NOAA TR NMFS CIRC-389 A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLICATION NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIRC-389 / V \ ''•..,1 O' ' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service SEATTLE, WA April 1974 Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States, Crustacea : Decapoda AUSTIN B.WILLIAMS NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service '. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIRC series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical publications ol general interest in- tended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management investigations appear in the Circular series. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS CIRC are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from 08^}. Technical Information Division, Environ- mental Science Information Center, NOAA. Washington. DC. 20235, Recent Circulars are; 315. Synopsis of biological data on the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (WalbaumI 1792. By Richard G. Bakkala. March 1970. iii + 89 pp., 15 figs.. 51 tables. 347. Synopsis of biological data on Pacific ocean perch. Sebastodes alutus. By Richard L. Major and Herbert H. Shippen. December 1970, iii + 38 pp.. 31 figs.. 11 tables. 319. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor. Michigan. By Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. March 1970, 8 pp., 7 figs. 349. Use of abstracts and summaries as communication devices in technical articles. By F. Bruce Sanford. February 1971, iii + 11 pp., 1 fig. 330. EASTROPAC Atlas: Vols, 1-7. Catalog No. I 49.4:330/{vol.t 11 vols Available from the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402. 350. Research in fiscal year 1969 at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory. Beaufort, N.C. By the Laboratory staff. November 1970. ii + 49 pp.. 21 figs., 17 tables. 331. Guidelines for the processing of hot-smoked chub. By H. L. Seagran. .). T. Graikoski. and J. A. Emerson. January 1970. iv + 23 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. 332, Pacific hake. (12 articles by 20 authors.) March 1970, iii + 152 pp.. 72 figs., 47 tables. 333. Recommended practices for vessel sanitation and fish handling. By Edgar W. Bow- man and Alfred Larsen. March 1970. iv + 27 pp., 6 figs. 335. Progress report of (he Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Center for Estuarine and Menhaden Research, Pesticide Field Station, Gulf Breeze, Fla.. fiscal year 1%9, By the Laboratory staff. August 1970. iii + 33 pp., 29 figs.. 12 tables. 336. The northern fur seal By Ralph C. Baker. Ford Wilke. and C. Howard Baltzo. April 1970. iii + 19 pp.. 13 figs. 351 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, Pascagoula. Mississippi. July 1. 1967 to June 30, 1969. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.. and John R, Thompson. November 1970, iv + 29 pp.. 29 figs.. 1 table. 352. Upstream passage of anadromous fish through navigation locks and use of the stream for spawning and nursery habitat. Cape Fear River, N.C, 1962-66. By Paul R. Nichols and Darrell E. Louder. October 1970, iv -I- 12 pp., 9 figs.. 4 tables. 356. Floating laboratory for study of aquatic organisms and their environment. B'. George R. Snvder, Theodore H Blahm, and Robert J. McConnell. Mav 1971, iii + 16 pp 11 figs, 361. Regional and other related aspects of shellfish consumption — some preliminary findings from the 1969 Consumer Panel Survey. By Morton M. Miller and Darrel A. Nash June 1971. iv + 18 pp.. 19 figs.. 3 tables. 10 apps. 337. Program of Division of Economic Research, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, fiscal year 1969. By Division of Economic Research. April 1970, iii + 29 pp., 12 figs.. 7 tables. 338. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory. Auke Bay. Alaska Bv Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. June 1970, 8 pp., 6 figs 339. Salmon research at Ice Harbor Dam. By Wesley J. Ebel. April 1970, 6 pp., 4 figs. 340. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory. Gloucester, Massachusetts. By Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, June 1970. 8 pp., 8 figs. 341. Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Beaufort, N.C, for the fiscal year ending June 30. 1968. By the Laboratory staff August 1970. iii + 24 pp., 11 figs.. 16 tables, 342. Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laborabory, St. Petersburg Beach. Florida, fiscal year 1969. By the Laboratory staff August 1970, iii -f 22 pp.. 20 figs.. 6 tables. 343. Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, fiscal year 1969, By the Laboratory sUff August 1970. iii + 39 pp.. 28 figs.. 9 tables. 344. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory progress in research 1965-69, Miami, Florida. By Ann Weeks. October 1970, iv + 66 pp.. 53 figs. 362. Research vessels of the National Marine Fisheries Ser\*ice. By Robert S. Woll August 1971, iii + 46 pp., 25 figs.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C 20402. 364. History and development of surf clam harvesting gear. By Phillip S. Parker. Of tober 1971. iv + 15 pp.. 16 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. 365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of vertical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972. iv + 17 pp.. 8 figs.. 3 appendix figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C 20402. .')66. Key to field identification of anadromous juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. By Robert J. McConnell and George R. Snyder. January 1972. iv ■♦■ 6 pp., 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. 367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration processes. By K. K Almenas. L C DuHlta, R.C Ernst, J, W. Gentry. M. B. Hale, and J. M. Marchello. Oi tober 1972. iii -f 175 pp.. 6 figs.. 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study. Florida: Phase I. area description. By J. Kneeland McNulty. William N. Lindall, Jr., and James E. Sykes. November 1972. vii + 126 pp., 46 figs,. 62 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C 20402. 346 Sportsman's guide to handling, smoking, and pre8er\'ing Great Lakes coho salmon. By Shearon Dudley, J. T. Graikoski. H. L. Seagran, and Paul M. EaH. September 1970. iii + 28 pp.. 15 figs. 369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) in the western Atlantic. By Henr. A. Feddern. November 1972. iii + 10 pp., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent m Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover. ^P^MOSp^^ '■'HfM OV ^^' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick B. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIRC-389 Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Crustacea : Decapoda AUSTIN B.WILLIAMS '•^^6-191^ Seattle. WA April 1974 For sale by (he Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. DC. 20402 FOREWORD This issue of the "Circulars" is part of a subseries entitled "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States." This subseries will consist of original, illustrated, modern manuals on the identification, classification, and general biology of the estuarine and coastal marine plants and animals of the Northeastern United States. Manuals will be published at irregular intervals on as many taxa of the region as there are specialists willing to collaborate in their preparation. The manuals are an outgrowth of the widely used "Keys to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole Region," edited by R. I. Smith, published in 1964, and produced under the auspices of the Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Instead of revising the "Woods Hole Keys," the staff of the Systematics- Ecology Program decided to e.xpand the geographic coverage and bathymetric range and produce the keys in an entirely new set of expanded publications. The "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being prepared in collaboration with systematic specialists in the United States and abroad. Kach man- ual will be based primarily on recent and ongoing revisionary systematic research and a fresh examination of the plants and animals. Each major taxon, treated in a separate manual, will include an introduction, illustrated glossary, uniform originally illustrated keys, annotated check list with information when available on distribution, habitat, life history, and related biology, references to the major literature of the group, and a system- atic index. These manuals are intended for use by biology students, biologists, biological ocean- ographers, informed laymen, and others wishing to identify coastal organisms for this region. In many instances the manuals will serve as a guide to additional information about the species or the group. Geographic coverage of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is planned to include organisms from the headwaters of estuaries seaward to approximately the 200-m depth on the continental shelf from Maine to Virginia, but may vary somewhat with each major taxon and the interests of collaborators. When- ever possible representative specimens dealt with in the manuals will be deposited in reference collections of the (Iray Museum, Marine Biological Laboratory, and other universities and re.search laboratories in the region. After a sufficient number of manuals of related taxonomic groups have been pub- lished, the manuals will be revised, grouped, and issued as special volumes. These vol- umes will thus consist of compilations of individual manuals within phyla such as the Coelenterata, Arthropoda, and Mollusca, or of groups of phyla. CONTENTS Introduction Glossary Key to the marine decapod crustaceans of the Northeastern United States, inshore and shelf waters Annotated systematic list Selected bibliography Index to scientific names Acknowledgments Coordinator's comments Page 1 ~> 4 39 44 48 50 50 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Crustacea: Decapoda AUSTIN B. WILLIAMS' ABSTRACT The manual includes an introduction to general classiHcation, an illustrated key, an annotated system- atic list, a selected bibliography and a systematic index to the marine decapod crustaceans of the in- shore and continental shelf waters of the northeastern United States. INTRODUCTION The Order Decapoda contains the largest and probably most familiar crustaceans occurring along seacoasts of the United States. Generally speaking there are two main body types exhibited by this group. The first group is long tailed with a conspicu- ously extended abdomen and the