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Pe Ik Rate batt Gane ey Semaine % ate, 4 RK Be lng! oe oh ~ "i .IOrs ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/fishesoccurringi0Oscot HN TUL TATH ATT 3 1761 05013 7082 DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES Fishes Occurring in the Fresh Waters of Insular Newfoundland by W. B. SCOTT and E. J. CROSSMAN Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology Royal Ontario Museum University of Toronto 1964 FFrMmar BRAS Geo , ~ Z $65 7% . } Rae bog cS A -§ 4 i < , ee eee ‘ : ; ee This publication also forms Contribution No. 58 of Life Sciences, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto. Manuscript submitted 15 January, 1963 NV 390 SILNVILV AV 34H ANOHLNV 1S ¢ Ss bs $s oe —? Moen pue pun OJMON jo de W ‘4 =] y x $3 NO Ss (=| no ia Od NG » aif iy tance CANADA DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES Fishes Occurring in the Fresh Waters of Insular Newfoundland by W. B. SCOTT and E. J. CROSSMAN Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology Royal Ontario Museum University of Toronto 1964 This publication also forms Contribution No. 58 of Life Sciences, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto. Manuscript submitted 15 January, 1963. 67727-8—1 © Crown Copyrights reserved Available by mail from the Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, and at the following Canadian Government bookshops: OTTAWA Daly Building, Corner Mackenzie and Rideau TORONTO Mackenzie Building, 36 Adelaide St. East MONTREAL Aeterna-Vie Building, 1182 St. Catherine St. West or through your bookseller A deposit copy of this publication is also available for reference in public libraries across Canada Price $3.00 Catalogue No. Ps 37-1963/1 Price subject to change without notice ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. Queen’s Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa, Canada 1964 CONTENTS PAGE SEVOTRE OTRO Lt uh ae alah ued nd aca Gee rai aR eels ROHR Re net i Une ae MS MR SM RONEN 1 NTNEE@O CIC EIO TA ee en ee ee a hire aa 8 pO EAM era P ntl et te tines 9 SETS TEN Ce meshes Io 2 RII AE A COMME Ae RON ere ea oe 10 PRCIATO WCC SPM CIING Hrs See he BE hace tee ee, PE EY EE PRA ae scan code tnvaiienu nace iyo ta mea uabiedinet 10 BIS (RO FSIS ree sO Ret ert Pan Bonin ces Se, Wahedu ducers ae ntdee tne ee 12 Key to Fishes... +. :..:,:2.: As 2) ciel ORD ae RENCE TAI on At re 2 hE ED 13 SPECIES Sey LEED SIREN cote ue eck cae Pace aon Aone ae One RE Ace, Ent 16 Atlantic Sturgeon ..... JEN GAR Se I Me lh OPO TT eR a et een 16 VAIO WIE o.oo cess cee ee eke. ice omer UND ralaet & (ek acest. See: 2 Acai ON ai ne Bee a eo 16 American Shad...... LON ee 8 Pata dl hart A ey eR i eters nee a em 2 eee 17 [pie NWS Tes cae amie eee) G0 I re 17 Mene mOUtS. Chars ANd SalmOns, 6.05... cee s.5- ecco coche de sen sSipe oe vbebeees sede ren a es mk Keyto salmonids: over fivesinches.;....0..055..00. oi. Aoae eh ee SRE pede els 24 Key to salmonids under five: inches... ...2.c04!.c.: ofa lecees WeGstn MS Mes Reser cep O. [EPTeLe Sia Ove vo EEN OR ee, ais een a See me ae ee EO! Pertti SG? TORU eedetten lean leone sie igi A sec IL et A A Recent” eats ip ee Pea eae YO 30 POSTE ZELETS. SEE) CTVOT Oc te pane a ae oR Ale ee Oe a er ee Riera oe 35 Ouananiche........ Se hee a ene AES ee Cee RE) See Mote eas, 36 Brown Trout...... fet Ss Anh ae a My el achagt” Hex’ Me Salleh AOU kel goed Lara He Syd ok 46 Arctic @har:.....”.. PO Te AL DORR OOLS, scr ke MAN ee hae oe, TSE? Ween el: ans, 53 ITC) IER OT IS eee en il eG RONG IY we MIS Poy dhe acct 63 PI TSCTD SS00 Ve) Gee ee, Sok ee OMAR. ©, lent ene ie DAN ORU NORE fon Mune ety 76 (-AATCTTS2TA BIE oes Ae ecteratel calla OR aly mee aa Ieee Ee ap a ime 79 DPelcTIEG, GTNTITG| sti Wie, Marea oie OE cei ge) Sena ea ecm ie Oke ie een ign we ae ee 80 Mummichog......... Ee a Geet ee ea ns Ook RR eT Cate eek ee 83 MOMCOd:...5......5. 586: PA AN OE” Le Re an ioe I, anne 9) Renee 86 MheSteklebacks 05.22) .c2e8 ee ARE ane, eT a, OE eM Re eis ke Rae 86 evyto,sticklebacks. ..2-..2e. 2c Se ee ee eR oem ian A OR ae ae 88 I OMTSIINC SUICKICDACKS fos. rh Sian soho cssceecscaevseen ee eed en vehi te Gide 89 Threespine Stickleback... wed ail a ee pe te ne: SARE Ae ee he RA HOD. PROS TCESUICKIC DACKis. Rint hort eh ce I ee he ee Joe abe a anlbal ok gana etiat 93 IES PIMC LICKIOCDACK 2), Oe, uso ice cee acecSanenes-ssnye (GaN: Weare as SSE | Vata SF | American Sand Lance... Rey eee ee ROSE 1 ON Da: ta ae eee EOD: WindoOwpane..22.....0<...5.4. Sed hs Poe i ey eM EN Rote, le ate ay 100: Winter Flounder.............. etter ee EE bot. eee ae WY Oy ae: 101 WDISCUSSION..§.eunccce-er.. 5 Capit ae? SALW Ream ye 2) ee SK a te eee, ante 102 “THERESE, (GUC et I a AC ae ee ee TE eee 105 ATG wee MO IR ce ee AM He tn ane RE neta Casi Paicc ond me lahedeiomesaonnemcueeceh 109 (Including Collection Data and Historical Planting Records). LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE CAPTION PAGE ie lake Wihitersh trom Hogairs PONG) .20 oe... et scott eda 18 2 Body Shape and Colour Pattern in Salmonids under five inches in S19 (eae ee ere Sep ee eG RA ee Re oy eee 27 Bo) Rambow Trout... et. d. . Mahe Peers VAR 30 4 Landlocked Atlantic Salmon..........000......... cea Molen tal Ales gel sey ee: 35 5 Age-Length relationship for Ouananiche............................. Eh ers) 44 MRP SHOWA ULOU ee. hes ete eect et deweiontse : ec) AY: GOEL ry aa 46 SRE CLCR CIC Whe ee tt, Semel Ne AN es ee ee IY ee ORT te ik ere ht wit 52 op LSC e| 4 if | Oa at ene a POS of er ee er ee 63 9 Age-length relationship of Mud Trout............ eee 68 LO: eV AmiericanSMelt.. 80's. AH Lik ee, SE hoe RO a ee 8 a 76 11. American Eel....... ENR ieee ena Oe tan ort a. ye ae Moc ER hn 8, 79 12 ‘Banded Killifish................ . cola 80 a eee VLUETINERMIC GE Aree trees te ee ee tek Tne eb cota cies elbacs enteeiess ens 83 f4< >" Vomeod,.::;:....... En ee Ae Pe tee Ric SAR se oe den eT ea, CEG ns OD 86 ill 67727-8—1} Pourspine: Suicklebaekic.cc ee ee eee ee Rec ae ae alsa be sae 89 Threespine Stickle back.cd <. fon meine ee Ok ek oe ees Seen 92 SE WOSPIBE: SHERICDAGIC: 55.2... cor5 er ees CO te nee eee 93 Ninespine-Stickleback......050.4..4 eu ch Magner A eres te ice MAN ENE Hl STATION NUMBERS AS PER APPENDIX TABLE |. 1V FOREWORD There is no doubt that since settlement first began on the Island of Newfoundland people have been aware that “trout” and salmon existed in abundance in most inland waters, and there are references in old writings to the facility with which these fish could be taken by angling. One of the earliest indications that something other than brook trout (locally often referred to as mud trout) might be present, is found in the record of Cormack’s journey across the Island of Newfoundland in 1822. Cormack records that the Micmac Indians told him of “a kind of trout’, larger than the usual kind, that were to be found in the interior. It seems likely, since these Indians traversed the interior in the course of their hunting and trapping, that this reference was to what we now know as ouananiche (sometimes locally referred to as “winnish’’), the freshwater or landlocked salmon. It is known now that many lakes of the interior contain populations of these, some of which grow to quite large sizes. Toque, writing in 1844, refers to winter trout fishing for Salmo fario and Salmo trutta (brown trout) and the ease with which large numbers of these could be taken by angling through the ice. There is no doubt that his identification was in error since brown trout are not native to the Island, and were not introduced until 1884 when they were released in ponds near St. John’s. It seems likely that the two trout referred to by Toque as fario and trutta were the two species which now, as then, are commonly found in many parts of the Island, namely the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the ouananiche or landlocked salmon (Salmo salar). In the early 1880's interest, and perhaps even concern, was being evidenced for the welfare of game fish stocks in freshwater areas. The Crown Lands Act of 1884-1885, Section 19, says “it is enacted that for encouraging the breeding of fish, the right to use ponds, lakes and rivers may be leased together with necessary adjoining land”. This Sec- tion has had an important effect on the freshwater fish fauna of the Avalon Peninsula, in particular, as it was under this provision that Newfoundland’s first and only game fish hatchery was established. As a result, several species of non-native fish were introduced. Under the Act referred to, a society known as the Game Fish Pro- tection Society was established. The exact date of its establishment is not clear but a report in the St. John’s Evening Herald, dated February i 23, 1892, advises that the first importation of eggs for public purposes took place in January, 1886. This would indicate that the Society had already been formed and was functioning according to the provisions of the Act of 1884-1885. This account refers to the first importation of eggs for public purposes as taking place in January, 1886, but other records fix the likely date of the establishment of the hatchery as 1885, since it is assumed that it would not have been built prior to passage of the Act. The Game Fish Protection Society subsequently obtained rights to Murray’s and Butler’s ponds on what is now the Portugal Cove Road and the hatchery was moved to the Murray’s Pond location some years later (1895-1897). For rights to the waters of these ponds, the Society paid an annual rental of 10,000 fish fry which they were required to liberate in public waters. Between 1886 and the early 1900’s there were several importations of brown trout, whitefish, salmon trout (—lake trout?), rainbow trout, and smelt. Shortly after 1890 the main effort of the Game Fish Pro- tection Society was evidently directed toward the encouragement of the rainbow trout in local waters. Dr. C. W. Andrews, who has examined the records of the Game Fish Protection Society, advises that smelt eggs were imported from New York in 1893 and 1895, and planted