427

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NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 427

Ocean Variability in
the U.S. Fishery
Conservation Zone, 1976

Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and
Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors

July 1979

IVIarine Biological Laboratory ^
LIBRARY (

OCT 14 1992 i

I Woods \-\c-\

K.

■ b.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars

The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Ser\'ice (NMFSI are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic
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rifio. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver-
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and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972. iv + 17 p., 8 figs., .I app. figs. For
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■ Uiti. Ke\' to field identificatitin of anadromous juvenile salmonids in 'hp
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367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration
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:168. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study.
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:169. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidael in the western
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,'170. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the
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;17I. Ocean fishery management: Discussion and research. By Adam A.
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•372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By
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rimlinueH i»n inside hack cnver

,^o^;w)sp,,

'\tl\; I*

NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 427

Ocean Variability in
the U.S. Fishery
Conservation Zone, 1976

Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and
Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors

July 1979

MARMAP

Contribution No. 146
(Marine Resources Monitoring,
Assessment, and Prediction Program)

Marine Biological Laboratory
LIBRARY

OCT 14 1992

Woods Hole, Mass.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Richard A. Franl<, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

The National Marine Fisheries Service (N'MFS) does not approve, rec-
ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material
mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to N'MFS, or
to this publication furnished by N'MFS, in any advertising or sales pro-
motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends
or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned
herein, or which lias as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly
the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS
publication.

CONTENTS

Introduction, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 1

Summary, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 3

Papers

1 Atmospheric circulation in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes U

2 Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1976. by Robert R. Dickson

and Jerome Namias 19

3 Eastern Pacific sea surface conditions in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 35

4 Sea surface conditions in the western North Atlantic in 1976. by Julien R. Goulet and Elizabeth

D. Haynes 43

5 Anomalies of monthly mean sea level along the west coasts of North and South America, by Dale

E. Bretschneider and Douglas R. McLain 51

6 Coastal upwelling off western North America, 1976. by Craig S. Nelson 65

7 Oceanic conditions during 1976 between San Francisco and Honolulu as observed from ships of
opportunity, by J. F. T. Saur and Douglas R. McLain 77

8 The 1976 El Nino and recent progress in monitoring and prediction, by William H. Quinn 93

9 Sea surface temperature anomalies, by Douglas R. McLain Ill

10 Fluctuations of sea surface temperature and density at coastal stations during 1976. by Douglas

R. McLain 151

1 1 Data on cold weather conditions along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during the fall and winter of
1976-77. by J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong 167

12 Wind driven transport Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico, by Merton C. Ingham 175

13 Sea surface temperature distribution from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL, 1976. by Joseph W.

Deaver III 209

14 Water column thermal structure across the shelf and slope southeast of Sandy Hook, NJ, in 1976.

by Steven K. Cook 231

15 Anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies off the northeastern United States during 1976. by David

Mizenko and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 259

16 River runoff along the middle Atlantic coast in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 281

17 Climatic conditions related to the fish kill and anoxia off New Jersey during the summer of

1976 by Reed S. Armstrong 289

18 Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front off the Atlantic coast between Georges Bank

and Cape Romain in 1976. by John T. Gunn 301

19 Temperature structure on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. by

R. Wylie Crist and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 315

20 Continuous plankton records: zooplankton and net phytoplankton in the Mid-Atlantic Bight,

1976. by Daniel E. Smith and Jack W. Jossi 337

21 Siphonophore ("Lipo") swarming in New England coastal waters— update, 1976. by Carolyn A.
Rogers 349

22 Bottom water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during spring and autumn,

1976. by Clarence W. Davis 353

ABSTRACT

Some responses of fisheries resources to
natural climate-ocean variability in 1976
are summarized. Emphasis is on the U.S.
Fisheries Conservation Zone. Areas in
which the United States has an established
fishery or commercial interest in a local
fishery are also considered. Contributed
papers present various aspects of the
marine climate in 1976.

IV

Ocean Variability in
the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976

INTRODUCT ION
JuLien R. Goulet^ Jr

1. to provide resource mansgers with en overvie^j and
assessment of the status of the environment in terms of
larye area and Long time scale natural processes and their
possible effects on marine fishery resources/^ and

2. to provide researchers with an infer nidt ion source on the
ocean properties and processes influencing fishery

r esou rces .

These three volumes have been prepared by the program management
office of the Marine Resources Monitoring/' Assessment/ and
Prediction (MARMAP)' program of the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS).

The MARMAP program is a national program of NMFS providing
information needed for management and allocation of the nation's
marine fishery resources. The program encompasses the collection
and analysis of data to provide information on the abundance/
composition/ location/ and condition of the commercial and
recreational marine fishery resources of the United States.
MARMAP also considers the physical and chemical processes
influencing fishery resources.

'Resource Assessment Division^ National Marine Fisheries
Service/ NOAA* Washington/ DC 20?33.

'J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United
States living marine resources - 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA/
NMFS/ MARMAP Contrib. 104; J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. riaynes
(editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery
resources - 1975/ U.S. Oeo. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ.
416.

'For information/ contact Chief/ Resource Assessment Division/
NMFS/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 2n?35.

1

INTRODUCTION

Changes in physical and chemical properties of the ocean
(currents/' tempe ratu r er nutrients/' etc.) and the associated
modulation of bioloc^ical processes directly or indirectly affect
not only long-term yields and annual abundances of fish stocks/
but also their distribution and availability. Fishery Oceano-
graphy/ r^s a subproqram of i^iARMAP^ includes the analysis of
physical/ chemical/ and biological oceanographic data collected
during ^'ARMAP and other NMF? surveys and from oceanog raphi c and
me t eorol cgi c aL operational and research activities of other
a'lencies. Fishery Oceanography providea much of the information
incorporated into Ocean Variability in the UiS. Fishery CoDser-
yatign Zone/ 19Z6»

EfiitQCieLl Q,UtL2Q!i

The areas of interest for Ocean Variabjl^it^ iD the U^Si fisher)^
Conservation Zone/ I'tL^ are the United States' Fishery Conser-
vation Zone/ established by P.L. 94-255 (Fisheries Conservation
and Mananenent Act of 1976)/ and the areas of fishery resources
outside our Zone in which we have an established fishery or a
market inter est

The papers in thi

The data
focus on
se lect ed
climate-
s e I e ct ed
resource
p rope r t i
resource
increase
influenc
r esou r ce
small w
d i s t r i bu
of the f

pro
a I
me r

o cea

/ or

s .

e s

s .

d to

e s .
man

or k s

t i on

ull

du c t
ill i t
el y
n D

d ev
Top i
and
The

pre

i n
age r
ho p

of
do cu

s/ eve
ed t i m
on ava
ropert
eloped
ca I s

asses

n u m b e
sent m

f utu r
s i n a

to d
the su
ment a

nt not
e inte
ilabi I
i es o
/ for
u m m a r i
sment
r of
ore in
e yea

more
eve I op
mma r y
s a r«A

ices
rva I
ity.
r i

thei
es p

of

the
form
r s

time

th

i n d

RMAP

and
. The

Rathe
ndi ces
r sign
rov ide

pot en
se to
at i on
we hop
ly man
e nee
raft f

cont r

topi
data
r / pr

of
i f i ca

over
t ial
p i c a I
on p
e to
n er .
ess ar
o r m p
i b u t i

ca I
p rod
oduc

pro
nee
view

eff

su

OSS i

p rov

Thi

y ^
r ior

on .

sum
uc t s
ts

cess
to m
s of
e ct s
mma r
ble
i de
s m
nf or
to

mane

s hou

which

es s

a rine

c I im

on

i e s

env 1

the s

ay 1

mat i o

di s

s s
Id n

po
houl

fi
ate-

f i
shou
ronm
umma
nvo I
n/
trib

hou Id
ot be
rt r ay
d be
she ry
ocean
she ry
Id be
ent al
ry to
ve a
and a
ut i on

We
we

thank our many contributors/ who made this volume possible. We
Icome criticism/ comments/ and suggestions for improvement of

turp wnlnmPQ in thi<; <;prip<;-

future volumes in this series.

SUMMARY

JuLien R. Goulet^ Jr

The effects of ocean variability on U.S. marine fishery resources
can best be summarized within the context of the broad-scale
atmospheric and oceanic conditions surrounding our area of
interest/' the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone. The variability of
the environment within the Zone is controlled by conditions and
processes in the overlying atmosphere^ at the coast/ in the open
ocean beyond our Zone^ and along the bottom within our Zone. The
oarers contributed to this document present a synthesis/ not
necessarily analytic^ cf the conditions and processes affecting
the U.S. marine fishery resources during 1976.

This summary first focuses on the overlying atmosphere/ which
connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the North
American continent. The conditions at the U.S. coast/ in the
open ocean beyond our Zone/ and along the bottom are summarized
in turn. Following this/ the responses of marine fishery
resources to the variability of their environment are estimated.

A t mosg here

Conditions are considered at the 700 mb Level/ the height of
approximately the lower third of the atmosphere. This is high
enough (about 3/000 m above sea level) to be free of surface
friction/ ana thus reflects the large-scale conditions and events
taking plsce in the atmosphere. It is also low enough to be
completely within the troposphere/ that part of the atmosphere
which interacts with the ocean.

Two salient features of the atmosphere in 1976 were the
continuation of stronger than average westerly winds over the
Northern Hemisphere oceans and a return to lower latitudes of the
subpolar low pressure anomaly cells. The variations in westerly
wine strength and position influence patterns of upwelling and
offshore wind driven transport as well as sea surface temperature
distributions. These in turn influence several resource species

Resource Assessment Division/ National
Service/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 23235.

^ar ine

Fisheries

SUMMARY

such as AtLa
herring. T
However* the
changes in
19 76 p re s su r
more cLoseL
differences,
much weaker
more intense
continental
over the Roc
in 19 76.
subtropi cat
Pacific. T
coast penetr
consequent
conditions o
that a re a .

nt i c menhaden* Pacific ma

he strong westerlies ha

high level pressure patte

their annual averages over

e anomaly patterns at 7CG

y than those of 1V75*

The Siberian high latitu

than in 1974. The subpo

and covered broader ar

trough* located over t

ky Mountains in 1975* was

The trough indicated a c

hiah pressure belt extendi

hat it was over the easter

ation of Pacific stable hi

Cali'fornia drought. Tt a

ve r the eastern seaboard a

ckerel* and Atlantic sea
ve persisted since 1971.
rns have undergone drastic

the Last three years. The
mb resemble those of 1974

but with a few important
de high pressure cell was
lar lew pressure cells were
eas. The r.'orth American
he Great Plains in 1974 and
over the eastern seaboard
ontinental weakening of the
ng across the Atlantic and
n seaboard indicated a west
ah pressure conditions* and
Iso indicated more unstable
nd greater precipitation in

The pattern cf seasonal pressure anomalies (differences from
30-yr seasonal averages) showed a striking change from summer to
fall in 1976. In 1974 and 1975* the annual average anomalies
were dominated by the winter anomalies. In 1976* the fall
anomalies were so intense that they dominated the annual average.

Winter 1975-76* with extremely Tiild east coast conditions* nad a
zonal distribution of pressure anomalies (the anomalies tended to
Line up zonaLiy* or along latitude lines). There was essentially
no continental trough* whereas 1974 had a trough over the Great
Plains and 197 5 had a deep trough over the Rockies. Py fall
1976* the pressure anomalies had become meridional (the anomalies
tended to line up along meridians)* indicating extreme wave
(nor t h -south ) conditions in the actual pressure distributions.
Extreme wave conditions preceded both the winter of 1917-18 and
that of 1976-77* the two coldest winters of record in the eastern
United States.

Hayne s
during
action
at mosp
At lant
ocean
pr esen
coast
i ndex
in th
This c
the CO
and tu

(Pa

19

s be

her i

ic (

su r
ted
in f
of t
e S
an b
as t s
na i

per 1 )
76.
t ween
c cond
GouLet
f a ce
St at i s
all 19
he Sou
outh P
e CO r r
of Ch
n thos

P res
Dicks
the a
i t i on

and
cond i
tics
78 an
t her n
ac i f i
elate
i I e a
e are

ent ed
on an
tmosp
s ove
Hayne
t ions
on t h
d win
Os c i
c ass
d wit
nd Pe
as .

a su
d Nam
here
r the
s * oa

C
e ex t
ter 1
llati
DC i at
h upw
ru* a

Timar y
ias (P
and th
Paci f
per 4 )
h ambe r
r erne
977.
on* a
ed wit
e 1 1 i ng
nd wit

of

aper
e se
i c (
al
lin
cond
Q u i n
phen
h th
a lo
h th

atmosph
2) dis
a s urf a
Haynes *
so pre
and Arm
i t i ons
n ( Pape
ome non
e south
nq the
e abuna

eric
cuss
c e .

Pap
sent
s t r o

a lo
r &)
of t
east
equ.i
ance

c i r cu I
ed the i

Su mma r i
er 3 ) an
ed the
no (Pape
ng the

discuss
he at mos

t rade w
tor and

of anch

ation
nt e r-
es of
d t he

open
r 11 )

east
ed an
pher e
inas .
off
ove t a

SUf-iMAR Y

Coast

Very little iaformation on coastal conditions was compiled for
Ocean V^riabiJLii^ in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zoner 1976.
Haynes (Paper 16) summarized river runoff into the "liddle
Atlantic Bightr where the volume flow showed an early spring/'
peaking in February instead of ^larch or April. There also was
extremely high flow in October when r rec i pi t a t ion in the
Chesapeake drdinage basin exceeded 300% of normal. Precipitation
exceeded 15 0% of normal over the entire Appalachian Range in
October. This extreme precipitation was associated with the
continental trough and extreme wave conditions in the atmosphere.
The consequent runoff into the Chesapeake Bay influenced the
survival of oyster spat.

McLain (Paper 10) summarized fluctuations in temperature and
density at coastal stations from Maine to Florida^ Florida to
Texas/^ and Alaska to California. The densities at a tide station
at Kiptopeke Beach/ VA/ at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay/ had a
large negative anomaly in November/ one month later than the
extreme flow in the Chesapeake. The early onset of the cold
1976-77 winter was shown by positive density anomalies in New
England/ a consequence of early freezing and decreased runoff.
Negative temperature anomalies in fall 1976 extended along the
entire east coast. They began in midsumrrer south of New Jersey.

Sretschneider and McLain (Paper 5) summarized historical data
(1931-75/ with some gaps in coverage) showing variations in sea
level along the Pacific coast. Unfortunately/ the 1^76 data were
not available to them. Changes in sea level over broad ocean
areas can be related to shifts in wind patterns/ upwelling
regimes/ etc./ and may be indicative of conditions affecting
certain resource species such as Pacific mackerel.

OpeQ Ocean

The conditions in and beyond the Fishery Conservation Zone were
summarized by Haynes (Paper 3) and Roulet ?nd Haynes (Paper 4).
Dickson and Namias (Paper ^) presented a summary and analysis of
the 19 76 conditions. The eastern North Pacific/ which began 1976
with a smaller reservoir of w^rm surface «ater than in previous
years/ continued tc cool. By the end of the ye or the sea surface
temperatures were anomalously cold. Heat storage (average tem-
perature/ C-100 mb) in the Pacific/ discussed by Saur (Paper 7)
also was lower in 1976 than in 1975.

The central North Atlantic does not have as strong an influence
on conditions in the Fishery Conservation Zone as does the
eastern North Pacific. It is downwind of the Zone and is
isolated from it by a strong frontal system/ the Gulf Stream.

SUMMAR Y

The charts of temperature anomaLy (McLain/ Paper 9) do not show
any significant patterns/ either positive or negative^ in the
open ocean waters. Ingham (Paper 12) presented maps of Ekman
transport off the Atlantic coast and in the GuLf of Mexico. In
1976/ the meridional (north-south) component was generally more
negative (more to the south) than the average in the open
Atlantic. This indicates a stronger westerly wind component
(stronger zonality) than average/ which will adversely influence
survival of certain species such as menhaden.

Bottom

The bottom does not provide a source of e
time affecting U.S. marine fishery reso
shallower waters at least/ the bottom doe
affecting the marine environment. Davis
bottom waters in the Gulf of l^aine and ov
has been a warming trend since 1968/
reversed in 1975. In 1975/ the spring te
of faine and the autumn temperatures/ bot
6ank/ resumed their warming trend. This
waters took place despite the cold autu
may be expected that bottom water t
recruitment of bottom dwelling species
demersal spawning species such as winter
herrina.

nergy or variability in

urces. Nevertheless/ in

s modify the orocesses

(Paper 22) discussed the

er Georges Bank. There

though it was partially

mperatures in the GuLf

h there and over Georges

warming in the bottom

mn air temperatures. It

emperatures affect the

such as sea scallops or

flounder and Atlantic

Armstrong (Paper 17) discussed the anomalous bottom anoxic
conditions leading to a massive fish kill off New Jersey. Crist
and Chamberlin (Paper 19) provided a summary of the bottom
temperatures south of New England. No information was available
on the broad Bering Sea shelf.

I^stem Responses

How did t he en v
respond to the
charts of sea
information on
Nami as ( Pape r 2
and SCO km. T h
negative at the
noticeable. T
offshore wa t er s
conditions in
South At lant ic
are also chart
Goulet and Hayn
Atlantic coast
remainder of
congregate in

i ronment
surroundi
surface
scales o
) present
e change

beg i nn i n

hese cha

of the e

the Ber

Bight/ K i

ed by McL

es (Paper

were p

t he year

areas a

of
ng V

t em
f on
ed a
of a
g of
nges
as te
ing
ddle
a i n

4) .
osi t

nd

the U.

ar i ab le

pe ratur

e month

n ana ly

n o m a I i e

the ye

par a 1 1

r n No rt

Sea/ G

^tlant

and d is

The t

i ve thr

Fast -sw

depths

S. F
con
e a
and
sis
s al
ar t
el t
h Pa
ulf
ic B
cus s
emre
oug h
imii i
whe

i s he r
d i t i o
noma I

1 jC
on s c
ong t
o po s
he op
c i f i c
of Al
igbt /
ed by
ratur

July
ng f
re t e

y c

ns i

y (

km/
ales
he P
i t i V
pos i

aska
and

Hay
e an

and
ish
mpe r

onse
n 19
F ape
w h i I

of
ac if
e at
t e c
The
/ Gu
Gu
nes
oma I
neg
sue
a tur

rvat
76?
r 9)
e Di

thr
ice

the
hang

sea
If o
If

(Pap
i es
ati V
h
es s

ion
l^cL

pr
ckso
ee m
oast

en
es i

su
f Me
of

er 3
a Ion
e f o
as
uit

Zone
a in ' s
ovi de
n and
ont hs

from
d is
n the
r f ace
xi CO/
Maine
) and
g t he
r the

tuna
their

SUMMAR Y

prefer ences .
species.

Temperatures effect the growth rates of many

i\ e I s
c oas
area
Sept
e xt r
i n

i ndi
Thes
brou
indi
tree
t r op
the

on (
t f
had
embe
eme I
Nove
ce s
e i
cht
ce s
kea
i c a I
grow

Rape r

rom t

ext re

r th

y low

mber .

th roug

ndi ces

up w

of the

the de

Pacif

t h and

6) pre
he Gu I
me ly
rough
i ndi ce

The
hout t
prov
ith u

S out h
ve Lopm
ic . S

abund

sent
f of
low

Dec
s in

Cal
hey
i de
pwe I
ern
ent
t r on
ance

ed th
'V I as
indi

embe r
Apr i

i f orn

ear
info

led

Osci I

of El

c El
of P

e upwe
ka to
ces i
Th
l-Mayr
i a Cur
except
r m a t i o
water.
I at ion
Ni no-
N' ino-t
e ruv ia

llin

Ba j a
n J
e G

Jul

rent

i n

n on

G

(tr
type
ype
nan

g in

Cali
anua r
ulf
y t hr

r eg i
Apr

ava i
u i nn
ade w

act i
ac t i V
chove

dex

f orn
y-Fe
of

ough
on h
il

labi
(Pa
ind
vi t y
ity
ta.

a lo
ia.

b rua
Alas
Se
ad e
and
lity
per
re la

i n
is d

ng

The
ry
ka

ptem
xtre

Jul

of
8)
X at i

the
et r i

the

sou
and
also
be r ,
me ly
y-Au
nut r
pres
on )

ea
ment

west
t her n

from
had
and

high
gust .
i ent s
ented
wh i ch
stern
al to

The wind driven transports along the east coast and in the Gulf
of Mexico were discussed by Ingham (Paper 12). In February-March
the transports were anomalously strong to the southeast along the
U.S. east coast. During Novembe r-De cembe rr anomalously strong
southwest transports persisted. In the Gulf of Mexico/
anomalously strong northwest transports persisted from October
through Decemoer. Onshore wind-driven transport is extremely
important to survival of Atlantic menhaden larvae.

Gunn (Paper 18) mapped the annual march of t
wlater front along several transects off the
front in 1976 was significantly more variabl
1975. The energetic state of the front m
state (extreme wave patterns) of the atmosph
cold winter. Deaver (Paper 13) present
temperature along the east coast from Fieri
data set/ obtained from airborne radiation
the early spring and cold autumn of 197
presented the changes in water column ther
Jersey. The early spring of 1976 was also e
set. The nearshore surface salinities wer
SDring/ and a relatively fresh surface layer
beyond the Shelf Water/Slope Water front,
early spring runoff shown by Haynes in Rape
distributions of Shelf Water and Slope Wate
overwinter survival of Atlantic herring
salinities due to high runoff/ with asso
unfavorable to shellfish.

he She

U.S. e

e tha

i r rore

lere an

ed th

da to

t he rmo

'6. C

•ma I St

■vident

e mu c h

some

(Not

16.)

may

lar

ic i a t ed

If Wa
as t CO
n in
d the
d prec
e sea
Main
me t ry/
ook (
ructur
in t
r educ
times
e the
The
be imp
vae .
turbi

ter/
ast .

197

ene r

eede

su

e .

ref
Pape
e of
his
ed d

ext
ext r

re I

orta

Lo

dity

S lope
The
4 or
get ic
d the
rf ace

This
le ct s
r IA)
f New

data
ur i ng
ended
eme ly
at i ve
nt to
wered
/ are

Smith and Jossi (Paper 20) discussed variations in plankton
populations in the Middle Atlantic Bight by season and water
mass/ and also in a warm core r-ulf Stream eddy. Named species
may be considered as water mass indicators. Armstrong (Paper 17)
discussed the anoxic bottom conditions off New Jersey. This was

SUMMARY

a response to the early sprinq warming* with runoff of fresher*
Lower density water overlying ocean waters and suppressina mixintj
throughout the water column* and the consequent oxygen depletion
by biological activity.

Mizenko and Chamberlin (Paper 15) presented data on the formation
of anticycLoriic Gulf Stream eodies and their irigration through
the Slope Water south of Mew England. Eodies create fast*
localized currents which can submerge marker buoys and move
lobster and crab traps when the eddies impinge upon the upper
continental slope. The total number of eddy days was reduced in
1976 compared with 1975* with the sjirmer quarter showing the
greatest redaction. Why the Gulf Stream had a lower energy
state* as shown by the number of eddies cast off* compared with
the Shelf Water/Slope Water front* is a puzzle.

Rogers (Paper 21) provided an update on the swarming of siphono-
phores in New England coastal waters. The "lipo*" or slime*
which fouls fishing nets* was mild in 1976 compared with 1975.

R^sgonse of Fishery Resources

What can be said about the response of marine fishery resources
to the 1976 status of the environment? We can comment on only a
few fishery resources. These comments must be considered only as
best estimates rather than as definitive statements.

The 1976 year class of
a bo ve-nor ma I upwelling.
harvest .

Pacific mackerel was favored by
This has been reflectea in the 1977

Larval menhaden were not favored by the wina-criven
transport conditions in the Middle Atlantic Bight.

Recovery of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery may oe delayed by
trie mild 1976 El Nino conditions.

Anoxia in bottom water off New Jersey hao little effect on
finfish recruitment* although many adults died. All age
groups of shellfish suffered high mortalities.

Decreased Slope Water on Georges Bank favored herring larvae
survival in the fall. Later survival was adversely influ-
enced by the severe winter that followed.

Extreme runoff in October affected crao recruitment in the
Middle Atlantic Bight. The following cold winter also was
adve rse .

The October runoff was detrimental to survival of the oyster
spat in Chesapeake Bay.

SUMMARY

Bfi-Sagnse to Ptior lears

Because marine fishery resources integrate the effects of their
environment through their Lifetimes^ and because the lifetimes of
many species are Longer than a few yearsr it is appropriate to
comment on 1976 responses to prior years' conditions.

The continued warming of bottom waters in the Gulf of Maine
may adversely affect the recruitment of Lobster.

The catch of Atlantic menhaden was up about 3C% in 1976
compared with 1975. The increased catch was not a response
to increased fishing effort. This fishery was primarily on
the 19 74 and 1975 year classes. These year classes were
stronger than could have been expected from the wind-driven
transport in those years. Was the increased catch a
response to increased abundance caused by some as yet
unidentified environmental or biological factor? Or was it
due merely to the increased availability of fish that were
swimming in denser or shallower schools because of some
eaually unknown influence on their behavior?

What is the relation between the abundance of summer
bot t om-spawni ngr short-finned squid and bottom temperatures
on the ogter continental shelf and upper slope south of New
England? The 1975 year class/- fished in the fall of 1976/'
was 10 times more abundant than normal. The bottom temper-
atures were about 1C warmer than normal in late spring ana
early summer. The spawning area of the short-finned squid
has not oeen identified^ and so the environmental influences
cannot be studied.

What
bott
of

p re c
1974
t emp
s ix t
B eca
y ea r
I and
t emp
over
(abo

is the
om wa t
sea s c
ipi tous

and
eratu re
ies and
use sea
s/ a CO
ings
era ture
all wa
ut 1.5C

con
ers
alio

ly i
reac

s i

hav

sea

rrel

with

and

rmi n

) is

nect io
and th
ps th
n the
hed t
n the
e gone
I lops
at ion
out

obt ai
g of

now h

n be
e re
ere?
late
heir
aut u

thr
are
cann
obt a
ni ng

Geo
e Ipi

tween

appea

Se

s i xt

196

mn on

ouqh

ha rve

ot be

i n i n g

1999
rges
ns re

the w
ran ce
a sea
ies.
5 lev

Geo r g
an une
sted a

run b
a
ed cor

Bank
cru i tm

arming
in c o m m
Hop I
They be
el in
es Bank
ven inc
t ages
etween
longer
re I at io
bottom
ent of

of
er ci

andi
gan
19

f el
reas
grea
temp

t im
ns .
wat e
sea

Geor
a I q
ngs
i nc r
76.
I in
e si
t er
erat
e s
Per
rs s
seal

ges
uant

dec

eas i

B

the
nee
than
ures
er i e
haps
ince
lops

Bank
i t i es
lined
ng in
ot torn

late
then.

four

and

s of

the

1963

SUMMARY

LITERATURE CITED

BARKLEY, R. A-

1976. Temperature and dissolved oxygen define skipjack tuna
habitat. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)^ The environment
of the United States Living f^arine Resources - 1974/
p. 10-1 — 10-2. U.S. Dep. Com (tier. /■ Natl. Ocean. Atmos.
Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Ser./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit.
Asses. Predict. Procram) Contrib. 1C4.

GOULETr J. R ./ Jr./ and E. D
1978. Ocean variability:
resources - 1975- U.S.
C ire . 416/ 35C p.

HAYNES (editors).
Effects on U.S.
Dep. Commer./ NCAA

marine fishery
Tech. Rep. NMFS

10

Paper 1

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN 1976

Elizabeth D. Haynes

In the Nortn Atlantic/ 1976 was characterized by pressure
patterns near normal in position but more intense than usual.
The winter storms were severer but tracked farther north than
normal allowing mild conditions to penetrate northward. In June
an anomalous and persistent high pressure center settled over
western Europe^ creating a severe drought for nearly four months.
3y October^ the ridge progressed to the east and the weather
returned essentially to normal. At the year's end/ winter North
Atlantic storms harrassed the shipping Ignes.

Surface pressure patterns in the North Pacific also were near
normal in position^ on the wholes but more intense than usual.
Air flow over the area south Df the Gulf of Alaska was more zonal
than usual uat i I the last quarter^ when a persistent ridge along
the U.S. west coast forced surface winas to back (rotate counter-
clockwise) and become southwesterly. Farther souths north of
ZQHf surface conditions approximated the long-term (1948-70)
mean .

In the equatorial Pacific/^ wine and pressure patterns resembled

those of ^97df witn a weakened southeastern Pacific suotropical

high/' and Southern Hemisphere storms passing to the north of
their usual tracks.

At the 7 CO mb Level/ winds were much stronger than average all
year. Northern Hemisphere flow was primarily zonal the first
quarter/ with troughs and ridges beginning to develop in April.
Deepening continued through the summer/ though zonal flow
persisted over the North "Pacific. A strong blocking ridge became

'This paper is summarized from the Atlantic and Pacific logs in
liaLiQeCi ijLeather Loq/ Vols. 20 and 21; the weather ana
circulation articles in MonthL.^ !i!.§ather Reyjew/ Vols. 104 ana
135/ and cant ri but i ons in the Proceedings of the NOAA Climate
Diagnostic Workshop/ NOAA/ November 4-5/ 1976/ Washington/ DC.

"Resource Assess riient Division/ National l^arine Fisheries
Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.

11

Paper 1

established over Europe throughout the summer. The pattern
retrograded in October^ with well-developed meridional flo«
continuing through November. The pattern reverted to more zonal
flow conditions by the end of the year.

Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show anomalies/ or departures/' of the 700 mb
surface frotr a 30-yr (1941-70) mean height. The annual and
quarterly anomalies can be compared to those for 1974 and 1975
(Goulet and Haynes 1978). In general/ sea surface temperatures
tend to be warmer than normal/ ano seas calmer/ under areas of
positive height anomaly/ whereas cooler and stormier conditions
prevail under areas of negative height anomaly. These
interactions in 1976 are more fully discussed by Dickson and
Namias in Paper 2 .

January - The high and low pressure centers over the North
Atlantic were slightly closer together and more intense than
average/ bringing record high winds and severe storms to western
Europe. Positive pressure anomalies extended over the ocean from

2 3N to 6':;n.

In the N'orth Pacific the pressure distributions were near normal
in position tut more intense than usual/ and storm tracks tended
to be about 5 degrees north of their average locations.

Fast mid-latitude westerlies and a three-lobed wave pattern with
broad troughs characterized the 7G0 mb circulation/ with a strong
ridge alono the U.S. west coast which deflected storms northward
to Canada and Alaska-

february - There were more storms than usual in the North
Atlantic/ and their tracks were far north of normal (the majority
of the storms crossed the coast north of Nova Scotia). Surface
pressure was normal in outline/ but more intense. There was a
+14 mb closed high anomaly over western Russia/ and a -17 mb
anomaly trougfi paralleling the west coast of Greenland.

Pressure was above normal over all of the Pacific north of 25N/
with a +75 m height anomaly at the 700 mb level (+9 mb at the
surface) in the center of this area.

The 700 mb wave cattern smoothed this month/ with very strong
westerly winds a few degrees north of normal. These brought near
record high temperatures over all of the United States except the
northwest corner.

!l!!a££t ~ The overall pressure pattern on the North Atlantic was
near normal but more intense than usual with a -18 mb anomaly
near Iceland and a +11 mb anomaly from 15N to 5CN on the central
ocean.

12

Paper 1

The number of storm centers traversing the North Pacific was far
above normal . They moved eastwaror tracking progressively
farther north to the Latitude of Seattle/ and east of loOw
recurved cy clon i cal ly ^ with the majority moving toward and over
the Bering Strait. The Aleutian low was far to the east of its
usual position. A high pressure cell covered most of the eastern
Pacific south of 45 N -

The 700 mb pattern of fast zonal flow produced the highest March
wind speeds since records began. Record breaking warmth
persisted into March over most of the United States.

£&Cii ~ In the North Atlanticr the month was relatively storm
free/ with storm centers concentrated northwest of a line from
Newfoundland to Iceland. A ridge stretched northeastward from
the Azores high tc SON/ 15Wr where pressure was nearly 1C mb
higher than normal.

In the North Pacific there were more/ but smaller and less
intense/ low pressure storm centers than normal/ and they tracked
more nearly east than the normal northeasterly direction. The
anomaly pattern was weak/ with a negative anomaly trough over the
Aleutian Islands associated with the primary concentration of
storm tracks.

Fast/ zonal 730 mb flow persisted across the Pacific/ but a
trough developed off the U.S. west coast/ a ridge over the Great
Plains/ a trough off the U.S. east coast/ and a pronounced ridge
west of Europe.

Ma^ - Low pressure storm centers formed farther off the U.S. east
coast and were fewer in number than normal/ but followed the
usual storm tracks across the North Atlantic. There was a -12 mb
anomaly centered in the Icelandic low/ with a large area of
mildly positive anomaly south of A5N.

The number of storms in the North Pacific was near normal/ but
they were more widely dispersed than usual. The Pacific high and
Aleutian low remained stronger than normal.

Mean 7C0 mb flow across the North Pacific was flat and stronger
than normal/ while waves developed over the continent with a
trough over tne U.S. west coast/ a ridge in the western United
States/ and an eastern trough west of the Appalachians. Mean
flow over the western North Atlantic flattened and strengthened
considerably/ while an anomalous Low developed above the surface
low/ and the ridge intensified over Scandinavia.

June - North Atlantic storm paths originated in Ungava Bay/ moved
southeastward to 5uN/ 35W/ then recurved toward Iceland. None
crossed the British Isles or the European continent. A strong

13

Paper 1

ridge nort h-oort heast wa rd from the Azores hiqh brought high
temperatures and drought conaitions to northwestern Europe.

The western North Pacific was dominated by a strong surface high
pressure cell. The pressure gradient was very weak* and the
paths of the storm centers were diffuse.

At 700 mb/' there was a trough at ^75Vlr and a subtropical ridge
over the eastern Pacifier which progressed eastward to bring the
west coast trough over the western States. There was an
anomalous stri?ngthening of the subtropical jet stream approaching
the southwestern United States* while pressures rose to the east.
The trough S-outh of Greenland deepened* and the ridge over
western Europe strengthened-

JuJLj^ - The North Atlantic was relatively ouiet* with diffuse
cyclone centers. The sea level pressure pattern was near normal
for the month. The few storms that reached Europe did not
alleviate the drought or ease the reco ro -break i ng heat.

The North Pacific storm tracks were about 5 degrees farther south
and more easterly than normal into the Gulf of Alaska. There was
an anomalous surface low at 55N'* 180W* with lower than normal
pressures over the entire eastern North Pacific.

The 700 mb f loy over the Pacific was fast and zonal between the
Gulf of Alaska low and a strong subtropical high northwest of
Hawaii. The western U.S. trough retroaraded into the eastern
Pacific. Ridging over the Great Plains induced a strong trough
over eastern North America. The strong blocking ridge over
Europe continued* extending southward from a +55 m 700 mb height
anomaly over the North Sea.

Ayoust - The major North Atlantic storm centers traveled eastward
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence* then curved northeasterly and
passed into the Denmark Strait. The usual storm paths south of
Iceland and across the British Isles were not followed this
month. Hurricane Belle brought heavy rainfall tc Long Island and
southern New tngland.

The principal North Pacific storm track was from Japan northeast-
ward into the Bering Sea. The sea Level pressure pattern closely
matched the cl imato I og i ca I mean for the month* although pressures
were slightly lower (-5 mb ) than normal over the Aleutian chain.

The 700 mb wind flow was zonal between 40N and 5CN across the
entire Pacific Ocean. Troughs lay over both coasts of the United
States* with a ridge over the central States. A deep low over
the Davis Strait intensified the d r ought -produci ng ridge over
western Europe.

14

Paper 1

Se^temttE ~ Ex t rat ro pi ca I storm activity in the North Atlantic
was Less frequent than usual this month because of a strong
(+13 mb anomaly) surface hiqh in this area. One storm/' bred in
the Denmark Strait/ brought England 4 inches of rain in 24 hours/
with winds to 76 knots; it was the worst in 25 years but did not
break the drought as the water ran off the dry soil.

In the Pacific, the surface pressure ^as louier than usual/ and
the high was displaced westward. The Aleutian low was 7 mb
deeper than normal/ sustaining strong westerly winds. Hurricane
Kathleen/ the first tropical cyclone to hit California in
37 years/ brought heavy rain to eight western States. Over
2 inches of rain fell in Death Valley/ ana in the San Joaquin and
Imperial Valleys crop losses were severe.

The mean 7CG mb circulation showed a three-lob ed pattern/ with
closed lows over the Alaska Peninsula/ Baffin Island/ and Franz
Josef Land. Strong zonal westerlies persisted over the Pacific
north of 4GiM. The trouqh deepened off California and the
downstream riage lay over the Rockies. The trough over eastern
North America deepened. The persistent ridge over Europe
retrograded and a trough became established over Scandinavia and
the British Isles/ extending toward the Azores.

October - host of the North Atlantic storms occurred in the
second half of the month/ following the historical tracks from
the Gulf of St. Lawrence to south of Iceland or from the
U.S. east coast to northern Europe. The pressure centers were
near their long-term mean locations/ but were more intense than
normal. A trough extended from a -12 mt anomaly center over
Land's End southeastward across France. A high north of the
olack Sea ridqed to a +14 mb anomaly over northern Norway.
Surface pressure on the North Atlantic west of 5CW was within
1 mb of the climatological mean.

There were fewer storms than normal in the Gulf of Alaska. They
originated farther east and south than usual and tracked toward
British Columbia. The pressure pattern resembled the long-term
mean/ but with a counterclockwise shifting of centers. There was
a -6 mb anomaly center near SDK/ 175W/ ana a +7 mb anomaly center
south of Si t ka .

At 700 mb the Aleutian low persisted over Bristol Bay/ but the
Pacific subtropical high/ and consequently the area of strong
zonal westerlies/ retrograded 30 deg of longitude from its
position of the previous month/ and a strong ridge developed over
Kamchatka. The upper air pattern in this area was tighter than
normal/ and wind flow was more intense. The mean trough over the
eastern Pacific intensified/ the ridge over the Rocky Mountains
persisted/ and the trouqh over the eastern United States
deepened. A Large area of negative height anomaly/ with a -127 m

15

Paper 1

center south of Ireland^ extended froti Italy to the Great Lakes.

N25ig.rpb££. - The western North Atlantic was rough sailing this
month. The major storm tracks ran from near Cape Hatteras to
east of Cape Race and toward Iceland^ or else recurved into the
Labrador Sea. Surface pressure patterns were more intense than
normal. The two centers of the Icelandic low were displaced
sout hw es twa r d/ while the Azores high was shifted northeastward.

There were fewer/' but larger than normal/ Pacific storms/
oricinatinc in the Sea of Japan and tracking northeast into the
western Bering Sea/ or east to the date line then northeast and
north into the Gulf of Alaska. The pressure pattern was much
deeper than normal with a significant surface trough extending
south between 160W and 155*1 from a -10 mb anomaly over Bristol
Bay. The Pacific high was split into two/ with a +8 mb anomaly
over western r'''ontana diminishing to the south-southwest towards
30N/ 135W/ ana a +4 mb anomaly center near 30N/ 170E.

The 700 mb level showed one major trough paralleling the Asian
coast and another extending from Dutch Harbor south-southeast
toward 3C-V/ 15QW. The normal ridge over the Rockies was higher
and sharper than usual/ and a trough sloped southwest ward from
Labrador across the central United States. Flow was
west-southwesterly and more intense than normal over the North
Atlantic shioping lanes.

December - Normal cyclonic activity occurred from Nova Scotia to
the Davis Strait and from Newfoundland through the Denmark
Strait/ as well as up the U.S. east coast. Four successive
storms on this last track battered the grounded oil tanker Arco
^§rchdnt/ and the fourth one took the Grand Zenith as well.

In the Pacific/ storms tracked along the Aleutian chain into the

Gulf of Alaska. The low was near its usual position/ but was

13 mb deeper than normal. High surface pressure dominated the
coast south of British Columbia.

At the 700 mb level/ flow was more nearly zonal than in recent
months/ tut with a ridge over the U.S. west coast/ a broad trough
over the east coast/ g high over Iceland with an associated flat
ridge/ and a low over Scandinavia.

LITERATURE CITED

GOULET/ J. k.r Jr. and E. D.
1978. Ocean variability:
resources - 1975. U.S.
Circ. 416/ 350 p.

HAYNES (editors).
Effects on U.S. marine fishery
Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NI^FS

16

Figure 1.1. — Annual mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval is 15 m. Hatched shading is <-15

m; stippled shading is >-t-15 m.

17

Figure 1.2 — Quarterly mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval
is 15 m. Hatched shading is <-I5 m: stippled shading is >15 m.

18

Paper 2

ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY A Im D ITS EFFECT
ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE - 1976

Robert R. Dickson and Jerome Mamias

The year 1976 saw the continuation of the abnormally strong
westerly flow which has tended to characterize the circulation
over much of the Northern Hemisphere for the past five years
(Namias and Dickson 1976; Dickson and Namias 1978). However/- it
is important to note that 1976 also saw the apparent culmination
and reversal of this tendency with a progressive amplification of
the circulation as the year progressed. We may crudely summarize
these changes as follows. A winter of record westerlies at
relatively high latitudes over the Atlantic and Pacific sectors
was followed by continued westerly vigor in spring accompanied by
a return of winds and pressure belts to more normal latitudes.
Thereafter/^ amplification of the flow progressed throughout the
summer as a dominant blocking ridge built over northwestern
Europe with shortening of wavelengths upstream^ and in fall the
amplification of the circulation was completed with the
e s taPl i shmentx on averager of a full latitude 5-wave system in
the upper westerlies. To some extent/ each of these component
features of the circulation was reflected in the mean annual
distribution of 700 mb height anomaly for 1976 (Fig. 2.1); in
this figure^ for example/ the well-developed North Pacific and
North Atlantic oscillations are clearly shown/ as are the
dominant ridges over the western seaboards of North America ana
northwest Europe. However/ in a ye^r when the key development
was change itself/ a single "mean annual" distribution such as
this provides a less meaningful illustration of events than do
the individual maps of circulation anomaly for each season.
These are described in detail below.

Winter 1975-76 displayed many of the circulation characteristics
of the preceding season and indeed of the preceding year. As
shown in Figuce 2.2/ intense suotropical rid&es dominated both

M.A.F.F. Fisheries Laboratory/ Lowestoft/ Suffolk/ England.
''Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92C37.

19

Paper 2

the eastern Pacific and no
of their normal positio
western North America an
Coupled with intense sub
eastern GreenLandr these
record intensity over t
maritime eir into north
confining arctic air mas
noted thaty in December/' "
ana 75N over the tJestern H
value since records oegan
than normal between 60 N
zonal wino anomaly was dev
Scandinavia where the ma
the north of normal around
upper westerly wind speed
in December (Taub?nsee 197
circulation over both o
periodically expanding s
continued throuqhout the
the strona westerlies were
ana* with a weaker* mo
continents* the hemispheri
without amplitude. Pe
extensive Asian ridge was
across the western and
cycLogenesis there ana rei
the eastern Pacific (T

January*

i na speeds aero

Atlantic averaged o to
maximum axis." (waqner
subtropical ridging over
(south of 35 NO reversed th
to weaken from December t
Western Hemisphere in Janu
tendencies cantinued for
temperate westerlies (35
averaginj their second
intensities of record in f
situation was somewhat alt
of trouqhing at the wester
a whole was characterized
with ridging in the west b
frequent Chinook winds a
with mild maritime air acr
country.

rth Atlantic
OS and tren
d the f ri n
polar low s*
cells deve I
he Western
ern North
ses to highe
The 700 mb p
em i sphe re av
in 194.3* and

and 65N."
eloped betwe
in jet St rea

the Atlanti
s averaged 1
6a). This p
ceans* gener
outhwara to
winter. A

largely a f
re meridiona
c wave patt
riodically
able to inj

central Fa
nv igorat i no
aubensee 19
ss the easte

V m/s stro

19763) .
both oceans*
eir norma I s
o more than
ary (Wagner
the remai
N-55K) and
h i ghes t and
ebruary (Die
ered in Febr
n American s

by intense
ringing drou
t the easter
OSS much of

* lying well t
d iny northeast
ges of north
on average* ov
oped polar w

Hemisphere*
America and
r lat i tudes .
olar westerlie
e raged 7.8 m/s

as much as 5
I n abs olut e t e
e n southern G
m axis was def
c ridge. In
0-15 m/s faste
at t ern of vi go
ally poleward

more usual
gain* as in pr
eature of the
I f low ove r t h
ern as a wh
t h roughout t h
ect arctic a
cific* stimul
sout hwester ly
76a; Wagne r
rn Pacific and
pge r than no
Meanwhile* w

the subt ropi c

easonal streng

3 m/s below no

1976a). Bo

nder of the

subt ropi ca L
their lowest *
kson 1976a).
uary with the
eaboard * the U
high Latitude
ght to the sou
n s lope of the
the northern

0 the
ward to
west Eu
er Alask
esterlie
driving
Europe *
Wagner (
s betwee
* the hi
m/s St r
rms * the
r een land
lected f

this
r than n
rous wes
of norma
I a t i t
evious y

ocean
e i nte rv
o le was
e winte
ir sout
at i ng in

flow a

1976a).
the e
r ma I nea
i t h in
a I weste
t hening
rmal ove
th of

winter*
weste
respect i
Though
establis
. S . wi nt
westerly
t hwest *

Rockies
part of

north
cover
rope .
a and
s of

mild
and
1977)
n 55N
ghe St
onger

peak
and
ar to
zone*
or ma I
ter ly
I but
udes *
ears*
areas
eni ng
not
r an
hward
tense
cross
In
nt i re
r the
tense
rl i es
t rend
r t he
these

with
r I i es
ve ly*
the
hment
er as

flow

with

* and

the

No relation to present author

20

P aper 2

With the continuation of the vigorous westerly regim
seasons over both oceans/ it is perhaps no surp
antecedent distribution of surface temperature anotn
ana ^lamias 1978) was consolidated rather than des
the winter of 1976. The frequent injections of arct
the west and central iNorth Pacific (with associated
cloud cover/' cold front activity/^ and surface water
combined with high westerly wind speeds to
preexisting belt of anomalously cold water across th
of the northern North Pacific (Fig. 2.2). In its
the east of Japan this cold anomaly exceeded 2F (1.1
south and east of this cold zone the eastern Pacifi
ridge extending between Hawaii and western North Ame
to maintain and intensify an area of abnormally
water centereu on 30Nr 150V/'. Core anomalies here ro
(0.60 from the previous season to +2. IF (+1.2C).
cell to the eastwards the cool conditions of antece
continued to preveil along the American seaboard,
ridge aloft extending well inlands the prime stimu
earlier cooling (northerly winds and coastal u
removed. As a result/- while still below normal/'
strip warmed considerably from the cold condition
the previous fall (Dickson and Namias 19'''8). At low
the North Pacific cold surface conditions extended
the coast once merer reflecting the northward displa
eastern Pacific ridge and the resulting weakness of
ical m id t ropos phere westerlies^ with attendant stre
the trade winds at surface level.

e of previous
rise that the
aly (Dickson
troyed during
ic air over
c yc logenes i S/
divergence)
maintai n the
e full width

core area to
C). To the
c atmospher i c
rica was able

warm surface
se by over 1 F
F lank i ng this
dent seasons
But/ with the
Lus for the
pwe lling) was
this coastal
s observed in
er latitudes*
westward from
cement of the

the subtrop-
ngthening of

As with the Pacific sector/ winter temperatures in the western
Atlantic were generally cool with an anomaly distribution similar
to that of the preceding fall. Building on temperatures already
well below normal/ centers of intense cooling developed in the
Newfoundland area and in the Gulf of Mexico. The former
reflected the arctic airflow off the winter continent and the
record intensity of wind speeds offshore; the severe but
localized cooling in the Gulf of Mexico C-4F (-2.2C) at the coreD
appears to be at least partly the result of periodic but intense
northwesterly flow from the western ridge which brought arctic
air and occasional record low temperatures to the Gulf coast in
the early part of the winter. Between these two main centers of
cooling/ a limited area of warm surface water was maintained off
the eastern seaboard where the western limb of the Atlantic
atmospheric ridge supported an anomalous southerly (from the
south) airflow. The narrow/ zonal alignment of this ridqe/
however/ meant that this southerly flow and the induced warming
were necessarily of limited latitudinal extent.

Many elements of the winter circulation were maintained into
leriQa- ^^ shown in Figure 2.3/ faster than normal mid-latitude
westerlies continued to prevail in both the Pacific and Atlantic

21

Paper 2

sect

and

t he

over

move

re tu

with

the

y i t h

weak

more

lack

arct

Litt

or S/

St ro

I ow

A La

d w
rned

a

700

pa
en in

sou

of
i c a
Le s

the product of coupling between

ng subtropical highs over each ocean

height anomaly centers maintained t

ska and southern Greenland/ their

estward to mid-ocean from the co

to more southern latitudes. These

weakening of the Atlantic ridge fr

mb Ipvel in winter to +15 0 ft (+46 m

rtial filling of the Greenland lo

g of polar westerlies and a shift of

thern path. Once agairi/' as Wagner (

amplitude in the troughs at nid-l

ir was largely contained at high lat

outhward penetration over North Amer

1 nt en

Wh

heir

corr e

nt i ne

mov

om +3

) in

w/ ef

thei

1977)

at i t u

i tude

i ca .

se subpolar lows
ile^ on averager
winter positions
spending ridges
nt a I margins and
ements /^ coup led
10 ft (+95 m) at
spring^ along
fected a general
r main axis to a
po i nt s out r the
des meant that
s in spring with

It should be
implied in
f I ow within
March when
attain ed the
on av er age ;
obse rv ed at
Lakes to I
However/' alt
cont i nued t
injections o
centers of
"700 mb c i r cu
Atlantic^ a
aver ag ed for
1977). Fla
ch arac te ri ze
In the Pac
subtropi cal
easterly f I
s t rong t y pho

noted/ however/ that the general westerly vigor
Figure 2.3 conceals certain periods of more amplifiea
the season. The flow was certainly fast and zonal in

the temperate westerlies over the Western Hemisphere
ir highest ^iarch value since records began (12.3 m/s
Taubensee 1976b). (*^ean anomalies of +5 m/s were
7G0 mb along the orincipal wind axis from the Great
celand/ with a +12 m/s anomaly south of Greenland,
hough vigorous upper westerlies (+9 m/s anomaly)
o be generated over the Pacific in April (where
f arctic and subtropical air around the principal
action were generating a strong baroclinic zone)/ the
lation amplified greatly over North America ana the
nd upper wind speeds were slightly below normal when

the Western Hemisphere as a whole (Wagner 1976b/
t/ faster than normal flow returned/ however/ to

both ocean areas for the remainder of the spring,
ific sector the continued presence of an intense
ridge at higher latitudes than normal/ and the strong
ow to its south/ gave the stimulus for unusually
on activity over the southwest Pacific.

These developments once again were reflected in the distri-
butions of surface temperature anomaly in spring over the eastern
Pacific and western Atlantic (Fig. 2.3). With much continuity in
the tendency of the circulation from winter to sprino/ the season
to season changes in sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly are
mainly those of detail. The northern Pacific continueo to oe
predominantly cold unoer its mean trough/ although the center of
cooling C-2.2F (-1.2C) anomaly in the seasonal mean] was situated
close to the Aleutians. To the south of this cold zone an
expanding belt of warm surface water marked the clear skies/ dry
settling air/ and oceanic convergence associated with the intense
subtropical ridge in its new mid-ocean location. Unoer its
eastern flank/ surface warming spread eastjaro toward the
American western seaboard/ continuing the erosion of the cold

22

Paper 2

water fringing the coast. At lower latitudes the strong easterly
flow around the ridge maintained intense cooling CSST anomaly
>-2F (>-1.1C)l westward towards Hawaii.

Changes in Atlantic surface temperature from winter to spring are
similarly explicable in terms of the movements of both
subtropical ridges. The westward movements on averager of the
Pacific ridge removed the northerly outbreaks that earlier were
the source of intense cooling in the Gulf of Mexico. Tempera-
tures there continued below normal/ but they increased by over 2F
(1.1C) from the previous season. The similar westward expansion
of the Atlantic atmospheric ridge brought the expected
intensification of warming off the Atlantic states* with
anomalies exceeding +1F (+0.6C) over a fairly extensive offshore
area. To the northwest of this ridge* however* vigorous offshore
westerly flow associated with the upstream trough continued to
maintain intense cooling off the Canadian Maritimes and Labrador*
in a continuation of the winter situation.

Whi le

into

for su

with

small

As s h

still

amp I i t

westwa

cell

wester

vl agner

split

S i beri

certa i
summer
mmer (
zonal
ce I Is*
own in
ex tend
ude w
rd* aw
trough
lies r
1976
into t
a and

n e I

* t

Fig.

pre

con

fig
ed

an h
ay f
ing
emai
c)*
wo w
the

ements
he mea

2. A)
ssure
t r i but
ure 2 .
zona 1 1
a I ved.
rom t h

cont i
ned an

but
eaker
Amer i c

of the s
n distrib
was very

a I i gnmen
ing to a
4* a stro
y in mi
As a re
e Amer ica
nued oce
omalously
the sing
isolated
an North

pr ing c i
ut i on of
much mo
t s brea
well -amp
nger tha
d-Pacif i
suit* it
n coast .
an-wide
st rong
le high
cells c I
Pacific

rcul
the

re

king

lifi

n no

c*

s ea
To
so

( + 5
lat

ose

coas

at io

700
c hao

dow
ed

rmal

t hou

ster

th

tha

to
i tud
to t
ts .

n we re

mb heig
tic tha
n into p
mean c i
subt rop
gh its
n margin
e north
t the i

+ 8 m/s
e trough
he Ar ct i

conserved

ht anomaly

n before*

atterns of

r cu lat i on.

ical ridge

anomalous

ret ract ed

of this

nterven ing

in July*

of spring

c coast of

This
w est e
f urth
su rf a
norma
deve I
t he w
(-1 .9
negat
C 0 lum
took
subt r
upwe I
su rf a
CO I la
from
f rom

c ont
r ly
e r d
ce

I in
opme
este
C)
i ve
bi a .

pi a
opi c
I ing
ce c
p se
t hei

CO I

inuat
flow
ramat
wat er

th is
nt o
rn an
and
hei gh
In
ce .
al r

off
ono it
of th
r pre
d to

ion

at h

i c i

s .
zon

f a

d no

-3.1

t an
the
The

i dge

the

i ons

ei r

V iou
wa

of a
ighe
nt en

Wit
e* t

vas
rt he
F (
oma I

sou
we
me

Ame

to
pare
s st
rm

noma Iou
r latit
si f i cat
h surf
he ren
t area
rn Paci
-1 .7C)
y to th
t hea ste
aken i ng
ant we
ri can
extend
nt cell
renq t h
cond i t i

s trough
uoes of t
ion of c
ace temp
ewed COD
of subnor
fie with

under lyi
e northea
rn Pac i f i
and we
aker nor
seaboard*
eastward
* the wea
farther s
ons i n

ing
he No
oo I in
eratu
ling
rral t
core
ng th
st of
c * eq
s twa r
therl
fin
to th
kenin
out h
the

act i V 1
rth Pa
g in
res a I

rapid

empera

anom

e pr i n

Japan
ua I ly
d ret
y wi nd
ally
e coas
g of t
b rough
sout he

ty*
c i f i

the
read
Ly

t ure
a I i e
ci pa
and
dram
ract
s an
perm
t .
he
t a
ast e

and s
c* brou
under
y we 1 1
led to
s t hrou
s of
I cente

off Br
at i c ch
ion of
d suppr
i tt ing
And wit
trade
rapid c
rn Pac

t rong
ght a
ly i ng
be low
the
ghout
-3.5F
rs of
it i sh
anges
the
essed
warm
h the
winds
hange
if i c*

23

Paper Z

contributing to the development of surrmer EL Nino conditions in
the eostern equatorial zone.