whole body usually compressed (narrow and deep). These are the shrimps (Suborder Natantia) with abdominal swim- merets (pleopods) well developed and adapted for swimming (Fig. 1). The second group (Suborder Rep- tantia) is diverse in shape, lobsterlike or crablike, with the body more or less depressed (dorsoven- traliy flattened). Three subsets within this assem- blage are fairly distinct: 1) lobsters and mud shrimps (Section Macrura) with abdomen extended and al- ways equipped with a tail fan, adapted for feeble swimming, crawling, or burrowing; 2) an anom- alous group (Section Anomura) that either have the body asymmetrical and adapted for housing in hol- low objects (hermit crabs), or symmetrical with the abdomen fairly well developed but more or less fiexed under the thorax (porcellanid crabs and rela- tives); and 3) short tailed true crabs (Section Brach- yura) with greatly reduced abdomen more or less permanently flexed beneath the thorax, adapted primarily for locomotion on a substrate (Fig. 2). These body types have been variously treated in ' Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, National Museum of Natural Historv. Washington, n.C. 20560. forming classifications of the higher categories of decapod crustaceans for nearly 200 yr and the one that is adopted here has become the conservative (and practical) arrangement used for the last few decades. It is a classification that considers the long tailed forms to be most primitive, the anomalous group to be composed of radiating side branches of the main stem, and the short tailed forms to be the most specialized in the order. Such a broad state- ment does not do justice to fine points of supposed relationships based on many lines of evidence but will serve as a working outline. The decapod crustaceans treated here are re- stricted to species living within the 200-m limits of the neritic province, on beaches, or nearby marshes along the northeastern United States. Species living primarily outside these limits off the northeastern United States have distributions which extend far beyond the region, hence are seldom part of the local fauna. A few species bridge the neritic and oceanic provinces and these have been selectively included. Within the continental shelf area, only species with recorded occurrence between southern New Jersey and the northern border of Maine are considered. The shrimps and crabs of this area belong essen- tially to two temperature regimes, a boreal compo- nent in the north which includes some arctic species and a temperate component in the south which em- braces a few invaders from both the boreal as well as the warmer Carolinian Province south of Cape Hat- teras. Cape Cod forms a landward boundary be- tween these regimes of temperature, though offshore there is a good deal of latitudinal displacement and the whole seasonally oscillates to some degree in a north-south fashion. The essential composition of this crustacean fauna has been well documented since the turn of the cen- tury, but there have been refinements in species definitions, limits of ranges, and some new dis- coveries. This key borrows heavily from the past, but a new set of illustrations and restructuring should make it more usable than the older keys or their abridgments. The key is designed for biologists, biology stu- dents, and informed amateurs. The format consists of a series of contrasting statements almost always offering two clear alternatives, although sometimes supplementary information is added. The user selects that statement in a couplet that fits best. This will lead to a number which heads a new set of alternatives. Eventually the choices lead to a specific name. Names of higher categories are in- cluded. Numbers in parentheses allow a user to work the key in reverse, any parenthetic number being that of the preceding couplet in the sequence. Labelled diagrams and a glossary of technical terms are provided. Almost all characters employed in the dichotomies are illustrated by line drawings, but these may not adequately differentiate the species outside the area of the northeastern United States. Wherever practicable, drawings were made of specimens from the northeastern United States. Scales on ail figures are in millimeters. An annotated list of 92 species is given separately. Among this number are exceedingly scarce species as well as abundant ones. Only 17 of the latter are large enough to be valuable in commerce, but these contribute to some of our richest fisheries. The shrimps, Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus aztecus, whose centers of distribution are in the Carolinian Province, are commercially exploited by trawling only south of Cape Hatteras. Their northern coun- terparts, Pandalus horcalis and to a lesser extent P. propinquus and P. moiUagui. occur in a smaller trawl fishery from Cape Cod Bay to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The American lobster, Homanis ameikanus, long a favorite seafood, is caught mainly by trapping in cold temperate waters of the continental shelf northward from Cape Hat- teras. The American blue cvdh. Callinevics scipidiis. which thrives in estuaries, is caught by a variety of means from Long Island to Texas and marketed in both hard- and soft-shelled states. The systematic and distributional section is fol- lowed by a selected bibliography of systematic and general biological works at the end. GLOSSARY abdomen jointed hind part of body ; tail ; consisting ideally of 6 segments; muscular, extended or bent in shrimps, lobsters, etc.; asymmetrical in hermit crabs; reduced and more or less permanently held beneath thorax in crabs. udrostrcd groove groove beside base of rostrum extending posteriorly along dorsal side of carapace (on shrimps). antenna one of second pair of appendages; mov- able segmented organ of sensation behind, below, or lateral to antennule; the large feeler. antennal scale elongate, flattened, bladelike or fin- like exopod of antenna; usually with distolateral spine. antennidar peduncle proximal 3 articles of an- tennule. antennule one of first pair of appendages; mov- able segmented organ of sensation preceding an- tenna; the small feeler. anterolateral teeth teeth on margin of carapace be- tween orbit and lateralmost point (on crabs). article general term for segment of appendage. carapace dorsal and lateral shieldlike covering on cephalothorax. carina keellike ridge or prominence. carpus third article from distal end of a leg. cephalothorax coalesced head and thorax. chela arrangement of distal 2 articles of a crusta- cean limb in which terminal element is opposed to element preceding it in such a manner that append- age is adapted for grasping. In a true chela, elements are shaped as fingers closing against each other. In a subchela, terminal article (dactyl) usually closes against distal surface of penultimate article (propodus). cheliped leg bearing a chela. dactyl terminal or distal article of a leg or maxil- liped; movable finger of a chela. epistome a sternal plate of varying shape lying an- terior to mouth between bases of antennae. In Anomura the broad epistome comes in contact with the carapace on each side; in Brachyura it becomes firmly united with the carapace. exopod lateral ramus of a biramous appendage. frame of mouth plates surrounding area in which niouthparts repose (in crabs); composed of fused epistome (anterior) and ventrolateral extensions of carapace (each side) more or less thrown into ridges forming a "frame" for nested mouthparts. front margin of carapace between eyes (in crabs). hepatic region subtriangular, anterolateral region behind orbit. interocuUir teeth teeth on frontal margin between eyes. ischii4m fifth article from distal end of leg or maxil- liped; usually largest article of maxilliped. mandibles third pair of appendages; mouth parts adapted for crushing or grinding. merits fourth article from distal end of leg or maxil- liped. orhit cavity or emargination in carapace accom- modating eye; variously formed. Commencing orbit: a stage of specialization between lack of orbit and fully formed orbit in certain spider crabs. palm proximal portion of propodus of chela. palp tiny accessory appendage on mandible. pleopod swimmeret; one of biramous abdominal appendages on any except sixth segment. pleura lateral overhanging plate on abdominal segment. postorbital tooth - spine tooth or spine behind eye. propodus penultimate article of leg or maxilliped. rostrum median pointed process at anterior end of cephalothorax. sclerotized thickened and hardened. sternite exoskeletal plate on ventral side of body. supraocular eave overhanging dorsal border of orbit (in certain spider crabs). supraorbital spine spine near margin of orbit above base of eyestalk (in certain shrimps). suture line ofjunction between exoskeletal plates. telson temiina! piece attached to end of sixth ab- dominal segment ; forms, together with uropods, a tail fan. tergum dorsal plate on abdominal segment. third maxilliped appendage preceding first leg. thorax central portion of body to which legs and maxillipeds attach. uropods broad paired appendages on sixth abdom- inal segment; often forming, together with telson, a tail fan. adrostral groove Figure 1. — Diagram of shrimp in lateral view showing structures and terms used in key antennu.l epistome postorbital tooth .anterolateral teeth. VENTRAL Figure 2. — Diagram of crab in dorsoventral views showing structures and terms used in key. KEY TO MARINE DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES, INSHORE AND SHELF WATERS General form shrimplike, usually compressed (if depressed, with pleura of second abdom- inal segment overlapping those of first segment); abdomen well developed; pleopods always present and in full number (5 pairs), used for swimming shrimps Suborder Natantia General form lobsterlike or crablike, usually depressed; abdomen either well developed (asymmetrical in a few species adapted for living in moUusk shells) or greatly reduced in size; pleopods often reduced or absent, not used for swimming lobsters; mud shrimps; hermit, porcellanid. and mole crabs; true crabs Suborder Reptantia 18 2 (7 ) Pleura of second abdominal segment not overlapping those of first segment Section Penaeidea 3 2 (/ ) Pleura of second abdominal segment overlapping those of first segment Section Caridea Figure 3. — Penaeidean abdomen, lateral view. Figure 4. — Caridean abdomen, lateral view. 3 (2) First 3 pairs of legs chelate, all 5 pairs of legs well developed Family Penaeidae 4 3 (2) First 3 pairs of legs chelate, last 2 pairs of legs absent; slender planktonic species with head greatly elongate Family Sergestidae Lucifer faxoni Figure 5. — Lucifer faxoni: carapace and head appendages, lateral view. 4 (3 ) Rostrum with ventral teeth Penaeus A (4) Adrostral grooves not extending be- yond base of rostrum P. setiferus, white shrimp / -^- Figure 6. — Penaeus setiferus; \ 3 10 carapace, lateral view. A (4) Adrostral grooves reaching almost to posterior margin of carapace P. aztecus aziecus, brown shrimp Figure 7. — Penaeus aztecus aztecus; \ — '0 carapace, lateral view. 4 (-?) Rostrum without ventral teeth; carapace with both longitudinal and transverse su- tures Parapenaeus longirostris Figure 8. — Parapenaeus longirostris; ^*%& i_ carapace, lateral view. 5 5 (2) First pair of legs chelate (minute in some species) 6'' 5 (2) First pair of legs subchelate (always easily visible) Family Crangonidae 15 Figure 9. — Chelate leg with carpus entire. Figure 10. — Subchelate leg with carpus entire. 