eaters ts

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A te ete ert

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, NM Ree
| 4

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nn
T aon

; 2 ap
Pie i hide re 4

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4)

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~

‘ Pivision af Fishes,
; DS Wf U. $. National Museum
ibe,
ff

ives | THE FISHES
E, i OF THE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO

IV

fe Ty EROM? SOULENICHTAYES:
SY NENTOGNATHI PERCESOCES,
LABYRINTHICI MICROCYPRINI

with 103 illustrations

BY

Dr. MAX WEBER

est)
Professor at the University of Amsterdam

AND |

Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT

~ re ie 9 ly a f

LEIDEN — 1922

Boje BERTIE Ltd,

eee

PRINTED BY E, J. BRILL LTD. LEIDEN (HOLLAND).

INTRODUCTION.

The present volume is the fourth of the series of volumes
devoted to the knowledge of the fishes of the indo-australian
Archipelago and the third in which we endeavour to give a
concise description of all the fishes at present known to inhabit
the seas and freshwater of that Archipelago and also to show
their distribution through this area. We have already defined
the character and geographical limits of this area in the
Introduction to the second volume.

In the present volume the orders of Heteromt, Solenichthyes,
Synentognathi, Percesoces, Labyrinthici and Microcyprini are
treated.

The material at our disposal has already been mentioned
in the Introduction to the former volumes, so that we have
only to add the following new additions.

_ In acknowledging our obligations to contributors of valuable
material, we have to mention the following collections:

From Sumatra a collection made by Jonkheer F. C. VAN
HEURN at Deli.

From New Guinea an extensive collection made by Jonkheer
W. C. VAN HEURN in the Mamberamo-river and its tributaries.

In former volumes we had the opportunity to thank Dr. J.
C. KONINGSBERGER for his interest and collaboration in the
present work which was published with his aid.

Dr. W. M. DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN, his successor as Director
of ’sLands Plantentuin at Buitenzorg, Java, has shown the

VI

same interest. We are under particular obligations to him and
to Dr. A. L. J. SUNIER, Head of the Government Laboratory
for Marine Investigation at Batavia and to Dr. K. W. DAm-
MERMAN, Director of the Zoological Museum at Buitenzorg,
for sending us for study the fishes in the institutions under
their control.

We are also indebted to Mr. B. A. BEAN (Washington),
A. R. Mc CuLiocuH (Sydney), Dr. G. DUNCKER (Hamburg),
H. W. FOWLER (Philadelphia), Dr. J. PELLEGRIN (Paris), Dr.
F. SARASIN and Dr. J. ROUX (Basel) for valuable informations
concerning species in the collections under their charge.

Again we have to thank Prof. Dr. E. D. VAN OOkT and
Miss Dr. C. Popra for giving us every facility to study the
fishes in the Leiden Museum, especially the specimens of
BLEEKER’s collection,

We beg to express our hearty thanks to Mr. C. TATE REGAN
for his kind help in studying some fishes in the British Museum
during the preparation of this volume. Also to Dr. V. PIETSCH-
MANN when comparing some types in the Vienna Museum.

For the benefit of those who make use of this volume we
repeat the technical informations, given in the Introduction to
the former volumes of this series.

“In describing the fishes we understand by Length, in the
discussions of the proportions, the distance between the snout
and the base of the caudal fin; in giving the largest size
known for a species, we include the caudal fin.

The Head is measured from the tip of the snout to the end
of the opercle, its proportion to the length is indicated e.g.
as follows: head 4— 4'/, means, that the length of the head
is contained 4 to 4'/, times in the length.

Fleight is the maximum height; in special cases it is indi-
cated how it is measured; the figures placed behind “height”
indicate how many times it is contained in the length.

The size of the Hye, the length of the Snout, of the Faws
etc. are compared with the length of the head; thus “eye 4”
means, that its diameter is '/, of the length of the head.

In counting the Scales, under ‘Z./.” is given the number
of scales, with or without sensory organs, between the head

Vil

and the caudal fin or, in most cases, between that fin and
the upper corner of the opercle.

1
Et 1G signifies, that there are 3'/, rows of scales between

the dorsal fin and the lateral line and 6 to 7 below it, the

lateral line itself is in this case not counted. In other cases
43

the lateral line itself is also counted f.i. Z.z. 1 (between D. and V.),

I
which signifies, that there are 4'/, rows of scales between the

dorsal fin and the lateral line, one in the lateral line itself
and one between it and the ventral fin.

In the Fz formulae the spines and the simple, non-branched
rays are generally indicated by a figure, separated by a point
from that of the number of the branched rays.

The last soft ray of the dorsal and anal, in case it is cleft
to the base and therefore counted as two by some authors
(BLEEKER e.g), is reckoned as one, being supported by a
single pterygophore.

The G7llmembranes may be totally free from each other and
from the isthmus; they may be united, but still remain free
from the isthmus; or they may be connected with the isthmus
and with each other. When in the last case the posterior
border of the united gillmembranes is not quite adnate to the
isthmus, there remains a free posterior margin, running as a
fold over the isthmus from one gillopening to the other.

We follow the law of priority and use the oldest name
which can with certainty be made out by the description,
belonging to a certain species. Its author is quoted as the
author of the species and his paper is quoted in the first place,
when there is no stringent reason to do otherwise.

Mention is further made of all synonyms; besides, we have
quoted those papers, which contain a description of the species.
If it is a widely spread one, only those papers are quoted,
which contain a description of or give some informations —
others than those regarding locality only — about Indo-Aus-
tralian specimens of that species.

According to the international rules of nomenclature we
have neglected the generic names, as e.g. those of SWAINSON,
which are not accompanied by a description.

We have recorded under: “nomina indigena” those native
names, which seemed to us to be trustworthy. We are of

Vill

opinion that no great value ought to be attached to them, as
the unavoidable series of difficulties is still enlarged by the
fact, that the authorities for those names have mostly been
European ichthyologists and no linguists.”

Finally there remains for us the pleasing duty of expressing
our sincere thanks to Mr. J. F. OBBES, to whom we are indebted
for most of the figures, which illustrate this volume and to
Mr.-C. PELTENBURG, ~head, of. the: firme =H. J. BRILE@ised au
Leiden for his interest in publishing this volume.

Eerbeek MAX WEBER.