Over the i\iorth American and Atlantic sectors the key development
was the westward retrogression of the dominant centers of action
in summerr with a general shortening of wavelengths in the upper
westerlies and amplification of the mean flow. From Europe a
powerful preexisting block moved westward to settle tenaciously
over Britain and assume a dominating role in the Atlantic
circulation (Fig. 2.4). With this event and with intensifica-
tion of trougfting activity off the Pacific Northwest/ the western
Atlantic riage was encouraged to move inland to east-central
North America^ leaving only a weak subsidiary cell over the
western Atlantic. In the north the persistent mean trough over
Greenland also participated in this general retrogressions moving
westward while retaining its spring intensity/^ to become
centered/ on average^ over the Davis Strait. Coupling between
this cell and the separated centers of positive height anomaly to
its southwest and southeast induced strong/ anomalous
northwesterly winds from arctic Canada to the Laborador Sea and
vigorous/ anomalous southwesterly flow at 7C0 mb from southern
Greenland to Iceland and the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Thus/
while the circulation in this sector was much amplified compared
to earlier seasons/ the polar westerlies retained great vigor in
the strong barocLinic zone along the Arctic fringes. In August/
for example/ when the subpolar trough and the British ridge were
both more than three standard deviations from normal intensity/
1 ZjZ mb level wind speeds were 14 m/s stronger than normal over
Iceland iDicKson/ 1976b). abrw-nesDO bsunrJfioo gnrnr

witn the withdrawal of the preexisting western Atlantic ridge to
North America/ the causes of ocean warming off the middle
Atlantic states and cooling south of Newfoundland were both
simultaneously removed so that surface temperatures there became
more nearly normal than in former seasons --< JeMTffemo st rong
northwesterly component of airflow from the Canadian arctic was/
however/ responsible for maintaining the intense cooling off the
Labrador coast Canomaly of -3.5F (-1.9C) in the seasonal meanDiJ'"^

The events of fall. (Fig. 2.5) were apparently of great climatic
significance/ bringing an end (at least temporarily) to long-
established regimes in the atmospheric circulation and in the
underlying surface temperature field. Hitherto/ for example/ the
1970's had been characterized by the extreme vigor of the
temperate westerlies over both oceans. In fall/ however/ the
pronressive amplification of the circulation was completed with
the establishment ot a full train of meridional troughs and
ridges at mi d- 1 at i tudes of the fjorthern Hemisphere. While a
deep/ f u 1 1- la t i tude trough developed in intensity over the
central North Pacific/ the northerly anomalous circulation along
its western flank brought a further increment of cooling to the

24

Paper 2

already chilled surface waters of the northern Pacific^ with a
core seasonal anomaly of -5.3F (-2.9C) developing south of
Kamchatka. To the south of this cell/^ westerlies still continued
to flow vi9orously over a restricted sector of the North Pacific*
out the broad coast-to-coast sweep of weste r I i e s--so
characteristic of recent years--was no Longer in operation.
Instead* the anomalous tenaency was for strong northward flow in
the eastern Pacific between the mid-Pacific trough and its
response ridqe downstream over the American west coast. Already
encouraged perhaps by the preexisting distribution of surface
temperature anomaly in the easternmost Pacific* which by late
summer had featured a strong northward twist of isotherms and an
intense anomaly gradient offshore (Fig. 2.4)^ this southerly
airflow was responsible for a further rapid northward extension
of warming along the American seaboard* with reduced transfer of
sensible and latent heat from the ocean and suppressed coastal
upwelling (MeLson* Paper 6). The 1970*s thus far had been
typified by abnormally warm surface temperatures in the east
central Pacific surrounded by cool conditions eastward around the
American seaboard. Now* with the cold waters of the northern
Pacific becoming encircled to the east by warming at the coast*
the SST anoaaly distribution for the eastern Pacific as a whole
came more closely to resemble conditions of the 1960's than those
of the 1970's just described.

In ke
CO Ld-s
Amer i c
the c
North
the c
coasts
fourth
ridge*
over n
Gu If o
( W a g n e
z one a
i ntens
1976) .
once m
Gulf o

eping
ea son
a and
ondi t
Ame ri
ent ra
* br i
of
a V i
ort he

lex

19

the

st

As

lor e d

f Mex

wit
reg

CO I d
i on s
c a w a
I an
ngi ng
t he c
gor ou
r n Me
i CO s
7 7) *

ALla
orms
the r
e ve lo
i CO a

h the
i me of

in th
of the
s able
d ea s

ext re
ount ry
s low
x i c o a
torm t

while
nt i c s

and
esu 1 1
ped an
nd wes

se de

warm a

e west

1960's

to di r

tern s t

me low

D epr
lati tud
nd t he
rack ea

the
eaboar d
St rong
of t he s
d exten
tern At

ve lopm
i r tern
also s
. The
ec t a
at e s a
temper
essed
e bran
sout he
r lier
est abl
cont r
w i nds
e Chan
ded ec
lant i c

ent s
per a
how e

pe r
Chi I
s fa
atu r
sout
ch o
rn U
in t
i shm
ibut
of
ges *
ros s

(Fi

tu re
d si
s i st
I no
r as
es t
h of
f th
ni te
he s
ent
ed t
f s ho
col
the
a. 2

the
s in
gns
ent
r the

the
o a I

nor
e j e
d St
e aso
of a
o th
re (
d s

sur
.5).

lo

the

of
ridg
r ly

Gul
I bu
mal
t st
a tes
n t

str
e d
Dick
ur f a
face

ng-e s

east

reve

e ove

ai rf

f and

t the

by th

ream

act i
han
ong b
evelo
son a
ce c
w at e

tabl

of
rt in

r we
low
Atl
we
e we
at 2
vat e
i s

aroc
pmen
nd N
ondi
rs o

i shed
North
g to
ste rn
o ve r
ant i c
stern
stern
OC mb
d t he
usual
I i n i c
t of
ami as
t i ons
f the

Finally* Figure 2.6 presents the mean annual distribution of
SST' anomaly (degrees F) over both the North Pacific and North
Atlantic Oceans in 1976 and provides a good general summary of

^SST anomalies for the Atlantic sector were provided by D. R.
i^cLain* Pacific Environmental Group* NI^FS* NCAA* Monterey* CA
93940.

25

Paper 2

the dominant events of that year so far as the oceans were
concerned. Over both oceans our attention is immediately drawn
to the record extent of colder than normal surface water; in the
annual mean/' exactly 90% of the 5 degree squares (20N-63N) were
below normal temperature in either ocean. In each sector the
main zone of intense cooling extended across the northern ocean
areas with the center of coolinc; displaced to the west/
reflecting both the antecedent conditions at the close of 1975
and the continuation of the tendency for vigorous westerly flow
at high latitudes throughout much of 1976. Farther south/ the
domains of the strengthened subtropical rioges are marked by
zones of minimum cooling or by actual warming in each ocean/
while at still lower latitudes/ the general strength of the trade
winds flowing around these nor t hwar d-di sp laceo ridges is apparent
in thie zonal band of cooling at about 2CM-25M.

These mean annual distributions are thus dominated by the zonal
circulation tendencies which characterized the winter and spring
(and antecedent) seasons/ rather than by the more amplified flo«
which prevailed at the close of the year. however/ these latter
"atypical" conditions were to be of more than passing signifi-
cance. With surface temperature gradients over the eastern
Pacific in fall favoring continjed ridging over the Rockies/ and
with the chilled east favoring maintenance of the east coast
trough/ the stage was set for the intensification of the fall
temperature regime into the record breaking ^.inter conditions of
1977.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Part of this research was sponsored by the ^iational Science
Foundation/ Office for the International Decade of Ocean
Exploration/ under NSF Contract No. 0CE74-24592/ and the
University of California/ San Diego/ Scripps Institution of
Oceanography/ through NORPAX.

LITERATURE CITED

DICKSON/ R. R.

1976a. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme

warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Mo.

Weather iJev. 1CA:660-665.
1976b. Weather and circulation of August 1976. Extremes of

wetness in the West and dryness in the Midwest. Mo. Weather

Rev. 104:1455-1460.

26

Paper 2

DICKSONx R. R.y and J. NAMIAS.

1V76. North American influences on the
climate of the North Atlantic sector.
104:1255-1265.
1978. Atmospheric climatology and its effect
temperature - 1975. In J. R. Gculet/^ Jr.
(editors) /^ Ocean variability: Effects

circulation and
Mo. Weather Rev.

on sea su rf ace

and E . D . Haynes
on U.S. marine

fishery resources - 1975^ p.
NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416

89-101

U.S

Dep. Cornmer.^

NAMIAS^ J.r and R. R. DICKSON.

1976. Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface
temperature - 1974. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)^ The
environment of the United States Living marine
resources - 1974^ p. 3-1--3-17. U.S. Dep. Commer.^ Natl.
Oceanic Atmos. Admin./' Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv.r r^ARf^AP (Mar.
Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.

TAUBENSEEy R. E.
1976a. Weather

month across

325-330.
1976b. Weather

precipitation

104:809-614.

and circulation of December 1975.
much of the country. ^o. Weather

and circulation of March 1976
around the Great Lakes.

A
Rev.

warm
1G4:

Record heavy
Mo. Weather Rev.

WAGNER/ A . J .

1976a. Weather and circulation of January 1976. Increasing
drought in California and the southern Great Plains. Mo.
Weather Rev. 104:491-498.

1976b. Weather and circulation of April 1976. Unprece-
dented spring heat wave in the northeast and record drought
in the southeast. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:975-982.

1976c. Weather and circulation of July 1976. Wet in the
southwest but continued drought in the northern plains. Mo.
Weather Rev. 104:1333-1340.

1977. The circulation and weather of 1976. Weatherwise 30:
23-47.

27

1976 MEAN ANNUAL 700 mb HEIGHT a ITS ANOMALY (feet -^10)

Figure 2.1.— Mean annual height of 700 mb pressure surface and its anomaly (departure from the long-term, I9M-72. mean) in iVlU.

28

WINTER 1976

700 mb HT

DM

SSTpM

Figure 2.2.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean; base 1947-66) of 700 mb height for winter (December 1975-February 1976) in
ft/IO (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for winter in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, > — IF are
hatchea.

29

SPRING 1976

700 mb HT

DM

SSTdm

Figure 2.3.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb heiKht for spring (March-May 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomaly
of sea surface temperature for spring in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-IF are hatched.

30

SUMMER 1976

700 mb HT

DM

SSTdm

Figure 2.4.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for summer (June-August 1976) in fl/10 (upper), and
anomaly of sea surface temperature for summer in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + IF are stippled, >-lF are hatched.

31

FALL 1976

700 mb HT

DM

SSTqm

Figure 2.3. — Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for fall (September-November 197fi) in ft/Id (upper), and
anomally of sea surface temperature for fall in degrees F ( lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled. >-lF are hatched.

32

SSTdm 1976

Figure 2.6— Mean annual anomaly from the long-term. 1948-fi7. mean of sea surface temperature in degrees F for the North Pacific Ocean
(upper) and the North Atlantic Ocean (lower). Anomalies > + IF are stippled, >- IF are hatched.

33

Paper 3

EASTtRN PACIFIC SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN 1976'

Elizabeth D . Haynes'

The a
eas t e
by ab
19Afe-
1 SOW
with
Cold
S ept e
This
hi gh
Low c
t he
su rf a
wes te
south
bring
the w

nnu a I a
rn Nor
out 1C
67. ) A
persist

the c
anoma ly
mbe r t
occur re

center
enter f
y ea r t
c e wind
r ly th
e r Ly as
i ng un
e St of

ve ra
th P
in 1
n a
ed. u
ir cu

wat
he
d as

bee
ar t
he

s no
aa

Lhe
usua
U5W

ge se
ac i f i
976.
noma I
nt i I
lat i o
er la
anoma

the
omi ng
o the
winds
r t h o
norma

Aleu
L wa

and

a sur

c (EN
(ALL
ous
early
n aro
y t o
Ly pa
sur fa
di sp
west
wer
f 4GN
I un
t i an
rmt h
acros

face t
P) ' no

compa
warrn

fall,
und t h
the so
t te rn
ce pre
laced

of th
e st r

and s
til S
Low re
to the
s 1 0 A

empera
rth of
r i sons
pat ch

This
e Nort
uth of
began
ssu re
to the
ei r no
onq er
out h 0
ept emb
t reate
North
sis.

t ure (

30N w

are
a Long

warm
h Paci

20 N d
t o rot
patter

nort h
r ma I p

than
f Alas
err t
d wes

A m e r i

SST) ove
as CO Ide
to t he
30N cent
patch wa
fie subt
uri nrj t h
ote coun
n also
east and
osi t ions
average .
ka tende
hen the
twa rd a
can coas

r the
r than

2D-yr
ered a
s ass
ropi ea
is t im
t er e Lo
rot ate

the A
Thr
In g
d to b
y be ea
nd de
t and

entire
normal
mean^
t about
oc is t ed
I high,
e . In
e k wi se .
dr the
leut 1 an
oughout
ener a l^
e more
me more
epened^
cold to

Off southern California a warm patch developed in early summer
(both warmer than the 20-yr mean and warmer than in 1975) and
grew for the remainder of the year. The sea surface was much
warmer than usual along the entire coast during the last quarter.

The eastern tropical Pacific (ETP)^ was much colder than normal
at the beginaing of the year. Small patches of warm SST anomaly
appeared near South America and became larger as the year
advanced. By June the anomalously warm waters dominated the

'This paper is summarized from £ishina I QtoLQlst ign^ 1976^
Southwest Fisheries Center/- NMFS/- NOAA^ La Jolla/' CA 92038; the
weather and circulation articles in Month^^ Weather Review^ Vols.
10A and 105# and the Pacific logs in Mariners Weather Lqo/
Vols . 20 and 21 .

^Resource Assessment Division^ National Marine Fisheries
Servicer NOAA^ vJas hi ngton/- DC 20235.

^ENP = 2CN to the Aleutians/- North American coast to 180W.

^ETP = 2QS to SON/- American coast to 1feuW.

35

Rarer 3

equatorial areas east
remainder of the year

of 12Cit./ and continued to spread for the

The ocea
du r i nq
EL Nino
f i rst h
Ca L Lao ;
poor n ea
South of
to the
c i rcu L at
weakened
ou r i nq t
pressu re
this t i m
De cernber
Nino yea
indicati

n-at
the
year
alf ,

the
r EC

15s
n
i on

by
he S

gr

e of
ove
r .

ons

mo sp

sec

T

bu

an c
uado
, th
or t h

w it

f r

out h

adi e

yea
r mo
Howe
that

here
ond
he a
t L
hove
r f r
oug h

h i
eque
ern
nt
r .

st o

ve r^

the

CI r
half
ncho
at er
t a M
om M
, fi
The
ts
nt

Hemi
sout
Be ca
f th

by

EL

cu La

of
vet a
on
ere
ay t
shin

nor
as so
s t or
sphe
hwes
use
e ET
the
Nino

t ion

1976

f is

th

t DO

o No
g wa
ma L
ci at
m p
re w
t o
SST*
Pr 1
Last
con

oatt
resell
her y ^
e cat
smaL L .
vember
s not

count
ed so
ass age
inter,
f Peru
s r ema
976 sh

week
di t i on

e rns
bled t
as not
che s w
Tun
, but
affect
er c Loc
ut heas
s far
In q

was
i ned
ou Id

of

were

and t
hose o

af f ec
ere no
a f i s
i m p r o V
eo by
k wi se
t t ra
t her n
ene r a L
Latter
bove
e c Las
he ye

di ssi

he wa
f 1972
ted du
t good
hing
ed in
the wa

high
de w i
ort h t
f the

t han
normal
si f i e d
ar th
pat ing

rm
f a
ring
nor

al so
De ce
rm w

p re
nds
han

su

usua

th

as
ere

SST's

major

the

th of

was
mbe r .
at e r s
ssure

was
usual
rf a ce
I for
rough
an EL
were

J anua r
season
was si
( + 1C
and CO
Amer i c
S t rong
and a
to sou
t r a c k i
usua L /^
the ne

y - East
ally 0 .6
mi L a r to
anoma I y)
ol (-1C
an shoe

su rf a ce

st rong

th wes t w

ng sout

and by
gat i ve i

ern No
C-2:.2C
that
pool
anoma I
e to
press
ridge
i nds n
h of
i nc rea
ST ano

rth

f ro
w h i c

cen
y ) w

3g;vi

u re
off

crth
the
sed
ma Ly

Paci
m De
h pe
tere
at er
r a
gr ad

the

of
Al
mi X i

i n

fie

cemb
r s i s

Q ab
10
nd

i ent
U.S
30N
euti
ng m
this

sea su
er 197
ted th
cut 33
0 km
wes twa
s bet ^
wes
?nd ea
an Is I
ay be
ar ea -

rfa

5 .

rou

N,

out

rd

een

t c

st

and

res

ce t empe r

The SST

ghout 197

150W in t

all al

south of

the deep

oa s t caus

of 165W t

s were mo

pons ib le

atu re
anoma
5 / wi
he ce
ong
that
Ale
ed st
0 135
re in
for

s d
ly p
th a
nt ra
the

Lat
ut i a
rong
W .

tens
i nc r

ropped

att e rn

warm

I ENPx

North
i tude .
n low

sout h
Storms
e than
easing

Except for small isolated

patches^ the ETP was significantly
cooler than normals reaching -3.3C
Guatemala and at 7N* 93w . Temperatures over the tuna

15N, 95W off
fishing

Off Ecuador the equatorial ocean front began to weaken toward the

end of the month. Sliohtly positive SST anomalies occurred off

the Gulf of Guayaquil. Tuna fishing -jas exceptionally good in
this a re a .

£§bruar^ - Seasonal cooling of the ENP occurred at a near normal
rate/ with temperatures Dropping up to 1C from January values^
except off California and Baja California where SST's rose

36

paoer 3

sLiahtLy. The anomaly oattern closely resembled that of January^
although the area of positive anomaly contracted and moved
northward slightly and the area of anomaly qreater than -1C also
decreased. Below normal temperatures continued off the North
American west coast.

Along the western boundary of the Perj Current/' SST's increased
1C to ?C since last month from 5N to 20S between 85W and 115W.
Warm anomalies of up to +3C occurred inshore of this area. This
above normal warminq was associated with a Southern Hemisphere
high pressure system which was weaker than usual. The equatorial
front between o5w and 95W was very weak, SST's in this area
exceeded 26C and the fleet made exceptionally good catches of
yell ow fin tuna.

During this month northerly winds from the Gulf of Mexico
frequently penetrated the Gulf of Tehusntepec and the Costa Rican
fishing grounas. Strong winas and rough seas caused very bad
fishing weather up to SCO miles south and west of these areas.
SST's were lowered as much as 5C by wind mixing. Tt^e Gulf of
Panama also experienced extensive wind mixing cf surface Layers
and below normal surface temperatures.

A severe eartnquake occurred in Guatemala on 4 February. At

093C GMT that dayr at 14Ki24'r 94W2:5'/ the ship Unigue Fortune

reported^ "Vessel suddenly jumped twicer shuddered violently in
calm sea."

March - Seasonal cooling continued over the ENP; SST's dropped
up to 1C since last month and approached the annual minimum. The
anomaly pattern continued similar to last month's except that the
-1C anomaly pool centered at 25 N/ 135W in February disappeared,
winds associated with low pressures in the Gulf of Alaska were
stronger than normal.

In the ETP sea surface warming is expected in ("arch. However^
the fishing grounds southwest of baja California experienced
cooling greater tnan 1 Cr and fishing decreased due to rough
weather. i^lost of the fleet shifted to south of 2jN where the
SST's were up to 1C above normal.

Tuna fishing was very good south of the Galapagos Islands where
SST anomalies. were positive. Above normal warming occurred off
Ecuador and offshore of Peru^ the +1C anomaly areas showinc up
clearly in NESS satellite charts -from infrared data and from ship
reports. South of 1GS and east of 78Wy SST's have been up to 1C
below normal along the coast of Chile for many months.

AqiIL. ~ Sea surface temperatures over most of the ENP increased
only slightly from the f^arch minimum values/ and dropped up to
0.6C between aaja California and Hawaii^ creating a large area of

37

Paper 3

-1C anomaly water. Anomalies of -1C showed also south of the
Aleutians and off the coast of Oregon. A strong surface pressure
gradient north of 40n caused stronger than normal westerly winds
which contributed to the below normal heating in this area.

There were large areas of up to -2C anomaly water centered at
ION/ 100W and at ICN^ lAGW. In both areasr above normal
northeast trade winds and cloud cover persisted most of the
months leading to more vertical mixing and less heating than
usual for April. There were much smaller areas of up to +3C
anomaly water west of Guayaquil to 90vi .

Along the equator east of ^20'^lf upwelling was diminished ana the
surface was warmed by solar heating in very light wind
conditions. South of 10S along the coast of Peru^ upwelling in
the Peru Current maintained below normal SST's during the month.

Maif - Sea surface temperatures increased at a below normal rate
over the entire ENP this month. Greatest warming/^ up to 1.7C/
occurred off the coasts of Washington and Oregon out to 4C0 miles
offshore. The SST anomaly pattern was similar to that of the
previous month/^ but the area oi warm anomaly decreased somewhat
and the area of >-2C cold anomaly increased significantly.

There was a strong surface high pressure cell centered near
35N/ 145W ana a deeper than normal Aleutian lowr causing strong
winds* the northwesterly winds west of the low contributed to
lowering the SST's southeast of the Alaskan Peninsula/ while
southerly winds east of the low warmed the surface off the
Pacific Northwest.

Extensive warming occurred along the equator east of 115lv.
Positive SST anomalies were >+2C in four areas where upwelling
was weaker than normal. The warm offshore water moved closer to
the coast of Peru from the eqjator to 1CS than in any month since
December 1972 when El Nino reacheo its maximum intensity. The
normal surface high pressure center off the coast of Chile and
Peru was weakened this month by the passage of frequent storms.

In the fishing grounos north of the equator/ SST's increased
faster than normal. In the area east of IIOW/ the large negative
anomalies of March decreased to near normal this month.

June - Sea surface temperatures increased by up to 4.4C over the
entire ENP due to seasonal warming. The areas of >-1 C anomaly
decreased greatly/ and a small patch of >+1 C anomaly appeared off
southern California. Between 30'^ to 45N and 140W to 170W/
temperatures that were up to 1.7C below normal last month
increased to above normal values due to decreased clouo cover
(increased solar radiation) and lighter winds (decreased latent
and sensible heat flow from ocean to atmosphere). Cold anomalies

38

Rape r 3

decreased also in the GuLf of Alaska. A strong surface hioh
pressure area occupierl the entire EN'P^ bringing strong
northwesterly winds from Vancouver Island to central California.

In the ETP^ east of IZOWx SST's increased at above normal rates
north of the equator and increased markedly in the Southern
Hemisphere. The SST's were higher here than in any June since
'[^I'df a major £1 Nino year. The positive SST anomalies from ION
to 1CSr east of ^ZQ^ to the coast and south to below Piscor Perur
were larger rhan those of June 1965x an El Nino year. There was
a marked reduction of Low stratus/' because of the decreased
3ir-sea temperature contrast/ and an increase in cumuliform cloud
clusters/ with low barometric pressures/ frequent frontal
passages/ and disruption in the southeast trade winds in this
area usually dominated by the southeastern Pacific high.

Tuna fishing off Ecuador decreased sharply as the water
temperature rose. In the Northern Hemisphere tuna fishing was
very good/ especially on the Albatross Plateau and northwestward
after Hurricane Annette moved through early in the month. West
of 120w tunc, fishing was better than usual in water slightly
warmer than normal with light winds and seas.

Jyiz ~ Seasonal warming caused SST's to increase over the entire
ENP. The warm anomaly pool in the central ENP moved 20 deg
southward/ and a small warm patch appeared off Oregon due to
decreased northerly winds and less intense upwelling.

Sea level pres.sures were up to 7 mb lower than normal over the
entire ENP. Strong surface pressure gradients caused above
normal westerly winds/ resulting in increased evaporative and
conductive cooling and vertical mixing. A large area of anomaly
>-2C appearea along the 45th parallel and into the Gulf of
Alaska.

Along the equator the SST's showed a tremendous area of anomalous
warming/ especially east of 12CW. Normally the temperatures in
July decrease 1C or more in this area. Warming appeared in the
Peru Current/ typifying an El Nino year. Below normal surface
pressures and surface winds south of the equator to 20S and east
of 1 1 OW were associated with an unusually weak subtropical high
pressure center off South America. Low pressure centers and
fronts frequently passed eastward through this area which
normally is dominated by high pressure/ weakening the southeast
t r ade winds he r e .

Southwest of Baja California the tuna catch was good
warmer than normal.

in waters

39

P aper 3

^lifiust - Except for a small patch off northern Californiax the
entire ENP north of 35N was anomalously cold/' up to -3.5C in
spots near 4 5''Jr 175W. SST*s increased during the month* but at
below normal rates. A bana of slightly (0C-1C) warmer than
normal water persisted across the ETP from 25N to 35N except near
baja California where upwelling increased due to northwesterly
winds.

Sea level pressures were near normal in pattern but with a
slightly stronger gradient* resulting in above normal westerly
w i nds north of 40N.

The equatorial band of warm SST anomalies reached +4.5C and
extended south along the coast to below Pisco* Peru. The
subtropical high pressure center was displaced* and the southeast
trades were interrupted by passinrj storms. Toward the end of the
month the normal high pressure pattern became reestablished.

Six tropical depressions formed in the area from ION to 15N and
10CW to 120W where SST's were above 29C. Two of these developed
into hurricanes which moved through the fishing grounds south of
the R ev i 1 1 agi gedo Islands. Southwest of the storms' paths winds
and seas were unusually lioht where the southeast trade winds
were interrupted* and tuna fishing was exceptionally good. The
heavy cloud cover associated with the storms created small areas
of negative SST anomaly.

Segtember - Sea surface temperatures in the ENP decreased
seasonally by 0.5C to 1.7C over most of the Gulf of Alaska and
down the west coast to southern California. Small increases
occurred over a large area between baja California and Hawaii.
The anomalously cold area spread southward to 33N* but a patch of
+ 1C anomaly appeared at 23N'* 125W. Sea level pressures were up
to 8 mb below normal with a stronc Aleutian low pressure system
and strong westerly winds.

In the ETP the area of warm anomaly increased greatly* centered
on about bS and extending from offshore of Ecuador and Peru to
150W. Although the low level atmospheric circulation returned to
normal early in the month and the southeast trade winds became
reestablished* a succession of low pressure centers moved across
the southeast Pacific at lower latitudes than usual later in the
month and again disrupted the normal wind flow along the coast
from the equator to 15S- There was only a very small area of
upwelling immediately offshore of Guayaquil and some south of
Pisco.

Four tropical storms formed over the waters warmer than 29C south
of Nexico ana moved northwestward* one doing considerable damage
in southern California.

40

Paper 3

QctQbgr - A large end intense low pressure system settled over

Bristol Bay this months bringing storiis with unusually high winds

and severe weather. Wind mixing of the ocean surface layer

caused SST'a to drop at twice the normal seasonal rates

throughout the ENP west of 13jW and north of 30N. South of a
Line southwestward from Sen Francisco and east to the coasts

above normal bST's were associated with persistent surface high
pressure/ light cloud covers ?>nd low winds.

Positive SST anomalies covered almost the entire IIP. North of
10S and east of 135W SST's were significantly above normal.
Light winds and warm seas aided fishermen in this area. The area
of above normal temperatures in the ETP was greater than in any
month since January 1973^ which marked the end of the 1972 El
Nino cond it i on .

Three small areas of negative anomaly occurred off Chala and
Lobitos* Peru/ and at tMf 97W. Above normal winds and extensive
cloud cover associated with weather fronts moving through this
area kept the surface layers well mixed/' ana upwelling was active
south of 15S along the coast.

November - Seasonal cooling was weaker than normal over most of
the E NP . Cold anomalies receded slightly along the U.S. and
Canadian coasts under the influence of an anomalous high over the
Northwestern States and its associated light southerly winds and
clear skies. A deep and persistent low over the Aleutian chain
at 165W caused strong winds and rough seas. It dominated weather
conditions across the entire western Pacific north of 35N and
brought anomalous cooling to tne Hawaiian Islands.

Seasonal warming progressed along the coast of South America
under less than normal cloud cover. Anomalously warm seas
prevailed offshore 10 deg north and south of the equator to 180W
and beyond. In the Gulf of Tehauntepec SST's were 10 to 2C below
normal as the result of strong northerly winds and cold outbreaks
which carriec across from the Gulf of Mexico.

December - Sea surface cooling of the ENP proceedeo at less than

the normal rate/ thus diminishing the area of negative SST

anomaly. North of 30N/' surface winds were more southerly than

normal/ blocked to the east by a high pressure ridge off the
northwestern U.S. coast.

The Aleutian Low was much deeper (-13 mb anomaly) than normal/
and slightly southeast of its usual position. Storminess
associated with this low caused considerable ocean mixing/ and
below normal SST's prevailed west of 15CW.

41

Paper 3

The ETP continued anomalously warm/^ with a

upwelling alonqside the coast of Peru.

that of the two recent El Nino years;

slightly more extensive than in December 1965 and not

in December 1972. The subtropical high pressure

frequently weakened by passing weather fronts. Also/

and surface winds over the ETP were much below normal.

very sma II area of

This pattern resembled

the warm areas were

so large as

system was

cloud cover

42

Paper A

SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC IN 1976

Julien R. GouLet* Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes'

This summary essentially is Limited to the area off the U.S. east
coast from florida to Nova Scotia and about 1/000 km offshore.
The Gulf of Mexico is mentioned briefly also.

In gen
than
a ver ag
i mmedi
dispel
c entur
summer
rate
i n Aug
At lent
Nova S
weathe
north
f\i ew f ou
t he U .

er a I /
usual
e .

at e ly
led b

y .

adva
than
ust t
ic R
cot i a
r Wo

of
nd I an
S . ea

the
th
In

s
y wa
This
need
u sua
h e s
ight

whe
s m
nor m
d u

St c

sea
roug
J anu
u r ro
rm a
w a

the
L, s
ea s

and
re w
i Id
al.
nti I
oast

su rf ace o
h July/ th
aryr ther
undi no C
i r and mix
rmth cont

sea surfa
o t hat the
urface was

e sse nt i a L
arm anomal

until lat
Very f e

October.

duri ng t h

ff the ea
en tended
e was c
ape Hatt
ing durin
inued th
ce warmed
warm ano
cooler t
I y ave rag
i es pers i
e in the
M crosse
There we
e last qu

s te rn
to b
oo ler
eras/
g the
rough
seas
ma I ie
han n
e els
s t ed
year/
d th
re se
a rt er

sea

e si

th

bu

war

th

ona L

s be

o rma

ewhe

thro

as
e
vera

board
i ght ly
an no
t thi
mest F
e spr
I y/ bu
came s
I in
re ex c
ugh t h
storms
coast
I seve

wa s

cool
rma I
s wa
ebrua
ing.
t at
ma I le

the
ept s
e yea

t rac

sou

re st

warmer

er than

water

s soon

ry i n a

As the
a lower
r unt i I

Middle
outh of
r . The
ked far
th of
orms up

Except for fiaine and Florida/ the entire country was warmer than
normal during the winter of 1975-76 (December-February). Warm
conditions continued through spring/ although not quite so
markedly. Sjmmer uas cool almost everywhere except Maine/ which
remained warmer than usual. Autumn (September-November) was

'This paper is summarized from gyiist ream/ Vol. Ii; the
Atlantic logs in !^a£iQe£s Weather Log/ Vols. 20 and 21/ the
we?ther and circulation articles in Monthly Weaih§£ EfiyiSSi'
Vols. 104 and 105; Gulf Stream analysis charts/ Environmental
Products Group/ NESS/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20033; temperature
anomaly charts/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/
Konterey/ CA 93940 (see McLain/ Paper 9); airborne radiation
thermometer c-harts/ Coast Guard Ocea nog rap hi c Unit/ Washington/
DC 20590 (see Deaver/ Paper 13).

•^Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries
Service/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.

43

Paj,e r 4

cooler than normal east of the Continental Diviae. Cooling was
rapid in December east of the Mississippi. There was a complete
absence of tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean
Sea due to the unseasonable intrusion of cold air aloft and the
stronqer than normal high-altitude westerlies.

JaQUaCi; " The entire Gulf of Mexico and the western North
Atlantic (WNA) were seasonally colder than last month. The
Middle Atlantic Pioht and the Gulf of Mexico were also
significantly colder than average. Warmer than average
temperatures were found offshore of the continental shelf from
3jN to the offing of the Gulf of Maine. There was also a large
patch of colder than average temperatures southeast of Nova
Scotia. The central Atlantic area was not significantly above or
be low averag e.

The G
convol
a c t i vi
the S
not pr
73u w
been e
39M3C'
moveo
sout hw
edge o
AONy 6
p r even
anoma L
the mo
last h

u I f S t r
uted th
t y also
outh At
esent co
as the
xt ensi ve
/ 64W2C
w e s t w a r
es t wa rd
f the sh
6ii^ was f
ted its
i es in
nth. A
alf of t

earn
an t
was
lant
e we
rema
ly s
• i
d u

unt
elf
i r St
earl

t'ha
cold
he m

and
hey
muc h
i c B
ek e
ins
tudi
n J
nti I
il
off

obs
ie r
t a

edd
ont h

si
had

red
ight
ar li
of a
ed (
u ly

De
it f
the
erve
disc
rea
y at

ope

been

uced

at
e r .

war
b i sa

197
cemb
i na I
De Im
d ne
over
i ndi

33N

f ro
for
- A
the

A f
m CO
gni
5 an
er/
ly d
a rva
ar t
y- b
cate
f 74

nt

the

lar
end
a i nt
rer
1975
d fo

and
i sap

Pen
he e
ut s
d th
W wa

posit
past
ge me
of th
eddy
a nt i c
) . I
I lowe
the
pea re
i nsu I
nd of
t rong
at it
s obs

1 ons

seve
ande r
e mon
like
y c Ion
t wa
d for
n mo
d in
a .
J anu
pos i
had
e rved

were
r a I m

wa s
th/- t
f eatu
i c ed
s pi

nine
ved
March
A wa
ar y .
t i ve
forme

form

far
ont hs .

p resen

hough i

re at

dy whi c

eked u

months

e r rat i

1976 a

rm edd

C loud

t empe r

d ear I i

ing in

less

Eddy

t in

t was

37N/

h had

p at

. It

ca I ly

t the

y at

cover

at u re

er in

the

Storm centers crossed the U.S. east coast farther north than
usual/^ only one passing south of Cape Hatteras (near Charleston^
SC). Another crossed the lower Chesapeake Bayr and the rest
passed farther north. The Grand iBanks received a full measure of
severe storms this month.

sli ght ly

February - The Gulf Stream was

for the month

offshore of its
historical mean position for the month. Most of the western
North Atlantic was warmer than normals but with a -5C anomaly

i\uiLr! HLidriLii- wda woiinri liioii nuriiiouA uul wilfi a j \. diiuiiidix

cold patch at about 41IM/' 60Wx and a cold remnant south of Cape
Hatteras. The Gulf of Mexico was up to ?C below normal. The sea
surface temperature (SST) was seasonally colderr in the WNA^ than
"last nonth by C.bC to as much as b.lZf while the Gulf was
slinhtlv usrmer than last month.

slightly warmer than last month.

Eddy activity more than doubled this month from last month/^ from
one anticyclonic and one cyclonic eddy at the end of January to
two anticyclonic and four cyclonic eddies in late February (west

44

Paper A

of 55W). The Shelf Water/SLDpe Water front also appeared more
convoluted^ although data were limited. A Shelf Water excursion
pushed southeast off the shelf abreast of Savannah/' displacing
the Gulf Stream. This excursion may have lasted up to two weeks/
but cloud cover and differing interpretations do not allow
complete definition. The SST anomaly off savannah was strongly
negative/ indicating that the feature was persistent.

!!53££!l ~ The western ^'orth Atlantic in general was warmer than
normal/ with a small cold anomaly patch remaining southeast of
(■^ova Scotia. A tonque of cold water also wandered off the shelf
east of Cape Charles/ an expansion of the Savannah negative
anomaly of February- Seasonal warminq was general throughout the
Gulf of Fexico/ though the anomalies remained negative except for
small areas along the northern coast. Warming and cooling was
uneven and indefinite in the wNA.

Eddy activity continued to increase/ showing one anticyclonic and
five cyclonic eddies at the end of the month/ plus the remains of
the anticyclcnic eddy (ACE 5) studied by bisagni (1976). The
Gulf Stream movea slightly north during the month and became much
more convoluted.

Storms off the U.S. east coast formea farther east than normal/
and only one actually crossed the coast south of Long Island.
This was a minor storm over Cape Hatteras. The major fishing
grounds were nearly storm free.

Although the number of Gulf Stream eddies decreased to only one
small cyclonic one at 34N30'/ 68W2G' by the end of the month/ the
Shelf Water/Slope Water front w&s extremely convoLuteo and

45

Paper 4

confusedr as was the Gulf Stream front. Towards the end of the
month warm tongues extended east of the Gulf Stream at 30N and
33N^ perhaps precursors to cyclonic eddy activity.

The number of storms was far below normal/' resembling a summer
month in the WNA. The storm tracks were concentrated north of
Nova Scotia with only one crossing the coast to the south. A
brief, severe e x t r at ropi ca I storm caused the loss of the drilling
rig Ocean Exeji^e^s while under tow in the Gulf of i-lexico.

Ma^^ - Although almost the entire WNA area unoer consideration was
warmer this month/' the change was seasonal, and the warm SST
anomalies decreased in extent and intensity. An area of
anomalies east of the Gulf Stream from 3CN to 35N is a
consequence of increased cyclonic eddy activity. The
Mexico was almost entirely colder than normal with
anomalies only off Florida ano in the loop current area.

negat i ve
pos s ib le
Gulf of
pos i t i ve

There were three small cyclonic eddies and one larger
anticyclonic eddy, broken from a large Gulf Stream meander on
10 May, present at the end of the month. The Gulf Stream flowed
smoothly to off Cape Charles, then began to meander downstream.
However, the meanders diminished in size as the month advanced.
The Slope Water/Shelf Water front was tortuous with incursions
and excursions north cf 37N.

Again this month there were fewer storms, and these farther off
the coast and farther north, than usual. One e x t rat rop i ca I storm
developed in the central Gulf, crossed northern Florida, and then
followed the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic.

June - The entire Atlantic area was 1 or 2 dec warmer than last
month, as expected for the season. Positive SST anomalies
diminished slightly, and -3.3C anomalies appeared off the mouth
of Chesapeake Bay. Negative anomalies were found southeast of
the Bay to east of the Gulf Stream and southeast of Nova Scotia.
The Gulf of Mexico was colder than normal over its entire area.

Eddy a
excess
Gulf S
(ART)
west w
i sobat
and t
obse rv
off Ch
Stream
sate I L
f ound
in gyi

c t i V i t
i ve c
t r earn

f ligh
al I of
h to
here
at i ons
esapea
, Slo
ite la

be twe
f§t rea

y wa
loud
area

ts,
th
Cap

tu rn

ke B
pe

te i
en
mat

s appa
i nes s
. The

also
e Gul
e Hatt
i ng t
There
ay we s
Water,
n the
70W an

36N,

rent

p re

Coa

int

f S

eras

ow ar

wer

t of

an

mon

d 60

7CW,

ly m
vente
St Gu
er rup
t ream
, the
d th
e al

the
d Sh
th.
W. 0

i ts

uch
d c
a rd
ted

ge
n be
e e
so c
Gulf
elf

Str
ne s
29 M

red
lea r
ai r b

by
ner a
ar i n
ast
onvo

St r
Wat e
ong
mall
ay

uced
sat
orne
bad
lly

g of
to

lute

earn.

r re
mea
eye

posi

thi
ellit

radi
weat h

fol I
f nor

71N,
d tem
Por
g ions
nder i
loni c
t i on.

s m
e p i
at io
er ,
owi n
thea
th
pe ra
t i on

wer
ng

edd
un

ont h
ctur
n th
port
9 t
s tua
e I
t ure
s of
e pi
act i
y wa
supp

, t
es o
ermo
raye
he

rd t
im i t
pat
the
ctur
vi t y
s p I
or te

hough

f the

meter

d the

180 m

o 17 K

of

terns

Gulf

ed by

was

otted

d by

46

Paper 4

SST anomaly or other evidence.

Storm tracks *jere almost entirely north of AONx with only one
storr crossing the coast of Maine. The tracks curved northward
between Greenland and the Faroes^ and none crossed the British
Isles or western Europe.

Ju^^ - The Guif Stream this month closely followed the 180-m
depth contour to Cape hatteras^ slightly inshore of its climato-
loqical mean position. Northeast of the Cape it followed the
mean track to 70inl /■ then meandered slightly downstream. The
cyclonic eddy at 55Ny 73W moved 2 deg westward during the month.
There was much mixing of Slope and Shelf Waters during the month.
Early in the month tremendous meanders and eddies developed^ but
all were apparently resorbed by the Gulf Stream.

All SST's increased seasonally during the months but the warm
anomalies diminished- A strong warm spot reached a +5C anomaly
at 41N30'/' 64U30V with smaller positive anomaly values north of
39tvJ from 55W to the American coastline. The rest of the Atlantic
area was near normal for the month. The Gulf of Mexico remained
anoma lously cold.

Storm activity was below normal this
tracked west of the British Isles.

months and most storms

Over the Fourth of July weekends masses of dead fish were
reported off Sandy Hookr NJ . Fisheries investigations
(Armstrong^ Paper 17) determined the cause to be an anoxic water
massy brought about by natural weather conditions^ which expanded
southward to Atlantic City, NJ ^ by mid-Augustr and by mid-
September covered half of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Estimates
were that up to 50% of the commercial fish stocks might be lost
this year due to this phenomenon.

^uQust ~ The Gulf Stream this month was fully seen by satellite

imagery west of 60W. It flowed very smoothly along its

historical mean track for the month to 67Wx then made a dip to

the south followed downstream by a larger one to the north.

Two small cyclonic eddies persisted through the month/^ both
moving about 150 km southwe stward . A large (250 km diameter)
anticyclonic eddy at 39n30*^ 67W originated on 25 August as a
pinched off meander. A minor warm core eddy at about 38N30'r
72W30' shows on the ART isotherms as well as in the satellite
analysis. The central ocean waters continued to warm at the
surface this month/' but SST's over the continental shelf dropped
due to tropical storm activity. In 1975^ by contrasts seasonal
warming persisted through August. Significant cold anomalies/^ on
the order of -1.50/^ appeared in the Middle Atlantic Bight.

47

Paper 4

ExtratropicaL storms were concentrated from the Canadian
Maritimes to the Denmark Strait/ with a feu storms crossing from
Alaska to Greenland-
There were no ART flights east of Savannah/^ GAr due to tropical
storms. The U.S. east coast had no e xt r at rop i ca I storms this
months but Hurricane Belle passed from CaPe Hatteras to Long
Island on the 9th and ICth. The Gulf of Mexico continued
slightly colder than normal. It spawned the weak tropical storm
Dottiex which crossed the southern tip of Florida and turned up
the 80th meriaian to Charleston.

S§El§.!Dfeer - Almost the entire North Atlantic surface area over
the shelf cooled 1C to 2C this month. The warm anomaly area
south of Nova Scotia expanded/ but south of AON/ and in the Gulf
of Mexico/ the SST's were average or slightly cooler than normal.

The ayif^tream pictures a mildly meandering Gulf Stream for this
month/ with three cyclonic eddies and two anticyclonic eddies.
Satellite imagery intermittently pictured very complex eddy and
meandering activity. Cloud cover prevented proper definition/
but the patterns changed rapidly through the month/ ending with
the quieter conditions portrayed in guilstregm. In the middle of
the month there were four anticyclonic eddies/ one cyclonic eddy/
and one cyclonic loop. There also were large patches of
entrained Shelf Water and of mixed Shelf/Slope Water. One week
later only one anticyclonic eddy was found/ along with two
cyclonic eddies and the one larqe cyclonic loop. There were
still large patches of mixed Shelf/Slope Water/ and the the Shelf
Water/Slope Water front was extremely convoluted.

The only tropical storm in September remained completely east of
61w. Only one storm was found relatively near the U.S. coast/
and that ore was still offshore of the Gulf Stream. None crossed
the coast south of Newfoundland/ and most storms tracked north
between Iceland and the Davis Strait. In 1975/ by contrast/
there were three major hurricanes; the ex t r at ropi ca I storms
tracked farther south and then between England and Iceland.
There were nc storms in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1976.

October - The warm anomaly area south of Nova Scotia persisted/
but the remainder of the Atlantic coastal area was not
significantly warmer or colder than norrral. The aylfstream shows
large areas of positive anomaly/ while the temperature anomaly
charts show large areas of net-ative anomaly. In the Gulf of
Mexico/ SST's were significantly cooler than normal.

The Gulf Stream is pictured in au^fstresm flowing smoothly/ with
two major anticyclonic eddies. A cold core eddy at 32N/ 74 W was
entirely surrounded by warm Sargasso Sea Water which reached to
IOC km from Cape Hatteras. The large warm eddy at 39N/ 69w

48

Paper 4

persisted^ entraining SheLf Water on its eastern
smoothness of the Gulf Strearr front is partly
definition caused by cloud cover.

edge . The
due to poor

Storm tracks moved farther south this
passed up the U.S. east coast
(36 m/s)r tornadoes^ heavy

monthy and several storms

bringing winds above 70 kn

rainsr and flooding from South

Carolina northward. The trawler Lana CargJL sank with a full load

scallops off Barnegat Light on the 31st. Coast Guard

rescued the crew. The laden dragger Patricia Marig/^

er vessels^ was

of
helicopters

neiicopxers rescuea tne crew. i ne laaen aragger
homeward bound to Provincetown «<ithin sight of oth
lost with all hands (Schwadron 1977).

A storm Developed on a cold front on the 16th/^ 35C km southwest
of New Orleans/' moved eas t -nor t heast* a rd across northern Florida
the next day/ and raced alono the classical storm track offshore
to Nova Scotia and beyond on the 16th. There was a second/
milder storm in the western Gulf at the end of the month. The
majority of the storms tracked significantly more easterly than
in September/ reaching the area between Greenland and Spain.

NQVfiDDbfir ~ t^ue to surface mixing from intense cyclonic activity/
the warm anomalies disappeared this month/ and the sea surface
was colder than normal nearly everywhere. Anomalies of about
-3.5C occurred in the middle Atlantic Bight. The Gulf of Mexico
continueo about 1.5C colder than usual for the month.

Between 50 and 60 km southeast of Cape hatteras/ SST's rose SC
from west to east across the west wall of the Gulf Stream. Both
the ART and the sul_fstream pictured an anticyclonic Gulf Stream
loop in the South Atlantic Bight. Due to cloud cover/ eddy and
meander observations were not clear. There was at Least one
anticyclonic eddy at 39N/ 7QU'30*/ and there may have been two
more farther east. Last month's cyclonic eddy/ with a noticeable
warm ring/ persisted at 35N/ 71(J.

There
mont h
was o
8th/
Newf o
At t
weste
f ront
seas
crew
s t orm
i nf lu
day s .

was
T
V er

pa r
und I
he
rn G
al
a nd

fro

wh i
ence

a su c c
he firs
Nov a S c
alleled
and the
end of
ulf of
waves
swe IL s
m a s i
ch farm
of th

essi o

t for

ot i a .

the

next

the

Mexi c

ana t

all a

nk i ng

ed in

is St

n of s t

med nea

The s

first

day.

month a

o north

he long

long th

shrimp

the Gu

orm sys

or ms
r No
e con
si
Two

bro
east

fet
e f r

boa
If o
tern

off
rfol
d fo
ight
more
ad f

to
ch o
ont .
t 45
f ^le
reac

th
k on
rmed

ly

sto
ront
Nova
f we
Th
0 km
xi CO
hed

e U
the
off

to

r ms

a I a
Sco

ste r

e US
no r
on

nort

.S. e
5th/
Cape
the e
cross
rea e
t ia .
ly w i
CGC T
theas
the
hern

ast

and

Hat

ast /

ed N

xten

A s

nds

aney

"of

13th

Gree

coas

in 2

teras

and

ew E

ded f

uc c es

creat

res c

Norf

u nd

nland

t this
A hours

on the
reached
ng land .
rom t he
si on of
ed high
ued the
oik. A
er the

in six

49

Paper 4

2g££!!!&££ ~ The SST's were not strikingly unusual this month.
They tended to be slightly cooler than average north of Cape
Hatteras/ with some warm anomaly water associated with the
warm-core eddies. The Gulf of Mexico continued cool.

The Gulf Stream showed a meander east of Charleston associated
with the persistent cold eddy surrounded by a ring of warm water
at 33N/' 75W. A warm eddy also persisted at 39N/' 72w . No others
could be seen because of clouds. The Shelf Water/Slope Water
front in the middle Atlantic Bight was ragged with incursions and
excursions.

A storm formed in South Carolina on the Zth/' but was of little
consequence in the western NDrth Atlantic. Another formed off
Georgia on the ISthr the day the Argo 5l:§cchant ' ran aground. It
tracked rapidly no rt heastw ard/^ bringing high winds and rough seas
to the Nantuclcet Shoals area and preventing the Coast Guard from
s a I vag ing the oil.

Another storms from the midwest/^ crossed the Maine coast on the
21st/ affecting the same area with air temperatures in the teens
(<-7C) and below/ and causing gales from Maine to Virginia.
Another midwestern storm crossed New Jersey on the 28th and
turned northeastward/ adding its fury to the shipping lanes. The
Panamanian tanker Grand Zenith was last heard from 55 km from
Cape Sable. No trace of the ship has been found.

LITERATURE CITED

BISAGNI/ J. J.

1976. Passage of anticycLonic Gulf Stream eddies through
deepwater dumpsite 106 during 197^ and 1975. NOAA Dumpsite
Evaluation Rep. 76-1.

SCHWADRON/ S .

1977. Loss of dragger and her crew is stunning blow to
Prov incetown . Natl. Fisherman 57(9):25A/ 31A.

^Surveys in the area of the Argo M§£chant spill have shown
mortalities and deformities among developing cod and pollock
embryos/ noticeable decreases in the abundance of sand lance
larvae/ and oil contamination of zooplankton. Studies are
continuing; preliminary findings have been released in: The ARGO
MERCHANT Oil Spill/ NOAA Special Report/ U.S. Dep. Commer./ March
1977.

50

Paper 5

ANOMALIES OF MOMThLY viEAN SEA LEVEL ALONG THE
WEST COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

Dale E. Brets chnei der and Douglas R. r^cLain'

INTRODUCTION

Measurements of mean sea level provide a source of long-term
information concerniny ocean processes. The data series of
hourly tidal height measurements are unique among marine data
series/^ in that they have been obtained i nexpensi ve ly x over
relatively Long periods^ at many fixed Locations worldwide.

Many
s i ngl
R oden
e X ami
at mos
North
be twe
of b
Cu r re
moni t
Large
the
Attu/

1 nv est
e Stat

(196C
ne t h
phe r i c
A mer
en the
r oad-s
nt sys
o ri ng
r area
west

in th

igat
i ons
f 19
e i n

pre
i ca .

Haw
cal e
t em -

of
s .

c oa s
e A I

ors

f or

63r

te r r

ssu r

S

a i i a

ch
F
ocea
The
ts
eut i

have ex
re lat i
1966) u
elation
e at se
aur (1
n I s I an
anges
or f i s
n Chang
station
of Nor
an Is La

amine
onsh i
sed s
ships
lect e
972)
ds an
in 9
he r ie
es re
s exa
t h an
nds/^

d fl
ps a
pect

amo
d St

e xa
d th
eost
s a
qui r
mine
d So
to C

uct u

mong

ral

ng s

at i o

mine

e Ca

roph

sses

es g

din

uth

aide

at ion
sma L
and s
ea le
ns a I
d se
L i f or
ic f
sment
roups
this
Amer i
rax C

s of s
L groups
tatistic
ve Lr tern
ong the
a level
nia coas
Low in t
purpos
of Stat
report
ca from
hile.

ea

of
aim
pera
west
di
t as
he C
esx
i ons
exte
Mass

Leve
Stat
etho
ture

coa
ffer

an
alif

how

GOV

nd
acre

I at
ions .
ds to
f and
St of
ences
index
orni a
ever^
er i ng
along
Bayx

DATA

Most of the manthly mean sea level data in our data base were
obtained from the University of Hawaii." These data were updated

'Pacific Environmental Group/^ National Marine Fisheries Service^
NOAAx Montereyr CA 93940.

Ue thank K. Wyrtki and B. Kilonsky/ Department of Oceanography^
University of Hawaii/^ who assembled these data and provided us
with a t ape copy .

51

Rape r 5

and expanded with data from other sources
verted to centimeters.

ALL data were con-

For this rep or t/^ tide stations most representative of open ocean
conditions were seLected. ALthough many tide gage stations
examined in tnis report are Located on piers in sheltered coastal
harbors/' stations subject to highly variable local tidal
conditions common to Large river mouths ^such as Astoria^ OR)r
large shallow bays (such as Alameda^ CA), and straits or sounds
(such as Ketchikan^ AK)/^ were generally not included. Additional
criteria for station selection were a Long/^ continuous data
records a constant tidal reference datum/^ and an even
distribution of stations with distance along the coast. The
stations selected and their Locations are shown in Figure 5.1.

