EASTERN PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHERY, 1888-1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NOV?, 1968 ,fQ0DS HOLE, MASS BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Fishery Leaflet 602 Revised Cover (courtesy "Pacific Fishermen") „ A modern steel seine- boat type halibut vessel, capable of carrying a capacity of 260,000 pounds of iced halibut. The vessel can be adapted to multiple operations including bait fishing for tuna or seining for salmon or herring . Please discard the original edition of this publication that was printed in September 1967. This report was prepared for publication by the staff of the Branch of Fishery Statistics, Division of Economics. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES EASTERN PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHERY, 1888-1966 by F. Heward Bel Director, International Pacific Halibut Commission Fishery Leaflet 602 Washington, D.C. 20240 August 1968 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 North Atlantic catch ...... ....... ..... . 2 North Pacific and Bering Sea catch . 2 United States and Canadian halibut landings ...... 4 Catch of halibut by fishing grounds 7 PACIFIC HALIBUT SCHOONER in EASTERN PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHERY, 1888-1966 By F. Heward Bell, Director International Pacific Halibut Commission Fisheries Hall Number 2, University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105 The Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus stenolepis (Schmidt), is found on the Continental Shelf in boreal waters at temperatures from about 37° to 46° F. It is almost indistinguishable from the Atlantic halibut, H. hippoglossus, and any differences are probably varietal rather than specific. Its recorded occurrence in the North Pacific extends on the east from Santa Rosa Island, Calif., to Norton Sound in the Bering Sea, across the Continental Shelf in Bering Sea, and off the Asiatic coast from the Gulf of Anadyr to Hokkaido. The North American range of the halibut setline fishery extends 3,000 miles from Northern California to St. Matthew Island in Bering Sea and in depth from about 20 to 2 50 fathoms. The halibut is the largest of the flatfish, reaching a recorded maximum size of 495 pounds in the eastern Pacific- -the present average landed size is about 30 to 35 pounds. The females are faster growing, and no male over 123 pounds has been caught to date. All data quoted in this text and accompanying tables refer to eviscerated heads-off weights. From November to March, spawning concentrations of halibut occur at numerous locations along the edge of the Continental Shelf at depths from about 175 to 225 fathoms. The average age when the fish first become mature is about 12 years for females and probably 8 years for males. A large female may produce 2 to 3 million eggs annually. The fertilized and developing eggs rising to mid- water levels hatch in about 15 days, and the postlarvae are transported many hundreds of miles by westward moving ocean currents. Thus the floating eggs are dispersed westward all along the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska and into the Bering Sea. After about 6 months the postlarvae, having risen into the surface inshore drift, commence their bottom existence on the shoal sections of the shelf. The 1- to 3-year-old juveniles tend to remain on inshore grounds, then move offshore where they first enter the commercial setline fishery in significant numbers at about 5 to 7 years of age. The Pacific fishery began in 1888 off Cape Flattery, Wash. From its inception, the fishery has been a joint venture of the fleets of Canada and the United States. By the turn of the century, the annual catch was about 10 million pounds. The unregulated fishery expanded rapidly, and in 1915 the catch reached 69 million pounds. Thereafter, in spite of increases in fishing effort and extension of the fishery throughout