is an effective
means of controlling saltmarsh mosquitoes.

Through contract with the Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center, the Florida State Board of
Health supervised an evaluation of the effect of
these impoundments on wildlife. Monthly inven-
tories were made of birds using impounded and
unimpounded saltmarsh study areas in Volusia,
Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin
Counties. These counts have shown consistently
about 10 times more bird use on impounded than
on unimpounded marshes, and the impoundments
provide more accessible open water and submerged
aquatic plants and fish that serve water birds as a
food supply. The necessity of mosquito control
through the use of insecticides has declined mark-
edly in the vicinity of the marsh impoundments.

DDT in relation to towhees. — Pesticide research
on the rufous-sided towhee was brought from the
field into the laboratory in 1963. Studies involved
the kinetics of DDT fed to captive birds at differ-
ent seasons. Initial findings demonstrated that
this migratory species is significantly more vulner-
able to dosages of DDT just before and during the
breeding season than during the fall. All data
are being analyzed at the Massachusetts Unit
preparatory to a final report..

Malathion S—35 distribution in a small forested
watershed. — A 2-pound-per-acre Malathion S-35
treatment of a 20-acre forested watershed near
Dover, Ohio, resulted in a significant change in
small-mammal populations. Although bird be-
havior was altered for a few days, several species

continued to nest on the tract and successfully
reared young. No effects were noted on the soil
microfauna or on earthworms. Movement of the
insecticide into runoff flow was slight. Residue
studies carried out in 1963 showed no differences
between animals from the treated and control
watersheds. Sulfur-35 assay of mammals showed
significantly higher quantities in females of all
animal groups except birds. Among mammal spe-
cies tested, shrews held the highest residues; in the
avian fauna, a Baltimore oriole contained maxi-
mum values in cmp/mg. Some of the insect fam-
ilies containing high residue values included
caddis flies, stone flies, soldier flies, and pseudo
click beetles. The research was by the Ohio Co-
operative Wildlife Research Unit.

Effects of endrin on vole reproduction in blue-
grass meadows. — Endrin was applied by the Ohio
Unit to four bluegrass meadows in 1961 and 1962
at. rates of 0.6, 0.9, 1.3, and 2.0 pounds per acre.
Populations of voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
were censused in April, before the May applica-
tion. Trapping was again conducted 2 and 4
months after the insecticide treatment. Specimens
were collected for bioassay of residual endrin and
for analysis of productivity. Endrin applied at
0.6 pounds per acre had no apparent effect on the
populations that could be trapped, but the higher
rates reduced populations 71 to 95 percent. The
sex ratio in the sampled population was not af-
fected by the 0.6-pound-per-acre application, but
at 2.0 pounds per acre there was a significantly
higher decrease among females. Ovulation rates,
as indicated by the number of corpora lutea and
corpora albicantia, showed no differences as a re-
sult of the spray treatment. Treated animals did
show a lower percentage, of pregnant and nursing
females, and consequently a decrease in the num-
ber of litters produced. No endrin was detected
in voles taken from the area treated with 0.6
pound per acre, while specimens from the 2.0
pounds per acre plot contained up to 0.73 p.p.m.

^

•-v>.W ,/ V*j-jtx

50

WILDLIFE DISEASES AND PARASITES

Wild birds and mammals are subject to a wide
variety of diseases and parasites, many of which
show variations on hosts in different environ-
ments. Study of wildlife diseases, particularly
diseases of migratory birds, is an important Bu-
reau responsibility. In 1963, the Disease Labora-
tory at the Patuxent Center conducted research
on birds and mammals; the Denver Center's dis-
ease research concentrated on diseases and para-
sites of waterfowl and was carried on mainly at
the Bear River Substation in Utah.

Widespread botulism losses reported. — It is dif-
ficult to estimate the mortality to waterfowl an-
nually attributable to botulism, because unob-
served, undiagnosed, and unreported outbreaks
undoubtedly occur each year. An apparent
change in mortality from year to year may ac-
tually be only a reflection of the effort, devoted to
field observations, laboratory diagnosis, and re-
porting. However, on the State and Federal ref-
uges in northern LTtah, where regular observations
have been made, estimated losses were higher in
1063 than in any of the 10 previous years.

A die-off of diving ducks on Torrey Lake
(South Dakota) in April was shown by toxicity
tests in mice to have been caused by botulism. At
almost the same time, an outbreak on Big Grass
Marsh (Manitoba) was reported by the Canadian
Wildlife Service. During the summer and early
fall, the Lower Souris and Tide Lake National
Wildlife Refuges each suffered losses in the neigh-
borhood of 5,000 birds. On the Bear River Ref-

uge, an estimated 30,000 aquatic birds perished
from the disease. Less severe outbreaks were re-
corded on Saginaw Hay, Mich., on a Richfield Oil
Co. marsh near Los Angeles, and on the Fish
Springs Refuge in Utah. At least 7,000 birds were
believed to have been lost on Utah State refuges.
Avian botulism-invertebrate relation investi-
gated.— For the ninth consecutive summer, aquatic
invertebrate studies were carried on by the Bear
River Research Station to explore further the
hypothesis that dead and decomposing carcasses
of small, water-living, bottom-inhabiting crea-
tures are used as media for growth and toxin pro-
duction by Clostridium botulinum type C. The
average number of the 2 predominant bottom-
fauna types, collected weekly at 80 stations in the
0.9-square-mile study plot, are shown in the tabu-
lation, along with the number of sick and dead
ducks picked up each week in the same area.

Weeks— June 17 to Sept. 13

1963

Organism

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Midge larvae^-

130

83

101

74

64

56

31

16

13

14

12

28

40

Oligoehaetes...

97

72

94

117

108

121

108

88

105

119

no

128

149

Sick and dead

ducks

2

1

1

3

6

3

2

15

29

176

30

90

179

On the basis of previously accumulated evidence
showing that certain invertebrate carcasses sup-
port toxin production, and that living vertebrates
can concentrate toxin by feeding on toxic bacterial
cells, a reasonable explanation of the tabulation
can be offered. Assuming that the decline in the
numbers of midge larvae in the first 11 weeks re-
presents a gradual die-off, it may be postulated
that a simultaneous gradual buildup of toxin oc-
curred. Because the oral lethal dose for a duck
is 100,000 or more times the intraperitoneal lethal
dose for a mouse, it would be expected that low-
level toxin production could occur for a consider-
able time before an appreciable number of birds
would acquire a lethal dose in feeding. The re-
latively stable oligochaete population, as well as
some of the free-swimming invertebrate species
(not tabulated here), may have served to concen-
trate and store the toxin produced in the midge
carcasses.

51

Waterfowl helminth manuscript near comple-
tion.— Tim bibliography of references to water-
fowl helminths was brought to current status an<l
will be ready for publication as soon as the typing
of the manuscript is completed. During the year,
150 references were added, bringing the total to
about 2,400. About .'500 books and papers were
abstracted in the course of surveying the
literature.

The checklist of helminths of waterfowl, now
totaling 844, was brought up to date. Descrip-
tions of 27 species, "21 of which were translated
from the Russian, were added to the list, and keys
for the identification of nematodes, aeanthoce-
phala, and cestodes of waterfowl were revised as
descriptions of forms were obtained. There still
remain 2(i species for which descriptions are not
available.

Fowl choli ra low in 1963. — Although no major
losses from fowl cholera in waterfowl are known
to have occurred in the western United States
during the year, several isolated cases were en-
countered in the course of routine diagnostic ex-
aminations. Two whistling swans, a Canada
goose, and a cackling goose from western national
wildlife refuges were shown by bacteriological
examination to have died from the disease. Be-
cause of the constant danger of fowl cholera in
waterfowl, about 85 Canada geese of a captive
flock on the Monte Vista Refuge were immunized
with a commercially prepared bacterin in
November.

Triuii />, I, r swan eygnets show lower mortal-
ity.— Studies of the causes of mortality in trum-
peter swan cygnets on the Red Rock Lakes Refuge
were continued from the previous year. Of 24
cygnets in 6 broods regularly observed on Lower
Lake, 8 died or were unaccounted for, a mortality
of 33.3 percent. Of 19 vy<rnets in 7 broods ob-
served in 1002 on Lower Lake, 13 were lost, a
mortality of 68.4 percent.

These figures seem representative of the Red
Rock Lakes Refuge as a whole since the 1963 na-
tional aerial trumpeter swan survey for 1963 re-
vealed 127 cygnet son the refuge, as compared with
.">•'! in 1962. This is the largest number reported
since the first census was taken in 1032.

Miliaria infections in watt rfowl, — Studies at the
Seney National Wildlife Refuge in L963 indicated
the presence of at least (i species of blackflies
(S; in alia m) breeding in the area. At least 1

serves as a vector for Leucocytozoon. a malaria-
like organism which occurs in the Canada geese.
Breeding habits of this fly are being studied in the
hope of developing control methods that can be
incorporated into the management schedule for
waterfowl impoundments. Gulls, found to be
highly susceptible to a Plasmodium (mosquito-
borne malaria) recently isolated from Canada
geese, were used, along with young ducks and
geese, in surveying the prevalence of this blood
parasite in the Seney goose population. Evidence
of infection was determined in over 50 percent of
the ir^H' sampled. The specific mosquito vector
of the infection is not yet known.

Throat disease in mourning doves. — Surveil-
lance of trichomoniasis, a throat disease of mourn-
ing doves, was continued during 1963 by the
collaboration of many State game personnel.
Infection rates appeared higher in many areas
than in previous years, but no alarming losses were
reported. A definite and rapid reduction of in-
cidence was noted in July.

Nematodes in relation to merganser losses. —
Diagnostic services of the laboratory at the
Patuxent Center led to evidence that a nematode
worm parasite {Eustrongylides sp.), for which
fish serve as an intermediate host, was a contribut-
ing factor to losses of mergansers in the Rack Ray,
Ya., area.

Type E botulism in birds. — At year's end a large
die-off of loons and gulls on Lake Michigan indi-
cated a relation to the type E botulism recently
evident in processed fish. This implication has
initiated research activity on type E botulism in
hi rds and collaboration with other agencies, pari ie-
ularly the Rureau of Commercial Fisheries and
the Michigan Conservation Department.

Tissue damage from pesticides. — In an effort to
clarify the mechanism of certain neurological
signs in experimental ducks treated with Kepone,
histological sections of various tissues of the cen-
tral nervous system were studied without uncover-
ing any attributable lesions or changes. Active
sperm formation was found in the testes of male
mallards and pheasants exposed to various dosages
of Kepone, thus contradicting our earlier findings
in which degenerative changes in the testes of
male pheasants were reported.

Ring-necked pheasant. — Rlood samples from
1.1(17 pheasants from 44 Iowa game farms have
been collected by the Iowa Unit Rapid plate

52

Wildlife disease specialist examining slide smears for squirrel coccidea, Patuxent Center. (Photo by F. C. Schniid)

tests on 835 of these samples have shown that Iowa
game-farm pheasants are remarkably free of
pullorum. Reactors were found in only one flock,
and infection in that flock has since been
eliminated.