The processes affecting sea Level are complex. In addition to
the well-understood tidal or astronomic forces^ sea Level is
a f f ect ed by :

1. Changes in the average density of the water column.

2. Changes in distribution of atmospheric pressure over the
ocean surface (resulting/' in partr in variations in Large
scale wind patterns).

3. Variations in speed of alongshore components of ocean
currents.

4. Changes in total mass of ocean
accretion or melting of glaciers.

water resulting from

5. Subsidence or emergence of the Land upon which the
is loc ated .

gage

The relative importance of these processes varies from station to
s t at i on.

For ocean monitoring in support of fisheries assessment/ we are
interested in fluctuations with periods of months to years. For
this reason the data are presented in terms of monthly means
which remove the principal diurnal and semidiurnal periodicities
from the data. Fluctuations with periods longer than months or
years can be reduced by comparing the data with a 19-yr mean.
This compensates for the nodal tide/ which results from the
changing declination of the moon over a period of 18.61 years.
The nodal tide has a much greater "potential/" or effect/ than do

'Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level/ Berkenhead/
National Ocean Survey/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20852.

U.K./

and

52

Paper 5

other long-per 1 od/^ astronomically induced/^ harmonics observed in
tidal data CLisitzin 197A), iJe did notr however* remove very
Long-period fluctuations such as those caused by isostatic
glacial responses (as at Yakutat* AK) or fluctuations related to
land subsidence or uplift (such as at Balboa* CZ).

Our objective is to compare temporal fluctuations of sea level
along much of the eastern Pacific coast for eventual comparison
with fishery fluctuations. In order to allow comparison between
stations and to flag unusual events* the data are presented as
monthly mean anomalies or departures of a given month from its
long-term mean- The long-term means used in this report were for
the 19-yr period* 1949-67, The tidal reference datum differs
from station to station. Computation of anomalies at each
station allows comparison in time between stations having
different oatum Levels.

PattulLo et al. (1935) found that in temperate and tropic
latitudes (between about 40N and 40S) changes in the specific
volume of the water column were responsible for most of the
nontidal variation in recorded sea Level. Atmospheric pressure
effects were found to account for only a small part of the
recorded changes in sea Level. This situation is not true*
however* in higher Latitudes. Lisitzin and PattulLo (1961) found
that north of 40N much of the variation in sea Level results from
changes in distribution of atmospheric pressure over the ocean.
This "inverted barometer" effect can be removed from the data in
high Latitudes by adjusting sea levels for departures of
atmospheric pressure from a long-term mean.

There
qu i ck L
total
This
severa
T hu s*
equi L i
more .
const a
ch ange
differ
d i St ri
Saur 1

IS evi
y foil
pr essu
isost a
I thou

t he
br i urn

ASSU

nt * i
s* the
en ce
but i on
972).

den c
ow ed
re o
ti c
sand

o c
with
mi ng
f t
sea
so

of

e th

by
n th

ad j

mil
ean

atm
th
he

su r
that

pre

at f
comp
e se
ustm
es a
can
osph
e a
pr es
face
th
ssur

Lu c tu
ensat
a flo
ent
nd w i

be
eric
ve rag
su re

s lop
ere
e on

a t i ons
i ng ch
or re
i s th
thin a

consi
pres su
e pre

diffe
e will
will
the se

1 n
ange
main
ough

ti m
der e
re f
ssur
ren c

cha
be
a fl

at mo
s in

s

t

e

d

or

e

e

V

to

sp

t

P

0

b

nge

no

oor

sphe
sea

e ry
occ

an

o a

e r i o

ve r

e twe

toe

net

(Fat

n c

leve
near
u r ov
of s
pp roa
ds of
the o
en t
ompen
ch an
tuL Lo

pres
L so

Ly

era
ever
ch
a
cean
wo
sate

ge

et

sure
tha

cons
ran

al

i SOS

mont

s re
sta
for
i n

al .

are
t t he
t ant .
ge of
days .
t at i c
h or
mains
t i ons
this

the
19 5 5;

Pressure effe£ts were removed from the data by correcting sea
Levels to a long-term mean atmospheric pressure in the vicinity
of the tide gage. This compensates for both the normal seasonal
cycle and the monthly pressure anomaly- Monthly mean sea Level
pressure data were obtained from the »Jorld Weather Record series*

53

Paper 5

Monthly C L i rn at i c Data for the worLdr from CCEA/' or computed from
monthly mean pressure fields obtained from FN^C.^

Normal atmospheric pressures at each station were obtained
averaging monthly pressures for the entire period of record,
effects of monthly variations from this long-term pressure
were removed from sea level measurements by applying a correc
of 1 cm in sea level for each millibar deviation in atmosph
pressure. Sea level data for all stations north of razatlan
corrected in this manner^ with resultant small decreases in
range of sea level anomalies. Pressure deviations sout
Mazatlan were on the order of one millibar or less* not I
enounh to warrant correction because sea level measurements
a typical error of about 1 cm.

by
The
mean
t ion
eric
were
the
h of
arge
have

DISCUSSION

The anomalies of corrected monthly mean sea level (Figs. 5.2-5.6)
exhibit remarkably coherent patterns in time and space. Perhaps
the most striking feature of the time series is the long-term
persistence and wide distribution of high sea level during the
period 1957-59. Evidence of anomalously high sea level extenos
from Calderar Chile/^ to Adakr AK. Similar periods of anomalously
high sea level can be seen in 1940-41 and 1971-73* and to a
lesser extent in 1951-52 and 1965-66.

The simultaneous occurrence of these changes over such vast
distances suggests a relation to large-scale oceanic or atmos-
pheric disturbances. The periods of anomalously high sea levels
were also periods of anomalously warm sea surface temperatures
and are associated with El Nino occurrences in the eastern
tropical Pacific (Quinn 1976/ 1978).

Such environmental changes can have dramatic effects on marine
fisheries. Along the coast of Peru* for example* large changes
in the distribution and abundance of anchoveta result from
adverse oceanog raph i c conditions associated with El Nino periods.
These conditions* combined with heavy exploitation* have resulted
in a decline of the fishery and have had major economic impact.
Radovich (1961) documented many changes in the distribution of
marine populations along the coast of California during the warm
water periods 1940-41 and 1957-59 which were associated with high
sea levels. He found a general northerly shift of southern

'Center for Climatic and Environmental Assessment* Environmental
Data Service* NOAA* Columbia* MO 65201.
■^Fleet Numerical U/eather Central* U.S. Navy* Monterey* CA 93940.

54

Paper 5

species and an increase in yeLLowtaiL and bonito populations off
California. Changes of sea level related to fluctuating coastal
circulation may be associated with variations in year class
strengths of marine populations due to changes in larval
t r ansport .

In his investigation of low frequency sea level oscillations^
Roden (1966) found a high coherence in sea level fluctuations
measured by tide gages located within similar macroenvironments/
such as those located within the Gulf of Alaska or within the
California Current area. Even stations with dissimilar exposure*'
such as thos.e with gages located on the open coast compared to
those with gages located in enclosed baysx yielded similar
results if the stations were within the same macr oenv i ronment .
We now examine fluctuations of sea level in groups of stations
having similar oceanog raph i c environments.

A I eut i an Is I ands

Sea I

term

(1952

and

anoma

to b

This

of r

Sear

p r oce

inter

e xami

1957-

pos i t

1964-

sugge

U na la

e ve I s

lower
-53) .

At tu
lous ly
e lit
sugges
e la t i V
may re
s ses
e St i ng
n ed t
5 9. U
i ve a
67 and
sts I
s ka .

i n th
sea

In c
in

hi gh
t le c
ts th
ely f
s pond
t ha n

to n
hat
nalas
noma I

1971
ong -t

is ar
lev

ont ra
1952
va lu

or re I

at se

ree e
to
sea

cte t

did

ka ha

i es

-74

e rm

ea ar
els
St to
-53r
esf w
at i on
a lev
X ch an
a di
le ve
hat A
not
d sma
dur i n
e xh ib
f luct

e qui

can

the

Unal

ith a

betw

el at

ge be

f f ere

I at
ttu i
show

II an
g 19
it s
ua t io

te

be s
low
aska

pea
een

Att
twee
nt

Ada
s t

ano
oma I
57-5
t ron
ns

van

een
sea
, K
k in
Attu

U r W

n th

comb

k, U

he

malo

ies

9.

g n

in

able
at A
leve
cdi a
ear
and
hi ch
e Pa
inat
na la
on ly
us ly
thro

In
egat
the

dak

Is

k,

ly 1

nei

i s
c i f i
ion

SkSr
St

hi
ugh

con
i ve
ocea

Si gni

(1943

obser

and

953.

ghbor

locat

c Oce

of

or K
at i on
gh s

1956
t rast

anom
n env

f i ca
-51)
ved
Yaku
The
i ng
ed i
an a
envi
odi a

of
ea

an
A th
a li e
i ron

nt

and

at
tat
re

Stat
n an
nd B
ronm
k.

th
leve
d s
e pe
s .
ment

long-

Attu

Adak

show

seems

ions .

area

er ing

enta I

It is

e 25

Is in

t rong

r iods

This

near

§yit 2l Alaska " Pacific Northwest

Kodiak has the shortest record of observations in the series. It
was included to fill a gap between widespread stations. It shows
surprisingly small variations in sea level with extremes in
1957-56 and 1961-62. A weak positive anomaly with a peak in
early 1958 is evident.

The Yakutat gage/' Located in a harbor/^ is subject to salinity
changes due to increased river runoff during sum-mer months
(Favorite 1974). The trend of decreasing sea level seen in the
series for this station results from land uplift due to isostatic
glacial rebound. Strong negative anomalies are evident during
1955-56r 1961-62^ and 1971-72. Surprising small positive

55

Pacer 5

anoma Lies
annua I
»j i t h m ea
Alaska d

s are seen during 195d. Fdvorite (1974) has shown that
mean sea level anomalies at Yakutat were well correlated
n annual wind stress transport anomalies in the Gulf of
uring the period 1950-59.

Fairly persistent long-term sea level anomalies with short-term
fluctuations can be seen at Sitka/' Prince Ruperts Tofino/ Neah
Say/ and Crescent City. Sea level fluctuations are remarkably
coherent among these stations^ considering the 1800 km along the
coast between Sitka and Crescent City. Major periods of high sea
level are seen during 194C-41 and 1957-59. Low sea level periods
include 1955-36/ late IVdl-early 1962/ and 1964. A significant
period of anomalously low sea level is evident at Prince Rupert
between the years 1947 and 1951.

Cal^ifgrnia Current

Sea level data from San Francisco/ Avila Beach^ Los Angeles^ and
La Jolla also exhibit similar fluctuations. Periods of high sea
level are noticeable during 1941/ 1951-52/ 1957-59/ and 1972-73
at all stations. Periods of high sea level during 1969 were
observed at San Francisco and Avila. Periods of low sea level
occurred at all stations during 1955 and early 1956 and during
1964- A strong trend of rising sea level in relation to Land
occurred at all stations in this group.

Mexico ~ CentQal America

Mazatalan/ rtanzanillo/ Acapulco/^ Ealboar La Union/^ and
Buenaventura show similar patterns of sea level fluctuations.
Periods of high sea level correspond very well with El Nino
(Quinn 1976r 1978). All stations exhibit very high
during 1941-42/ 1937-59/ and/ to a lesser extent/
high levels ijere noted during 1972-73.

£&£y. £yC£&Qi E£9i2D

Talara/ Callao/ Matarani/ Antofagasta/ and Caldera also show
remarkably coherent fluctuations in sea level. Like the group of
stations to the north/ p^^riods of high sea level correspond well
with El Nino conditions. The 1941-42 period of high sea levels
is evident at Matarani. The 1957-59 and 1965 periods of high sea
levels are seen at all stations, in this region. During 1972/ a
period of extremely high sea levels occurred at Talara peaking at
36.5 cm in December 1972. A maximum anomaly of 34.4 cm was
measured at Talara during November 1974. It is interesting to

56

Paper 5

note the sharp spike of extremely Low sea Level that occurred
just before the 1974 period of high sea Level at Talara.
Anomalously high sea levels are also evident at Callao durino
1972. Perioas of low sea level occurred at all stations in this
group during 1949-5C^ 1954-56y and 1966-67.

CONCLUSION

Anomalies of monthly mean sea level observations along the west
coast of North and South America persist for periods ranging from
several months to two years or longer and are coherent in space
for hundreds of kilometers. Anomalous "events" can be traced
along the coast from Chile to Alaska and may be relatea to
coastal circulation processes which may in turn affect larval
drift and reproductive success of marine organisms. Certainly
the major periods of anomalously high sea Level during 1941-42/'
1957-59/' and 1.972 were associated with unusual changes in the
abundance or distribution of many marine species. It is hoped
that further research on the factors affecting sea Level will
Lead to s better understanding of ocean circulation processes and
their effects on populations of marine organisms.

LITERATURE CITED

FAVORITE/' F.

1974. On flow into the Bering Sea through Aleutian Islano
passes. In D. W. Hood and E. J. Kelly (editors)x Ocean-
ography of the Bering Sea. Occas. Publ. No. 2^ Inst. Mar.
S ci . /^ U. Alaska^ Fairbanks.

LISITZIN, E.

1974. SeaLevel changes. Elsevier Sci. PuDl. Co./ hJ.Y.r
286 D.

LISITZIN/ E.r and J. G. PATTULLO.

1961. The principal factors influencing the seasonal
oscillation of sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 66:345-852.

PATTULLO/ J . r W. MUNKr R. REVELLE/ and E. STRONG.

1955. The seasonal oscillation in sea Level. J. Mar. Res.
14:88-155 .

57

Paper 5

QUINN^ W . H.

1976. El Nino/ anomalous Equatorial Pacific conditions and
their prediction. Iq J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)r The
environment of the United States living marine resources -
1974./ p. 11-1--11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic
At IT. OS. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish/ Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour.
Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.

anomalies and £1 Nino. iq j. R.
Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability:
fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179-
NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

1978. Equatorial Pacific
Goulet/ Jr. and E. D.
Effects on U.S. marine
190. U.S. Dep. Commer/

RADOVICH/ J.

1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northeast
Pacific to water temperatures/ particularly during 1957
through 1959. Calif. Dep. Fish Game/ Calif. Fish Bull.
112/ 62 p.

RODEN/ G. I.

1960. On the nonseasonal variations in sea level along the

west coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 65:2809-2526.
1963. Sea level variations at Panama. J. Geophys. Res. 68:

5701-5713.

1966. Low- frequency sea level oscillations along the Pacific

coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 71:4755-4776.

SAUR/ J. F. T.

1972- Monthly sea level differences between the Hawaiian
Islands and the California coast. Fish. Bull. U.S. 70:
619-036.

58

^^

Attu, AK
Adak, AK

Figure 5.1 .—Selected tide stations along the west coast of North and South America.

59

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64

Paper 6

COASTAL UPWELLING OFF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA/. 1976

Craig s. Nelson

INTRODUCTION

The nearshore marine environment off western North America is
markedly influenced by processes of coastal upwelling and
downwelling. Upwelling is widely recognized as a fundamental
factor in the formation of nutrient rich surface water favorable
to primary production. Wind induced surface layer divergence may
also dramatically modify nearshore marine climate* and may act as
an important driving mechanism for continental shelf/slope
ci rculation.^

Variations in biological communities often occur nearly in phase
with the predominant seasonal cycle of coastal upwelling. Major
fluctuations in the intensity of coastal upwelling also occur at
frequencies corresponding to the diurnal sea breeze* to synoptic
"events"* and to interyear variations in the location and
intensity of the Large scale atmospheric circulation system over
the northeastern Pacific. Anomalously strong or weak upwelling
may be related to major fluctuations in stock recruitment
(Parrish 1976) which are likely to have subsequent effects higher
in the food chain.

Bakun (1973) computed an index of coastal upwelling based on
calculations of surface wind stress derived from analyzed fields
of surface atmospheric pressure. These fields are routinely
oroduced by the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Weather Central. The
"upwelling index" is defined as the offshore directed component
of Ekman transport* and is considered to be a gross measure of
the amount of upwelling required to replace water transported
offshore in the surface layer. Negative values of this index

'Pacific Environmental Group* National Marine Fisheries Service*
NOAA* Monterey* Cm 95940.

'Niiler* P. P.* and C. N. K. Mooers. 1977. A model shelf
dynamics program. A report to the National Science Foundation*
Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration* January
1977.

65

Paper 6

indicate onshore surface transport and downwelling at the coast.
Monthly mean upwelling index values for the period 1946-71 were
presented for the 15 locations shown in Figure 6.1. These time
series have been updated for 1972-74 and 1975 (Bakun 1976* 1978).

Monthly upwelLing indices for 1976 are given in Table 6.1.
Anomalies from the 20-yr (1946-67) mean monthly values are
presented in Table 0.2. Upwelling indices are displayed in
percentiles in Figure 6.2. Percentile values were based on the
rank of the upwelling index for each month and Location within
the 31-yr (1946-76) time series.

THE GULF OF ALASKA

wind driven surface transport in the Gulf of Alaska (60N* 149W to
5 1 N * 171w) tends to be divergent in the interior and convergent
at the coast.' The annual cycle of coastal convergence is
dominated by vigorous downwelling during the winter season/^ when
intense cyclonic storm activity characterizes the atmospheric
circulation in the region. During 1976 monthly upwelling indices
were negative along both northern and eastern boundaries* except
in June and July when small positive values were evident.

In January more intense than normal downwelling was indicated
alono the eastern boundary* while positive anomalies occurred in
the northern GuLf of Alaska. This pattern of anomalies reversed
the trends for these two areas begun during the last quarter of
1975 (bakun 1978). The remainder of the first quarter of 1976
was marked i? y less intense than normal winter downwelling.
Reduced levels of coastal convergence may be associated with less
intense than normal surface divergence offshore. A decrease in
the strength of the coupled "punping" between the central Gulf of
Alaska and the coast would tend to reduce the baroc I in i c i t y
established during the previous three months.

More intense than normal coastal convergence was evident during
the remaining months of 1976. A general pattern of upwelLing
indices below the median (Fig. 6.2) was interrupted in June* when
small positive, values occurred* and in October* when an irregular
transition to vigorous winter downwelling was apparent.
Anomalies from the long-term monthly means (Table 6.2) were
negative from April through September* except during June* at

Ingraham* W. J.* Jr.* A. Bakun* and F. Favorite. 1976.
Physical Oceanography of the GuLf of Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer.*
MOAA*Ni*iFS, Northwest Fish. Cen.* Processed Rep.* 132 p.

66

Paper 6

these five locations. Upwelling indices at 54N/ 134W and 51n^
131W for May and July were the lowest (Largest negative values)
calculated in the 31-yr time series. Coastal convergence
continued through the summer at approximately one-half the
intensity of the preceding winter's downwelling. Under these
conditions/^ the existing baroclinic structure would tend to be
maintained. This situation contrasts with more typical relaxed
summer conditions^ in which the ba roc I i ni c i t y established during
a previous winter is dissipated.

A smooth transition to vigorous winter downwelling was replaced
by less inteose than normal downwelling in October. This period
of positive anomalies immediately followed and preceded several
months of large negative anomalies. An examination of the
monthly mean surface atmospheric pressure field for October (not
shown) indicated a westward shiftx relative to the long-term mean
position^ of the center of the low pressure system and a much
reduced pressure gradient near the coast. A return to near
normal (50th percentile) winter downwelling occurred in December.

VANCOUVER ISLAND TO POINT CONCEPTION

The stretch of coast from Vancouver Island (48N) to Point
Conception (36N) is a transition zoner in which wind driven
surface transport changes from predominantly onshore to
predominantly offshore. Durino 1976 this entire coastal region
was characterized by a pattern of three periods of more positive
than normal upwelling indices separated by two short intervals of
more negative than normal indices. These features repeat the
general pattern noted in the previous section^ and indicate a
degree of coherence in the large scale atmospheric circulation on
space scales approaching 1^200 km and on time scales of two to
four months .

Neah B
posi t i
coasta
This
i ndi ca
W ashi n
coasta
by a
appea r
the m
Alaska
than t
and ea
va lues
indi ca

a^ to

ve 6
I con
trend
ted
gton
I upw

retu
ed as
ed i an

to 0

he lo

rl y w

(c

ted L

Cent

noma L

verge

did

f ram

and
e U in
r n to

an a
f in
r eg on
ng- 1 e
i nter
oas ta
ess i

rai 0
i es
nee f
not

Febr

nort
g f ro

near

noma L

a

Up

rm me

were
I c
nt ens

re^on
in J
i rs t

con
uary
hern
m May

no rm
y in
r eg io
wel I i
an va

char
onver
e tha

anua

note

t inu

thr

Ore

to

al i

a pa

n s

ng p

lues

acte

gene

n no

ry e
d in
e;

ough
gon .
Septe
nde X
1 1 ern
t retc
ea ked
wou I
ri zed
e),
rmal

125W
xten
Dec e
nea r

Apr

A p
mber
va lu

of
hing
i n
din

by

alt
down

to
deo
mbe r
no
i I

ro lo

was

es .

upw

f ro

Ju

di ca

a re

houg

well

i5N
a p
1975
rmal
a long
nged
int e
Howe
e 1 1 i n
m the
ne /
te (B
turn
h po
ing.

r 1

e r io
(B

dow
th
peri
r rup
ver ^
e i

nor
some
akun
to n
s i t i

25W1.
d of
akun
nwe I I i
e coa
od of
ted i

this
ndi ce s
t hern
what

1973)
egat i v
ve an

La rge
relaxed
1978).
ng was
St s of
relaxed
n June
feature

be I ow
Gulf of
earlier
. Fall
e mean
omal i es

67

Paper 6

CiES Bianco ta Point Conceetign (42Nr l^SW to 36N^
patterns of positive anomalies during winter a
anomalies during summer noted above were not repea
along the coasts of southern Oregon and northern
This stretch uf coast encompasses the core of the
Current upwelLing region^ which is characterized^ in
a maximum in the alongshore component of surface
during July (Nelson in press). In 1976 the timing/^ d
intensity of the indicated up.jelling at Cape Blanco
Mendocino (39N)x and to a lesser extent Point Conce
were markedly different than the 1946-67 long
condi t ion s.

122W). The
nd negative
ted exactly
California.
California
the mean* by
wind stress
urat ion* and
(42N)* Cape
ption (36 N)/
-term mean

Positive anomalies occurred in January and February* during a
part of the year ordinarily characterized by coastal convergence.
Although onshore transport was indicated at 42Nr upwelling
indices for 39N were positive and were clearly above the 50th
percentile. This feature continued a long trend of positive
anomalies which began in April 1975 (bakun 1978).

The onset of anomalous upwelling appeared to occur rather
abruptly in March. The timing of this event was coherent at
three locations along the coast (Fig. 6.2). Near Cape Mendocino
(39N)* the March index was nearly a factor of three greater than
the long-term mean value for this month and location. A return
to near normal conditions occurred in April.

Cond
May*
perc
Mend
larg
unus
year
i ndi
shif
c i re
t i mi
Inde
the

i t ions f

June*
entile a
oc i no (
est in J
ually I
in w h i c
cated.
t in* or
u I at i on
ng of th
X va Lue
long-ter

avo r

and

t bo

39 N)

une

arge

h St

Such

in

inf

e su

s pe

m me

able

Ju

th 4

we

with

pos

rong

Ion

tens

luen

mmer

aked

an c

to

ly.

2N a
re

in t
i t iv
e r t
g-te
i f ic
cing

upw

in
yc le

strong

Month
nd 39N.
the se
he 31-
e anoma
han nor
rm pers
a t i o n
the
el I i ng
May* tw
s for t

coas

ly

Th
cond

yr

lies

mal

iste

of*

west

seas

o mo

hese

tal
mean
e v

hi g
seri

ma r
coa s
nee

the

CO

on w

nths
loc

upw
i nd

a lue

hest

es .

keo

tal

poss
la

ast

as a
ear

at io

e I Li ng
ices ex
s comp

in May
This
the fou

di verg
i bly su
rge-sca
of Nort
Lso som
I ier th
ns .

reap
ceede
ut ed
* and

recu
rt h c
en ce
ggest
le a
h Ame
ewh at
an th

pear

d th

for

the

rren

onse

has

s ei

t mos

r i ca

un

e pe

ed in

e 3Cth

Cape

thi rd

ce of

cut i ve

been

t he r a

phe r i c

. The

usual.

a ks in

A rapid transition to below narmal upwelling (i.e.* negative
anomalies) during August was ifn mediately followed by a return to
large positive anomalies in September. The period of relaxed
upwelling in August was notable* since negative anomalies during
this month were evident along the entire stretch of coast froT
the northern Gulf of Alaska to the Southern California Bight.

The pattern of positive anomalies oersisted through the last
quarter of 1976. While the upwelling indices at 42N approached
the 20-yr mean values (i.e.* downwe I li ng ) * inoices exceeding the

68

Paper 6

80th percentile occurred in September and October at Cape
Mendocino. The indices for November and December showed a
gradual return to median values; however^ upwelling was still
indicated for 39N. As Bakun (1978) has already noted/^ such a
prolonged period of upwelling would appear to be favorable for
those fish stocks dependent upon upwelling based primary
produc ti on .

POINT CONCEPTION TO BAJA CALIFORNIA

A secondary California Current upwelling regime along this coast
(33N/ 119W to 21N/ 107W) is characterized by positive values of
offshore transport throughout the year (Bakun and Nelson in
press). Maximum upwelling index values occur from March to May
and coincide^ in time^ with major peaks in spawnino.

Although the upwelling index remained positive during 1976^ the
most prominent features were the extended periods of large
negative anomalies in January and February/^ and again from August
to December. This pattern marked an almost complete reversal of
the conditions which prevailed in 1975. During the previous
yearr below median values occurred in summer* while above median
indices were evident in spring and fall.

Positive monthly mean anomalies were evident from March to August
(Table 6.2). Much more intense than normal upwelling at
Locations from Punta Eugenia (E7N) to Cabo San Lucas (21N)
extended the upwelling season to late summer. This period was
immediately followed by a decline to large negative anomalies.
This pattern of negative anomalies during fall and early winter
encompassed the entire region from Point Conception (36N) to Cabo
San Lazaro (24N). Upwelling indices were consistently below the
30th percentiie/^ which suggested extremely relaxed upwelling for
this time of yea r .

The pattern of negative anomalies corresponded in time and in
Location with a rapid warming of surface water during fall and
The intensity of warning was indicated by December sea
temperature anomalies 2C warmer than the 1946-67 mean*
than 3C warmer than the temperatures during the 1975
season.' Relaxed upwelling (i.e./ small values of

winter .
surface
and more
winter

offshore transport) is correlated with northward surface flow

'fishJDa

Fisheries

I M 2 £ 2! § t i Q D '
Center^ NMFS/

No. 12/ December 1976.
NOAA/ La JoLLa/ CA 92038.

Sout hea St

69

Paper 6

near the coast. The upwelLing conditions during fall and winter
1976 indicateu the possibility of a major intrusion of warm
southern water which could have extended beyond Point Conception.

RELATION TO FISHERIES

Within the coastal region from Point Conception (33N) to Cabo San
Lucas (2lN)x upwelling and upwelling related processes may be
important transport mechanisms for fish stocks which spawn in the
area.*' The five months of below normal indices in this region
followed a period of moderate upwelling at 30N/ 119W. On the
basis of above normal upwellinq at this location during peak
spawning/^ recruitment models predicted better than average
reproductive success for Pacific Tiackerel in 1976.' Relaxed
upwellinq during the fall and increased northward flow near the
coast would tend to favor northward transport of the southern
stock of Pacific mackerel/^ Scomber iaeonicus^ which would
increase the estimates of the 1976 year class above those
predicted on the basis of spring upwelling alone. Current market
evidence indicates that^ indeed^ the 1976 year class is much
stronoer than had been anticipated.*

' N e I s o
to the
Pacific

' Far r i
Cali fo r
Fish. I
U npub I .

'R . H .
M 0 n t e r e

"R. A .
90802.

nr C. o. 1976. Seasonal variations in processes related
California Current. Paper presented at the 23rd Eastern

Oceanog r ap h i c Conference^ September 29-October 1^ 1976.
sh/ R. H./ and C. S. Nelson. Fish stocks and the
nia Current. Paper presented at the Calif. Coop. Oceanic
nvest . Conference^ November 16-18/ 1976/ Palm Springs/ CA.

manuscR.

Parrish/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/
y/ CA 939A0. Pers. comnun.

Klingbeil/ California Fish and Game Comm./ Long Beach/ CA

Pers . commun .

70

Paper 6

LITERATURE CITED

BAKUN/- A.

1973. Coaatal upwelling indices/^ west coast of North America/

1946-71. U.S. Dep. Commer./ MOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-671y

103 p.
1976. Coastal upwelling off western North America/ 1974. In

J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler). The environment of the United

States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 12-1--12-16. U.S.

Dep. Com.mer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish.

Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program)

Contrib. 104.
1978. Coaatal upwelling off western North America/ 1975. In

J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean

variability: Effects on U.S. Tiarine fishery resources -

1975/ p. 141-149. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS

C ire . 416 .

BAKUN/ A./ and C. S. NELSON.

In press. Climatology of upwelling related processes off Baja
California. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. (CalCOFI)
Rep.

NELSON/ C. S.

In press. Wind stress and wind
Current. U.S. Dep. Commer./

stress curl over the California

NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF.

PARRISH/ R. H.

1976. An assessment of environmentally related variation in
the recruitment of the California Stock of Pacific mackerel
(SCQdibgr iaoQDisys) and its implications for management.
Ph.D. Thesis/ Oregon State University/ Corvallis/ 111 p.

71

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i
152 149 i4€ {43 I^^O 137 !l34 t31

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Figure 6.1.— CompuUtion grid. Intersections at which upwelling indices are computed are marked with large dots.

74

PERCENTILIZED MONTHLY MEAN UPWELLING INDICES

60N. 149U

60N.146U

57N,137W

54N, 134U

51N.131W

48N. 125W

45N,125W

42N.125W

39N, 125W

36N,122W

33N,119W

30N.119U

27N,116W

24N.113U

21N,107W

M R M

1976
J J

R

66

' nfiii%\iit^ fy-f\^^^-^'-^f

6^ ^MJI

0 N D

|i^)ii4 iWl^j

56 SJ3='- .-^

N I

62 .: ...^ •-..^. .,_, 43Lj^J .4iltW' ~ k\i\^ .-75 75 7Z

68Lx"'7^ r-S?\ N ^T /^^3St\\^^l^4p^ 69; ^ 53

1 i ',-

20^-^/V 7&' 79^-62^ 85 ,81 ^i4\6^^~^^^^^-^^^^::^M^

Figure 6.2.— Percentalized upwelling index values for 1976. Percentiles indicate relative ranking within the 31-yr data set for each month
and location. The contour interval is 10 percentile units. Values below the median (50th percentile) are shaded.

75

Paper 7

OCEANIC CONDITIONS DURING 1976 BETWEEN
SAN FRANCISCO AND HONOLULU
AS OBSERVED FROM SHIPS OF OPPORTUNITY

J. F. T. Saur' and D. R. McLain

INTRODUCTION

Durino 1976 cooperating merchant ships continued to make sections
of surface salinity samples and of expendable bathythermograph
(XBT) observations on the San Francisco-Honolulu ship route
(Fig. 7.1). Similar sections of observations were obtained most
of the yearr but less frequently^ on the Seattle and Los Angeles
to Hawaii routes. These/ however^ were discontinued at the end
of October for lack of funds* and these two routes are not
considered in this paper. The sampling was done for the National
Marine Fisheries Service using funds provided by the National
Science Foundation under the NORPAX program.

Tne San Francisco-Honolulu route crosses a Transition Zone which
Lies between the cooLer/^ lower salinity/' modified subarctic
waters of the California Current and the warmer/ higher salinity
waters of the Eastern North Pacific (ENP). Laurs and Lynn (1975/
1977) indicated that the character and position of the Transition
Zone/ directly or indirectly/ influence the offshore distribution
and migration routes of albacore tuna movina from the central
Morth Pacific into the summer fishery off the continental west
coast .

Selected vertical sections of the data have been published
monthly in LishioS iQformat ion ' since March 1972. Interpreta-
tions of features in the sections were included through March
1975 (Saur 1972-75). Saur et al. (1979) discussed the char-
acteristics of long-term mean vertical sections of subsurface
temperatures trom the XBT data on the San Francisco route.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92P37.
"Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/
c/o Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ Monterey/ CA 93940-
'Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La Jolla/ CA 92037.

77

paper 7

In this report we present distributions of surface salinity^ sea
surface temperature (SST)/ and heat storage (surface to 100-m
Layer) during 1976/ and have extended the previously published
1972-75 time series of their anomalies through 1976. We discuss
the 1976 distributions and differences in anomalies from the
preceding years- An apparently atypical relation of positive
temperature anomalies occurring with negative salinity anomalies
off the Pacific coast during October-December 1976 is attributed/
at least partially/ to a decrease in evaporation and weak
vertical mixing by winds.

OBSERVATIONS

Observational programs and procedures for making XBT observations
aboard cooperating merchant shios have been described by Saur and
Stevens (1972). The "surface" salinities are determined from
water samples drawn at around 7 m below the surface. "Surface"
temperatures from the XBT observations are representative of
temperatures at about 5 m. Heat storage is presented as average
temperature from the surface to ICO m as determined from the XBT
observations. These observations were normally scheduled at 4-h
i ntervals .

For 19 76 the number of ship of opportunity transits/ number of
observations/ and range of observed values are shown in
Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

Number of
Transits Obs. Minimum Maximum Range

Surface salinity (o/oo)
Surface temp. (C)

27 814 32.37 35.59 3.22
31 926 10.0 25.9 15.9

Heat storage (C/ 0-10C m)

30

86fe

10.0

25.2

15.2

The locations of the observations are shown in Figures 7.2-7.4.
In these/ and other figures/ the location of an observation is
given by its great circle distance from a reference point/
21N12'/ 157^*2'/ which is in the ocean channel near Honolulu/
south of M?kepuu Point/ Oahu.

78

Paper 7

DISTRIBUTION OF VARIABLES DURING 1976

The time-space distributions of salinity/^ t emperatu re/^ and heat
storage (0-100 m) are shown in Figures 7 .2 r 7.3r and 7.4^ respec-
tively. The irregularly Located observations were first analyzed
by the NORPAX/ SUR FACE II computer program to a time-space grid of
24 intervals ^qt year by 92.6 km (50 n mi). The distributions
were then camputer contoured from the UDSIDQQthed grid fields
using double Linear interpolation with five subintervals within
each standard grid interval.

The surface salinities (Fig. 7.2) showed the underlying mean
pattern (Saur 1978) of a low salinity minimum (below 33.0 o/oo) a
short distance offshore in the California Current; a region
where salinity increased toward Hawaii and had maximum gradients
located between 2/OOC km and 3/>000 km along the route from
Hawaii; a region of maximum salinites (above 35.0 o/oo) located
between 500 km and 1 /■750 km from Hawaii; and somewhat lower
salinities (below 35.0 o/oo) most of the year near Hawaii. The
high salinities occurred where the vessel track crossed the
eastern end of the high salinity Eastern North Pacific Central
Waters^ located between 25N and 30N (Sverdrup et al. 1942).

The annual cycle of temperature is much more prominent than the
annual cycle of salinity. Minimum and maximum values and total
range for each gridded field are shown in Table 7.1. The
greatest range of salinty at a given position was about 0.5 o/oo
or only 15% of the total observed range. On the other hand/ near
the California coast the temperature range was 6.0C/ and near
S/COO km along the route (in the Transition Zone) the annual
range was 5.1C/ which were 39% and 32%/ respectively/ of the
total observed range.

79

P ape r 7

ANOMALIES DURING 1976

The time series since 1972 of anomalies of salinityr temperature^
and heat storage given by Saur (1978) are extended to include
1976 anomalies (Fig. 7.5). The mean data from which the
anomalies were computed did not include the 1976 data^ but were
for the same 8-yr period (June 1 966-De cember 1970/^ January
1972-June 1975) used previously. The grid fields for the
anomalies were numerically smoothed by a 5 x 3 point (60 days by
100 n mi) before being contoured.

The an
domi na
Two ex
was a
and an
(-0.2
migrat
winter
2^000
rout e
2.5 cm
anoma I
and Sa

oma I i
nt Ly
cept i
pul
ot her
o/oo)
ed we
/ bu
km in

was
/s in
ies a
ur (1

e s of

pas i

ons a

se o

in M

w hi

s tw a r

t th

Hay

abou

197

t 170

9 78) .

su
1 1 ve

re n
f be
ay-J
ch h
d al
en
and
t 3
2-75
m (

r f ac
/• t
otic
low
u ly .
ad a
ong
incr
June
.3 c
an
gene

e sal
hrough
eab I e .
no rma I
Near
ppea re
the tr
eased

1976.
m/ s a
d spe
rally

in i ty w
out the
Along

sa li ni t
er midse
d nea r 2
a c k / dec

in int

This p

s compa

eds of

in the t

ere g
f i rst
the Ca
y w at e
c t i on
,700 k
reased
ens it y
ropaga
red w i
2.9 c
he r moc

ene r a
nine
li f or
r in
the n
m i n
to
to
t ion
th ob
m/s
line)

lly

mon
n i a
J anu
egat
late
near
-0.2
spee
s erv
for

f ou

sma I I r
ths of
coast
ary-Feb
ive an

summer
norma

o/oo a
d a long
ed va lu

t emper
nd by D

but
1976.
there
rua r y
oma ly
1975
I in
round
the
es of
ature
orman

The outstandiog feature of surface salinity anomalies in 1976 was
the appearance of significant negative anomalies (below
-0.2 o/oo) at the California coast and also near the outer edge
of the California Current (near 2/800 km) in October. In mid-
November there was a band of negative anomalies (below -0.3 o/oo)
from near the California coast to midsection. Further^ anomalies
below -0.4 o/oo occurred in the Transition Zone and extended
toward Hawaii somewhat into the ENP region. These strong
negative anomalies appeared to be returning to near normal at the
end of the year.

The S
ence
F rom
over
about
to s
enti r
seaso
to ne
anoma
anoma
si gni

ST anomal

with d i

J anu ary t

most of

the last

i gn i f i c an

e route b

nal warmi

a r zero o

lies app

lies over

f i c ant I y

ies

Stan

h rou

th

600
tly
ecau
ng .
ver
ea re

the
nega

in 197
ce a lo
gh Apr
e rou
km ap
neg at
se of

Ui armi

most o

d nea

rest

t i ve V

6 ex
ng t
il t
te

proa
ive
the
ncj i
f th
r th
of
a lue

hi bi ted

he t r ac
empe rat
except
chi ng t
anoma I
pr ev iou
n July
e route
e Calif

the
s dur i n

the
k an
ure
that
he C
ies
s ly
bri e
. A
orn i
rout
q Au

earl
d low

anom

t hey
a I if o

occu
ment i
fly r

nar r
a coa
e re
gust

1 er

per
a I i e

wer
rni a
rred
oned
etu r
ow b
St a
turn
thro

obse
s i St e
s we
e neg

coas
i n

dela
neo t
and
t tha
ed/
ugh 0

rved
nee
re

at i V
t .
May
yed
he a
of

t t i
howe
ct ob

coher-

i n time.
positive
e within
A change
ove r the
onset of
nomal ies
pos it i ve
me . The
ver / to
er.

80

Paper 7

The pattern of anomalies of heat storage in the upper 100 m
differed considerably from that of surface temperature anomalies.
Only during the first quarter of the year was there some
correspondence of positive anomalies of heat storage and surface
temperature over most of the route along with negative anomalies
near the California coast. During May-July over the central
portion of the routes the positive anomalies of heat storage
persisted while the anomalies of SST changed to negative^ indi-
cating that the warm waters remained at depth but were covered
with anomalously cool waters at the surface.

Toward the last half of the year negative heat storage anomalies
progressively appeared over a larger portion of the route at the
Hawaiian end of the section. Otherwise/^ the patterns of signi-
ficant heat storage anomalies were very spotty.

DISCUSSION

The oceanic conditions in 1976 on the San Francisco-Honolulu
route began with the relation between surface salinity and
surface temperature anomalies which has been typical for at least
the period 1972-75. This historical relation had banded and
westward-migrating positive (or negative) salinity anomalies over
the eastern half of the route accompanied by positive (or
negative) surface temperature anomalies over most of the route.
This relation continued in the first quarter of 1976 when
positive salinity anomalies were associated with positive
temperature anomalies.

During midyear the relation broke down and 1976 ended with a
strongly atypical relation between salinity and temperature
anomalies. Negative salinity anomalies occurred simultaneously
for 1/'50C km along the eastern part of the route with positive
temperature anomalies--a reversal froti the previous relation.

For the years 1972-75 an heuristic model with anomalies dominated
by advective processes could explain the association of positive
salinity anomalies in the outer California Current region with
wider spread positive temperature anomalies. The California
Current is the fastest portion of the eastern limb of the major
(clockwise) gyre of the central North Pacific. Along the

81

Paper 7

San

nort

1 nc r

cool

wou L

the

and

of

in i

gr ad

nega

are

(or

fore

from

F ran
hw es
ease
, Lo
d ap
Tr an
t emp
the
nc re
i e nt
t i ve

w ea
deer
i ng

h ea

CISC

t t

i n
w s a
pear
s i 1 1
e r at
rout
asi n
s 0

sal
k o
ease
by w
t ex

o-Ho
o s
spee
li ni
fir
on Z
ur e
e/ a
pLy
f t
in i t
r no
) in
inds
ch an

no lu
out h
d of
ty,
St i
one .
anom
n in
nega
empe
y an
nex i
spe
. T
ge a

lu

east
the
modi
n th
Th
a L ie
crea
ti ve
ratu
oma L
st en
ed Q
his
nd V

rout
f e

Nor
fied
e Ca
is w
s in
se i

t em
re )
i e s
t in
f th
s i mp
ert i

e t
ssen
th P

Sub
lifo
oj Id

the
n sp
per a

but
beca

tha
e gy
le TI
ca L

he ave
tially
ac i f i c
arctic
rni a Cu
result
se area
eed of
tur e an
wou I d
use mer
t a rea
re cou I
ode Las
mi xi na

rage cu

normal
Gyre wou
Water wh
rrent re
in more
s . Over
the gyre
omal i es

not res
id iona I
(Peid 19
d resul
sumes th
is neg I i

r ren

to

Id b

i ch /

g ion

neg

the

wou

(due

ult

sail

69) .

t f

at t

gibl

t f
the
r ing

on

and
at i V

wes
Id a

to
ins
n i ty
Th
rom
he V
e .

lows
rout e

in
t he r

Late
e sal
tern
L so r
mer i d
i gnif

gr ad
e i nc

long
a r i a b

f rom
An

more
out e^
r in
i n i t y

half
esu 1 1
i ona I
i c ant
ient s
rease
-t e rm
ility

The patterns of salinity and temperature diverged greatly from
this model in the Last three months of 1976. Dickson and Namias
(Paper 2) noted that during 1976 the upper air (70C mb) patterns
also changed noticeably. During the first three seasons the
anomalous circulation was strongly zonal across the central North
Pacific. But during the Last three months* a high pressure ridge
established itself over the eastern North Pacific and west coast
of North America. The ensuing fair weather and 1976-77 winter
drought over the western United States were documented in the

??9Dttii.^ ypathe.1 Eivi§y-*

The br
r e I at i
ch ange
su rf ac
anoma L
Look
anoma I
heat
but ed
compi I
Anoma I
months
quadra
west
other
no rt "^ /
r out e .
means
comput

ea kdown
on betw

in ba La

e sa I in

ies we re

for pro

y to pos

ex change

to pos it

e d b y 5

ies were

of 1

ng Ies (5

of San

(4CN-45N

t hroug

Heat e

g i ve n
ed from

in 0
een
nee
ity

due
cess
i t i V
an
i ve
-deq

com
974/
5N-4
Fran
, 12
h w
xc ha
by
the

ct ob

sal
of o

i s

to
es
e .

d L
anom

qua

put e

19

ONr

c i s c

5N-1

h i ch

nge

Clar

1961

er t
in it
cean

a
incr
that
The
es s
a L ie
dran
d fo
75/
125vJ
o a
30W)
wa
anom
k et
-76

hroug
y and
i c p
quasi
eased
wou
poss i
vert i
s was
g Ies
r two

and
-130W
nd i

i s
te r s
a L i e s

al.
mont h

h De
tern

roce

-con
adv

Id

bili

cal
exp

at t
qua
197

) li

s c

the
nor
wer

(197

Ly m

cember
per a tu
sse s .
servat
ect i on
cha nge
ty th
mixing
lor ed
he Sou
drang I
6 (Ta
es ove
ros sed
ad j ac
mal Ly
e comp
4). W
ean s p

19
re a
If
i ve

to
a
at

by
us i n
t hwe
es f
ble
r th

by
ent
flow
ut ed
ind
ubli

76 o
noma L

we
prope
the s
negat
inc re
weake
g mon
St Fi
or t
7.2).
e Cal
the s
quad
bef o
fro
speed
shed

f th
ies i

cons
rt y a
out h/
ive t
as ed
r win
thly
sheri
he I
On
i f orn
hip r
rangl
re cr
m th

anom
in 19

e e
ndi c
ider
nd t
we
empe
ano
ds c
mean
es C
ast
e o
ia C
out e
e t
OSS i
e 1
a I i e
76

a r L i er
a ted a

that
he low

must
r at ure
malous
ont ri -

dat9
enter,
three
f the
u rrent
The
o the
ng the
961-71
s were
issues

* Prof es s ionaL journal of the American
Vol. 105/ Nos. 2-5/ February-viay 1977.

Meteorological Society/

82

P ape r 7

of Lishioa iQtoclQiat ion .

The anomalies showed that wind speeds were lower and heat gained
the ocean was much higher in 1976 than in the previous two
reased wind speeds along with occurrence of warm/'

by
years

The dec

moist air resulted in less evaporation and sensible heat loss
andr con sequeat ly / more heat retention by the ocean (Table 7.2).
Decreased wind speeds also permitted more stratification in the
ocean and thus a greater positive surface temperature anomaly
from thp excess heat aain.

from the excess heat gain.

The major characteristics
Table 7.2 are;

of anomalies which stand out

1 n

1) In both quadrangles there was a month to month consistency
of heat exchange anomalies in 1976/ particularly as compared
with 19 74. The same consistency occurred in the anomalies
of w i nd speed .

2) Above normal retention of heat by the ocean because of
reduced evaporation was the major component in 1976. Above
normal incoming radiation and Lower flux of sensible heat
were secondary terms. Year to year changes of effective
back radiation were relatively sitalL.

3) The total heat flux anomaly in 1976/ the anomaly from
decreased evaporation/ and the wind speed anomaly were
larger in magnitude in the area to the north of the route
(upcurrent) than in the immediate area of the XBT observa-
t ions .

The data presented in Table 7.2 indicated that processes (heat
exchange and vertical mixing) prev/iously considered small as
compared with advective processes ./ere/ at least partially/
responsible for the late 1976 reversal of the relation of
salinity anomalies to temperature anoTialies observed in 1972-75.
We are mindful that this argument is based on the assumption that
the salinity anomalies resulted from advection and that the
temperature anomalies were atypical. It is not immediately
apparent how one could interpret the data if the temperature
anomalies were assumed to be advective and it were necesssary to
explain the salinity anomalies as atypical.

83

Paper 7

ACKNOWLEDGf'ENTS

We thank the Chevron Shipping Co. and Matson Navigation Co. for
their cooperation and that of their ships* personnel in making
the observations used herein. The Fleet Numerical Weather
Central supplied the XBT nrobes and the use of computer
facilities at .lonterey.

This project was a part of the NORPAX program and was supported
by grants from the National Science Foundation^ Office for the
International Decade of Ocean Exploration.

LITERATURE CITED

CLARKx N. E./. L. E. EBERr R. M. LAURS/' .
S AUR.
1974. Heat exchange between ocean
eastern North Pacific for 1961-71,
Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-6SZr 1 08 p.

A. RENNER/' and J. F. T.

and atmosphere in the
U.S. Dep. Commer./' NOAA

DORMAN/- C. E .r and J. F. T. SAUR.

1973. Temperature anomalies between San Francisco and
lulur 19d6-197A^ gridded by an objective analysis. J.
Oceanog. 8:247-257.

Hono-
Phys.

LAURSr R. M./' and R. J. LYNN.

1975. The association of ocean boundary features and albacore
tuna in the Northeast Pacific. In Proceedings: Third S/T/D
Conference and Workshop/^ San Diegor Cf\r p. 23-30.

^^77. Seasonal migration of North Pacific albacore^ Ihunnus
aiaiungar into North American coastal waters: Distribution/^
relative abundance^ and association with Transition Zone
waters. Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:795-822.

REID/- J . L.

1969. Sea-surface temperature/ salinity/ and density of the
Pacific Ocean in summer and in winter. Ceep-Sea Res.
16(Suppl.) :215-224.

84

Paper 7

SAURr J.

1972-
Pac
Sou
197

1978.
U .S

Id
vap

P .
416

F. T.
1975.
if ic 0
t hwe St
3(1-12)
Ocean
. West

J • rV •

i abi t y:
151-168

Subsurface temperature structure in the northeast
cean. Eisjiina information (monthly)^ NOAA^ NMFS^
Fisheries Centers La JolLay CA 92C37-f 1972(11-12)^
, 1974(1-12)r 1975(1-3).

ic conditions between the Hawaiian Islands and the

Coast as monitored by ships of opportunity - 1975.

Gouletr Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean

Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975^

U.S. Dep. Commer./' NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ.

SAUR/- J. F. ^., L. E. EBER/ D. R. McLAINr and C. E. DORMAN.

1979. Vertical sections of semimonthly temperature on the
San Francisco-Honolulu route: From expendable bathythermo-
graph obse rvat i ons / June 1 966-De cembe r 1974. U.S. Dep.
Commer./' NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-728, 35 p.

SAUR/ J. F. T./ and P. D. STEVEf^S.

1972. Expendable bathythermograph observations from ships
opportunity. Mar. Weather Log 16(1)1-8.

of

SVERDRUP/ H. d./ M. W. JOHNSON/ and R. H. Fleming.
1942. The oceans: Their physics/ chemistry/
biology. Prentice-Hall/ Inc./ N.Y./ 1087 p.

and gene ra I

86

50*

«)•

40*

30*

20°

150*

MO*

130*

Strait

of Juon <Je FucoVo

IZO*

CZ3CX

ISeoitle

_Co(umbio R

^Portlond

/

.^^^^

Francisco

V

Mmmgmm

'c ^e.

A, '>> S^9eles

D> 'iawaiion Islands

''**''

' ' ■ ■ — *~

Figure 7.1.— Three oceanic domains (schematic) in the eastern North Pacific Ocean crossed by
cooperalinK merchant ships taking surface salinity and expendable bathythermograph observations
during 1976. Observations reported herein were taken on the San Francisco to Honolulu route (solid
line).

86

Surface Salinity (7oo)

o
o

Ui

c
o

c

o

CO

o
Q

o

k—

o

o

O

_3
O

<z
o

X

Figure 7.2.— Surface salinity in parts per thousand (7..) between San Francisco
and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate tbe locations of observations in
time and distance. Contour interval is 0.257...

87

Surface Temperature (°C)

o
o

o
o

CO ..

c_>

(S>

o

sz
o

X

1976

Figure 7.3. — Sea surface temperature in degrees Celsius (C) between San
Francisco and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate the locations of
observations in time and distance. Contour interval is l.OC.

88

Heat Storage, Tq/iqq^ CO

Figure 7.4.— Heat storage for the surface to 100-m layer, expressed as average
temperature (T) 0-100 m in degrees Celsius (C), between San Francisco and Hono-
lulu during 197G. S>Tnbols ( + ) indicate the locations of the expendable bathy-
thermograph observations. Contour interval is I.OC.

89

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92

Paoer 8

THE 1976 EL NINO |^ND RECENT PROGRESS
IN MONITORING AND PREDICTION

Wi 1 1 i 3ir H . Qui nn '

INTRODUCTION

In earlier papers^ the author (Quinn 1974^ 1976) presented
definitions and concepts regarding the El Nino phenomenon and a
method of predicting its occurrence utilizing Southern
Oscillation (S.O.) indices (pressure differences between sites
representing the Indonesian equatorial low and South Pacific
subtropical high) and other >/ariables. In 1975/ Quinn (1978)
predicted the 1976 El Nino type event. The prediction was
verified by an event of moderate intensity^ and indications from
data are disc^jssed here.

New methods of handling pressure indices and other variables for
monitoring ana predicting El Nino are presented in this paper.

CHANGES IN FILTER AND DATA APPLICATIONS

In ea
S.O.
How ev
me an
runni
anoma
subt r
from
c h anq
Lost
we a I
anoma
t e chn
F i qur
(SST)

r li e r p
i ndi ces
e r f in

f i Iter
ng mean
lies 0
a ct i ng

the i
e s (Fig

with
so use
lies t
i ques
e 8.2 s
f sea I

aper
i n
1976
(i
0 ve
f P
long
ndi V
s. S
each
the
o g
are
how s
eve I

s th
or

a s
nvo I
r th
ress
-ter
idua
.la

sue
less
ui de

app

p lo
/ an

e 12
der
w i t c
V i ng
e in
u re
m mo
I m
and
cess
-smo
ou
I i ca
t s o
d r

-mo r

to
h was
thr
vol ve

diff
nt hly
onthl
8.1b)
i V e a
ot h
r as
ble
f pre
a i nf a

unm ng
bring

made
ee su
d data
e rence

mean
y va I
Sin
ppl i ca
3-(no
ses sme
to d
s sure
II an

me a
out

to

cces

);

(w
va lu
ues )
ce t
t i on
runn
nt s
ata
inde
oma I

n f i I
i nte

the

s i ve

and t

ith

es of
to

h ree
of t

ing
and
f 0 r

X / se

i es

ter

rann

trip

pas
his
anom

pre

sho
moni
he 6
mean

out
o
a su
for

was
ua I
le
ses

was
a L i e
ssur
w th
hs
-mo

Pl

look

the r

rf ac

nea

appl
f luctu
6'-mo
of t

appl
s obta
e dif
e i nte
of ti
runnin
ot of
S . T
va r
e temp
r equ

ied to
at ions .
runn i ng
he 6-mo
ied to
ined by
fe rence
rannua I
me are
g mean/
index
he same
i ables .
er at u re
ator i a I

'School of Oceanography/ Oregon State University/ Corvallis/ OR
97331 .