——_—.——, May 1922.
Amersfoort Tees L. F. DE BEAUFORT.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

page page
Order HETEROMI Gill (Bou- .5. Fam. SYNGNATHIDAE. . . 30
lenger emend.) . I 1. Syngnathoides Bleeker. . 39

rt; biaculeabus; (BE) wu.4 = 4e

EeHatt ALOSAURIDAR, . : 2. Acanthognathus Duncker, 41

1. Halosaurus Johnson 2 1 ;
‘e 1. dactyliophorus (Blkr.) . 42

I. carinicauda (Alc.) 2 plas Fake é

Hal, , 3. Microphis (Kaup) Duncker 43
ares re so oe + 1. brachyurus (Blkr.) . . 44
Rie eee eS 4 2.manadensis (Blkr.) . . 46
ee) 5 3. boajay (Bikers) as ina eee
Order. SOLENICHTHYES a

Revan 7 4. Doryichthys (Kaup)

Dumeker 153-5 - 49

-1.Fam. AULOSTOMATIDAE . . 8 I. spinachioides Danek ~59

1.Subfam.Aulostomatinae 9 2. caudocarinatus M. Web. 51

1. Aulostoma Lacépéde . . 10 3. brevidorsalis (de Bfrt.). 51

1, valentini (Blkr.). . . 10 AetZiv (BIEL) Px) 52

2.Subfam. Fistulariinae . 11 5. deokhatoides (Blkr.). . 53

t.fusaeria: Linné *). ~..... 12 6. martensi ((Ptrs:)... 2) 454
PeVAUOSA CUM Zs | oo fe, £2 Doubtful species:

2permiba’ Lacép: . . 4.) 14 1. fluviatilis. (Bikr.)\\.4542055

F I» ‘5, Coetonotus: Peters. 3%.) 4056

. 2. Fam. MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE. I5_ | r.argus (Ptrs.) . . . «57

1. Macrorhamphosus Lacé- 2.liaspis (Blkr.). . . . 57

pede. . . . - +16) 6, Belonichthys Peters. . . 59

1. velitaris (Pallas) . - + 16 1. fluviatilis (Ptrs.) . . . 59

3. Fam. CENTRISCIDAE . . . 18 | 7. Choeroichthys Kaup. . . 60
1. Acoliscus open Stakes, 20 | r.sculptus (Gthr.) . . . 61
1. strigatus (Gthr.). . . 20 2. brachysoma (Blkr.) . . 62

tGeateiscas Linne. \.. 2% 8. Doryrhamphus Kaup. . 63
f eeutatus LL a 1.melanopleura (Blkr.) . 64

2. cristatus (De Vis) . . 2 pen ee Solegnathus Swainson . 65

ti Jettiensis: Blkr.. 0. «66

4. Fam. SOLENOSTOMIDAE . . 2 2.giintheri Duncker . . 67
1. Solenostomus Lacépede . 25 | 10. CorythoichthysKaup(p.p.) 68
I.cyanopterus Blkr. . . 26 | 1.fasciatus (Gray). . . 70

a, paraaoaus. (Palko. . 27) | 2.crenulatus (M. Web.). 72

3.armatus M. Web. . . 28 3. corrugatus (M. Web.). 73

page
11. Micrognathus Duncker 74
1. brevirostris (Riipp.) 75
2. mataafae (Jord.&Seale) 77
12. Syngnathus Linné(Kaup) 77
1. djarong Blkr. 79
2.spicifer Riipp. 80
3. argyrostictus Kp. 82
4. fasciolatus Dum. 83
5. cyanospilus Blkr. 83
6.uncinatus M. Web. . 84
7. punctatus M. Web. 86
8. pelagicus L. , 87
g.acus I, Ayes 88
13. Lchthyocampus Kaup go |
1. carce (Ham. Buch.) 92) |
2.kampeni M. Web. . 93
14. Vannocampus Giinther . 94 |
1. weberi Duncker. 95
15. Penetopteryx Lunel 95 |
1. epinnulatus (M. Web.) 96 |
16. Stigmatophora Kaup. 97
r.argus (Rich.). 97
17. Trachyrhamphus Kaup. 98
I. serratus (Schl.) . 99
18. Yosta Jordan & Snyder. 100
1. bicoarctata (Blkr.). . ror
19. Halicampus Kaup. 102
1. koilomatodon (Blkr.) . 103
2. elegans (Steind.) 104 |
20. Hlaliichthys Gray . 105
1. taeniophorus Gray. 106
21. Hippocampus Rafinesque. 106
1.abdominalis Less. . 108
2. spinosissimus M. Web. tog
3. histrix Kp. 109
4. kuda_ Blkr. PEO) |
5. trimaculatus Leach. 112 |
6. coronatus Schl. . m3
Order SYNENTOGNATHI
Gill PES

1. Suborder Scombresocoi-
dea

Shas!

page
«I. Fam. BELONIDAE . =» LUO
1. Belone Cuvier Ae @ a0)

1. Subgenus Lurycaulus

Ogilby Pie eg
1.platyura Benn. . 118
2. persimilis Gthr. . 118
2. Zylosurus Cocco 2 Dg
1. strongylurus(v.Hass.) 121
2.macrolepis (Blkr.) . 122
3- kreffti (Gthr.). - 123
4. leiurus (Blkr.) . 124
5. incisus (C.V.). ml 25
6.annulatus (C.V.). . 126
7.melanotus (Blkr.) . 127
8. crocodilus (Lesueur) 128
g. punctulatus (Gthr.) . 12g
3. Athlennes Jordan &
Fordice. Br
1.hians C.Y: » DST
4. Xenentodon TateRegan 132
1. canciloides (Blkr.) . 133
Doubtful species :
1. Canetla ERB . 34
2. Suborder Exocoetoidea . 134
* 1, Fam. HEMIRHAMPHIDAE . 135
1. Dermogenys van Has-
selt Rte une ery. Ted
1. orientalis (M. Web.). 137
2. weberi (Blgr.). 138
3. ebrardti Popta 139
4. sumatranus (Blkr.) . 139
5. pusillus v. Hass. 140
2. Vomorhamphus nov.
gen. . ; 141
1. celebensis n.sp. . 141
2.hageni (Popta) . 142
3. Hemirhamphodon Bleeker 142
t. phaiosoma (Blkr.) . 143
2. pogonognathus (Blkr.). 144
4. Hemirhamphus Cuvier . 145
I. georgli C.V. . 147
2.unifasciatus Ranz.. . 149

page

sreaimarat, GuVin) ys» T5O
4.melanurus C.V.. > eS E: |
5. balinensis Blkr, . “152 |
6. quoyi C.V. » 154 |
7. dussumieri C.V. ae |

8. far (Forsk.) PEGG
g. marginatus (Forsk.) . 157 |
10.convexus M.Ssp.. . . 159 |
Doubtful species: |