WiU7/>fe disease surveys. — The Iowa Coopera-
tive "Wildlife Research Unit worked with State
officials in wildlife disease surveys in 1963. In
routine checks for rabies in wild mammals brought
to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diag-
nostic Laboratory, 80 of 121 skunks. 1 of 2 badgers,
2 of 22 bats (Myotis or Eptesicux), 3 of 8 civet
cats, 3 of 16 foxes (red or grey), and 2 of 62 rac-
coons were found rabies positive.

Of 211 Iowa deer checked for brucellosis to
date, all were negative for the disease. Of 231
whitetails checked for leptospirosis at the National
Animal Disease Laboratory, 199 were negative for
antibodies of the disease. Fourteen percent (32)

showed some reaction, but only 3.5 percent, in-
volved Leptospira pomona. The 91 deer checked
were free of Johne's disease.

Gizzard worms in wintering goose population.- —
The. Virginia Unit examined a total of 84 Canada
geese killed on the Mattamuskeet National Wild-
life, Refuge and environs for gizzard worms
(Amidostomum anseris), and 73 were found in-
fected. The mean number of worms per infected
bird was 11.8±2.3, with a range of 1 to 148.

Lesions of the cuticular lining and hemorrhagic
areas on the mucosa were apparent in birds har-
boring 15 or more worms. In an adult female
parasitized by 148 gizzard worms, the gizzard lin-
ing was extremely loose, and hemorrhagic areas
!>etween the cuticular lining and mucosa were ap-
parent, but no effect on the external appearance
could l)e observed.

53

This white-footed mouse is typical of the rodents thai become so abundant every few years thai they endanger crops.
forage, and fores! regeneration, justifying in such Instances effective and, so far as possible, selective control. (Photo

by L. G. Kesteloo)

54

"Plying mousetraps" — by day and night (left, red-shouldered hawk; right, barn owl). Several Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit and other Bureau research projects have dealt with predator-prey relations. Mice are a mainstay in
the food of most hawks and owls. (Photos by L. G. Kesteloo)

ANIMAL CONTROL METHODS

The problems of animal damage become more
acute as competition between man and wild ani-
mals increases, tints compounding the need for
more selective and effective control measures for
birds and mammals injurious to forests, crops, or
rangelands, to stored goods, or otherwise inimical
to human welfare or health. Many approaches
to the control of such animals are being explored,
including manipulation of habitat, cultural prac-
tices, chemical repellents and scaring devices,
drugs and lethal substances, traps, sonic and elec-
tronic installations radiation, reproductive in-
hibitors, and bacteriological agents.

Physiology in bird control. — Physiological
studies undertaken at the Denver Center will
facilitate the development of safe and effective
methods for controlling damage by starlings and
blackbirds. An important phase of this work in-
volved telemetering and recording of physiologi-
cal characteristics such as circulation, heart rate,
brain waves, body temperature, and respiration

rate via sensors and transducers surgically im-
planted in birds. Such systems permit continuous
recording of physiological data from birds l>eing
restrained only by cages. Information obtained
in this manner will be valuable in determining the
physiological basis of chemical repellency and
toxicity, and for evaluating the effectiveness of
mechanical and chemical control measures.

New ovicide for starlings and blackbirds. — The,
new candidate avicide, DRC-1339, has survived a
series of laboratory and field tests with excellent
results and has shown much promise as a slow-
acting oral toxicant. The material is 300 to 500
times as toxic to starlings as to rats, suggesting a
wide margin of safety for mammals. The chem-
ical is readily accepted by starlings with fatalities
occurring 6 hours to 5 days later. In initial field
trials more than 100 starlings have been killed per
pound of bait exposed. Research is near comple-
tion on this compound, and efforts will be directed
toward registration, release, and availability for
use during 1964.

55

Curtain spray for control of roost ting hi ids. —
A "curtain" spray unit that collects and reuses the
toxicant has been constructed by biologists of the
Denver Center and was tested last spring in a
marsh roost near lone, Colo. The unit consists
of a 37-foot tower, twin 60-foot booms and catch
basins, and a sump tank and pump for circulating
liquid avicides. Blackbirds and starlings herded
slowly at night beneath the booms of the unit must
pass through the toxic spray.

Early laboratory trials showed that starlings
were killed by flying through a 6-percent emulsion
of DRC-632, one of the promising contact poisons
notable for its high dermal toxicity for birds and
low hazard for mammals.

Fourth year of blackbird study completed. —
The field phase of the 4th year of a 5-year study
of the blackbird-corn damage problem in the vicin-

ity of Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge
was completed in September. As in previous
years, the program w;i> a cooperative under-
taking of the Bureau and the South Dakota De-
partment of Game, Fish, and Parks.

The program in 1963 included (1) tests ol
fright-producing and soporific chemicals to protect
cornfields from foraging blackbirds, (2) tests oi
amplified bird distress calls broadcast from ground
equipment and low-flying aircraft, (3) banding
and color-marking blackbirds to determine breed-
ing and wintering areas, migration routes, and
extent of local movement. (4) appraisal of corn
losses in a 94-section area adjoining Sand Lake
Refuge, (5) evaluation of grain sorghums as pos-
sible blackbird-resistant crops, (6) precise esti-
mates of blackbird populations using Sand Lake
Refuge during the damage period, (7) food habits,

Hoards of blackbirds or starlings feeding on grain or in feed lots cause heavy losses to owners. A flock of 10.000
blackbirds can consume 2 tons of grain per week, worth $60 to $160. In such instances, selective control of over-
abundant wild birds is justified. (I'hoto by Brooke Meanley)

56

Damage in the cornfield: blackbird (left), nutria (right). (Photos by F. C. Sehniid, left; Van T. Harris, right)

April through September, to determine the total
impact of feeding at Sand Lake, and (8) study
of redwing production in the vicinity of the
Refuge.

Breeding redwing populations in Arkansas. —
The breeding male red-winged blackbird popula-
tion of the Arkansas Grand Prairie was censused
in 1963. For this purpose, the area was divided
into two geographical strata, an inner block where,
rice culture is intensive, and an outer section where
rice growing is less common. Sampling units were
selected at random within each stratum : road-
side units 150 yards wide, and 5 miles long
(272.5 acres), and field units in the form of 10-
acre circular plots.

Counts of males were obtained by the modified
roadside technique developed by Dr. O. II. Hewitt
of Cornell University, under contract with the
Bureau. Results for the entire 900-square-mile
Grand Prairie were extrapolated from counts made
on the stratified random samples. The breed-
ing male population was estimated at 44,000 birds

in 1963. Average densities were 25 territorial
males per 100 acres for roadsides and 6 per 100
acres for fields. High roadside densities were at-
tributable mainly to the cover types found in the
commonly occurring irrigation ditches along the
roads. Roadside acreage was only about one-
seventh that of the fields, but contained 37 percent
of the birds, 63 percent of the birds being away
from the roadsides. These densities suggest
that efforts to control redwings of the Grand
Prairie should be concentrated in the wetland
habitat associated with ditches and reservoirs.

Scare derives. — Crop growers have spent an esti-
mated $1 million to $2 million a year on scare
devices without obtaining clear information on
their value or effectiveness in protecting fields
from bird loss. In tests in northern Ohio, an auto-
matic exploder and a recorded alarm cry reduced
damage substantially for a radius of 600 feet
in each case. The tests further showed that
neither of the devices decreased in their effective-
ness during the test period.

57

•1 -

Preparation of equipment to transmit the amplified distress calls of blackbirds. This method often is effective in
protecting crops from flocks of depredating birds. (Photo by Paul P. Springer)

Decoy trap for blackbirds and starlings. — Re-
search personnel are using decoy traps extensively
and successfully to take blackbirds and starlings
for banding, for disease and physiology studies,
and for testing chemosterilant and lethal agents.
The traps are also being evaluated as a means of re-
ducing local populations of depredating black-
birds and starlings.

In 40 decoy traps of 2 designs used by Bureau
personnel in the Arkansas rice area, over 53,500
birds were taken. Most (98 percent) were cow-
birds. Good trapping success in some areas
prompted many growers to build and operate
similar traps. One farmer reported taking 10,000
birds in 1 trap in less than 2 months; another
caught (1,000 in 3 traps in 3 weeks. Many other
examples of trapping success can be cited.

Bird bcharior studicx ini plnnrnted hi/ band-
ing.— During 1963, over 71,000 blackbirds and

starlings were banded in selected areas by biolo-
gists and cooperators of the Bureau's Patuxent
Center, 82 percent more than were banded in 1962.
The increase was due mainly to more extensive use
of light traps and decoy traps, both devices newly
developed for capturing large numbers of black-
birds. Over 50 percent of the 71,000 bandings
were cowbirds, 20 percent were red- winged black-
birds. 20 percent were common graekles, and about
10 percent were starlings.

About 2,800 redwing nestlings were banded by
175 cooperators in 40 States and 7 Provinces in
1963. Nestlings banded since 1958 now number
12,000 birds of known age and place of origin.
Most of the banding was in the Middle Atlantic
Slates (5.500), or the States adjoining Lake Mich-
igan (2,500). The interest and efforts of cooper-
ating banders in many States are contributing
substantially to the blackbird banding effort.

58

Sudan dye for tagging birds. — A physiological
tagging technique for identifying birds that feed
on candidate chemosterilants has been developed
by i he Massachusetts Wildlife Unit. .Sudan
Black B dye, when ingested by adult birds just
before or during the egg-laying period, is depos-
ited in the yolk in discreet layers. The position
and color intensity of the layer in the yolk indi-
cates the quantity consumed and the date of in-
gestion. The most important application of the
tagging technique is its use as an experimental
control in field testing candidate chemosterilants
with large numbers of birds without capture and
with a minimum of disturbance in the breeding
colonies.

(hill populations in southeastern New Eng-
land. — A recent winter gull census by the Massa-
chusetts Audubon Society, under contract with
the Bureau, showed that feeding sites around

met ropolitan Boston and Xew York City harbored
about 80,000 of approximately 110,01)1) gulls be-
tween Grand Manan, New Brunswick, and central
New Jersey. About 20,000 of the remaining
30,000 birds were at dumps near smaller towns.
Only about lO,ooo gulls were found along the
shore in what might he considered the "natural"
habitat for herring gulls.

A comprehensive report on this contract showed
that in 1900 the breeding population of herring
gulls in Xew England numbered about 8,150 pairs,
all nesting on islands east of Penobscot Bay,
Maine. In 1961, the population was estimated at
58,000 pairs, more than half of which nested in
Massachusetts. Continued increase in numbers
has been associated with the founding of new
colonies.

Observations of gull concentrations at feeding
areas such as dumps and fish piers indicated the

Decoy traps liberally baited with waste grain and set adjacent to cornfields may take large numbers of depredating
blackbirds. This farmer-built model, costing a few dollars, proved effective in Arkansas. (Photo by Brooke Meanlev

59

birds respond rapidly to changes in available food.
The closure of dumps and improvement of sani-
tation at fish-handling facilities resulted in
markedlj lower gull numbers. Quite clearly.
effective biological control of herring gulls must
depend on reduction in the amount of food avail-
able at metropolitan dumps, piggeries, sewage
outlets, and open-air fish processing sites.