as forage fishes in some local waters. It is also recorded that sticklebacks were planted for the same reason but it is not clear whether these were imported or collected locally, nor is the species involved known to us. As a result of these introductions, populations of brown trout (including many sea-run populations) and rainbow trout exist in the waters of the Avalon Peninsula. One population of whitefish is also known to have become established. The Game Fish Protection Society is still active (as the Newfoundland Game Fish Protection Society) and their hatchery remains operative, though it seems that since the early 1900’s only rainbow trout have been handled. The Crown Lands Act of 1884-1885, which made possible the activities of the Game Fish Protection Society, marked the beginning of what might be called “management” activity in the field of freshwater fishes on the Island; although, of course, some regulations were in force prior to that time. Whether or not this was “wise” management is an academic question at this time since the results of these introductions are with us and no doubt will remain. The next recorded interest in “management” of freshwater areas, other than regulatory, occurred in 1896 when Nielson, Superintendent of Fisheries for the Newfoundland Fishery Commission (established about 1889), suggested the construction of fishways for anadromous salmon on the Terra Nova River and also the introduction of species of Pacific 2 re —_ salmon to Newfoundland waters. Evidently no action was taken on either suggestion at the time. Both have been carried out, or attempted, in relatively recent years. Until the early 1900’s, with the exception of the information recorded by Cormack and the reference by Toque, there seem to have been no reliable indications that other than brook trout and sea-run salmon existed in the inland waters of the Island. One of the earliest indications that such might be the case comes from Millais, a naturalist- artist-author-explorer, who made several journeys in the interior of the Island in the early years of the twentieth century and published a book on his travels in 1907. Although Millais was primarily interested in the natural history of the Newfoundland caribou, and perhaps also the acquisition of trophy heads, his observations covered many aspects of the natural history of the country that he travelled. These observations included reference to freshwater fish that he encountered. Millais makes the first reference to ouananiche (landlocked salmon) as such and mentions taking trout, char and ouananiche in many places on his journey. It is evident from the foregoing that until the beginning of the twentieth century, at least, the fisheries resource of inland waters was almost a complete unknown. There are several reasons for this, not the least being the lack of access to the interior except by water or on foot. No doubt other contributing factors were preoccupation with the sea and the serious business of making a living therefrom. Recreational fishing, the occasional visit to a pond or stream with a pole and can of worms by residents, was not a significant part of the way of life. It remained for railway construction, together with exploitation of the forest resource, to break down, to some degree at least, the lack-of- access barrier. It was not until 1898 that a trans-island railway was completed to Port aux Basques. The first substantial settlement away from the coast began in 1900 with the establishment of sawmills at Millertown, on Red Indian Lake; and at Glenwood, at the outlet of Gander Lake. At about the same time a sawmill was also established at Terra Nova. These were the first inland establishments though other mills had been established at tidewater since 1890. With the establishment of these and other mills, the incorporation of the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company pulp and paper mill in Grand Falls (1905), the beginning of pulp and paper operations at Corner Brook (1925)—subsequently to become Bowaters Newfound- land Pulp and Paper Company, Limited, and the opening of the mine at Buchans (1927), it can be said that the northern half of the interior of the main body of the Island became reasonably accessible. The southern half is to a very large degree still inaccessible except by air, 3 water or on foot. Even with the new access, however, little additional recorded information became available on the fish fauna of the newly accessible areas. In the Newfoundland Guide Book of 1911, Prowse refers to the success of the hatchery practices carried out by the Game Fish Protec- tion Society earlier and makes reference to Millais who, it says, reported catching brown trout in a pond near Terra Nova. If this report was correct, and it has not been confirmed to date, it would be the first confirmed record of this species off the Avalon Peninsula. The same book also refers to a “. . . white trout, as game as salmon . . .” being taken near Whitebourne. These were probably ouananiche since they are known to exist in that vicinity. Halkett, in his 1913 Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, records the presence in Newfoundland of brook trout, the introduced salmonids, ouananiche, and also shad (Alosa sapidissima ) . Esmonde, describing his fishing experience at Lake St. John, Province of Quebec, refers to the fact that he first met with ouananiche at Indian Lake in Newfoundland (Red Indian Lake). In 1930 Mr. W. L. Calderwood, a former official of the Scottish Fishery Board, made a brief examination of a few salmon rivers on the Island. A published report on this visit dealt mainly with physical obstructions in some of the rivers and also made reference to wastes from the pulp and paper mill at Grand Falls, Exploits River. Although his study was almost exclusively on sea-run salmon rivers, he also makes reference to ouananiche in Terra Nova Lake. His report recommended remedial action at obstructions in several streams, notably Terra Nova River, Exploits River, S.E. Placentia River, LaManche River and Rocky River near Colinet. Some of these recommendations were acted upon. Although no attempt is made here to review the history of the investigations of sea-run salmon in Newfoundland, brief mention is made occasionally where it seems to be of special interest. Scientific investigation of this species in Newfoundland may be said to have begun in 1931, and relied almost entirely on sampling of the commercial catch. A 1931 report on this work by Lindsay and Thompson, appended a “First list of fishes in the Newfoundland fishing area”’. Frost, writing in the Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Laboratory, 1936-37, stated that “Prior to 1936 no freshwater work had been done other than a few plankton tows... In the summer of 1936, however...some preliminary work was attempted including a series of plankton tows and a detailed examination of many mud trout...”. A program of investigations was drawn up (Frost said) to determine such things as life history (for regulatory purposes), best pond and food types and the economy of existing hatchery and 4 A = restocking methods. These studies were carried out at Murray’s and Butler’s ponds, near St. John’s, and included the collection of various physical and chemical data. Johnson, in the same report, said that studies were also being made of the juvenile stages of sea-run salmon at Salmonier River, St. Mary’s Bay. Marine salmon had by now begun to be recognized as a valuable resource but one that was less productive than in former years. Thus, in 1937, the Province of Quebec established the Quebec Salmon Com- mission to study the salmon of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in co-operation with the Government of Newfoundland and that of other interested provinces of Canada. To carry out these investigations, study areas were set up in Newfoundland at Port aux Basques, Bay St. George, St. Anthony and Placentia. It seems, however, that most of the effort of this Commission was devoted to tagging studies in the sea. Four reports were published by Belding and Prefontaine from 1938 to 1961 adding considerably to knowledge of the marine migration routes of stocks of salmon in the Gulf. Studies on purely freshwater species were begun in 1936 by the Fishery Research Laboratory. This, together with the salmon investiga- tions of 1931, mark for Newfoundland what might be called the begin- ning of scientific investigation into anadromous and freshwater fish stocks, and were reported in the annual reports of their sponsoring organizations. In the case of the freshwater studies, two additional Bulletins were published. The first of the Bulletins was a more or less popular account of the then known species of freshwater fish on the Island. In 1940 a second Bulletin was published providing information on invertebrate food supply, water temperatures, plankton and fish parasites gathered from ponds in the vicinity of St. John’s. There is then somewhat of a gap in freshwater studies, though in 1942 a brief study of pulp and paper mill wastes on the Exploits and Humber rivers was carried out. Some effort was also being extended to the freshwater and marine stages of Atlantic salmon. In the fresh- water areas this seems primarily to have been on river obstructions and on the commercial salmon fishery. There has been no significant break in Atlantic salmon studies since that time and much published and unpublished data has been accumulated by the successors to the New- foundland Fisheries Laboratory and by the Department of Fisheries of Canada, as well as by other organizations. In 1949 Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation and, under the British North America Act, all sea coast and inland fisheries came within the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the senior govern- ment. The Department of Fisheries of Canada, therefore, and _ its scientific research arm, the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, took over the research and management functions previously assumed by 5 67727-8—2 