NOAA TR NMFS ClRC-376
NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIRC-376.-
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
,... latiuf.
Bottom-Water Temperatures on
the Continental Shelf,
Nova Scotia to New Jersey
JOHN B. COLTON, JR. and RUTH R. STODDARD
SEATTLE, WA
June 1973
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars
The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the
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The NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIRC series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The
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tions that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in
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Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the ma-
rine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rock-
ville, Md. 20852. Recent Circulars are:
315. Synopsis of biological data on the chum salmon,
Oncorhynchns keta (Walbaum) 1792. By Rich-
ard G. Bakkala. March 1970, iii + 89 pp., 15
figs., 51 tables.
319. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Great Lakes
Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan. By
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. March 1970,
8 pp., 7 figs.
330. EASTROPAC Atlas: Vols. 4, 2. Catalog No.
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for any month within a given year were weighted
in favor of certain days (dates) so that in com-
puting monthly means, all data for a given day
were averaged and monthly means based on the
daily means rather than on the total number
of observations. To indicate the density of cov-
erage and the variability to be expected in each
30-min quadrangle, the minimum and maximum
bottom-water temperatures, the number of
years' observations, and the number of day's
observations are tabulated by month and depth
zone in the Appendix. The few observations
made at depths greater than 250 m have not
been included in these tables.
In all areas and at all depths the number of
observations were biased in favor of certain
months and years. To offset this bias, the 1940-
66 monthly mean values for each 30-min quad-
rangle area and for each depth zone within the
100-m isobath were plotted, and smooth curves
showing the seasonal cycle of temperature were
drawn as described by Fuglister (1947) and
Colton (1968a). In drawing these curves the
greatest weight was given to mean values rep-
resented in the greatest number of years. The
resulting curves for specific depth zones in ad-
jacent quadrangles were so closely similar that
the occasional inconsistencies in the data were
obvious. In general, the magnitude of the cor-
rection applied to the monthly mean value was
inversely proportional to the number of years
represented.
Although there were appreciable monthly var-
iations in mean bottom-water temperatures at
depths greater than 100 m, there was no evi-
dence of a consistent seasonal temperature cycle.
In addition, the number of observations were so
few in any month in most depth zones and areas
that it was impossible to attach any significance
to the monthly mean temperature variations.
The analysis of long-term subsurface temper-
ature trends made by Colton (1968b) indicates
that these monthly variations are due in large
measure to the fact that the majority of obser-
vations in some months were made during pe-
riods of warming while in other months during
periods of cooling. To offset this sampling bias
we have based our estimates of monthly mean
bottom-water temperatures at depths greater
than 100 m on 3-month moving averages (Jan-
uary = December-February mean).
TEMPERATURE CHARTS
The monthly distribution of bottom-water
temperature is shown in Figures 2 - 13. In con-
structing these charts, contours were drawn on
a basis of corrected values read from 1940-66
mean seasonal temperature curves or deter-
mined from 3-month moving averages and en-
tered at the approximate geographic center of
each depth zone within 30-min quadrangle areas.
The boundaries of the depth zones were based on
the bathymetry given in U.S. Geological Survey,
Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map,
1-451, Sheets 2 and 3. Isotherms were drawn
for each whole degree Centigrade as this ap-
peared to be an interval most useful to ecolo-
gists and one appropriate for displaying max-
imum resolution in the temperature structure
consistent with the quality of the data. In most
cases, the isotherms were drawn directly to the
data, but in some instances when an isolated
temperature value, based on a limited number
of observations, was unsupported by data in ad-
joining quadrangles, some smoothing and inter-
polation were necessary. Isotherms drawn on
the basis of limited data are indicated by a
dashed line. Relatively few observations were
made in water shoaler than 20 m and deeper
than 250 m, so that for the most part the iso-
therm lines were terminated at these depth
contours.
Most useful statistics for delineating faunal
boundaries are the seasonal and annual ranges
of temperature in various geographical areas.
In general, the magnitude of the range of bot-
tom-water temperature decreases and the timing
of the seasonal temperature extremes occurs
later with increasing depth. The maximum and
minimum observed bottom-water temperatures
for the period of record are listed by month, area,
and depth zone in the Appendix. We had ini-
tially planned to present charts showing the
long-term monthly maximum and minimum bot-
tom-water temperature distribution, but the data
proved inadequate for this purpose. There were
a sufficient number of observations, however,
to construct valid distribution charts of the
long-term annual maximum and minimum bot-
tom-water temperatures. These charts are
shown in Figures 14 and 15 and are based on
the maximum and minimum observed temper-
atures within 30-min quadrangle areas and the
prescribed depth zones for the period of record
regardless of season. For the most part, the
isotherms were drawn directly to the data, but
smoothing and interpolation were necessary to
eliminate segregated thermal patches resulting
from a paucity of observations in specific quad-
rangle areas and depth zones. Although in most
areas the coverage was such that the temper-
ature extremes given cannot be considered as
all encompassing, the charts do give a general
picture of the maximum range of temperature
to which resident populations of benthic ani-
mals in various regions could be subjected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Miss E. H. Schroeder for access
to the temperature data collection at the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution; Mrs. K. Payne
for writing the computer program for data re-
duction; Mrs. M. Cory, Mrs. T. Crabtree, and
Mr. S. R. Nickerson for assistance in tabulation ;
and Dr. R. L. Wigley and Dr. T. J. M. Schopf
for critical reading of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
BIGELOW, H. B.
1927. Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine.
Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 40:511-1027.
193.3. Studies of the waters on the Continental
Shelf, Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. I. The cycle
of temperature. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol.
vol. 2, 135 p.