Seagull -problem, at naval air station n lu ved. —
The distress call of an immature herring gull was
used by Denver Center personnel to frighten gulls
from runways at Mollett Naval Air Station, Moun-
tain View, Calif. The call was broadcast from a
loudspeaker mounted on top of a truck driven,
with sound on, toward cadi group of gulls resting
on runways. At the call the gulls quickly arose,
circled the truck, and flew away. Some 2,000 to
3,000 birds were driven away during a 45-niinute
period each morning during the test period of No-
vember 16 to 21, clearly demonstrating the effec-
tiveness of the method.

Bird hazard survey at Washington National
A irport. — Ornithologists of the Audubon Natural-
ist Society of the Central Atlantic States, under
contract with the Bureau to study the bird-hazard
problem at Washington National Airport, ob-
served bird species, numbers, and movements on
or near the airport between dawn and dusk about
once a week since October 1962.

At least 143 species of birds were observed on,
over, or near the airport. The greatest number
was seen during spring and fall migrations. Con-
sidered potentially hazardous to aircraft were 23
species in the fall, 35 in the spring, and 8 species
from May through July. Herring, ring-billed,
and laughing gulls were the most abundant and
constituted the greatest hazard to aircraft landing
and taking off. Of lesser importance were shore-
birds, swallows, swifts, crows, starlings, black-
birds, pigeons, mourning doves, and horned larks.
Evidence was obtained of at least nine bird-plane
strikes in 1963. Five of the strikes occurred in
April and 1 each in May, June, September, and
October.

System developed for rating chemicals. — There
has long been a need for a better method of rating
the hundreds of chemicals that are screened an-
nually by Bureau laboratories for animal damage
control. Both lethal agents and repellents are
being sought, but these terms are not well defined
and some compounds may qualify in both cate-
gories.

Denver Center biologists recently developed a
rating system that more accurately defines the
toxic and repellent qualities of chemicals under
study. The system incorporates three functions:
( 1 ) The lethal dose of the compound: (2) accept-
ance in relation to lethal dose: and (3) mortality
in the test species. A rating of 5, 10, and 100,
respectively, for the 3 functions — written 5-10-
100 — would indicate a highly toxic compound (5
mg/kg) that is well accepted (10 times a lethal
dose) and extremely effective ( 100 percent mortal-
ity). At tin' other extreme, a compound with a
rat ing of 1,000-0.05-0 would be one that is practi-
cally nontoxic (1,000 mg/kg), poorly accepted
( o.o5 times a lethal dose), and has no lethal effect
on test animals (0 mortality). Such a compound
would be an excellent repellent.

Antifertility, agents have promise in predator
control. — The first field trial of an antifertility
agent in coyote control has been carried out by the
Denver Center. In March, 5,000 drop baits con-
taining a synthetic estrogen, DRO-629, were used
in a 20-township area in southeastern New Mexico.
The baits were placed when coyote sign was evi-
dent, and were spaced over the area so as to reach
as many of the animals as possible.

An appraisal of the study was determined by
collecting female coyotes in April and May. Ex-
amination of 27 animals from the treated area and
21 from the untreated area indicated that only
21 percent of the females on the former would have
whelped, and that 100 percent of those on the latter
would have reproduced. It can be concluded at
least tentatively that in the first comprehensive
field test the antifertility agent reduced the coyote
crop on the treated area by 80 percent.

Compound S-6999 shows specificity for com-
m* nsal ruts. — Based on toxicological investigations
by McNeil Laboratories, Fort Washington, Pa..
compound S 6999 appears to have specific toxicity
for commensal rats. Its high toxicity to Norway
rats (LD 50 percent 7.4 mg/kg (4.76-11.69) is in
contrast to its toxicity for laboratory mice, which
is in the range of 2.000 to 3,000 mg/kg.

Because of the highly specific nature of com-
pound S 6999, the Denver Center supervised a
total of 134 separate field trials during 1963 to
determine the optimum practical concentration,
suitable bait ingredients, and pattern of action
when exposed for rat control. Trials involved
both Norway and roof rats.

60

The chemical nets rapidly and death can occur
within 1 hour after ingestion; animals apparently
run for cover at the onset of symptoms, and few
reappear. Compound S-6999 appears to be prac-
tically nonhazardous to animals other than rats
when exposed in a bait at a concentration of 1 per-
cent or less. No accidental poisoning of any wild
or domestic animal occurred in any of the 134
field trials, although in a few instances baits were
known to have been consumed by dogs, cats, hogs,
and chickens.

Registration of DRC-71!, as <i pocket gopher
control. — A highlight of the year was further de-
velopment of the promising pocket gopher toxi-
cant and rodent icicle DRC-714. Personnel of the
Denver Center, cooperating with the Chemagro
Corporation, have, decided to develop the chemical
as a rodenticide and will undertake steps neces-
sary for registration. The Denver Center will
expand its testing program on field rodents and
will gather data on the effect of the chemical on
nontarget species of wildlife. These efforts should
soon clarify the potential of DRC-714 in mammal
control, and lead to its eventual availability to the
public.

Nutria studies progressing. — Laboratory tests
in evaluation of zinc phosphide as a candidate toxi-
cant for use in nutria control have been completed.
Favorable results were obtained at the 20-mg/kg
level. Followup held tests to evaluate zinc phos-
phide treated baits on nutria in or near sugarcane
fields are being made.

Nutria population studies are in progress near
Houma, La., and Beaumont, Tex. A method of
nape-tagging nutria with a %- by 214-inch Saflag
tag and safety pin is being used. Data from ob-
servations and trapping are beginning to yield
valuable information on nutria populations and
movements, necessary to the development of bait-
ing techniques.

Pocket gophers injurious to Christ/mis trees. —
The Mississippi Valley pocket gopher is respon-
sible for serious mortality in Christmas tree plant-
ings over much of Minnesota and western Wis-
consin. Losses to gophers arc most prevalent in
the central pine region and the Twin City area.
Since Minnesota is one of the top Christmas tree
States in the Nation, the loss is regarded as serious.
For example, in 1962 more than 5.5 million trees,
valued at more than $6 million, were harvested.

Case-history studies of red pine and Scotch pine
plantations, in cooperation with the Minnesota
School of Forestry, have demonstrated losses
ranging from 13 to 16 percent by the time plan-
tations are 10 years old. The greatest damage
usually occurs in plantings between the first and
sixth year. The "burrow builder," a Bureau-
developed tool, has been effective in controlling
gophers, but while the loss has been materially
reduced, it is still in excess of $200,000 annually.

New method of testing seed protectants. — Bu-
reau biologists, in cooperation with the University
of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station,
evaluated a newly developed method for field-test-
ing candidate blackbird repellents in 1963. The
tests were designed both for distinguishing bird
damage from other types of damage to germinat-
ing seeds, and for isolating side effects of candi-
date bird-repellent chemicals on germination.
This was accomplished by comparing the total
damage in identical companion rows of sprouts in
which alternate rows were protected. To insure
bird pressure, some test plots were grown inside a
large enclosure containing captive birds. Con-
sistent differences between candidate materials,
and agreement between measurements of sprout-
ing success and observed damage, indicate that
this technique may have the sensitivity and relia-
bility long needed in field-testing repellents on
planted seed.

61

CLASSIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND
LIFE HISTORY STUDIES

The Bird and Mammal Laboratories of the Eu-
reau, located at the U.S. National Museum, per-
form research <>n the geographical variations of
birds and mammals and provide a wide scope of
services to the general public concerning the fauna
of the Continent. Other major responsibilities
involve preparing and maintaining the extensive
study collections, identification services to coop-
erators and scientists throughout the country and
in foreign lands, and much in the way of extension
education to many of the large number of people
who visit the Museum and the Smithsonian
Institution.

North American Mammal Collections:. — In No-
vember 1963, an account of the status of mammal
collections in North America appeared in the
Journal of Mammalogy. This represents the re-
sults of a survey made by a committee in 1962, and
follows similar surveys made in 1923 and 1945.
Tabulated are 265 public and 45 private collec-
tions, totalling 1,586,000 specimens. Most collec-
tions are in the United States: Canada has 25,
Costa Rica one, and Mexico one. There are 29
collections that have more than 5,000 specimens.
Of these the largest is the combined U.S. National
Museum-Biological Survey Collection of mam-
mals (.",(i.'pjinii) ; runners-up are the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York (200,000),
the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley (130,000), and the
Museum of Zoology at the I 'niversity of Michigan,
Ann Arbor ( 107,000).

Bird inn/ mammal xpecitnrns handled. — Cura-
torial work at the Bird and Mammal Laboratories
during 1963 is summarized as follows: specimens
received, 1,006 birds, 3,502 mammals; specimens

installed in collections, 389 birds, 782 mammals;
specimens loaned for study, 347 birds, 751 mam-
mals; study skins or skeletons prepared, 205 birds,
2G mammals; identifications for outside submis-
sions, 283 birds, 82 mammals. Specimens carded
totaled 19,920 birds, and birds merged into
collections numbered 11,550.

Sea otter studies. — Preparation of the mono-
graph on sea otters continued, with completion of
sections on food habits and feeding behavior, tag-
ging studies, field studies during 1954-63, list of
identification characteristics, and bibliography.
Progress was made on a comprehensive study of
the female reproductive tract, done with the Uni-
versity of Missouri. Field work was limited to
observations on Buldir Island. Sea otter studies
will be continued in 1964.

Wild turkey monograph. — The monograph on
the wild turkey sponsored by the Wildlife Society
will contain two chapters by one of the Bureau's
specialists in ornithology. The first, chapter 1,
"Historical background," was completed, ap-
proved, and sent to the editor of Wildlife Mono-
graphs. Chapter 2, ''Taxonomy, distribution, and
present status,"1 was completed in draft except
for statistical verification of size and proportion
differences in the various races of turkeys, which
is under way.

Preparation of bat hand hie/ manual. — The in-
creased interest in bats because of their involve-
ment with disease stimulated bat banding during
the year. Since 1953 the number of bands issued
has increased about 2,000 percent, and has become
so great that a procedural guide has become a ne-
cessity. Approximately 50 letters have been sent
to zoologists, primarily those actively engaged in
or supervising bat studies, announcing the pro-
posed manual and requesting suggestions which
would make the publication as accurate atid in-
formal ive as possible.

Geographic variation in Canada geese. — The
wintering flock of Canada geese at Rochester,
Minn., numbering about 5,000 birds, was studied
in the Held, and specimens were preserved from
large numbers caught in cannon nets for banding.
Many others were handled and colors were com-
pared with a color chart. The birds appeared to
represent populations of the giant Canada goose
and Todd's Canada goose, as well as intermediates
between these and western and lesser Canada
geese. This mixture of racial types would be ex-
pected in this locality.

62

Precise identification of wild birds and mammals requires exacting measurements and comparisons, and detailed
knowledge of structure, dentation, plumage, and other physical characteristics of the animals involved. ( Photos by
Rex G. Schmidt)

63

Breeding specimens of Canada geese from
Saskatchewan and Alberta were received for the
collection from the Canadian Wildlife Service,
which aided materially in clarifying the manner of
intergradation between the western and gianl
subspecies across t lie northern Grreal Plains.
Breeding specimens were also received from
Thelon River, Northwest Territories, which will
be valuable in filling a gap in the present knowl-
edge of variation in that important area.