6 (5) Carpus of second pair of legs entire; fir^ pair of legs always with well-developed chelae Family Palaemonidae 7 6 (5) Carpus of second pair of legs subdivided into 2 or more articles 8 7 (6) Rostrum with 6 or more (seldom 5) ventral teeth; mandible with palp Leander tenuicornis Figure 1 1. — Leander tenuicornis: A. carapace of male, lateral view: B, carapace of female, lateral view; C. mandible. ' Pa.siphuea multidentiita (Pasiphaeidae) with fingers of chelae on first and second legs slender, all edges comblike, is a pelagic form which occurs often enough off New England that its presence should be mentioned. Ovigerous females have a carapace length of .13 to 37 mm. 7 (6) Rostrum with no more than 5 ventral teeth, usually fewer; mandible without palp Palaemonetes A A (7) Rostrum with first 2 teeth of dorsal margin behind orbit, dorsal rostral teeth reaching to apex, ventral margin with 3 to 5 teeth; dactyl of second leg with 2 teeth, immovable finger with I on cutting edge; carpus of second leg in adult fe- male shorter than palm, in males slightly longer or shorter (1.1 times) than palm P. vulgaris B Figure 12. — Pidaenutnelcx viitgaris: A, carapace, lateral view; B. chela of second leg. A (7) Rostrum with only 1 dorsal tooth behind orbit; dactyl of second leg with single tooth or without teeth, immovable finger without teeth on cutting edge; carpus of second leg in adult female much longer than palm (1.3 to 1.5 times), in male almost as long as whole chela B iA ) Rostrum with unarmed stretch before dagger-shaped tip, ventral margin with 2 to 4, generally 3, teeth; fingers of second leg without teeth on cutting edges P. pugio ZX B Figure 1.^. — Pahicmanetcs piigio: A, carapace, lateral view. B. chela of second leg. B {A) Rostrum with dorsal teeth reaching up to often bifurcated apex, ventral margin with 4 or .^ (seldom 3) teeth; dactyl of second leg with 1 distinct tooth on cutting edge P. intermedins Figure 14. — PuUwmoneles inwrmeJiiis; A. carapace, lateral view; B, chela of second leg. 8 (6) Chelae of first pair of legs distinct Family Hippolytidae 9 8 (6) Chelae of first pair of legs microscopic or absent Family Pandalidae 14 9 (8) Carpus of second leg divided into 3 articles 10 9 (8) Carpus of second leg divided into 7 articles (proximal to distal, 2 short, 1 long, 4 short) 12 Figure 15. — Second leg with subdivided carpus, 3 articles. Figure 16. — Second leg with subdivided carpus, 7 articles. 10 (9) Without series of small spines on anterior margin of carapace below eye 11 10 (9) A series of small spines (5 to 9) along anterior margin of carapace below eye Latreutes fiicorum Figure 17. — Latreutes fucorum: carapace and head appendages. lateral view. 11 (10) Rostrum considerably less than twice length of carapace proper and with both dorsal and ventral teeth Hippolyte A A (U ) Tip of rostrum not exceeding antennular peduncle H . pleuracanthiis Figure 18. — Hippolyte pleuracanthus; carapace and head appendages, lateral view. A. (II) Tip of rostrum obviously exceeding antennular peduncle H. zostericola Figure 19. — Hippclyte zostericola: carapace and antennule, lateral view. 11 (10) Rostrum nearly twice length of carapace proper, smooth above, toothed on ventral margin Tozeitnui carolinense Figure 20. — Tozeumu ciiroliru'n.se: carapace, lateral view. 1 2 (9) Supraorbital spines present 13 12 (9) Supraorbital spines absent Eualus A A (12) Tip of rostrum usually not reaching distal edge of eye (rarely exceeding eye) E. pusiolus Figure 21. — Eiiulus pusiolus: carapace and eye. lateral view. A (12) Tip of rostrum greatly exceeding distal edge of eye B B (A) Rostrum slender, toothed dorsally throughout length E. gaimardii Figure 22. — Eualus f-aimardii: carapace, lateral view. B (A ) Rostrum lacking dorsal teeth on dis- tal part beyond eye E. fahruii Figure 23. — Eualus fabricii; carapace, lateral view. 13 (12) Carapace with 2 or more supraorbital spines on each side; third maxilliped with exopod Spirontocaris A A (13) Dorsal teeth extending to, or beyond, posterior third of carapace B A (13) Dorsal teeth falling short of posterior third of carapace S. phippsii Figure 24. — Spirontocaris phippsii: carapace, lateral view. B (A ) Ventral margin of rostrum with 4 to 6 teeth; tip ascending to a well-defined single point S. liljeborgii 1 I Figure 25. — Spirontocciris lilljeborgii; carapace, lateral view. B (A ) Ventral margin of rostrum with about 2 (occasionally 3) large teeth and variable number of smaller ones (none to many); tip single or double and often almost equalled or surpassed by distalmost ventral tooth S. spinas Figure 26. — Spirontocaris spinas: carapace, lateral view; A, B, two examples of variation in rostral tooth pattern. 10 3 {12) Carapace with I supraorbital spine on each side: third maxilhpcd without exopod Lebbeus A A (13) Four prominent spines along middorsal line of carapace L. groenlandicus Figure 27. — Lehheus iiroenlanJuus: carapace, lateral view. A (/.?) No more than 2 spines along dorsal line of carapace B B {4 ) Rostrum long, tip exceeding proximal article of antennular peduncle in juveniles and entire peduncle in adults L. polaris Figure 28. — Lehbeus polaris: carapace and antennuie, lateral view of adult. B (A ) Rostrum short, tip not exceeding proximal article of antennular peduncle (body conspicuously banded) L. zebra Figure 29. — Lebbeus zebra: carapace and antennuie, lateral view. 11 14 (8) Third maxillipeds with exopod Dichelopandalus leptoceras Figure 30. — Dichelopandalus leptoceras: A, carapace, lateral view; B, third maxilliped showing slender simple exopod at base. 14 (8) Third maxillipeds without exopod Pandalus A A (M) Abdomen with small median spine on posterior edge of third and fourth segments P. borealis Figure 31. — Pandalus horealis; A. carapace, lateral view; B. abdomen, lateral view; C, third maxilliped. A (14) Abdomen with no median spines on segments B B (A) Distolateral spine of antennal scale exceeding extremely narrowed blade; rostrum upturned at about 45° angle P. propinqiius Figure 32. — Pamkdus propinqiius; carapace and antenn;il scale, lateral view. 12 B (A) Distolateral spine of antennal scale not exceeding somewhat narrowed blade; rostrum upturned at considerably less than 45° angle P. mnntagui Figure 33. — fandalus moniagui; carapace and antennal scale, lateral view. 15 (5) Second legs slender and chelate 16 15 (5) Second legs reduced and simple, not chelate Sabinea A A {15) Rostrum with rounded tip hardly exceeding eyes: telson with narrow but trun- cate tip bearing 8 or more spines or stout setae 5. septemcarinata 0 5 Figure 34. — Sahineu seplemcarinala: A. carapace and eyes, dorsal view; B. tip of telson. A (/5) Rostrum with acute tip reaching beyond eyes; telson ending in sharp tip flanked by 1 or 2 spines on each side 5. sarsii 0.5 Figure 35. — Sahinea sarsii: A. carapace and eyes, dorsal view; B. tip of telson. 13 16 (15) Second legs almost as long as other legs 17 16 (15) Second legs much shorter than other legs Pontuphilus A A (16) Tip of rostrum reaching about to distal edge of eyes P. norvegicus Figure 36. — Pontophilus norvegicus; carapace and eyes, dorsal view. hp^ A (16) Tip of rostrum falhng far short of distal edge of eyes P. hrevirosths Figure 37. — Pontophilus brevirostris: carapace and eyes, dorsal view. 17 (16) Body neither heavily sclerotized nor sculptured Crungon septemspinosa Figure 38. — Crangon septemspinosa: carapace and eyes, dorsal view. 14 17 (16) Body heavily sclerotized and sculptured Sclerocrangon borecis Figure 39. — Sclerocrani;<>n horeas; A. carapace and eyes, dorsal view of adult; B, rostrum and eyes of juvenile. 18 (/) Abdomen extended, symmetrical, pleura sometimes, and tail fan always well de- veloped Section Macrura 19 18 (/) Abdomen bent upon itself or flexed beneath thorax; pleura usually small or absent; tail fan variable in development; third legs unlike first, never chelate 24 19 {18) Abdomen well armed, pleura well developed; third legs chelate like first Superfamilv Astacidea, Family Nephropsidae, Homarus americanus, American lobster Figure 40. — Homarus (imericaniis: A, abdomen and tail fan, lateral view; B, tail fan, dorsal view. 19 {18) Abdomen more or less membranous, pleura small or absent; third legs unlike first, never chelate Superfamily Thalassinidea, mud shrimps 20 Figure 41. — Abdomen and tail fan of mud shrimp, lateral view. 15 20 (19) First legs subchelate, dactyls fold- ing to reflexed position when closed . . .Family Laomediidae. Naushonia crangonoides Figure 42. — Naushonia crangonoides: A. carapace, dorsal view; B, subchela of first leg. 20 (79) First legs either chelate or approaching subchelate condition, but never with dactyls folding to reflexed position when closed 21 21 (26) Rostrum prominent, extending beyond eyes 22 21 (20) Rostrum short; flattened, pointed eyes fully exposed Family Calli- anassidae Callianassa atlantica Figure 43. — Callianassa atlantica: A. carapace and eyes, dorsal view; B, major chela of male. 22 (21) Rostrum hairy and nearly flat, few teeth along sides, flanked on each side by large spine Family Upogebiidae, Upogebia affinis Figure 44. — Upogebia affinis: A, carapace, dorsal view; B, chela. 