Pemigceln Cy Va, ess hjy TOE

XI

2.erythrorhynchus Le-
SEGUE SNe «102
3.lucens C.V. . . 162
5. Zenarchopterus Gill 7202
1. caudovittatus (M.Web.) 164
2.ectuntio (Ham. Buch.) 165
3. rasori (Popta) . . 166
4. novae-guinea (M. Web.) 167
5.kampeni (M.Web.). . 167
6. brevirostris (Gthr.). . 167
7.dux Seale. . 169
8. dispar (C.V.). . 169
g. buffoni (C.V.) 7170 |
6. Arrhamphus Ginther. . 171 |
1. brevis (Seale) Eze
«2. Fam. EXOCORTIDAE agg
1. Parexocoetus Bleeker. . 173
1. brachypterus (Rich.) . 174
2. Evolantia Snodgrass &
Heller . reat eS
I. micropterus (C.V.). . 176 |
3. Exocoetus Linné es by a
1. volitans L. Be vii
4. Cypsilurus Swainson. . 179
r.oxycephalus (Blkr.) . 181
2. speculiger (C.V:) ~. 181 |
3. arcticeps (Gthr.). . 182
4.nigricans(Benn.). . 183
5. altipennis (C.V.) . 184 |
6. hexazona(Blkr.). . 185 |
7. bilobatus n.sp. T85 |
8. poecilopterus (C.Y. ) 186
g. atrisignis Jenk. . 187

page
10. spilopterus (C.V). . 187
t1.naresi (Gthr.). . 188
12. oligolepis (Blkr,) . 189
13. bahiensis (Ranz.) . 190
14. opisthopus (Blkr.) . 191
15. nigripennis ee » Loe
16, brevis n.sp. 1 FOR
17. rondeleti (C. V.). 4, FOR
Order PERCESOCES. . . 195
,1.Fam. POLYNEMIDAE . . 196
1. Eleutheronema Bleeker 197
1. tridactylum (Blkr.) . 198
2. tetradactylum (Shaw) 199
2. Polynemus Linné . . 200
1. plebejus Brouss.. . 202
2.microstoma Blkr. . 204
3. indicus Shaw » 205
4. hexanemus C.V.. . 207
5. pfeifferi Blkr.. . 208
6. kuru Blkr.. . 209
7. sextarius Bl. Schn.. 210
8.melanochir C.V.. : 211
g. heptadactylus C.V.. 212
10. longipectoralis n.sp. 213
11. borneensis Blkr.. . 214
r2.dubius Blkr. . a 205
13. macrophthalmus Blkr, 216
14. multifilis Schl. 227
Doubtful ee
I, paradiseus L. 18
2. Fam. SPHYRAENIDAE . 218
1. Sphyraena_ Bloch,
Schneider . 219
1. jellosC.N): 220
2.altipinnis Ogilby 222
g.torsteniG.Vi.5. 223
4. picuda Bl. Schn. . 224
5.japonica Schlegel 225
6. obtusata C.V. 226
7. langsar Blkr.. 228

8. brachygnathus Blkr,

page
, 3. Fam. MUGILIDAE . 229
1. Mugil Linné 231
1.dussumieri C.V. 235
2.tade Forsk. 236
3.engeli Bikr. . 238
4.longimanus Gthr. 239
5. ophuyseni Blkr. 240
6. speigleri Blkr. 241
7.cunnesius C.V. . 242
8. subviridis C.V. . 243
g. vaigiensis Q.G. . 244
ro. oligolepis Blkr. . 245
11. melinopterus C.V.. 246
r2.ceramensis Blkr. 247
13. troscheli Blkr. 248
14. borneensis Blkr. 240
15. caeruleomaculatus Lac. 250
16. seheli Forsk.. 252
17.cephalus L. 253
18. crenilabis Forsk. 256
19. macrochilus Blkr. . . 257
20, heterochilus Blkr. . . 258
2t.labiosus C.V. 259

2. Cestraeus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes. 260
1. plicatilis C.V. 261
2. goldiei (Macl.) . 262
3. oxyrhynchus C.V. . 263
3. Myxus Gimnther 264
1. elongatus Gthr. . 264

Appendix
A gonostomus

bryanti Bean & Weed. . 265
. 4. Fam. ATHERINIDAE . . 266
1. Atherina (Artedi) Linné. 268
r. temmincki Blkr. . 269

2. eendrachtensis Q. G. 270
3. valenciennesi Blkr. . 272
4. forskali Riipp. Seay |

5.duodecimalis (C.V.)
Blkr. .

loch..

if Aerie
2. Craterocephalus McCul-

- 277

XII

3:

. Pseudomugil Kner.

age

r. nouhuysi (M. Web.). 278

Telmatherina Boulenger 278
1.celebensis Blgr.. . 279
2. bonti n.sp.. . 280

281
2 22
1. gertrudae M. Web. . 283
2. novae-guineaeM.Web.284

3. abendanoni M. Web.

Subfam. Melanotae-
niinae . . 286
v, Melaidiachie Gill . : 2877

Order

I. multisquamata n.sp. 290
2. dumasi M. Web. . 290
3. patoti (M. Web.) . 291
4.maculata M. Web. . 292
5. ogilbyi M.Web.. . 293
Doubtful species:
1.loriae (Perugia) . . 294
2, rubrostriata Rams.
& Ogilby » 295
. Rhombatractus Gill
(Weber). . 296
I. praecox n. sp. . 298
2. vanheurni nsp. . . 299
3. lorentzi M. Web. . 300
4. kochi M. Web. = 302
5.catherinae de Bfrt.. 303
6. goldiei (Macleay) . 304
. Centratherina ‘Tate
Regan . . 3205
I. crassispinosa(M. Web. )306
. ChilatherinaTateRegan 307
1. fasciata (M. Web.) . 308

2. sentaniensis(M.Web.) 309

. Glossolepis M. Weber . 309
1.incisus M. Web.. . 310
LABYRINTHICI . . 312

1. SuborderOphiocephaloidei 313

1. Ophiocephalus Bloch .
i:
oe

3-

- 313
marulioides Blkr. i308
melanopterus Blkr. . 315

striatus Bl. ey ay;

ill

page | page
4.melanosoma Blkr. . . 319 | 2. unimaculata (Popta). 355
Moeecnud, Haba..." 320 || 3: fusca -Regam™. |.) 9.356
6. bistriatus nom. nov. . 322 4.akarensis Regan. . 357
7.bankanensis Blkr.. . 323 5.anabatoides Blkr. . 357
8, pleurophthalmus Blkr. 324 | Oy patotl nsp.Ses., 25E
g.lucius (K.v.H.) C.V. . 326 Topica Co Mag (Sai far or SOS
Io. micropeltes (K. v. H.) 8.rubra Perugia . . 361
Cae eh SS 328° | g.taeniata Regan . . 362
Doubtful species: to. fasciata Regan . . 362
I. punctatus Bl. 330 urs bellicaSative 3; 44.363