Methods of determining sex of /■rums. — In co-
operation with the National Zoological Park, six
lesser sandhill cranes were shipped from the Bitter
Lake National Wildlife Refuge for use in develop-
ing an instrument to aid in sexing cranes. With
the instrument devised, the following cranes were
sezed: IS live birds at Philadelphia Zoo: P5 live
birds at the National Zoo; 39 hunter-killed and 2
live lesser sandhills at Roswell, N. Mex. ; 10 live
lesser sandhills and 25 greaters held in captivity
at Monte Vista, Colo.; 5 live greaters at Santa Fe,
N. Mex. ; (> live cranes at the San Antonio Zoo (one
of these was a whooping crane) ; and 3 live greater
sandhills at the New Orleans Zoo.

Even though the technique and instruments
used in sexing cranes are not fully perfected, much
progress has been made.

Taxonomic review of the woodpeckers. — There
has been no taxonomic review of the American
woodpeckers in the past century. A review was
undertaken last year and is being conducted
jointly with an ornithologist at the University of
Illinois. A survey of the literature on woodpeck-
ers is essentially complete, and examination of
specimens of each genus has begun. The work is
expected to continue during 1964.

Variation and hybridization in flickers. — Study
of flickers was initiated in 1955 and has progressed
to the point where the work consists largely in
summarizing and applying statistical tests to the
data, and preparing manuscripts and drawings for
publication. A major manuscript (260 pages)
dealing with hybridization in flickers has been pre-
pared and submitted for publication. Summariz-
ing of data on about 1,000 specimens (and
involving about 30 characters for each) will con-
tinue during the coming year.

/■'/hi,, i ict nee studies. — The hairs of many mam-
mals in Trinidad were examined for pathogenic
fungi such as ringworm, which fluoresce when
activated by longwave (3660A.U.) ultraviolet
light. The fur, teeth, and nails of certain live and

freshly dead mammals, especially bats, also were
found to fluoresce in varying colors and intensities.

The excellent collections at the National
Museum afforded opportunity to continue these
investigations. Random examinations of a num-
ber of diverse mammals and birds were made, us-
ing both longwave and shortwave ultraviolet
lamps of the Division of Mineralogy, National
Museum. Further checks were made of various
substances used in skin preparation, such as
arsenic, alum, borax, and salt, to rule out some
obvious variables.

A brief survey of a large series of rats, taken
over many years by different collectors in both Old
and New World localities, showed that both Rattus
nit tus and A', norvegicus fluoresced a brilliant
green-blue, while members of the R. rajah group
of the Malaysian region, failed to react under
black light. Of special interest was one specimen,
assigned to R. rattus, which failed to fluoresce: on
careful examination it was found to represent a
different genus, probably Mastomys.

Among the pocket gophers, Geomys fluoresced
while Thomomys did not. Of the bats, Myotis
subulatus fluoresced but .1/. luoifugus, M. keeni,
and .1/. sodalis did not. Similar species of African
gerbils were more easily distinguished under ultra-
violet light than under ordinary electric illumina-
tion. A cursory examination of some typical bird
groups indicated that some owls and nighthawks
reacted to black light. In particular, the down
feathers of certain great horned owls fluoresced
variously from a fiery blood red to shades of vivid
orange.

This study suggests that the technique may be
a useful taxonomic tool. The extent of its useful-
ness can be determined only after a systematic
examination of tin1 study collections, necessarily
a long-term project. Required will be special
longwave light equipment, probably of a portable
type. The possible ramifications of such studies,
even if practical in only a relatively few critical
cases, are considered startling.

The Mammals of Maryland. — The first draft of
the project report is nearing completion. Fifty-
live of the 62 land mammals occurring in Mary-
land have been studied and their distribution
within the State mapped. Each species or sub-
species is discussed with reference to the following
categories: Taxonomy, type locality, general dis-
tribution, distribution in Maryland, distinguish-
ing characteristics, measurements (cranial and

64

external), habitat and habits, specimens examined,
and remarks. It is expected thai the first draft
of the manuscript will be completed in early 1964,
and that by the end of the year it will lie sub-
mitted in final form for publication.

Walrus stmlirs. — Under an agreement with the
U.S. Public Health Service, various sections of a
manuscript on the Pacific walrus were completed
and reviewed by Bureau personnel. It is expected
that the walrus manuscript will he completed in
the spring of L964.

M

\^ V

".

-*Xs^v

COOPERATIVE WILDLIFE RESEARCH
UNITS

The nationwide Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit program, active in 18 States, is in its 29th
year. Objectives of the program are to (1) con-
duct research basic to the management of wildlife
resources. (2) facilitate the training of wildlife
personnel at the college level, (3) provide, techni-
cal assistance to conservation agencies in their
wildlife management problems, and (4) promote
education through demonstration, lecture, and
publication.

Each Unil is supported by the cooperating
State'-. Land Grant University and Game and
Fish Department, by the Wildlife Management
In-titute. and by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife. All of the Units have additional
fund sources, and most Units have projects specifi-
cally financed by granting agencies. Each Unil
is administered by a Coordinating Committee in-

cluding representatives of the University, the

Game and Fish Department, and the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

A new Unit was activated in 1963 at South
Dakota State University, Brookings, the L8th in
the system.

Result:- of research completed during the year
are reported under applicable program activities
of the Bureau. The 18 Pints and Unit leaders are
listed in appendix I), and the 1-"..") publications for
the year are listed in appendix F.

Wildlifi graduates at Unit schools. — Since the
inception of the Unit program in 1935, a total of
4,083 students have graduated from universities
where Cooperative Wildlife Research Units are
located. This number includes 2,906 with bache-
lors' degrees, 1,019 with masters' degrees, and 158
with doctoral degrees.

During the school year of 1962-63, the following
received wildlife degrees from the Unit schools:
Bachelors, 162 ; masters, 50 ; doctors, 21 ; total, 233.
About 72 percent of the recipients of advanced de-
grees received financial aid or equipment from the
Units.

Employment of 1962-63 graduates— The 233
wildlife graduates from Unit schools in 1962-63
were absorbed into the wildlife profession, except
for 18 entering military service and 25 of non-
wildlife or unknown employment. Wildlife em-
ployment thus claimed 89 percent of the bachelors'
graduates, 98 percent of the masters' graduates,
and 100 percent of the doctoral graduates. Wild-
life employment was distributed as follows: State
and Provincial conservation or game and fish de-
partments. 42: Federal conservation agencies, 38;
teaching (wildlife, and related). 11: and with
private agencies or as individual operators, 6.

65

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67

Appendix C— FUNDS AVAILABLE

, Budget for fiscal ytar—

Appropriated b unds mi mi 1963 mi

Waterfowl management $322,000 $439,000 $543,000 $698,000

r migratory bird research— . 259,300 314,000 322,000 351,000

Upland wildlife. 150,000 199,000 207,000 213

371,000 423,000 548,000 662,000

3es-parasi1 146,500 167,000 172,000 377, 500

Contr 358,000 393,000 660,000 1,042,500

sification, distribution, and life history.,. 144,000 111,000 148,000 154,500

,perative Wildlife Research Unite. 186,500 221,000 254,000 260,000

Total, research projects 1,943,300 2,300,000 2,854,000 3,758,500

Managen at Wildlife Researcl 89,000 157,000 157,000 179,1

introduction program 52, 'Jill 53,000 S00 55,000

700,000 120,000 509,000 579,500

Total 2,785,240 2,630,000 3,573,800 4,572,000

Funds From Other Sources

Federal Aviation Agency 100,000 200,000 190,000

Army Corps of Engineers 12,000 13,750 11,600 7,000

Private contributions 9,400 2,100

Quartern] era! 17,000 15,000 20,000 20,000

Bureau of Land Management 4,000 4,000 4,000

U.S. Forest Service 5,000 5,000 5,000

Grand total 2,932,640 2,869,850 3,804,400 4,599,000

'

£

68

Appendix D— OFFICES AND RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL, DIVISION OF

WILDLIFE RESEARCH

Central Office

Carlson, ('. Edward Chief of Division 1 Department of the Interior

Coutts. James M Asst. Chief of Division. | Washington 25, D.C.

Staff Specialists

Aldrich, Dr. John \Y Classification and Dis- U.S. National Museum

tribution.

Dale, Dr. Fred H Upland Ecology Interior Building

Dykstra, Walter W Pesticides- Animal Con- Interior Building

trol.

Erickson, Dr. Ray C Wetland Ecology Interior Building

Harris. Dr. Van T Editor Interior Building

Heath, Robert G Biometrician Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel,

Md.

Yeager, Dr. Lee E Head, Cooperative Wild- Interior Building

life Research Units.

Bird and Mammal Laboratories — U.S. National Museum

Manville, Dr. Richard H Director of Laboratories. U.S. National Museum

Kenyon, Karl W Field Biologist, Marine Marine Mammal Substation, Sand Point

Mammals NAS, Seattle, Wash.

Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Leaders

Baker, Dr. Maurice F Leader Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Auburn University

Auburn, Ala.
Basket t, Dr. Thomas S Leader Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Missouri

Columbia, Mo.
Craighead, Dr. John L Leader Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Montana State University

Missoula, Mont.
Dalke, Dr. Paul D Leader Idaho Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Idaho

Moscow, Idaho
Glover, Dr. Fred A Leader Colorado Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colo.
Haugen, Dr. Arnold O Leader Iowa Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Iowa State Univeristy

Ames, Iowa
Klein, Dr. David R Leader Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Alaska

College, Alaska

Lindzey, Dr. James S Leader Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife Research

Unit

Forestry Building

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pa.

69

Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Leaders
Low, Dr. Jessop B. Leader

McGinnes, Dr. Burd S Leader.

Mendall, Howard L Leader.

Newsom, John D Leader.

Peterle, Dr. Tony J Leader l.

Springer, Dr. Paul F Leader.

Sheldon, Dr. William G Leader.

Sowls, Dr. Lyle K Leader.

Stebler, Dr. Adolph M Leader.

Thompson, Dr. Daniel Q Leader.

-Continued

Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Utah State University

Logan, Utah
Virginia Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Virginia Polytechnic Institute

Blacksburg, Va.
Maine Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Maine

Orono, Maine

Louisiana Cooperative Wildlife Research

Unit

School of Forestry

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, La.
Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The Ohio State University

1735 Neil Ave.

Columbus, Ohio

South Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Research

Unit

South Dakota State College

College Station,

Brookings, S. Dak.
Massachusetts Cooperative Wildlife Re-
search Unit

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, Mass.
Arizona Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Arizona

Tucson, Ariz.

Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research

Unit

408 Life Sciences Building

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Okla.

New York Cooperative Wildlife Research

Unit

Fernow Hall

Cornell University

Ithaca, N.Y.

Denver Wildlife Research Center

Williams, Cecil S Director

Welch, Jack F Assistant Director.

Building 45

Denver Federal Center

Denver, Colo.
Senior Scientists in Charge of Field Stations

Jensen, Wayne I Bacteriologist Post Office Box 603

Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge
Brigham City, Utah

Stoudt, Jerome H Biologist _. Van Slyke Building

116K South Main St.
Aberdeen, S. Dak.

1 Resigned Dec. 31, 1963; became Acting Leader on Jan. 1, 19H. pending appointment ot a Leader.

70

Dodge, Dr. Wendell E Biologist 210 East Union Ave.