16 22 (21 ) Rostrum hairless, evenly toothed along sides and with median low carina Family Axiidae 23 Figure 45. — Carapace of an axiid. dorsal view. 23 (22) Eyes norma! with pigmented, rounded cornea; outer blade of uropods lacking trans- verse suture distally Axius serralux Figure 46. — Axius scrralus: A. ocular region, lateral view; B. portion of tail fan, dorsal view. 23 {22) Eyes lacking pigment, flattened obliquely on distal surface; outer blade of uropods with transverse suture distally Calocaris templemani Figure 47. — Calocaris templemani: A. ocular region, lateral view; B, portion of tail fan, dorsal view. 24 iI8) Abdomen variously developed and with uropods present; or with uropods absent and only 4 pairs of well-developed legs visible; carapace not apparently fused with epistome Section Anomura, hermit crabs, porcellanids, mole crabs, and lithodids ... 25 24 (18) Abdomen permanently flexed beneath thorax; uropods absent and 5 pairs of legs vis- ible; carapace fused with epistome Section Brachyura, true crabs 30 17 25 (24) Abdomen well developed, symmetrical or asymmetrical 26 25 (24) Abdomen reduced in size, symmetrical and flexed under thorax Superfamily Hippidea, Family Hippidae. Emerita talpoida. mole crab Figure 48. — Emerila talpoida, lateral view. 26 (25) Abdomen symmetrical (or superficially so), more or less flexed beneath thorax; thorax depressed and crablike Superfamily Galatheidea 27 26 (25) Abdomen asymmetrical, tail fan reduced and adapted for holding body in mollusk shells Superfamily Paguroidea, Family Paguridae, Pagunis. hermit crabs A A (26) Palm of small (left) chela roughly oval in cross section, upper surface flattened, not divided by a ridge B A (26) Palm of small (left) chela triangular in cross section, upper surface divided by longitudinal ridge into 2 obliquely sloping facets E Figure 49. — Cross sections of pagurid palm (propodus); A, oval; B, triangular. B (A) Cornea of eye dilated, length of eyestalks not more than 3.5 times greatest width C B (A) Cornea not dilated, length of eyestalks at least 4 times greatest width (small species) P. annulipes Figure ."^O. — Panunis annulipes: A, anterior part of body; B. chelae and carpi, dorsal views. 18 C (B) Both chelipeds slender, sub- cylindrical, relatively smooth or lightly granulate (small species) P. longicarpus Figure 51. — Pai>urus loni>icarpus: A, anterior pari of body; B. chelae and carpi, dorsal views. C (B) Both chelipeds stout; conspicuously broad and smooth, or sharply spined D D (C) Dactyl of major chela with sharply produced angle on mesial margin; upper surface of both chelae sharply but even- ly granulated P. poUicaris Figure 52. — Pagurus pollUaris: A, anterior part of body: B, chelae and carpi, dorsal views. D (C) Dactyl of major chela with no sharply produced angle on mesial margin, border usually spiny; upper surface of both chelae covered with short, sharp spines, and often with broad longitudinal red-orange stripe persistent in alcohol P. acadianux Figure 53. — Pagurus accidianus: A, anterior part of body; B, chelae and carpi, dorsal views. 19 E (A) Palm of small (left) chela with conspicuous longitudinal ridge crested with single row of elevated sharp principal spines slanted inward; anterior portion of ster- nite between third legs somewhat rectangular (almost twice as wide as long), setae few and short. (Usually occurs offshore.) P. pubescens Figure 54. — Pagurus pubescens: A, anterior part of body; B, chelae and carpi, dorsal views; C, stemite between third legs, ventral view. E (A ) Palm of small (left) chela with broad longitudinal ridge crested with sharp or blunt spines (tending to form double row) not slanted inward F (£) Chelipeds both sharply spined and hairy on upper surfaces; anterior portion of sternite between third legs almost semicircular (nearly as long as broad), setae many and long. (Usually occurs inshore.) P. arcuatus Figure 55. — Pagurus arcuatus: A, anterior part of body; B. chelae and carpi, dorsal views; C, stemite between third legs, ventral view. 20 F (E) Chelipeds bluntly spined (occasionally sharply) but not hairy on upper surfaces. (Occurs in deep water offshore.) P- politus Figure 56. — Pagurus politus; A, anterior part of body; B, chelae and carpi, dorsal views. 27 (26) Tail fan well developed 28 27 {26} Tail fan lacking, uropods absent; fifth legs hidden making only 4 pairs of legs apparent Family Lithodidae, Lithodes maja 10 Figure 57. — Well-developed tail fan of porcellanid crab, dorsal view. Figure 58. — Lithodes maja. terminal portion of abdomen. 21 28 (27) Form somewhat lobsterlike; rostrum long and narrow Family Galatheidae, Munida . . A A (28) Second (apparent first) abdominal segment armed with tiny anterior spines M. iris Figure 59. — Munida iris, dorsal view with abdomen flexed. A (28) Both second (apparent first) and third abdominal segments armed with series of tiny anterior spines (a large species) M. valida Figure 60. — Munida valida. dorsal view with abdomen flexed. 28 (27) Form crablike; rostrum short and broad or absent Family Porcellanidae 29 29 (28) Carapace distinctly broader than long, front smooth in dorsal view Polyonyx gihhesi Figure 61. — Polyonyx gibbesi, carapace and chelae. 22 29 (28) Carapace longer than broad, front strongly tridentate in dorsal view Porcellana sigesbiana Figure 62. — Porcellana sigesbiana: carapace, and chelae (twisted to show tooth pattern). 30 (24) Frame of mouth elongate and triangular, sides converging anteriorly Subsection Oxystomata 3 1 30 (24) Frame of mouth either rectangular (prolonged in certain swimming crabs) with sides parallel, or transversely somewhat ellipsoid or kidney shaped 33 Figure 63. — Brachyuran mouth frames; A, triangular; B, rectangular; C, kidney-shaped or transversely ellipsoid. 31 (30) Carapace very short, exposing first 2 or 3 abdominal terga in dorsal view; front with 2 bifid (appear as 4) laminar teeth Family Dorippidae Ethusa microphthalma Figure 64. — Ethusa microphthalma. portion of body in dorsal view. 31 (iO) Carapace not so short, exposing little if any of abdomen in dorsal view 23 32 32 (57) Body hemispherical Family Leucosiidae: Persephona aquilonaris Figure 65. — Persephona aquilonaris; carapace and eyes, right cheliped. 32 (31) Body longer than broad; each cheliped with greatly extended lateral spine on merus Family Calappidae: Acanthocarpus alexandri Figure 66. — Acanthocarpus alexandri; carapace and eyes, chelipeds. 33 (30) Body elongate rectangular in dorsal view; last pair of legs permanently folded over back; first pleopods present in female Subsection Dromiacea, Family Homolidae: Homola barhata Figure 67. — Homola harahata: dorsal view, portion of body and insertion of last pair of legs. 33 {30) Body never elongate rectangular in dorsal view; last pair of legs not permanently folded over back; first pleopods lacking in female Subsection Brachygnatha 34 24 34 (33) Body conspicuously narrowed in front; rostrum usually distinct and often forked; or- bits often incomplete Superfamily Oxyrhyncha, spider crabs .35 34 {33) Body moderate to broad in front; rostrum absent or greatly reduced; orbits usually complete Superfamily Brachyrhyncha 41 35 (34) Chelipeds not much larger than other legs Family Majidae 36 35 (34) Chelipeds very much larger than other legs Family Parthenopidae 40 36 (35) Whole length of rostral horns either coalesced or closely approximated along mid- line; male abdomen terminally broadened, telson elliptical to subquadrate Subfamily Oregoniinae, Hyas A (36) Hepatic region behind post- orbital spine not expanded H. araneus Figure 68. — Hyas araneus: A, carapace and eyes; B, male abdomen. A (36) Hepatic region behind postorbital spine expanded laterally H. coarctatus Figure 69. — Hyas coarctatus, carapace and eyes. 36 (35) Rostral horns divergent near tip; male abdomen not terminally broadened, telson subtriangular Figure 70. — Male abdomen of spider crab with subtriangular telson. 25 37 (36) Eyes without orbits; eyestalks retractile against acute postocular spine, affording no concealment ; proximal (fused) antennal article extremely slender (viewed ventraliy) Subfamily Inachinae 38 37 (36) Eyes with commencing orbits, each composed of cupped postocular process into which eye retracts, and supraocular eave; proximal (fused) antennal article not ex- tremely slender (viewed ventraliy) Subfamily Pisinae 39 Figure 71. — Orbital areas of spider crabs in ventral view; A, Inachinae; B, Pisinae. 38 (37) Fused proximal article of antenna terminating in single blunt spine. [Rathbun (1925) recognized New England form as subspecies marthae.] Euprognatha rastellifera Figure 72. — Euprognatha rastellifera, portion of body in dorsal view. 38 (37) Fused proximal article of antenna with compound lateral spines . CoUodes robustus Figure I'i.—Collodes rohustu.s, portion of body in dorsal view. 26 39 (37) Supraocular eave and postocular process touching or somewhat overlapping Lihinia A A (39) Median line of carapace with about 9 spines and/or spiniform tubercles .... L. emarginata Figure 74. — Lihinia fnuiraimild. porlion of body in dorsal view. A (39) Median line of carapace with about 6 spines and/or spiniform tubercles L. dubia Figure 75. — Lihiniu iliihia. carapace and eyes. 39 (37) Supraocular eave and postocular spine or process clearly separated (small, smooth, rounded, pubescent species) Pelia niutica Figure 76. — Pclia iniilica. carapace and eyes. 27 40 (35) Carapace not laterally expanded over walking legs; unevenly spinose .... Parthenope pourtalesii Figure 77. — Parthenope pourtalesii, carapace and right cheliped. 40 {35) Carapace more or less laterally expanded forming a vault overlying and concealing walking legs; nearly smooth Heterocrypta granulata Figure 78. — Heterocrypta granulata, carapace and left cheliped. 41 (34) Body round or transversely ellipsoid 42 41 (34) Body quadrate; squared and broadest in front, occasionally somewhat narrowed and rounded 58 42 (41 ) Free living crabs with parallel sided mouth frame 43 42 (41) Small, usually commensal crabs with reduced eyes; adult females often with carapace somewhat membranous; mouth frame transversely somewhat ellipsoid or kidney shaped Family Pinnotheridae 56 43 (42) Legs (especially last pair) more or less flattened for swimming Family Portunidae 44 43 (42) Legs not flattened for swimming 49 28 44 (43) Carapace with 5 teeth on anterolateral margin 45 44 (43) Carapace with 9 teeth on anterolateral margin 47 Figure 79. — Anterolateral border of portunid carapace: A, 5 teeth; B. 9 teeth. 45 (44) Distal articles of fifth legs not paddlelike 45 (44) Distal articles of fifth legs paddlelike . . . . Carcinus maenas 46 Figure 80. — Fifth leg of portunid crab; A. not paddlelike; B. paddlelike. 