: Doubtful species:
2.Suborder Anabantoidei . 330 1. Betta pugnax (Cant.) 364

11. Zrichopodus Lacépéde. 365
¥1.Fam, ANABANTIDAE . . 331 1.trichopterus (Pall.). 366

magavas Cuvier 2"... 4333 2. leeri Blkr.. . 367
1. testudineus (Bl.). . 334

. Polyacanthus (K.v.H.) |
Ea ct Gee ah hah B37

MASSE NEN suk sane 398

. Helostoma Cuvier . . 339

1.temmincki C.V.. . 340 | Order MICROCYPRINI Tate

4. Trichogaster Bloch, | Recamears. to... eae

Seameiden +) 50. 1 34T

_

ty

(2. Fam. LuCIOCEPHALIDAE. 368
1. Luciocephalus Bleeker. 368
1.pulcher (Gray) . . 369

oo

1. fasciatus Bl. Schn. . 341 | | 1, Fam. CypRINODONTIDAE. 371
2.lalius (Ham. Buch.) 342 1. Aplocheilus McClelland 371
5. Osphronemus Lacép. . 343 1.javanicus Blkr. . . 372
BE votamy Lace. ~. .»344 2. celebensis M. Web. 373
6. Macropodus Lacépede. 345 3. timorensis n.sp. . 273
PF eUpAnsi GV * a 7.) 340™4 2. Panchax Cuvier &
2. opercularis (L.) . . 346 Valenciennes. . .-374
7. Parosphromenus Ee panehax (EBs), 6.374.
BIGEME Sa) con aes! BAD
1. deissneri Blkr. . . 348 | . 2, Fam. ADRIANICHTHYIDAE. 376
8. Sphaerichthys Cane- | 1. Xenopoecilus ‘Tate
Strinne 54, '3 - 348 | Rela wb. 2 377
I. osphromenoides Ca- I, sarasinorum (Popta). 378

HEStHOE, 2 ws). 349

. Ctenops Mc Clelland . 350

Tavitiatus;(C.Vi)" 4.) «351
Doubtful species.

2. pOpiae BSP. a = on G9
2. AdrianichthysM. Weber 379
r. kruyti,M. Web... 38%

ws

t.nobilis Mc Clell.. . 352 | 3. Fam. PHALLOSTETHIDAE, 381
no bce bleeker ~~ 4, . 352 1. LVeostethus Tate Regan. 382
1,macrostoma Regan. 355 | 1.lankesteri Regan. . 382

Order HETEROMI Gill (Boulenger emend.).

Airbladder without an open duct. Body elongate, tail tapering
to a point in recent forms. Scales cycloid; lateral line present.
Orbito-rostral part of cranium elongate. Parietals meeting in
the middle line, excluding the frontals from the supraoccipital.
Pectoral arch suspended from supraoccipital: or epiotic. Meso-
coracoid arch absent, scapula lamellar. Opercle well developed.
Fins with or without spines. Pectorals inserted high up the
sides. Ventrals abdominal and not attached to cleithra. Anal
very long, reaching end of tail; a caudal rudimentary or wanting.
Anus posterior. Anterior vertebrae not modified. Mouth generally
small, inferior, bordered by maxillaries and intermaxillaries
or by the lastnamed only. ;

Embracing the recent Halosauridae, Lipogenyidae and Nota-
canthidae of which the first family only is represented in the
indo-australian Archipelago.

1. Fam. HALOSAURIDAE.

Elongate, somewhat compressed, with the abdomen rounded;
tail very long and strongly compressed, tapering into a filament,
without caudal. Head conical, the facial bones with large
muciferous cavities. The flattened snout projecting beyond the
mouth, which is inferior, of moderate width and anteriorly
bordered mesially by the intermaxillaries, laterally by the
maxillaries. No barbels. Teeth small, in villiform bands on the
jaws, on the rudimentary pterygoids and palatines, none on vomer
or tongue. Scales rather small, cycloid, very deciduous; head,
at least on cheeks, temples and on upper part of opercle
scaly. Lateral line running along lower profile; its scales scarcely
enlarged and destitute of luminous organs, or these organs are
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. I

2

present in membranous pouches on strongly enlarged scales,
Dorsal behind ventrals, short; a second long rudimentary dorsal
may be present. Anal occupying the entire length of the tail.
Pectorals inserted high up; ventrals not very far back, they may
be united by membrane. Gillopenings wide, gillmembranes
entirely separate, with numerous branchiostegals. Praeoperculum
rudimentary and detached from suspensorium, suboperculum
enlarged, interoperculum membranous, operculum normally
connected. No pseudobranchiae. Ovaries lamellated, open, the
ova falling into the abdominal cavity.

Deep sea fishes of worldwide distribution between about the
40° N.Lat. and 26° S.Lat:

Key to the indo-australian genera of
Halosauridae.

1. Vertex covered with scales; scales of lateral line scarcely
enlarged, without luminous organs. . . . . . . « Halosaurus p. 2.
2. Vertex scaleless; scales of lateral line much enlarged,

with Tnminous’ organs). 2.) ss co es eoSamropsesapiens

1. Halosaurus Johnson.

(1. Y. JoHnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1863, p. 406).
Halosaurichthys Alcock Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) IV. 1889, p. 454 p. p.

Head with scales on cheeks, temples, vertex and in indo-
pacific species also on snout. Scales of lateral line only slightly
enlarged and without luminous organs. Head without angular
ridges. The ventrals may be more or less united by membrane
or totally free. A low median fold on the posterior dorsal
part of the tail, covered by enlarged and elongated scales,
may individually be present or absent.

For distribution see that of the family.

1. Halosaurus carinicauda (Alc.) [Fig. 1, p. 3}-

FHlalosaurichthys carinicauda Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) IV. 1889, p. 454.

Halosaurichthys carinicauda Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology 1895, p. 136, 517.

Halosaurus carinicauda Alcock, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal LXV. 1896, p. 336.

Halosaurus carinicauda Alcock, Descript. Catal. Indian Deep-Sea Fishes 1899,
p- 187.

Hlalosaurus carinicauda Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 93.

B. 12—13; D. 10—11; V. 1.9; P. 14—15; L.l. ca 60 (between
head and anus); L.t. 16—17.

4
o]

Height about 18. Head 7—8,
nearly 27/, times in trunk, about
one eye-length shorter than _ its
distance from base of ventrals;
covered by scales, the snout in-
cluded. Snout conical, its length
somewhat more than 2.5 times in
that of head, the praeoral portion
about 2.5 times in length of snout.
Major diameter of eye 5 to more
than 6 times in length of head,
more than twice in postorbital part
of head and less than twice the
width of the interorbital space.
Maxillary not reaching frontborder
of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite
to about middle of length of ventrals.
Ventrals more or less united by
membrane. (Pectorals broken). Scales
deciduous. Those of the lateral line,
which are without luminous organs,
only slightly enlarged, about 60
between head and anus. On the
tail the scales of the lateral line are
separated from the anal by two, and
more hindwards by one series of
scales. Some scales in the middle
line behind the dorsal may be en-
larged and elongated, and in the
posterior part of the tail these may
be set in a low median fold of skin.
Pterygoid bands of teeth narrow,
scarcely separated from the palatine
bands. Gillrakers short, not nume-
rous. Uniform light-brown. The
black covering of the buccal and
branchial cavities shining through.
Length 393 mm.

Habitat: Bali Sea (1008 M. fine
mud)! — Andaman Sea (896 M.).

f
<—e

Sao on oo

ss

Ses

A SSS ee sg

Halosaurus carinicauda (Alc.). X 2/3.

o
1g.