Olympia, Wash.
Evans, James Biologist Nutria Control Station

Houma, La.
Goodrum, Phil D Biologist 814 Sarah Ann St.

Nacogdoches, Tex.
Gashwiler, Jay S Biologist 323 Extension Hall

Oregon State College

Corvallis, Oreg.
Halvorson, Curtis H Biologist c/o Forest Experiment Station

Federal Building

Missoula, Mont.
Zajanc, Adolph Biologist Field Station Administration

University of California

Davis, Calif.
Krefting, Laurits W Biologist 204 Green Hall

University of Minnesota

St. Paul, Minn.
Reid, Vincent H Biologist 206 Forestry Building

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colo.
Royall, Willis C, Jr Biologist Post Office Box 1006

Mesa, Ariz.
Stewart, Robert E Biologist 118 3d Ave. NE.

Jamestown, N. Dak.
Webb, Edward L Biologist Arizona State University

Tempe, Ariz.
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

Nelson, Harvey K Director General Delivery

Jamestown, N. Dak.
Migratory Bird Populations Station

Crissey, Walter F_. Director 1 Laurel Md

Geis, Dr. Aelred D Assistant Director J

Senior Scientist in Charge of Field Station

Blankenship, Dr. Lytle H._, Biologist Arizona Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

University of Arizona

Tucson, Ariz.
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center

Dustman, Dr. Eugene H Director Laurel, Md.

Senior Scientists in Charge of Field Stations

Lynch, John J Biologist Box 477

University of Southwestern Louisiana

Lafayette, La.
Spencer, Henry J Biologist 3700 East University Ave

(Post Office Box 131)

Gainesville, Fla.
Johnson, Frank M Biologist c/o Southeast Forest Experiment Station

U.S. Forest Service

Asheville, N. C.

71

Senior Scientists in Charge of Field Stations— Continued

Linehan, John T Biologist Agricultural Building

University of Delaware

Newark, Del.
Rosene, Walter, Jr Biologist Room 304-5

Post Office Building

Gadsden, Ala.
Sharp, Dr. Ward M Biologist Post Office Box S09

Northeast Fores! Experiment Station

U.S. Forest Service

Warren, Pa.

Appendix E— LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, JANUARY 1-DECEMBER 31,

1963

[•Authors affiliated with two or more stations; publications listed under the affiliation of each author]

Central Office

Al.iiitli ii. .Inn \ \V.

1963. Geographic orientation of American Tetraonidae.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27. no. 4. p.
529 545

1963. Population systematica in bird conservation.

Proc lings of the 13th International Ornithological

Congress, vol. 2, p. 819 830.

1963. Status of the whooping crane and conservation
efforts. .Modern Game Breeding, vol. 33, no. 1, p.
14-10.

1963. (Review of) The migration of birds, by Jean
Dorst Atlantic .Naturalist, vol. 18, no. 4. p. 254-256.
Bumf, Gardiner.

1963. History and analysis of Tetraonidae introduc-
tions into North America. Journal of Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 27. no. 4. i>. 855-867.
♦Bureau op Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

1963. Wildlife research : problems, programs, progress.
Division of Wildlife Research. Circular 166. 66 p.
Dale, Fred H.

1963. (Review of) Birds and woods, by W. B. Yapp.
Atlantic Naturalist, vol. IS. no. 4. p. 265-266.
Erickson, Ray C.

1!"',::, nil pollution and migratory birds. Atlantic Nat-
uralist, vol. 18, no. 1, p. r>-14.
George, John L.

1963. Nuisance birds is control possible? National
Agricultural Chemical Association News and Pesticide

Review, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 6-7.

1963. (Review of) Whose woods are these: the story

of the National Forests, by Michael Fromc. Double-
day and Company, Inc., Garden City, N.v. American
Midland Naturalist, vol. 69, no. 2, p, 511 512.
1963. (Review of) Conservation in the United States.
by R. M. llighsmith. J. (J. Jensen, and R. D. Hudd.
Atlantic Naturalist, vol. Is. no. 4. p. 260 262.

Leedy. Daniel L.

1963. (Review of) The relationship of the Peary and
Barren Ground Caribou, by T. H. Manning. American
Institute of Biological Scientists, vol. 13. no. 1. p. 43.

Bird and Mammal Laboratories

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

llM-.'i. Fur catch in the United Suites. 1962. Wildlife

Leaflet 452. 4 p.
1963. Big game inventory for 1962. Bureau of Sport

Fisheries and Wildlife, Wildlife Leaflet no. 4.">4. p.

1—1 (processed).

Burleigh, Thomas D.

1963. Geographic variation in the cedar waxwing
(Bombycilla Cedrorum). Proceedings of the Biologi-
cal Society of Washington, vol. 70, p. 177-180.
Greenhall, Authur M.

1963. A bamboo mongoose trap. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife. Wildlife Leaflet ii". 453, p. 1-1.

1963. Use of mist nets and strychnine for vampire con-
trol in Trinidad. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 44, no.
3, p. 396-399.
Grei n HALL, A. M., f.t al.

1963. Tacaribe virus, a new agent isolated from Arti-
betlS bats .-ind mosquitoes in Trinidad. West Indies.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
vol. 12. no. 1. p. C40-646.
Ke.nyon, Karl W.

1963. Recovery of a fur bearer — coveted pelt caused
sea otter decimation. Natural History, vol. 72, no. 9.
p. 12-21.

1963. Further observations of whooper swans in the
Aleutian Islands. Alaska. Auk, vol. SO. no. 4. p. ."HO-
542.

1963. (Review of I Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and
Alaska Peninsula, by (>. Murie and V. P.. Schcffer.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27. no. 2. p. 306.

72

Kenton, K. W., and Clifford II. Fiscxrs.
1903. Age determination in the Hawaiian monk seal.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 44. no. 2, p. 280 282.

MANVILLE, RICHARD H.

1963. Altitude record for mallard. Wilson Bulletin,

vol. 75, no. I, p. 92.
1963. (Review) of) International Zoo Yearbook, by

Jarvis and Morris. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 4 1.

no. 2, p. 286-287.
1963. Dental anomalies in North American lynx.

Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde (Berlin), vol. 28, no.

3, p. 166-H Ml.
1903. Accidental mortality in bats. Mammalia

(Paris), vol. 27. no. 3, p. 301-366.
1903. Articles on caenolestid, dingo, elephant, and nu-
tria. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed. Chicago.
Paradiso, John L.

1963. The type locality of Tatnias striatus fisheri.

Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 44, no. 4. p. 579-580.
Scheffer. V. B., and K. W. Kenyon.

196;?. Baculum size in pinnipeds. Zeitschrift fiir

Saugetierkunde (Berlin), vol. 28, no. 1, p. 38— tl.
1963. Elephant seal in Puget Sound, Wash. Murrelet.

vol. 44. no. 2. p. 23-24.
Short, Lester L., Jr.

190.!. Hybridization in the wood warblers Vermivora

pinus and V. chrysoptera. Proceedings of the 13th

International Ornithological Congress, vol. 1. p. 147-

160.
1963. (Review of) Birds and woods, by W. B. Yapp.

Ecology, vol. 44, no. 4. p. 829.

Reid, Vincent II.

190.;. Trends in small rodent atid rabbit populations.
In Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and
ungrazed watersheds of I he Badger Wash Basin in
western Colorado. 19."..". 5s. Geological Survey Water-
Supply Paper 1532 It. p. B70 B72.

ROBINETTE, W. L.

1903. Weights of some of the larger ma lals Of North-
ern Rhodesia. The I'uku, The Occasional Papers of

the Department of Game and Fisheries, Northern
Rhodesia, no. 1. p .207 '-'15.

Stephenson, G. K., P. I). Goodrum, and R. L. Packard.

1903. Small rodents as consumers of pine seed in Easl

Texas uplands. Journal of Forestry, vol. 01. no. 7.

p. 523-526.
Ward, A. Lorin, and James O. Keith.

1903. Feeding habits of pocket gophers on mountain

grasslands. Black Mesa. Colo. Ecology, vol. 43, p.

744-749.

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

Nelson, Harvey K.

1963. Restoration of breeding Canada goose (locks in
the North Central states. Transactions of the 28th
North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, p. 133-150.

Denver Wildlife Research Center

Farm Journal.

191'..:. Watch for this bird. September issue, p. 44-T.
(Condensation by editor of article by John W. De
Grazio. )
Fini.ey. R. 15., Jr., and R. E. Pillmore.

1963. Conversion of DDT to I)I)I> in animal tissue.
American Institute of Biological Sciences Bulletin,
vol. 13. no. 3. p. 41-11'.
Keith. James ().. and Eldridge <i. Hunt.

1962. Pesticide-wildlife investigations of California.
Proceedings of the I'd Annual Conference on the Use
of Agricultural Chemicals in California (sponsored
by the University of California. Davis, Calif., January
8, 1903).
Gashwiler, Jay S.

1903. Pouch capacity of Cooper's chipmunks. Murre-
let. vol. 44. no. 1. [i. 7-8.
Krefting. ti. W.

1903. Beaver of Isle Royale. Naturalist, vol. 14. no. 2,
p. 1-11.
Krefting, I.. W.. and Henry L. Hansen.

r.ir,.;. Use of phytocides to improve deer habitat in
Minnesota. Proceedings of the Southern Weed Con-
ference, vol. 10. p. 209-210.

Patuxent Wildlife Research Center

Buckley'. John L.

1963. (Review of) A naturalist in Alaska, by Adolph
Murie. Chesapeake Science, vol. 4. no. 1. p. 03-64.
Hi (Kiey. John L.. and James B. DeWitt.

1963. 1903 progress report — pesticide-bald eagle rela-
tionships. A Florida Notebook, National Audubon
Society Annual Convention. Miami, Fla.. November
9-13. 1903, p. 15-20.
*Butler, Philip A., and Paul F. Springer.

1963. Pesticides — a new factor in coastal environments.
Transactions of the 2Mb North American Wildlife
and Natural Resources Conference, p. 37N-390.
Clark, Gordon Marston.

1903. Observations on the nasal mites of the eastern
brown-headed cow bird {Molothrus ater ater). Pro-
ceedings of the Helminthologieal Society of Washing-
ton, VOl. 30, no. 2. p. 173-170.
Davey. Stuart P.

1963. Effects of chemicals on earthworms: a review
of the literature. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife. Special Scientific Report: Wildlife no. 74,
p. 1-20.
Herman. Carlton M.

1963. Disease and infection in the Tetraonidae, Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27. no. 4. p. 850 854.
190.:. I Review of) Tuberculosis in animals, edited by
.1. N. Ritchie and anil W. 1). McCrae. Chesapeake
Science, vol. 4. no. 1. p. 64.

73

Johnson, FRANK M.. and ROBE BT I- 1 'owning.

L963. Preliminary Investigations of deer census tech-
niques applicable to the Southeast. Proceedings,
Society of American Foresters, Atlanta, 6a., 1962. p,
162 165.

Ki.Awirn.it, u.\i [mi a., .Iaik Stdbbb, and Frank m.

.loll NSON.

1963 Tests of arasan 75-endrin 50W rodent repellent

(■ii shumard and swamp chestnut oak acorns, U.S.