46 (45) Anterolateral teeth similar; dactyl of swimming paddles broadly oval; male abdomen oblong Ovalipes ocellatus Figure 81. — Ovalipes ocellatus, carapace and eyes. 46 (45) Anterolateral teeth dissimilar, fifth an elongate lateral spine; dactyl of swimming paddle broadly pointed; male abdomen triangular Bathynectes superbus Figure 82. — Balhynectes superhus, carapace and eyes. 29 47 (44) Carpus with mesiodistal spine; abdomen of male triangular 48 47 (44) Carpus without mesiodistal spine; abdomen of male T-shaped Callinectes A A __^ B Figure 83. — Carpus of portunid right cheliped; A, Portunus; B, Callinectes. A (47) Front with 2 prominent, broad based, contiguous, triangular teeth between inner orbitals; frontal teeth occasionally with rudimentary submesial teeth on inner slopes C. sapidus Figure 84. — Callinectes sapidus. frontal and orbital regions. A (47) Front with 2 prominent teeth between inner orbitals separated by flattened space bearing pair of rudimentary submesial teeth C similis 10 I J Figure 85. — Callinectes similis. frontal and orbital regions. 48 (47) Front with 2 bifurcated teeth between inner orbitals; fissures on orbital margin broad- ly open; color light brown, thickly covered over dorsal surface with small white spots, reticulate pattern persisting in alcohol Arenaeus cribrarius 10 Figure 86. — Arenaeus cribrarius. frontal and orbital regions. 30 48 (47) Front with 4 separate teeth between inner orbitals; fissures on orbital margin closed except for shallow notch; color varied but never as above Portunus A A {48) Carapace nearly devoid of ridges and without noticeable short thick covering of hairs P- sayi Figure 87. — Porluniis .sayi. carapace and eyes. A (48) Carapace with ridges fairly prominent and with noticeable covering of short thick hairs B B (A) Lateral spine relatively short, not more than about twice length of preceding tooth; a number of meandering ridges on carapace P. spinimanus Figure 88. — Fiirtutiii.s spinimuiuis, carapace and eyes. B (A) Lateral spine long, obviously more than twice length of preceding tooth; a single ridge (often darkened) leading to lateral spine on each side of carapace P. gibbesii Figure 89. — Portunus gibbesii. carapace and eyes. 31 49 (43) Front with median tooth; antennules folding longitudinally Family Cancridae, Cancer . . . A -ri^^T-^^ Figure 90. — Cancer: A, frontal and orbital regions; B. antennules folded longitudinally. A (49) Anterolateral teeth of carapace with margins granulate; chelipeds granulate, not denticulate C. irroratus Figure 91. — Cancer irroratus; A, right anterolateral border; B, dactyl and upper border of chela. A (49) Anterolateral teeth of carapace with denticulate margins; upper margin of palm denticulate C. borealis Figure 92. — Cancer borealis; A. right anterolateral border; B, dactyl and upper border of chela. 49 {43) Front lacking median tooth; antennules folding transversely or obliquely 50 50 (49) Body transversely oval; fifth anterolateral tooth not enlarged and spinelike; legs not extremely long and slender (occur in shallow water) Family Xanthidae 50 (49) Body nearly as long as broad; fifth anterolateral tooth enlarged into lateral spine (blunt in adult); legs extremely long and slender; (usually occurs beyond con- tinental shelf) Family Geryonidae, Geryon quinquedens Figure 93. — Geryon quinquedens: .\. carapace and eyes of young; B, orbital and anterolateral bonder of adult. 51 32 51 (50) Extreme edge of frontal margin with shallow transverse groove (under magnification) Rhithropanopeus harrisii Figure 94. — Rhithropanopeus harrisii, frontal view of body showing transversely grooved front. 51 (50) Extreme edge of frontal margin not transversely grooved, each half presenting single edge (under magnification) 52 52 {51 ) Major chela with a more or less conspicuous tooth at base of dactyl, tooth often of contrasting color 53 Figure 95. — Xanthid major chela with large basal tooth on dactyl. 52 (51) Major chela with no tooth at base of dactyl, or with obsolescent tooth little if any larger than adjacent teeth 55 53 (52) Third and fourth teeth of anterolateral border definitely pointed forward with outer borders curved 54 53 (52) Third and fourth teeth of anterolateral border triangular and pointing outward or slightly forward, outer borders not conspicuously curved Hexapanopeus angustifrons Figure %. — Hexapanopeus angustifrons, carapace and eyes. 33 54 (53) Tooth at base of major dactyl large and conspicuous; carapace definitely arched above Panopeus herbstii Figure 97. — Panopeus herhslii. carapace and eyes. 54 (53) Tooth at base of major dactyl present but often not large and conspicuous; posterior two-thirds of carapace flattened above Eurypanopeus depressus Figure 98. — Eurypanopeus depressus: A. carapace and eyes; B, fingers of minor chela, inner view. 55 (52) Ischium of third maxillipeds with prominent red spot on appressed surface; fingers of minor chela hollowed or spoon shaped on opposed surfaces distaliy . . . Eurypanopeus depressus 55 (52) Ischium of third maxillipeds usually lacking red spot on appressed surface, very small in few individuals possessing it; fingers of minor chela hooked but not spoon shaped on opposed surfaces distaliy Neopanope sayi Figure 99. — Neopanope sayi; A. carapace and eyes; B. fingers of minor chela, inner view. 34 56 (42) Dactyls of walking legs simple, acute 57 56 (42) Dactyls of first, second, and third walking legs bifurcate Dissodactylus mellitae B Figure 100. — Dissodactylus mellitae: A, carapace: B, walking leg with bifurcate dactyl. 57 (56) Third walking legs little if any longer than other legs Pinnotheres A A (57) Small, hard-stage males and females B A (57) Older, larger, posthard (soft) females (and male maculatus) C B (/I j Carapace with a striking pattern of light spots on dark background of pubescence P. maculatus B (A ) No striking color pattern P. ostreum , ! . B Figure 101. — Carapace and eyes of male Pinnotheres: A, maculatus: B, ostreum. C (B) Carapace nearly naked C (B) Carapace covered with short deciduous pubescence . . P. ostreum P. maculatus Figure 102. — Carapace of mature female Pinnotheres: A, maculatus; B, ostreum, including portion of greatly expanded abdomen. 35 57 (^6) Third walking leg longer and stronger than others, often considerably so Pinnixa A A (57) Chela with immovable finger nearly same length as dactyl, straight or nearly so, not bent downward P. cylindrica , 5 . A , 2 . B ' Figure 103. — Pinnixa cylindrica; A, carapace and eyes: B, chela. A (56) Chela with immovable finger shorter than dactyl, bent downward, or reduced to stub B B (/4) Propodus of third walking leg less than twice as long as wide P. chaetopterana 7 . A , 2 , C V/i./" 2 , D Figure 104. — Pinnixa chaetopterana: A, carapace and eyes; B, third leg; C, chela of male; D. chela of female. B (A) Propodus of third walking leg slender, twice or more than twice as long as wide P. sayana B , ? , ^ Figure 105. — Pinnixa sayana: A, carapace and eyes; B, third leg. 36 58 (41) Eyestalks shorter than width of front; gap of varying size between third maxillipeds Family Grapsidae 59 58 (41) Eyestalks longer than width of front; third maxillipeds nearly or quite closing over buccal area Family Ocypodidae 60 59 (58) Carapace broader than long and almost rectangular in outline; third maxillipeds with oblique hairy ridge crossing ischium and merus Sesarma reticulatum Figure 106. — Sesarma reticulatum; A. carapace and eyes; B, third maxilliped. 59 (58) Carapace about as long as broad, somewhat narrowed and rounded in adults; third maxillipeds without hairy oblique ridge crossing ischium and merus; legs strongly fringed with hairs. (Occurs on Sargassum and flotsam.) Planes minutus Figure 107 — Planes minutus; carapace and eyes. 37 60 (58) Stout eyestalks with conspicuous, enlarged, club-shaped cornea; chelipeds of both sexes well developed and somewhat unequal Ocypode quadrata Figure 108. — Ocypode qtiiulratii: carapace and eyes. 60 (58) Slender eyestalks with cornea not conspicuously enlarged and club-shaped; chelipeds of male very unequal, of female equal and quite small Uca A A (60) Last legs with upper surface of merus straight; large chela of male without oblique tuberculate ridge on inner surface of palm extending upward from lower margin U. pugilator Figure 109. — Vca pugilator: A, merus of last leg; C, chela of male, inner view. U. pugnax, B, merus of last leg. A (60) Last legs with upper surface of merus curved; large chela of male with oblique tuberculate ridge on inner surface of palm extending upward from lower margin B B (A) A transverse shelf or depression on carapace behind orbit; leg joints red on large cheliped U. minax ^J0_, Figure 1 10. — Uca minax: A, chela of male, inner view: B. carapace and eyes. 38 B (A) Without transverse shelf or depression on carapace behind orbit; leg joints not red on large cheliped U. pugnax Figure 1 11. — Vcu pii^iiax: A. chela of male, inner view; B. carapace and eyes. ANNOTATED SYSTEMATIC LIST This check list is arranged in a systematic hierar- chy accommodating categories from order to species, with genera arranged alphabetically under family and species under genus. Notes on distribution, habitat, and general occurrence are given. Refer- ences to important works are cited. Depths are rounded to 5-m intervals, except those below 5 m. Class CRUSTACEA Order DECAPODA Suborder NATANTIA Section PENAEIDEA Family SERGESTIDAE Lucifer faxoni Borradaile, 1915. Nova Scotia to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; primarily in coastal waters. Surface to 90 m (Bowman and Mc- Cain, 1967). Famu V PENAEIDAE Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1849). Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Gulf of Mex- ico off Florida, Louisiana, and peninsula de Yucatan; Gulf of Paria off Venezuela; coast of Portugal to Morocco; Mediterranean Sea from Spain to Asia Minor. 25-350 m in west- em Atlantic ; to 460 m in Mediterranean. Rare in north (Williams, 1965). Pendens (Melicertus) aztecus aztecus Ives, 1891. Brown shrimp. West Falmouth Harbor and Martha's Vineyard, Mass., tooffSanibel Island, Fla. ; Appalachicola Bay around Gulf of Mexico to northwestern Estado de Yucatan. Fished commercially. Shallows to 110 m, occasionally 165 m. Summer and fall in north, rare (Perez Farfante, 1969). Penaeus (Litopenaeus) setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767). White shrimp. Fire Island, N.Y.. to St. Lucie Inlet, Fla.; mouth Ochlockonee River [Franklin County], Fla., to northwestern Es- tado de Yucatan. Fished commercially. Shal- lows to 35 m, occasionally to 85 m. Summer in north, rare (Perez Farfante, 1969). Section CARIDEA Family PASIPHAEIDAE Pasiphaeci multidentata Esmark. 1866. North- em Atlantic; western Norway to Mediterra- nean Sea; Iceland; Greenland; Cape Breton Island to Cape Cod. 10 (rarely) to 2,000 m (Sivertsen and Holthuis. 