former Departments of the Government of Newfoundland. Under this arrangement, the successor to the former Newfoundland Fisheries Laboratory became responsible for fisheries research and the Depart- ment of Fisheries of Canada assumed the major management and administrative functions. An exception was made in the case of purely freshwater fishes, where it was agreed that administration and manage- ment of this resource would be undertaken by the new Province. In 1949 the Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources initiated a brief survey of some of the major freshwater areas on the Island, primarily in the nature of a sampling of their fish populations. The main aim of the survey was to determine species present and whether or not conditions might be suitable for establishment of commercial fishing operations (pers. comm., H. W. Walters). The sur- vey did not indicate that such operations would be feasible. Waters examined included Mobile Big Pond, Hawco’s Pond, Gull Pond, Oxley’s Pond, Dildo Pond and Ocean Pond—all on the Avalon Peninsula. Also examined were Gander Lake and South Twin Lake in central New- foundland, and Grand Lake on the West Coast of the Island. The most important information brought out by the survey was perhaps the discovery of landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in several of these waters, as well as the presence of landlocked salmon and land- locked smelts. (The species taken in these waters by this survey are shown in Appendix Table 2 under Collections. ) In 1951 the St. John’s Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada began an investigation of the major salmon rivers of the Island. These investigations, which emphasized enumeration of adult and juvenile runs of anadromous salmon, also included investiga- tion of upstream areas of the rivers involved and sampling in lakes and ponds. As a result, additional information on freshwater fishes was made available. These studies began with the Gander River. Examina- tion of Gander Lake and Gander River, as part of this study, revealed the presence of landlocked Arctic char and landlocked smelt. Surveys of the Terra Nova River System and the Bay du Nord River were carried out in 1952 and 1953. Investigations of the Little Codroy River began in 1953 and studies there have continued to the present time. After Confederation with Canada, research activity into the fishery resource became a function of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada and resource administration and management a responsibility of the Department of Fisheries proper. Thus the Department’s Con- servation and Development Service assumed such “management” activity as fishway construction as well as routine protection and regulation enforcement. These functions were carried out by the Protection Branch of the Conservation and Development Service until 1954 when the nucleus of a Fish Culture Development Branch was established. 6 While the Protection Branch is, primarily, an enforcement arm of the Service, the Fish Culture Development Branch (staffed by biologists, engineers and technicians) is an investigative arm designed to deal with ad hoc problems affecting the resource and to recommend remedial and development measures based on the best information available from research sources. The Fish Culture Branch (in New- foundland) concerns itself primarily with the freshwater phase of anadromous fishes as well as with purely freshwater fishes. This latter function was not assumed until 1956 when, by agreement between the two governments, management and investigation of freshwater species was relinquished by the Provincial Government and assumed by the Department of Fisheries of Canada. Because the Fish Culture Development Branch in 1956 was still in its formative stages, and because of the necessity to emphasize matters relating to anadromous salmon, it was unable to do other than very sporadic work in the field of purely freshwater fishes—usually incidental to the main program on Atlantic salmon. Thus in 1955, while doing a survey of obstructions to salmon in the Humber River, it was possible to “sound” Adies Lake and Deer Lake. Adies Lake, it was found, though local report had it “bottomless”, had a maximum depth of some 48 feet. It was also determined to have a good popula- tion of brook trout but no other species (i.e. other than sea-run salmon) were located. Deer Lake, a much larger body of water, was sounded though not in great detail. The deepest water located was in the order of 325 feet. No population sampling was carried out on either lake, except by angling. Because of the lack of information on inland waters, and because Departmental staff could not be seconded to lake work, it was decided in 1959 to request personnel of the Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology of the Royal Ontario Museum to make a brief survey of the species present in freshwater areas of the Island. This was done and Drs. Scott and Crossman carried out an investigation during July 1960. It is as a result of that survey that the report to follow has been written. This survey extended significantly knowledge of the species in freshwater and estuarine areas as is brought out in the main report. Beginning in 1961, and continued in 1962, it was possible for the Department of Fisheries in the Newfoundland area to begin initial study of major freshwater areas and their fish populations. By the end of 1962 ten representative lakes had received preliminary examination, primarily in the nature of collecting morphometric data and sampling of fish populations. Lesser amounts of other limnological data were also collected. Although much information gathered during these surveys has not yet been analysed or reported on, it can be generally said that most large lakes probably have a relatively low productive 7 67727-8—23 capacity—somewhat similar perhaps to lakes of equivalent size in the northern part of the Prairie Provinces. The largest lakes examined (Gander Lake, Red Indian Lake and Deer Lake) are generally quite deep (e.g. maximum depth, Red Indian Lake—485 feet; Deer Lake— 325 feet; and Gander Lake—875 feet). On the biological side it was confirmed that almost all lakes examined contained, besides fair to good populations of brook trout, well established populations of ouananiche and frequently landlocked smelt. Landlocked Arctic char were also located in waters from which they had not previously been reported. Of less significance, but of interest, the tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) was reported from an inland area for the first time (Deer Lake, Humber River). The foregoing paragraphs bring us to the present time. Perhaps one of the most significant things brought out in these is that, for all of its long history, there is still much to be learned about the fresh- water areas of the Island of Newfoundland and their fish populations. It is only in recent times that the existing and potential value of this resource has begun to be realized. This, of course, is the reason for the interest in it now—to make possible wise exploitation of what exists and, where feasible, to develop its productive capacity to even higher levels. Vi R.. TAYLOR; Chief. Fish Culture Development Branch, Department of Fisheries of Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland. November 1962. INTRODUCTION Insular Newfoundland is located between the 47th and 52nd parallels of north latitude. With an area of 42,734 square miles, it lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, its western shores washed by Gulf waters and those on the north, east and south by the Atlantic Ocean. The following account of the fishes of Newfoundland deals only with the insular or island portion of that province, exclusive of the continental or Labrador portion. The Canadian freshwater fish fauna, while admittedly sparse (less than 200 species) because of relatively recent extensive glaciation and its northerly position, is nevertheless poorly known. All too few of Canada’s numerous lakes and rivers have been surveyed for know:edge of the fish populations and for general limnological information. This is particularly true of Newfoundland. Although not much has been written about the fishes in the freshwaters of the island, enough evidence had accumulated to suggest that the island had a significant fauna. In most early publications dealing with Canadian fishes, New- foundland was included in the coverage but its fauna was not described. Halkett (1913), in his introduction to the Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, wrote as follows: “The list of fishes, especially the freshwater fishes, of Newfoundland, is admitted to be inadequate. There appears to be no published records of the species of that colony (save a list of The fishes of Labrador, by William Converse Kendall), yet as one third of the island of Newfound- land is covered with water some interesting finds may in the future be looked for.” Halkett wrote half a century ago but the words might easily have been written in 1960 with equal truth. Although Newfoundland was colonized before any other part of Canada or indeed North America, the fishes that occur in its freshwaters are little known except for the Atlantic salmon and the speckled trout. No comprehensive collection of fishes from rivers, ponds and lakes has ever been made and hence there are few specimens available for study. The present work, involving as it does the study of over 3,000 specimens from more than 50 localities, has yielded some very useful and interesting information but is preliminary in nature. It is hoped, however, that its obvious deficiencies will spur others to gather material from the many Newfoundland lakes and estuaries as yet inaccessible except by water or air. It was this hope of stimulating further work as well as a feeling that a report of this nature would be of use to Fishery Officers, anglers and other interested parties that led the Department of Fisheries to ask that it be prepared. The style and content are intended to fulfil two