Forest Service Research Note SE-4, p. 1-2.
Locke, Louis x.
1903. Multicentric neurofibrosarcoma in a Canada

goose, Branta canadensis. Avian Diseases, vol. 7,

no. 2, p. 196 202.
Lt'MsuKN, R. !>.. I). E. Ems, and John I.. Si.ncock.
1963. A survey of fungi associated with lesioned and

chlorotic sago pondweed {Potamoaeton pectinatus).

Plant Disease Reporter, vol. 47. no. 7, p. 689-693.

Lynch. John J., CHARLES D. EVANS, and V. ('. Conover.
1!)63. Inventory of waterfowl environments of prairie

Canada. Transactions 28th North American Wildlife

and Natural Resources Conference, p. 9S-108.
Mi ani.ey. Brooke.

1963. Nesting ecology and habits of the dickcissel on

the Arkansas Grand Prairie. Wilson Bulletin, vol.

75. no. 3. p. 280.
1963. Prenestlng activity of the purple gallinule near

Savannah, Ga. The Auk, vol. 80, no. 4. p. 545-547.
Mean-ley, Brooke, and John S. Webb.
1963. Nesting ecology and reproductive rate of the

red-winged blackbird in tidal marshes of the upper

Chesapeake Hay region. Chesapeake Science, vol. 4,

no. 2, p. 90-1 ( HI.

Mitchell, Robert T.

1963. The floodlight trap — :1 device for capturing large
numbers of blackbirds and starlings at roosts. Bu-
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Special Scien-
tific Report : Wildlife no. 77, p. 1-14.
Ripley, Thomas H., Frank M. Johnson, and William H.
Moore.

1963. A modification of the line intercept method of
sampling understory vegetation. Journal of Range
Management, vol. 10. no. 1. p. 9-11.

Rosi HE, WALTER J., and Daniel W. Lay.

1963. Disappearance and visibility of quail remains.
The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 1,
p. 139 142.

Schmid, Frederick C.

1963. Record longevity of a wild red-shouldered hawk.
Bird Handing, vol. 3 I, no. 3, p. 160.

SEUBEBT, John I,.

1963, Research on methods of trapping the red-winged
blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Angewandte Orni-

thologie, Hand 1. Heft 3 I. p. 163-170.

Sharp, Ward M.

1963. The effects of habitat manipulation and forest
succession on ruffed grouse. The Journal of Wild
life Management, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 664-671.

•Springer, Paul F.

1963. Fish and wildlife aspects of chemical mosquito
control. Proceedings, Fifteenth Annual Meeting New
Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association and
Nineteenth Annual Meeting American Mosquito Con-
trol Association. Atlantic City. N.J., March 12-15,
1963, p. 194-206.
l!Hi3. Wildlife management concepts compatible with
mosquito suppression. Proceedings of the Conference

for C -dinated Program on Wildlife Management

and Mosquito Suppression, Yosemite National l'ark.

Calif., October 15-18, 1962, p. 31^39.

Si ii ms, John H.

1963. Relation of screening to field testing in develop-
ment of plant control methods. Proceedings North-
eastern Weed Control Conference, vol. 17. p. 439-442.
Sikenis, John H.. and Vernon D. Stotts.

1963. Abstract — Progress report on distribution and
control of Eurasian watcrniilfoil in the Chesapeake
Ray Region. 1962. Proceedings of the Southern Weed
Conference, vol. It;, p. 341-342.
Stewart, Paul A.

1963. Abnormalities among brown-headed cowbirds
trapped in Alabama. Bird-Banding, vol. 34. no. 4. p.
199-21 LV

Migratory Bird Populations Station

Wildlife publications

Conawat, C. N.. H. M. Wight, and K. C. Sadler.

1963. Annual production by a cottontail population.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 2 p. 171-
193.
Crisset, Walter F.

1963. The Northeastern States as a separate water-
fowl management unit. Proceedings of the North-
eastern Wildlife Conference. Portland, Maine.
April 14-17. p. 1-11.
Geis, Aelred I >.

1963. Role of hunting regulations in migratory bird
management. Transactions of tlie 28th North Ameri-
can Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference.
p. 167-172.
Geis. Aelred D., and RICHARD D. Tabeb.

1963. Measuring hunting and other mortality. In
Wildlife Investigational Techniques, The Wildlife
Society, second edition, p. 2s 1 298.
Kacvynski, ChardeS F., and WILLIAM II. Kiel, Jr.

1963. Rand loss by nestling mourning doves. Journal
of Wildlife Management, vol. 27. no. 1. p. 271-279.
Martin. Fant W.

1963. Woodcock status report— 1963. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report :
Wildlife no. 76, p. 1-43.

74

R0BBIN8, ('HANDLER S.

1963. The seasons — October, November, December,
1962. Maryland Birdlife, vol. 19, no. 4. p. 109.

1963. The seasons — January, February, March, 1963.
Maryland Birdlife, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 29 53.

196.'!. The seasons — April, May. June, 1963. Maryland
Birdlife. vol. 19, no. 3, p. 68-77.

1963. The seasons — July, August, September, 1963.
Maryland Birdlife, vol. 19, no. 4. p. 98-107.

l!Mi3. Second record of clay-colored sparrow in Mary-
land. Maryland Birdlife. vol. 19, no. 1, p. 16-21.
To m i.i n son, Roy E.

1963. A method for drive-trapping dusky grouse.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 563-
566.
Wight, Howard M.

196:5. Mourning dove status report — 1963. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Serial Scientific He-
port : Wildlife no. 73, p. 1-34.

Administrative reports

Staff, Migratory Bird Populations Station, and Ver-
non D. Stotts.
1963. Roost trapping of wood ducks. Administrative
Report no. 15, Migratory Bird Populations Station,
p. 1-2.
Staff, Migratory Bird Populations Station. '

1963. Relationship between length of season and num-
ber of duck stamps sold. Administrative Report no.
16, Migratory Bird Populations Station, p. 1-8.
WIGHT, Howard M.

1963. A preliminary report on mourning dove recov-
ery rates in relation to hunting regulations. Admin-
istrative Report no. 17, Migratory Bird Populations
Station, p 1—4.
Geis, Aelred D., Robert I. Smith, and Stephen V.
Goddard.
1963. Blue-winged teal band recovery and annual mor-
tality rates. Administrative Report no. 18, Migra-
tory Bird Populations Station, p. 1-11.
Wight. Howard M.

1963. The role of pre- and post-season banding in
mourning dove research. Administrative Report no.
19, p. 1-18.
Smith. Robert I.

1963. Lesser scaup and ring-necked duck shooting
pressure and mortality rates. Administrative Re-
port no. 20. p. 1-18.
Smith, Robert I., Stephen V. Goddard, and Aelred D.
Geis.
1903. Analysis of some wood duck bandings and re-
port on the 1962 wood duck banding program. Ad-
ministrative Report no. 21, Migratory Bird Popula-
tions Station, p. 1-25.
Geis, Aelred D., and Robert I. Smith.

1003. Recovery rates from 1962 pre-hunting season
bandings of mallards and black ducks. Administra-
tive Report no. 22. p. 1-18.

Heath, Robert G.

1903. Waterfowl harvest ami hunter activity in the
United States during the 1982 hunting season. Ad-
ministrative Report no. 23, Migratory Bird Popula-
tions Station, p. 1-19.

1963. Analysis of Utah's 1962 controlled whistling
swan season. Administrative Report no. 24, Migra-
tory Bird Populations Station, p. 1 8.
Heath, Robert (i., and M. Edwin R0SA8C0.

1963. National survey of waterfowl hunting on various
types of land ownership. Administrative Report no.
25, Migratory Bird Populations Station, p. 1-34.

1963. Hunter opinion survey of restrictive duck hunt-
ing regulations. Administrative Report no. 26, Mi-
gratory Bird Populations Station, p. 1-23.
Geis, Aelred D., and Samuel M. Carney.

1963. Age ratios of ducks killed during the 1962 hunt-
ing season compared to those during prior years.
Administrative Report no. 27, Migratory Bird Popu-
lations Station, p. 1-9.
Smith, Robert I.

1963. Estimate of the number of wood ducks in the

1961 and 1002 pre-hunting season populations of the
Mississippi and Atlantic Plyways. Administrative
Report no. 28, Migratory Bird Populations Station,
p. 1-4.

Carney, Samuel M.

1963. Effect of the change in the daily bag limit in

1962 on the wood duck kill in the Mississippi Fly-
way. Administrative Report no. 29, Migratory Bird
Populations Station, p. 1-3.

Carney, Samuel M., and Aelbed D. Geis.

1003. Occurrence of scaup and ring-necked duck as
"Bonus Scaup" during the 1962 season. Adminis-
trative Report no. 30, Migratory Bird Populations
Station, p. 1-6.

1903. Mallard sex ratios in the 1962 hunting kill. Ad-
ministrative Report no. 31, Migratory Bird Popula-
tions Station, p. 1-6.
Carney, Samuel M., and Alfred J. Godin.

1963. Comparison between the 1961 and 1962 species
composition of the kill by flyways. Administrative
Report no. 32, Migratory Bird Populations Station,
p. 1-2.
Carney. Samuel M.

1963. Decreases in the duck kill that might be antici-
pated due to reductions in the daily bag limit. Ad-
ministrative Report no. 33. Migratory Bird Popula-
tions Station, p. 1-9.
Carney, Samuel M., M. Edwin Rosasco, and Robert P.
Shanahan.

1963. Increases in the total duck and mallard kill that
might be anticipated due to increases in the daily bag
limit. Administrative Report no. 34. Migratory Bird
Populations Station, p. 1-10.
Geis. Aelred D., M. Edwin Rosasco, and Samuel M.
Carney.

1003. Extent of the change in waterfowl kill and
hunting activity between the 1961 and 1962 hunting
seasons. Administrative Report no. 35, Migratory
Bird Populations Station, p. 1-5.

75

Smith, Robert I.
L963. A summary of Information relating to wood duck
populations and harvest Administrative Report no.
36, Migratory Bird Populations Station, i>. 1-4.
Staff, Migrator? Bibd Populations Station.
1963. Hunting success in relation to consistency of
hunter purchase of duck stamps. Administrative Re-
port do. '■'■'. Migratory Bird Populations Station,
p. 1-2.
Godix. Alfred J., and Samuel m. Carney.

1963. Comparisons between hunters' reports and spy-
Idind observations during the 1961-62 and 1962-63
hunting seasons Administrative Report no. 38, Mi-
gratory Bird Populations Station, p. 1-10.
Martin, Fant W.
1963. Effect of regulations on size of the woodcock kill.
Administrative Report no. 39, Migratory Bird Popu-
lations Station, p. 1-5.

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units
ALABAMA

Wildlife publication

Baker, M. P.

1963. New fire ant bait.
Research, vol. 10, no. 2,

Highlights of Agricultural
p. 16.

ALASKA

Wildlife publications
COURTRIGHT, A. M.
1963. Range management and the genus Rangifer: A
review of selected literature. University of Alaska,

M. S. thesis, p. 1-172.

Dean, P. C.

I'm;.',. (Review of) A naturalist in Alaska by Adolph
Murie. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no.
2. p. 308-310.
Roberts, II. A.

1963. Aspects of the life history and food habits of rock
and willow ptarmigan. University of Alaska. M. S.
thesis, p. 1-108.