93

Paper 6

sites that reflect the interannual changes discussed in this
paper. Due to the large month to month variations in pressure
and rainlallr a higher degree of smoothing was applied to their
anomalies in this illustration.

The
con j
peak
only
t nat
i n

El N
i ndi
year
sout
Case
oc cu
re I a

E I N

un ct

s in

on

i t
Fi gs
i nos
ce s

s 0
he as
s wh
r red
X a t i

i no (t
i on M
the a
the
occu ri
. 8.1a
] oc cu
c o n t in
as to
t t ra
ere th
too
on per

N)

ith

noma

dea
. T
an
r r ed
ued
rein
de
e in

ear
i orir

type

the
lies,
ree o
he St r
d 8.1

when
to fal
force
system
t e rann
ly or

resuL

act 1 vi t
re I axat
The in
f relax
onge r c
b for
the i nt
I rapid
the rec

(Sout
ua I re

too I
ted in

y s
i on

tens
at io
ases
st ro
e ran
ly t
u lar
hern
la xa
ate
weak

et s i
t rough
i t y of
n but

Cdeno
ng and
nua I r
hrough

seaso
Hemi
t ion
to fol
er Fl

n pr 1
s foil

such
also o
ted by

moder
e I axat

the e
na I r
sphere
was t
low th
Nino e

or t
owi ng
event
n t he
EN (S
ate^
ion w
ar ly
e I axa
sum
oo s
rough
vents

o and /o

ant i-E I

s depend

time of

) and

respect i

as large

mont hs o

t ion of

mer sea

ma I I r o

the sea

r in
Nino

s not
year

EN(M)

vely r
and

f the
the

son ) .

r it

sona I

The studies of Berlage (1957^ 1966) and
that the S.O. affected not only the
hinh but also the North Pacific subtrop
relationship .<as explored superficially
however^ in that case the Easter Island
the former Ship U location component us
filter. Here we consider Rape/' Austral
the old Ship N position/ because i
longitude/ ana use the smoother triple
on the index anomalies. A maximum cor
was obtained in this case. (This
confidence level.) Fiaure fc.3 compare
the Ship N-Darwin index. (The plots a
From visual inspection one can see
ledd-Lag relationship between the two i
the change in trend will show up firs
in another it will show up first
nevertheless/ it is evident that the t
being similarly affected by the S.O. I
from the Ship N-Darwin index will also
outlooks on Fl Nino ana eouatorial Paci

Troup (1965) indicated

South Pacific subtropical
ical high region. This

in Quinn and Zopf (1975);

component was compared to
ing the 12-mo running mean

Islands/ in relation to
t is much nearer the same
6-mo running mean filter
relation of 0.59 at no lag

is well within the 1%
s the Rapa-Darwin index to
re correlated at 0.80.)
there is no consistent
ndex trends; in one case
t south of the equator and

north of the equator;
wo high pressure areas are
n the future/ indications
be actively considered for
fie activity.

USF OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE TRENDS

A close relationship of fluctuations in north equatorial
coun t ercu r rent transport and resulting sea surface temperature
(SST) anomalies off the coast of Central America (illustrated in
fig. 2 of ks'yrtki 1973) to the interannual variations in southeast
trade strength (as reflected in the 12-mo running mean trend of
the S.O. index)/ was noted in Quinn (197A). In a recent climato-

94

P aper 8

logical investigation of the southeast part of the North Pacifier
time series plots of SST were studied for several Marsden Square
(MS) quadrants in order to find particularly suitable areas for
diagnosing changes associated with the El Nino type developments.
Figure 8.4 sho«s two of the quadrants selected; Ms 10(1)
reflects changes taking place along the equator^ and MS 10(3)
reflects changes in an area affected by the north equatorial
countercurrent . Figure 8.5 shows how the Easter-Darwin index
anomaly trend relates to SST anomaly trends for MS 10(1) and
MS 10(3) when the data are subjected to the triple 6-mo running
mean filter. MS 10(1) is next to the equator^ and when the
circulation is relatively strong (S.O. index is high) it shows
lower SST's due to the advection of cooler Peru current water
into the area and/or equatorial upwelling; when the circulation
is weak (index is low)/' SST's rise. MS 10(3) SST's reflect
changes in the north equatorial countercurrent transport
discussed earLy in the section. Table 8.1 shows lag correlation
coefficients between index and SST anomalies. Changes show up
about a month earlier in the index than in the MS 10(1) SST trend
and about three months earlier than in the MS 10(3) SST trend.
Events of significant magnitude are reflected in both the index
and SST trends of Fig. 8.5. The value of the corroborative SST
evidence is shown in 1961/' when the indication of a fairly deep
Easter -Darwi n index trough was not substantiated in the SST
trend. Since this trough was of much less significance in the
other index trends of Fig. 8.1ar an unrep resent at ive ly low Easter
input was the misleading factor in this case. As an interesting
sidelights Berla^e in 1960 put out a widely publicized forecast
for an El Nino in 1961 (Schweigger 1961). However/^ there was no
significant El Nino development in 1961. A comparison of the
East er -Da rwi n index anomalies with anomalies of the other indices
and the MS 10(1) SST anomalies would have precluded trie forecast.

Three-month running mean plots of the index anomalies and the SST
anomalies for MS 10(1) (Fig. 8.6) become particularly useful to
the forecast process between 18 and 3 months prior to the onset
of El Nino. However* they should also be followed closely during
the course of an event to determine whether a subsequent
secondary trough in the index is likely or a persistent recovery
from the initial event is probable.

THE 1976 EL NINO EVENT

In summer 1975 an outlook for El Nino type activity in 1976 was
prepared. The outlook was given at the October 1975 Eastern
Pacific Oceanic Conference and at several subsequent meetings*
workshops* and seminars. The 12-mo running mean of the Easter-
Darwin index was predicted to rise from the shallow early 1975
trough to a small peak by the middle to latter part of 1975 and

95

Paper 8

then to faLL off to a deeper trough in 1976. The analog selected
for this deve I opment was the 1964-65 situation. (There was a
rise from a shallow index trough in late 1963 to a small peak in
mid-1964/' then a fall to a deep trough in 1965 when an El Nino
occurred.) Heavy western equatorial Pacific precipitation was
called for in the latter half of 1976-early 1977.

The e
in I
8.1b)
3S t
t roug
anoma
a noma
w estw
and S
1975-
du r i n
consi
i nt en
resen
6-mo
t he r
the r
few
El Ni
was
the s
ab les

xpec
ate

F
he
h in

ly

lies
a rd
ST a
76/
g t h
der e
s ity
t t
r unn
a inf
a in f
more
no e
a ecu
e le c
at

ted sma
1975 an
igu re 8
index f

i ndex

for

off th

over
nomal i e
and Tab
e last
d to
. ) Tar a
he wes
i n g ru e a
all pea
all >ja s

months
V i d en c e
rate a
ted 196
var ious

U p
d th
.5 s
ell.
anom
MS 1
e CO
the
s f o
le 8
thre
be
war
tern
n t r
k (F

1/1

of

i nd
s to
5 an

loc

eak in
ere ha
hows t
F i gu
a Ly an
0(1) .
ast of

equat
r two
.3 sho
e El
St rong
Gi Iber

equat
end of
ig. 8.
30 mm
this h
i cat ed

time
a log ) .
at ions

the i
s been
he cor
re 8.6
d the
Fi gu

Peru
or i a I
static
w s pre
N i no

r 197

t Isla
or i a L

the r
2) . F
above
eavy r

that
of occ
Fi qu

we re

nte ran
a fal
robo ra
shows
as soc
re 8.7
and s
Pac i f i
ns alo
ci pi ta
events
5 very
ndb r d
P a c i f i
ainf a I
or the
normal
a inf al
the fo
u rrenc
re 8.2
affect

nua I in
ling t r
t i V e r i

the de
i ated

shows
out hern
c . Tab
ng the
t i on at
(Th

weak /
at a hav
c r ai nf
I anoma

pe riod

and it
I will
recast
e and i

shows
ed by t

dex tre

end sin

se in S

ep 3-mo

la rge

the

Ecuad

le 8.2

coast o

Guayaq

e 1972

and 197

e been

all; a

lies c

Apri l-

i s exp

occur i

for the

nt ens i t

how tre

his rec

nds
ce t
ST

run
peak
pos i
or

s how
f Pe
u i I /
-73
6 mo
used
nd t
lear
Dece
ect e
n ea
19

y (s

nds
ent

occ
hen
anom
ni ng
i n
t i ve
exte
s th
ru d

E cu

cas
de ra

to
he t

ly

mbe r
d th
r ly
76

im i I
of
E I N

ur red
(Fig.
al i es

mean
SST
SST
nd i ng
e SST
ur i ng
ador /
e is
te in

rep-
rip le
shows

1976
at a
1977.
event
ar to
va r i-
ino .

FURTHER OUTLDOK

In the suiiimer of 1976/ the further outlook to the Coastal Upwell-
ing Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) Peru project called for a hold-over
of the 1976 positive SST anomalies through February 1977 along
the Peruvian coast/ with a return to near normal coastal SST's by
March or April 1977. The analog given for the 1976-77 holdover
effect was the 1965-66 situation; however/ the 1976 onset was a
month or two Later (than in 1965) and the lag effect in 1977 was
also expected to be a month or two later (than in 1966).

In retrospect/ Wyrtki et al. (1976) reported that a patch of the
warm water that crossed the equator in the southward
transgression of earLy 1975 had been cut off and remained south
of the equator. Monthly SST analyses'^ showed this warm body of

^fisbioa iDfQ£!D3t joQ/ 1975 and 1976/ Southwest Fisheries Center/
NMFS/ NOAA/ La JollaJ CA 9203S.

96

Paper 8

water to remain west of Peru through the rest of 1975 and on into
1976. This residual effect along with the event triggered by
large-scale relaxation in the southeast trade system between late

1975 and mid-1976 Tas characterized by the falling indices
following the late 1975 peaks (Fig. 8.1b)] most likely caused the

1976 El Nino to appear as it did.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

L a rge-sc
0 ceano gr
part i cul
a s soc i at
can use
f Luctuat
hope in
predict
envi ronm
minimize
must be
es tab I is
the ca se
(March -M
a I ready
r eproduc
the re cr

ale
aph i
ar ly
ed w
t ren
i ons
the

cli

ent a

ef

caps

h s

ay)

unde
t ive
u i tm

c li

c c

i n
ith
ds i
an

f ut
rra t i
I i m
feet
ble
uj t a
In

pro
rw ay

St

ent

mat i
ondi
the
the
n S .
d p
u re
c c
pact
s 0

of
ble
both
ceed
; a
ock
fai I

c pat
t i ons
Pe ru f
S.O.
0. ind
rovi de

to s
hanges

so t h
n the

using

f i sh i
1972
ed wi
nd in

shou I
ures i

terns

i n
i she r
Me ha
ices

out I
ubst a

and

at p

fis

mon

ng or

and

thout

both

d hav

n 197

f a
the
y re
ve f

to
ooks
nt i a
to b
lans
hery
i tor
act i
19

CO

case
e be
3 an

s w

eas

gion

ound

ant

for

iiy

e a b
c a
H
ing
ces .
76

nsi d
s it
en c
d 19

ell

tern
/ a

tha
i c ip

env

imp
le t
n b
owev

and
So
the
er in

cou
onse
77.

as
t ro
ppear
t to
ate
i ronm
rove
o rou
e se
err f
pre
far
main
g an
Id be
rved

flue
pica
to
a la
ext r
enta

our
ghly
t i
i she
di ct
this
f i

El

arg
so a

t uat io
I Paci

be
rge ex
ernes
I chan
abil

asses
n mot
r y man
ion d

has n
s hi ng
Nino t
ued t h
s t o m

ns in
fie and
closely
tent we
in the
ge . We
i t y to
s their
ion to
agement
at a to
ot been
season
hat was
at the
in imi ze

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I th

of

P res

Aust

grap

A rma

Data

^ari

Fi sh

stud

Inte

Sout

a t u r

and

Q uep

West

Clay

0 reg

an k the
the Met
i den t of
ra L i an
hie Inst
da de

Service
ne Fis
e r ie s Ce

y. I
r- Amer i c
hw es t F
es and w
to Jos
OS sea I
er n Reg
ton C ree
on Stat

Dire
earo
t he
Biir e
itut
Chi I
/■ NO
he r i
nt e r
am

an T
is h e
eath
e M
eve I
ion
ch a
e U

ctor o
log i ca

Inst i
au of
e and
e; t
A a; t
es Se
/■ NMFS
grea 1 1
rop i ca
ri e s C
er con
. Diaz

dat a .

(Seat
nd Dav
ni ve r s

f the
I Ser
tuto d

Mete
Chief
he Na
he Pac
rv i ce
r NCAA
y ind
I Tuna
enter
di t i on
-And ra

I al
tle)^
id Zop
ityr f

C i vi
vice
el M
orol
of t
t i on
i f i c

(NM

for
eb te

Com
for
s ov
de ^
so t

Nat

f 3

or t

I Avi a

of
ar del
ogy;
he Nav
a I Cli
Envi
FS) -r

their
d to
m is sio
timely
er the

Un ive
hank K
i ona I
f the
heir a

t i on Se rv
P oLynesi e
Peru; t
the Dire
a L Weat he
mat i c Cen
r onment a I

noaa; a
i nva I uab
Forrest

n and R ic
i nf ormat
eastern

r s i dad /

ent S hor
Weather
School

etive par

ice and
r Franc
he Di ree
ctor of
r S erv i e
t er X Env
Groupi'
nd t he
le suppo

R. Mill
hard Eva
ion on s

t ropi ca
Costa Ri
t f now
Servi ce/^

of Oce
t i e ipat i

the
ai se;
tor o
the H
e of
i ronm
Nat
Sout
rt to

er

ns

ea

I

ca

o
of
te
Pa
f o

with

NOAA
anogr
on in

Chief

the
f the
ydr o-

the
enta I
iona I
hwe St
this
f the

the
mper-
ci f i e
r t he

the

r and

aphy^

this

97

Paper 8

project. Support by the National Science Foundation under the
North Pacific Experiment of the International Decade of Ocean
Exploration through NSF Grant No. OCE 75-21907 A01 and under the
Climate Dynamics Program of the Division of Atmospheric Sciences
through K'SF Grant No. ATM 77-00870 is gratefully acknowledged.

LITERATJRE CITED

BERLA6E/- H. P.

1957. Fluctuations of the general atmospheric circulation of
more than one year^ their nature and procinostic value. Mede-
del en. Verhandel./ No. 69/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p.

1966. The Southern Oscillation and world weather. Mededel.
en Verhandel./ No. 88/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p.

QUINN/ W. H.

197A. Monitoring and predicting El Nino invasions. J. Appl.
Meteor. 13:825-830.

1976. El Nino anomalous equatorial Pacific conditions and
their prediction. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The
environment of the United States living marine resources -
1974/ p. 11-1 — 11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic
Atmos. Admin-/ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MAR MAP (Mar. Resour.
Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.

1978. Equatorial Pacific anomalies and El Nino. IQ J. R.
Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability:
Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179-190.
U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

QUINN/ W. H./ and D. 0. ZOPF.

1975. The Southern Oscillation/ equatorial
and El Nino. Geofis. Int. 15:327-354.

Pacific anoma lies

SCHWEIGGER/ E. H.

1961. Temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific and their
forecasting. Soc. Geogr. Lima/ Boletin 78:3-50.

TROUP/ A. J.

1965. The 'Southern Oscillation.' Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
91:490-51) 6.

WYRTKI/ K.

1973. Tel econnect ions in the
S ci ence (Wash./ D . C . )1 80 : 66-68 .

equatorial Pacific Ocean,

WYRTKI/ J./ E. STROUP/ W. PATZERT/ R.
1976. Predictina and observing El
191:343-^46.

WILLIAMS/ and W. QUINN.
Nino. Science(Wash./ D.C.)

98

Table 8.1. — Lag correlation coefficients between Easter-Darwin (E-D)
index anomalies and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for Marsden
Square (MS) 10(i) and Marsden Squaxe 10(3). See Table 8.1+.

Lag in

E-D

index and

Months

SST

for MS 10(1)

-2

-0.693

-1 (index lags SST)

-0.732

0 (no lag)

-0.755

1 (index leads SST)

-0.761

2

-0.748

3

-0.717

4

-0.668

5

Period of record

1948-76

E-D index and
SST for MS 10(3)

-0.588
-0.636
-0.672
-0.694
-0.702
-0.693
-0.668
1949-76

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Table 8.4. --Location of stations used in the several

indices.

Chimbote, Peru

Darwin, Australia

Easter Island

Guayaquil, Ecuador

Juan Fernandez Island

Marsden Square 10(1)

Marsden Square 10(3)

Quepos, Costa Rica

Rapa, Austral Islands

Ship N

Tahiti, Society Islands

Talara, Peru

Tarawa, Gilbert Islands

Totegegie, Gambler Island

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130E51'

27S10'

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0-5N

90-95W

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9N25'

84W10'

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SON

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1N22'

172E58'

23S06'

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110

Paper 9

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES

Dougl as R . McLai n '

Monthl
depart
for th
the w
At lant
were
surf ac
m any n
and at
i nc lud
su rf ac
F i shin
are a
uses
t emper
ana Lys
the da
period
War II

y mean sea s
ures from a
e Gulf of AL
estern Nort
i c was mappe
mapped for
e marine wea
at i ons .^ T
low costx a
ing these
e temperatur
a Infg£mati
few impo rtan
the same 2
atures and
is; the d
ta and uses

i nc I udes
f and cluste

urface temperatures and their anomalies^ or
20-yr (1948-67) mean/' for 1976 have been mapped
aska-3ering Sea/ the eastern North Pacific/ and
h Atlantic (Appendix 9.1). The western North
d for 1974 (McLain 1976) and all three areas

1975 (McLain 1978). The maps are based on
ther observations made routinely by ships of
he observations are available in near real-time
nd are used to produce several data products
monthly mean maps. There are other maps of sea
e available/ in particular auifst ream ' and
gn.^ The areas covered sre distinct and there
t processing differences. Fishing Information
Q-yr base period as the present maps. The

anomalies are contoured and thus reflect
ata are not presented. The gulfstream presents
a full data set historical mean. The reference
years of sparse data/ particularly before World
rs of data from classical research cruises.

T echnigue

The observations of sea surface temperature were edited through a
two-stage filter. In the first stage/ all observations <-2.0C or
>40C were rejected. In the second stage/ observations >8.0C from
a reference value were rejected- The reference value was the
base period mean for the particular month and the particular

'Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/
NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93949.

^The marine weather observations are transmitted worldwide over
the GTS network. They are received at the Fleet Numerical
Weather Central/ U.S. Navy/ Monterey/ CA 93940.

^The gyifstream/ Oceanogr aphi c Services Branch/ National Weather
Service/ NOAA/ Silver Spring/ MD 2091D.

'fishing lQfe£[DSti2D' Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/
La~JolLa/ CA 92038T

111

Paper 9

1-deg sc,uare for the first two observations of that month; for
later observations the reference value was the current mean for
the particular month and 1-deg square.

Saur (1963) and McLain (1976/ 1978) discussed sources of error in
the observations ana in the maps.

LITERATURE CITED

McLAINy D. R.

1976. Monthly maps of sea surface temperature anomaly in the
northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico 1974. In
J. R. Gouletr Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United
States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 20~1--20.17. U.S.
D ep . Commer./ Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish.
Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program)
Cont ri b . 104.
197iS. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the
west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and
E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S.
marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 127-140. U.S. Dep.
Commer-/ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

SAUR/ J. F. T.

1963. A study of the quality of sea water temperatures
reported in logs of ships' weather observations. J. Appl.
Meteorol. 2:417-4 25.

112

Paper 9

APPENDIX 9.1

The maps cover the foLLowing regions

Gulf of Alaska
and Bering Sea

Eastern North Pacific

western North Atlantic

45N-63N
25N-50N
20N-46N

122W-180W

110W-150W
60W- 99W

113

114

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nONTEREY. CflLIFOBNIR

TEMPERRTURE RNOMRLY

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FEBRURRY 1976

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149

Paper 1 0

FLUCTUATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND
D.ENSITY AT COASTAL STATIONS DURING 1976

Doug Las R. McLain

Sea surface temperature (SST) and density measur
made routinely at many U.S. National Ocean
gages and other coastal stations for many years
data suffer from various problems such as ga
inadequate exposure to open ocean conditions/^ c
of stations allows the data to be used as an in
of climatic fluctuations in nearshore water
summarizes moathly mean SST and density fluctuat
long-term means for three coasts of North Americ
contoured in a common manner for each coas
climatic events and to allow comparison of flue
coasts .

ements have been
Survey (NOS) tide
Alt hough t he
ps in coverage or
areful selection
expensive monitor
s . This report
ions for 1970 and
a. The data are
t to flag unusue I
tuations between

This report is a refinement for 1976 of a similar report by
Goulet (1978). His plots were for 1974 and 1975 only/ as earlier
data were not available in a computer compatible format.
Subsequently/ a computer tape of all available historical monthly
mean temperature/ density/ and sea level data taken at NOS tide
gage control stations was developed.^ The Tides Branch of NOS
provided update punch cards of monthly mean data. These data and
certain Canadian data' were merged with the historical tape for
preparation of this report. The data are now archived by the
National Oc eanog raphi c Data Center and are available through
their Data Services Division.

McLain (1978) presented time series of monthly mean anomalies of
SST's at coastal stations along the west coast of North America.
Presented here are distance vs. time contours of long-term means
and anomalies from the means for 1976 SST and density at selected

Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/
c/o Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ Monterey/ CA 93940.

'J. R. Goulet/ Jr. end E. D. Haynes Df the Resource Assessment
Division/ NMFS/ NOAA/ provided for the editing/ keypunching/ and
quality control of these data.

'L. F. Giovando/ Environment Canada/ Vancouver/ B.C. V7V 1N6.
P e r s . commun .

151

Paper 10

stations along the coasts of Month America (Appendix 10.1).

The 1976 data are presented as anomalies from a long-term mean
for the period 1948-75. This reference period differs from the
1948-67 period used for other data sets such as maps of SST
anomaly (McLain^ Paper 9). The change was necessary to develop
means for certain stations which were established in the last
de cade -

The stations used in this report are shown in Figu
stations chosen were those which had the best
desirable characteristics: exposure to open ocea
long data records^ minimum gaps in data recordS/^ an
between stations. The ideal combination seldom
consequently many of the sations used were in estua
in coverage^ or were at varying intervals along the
example^ data coverage is poor in Oregon and Was
stations are in estuaries or are subject to river r
Neah Bay near the mouth of the Strait of Juan d
coverage was available from British Columbia ligh
have long complete data records from Dpen/ exposed

re 10.1. The
combination of
n condi t ions r
d equidistance

existed and
riesr had gaps

coast. For
hington as all
unoff (as at
e Fuca ) . Good
thouses which
locat ions .

The data are plotted as contoured isopleths of the long-term mean
and anomaly by month and station position along the coast.
Temperature data are in degrees Celsius while density data are in
sigma-t units C(density-l) x lOOOD. Density values are computed
for a standard water temperature of 15. OC. All monthly means
represent at Least 12 daily observations.

WEST COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES

The long-term monthly mean (1948-75) SST's at stations along the

mini mum values in
July or August .
AK^ while maxi mum
CA. The winter
southern stations
at t he nor t hern
February. S ummer
except

west coast of North America (Fig. 10.2) had

January and February and maximum values in

Minimum winter temperature occurred at Kodiakr

summer temperature occurred at Los Ancelesx

minima occurred earlier (in January) at the

(California to southern British Columbia) than

stations/' where minimum values occurred in

maxima occurred in August at all stations along the coast

at Neah Bay^ vJA^ where the maximum occurred in July.

Bakun et al. C1974) described the long-term mean distribution of
SST from ships in 1-deg squares of longitude and Latitude
adjacent to the west coast of the United States. Their data show
that offshore SST minima and maxima occur about one month later
than at the shore stations. This may result from more rapid
warming in spring and cooling in fall in shallower coastal
waters. The summer maximum temperatures reported by Pakun

152

Paper 10

et aL. (1974) are similar to those at the coastal stations but
winter minimum temperatures are about 1C lower at the coastal
stations. This depression of coastal coastal temperatures may
result from the lower heat capacity of the shallower water column
at the coastal stations as compared to the offshore areas.

Both Figure 1u.2 and the figure of Bakun et al. (1974) show a
horizontal trend to the isotherms near Point Conception/ CA/
oetween Port San Luis and Los Anqeles. This "flattening" of the
isotherms is an indication of change of ocean water masses at
Point Conception between the cold California Current water to the
north and the warmer water of the Los Angeles Bight to the south.

During 1976 the anomalies of SST's at coastal stations were
rather noisy and the only major trend was the presence of cooler
than normal water along the co^st during spring and summer from
Sitkar AKr south to California. During summer^ first in
southeastern Alaska and later farther souths the anomalously cool
water was replaced by warmer than normal water which reached
maximum anomalies of +2.5C at Yakutat/^ AKr and off southern
California in November and December.

WEST COAST DENSITIES

The long-term mean distribution of density along the west coast
of North America (Fig. 10.3) showed that minimum densities
occurred off California in February/^ probably in response to
winter rains. In Alaska/^ however/^ minimum densities occurred in
June or July due to snow and glacial nelt.

During 1976/' observations of density were spotty but showed
positive anomalies off most of the coast most of the year. Large
positive anomalies of density off San Francisco and Crescent City
were associated with drought conaitions existing over California
most of the year. The low densities at Kodiak/ AK/' in August and
September were apparently in response to local precipitation.

153

Pape r 10

EAST COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES

The long-term mean SST's at stations along the east coast
(Fio. 10.4) showed minimum temperatures at all stations
J anuary-Kar c hx and maximum t enperatures July-September. As for
the west coast/ the peaks were earlier (January ana July-August)
at the southern stations and later ( Februar y-^la^c h and
August -Sept ember ) at the northern stations- Minimum winter
temperatures of G.6C occurred in February at Portland/ ME/ and
maximum summer temperatures of 30. 7C occurred in August at
Key West / FL .

Two regions of rapid change of SST with distance can be seen
(Fig. 10.4). These regions are between Kiptopeke Beach/ VA/ and
Myrtle Beach/ SC/ and between Mayport and Miami Beach/ FL. As at
Point Conception on the west coast/ these regions are associated
with changes in ocean circulation and occur at Cape Hatteras and
Cape Canaveral/ respectively. Unlike Point Conception/ however/
where the greatest SST change between adjacent stations occurred
in summer (4.0C change in August)/ the greatest changes in SST
between stations on the east coast occurred in winter or spring
(8.2C change in January at Cape Canaveral and 5.7C in April at
Cape H at teras) .

Du r i nq
va lues
along
e as t er
i n Feb
(up t
was me
anoma I
but we
normal
the un
anoma I

1976/
were
the en
n Uni
rua r y /
o 2.6
nt i one
ie s w
re neg
dur i
usu all
y of -

samp
mis
tire
ted S

and
C abo
d by
er e
3t i ve
ng th
y col
5. 5C

ling at t
sing. In
coast as
tates (Wa
by March
ve normal
Taubensee
positive
to the
e fall/ a
d winter
was obse r

he Stat

J anua r

were ai

gner 19

SST 's w

at Cha

(1976&

at Mon

sout h .

nd beca

of 1976

ved at

ions
y ano
r t e'n
76).
ere a
r lest
).
t auk

SS
me ex
-77 b
S andy

was
ma I ie
pe r at

Anom
bove
on/ S
Dur i n
Point
T's
t reme
egan .

Hook

inc
s of
u res
a lou
norm
C).
g t
/ NY
were
lye
An
/ NJ

omp let e
SST wer
over mo

s w a r m i n

a I a long
This wa

he summ

/ and to
gene ra

old in N
ext reme

/ in Nov

and
e ne
s t o
g oc

the
rmi n
er

the

lly

ovem

ne

embe

many

gat i ve

f the

cur red

coast

g also

mont hs

nort h

be low

ber as

gat i ve

r .

C h ambe
data
of 197
e as ter
weat he
that
negat i
agreem
the SS
Miami
F I or i d
The s
to the
conseq

rl i n a
along
6-77 w
n Unit
r Stat
anoma L
ve du r
en t w
T data

or Ke
a air
t rong

e xt re
uent

na A
the
he n
ed S
ions
ie s
ing
ith
did
y We
temp
neg a
me I y
CO Id

rmst ro

east

St rong

tates .

for t

of a

Novemb

the SS

large

St/ F L

er a t ur

five a

south

/ dry

ng (P
coas t

nort h
Thei
he per
i r t e
er ove
T data

negat

Di c

es wer

noma I i

er n lo

winds

aper 5
to sho
e r I y w
r data
i 00 Ju
rn p e r a t
r most

In
i ve an
kson (
e not
es of
cation
from

) s

w th
i nds
/ fr
ly 1
u res

of
nei t
omal
1977

unu
SST

of
t he

ummar 1
e deve

occur
o m i^J a t
976-Ja
i n

the
her t h
i es oc
) a Iso
sua I ly
i n Nov

the
north

zed
lopm
red
iona
nua r
fall
coas
e ai
cur
sho

CO

embe

jet

and

air
ent
over
I We
y 19
19
t .

r t e
as f
wed
Id
r we

str
nort

te
of t

muc
athe
77/
76

Thi
mpe r
ar

that
i n

re a
eam
hwes

mper

he w

h of

r Se

indi

were

s i

atur

sout

sou

Nove

res

and

t .

ature
inter

the
rv i ce
cat ed
most
s in
e nor
h as
thern
mbe r .
ponse

the
These

154

Paper 10

atmospheric conditions enhanced heat loss from the waters
strengthened southward-flowing coastal currents^ and increased
vertical mixing. Evidently these processes were not fully
effective at Miami and Key West where SST's are more closely
associated with Gulf Stream advective processes.

EAST COAST DENSITIES

The lo
s how t
runoff
S andy
c losed
M i n i m u
Mar ch-
J anuar
no rt he
d i s ch a
in the
de laye
May-Se
Octobe

ng-ter
hat ma

is pa
Hookr

cont
m de
May X
y-Apri
rn St a
rge in

south
d to
pt embe
r at t

m me
ny o
rt i c

HJ,
ou rs
n&i t
wbil
I.
tion

spr
. T

the
r at
he n

an d

f th

u I ar

Ki

en

y

e a
Thi

s r

ing

he t

no

the

orth

ensi t
e st a
ly ev
pt ope
close
water
t t
s del
esul t
in th
i ming
rth

sout
ern s

y da
tion
i den
a ke
re
o
he

a y i
ed
e no

of
a s

hern
tati

t a on
s are
t in
3each*
g ions
ecu rre

south
n t he
from
rth re
m a X i m u
max imu

st at i
ons .

the
affe

the

VAr

of
d a
ern
time
ret a
lat i
m w a
m d
ons

eas
ct ed

tig

and
mini
t th
sta
of m
rded
ve to
te r d
ens i t
and

t c
by I
ure
Char
mum
e n
tion
ini m
sno
win
ensi

y g

dur i

oast
and r

at
le st o

wat e
ort h e
s i
urn de
wmel t
t e r p
t y s
ene r a
ng S

(Fig.
unof f .
Boston
nr SCr
r de
rn st
t oc
ns i ty
and
rec ipi
imi lar
I ly oc
ept emb

10.5)
Such

, ^A-r

where
ns i t y .
at i ons
cur red
at the

river
t at i on
I y is
cur red
e r or

Large and variable anomalies occurred at Charleston/^ SCr and
Mayport/ FL/ and resulted from fluctuations of river discharge
near these stations. For example^ the positive anomalies of
density at these stations February-May were associated with
drought during February and March (Dickson 1976a; Taubensee
1976a). Similarly the negative density anomalies at these
stations in June were associated with higher than normal
precipitation in the area (Dickson 1976b; Taubensee 1976b).

GULF. OF MEXICO COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES

The long-term means of SST's at all stations along the U.S. coast
of the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 10.6) showed minimum values in
January and maximum values in July or August. Minimum winter
temperatures occurred at the most northern/ estuarine station/

155

Paper 10

Dauphin Islands AL/ and maximum summer temperatures
the most southern^ open ocean station/' Key West/ FL

occurred at

D ur i

fair

patt

St at

a nom

and

Anom

peak

oc cu

peak

the

magn

(-5.

Arms

t emp

anom

temp

SST

ng 1

Ly

e r n
i ons
a I ou
Ja
a lou
ed

r r ed
i ng
coas
itud
U)
t ron
er at
a L ie
erat
anom

976/ obse
comp Let e
of SST an

f rem
sly cold
nua ry 19
s wa rm i ng
in March
over mos
in the L
t . The
e only
w as at
g (Rape
ures du r
s at Ga
ure were
alies wer

rvat i
and
oma L i
New J
at al
76 w
bega
at
t of
arge
negat
at K
Ga I ve
r 11)
i ng
Lvest
cause
e cau

ons of
showed
es s i m
er sey
I ?uLf
ith t
n in F
Cedar
the ar
nega t i
i ve a
ey irfes
St on /
i n
late
on du
d by s
sed by

SST

goo
i I ar

to

coa
he
ebru

Key
ea f
ve a
noma
t/ F

TX/

the
1976
ring
t ron

hea

's a

d CO

to

Flo
st s
g rea
a ry
/ F
or t
nom a
lies
L.

i n

i r

al

No

g no

t lo

t Gu

here

that

ri da

tat i

test

in T

L.

he

lies

i n
The

No
summ
so

vemb
rt he
sse s

If
nee

obs
oc
ons

an
e xas

Ano
rema

of
No
g rea
vemb
ary
f oun
e r .
r ly

to

coast
in spa
e rved
cur red
dur i ng
oma lie
/ and
ma lous
inder
Novemb
vember
test n
er .

of G

d gre

The a

winds

the CO

Stat

ce an

at e

S

De ce
s in

SST
coo

of
e r ov
wer
egati
Ch amb
ulf
at est
noma I
/ wh
Id/ d

1 ons
d ti
ast
ST's
mber
Fl
ano
ling
the
er m
e <
ve a
e r I i
coas
ne
i es
erea
r y a

were

me . A

coast

were

1975

0 ri da .
mal i es

then

year/

ost of

1 C in
noma ly
n and
t air
gat i ve
of air
s the
i r .

GULF OF MEXICO COAST DENSITIES

Long-term mean water density (Fig. 10.7) ranged from almost fresh
in January at Dauphin Island/ AL (in Mobile Bay)/ to open ocean
conditions at Key West/ FL . The months of minimum and maximum
densities varied and reflected variations in timing of local
river discharge. Minimum densities occurred January-June and
maximum densities occurred June-November.

Anomalies of density in 1976 i^ere variable/ and apparently were
related to Local fluctuations of precipitation and runoff.
Negative anomalies of density were observed almost all year at
south Texas stations. Positive anomalies occurred during
August -October from Dauphin Island to Key West/ and into December
at stations in southern Florida.

SUMMARY

Although coastal station data are noisy and have frequent gaps in
coverage/ they do show large-scale coherences among stations.
These coherences are in general caused by climatic fluctuations
that affect long stretches of coastline. An extreme example of
such a climatic change is the strong northerly winds over much of
the eastern United States during November 1976. These winds
created negative anomalies of SST at coastal stations of at least

156

Paper 10

-1C in magnitude from Portland ME/ to Mayportr FL/^ and from
St. Petersburgr FLr to Padre Islands TX. Extreme anomalies of
-5.5C were observed at Sandy Hookr NJ^ and -5.1C at Galveston/^

TXx in November.

LITERATURE CITED

BAKUN, A.r D. R. McLAIN/ and F. V. MAYO.

1974. The mean annual cycle of coastal upuelling off western
North America as observed from surface measurements. Fish
EuLl.r U.S. 72:843-844.

OICKSONy R. R.

1976a. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme

warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States.

Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-655.
1976b. Weather and circulation of May 1976. Temperature

reversal over the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:

1084-1089.

1977. Weather and circulation of November 1976. Record cold
over south and midwest for the second consecutive month.
Mo. Weather Rev. 105:239-244.

GOULET/ J . R ./ Jr.

1976. Tidal station t emperaturesr U.S. east coast and Long

Island Sound. In The environment of the United States
living marine resources - 1974r p. 19-1 — 19-9. U.S. Dep.

Commer.x Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin. r Natl. Mar. Fish.

Serv./' MaRMaP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program)
Contri b. 104.

GOULET^ J. R.f Jr. and E. D. 4AYNES.

197b. Coastal temperatures. In J. R. Gouletr Jr. and

E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S.
marine fishery resources - 1975r p. 21-23/ 34-39. U.S. Dep.
Commer.r NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

M c L A I N / D . R .

1978. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the
west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. and

F. D. Haynes (editors)/' Ocean variability: Effects on U.S.
marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 127-140. U.S. Dep.
Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

157

Paper 10

TAUBENSEE, R . E.
197oa. Wecither
p re c i pi tat i on
1 J4:fc09-a14.
1976b. weather

and circulation of March 1976. Record heavy
around the Great Lakes. Mo. Weather Rev.

and circulation of

drought in California

Mo. Weather

June 1976. Increased
Rev. 104:1200-1205.

WAGNER/- A. J.

19 76. Weather
drought in
Weather R ev . 104

and circulation of January 1976. Increasing
California and the southern Great Plains. Mo.

491-498.

158

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165

APPENDIX 10.1

Locations of stations shown in Figure 1C.1

West £02St

Adakr AK
Unaiaska f AK
Kodiak, AK
Yakutat/ AK
Sitkayr AK

Langara Island/' B.C.
Cape St . J ames r B.C.
Kains Island/ B.C.
Amphitrite Point/ B.(
Neah Bay, WA
Crescent City/ CA
San Francisco, CA
Port San Luis, CA
Los Angeles/ CA
Imperial Beach/ CA

51N52'
53N53'
57N45'
59N'33*
57N03*
54N15*
5 1 N 5 6 •
50N27'
4&N55 •
4SN2?'
41N45"
37N4£ •
35N1C'
33N43'
32N35*

176W39'
16 6W33 •
152W29*
139W44 •
135W21 '
133WJ4'
131W01 •
12&W02'
125W32 •
12 4W37'
124W12'
122W28 •
12 0W4 5 '
11fcWl6'
117W08'

East Coast

Eastport/ ME
Portland/ ME
Boston/ MA
Woods Hole/ MA
Newport/ RI
Montauk/ NY
Sandy Hook/ NJ
Atlantic City/ NJ
Cape May, NJ
Kiptopeke Beach, VA
Myrtle Beach, SC
Ch ar le St on, SC
Mayport/ FL
Mi am i Beac h / FL
Key West, FL

44N54*
43N4C"
42N21 •
41N32'
41N3C*
4lNr.3"
40N28"
39N21 •
38N58'
37N1C'
33N41 •
32N47'
30N'24'
25N46"
34N33'

66W59'
7CW15'
71W03'
70N43 •
71W23'
71W58'
74W01 •
74W25 •
74W58*
75W59'
78W5 3 •
79W56*
81W26'
80WG8'
81W49'

Syif of Mexico Coast
Pa are Island, TX
Port Mansfield/ TX
Port Aransas/ TX
Freeport/ TX
Galveston/ TX
Dauphin Island/ AL
Pensacola, FL
Cedar Key, FL
St. Petersburg/ FL
Key West, FL

26N04 •
26N33*
27N49'
28N57'
29N18"
30N15'
30N24"
29N08'
27N46'
24N33*

97W09'
9 7W26 '
97W04 ■
95W19'
94W47*
8 8W05 *
87W13 •
83W02'
82W37'
dlW49'

166

Paper 11

DATA ON COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS ALONG THE ATLANTIC AND
GULF COASTS DURING THE FALL AMD WINTER OF 1976-77'

J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong

The cold we
Gulf Coast
will undoub
res our ces
effects on
regard ing
and su rv iva
survival of
parts of th
young of
overwi nter
should be o
can best be
know ledge o
the va ri ous
condi t ions

INTRODUCTION

ather conditions that prevailed along t
during the winter of 1976-77 and the
telly have significant effects on the
and environment. Favorable as well
resource species are/' of course/- readi
their distribution^ migration^ reprod
I. For example^ the fall-winter spawn i

some northern species may be enhanced
eir ranges. Conversely/^ there may be
such species as menhaden and white sh

in estuaries. Consideration of po
n a species-by-species and region-by-re

given by the individual scientists who
f the life histories and physiological

species/ and familiarity with the
in the regions where they work.

he Atlanti
preceding
marine f i
as unfavo
ly conce i
uctionr gr
ng and I
in the sou
da mage to
ri mp where
ssible ef
gion basis

have sp
requiremen

e nvi ronm

c and
fall
she ry
rab le
vab le
ow t h /
arva I
t hern
the
they
f ect s
r and
ec i a I
ts of
enta I

This report presents air temperature anomaly data for selected
weather stations/ in order to describe the severity/ duration/
and distribution of the cold conditions along the entire coast.
Some discussion of possible effects on estuarine and coastal
waters is included.

'This paper was released in Tianuscript form as a NMFS Marine
Environmental Notice/ 22 February 1977. Data were derived from
Weekly Weather and Croe Byiietin/ Vol. 63 (for 1976) and Vol. 64
(for 1977)/ prepared jointly by U.S. Department of Commerce/ NWS/
NOAA/ and U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Statistical Reporting
Service; and Locgl C li ma tologic al Data/ Annual Summaries for
"•975/ Parts I and 11/ U.S. Department of Commerce/
Climatic Center of Environmental Data Service/ NOAA.

'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine
Service/ NOAAy N ar raqanset t / RI 02882.

National
Fisheries

167

Paoer 11

ENTIRE COAST COLDER THAN IN PREVIOUS 40 YEARS

Anomalies of monthly mean air temperatures for July 1976 to
January 1977 appear in Figure 11.1 for 12 coastal stations. The
anomalies are based on long-tem monthly means for the 40-yr
periods 1936-75. For comoarison with these anomalies^
Figure 11.1 aLso includes the extremes and standard deviations of
the monthly means for the 40-yr period.

The anomaly data in Figure 11.1 show colder than average
temperatures every month from October to January along the entire
coast except in southern Florida. Furthermore^ the record cold
anomalies of the past 40 years are equalled or exceeded in one or
more months at every station except Key West. At both Savannah
and Jacksonville the negative anomalies equalled or exceeded the
'fO-yr recora in three of the four months--all but December.
Record breaking anomalies are notable at Atlantic City in
January^ Jacksonville in November/^ and Galveston in October. In
December/ the. negative anomalies were relatively moderate along
the entire coast.

Some apparent regional patterns are:

-- North of Cape Hatteras/ negative anomalies in all months
from July to January.

- Hatteras to Jacksonville/^ negative anomalies in
months from August to January.

all

-- Gulf of Mexico/ negative anomalies in all months from
October to January.

To permit interyear comparisons of entire cold seasons/ averages
of the monthly mean air temperature anomalies have been
calculated for. the five months/ September-January/ at six of the
stations: Portland/ Atlantic City/ Savannah/ Key West/
Tallahassee/ and Galveston. These averages appear in Table 11.1
for the 1975-77 fall-winter period. Also listed in Table 11.1
are comparable values for each station for the four coldest
September-January periods of the previous 40 years.

The data in Table 11.1 clearly show: 1) that record cold
weather conditions prevailed in the fall and winter of 1976-77
alono the entire coast/ with the exception of southern Florida/
and 2) that unusually cold conditions in earlier years were
more Loc a li zed--not extending along the entire coast.

Longer records from a few stations (Providence/ 1905-1977;
Hatteras/ 1875-1977; Jacksonville/ 1S71-1977; and Galveston/
1905-1977) indicate that the 1976-77 cold season was unrivaled
during the years of record/ except at Providence in 1917-18.

168

Paper 11

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL STATIONS

Portlands ME

1) ALL 5 months beLow normal (2nd time in Last A1 years;
also in 1964-65).

2) AIL 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only
time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more
than 2 months).

3) Record low of 41 years in October.

4) Average anomalies for 5-mo periods -4.6F (-2.6C)r which
is 1.9 times the previous coldest (1958-59).

5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value.
Atlantic Cityr NJ

1) All 5 months below normal (5th time in last 41 years;
also in 1969-70.' 1968-69, 1967-68, 1962-63).

2) All 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only
time in last 41 years ^ith monthly means that Low for more
than 4 months; 4 months in 1967-68).

3) Record lows of 41 years in October, November, and
J anuary .

4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period, -7.6F (-4.2C),
which is 1-3 times the previous coldest (1967-68).

5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value.
Savannah, 6A

1) All 5 months below normal (4th time in last 41 years;
also in 1965-66, 1963-64, 1955-56).

2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal
(only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for
more than 3 months; 3 in 1967-68).

3) Recocd lows of 41 years in October, November, and
January.

4) Average of anomalies for 5-110 period, -5.3F (-2.3C),
which is 1.6 tin.es the prei/ious coldest (1969-70).

5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal December
value, and Decerr^ber mean below normal January value.

169

Paper 11

Key We St ^ FL

1) Three months below normals September above normaL/' and
December normal.

2) Only 1 month 1 standard deviation below normal
(January).

3) No record lows established in 1976-77.

4) Average of anomalies for S-mo periods -1.2F (-0.70^
which is 3.6 times the coldest of the 41-yr record
(1939-4u> .

Tallahassee^ fL

1) All 5 months below normal (only time in last A1 years).

2) Four of the b months 1 standard deviation below normal
(only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for
more than 7> months; 3 in 1969-73).

3) Record low of 41 years in October.

4) Average of anomalies for 5-tio perioo/ -5.2F (-2.9C)/
which is 1.6 times the previous coldest (1963-64).

5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal January
value/ and December mean below normal January value;
J?inuary was second coldest of 41-yr record.

■Salvestonr TX

1) Four months below normal (October-January) occurred 7
times in previous 40 years; only in 1943-44 were
temperatures below normal for all 5 months.

2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard Deviation below normal
(only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for
more than 3 months; 3 in 1943-44).

3) Record Lows of 41 years in October and November.

4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period/ -5.4F (-3.CC)/
which is 2.3 times the previous coldest (1943-44).

5) October monthly mean about equivalent to normal November
value/ ^govember mean below normal December value/ and
December mean below normal January; January mean was second
coldest in 41-yr record.

170

Paper 11

EFFECTS ON ESTUARINE AND COASTAL WATERS

Increased vertical mixing: The increased density of chilled
water v. i I L accelerate vertical mixing and alter normal
circulation patterns in inshore waters.

Ice covgr: oecause the onset of ice cover causes abrupt
cessation of uina driven vertical tiixingx the salinity in some
estuaries may be above normal near bottom and below normal near
the surface.

^icreased rung,ff : Decreased coastal runoff resulting from frozen
streams and snowfalls instead of rainr results in general
elevation of estuarine salinities^ although the opposite effect
can be looked for in the upper oarts of mixed estuaries where the
penetration of saline water along the bottom is driven by surface
flow toward the ocean.

ice cover effects in CQastaJL zane: Ice cover and near freezing
temperatures in estuaries and lagoons along the southeast
Atlantic coasts where such conditions are a rarity^ may severely
affect some resident marine species. Along the northeast coast
su-ch conditioDSr although normal in the winter/^ may be having
marked effects on the marine life because of their unusual
duration/' offshore extension/ and depth penetration.

Strong seriQii runoff: Wherever there are above normal
accumulations of snow and ice in the drainage basins^ the
possibility exists of strong spring runoff. In the estuaries^
this would result in an abrupt reversal of the salinity and
circulation conditions that now prevail. On the inner
continental shelf^ strong runoff could lead to early
stratification of the water column with the possibility of anoxia
developing next summer^ as occurred last summer off New Jersey.
Despite the accumulation of snow and ice in the drainage, basins/'
however* strong runoff will sti I L^ depend on the volume of
precipitation during the spring and -timing of the thaw.

I!}§if yaie£ tenjQer atures : Not only should water temperatures be
expected to equal or go below record low values* but the normal
spring and summer warming cycle may be delayed. Persistence of
the cold water can be expected* particularly in bottom waters
over the outer continental shelf* where the cold water becomes
insulated from seasonal warming by formation of a warm surface
layer. The vertical stratification may also be stronger than
usual because of cold dense water persisting at the bottom.

The Atlantic Environmental Group* NMFS* is attempting to
determine whether the warm Slope Water that contacts bottom on
the outer continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight could be
displaced in 1977 by abnoririally chilled Shelf Water. Such

171

Paper 11

displacement night increase m3rtality of tilefish and ether
bottom dwelling animals whose distribution is apparently limited
to the Slope Water zone^ where the temperature regime is normally
quite stable throughout the year. (The well-known mass mortality
of tilefish off the Middle Atlantic in Warch-May 1882 was not
preceded by a cold winter.)

RECENT REPORTS OF COLD WEATHER EFFECTS ON FISHERY RESOURCES

The follow inq information has come to our attention on the
apparent influence of the cold weather on the fishery resources:

ybit§ Sbci!!lQ iO So^tb Q.§.Q2i.iQi* A newspaper article from the
United Press International dated February 19/^ 1977 reports that
"Charles H. Farmer^ head of the [South Carolina] Department of
kJildlife and Marine Resources' crustacean management program^
said a week-long survey showed the cold weather has virtually
wiped out the white shrimp that spend the winter along the South
Carolina coa st . "

Snook and other traQical fisti in Florida: Thomas H. Fraser/
Environmental Quality Laoratory/^ Inc./' Port Charlotte^ FLx has
informed us by telephone that unusually widespread kills of snook
were reported in Florida during and following the extremely cold
weather in the third week of January. Other species for which
kills were reported or observed by Fraser during the same period
of January include mcjarra^ ladyfish/^ crevalle/ and tarpon.
Fraser advised that cold weather kills have been reported in
Florida for each of these tropical species in earlier years.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We ap
W e a t h
us wi
1977^
As hev
Dona I
W ashi
S andy
of th
Labor
sour c
En vi r
W . Ch
the f

p re c i at
e r Sup
th the

and R
i lie/ N
d L. G
ngt ODr

Hook
e snook
ator y^
e s of i
onment a
r ist ma
i gu r es .

e t
po r t
Week
00 er
C/ w
ilma
DCr
Labo
ki I
Sout
nf or
I
de t

he c
Serv
ly We
t G.
ho su
n, N
gave
ra tor
I in
heas t
mat io
Group
he St

ooper a
i ce r N
at her
Quayle
p p I i e d
at i ona
advic e
y /• Nor
F Lor i
Fi sh e
n on F

of
ati St i

t ion
WS/
and
r Na

the
I M

on
thea
da/
r i es
lori

N«1F
ca I

of

NOAA

Crop

t ion

n i s

et eo

sour

st F

and

Cen

da f

S/

ca Ic

Ly
/ Wa
Bui
al C
tori
rolo
ces
i sh e

Al
ter /
ish
Dav i
ulat

le

shin
leti
lima

Col

g i ca
of d
r i es
ex an
ref
ki II
d A
ions

M. Oe
gton /•
n for
tic C
air t
I Ce
a ta .

Cent
der
e r red
s .

. Mi z
and

nny / A

DC/ wh

1976
ente r /
empe rat
nt e r /

John A
er / fir
D r a g o V i

us to
In the
enko a
he Ipe

g r 1 cu
o sup
and
EDS/
u re
NWS/
. Hoi
St to
c h/
addit
Atl
nd P
d pr

Itur e
plied
early
NCAA/
da t a .
NOAA/
St on/
Id us
Miami
i ona I
antic
obert
epare

172

Table 11.1. — Averages of monthly mean air temperature anomalies (de-
grees F) for September-January at selected Atlantic and Gulf coast
weather stations. The averages for 1976-77 are listed for each sta-
tion. Only the four coldest averages from the previous i|0 years are
listed.

Portland

Atlantic
City

Savannah

Key West

Talla-
hassee

Galveston

1976-77

-4.6

-7.6

-5.3

-1.2

-5.2

-5.4

1970-71

-2.2

1969-70

-3.8

-3.3

-2.5

1968-69

-3.3

-1.9

1967-68

-5.9

-2.9

1963-64

-3.1

-1.6

-3.3

1961-62

-1.4

1960-61

-2.2

1958-59

-2.4

-2.9

-1.5

1956-57

-2.4

1955-56

-2.4

1954-55

-1.7

1943-44

-2.7

-2.3

1939-40

-1.9

-1.8

1937-38

-1.6

173

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN

+10-1
+ 5

—i

- Si
-10

♦ 5
0

- 5 -

-10^
+ 5 -

- 5
-10
-15-1

0
- 5-
-10 -

+ 5 '

- 5 .

-10 -

I- 5 1
0

- 5
-10
+ 5

0

- 5
-10
+ 5

- 5-
+10-

+ 5-
0-

- 5 .
-10-

+ 5 -I

■ 5 .
-10-

■10

•■ Si

0

- 5i

-10-

• I I H

1:11

*■".•• -I

T^^

'^

■'11-'- I

T

' -'- ^ -:-- I

l^^TT

T

ANOMALY FOR \'ilhm

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
VALUES FOR 1936-1975

i 1 STANDARD DEVIATION
FOR 1936-1975

5-

• ■

• . . • •

5-

--^-.:l:r.

1

-\~~

1

11:1

Figure 11. 1. — Anomalies of monthly mean air
temperatures at selected Atlantic and Gulf
coast weather stations. July I97fi-January
1977. based on long-term monthly means for the
4(1 years, 1936-75. Shown for comparison are
the maxima and minima and standard devi-
ations of the anomalies for the same period.

174

Paper 12

WIND DRIVEN TRANSPORT
ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF MEXICO

Merton C . Ingh am

INTRODUCTION

Variations in surface currents and transports resulting from
changes in the overlying wind field are significant factors in
the survival and development of the early stages of several
resource species and the strength of year classes of their
populations. This is especially true for species whose larvae
spend a relatively lonq period of time as plankton in the surface
layer.

An example of the influence of wind driven transport on larval
survivals recruitments and year class strength can be found in
the Atlantic menhaden. Winter spawning of this species takes
place south of Cape Hatteras at some distance offshore^ near the
edge of the Gulf Stream. Eggs and larvae from this spawning
activity are transported toward estuarine nursery grounds/ under
favorable conaitions/ by wind driven currents in the surface
layer. Studies of monthly Ekman (wind-driven) transport and
recruitment for the years 1955-70 have revealed a strong link
between years of high or low recruitment and years of strong or
weak westward Ekman transport during January-March. A model
relating these factors shows that variations in January-March
zonal Ekman transport at a point south of Cape Hatteras accounts
for about 60% of the variation between actual and expected
(density-dependent) recruitment (Nelson et al. 1977).