the commercial range of the halibut, the production declined to 44 million pounds by 1931. On the basis of the declines in yields from the longer fished grounds, the industry advocated control of the fishery as early as 1915. Subsequent declines from newer grounds and end of World War I led to the eventual signing in 1923 and the .ratification in 1924 of a halibut convention by the United States and Canada. The convention was directed chiefly to an investigation of the resource and development of measures for its rehabili- tation. It established a joint commission now known as the International Pacific Halibut Commission. Under the subsequent conventions of 1930, 1937, and 1953, regulations have been enacted each year since 1932. Those regulations have resulted in a threefold increase in size of the stocks on the grounds since 1932 and have enabled the fishery to make increased annual catches with progressively less fishing effort. Landings by United States and Canadian fleets by sections of the coast are shown (in thousands of pounds) in table 3. The changing relative importance of each section has been influenced by depletion of nearby grounds and their subsequent controlled re- building, changes in the size, structure, and motive power of the fishing vessels, length of the fishing seasons, wartime conditions, relative port prices, and many other con- siderations. Since I960, receipts in Alaska and British Columbia ports have been well sustained, but in Washington State, landings both by United States and Canadian vessels have declined sharply, largely owing to relative port prices. The catches from grounds off each section of the coast are shown in table 4. They reflect the early geographical expansion and intensification of the fishery, the subsequent declines from each section under uncontrolled fishing, and the increases under regulation after the early 1930's. On grounds south of Cape Spencer (table 4, cols. B to D), the catch quotas have been temporarily reduced to offset the larger catches taken in the first half of the present decade while testing the upper range of what appeared to be the maximum sustainable yield. The ultimate optimum annual removal will probably be about 29 to 30 million pounds for this area. On grounds west of Cape Spencer including Bering Sea (table 4, cols. E to G) re- movals were steadily increased to about 45 million pounds and, in view of stock reactions, are now being reduced to what may be an optimum sustainable level of about 40 million pounds. For the coast as a whole the maximum sustainable yield will probably be in the vicinity of 70 million pounds annually under present environmental conditions. Recent annual Pacific and Atlantic catches of halibut (Hippoglossus) by countries are as follows: Table 1 North Atlantic United United Year Canada States Norway Kingdom USSR1 Other Total 6.1 .2 (In millions of pounds) 6.6 1961 8.6 7.1 6.6 35.2 1962 6.1 .2 9.4 6.3 3.1 5.5 30.6 1963 4.9 .2 7.4 5.6 5.8 4.8 28.7 1964 4.6 .2 7.1 6.0 11.7 5.6 35.2 1965 4.5 .2 6.4 5.8 6.8 6.3 30.1 1966 5.0 .2 4.6 4.6 2.1 5.6 22.1 1 USSR figures may include some flatfish other than Hippoglossus . Table 2 North Pacific and Bering Sea Year Canada United States Japan USSR1 Total 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 29.5 34.7 37.1 33.6 33.0 32.0 (In millit 40.1 40.4 34.3 26.4 30.5 30.4 an of poun 18.5 16.5 17.1 6.4 4.9 5.3 ds) 3.8 4.1 3.0 3.6 88.1 91.6 92.3 70.5 71.4 71.3 1 USSR figures may include some flatfish other than Hippoglossus. Without control the Canadian and United States catch in the eastern Pacific would probably have been in the vicinity of 30 million pounds annually, paralleling the conditions that have developed in the unregulated European Atlantic and the western Pacific Japanese halibut fisheries. It would have consisted, as in Europe, of a high proportion of young fish 2 to 4 years of age and under 5 pounds caught chiefly by trawl net gear and incidental