1956). Family PALAEMONIDAE Leander tenuicornis (Say, 1818). Tropical and subtropical waters of world except west coast of Americas; Newfoundland Banks, Bay of Fundy, and New England to Falkland Islands in western Atlantic. Floating Scirgassum, pilings, and submerged vegetation (Chace, 1972). Palaemonetes (Palaemonetes) intermedins Holthuis, 1949. Long Island, N.Y., to Port Aransas, Tex. (and literature records from Vineyard Sound, Mass.). Estuaries, espe- cially in submerged vegetation (Holthuis, 1952). Palaemonetes (Palaemonetes) pugio Holthuis, 1949. Newcastle, Me., and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, to Port Aransas, Tex. (literature re- 39 cords to Corpus Christi, Tex.). Estuaries, especially in submerged vegetation (Holth- uis, 1952). Nova Scotia and other Maine re- cords from R. E. Knowlton and E. C. Bous- field (pers. comm.). Palaemonetes (Palaemonetes) vulgaris (Say, 1818). Southwest coast Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cameron County, Tex. (literature records somewhat farther south). Estuaries, to 15 m, especially in submerged vegetation (Holth- uis, 1952). Canadian distribution from R. E. Knowlton (pers. comm.). Family HIPPOLYTIDAE Eualusfahricii Kr0yer, 1841. North Greenland to Cape Cod; Arctic Alaska to Cook Inlet; Siberian seacoast; Japanese Sea. 4-200 m (Holthuis, 1947). Eualus gaimardii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Circumarctic southward to Cape Cod, North Sea (Kiel and Yarmouth), White Sea, Sitka (Alaska), Siberia. 10-900 m (Holthuis, 1947). Eualus pusiolus (Kr0yer, 1841). Gulf of St. Lawrence to off Cape Henry, Va.; Bering Island, Alaska Peninsula, and Aleutian Is- lands; San Juan Islands, Wash.; Iceland; Murman coast to Channel Islands; northeast- em Spain. < 1-500 m (Holthuis, 1947). Hippolyte pleuracanthus (Stimpson, 1871). Connecticut to North Carolina. Beds of sub- merged vegetation (Chace, 1972). Hippolyte zostericola (Smith, 1873). Bermuda; Massachusetts; North Carolina to Yucatan; West Indies to Trinidad and Curasao. Beds of submerged vegetation (Chace, 1972). Latreutes fucorum (Fabricius, 1798). Western North Atlantic between lat. 10° and 50°N; Azores and Cape Verde Islands. Pelagic and sublittoral, in floating masses of Sargassum and submerged grasses (Chace, 1972). Lehheus groenlanclicus (Fabricius, 1775). Greenland southward to Rhode Island; arctic Canada and Alaska; Bering Sea to Puget Sound; Sea of Okhotsk. 2-210 m (Holthuis, 1947). Lebheus polaris (Sabine, 1821). Circumarctic southward to off Chesapeake Bay, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Skagerrak, and Heb- rides. < 1-930 m (Holthuis, 1947). Lehheus zebra (Leim, 1921). Port Burwell, Un- gava; New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy. 10-30 m (Holthuis, 1947). Spirontocaris liljehorgii (Danielssen, 1859). Greenland; Nova Scotia to off Delaware Bay ; arctic Alaska; Iceland; Spitzbergen and Murman coast to south coast of England. 20-1,200 m (Holthuis, 1947). Spirontocaris phippsii (Kr0yer, 1841). Cir- cumarctic, southward to near Martha's Vine- yard, northern Norway, Shumagin Islands (Alaska), and Plover Bay (Siberia). 10-270 m (Holthuis, 1947). Spirontocaris spinas (Sowerby, 1805). Cir- cumarctic, southward to near Martha's Vine- yard, North Sea, Bering Strait to Alaskan Peninsula. Hood Canal, near Union City (Wash.), Siberian coast. 10-465 m (Holthuis, 1947). Family PANDALIDAE Dichelopandalus leptoceras (Smith, 1881). Newfoundland Banks to North Carolina;' Shumagin Bank, Alaska. 15-790 m (Rathbun, 1929). Pandalus horealis Kr0yer, 1838. Pink shrimp. Circumarctic, southward to off Martha's Vineyard (Mass.), Bering Sea, and stragglers to San Diego (Calif.), northern Europe in- cluding Britain, northern Japan. Fished commercially. 45-905 m (Rathbun, 1929; Wig- ley, 1960). Pandalus nionta^ui Leach, 1813 or 1814. Striped pink shrimp. Greenland to Rhode Is- land; Iceland; northern Europe including British Isles. Fished commercially. 5-790 m (Rathbun, 1929; Wigley, 1960). Pandalus propinquus G. O. Sars. 1869. Davis Strait; Newfoundland Banks to Delaware; Iceland; northwestern Europe. Fished com- mercially. 60-2,000 m (Rathbun, 1929; Wig- ley, 1960). Family CRANGONIDAE Crangon septemspinosa Say, 1818. Sand shrimp. Baffin Bay to eastern Florida; arctic Alaska to Shumagin Islands, Sea of Okhotsk; Hokkaido, Japan. Sandy bottom, low tide mark to 90 m, rarely 450 m (Price. 1962). Pontophilus hrevirostris Smith, 1881. Gulf of Maine to Gulf of Mexico off Cuba. 25-350 m. Pontophilus norvegicus (M. Sars, 1861). Green- land to Long Island; Iceland; Spitzbergen; northwestern Europe. 50-945 m (Rathbun, 1929). Sabinea sarsii Smith, 1879. Davis Strait to Gulf of Maine; Iceland; northern Europe. 75-710 m (Rathbun. 1929). 40 Sabinea septenudiiiuita (Sabine, 1824). Mouth St. Lawrence River to Massachusetts Bay; Arctic Ocean to Pt. Barrow (Alaska), White Sea. and northern Europe. 10-240 m (Rath- bun. 1929). Sclcrocrangon horecis (Phipps, 1774). Arctic Ocean southward to Cape Cod, Aleutian Islands, and Alexander Archipelago (A- laska), northeastern Siberia. < 1-260 m (Rath- bun, 1929). suboroer reptantia Section MACRURA SUPERFAMILV ASTACIDEA Family NEPHROPSIDAE Homariis americcinus H. Milne Edwards, 1837. American lobster. Labrador to North Carolina. Fished commercially. Near low tide mark to about 700 m (Herrick, 1895; Templeman and Tibbo, 1945; R. L. Wig- ley, pers. comm.). SUPERFAMIIY THALASSINIDEA Family LAOMEDIIDAE Naushonia crangonoides Kingsley, 1897. Massachusetts; Bass River, Vineyard Sound, and Elizabeth Islands. Shallow channels near shore. Family CALLIANASSIDAE Callianassd (Callichirus) atlantica Rathbun, 1926. Bass River, Nova Scotia to Sapelo Island, Ga. ; Franklin County, Fla. Muddy shores and shallow littoral to 40 m (Schmitt, 1935). Family UPOGEBIIDAE Upogehici affmis (Say, 1818). Cape Cod Bay (Wellfleet, Mass.) to Rockport, Tex.; through West Indies to Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil. Burrows in estuarine littoral; inter- tidal to 25 m (Williams, 1965). Family AXIIDAE Axius serratus Stimpson, 1852. Bayof Fundy to Long Island Sound. 20-100 m (Rathbun, 1929). Calocaris templcmuni Squires, 1965. (Green- land ?); Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland; Gulf of Maine. 200-260 m [■^]. Section anomura Superfamily GALATHEIDEA Family GALATHEIDAE Munida iris A. Milne Edwards, 1880. South- western Georges Bank to off Isla de Cozumel, Quintana Roo; off mouth of Amazon River. 70-730 m (Chace, 1942). Munida valida Smith, 1883. Southern Georges Bank to Golfo de Morrosquillo, Colombia, and Curapao. 90-825 m (Chace, 1942). Family PORCELLANIDAE Polyonyx gibbesi Haig, 1956. Woods Hole, Mass., to Alligator Harbor, Fla.; Puerto Rico; Panama; Brazil (?). Commensal of Cliiii'topieriis variopedatiis, intertidal to 15 m (Williams, 1965). Porcellana sigesbiana A. Milne Edwards, 1880. Off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Gulf of Mexico off peninsula de Yucatan; West Indies to Virgin Islands. 50-390 m (Williams, 1965). Superfamily PAGUROIDEA Family PAGURIDAE Pagurus acadianus Benedict, 1901. Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence to mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Low water mark to 485 m ( Rathbun, 1929). Pagurus annulipes Stimpson, 1860. Vineyard Sound, Mass., to Beaufort, N.C., possibly to northeastern Florida; Cedar Key, Fla., to Texas. Variety of bottoms, but predom- inantly on sand, nearshore and estuaries to 40 m (Williams, 1965; Rouse, 1970). Pagurus arcuatus Squires, 1964. Greenland to New Jersey. Low water mark to 270 m. Pagurus longicarpus Say, 1817. Minas Basin, Nova Scotia to northeastern Florida; Sanibel Island, Fla., to Texas. Shallow lit- toral of ocean and estuaries on variety of bottoms to 50 m (Williams, 1965). Pagurus politus (Smith, 1882). Georges Bank to off Dry Toilugas. 20(?) 60-1,170 m. Pagurus pollicaris Say, 1817. Vineyard Sound, Mass., to northeastern Florida; Key West, Fla., to Texas. Ocean and mouths of estuaries, low tide mark to 45 m (Williams, 1965). Pagurus puhescens Kr0yer, 1838. West Greenland, Foxe Basin, and Hudson Bay to New Jersey ;Spitzbergen, Novaya Zem- lya, and Barents Sea to Faeroes, Hebrides, England (except south coast), and south- western Ireland. 6-600 m (Rathbun, 1929; Squires, 1964). Family LITHODIDAE Lithodes maja (Linnaeus, 1758). Greenland 41 to Sandy Hook, N.J.; northwestern Europe to Belgium and Isle of Man. 65-535 m (Rathbun. 1929). SUPERF.AMILV HIPPIDEA Family HIPPIDAE Emcrita talpoida (Say, 1817). Mole crab, sand bug. Barnstable County, Mass., to east coast of Florida; west coast of Florida to Grand Isle, La.; Progreso, Yucatan. Wave washed sandy beaches and below surf line to 3.5 m (Williams, 1965). Section BRACHYURA Subsection DROMIACEA Family HOMOLIDAE Homola harhata (Fabricius, 1793). Off southeastern Massachusetts to Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic from Portugal and Azores to Madeira Islands; Mediterranean Sea; South Africa. 55-685 m (Williams, 1965). Subsection OXYSTOMATA Family DORIPPIDAE Ethusa microphthalmu Smith, 1881. Off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to west Florida, and Cuba. 110-575 m (Rathbun, 1937). Family LEUCOSIIDAE Persephona aqiiilonaris Rathbun, 1937. New Jersey to Estado de Campeche, Mexico. 37-55 m (Guinot-Dumortier, 1959). Family CALAPPIDAE Acanthocarpiis ale.xandri Stimpson, 1871. Georges Bank to west coast of Florida; Puerto Rico to Grenadines; Brazil. 70-380 m (Williams, 1965). Subsection BRACHYGNATHA SUPERFAMILY OXYRHYNCHA Family MAJIDAE Subfamily OREGON UN AE Hyas araneus (Linnaeus, 1758). West Greenland; Labrador to Rhode Is- land; between Greenland and Iceland, through British Isles and northwest France to Spitzbergen and west Kara Sea. < 1-360 m, usually <50 m, hard and soft bottom (Christiansen, 1969). Hyas coarctatus Leach, 1815. Typical subspecies from Labrador to North Carolina; between Greenland and Ice- land, through British Isles, southwest- ern and northwestern France, to Spitzbergen and eastern Barents Sea. < 1-500 m, usually <50 m, hard and soft bottom (Christiansen, 1969). Subfamily INACHINAE Colhdes rohustus Smith, 1881. South of Nantucket, Mass., to off Cape Hatteras, N.C. 90-685 m (Rathbun, 1925). Euprognathu rasteUifera Stimpson, 1871. Off Georges Bank to southern Gulf of Mexico; West Indies to Gre- nada and Barbados. 