In addition to the effect of «/ind driven transports on larval
drift/ there are other reasons for scientific interest in the
variations of Ekrran transport:

'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National
Service/ NOAA/ N a r ragnase 1 1 / RI OeLbbd.

Marine

Fisheries

175

Paper 12

1. Coastal upweLlingr »(hich is quite prcnouncea along the
Pacific coastr is a consequence of offshore transports of
this type and can occur along any coastline/' given the
appropriate wind stress.

2. Coastal circulation patterns/ such as those described by
Armstrong- for the western Gulf of Mexico/ are strongly
influenced by variations in Ekman transport.

The position of water nasses and their boundaries/ such

Shelf Water/Slope Water front along the Atlantic

..^enced by wind driven transports. As a

the distribution of pelagic fishes also may be

Q^ them tend to associate with

especially in frontal areas.

3.

as the

coast/ are influenced

consequ eo ce/

influenced because many

particular water masses/

4. The efficiency of productivity cycles and their timing
in a particular location may depend a great deal on the
presence or absence of specific water masses/ whose movement
may depend largely on wind driven transport.

The data portrayals presented here are drawn from among the suite
of parameters computed from monthly average pressure distribu-
tions.' Figures 12. 1-12. A graphically display mean monthly Ekman
transport values for 1976 and for a 10-yr base period/ taken from
an alternate 3-deg grid for the Atlantic and a 3-dea grid for the
Gulf of Mexico. Table 12.1 contains the corresponding zonal and
meridional transport values-

In order to provide a more complete set of data for studies in
areas not well represented by the locations selected for
Figures 12.1-12.4/ the 1976 mean monthly and 10-yr monthly mean
zonal and meridional trans^o^t values for all points on the 3-deg
grid in the mapped areas are portrayed in Appendix 12.1.

^ Arms t rong x
salinity and
Texas Outer
Oceanography/
Galveston/ TX

R. S. 1976,
circulation.
Continental
p. 43-51.
77550.

Seasonal cycle of temperature/

In Environmental Studies of the South

Shelf/ 1975/ Vol. 11/ Physical

Gulf Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/

^Data provided by Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine
Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA V3940.

176

Paper ^^

DISCUSSION OF 1976 CONDITIONS

Atlantis (Figs. 12.1 and 12.2)

Si gnif
of me
during
(No venn
were t
winds
compon
Februa
that p
one-ha
from t
much
of f sho
hi gh r
early

ic ant
an mo

the e
be r-De
o the

f rom
en t of
ry in
er i od
If th
he sou
ua rmer
re . T
iver r
St rat i

anom
nth I
ar ly
cemb
sout
the
Ekm

th
(197
at s
th we

an
hi s
unof
fi ca

a lous CO

y Ekman

months

er). D
heast in
sout hwes
an tran
e 31 yea
1 ) s howe
hown in
st^ espe
d more
condi t io
f along
tion ove

ndit
t ra
(Fe

ur i n
st ea
t in
spor
rs o
d ea
1976
ci al
hum
n y i
the
r th

ions
nspo
brua

9 f
d of

st ea

t w

f re

stwa

T

ly i

id a
e Ide
coas
e sh

are r
rt for
ry-Mar
ebruar

to th
d of t
as la
cord .
rd t ra
hes e a
n Feb
i r t ha
d unse
t and
elf (A

e vea I ed

both 3

ch) an

y and
e sout
he nort
r ger t
Only o
nspor t s
noma lou
rua ry*
n usual
a sonab I
apparen
rms t ron

in the
5Nr 75W
d the
March t
hw est *
hwes t .
han f o
ne othe
* and i
sly per
brough
and ve
y mild
tly led
g/ Rape

197

and

lat

he t

pro

The

r a

r Fe

t w

s is t

t w

ry f

wea

to

r 17

6 r
40N

e m

rans

duce
eas

ny

brua

as

ent

ith

ew s

t her

unus

).

ec ord
r 7 0W
ont hs
ports
d by
twa rd
other
ry in
about
winds
t hefti
torms
a nd
ua I ly

Another possible impact of the unusual southeastward transports
in February and March is the loss of larvae of several commercial
species from 3eorges Bankr located immediately northeast of 40Nr
70W. Once transported off the Bank to the southeast the larvae
would be in a more hostile/' deep-waterr pelagic environment and
probably would be permanently lost from the year class.

Dur i n
were
condi
pe rs i
usual
of t
w i nt e
Paper
the u
could
away
deve I
s t age

g Novem
toward
t ions/
stent /
I y larg
he cont
r exper

11).
n u s u a I
have
from
oping
s would

be r

th
but

st r
e t r
inen
ienc

Her
tr an

c au
Ge or
on

suf

and
e s
the
ong
ansp
tal
ed b
e a
spor
sed
ges
the
f er

De ce
outh
i r

nor
or ts
air
y th
gain
t s s
si gn

Ban
Bank
loss

mber
west
magn
t hwe

b ro
mass
e ea
r a
hown
i f i c
k.

at
es .

at
r in
itud
st er
ught

' yi
st c
s wa

at
ant

Fis
that

these

agre

es w

I y wi

with

eldin

oast

s t he

AONr

t rans

h la

time

two p
e ment
ere u
nds wh

t hem
g the
( Ch amb

case
70W re
port o
r V ae

and s

o int s
with
nusua
i ch p
thee
re cor
e r I i n
in Fe
f lect
f pla
f rom
till

th
the
iiy

rodu
old
d br
an
brua

con
nk to

the
in t

e t
10-y

lar
ced

tem
eak i
d A
ry a
dit i
nic

ye
hep

rans
r av
ge.
thes
pe r a
ng s
rmst
nd M
ons
orga
ar
lank

por t s
erage
The
e un-
tu res
eve re
rong /•
arch*
which
ni sms
class
tonic

The anomalous transports which occurred in the vicinity of 35N*
75V in February and March should have had an impact on the
transport of menhaden larvae spawned offshore south of Cape
Hatteras in the January-March period. The eastward components of
the transports would tend to transport the larvae offshore* away
from the estuarine nursery areas they require for development-
That portion of the spawning and larval transport which occurred
in January* when there was a westward component in the Ekman
transport* should have been more successful.

177

Paper 12

In the vicinity of 33 iN/ 80W/^ an area of considerably smaller
Ekman transports^ the most unusual condition in 1976 was the
relatively strong northeastward transport in June. Such trans-
port should have resulted in some upwelling along the Florida
shelf. During July the transport shifted to southeastward and
'.was stronger farther norths at 35 N'/ 75Wx which could have
produced upwelling on the shelf off Georgia and the Carolines.

&yif of :!!exico (Figs. 12.3 and 12.^)

The most apparent departure in 1976 from the 10-yr mean condi-
tions in the Gulf of Mexico was the strong northwestward
transports during the October-December period. These transports*
which were Bore westward than normal at all three of the
positions portrayed/ are the consequence of unusually strong or
persistent northeasterly winds during the early part of the
severe winter of 1976-77. These conditions should have produced
unusually strong onshore and counterclockwise alongshore flow.

During January the difference between the transport vectors at
27Nr 96W and 27N, 90W/ which usually produces counterclockwise
nearshore circulation in the western Gulf (see footnote 2)/ was
greater than normal. This condition should have led to more
intense nearshore flow to the west and south (counterclockwise).
In February and Inarch the difference in transport values between
the two positions reversed/ with the stronger value at 27N/ 96W/
including a strona eastward component. This may have caused a
reversal in nearshore circulation/ to clockwise/ during February/
a month earlier than normal.

LITERATURE CITED

NELSON/ <^ . R ./ M. C. INGHAM/ and W. E. SCHAAF.

1977. Larval transport and year class strength of Atlantic
menhaden/ BLSVQQLlia t^tSQQii- Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:23-41.

178

Table 12.1. — Monthly average Ekman transports for selected points off the U.S. east
coast and in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976. Units are t/s-km. Positive is eastward
or northward.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May J\m J\il Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

UO°N, 70°V

Zonal

Meridional

35°N, 75°v

Zonal

Meridional

30°N, 80°W

Zonal

Meridional

27*^, 8U^

Zonal

Meridional

27°N, 90°W

Zonal

Meridional

27°N, 69°V

Zonal

Meridional

-70 170 30 -90 2U0 180 110 20 20 -20 -200 -I30

-220 -700 -190 -270 -290 -260 -250 -70 -90 -kO -760 -i470

-60 130 80 -50 180 170 100 10 0 -50 -190 -100

-170 -Ui+0 -li+o -80 -90 -30 -290 30 0 30 -310 -180

-60 10 100 -10 190 180 80 UO 10 -150 -180 -120

20 -20 30 20 20 lUO -110 I60 80 210 60 60

-270 -30 220 -30 220 100 20 -10 10 -38O -1480 -260

500 170 1+30 190 70 260 10 160 110 650 720 570

-3U0 -10 520 80 30 100 10 -130 -60 -520 -7U0 -1+50

780 260 960 630 230 550 160 210 230 770 1020 720

20 klO 530 1000 210 500 790 190 120 -2i+0 -68O -i+80

14.50 330 1110 iiuo 510 790 890 320 I470 620 880 520

179

45' -

40«

35'

30«

1 1 I I I I I — I— I — 1—1

looomermc roms/sec/KU

25"

- 45'

40'

35'

- 30«

MONTHLY IKMAN TRANSPORT
1976

_L

25'

SO"

75'

70'

65'

Figure 12.1.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for I9"fi.

180

80«

45»

40"

35"

30'

25» -

75

"T

40»N,70''W

JAN DEC

® 35»N,75°W

AN ^\ DE(

iooomcthic tons /sec /km

DEC

- 45*

- 40*

MONTHLY EKMAN TRANSPORT

10 YEAR MEAN
1964-1973

I I

- 35"

30*

25«

80"

75"

70'

65«

Figure 12.2.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for the

lO-yr period 1964-73.

181

30'

25°

20"

lOOO hieTRfC To/ts/sec/KM

95" SO" 85°

Figure 12..'!.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976.

182

30» -

25*

20«

Figure 12.4.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for the 10->t period 1964-73.

183

APPENDIX 12.1

Mean monthly Ekman transports (t x 1G/kfr-s)
in the western North Atlantic and the Gulf of
Mexico for 1976 (upper numbers) and for
196't-73 (lower nuTibers). Left numbers are
zonal (positive eastward) and right numbers
are meridional (positive northward).

184

80'

75

70

45'

JANUARY

40° —

-19r22 -21,-30 -7r32 lL_-'ll
-27-52 -5?~-/43 -'12-25 -5y-li\

W 1-18 -7 r29

35° —

30

4.^

■Il_rl9 -2,-21
■33-37 -39^-28

— 45'

— 40

39i_-57

■SrS
■5"^2Q

Lizij -/ riy 11_iz'J7 rji-
25^41 -39-17 -61-3 -8^7

-3,-12 7,-2^ 2'ir/40 39_,-^t7
9jr~-9, -.'i6~^fi -63^13 -73 'l^

— 35

25° —

1

0 -11,-1 -V2 1,-3 5_r5 13 ,-8 15_r7
If -15 2~16 -5~3 -iFs -19"^8 -27'^9 -3^}'^n

■18,2/) -6, 10 -1 _l6 3j 10 SM^ 7117

16-6 10^-3 12-0 12~1 9^ 7 2

51,132 -37, 132 -17, 103 -13,66 -8. 62 1_J3 24_S7
\ I II

— 30

— 25'

80'

75

70

65

185

80'

75

45'

40'' —

35° —

30° —

25'

FEBRUARY

— 45'

. , 16|-70 17_r67 22 ,-R7

■.::;::i:i^^o -35 -I'v-m -ir -12

20_r75 19 1-84 20_|z88 25 1-90
1'4 -47 -15-34 -23-15 -32-5

9 ,-61 19r60 21 ,-54 23_r73 33 ,-86
2 "^-35 -24"^'42 -32 "^-25 -45"^5 -50 "^16

10,-31 10r32 12 1-30 17r33 25 ,-40
-14^-23 -34 42 -54"^ 9 -57"^23 -74 '27

— 40

— 35

l4_-2 li-2 1 I -2 1,-2 4 I -2 lliz
-10-15 -16-5 -12^ 6 -40 "JJ -44' 17 -471

3
17

30

-4, 17 -3,11 -2,10 0_jl2 5 ,15 IIJO
2-1--3 -^-1 -7r3 -9+7 _i2+7 -12'^5

-25.102-14 116 -7 98 -13 64 -9 59 2 54 9 80
?¥' 3 63T] 54"T^6 43+-3 4J+D 37+1 31+1

25'

80'

75

70

65

186

45*' —

40° —

35° —

30° —

80°

I

75

70

MARCH

45'

-5|-21 -3_r?l -3,-21
1^-24 -15-20 -20'-ll

— 40'

-l_rl2 -8,-17 -5_rl6 -1,-19
-17"^20 -2F-20 -23"^12 -3?"-5

5,-12 -1,-15 -5_r26 -1 r28 10_r31
"^-.14^5 -2ir-13 -37-7 -5^/4 -57"^13

— 35

12-8 lOijll 5i-17 -1-27 2i-35 19i -38
lF-2 -15-1 -28'^ -4FIQ -53^17 -71 18

7_L_ 0

^1-12 15 rl9

IJi 1 / I 'J ll-l 0 [-3 41-1^ ID rl

0 -liTl -13' 5 -18^1 -23"l2 -2?" 9 -3^7

— 30

15,38 7 27 2.19 3,11 4.5 5.3

8"r-5 V2

^ "^ 3^1 f'-l

25° -

2O1IIO 23,155 17_j242 4,105 5 ,81 5,85 0 75
77n? 7F'8 55"^3 /tT^-B /4l'^-5 3g^"-3 34^2

— 25'

80'

75

70

65

187

80'

75

70'

45° —

40° —

35° —

30° —

25

— 45"

-8,-23 Or2'4 7,-23
-8^-10 -8-10 -r-9

10, -40 -6,-i|7 1 r42 9_l37
i5~f"-9 -1/T*"-15 -14^13 -18'T^7

-2_^19 -4r27 -5|_-3i -1 , -29 8_r27
?;,10"T^1 -18'Lll -25 "^-14 -31~r-5 -i^iTs

^Ul2 -li_-4 -5_t.6 -5 1-7 -2_t9 /U.-9
-8~4 -12^3 -22^2 -36-2 -45^6 -Si" 13

:|l5 Q4l -34! -7_LL -liO 04 l|z2

.'f 7 -3^ -rS -11 "3 -19^ -23 3 -23^

-3j22 -8,10 -9i6 -2i3 1,2 3i2
20'! 15^3 15^-0 13^2 11-3 10^1

-8,50 a 75 -8,53 -1^24 -4.11 2 ,13 5jl5
93^17 QRH qn'-l 7?~-in F^V-U aq~r"-q UV-^

— 40'

— 35

— 30

— 25'

80'

75

70

65

188

80'

75'

70'

65'

45° —

40° —

35° —

30

MAY

-1^7

39_r53 45_r^^ ^0,-^1
L^l"*3 -12"^5 -IFS

— 45'

0^

— 40'

2V28 37,-36 if0_r35 35,-35
-7 '3 -9i"6 -13 '10 -21' 17

17,-11 32_r21 ^2i-29 42_r31 401-31.
-T 5 -IV 9 -W 17 -25^27 -3?" 35

— 35

25° -

19-3 35_r_9 50_Lzl7 4Zi_-20 4Iiz22 35Lj_-i9
-5 8 -7 15 -12~^4 -l7~30-21 33 -22^32

||zl 38 ir4 51j_-4 504^3 43i_-l 32-b2 19f--l
'^3 ^ 14 3*21 422 5 22 8 21 10 16

29J4 35,14 4122 40.28 30_|27 15.21
28a3 28^13 3013 33T.4 3815 38^^14

30

25'

27 ,37 56175
79"*"14 7Q"h

584/9 38 177 4LiS8
70' 1? QO 'i7 70^^

c 79' 1? QO 'i7

354DI 18J93
77TS 7^*90

80*

75

70

65

189

80'

75

45° —

40° —

20^34 22 r^8
227' 15 -27~^18

19, -1'4 29,-27 32 r39
iriO -l/Tie -17~^21

35° —

30° —

25

1

3

20

22_r65
-32"^23

27_r5^
-22''25

— 45'

— 40

29_i3

31|_-11 46,-21 37l-2'4 31_r33
9" 15-12^21 -l?'26-2l'33

25^-7

-ir35

— 35

48_r2
-'420

43_r/|
-575

34_r6
-9 39

l'^ 21_jl3 39_a3 5^25 45_423 39i_16 19_il5

Q line /TToo /TTo? -Tine Jon r\^n

4' 23 3 '26 '4'29 6 '29

33i|6 i}3,i|7 58,66 56478 35 67 29_i55
1?~21 19'23 23'25 23~^7 2426 29~'23

— 30

48 ,104 51_ill8

ii 00 ccfl

55,129 59_il46

51 7n 70 I ■

43,158 2i\ 153
01

— 25

S4 ' ?S SR ?R R^3n 70^39 RR" 9R 7T ^1

80*

I

75

i

70

t

65

190

80'

75

70'

65'

45'

10|-17 23_r?'4
21 15 -27 22

40° —

8ir2'l 23_r35 ^%_-'4l 'I5r'l3
-1?~11 -n''lP -25* 29 -35~'r4

35° —

30

-^

30_r30
-34"^31

- 45'

— 40

8_r29
^-10"^13

■15 17 -22^34

29,-45 48 r51 52,-^1 51 r^3
-2r 29 -30'^38 -3?" 49 -42 '61

57i-71 57_r7n 48_r69 44 r48
-25* 45 -27~^47 -26"' 45 -19 '49

— 35

''B 31h43 444z53 4^-51 35_4z49 26_r31 23r23
l5 -7^22 -7T"39 -41^31 9+26 3+21 6+17

15,3 18, 3 14,-1 8_rl 5,9 5,1

29"18 24+21 27121 30^8 3716 41^2

30

25° -

7,53 27199 36^3

' 7-^^^ ^1

19.67 13_ii9 6 39 4^40

1ir^4 195+19 198"t2 113^9

I \

— 25

80'

75

70

65

191

80'

75'

70'

65'

45"* —

40° —

35° —

30

25° —

AUGUST

7-13 10_j-17

rr c

'^-'

llrll
-3' 9 -15"^15

14
4

2

19

10,-19
-30^17

15,-17
■23"i~21

- 45'

40

±j_" S,9 9,-3 11-4 11,-5

-3^1 -7 '12 -14 "^20 -22 29 -2S^V\

— 35

2_il? 8il9 14 I S 19i4 9 i4 V4

■VS -?"15 -10% -1V32 -15"^2 -1476

14 UO 13i_13 20 I 18 15il5 1114 9_il8
" 9 1 '12 T 22 2 '25 4^20 Fl5 10~^1

II427 15,22 21,31 15_i37 7,35 2ii4
21 17 22~l8 2fl8 32 14 3?~19 42^

3.27 17,50 25j63 15,5? Il_i64 4,68 3/5

"^^9 7(riR Rvu nriR qon4 qi ' r qa"^s

— 30

— 25'

80'

75

70

65

192

80'

75'

70'

45'

40'' —

35° —

SO** —

25** -

SEPTEMBER

^-5

65'

7^

vd^i/^ i

V23
-iy-2

- 45'

7_r20
■3"t2

'4r5
5^5

— 40'

L-l 2 rl

15^16 13 L8 9^-3 6^1 3^5

H^9

35

.n 2,2 2,1 1,0 2

30^18 20^10 12^-1 9^4 6

i

6,1
2^0

6 U 4_l3 /|,3 2,2 2,1 442
-9 27~t9 18 "Q 13 '7 1379 imi lOHO

30

y:7 5J 5, 9 5J0 3J 2J

28"'"2 1?T^ 2S"8 2240 2511 27^3

2 ,25 l^m 17,56 5 36 '132 335 IJ^

61"^ ^ 55-a3 '47n2 /|6"r'B '40^^ n7~^9 5m't

25'

80*

75

70

65

193

80'

75

70'

45** —

40* —

35** —

30** —

25** -

OCTOBER

-r-3 -10-3

5, -? -^1,-3 0_r2

2a

■12,3 -5,3 0,0 IjO
.?'F-25 IS't'lS 13^-5 8~tl

^1

V-

-12-2

-2' 0

2,-1
5^1

- 45'

— 40

— 35

■17 13 -15,11 -3,5 0,3 24I 'hi

42-33 3?"-21 20~t6 lV-2 16^1 1310

-:?1, 29 -25423 -13,14 -2 I 11 5,13 940
■^^-29 38~^2'l 25' -0 2V1 2?^ 0 22 'l

649
21'3

— 30

-2^ i|9 -12,21 -3.15 5,24 10,33 5_J9

30"+"3 28%

5T-I4 33^-6 31+-1 32 "^i ^^"^^ ''^"^

■35,80 -22102 -^67 -5,30 -2M -0_j58 -5,89
85T"-21 69-1 SfT^^ SF 0 45^4 ^7~^7 4T^9

25'

80'

75

70

65

194

80"

75

70

45** —

40'

35° —

SO** —

25* —

iNOVE'iBER

-33,-85 -17_l8/4
-T-10 -8^11

— 45"

'4.1 -69 -3V77 -9_r78

2,-92
-8^-9

1V86
-1911:

— 40'

15 -IQT-W -10 '-11 -12 '-7

■2V30 -28 r40 -11-57 5-73 26-84
»-ST"-l9 -22"tl9 -2F-11 -19~t5 -23"t"1

-12 -18^15 -8-2/4 2-38 11-50 24-58
^19 -F-13 -6"t8 -11 "h| -16"^0 -19"^ 2

— 35

-22_i2 -7,-2 -l_r?
1^-21 6"^20 ?"-9 3"t:6

L_-5 3r7 11,-12
T-^ 0~t3 -V-^

— 30

-30_^3 -12,19 -6_jll -3,11 2_il0 8,10
31^21 2F-18 17*^13 19^-10 2l"^9 17"^-12

-71 121 -51 ,139 -19. 99 -15 59 -10,48 3j49 13, 55
13r-47 116+-33 9gr-30 75^32 6gT--31 51^19 5Z^-4

— 25'

il

80*

75

70

65'

195

45'

40** —

35** —

SO** —

DECEMBER

65'

I

22rj

P3

-20

— 45'

-4O76O -18_£56
-I2T26 -14"tl5

3S_-4n -3V52 -7_r57
19-29 -22i"-21 -25"tl0

4-54
-17"^-7

20,-71
■27T--2

— 40

25" -

-22,-15 -24 r22 -%-3^ m_r57 44,-75
14^-21 -26"t21 -3V~-8 -44'^1 -50' 6

-l_9_-6 -13i_-5 -4rl0 5_r23 20_r37 35 t43
-T-12 -r-7 -2l'^2 -33"^3 -38^5 -43 ~^^

5 -20 1 -5rl 0 fl 57^4 12_f 8 15,-9
-7 -r"-10 -3~^l -6 '2 -lOTL -19 i^l -ir-5

— 35

— 30

-25_^3 -8 29 OJl 5,5 87 9 ,8
25"^10 19 "LB 20'^6 19"^-7 18"^11 18 "^-15

-50i 223 -43 ,113 -12, 74 -1 .48 10. 41 13^46 10, 50
14?"-18 13fr~-22 112^-27 91"'^24 7gT--24 72^28 6rr-27

— 25'

80*

75

70

I
65

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208

Paper 13

StA SURFACE TEMPERATURF DISTRIBUTION FROM
CAPE COD^ MASSACHUSETTS.- TO MIAMI^ FLORIDA - 1976

Joseph W. Deaver III

sine

cond

of t

L o C3

gene

sea

poll

coll

cove

i^ate

De ce

(App

e Ju
ut; 1 1
he U
te

e St
sur
ut i 0
ec te
ring
rs .
mber
endi

ly 1

nci
.,S.
ocea
rea k
face
n si
d i

app
Th

v.e r
X 13

9b 9
mon t
At la
nogr
iin
te
aht i
n 1
roxi
e re
e di
.1 ).

tne U.
hly a
nt i c c
aphi c
es ) as
mpera t
ngs f r
976 w
nri a t e I y
suits
St ri bu

S. Coast
irborne r
oast a I wa
features
soci at ed
ure (SST
om Cape
ere obt a

130,000
of the mc
ted irjithi

Gua r
adi at
t ers
such
with
), a

Cod/^
i ned
sq km
nthly
n se V

d Oceanogr

ion t he rmo

(Deaver 1 9

as the sur

the Gulf S

nd report

MA/ to

over 6/8

of Atlant

surveys f

eral weeks

aphi c Uni t has been
meter (ART) surveys
75). These surveys
face Siome (conver-
tream/ define the
ma ri ne animal and

Miami/ PL. Data
00 km of transects
ic Shelf and Slope
rom January through

after each survey

In 197
Hatter
197A (
of Ca
March
1975.
Sept em
s t abi I
coo I i n
Oc t obe
of 5C
d i m i n i
1^ o V e m b
until
more g
until

6/ the
as du
no dat
pe Ha
and Ap

The
ber 19
iz ed
q t ren
r 1976
in le s
sh be
er but

late
radua I
Late D

s pr
ri ng
a we
tter
ri I
SST
76.
f o r
d ex
T
s t h
twee
the
Nov
/ be
e£ em

1 ng war
F e b r u a
re avail
as / to
1976/ ab
patt erns
In 197
only t
tended f
his St ro
an 30
n Miami
trend c
ember,
ginning
ber.

mi ng
ry a

able
Cape
out o
Stab
4 an
wo mo
rom C
ng CO
days .
and
on t i n
In 1^
in Au

tre

nd
for
Cod/
n e rn
iliz
d 1
n t hs
ape
0 I i n
T
Ca
ued
74 a
gust

nd b
^"a rch
this

the
ont h
ed in
975
/ Jul
Cod t
g tre
he r
pe H
f r om
nd 19

and

egan
/ one
area i
spring
ea r I i e

all a
the s
y and
o Mi am
nd low
ate 0
a 1 1 era
Cape H
75/ th

Sept e

from
(T.ont
n ea
wa r
r th
reas
umme
Augu
i i
ered
f c
s d
atte
e CO
mber

Mi
h ea
r ly
mi ng
an

bet
r p
st .
n S

SST
ool i
urin
ras
ol in
an

ami
r lie
1975

beg
in

ween
atte

A r
epte
's a
ng

g Oc
to

g t r
d c

to
r th
).

an d
1974
Jul
rns
ap id
mber
n av
bega
tobe
Cape
ends
ont i

Cape
an in
North
ur ing
and
y and

were

fall

and

er age

n to

r and

Cod

were
nu i ng

Analysis of the 1976 ART data was made by comparing them to a
50-yr (1914-64) historical average (Walford and Wicklund 1968).
Although the comparability between remotely sensed and bucket

'U.S. Coast Guard Ocean oa rap hie Unit/

20590.

Navy Yard/ Washington/ DC

209

Paper 13

gathered temperatures might be questioned^ it is still of
interest to make such a comparison. The difference between Loj
altitude ART and bucket temperatures is small; ART temperatures
averaged 1 . CC lower than bucket values/^ and 95% of ART values
were 0.5C to 1.6C lower than bucket values. Comparisons between
ART observations on Coast Guard aircraft and surface truth
measurements have shown differences of less than 1C.-

For both the 1976 ART data and Walford and Wicklund's (1968)
data/ a monthly^ distance weiqhted/ mean transect SST was
calculated for each of 20 equally spaced sampling transects from
Care Cod to Miami (Fig. 13.1). The sampling transects were
aligned normal to the l&G-m isobath and the shoreline
(Fig. 13.2). The weighted means are given in Tables 13.1 and
13.2. The means from the 20 transects were averaged to give the
mean east coast SST for each month (Fig. 13.3). The monthly
means were than averaged to give an annual mean east coast SST.

The 1976 annual mean east coast SST averaged just 0.6C below the
historical annual mean SST of 19. OC (Fig. 13.3). In 1976/
January/ February/ and September-December SST's were below
historical averages. Conversely/ the remaining spring and summer
months were slightly warmer than the historical average.

In addition to the comparisons for the entire
Middle Atlantic Bight winter and summer
compared. This was done by averaging the
weighted mean transect SST's for transects 14
obtain monthly Middle Atlantic Sight SST's.
and July-September monthly Middle Atlantic Big
averaged to give seasonal winter and summer inea
1976 data and Walford and Wicklund's C196b)
1976 SST in the Bight was 5.6C/ which is
historical averages. Interestingly/ the July-S
east coast SST's were 0.1C warmer than the his
as were the 1976 mean Middle Atlantic Bight val

east coast/ the
temperatures were

monthly distance
-19 (Fig. 13.2) to
The January- ^l arch
ht SST 's were then
ns for both the

data. The winter
0 .3C coo ler t han
eptember 1976 mean
torical averages/
ues .

The warmest monthly distance weighted mean transect SST off the
east coast in 1976 was transect 1 off Miami/ FL/ in August with a
value of 29C; the coolest was transect 2j off Cape Cod/ MA/ in
March with a value of 3.8C.

'Picket/ R. L. 1966. Accuracy of an airborne infrared
radiation thermometer. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office/ Informal
Manuscript Report No. C-1-66.

210

LITERATURE CITED

Paper 13

DEAVER/ J. W.

1975. Aerial oceanographi c observations/^ Cape Cod/
setts to Miami/ Florida/ July 1969-June 1970.
Guard Oceanogr. Rep. CG 373-68/ Zl p.

Massachu-
U.S. Coast

WALFORD/ L. A./ and R. I. WICKLUND.

1968. Monthly sea temperature strjcture from the Florida Keys
to Cape Cod. Ser. Atlas Mar. Envir./ Am. Geogr. Soc./
Folio 15/ 16 p lates .

211

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Where :

^i

i=l , n

11

T =

T =

T,- =

n =

i = l , n
distance weighted mean tem-

perature

Value of an isotherm crossing
transect

distance woiahting factor
equal to the distances between
the isotherm crossing and the
midpoints between it and adja-
cent isotherms or it and the end
point of the transect as shown
in figure below

Mumber of isotherms crossing
the transects.

Figure 13.1.— Formula and graphic portrayal of method used to calculate distance weighted mean sea surface

temperature from contoured isotherm chart.

214

80

40'

35'

25'

Washington

Jacksonville

SO** ^

40'

35'

— 30«

J L

r^*-i^

80 Meter Isobath

J I L

J.

25'

80" 75" 70'»

Figure 13.2.— Standard airborne radiation thermometer sampling transects from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL.

215

o

o
UJ

oc

ID
I-
<

UJ
Q-

:e

UJ

I-

26-
24-
22-
20-
18-
16-
14-
I 2-
10-

1976 ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I8.4°C
HISTORICAL ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I9.0°C

••^-•^v

/.'

•»,

*• — « .

. 1976 MEAN EAST COAST SST
(USCG ART FLIGHTS)
HISTORICAL EAST COAST SST
(WALFORD.WICKLUND)

—I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 —

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MONTH

Figure 13.3. — East coast average monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) (degrees C) for 1976 and the historical average.

216

APPENDIX 13.1

Sea surface temperatures (degrees C)^
U.S. east coastr as observed by airborne
radiation thermometer.

1 . January 20-24^1976.

2. February 10-12 and 20-24/' 1976.

3. March 11-12, 14, and 23-25, 1976.

4. April 20-22, 1976.

5. May 18-21, 1976.

6. June 8-10, 1976.

7. July 20-22 and 27-28, 1976.

8. Aunust 17-19, 1976.

9. September 14-17, 1976.

10. October 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, and 30, 1976,

11. November 16-20, 1976.

12. December 8-10 and 14-16, 1976.

217

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

IS CIISI titll aCEtNOdtPIIC HIT
tirhtii laialiii riiriiiilii Pii|iia

SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C

JANUARY 20. 21, 23, md 24, 1976

Philadelphia
Wilmington
Baltimore^

IBO Itlirs ( 100 tai) ~

Gulf Streom Weit Wall Crossing os indicated by

Beoufort
Savannah

i^A,.i;l.iI^i......i.oi.^,...i.l^^i.^....l,-l^i.^,^i.......uj3

iMliiliiliilllliiinrilliiliinTtlTlMliiliiliif inn

80'W

lilliilnlitf/iliililliilnliiliiliilMliiliiliiliilMliiliiliiliiliilliliilnhiliiliiliillilllliiliilllllllllllllr^
75* 70»W

218

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

IS. citsr (y«iD oc(tiio(i«riic ymi

titkiiii liliatlii Tkitiiiitir rti|rii

SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C

FEBRUARY 10. 11. 12, 20. 21. 23, and 24, 1976

Philadelphia
Wilmington
Baltimore

GULF STREAM WEST WALL CROSSING AS INDICATED J

40°N

Beaufort \j;>
Savannah

IC

U

J.I..I..I..I..I..I..I I..L.iaa!iJl,,l,.i..i.Ai.a..l..i..i.2l..i.,u..l..i..i,,r..l i,.l..l„i |J.I ,1, l,,Ul,.'iJ.J»kkUi]t

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35"

30«

80*W

75*

70'W

219

DEPARTMENT OF TMNSPORTilTION

II COST tiai ICCUItllPIIC nil
tirkirii lillitlii Tliiiiiilii Priirii

SURFACE ISOTHERMS

MARCH n, 12, 14. 23-25, 197B

40'N

Beaufort '\^y
Savannah

17^

,l,.i..ill.,l„l„l,.l.,l„l..l,.l,.l.,l,.l..l I.I.. I I..I..I1.I1, I.,l,ili,l,ili,l,ltl

rJ,,liJ.ilMliili,rnlMlMlnmHl7T;7Tf,fiJnlnliiikLti^liJnliilJl.lnliJ^ 25*N

80°W

75*

Miir.h 11.I2,H.2.3-2S.1976

70»W

220

Cl»« c><

DEPARTMEIIT OF TRANSPORTATION

IS Mill (Itll ICEtlltMPIIC HIT
lirkidi lillitlii Ttiriiiilir Pfiitia

SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C

APRIL 20-22, 1976

Philadalphio s'^

Wilmington
Bftllimor*.

40»M

C Roiiln

CharUston

Beaufort
Savannah

liiliiliiliiliilritn 2s*N

80*W

221

— 30*

lriliiliiliiliiliJii>iil\lMT7llilliiliilirfiiliililliiliilMliJiiliiliiliiliLlnliilMliJiiliJMllil]iliilliliilnliillilll^^
80*W 75* 70*W

222

Cipi Cod

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

IS. CltU Cllll ICEtMtltPIIC HIT
llibirii lUlitlii Ihriiiilii P(i|tM

SURFACE ISOTHERMS - X

JUNE 8-10, 1976

tais (100 <•<)

NOT FLOWN DUE TO
OPERATIONAL OIFFIOJLTCS"

40°N

35*

Baaufort
Savannah
24;

— 30*

hT7ili,ii,lniiiliiii,rMiiJMtiil'

80*W

liiliiliiTI

25»N

70*W

223

lEPARTMENI OF TRtNSPONTMION

IS CIISI tun ICEtNltllMIC lilt
tirliiii IWiiliii Thraiiilit P[i|tii

SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C

JULY 20-22, 27-28, 1976

40'N

C Roiain

Charleston

Beaufort
Savani^ah

• 28 ' • /
NOT f LOWN DUE TO 28 27

' /l,AIRS^ACE WARNING AREA

Cape Hatteras /) /

. /gulf stream west wall crossing as indicated 8y infrared
and visual sightings

35*

30*

tfaJ^!lj|il,lAl.;t^lMlnlnllllMlnlnl,,ljnlMlMllll,,lJlJlllMllllllllllll|l|lMlnllH^
BO-W 75* 70**

224

NPIITMIT ¥ TIIISPIITITIII

It. CMS! iiin KtuNuriK mn

IMnm li<l*tlN TliriMilM PnciM

SIIFACE ISITIEIIS °C

'ueusT i; - II. laii

Comtlin. Cape Cod 1" SB. Tr.n.tcli »-S»
CoMllirw S» lo » < 17 Aufu.l 197« 1 S««.

• hthl. llo 1 fl : Si^n, SI .1 1 t" 2 'I
.l<n| IJ, el...h»re noo.. .ky . VK) >o ">/'"
Cu lu. Ci. •ind, W •! ^ lo 1^ ku ^vit ,
20 to W ai . air t««p . 17 7 lo 24 TC.

Tran*«cta NA-NF < 18 Autuat 197ft ). Sea.

• hltil. 2 to < fl . S~n. noof; aky. 2/ll>
lo 5/in. Cu. Ci. •ind. W. al ^ to 15 kn.
VI. . 2S lo 30 ai . air leap . 22 1 lo 22.8 f

Tranaacta K-'m ( 19 Auiual 1976 I s«a.
■Iilfit in naar ahore areaa. 2 to 3 ft.,
■odcrala alaaalMra. 3 lo S n - . aaal I ESC
■1 4 lo 8 ft . aky. 3/10 lo ft/ 10. Cu. Ca .
Ci. «in<^R lo «. % lo 12 kta. nearahore
IS to 2A elaaahare: via.. ISto30Bi:
• tr le^.. 10. K to 23.^0.

Coaallina SS lo SA. Tranaecli SA-ST Coaal
I in* sr-SI 1 17 Aufual 1976 ) Sea. cala
•ilh npplea. ••all. R al I lo 3 ft. North
of SH. aky. 2/10 lo 8/0. Cu. Cb. Ac. Ca.
Ci . aind. *ff to SE. I lo 6 kta. , via, . 30
ai . air leap.. 27 1 to 29 TC.

Coaatlina ST lo 5L. Tranaocla SL-SX 1 18
Auffuol I97B ) Sea. alight lo aoderale. 2
to 5 fl ; ■«*] I . NC al 3 to 4 f 1 . ; aky .
1/10 lo 9/10. Cu. Cb, Ac, aioil. SF 1,S in
20 kit al Sr, NE at 10 lo 30 kl». else
■*t*ra; via.. 10 to 30 ai,; air let
24.7 to 26. 8T:.

Philadslphia
Wilmington
Boltimer

■tlllll It!

Norfolk

Cop* Hottorot

Itiutiii^/*' 27 /'?9 / v—fni ,
29 28

40^

S9»

iiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliilii

liiliiliiliiliiliilnliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliillilllllilillfill

SO*

29n«

80»W

73*

70»W

225

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

is citsi tun tcEiNKiiPiic imi

lirlirii liililiii rtiiiiiitif fri|iii

SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C

SEPTEMBER 14-17, 1976

Philadalphia
Wilmington
Ballitnora

Beaufort \e>
Savannah *^ -^'

T,.ft,r.i7r>i ..,i...i -i

TT7iliiliJiilM'lirliifr'jMliiliil?tmTTtTTtrlfriliilliliijlifkliil^^

80*W 75* 70»W

226

DEPARTMENT OF TRtNSPORTXTION

IS. COtSr CUUD OCEtNOCKPNIC UNIT
(Irkirii litlatiii Thrioaetir Pri(ria

SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C

OCTOBER 19-30, 1976

Philadelphia
Wilmington
Baltimore

ACN

Beaufort
Savannah

jTriliiliiliiiiiliiiiiriiiiiliiti-iii'iiMlniiiiiiiiiii

80»W

iJ^ilXlilTillllliiliil J/iIiiIiiIiiImIiiIiiIiiImImIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIiiIuIiJiiIiiIiiIiiI^

25»N

227

7l7iliiliiliiliiliilrifiilMliiliilfiT.iliilii!iifiiliiliiliii

80° W

,i^lMf^lillnlMl.J)iliJilli.lnlMl.jMlMl.,l,jMlMliilMlliliilillMlllllJlillllnlllllllllll!!llllllllllllll^
75. 70°W

228

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

IS CIISI tllll ICEtmtllPIIC HIT
lirkiiii liditlii Ikitiiaitir Fraitii

SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C

DECEMBER 8, 9. 10. 14. 15. md 16. 1976

OWN DUE TO .-,

IrilNliiliiliilHliiliiliiliilliliiliilliliiliiliillihilillillllllllllllllilll

40"'N

35*

30*

ZS^N

eo*w

70»W

229

Paper 1A

WATER COLUMN THERMAL STRUCTURE ACROSS THE SHELF
AND SLOPE SOUTHEAST OF SANDY HOOKr NEW JERSEY^ IN 1976

Steven K. Cook

INTRODUCT ION

The objective of this cooperative program was to identify and
describe seasonal and year to year variations of temperature and
circulation in the major current regimes of the western tropical
Atlantic^ Caribbean Sear Gulf of Mexico^ and western North
Atlantic^ utilizing the various ships as inexpensive platforms
for the collection of data.

Ships' routes were selected to obtain regular sampling in the
most dynamically active areas of the Gulf of Mexico and the
western North Atlantic. The features of principal interest i«/ere
the Yucatan Currentr Loop Currents Florida Currents Gulf Stream/
Shelf Water/Slope Water front/ and a cold-water cell in the
Middle At lanti c Bight .

Because 1976 was such an anomalous year both in meteorology and

oceanography in the Middle Atl?ntic Bight/ a subset of the 1976

SOOP data/ comprising 18 transects and one surface transect/ was
ana lyz ed .

'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National
Service/ NOAA/ Nar r aganset t / PI 02882.

Marine

Fisheries

231

Paper 14

The anoxic event which began early in the year off New Jersey and
Lasted through the spring and summer of 1976 necessitated a
detailed analysis of the thermal water column structure,
considerino how it ev/olved, was maintainedr and eventually
declined. ^Oxygen depletion in the bottom waters over a large
area off the coast during the summer had severe effects on the
sport and commercial fisheries. The immediate impact included
finfish and shellfish mortalities and unusual fish distribution
patterns ana concentrations. Likely causes of the oxygen
depletion can be traced back to anomalous environmental
conditions in January and February of 1976 in the Middle Atlantic
Bicht (A rmst ronci/' Paper 17).

HISTORICAL SUMMARY

Water temperatures in the Middle Atlantic Bight range from a
minimum of <3C in the New York Bight in February to >27C off Cape
Hatteras in August (Bumpus et al. 1975). The annual range of
surface temperature may be >15C in the Slope Water to >20C in the
Shelf i«at er .

I^inimum winter temperatures are reached in late February or early
.^arch and may be as low as 1C. During this coldest season the
Shelf Water column is well mixed (isothermal) from surface to
bottom and extends out to the Shelf Water/Slope Water front (at
aoproximately the 100-m isobath) (Gunnr Paper 18). Irregular
warming usually begins in late February or early March, and a
t herrr.ocline develops in late April or early May.

A rather intense thermocline develops during the summer, sealing
off the bottom waters and isolating a pool or cell of cold winter
water that rests on the bottom surrounded shoreward, seaward, and
above by warmer water. As the summer progresses into early fall,
this cold cell tends to erode in extent and increase in
temperature. This erosion is presumably caused by mixing from
above with warmer near surface waters and from a "calving"
process, described by Whitcomb (1970), where parcels of this
cooler water break off and flow and mix seaward into the Slope
water.

For this rep

or t all figures have been annotated to show

SheLf Water/Slope Water front
Shelf Water/Slope Water meander
North wall of the Gulf Stream
Anticyclonic warm core eddy
Gulf Stream meander
Flow direction

SSF

SSFM

GS

ACE

GSM

e into the page

© out of the page

232

Paper 14

TRANSECT ANALYSIS

Locations of features are given in parentheses in kilometers from
the 200-m isottath. positive is seaward.

JaQuary- Unfortunately/ the three January transects occurred in
the latter part of the month/' but still they are relevant in that
they show the early beginning of the stratification which usually
occurs in late February or early March.

The Mormac Riael 76-01 (Fig. 14.1) crossed through the area
during 24-25 January- This transect showed the normal isothermal
water inshore with slight warming of surface waters offshore.
The sea surface temperatures (SST's) ranged from <4C to >21C
which were warmer than usual (on the inshore end of the transect)
for that title of year. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was
crossed at station 3 (-65 km) and the north wall of the Gulf
Stream was crossed between stations 4 and 5 (+160 km).

The USCGC DaUas 76-01 (Fip. 14.2) crossed through the area
during 26-27 January (just after the Mgrmac Eiggi) . The Dallas
section did not extend as far offshore as did the Rigel section/
and therefore the SST's shown range only from <4C to >T5C. Again
the normal isothermal water structure was evident with a slight
warming of the surface waters showing up/ especially between
stations 5 and 10 (-53 km to +75 km). The Shelf Water/Slope
rtater front was crossed between stations 6 and 7 (-15 km).

The Lash Atlanticg 76-01 (Fig. 14.3) crossed through the area
during 31 January-1 February. The SST's ranged from <5C to >14C.
The nearshore water column structure was isothermal/ while the
offshore waters were beginning to show stratification. The
subsurface warming (100 m) was probably due to Slope Water
intruding up onto the shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front
was crossed between stations 12 and 13 (+15 km).

While it may not have been obvious from these three vertical
sections/ comparisons with the past eight years of Gulf Stream
SST data" indicated that the January surface water temperatures
were about 0.5C warmer than normal and that some evidence/ at
least in offshore waters/ showed that surface stratification was
beginning to develop early.

"Ii!£ Guif stream Monthly Summary/ U.S. Naval Oceanog raphi c
Office/ Vols. 4 through 9 (1969-1974); gulfstream/ National
Weather Service/ Vols. I and II (1975-1976).

233

Paper 14

Februar}^. The USCGC Bibb 76-02 (Fiq. 14.4) crossed through the
area'on 6 February. The SST's had increased/ and ranged from <7C
to >14C. Stratification had definitely set in over the shelf/
with vertical temperature gradients as large as 0.4C/m at the
thermocline. Patches of isothermal ^ater extending to >100 -n
depth k^ere still evident offshore. The Shelf Water/Slope water
front was crossed between stations 2 and 3 (+15 km).

The Exeort DeieQder 76-02 (Fig. 14.5) crossed through the area
during 7-b February. The SST's ranged from <3C to 16C. This was
a rather complex section showing some return of cooling and some
s t ret i f i cat i oa. This on again off again coolin*^ and warming is
not uncommon for this area at this time of year. These oer-
turbations in warming and cooling are probably caused by small-
scale/ short-lived forcing events/ such as rapid frontal passings
and reversals in wind direction that affect shallow coastal
waters in a very complex fashion.

The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 13
and 14 (+45 km) with a small Tieander (also visible in satellite
imagery) in the front between stations 9 and 14 (-170 km to
+45 km). The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between
stations 15 and 16.

The USCGC Gallatin 76-02 (Fig. 14.6) crossed through the area
during 27-28 February. Unfortunately only surface values of
temperatures and salinity were obtained/ but from these data we
could still determine the position of the Shelf Water/Slope Water
front (between stations 7 and 8/ -10 km) and an increase in SST's
(<8C to >1DC).

harch. The Mormac Rigel 76-03 (Fig. 14.7) crossed through the
area" on 23~March. The SST's ranged from <7C to >19C.
Stratification of the water column was well established/ with
surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 4C in <50 m
depth. The Shelf water/Slope Water front was crossed between
stations 5 and 6 (-30 km).

Aeril. The E^BOrt Defender 76-34 (Fig. 14.8) crossed through the
area~during 3-4 April. The SST's offshore had increased to >22C.
The nearshore waters had warmed to greater than 7C/ however/ the
stratification appeared weak in this transect. The Shelf
Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 11 and 12
(+350 km). The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between
stations 18 and 19 (+643 km) -ith a Gjlf Stream meander occurring
oetween stations 13 and 16 (+42C km to +5CC km). The distances
indicated are so great because the ship's track ran parallel to
and just offshore of the 200 ti isobath. Subtracting about 330 km
would give more reasonable distances.

234

Paper 14

The La
during
rather
overly
origin
cell-l
the CO
to the
Th erma
the CO
by th
satel I
to +16
c r ossi
end of

sh At
24-

comp
ing
) bet
i ke s
nt our

SheL
L str
Id ce
e pr
ite
0 km)
ng o

this

I aQt i CO
25 ~Apr
lex sec
a wa rm
ween st
t ru c t u r
i ng in
f Water
a ti f i ca
LI (upp
esence
i magery

and 19
f the n

tcanse

76-
il.

t ion
ce
at io
e of
that
/Slo
t i on
er 3

of
) o
an
or t h
ct .

04 (
Th

s ho
LI
ns 3

the

t he
pe W

(gr
C m)

two
ccur
d 2

w a I

Fig.
e SS
wed a
of >1
and
warm
t r an
at er
adi en
. Th
GuL
ring
1 ( +
I mus

14.9
T's
La

OC w
12
wat
sect
f ron
t s u
is s
f S
betw
195
t hd

) c

rang
rge
ate r
(-
er w
was
t ra
p t o
e ct i
t re a
een
km
ve o

rosse

ed f r

cold

(obv

350 k
as pr

run
ther

0.1 C
on wa
m me
St at i
to +
ccur r

a th
om >1
eel
ious I
m to
obabL
?t an
than
/m ) w
s fur
ander
ons 1
280 k
ed to

roug
1C t
L o
y of

-8
y an

Ob
per p
CIS e
ther
s (
6 an
m).
the

h t
o 19
f 7

Slo
5 km

art
Li qu
end i
vide

com

ve r i

d 18

Th

eas

he
C .
C

pe w
) .

i f ac
e a
cu La
nt a
p L i c
f ied
( + 4
e f
t of

a rea
This
a t e r
a t e r

The
t of
ng Le
r Ly .
bo ve
ated
by
5 km
i na L

the

May. The Mormac Rigel 76-05 (Fig. 14.10) crossed through the
area during 15-16 May. The SST's ranged from 11C to >19C in the
Middle Atlantic Bight and increased to >25C south of Cape
Hatteras. The cold cell consisted of multiple bubblelike
structures that are probably an artifact of the contouring
because of the highly oblique angle at which the cold cell was
crossed on this transect. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was
crossed between stations 12 and 14^ in about 50 m. A sharp
thermal front occurred between stations 12 end 13 and a less
sharp salinity front occurred between stations 13 and 14.

The Delaware II 76-05 (Fig. 14.11) crossed
during 17-24 May. The SST's ranged from
Little <14C across the whole section,
to the shelf break and its minimum
stratification was normal for
thermocLine differences as
Shelf Water/Slope Water front
stations 5 and 8 (+30 km).

t hroug h the area

slight ly >12C to a

The cold cell extended out

temperatures were <8C. The

that tifr, e of year with surface to

large as 4C in <1 00 m depth. The

was weak but discernible between

June. The De4.aware II 76-Ob crossed through the area during 9-13
June. The SST's ranged from about 16C to 19C. The cold cell hao
moved shoreward to about the 75-m isobath with minimum temper-
atures still <8C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front showed up
between stations 5 and 6 (+20 km) as a weak subsurface thermal
front. Stratification was fairly intense with surface to bottom
temperature differences as Large as IOC in <50 m depth.

Jyi^- T^iP Motmac Rigel 76-05 (Fig. 14.13) crossed through the
area during 6-7 July. The SST's had increased/' and ranged from
22C to >27C. The cold cell was generally <8C and extenaed off
the shelf break. The Shelf A/ater/Slope Water front apparently
v^s crossed near station 41 (-95 km)/ well seaward of the 10C-m
isobath. Its Location was uncertain/ because no thermal
structure was present to identify the front and it was

235

Paper 14

arbitrarily Located at the 54.5 o/oo surface isohaline. The
stratification was intense^ with surface to bottom temperature
differences as large as 14C in <50 m depth and gradients >0.5C/m
at the thermocline. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was
crossed betweeen stations 36 and 37 (+240 km).

Ayoyst. There was no SOOP
iliddle Atlantic Biaht.

transect during this month in the

JeEteniber. The Mormac Eiaei 76-09 crossed through the area

Hiirinn 1-? 9piitPmhpr_ Thp ^l^^T'c haH rparhoH tho-ir neat anH

October. The Lash lyrki^e 76-10 (Fig. 14.15) crossed through the
area during 7-8 October. The SST's ranged from <17C to >23C.
The cold celL had a double bubble shape with the minimum
temperature C<12C) occurring within the shoreward bubble and the
warmer temperature (<13C) occurring within the seaward bubble.
The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed at station 7
(-300 km) and possibly again between stations 10 and 11
(-160 km). A Gulf StreaTi meander occurred at station 20
(+210 km) with the other half of the meander occurring just to
the east of station 22 (+310 km).

The US
during
cold c
with
be low
was w
those
was c
of the
of th
34.5 0
and t h

CGC G
23-
ell w
the
lie 0
a r m e r
of th
ros se

100
e f r
/oo i
e fal

aUa

24 0
as q
s ho r
n on
r w i
e sh
d b
mis
ont
soh a
I 0 V

tin 76-10 (Fig. 14.16) crossed through the area
ctober. The SST*s ranged from 14C to 20C. The
uite eroded and had a double bubble shape again
eward bubble again ha»/ing the lower t emper at ur es r
e station and generally <12C. The seaward bubble
th minimum temperatures at least 1 deg higher than
oreward bubble. The Shelf Ivater/Slope Water front
etween stations 7 and 5 (-20 km) and was shoreward
obath. At this time of year the thermal structure
was weak/' and it was identified mostly by the
line. Stratification had weakened considerably/^
erturn was in prooress.

November. The Lash lurki^^e 76-10 (Fig.
the area during 17-18 November. The

14.17) crossed through
SST's ranged from 11C to

20C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between
stations 35 and 34 (-0 km)/ and had a weak thermal signature. An
anticycLonic eddy was crossed between stations 26 and 23 (+310 kii
to +420 km) with the north wall of the Gulf Stream being to the

236

Paper 14

east of the end of the transect. The fall overturn had mixed
away all thermal stratification over the shelf. The water column
was nearly isothermal/ ranging from 11C on the shelf to 14C just
off the shel-f.

December- The USCGC Bjbb 76-11 (Fig. 14.18) crossed through the
area during 4-5 December. The SST's ranged from <9C to >20C.
The cold cell had eroded away with the overturn and the Shelf
Waters were isothermal^ ranging from ICC on the inner shelf to
12C on the outer shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was
evident between stations 29 and 28 (+55 km) with a fairly strong
thermal front. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed at
station 13 (+450 km). This distance is overly large because the
transect paralleled the continental shelf.

The USCGC Gallatin 76-12 (Fig. 14.19) crossed through the area on
21 December. The SST's ranged from >7C to <16C. The Shelf
Waters were isothermal^ ranging from 9C to 11C (onshore to
offshore). The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between
stations 4 and 5 C-1G km)x and had a strong thermal signature.

SUMMARY

Water temperatures in the Miodle Atlantic Bight in 1976 generally
followed normal trends for most of the year. However^ two
anomalous conditions arose during late winter and early spring.
During late winter the SST's averaged about 0.5C warmer than
usual. During spring the nearshore surface salinities were
greatly reduced. Sometimes these reduced surface salinities
extended beyond the Shelf Water/Slope Water front with values of
<22 o/oo.