Ki

4

2. Halosauropsis Collett.

(CorLeTr, Result. Campagnes sci. Hirondelle, Poissons, 1896, p. 143).
Aldrovandia Goode & Bean, Ocean, Ichth. 1895 (issued 1896), p. 608.

Head generally with scales, — often few in number — on
cheeks, temples and upper part of opercle, none on vertex
or snout. Scales of lateral line strongly enlarged and provided

Rese
ROE

OA LAA
ae Nae,

. Cs ae an

Fig. 2. Anterior part of //wlosauropsis macrochir (Gthr.) and part of the
lateral line with luminous organs (after Collett).

with luminous organs, which are also present in a suborbital
and mandibulary series. Head with angular ridges. Base of
ventrals united or not by membrane.

For distribution see that of the family.

Key tothe indo-australianspeciesot
Halosauropsis.

1. Length of head 1} to 2 times in distance between

head and base of ventrals. Ventrals almost entirely

in advance of dorsal. P. with § rays. Lateral line with

20—25 enlarged scales between head and vent. ... A. mediorostris p. 4.
2. Length of head about equal to distance between head

and base of ventrals. Only anterior fourth of ventrals

in advance of dorsal. P. with 10—13 rays. Lateral

line with 30 enlarged scales between head and vent. /. affinis p. 5.

Halosauropsis mediorostris (Gthr.)

Halosaurus mediorostris Giinther, Challenger Exped. XXII. Rep. Deep-Sea Fish.
1887, p. 2309.

| Halosaurus metiorostris Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal LXIII. 1894, p. 136. —
ibid. LXV. 1896, p. 336. — Descript. Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Fish. 1899,

p. 185.
Halosaurus mediorostris Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische, 1913, p. 94.

Battie D.th; Voie; P..8; EL. 1. about 25 (between head
and anus).

Height nearly 20. Head about 1°/, in trunk and 1'/, times
to nearly twice in its distance from the root of the ventrals.
Head naked, except for some scales on the upper half of the
cheeks and the uppermost portion of the gillcover. Snout
-produced, its length about 2'/, in that of head, its praeoral
portion not quite '/, of its length. Eye more than 8, less than
4 times in postorbital part of head and less than °/, of inter-
orbital space. Maxillary reaching to, or slightly beyond front-
border of eye. Origin of dorsal 2'/, eye lengths behind origin
of ventrals, which are therefore almost entirely in advance of
the dorsal. Ventrals not united by membrane. Pectorals with
a very narrow base, longer than postrostral part of head and
nearly reaching to ventrals. Scales very deciduous, those of
lateral line much enlarged, bearing luminous organs; they are
20—25 or somewhat less in number between the gillopening
and the vent. Pterygoid bands of teeth rather broad, separated
from the palatine band by a considerable interval. Gillrakers
numerous, close-set, rather long. Violet brown, end of tail
somewhat darker. Bony parts of head silvery, the black covering
of the buccal and branchial cavities shining through. Length
442 mm.

Habitat: Bali Sea (1018 M. fine mud)! — Near Philippine
Islands (1288. M.); Arabian Sea (1315 M.).

2. Halosauropsis affinis (Gthr.)

Halosaurus affinis Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XX. 1877, p. 444.

Halosaurus affinis Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XVIII. 1877—1878, p. 21.

Halosaurus affinis Giinther, Challenger Exped. XXII. Rep. Deep-sea Fish. 1887,
p- 241.

Halosaurus anguilliformis Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) IV. 1889, p. 453.

Halosaurus affinis Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VI. 1890, p. 309.

Halosaurus hoskynit Alcock, ibid. p. 309.

Halesaurus affinis Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal LXV. 1896, p. 335.

Halosaurus hoskynii Alcock, ibid. p. 336.

Halosaurus anguilliformis Alcock, ibid. p. 336.

6

Halosaurus anguilliformis Alcock, Descript. Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Fish.

1899, p. 184 ').
Halosaurus affinis M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 93.
Halosaurus affinis Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo

XXXII. 1913, p. 40.

B.i0;)D, 10—-12-V. 1.07 PeTO 133A, ca“i75,, Let aboue
30 (between head and vent); L. tr. ca 13—14 (between D. and V.). ©

Height’ about 17 to nearly 23; head 7—8, twice in trunk
and about equal to its distance from base of ventrals. Head
naked, except for a few scales on temples and cheeks. Snout
produced, 2!'/,—2'/, in length of head, its praeoral portion
scarcely or more than half its length. Major diameter of eye
6.5 times or less in length of head, 2.5—3 times in postor-
bital part of it, nearly equal to interorbital space. Maxillary
nearly reaches frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal about one
eye length behind origin of first outermost ventral ray. On
the posterior dorsal part of the tail there may be indication ofa
very low median fold of skin, provided with slightly elongated
scales. Base of ventrals united by membrane. Pectorals much
longer than postrostral part of head. Scales extremely deciduous ;
those of the lateral line much larger than the other scales
and provided with a luminous organ; these organs about 30 in
number between the gillopenings and the vent. On the tail the
scales of the lateral line are separated from the anal fin by
one series of small scales only. The palatine bands of teeth
are separated from each other as also from the pterygoid bands
by a narrow interspace. Ten gillrakers, the 3 inferior ones
short, the others nearly reaching half length of major diameter
of eye. Light brown, end of tail somewhat darker as also
upper side of head and snout. Otherwise the head is black;
ventral side blackish. Length 525 mm.

Habitat: Timor Sea (383 M. and 618 M. mud)! — South
of Japan (1033 M.); Arabian Sea off the Laccadive Islands
(1829 M.); Gulf of Manar (1234 M.).

1) Halosaurus (Halosaurichthys) nigerrimus Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7) Il. 1898, p. 149 and Descr. Cat. Indian Deep-sea Fishes 1899, p. 188 from
459 fathoms off Maldives is probably a juvenile stage of Halosauropsis affinis Gthr.
cfr. Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische 1913, p. 93.

Order SOLENICHTHYES Regan.

Airbladder ductless. Body strongly elongate or short, more
or less cylindrical, compressed or angular. Head produced in
a larger or shorter tube-like snout, with a terminal, oblique,
narrow mouth bordered by the small intermaxillaries only or
also by the maxillaries. Body covered with scales, minute
spinelets or naked; bony dermal plates are developed in various
degree. Lateral line well developed, reduced to canals on head
or absent. Teeth small, present or absent. A spinous and a
soft dorsal, the first or the second or, by exception, both may
be wanting. Anal present or absent. Ventrals abdominal, very
large, rudimentary or absent, with 5—7 rays. Pectorals present
or absent. Finrays of pectorals, second dorsal and anal distally
not branched. Caudal may be absent, in which case the tail
is prehensile. Gillopenings wide, or reduced to small dorsal
apertures. Four gills, pectinate or lobate (Lophobranchiz). Anterior
3-6 vertebrae immovably united. Ribs absent, as also parietals
and opisthotics. Lower pharyngeals separate.