25-710 m. Rath- bun (1925) recognized a blunt spined northern subspecies, A?;«/7/7«f. ranging from New England to the Florida Keys (Williams, 1965). Subfamily PISINAE Lihinia diihia H. Milne Edwards, 1834. Cape Cod, Mass., to southern Texas; Bahamas and Cuba. Ocean and high salinity estuaries on a variety of sub- strates from low tide mark to 45 m (Williams, 1965). Lihinia emarginata Leach, 1815. Wind- sor, Nova Scotia, to western Gulf of Mexico. Ocean and high salinity es- tuaries on a variety of substrates from near low tide mark to 50 m, rarely to 125 m (Williams, 1965). Pclia miitica (Gibbes, 1850). Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound, Mass., to west coast of Florida; Cuba to St. Thomas. Estuarine and oceanic sublit- toral on coarse substrate and en- crusted pilings, low water mark to 50 m (Williams, 1965). Family PARTHENOPIDAE Heterocrypta granidata (Gibbes, 1850). Nantucket Sound, Mass., to Georgia; Florida Straits to Sabine, Tex.; through West Indies to Trinidad. Shingle and shelly substrate of estuarine and oceanic littoral, 3.5-135 m (Williams, 1965). Parthenope (Platylamhrus) pourtalesii (Stimpson, 1871). Off Martha's Vine- yard, Mass., through West Indies to Grenada. Predominantly on sand or sandy mud, 20-250 m (Williams, 1965). SUPERFAMII y brachyrhyncha Family PORTUNIDAE Arenaeus aibnirius (Liimarck, 1818). Vine- 42 yard Sound, Mass., to Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil. Usually in or near waves and shifting sand along ocean beaches. Water line to 70 m (Williams, 1965). Bdtliynectcs siiperhits (CosXii. 1838). Mar- tha's Vineyard, Mass.. to Florida Straits; off Norway, Shetland and Faeroe Islands, to .Angola: Mediterra- nean Sea. 180-1,455 m (Christiansen, 1969). Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896. Blue crab. Nova Scotia to Mar del Plata, Argentina; Bermuda. Introduced in Mediterranean and Baltic seas. Fished commercially. Variety of substrates in rivers, estuaries and shallow oceanic littoral to 40 m (Williams. 1965: Chace and Hobbs, 1969). Callinectes sityulis Williams. 1966. Cape May, N.J., to off Soto La Marina, Mex- ico ( 1 40 miles south of the mouth of Rio Grande River). Usually oceanic: water's edge to 35-40 m, occasionally to 80 m, once at surface over a 1,685-m depth. Carcinus maeinis (Linnaeus, 1758). Nova Scotia to Virginia: Iceland: Faeroe Is- lands: Kvaenangen, Norway, southward including parts of southern Baltic Sea, and British Isles through Portugal; Mauritania; Australia. Probably intro- duced in United States and Australia, and temporarily elsewhere. On variety of substrates in estuarine and oceanic shal- low littoral. Intertidal to occasionally 200 m (Christiansen, 1969). Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst, 1799). Prince Edward Island, Canada to Florida; Texas coast (?). Variety of substrates but especially on sand. Surface to 33 m (Wil- liams, 1965). Foitiiniis sayi {G\hhQ^. 1850). Nova Scotia through Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; Ber- muda and mid-Atlantic Ocean: Ker- guelen Island. Usually pelagic among ^OdUngSariiassuin (Williams, 1965). Portunus f^ihhesiHStimpson. 1859). South- ern Massachusetts to Texas: Venezue- la: Surinam. Surface to 90 m, seldom deeper (Williams. 1965). Portiiiuis spinimanus Latreille. 1819. New Jersey through Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to southern Brazil: Bermuda. On beach under Sargassum to 90 m (Wil- liams, 1965). Family CANCRIDAE Cancer borealis Stimpson, 1859. Nova Scotia to south of Tortugas, Fla.: Ber- muda. On various substrates, intertidal to 800 m: shallower in north than in south, some seasonal movement (Wil- liams, 1965; Jeffries. 1966). Cancer irroratus Say, 1817. Labrador to Florida. On various but usually coarse substrates, low water mark to 575 m; shallower in north than in south, some seasonal movement (Williams, 1965; Jef- fries. 1966). Family XANTHIDAE Eurypanopeiis depressiis (Smith, 1869). Massachusetts Bay and Provincetown, Mass., through Florida to Texas: Ber- muda: West Indies. Mainly oyster bars in estuaries; oceanic littoral. Low water mark to 50 m (Williams. 1965). He.xapanopeiis angustifrons (Benedict and Rathbun, 1891). Vineyard Sound, Mass., to Port Aransas, Tex.; Bahamas; Jamaica. Shelly substrates in high salin- ity estuaries, but mainly oceanic. Near- shore to 140 m (Williams, 1965). Neopanope sayi (Smith, 1869). Miramichi Bay, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island, New Brunswick, to Crooked Island Sound, Fla. Introduced, Swansea, Wales. Various substrates, but mainly mud in estuaries. Low tide mark to 25 m (Williams, 1965; Abele, 1972). Panopeiis hcrbstii H. Milne Edwards, 1834. Boston (?). Woods Hole, Mass.. to Uruguay: Bermuda. Variety of sub- strates, estuarine and oceanic. Intertidal to 20 m (Williams, 1965: Chace and Hobbs, 1969). Rhilhropanopeiis harrisii (Gould, 1841). Original range, estuaries from New Brunswick, Canada, to Veracruz, Mex- ico: northeastern Brazil. Introduced. Coos Bay, Oreg., and San Francisco Bay, Calif. ; northwest Europe and Black Sea. Water's edge to 35 m (Williams, 1965; Christiansen, 1969). 43 Family GERYONIDAE Geryon quinquidens Smith, 1879. Deep sea red crab. Off Nova Scotia to Cabo Frio, Brazil. 40-2.160 m (Rathbun. 1937). Family PINNOTHERIDAE Dissodactylus mellitae (Rathbun, 1900). Vineyard Sound, Mass., to Charleston, S.C.; west Florida. Commensal with sand dollars. Shallow water to 20 m (Wil- liams, 1965). Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson, 1860. Wellfieet, Mass., to South Carolina; Punta Rassa, Fla., to Galveston, Tex.; Rio de Janeiro, and Villa Bella, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil. Commensal with Chaetupterus variopedatus, Amphitrite ornata, and Callianassci species. Inter- tidal to 15 m (Williams, 1965). Pinnixa cylindrica (Say, 1818). North Fal- mouth, Mass., to Alligator Harbor, Fla. Commensal w'\\\\Arenicohi cristuta. and probably other large annelids. Shallow water to 35 m (Williams, 1965). Pinnixa say ana Stimpson, 1860. Vineyard Sound, Mass., to Beaufort, N.C.; Sarasota Bay, Fla.. to Grand Isle, La. Reported as commensal w'\[\\ Arenicola cristata, but also free in water. Shore to 50 m (Williams, 1965). Pinnotheres maculatus Say, 1818. Mussel crab. Off Marthas Vineyard, Mass., to Mar del Plata, Argentina. Parasitic in bivalve mo\\u^k%, Arf^opecten irradians, A. gihhtis, Atrina serratiis, Modiolus modiolus, M. americanus. Mya arenaria, Mytilns ediilis, and with Cliaetoptenis variopedatus. Molgula robusta, Bostrichobranchus pilularis, and on Aslerias vidi;aris, as well as free- swimming stages. Surface to 45 m (Wil- liams, 1965). Pinnotheres ostreum Say, 1817. Oyster crab. Salem, Mass., to Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil. Parasitic in bivalve mollusks, Argopecten species, Anomia simplex, Crassoslrea virginica, Mytilus edulis, and with Chaetopterus var- iopedatus as well as free-swimming stages in estuaries. Depth limits not re- corded (Williams, 1965). Family GRAPSIDAE Planes minutus (Linnaeus, 1758). Gulf weed crab, turtle crab, Columbus crab. Atlantic Ocean south of Newfoundland, west of lat 50°W, and exclusive of Gulf of Mexico; occasionally on coast of Netherlands, southwest England, Por- tugal, and Mediterranean Sea. Common in Sargassum (Chace, 1951; Christian- sen, 1969). Sesarma reticulatum (Say, 1817). Woods Hole, Mass., to Calhoun County, Tex. Burrows in muddy salt marshes (Wil- liams, 1965). Family OCYPODIDAE Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787). Ghost crab. Woods Hole, Mass., to Es- tado de Santa Catarina, Brazil. Semiter- restrial; burrows along ocean beaches and occasionally on harbor beaches (Wil- liams, 1965; Chace and Hobbs, 1969). Vca minax (Le Conte, 1855). Red jointed fiddler. Buzzards Bay (Wareham) Mass., to Matagorda Bay, Tex.; Colom- bia; Dominican Republic. Usually on muddy or muddy sand substrates of low salinity marshes; a burrower (Williams, 1965). Vca pugilator (Bosc. 1801 or 1802). Sand fiddler. Boston Harbor, Mass., to Cor- pus Christi, Tex. Sandy and muddy beaches bordering marshes and tidal creeks; a burrower (Williams, 1965). Uca pugnax (Smith, 1870). Mud fiddler. Cape Cod, Mass., to near Daytona Beach, Fla. Primarily on intertidai mud flats among Sparlina; a burrower (Wil- liams. 1965; Salmon and Atsaides, 1968). SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ABELE, L. G. 1972. A reevaluation of the Neopanope texana-sayi complex with notes on A', pack- ardii (Crustacea: Decapoda; Xanthidae) in the northwestern Atlantic. Chesapeake Sci. 13:263-271. ALLEN, J. A. 1963. Observations on the biology of Pan- dalus montagui [Crustacea: Decapoda]. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 43:665-682. 1966. 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Pagnrus pubescens and a proposed new name for a closely related species in the 46 northwest Atlantic (Decapoda:Anomura). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21:355-365. 1965. A new species ofCalocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda. Thalassinidea) fiom the North- west Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 22:1-11. SUMNER. F. B.. R. C. OSBURN, and L. J. COLE. 1913. Section HI. — A catalogue of the marine fauna. //; A bioiopical survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Bull. U.S. Bur. - Fish. 3Upt. 2):545-794. TEMPLEMAN. W.. and S. N. TIBBO. 1945. Lobster investigations in Newfound- land. 1938 to 1941. Res. Bull., St. Johns. Newfoundland. No. 16. 98 p. VAN ENGEL. W. A. 1958. The blue crab and its fishery in Chesa- peake Bay. Ft. I — Reproduction, early de- velopment, growth and migration. Com- mer. Fish. Rev. 20(6):6-17. WIGLEY. R. L. I960. Note on the distribution of Pandalidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) in New England wa- ters. Ecology 41:564-570. WILLIAMS, A. B. 1965. Marine decapod crustaceans of the Carolinas. U.S. Fish Wild!. Serv., Fish. Bull. 65:1-298. 1966. The western Atlantic swimming crabs Ciilliiu'cies ornatiis, C. lianae. and a new related species (Decapoda, Portunidae). Tulane Stud. Zool. 13:83-93. YOUNG. J. H. 1959. Morphology of the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus 1758). U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.. Fish. Bull. 59:1-168. 47 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES Acanthocarpus alexandh 24, 42 Anomura 1, 17, 41 A renew us crihrurius 30, 42 Astacidea 15, 41 Axiidae 17,41 Axius serratus 17,41 Bathynectes superbus 29, 43 Brachygnatha 24, 42 Brachyrhyncha 25, 42 Brachyura 1 . 17, 42 CaiappJdae 24, 42 Callianassii atlantica 16, 41 Caliianassidae 16, 41 Callinectex sapidus 2, 30, 43 similis 30, 43 Calocciris templemani 17. 41 Cancer horealis 32. 