COLTON, J. B., JR.
1968a. A comparison of current and long-term
temperatures of Continental Shelf waters, Nova
Scotia to Long Island. Int. Comm. Northwest
Atl. Fish., Res. Bull. 5, p. 110-129.
1968b. Recent trends in subsurface temperatures
in the Gulf of Maine and contiguous waters. J.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 25:2427-2437.
FRITZ, R. L.
1965. Autumn distribution of grroundfish species
in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent waters, 1955-
1961. Ser. Atlas Mar. Environ. Am. Geogr. Soc.
(Folio 10).
FUGLISTER, F. C.
1947. Average monthly sea surface temperatures
of the western North Atlantic ocean. Pap. Phys.
Oceanogr. Meteorol. vol. 10, 25 p.
HAYNES, E. B., and R. L. WIGLEY.
1969. Biology of the northern shrimp, Pandalus
borealis, in the Gulf of Maine. Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 98:60-76.
HUTCHINS, L. M.
1947. The bases for temperature zonation in geo-
graphical distribution. Ecol. Monogr. 17:325-335.
SCHOPF, T. J. M.
1967. Bottom-water temperatures on the Contin-
ental Shelf off New England. In Geological sur-
vey research 1967, p. D192-D197. U.S. Geol.
Surv. Prof. Pap. 575-D.
SPILHAUS, A. F.
1940. A detailed study of the surface layers of the
ocean in the neighborhood of the Gulf Stream
with the aid of rapid measuring hydrographic
instruments. J. Mar. Res. 3:51-75.
TAYLOR, C. C, H. B. BIGELOW, and H. W. GRAHAM.
1957. Climatic trends and the distribution of ma-
rine animals in New England. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Fish. Bull. 57:293-345.
WALFORD, L. A., and R. L WICKLUND.
1968. Monthly sea temperature structure from the
Florida Keys to Cape Cod. Ser. Atlas Mar.
Environ. Am. Geogr. Soc. (Folio 15).
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
FEBRUARY
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4
3
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3
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DEPTH ZONE
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number of doyi.
4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
MARCH
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21 -40M
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1/ P Y ^^" tour-digil numberi m the column on the l«ft give the latitude ond longitude of the
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
JULY
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -80M
81-lOOM
101-150M
15I-200M
201-250M
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KPY The (our-digit numbe'i m the column on th« left g.ve the lotitude ond long. lode of the
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH
ZONE
JULY
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61 -BOM
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mperoture, C -
T^bef o( years, 0 ■ number of doys
4
3
2
1
DEPTH
ZONE
AUGUST
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -80M
81-lOOM
101-150M
15I-200M
201-250M
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41
KPY The four-digit numbe'j m the column on the left give the lolitode and longitude of the
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into 30-minute quadrangles, numbered os m the diagram to the right. The columni of these tables
give: A- minimum temperature, B- maximum temperoture, C- number of years, D- number of days.
4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
AUGUST
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -80M
81-lOOM
101-150M
15I-200M
201-250M 1
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KCV The four -digit numben m the column on the left give the latitude ond longitude of the
*^ ' loulfieaM cornef of eoch one degree-quadfoogle Each one-degree qwodrongle ii divided
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH
ZONE
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61-80M
81-100M
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
SEPTEMBER
1-20M
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61-80M
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4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
SEPTEMBER
1-20M
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61-80M
81-100M
101-150M
151-200M
201 - 250M
4n
key:
■ nio 30-
g.ve: A
rhe (oof-digit numbefs m the column on the left gi«e the latitude ond longitude of the
toulheosl corner of eoch one degree -quodrongle Eoch one-degree quadror>gle it divided
Ufiute quadror>glei, numbered as in the diogfom to the right The columnt of these tobies
minimum tempera lure. B- mo«imum temperature, C- number of yean, D- number of days.
4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
OCTOBER
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -BOM
B1-100M
101-150M
I5I-200M
201-250M
A
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C
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A
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101-150M
151-200M
201-250M
50
!• C Y The (ouf digit nu«
•^ ^ • loulheaii cornet
mbe'i in (he column on lh« left give the lotifude and longitude of the
of each one degree quadrangle Each one degree quadrangle ii divided
into 30-minute quodrongiet, numbered oi m the diagrom to the right, The columni of ihaie lablai
gtve: A- minimum temperature, 6- maximum temperature, C number of yaon, 0 - number of doyt.
4
3
2
1
DEPTH ZONE
NOVEMBER
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -SOM
81-lOOM
101-150M
15I-200M
201-250M 1
A
B
c
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21-40M
41-60AA
61-80M
81-lOOM
101-150M
151-200M
201-250M
52
KPY ^^^ (our digit nwmbefi m the column on the led give the latitude ond longitude o( 'he
^ ' souiheaM corner of each one degree quodrongle Each one-degree quadrangle a divided
into 30-minute quadrangles, numbered oi m the diagram to the right The columni of theie tables
give: A- minimum temperoture, B- moKimum temperature, C- number of year%, D- number of doyi.
4
3
2
1
DEPTH
ZONE
DECEMBER
1-20M
21 -40M
41-60M
61 -80M
81-lOOM
101-150M
15I-200M
201-250M
A B
C
D
A B
C
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A
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D
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1-20M
21-40M
41-60M
61 -BOM
81100M
101-150M
151-200M
201 -250M
54
t- ' southeast corntr of
into SOmmwte quodronglei,
give; A- minimum temperatui
er\ m the column on (he led give il^e laliludt; ond longitude of