main purposes. More complete biological or life history information is supplied for all sport fishes for the benefit of those interested. At times data from other areas from the literature was added for completeness and com- parison. Systematic data where available is included and discussed in the light of geographic variation. For some species these data are meager but are included since this information appears nowhere else. For many, the salmonid keys will seem too dependent on colour. It should be kept in mind that these keys were intended for use in the field with living or freshly killed fishes and wherever possible characters based on detailed measurements or microscopic examination were avoided. MATERIALS In 1960 the authors spent the month of July collecting by the use of seine and gill net in numerous lakes, streams and estuaries from the Avalon Peninsula on the east to the Port au Port Bay region in west- ern Newfoundland. During this period a total of 23 species were recorded and 3,100 specimens collected. The route travelled and the site of each collection are shown in the map on page IV. Mr. V. R. Taylor also made available specimens and data re- tained in the laboratory of the Department of Fisheries in St. John’s. Mr. A. Murray, on the staff of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, St. John’s, very kindly forwarded to the Royal Ontario Museum a collection of fishes gathered in 1961 in the Little Codroy River near St. Andrews, Port aux Basques region of southwestern Newfoundland. Also available was a small collection of fishes gathered under the auspices of the Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources in the winter of 1949-1950 by Dr. A. A. Blair, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and Dr. A. O. Blackhurst. This collection was received by the Royal Ontario Museum in 1950 (see App. Table 2). The National Museum of Canada and the United States National Museum kindly loaned Newfoundland specimens for study. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following account was made possible by the Conservation and Development Service of the Department of Fisheries of Canada and we are particularly grateful to the Director of the Service, Dr. A. 10 L. Pritchard. Mr. V. R. Taylor, Chief, Fish Culture Development Branch of the Department of Fisheries of Canada for Newfoundland, generously provided transportation, field equipment and laboratory space, and assisted in many ways too numerous to mention. His sincere interest and kindly advice was of immeasurable help in our wanderings through many delightful but remote areas of inland Newfoundland. Many other of the Department’s personnel were very helpful, supplied information and shared their accommodations with us. Chief among these were Mr. George Fury, Mr. Roy Lane, Mr. Jerry Best and Mr. Bill Davis. Dr. C. L. Belcourt of Ferryland took in two wandering strangers in an area not notable for its variety of transients’ accommodation, and was most gracious in his hospitality. The Ernest Harmon U.S. Air Force Base camp at Grand Lake very kindly provided accommodations while we were in that area and M/Sgt. Ken Nordin was of considerable help. Access to many areas was only possible through the co-operation of Bowaters Pulp and Paper and the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company. Special thanks go to Mr. Whitehorne of A.N.D. who kindly provided accommodation and a boat at Lake St. John. Mr. Lou Parsons, also of A.N.D., who operated the boat, not only helped but made our short stay on the Terra Nova River memorable. Many of our colleagues assisted most generously—Dr. Geoff Power, Waterloo University, read the scales of Salmo salar and worked up the growth data for that species; Mrs. Jermolajev, through the help of Mr. K. H. Loftus of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, read the scales of Salvelinus fontinalis and S. alpinus and provided the growth analysis for these species. Dr. F. D. McCracken, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and Dr. J. D. McPhail, generously made available original data. Dr. C. W. Andrews of Memorial University, long associated with and interested in fisheries work in Newfoundland, provided helpful information on rainbow trout. Dr. F. A. Aldrich, also of Memorial, allowed us to examine a specimen of Fundulus diaphanus recently taken in Noel’s Pond. Much help was received in the preparation of the paper and this is gratefully acknowledged. Various members of the staff of the Depart- ment of Fisheries, St. John’s, the Fisheries Research Board, St. John’s, and the Royal Ontario Museum helped with illustrative material. Mr. W. H. Carrick prepared the species photographs. Photographs of New- foundland scenes were taken by authors except where noted. Mr. Peter Buerschaper of our Department ably assisted by carefully compiling morphological data. Miss Sandra Faulkner, Department Secretary, cheerfully worked long and patiently at the many revisions of the manuscript. 11 LIST OF FISHES OCCURRING IN FRESHWATERS OF NEWFOUNDLAND 1. Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 — sea lamprey 2. Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill 1815 =— Atlantic sturgeon 3. Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson) 1811 — alewife 4. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) 1811 — American shad 5. *Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) 1818 -— lake whitefish 6. *Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) 1792 — pink salmon 7. *Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836 — rainbow trout 8. Salmo salar Linnaeus 1758 — Atlantic salmon 9. *Salmo trutta Linnaeus 1758 — brown trout 10. Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) 1758 — Arctic char 11. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) 1815 — brook trout 12. Osmerus mordax (Mitchill) 1815 — American smelt 13. Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) 1817 — American eel 14. Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur) 1817 — banded killifish 15. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) 1766 — mummichog 16. Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum) 1792 — tomcod 17. Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill) 1815 — fourspine stickleback 18. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758 |—threespine stickleback 19. Gasterosteus wheatlandi Putnam 1867 — twospine stickleback 20. Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) 1758 — ninespine stickleback 21. Ammodytes americanus DeKay 1842 — American sand lance 22. Scophthalmus aquosus (Mitchill) 1815 — windowpane 23. Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Wal- baum) 1792 — winter flounder * Introduced species. 12 KEY TO THE IDENTITY OF FISHES FOUND IN FRESHWATERS OF INSULAR NEWFOUNDLAND This key is primarily intended as a means of identifying living or freshly killed fishes in the field. Characters requiring detailed measure- ments and microscopic examination have, where possible, been avoided. Photos and more detailed morphological descriptions in the discussion of each species will help separate difficult or closely related forms. 1 Body cylindrical, long and snake-like; no visible scales; caudal fin rounded or pointed not forked; dorsal, caudal and anal fins united (first-dorsal “separate im lamprey)” ..222.0.0... hae 24 OC em cras PaO Venter fie AM RUS IEC oy sao) etl od genet 3 No true jaws; mouth with circular, suctorial disc; no paired fins; 7 gill openings on each side. SEA LAMPREY Petromyzon marinus With true jaws and horizontal mouth; paired pectoral fins present; 1 gill opening on each side. AMERICAN EEL Anguilla rostrata Upper lobe of tail much longer than lower; body with a few rows of bony plates rather than scales; 4 barbels on underside of snout ahead of the round: mouth. ATLANTIC STURGEON 86607 INOW) “UsSy sures ay} sMmoys O}JOYd JOMOT ‘SdyP] doop s.purlypunojmon Jo Aue ul poyoorpury] oie Jeyo oNTY L OY a2 Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) 1758 Stations: 11b, 14a, 14b, 20. Collections’ ©, 23° 10:114,-15,.16, 21,23. Other Common Names: Parson’s Brook Smolts (at Gambo Lake). DISTRIBUTION The presence of arctic char in insular Newfoundland went unde- tected until 1949 when specimens captured by a survey party of the Department of Natural Resources of Newfoundland at South Twin Lakes (Exploits R.), Blue Gorge and Hind’s Brook of Grand Lake (Humber R.), Gander Lake, Moreton’s Harbour Pond, Landown’s Pond (Harry’s R.), Mobile Big Pond, Ocean Pond and Dildo Pond were forwarded to the Royal Ontario Museum and were identified as this species. This Museum has specimens taken previous to this date (Coll. 21:1948) which, however, were not received until after 1949. The locations from which char were taken on the survey and locations of supplementary collections at ROM are listed above and detailed in the tabular lists (pp. 110-116). In addition to these locations, records of the Fish Culture Development Branch, Department of Fisheries of Canada (Newfoundland Area), show that landlocked char also occur in Square Pond—Middle Brook, Gambo and Deer Lake—Humber River. The Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada (1952:60) recorded that arctic char were found in the waters of the Terra Nova system above the falls. No young or adults were seen or collected by the authors in the many collections in and around Lake St. John (John’s Pond) and Deer Pond of this system. Other popula- tions of non-anadromous char will in all likelihood be located in the future. The Fish Culture Development Branch of the Department of Fisheries also has records of at least one population of anadromous Arctic char running in Parker’s River (West R.), Pistolet Bay and other populations of this form may exist in the northwestern section of the Province. Arctic char, which are circumpolar in distribution, are anadromous in rivers in the arctic and subarctic regions. Landlocked or non- anadromous populations occur in various places along the southern fringe of this range. In North America nonanadromous stocks are found in Alaska, Quebec, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, New Hampshire and Maine. After examining specimens of nonanadromous Arctic char from Newfoundland, McPhail (1961) considered them to be relict populations as he did the other eastern North American landlocked forms. In Labrador the landlocked form was encountered much less frequently than the anadromous form and south of Nain both forms appeared to be replaced by Salvelinus fontinalis (Backus 1957). 