43 irroratus 32, 43 Cancridae 32, 43 Carcinus maencis 29, 43 Caridea 5, 39 Collodes robustus 26, 42 Crangonidae 6, 40 Criingon septemspinosa 1 4, 40 Crustacea 1 , 39 Decapoda 1 , 39 Dichelopandalus leptoceras 12, 40 Dissodactylus mellifae 35, 44 Dorippidae 23, 42 Dromiacea 24, 42 Emerita talpoida 18. 42 Ethusa microphthalma 23. 42 Eualus fabricii 9, 40 i^aimardii 9. 40 piisiolus 9, 40 Euprognatha rastellifera 26, 42 Eurypanopeus depressus 34. 43 Galatheidae 22, 41 Galatheidea 18, 41 Geryonidae 32. 44 Geryon quinquedens 32, 44 Grapsidae 37, 44 Heterocrypia granulata 28, 42 Hexapanopeus anguslifrons 33, 43 Hippidae 18, 42 Hippidea 18. 42 Hippohte pleuracanthus 8, 40 zostericola 9, 40 Hippolytidae 8. 40 Honiurus americanus 2. 15. 41 Honiola harhata 24, 42 Homolidae 24, 42 Hycis araneus 25, 42 coarctatus 25, 42 Inachinae 26, 42 Laomediidae 16, 41 Latreules fucoruin 8, 40 Leander tenuicornis 6, 39 Lebbeus groenlandiciis 1 1 , 40 polaris 1 1 , 40 zebra 1 1 , 40 Leucosiidae 24. 42 Libinia dubia 27, 42 emarginata 27, 42 Lithodes maja 21.41 Lithodidae 21,41 Lucifer faxoni 5. 39 Macrura 1. 15.41 Majidae 25, 42 Munidii iris 22, 41 valida 22," 41 Natantia 1, 4, 39 Naiislionia crangonoides 16, 41 N eopanope sayi 34. 43 Nephropsidae 15, 41 Ocypode quddrata 38, 44 Ocypodidae 37, 44 Oregoniinae 25, 42 Ovalipes ocellatus 29. 43 Oxyrhyncha 25, 42 OxystDmata 23, 42 Paguridae 18, 41 Paguroidea 1 8. 41 Pagttrus acadianus 19, 41 emnuUpes 18.41 arcuatus 20. 41 longicarpus 19.41 politus 21.41 pollicaris 19.41 pubescens 20. 4 1 Palaernonetes intermedius 7, 39 pugio 7. 39 vulgaris 7, 40 Palaemonidae 6. 39 Pandalidae «. 40 Puiidciltis hoieulis 2, 12. 40 inontdgid 2, 13. 40 propinqiiii.s 2. 12, 40 Panopi'iis herhslH 34, 43 Pdiapcnaciis loiigiroslris 5, 39 Parlhcnopc [xturudcsii 28, 42 Parthenopidae 25. 42 Pasiphaca midtidentata 6, 39 Pasiphaeidae 6. 39 Pelia miitica 27, 42 Penaeidae 5, 39 Penaeidea 4. 39 Penaeus (izteciis cKlc'cus 2. 5. 39 sclifcnis 2. 5. 39 Persephoud uqinloiuiris 24. 42 Pinnixti cluu'loptcrana 36. 44 cylindrlcci 36, 44 sdyu/ui 36. 44 Piuiutllwres iiuu iilditis 35, 44 osin mil 35. 44 Pinnotheridae 28, 44 Pisinae 26, 42 Phiiics miiiiitiis 37, 44 Polyonyx gihhesi 22, 41 Pontophdus hiTvirostris 1 4, 40 norvegkiis 1 4, 40 Porcellana sigesbiana 23,41 Porceilanidae 22, 41 Portunidae 28, 42 Port nil us gibbesU 3 1 , 43 sayi 31,43 spininuiniis 3 1 , 43 Reptantia I. 4. 41 Rliitliropdiiopciis luirrisU 33. 43 Sdbinea sarsU 1 3. 40 septemcdriiuitd 13.41 Svlcrocrangon boreiis 15. 41 Sergestidae 5, 39 Sesdrnid reticiddiuni 37, 44 Spirontocdris IdJehorgH H). 40 phippsd 10, 40 spinus 1 0, 40 Thalassinidea 15.41 Tozeuma cdrolincnse 9 Vcd mina.x 38, 44 piiii'dator 38, 44 pugnax 39, 44 Upogebid uffinis 16, 41 Upogebiidae 16. 41 Xanthidae 32, 43 49 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeast- ern United States" is being coordinated by the following Board: Coordinator: Melbourne R. Carriker. College of Marine Studies, Marine Studies Center, Univer- sity of [Delaware, Lewes. DE 19958. Advisers: Marie B. Abbott, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Arthur G. Humes, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Wesley N. TifTney, Department of Biology, Boston University. Boston, Mass. Ruth D. Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Roland L. Wigley, National Marine Fisheries Service, Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Robert T. Wilce, Department of Botany, Uni- versKy of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. The Board established the format for the Marine Flora and Faunaofthe Northeastern United States, " invites systematists to collaborate in the preparation of manuals, reviews manuscripts, and advises the Scientific Editor of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Collections and records in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.. those of Roland L. Wigley at the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Center in Woods Hole, as well as those in the Gray Museum. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, provided reference materials for this paper. Bruce B. Collette, Isabel Perez Farfante, Marie B Abbott, William D. Burbanck, and Roland L. Wigley critically read the manuscript. All illustrations were drawn by Maria M. Dieguez. COORDINATOR'S COMMENTS Publication of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeast- em United States" is most timely in view ofthe growing universal emphasis on environmental work and the urgent need for more precise and complete identification of coastal organisms than has been available. It is mandatory, wherever possible, that or- ganisms be identified accurately to species, .'\ccurate scientific names unlock the great quantities of biological information stored in libraries, obviate duplication of research already done, ano make possible prediction of attributes of organisms that have been inadequately studied. Austin B. Williams commenced his study ofthe systematics of the Crustacea in 1946 working on crayfishes in the Ozarks and eastern Great Plains. In 195 1 he joined the staffof the University of North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, to carry on ecological and systematic studies on decapod crusta- ceans of the estuaries and continental shelf of the southeastern United States. This work concentrated on ecology of penaeid shrimps, an illustrated handbook on decapod crustaceans ofthe Carolinas (1965), and studies on estuarine meroplankton. Wil- liams moved to his present position in 1971 where his systematic studies continue. This key represents an extension of his work on decapods of the Carolinian Province. Manuals are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The manuals so far published in the series and their cost are listed below. COOK. DAVID G.. and RALPH O. BRINKHURST. Marine Hora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. .Annelida: Oligochaela. BOKROR. .ARIHUR ( . Marine fiora and fauna ofthe Northeastern United Slates. Protozoa: Ciliophora. MOUL. FDWIN T. Marine fiora and fauna ofthe Northeastern United States. Higher plants ofthe marine fringe. McCLOSKHY. I .AWRENCE R. Marine fiora and fauna ofthe Northeastern lUiiled States. Pycnogonida. MANNING. RAYMOND B. Marine fiora anc' fauna ofthe Northeastern LInited States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. WILLIAMS. AUSTIN B. Marine flora and faunaofthe Northeastern United States. Crustacea: Decapoda. 50 * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971-796-122 /3 REGION 10 5 WHSE 00513 370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California Current region. By David Kramer. Mary J. Kalin, Elizabeth G. Stevens. James K. ThrailKill, and James R. Zweifel. November 1972. iv + 38 pp., 38 figs., 2 ubtes. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing OfTice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 371. Ocean fishery management: Discussions and research. By Adam A. Sokoloski (editor). (17 papers. 24 authors.) April 1973. vi + 173 pp.. 38 figs.. 32 tables. 7 appendix tables. 372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By Thomas A. Manar. October 1972. iv + 24 pp., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. 374. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United Slates, Annelida: Oligochaeta. By David G. Cook and Ralph O, Rnnkhurst, May 1973. iii + 23 pp.. 82 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. W'ashington. DC, 20402. 375. New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. By John H. Day July 1973. xiii + 140 pp , 18 figs.. 1 table For sale by the Superintendent tit Dornnients U .S Government Printing OfTice. Washington. D C. 20402. 376. Bottom water temperatures on the continental shelf. Nova Scotia to New Jersey. By John B. Cotton. Jr. and RuthR. Stoddard, June 1973. iii + S-Spp., 15 figs., 12 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402. 379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969; Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett April 1973. iv + 31 pp.. 1 fig For sate by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. 380. Fishery publications, calendar year 1968; Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C Thorson May 1973. iv + 24 pp.. I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. 381. Fishery publications, calendar year 1967; Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973. iv + 22 pp., I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of DocumenU, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 382. Fishen.- publications, calendar year 1966: Lists and indexes By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. July 1973. iv + 19 pp.. 1 fig For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 383. Fishery publications, calendar year 1965: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973. iv + 12 pp., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. US. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 384. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United Slates. Higher plants of the marine fringe By Edwin T, Moul. September 1973. iii + 60 pp.. 109 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 385. Fishery publications, calendar year 1972: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engetl. November 1973, iv + 23 pp.. 1 fig. For sale by ihe Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC 20402. 377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By Mar>' Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson, December 1972. iv + .34 pp.. 1 fig. For sale by ihe Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfTice, Washington, DC. 20402. ,386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pycnogonida. By 1-awrence R McCloskev September 1973. iii + 12 pp., 1 fig. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Governmenl Printing Office. Washington. D.C 20402. 378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. By Arthur C. Borror, September 1973. iii + 62 pp.. 5 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 387. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. By Raymond B. Manning February 1974. iii + 6 pp., 10 figs. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF CO^WERCE lAtlONAI OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISIRAIION NAIIONAl MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE iCIENIIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N E 45TH ST SEATTLE WA 98105 FOURTH CLASS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM 210 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Marine Biological Laboratory ^ Library - Periodicals Woods Hole, Na 025^+3