Marine fishes of large or small size of tropical and tempe-
rate seas, mostiy living in shore-water, some entering fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian families of
Solenichthyes.

I. Mouth toothed. Body covered with scales or minute
spinelets or naked. Lateral line continuous. Two
dorsal fins or a soft dorsal only. Ventrals abdo-
minal with 6 soft rays. Four to five branchiostegals.
Gillopenings wide. Gills pectinate......... Aulostomatidae p. 8.

II. Mouth toothless. No lateral line.

1. Head and body covered with small rough scales.
A dorsal and ventral cuirass of bony plates.
Lateral line canals on head only. Two dorsal
fins. Ventrals abdominal, small, composed of
five soft rays, Four branchiostegals. Gillopenings

Wiclewn CMS MpeCIIMAtGr:% ial ols late! lc, sere, wives Macrorhamphosidae p. 15.

8

2. No scales. body more or less encased in dermal
‘bony plates. Lateral line canals absent.
a. ‘Two dorsal fins. Ventrals abdominal, rudi-
mentary. ‘Tail ventrally deflected, naked,
moveable. Trunk encased in cuirass of bony
plates. Four branchiostegals. Gillopenings of
moderate width. Gills pectinate.... . -. . Centriscidae p. 18.
4. Two dorsal fins. Ventrals abdominal, large,
with I spine and 6 rays. Skin with a longi-
tudinal and transverse series of large stellate
ossifications, rendering anterior part of trunk
immoveable. One branchiostegal. Gillopenings
Wider Gill sglobatevusuon irene memtoncistacine me Solenostomidae p. 24.
c. One dorsal fin or none. No ventrals. Pectorals
may be wanting. A complete cuirass of derma]
‘bony plates forming rings round the body.
One to three branchiostegals. Gillopenings

reduced to small dorsal apertures, Gills lobate. Syngnathidae p. 30.

1. Fam. AULOSTOMATIDAE.

Physoclists. Body elongate, covered with scales or with
minute spinelets or naked, in which case there may be bony
plates in various parts of the body, mostly covered by skin.
Lateral line continuous. Tail short. Snout long, tubiform. Mouth
terminal, not protractile, bordered by the small intermaxillaries,
which are edentulous or provided with teeth, behind them the
rather large maxillaries. Mandibles and vomer with minute teeth
as also the palatines or pterygoids. Two nasal openings. Supra-
occipital small, wedged in between the posterior part of frontals
and excluded from occipital foramen; parietals wanting; post-
temporal present, from it is suspended the cleithrum, with or
without a supracleithrum (supraclavicular); postcleithrum (post-
clavicle) present. The 4 anterior vertebrae much elongate and
suturally united into one piece; their transverse processes
form a continuous lateral,.their spinous processes a continuous
vertical lamella. To it are fastened three median, long, bony
nuchal shields covered by skin and to be regarded as modi-
fied interspinous (interneural) bones. Opercular apparatus well
developed. Four or five branchiostegals. Gillmembranes separate,
free from isthmus. Four complete, pectinate gills; gillrakers

9

obsolete; pseudobranchia present. First dorsal, if present, spinous,
second dorsal opposite to anal, both are long or short. Caudal
present. Rays of median fins not branched distally. Ventrals
abdominal, with 6 articulated rays and the pelvic bones
separated. Pectorals with 4 well developed pterygials, the 3
lower ones of which are enlarged.

Carnivorous fishes of tropical and subtropical seas.

Key to the subfamilies of Aulostomatidae.

1. Body compressed, scaly. A spinous and a long soft

dorsal, Intermaxillaries edentulous. Anus far behind

ventrals. A symphysial barbel. Caudal rhombic... . « Aulostomatinae p. 9.
2. Body strongly depressed, without scales, or a single

median dorsal and ventral row only. A soft dorsal

only, which is short and posterior. Intermaxillaries with

teeth. Anus close to ventrals. No symphysial barbel.

Caudal incised, the 2 median rays prolonged into a

PRUE TICE Me one ieie neces le esl eyo) verte Pal r=) ojo a get of fe Fistulariinae p. 11.

1. Subfam. Aulostomatinae.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with small, ctenoid
scales, wanting only on head and anterior part of back. Lateral
line continuous, independent from scales. Supraoccipital small,
wedged in between the frontals and laterally sided by the
epiotics, which do not meet mesially. The long tubiform snout

Fig. 3. Audostoma valentini (Blkr.) X 1/3.

is compressed. Intermaxillaries edentulous; mandibles with a
small patch of teeth close to symphysis and a larger one further
behind. Vomer anteriorly with a longitudinal patch of numerous
minute teeth. Entopterygoids and metapterygoids each with an
oval patch of teeth. Palatines without them. Lower jaw pro-
minent, with a symphysial barbel. Spinous dorsal composed
of isolated slender, rather weak spines. Soft dorsal and anal
similar, rather long, composed of 23—29 rays of which the 4
anterior are spine-like. Anal immediately behind anus, which
is situated far behind ventrals. Caudal small, rhombic. Supra-
cleithrum (supraclavicle) absent. Four branchiostegals.

10

1. Aulostoma Lacépcde.

(Aulostomus Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 357).
Polypierychthys Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IV. 1853, p. 608.
For characters of the genus see those of the subfamily.
Shore fishes of tropical seas.

1. Aulostoma valentini (Blkr.) [Fig. 3, p. 9].

> Aulostomus chinensis Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 357-
Aulostoma sinensis Schlegel, Fauna japon. Poissons, 1845, p. 520.
Polypterichthys Valentini Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IV. 1853, p. 608.
Aulostoma chinense Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 538.
Aulostoma chinense Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 235 1).
Aulostomus valentini Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1902, p. 64.
Aulostomus valentini Jenkins, Bull. U;S. Fish Comm, XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 437-
Aulostomus valentini Jordan & Evermann, ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. E14.
Aulostomus valentini Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische 1913, p. 100.
Aulostomus chinensis Jordan; Tanaka & Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sc. Univ. Tokyo

XXXIII. 1913, p. 103.

Do VIG XI. 2427... 4: 2-year

Elongate, compressed; height 11 to 12.5 in length without
caudal, 13—14 with caudal. Head about 3 in length without
caudal, 3'/,—32/, with caudal, extremely compressed, especially
the snout, the length of which goes 1'/, times in that of head
and about 5 times in total length. Lower jaw longer than
the upper one, prominent, hooked and with a short fleshy
barbel at the symphysis. Posterior part and neck rugose.
Praeoperculum and operculum with conspicuous striae. Eye
about 10.5—12.5, contained 2'/,—nearly 3 times in postorbital
part of head and more than 7—8 times in length of snout.
Soft dorsal posterior, beginning at some distance behind last
spurious dorsal spine, equal in length to dorsal, which is
opposite to it. Pectorals short, about twice diameter of eye.
Origin of ventrals nearly midway between frontborder or middle
of eye and base of caudal, much shorter than pectorals. Scales
small, strongly ctenoid, head naked; lateral line continuous,
slightly arched over base of pectorals. The colour shows varia-
tions. Generally it is uniform brownish with a series of ill
defined longish, narrow white patches above and below lateral
line or with ro—r4 light narrow crossbars. It may also be

1) From this date BLEEKER uses in the many lists of fishes which he suc-
ceedingly published the above name without giving any reason for the change.

i

~ yellowish, with light crossbars between the anal and dorsal.