3 DESCRIPTION Landlocked arctic char in Newfoundland have dark dorsal sur- faces and pale to brilliantly coloured ventral surfaces. The back and sides to below the lateral line are grey-blue to blue-black as are the dorsal, adipose and caudal fins and head. The lower sides and belly are silvery to yellow-white (females and non-spawners) to deep orange or red (spawning males) depending on sex and condition. In most cases the leading edges of lower fins, edge of the lower lobe of caudal fin and undersurface of the jaw are white to yellow. This white on the fins was absent in specimens from Gambo Lake and Caplin Cove Brook. The trailing edges of lower fins are orange and the central portion of these fins dusky to black on breeding males. The dark areas of the sides are marked with a small number of moderate sized, pale spots without halos. Anteriorly the spots are more abundant below the lateral line; the reverse is true posterior to the dorsal fin. The mouth is large, the maxillary extending well beyond the eye and well toothed. The caudal fin of Newfoundland Arctic char is markedly forked. Males develop hooked snouts during spawning period. The kype does not develop to the extent it does in Atlantic salmon. The Arctic char seen in the month of July on the survey were all of the less colourful pattern. The back and upper sides were dark blue to black, the lower sides and belly were grey-white to pale yellow and the spots were small and not overly prominent. Specimens collected from Butt’s Pond in September and October 1958 were much more colourful, the backs of males were dark and the ventral surfaces orange to dark red and the spots almost indiscernible on mature males. The females were paler but the spots were obvious. The range of colour from place to place in Newfoundland, between sexes and over the season is extensive and confusing. Department of Fisheries personnel who have collected specimens at spawning time have remarked on the fact that the lateral line is prominent and raised above the surface of the sides. Anadromous Arctic char are somewhat similar to sea trout in that the dorsal surface is steel-blue to blue-green, the sides silvery to blue and marked with large white to pink spots; the lower sides and belly milky white. The fins are paler and dusky to pink but do have the white edges. Proportional differences between anadromous and _ land- locked char, possibly strongly correlated with variable growth rate, have been described. Backus (1957) recorded that the nonanadromous form in Labrador had longer fins, a larger eye and a thicker caudal peduncle. Pyloric caeca and gill raker counts have been considered useful as a means of separating salmonids. Although the Newfoundland sample is 54 DIMTRIBUTION OF JALWWELINUS ALPINUS @ sTATIONS ©. COLLECTIONS A LITERATURE A. DEPT. OF FISH. RECORDS “ail Y O EEE OO Ze U O E CS) —_s i small (12) and is a composite from several locations, the counts are shown in Table 9, as are comparable counts from a Labrador land- locked population given by Backus (1957). The variation in number of caeca is high and the sample size small in both these cases. There appears, in this species, as well as in speckled trout, to be a difference in the frequency distribution and total number of caeca between these figures for landlocked populations and the figure for sea run specimens from Labrador given by Backus, 1957. The range in number of caeca, 36-40, cited by Oliva (1951) for landlocked char in Iceland could fit into this distribution or might be higher. Gill raker counts for nonanadromous arctic char were obtained ior ‘Stations 115-14 and 20 and Collections 1, 3 and 23. These. are shown in Table 9, compared with counts for specimens from Katherine River, Labrador, given by Backus (1957). The frequencies result in only a somewhat lower range for insular Newfoundland specimens as 55 ti nttieiie —— ——— —— ee bv LI "6 Q Z S a recente ence teeter cent cece cee e cess neces sles e eee eteseeeneeeescseeeeee sapere reece eepeceenceerarecre saree Jopeiqe] “IOATY suLIOYyIe yy 8°77 | Ol eT, | Lae el ates pr Doom ae oe eee Reg puvjpunojmany aeINsUy ues N OC NSC. | VC Gal aCC: IEANC [BOL 0° SI ey I 4 9 ) as ¢ 6 QT i. Ol I re miateinisininiajale\aisiatel stain le[a tate Palatalalstnintuvatsiaie statetero’s\atelsfale’s\slete\= ci alvivie(-t cimieiei<)< Jopeigey] “IOATY sulIDyey cH] 9] Ss ¢ g |z cg | oO] I i ee fo freeceeeceeceereeoeteeetesseeeeeetiectettestostenneaesesereteeces pur]puNojMaN eINsUy ueoW N LOW |eSTo Via tl --OESIAL | -IN. OR SG= | 28k quuI] JOMO'T quiryT todd SUAAVY TID 4O waaWnAN Z pote ke ote el Z ¢ Z I Z a I hun I I Aes At ss I freee rene eee cee et ect ee eer ence aeeeceeererseseses CC6I ‘snyorg) JOpeiqe’y “JdAry suLIayey as se ee, aoa as iy ri/—ltlze bee La ee =e Se, son ae SoI}I[ B90] SNOLIVA PUP|PUNOJMON, Ie[Nsuy OVAGeu Bee \"Le-|, Sb. Ieee | Pe Ml Ser eco Te | Osmo’. | SC.) elo | SC IOSoeire. 1 ee VOAVD OIOTAd JO WAEWAN Jopeigey ut JBYD poyoo]-pueyl YIM poiedwiod puvppunoymMoN, UL AWYI IdIe payIO]-pury Ul SioyeA [[IG pue BdIIvd JIO[Ad JO JOqUINN, “6 IIQEL 56 compared to those from Labrador. While the samples in both cases are small these figures would tend to indicate no distinction in the New- foundland populations from mainland char. The intermediacy of these Newfoundland counts as compared with the counts given for Labrador and for S. oquossa and §. aureolus from Maine (Backus, 1957) tends to amplify the concept that the Maine populations of sunapee and blue- back trout are not distinct from other populations of nonanadromous S. alpinus. SPAWNING Nonanadromous Arctic char in Butt’s Pond spawn in late October and early November possibly every year as opposed to every other year as cited by Grainger (1953). They apparently spawn in a shallow rocky bay which has a water depth of three to ten feet. Gonad examination revealed that some female char in Newfound- land are sexually mature in their second year but most males do not ripen before the third year. Nordeng (1961) said that migratory char in Norway spawn for the first time only after their fourth seaward migration. As is most often the case with salmonids mass movements to the spawning grounds are made up of more males than females in the beginning (Unpub. data, Can. Dept. Fish., Fish Cult. Dev. Br.). Backus (1957) reported Arctic char, nonmigratory, in Labrador mature at four inches in length. He saw none larger than 10 inches. In the char taken by the 1949 party there was a 53 inch ripe female taken from Gander Lake. Foop The succession of food items with increase in size would be similar to that of the other salmonids. Young char feed on bottom invertebrates and the older and larger ones on fishes. When landlocked smelt are present these would probably constitute the major item of diet of larger char. GROWTH Growth of landlocked arctic char in Newfoundland like that of ouananiche is slow. This is possibly correlated with the paucity of suitable forage fishes, especially in the deeper water that the char in- habit. Records of the Department of Fisheries, Newfoundland, show that the oldest char from Butt’s Pond was nine years of age and of 48.6 cm. or 19.1 inches fork length. Growth rate was variable and after five years of age males were bigger and heavier than females of the same age. Usually the reverse is true. The length and weight of Arctic char at various ages from Butt’s Pond and the total Newfound- aH . . SS — WL \ Two large male landlocked arctic char (top and bottom) just prior to spawning time, and a smaller brook trout (centre) from Butt’s Pond. The large char weighed 4.2 pounds. Note the prominent milky white colouration on the leading edges of the pelvic, anal and caudal fins. land sample are shown in Table 10. Age determination was by scale reading and is tentative, pending corroboration by otoliths. Scales have long been considered of dubious value in the analysis of the age of Arctic char, migratory or land-locked. The otoliths are preferred. Nordeng (1961) in an intensive study of the problems involved in aging techniques for this species came to the conclusion that in small stationary (non-anadromous) char, the scales generally register age in the immature stage only. He also concluded, by comparing winter marks on otoliths and scales that to achieve the correct age from scale readings one year had to be added in the case of immature fish and 1 to 6 for mature fish. Ages as expressed here from scale readings alone may only be the ages at which fish (whose mean fork length at capture is given) matured sexually. The accuracy of this portion at least, seems high as the independent analyses of two people were very consistent. The relationship for char in Newfoundland is shown in the table with that for char from Shona Lake, Baffin Island. Although considerably to the south of the Shona lake char those in Butt’s Pond grew more slowly and lived for a much shorter time. Lakes on the mainland often have a much greater fauna of potential forage fishes compared to insular Newfoundland where those available to char in deep water are almost restricted to other salmonids and smelt. 