to the catch of other species. In contrast, in the North American Pacific halibut fishery where all net-gear is prohibited, the catch consists of individuals chiefly from 6 to 25 years of age and weighing from 5 to over 200 pounds. The rebuilt Pacific halibut fishery is the major source of income for about 250 U.S. vessels and 1,200 fishermen, 80 percent of whom maintain families in States of Washing- ton or Alaska. Also, the rehabilitated stocks provide the market with better quality, larger sized fish and a more stable annual yield. Retail prices continue to be reasonable in relation to other high-quality animal protein as halibut production costs are relatively low due to the built-up stocks, use of improved gear and propulsion machinery, more effective bait, the installation of hydraulic deck controls, vessel refrigeration systems, and many other technological advances all leading to lowered manpower inputs and production costs. The modest total investment of about $5 million that the two governments combined have appropriated to the Commission since 1930 has yielded extremely high and con- tinuing economic returns. The cumulative gain in total catch in excess of what the unregulated fishery would have produced over the past 36 years has been worth at least $100 million in gross income to the fishermen. This continuing high return on the investment is a constant reaffirmation of the wisdom and foresight manifested over 40 years ago by Canada and the United States when they contracted for the joint scientific management of the Pacific halibut fishery. UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN HALIBUT CATCH, 1915-66 Million pounds 80 • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M Million pounds 80 1915 '20 '25 1966 > CO < o p. Q o < Z •a C in < 9 u o 1 < CO LU t— < I— a CO _a> o voonrio i-i no en c- o o n HstniAvDtOtXXMCOO rH \oo i>cn^D in en st t> o o in nn^cMmooMomn cd st CM en rH l> CM On rn O O O 00 ovNtcn^iNOtooNfo •\*\«\<«\^»\<»\'»\<«\<»\ o HHrINN 1 1 St 1 1 1 to I 1 CM 1 COM 1 O 1 1 rH vDOvOt>tOOtO!>ONO p CO cd O FH CM CM CM CA m mNONDNONOinstcnstst voinr^votoaNOC^r-ito in cm O if\ HtO \D \0 CJ) . NfonnnvOnPito\o rH i> CMNONOrHcncnC-mcMON 0> O O to O CM ^O rH vO (H Oi en >t \0 id ■* - -, », •> ^ ^ | | | | | | | | i ^^| 1 1 1 1 ^ •. 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o c^ cd CO . 6 rH -H •H rH CU X) rH T3 > cu q !H d &H on cd cu ;>> ^y CD cd rH O xi co T3 -H ■rl HJ H3 3 IH P >» J3 !■" P bo 0 « -H fttM •a CD CD O -H CU CD co s rH r-< r-i 73 CD C cd •3S U CD 5 o P< CO f) H rH CD CD r( •H U A - O cd co P rH Ch > Td a rH cd C S bo CU rH O cd \D •H 3 m CD C- -P S o\ CO rH C\J 3 >3 rH CU ^1 oS . cd co D ^ 1 -p CD o* HJ bo rl •H T3 CD •H a ^ 3 CD T3 CO O CD O o a rH Z >»z -1 CD H CM ?Hfn -«t P cfl o cu 55 Table 4. -- CATCH OF HALIBUT BY FISHING GROUNDS, 1910-66 (Thousands of pounds) Fishing grounds Year (Column) A B C D E F G B to D E to G 1910 (L) C1) (X) n t1) t1) C1) 51,850 C1) 1911 (X) (X) C1) (x) t1) (X) (X) 56,931 t1) 1912 I1) (X) C1) C1) (X) (X) C1) 59,534 900 1913 C1) (X) (x) (x) C1) C1) (x) 55,436 11,107 1914 C1) (X) C1) D (x) n C1) 44,476 22,949 1915 273 (X) (x) (x) (x) (x) (X) 44,023 24,460 1916 253 i1) n (x) (x) (x) i1) 30,278 19,477 1917 299 (X) (x) i1) (x) (x) (X) 30,803 17,796 1918 297 (X) C1) (x) i1) (x) (X) 26,270 11,415 1919 321 t1) (x) i1) (x) i1) (x) 26,602 13,535 1920 324 (X) i1) (x) t1) (x) n 32,358 14,257 1921 412 5,960 20,390 10,222 9,345 5,402 730 36,572 15,477 1922 363 4,485 16,773 9,224 7,085 4,547 18 30,482 11,650 1923 1,047 3,154 15,137 9,717 12,095 9,503 671 28,008 22,269 1924 659 2,322 13,977 9,856 8,462 16,358 1,500 26,155 26,320 1925 1,203 1,995 12,655 7,987 7,312 14,848 4,663 22,637 26,823 1926 897 2,854 14,692 7,165 5,367 15,647 5,846 24,711 26,860 1927 1,193 2,846 12,669 7,419 8,183 14,440 8,202 22,934 30,825 1928 1,061 2,410 15,425 7,581 8,052 14,484 5,247 25,416 27,783 1929 1,225 1,903 12,815 9,847 6,857 15,415 