Often with a black spot near upper and lower margin of
caudal, on base of ventrals, on middle of maxillaries and before
eyes. Length 480 mm.

Habitat: Batu Islands; Sula Islands!; Banda!; Ambon!;
Ternate; Ceram; Buru; Waigeu; New Guinea (Doreh). — Mossam-
bique, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Bourbon, Seychelles, Japan (Riu
Kiu Islands), South China, near Sydney |Mc Culloch], Lord
Howe Island, Knob Island, Sandwich-, Society-, Paumotu
Islands, Samoa, Honolulu.

A marine shore fish.

2 Sublame Fistularirinae

Body greatly elongate, much depressed, broader than deep.
Skin totally naked, or covered with minute, conical, hooked
spinelets, which persist or disappear with age; besides there
may be a median, longitudinal single row of narrow keeled
scales on back and ventral surface. Lateral line in the anterior
part of the trunk curved towards the median line of the back
in tube-shaped ossifications. Furtheron it bends downwards,
running along the middle of the side. Here the tubes gradually
take the form of narrow long bony shields with a more or

Fig. 4. Fistularia petimba Lacép. X 1/3.

less prominent keel or spine. The lateral line is continued on
the caudal filament and again enclosed in tubes. Supraoccipital
small between frontals and epiotics, which meet in the median
line; behind them the mesially broadly united exoccipitals,
which border the occipital foramen. The long, tubiform snout
hexangular in transverse section. Intermaxillaries, mandibularies
and pterygoids with a row of minute teeth, pterygoids eden-
tulous. No symphysial barbel. No spinous dorsal. Soft dorsal
short, posterior, with 16—18 rays, the 3 anterior of which are
extremely short; anal opposite and similar, with 15—17 rays,
the 2 anterior very short. It is situated far behind anus, which

12
is close to ventrals. Caudal incised, the 2 middle rays pro-
duced into a filament. Supracleithrum (supraclavicle) present.
Five branchiostegals.

I. Fistularia Linneé.
(LINNE, Systema naturae edit. Xa, 1758, p. 312).
Cannorhynchus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1193.

For characters of the genus see those of the subfamily.
Shore fishes of tropical seas.

Key to the indo-australian species of Fistularia.

Rough with spinelets; a single median row of narrow keeled

scales before and behind the dorsal and the anal. Interorbital

space deeply concave. Two middle ridges on upper surface

of snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its length. 7. wi//osa p. 12.
Naked; no median scales. Interorbital space nearly flat.

Two middle ridges on upper surface of snout well separated,

diverging on anterior part of snout, converging finally on its

FOLEMOStMp Arter, hetero cuctin CAC p ep see monemare apneite fF. petimba p. 14.

Remark. It is impossible to decide to which of the two
above-named species belong the specimens quoted by different
authors as: Fstularia serrata Cuv. or Fistularia petimba Lac.,
if there is no description added. This is also the reason why
in our synonymy of the two species none of the numerous
papers are quoted in which BLEEKER mentions /. serrata or
zmmaculata Cuv. from many localities.

1. Fistularia villosa Klunz. |[Fig.5, p. 13].

Fistularia serrata Cuvier, Régne anim, 1817, Il. p. 349, secundum Bloch, Ichth
1794, tab. CCCLXXXVII, fig. 2 (p. p.).

> Cannorhynchus immaculatus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1193.

-Fistularia serrata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II]. 1859—1861, p. 533 (p. p-)-

Fistularia villosa Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 516.

Fistularia serrata Giinther, Challenger Reports VI. Shore fishes 1880, p. 68.

Fistularia petimba Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America I.
1896, p. 758 (mec Lacépede).

Fistularia petimba Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1900, p. 350
(nec Lacépede).

Fistularia petimba Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, XXVI. 1902, p. 67
(nec Lacépede).

Fistularia serrata Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 437.

Fistularia serrata Jordan & Evermann, ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 116.

Fistularia serrata Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 408.

Fistularia petimba Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische 1913, p. 101 (nec Lacépéde).

13

Fistularia villosa Max Weber & de Beaufort, Zoél. Mededeelingen, Museum
Leiden VI. 1921. p. 64.
D. 13—15; A. 13—15; P. 1.14—1.16; V. 6.
Skin rough with spinelets, feeling harsh like very fine shagreen.
A single median row of very narrow somewhat keeled and
more or less distant scales along the back, from about the
level of the ventrals to the base of the dorsal and behind it
to some distance from the end of the tail; a similar but less
conspicuous row, beginning at some
distance in front of the ventrals
and running to some distance from
caudal, interrupted by the anus and
anal. These scales are not yet
developed in small specimens (170
mm. JUNGERSEN)!). Height to 38
times in length (without caudal fila-
ment); somewhat less than width of
body. Head 2.5—3.5 times in length
(without caudal filament). Horizontal
diameter of eye II to 12 times in
head, 8.5 to nearly 9 times in length
of snout and about twice longer
than interorbital space, which is wg.
deeply concave. Lateral edge of snout
(formed by praefrontal and upper
margin of metapterygoid) sharply
serrated. The 2 median ridges on Fig. 5. “istelaria villosa Kunz,
upper surface of snout not far distant Upper view of praedorsal part.
: d dorsal, ms median dorsal scales,
and parallel on anterior half of its Goomcice ae:
length, finally and slowly converging
anteriorly. Posterior part of head more deeply sculptured and
all the ridges rougher, Height of dorsal and anal about twice
the horizontal diameter of the eye. Colour brownish above,
white below, sometimes with faint traces of broad crossbars.
Tips of dorsal, anal and caudal dusky. Young specimens in
alcohol uniform light brown. Length till 1500 mm.
Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra!; Borneo!; Java Sea!; Madura!;
Sumbawa!; Timor (Kupang!); Saleyer!; Siau Island!; Kajoa!;
Ambon!; Ternate; Batjan; Ceram!; Damar Island!; Kur Island!;

DL aaeeeS.

oooh. 33
2

1) Jungersen, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter. K@benhavn 7. R. Afd. VIII. 5,
I9IO, p. 282.

4

Banda!; Aru Islands!. — From Aden, the East coast of Africa
and Madagascar through the Indic to South-China, Japan and
the Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands.

2. Fistularia petimba Lacép. [Fig. 4, p. 11].

Fistularia petimba Vacépede, Hist. nat. Poiss. V. 1803, p. 349 (s.-syn.).

Fistularia serrata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 533 (p. p.).

Fistularia serrata Klunzinger, Abh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 515.