58 ————— *s]SOIO pue SpueT jo JUSWIed9sq O1Ie]UGC ‘sIsAjeUR a[edS AG 93V yy ‘purlpunojMmoN ‘SolJoysty JO yUsuAIJedsq Aq sisAjeue ojeds Aq O83, xx PUOd Sng SUIPNoxe O° LOE|S IPE LOTS “CTSTIO' EST|9 LCI “wu ajduies “Td | puelpunos urs -MON CIV VY e-SC 2 Sis |S Ce iV Cec |C O8a16 8419 6C |94L~. |) 8C110 be JC eC 16 TC..1078 ‘Ur (uosuyor “7 ‘wwo0s *SI9dq) EVGhecel Via FOO SOO ICSieeCCs|- SSL! Velie CEL SOLIS PiLiety8Sin 99S 1— OSS o4woOm——_—'——MlNMW SUdaAvad THO SS a ees OSCaC ote Cea, 09 irs wa Js Talat. Cran Cons. «ACS gertal re dds medias | Fy SUN meshes Ayceeac et see ion rapt mow pnw OOZ-ELI 6 8L°9O€ | l ] 4 I G I ] 5 ES I ATES cE RP ck OTC non ras MsuoyT | “ON | URN | OF | Sh | Py | EY | th | Ih | OF | GE | BE | LE | 9€ | SE | FE | CE | Ze | Te (z UONeIS) puefpunojmon [R10], ‘YOOIg S.JIAT|O ee eS — ee a a a Se RE 94} Wor; WIxXe} JNO prot pue yNno’y was JO saydwes ur SioyeA [IS pue wvdseVd IO0[Ad JO Joquinu dy) yo UOSIIedUIOD VORVO DINOTAd S19JUM DUBS “eT PBL fa i 2 67727-8 ANNUAL MOVEMENTS AND SPAWNING The spawning habits, other than the ascent from the sea, and early life in freshwater of sea trout does not differ greatly from that of the mud trout. Spawning time is the same fall period. Fry hatch in February and emerge from the gravel in early April (Wilder, MS); as they grow they tend to move into larger bodies of water (larger rivers and lakes) where they often remain during their second and _ third years. Sea trout descend to the sea in late April to early June. The run is strongest when stream temperature approaches 50°F., a drop in temperature retards or even reverses part of the run (White, 1941). Some trout move down every month of the year and there is a second peak run in October to December in Prince Edward Island (Smith and Saunders, 1958). The run consists of small trout (age HII and age IV White, 1940; sometimes age II in Newfoundland) descending for the first time, or larger fish which spawned the previous fall and sexually immature large fish which ascended but did not spawn the previous fall. They do not necessarily move every year from freshwater to salt (Wilder, 1952). They move out of the inner estuaries quickly and in May and June are roving the shores in 5-10 ft. of water (White, 1942) in schools of 5-20 fish. They are now very silvery and easily distinguish- able from mud trout caught at the same time in the rivers and brooks. Most sea trout return to the river during July of the year they descended (June-August) and have remained in the sea an average of two months (White, 1941). Smith and Saunders (1958) reported ascents in April to July and again in November. As the season advances sea trout continue farther upstream. Some must move directly to the brooks as those caught in Oliver’s Brook late in July were at least 10 miles from the sea at that time. Less than 50 per cent of female and male sea trout approach sexual maturity at age III. However, 90 per cent of the fish of age IV in the run are spawners. They must reach at least 200 mm. before half are ready to spawn (Wilder, MS). Wilder (MS) claimed that 70 per cent of those migrating to the sea were females. Sex ratios of samples of sea trout taken in Newfoundland freshwater were: Station 9—Piccadilly Bay—12 29:9 8 Station 22—Oliver’s Brook—7 @ 9: 2 2 Collection 7—Little Codroy River—4 2? ) re) ae ae Foop Food in the sea consists principally of fish. According to White (1942) those on the Nova Scotia coast feed on squirrel hake—Uro- phycis chuss, American eel—Anguilla rostrata, sea raven—Hemitrip- terus americanus, mummichog—Fundulus heteroclitus, rock gunnel— | Iz Pholis gunnelus; such crustaceans as Crago septemspinosus, Mysis stenolepis and Gammarus sp. and sand worms—WNereis sp. Food selected depends on what is most readily available and these or other small shore fishes no doubt form the food of sea trout in the sea off the Newfoundland rivers. On returning to freshwater, sea trout apparently stop feeding for some time. The physiological readjustment to freshwater and sudden absence of the larger food they have been utilizing probably accounts for this. However, the fact that they will take food in captivity and that they strike at anglers’ artificial flies indicates some ability and willingness to take food when in freshwater. When they do begin to feed in freshwater their food will be similar to that of the mud trout— insects, amphipods and possibly small fishes including other trout. GROWTH Partly as a result of the annual opportunity for feeding in the sea on larger more abundant food for even so short a period as two months, sea trout in the same lifespan achieve much greater ultimate sizes than freshwater brook trout. There are reports of sea trout of seven pounds from Alexander Bay, eight and nine pounds from Deer Harbour. A record sea trout was apparently landed in 1908 when fish of 10%, 12 and 15 pounds were taken from the Fox River and Romaine’s Brook. The largest, from Romaine’s Brook, was 314 inches long and 84 inches deep (Morris, 1937). The large size of this fish would suggest it might have been a sea run brown trout rather than a sea trout. However, there is no present day record of brown trout from this area and it is known that it produces large sea trout. Depart- ment of Fisheries records show that in 1941, Chief Protection Officer H. V. E. Smith took from the Serpentine River twenty-three sea trout none less than two pounds and one slightly over seven pounds. Wilder (MS) records a maximum of 19% inches and 37 pounds for the Moser River in Nova Scotia. The early growth, before first descent to the sea, is apparently similar to that for mud trout. The variability of growth from habitat to habitat is great. There were too few sea trout in the samples to separate habitats in analysis of growth. Table 14 gives the age-length relationship and sex ratio of the total sample of 10 from Piccadilly Bay, 9 from Oliver’s Brook and 8 from the Little Codroy River. Sea trout from Piccadilly Bay appeared to grow the fastest and those from Oliver’s Brook the slowest. Other than one individual, from Little Codroy River, six years of age and 255 mm. F.L., maximum age appeared to be five years. Time spent in fresh and saltwater is variable as is age of first descent. These two factors probably determine ultimate size of sea trout in any population. Fs A typical scene on the lower part of Indian River—a good producer of small Atlantic salmon. The last several miles of the course of this river are quite gentle and meandering. From an analysis of scales it would appear that most sea trout in the Little Codroy River go to sea first in their third year and return there each year for two years. However, some may remain in freshwater for a year or more after first ascent before descending to the sea again (see Table 15). Piccadilly Bay sea trout were similarly irregular in movements to and from the sea. The population in Oliver’s Brook appeared more uniform. They spent three years in freshwater before going to sea and then returned to the sea in each of the two remaining years. Next to Atlantic salmon sea trout are the favourite quarry of resident and visiting anglers in Newfoundland. Limit catches are often attained during the ascent into freshwater particularly when high tides flood the streams making their passage farther upstream possible. At this time they provide exciting sport to fly fishermen as the main runs 74 Table 14. Age-length relationship and sex ratio of total sample of 27 sea trout from Piccadilly Bay, Oliver’s Brook and Little Codroy River Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of trout 7 11 8 1 Sex fot 2 2 5 1 Ratio Q 5 9 3 = Fork Range 111-164 == 173-255" 130-255 255 Length oe in mm. Mean 136.29 196.55 212.50 = Table 15. Growth in freshwater (F) and saltwater (S) of eight sea trout from Little Codroy River Size at Capture Age at Capture Bab mm: Growth History 4 208 9 fa2h edS ee 2Oa= 9 ees) a 5) 180 uniformly small 203 B2Ee SAS 2 @ fF OE oe 4 eS 213 gf moderate uniform growth in all years (?) DS a2 12h 3452 .ok 6 Hawes 255 th 2, 35. 4,5, 6E@) sd are in scheduled rivers. These beautiful fish are often clearly visible in large numbers in the lower, deep, clear, pools of the rivers. They are congregated there awaiting the next flood to move upstream. Sea trout are also taken angling off wharves and by trolling along the sea shore during the periods when they are at sea. There is probably a third or estuarine form of brook trout which live mainly in the estuaries and river mouths and which go in and out of the lower reaches of the rivers with the tides. Their growth rate is intermediate between that of mud trout and sea trout. These trout are called “slob” in Labrador (Backus, 1957). 75 8 SS oo Nae NAR Fic. 10 American smelt—dark, densely pigmented, landlocked smelt above, (ROM 21008; oo’; 186 mm. total length) searun smelt below. (ROM 20983; 9; 255 mm. total length) American smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill) 1815 Stations: 9, 20, 30. Colleéctions:: 1.7.07: The American smelt occurs both in salt and freshwaters in New- foundland. Although the sea-run or anadromous populations are the better known the smelt also occurs in a number of lakes. In some of these it is migratory, going to sea and returning to freshwater at will, but in a number of lakes it is a permanent resident, being unable to gain access to the lake from the sea because of steep gradients (water- falls) in the connecting rivers. Smelt in lakes of this type are said to be landlocked. Although they may be able to leave the lake by going over the falls and hence down to sea, they cannot make the return trip. Many Newfoundland lakes contain landlocked smelt; those known to us are listed below. We are advised that smelt eggs were imported from New York State in 1893 and 1895 and planted in some Newfoundland lakes. Newfoundland lakes known to contain landlocked smelt: Lake Drainage Gull Pond Salmonier River, St. Mary’s Bay Butt’s Pond Freshwater Bay, Bonavista Bay Deer Lake Humber River System Terra Nova Lake Terra Nova System George’s Pond Terra Nova System John’s Pond Terra Nova System Gander Lake Gander River, Gander Bay 76 Landlocked and sea-run or anadromous smelt sometimes differ from each other in a number of ways. The landlocked form seldom attains the size or plumpness of the sea-run smelt, tending instead to be somewhat more slender and darker in colour. (These characteristics do not apply to the introduced smelt in the Great Lakes.) The darkness is due to the presence of large numbers of black pigment spots or chromato- phores, especially around the head. Such features are also