A combination of the high river discharge in spring coupled with
slightly increased surface temperatures led to earlier than usual
stratification in the nearshore zone.

The offshore waters (at the shelf break and beyond) followed the
normal trends of warming and cooling in both intensity and
duration. Even the passage of hurricane Belle did little to
interrupt the normal seasonal warming.

237

Paper 14

LITERATURE CITED

BUMPUS/- D. F./ R. E. LYNDEr and D. M. SHAW.

1973. Physical oceanography. In S. R. Saila (coordinator)/
Coastal and offshore environmental inventory^ Cape Hatteras
to Nantucket Shoals/ p. 1-1--1-72. Univ. R.I. Mar. Publ.
Ser . 2 .

WHITCOMBy V. L.

1970. Oceanography of the mid-Atlantic Bight in support of
ICNAF/ S ept embe r -Dec embe r 1967. U.S. Coast Guard Oceanogr.
Rep. CG 373-35r 157 p.

238

OISTfiNCE (N. MILESl->

PflRfiMETEB AT SURFACE

100 _

150 _

200 _

_ 100

150

200

250

CRUISE TRPCK PLOT

60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. H20. 480. 540.
MORMPC RICEL 7601 (50057) STATIONS 1-9 1/24/76 - 1/25/76

Figure 14.1. — Horizontal distribution of sea
surface temperature (degrees C) and sea
surface salinity (/..) and vertical distribu-
tion of temperature (degrees C) in the upper
50 and 2.50 m; Mormac Rigel 76-01, 24-
2.5 January 1976.

239

niSTflNCE (N. MILES)-*

16

UJ

\<i

o

liJ

12

3

10

(C

UJ

Q-

8

bJ

*—

X

b

U

40. 60. 80

PRRRMETER AT SUflFflCE

36.

_35. o

.34. ^

in

ec

50 _

o

100

100

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

0

100 _
in

;;; 200 _

UJ

X 300

t-

a.

UJ

° 400
500 _
600 _
700 _

"'-<*:^y^/T{;„t>

aoQ

40.

60.

"T — "^ — r

T

_ 100

.200

_300

_400

,500

_600

_700

0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160

OflLLflS 7601 (500621 STfiTIONS 1-11 1/26/76 - 1/27/76

Figure 14.2. — Horizontal distribution of
^^^ sea surface temperature (degrees C)

and sea surface salinil.v (7„) and verti-
cal distribution of temperature (degrees
C) in the upper 1(X) and SOO m; USCGC
Dallas 76-01, 26-27 January 1976.

240

DISTBNCE tN. MlLESl*

12 _

5 9 _

m

0.

UO. 80. 120.
PflRRMETEB HT SURFRCE

0 —f-

_ 50 _

_so

_ 100

_ 150

80. 120. ISO. 200. 2148. 280.

soo

700

1

I

80.

120.

1

■-r

S (_1400

7

_500

_600

_ 700

.800

1(0. 80. 120. 160. 200. 2^0. 280.
LRSM RTLRNTICO 7601 (S006m STBTJBNS 1-13 1/31/76 - 2/1/76

CRUISE TRRCK PLOT

Figure 14.3.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7„) and vertical distribution of temper-
ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-01, 31 Januar>-1 Februar>' 1976.

241

OISTRNCE (N. MILES)*

16

0.

30. 60. 90.
PflHPMETER RT SURFfiCE

180.

.37.

o
_36. o

.35.
.34.

-33. o

32.
10.

ss

100 _

l;^ 200 _

1 300 _

>—

Q.

UJ

2 uoo _

500 _
600 _
700 _

800

M ^' % /' * — /*-^ — Auj ^ ik—

rl''2 y

14

'J- 5

"1"
60.

T

0. 30. 60. 90. 120. 150. 180.
BIBB 7602 (50060) STATIONS 1-7 2/6/76 - 2/6/76

_S0

_ 100

_ 150

.200

210.

100
_200
_300
_400
_500
.600
_700

.800

210.

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.4— Horizontal distribution of sea
surface temperature (deifrees C) and sea
surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribu-
tion of temperature (degrees 0) in the upper
20tl and S(K) m: I'SCGC Bibb 76-02. 6 Febru-
ar> 197fi.

242

OISTRNCE tN. MILES)-*

37.

><0. 60. 120. 160.
PBRflflETEB RT SURFRCE

n 1 —

280. 320. 360.

_36. o

V.

O

-35. ^

-3U. 5

-33. i
32.

_ 50 _

= 100 _

ISO _

_ 100

_ ISO

.200

CBUISE TRACK PLOT

100

200 _

300 -\

1400 _|

500 -J i|;jf,

600 _

700 _ SHiSI

i^^^;;gfe^

800

_ 100
_200
_300
_U00
_S00
_600
_ 700
_ 800

■"■T'"' '■ I I ■ — ■■■■r i 1 1" — } —

MO. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360.

EXPORT OEFENOER 7602(501641 STATIONS 1-16 2/7/76 - 2/8/75

Figure 14.5.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (V_) and vertical distribution of temper-
ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Export Defender 76-02. 7-8 Februar> 1976.

243

STATION NO.

40°00 N -

SS'OO

40»00'N

- SS-'OO'

74»00 W

72»00

USCGC GALLATIN 76-02

Figure 14.G.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (•/„); USCGC

Gallatin 7B-02. 27-28 February 197G.

244

D1ST9NCE (N. MlLES)-»

37.

40. 80. 120.
PflRfiMETER RT SURF9CE

160.

200.

240.

280.

50 _

100 _

150 _

200

_ 100

150

200

200.

CRUISE TR9CK PLOT

SSF

^ ' i^ ^ ij^'* " ^F "Ir^ /" "* ^

100

;t^ 200

LlJ

X 300

t—

Q-

* 400 _

500 _

600 _
700

800

8

120.

T

_400

_500

.600

_ 700

.800

MO. 80. 120. 160. 200.
MORMflC RIGEL 7603(502991 STRTIONS 1 -

Figure 14.7. — Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature
(degrees C) and sea surface salinity
(7„) and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-

15 3/23/76 - 3/23/76 ^' ^^ *"'' **"" ""' ^"''"""^ Rigel

76-03. 23 March 1976.

240.

280.

245

DISTRNCE IN. MILES)*

0. 60. 120. 180.
PRRPMETER RT SURFPCE

240.

300. 360. 420. 480.

CRUISE TRRCK PLOT

Figure 14.8. — Horizontal di.stribution of
^'-"^ sea surface lemperature (degrees C) and
sea surface salinil.v (V..) and vertical distri-
bution of temperature (degrees C) in the
upper 200 and 800 m: Export Defender 76-
EXPORT DEFENDER 7604(507131 STATIONS 1 - 22 4/3/76 - 4/4/76 o4, 3-4 April 1976.

360. 420.

480.

246

DISTANCE (N. MlLESI-»

60. 120. 180. 240.
PRRRMETER AT SURFPCE

180.

50 _

200

150

100 _

60. 120. 180. 240.

^*i, n T^ .n^ *,

1 ; : 1

300* : 360.

• 430. :

• •

• •

• • *

• • *

SSF GSM

GSM

: ®

o® o

• •

■2 Z»ft Z

= :=:= .:.

100

CRUISE TRBCK PLOT

LflSH flTLBNTlCO 7604 1507121 STATIONS 1 - 22 4/24/76 - 4/25/76

Figure 14.9.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (*/..) and vertical distribution of tempera-
ture (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-04, 24-25 April 1976.

247

DISTANCE (N. MILES1+

PflRRMETER HT SURFfiCE

SSF

in
az

UJ

a.

UJ

50 _

100

490.

_50

100

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

MORMRC RIGEL 7605(50822) STATIONS 001 - 02U 05/15/76 - 05/16/76

C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribution of tem-

Figure U.lO.-Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees

perature (degrees C) in the upper 100 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05, 15-16 May 1976.

248

I I I I I 1 I I I 1 — I — r

0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60 70. 80. 90. 100. 110.
DISTANCE ( N M )

25 -

50 -

75 -

100

50 -vmm

100 -

150 -;

200 -

250 -

300 -S

350

— 25

— 50

— 75

100

~1 n f-n' — ^T r — n-i —

0. 10. 20. 30 4Q 50 60. 7Q 80 90 100 110

— 50

— 100

— 150

— 200

— 250

— 300

75 72

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

350

Figure 14.11.— Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees C) and sea surface salinity
(7..) and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-
per 100 and 350 m; Delaware II
76-05, 17-24 May 1976.

DELAWARE 11 76-05

STATIONS 1-9 5/17/76

5/24/76

249

o
o

UJ

o

<
UJ

a.

s

u

t-

19

18 -

17

16

1 — r

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120.
DISTANCE (N M )

en

UJ

25 -

- 50

a.

UJ

o

75 -

100 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

— 100

— 200

300

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
DELAWARE H 76-06 STATIONS 1-8 6/9/76-6/13/76

74*30

71*30'

74-30' 7r30'

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.12.— Horizontal distribution of
sea surface temperature (degrees C) and
sea surface salinity ('/„) and vertical distri-
bution of temperature (degrees C) in the
upper 100 and 300 m: Delaware II 76-06, 9-
13 June 1976.

250

DISTANCE (N. MlLES:-»

50. 100. 150. 200
PflRflMETER AT SURFACE

250. 300. 350. 400. 450.

s » * 7i * an t a X *

50

- 100 _

150 _

200

100

200

300

400

500 _

600

700 _

800

_ 100

_ 150

200

_ 100

_200

_300

400

_500

600

700

800

MORMflC RIGEL 760S 150822) STATIONS 048 - 025 07/07/76 - 07/06/76

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.13.— Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees C) and sea surface salinity
(■/„) and vertical distribution of tem-
perature (degrees C) in the upper
200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05,
6-7 July 1976.

251

DISTANCE IN. MILESI*

28

26 _

24 _

uj 22
20

100. 150. 200.

PflRRMETER RT SURFRCE

300. 350.

a
to

O

50

- 100 _

150

200

100

200

300

400

500 _

600 _

700

800

_50

100

_ 150

200

^ /

^W^

¥ssf\

.GS

^19

G. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400.

MOBMflC R"GEL 7609(50867) STATIONS 001 - 019 09/01/76 - 09/02/76

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.14.— Horizontal distribu- .
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees C) and sea surface salinity
(7..) and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-
per 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel
76-09, 1-2 September 1976.

252

DISTANCE (N. MILES1-*

180. 240.

PfiRflMETER AT SURFACE

"1
U20.

.37.

.36. g

.35. 2

.34. :;

z

.32. O
.31.

480.

- 100 _

200

... -50

_ 100

_ ISO

lei. 2iil. 300. 360. I 420. 480.

SSF

SSFM

GSM

500

700

CRUISE TRfiCK PLOT

LfiSH TUHi<ITE 7610^508691 STATIONS 001 - 022 10/07/76 - 10/08/76

Figure 14.15.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity ('/..) and vertical distribution of tem-
perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Turkiye 76-10, 7-8 October 1976.

253

DISTPNCE (N. MILES)-*

.

?n

o

o

11

LU

o

18

UJ

(C

3

1 7

cc

a.

16

Q.

UJ

15

»—

X

m

13

PRRRMETER r)T SURFRCE

in

i 50 _

a

100

_50

100

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

SSF

<" 100 _

^ 200 _

300 _

400 _

500

_ 100

_200

_300

UOO

500

GRLLRTIN 7610 150836) STATIONS 016 - 01 10/24/76 - 10/23/76

Figure 14. lA. — Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees C") and sea surface salinity
(■/„) and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-
per 1(M) and 500 m; USCGC Gallatin
76-10, 23-24 October 1976.

254

DISTfiNCE (N. MILES)*

??

CJ

liJ

20

o

liJ

18

zs

t—
cr

16

(C

UJ

0-

14

bJ

X

12

10

37.

10. 80. 120. 160.
PRRfiMETER AT SUBFPCE

200.

240.

280.

320.

* t t

50

100 _

150 _

200

_50

_ 100

_ 150

200

0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200.

280: 320.

;;; 200 _

r 300 _

4. 400 _

40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320.
LflSM TUBKITE 7610(50869) STATIONS 039 -023 11/17/76 - 11/18/76

ft

ACE

60
SO

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.17. — Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees O and sea surface salinity
(7») and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-
per 200 and 800 m; Lash Turhiye
76-10, 17-18 November 1976.

255

DISTfiNCE (N. MlLESl-»

21

60. 120. 180.
PflRRMETER RT SURFACE

300.

^-e^S"^

.37.

_36.

.35. 'Z

_34. in

.33.

360.

420.

_ 50 _

- 100 _

150

200

_ 100

_ ISO

200

"1 100 _

a

200

300 _

400 _ M

soo

100

200

!.^300

_400

SOO

0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420.
BIBB 7511IS0892) STATIONS 034 - 012 12/05/76 - 12/04/76

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.18.— Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
(trees C) and sea surface salinity
(■/„) and vertical distribution of tem-
perature (degrees C) in the upper
200 and ,'>00 m; L'SCGC Bi66 76-11.
4-5 December 1976.

256

DISTANCE (N. M1LESI-*

16

14 _

12 _

10

20. 40. 60.
PflRfiMETER AT SURFACE

120.

...* *

50

"^-m^

100

0.

20.

40.

60.

15

100.

SSF

t" 100 _

200 _

300 _

400

500

_50

100

120.

_ 100

200

_ 300

_400

500

' i I

20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120.
GALLATIN 7612(509291 STATIONS 013 - 001 12/21/76 - 12/21/76

CRUISE TRACK PLOT

Figure 14.19.— Horizontal distribu-
tion of sea surface temperature (de-
grees C) and vertical distribution of
temperature (degrees C) in the up-
per 100 and 500 m; USCGC Gallatin
76-12, 21 December 1976.

257

Paper 15

ANTICYCLONIC GULF STREAM EDDIES
OFF tHE NORTHcASTERN UNITED STATES DURIMG 1976

David Mizenko and J. Lockwood ChamberLin

INTRODUCTION

This report continues for a third year (1976) an analysis of the
movements of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies in the Slope Water
region off Ne^ England and the Middle Atlantic coasts. A report
on these eddies durinq 1974 and 1975 was prepared by Bisagni. A
general summary of information on the formation^ structure/' and
dynamics of anticyclonic eddies is available in his report.- and
is not included here.

The information provided here on the eddies is basically the same
as that presented by Sisagni.' It aiffers in minor ways, as
described in the following sections, because of some differences
in our methodology and improvements in the primary information
available from satellites.

Some additional information is also given, especially on the
I formation ana destruction of the individual eddies, the surface
boundaries of the eddies, and a zonal analysis which summarizes
information on the movements of the eddies relative to one
anot her.

Methods of Analysis and Sources of Information on
&dd^ Surface e.gsitigns and Boundaries

The positions and surface boundaries of the eddies, during 1976
(Figs. 15.1-15.7), were largely taken from Experimental Ocean
Frontal Analysis charts issued weekly by the U.S. Naval
Oceanographic Office. Additional information was obtained from
infrared imagery from the NOAA GOES 1 and 2 satellites, enhanced

Atlantic Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries
Service, NOAA, Na r raca nse 1 1 , RI 02882.

'Bisagni, J. J. 1976. The oassage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream
eddies through Deepwater Dumpsite 106, 1974-1975.
Evaluation Report 76-1, 39 d.

'■JOAA Diimpsite

259

Paper 15

for sea surface temperature (about 6 to 8 images available per
day)/ and the Experimental Gulf Streati Analysis^ issued weekly by
the National environmental Satellite Service. For the special
analysis of the February-April periods NOAA-4 satellite imagery
was also used.

Pos it
bouno
posit
dots
by ey
shown
Both
appro
the i
Pot oc
iJ a t e r
indie
i s mo

ions
ar i e
i on s
(Fin
e f r
fo
t he
X ima
mage
s ky

may
ated

St f

bas

s of

f r om

s. 15

om tn

r re

posit

t i ons

r y ar

(197

apj-i

by

reque

ed on
the

uncle
.1-15.
e surf
c r esen
ions a
r bee
e of t e
6) ha
a r mu

t he s
nt wes

1 m
eddi
ar i
7) a
ace
tati
nd b
ause
n di
s p
ch

ubsu
t of

33 e r y
es ar
mage r
re t h
bound
ve St
ounda

t he
St ort
oi nt e
smal I
rf ace

70W .

th
e d r
y a r
e ee
a r i e
at es
r i es
surf
ions
d o
e r
St r

at c I ea
awn with
e drawn
nt ers of
s . Surf
in the
sho J I d
aee e xpr

of t he
ut that
in sate
uc tur e /

r I y

so I
with

the
ace
life

be
ess i

sub

edd
Hit
and

s how s

id line

dashed

eddies

boundar

times o

regard

ons of

surface

i es ent

e imag

that th

the s
s ; unc

lines .

as est
i es are
f the e
ed as
the edd
s t ru c
raining
ery t h
is d i st

u rf ace
ert ain
The
i mat ed
on ly
ddi es .

rough
i es in
tur e. ^

Shelf
an is
0 rt i on

Eddies that made surface contact with the Gulf Stream were still
regarded as eddies^ so long as it appeared from the imagery that
their circulation was largely separate from that of the Stream.
In the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis^ eddies which later
made such contact were labeled as meanders.

tiylhile the metnods used here are basically similar to those of
Bisagni (see footnote 2)/ there are some important differences in
detail. On his "trajectory" Tiapsx Bisagni shows all positions^
sure and estimated^ from several sources. We have avoided
plotting esti .Bated positions except where long time gaps exist
between sure positions/ and have given only one position for an
eddy on any given date.

Though similar data sources were used/ their quality has improved
markedly since the period 1974-75 studied by Bisagni. This is
especially true of the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis
charts/ which during 1974 lacked the detail/ accuracy/ and
documentation .which has since been incorporated — especially
during 197o. This improvement has allowed more accurate data to
be presented here than was av=iil3ble to Bisagni.

The dates of eddy formation and destruction were interpolated
when necessary. For example/ if a feature was clearly a Gulf
Stream meander on 15 October and an eHdy on 19 October/ it is

Chamberlin/ J. L. 1977. Monitoring effects of Gulf Stream
meanders and warm core eddies on the continental shelf and slope.
Int. Comm. Northwest Atl. Fish./ Sel. Pap. 2:145-153.

260

Paper 15

assumed to have detached from the Gulf Stream as an eddy on
17 October. These interpolations are accurate to within a week
or less. Bisagni used the dates an eddy was first sighted and
last sighted as his formation and destruction dates/ making his
estimates of eddy lifetimes a little shorter (on the order of a
week) than would be obtained by our method. Infrared imagery
from the Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellites at 3-h
intervals/^ which Bisagni did not have available^ was very useful
for establishing such dates.

Only eddies that were observed west of 60w are considered in this
report. These are labeled by the year in which they formed plus
a sequentially assigned letter. The dates of their formation and
destruction/ and the number of days they survived/ are summarized
in Table 13.1.

Table 1 5 .1 . --Summa ry of estimated eddy formation
and destruction dates and days of survival.

Eydi:

Dates

75E

7/23/75

- 3/27/76

751

11/1/75

- 3/17/76

76A

2/27/76

- 3/30/76

7613

4/1 /76

- 9

76C

4/19/76

- 10/15/76

760

5/20/76

2/4/77

76E

5/28/76

- 7/24/76

76F

1C/ 15/76

2/4/77

76G

10/27/76

- 5/13/77

a^^s

Days in
"lllV

248

87

137

80

37

32

>90

>90

179

179

260

225

57

57

112

77

198

65

Total eddy-days in 1976

>892

Date first observed
Subject to revision.
May have survived into
Totals by quarter:

J an- Ma r

Ap r- J un

J u l-Sep

Oct-Dec

(See also Bisagni

(see text footnote 2)

August

199
236
2 08
249
1978).

261

P aper 15

EDDY HISTORIES

1976

Two eddies survived 1975 into 1976 (75E ana 751). Eddy 75E
(Fig. 15.1)/ first observed on 23 Jjly 1975 (Bisagni's ACE-10)/
was off southern Delaware with an apparent surface diameter of
about 40 nm (70 km) at the start of 1976. An expendable
bathythermograph (XBT) survey on 18 February and 19 revealed a
maximum Core temperature of 13C extending to nearly 3C0 m depth
(Cook et al. 1976). This eddy coalesced with the Gulf Stream
about ll Karch .

Eddy 7
not a
month
locate
(170 k
V i c i ni
17 Mar
and 15
detach
ex t ens
(Fig.
that
and 75

51 (F
ppare
for t
d at
m) .
ty of
ch r b
.iJC) .

ed f r
i V e
15.8e
eddy
I are

ig^ 15.
nt in
wo mont

o6W
After m

6iiWr t
y enc ro
About
om the
patch
) . Ano
751 was

tue sa

2)x
sate
hs u
with
ov i n
he e
ac hm

1 A
Stre
of
t he r

not
me .

wh i c

Hit

nt i I

an

g so

ddy

ent

pr i I

am a

Gulf

pos

des

h f or Tte

e image

the en

aopar

ut hwes t

appear e

of a ou

r part

s anot h

St rea

s i b le i

t royed

d in
ry af
d of
ent

abou
d to
If St
of th
er ed
no wa
nt erp
du r i n

early
ter t

J anua
su r f a
t 100
be la
ream
is me
dy (7
ter
ret at
g Mar

Novem
he latt
ry 1976
ce d i a

nm (1
roe ly d

meande
ander a
6B) r in
at 67W
ion of
c h and

be r
er p

r wh

mete
9G k
es t r
r (
ppea
di ca
30"
the
that

1975
art o
en i
r of
m) t
oy ed/
Figs,
red t
ted

on 7
image

edd i

/ was
f that
t was

90 nm
o the

about

15.feb
0 have
as an

A p r i I
r y is
es 76 F

An XBT section from Albatross IV on 2-3 April (line AB in
Fig. 15.9) in the area of the warm patch indicates anticyclonic
circulation/ especially in the form of the isotherms for 12C and
colder/ but because of the section's placement/ does not
determine the feature as a meander or eddy/ although the thermal
structure does show a surface connection with the Gulf Stream.
The very steep thermal gradient at the inshore margin of the eddy
(Fig. 15.9) is based on the traces from three XBT probes dropped
near together in quick order. An additional XBT section along
line BC in the inset map on Figure 15.9 is not reproduced in this
report/ but shows a similar steeo thermal gradient (at
position C). An eastward current can be inferred on the offshore
side of the gradient.

The hi
the sa
water
on a
en t r ai
(90 km
outer
the Ea
eddy .
westwa
imager
weeks.

story
telli
pat ch
prot
nment
).

shelf
St war
~If t
rd m
y/ an
Thi

of edd
t e i mag

of unc
r us ion

around
T he pr

SQUt h

d on 1 1
he deep
u ch mo
d then
s eddy

y 763 (F

er y . Th

er t a in c

of She

an eddy

esence

of New E

-12 May/

1 3C wat

re qu i c

remained

may have

ig. 15.2) is not clearly apparent in
e 24 April position is based on a warm-
haracter. The 29 May position is based
If Water that has the appearance of

with a surface diameter of about 50 nm
of 13C water to a depth >155 m over the
ngland (7lw12')/ in an XBT section from

provided evidence of the passage of an
er was from this eddy/ then 76B moved
kly than was indicated by satellite

in the area of 71«i/ for about three

been the one that appeared in the area

262

Paper 15

of Deepwater tjumpsite 106 (38NA3 ' -39N00 ' r 72W00 •-72W30 ' ) at the
end of June as shown by several XbT sections.' After Mayr
however^ the history of the eddy was not revealed in satellite
imagery.

Eddy 76A formed about 22 February from a large meander centered
at 63 w (Figs. 15. 3x 15.8a/ 15. Bb). The large decrease in appar-
ent surface diameter of this eddy froti 140 nm (260 km) at the end
of February to 1C0 nm (190 km) at the end of March was probably a
result of deceptive surface expression. A hydrocast transect
from the RV Ernst Haeckel made on 20 March (Fig. 15.10) showed
this eddy to be a smoothly structured mass of Sargasso Water/
with a sigma-t range of only 25.9 to 26.3 at stations 1 to 4
(except in a few of the deepest samples at stations 2 and 4).

A special set of diagrams (Fig. 15.8)

illustrate i/iajor interactions between

anticyclonic eddies in the area southeast

mid-February through April, Involved in

two large changes of course by the Stream

eddies 751 and 76A/ as well as the formation and destruction of

cyclonic eddy.

has been prepared to
the Gulf St ream and
of Georges Bank froti
these interactions were
ana the destruction of

a

On 17 February (Fig. 15.8a)/ eddy 751 lay south of Georges
Bank/ and a Gulf Stream meander was separating as eddy 76A.

On 28 February (Fig. 15. bb)/ eddy 751 was entraining warm
Gulf Stream water/ and eddy 76A was fully formed and had
moved wes t wa rd .

By 24 March (Fig. 15.8c)/ a developing Gulf Stream meander
had encroached on eddy 751/ apparently destroying it. Eddy
76A moved westward and entrained warm Gulf Stream water.

By 27 March (Fig. 15. 8d)/ 3ulf Stream water was
from the meanoer south of Georges Bank as eddy
76A ceased entraining Gulf Strean water and was
losing kater to the Gulf Stream. I^eandering of
intensified southeast of eddy 76A.

separ at i ng
76B. Eddy
apparent ly
the St r eaii

By 7 April (Fig. 15. 8e)/ eddy 763 had separated from the
Stream south of Georges bank and had moved westwaro. The
Gulf Stream changed course through the northern portion of
eddy 76A/ forming a broad meander that incorporated this
eddy. Tti e former path of the Stream to the south became a
cyclonic eddy. A hydrocast transect from the W^eczno made

J. J. Bisagni/ Atlantic Environmental
sett/ Rl 02b£d. Pers. commun.

Group/ NMFS/ Narragan-

263

Paper 15

on 4-7 April (Fig. 15.11; station location plotted on
Fig. 15. 8e) showed only one crossing of the Gulf Stream
axisr inJicdting that the Gulf Stream had assumed its
directly eastward path by the tiiie of the section. The rise
in isotharms and isohalines at station 4 was due to the
proximity of this station to the Gulf Stream's northern
edge .

On 14 April CFig. 1 5 . 8 f ) /• eddy 76B/ south of Georges Sank/
was not visible in satellite imagery. The Gulf Stream had
merged with the west rriargin of the cyclonic eddy.

By 18 April (Fiq. 15. 8g)/ the cyclonic eddy was incorporated
into the Gulf Stream/ but the former path of the Stream was
not completely abandoned. Hydrocast stations (Fig. 15.2/
BeloQorsk/ 17-19 April) of leg AB were entirely in Slope
Water/ while the middle stations of leg BC were in the Gulf
Stream/ providing agreement with the surface pattern shown
in Fipure 15. 8g. Because of the placement of stations/ the
link between the old and the new Gulf Stream paths was not
recorded in Figure 15.12.

On 24 April (Fig. 15. 8h)/ eddy 75C formed from the
of the old Gulf Stream path.

remnant s

The po
April/
August
and f
28 Jul
reach
have h
per d
4 nm (
1976.
was p r
cont i n
on 12-
af th
d i amet
marked
coa les

si t i on

was

The

or 28

y pos i

i ts
ad to
ay . T
7 km)

Ev i de
ov i ded
en ta I
13 Aug
is ed
er was
ly d
ced w i

of
not
pos
Jul
tion
fair
tr av
hi s
per
nee

oy

she
us t .
dy ' s
60
ur i n
th t

eddy 7
c lea
i t i on
y/ a

was e
ly ce
el at
speed
day th
for th
13C wa
If at
The
size
nm (
p lat
he Gu I

6C (F
rl y
for 1

sugg
spec i
rt ai n
an av
is in
at we
e pas
ter t

71N1
sa te I
unt i I
110 k
e Se
f Str

seen
5 via
est i
ally

pos
e r ag
cons

hav
sage
o a
0'/
lite

lat
m) .
pt em
earn

15.3)/

i n
y wa s
ve Sh

quest
i t ion
e rate
i St ent
e ca Ic

of th
dept h
in an

image
e Auqu

The
ber a
about

f ol
the
base
e If
i ona
of 1

of

wi t
a lat
i s e
of
XBT
ry p
s t w

su r
nd
1 5 0

lowi n
sate
d on

W a t e
ble/
3 Aug
at I
h a ve
ed f o
ddy s
>140
sect i
rov id
hen t
face
Octob
ct obe

g it
I lit
a wa
r p
beca
ust /
east
rage
r ot
out h
m o
on f
es n
he a
exp
er/
r .

s for
e ima
rm wa
rot ru
use i

the
6 n

rate
her

of H
ve r
rom t
o c le
ppa re
re ssi

and

mat i
gery
ter
s ion
n or
eddy
m (
s of
edd i
ew E
the
he 0
ar p
nt s
on
the

on in

unt i I

patch/

The

der to

would
11 km)

up to
e s in
ng land

out er
ceanus
i ct u re
u rf ace
shrank
eddy

Eddy 76D
c en t e r ed
(20C km)

(Fin. 15.4) formed about

264

Paper 15

shallow eddy waters the deeper circulation seemed to be closed.
The shara thermal front on the shoreward side of the eddy
(Fig. 15. 1A) indicated considerable velocity shear. In
mid-De cember r the eddy was located at 70w30* and had an apparent
surface diameter of 80 nm (15 0 km). This eddy persisted into
1977 until captured by the Gulf Stream during February.

Eddy 76E (Fig. 15.5) formed about
elliptical meander _
surface diameter at this time
eddy

.-. 26 May at 62W from an

that looped westward from 6CW. Its apparent
was about 80 nm (15C km)

This
a
e

suiidte uicimtTLer dt tnis Ljmtr wdi auoux ou nm ^.IDU Km^. inis
eddy survived at least into late July^ when it became masked by a
large area of warm surface water. It may have lasted through the
better part of Augusts but the fate of eddy 76E is obscure.
Presumably^ it coalesced into either the Gulf Stream or eddy 76D.

Eddy 76F (Fig. 15.6) formed from a northward extending meander at
64W on 15 October. Its apparent surface diameter was about 80 nm
(150 km). It survived until February 1977.

Eddy 76G (Fig. 15.7) formed about 27 October from a meander that
had looped westward from 65W with an apparent surface diameter of
90 nm (170 km). After initial westward movements the eddy
remained fairly stationary during December at 67W30'. This eddy
persisted until well into 1977.

ZONAL ANALYSIS OF EDDY POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS

A zonal analysis of all the eddies in 1976 is summarized in
Table 15.2 to reveal their movements relative to one another.
The region studied was divided into eight zones of about equal
lengths along the axis of eddy movements (Fig. 15.15). The zonal
boundaries were drawn approximately normal to both the mean
position of the Gulf Stream's north wall and the lOQ-fm (180-m)
isobath. The zone in which each eddy occurred at the middle of
each month is shown in Table 15.2.

Eddy positions with respect to zone were also determined for 1974
and 1975 from Bisagni (see footnote 2). The last column of
Table 15.2 gives the number of occurrences at midmonth for the
years 1974-76 in each zone. Thusr in zone 4^ eddies were present
at midmonth 15 times out of a possible 36.

Except for zones 1 and 8/ overall eddy activity was fairly
uniform with respect to zone for the years considered. There are
relatively few occurrences in zone 8 because many eddies never
get that far and those that do are soon incorporated into the
Gulf Stream. The low level of activity in zone 1 seems to be
realr even though partly a data artifact caused by excessive
cloud interference in the satellite coverage. Occasional cloud

265

Paper 15

free imagery indicates that Gulf Stream eddies are common in the
Slope Water region east of zone 1. It appears/^ therefore/^ that
eddies formed east of zone 1 (off the central Scotian shelf) tend
not to move westward very far. No eddies observed during 1976r
in the area of our analysis/^ originated east of zone 2.

A westward boundary to the region of eddy formation is apparent
in the zonal analysis. During 1974-76^ no eddies originated west
of zone 5 .

ENVELOPES OF EDDY CENTER POSITIONS AND BOUNDARIES

Envelopes drawn around all the observed surface center positions
and surface boundary positions of eddies during 1976 appear in
Figure 15.16. The narrow portion of the envelope of centers
between 69W and 72W reflects the fact that few eddy observations
were made in this region.

DISCUSSION

Satellite ima.gery has proved itself an effective means of
monitoring anticyclonic eddies but does have inherent
limitations:

1. Imagery reveals what is happening at the surface/ but
the surface is the last place to become disconnected in
anticyclonic eddy formation fGotthardt 1973)/ whereas the
area of maximum energy may be over 100 m below the surface
(Khedouri and Gemmill 1974). Thjs/ a feature located near
the Gulf Stream may appear as a meander in satellite
imagery/ while the main body of water beneath the surface
circulates as an eddy.

2. During the summer/ surface temperatures ir the Slope
Water may approach that in the eddies/ causing the latter to
"disappear" in the imagery. This effect probably contrib-
uted to eddy 76C's not being detected until mid-August
(Fig. 1 5.3) .

3. The region of our analysis is subject to long periods of
cloudiness during which eddies may be formed or destroyed.
Potocsky (1976)/ in an evaluation of imagery over the entire
western North Atlantic/ found that cloud free coverage was
best during April and October and worst during December.

A- Eddy surface expression can be distorted by entrained
Shelf Water (Potocsky 1976). Chsmberlin (see footnote 3)

266

P aper 15

suggesteo that distortion mey also occur when wind causes
overrunning of an eddy by surrounding water/^ or chilling of
an eddy at the surface.

This report and that of Bisagni (see footnote 2) demonstrate that
eddies have a variable^ Dut major* influence on physical
conditions in the Slope Water. During the three years of record/
the number of eddies oresent at any time has ranged from a low of
one (November 1974 to mid-January 1975) to as many as six (early
November 1975/ one of which/ 751/ was not recorded by Bisagni).

SUMMARY

Two we I L -de vel oped anticyclonic eddies (751 and 76A) occurred
south and southeast of Georyes Bank in the early months of 1976/
but these were short lived. Only three eddies moved westward
beyond Georges Bank during the year (76B/ 76C/ 76D). Although
two of these/ 76B and 76C/ were apparently weakly developed/ the
former probably moved at least to the vicinity of the Hudson
Canyon/ and the latter to the latitude of Virginia. Eddy 76D was
strongly formed. It moved to the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon
by the end of the year.

ACKNOWLEDGMEMTS

In the National Environmental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Franklin
E. Kniskern provided several prints of NOAA-4 satellite imagery
and Robert L. Mairs provided 3-hourly imagery from the Geosta-
tionary Orbiting Environmental Satellite. Rudolf J. Perchal/
U.S. Kaval Oc ea nog rap hi c Office/ provided up-to-the-minute
satellite information at times when research vessels were making
special observations in eddies. Philip L. Richardson/ University
of Rhode Island/ provided NOAA-4 satellite pictures for the
F ebruo ry - Apr iL period.

Henry ti . Jensen provided special X6T observations south of
Georges Bank from RV Aigatros^ IV on 2-3 April. Special acknowl-
edgment is owed for data provided by the crews of cooperating
foreign fishery research vessels: the German Democratic
Republic's RV Ernst haecke], for Nansen bottle data on 20 March/
the Polish RV Wieczno for XBT data on 4-7 April and for Nansen
bottle data on 7-T9 April/ and the U.S.S.R. RV Belogorsk for
.■Hansen bottle data on 17-19 April and for XBT data on 5-6
September. W. Redwood Wright and Patrick J. Twohig/ NMFS/ Woods
Hole/ MA/ assisted in obtaining oceanog raphi c aata from the
foreign vessels.

267

Paper 15

Reed S. Armstrong / fotional Marine
valuable oce anog raph i c advice.

Fisheries Service*'

gave

LITERATURE CITED

biSAGNl/ J. J.

1978. passage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies through
deepwater dumpsite 106 during 1974 and 1975. In J. R.
Goulet^ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability:
Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 293-298.
U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

COOK/ S. K./ J. J. BISAGNI/ and K. A. HAUSKNECHT.
1976. A sjrvey of en anticyclonic (warm core)
eddy. Gulfstream 2(3):6-7.

Gu I f Stream

60TTHARDT/ 6. A.

1973. Gulf Stream eddies in the western North Atlantic
Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150-16-73/ 42 p.

U.S.

KHEDOURI/ E./ and W. GEMMILL.

1974. Physical properties and energy distribution of Gulf
Stream eddies. U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150-
22-74/ 25 p.

POTOCSKY/ G.

1976. Application of VHRR-IR satellite imagery to quali-
tatively estimate subsurface thermal structure. U.S. Naval
Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 3700-48-76/ 18 p.

268

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36 =

42'

- 40"

- 38'

Figure 15.1. — Track line for unticyclonic eddy 75E (23 July 1975-27 March 1976). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imager)*, are

shown for some positions.

42°

40°

38°-

36°

75°

70°

65°

Figure 15.2.— Track lines for anticyclonic eddies 751 (1 November 1975-17 March 1976) and 76B (1 April 1976-?). Surface boundaries, as

seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some positions.

270

42'

40" -

38°-

36'

42°

Figure 13.3.— Track lines for anticyclonic eddies 76A (22 February-30 March 1976) and 76C (19 ApriI-15 October 197G). Surface bound-
aries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some positions.

42'

40" -

38°-

36°

Figure 13.4.— Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76D (20 May 1976-February 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are

shown for some positions.

271

42'

40°-

Figure 15.5.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76E (28 May-24 July 1976). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some

positions.

Figure l.i.B.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 7fiF (15 October 197fi-February 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown

for some positions.

70'

4 2°

40° —

65'

60'

:d-v^

100 . _ _ _ / ~

10/30 \

/ 1/J

> 12/a \ /

42=

— 40'

75°

65"

60'

Figure 15.7.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76G (27 October 1976-13 May 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are

shown for some positions.

272

70" 68" 66* 64«' 62' 70» 68° 66" 64" eZ"

42'

40»-----

38"-

36»-

40»-

38"-

36«

40"-

38«

36"-

40» —

38°-

36°-

Figure 15.8. — Interactions between Gulf Stream eddies and the Gulf Stream during the late winter and early spring of 1976.

See text.

273

283
284

285 286

NAUTICAL MILES

Figure 15.9. — Expendable balhvthermoRraph (XBT) sei(ion (degrees O from K\' .U6«(ro.ss /\' in Gulf Stream meander (or eddy) on 2-3 .April
I97fi that had been pu.shed into proximity with Georges Bank. Section is not given for line B to C on inset map. The three dots on the map
inset correspond to the locations where the thermal front was denned by the XBT survey. See text for discussion.

274

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200 —

300 —

400 —

0

o >
tr z

en

500

600 —

700

NAUTICAL MILES

Figure 15.13.— Expendable bathythermograph section (degrees C) and surface salinities ('/..) through eddy 76D and the Gulf Stream on 5-6
September 1976 from RV Belogorsk. See Figure 15.14 for detail of upper left corner of section. Location of section is shown on inset map.

278

a:

LlI

(-

LlI

Q.
LlI
Q

100

200 —

10 20 30

NAUTICAL MILES

Figure 15.14. — Detail of upper left comer of Figure 15.13.

40

279

/

^

Figure 15.15. — Zones used in Table 15.2.

ENVELOPE OF EDDY
CENTER POSITIONS

ENVELOPE OF EDDY
SURFACE BOUNDARIES

-T-

^

3

5o

Co

O
to

KiKiirc l.').lli. — Knvolopcs of surfiuc boundaries and rcnliT positions uf eddies during l!l7(i.

280

Paper 1 6

RIVER RUNOFF ALONG THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COAST IN 1976

Elizabeth D. Haynes

The river runoff (rate of volume flow) presented

The river runoTT (rate or volume Tlow; presented
calculated from the continuously recorded water level
stations located at Trentonr NJ^ on the Delawar

PniinKL-oartc-io^ MY- nn <-ho WiiHcon Piv/^r. anH al/-\r\n *-ho

Poughk eepsi e X

. ..v^a-'- -- K - • >- ' NY^ on the Hudson Riverr and
Chesapeake Bay at the sections shown in
and P ough keeps i e

here is

at gaging

e Ri ver/^

along the shores of

Appendix 16.1. Trenton

and Poughkeepsie are upstream of any tidal influence^ but the
tidal flow and consequent mixing need to be accounted for in
order to estimate Chesapeake Bay runoff.

The unusual warming in January and February caused higher than

average runoff in February in all three estuaries. Spring runoff

normally peaks at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in March and

continues high in April as a result of snow melt in the southerly

James and Potomac river basins/ in contrast to Delaware Bay^ in

which the average runoff is greatest in Aprils with March a close
s econd .

By March there was no snow nor river ice left in the drainage

areas/ so runoff was unusually low. April was hot and dry/ with

less than 50% of normal rainfall and temperatures reaching the

mid-90's; runoff was low (Appendix 16.1/ Fig. 16.1). Flow
continued below average through May/ and then was essentially

average in magnitude (within 10/000 cu ft/s ' of the long-term
mean at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay) until October.

Due to a succession of frontal waves/ rainfall in September
exceeded 1502i of normal. On one day/ 5 inches of rain fell in
the Chesapeake drainage basin. This weather pattern continued in
October and brought three times the rainfall normal for the
month.

'The data used in this report were supplied by the U.S.
Geological Survey District Offices in Hudson/ NY/ Trenton/ NJ/
aad Towson/ MD .

^Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries
Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.

M/000 cu ft/s = 28.32 wis.

281

Paper 16

The highest runoff measured at the mouth of Chesapeake Pay
(35G/C00 cu ft/sec) for any month since data were first recorded
in 1950 occurred in June 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnesr and
because of it the annual mean for that year also was the highest
on record (about 130/000 cu ft/secx Appendix 16.1). The second
highest annual mean (IIS/OOC cu ft/sec)/ although not monthly
peak/ was in 1975/ associated with Hurricane Eloise in September;
the rest of that year was essentially normal. Mean flow in
October 1976 (179/900 cu ft/sec) exceeded that of September 1975
due entirely to e xt r at r op i ca I frontal activity. Despite the dry
months of spring/ the annual -nean flow in 1976 (&4/40C cu ft/sec)
was the sixth highest of the ?5 years of record. Runoff
decreased in November and was average in December.

Runoff in the Delaware Bay and Hudson River (Fig. 16.1)
paralleled that in the Chesapeake due to the same climatic
conditions during the year. The December flow dropped in the
Delaware and Hudson Rivers as the onset of the cold winter of
1976-77 locked up precipitation in snow and ice. Long-term iiean
monthly runoff figures were not obtained for the Hudson River/
and the 1976 data are provisional. The annual average of the
data set is 20/100 cu ft/sec over the period of record.

Runoff affects estuarine and offshore fishes and shellfishes by
varying the salinity/ turbidity/ dissolved oxygen/ and
stratification of their environment. Early warming in the spring
of 1976 was associated with high runoff very early in the year.
This accentuated the early onset of stratification in the near
shore waters and suppressed oxygenation two months earlier than
usual. The normal summer biological depletion of dissolved
oxygen led to anoxic conditions and the subsequent fish kill in
July (Armstrong/ Paper 17).

282

Table 16.1. —Mean monthly runoff in cu ft/s (O.O2832
cu m/s). A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie , NY, 1976
(provisional data); B - Delaware River at Trenton,
NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, monthly-
means for 19i+l-70.

A

B

C

JAN

29200

19770

11850

FEB

54800

26830

12410

MAR

42300

16450

19780

APR

46300

13420

21500

MAY

41200

12670

14390

JUN

18800

7490

8544

JUL

18200

8610

6440

AUG

20100

8007

6218

SEP

12200

4800

4995

OCT

33900

18020

5637

NOV

23600

10800

9857

DEC

19300

7476

11970

283

u

CO

o

O
O

MONTH

Figure Ifi.l. — Mean monthly runoff into the Middle Atlantic Bight. A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie. NY. 1976 (provisional data);
B - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, monthly means for 1941-70.

284

APPENDIX 16.1

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

in Cooperation with

STATES OF MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, AND VIRGINIA

ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY

A monthly summary of cumulative streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay
designed to aid those concerned with studying and managing the Bay's
resources. For additional information, contact the District Chief,
US. Geological Survey, 208 Carroll Building 8600 La Salle Road
Towson, Marylond 21204 Phone 301-828-1535

January 1, 1577
4 Q Q ^ T !■■ ~ ., T T" p

JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

150

50
30

T I I I I I I I I ! iT~rr I I 1 I I I I ui I n I I I I

Annual mean streomflow into Chesapeake Boy by calender years _

I_i_l-L-L-1 I 1 1-LJL.1_J_1.J-L L-L1-J_I I I I I I I II I
950 '55 '60 65 70 75 1980

285

ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY
ABOVE INDICATED SECTIONS BY MONTHS, DURING 197i

240

220

200

180

I I I I I I I I I I I

CUMULATIVE INFLOW TO CHESAPEAKE BAY
AT INDICATED CROSS SECTIONS

A Mouth of Susquehanna R.

B Above moufh of Potomac R.

C Below mouth of Potomac R.

D Above mouth of James R.

E Mouth of Chesapeoke Boy

JFMAMJJASOND

286

ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY

Cubic feet per second at section

YEAR

MONTH

1975

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

53,000
86,100
83,000
50,700
59,000
42,500
19,500
9,460
86,100
66,700
42,500
38,100

60,600
97,800
94,500
57,800
67,800
48,000
24,000
13,000
97,800
76,800
48,000
43,600

76,400

124,600

132,000

77,000

93,500

62,700

36,000

19,700

128,600

99,600

63,000

54,400

85,000

136,200

151,300

84,500

104,100

68,300

43,600

23,600

138,600

106,000

68,400

58,700

97,600

155,600

185,000

96,700

121,800

77,700

56,100

30,200

155,100

118,000

77,400

66,000

Mean

53,100

60,800

80,600

89,000

103,100

1976

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

49,300
102,000
64,600
45,700
34,800
39,200
25,000
20,900
12,500
82,400
38,600
27,200

56,200
114,800
72,200
51,800
40,300
44,700
29,900
25,400
16,400
93,900
44,200
32,300

82,800
134,900
87,100
68,200
47,600
53,800
35,800
30,100
20,200
135,000
58,600
45,900

96,000
142,700
93,700
74,900
52,000
61,600
38,000
31,300
21,100
148,500
64,200
54,400

118,200

155,400

104,400

85,900

59,400

74,400

41,900

34,300

22,900

173,900

73,400

68,300

Mean

45,200

51,800

66,700

73,200

84,400

287

Paper 1 7

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE FISH
OFF NEW JERSEY DURING THE SUMMER

KILL AND ANOXIA
OF 1976'

Reed S. Armstrona-

INTRODUCT ION

A massive fish kill in the bottom waters over the middle
continental shelf off New Jersey occurred during the summer of
1976. Beginning in late June 1976/' dead or dying fish and
shell"fish were sighted off the northern New Jersey coast andr
through the summer/ the fish kill area expanded continuously
southward. Low oxygen or anoxic conditions accompanied the fish
kills (Bullocn 1V76). By mid-September the region of extensive
fish mortalities covered an area of about 2/1G0 square miles
(5/40u km-).'

Observations in August 1976 indicated that the fish kill was
probably related to the presence of exceptionally low oxygen
concentrations in the bottom waters on the shelf.* By
mid-October/' oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters had
returned to near normal conditions. Comparison of the August
1976 data with historic August observations from the National
Oceanographic Data Center (MODC) archives indicates the
terrperature of the waters below the thermocline and oxygen
concentrations in the surface layer were not unusual in 1976

Tak
relat

du ri n
bnv i r

1976x

1^ I'i F S /

■At I

e r vi

Ste

enon

In J

At I an

1976.

'Oat

H inh I

en from: Armstrong^ R. S. 1977. "Climatic conditons
ed to the occurrence of anoxia in the waters off New Jersey
c the summer of 1976." In Oxygen Deplption and Associated
onmental Disturbances in the Middle Atlantic Bight in

f. 17-3 5. Tech. Ser. R. No. 3/ Northeast Fisheries Center/

NCAA
antic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries
ce/ NOAA/ Narraaansett/ RI 0?.bb2.
imle/ F. 1976. A Summary of the fish kill - anoxia phenom-

cff New Jersey and its imoact on resource specieS/ p. 5-11.
. H. Sharp (editor)/ Workshop Report/ Anoxia on the Middle
tic Shelf during the SumTier of 1976/ l«i ash i ngt on / DC/ October

a prov ided by
a nds / 1^1 J 07732 .

Northeast Fisheries Center/ NMFS

NOAA,

289

Paper 1 7

(Fig. 17.1). Therefore/^ any physical phenomena related to the
anoxic condition in the bottom waters must have occurred earlier.

To define environmental conditions that might have led to anoxic
conditions/^ various sets of historical and c I imat o log i ca I data
were examined. The data used and their sources were:

Monthly mean river discharge for the Delaware River and
Hudson Riverr and cumulative discharge into Long Island
Sound/ provided by the U.S. (Geological Survey.

f^onthly mean sea surface temperature* compiled from ship
reports and published in 2yiistream (National Weather
Service/ January 1975-August 1976) and in The Gulf St££a2!
(j2D£.hl^ iumrnar^ (U.S. Naval Ocea nographi c Officer January
1966-Dece(nber 1974).

I^onthly mean shore station temperatures at tide stations
(Sandy Hook/ Atlantic City/ and Cape May/ NJ)/ acquired from
the National Ocean Survey/ NOAA.

Historical oceanographic station data/ including dissolved
oxyoen ooservations/ provided by the National Oceanographic
Data Center/ Environmental Data Service/ NOAA.

In addition/ data from oceanographic stations occupied in the
area in 19 7:> were provided by the Sandy Hook Laboratory of NMFS
and by the Atlantic Oceanographic and "Meteorological Laboratories
of NOAA'S Environmental Research Laboratories.

CLIf^ATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

nn ex a
e s sent
be twee
the s
1976 t
any o
T he ea
water
water
I arqes
years)
At lent
F ebrua
a d d i t i
Del awa
early
f r eshe

mi n at
ia I ly
n t he
ur f ac
he wa
f th
r ly w
t emp
t e^ipe
t wa
Fc
ic C
ry 1
on /
re an

i n
ni ng

i on of
oegan

me an a
e wate
t er s be
e pr ec
a rmi no
e ra t u re
r at ures
r mi ng
r the I
ity (1
976 wa
t he us
d H udso

1*76/
of surf

c I i mat

one
nd 197
r s off
g an wa
ed i no
in 197
r eco

in Fe
for t
onqe r
912-19
rm i ng
ua I s
n Rive

which
ace wa

ol og i

to t

6 ann

New
r m i ng
10 y
6 is
rds/
brua r
hose
re cor

was
pring
rs ( F
wou
t e r s

ca I recor

wo mont hs

ual cycle

Jersey (F

at least

ears ( Feb

also in

where at

y over Ja

months f

d of shor

1923-1969

ex ceeded

increase

ig. 17.3)

Id cause

ove r the

ds i
earl
s of
ig. 1

one

r ua r y

di c at

Sand

nua ry

or t h

e s t a

/ 19

onl

in r

heg

an

shelf

nOi ca
y in
warmi
7.2)
mont h

vs .
eo i
y Hoo

1976
e per
t ion
72-19
y on
i ver
an a

earl
S p

tes
1976
ng a
i ndi

ear
Marc
n s
k th

rep
iod

t em
76)/
ce

disc
bout
i e r
ring

tha

C

nd c

cate

I ier

h an

hore

e i n

res e

of r

per a

the

(19

harg

tw

tha

inc

t s

ompa

oo I i

s th

tha

d Ap

St

crea
nt ed
ec or
ture
Jan
27).
e f o
o m
n n
reas

pnng
r i s o n
ng in
at in
n in
ri I),
at i on
se in
the
d (32
s at
ua r y-
In
r the
on t hs
or ma I
e in

290

Paper 17

discharge into Long Island Sound was also two months early.

These two conditions^ early warming and Lowering of surface

salinities from early occurrence of high discharge/ would

establish stratification of the weter column some one to two
months early.

OXYGEN CYCLE A^D STRATIFICATION

The annual cycle of dissolved oxygen in the subpycnoc li ne waters
is shown in Figure 17.4/ which is a compilation of historic
observations from the NODC archives for a 1-deg square off New
Jersey (39N-4QN/ 73W-74W). Also included in the compilation were
values collected in July 1957." For this analysis oxygen
measurements at the greatest sanpling depth for each station with
bottom depths >2.Q m and <60 m were plotted by month/ regardless
of year of observation/ and a mean annual trend was derived from
the plotted values. Data were available in all 12 months. They
were obtained from 77 stations (28 cruises/ 12 years).

Du r i ng
Waters
bottom
concen
i nc rea
March
sa I i n i
es t ab I
and it
rep len
shelf/
a c t i vi
t h roug
the S
pr ovi d
rep len
I imi t e
spring
s t agna
than
de crea
until
s t rat i

fall and

causes o

and r ai s
trations.
se in bot

(Fig. 17
ties de c
is h i ng s t
s pers ist
i shmen t

where di
ty. The
h s pr i ng
helf Wat
e e V i den
is hment
d vertica
and su
nt water

rep leni s
se (Fin.

su rf a ce
f i c a t i on

w i nt e
vertur
es bot
Sur
torn ox
.4)/
r ease
r a t i f i
ence t
of ox
s so Ive
per si s
and su
er/Slo
ce of
by ad
I and
mmer
mass i
hment .
17.4)

coo I i
in Sep

r / CO

nino/
torn 0
face
ygen
when

as
cat i o
hroug
ygen
d oxy
t ence
mme r /
pe W
li
vec t i
hor iz
the
n whi
S
f rom
ng a
t embe

o I i n

whi
xyge
cool
cone

sur
sp ri
n.
h sp

int
gen

of

and
at er
mite
on

ont a
bott
ch u
ubpy
the
nd
r .

g at t
ch mixes
n concen
i n g / o V e
ent ra t io
face war
ng ri V
The St re
ring an

0 the
is norma
the cold

the St r
f ront
d late
from of

1 ex cha
om water
ti lizati
cnoc I ine
on«:et of
overturn

he SU
the w
t r at i 0
r tu rn i
ns typ
mi ng b
e r d
ngt hen
d sum
subpy c
I ly de

core
ong t e
over t
ral

f s hore

nge i

on t h

on of

oxy

St ra

i nq b

r f ac
ater
ns t
ng /
ica I
egi n
i sch
ing
mer
noc I
plet
over
mpe r
he c
mi x i

mpl i
e sh
ox
qen
tif i
egi n

e o
s fr
o e
and
ly c
s .

arge
of s

I im
ine
ed b

the
at ur
ont i
ng
The
es
elf
ygen

va I

ca t i

br

f t

om s

qua I

the

ont i

'^ Iso

i

t rat

its

wate

y b

mi d

e gr

nent

and

con

that

i s a

i s

ues

on

eak i

he

urf a
su
resu
nue
/ su
nc re
i f i c

ver
rs o
iolo
die
adi e
a L s
o
dit i
th

som

gr

st e
i n

ng u

Shelf
ce to
r f a ce
It i ng
into
rf a ce
ases/
at i on
t i ca I
n the
gi ca I
shelf
nt of
lope/
xygen
on of
rough
ew hat
eater
ad i ly
March
p the

Woods Hole Oceanograph i c Institution. 1961. Biological/
chemical/ and radiochemical studies of marine plankton. Reduced
data report/ Appendix C to Ref. No. 61-6.