ARIZONA

Wildlife publications

Brown. W. H, J. W. Stull, and I.. K. Sowls.

1963. Chemical composition of the milk fat of the col-
lard peccary. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 44, no. 1,
p. 112-113.
Simmons, N. M., S. Levy, and J. Levy.

I'm;.?. Observation of desert bighorn sheep lambing.
Kofa Game Range, Arizona. Journal of .Mammalogy,
vol. 44, no. 3, p. 433.
Sow is, L. K.

1963. Life in the desert. Audubon Nature Bulletin

Series 31, no. 2. p. 1-6.
1962. Life in freshwater marshes. Audubon Nature
Bulletin Series 30, no. 2, p. 1-6.

Sowls, L. K., and P. S. Minnamon.

1963. Glass heads for marking home ranges for mam-
mals. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 2,
p. 299 302.

Fishery publications

Gerdes, J. II., and W. J. McConnell.

1963. Food habits and spawning of the thread-tin shad
in a small, desert Impoundment Arizona Academy of
Science, vol. 2. no. 3, p. 113-116.
McConnell, W. J.
1963. Primary productivity and fish harvest in a small
desert impoundment. Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society, vol. 92. no. 1, p. 1-12.

COLORADO
Wildlife publications
Evans, K. E., and D. L. Gilbert.
1963. Grouse of the grasslands. Colorado Outdoors,
vol. 12. no. 6, p. 15-18.
Loveless, C M., J. Coffelt, D. E. Medin, and L. E. Yeager.
1963. A photoelectric-cell device for use in wildlife
research. AIBS Bulletin, vol. 14, p. 55-57.
Martin, W. E., and D. L. Gilbert.
1963. Field wildlife studies in Colorado. Second Edi-
tion, Colorado State University, p. 1-79.
Roughton, R. D.

1962. A review of literature on dendrochronology and
age determination of woody plants. Colorado De-
partment of Game. Fish and Parks, Technical Bulle-
tin no. 15, p. 1-99.

Ryder, R. A.

1963. White i>elicans. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 12, no. 6,
p. 14-19.

Sandfort, W.

1963. We can have more pheasants. Colorado Out-
doors, vol. 12. no. 3, p. 1-6.
Short, H. L.

1963. Rumen fermentations and energy relationships
in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Manage-
ment, vol. 27, no. 2. p. 184-195.
Wagar, J. V. K.

1963. History and problems of the Poudre Canyon.
The Wildlife Society, Central Mountains and Plains
Section, Transactions, Seventh Annual Summer Con-
ference, vol. 7, p. 1. (Abstract)

1963. The deterioration of recreation under intensive
use. The Wildlife Society. Central Mountains and
Plains Section. Transactions. Sixth Annual Summer
Conference, vol. 6, p. 20. (Abstract)

1963. In such manner and by such means. U.S. Na-
tional Park Service. Midwest Region Superintend-
ents' Conference Transactions, p. 125-138.

1963. Should we hunt in the National Parks? Colo-
rado Outdoors, vol. 12. no. 2, p. 28-30.

1963. Chapter S: Parks and recreational development.
In Careers in conservation — opportunities in natural
resources. Edited by Henry Clepper for the Natural
Resources Council of America. Ronald Press,
New York, p. 141-153.

76

IEAGER, L. E.

1963. Marten. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 12, no. 1, in-
Side front cover.
YEAGER, L. 10.. and A. D. Coleman.
1963. A profile of the marten. Colorado Outdoors,
vol. 12. no. 1, p. 1-5.
Ieager, I,. !•:.. C. M. Loveless, and II. L. Short.

1963. Effects of the environment on a wild deer popu-
lation—A base for radioecological studies. U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Offsite Ecology Research,
Division of Biology and Medicine: TID-1335* (1st
rev.), p. 11-15 (processed).

IDAHO

Wildlife publication

Dalke. P. D., D. B. Pyrah. D. C. Stanton. J. E. Craw-
ford, and E. F. Schlatterer.
1903. Ecology, productivity and management of sage
grouse in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol.27, no. 4. p. 811-841.

IOWA

Wildlife publications

Andrews, R. D.

i:m;:s. Evaluation of tests for pullorum and Newcastle
disease with wholeblood samples collected on seri-
odiscs. Avian Diseases, vol. 7, no. 2. p. 193-196.
Andrews, R. D., A. O. Hat/gen, and L. Y. Quinn.

1963. Antibodies of pullorum and Newcastle disease
virus in pheasants. Journal of Wildlife Manage-
ment, vol. 27, no. 2. p. 220-224.
Errington, P. L.

1963. The pricelessness of untampered nature. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 2. p. 313-320.
1963. The phenomenon of predation. American Scien-
tist, vol. 51. no. 2, p. 180-192.
1903. Muskrat populations. Iowa State University
Press, p. 1-665.
Errington, P. L.. R. J. Siglin. and R. C. Clark.

1963. The decline of a muskrat population. Journal
of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 1. p. 1-8.
Haugen, A. O.

1963. Man and conservation. Iowa Waltonian, vol.

5, no. 3. p. 2.
1963. An improved technique for preserving deer
uteri. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no.
1, p. 142-143.
Haugen, A. <>.. and D. L. Trauger.

1963. ovarian analysis for data on corpora lutea
changes in whitetailed deer. Proceedings of the
Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 69, p. 231-238.
Klimstra, W. D., P. A. Vohs, Jr., and J. D. Cherry.
1903. Strip-mined lands for recreation. Illinois Wild-
life, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 6-8.
Moorman. R. B.
1963. Why not crop your farm pond ! Iowa Farm
Science, vol. 10. no. 6, p. 3-5.

Roslien, D. J., P. L. Fore, and A. O. Haugen.

1963. HI 1 parasites in relation to pheasants and

quail in Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of
Science, vol. 69, p. 239-244.
VOHS, P. A., Jr., and 1). BlRKENHOLZ.

1963. Response of bobwhite quail to management of
some Illinois strip-mined lands. Transactions of the
Illinois Academy of Science, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 13-19.

Weller, M. W.

1963. Resolution of respect : Paul L. Errington, 1902-
L962. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,
vol. 44. no. 2, p. 55-58.
Weller. M. W., and L. H. Fredrickson.

1963. Small mammal prey of some owls wintering in
Iowa. Iowa State Journal of Science, vol. 38, no. 2,
p. 151-160.
Wright, V., and P. Otte.

1963. A central Iowa pheasant nesting study, 1961.
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 69,
p. 252-259.

Fishery publications

Buchholz, M. M. and K. D. Carlander.

1963. Failure of yellow bass, Roccus mississippiensis,
to form annuli. Transactions, American Fisheries
Society, vol. 92. no. 4, p. 384-400.
Carlander, K. D.

1963. Editor's Foreword. (In Symposium on fresh-
water fishery problems in Europe.) Transactions of
American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 3, p. 258.
1963. An age record for tagged walleye. Iowa Conser-
vationist, vol. 22, no. 5, p. 34.
Carlander, K. D.

1963. Chapter 4 : Fisheries. In Careers in Conserva-
tion— Opportunities in Natural Resources. Edited by
Henry Clepper for the Natural Resources Council of
America. The Ronald Press. New York, p. 37-50.
1963. Yellow bass comeback at Clear Lake? Iowa
Conservationist, vol. 22, p. 44—45.
Carlander K. D.. R. S. Campbell and W. I. Irwin.
1963. Chapter 11 : Mid-continent States. In Limnology
in North America. Edited by David G. Frey. Uni-
versity of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p. 317-348.
Dinsmore, J. J.

1962. Life history of the creek chub, with emphasis on
growth. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sci-
ence, vol. 69. p. 296-301.

New.. R. A.

1963. Black and white crappies in Clear Lake, 1950-
1961. Iowa State Journal of Science, vol. 37. no. 4,
p. 425-445.

Small. L. F.

1963. Effect of wind on the distribution of chlorophyll
a in Clear Lake, Iowa. Limnology and Oceanogra-
phy, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 426-432.
Welker, B. D.

1963. Summer food habits of yellow bass and black
bullheads in Clear Lake. Proceedings of the Iowa
Academy of Science, vol. 69, p. 266-295.

77

MAINE

Wildlife publication*

Haktman. F. E.

1963. Estuarine winter habitat for black docks. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 33!>-
347.

Moulton, J. C.
1963. Notes on the small mammals of the Weskeag
River Region, Knox County. Maine. Maine Field
Naturalist, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 67-70.
Robinson. YV. L.
1963. Winter record of the American coot in Maine.
Maine Field Naturalist, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 71.

MASSACHUSETTS

Wildlife publications

Hester, A. E.

1963. A plastic wins tag for individual identification
of passerine birds. Bird-Banding, vol. 34, no. 4, p.
213-217.
Wentworth. B. ('.. and W. J. Mei.len.

1963. Egg product ion and fertility following various
methods of insemination in Japanese quail I Coturnii
coturnix japonica). Journal of Reproduction Fer-
tility, no. 6, p. 215-220.

MISSOURI

Wildlife publications
Chambers, G. D.

1963. Corn a staple food of doves wintering in north-
ern Missouri. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.
27, no. 3, p. 486-488.
Elder, W. H.

1963. Game management (section under heading
"Wildlife Conservation"). Encyclopedia Britannica
(1963 edition), p. 601c-601d.
1963. (Review of) The waterfowl of the world, by
Jean Delacour. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol. 27. no. 1. p. 116-147.
FitANKEL. A. I., and T. S. Baskett.
1963. Color marking disrupts pair bonds of captive
mourning doves. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol. 27. no. 1. p. 124-127.
Holler, N. R.. T. S. Baskett, and J. 1*. Rogers.

1963. Reproduction in confined swamp rabbits. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27. no. 2. p. 179-183.
Korschgen, L. J., and T. S. Basket).
1963. Foods of impoundment- and stream-dwelling
bullfrogs in Missouri. Ilerpetologica, vol. 19. no. 2,
p. 89-99.

Fishery publications

Cablandeb, K. I).. R. s. Campbell, and W. II. Irwin.
1963. Chapter 11 : Mid-continent States. In Limnology
in North America. Edited by David G Frey. I'ni-
vcrsity of Wisconsin Press. Madison, p. 317-348.
Carufel, L. H., and A. Witt. Jr.

1963. Range extension of the gizzard shad. Dnrosnma
cepedianiini. into North Dakota. Copeia, no. 1, p. 178.

HANSON, W. I) . and R. S. Campbell.

1963. The effects of pool size and beaver activity on
distribution and abundance of warm-water tishes
in a north Missouri stream. American Midland
Naturalist, vol. 69, no. 1, p. 136-149.

Poole, R. i... i>. R. Ejeusteb, and A. Witt, Jr.
1963. The status of spearfishing and the use of
SCUBA in lish management programs in the fresh-
waters of the United States. Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 1, p. 30-33.

MONTANA

II ildlifp publications

Craighead, F. C. Jr.. J. J. Craighead and R. S. Davies.
1963. Radio-tracking of grizzly bears. In Bio-Telem-
etry. Pergamon Press, p. 133-148.
Craighead, F. C, Jr., and R. J. Davies.