8,861 24,565 31,133 1930 843 1,476 11,381 8,530 5,655 12,535 9,087 21,387 27,277 1931 923 1,410 12,827 7,390 5,095 9,513 7,064 21,627 21,672 1932 902 2,000 12,250 7,738 5,797 10,912 4,888 21,988 21,597 1933 743 2,008 12,368 8,154 7,134 12,424 3,966 22,530 23,524 1934 1,613 1,679 13,275 7,684 6,369 12,343 4,584 22,638 23,296 1935 1,489 2,080 12,885 7,852 7,691 11,530 3,821 22,817 23,042 1936 710 1,884 13,121 9,906 7,036 11,170 5,641 24,911 23,847 1937 716 2,072 14,557 9,395 5,419 12,930 5,151 26,024 23,500 1938 706 2,647 14,590 7,738 6,612 13,012 4,936 24,975 24,560 1939 1,073 1,609 17,975 7,770 5,576 13,502 4,279 27,354 23,357 1940 779 1,883 17,874 7,858 5,021 16,262 4,630 27,615 25,913 1941 332 2,444 15,757 7,806 4,302 16,119 6,304 26,007 26,725 1942 286 2,420 13,454 8,447 4,399 16,195 5,558 24,321 26,152 1943 420 2,959 14,087 8,265 5,236 15,046 7,828 25,311 28,110 1944 320 1,744 14,056 10,717 3,841 16,223 6,729 26,517 26,793 1945 401 982 14,327 9,069 3,217 16,409 9,525 24,378 29,151 1946 629 1,242 17,983 10,453 5,477 16,349 8,704 29,678 30,530 1947 430 1,144 17,344 10,164 7,112 12,734 7,519 28,652 27,365 1948 285 2,018 16,241 10,150 4,774 14,846 7,804 28,409 27,424 1949 427 2,038 15,086 9,818 5,947 15,001 7,499 26,942 28,447 1950 392 1,921 16, 188 8,937 6,588 17,247 6,376 27,046 30,211 1951 319 1,577 18,905 10,126 6,370 14,491 4,536 30,608 25,447 1952 526 1,446 19,744 9,658 9,245 18,024 4,185 30,848 31,454 1953 383 1,702 22,751 8,554 8,248 14,588 4,289 33,007 27,125 1954 714 2,544 23,010 11, 146 9,046 20,408 4,338 36,700 33,792 1955 612 2,223 17,533 8,988 7,147 15,915 6,654 28,744 29,716 See footnotes at end of table. (Continued on next page) Table 4.--CATCH OF HALIBUT BY FISHING GROUNDS, 1910-66 - Continued (Thousands of pounds) Fishing grounds (Column) Year A B C D E F G B to D E to G 1956 594 1,953 18,815 14,654 5,924 16,187 9,378 35,422 31,489 1957 446 1,659 16,619 12,349 5,254 17,595 7,473 30,627 30,322 1958 357 1,852 17,337 11,369 6,544 17,977 9,777 30,558 34,298 1959 236 2,436 15,207 13,162 8,322 17,042 15,310 30,805 40,674 1960 309 2,264 16,730 12,815 5,405 15,640 18,800 31,809 39,845 1961 270 1,637 14,840 12,372 5,942 17,126 17,345 28,849 40,413 1962 312 1,457 13,891 13,315 5,566 18,478 22,100 28,663 46,144 1963 205 1,506 14,354 10,291 5,220 17,090 22,758 26,151 45,068 1964- 142 1,037 11,099 7,474 5,364 17,193 17,658 19,610 40,215 1965 156 1,076 11,168 12,150 6,456 16,523 15,944 24,394 38,923 1966 141 1,219 10,096 12,120 7,402 18,363 12,990 23,435 38,755 1 For the years 1920 and earlier, it has been possible to separate the landings with full assurance only as to whether they originated from grounds south or west of Cape Spencer. Since 1921 the catch has been assigned to the following fishing grounds: South of Willapa Harbor Willapa Harbor to Cape Scott Cape Scott to Dixon Entrance Dixon Entrance to Cape Spencer Cape Spencer to Cape St. Elias Cape St. Elias to Trinity Islands Trinity Islands and Westward, including Bering Sea Willapa Harbor to Cape Spencer West of Cape Spencer, including Bering Sea. Note: The quantities shown represent the eviscerated heads-off landed weight of the fish. Conversion to round weight can be made by multiplying these weights by 1.33. Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G Column B to D Column E to G -^J i^&i ■ \ Halibut MS. #1659 GP0 860- 474 Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior — a depart- ment of conservation — is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational re- sources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the De- partment works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States — now and in the future. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THIRD CLASS OFFICIAL BUSINESS Return this sheet to above address, if you do NOT wish to receive this material | | , or if change of address is needed [^] (indicate change including ZIP Code). MBL WHOI Library - Serials WHSE 00956