291

Paper 17

APfLICATION OF OXYGEN MODEL FOR 1976

Assuming that the early warming and early spring river discharge

in 1976 Pstaolished stratification t-o months earlier than usual

(January instead of Inarch), and assuming ,t hat oxygen^ ^depletion

progressed at typical

concentrations was

the normal trend

c

a

t

rates/ a trend for subpycnocline oxygen

formulated (Fio. 17.4). In this formulation

curve for the months of declinina oxygen

concentrations were received from AOML ^ '^^ ^^"^ ^ ^^ °"?"°^,^^S^^ J

Laboratories) surveys as part of the MtbA

New York Bight Project. The

AOML observations (Fig. 17.4) seems to

conditions resulted from a

and Net eoro logi ca I

(Marine Ecosystems Analysis)

correspondence with the

sucDort the contention that u^^h

teng?hened period of near stagnation in the bottom waters which.
In ?urn" was caused by the onset - e ....... ..t .on one to two

months e?rliec than normal.

anoxic

of st rati f icat ion

An additional feature during the summer of 1976 was the
occurren e of a distinctly larger than normal plankton PoP-Lation
t rourhout the Shelf Waters of the ^''-'''l^'l[J;'l',\,'Z]2

cells on the New Jersey shelf, representing a larger than normal

d
e

ecayina biomass. The continued high rate of oxygen depletion of
llrlV sulleT and the maintenance of anoxic -"^^ ^ ;?"%J^^ ° ^/^
Late summer may be attributed to the large mass of oecaying

Cgrat i uffl.

KEGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE 1976 FISH KILL

fish kill

.„o,ic condUions an. the cesuU^n, ^J,s.^ --..H:. ^^llZ'll

Historical oxygen observations

limited to the. Shelf Waters off

292

Paper 17

Off Lo
c on cen
summer
New J e
L ong I
Oxygen
more r
during
d 1 s c h 3
in 197
one to

N

mo

t

Jo

off

two

for

for

along

Given

spring

I s I and

ng IsLandr as off New Jersey/' maxim
trations normally occur in March/^ deer
r and begin rising in September. Similar
rsey Shelf Watersx the annual cycle of di
sland reflects the seasonality of densit
decrease in this 1-deg square off Lo
apidly during spring than off New Jersey^

summer (Fig. I7.5a). Sea surface
rge rates into Long Island Sound and from
6 indicate that stratification should hav

two months earlier than normal off Long
ew Jersey. Assuming that stratification
nths earlier than normals a trend for 19
he waters off Long Islandir beginning with
nuary (6.5 ml/l). This curve is shown

with the one formulated for New Jer

sin, ilar anomslous events for the two area

and comparable Ceratiym bloom)/ bott

should not have gone mjch belo^ 2 ml/l i

um bottom oxygen

ease in spring and

to the cycle in

ssolved oxygen off

y stratification.

ng Is land proceeds

but less rapidly

temperatures and

t he Hudson River

e been established

I s land , as it was

became established

76 was deve loped

t he t yp i ca I value

in Figure 17. 5b/^

sey bottom waters.

s (two-month-early

om oxygen off Long

n 1976.

The

be tw

cond

A s

s h a I

bank

t ypi

off

less

Auau

of" t

New

off

Lone

cone

typi

New

ciff
een
i t io
ini i I
lowe
of
ca II
New
er V
St 1

he p
J er
New

Is
ent r

Cell

J e rs

e ren
the
n s .
a r
r .

f Ne

y oc

Je

0 lum
949,
y cno
sey

J er s

1 and
at io
y a V
ey.

ce s
tw

H b
bank
The
w J e
cu r s
rsey
e of

a c
c L i n
and
ey w

ns /
ai I a

1 n

0 ar

road

i s

anox

rsey

(Fi

wou

oxy

ru i s

e at

Long

as o

Appl

it c

ble

the a

eas mo

bank

prese

i c con

r uh i c

q. 17.

Id hav

gen, t

e that

a dep

I s I an

n ly ab

yi ng

ou Id b

below

nnua I
St li
(40-6
nt of
di t i 0
h is
1) .
e a I
han t
t r an
th of
d. T
out 1
the
e a rq
the p

eye le
ke ly ar

3 ill dep
f New J
n in 19
the reg
The thi
esse r v
he wate
s i tt ed
about
h i cknes
5 m, wh
ratio
ued tha
ycno c li

of
e the
th) e
e r sey
76 de
ion w
nne r
o lume
r s o
both
25 m
s of
e re as
of t
t twi
n e of

oxy

res

xi St

r bu

ve lo
here

sub

of
f f

a rea
over
the

it
hese
ce a
f Lo

gen
ult
s of
t it
ped

the
pycn
wate
Long
s f o

the
bott
was

va
s mu
ng I

conee
of bat
f Long

is ab
on the

lowes

oc li ne

r / and

Isla

und t h

banks
om wa t
about
lues t
eh ox
s I and

ntr a
hyme

Isl
out

sha

t ox

wa

hen
nd.
e bo

of
er I
30 m
o ox
ygen
than

t ion
trie
and .
20 m
How
ygen
t e r s
ce a
In
1 1 om
both
ay er

off

ygen

i s

off

Shelf Waters south of New Jersey (off the Delmarva Peninsula)
also experienced early warming in 1976 ana would probably be
unaer influence of the early, high river discharge. The lack of
fish kills and anoxic conditions in this area in 1976 also is
attributed to bathymetric differences. Off the Delmarva
Peninsula the continental shelf is only about half as wide as off
New Jersey and Long Island, which allows for greater cross-shelf
exchange and oxygen replenishment. Historic observations in the
NODC archives for the waters off the Delmarva Peninsula were too
few to develop an annual cycle of bottom oxygen.

293

Paper 17

PREVIOUS FISH KILLS

In the same area as the fish kill and anoxia aevelopment of 1976^
three previous fish kills have been reported: September through
early October 1968 (Ogren and Ch^ss 1969)/ October 1971 (Young
1973)/ and August 1974.' Aoparently none of these earlier fish
kills was as extensive or enduring as the 1976 kill. Low oxygen
conditions in the bottom i^aters accompanied all of the fish
kills. C I i mat o log i ca I records of sea surface temperature from
shore station reports and discharge rates for the Hudson River
for the last iO years (19A7-76) were examined for conditions
similar to those of 1976. During this 3u-yr period/ high
discharge (arbitrarily defined as >150% of the monthly mean)
occurred five times in January (1949/ 1950/ 1952/ 1973/ and
1974)/ and three times in February (1951/ 1954/ and 1976). Shore
station temperature records for Sandy Hook and Atlantic City
indicated early warming of the water (monthly mean for February
warmer than for January) occurring 12 times at Sandy Hook and 9
times at Atlantic City. No observations were made in 1970 and
1971 at Atlantic City/ which were two of the years of early
warming at Sandy Hook. Coincidence of early warming and high
discharge occurred in 1949/ 1952/ 1954/ 1974/ and 1976.
Therefore/ these five years had the potential to develop low
oxygen conditions as a result of early stratification. For the
30-yr record/ the highest warming rates and record highest
discharge in February all occurred in 1976. Included in the
years of potential early stratification is 1974/ one of the times
of a reported fish kill/ but not incLuaed are the other two
instances.

A sign
o c c u r r
fall,
result

which
temper
be caus
(the
than t
the h
means
temper
t y pi c ^
only
S ept em
1968/

if i can

ed du r
The i
f rom
wou Id
3tu res
e rive
h i ghe s
he mon
ig hest

for
atu re
lly th
seven
be r t e
and

t po
ing
mp I i

e i
leng

we
r di
t d
th Ly

di
De ce
r e c
e wa
t i m
mpe r
1971

int
summ
cat i
t he r
then
re e
sch a
i s ch
me a
scha
mbe r
ords
rme s
es
at ur

here
er /
on i
an
the
xami
rge
arqe
ns f
rge
/ J
fr
t mo
f rom
es w
Of

is t

but 1

s t ha

ear

peri
ned t
in su

of
or De

for
anua r
om A
nt h a
194
ere i
these

hat th
n 1968
t very
ly sp
od of
o det e
Timer a

the 3
cember

Septe
y/ an
t lanti
nd Sep
7 to
n 194
year

e fi
and
lo
ring
st r a
rmi n
nd

0-y r
/ J a
mbe r
d F
c C
t emb
1976
8/
s t

sh k i
1971
w ox
or a
t i f i c
e the
fall

r eco
nuar y

i s
ebrua
ity
er wa
. Th
1957/
he hi

Us o

they
ygen

late
at i on

late

1 s
rd f o
/ and
about
ry) .
s how
s war
e ins
195
ohes t

f 19
oc c
con
fal

. 0
a r r

typi

r Au

Fe

the

S

t ha

mer

t an c

9/
rat

74 an
ur r ed
di t i o
1/ ei
nly
i va I
ca I ly
gust
bruar
same
ea

t Aug
than
es of
1965/
e of

d 1976

during

ns may

t her of

surface

of fall

s!tia 1 1

is less

y / and

as the

surface

us t was

August

higher

1966/

wa rm ino

"C. J. Sindermann/ Northeast Fisheries Center/ NMFS/
NJ 07732. Pers. commun./ November 1976.

Highlands/

294

Paper 17

during August and September was in ^968 ^ with 1971 second/' the
years of fall fish kills. fJone of the cases of early spring and
late fall kills occurred in the same year.

Included in the data set of bottom water oxygen concentration
were some values from February and June of 1968 and from f^arch of
1971. At these times/ the bottom water oxygens were above or
equal to the average trend values/ implying that the low oxygen
accompanying the fish kills did not result from eari^ stratifi-
cation.

CONCLUSIONS

Stratification that develops in the Shelf Uaters off New Jersey
in spring and persists through sjmmer/ along with limited
exchange with offshore waters/ tends to develop an almost
stagnant water layer along the bottom. During this period of
near stagnation/ bottom oxygen concentrations typically decline
until fall/ when cooling at the surface leaos to overturning and
replenishment of dissolved oxygen. Conditions that would
lengthen the season of stratification/ and thereby stagnation/
are considered to be the principal elements that would set the
stage for generation of anoxic conditions.

The pe
a r r i V a
of i nc
( Late
by t he
kills
fall a
the t
pot ent
0 c cur r
h i ghe s
in 19
p ro Ion

n oo
I of
rease

i ni t
se de

r epo
r r i ve
wo m
ia I i
ed i
t dis
76/
ged s

of s
ap
d sp
i at i
f in i
rted
d La
ost
nst a
n t
cha r
i mp I
t rat

t rat i
ring
ring
on of
t i ons

i n
t e se
re ce
nces .
he s
ge an
ying
i f i ca

f i cat i
(early
river

coo I i
/ sp r i
the tw
ven t i
nt ca
Both
ame y
d warm

that
t i on .

on c a
warm
di sch
ng) .
ng be
V mos
mes (
ses/

an e
ea r .
ing r
that

n be
i ng
a roe

Ove
gan
t re
Jith

197

ar Ly

Fo

at es

yea

pro
comb
) or
r t h
earl
cent

f is
1 an

sp r
r t

for
r H a

longe
i ned

the
e las
y f i V

case
h ki I
d 196
i ng a
he 30

an e
s the

d by
with
Late
t 30
e t

S/ 1

Is a
8)/
nd a
-yr
ar ly
mos

eit
ear
a r r
yea

ime s

976

gain

for
lat

peri
spr

t ex

her t
I y 0 c
i va I
rs (1
(wi
and 1
repo
a tot
e fal
od of
ing
t reme

he e
cur r
of

947-
th

974)
rted
a I 0
L n

rec
occu

ca s

a r ly
ence
fall
76)/
fish
and
i n
f 12
ever
or dx
r red
e of

Bathymetric differences on the continental shelf seem to cause

the effects of stagnation to be more intense off New Jersey than

in adjacent ihelf Waters off Long Island and the Delmarva
Peninsula.

295

Paper 17

Page 296

The role that plankton blooms play in
conditions is not clears but they may

the generation of anoxic
be a necessary ingredient.

Althou
bound
bot t cm
the r
of f re
^ d. in
have I
oc cur r
again
each
r ebu i I
I i mi te
were n
any o
cons i d

g h the
to h
f i she
e c r u i t
Quent
stance
ed to
ed e V
from 1
pe r i od
ding a
d. Du
o i ndi
f the
er ably

oc c
ave
s« p

ment
recu
s i

V er
er y
96 5
).

bund

ring

cat i

ye

bet

ur renc

a ca
er haps
of f
r rence
n the
y low

two
to 197

Du r i n
ances

the i
ons of
a r s X
t e r .

e of
tast

a n
is h

of

l?s
ox
to
6 (1

g t

of b

nt er

eit

ma in

ve
roph
equ9
St oc
low
t 3D
ygen
th re
2 ye
hese
otto
veni
her
tena

ry low
i c ef f
L ly sev
ks beca
oxygen
years

cone e
e years
ars wit

two
m spe ci
ng f i ve
early s
nee of

oxyg
e c t on
ere itn
use of
cond i t
.* h en c
n t r a t i
from
h six
12-yr
e s mig
years
p r i ng

abun

en

ben
pact

the
i ons
lima
onsr
19^8
pot e
peri
ht h

(19
or I
done

eonc
thi c
ma
cum
C
tic
su
thr
nt i a
ods /
ave
60-6
ate
e m

entr
o rg
y d
u lat
onsi
cond
ch

ough
I o
pro
been
4)/
fall
iqht

at 10

ani s

eve I

i ve

der i

i t i o

cond

195

c cur

spec

se

when

ki I

ha V

ns is
m s and
op in
effect
ng the
ns may
i t i o n s
9, and
r enees
t s for
ver e ly
there
Is in
e been

LITERATURE CITED

BULLOCH, D. K.

1976. Ocesn kill in the New York 3 i gh t--summer 1976. Under-
water Nat . 1C(1 ) :4-12 .

OGREN/> L.y and J. CHESS.

1969. A marine kill on New Jersey wrecks. Underwater Nat.
6(2) :4-12.

YOUNG/. J. S.

1973. A marine kill in New Jersey coastal waters. Mar.
Pollut . Bull. 4:70.

296

AUGUST 1949, ALONG 39°50'N. LAT.

TEMR rc) OXY (ml/L)

100 0 25

DISTANCE (km)

AUGUST 1976, ALONG 39°30'N. LAT

TEMR (°C) OXY. (ml/L)

I I I J II I

I
H
a.

u
o

100
DISTANCE (km)

100

Fig\ire 17.1. —Temperature and dissolved oxygen structure off central New Jersey (August 1949 data from National Oceanographic
Data Center archives; August 1976 daU from Sandy Hook Laboratory, NMFS).

297

o

+ 10

o

UJ

•F

+ 5

<

X

o

LJ

q:

0

3

H

<

UJ

-5

a.

S

liJ

-10

JASONDJFMAMJJA

RANGE OF EXTREMES
1966-1975

o

a:
<

Ij
o
o
o

Figure 17.2. — Monthly sea surface temperature change, July IHT.i-August 1976, and its historic 196G-75 range at S9N-40N, 7;)W-7-)W
(values from gulfatream. National Weather Service, NOAA, January 197.5-August 197(1, and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary.
l".S. Naval Oceanographic Ofrice, January IHWi-Deccmbcr 1*.I71).

D,J|F|MiA|M|J

7n -^

D,J,F|M|A|M|J

V)
b.

RECORD FOR

K,"60-
o

RECORD FOR MONTH
1941-1970 »

60 -
50-

MONTH Vi ••"
1947-1975 ^.•

o

.." •.

■• /*v

< 40 -
o

,/■

40-

1976 / y' '^ \

5 30-

•■■ f~^^'\^'^^^

30-
20 -

o 10-

0 -^

30 YR MEAN-I94I-I970

10 -

/ 29 YR MEAN
/ 1947-1975

DELAWARE RIVER (TRENTON

HUDSON RIVER (POUGHKEEPSIE )

Figure 17.3.— Monthly river discharge rates for 1976 and long-term means and extremes (from U.S. Geological Survey provisional

records).

298

N|D|J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|0|N

ANNUAL TREND

Figure 17.4. — Subsurface (>20 m) dissolved oxygen as predicted and observed in 1976 and historical range and mean at

39N-40N, 73W-74W.

299

O i

— o

e '-

.2 is

» -

z £

c .2

o **

■o -a

en t

•a o

(1/LUJ) M39AX0 G3A10SSia

- cu

Z o

>-

X

o

CO

a:

C3
UJ

en

.— o

(l/L^) 3SV3b330 N3DAX0

<* 5

X CO

c a
I:

'u,

300

Paper 18

VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF THE SHELF WATER FRONT OFF THE
ATLANTIC COAST B E T iJ E E M GEORGES BANK AND CAPE ROMAIN IN 1976

John T . Gunn

INTRUDUCT ION

Dup to the tendency of forage oroanismsy and thus pelagic fish
stccksr to De associated with the convergence zone of ocean
frontS/^ knowledge of temporal and spatial variations of the Shelf
Water front position can be imoortant to fishery scientists.
Because the Shelf Water front may extend to the bottom over the
continental shelf^ there is also the possibility of an effect on
oenthic ana demersal species. It is anticipated that a better
understanding of the interaction of different species with ocean
fronts also may lead tc more efficient fishing efforts.

This reoort is a product of a monitoring effort using infrared
satellite imagery which records thermal features of the sea
surface. Previous reports (Ingham 1976; Gunn 1978) have dis-
cussed front variations from June 1973r when data first became
availabley through 1975. This report will discuss the data for
1976 and its comparisons with previous years.

DATA

The basis of this study is the Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis
Charts' (Fir*. 18.1)y drawn fron the best infrared NOAA satellite
image of the week or/' if large yaps occur on daily charts due to
clouds or observational limits/' a composite of several partial
images. These charts show the position of the surface thermal
boundaries between the following oceanic features: Shelf Water/
Slope Water/ Gulf Stream/ and warm and cold core Gulf Stream
eddies .

Atlantic Environmental Groups National Marine Fisheries

Service/ NOAA/ N ar r aga ns e t t / RI 02882.

"Proouced by Environmental Sciences Group/ National
mental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20233.

Env i ron-

301

Paper 18

DATA ANALYSIS

To portray the variation of the Shelf Water frontal position/
distances were measured to the front along 12 standard bearing
lines from selected coastal points (Fig. 18.2). These bearing
lines intersect the 2C0-(n isobath at reqular intervals (about
150 km) and are approximately perpendicular to it. The distances
Tieasured f ro.n each satellite chart are corrected for scale
variation (+ or - 5%) from chart to chart and converted to
kilometers. These distances are then reduced by the distance
^Lono each bearing line to the 20C-m isobath. The resulting
values represent the distance from the shelf edge/ as defined by
the 2CC-m isobath/ to the front/ positive values are seaward
from this isobath.

Also/ a measurement of the intrusion of Slope Water over Georges
3ank was produced by measjring the area covered by the Slope
Water on an overlay of the 200-m isobath. For this calculation/
Georges Bank was defined as the area of the bottom at a depth
<2C0 n and east of 69w in the Georges Bank region. The
intrusions are expressed as a percentage of the Georges Bank area
covered by Slope Water. Chart to chart scale variations are
partly compensated for by using various scaled overlays.

WEEKLY FRCNTAL POSITIONS

Inspection of the weekly frontal positions along a bearing line
c^n suggest occurrences of excursions or intrusions and general
spatial and temporal trends. Comparison between adjacent bearing
lines allows the identification of events which affect more than
one bearing line. Inspection of the individual weekly charts
suggests possible causes such as Gulf Stream meandering or warm
core eddies. The discussion of the different bearing lines is
broken up into three regions: New
Southern/ in order to simolify
evidence in the data/ ho«jever/
different gr'^ups.

England/ Middle Atlantic/ and

discussion. There is some

of cohesiveness among the

New En>iL.and - The three northernmost bearing lines
originating from Casco Bay/ l^F/ extend into the
large amplitude Gulf Stream meandering and
eddy production cause large fluctuations in
position. Since the length scales of
generally equal to or less than twice
oearing lines/ this can lead to a biasing
consequent misinterpretation. Consider/
February-Inarch period on the C?sco
of Casco Bay 12 0 indicates an
beginning of I'larch. The graph of

(Fig. 18.3)/

region where

warm and cold core

the Shelf Water front

these phenomena are

the separation of the

of the data and

for example/ the

Bay bearing lines. The graph

intrusion which peaks at the

Casco Bay 143 indicates an

302

Paper 18

mid-July. Lo-nger ^j^ . , ^^ ^ , ^ .^^ -.^ ^

bearing Lines/', and better correlation exists from one bearinp
Line to the next. The 2 1/2 month intrusion which showed up on
the Casco Bay 120 bearing Line from July to mid-September was
caused by a large meander and warm core eddy formation which was
also associated with a large increase in the area of Slope Water.
Although the Casco Bay 140 Line does not show strong evidence of
this/ the other two lines show definite shoreward displacements.

The Casco Bay 120 bearing Line shows the greatest fluctuation of
the three/ with the Casco Bay 140 line showing large fluctuations
only in the first three months of the year/ and the Casco Pay 160
line showing only minor fluctuations during the whole year.

Middle At
Nantucket
first thr
Hook/ a
f Luctu at i
a number
in the
section) .
middle At
the more
f ront a I d
Point/ a
Lasted un
of the
Lines in
closer t
excurs ion
some bear

iaQii£

IsLa
ee bea

t oncju
ons du

of be

beq ion

fhi s

lanti c

south
i sp la c
nd aa
ti I th
front
this r
o th e

in la
i na Li

- Thi
nd to
ring I
e of
ring J
a r i ng
i ng o

resu I

bear i
e rn be
eme nt
ndy H
e end

in L
egion
i r me
t e Aug
nes .

s reg ion

A Lbema r
i nes/ Nan

S I ope /J
anu ary-Ma
lines was
f Ju ly
t ed in a
ng lines,
a ri ng Lin

took pL
ook Lines
of Cctobe
ate Augus
did not s
an posit
ust was s

consists of six bearing lines from
Le Sound CFigs. 18.3-18.5). On the
tucket/ Montauk Point/ and Sandy
ater moving offshore caused large
rch. The next event that affected
a Large area of Slope Water formed
(also mentioned in the previous
large intrusion observed on all six
Cloud cover obscured the event on
es/ but it was obvious that a large
ace. Cn the Nantucket/ Montauk
/ this displacement appears to have
r/ interrupted by a large excursion
t. The three most southern bearing
eem to recover as well and remained
ions after this excursion. The
udden/ taking place in a week on

Southern - The southern bearing lines suffer from large gaps in
the data during the summer months due to cloud cover (Fig. 18.5).
The number and amplitude of excursions and intrusions in this
region were smaller than on the bearing lines farther north. The
only well-correlated movement occurred on the Cape Fear and Cape
Romain lines. A seaward excursion in late September and October

303

Paper 18

changed to a significant intrusion in Late November. Inspection
of the weekly charts showed that during this periods the Gulf
Stream had meandered offshore and a relatively larqe area of
Slope Water forced the Shelf Water front to impinge on the coast.

MONTHLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITIONS

The monthly mean frontal positions are shown in
the three complete years of data collection
exercised in interpretation since the number of
varies (due to lack of data because of clouds^
occasionally only one weekly value was available for
( about 5% of the time).

Figure

Care

weeks

18.6 for

should be

averaged

etc.) and

t he mont h

Definite tendency for seasonalit

the other bearing

somex there was little indication of it- The Cape

May and Cape Henry bearing lines show little seasonal variation/

to be affected by shorter period fluctuations and

Seasonal variation was not as consistent on

Lines and on some/ there was little indication of it- The Cape

but seem

but seem to oe aTTected by shorter penoa TLuctuations and
aperiodic occurrences. The Albemarle Sound besring line showed a
seasonal cycle in 197A ana 1975/ being onshore the first part of
the year and offshore the Latter/ but it did not show this cycle
in 1976.

The three southern bearing Lines suffer from gaps in the data/
making it difficult to determine if seasonal variations do indeed
exist on these bearing lines. The three bearing lines do
correlate well among themselves/ however/ suggesting that they
are affected biy similar events.

YEARLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITION

The yearly mean shelf front position for 1976 agreed well with
the position for the previous two years (Table 18.1/ Fig 18.7a).
Except for Casco Bay 120 and Sandy Hook/ the 1976 positions were
close to those for 1974 and 1975. The Casco Pay 12C mean
position was considerably more seaward (about AO km) and the
position for Sandy Hook was slightly more shoreward (about

304

Paper lb

25 km). This was also evident in the monthly mean frontal
positions (Fig. 18. 6) discussed above. It was also interesting
to note that the seaward displacements of the yearly mean frontal
position from the general north-south trend/^ at l^ontauk Point and
Cape henry/' ace evident in all three years.

The variability of the front/ as reflected by the standard devia-
tion (Table IR.i; Fiq. 18. 7b)/^ increases in 1976 along the bear-
inn lines from Nantucket to Cape Henry. Inspection of the weekly
frontal position graphs seems to confirm this/ with greater
amplitude excursions and intrusions more prevalent in 1976.

INTRUSION OF SLOPE WATER OVER GEORGES BANK

This type of seasonal coveraqe also occurred in the previous
years .

two

LITERATURE CITED

GUNN/ J. T.

197S. Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front

off

the Atlantic coast between Cape Romain
1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D
Ocean variability: Effects on U
resources - 1975/ p. 213-228. U.S. Dep.
Rep. Nr^FS Circ. 416.

and Georges Bank in

H aynes (editors)/

S. marine fishery

Commer./ NOAA Tech

INGHAM/. M . C .

1976. Variations in the shelf water front off the Atlantic
coast between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. In J. R.
Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States
living marine resources - 1974/- p. 17-1--17-21. U.S. Dep.
Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish.
Serv./ MAR MAP (Mar. ResDur. Konit. Asses. Predict. Program)
Cont rib. 1 04.

305

Table I8.I. — Ssimple size, mean separation, and standard deviation of Shelf
Water front position along standaird bearing lines, 197i4-76.

Sample size^

197ii 1975 1976

Mean
197i|

separation^

1975 1976

Standard
deviation

Bearing line^

197U

1975

1976

Casco Bay 120°

30

38

30

hS.h

72.2

119.6

70.9

59.0

76.1

Casco Bay ll40°

31

38

33

35.il

o.u

39.7

6i|.0

22.6

i;6.6

Casco Bay 160°

36

ill

37

6.1

-2.9

1.1

39.3

26.1

27.3

Nantucket 180°

37

35

i|0

0.6

-5.6

-1.1

38.5

37.8

55.6

Montauk Pt 1^0°

3i+

35

1+1

19.8

8.8

1U.5

36.7

38.3

6U.8

Sandy Hook 130°

36

35

i+3

1.2

-ii.il

-17.0

i+6.8

ii5.0

57.8

Cape May 130°

38

3ii

Uh

il.l

-7.3

-2.5

31.8

3ii.8

i|6. ii

Cape Henry 95°

i|0

32

kl

17. i|

7.3

6.6

36. i+

39.5

ii7.1

Albemarle Sd 90°

i|0

31

ill

-11.5

-16.7

-17.0

2U.6

32.5

32.2

Cape Lookout 135°

2i;

31

37

-18.2

-2U.5

-17.1

20.1

28.9

19.3

Cape Fear li+0°

19

28

36

-20.2

-35.8

-29.6

ii0.5

38. li

29.2

Cape Romain 1^0°

21

22

32

-9.9

-U0.2

-17.5

i43.il

33.3

35.7

^ See Figure l8.2.

■^Number of weekly positions of front.

^Distance (km) of front from 200 m isobath; positive is seaward.

306

65w

EXPERIMENTAL GULF STREAM ANALYSIS
NOAA-2 SATELLITE THERMAL INFRARED VHRR
Observed: ;^'?- 3o flPRiL \<^1H-
PLEASE FORWARD COMMENTS TO:

NOAA-NESS Suite 300

3737 Branch Ave., S.E.

Washington, D.C. 20031

Attn: Environmental Sciences Group

BERMUDA

Gulf Stream

warm eddy

Slope Water
ShW Shelf Water

sharp thermal gradient

less distinct thermal front

Figure 18.1. — Example of weekly Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis chart produced by Environmental Sciences Group, NESS,

NOAA, Washington, DC.

307

45*

40'

35«

30*

25*

80«

75"

70*

65*

Figure 18.2.— Twelve standard bearing lines used in the portrayal of the time variations of the Shelf Waterfront positions relative to the 200-m

isobath (dotted line).

308

if)

UJ

UJ

o

400

300

200

100

0

300

200

100

0

200-

100-

0-

-100 H

200

100

0

-100

CASCO BAY 120'

1 — r

1 — \ — r

/' /

\.

CASCO BAY 140**

- — /976
--I975
1974

\

y^N4*v

>/

^•T r^Cv <

CASCO BAY 160*'

NANTUCKET IS. ISC'*

/

■V.-- "^ •'■■'a .^_ •■•...•■• 'v^x^^-X.'

■^'^•\..../^.v;a

j|f|m|a|m|j|j|a|s|o|n|d

MONTH

Figure 18. .1.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 2l)0-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing

lines for New England and the Middle Atlantic regions.

309

LU

300

200

100

0

-100

200

100

0

-100

LJ

o

200 -

100 -

0 -

-100 -

200

100

0

-100

MONTAUK PT 150'

"7 — \7^ — ^/"'•.■■^T

\

•">\y\/-V-'^-"^

1 — \ — r

SANDY HOOK 130"

V

V - Xy^

'AX^W^--^.>--;

.■S'^x"^::^^ '

\

CAPE MAY I30»

>.-..^-;/.rr->i

"• • V

yr^.. <-^,

-\/

\

rtT^

.^^

2ii:iL

•^

:/

CAPE HENRY 95

V>.

J_-> ■<r.<^%

. . a. '^

/\ ;

/■■r^Vy^-...- y..v

/\,^^^

N, 'V

:7V

j|f|m1a1m|j|j1a|s|o1n|d

MONTH

Figure 18.4. — Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard

bearing lines off the Middle Atlantic region.

310

300 -
200 H
100 -
0 ■

(f)
LU

200

100

0

LU
O

-J
5

200 H
100 ■
0 •
-100 H

200 -

100 -

0 ■

-100 H

ALBEMARLE SD. 90^

/\.

;^:^-^>;^:^,:^V2C" ■ '--■■"■■■:,- :J ■ • ■ V'<:;;-^^^ v^^.:.

CAPE LOOKOUT I35»

^^^cy-s ■■■. ■■i\-- ''■\'<v

X -.

J:'<>''^, ^^.ii^^

CAPE FEAR 140

/

- ■ k_

>^^--vr;v>^\/-^/

-=^ -^^^ -V-.-

•-V>/rV:

1 — \ — r

CAPE ROMAIN 140*

•• '-.yK: A--"-- ^\--\ .-

^'\.-

-7?^

^^A^

jIfImIaImIjIjIaIsIoInId

MONTH

Figure 18.5.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-ni isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing

lines off the Middle Atlantic and southern regions.

311

1974

1975

9 76

CB 120 -
CB 140-

\ . -'-v/-....-.--V/""^--x./'

CB 160 -

-/x — ^^ /-^ ^

NT 180 -

.^•'-^.^. ^^. /--. ,,-/V^._.-\^^ ^_

MP 150 -

"^'-- /- — /-^v-^^__^ -

-\/v_..^.

SH 130 -
CM 130 -

.— -j ^.^

CH 95 -

-^. ^— ^^^

AS 90 -

./-^^^

CL 135-

CF 140-

CR 140 --

-^ - ._^. ./^v-.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND

200 KM

MONTH

Figure 18.6.— Monthly mean Shelf Water front positions, relative to 200-ni isobath (positive is seaward). ]974-7fi. along standard bearing lines.

312

id 100 -

<IU

'^<

Q

<
UJ

50 -

0 -

-50 -

T ^ \ 1 T I \ r \ I r

CB CB CB NT MP SH CM CM AS CL CF CR

120 140 160 180 150 130 130 95 90 135 140 140

I I I I I I I I I I ' I

'< ^

>

LU
O

Q

<

<
(/>

Figure 18.7.— Annual mean Shelf Water front positions relative to 200-m isobath (positive is seaward) and standard deviation of position

at each standard bearing line, 1974-76.

100 -

50 -

0 -

313

UJ '^o -

a:

LU

> 20-

o
o

0 H

30 -

10 -

/Bre

/9Z5

/97'4

'/

/ \
I I
/ 1

> A/v'A'"''- ' /v^'^

M

M

0 I N

MONTH

Figure 18.8.— Percent of Georges Bank covered by Slope Water, 1974-76.

314

Paper 19

TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
AND SLOPE SOUTH OF NEW ENGLAND DURING 1976

R. Wylie Crist and J. Lock.jood ChamberLin'

INTRODUCTION

This report continues for a third year a series of analyses
beginning with 1974 (ChamberLin ^976f 1978) that are intended to
reveal the principal temperature variations on the continental
shelf and upper continental slope south of New England/' with
emphasis on bottom temperatures. Includea are the vertical
temperature sections on which the analysis is basedr as well as a
contoured diagram of bottom temperatures derived from the
sections. Siiailar bottom temperature diagrams for 1974 and 1975/'
and a lono-term monthly mean bottom temperature diagram for the
years 1940-66r are available for comparison in the report for
1975 (ChamberLin 1978).

PREPARATION DF VERTICAL SECTIONS AND BOTTOM TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM

As in previous years^ this analysis has depended on the
cooperation of scientists who made data available from cruises
thct traversed the shelf south of New England in a generally
north-south direction (Fig. 19.1). Sixteen sections have been
used (Appendix 19.1)/ obtained from cruises of eight different
research vessels. These temperature sections are not from along
a single line/ but from an area up to 90 nm (173 km) wide at the
southern end centering on about 71WO0' (Fig. 19.1). Ambiguities
introduced to the analyses by the lack of spatial coincidence
amono the sections have been previously discussed (Chamberlin
1976/ 19<'o).

The vertical temperature sections constructed for each transect
have uniform distance and depth scales (Appendix 19.1). All
sections were constructed froTi expendable bathythermograph (XBT)

'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National
Service/ NOAA/ Narranansett/ RI 0 28 8 2.

Marine

Fisheries

315

P aper 19

data plotted directLy from the traces/ except section 7
based on mechanical bathythermograph data.

which is

The bottom temperature diagram (Fig. 19. Z)/ prepared by the same
method as in previous years/ is an interpretation of where
isothermal surfaces intersected the bottom throughout the year
(Chamberlin 1978).

The occurrence of warm core Gulf St
accordance with Mizenko and Chamberli
as duration Lines at the bottorr, of Fi
were determined from the Experimen
(EOFA)^ and from infrared iTiaqery
satellites. The duration lines are
used for the 1975 analysis (Chamberlin
of each line is on the approximate d
boundary of the eddy crossed 70Wlb' an
eddy completely passed south of 39N30'
apparently passed south of New England
(eddy 76 D ) showed a clear surface
satellite imagery/ and thus could be t
duration lines of the first two (edd
in Figure 19. Z because their times
uncertain. Less strongly developed th
surface temperature contrast in the
their passages and were detectable
occasions from tongues of Shelf Water
Water in the pattern generally associ
eddy .

ream eddies/ numbered in

n (Paper 15)/ are indicated

gure 19.2. The durations

tal Ocean Frontal Analysis

from NOAA environmental

based on the same criteria

1978)/ that is/ the start

ay when the western surface

d the Line ends the day the

Of the three eddies that

during 1976/ only the Last

temperature contrast in the

racked with assurance. The

ies 76B and 76C) are dashed

of passage are rather

an eddy 76D/ they showed no

satellite imagery during

only by inference on a few

projecting into the Slope

ated with entrainment by an

HIGHLIGHTS OF TEMPERATJRE SECTIONS

The folLouinq sections are illustrated in Appendix 19.1.

Section 1. NJAA RV Keiez Cruise 76-01/ 4 February.

Temperatures in this short section from the inner shelf were 3C
colder offshore to 7C colder inshore than in mid-December/ seven
weeks earlier (Chamberlin 1978). The water was mixed to a depth
of about 20 m . The 1-2C temoerature inversion in the underlying
water indicated the presence of warm Slope Water near bottom on
the outer sheL f .

Section 2.
Thermal

NOAA RV Kelez Cruise 76-02/ 9-1C February,
structure in this detailed section was

unusually

^Issued weekly by the U.S. Niavy Oceanogr aph i c
tions Research Division/ Suitland/ MD 20374.

Office/ App L i c a-

316

Paper 19

comple
about
warm
cont ac
of the
13C w
sect 10
Water
imager
the e
deep S
below
F igure
on the
was su
Hacker
of su r
Water,
this t
Waters
f ront .
Atlant
( south
of Ne
the pa
2 Febr
t r ansp

X .

5C
Slop
ted

war
ate r
n.

fro
y' r
as t
lope

100

19.

bot

bs 1 d

(1

face

T

ype

bu

An

i c

ward
w En
ssag
ua ry
or t .

In th
m/ t
e Wa

bott
m SLo

at
There
nt a
evea I

of t

Wate
-m d
2. T
torn a
i ng a
976)

wate
he i
cf e V
t al
a I ys i
coast
) com
0 I and
e of
may

e central
he vert i
ter cont
om at de
pe Water

i nc reasi

was a I so
t the s
ed this e
he se ct io
r f causin
ept h / wa
he i solat
t dept hs
t the t im

suggeste
r sr 3 c com
s ot he r m
ent / not
so in 0
s of aver

during 1
ponent fo

(Ingham^
a s ever e
have b

oar t
ca I ly
ai n i ng
pt hs a
were r
na mi

a mar
ur f a ce
X cu r s i
n line
g mark
s evi
ed bod
ar ound
e the
d that
pani ed
patter
on ly
f f shor
ag e mo
976 sh
r Febr

P a^er
storm
een a

of th
Ti i xe
en
round
evea I
ddept
ked s
(10
on to
In
ed re
dent
y of
130
se ct i
wind
by a
n of
in t
e sur
nt hly
owed
uary

12).
that
f ac

e s
d Sh

i s o

9D
ed b
hs i
eawa
C at

ha V

add
due t

in
rel 3
m i n
on
s me

ret

se c
he
face

win
an a
in t
St
mov e
tor

ec t i
elf
late
m .

y tw
n th
rd e

abo
e be
i t io
ion
the
t i ve
di ca
was
y f o
urn
t i on
upwe

di s
d-dr
noma
he S
rong
d up

i n

on^
Hate
d 1
Addi
o mu
e of
X cur
ut 3
en m
n/' s
of b
sect
lye
ted

mad

r ce

f Io

2 w

llin

p lac

i ven

Icus

lope

wes

the

the

at
r was
2-13C
t iona
ch la
f shor
s ion
9N35'
ore p
t ronq
ot t om
i on r
old
that
e .

of f sh
w of
as CO
g of
ement

t ran
ly st

Wate
t er I y

At la
off

oept hs

und e r

core

I d i s r

rge r c

e part

of the

) . Sa

ronoun

upwe I

tempe

as we I

water

t he up

Boi cou

ore t r

deep

ns i s te

deep

of th

sport

rong o

r a rea

winds

ntic c

shore

be low

lain by

that

up t ions

ells of

of the

Slope

te llite

ced to

I i ng of

ra tu r es

I as in

(<11C)

welling

rt and

anspo r t

S lope

nt with

S lope

e slope

off the

ff shore

south

during

oast on

surface

Section 3. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C1/- 23-24 February.

The mixed Shelf Water was Q.5-2C colder than in the previous
section^ made two weeks earlier/ and was at the minimum observed
during the year. The underlying intrusion of warm Slope Water on
the outer shelf was of similar dimensions to that in the previous
section^ but Lacked an isolated core of water warmer than 12C.

Sect io

The
t empe r
dept h
Unlike
1978)/
outer

<12C)r

contra
bot torn
the S
t emper

n 4.
ve rti c

at ure

(about

the
which
shelf
the 1

ry/ 13
i n ea

lope

at u res

NOAA
ally
from

oO

sec

sho
to
97 6
C w a
ch o
Wate

may

RV Alba

mixed S

a month

m) whe re

t i ons f

w ed t emp

be at

sec t i ons

ter oc cu

f the Fe

r zone.

be asso

t ros s

he If W

ear I i

the

rom t

er atur

thei

indi

r r ed n

brua ry

Thi

ci at ed

IV Cr
aterx
er (s
s lope
he I
es of
r an
cated
ear b
-^arc
s CO
wit

ui s e 7

al tho

ect ion

f r on

ate w i

the w

nua I m

no
ott om/
h 1976
nt i nu a
h the

6-02/

ugh I

3)/ e

t was

nt e r o

arm SI

i n i mum

such

and 1

se ct i

t i on o

anom

25-2
itt I
x t en
mo
f 19
ope
i n
mini
2C w
ons
f wa
a lou

6 Ma
e c
ded
re

75 (
Wate
Ka re
mum.
a ter
that
rm S
sly

r ch .
h ang
tog
with
Cham
r o
h (m
0

con

i n

lope

war

e d in
r ea t e r
drawn.
ber I in
n the
a x i m u m
n the
t ac t ed
eluded
Wat er
m air

EOFA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 4 and 11 February.

317

Paper 19

temperatures alonj the Atlantic coast in February and subsequent
moderate air temperatures during the spring (Dickson 1976;
T auben see 1 97t> ) .

Section 5. Polish RV Wieczno Cruise 76-o1r 10-11 April.

The first rise in Shelf Water temperatures (<1C) was evidenced
in this section shoreward of the 6j-m isobath. At the bottom/
the slope front was withdrawn offshore to the greatest depth
observed during the year. As a result/ bottom temperatures were
at their observed annual mininuTi in depths of S0-15C m.

Section 6. Duke University 9\J Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May.

Development of the seasonal thermocline had defined the
underlying cold core which had a temperature minimum of about
5.5C. A "bubble" of water colder than 7C appeared to be
separated from the seaward side of the cold core. The slope
front/ with the lUC isotherm contacting bottom at a depth of
<b5 m/ was at a more nornial shoreward position than in the
previous section.

Section 7. Sea Education Association PV Westward/ 16-17 May.

This section/ constructed from mechanical bathythermograph
data/ resembled the previous one made five days earlier/ although
on the shelf the minimum temperature in the cold core was about
1C lower (A.2C) and the maximum in the warm Slope Water was 1C
higher (14. 6C). Detachment of w?ter from the offshore side of
the cold core appeared to be in progress. The elevation in
bottom temperature to 13C at depths below about 120 m/ as well as
the 14. 5C water/ indicated the presence of Gulf Stream warm core
edoy 76a beyond the offshore end of the section (Fig. 19.2).

Section S. WHOl RV Kngrr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August.

Surface temperatures/ as well as the steepness and shallowness
of the thermocline/ were at their observed annual maximums. Five
separate bodies of minimum te-nperature water (colder than 9C)
appeared in the cold core bottom water on the shelf/ and a
"bubble" of 9-5-10C water appeared to have "calved" from the
offshore side of the core. The slope front Lay shoreward of the
1jQ-m isobath/ as in the previous two sections/ but had an
unusually vertical configuration at depths below about 25 m.

318

Paper 19

than IOC near the offshore side of the core. Warm core eddy 76Cx
Located beyond the offshore Limit of the section (Fig. 19.2) was
presumed to have been the source of the isoLated body of 13-14C
water centered at about 90-m depth in the SLope Water zone.
infLections of isotherms were beneath this body.

Section 1G. wHOI RV Knorr Crjise 58-III, 27-28 August.

Surface temperatures were warmer than in the previous section
(section 9) r made two weeks oefore^ but remained about 2C cooLer
than in section &/• made prior to hurricane BeLLe. (In Later
sections/ surface temperatures were aLso cooLer than in
section 8/ except in section 12 made in earLy October.) The
therrrocLine was nearer the surface than in section 9^ but
remained deeper than in section 8 and Less sharpLy defined. SLow
warming was apparent in the coLd core water/' which aLso had a
"calving" tendency at its offshore margin.

Section 11. *JHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September.

Surface temperatures were about the same as in the previous
section/ made a month earlier/ but were 2C warmer in the cold
core bottom water/ which had minimum temperatures >11C and was
divided into two cells. The slope front had become thermally
indistinguishable near bottom/ because the cold core water had
warmed to about the same temperature as the adjacent warm SLope
Water (see Wright 1976). The domed feature in the upper 30 m at
XBT stations 5-6 may be a cyclonic eddy from the slope front.

Section 12. WHOI RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 8 0
Surface temperatures at the shoreward end
2C colder than over the same depths of wat
2 0 days earlier/ and the onset of vertical
the deepening of the surface layer,
temperatures/ from about the 65- to 120-m i
in section ^k.r with the difference incre
the offshore direction. This rise in tempe
when cooling is normal and in a year when t
October were abnormally Low along the entir
States (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/
represents an influx of warm Slope t'ater.
feature in the upper 150 v at XBT sta
cyclonic slope front eddy. If so/ warm S
reached the shelf/ near the surface/ by e
feature. Influx of warm SLope Water to
indicated below the subsurface by the rise
to above 13C at depths around 70-80 m. At
temperatures were about 15. 5C/ which was 3
previous section and uas the maximum observ

ctober .

of the section were
er in section 11/ made
mixing was apparent in
In contrast/ surface
sobaths/ were warmer
asing to about 1.7C in
rature/ in a season
he air temperatures in
e coast of the United
Paper 11)/ presumably

The prominent domed
tions 317-318 may be a
Lope Water may have
ntrainment around this

the shelf was also
in bottom temperatures
the bottom at 50-60 m,
.5C warmer than in the
ed during the year.

Section 13. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C9/ 23-24 October.

As a result of continued autunn cooling/ the Shelf Water was
4-5C colder than in section 12/ irade two weeks earlier/ and

319

Paper 19

Section 14. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C9, 9 November.

The vertically mixed Shelf Water/ 2-3C cooler than in the
previous section^ had become colder than the underlying Slope
Waterr beyond the 60-m isobath. Within this underlying Slope
Water/ the (tiinimum temperatjre ^ater lay on the bottom (<13C at
105 m depth)/ as in the pre\/ious section/ but was greatly
diminished in cross sectional area. Temperature elevation in the
warm Slope Water area beyond the shelf break and the deepening of
isotherms at. the bottom in depths below 120 m presumably
reflected the presence of warm core eddy 760/ centered beyond the
offshore end af the section (Fig. 19.2).

Section

Detai I
spacing
was abou
before .
cooler b
shelf/
i s obat h .
core of
pr ev ious
t empe rat
75 m/ we
apparent
limit of

15. NOAA RV R
s in this sect

between XBT
t 3C colder th
Temperatures
y about 2C/ bu
extending som
Within the w
mi ni mum tern
two sections
ures in the
re 2C cooler t
ly reflected t
the section (

esea rcher

ion were

stations.

an in the

in the

t this w a

e unmeasu

arm Slope

pe ra tu re

apparent

S lope iJa

han in t

he presen

Fiq. 19.2

C ru i s
uncer
The
pr ev
unde
t er ne
red d i
Water
that w
Ly no
t er / w
he pr
ce of
) .

p 11
tain
>/ e rt
ious
r I y i
net r
Stan

on
as s
lo
a r me
e V i o
eddy

-76/
be
i ca I
se
ng S
at ed
ce s

the
een
nge r
r t h
us

76D

27-28 Nov
cause of
I y mixed S
ct i on mad
lope Water

farther
horeward o

out er s
at the bot

existed,
an 16C to
section/
beyond th

embe

the

helf

e 1

wer

ont

f th

helf

t om

a de
but
e of

wide
Water
8 days
also
the
50-01
the
the
a xi mum
pth of
sti II
f shore

e

0

e
/
i n

Section 16. WHOI RV KDQrr Cruise 62/ 21 December.

The Shelf Water temperatures were only 1.5-2C colder than in
the previous section made three weeks before/ presumably because
of relatively mild air temperatures along the Atlantic coast
during December (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11).
Nevertheless/ these water temperatures/ being colder than at the
same time in December of the previous two years (Chamberlin
1978)/ did seem to reflect the unusually cold air temperature
that prevailed along the coast during fall 1976/ especially in
October and November (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11).
For example/ bottom temperatures shoreward of the Slope Front in

320

Rape r 19

sect

2.5C

oc cu

the

rema

aopa

bott

eddy

th is

at

sect

CO Lu

sate

appa

t he

ion

CO

pi ed
p re
i ned
rent
om a
ing

edd
the
i orir
mn
Hit
re nt
of fs

16 ave
Ide r

t he D
V ious
f one
ly is
t dept

ef f ec
y to h

time

the s
sugg es
e i m aj
ly onL
hore e

raged a
than i
ot torn o

four
of wh i c
elated
hs of fe
t s of w
ave tnov

the se
teep th
ted th
e of on
y a la r
nd of t

bout
n 19
n t he
sect i
h con
body
5-135
arm c
ed we
cti on
e rma I
e in
e day
ge pa
he se

3.5C
75.

out

ons^

tact

of

m^
ore
St wa

Mias

f ro

shor

la

t ch

ct io

col

Th
er s

bu
ed b

13
and
eddy
rd e
Tiad
nt i
e ed
t er

of M

n .

der

e i

helf

t is

otto

-14C

may

76D
nt i r
e.^
nth
ge o
di
arm

than
nt rus i

was m
o la ted
m at a
Mate
have b
Sat
e ly be

At th
e uppe
f a wa
d not
S lope

in
ve
ore

rem
roun
r a
een
elli
yond
e of
r 12
rm c
sh
Wate

1 V74
Slop
with
nant
d 65
Iso
form
te i
the
f sho
0 m
o re
ow
r ce

r and
e Wat
drawn
s of 9
-m dep
rested
ed by
mage ry
se c t i
re end
of the
eday /
an ed
nte red

about
e r that
than in
C water
t h . An

on the
count e r

s howed
on line

of the

water

but the

dy but

beyond

BOTTOM TEMPERATURES IN 1976

Ihe Shelf Wat£r Cycle

The seasonal bottom temperature cycle in the waters south of New
England is most pronounced in the Shelf Water region^ shoreward
of the zone where Slope Water contacts bottom (Colton and Stod-
ard 1973; Wright 1976). A general chronology and description of
the seasonal Shelf Water cycle for this region is given by
Biqelow (1933).

Duri ng 1
about
obse rvat
1974 an
( Ch amber
as in
t emper at
mid-Marc
be low 3
e xt r erne I
coast in
minimum
value is
the 50-
i sot he rm
trend c
1978)^ a
m i ni mum

976/ t

30-m

i ons f

d 197

I in 19

Febr ua

ure at

h 197

C . T

y w ar

Febru

obser

wi t hi

m i so

s move

onf o rii

It houg

at 7

he o

dept

rom

5/

78)

ry

dep
5 i
he

m a
a ry
ved
n th
bath
d se
ed

h th
5-m

bse rve
h in
as sha
the bo
indi ca
1976.
t h s ar
t was
early
i r te
(Dicks
bottom
e rang

r cool

award
c lose I
e re co
depth/

d mi

ear
How
tt om
ted

In

ound

be

war
mpe r
on 1

t em
e de
ing
to t
y t
rded

for

m mu

ly

as

t em
that
Ma
30
low
mi ng
at ur
976)
per a
sc r i
cont
he J
o t

m i n

e X a

m bott
Feb rua
30 m w
per atu

the Ti
rch 1

m ro
3C and

i n
e con
In
tu r e <i
bed by
i nued
pper s
hat i
i mum w
mp le/

om tern
ry.

ere I
re di a
i n i mum
976/
se ab
in Ma
1976
d i t ion

dept
as abo

Bige
at the
lope .
n 1974
as so
was ab

pera
Alth
acki
gram
s we
howe
ove
rch
was
s a
hs

ut 4

low

bot

The

and

mewh

out

t ure
ojgh
ng f
s for
re ab
ve r /

4C/
1974

cons
long
of 4
C in

(193
torn i

t i mi

1975
at w
1C wa

was 2.5

temper

or Feb

those
out the
the b
whe rea
was pro
i s t e n t
the At I
C-50 m/
Mar ch .
3). B
nt o Apr
ng of

( C hamb
armer .
rmer th

C/ at
at ure
ruar y
years

same
ot torn
s in
bably

ij i t h

ant i c

the

This
eyond
i I as

this

er I i n

The

an in

^EOFA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 22 December.

321

Paper 19

197A/' and 2C warmer than in 1975. The extent and timing of this
cooLinc may be controlled by movement of the Slope Front.
However^ the fact that the deepenino of the isotherms on the
outer shelf had occurred in Aoril during each of the three years/
suggested the alternative explanation that the minimum Shelf
Water temperatures of early spring promoted cross-frontal mixing
with the warm Slope Water. Salinity data will te necessary to
determine which explanation is correct.

Shoreward of the 50-m isobath/ the bottom water began to warm by
mid-March/ rising to about 7C (warmer inshore) before thermal
stratification set in by early May/ and established this water as
an isolated cold core. Although data were were not obtained
during June and July/ it appeared that summer temperatures in the
cold core were similar to those in 1^74, but about 1C warmer than
in 1975.

The pdssaqe of hurricane Relle across the shelf on 9-10 August/
with its center about 100 nTi (185 km) west of where data were
collected for this analysis/ was apparently quite influential in
coolino and deepening the surface layer south of New England (see
discussion of section 9)/ but had no obvious effect on bottom
temperatures as seen in the sections.

FoLlowincj an incursion of Slope Water toward the end of October/
which interrupted the seasonal progression/ Shelf Water cooling
at the bottom was rapid to a deoth of 75 m/ and by the end of the
year reachec values/ at that lower depth/ about 4C lower than in
1974 and 1975. The early breakdown of stratification and strong
cooling presumably resulted from unusually cold atmospheric
conditions during October and f^ovember following below normal air
temperatures during the summer (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/
Paper 11).