1963. A field guide to Rocky Mountain wildflowers.
Peterson Field Cuide Series, Houghton-Mifflin Com-
pany, p. 1-277.
Forrester. D. J., and C. M. Senger.

1963. Bighorns and lungworm. Monftuia Wildlife

i April i. p. 2-7.
1963. Effect of temperature and humidity on survival
of first stage Protostronoylus stUesi larvae. Experi-
mental Parasitology, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 83-89.
Forrester, D. J„ and R. S. Hoffman.

1963. Growth and behavior of a captive bighorn ram.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 116-118.
Pengelly, W. L.

1963. The art of social conservation. Naturalist
(Fall), Minnesota Natural History Society, vol. 14,
no. 3, p. 4-15.
1963. Timberlands and deer in the northern Rockies.
Journal of Forestry, vol. 61, no. 10, p. 734-740.
Wright, P. L.

1963. Chapter 6: Variations in reproductive cycles in
North American mustelids. In Delayed Implanta-
tion. Edited by Allen C. Enders, University of Chi-
cago Press, p. 77-97.

NEW YORK

Wildlife publications

Cash. N. A., and O. II. Hewitt.

1963. Nesting and productivity of the redwinged black-
bird in relation to habitat. The Living Bird. Second
Annual of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,
p. 7-20.
Erickson, II. R.

19(13. Reproduction, growth, and movement of musk-
rats Inhabiting small water areas in New York State.
New York Fish and Game Journal, vol. 10, p. 90-
117.
Hewitt, O. H.

1968. Development of a road-side count method of
census of breeding red-winged blackbirds, Agelauit
phoenicuis. Angewandte Ornithology, vol. 2, no. 1,
p. 123-1211.

1963. Counting grouse in the Arnot Forest. Cornell
Plantations, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 59-61.

78

Saunders, J. K., Jr.
1963. Food habits of the lynx in Newfoundland. Jour-
nal of wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 384-390.
1963. Movements and activities of the lynx in New-
foundland. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27,
no. 3, p. 390-401.

SlMKIN. I). W.

1963. Tagging moose by helicopter. Journal of Wild-
life Management, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 130-139.
Smith. S. K.. R. W. GARDNER, and G. A. Swanson.

1963. A study of the adequacy of cobalt nutrition in
New York deer. New York Fish and Came Journal,
vol. 111. no. 2, p. 225-227.
Swanson, (i. A.
1963. (Editor) Pesticides — their use and effect. New
York Slate Joint Legislative Committee on Natural
Resources, Assembly Chamber, Albany 1, New York,
p. 1-110.
Thompson, l>. Q.

1963. (Review of) Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson.
Wilson Bulletin, vol. 75, no. 1. p. 106-107.
Thompson. 1 >. Q.. and R. A. Person.

1963. The eider pass at Point Harrow, Alaska. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 348-356.

OHIO

Wildlife publications

Eberhardt, Li., T. J. Peterle. and R. Schofield.

1963. Problems in a rabbit population study. Wildlife
Monographs, No. 10. p. 1-51.

Giles, R. II.. Jr., and T. J. Peterle.

1963. Distribution of aerially applied malathion SK in
a forest ecosystem. The International Symposium
on the Use and Application of Radioisotopes and
Radiation in the Control of Plant and Animal Insect
Tests. April 22-26. Athens. Greece. In Radiation
and Radioisotopes Applied to Insects of Agricultural
Importance. IAEA, Vienna, Austria, p. 55-84.

OKLAHOMA

B ildlife publications

Atkins, B. O., and F. F. Copelin.

1963. New fish and wildlife management and research
opportunities in Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Okla-
homa Academy of Science, vol. 43, p. 227-220.
Baumgartner, F. M.

1063. Audubon Field Notes, vol. 17, no. 1. p. 45—16: no.
3, p. 330-341 ; no. 4, p. 414-415: no. 5, p. 468-469.
Costly. N.

1963. Population explosions concern wildlife research
unit. Oklahoma State University, Research Founda-
tion. Research Reports, vol. 1, no. 5. p. 1.
Goertz, J. W.

1963. Si une biological notes on the plains harvest
mouse. Proceedings, Oklahoma Academy of Science,
vol. 43, p. 123-125.
Jones. R. E.

1963. Identification and analysis of lesser and greater
prairie chicken habitat. Journal of Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 757-778.

Williamson, II. G., G. R. Wint. and F. F. Copeun.

1063. Preliminary report on (he first four years of the
Oklahoma waterfowl and upland game harvest sur-
vey, 1958-1961. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Acad-
emy of Science, vol. 43, p. 242-247.

Fishery publications

Copeland, B. J., and T. 0. DORRIS.

1963. Photosynthetic productivity in oil refinery efflu-
ent holding ponds. Journal of Water Pollution Con-
trol Federation, p. 1104-1111.
Dorris, T. C, B. J. Copeland. and G. J. Lauer.

1963. Limnology of the middle Mississippi River. IV.
Physical and chemical limnology of river and chute.
Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 79-88
Dorris, T. C. I). Patterson', and B. J. Copeland.

1963. Oil refinery effluent treatment in ponds. Journal
of Water Pollution Control Federation, p. 032-939.
Houser, A.
1963. Loss in weight of sunfish following aquatic vege-
tation control using the herbicide silvex. Preceedings,
Oklahoma Academy of Science, vol. 43, p. 232-237.
Jackson, S. W., Jr.

1063. Summary of returned tagged fishes from Recrea-
tion Lake. Mohawk Park, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 29-
September 5, 1960. Proceedings. Oklahoma Academy
of Science, vol. 43, p. 238-242.
Minter, K. W.

1963. Succession in net plankton populations in a se-
ries of waste treatment ponds. Proceedings of the
Oklahoma Academy of Science, vol. 43, p. 140-143.
Moore. G. A., and M. E. Sisk.
1963. The spectacle of Elasoma zonatum Jordan. Co-
peia, no.- 2, p. 347-350.
Riggs, C. D.. and G. A. Moore.

1063. A new record of Muxostoma macrolapidotum
pisuluhriim. and a range extension for Percina shu-
mardi in the Red River. Oklahoma and Texas.
Copeia, no. 2, p. 451—452.
S HELTON, W. L.
1963. Ovarian morphology of the threadfin shad. Doro-
soma pretoicnuc I Le Seurl. Proceedings of the Okla-
homa Academy of Science, vol. 43, p. 145-148.

PENNSYLVANIA

Wildlife publications

Carroll, W. M., and R. G. Wingard.

1063. Public and private recreational land use issues.
Farm Economics, Extension Service, Pennsylvania
Slate University. June. p. 1-4.

Ll.NDZEY, J. S.

1063. Protecting fruit crops from bird depredations.
Pennsylvania Fruit Xews. May. p. 1-4.
Sharp, W. M.

1963. The effects of habitat manipulation and forest
succession on ruffled grouse. Journal Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 664—671.
Wingard. R. G.

1063. Wildlife development depends on access to land.
United States Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, Extension Service Review, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 103-
105.

79

Wingabd, R. 6., and W. M. Carroll.

1963. Signs of the future. Pennsylvania Slate Uni-
versity. Science for the Farmer, vol. 10, no. t. p. 9.
Wingabd, R. <;.. \V. M. Cabroll, E. P. Farra.mj. S, E.
Founts, and II. A. Roberts.
L963. I leer management in Pennsylvania. United
state- Department of Agriculture, Extension Service,

University Park, Pennsylvania, p. 1-20.
Winoabd, R. <:.. W. M. Carroll, and C. J. Win-field.
1963. Rural land use planning. United States Depart-
ment Of Agriculture, Extension Service. Special Cir-
cular. University Park, Pennsylvania, p. 1-24.

SOUTH DAKOTA

Wildlife publications

Bin lit. P. A., and P. F. Springer.

1963. Pesticides— a new factor in coastal environ-
ments. Transactions of the 28th North American
Wildlife and .Natural Resources Conference, p. 37S-
390.

DeWitt, J. P.. W. H. Stickel. and P. F. Springer.
1963. Wildlife studies. Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center. 1961 62. Pesticide — wildlife studies: a re-
view of Fish and Wildlife Service investigations
during 1!H>1 and P.»C2. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Circular 167, p. 74-96.

Ni i sox. K. S.

1963. Hosting our hunters. South Dakota State Col-
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Cooperative
Extension Service, F. S. 170, p. 1-2.

Springer, p. F.

L963. Fish and wildlife aspects of chemical mosquito
control. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of
111.- New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association,
and 19th Annual Meeting of American Mosquito Con-
trol Association, p. i:m 206.

UTAH

B ildlife publications
Berbyman, .1. II.

1963. Crops to share. Utah Fish and Game, vol. 19,

no. 3. p. 20-21.
L963. Logan canyon road controversy: anatomy of a

principle. National Parks Magazine, no. 137, p. 90
Chura, N. J.

1963. Diurnal f ling periodicity of juvenile mallards.

Wilson Bulletin, vol. 75, no. 1. 2, p. 90.

Low. .T. P... Flora Bardwell. and Ethelwyn Wilcox.
L963. Food for thought. Utah Fish and Game Maga-
zine, vol. 19. no. 10, p. 14-1.1.
Low. J. B., Grace J. Smith, and Ethelwyn Wilcox.
1963. A way to better venison. Farm and Home
Science, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 62-63, 84
Nygben, l. r.

1963. Unusual feeding behavior of fur seal pup. Jour-
nal of Mammalogy, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 123.
1963. A contribution toward the bibliography of the
ilectoris partridge. Utah Cooperative Wildlife Re-
search Unit. Special Report no. '.». Utah State Uni-
versity, p. 1-20 (mimeographed).
Sigler. W. F.. and R. R. Mili ,er.
1963. Fishes of Utah. Utah State Department of Fish
and Game, p. 1-203.
Stokes. A. W.

1963. Agonistic and sexual behavior of the chukar
partridge ( Alectoris graeca). Animal Behaviour, vol.
11. no. 1, p. 121-134.
Stokes. A. W.. and D. Balpii.

1963. On the ecology of a population of Uinta Ground
Squirrels. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 69, no.
1, p.10-126.
Wagner, F. H.

1963. The jackrabbit in its western habitat. Farm and
Home Science, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 64-65, 78-80.
Wagner, F. H., and D. C. Besodny.

1963. An evaluation of pheasant stocking through the
day-old chick program in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Con-
servation Department. Technical Bulletin no. 23, p.
1-84.

VIRGINIA

Wildlife publications

Bachant, J. P.

1963. A self-operating camera unit for recording wild
turkey abundance and distribution. Virginia Acad-
emy of Science i Roanoke i. p. 1—4 (mimeographed).
McGihnes, B. S., and T. H. Ripley.

1963. Evaluation of wildlife response to forest-wild-
life management— a preliminary rejiort. Proceedings
of the Society of American Foresters. Washington,
D.C.. p. 107-171.
Patton, D. R.

1963. Forest cutting and its influence on browse pro-
duction. Virginia Academy of Science Meeting
i Roanoke), p. 1 — 4 (mimeographed).
Thompson. R, L.. and B. S. McGinnes.

1963. A comparison of eight types of mast traps.
Journal Of Forestry, vol. 61, no. 9, p. 679-680.

80

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1964 O 734-563

MBL WHOI Library - Serials

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Architect's sketch of Headquarters Building,
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under construction in 1964.

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