characteristic of indigenous or landlocked smelts occurring in Quebec. Landlocked smelt often go undetected in a lake for years after it has been regularly fished by anglers for other species. In such situations it is most frequ- ently found washed upon shore, usually on a sandy beach and quite often after a storm. Personnel of the Fisheries Research Board in New- foundland have reported finding smelt in this manner in Gander Lake and George’s Pond. Throughout its range along the Atlantic coast, the smelt is normally an anadromous species ascending streams and rivers above the level of tide to deposit the adhesive eggs on the stones and gravel of the stream bottom. Spawning occurs early in the spring and in some regions, such as New Brunswick’s streams flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the smelt aggregate in the estuaries in the fall, remain there all winter and ascend streams in the spring to deposit eggs and sperm. This habit of gathering in large numbers in estuaries in the late fall and remaining throughout the winter has made possible the establishment of successful commercial fisheries, as for example in New Brunswick, where special trap nets are set beneath the ice to catch smelt. Smelt also take a baited hook readily, especially in winter, and a casual fishery is carried on. In addition to angling, sea-run smelt are caught in commercial quantities by gill nets in the fall of the year, mainly in the Bay St. George region of the west coast and in the Notre Dame Bay region of the northeast coast. The quantity landed in 1960 was 109,000 pounds. The northernmost limit of range of smelt on the Atlantic coast of Canada has been established by the reports of Low (1895), Backus (1957) and others who have recorded captures in the Hamilton Inlet- Lake Melville estuary of Labrador (about 54°00’ North latitude). Henry Reeks (1871) in an article published in the Zoologist wrote the following account of Newfoundland smelt (which he called Osmerus viridescens): “As soon as the ice disappears in the spring these little fish ascend the smaller streams in ‘countless thousands,’ and become an easy prey of bears, gulls, trout, etc. The smelt possesses a strong smell, resembling that of cucumbers, and probably this peculiar odour may be obnoxious to some of its would-be enemies, for I had a specimen of the American roughlegged buzzard, Archibuteo Sancti-Johannis (Gmelin), which I fed chiefly on trout (S. fontinalis), and of which it Ci seemed particularly fond, but it would not eat smelts, either dead or alive, even when almost starved to do so.” In the Annual Report for 1932 smelt were said to occur in New- foundland in numbers in the rivers of Notre Dame Bay, Humber River mouth, and Port au Port Bay. Jeffers (1932) wrote that a few were seen each summer of 1927, 1929 and 1930 around the wharves at Raleigh but that they were never abundant and that they were not fished commercially. Doubtless smelt occur in most suitable bays and estuaries around the island. Smelt may be subject to marked changes in abundance, a character- istic of many fish populations. Mr. Thomas Curran in a letter written in June 1957 remarks that smelt of 2 to 34 inches in length swarm in the spring in the stream mouths of certain rivers of Gambo Pond (Lake) and notes further that only in recent years have smelt been found in 2nd Gambo Pond. He also commented that these fish were almost always uniform in size but that fish measuring up to 12 inches in length were caught only in quite recent years and but one or two each spring. From Station 9, Port au Port Bay, a sample of 45 specimens were retained from a much larger number taken by seine. The length distribu- tion and sex of this sample is shown in table |. Notice that the males outnumber females by about 3:1, and that the females average larger than the males. This size difference between males and females is characteristic for smelt in the Great Lakes region also. Table 16. Size range and sex of a sample of American smelt from the estuary of a small stream in the Port au Port Bay region Total Length Range — mm. fetes 2 Q Total | eee = ie oO ‘© gi rasee te tel Sy ee | 220-229. ‘sual & Nn Totals... | 33 12 78 Fic. 11 The American eel—common in many Newfoundland rivers and lakes. (ROM 20970; 264 mm. total length) American eel Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) 1817 Stations: 4,.25; Collections: 7. While Newfoundland is not the northern limit of range for the eel, it is the northeasternmost region in North America where the species commonly occurs in large numbers. Backus (1957) recorded the first positive record for Labrador, demonstrating that specimens were taken in the Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville estuary. Jensen (1937) reported the occurrence of six specimens in streams of southwestern Greenland, ranging in size from 109 to 660 mm. total length, caught over a period of 79 years, from 1841 to 1920. The eel is common in the streams and rivers of Newfoundland but is not utilized even though the species is highly regarded as a food fish in western Europe and is enjoying increasing popularity in eastern Canadian cities. Various Newfoundland authors have lamented the failure to use this food source, for example, Macpherson (1937) noted@ =). in the case of cels, there must be a potential export industry.”” Again, Nancy Frost (1939) stated “At present Newfound- land’s plentiful stock of this food fish is quite ignored except by a very limited number of people.” The total lengths of the specimens gathered in the course of the present study are as follows: Station 4 (ROM 20972) 194, 256, 261, 276, 351, 492 mm.; Station 25 (ROM 21019) 115 mm.; Collection 7 (ROM 21041) 177, 228, 282, 554, 556, 622 mm. 79 XA Fic. 12 The banded killifish is closely related to the mummichog but more restricted in distribution (ROM 21979; 51 mm. total length) Banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur) 1817 The banded killifish was first reported to occur in Newfoundland waters in 1951. The Annual Report of the Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station for 1951 (pp. 51-52) under the title, New or Unusual Records of Fishes, contained the following: “A new record for New- foundland is Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus. Four mature females of this species, with the eggs beginning to clear, were taken in brackish water at Stephenville Crossing, St. George’s Bay, June 11, 1951.” During the current study F. diaphanus was taken at only one place, Station 10, in association with Fundulus heteroclitus. F. diaphanus is a common species in nearby Nova Scotia, where its range extends northward to include the coastal waters of Cape Breton Island (Livingstone, 1951). The species also occurs on Prince Edward Island where it has been shown to hybridize with heteroclitus (Hubbs et al, 1943). The present samples show no evidence of hybridization although there is little doubt but that the two species occur together. The collection from Station 10 consisted only of Fundulus, 89 specimens of F. diaphanus and 152 of F. heteroclitus. The collection was made along a 50 yard section of freshwater stream having very obvious tidal influence in the downstream portion of the area sampled. The collection was made on 14 July 1960 and there was no evidence of spawning activity, nor did any of the females contain ripe eggs, as was the case in the sample taken in 1951, and it is assumed that spawning occurs in June. A morphometric comparison of the two species is given in table 17. Lateral scales and gill raker counts were found to be particularly useful characters for distinguishing the two species. Dorsal fin ray counts and a combination of pre-dorsal and post-dorsal body lengths were also useful. This latter character is an expression of the difference in the position of the dorsal fin in the two species. If the distance from origin of dorsal fin to end of vertebral column is subtracted from the distance of the origin of dorsal fin to snout, a figure is obtained, which we. 80 will name “dorsal fin index”? (see table 17). Dorsal fin index is corre- lated with size and hence, although some overlap is indicated at the value of 7 in table 17, this occurred for heteroclitus under 35 mm standard length but those diaphanus with this value were in the 50 mm size range (our largest specimens). That is, the values for dorsal fin index begin to approach each other when small heteroclitus are com- pared with large diaphanus. Mention must be made of a news release in September 1962 by the Canadian Press concerning the capture of a new species of fish from Newfoundland waters. Typical of the newspaper articles was that appear- ing in the Niagara Falls Evening Review for October 5, 1962, which read as follows: “Rare Fish Found in Nfld. Pond—St. John’s, Nfld. (CP)—A species of fish never before reported east of Montreal in Canada has been found in a small pond on Newfoundland’s west coast. “The find was reported this summer by the biology department of Memorial University here which says attempts are being made to find more of the rare fish. “One specimen of the Umbra Lima—a species of mud minnow— was found in Noels Pond on the Ernest Harmon United States Air Base by U.S. divers working voluntarily with the university in its marine studies.” Harry’s River in southwestern Newfoundland. A salmon river well known to anglers. 