SLoE;e Water Events

The Slope Water/ a band lying between the Shelf Water and the
Gulf Stream and having intermediate temperature values/ is
separated from the Shelf Water by a thermal gradient that Wright
(1976)/ in an analysis of historical data from 1941 to 1972/
found to have an average midpoint temperature of IOC in the
region south of New England/ except for a brief period following
the fall overturn when the minimum temperature Shelf Water is

322

Paper 19

frequently warmer than ICC.

<J r i ght a
ranqe f
warm S lo
outer s
Gulf S tr
mask s e
outer sh
of the w
outer c
maximum
great ma
morer t
the ou te
the 9 re
Ch ambe r I
mean va I
depth zo
i n t r u s i 0
Water f r
water is
to 1976.

I so

r om
pe W
helf
earn
ason
elf/
arm
ont i

bot
j or i
he

r sh
at

in 1
ues
ne i
n o
om t

not

ca I c
12.
ate r
. A
Wate
at
i t
Slop
nent
torn
ty o
ma X i
elf
ma j o
9?8)
are
s th
f c
he b
e V i

u lat ed an
3C to 14

that norm
It hough no
r or upwe I
events in
is apparen
e Water do
al shelf.

temperatu
f the t i me
mum long-t
for the ye
r i t y of

Part of
colder t ha
at they we
old Lsbra
ottom sout
dent in an

annua
.6C f
ally
nseas
I i ng

the
t r ne
es no
Du
res

(see
er m m
ar s 1
the

the
n the
re pa
dor
h of
y of

I mean
or t he
under li
ona I e^
of deep
S lope /si
vert hel
t or din
r i ng 1
were b

also C
ont h ly
94C-66
time (
reason

1974-7
rt ly ba
Coastal
New Eng
the tem

of 13.
ma X imu
es the
ent S/

S lop
a te r n
ess / t
a r i ly
974-76
etween
h ambe r
mean b
were b
Co I ton
that C
6 t emp
sed on

Wate
land (
per atu

2C and
m temp

Shelf
such a
e Wat
ear t h
hat th
cent ac
/ for
12.0
lin 19
ottom
etween

and
o It on
eratu r

data
r di sp
Col ton
re sec

a mean
er atur es

Water n
s incurs
er /■ may
e bottom
e warmes
t bottom
e xamp I
C and 13
78). F

t emper at

10. OC a

Stoddar
and S to
es for t
from yea
laced th
1968).
t i ons f r

annua I

in the

ear the

ions of

often

on t he
t part

on the
er the
.OC the
ur the r-
ures on
nd 12C
d 1973;
ddard • s
he same
rs when
e Slope
This
om 1974

w r i q h t
that
and 12
and F
ac coun
waves/
wind f
F ront a
as sume
d i rect
howeve
dur at i
eddies
V ar i at
derive
of Sh
flow o

(197
the s

0 m o
laag

t for

2)
ield

1 di
d to

obs
r/ ar
on (
/ al
ion i
d w at
elf
f SLo

6)/ in
L ope f
f f sou
(1976
f ron
bar oc I
var i ab
s tort i
be f re
e rvat i
e know
Boi cou
t hough
n t he
er, SI
W at er /■
pe Wat

his
ront
t her n
) sug
t al
i n i c
i I i t y
ons
quent
on .
n to
r t a

not
s lope
ope W

ace
er (C

anal
inte

New
ge St
move

ins
/ an
caus

and

The
be s
nd
fr

f ro
at er
ompa
hamb

y SI s
rsec

Enn
ed f
ment
tabi
d 4)
ed

m i n
ef
i gni
Hack
eque
nt p

d i s
ni ed
e r li

of
ted
land
our
s :
liti

pas
by
or/
feet
f i ca
e r
nt /
OS it
p lac

by
n 19

his
the

84^0
poss

1)

es

sage
t he
but
s D
nt/
1976
may
i on
emen
como
76;

tori
bott

of

ible

prop

aero

of

fir
are
f w
alth
) .

al
by i
t / a
ensa

1^0 r

c a I d
om at

the

mecha
aqat i o
ss t h
Gulf
St tw
not ea
i nd s
ough u
Passag
SO c a
n j ect i
nd off
to ry s
gan an

at a /
dept h
time,
ni sms
n of
e fro
Str
o me
s i ly
tress
sua 1 1
es of
use
on of
shore
ubsur
d Bis

a Is

s be

B

wh i

ba

nt/

eam

chan

asse
t r

y o
Gul
si g
Gul
ent

face

hop

o f
twee
ea rd
c h m
rot r
3) I

edd
isms
ssed
ansp
f b
f St
ni f i
f St
rain

ins
1977

ound
n 8C
s I ey
ight
op i c
oca I
1 es .
are
by
ort /
r i ef
ream
cant
reaT
ment
hore
) .

During 1970/ the maximum observed bottom temperatures in the warm
Slope water zone ranged from slightly >12.0C to nearly 15. OC.
This range is similar to that observed in 1974/ but cooler than
in 19/5/ when unusually warv, as well as moderately colder/
temperatures occurrea. The observed inter- section of the slope
front with the bottom was generally at depths shallower than
IJC m/ except in April when the depth was nearly 120 m/ during
the time when the Shelf 4ater was at its annual minimum
temperature in depths >7C m as described -above.

323

Paper 19

During 1976^ as in 1974/ no data were obtained to indicate that
bottom temperatures in the warm Slope U;ater zone fell below 1 2 C /•
as they did on at least t«jo occasions in 1975. The apparent
absence of a minimum temperature interval in March is particu-
larly interesting/' because such an event occurreo in 1975 and was
stronnly evident in long-terTi Tionthly mean bo'ttom temperatures
for the years 194u-66 (Chamberlin 1973). The apparent absence of
such a minimum in March 197A can be explained by the persistence
of a warm core Gulf stream eddy south of New England during that
month (Chamberlin 1975). In 1976/ however/ no warm eddy was
detected in that region during the entire winter and early
sprino. It seems possible/ although questionable/ that bottom
temperatures at such a depth as the warm Slope Water zone
remained above 12C during March 1976 because of the record warm
air temperature during the preceding month (Dickson 1976).

Two strong incursions of Slope Water onto the upper slope and
outer shelf are evident: the first in early February and the
other in October; but only the latter appears to have caused
shoreward displacement of the slope front (see discussion of
sect i ons 2 and 13).

Bottom temperature variations can be associated with each of the
three Gulf Stream warm core eddies that passed south of New
England during 1976 (Fig. 19.2). During 'Aay f eddy 76B presumably
caused the observed elevation of bottom temperatures to above 13C
in the warm Slope Water zone. During mid-August/ the presence of
eddy 76C was probably reflected in the deepening of isotherms (as
much as 80 m) at depths below 15C m. Another effect of this eddy
may have been a temporary rise in bottom temperature to above 13C
in the warm zone/ as suggested by dashed lines in Figure 19.2.
The occurrence of such a bottOTi temperature rise is indicated in
sections 9 and 10/ although not actually shown in either of these
sections. In November/ eddy 76D probably caused the observed
rise in bottom temperatures to above 14C (probably above 15C) in
the warm zone. The deepening of isotherms at depths below 160 m
may also have been caused by this eddy.

SUMMARY

Shelf Water temperatures during the spring/ particularly as
observed at the bottom/ were about 1C warmer than in 1974 and
about 2C warmer than in 1975/ probably as a result of record warm
air temperatures in February and moderate air temperatures in the
following few months.

Marked cooling and deepening of the surface layer was recorded on
the shelf following the passage of hurricane Belle in early
August .

324

Paper 19

The cold core bottom water warmed to the Level of
warm Slope Water by the end of September/^ about a
than in 1974 and 1975.

the ad 3 acent
month earlier

At the end of the year^ followinq record cold
f a 1 1 /^ the Sbelf Water was 3-4C colder than in
years .

weather in the
the previous two

Maximum bottoai temperatures in the warm Slope Water zone on the
outer shelf were not recorded below 12C nor above 14C during the
year.

Three Gulf Stream warm core eddies apparently passed south of New
England during 1976 (the same number as in 1974 and in 1975) but
the first twor in late spring and late summer/' were weakly
developed and their influence on bottom temperatures moderate.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Several scientists kindly supplied the data for the temperature
sections: Robert C. Beardsley^ Woods hole Oceanog raphi c Institu-
tion (WHOI)/^ sections 1/- Zr and 9; Bradford Butman^ U.S.
Geological Survey/^ Woods Hole^ MAr section 6; Steven K. Cookr
Atlantic Environmental Group (AEG)x N^FS/ sections 8r 10^ 11r and
12; William G. Metcalfr WHOI/ section 16; Henry Jensen^ Samuel
R. Nickerson/' and W. Redwood wright/^ Northeast Fisheries Center/
Woods Hole/ MA/ sections 3/ 4/ 5/ 7/ 13/ 14/ and 15. Reed
S. Armstrong/^ AEGr gave his usual valuable advice.

LITERATURE CITED

BEARDSLEY/ R. C./ and C. N. FLA3G.

1976. The water structure/ mean currents/ and she If -w.at e r /
slope-water front on the New England continental shelf.
Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege (Ser. 6) 10:209-225.

BIGELOW/ H. B.

1933. Studies on waters on the continental shelf/ Cape Cod to
Chesapeak.e Bay. I. The cycle of temperature. Mass. Inst.
Technol. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr.
Meteorol. 2(4)/ 135 p.

BOICOURT/ W. C./ and P. W. HACKER.

1976. Circulation on the Atlantic continental shelf
United States/ Cape May to Cape Hatteras. Mem. Soc
Liege (Ser. 6) 10:187-200.

of

R .

the
Sci.

325

Pape r 19

Cri AKdt RLIN/ J. L.

1976. Bottom temperature conditions on the continental shelf

and slope south of New England during 1974. In J. R.

Gouletr Jr. (compiLer)r The environment of the United States

liv/ing marine resources - 1974/' p. 18-1--18-7. U.S. Dep.

Commer.^ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin. ^ Natl. Mar. Fish.

Serv.r hARMAP (Var. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program)

Contrib. 104.
1V7b. Temperature structure on the continental shelf and

slope south of New England during 1975. In J. R. Goulet^

Jr. and t. D. haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects

on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 271-292. U.S.

Dep. Comiaer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

COLTON/ J. B./ Jr.

1966. Recent trends in subsurface
I'aine ?nd contiguous waters.
25:2427-2437.

temperatures in the Gulf of
J. Fish. Res. Board Can.

COLTON/ J. B./ Jr. and P. R. STODDARD.

1972. bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf/
Nova Scotia to New Jersey. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech.
Rep. NKFS CIRC-376/ 55 p.

DICKSON/ R. R.

1976. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme
warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States.
Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-665.

MORGAN/ C.w./ and J. C . BISHOP.

1977. An exarrple of Gulf Stream eddy-induced water exchange
in the mid-Atlantic Bight. J. Phys. Oceanopr. 7:472-479.

TAUBENSEE/ R . E .

1976. Weather and circulation of March 1976. Record heavy
precipitation around the Great Lakes. Mo. Weather Rev.
104:809-814.

WRIGHT/ W.R.

1976. The Limits of shelf water south of Cape Cod/ 1941 to
1972. J. Mar. Res. 34:1-14.

326

7r30'

7roo'

TO'SO'

TCOO'

4I''30'

4roo'

40''30

40''00

7I°30

7I°00

70«'30

70°00'

Figure 19.1.— Locations of vertical temperature sections included in this report. Sections are numbered chronologically. See Appendix 19.1 for

identification of sections.

327

MONTH

400

76 B

I 1

760

76 D

Figure 19.2.— Bottom temperatures on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. Temperature sections are numbered
along the top margin (see Appendix 19.1). Dots mark the depth limits ofthe bottom data from each section. Horizontal lines at the bottom of the
diagram indicate the times of Gulf Stream antic.vclonic eddy passages south of New England.

328

APPENDIX 19.1

Vertical temperature sections of the conti"
nental shelf and slope regions south of New
England during 1976. Solid line isotherms
ore at 1C intervals. The dashed line iso-
thermsr which appear occasionally^ are at
r.5C intervals. Hatched areas represent iso-
thermal water-

Section 1.-

Section 2 .-

Section 3.-

Section 4 .-

Section 5.-

Section 6.-

Section 7.-

Section 8 .•

Section 9.-

Section 10.-

Section 11.

Section ^2 .■

Section 13.

Section 14.

Section 15.

Section 16.

■-NOAA PV Kelez Crjise 76-Olr 4 February.
■-NOAA PV Kelez Cruise 76-02/ 9-10 February.
•-NOAA PV Albatross IV Cruise 76-01^ 23-24 February,
■-NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-02/- 25-26 March.
•-Polish RV Wieczng Cruise 76-01/ 10-11 April.
-Duke Univ. RV Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May.
--Sea Educ. Ass'n. RV Westward Cruise of 16-17 May.
■-WHOI RV Knorr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August.
--WHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 13-111/ 12-13 August.
•-WHOI RV Kngrr Cruise 58-111/ 27-28 August.
--WhOI RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September.
--WHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 15/ 8 October.
--NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 23-24 October.
--NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 9 November.
--NOAA RV Researcher Cruise 11-76/ 27-2fa November.
■-WhOI RV Knorr Cruise 62/ 21 December.

329

SECTION I

I 5

0 30

NAUTICAL MILES

SECTION 2

7 9 18

300

350 -

400

'\

FEB 9-10

I I I I I I r

50

NAUTICAL MILES

50 -

100 -

150 -

200 -

250 -

SECTION 3

300

1 — I — I — \ — r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

330

SECTION 4

S 201 202 208 210 ^^^.^*f2\7

I I I

50 -

100

150 -

— 200 —

UJ

liJ

250 -

300 -

Ql
UJ
Q

1 — r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES
SECTION 5

2 4 6 9 10

50

100

150 —

I r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

100 -

150

200 -

250 -

300 -

350

400 -

SECTION 6

I \ r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

331

m

4A

SECTION 7

lA

UJ

H
UJ

50 -

100

150 -

1 — \ — \ — \ r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

SECTION 8

5

Q

50 -

-23

100 -

150 -

1 — I — \ — \ — r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

CD

SECTION 9

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

50 -

100-

150 —

200 -

250 —

300-

350

1 — I — \ — I r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

SECTION 10

50-

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

332

SECTION II

CD

X 321

100-

150-

200-

250-

300-

350-

400

SECTION 12

316

tIO

w^

OCT 8

~i — \ — \ — n

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

^»2Z^

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

333

SECTION 14

in

100-

liJ 150-

Q_
LlI
Q

200-

250-

300-

350-

SECTION 13

215

300-

350-

NAUTICAL MILES

NOV 9

1 — r

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

334

SECTION 16

SECTION 15

cr

LJ

I—

LlI

Q_
LJ
Q

200 —

250-

300-

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

304 301

150-

200 —

250 —

300 —

350 -

400 -

DEC 21

^

,10,

\

-8

^^Q "I I I I , ,

0 50

NAUTICAL MILES

335

Paper 20

CONTINUOUS PLANKTON RECORDS: ZOOPLANKTON AND
NET PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT, 1976

Daniel E. Smith and Jack W. Jossi

Th e se
phy t op
the Ne
P lankt
and re
C hesap
be twee
Dumpsi
MARMAP
(1 ) th
(2) th
United
of p La
moni to
zoopla
the su

asona
lankt
u Yor
on R
sea re
ea ke
n Am
te 10
P rog
e U.
e Ins
Kin
nk t on
ri ng
nk ton
rvey

I abu
on a
k and
ecord
h ve

Bay
brose
6 f a
r am o
S . Co
t itut
gdom
dy na
seas
of a
a rea

ndance
t a 1

Chesa
ers (C
sse Is

and
Ligh
s par
f the
ast 6
e for

for a
mi cs i
ona I

warm
are a I

an
0-m
peak
PR)

tow
Oc ea
t*-

t 0
Na
uard
Ma ri
sou
n th
and
CO re
so d

d va
dept h
e Big
(Hard
ed t
n We a
New
f a
t i ona
for
ne 6n
t hern
e Nor
Icnq
Gulf
esc r i

r lat
^ in
hts/>
y 19
he

t her
York

coo
I M

the
vi ro

ext
th A
-ter

Str
bed.

1 on

the

we r
39) .
CPR '

St a

Ha

per a

ar i n

at -
nmen
ens i
t Ian
m c
eaii

of

She
e as
U.
s b
t ion
rbor
t i ve
e F
sea
tal
on o
t i c
hang
eddy

zoo
If a
sess
S . C
etwe

HOT

agr
i she
coll
Rese
f th
by w
e s

whi

plank
nd SI
ed b
oast
en t
EL (3
and
eemen
rie s
ect in
arch
e Ion
h i ch
since
ch pa

ton

ope

y c

Guar

he

8Nx

Dee
t be

Ser
g of
(TME
g-t e
IMER
19
ssed

and
Wate
ont i
d cu
mout
71W)

P

twee

vice

dat
R) o
rm s

has
30.
th

net
rs of
nuous
tt er s
h of
f and
Water
n the

and

a and

f the

urvey

been

The
rough

SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND VARIATIONS OF
ZOOPLANKTON AND NET PHYTOPLANKTON

The CPR routes are shown in Figure 20.1. Shelf Water plankton

data for the New York and Chesapeake eights are shown in

Figures 20.2/ 20.4/ and 20.6. Slope Water plankton data for
these areas dr^ shown in Figures 20.3/ 20.5/ and 20.7.

Because a major objective of these surveys is to describe

long-term cyces/ means/ and trends/ it was felt appropriate to

present the data on an annual basis rather than wait until

detailed analysis is feasible. As a result/ the data are

'MARMAF Field Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/
Nar ragnasett / RI 02882. Present address: Atlantic Environmental
Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Na r r aganset t / RI
02882.

337

Paper 2C

presented with little corrrnent. However/^ some explanation of the
units presented and the counting system which produced them is in
order. The countinq system used was designed to allow for the
rapid analysis of large numbers of plankton samples taken monthly
from large areas of the North Atlantic Ocean.

P hyt op lankt on were recorded as number of occurrences per twenty
0.295- mm diameter microscopic fields taken diagonally across a
section of bolting silk which had filtered 3 m of seawater (a
10-n mi Sample). The silk aperture size was 225 x 234 mm. lean
occurrences of each taxum per water mass per month are shown in
Figures 20. 2 and 20.3.

Zoop

thei
of t
abun
subs
mu It
per
s amp
t oge
Z OOP
the
prec
in F
me t h
pr es
stag

lank
r s
he s
danc
t i tu
ip li
sa mp
le s
t h er
lank
numb
ludi
igur
ods
ent
es )

t on
i ze .
i Ik
e c
ted
ed
le (

pe r

to
ton
er o
ng
es 2

see
in b
and

ware
Zo

we re

ateg

for

by

3 cu
w a

op t a
>2

f a

the

0-6
Co

ot h

are

cou
op la

est
or i e
each
an

m ) .
te r
in t
mm
II

need
and
lebr
size
pres

nt ed by
nkton t
i ni a t e d
s . /s n

cat eg o

aliquot

F ina

mass p
he numb
were a
animals

f or an
20.7.
ook (1

cat ego
ented s

e i t he
a xa <2

to f

"sec

r y / an

facto
lly^
e r mon
er s s h
na I yze
on

a I i qu

For
96C).
r i e s (
epar at

r of

mm s
all
e p t e d
d th
r to
the
th (s
own i
d in
a si
ot fa
more

Som
usual
e I y .

two
een
with

va I
ese
give
numb
e e F
n F
the
Ik
c t or

det
e t
ly d

me t h

ina

i n

ue"
ace
the

er s

ig.

iqu r
same
was

T
ails
axa
i f fe

ods / Q

stagge

one of

(weight

epted

numbe r

for a

23.1 ) w

es 20.4

manner

record

he se da

conce

of zoop

rent d

epend i n

red tra
3 se
e d ni e a n
va lues

of p I a
II ana
ere ave
and

except
ed/ th
ta are
rn ing
lank ton
eve lopm

c on
verse
t of
) was

were
nk t on
ly zeo
raged
2 G . 5 .

that
ere by
shown
these

were
ent a I

Two features of the plankton dynamics which are not obvious from
the figures are mentioned below. Thecosomate pteropods increased
and decreased along with the Cerat.ium tripos bloom in all
instances during the springtime. Compare Figures 2C.2 with 20.4/
and 20.3 with 2U.5. The cladoceran Pennil^la ^P« dominated the
plankton in October Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in 1976
but were not abundant in fall samples of 1974 and 1975."

ZOOPLANKTON DF A WARVI CORE tDDY

A decayed warm core Gulf Stream eddy (called Eddy
U.S. Navy 0 ce anog raph i c Office) was traversed by
February 1976 (Fig. 20.1).

D by the
the CPR in

^Atlantic Environmental Group/ National f^arine
Service/ NO A A/ Narraciansett/ Rl G?P82. Unpubl. data.

Fisheries

338

Paper 2C

inated the zooplankton within the eddy but also were more
numerous within the eddy than without. ALL other taxa of
cLankton were more numerous in SheLf and SLore Water samples than
in the eddy sanpLes. The history of this eddy and the
distribution and abundance of these copepod species show some
interesting relationships.

Gotthardt (1973) showed that warm core Gulf Stream eddies form
from Gulf Stream meanders/' ^hich break off into the Slope water
forminc a Gulf Stream Water ring surrounding a Sargasso Sea Water
core. * Gulf Stream meander was shown southeast of Georges Bank
on the 2b June 1V75 Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis (EOFA)^
chart. A week later the 3 0 June chart indicated a feature which
was later shewn to be Eddy D.

Thp Gulf Stream and a small area of the Sargasso Sea east of the
Chesapeake biyht were sampled in June 1975. No M. iucens was
found/ which is consistent with the findings of other
i p ve St igs tor s in this area. It can be assumed that Eddy D formed
without i,ny M. lucens. Although F. aracilis was not founo in any
summer ti 11.6/ 1C-m CPR samples of the Gulf Stream/ Bowman (1971)
found it abundant in all seasons in Gulf Stream samples taken
between the surface and 73 m. ^ieuromamma aracilis may have been
cresent in the deep water of the eddy.

The EOFA charts showed Eddy D moving westward from southeast of
of Georqes Bank in late June 1973 to the New York Bight area in
December 197 5. It appeared from the charts to be entraining
Slope and Shelf Waters as it ijent. f^etridia lucens appeared in
Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in November and December
1975 and Slope i^ater samples in December 1975. Pleuromammg
gracilis appeared in both Shell and Slope Waters in November and
DeceTLier. It is likely that these two species also occurred in
Slope Water in the vicinity of Fddy D. Edcy D may have been
colonized by '^i • iU£^CS from the Shelf and Slope Waters which it
entrained to the south of New England.

During J^nuary 1976 every Slope Water sample from the New York
Biyht contained P. g.Lacil.is and r^. Ly.£§.QS/ while Shelf Water
samples also contained M. iy cens . It can be assumed that Eddy D
entrained scne of these as it Toved through the New York Bight
Slope water.

'U.S. Navy Oceanogrspf'ic Office/ Applications Research Division/
SuitUnd/ V.\) Z0374.

339

Paper 20

By January and February 1976^ Eddy 0 had moved southwest ward from
the New York ji.iht to the positions shown in Figure 20.1.

However^ in the Chesapeake bight Slope Water samples/' outside the
eddyr W. iyceoi and P. 2raciL.is had become absent by January.

In Februaryr when Eddy 0 arrived in the Chesapeake Bightr it
contained more j^ . iycens and £. 3£c£iii5 than either the
Chesapeake Bight Shelf or Slope Waters and more than the New York
iMght Slope Water through jhich it had come. rioueverr at this
time the abundance of M- iycens and P. araciijs was also
increasina in Chesapeake Biyht Shelf and Slope Waters.

SUMMARY

It is postulated: that Eddy D broke off from the Gulf Stream in
June 1975 containing P. aE.2cii.is but no 'A. Lucens; that Eddy D
was populated with ^^. iycens from entrained Shelf and Slope
Waters as it traveled to the west and southwest; that M. iu^ens
and P. oracilis reproduced more and/or survived longer in the
eddy than they did in the Slope or Shelf Water; and that it is
unlikely that M. Ly.9.&Qi accumulated in Eddy D by simple addition
of recruits from outside the eddy/^ because if this were the
reason for its abundance/' other Shelf and Slope Water species
would be expected to have accumulated in the same manner and this
was not the case.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

we thank the staffs of the U.S. Coast Guards Atlantic Area/'
i^arine Services Division; the U.S. Coast Guard Oceanog raph i c
Unit; and the officers and crews of the Coast Guard cutters
^LslL' ^aki.sg./' Duane/' ia^Latin/' ReL.ieance/ and lane^. we also
thank the Sea Education Association/ the officers and crew of
their RV westward/ ana the personnel of the NOAA ship Oregon II..
Without the help of these groups^ this survey would not have been
possille.

340

Paper 20

LITERATJRE CITED

BOWMAN^ T. E.

1971. The distribution of calanoid copepods off the south-
eastern United States between Cape Hatteras and southern
Florida. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 96r 58 p.

COLEBROOK/ J . M.

1963. Continuous plankton records: methods of analysis/'
1950-59. Bull. Mar. Ecol. 5:51-64.

GOTTHARDT/ 6. A.

1973. Gulf Stream eddies in the western North Atlantic. U.S.
Navy Oceanoor. Off.^ NAVOCEANO Tech. Note 6150-16-73/' 42 p.

HARDY/ A. C.

1939. Ecological investigations with the Continuous Plankton
Recorder: Objects plan and methods. Hull Bull. \^ar. Ecol.
1 :1-57.

341

76*W

ACN

- 40*N

^ 40*N

Figure 20.1.— Positions of water masses, surface fronts, and continuous plankton recorder samples during 1976. SH = Shelf Water, SL =
Slope Water, ST = Gulf Stream Water, SS = Sargasso Sea Water, WE = warm eddy (after I'.S. Na\->' Experimental Ocean Frontal
Analysis 1976), — = lO-mi sample.

342

NY BIGHT

CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

—

30 —

28 —

—

26 —

—

24 —

22-

7

CO

—

o

20 —

-1

UJ

—

u.

18 —

o

(\J

>«

16 —

Ul

—

o

14 —

z

UJ

—

K

12 —

oc

r»

•—

o

10 —

u

o

—

8 —

—

—

6 —

10

4 —

~

If

__

20

* *

* *

* *

^^ NO SAMPLE

^H I BLUE -CREEN ALCAE

DIWOFLAGELLATES

=) 2 CERATIUM TRIPOS

^ 3 C FUSUS

^= 4 C MASSILIENSE

=i 3 OXYTOXUM SPP
SILICOFLAGELLATES
I. . I 6 SILICOFLAGELLATES
DIATOMS

7 THALASSIOSIRA SPP

8 aiODULPHIA ALTERNANS

9 THALASSIOWEMA WIT ZSCHIOIOES

10 NITZSCHIA SERIATA

11 RHIZOSOLENTA ALATA FORMA A LATA

12 R ALATA FORMA GRACILLIMA

13 R ALATA FORMA INDICA

14 R HEBETATA FORMA SEMISPIWA
I 5 THALASSIOTHRIX LOWGISSIMA

16 CHAETOCEROS SPP

17 COSCINOnSCUS SPP
19 CERATAULINA BERGONII
19 ASTERIONELLA JAPOHICA

20 SKELETONEMA COSTATUM

MONTH

Figure 20.2.

-Net phytoplankton abundance in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of

abundance units.

343

NY BIGHT

J' NO SAMPLE

^H I BLUE -GREEN ALGAE

DINOFLAGELLATES

2 CERATIUM TRIPOS

3 C FUSUS
A C MASSILIENSE
9 OXYTOXUMSPP

SILICOFLAGELLATES

I. ■■ I 6 SILICOFLAGELLATES

DIATOMS

7 THALASSIOSIRA SPP

8 BIDOULPHIA ALTERNANS

9 THALASSIONEMA N IT ZSCH lOIDES

10 NITZSCHIA SERIATA

11 RHIZOSOLENTA ALATA FORMA A LATA

12 ft ALATA FORMA GRACILLIMA

15 R ALATA FORMA INDICA
14 R HEBETATA FORMA SEMISPINA
I 5 THALASSIOTHRIX LONGISSIMA

16 CHAETOCEROS SPP

17 COSCINODISCUS SPP

18 CERATAULINA BERGONII

19 ASTERIONELLA JAPONICA
20 SKELETONEMA COSTATUM

o

iij

20 — ,

18 —

16 —

14 —

o

1?

<\J

»«.

UJ

10

o

z

UJ

q:

8

oc

3

O

6

u

o

2 —

jTfTm

2=

14

♦

16

M

J

* * ♦

6

T

9
10

n"

CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

* *

M I A

* ♦ * ♦

0 I N

MONTH

Figure 20.2.— Net phytoplankton abundance in Slope Water to the seaward of the New Yorlt and Chesapeake Bights, 1976.

See text for explanation of abundance units.

344

NY BIGHT

4000—1

3600-

3200-

2800 —

2 2400 —

q: 2000-

UJ

ffi

3 1000-

1200 —

800 —

400 —

* *

19-

20

la

20

21, ^2o:

20

3/^ NO SAMPLE

HI THECOSOMATE PTEROPODS
2 LARVACEA
OTHER CRUSTACEA
t^^=< 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS
CLADOCERA

I I 4 PENNILIA SPP

L_) 5 PODON SPP
EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS

6 PARACALANUS PSEUDOCAL ANUS SPP

7 OITHONA SPP

8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP

9 HARPACTICOID COPEPODS

10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I
TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS

11 CORYCAEUS SPP

12 ONCAEA SPP

13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPODITES 1-4

14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPODITES 1-4

15 ACARTIA DANAE

16 CENTROPAGES VELIFICATUS
'J 17 TEMORA TURBINATA

COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS
?| 18 CENTROPAGES TYPICUS
19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS
20 PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS ADULTS
21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPODITES

OTHER COPEPODS

I I 22 OTHER COPEPODS

CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

m

* *

M I A

* *

a! s

MONTH

Figure 20.4.

-Zooplankton ( <2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation

of abundance units.

345

^ NO SAMPLE

HI TMECOSOMATE PTEROPOOS
2 LARVACEA
OTHER CRUSTACEA
1=1 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS

CLADOCERA

4 PENNILIA SPP

5 PODON SPP

EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS

6 PARACALANUS PSEUPOCALANUS SPP

7 OITHONA SPP

8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP

9 HARPACTICOID COPEPODS

10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I
TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS

11 CORYCAEUS SPP

12 ONCAEA SPP

13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPOOITES 1-4

14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPOOITES 1-4

15 ACARTIA DANAE

16 CENTROPAGES VELIFICATUS

17 TEMORA TURBINATA
COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS

IS CENTROPAGES TYPICU8
19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS

20 PSEUPOCALANUS MINUTU5 ADULTS

21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPOOITES

OTHER COPEPODS

I I 22 OTHER COPEPODS

lO

fO

en
cr

UJ

m

1200 — ]
1000 —
800 —
600 —
400 —
200 —

— 1* *

N1

1

22

6

7

8

•I8'

■zV

*

3I(

7

3HT
* * ♦

22

6

J 1 F 1 M

A

M

J

jIaIs

0

N

_, CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

2±

♦ ♦

M I A

A I S I 0 I N I

MONTH

Figure 20.5. — Zooplankton ( <min) abundance per 3 m' in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See

text for explanation of abundance units.

346

NEW YORK BIGHT

CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

jiFlMAMJJASON

MONTH

16 15 * *

* »

^

23

J F |m I A Im I J Ij 1 A I S I 0

MONTH

:|c NO SAMPLE

Bl FISH LARVAE
2 FISH EGGS
3 CHAETOGNATHS
4 POLYCHAETE WORMS
OTHER CRUSTACEA

5 HTPERIID AMPHIPODS

6 DECAPODS

7 DECAPOD LARVAE
e LUCIFER SPP.

9 OSTRACODS

10 EUPHAUSID

11 EUPHAUSID JUVENILES

12 EUPHAUSID ADULTS

COLD TEMPERATE COPEPOOS

13 METRIDIA LUCENS

14 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS

EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS

D

15 PLEUROMAMMA GRACILIS

16 CANDACIA ARMATA

TROPICAL -SUBTROPICAL COPEPOOS

17 LABIDOCERA AESTIVA
IS EUCALANUS MONACHUS
19 CALANUS MINOR

20 EUCHIRELLA ROSTRATA

21 EUCHAETA MARINA

22 UNDINULA VULGARIS

1

<^

'T:'^
^

Figure 20.6.— Zooplankton (>2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation

of abundance units.

347

NY BIGHT

CHESAPEAKE BIGHT

fO

CD

m

3

45 —I

40 —

35 —

30 —

25 —

20 —

15 —

i7>

10 -@

♦ *

F IM

iB=

ElO

S

19

♦ ♦

M I A

15

* NO SAMPLE

Bl FISH LARVAE
2 FISH EGGS
S CHAETOGNATHS
4 POLYCHAETE WORMS
OTHER CRUSTACEA

5 HYPERIID AMPHIPODS

6 DECAPODS

7 DECAPOD LARVAE

8 LUCIFER SPP

9 OSTRACODS

10 EUPHAUSIO

11 EUPMAUSID JUVENILES

12 EUPMAUSID ADULTS

COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS

13 METRIDIA LUCENS

14 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS
THERMAL COPEPODS

15 PLEUROMAMMA GRACILIS

16 CANDACIA ARMATA

TROPICAL -SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS

17 LABIDOCERA AESTIVA

18 EUCALANUS MONACHUS

19 CALANUS MINOR

20 EUCHIRELLA ROSTRATA

21 EUCHAETA MARINA

22 UNDINULA VULGARIS

D

* * ♦ *

A I S I 0 I N

MONTH

Figure 20.7.— Zooplankton ( >2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text

for explanation of abundance units.

348

Paper 21

SIPHONOPHORE ("LIPO") SWARMING lU NEW ENGLAND
COASTAL WATERS--UPDATE/ 1976

Carolyn '\. Rogers

The Northeast Fisheries Center has continued to examine the
distribution of Nanomia cara. During the winter of 1975-76 there
were few reports of net-clogging organisms. In Late March and
April reports from Gloucester^ MA^ indicated that fishermen again
were encountering "Lipo."

Port agents asked interested fishermen to bring in samples of
"lipo" and other net-clogging organisms for examination. Several
fishermen frofa Gloucester and Fortland/^ MEr collected samples.
Similar organisms were collected from Al_batrgss IV trawl nets
during fishery resource assessment surveys in New England coastal
waters. In addition/' samples of plankton/ neuston/ and bottom
sediments were collected from Cape Ann to the Wilkinson Basin and
in the Scantum Basin area from the Albatross IV in April and
again in May (Fig. 21.1).

Examination of bottom samples which were collected with a variety
of gear (naturalists' dredge/ Dietz-Lafono grab/ Ponsr grab/
Smi th-Hc I nty re grab)' revealed no lipolike organisms. Plankton
and neuston samples collected on the April cruise hao
s i phonophores at all Locations/ but they were not abundant.
Concentrations of Phseoc^siij gouchetii/ a planktonic alga which
is enveloped in large gelatinous masses in the spring during its
reproductive phase/ were also found in these samples/ with
greatest densities in the more coastal (shallow) locations oft
Cape Ann and iVewburyport/ MA.

During May, N. cara was present in the plankton. However/ as in
April/ numbers were low along the entire transect. In addition/
the siphonophore colonies were smaller than those collected in
autumn 1975. Curing our earlier studies (Rogers 1978)/ three

'Northeast Fisheries Center/ National Karine Fisheries Service/
NOAA/ Nar ragansett/ RI C^2682.

^P*>ference to trade nErr.es does not imply endorsement by the
National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA.

349

Paper 2.1

cstegcries of relative abundance were established based on the
number of siphonophore remains in the plankton samples: highr
moaerdter ana few. All samples in spring 1976 were categorized
3S "few" compared to the autumn 1975-winter 1976 estimates bjhich
vvere generally "hiqh."

Exam

reve

and
I a rg
thes
£ eri
a lo
ceme
a nd
abun
deep
was
s i ^ h
all
spec
at t

1 nat
aled
worm
e j e
e

anth
no X
nt ed
are
dant
w at
fro
ono^
t he
i e s
he I

ion of

the

tubes

llyf is

sample

us bg

rough/

toget

bur i eu

s p ec

e r . I

m an i

hore s*

samp

of or j

ocat io

s am
usu

' br

h.

S/

thi
her

i n
i e s

n ad
n sho
w?s
les
an i s
ns s

pies
al

yozo
The

how
is i
ck t
by m
sand

thr
di t i
re I

col

exa
ms w
amp I

obt
i n ve
ans/
pr in
ever
s an
ube
ucus
y bo
ou tih
on/
cc at
lect
mine
hi ch
ed.

a i ned
r t eb r

hydr
c i pa I
/ u

anem
of m
Th
1 1 onis
out t
two s
ion a
ed in
d CO

uou I

f r
3tes
Olds
sou
e re
one I
ud
e tu

he G
amp I
nd t
the
nt a i
d be

om

/ su
/ s m
rces
Ce
ike
and
bes
eri a
ulf
e s c
he o

Mp
ned

e xp

t r aw I

ch as

all b

of g

riiDt
ant ho

var i
are o
nt hus
of Ma
ont a i
t h er /
p eni e

the
ec t ed

net
bri t
i va I V
elat i
hus b
zoan
ous
f ten

bore

i ne a

ned r

wh i c

s are

typi

at t

s during
tie stars
es/ urchi
nous mate
2££alis
which con
other ma
2 feet in
al i s i s
nd e spe ci
j[iaeoc^s t i
h also CO
a . In
c a I numb
his time

April
/ worms
ns / and
rial in

tubes .
St ru ct s
t e r i a I s

I engt h
a very
ally in
S/ one
nt ai ned
gene r a I
er s and
of year

Conver

B e d f o r
been n
f i sh i n
of Por
that
was (li i
p r esen
the in
a n u pi
P h aeoc
I pswi c
h y d r o rr
0 c c cT s i
were u
qu ant i
many b
four
the p o
of he
live w
in the

sa 1 1 on
d/ l-r
o sign
G fro
1 1 ano/
loss o
ni ma I /
ce of
shore
3nk ten
^s tis .
h Ray
eduspe
ona 1 1 y
sua 1 1 y
ties t
oats w
or f i
pu lat i
svy f i
ere f o
t r s w I

s w 1
ov i n
if 1 c

m th

,-lE/

f fi

EU C

a Q r
Wa t e

s a")
Th
/

i n

abl
o re

ere
ve
ons
sh i n
und
net

th por
ce t own
ant p r
ese po
and V
sh i nci
h r e d u
een si
rs- F
p les /
ere we
this
p I ankt
t c I oc
e t o a
duce f
in f i s
years,
of C.
g pres
rr, o r e f
s .

t a gen
/ and
ob lem w
rt s du r
1 1 o 6 i 5
time du
ceo fro
i me h i g
r o m the
it is c
re a I s
was V e
en and
(j e ri wit
void t h
is h i ng
hi ng a r
It i s
bore a I i
sure/ s
requ ent

ts f r

Boston
i t h ne
i ng sp
ca lone
e t o n
11 a ut u
h in t
i r des
one lud
D rep
r i f i ed
trawl
h thPS
en and
effort
e a s w h
pass i
s had

0 the

1 y and

om

/ MA
t-f o
ring

of
et-f
mn .
he w
crip
ed t
ort s
oy
net
e ge

the
. r-'
i ch
ble
not
tube

i n

Pt .
/ in
u I i n
P
G I ou
ou I i

The

at er

t i on

hat

of

th

s am
lat i
y we
or r i
haa
to c
been
s in
o rea

Juoi t
d i cat
g org
ort a
cest e
no or
y ea
colu
/ and
this

sm a
e pr
pies,
nous
re no
Hal
not
one I u
r edu
whi c
t fc r n

h/

ed t
an i s
gent
r/ M
oan i
ch
mn/

fro
slim
II

esen
A
mass
t i
so c
been
de t
ced
h th
umbe

RI/ and
hat ther
ms on ve
s Bob Mo
A / indi
sms in s
reported
especial
m trawl
e is the
j el I yf i s
ce of
It hough
es / fish
n suf f i
omme nt ed
fished
herefore
as in
e se or ga
r s than

New
e had
sse I s
rr i I I
cat ed
pr i ng
the
ly in
net

alga
h in
small

nets
er me n
ci ent

that
for

that
areas
n i sms
usual

350

SUr'flMARY OF FINDINGS

E X ami n
Eng Ian
could
1 976.
of one
for t
the DC
o rgani
ij e I a t i
un i ce I
u . car
C e rien
number
little
p opu la
these
bee ome
s i ghte
they c
in Ne
that a
likely
f i shi n
remain

a t i o n
d po
cl on
In

o rga
he r
ci s i 0
sms :
nou s
lu I ar
ax f o
thus
s i n
or
t i on

area

en me
d. T
omp le
w En
ny of
tha
Q i nd

at o

ct V
rt a
f is hi
fall
n is mr
edu c t
nal f
the
m s&s

ex i
una i

bg re
t raw I

of C.

S CO

s hed
hes e
te th
g land
thes
t th
u stry
bse rv

an o
gent
ng n
1975

the
ion
ou I i
al
dur i
st en
n sm
aiis
s .
fish

bor
nt i n

i n
are
ei r

wa
e po
e re

as
ed I

us s
s i
et s
and
s ip
of f
nq o
c-a

ng i
ce
all

tu
Beca
ing
ea I i
ue

the
seas
life
ters
nu la
will
a re
eve I

amp I
nd i c
were
win
hone
i sh i
f ne

ts~r
as

numb
be s/
use

had
s wa
to

ne
ona I

eye

an

t i on

be
suit
s .

es a
ated

not
te r
phor
ng i
t s w
oc^s
ep ro
the
em

a m
of i

occ
s qr
be f
ts .

and
les .
d th
s w a
any

of

nd CO
that
unus
1976 t
e tJano
n coas
as ca
tis e
due t iv/

water
ent ang
ate r i a
nc reas
ur red
eater
i s h e d /•
S ma I

their

Each

ere is

s abno

s i gnif

their

nve rs

ge la

ua I Ly

he un

EJa £
tal w
used
gu che
e pha
s wa
led
I oft
ed fi
in re
than

f ewe

I hy

numb

orga

no i

r ma I I

i cant

pre

at ions w
t inous or
abundan
usua I ly h
ara/^ was
at ers . I
by seve

sex re sum
rm; the
in Phaeo
en brough
sh ing in
cent year
u sua I ly o
r and few
dromedusa
ers s hou I
n i sm cite
ndi eat 1 on
y abundan

adve r se
s e n c e if

ith
gani
t i
eavy
re
n sp
ral
e lop
i ng
s i ph
c^st
t up
are

Sr t

bse r
er t
e w
d di
d i s

at
t /• n
i mpa
po

the Ne J
sms which
n spring

swa rmi ng
sponsi b le
ring 1976

separate
ed in a
a mot i le
onopho rer
is; and

i n sma 1 1
as where
he bottom
ved. As
ubes will
ere also
minish as

resident
this time
or is it
et on the
pu lat ions

LITERATURE CITED

ROGERS/ C. A.

19 7Cj. Impact of autumn-winter s*<arminy of a siphonophore
("lipo") on fishing in coastal waters of New England. In
J. P. Gouletx Jr. and E. l; . Haynes (editors)x Ocean vari-
ability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/
p. 3 33-55 0. U.S. Dep- Commer./ NCAA Tech. Rep. NISFS Circ.
41o .

351

71"

70*

69*

PORTLAND

43»-

42°-

&

0 v'

427 • 425 423^^^

A HELGOLAND SITE

43'

_42«

69'

Figure 21.1.— Station locations of RV Albatross /V cruise 76-02-11 at which plankton, neuston. and bottom samples were collected and ex-
amined for the presence of siphonophores.

352

Paper 22

BOTTOM-WATER TEMFERATURtS IN THE GULF OF MAINE AND
ON btORGES BANK DURING SPRING AND AUTUMN^ 1976

Clarence W. Da\/is

Davis (1978) discussed observations of bott orr-wat e r
in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges bank and t
temperature cj^anges on fish stocks. It was general
that the inflow of Slope Water through the North
which lies between Browns Bank and Georges Bank/ wa
factor affecting changes in water temperature in t
the Northwest Atlantic. There was a warminq trend i
both the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank/ but
temperatures reversed that trend in 1?75. Data in
show a resumption of the .jarminn trend in 1976 d
negative air temperature anomalies during the autum
Atlantic coast .

temperatures
he effects of
ly concluded
east Channe 1/
s the major
his region of
n 1968-74 in
bot tom-wat e r
this report
espite record
n a long t he

DATA AND METHODS

The
e xpe
autu
pe r s
bott
by e
m i dp
inte
ad j u
coll
i ndi
more

temp
ndab
mn d
onne
om-w
ac h
oi nt
rv al
st ed
ec t i
ces
app

erat ur
le ba
u r i ng

1 a bo
ate r t

2 C con
of ea

and

to ac

on bet

are pr

r op r ia

e da
thyt
bott
ar d
empe
tour
ch i
d i V
coun
ween
esen
te f

t a hav
he rmog
om t r

Aibat
ratu re

inter
nte rva
idi ng
t for

yea rs
ted in
or c om

e been o
raph (X
aw I sur
ross IV.

was obt
va I (Fig
I by th

the to
differen
. Both

this re
paring d

bta ine
BT) c
vey c
A we
ained
s. 22.
e per
tal b
ces in
observ
port;
i f f ere

d f r
a St s
ru i se
i gh te
f rom
1/ 22
centa
y 10

seas
ed an

the
n ces

om

rr.ad
s c
d me
the
.2)

ge

G.

ona I

a ad

ad j

betw

appro
e ea
onduc
an or

area
by mu
area

Thes

t i m

juste

usted

een y

X ima
ch s
ted

ind

re

Itip

wit
e va
ing
d te
va
ears

t e I y 1 5 C
pr i no and

by NMFS
ex of the
pres ent eo
lying the
hi n that
lues were

of data
mpe r at u re
lues are

Northeast Fisheries Center/ National
NOAA/ Narraaansett / RI D2ab2.

Marine Fisheries Service/

353

Paper 22

The Gulf of l^bine and Georges Bank are analyzed in their entirety
and by subareas of 1 -deg Longtitude (Table 22.1). Only those
waters less than 100 m on Georges bank and mostly deeper than
100 m in the Gulf of Maine are considered in this report.

RESULTS

£yi.l of Maine

Both observea and adjusted bottom-water temperature indices
reached maximum values in the Gulf of riaine in 1976 (Figs. 22.3/'
22. A). The adjusted autumn index of 9.5C was 2.1C warmer than
the 1963-75 mean and the adjustea sprino index of 7.2C was 1.1C
warmer than the 196a-75 mean. All subarea indices in the Gulf
also exceeded the 1963-75 autumn and the 196b-75 spring means
(Table 22.2). In the spring^ subarea V had the greatest anomaly
(+1.1C) while subareas II and III shared maximum of 2.2C in the
autumn .

Georges Bank

Adjusted mean bottom-water t en^per at ur e s on Georges Bank in 1976
were greater in both spring and autumn than the time-series means
for each season and reversed the substantial drop in temperature
noted in 197 5 (Figs. 22. 5r 22.6). All subareas of the Bank had

positive anomalies
+2.3C on eastern
subarea is u sua I ly
Bank in autumn ^
Georoes bank and 1,

in both seasons/^ mast notable of which is the
Georges Bank in autumn (Table 22.5). This
2C or more colder than the remainder of the
but in 1976 was only 0.7C colder than central
QC colder than western Georges bank.

DISCUSSION

Cont r
a lonn
A rmst
highs
Bank,
by t
CO Ide
of N
t enpe
obse r
a t i m
ch ang
enter
F i cur

a ry to
At la
rony r
in th
Be ca
ide a
r w ate
a ine
r atu re
vea i
e -I ag
e s or
ed the
e 22.1

thee
nti c
P ap er
e Gulf
u se Ge
nd w i
r t he r
wou Id
s . Th
n 1976
in the
by th
Gulf
, buf

ccur r
coast
1 l)r

of M
or ges
ndr i
e in

be e
e rea

are

bott
e f ac
in th
f er ed

ence
du
bott
ai ne
Ban
t wo
autu
xpec
sons
no d
om

t th

e sp

th

of
r i no
om-w

and
k is
uld
mn 1
ted

for
oubt
wa t e
at t
r i nu
e CD

r eco

the
at er
w ere
relat
have b
976.
t 0 be
t he p
comp I
r • s r
he la r
f i n Q i
Id air

rd

aut
temp
high
i ve I
een
The
less
OS i t
ex /
es po
ge a
ca t e

ef f

cold
umn
e rat
e r t
y sh
r ea s
deep
af f
i ve
but
nse
moun
d by
e ct /

wea t
1976
ures
han no
allow
enable
er wat
e ct ed
anoms I
ni a y be
to a
t of S
the 8
espec

her condi
( C hambe r I i
reached r
rmal on Ge
and well

to expect
ers in the
by the col
ous condi

explainab
ir temper
lope Water
C isother
ially as w

t i o n s

n and

ecord

or ges

mixed

much

Gulf

d air

t i ons

le by

at u r e

t hat

m in

a r m e r

354

P ape r 22

GuLf Water irixed kiith Georges Bank Water.

The record coLd air temperatures of 1976r however/^ may have
Lessened the current trend/^ only partially reversed in 1975r to
even tiigher temperatures than those observed.

LITERATURE CITED

i) A V 1 S / C . W .

1V7fc. Spring and autumn bottom-water temperatures
of t'isine and Georges bank/' 1968-1975. In J. R.
and E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability:
U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/' p. 241-255
Conimer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.

in the Gulf

Goulet r Jr.

Effects on

U.S. Dep.

355

Table 22.1. — Subaxea designation and loca-
tion in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges
Bank.

Longitude

(w)

Area

Subarea

Gulf of Maine

I

7r-7o°

n

lO'-GS'

III

69° -68°

IV

68°-67°

V

67° -66°

Georges Bank

Western

69°-68°

Central

68°-67°

Eastern

67°-66°

Table 22.2. — Adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures and
anomalies by subareas in the Gulf of Maine in 1976. Anom-
alies are based on the 1968-75 mean in the spring and the
1963-75 mean in the autumn.

Spring

: - 1976

Autumn - 1976

Gulf of Maine
subarea

mean °C

anomaly °C

mean °C

anomaly °C

I

5.1

+1.0

9.0

+1.5

II

6.7

+0.9

8.8

+2.2

III

7.0

+0.9

9.1

+2.2

rv

7.7

+0.8

9.1+

+1.8

T

7.2

+1.1

10.2

+2.0

Entire Gidf

7.2

+1.1

9.3

+2.1

Table 22.3. — Adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures and
anomalies by subareas of Georges Bank in 1976. Anomalies
are based on the 1968-76 mean in the spring and the I963-
75 mean in the autiomn.

Georges Bank
subarea

Spring - 1976

Autumn - 1976

mean °C

anomaly °C

mean °C

anomaly °C

Western
Central
Eastern
Entire bank

5.6

5.2
5.1;

5.U

+0.3
+0.1
+0.3
+0.U

13.3
13.0

12.3
12.6

+1.0
+0.7
+2.3
+0.9

356

100 M

Figure 22.1.— Distribution of bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during spring 1976; At6a«ro«s /V 76-02.

357

'<JllJ>-'^

GEORGES BANK

Figure22.2.— Distribution ofbottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during autumn 1976; Albatross IV 76-09.

358

o

UJ

»-

h-
o
m

UJ

Adjusted

Observed

Spring -
GULF OF MAINE

1

1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Figure 22.3.— Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine during spring 1968-76.

359

o

o

a.

llJ

»-

IT
UJ

o

2
<

_L

Observed

/ Adjusted

Autumn —
GULF OF MAINE

I I I I I I L

1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Figure 22.4. — Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine during autumn 1968-7fi.

360

o

o

LiJ

I-

LU

I

IE
O

o

CD

Spring —
GEORGES BANK

1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Figure 22.5. — Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures on Georges Bank during spring 1968-76.

361

13

o

o

liJ

12

O

t-

S 10

y ___y Adjusted

Autumn —

GEORGES BANK

J I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 L

1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Figure 22.6.— Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures on Georges Bank during autumn 1S68-76.

362

!S8. Proceedings of the first U.S. -Japan meeting on aquaculture at
Tokyo, Japan. October 18-19. 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18
papers. 14 authors.) February 1974. iii -f 1.3.3 p. For sale by the
.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. D.C. 20402.

.389. Marine fiora and fauna of the northeastern I'nited States.
Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974. iii -I- 50 p.. HI
figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.

.390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and Indexes. By
Mary F.llen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974. iv + 14 p.. I fig.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington. DC. 20402.

391. Calanoid copepods of the genera Spinocalanus and Mimocalanus
from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalanidae. By
David M. Damkaer. June 197.S. x -t- 88 p.. 22.5 figs.. 4 tables. For sale

by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. D.C. 20402.

392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Li.sts and indexes. By
l^e C. Thors(m and Mary Ellen Engett. June 197.5. iv + 27 p., 1 fig.

393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study — Texas:
Area description. By Richard A. Diener. September 1975. vi -K 129 p..
.55 figs.. 26 tables.

394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United .States. Tar-
(linnida, Kv I.eland W, Pollock. May 1976, iii ■(- 25 p.. figs. For sale
liv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington. DC, 211402.

395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their
relation to fishery research. January 1975. By John R. Hunter. .May
1976. iii -I- 5 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

MBL WHOI Library - Seria s

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UNITED STATES
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NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

NO A A, ihc IVational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was established as part of the Department of
CoTTimcrcc on October 3, 1970, The mission responsibilities of NOAA arc to monitor and predict the state of the
solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth, and to
assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment.

The six Major Line Components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical infor-
mation in the following kinds of publications:

PROFESSIONAL PAPERS— Important definitive
research results, major techniques, and special in-
vestigations.

TECHNICAL REPORTS— Journal quality with
extensive details, mathematical developments, or
data listings.

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS— Reports of

preliminary, partial, or negative research or tech-
nology results, interim instructions, and the like.

CONTRACT AND GRANT REPORTS— Reports
prepared by contractors or grantees under NOAA
sponsorship.

TECHNICAL SERVICE PUBLICATIONS—

These are publications containing data, observations,
instructions, etc. A partial listing: Data serials: Pre-
diction and outlook periodicals; Technical manuals,
training papers, planning reports, and information
serials: and Miscellaneous technical publications.

ATLAS — Analysed data generally presented in the
form of maps showing distribution of rainfall,
chemical and physical conditions of oceans and at-
mosphere, distribution of fishes and marine mam-
mals, ionospheric conditions, etc.

Information on avallablllly ot NOAA publlcatloni can ba obtalnad from:

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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