81 The specimen in question, kindly sent to the authors from New- foundland, proved to be a female Fundulus diaphanus, and not Umbra limi as erroneously reported by the newspapers. There is, of course, no evidence for the occurrence of the mudminnow, Umbra limi, in New- foundland waters. The report, however, does indicate that F. diaphanus occurs in Noel’s Pond, a freshwater pond on the grounds occupied by the United States Air Force Base, and in the same region (head of Bay St. George) as the specimens previously taken. These three are the only Newfoundland records for F. diaphanus known to us and all were for specimens taken within a few miles of Stephenville Crossing. Table 17. Comparison of morphological characters of “Fundulus diaphanus” and “F. heteroclitus” from Station 10, Stephenville Crossing, Newfoundland Species | Scale Rows 32 33 |34 |35 |36 |37 |38 |39 |40 |41 |42 |43 |44 |45 |46 |47 | N | Mean Eo heterochitus | 45) 27129) SS 37 34.6 F. diaphanus | i 3 PAE lash 0 hity?ae) ae aa) 44.2 Dorsal Fin Rays Le NS eS. F. heteroclitus |10 |20 | 2 32 1h Weer F. diaphanus | OS ala 601: 13.5 Gill Rakers 4 | St 6s 47 Sl Os VOR skZ sa eas fap eel eee ee OS Riga eee F. heteroclitus | | Lena LO aegis 33 9.8 | Ages pene Osis EN 2s Nae ORS F. diaphanus |e he Ra 15 at | Dorsal Fin Index Fa) es) at | aa | a = 5 sivelinus fontinalls con g)~naie: oosapenemeeammmemmnsmee MRM |eish) Ma Ud cats fot) TSMR) = YS) MNase LE Rg WI peal OR Bel EE al Wet Me) Ve a | 8 ES Pe a 3 rae anaes ay a jE a) es fae |g “Sel a Ss - ar Ozmehiia ibridane meerienscaeadpemrvmrenrsrvreoreesonoeersoerretl Fy SEL [Ball ST | | | Se aN NS peas | ee ; | Sees! ‘aa ee Od a ee a SS eS 7 _ Anguilla FOStTATAL «0.0.00 ees (ca (UI Pl ee RR A gfe ea VP lg le toe RP Ta a a RV Lm |" Da : |e eS eS EN TEE |) Le am FR (A) ef FN Fe J pe aS Se eS Fundalus GMpBARUE sibsBauesemcrrcrmcemtroreets|) FF |S || EMU) Sa | RR | | Te | DP (a Rl sk IR | I ae lit C8 | 7 a Ps ae | yA) Ee aE ae ee = =e Fundislas ROSerOGtINh; sdtatiareeteornneverreer=e)] S25 |) aii |) S| IR a CP || CAI Dek Hea lm oe emilee uke AE | (am ene | al A A Vial os |e 7 Microgadus tomeodt ole" Ea Poad = ; | as BR a ee ds) LS eS r — a — 55 eae, Aceaie 5) Tea il ae ea e lieea NCP c|. 22 wel) oR a 0 Jee Gasterostens MERIMATES: Vidi ......tF ee Bak pigs 1,000 Pong Pou (4 oan 6 ee ee 40,000 118 In 1891, 50,000 Rainbow Trout ova were imported and hatched out on May 20th. These were distributed on June 15th to: amity Bay Pondsis. 02 2 40h vps ane 10,000 PUTO Ser ONG es see es Ce ee ewe 2,000 PrecO SOONG cst ae roar ke or ns 3,000 OMe Pomd REVERE ce cle ge mee ye ec Since 25,000 These distributions have been in excess of the amount payable to the government for the lease of Long Pond, for which 10,000 fry per annum is paid as rent. It will thus be seen that the distribution of these fish in open public waters was as follows: PS o0-——Lochleven trout o.:. 2 ss. k se 41,000 Witte Hisit teeencics os nee oe ee 200,000 Salmon NrOut—. canoe. Aigas as. oe 270,000 511,000 18ss—-Wochleven Treute 8 aA as 30,000 teso—wocnicven Prout. 2... sik. 15,000 | 115018 FS mt el athe ea 40,000 55,000 1890—California Rainbow trout. .... 10,000 1391—Rambow (Prout) 20.6 2.oeye ees 40,000 That these fish have come to stay has been already proved to demonstration. 14-2-50 (Certified Correct Copy, C. Horley, for Chief Game Warden) 119 COMMENTS ON VARIOUS BODIES OF WATER SAMPLED I NortTH HARBOUR RIVER Stations 3, 6. St. Mary’s District—flows into North Harbour and then into St. Mary’s Bay. Bottom—rocky to gravel Vegetation—very scarce Current—moderate Depth—maximum of 4 ft.—6 ft. Surface temperature—9 July 1960—60° F. This is a favoured stream for angling sea trout and yields good catches by anglers of both types of Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar, S. trutta (15” spec. taken). Pool-riffle type stream 30—SO’ wide. II Port AU PorT Bay Station 9 St. George’s Port au Port District—brook and estuary—flowed into Piccadilly Bay then to West Bay then to Port au Port Bay. Bottom—rocky to sand, Vegetation—only algae Shore—gravel to tide flat muck Water—clear, laminar fresh and salt Current—moderate Stream width—20-25 ft. Depth—maximum of three ft. Surface temperature—4 July 1960—62° F. 60 ft. seine haul 100 yds. from bay in running water caught Osmerus mordax, Salvelinus fontinalis, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Ammodytes americanus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, G. wheatlandi, Apeltes quadracus, and Pungitius pungitius. One-man seine used in obvious freshwater section of the brook one quarter mile upstream yielded Fundulus heteroclitus, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Apeltes quadracus. Water samples taken October 10, 1962, after the tide had been on the rise for 2 hours gave a salinity reading of 19.6 p.p.m. while a sample taken well upstream gave a reading of 5.9 p.p.m. 120 III GRAND LAKE (south end near U.S. Air Force Camp) Stations ld, 13. St. George’s District—Humber River System Bottom—very barren, rock and silt Vegetation—aquatic, scarce to nil Shore—precipitous and forested Water—clear, brownish Temperature series—O0830hrs.—16 July 1960—Surtface 60) F. oft: Ae es 12 AS 18 AG) 24 a> 30 40° 36 40° 54 bottom 40° There was a great deal of standing drowned timber around shores; the lake level had been raised 14 ft. by flooding. There was considerable dead timber on bottom near shore. The bottom was fine silt to rocky and very unproductive. One of the largest and deepest lakes on Island (80 miles long). Steeply sloping precipitous shores, low water temperature, minimum shoal and shore development, apparent low productivity at the south end. No insects seen on bottom. Gasterosteus aculeatus and small Salvelinus fontinalis in tributary brooks. Took S. fontinalis and S. alpinus only at stream mouths and apparently only successful angling is at stream mouths. Fish taken in gill net set at 40 ft. depth were caught in the middle of the gang of nets set off the east shore and in 30 ft. of water in net set off a stream mouth on the west shore. DUC Vas-LOl met (i>, 2. 3, 4, 55 m: mesh) setter two: nights yielded five fish—4 Salvelinus fontinalis and 1 S. alpinus. IV Lake ST. GEORGE Station 14. Humber-St. George’s District—Harry’s River, St. George’s Bay System. Bottom—rocky and mud Vegetation—scarce to nil Water—clear ral Surface Temperature—18 July 1960—66° F. Temperature series—18 July 1960—Surface 66° F. 6: it. 63°08. 12 62° 18 62° 24 62. 30 Gl 36 55: 42 54° 48 bottom 52° The west shore had a long, shallow, sloping, rocky shelf with gravel and sandy beach and followed 100 yds. off shore by an abrupt dropoff. 500 yds. of net (14, 2, 3, 4, 54 in. mesh) yielded 14 fish (one gang set in two locations for one night each): Salmo salar (M), Salvelinus fontinalis, S. alpinus, 1 Anguilla rostrata seen and there was further evidence of the presence of this species in fish eaten in net, 1 S. alpinus taken in. 50’, 1 _S.salar in 15’ of water, 4 -S.. jon- tinalis (2 chewed by eels) taken in 15’, 4 S. fontinalis taken in 30-40’ of water, 4 S. alpinus taken in 30-40’ of water. V GANDER LAKE Station 20. Gander District—Gander River—north shore near pumping station. Bottom—rocky Vegetation—nil Shore—rocky and forested Water—clear Set of 250 yds. of net (14, 2, 3, 4, 54 in. mesh) overnight in 12—84 ft. of water yielded Osmerus mordax (land-locked, very black) in 40-50 ft. of water, Salvelinus fontinalis and S. alpinus in 18-25 ft. of water. VI GAMBO LAKE Stations 21, 22, 23, 24. Bonavista North District-—Gambo Brook, Freshwater Bay Bottom—rocky to mud Vegetation—little aquatic vegetation Shore—forested and gravel beach Water—clear, brownish Depth—30 ft. maximum (in lower Gambo) 122 Temperature series—25 July 1960—1 mi. above outlet of lower Gambo Lake—Surface 68° F. 6 ft. 66° | 152 66° 18 65° 24 65° 30 bottom 60° The two lakes, upper and lower Gambo, are 20 miles long. Tributaries Triton Brook and Parson’s Brook, inlets of upper Gambo Lake are very important seatrout streams. The “Rattles” or rapids at the Narrows between upper and lower Gambo are favourite angling spots for Salmo salar. In Parson’s Brook, which enters the south side of lower Gambo just below the Narrows, Salmo salar (parr) and G. aculeatus were abundant. Angling in Oliver’s Brook, which enters lower Gambo Lake on the south shore 1 mile below the narrows, yielded 9 sea trout, 28 mud trout in one-half hour from a 30 ft. wide, 4 ft. deep pool. At mid point of lower Gambo nets caught Salmo salar (both types) my 10-25: it. Salvelinus fontinalis in. 10 and .25 ft. of water (sea run) and Osmerus mordax in 25 ft. of water (head only left in net). 250 yds. of net set overnight half way up lower Gambo Lake on the north shore yielded 18 fish; 250 yds. (14, 2, 3, 4, 53 in. mesh) of net set overnight on the south shore 1 mile above outlet yielded no fish. At Narrows water shallower, rocky mud bottom, warmer (62°F.); moderate heavy vegetation of lily pads and Vallisneria. Seines caught Pungitius pungitius and Gasterosteus aculeatus in shallow shore areas at Narrows. VII LAKE ST. JOHN Siations 25°27, 30 Fortune Bay-Hermitage District—Lake St. John, Terra Nova System, Bonavista Bay drainage. Bottom—some rock but mucky Vegetation—some filamentous algae Shore—forested Water—clear, brownish Depth—maximum 30 ft. Temperature series—26 July 1960—off the mouth of Ferrier’s Brook—Surface 62°F. Git: 60° 12 60° 18 60° 24 60° 30 bottom 60° 123 Lake St. John or John’s Pond is a warm, rather shallow lake with a maximum depth of 30 ft. There appeared to be no thermal strati- fication. Tributaries: the Northwest and Southwest rivers and Ferrier’s Brook appeared very productive, wide, moderately deep. Some vegeta- tion, such as Vallisneria, and rushes. We caught one Gasterosteus aculeatus in the Northwest River and saw Salvelinus fontinalis. Below the outlet dams of this lake young of Salvelinus fontinalis and Salmo salar (landlocked), Anguilla rostrata and Gasterosteus acule- atus were abundant. Gill net set overnight off Ferrier’s Brook caught 34 fish, 10 trout, 24 landlocked salmon in 12-25 ft. of water (250 yds. net 13, 2, 3, 4, 53 in.). Most fish were caught in 15-18 ft. of water but this is probably a mesh-size relationship rather than a depth relationship. VIII HOGAN’s POND Station 33. St. John North District—Conception Bay drainage, via Beachy Cove Brook. Bottom—rocky, mud Vegetation—nil Water—clear, very transparent Surface temperature—66° F. Temperature series—29 July 1960—Surface 66° F. a 66° iW 66° 18 66° 24 O38 30 63° 36. bottom 63, Overnight set of 100 yds. 2 in. and 3 in. mesh in 12-24 ft. of water caught 14 Coregonus clupeaformis and 2 looked as though they had been eaten by Anguilla. This lake has had rainbow trout liberated in it. 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