Fistularia depressa Giinther, Challenger Reports, VI. Shore Fishes 1880, p. 69. —
Fische d. Siidsee II. 1881, p. 221.

Fistularia depressa Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Middle America I.
1896, p. 757.

Fistularia depressa Seale, Occas, Papers Bishop Mus. I. 1901, -p. 64.

Fistularia depressa Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1902, p. 66.

Fistularia petimba Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 437.

Fistularia petimba Snyder, ibid. p. 523.

Fistularia petimba Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)

1905, p. I16.
Fistularia petimba Seale, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus. IV. 1906, p. 17.
fistularia petimba Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wien CXV. 1906, p. 1419.
Listularia petimba Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 408.
Fistularia depressa Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische, 1913, p. 101.
Fistularia petimba Max Weber & de Beaufort, Zool. Mededeelingen Museum
Leiden VI. 1921 p. 64.

DD. 14—175 A. 14—-163P. tas WV. 6:

Skin naked, everywhere smooth to touch. Height in length
(without caudal filament) to 40; about 2—2!'/, times in width
of body. Head somewhat more or less than 2?/, times in length
(without caudal filament). Horizontal diameter of eye more
than 8 to 15 times in head, about 7—8 times in length of
snout and twice to thrice longer than interorbital space, which
is nearly flat. Lateral edge of snout (formed by praefrontal
and upper margin of metapterygoid) serrated. The 2 median
ridges on upper surface of snout well separated, diverging on
anterior half, converging finally on foremost part of it. Ridges
and serrations on posterior part of head weak. Height of dorsal
and anal about twice the horizontal diameter of the eye.
Brown above, lighter or white below. In life with a pair of
anteriorly and posteriorly interrupted blue stripes, beginning
at the nape and running on tail above and parallel to lateral
line. Length to about 1500 mm.

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Nias!; Borneo!; Celebes (Makassar!
Menado!); Sula Islands!; Ambon!; Ceram!; Gisser!; Obi Major!;
Waigeu!; North New Guinea (Joutefa Bay!). — From the East

ilk J

15

coast of Africa through the Indic and Pacific to the West coast of
tropical’ America (California, Mexico) and to Japan and Australia.

Remark. Of this species, which is often confounded with
the preceding one, larger specimens are better represented
in collections from our region than of /. vz/losa Klunz. One
gets the impression, that, when young, both are living in the
shore water, where F. petzmba Lac. grows to a large size, and
is easily captured, while /. vz//osa Klunz., when growing larger,
lives outside the shore water and seems therefore to be rarer.

2. Fam. MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE.

Physoclists. Body oblong or elevated, compressed. Head
produced into a long tube formed by the prolonged bones of
the mandibulary suspensorium and the anterior prolongation
of the praeoperculum. The other opercular bones are well
developed. Of the true mouthparts the intermaxillaries are weak,
the maxillaries fairly broad, the mandibles well. developed, all

Fig. 6. Macrorhamphosus scolopax L. 0.S.,
to show the larger scutes and the crests on the head, while the scales are
ommitted. Dorsal armour: I, 2, 3 upper dorsal row of plates; I—v, lower
lateral row. Ventral armour: I—vI row of unpaired keeled scutes, above
them the paired scutes. (After JUNGERSEN).

the bones are without teeth as also vomer, palatines and
pterygoids. The parietals are wanting. No lateral line; lateral
line canals on head present. Head and body all over covered
by small, rough scales, formed by a scaly plate in the epidermis,
with the hindborder more or less toothed and with one or
more keels on its surface. Each scale is connected by a stalk
with a bony plate imbedded in the cutis. Besides the trunk
is armoured with large bony plates, which make it stiff and
immoveable and which are partly hidden by the scales (see Fig. 6).

16

The ventral part of this armour, reaching from the isthmus to the
anus, broken only by the groove for the ventrals, produces the
sharp ventral keel. The dorsal cuirass is formed by 2 rows of
bony plates, the lower of which are partly connected with the
transverse processes of the vertebrae. The 5 anterior vertebrae
are elongated and much stouter than the others. Spinous and
soft dorsal continuous with or separated from each other, or both
are connected by a series of short, isolated spines. Anal as
also the soft dorsal are of moderate extent. Ventrals small,
abdominal, without spine. Pectorals inserted more or less midway
the height of the body. Their 4 pterygials are stout but short.
The cleithrum is suspended from the posttemporal, which forms
part of the skull. Four branchiostegals. Four complete pecti-
nate gills; pseudobranchia large; gillopening wide.

Small fishes living in temperate and tropical part of Atlantic,
Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean.

1. Macrorhamphosus Lacépéde.

(LAcEPEDE, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 136).
Centriscus Cuvier, Regne anim.-II. 1817, p. 350 (nec Linné).
Orthichthys Gill, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philadelphia 1862, p. 234.

Dorsal armour consisting on each side of two series of
bony plates, each series formed by 3 well-developed and a
fourth much smaller plate. Dorsal fins not continuous but
separated by an interspace or connected by a series of short
isolated spines. First dorsal spine short. No patch of bristles
on nape. For other characters see those of the family.

Distribution: Tropical and temperate seas of both hemi-
spheres. Pelagic fishes with weak power of swimming and able
to be transported and distributed by currents.

1. Macrorhamphosus velitaris (Pallas). [Fig. 7, p. 17].

Centriscus velitaris Pallas, Spicileg. Zool. VIII. 1770, p. 37.

Centriscus sumpit Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poiss. II. 1800, p. 93.

Centriscus velitaris Bloch, Schneider, Syst. ichth. 1801, p. 113.

Centriscus velitaris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 524.

Orthichthys velitaris Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 274 (no description).

Centriscus brevispinis Kner & Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wien LIV. 1866, p. 374.

Centriscus velitaris Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter
(V.) 12, 1880, p. 585.

?Centriscus gracis Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, 1881, p. 222.

Macrorhamphosus hawaiensis Gilbert, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. (1903) 1905, p. 613.

17
Macrorhamphosus velitaris Max Weber, Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2) XI.

1909, P- 74-

Macrorhamphosus velitaris Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XIII. 1914, p. 17, 20.

D. III. to—12; A. 18; P. 13—15; V. 5.

Height 4 to more than 5; head twice to 2'/,. Snout 31/,
to more than 4 in length, 1.7 in length of head. Eye 4'/,—6
in length of head, 2'/,—3'/, in length of snout; its diameter
less than the length of the postorbital part of the head. First
dorsal spine short, originating behind vent and far behind
middle of length. Second spine somewhat shorter than half

Fig. 7. Macrorhamphosus velitaris (Pall.) 21/, n.s. (After GILBERT).

length of head, provided with small spinelets along its posterior
edge. Third spine somewhat shorter than half length of second
spine. Colour silvery, darkish on back and top of head.
Length 85 mm.

Habitat: Ambon. — Samoa, Hawaii and according to
REGAN East Africa, Indian Ocean, China and the Mediterranean.

Note: GUNTHER doubted very much that this fish came from
the East indian Archipelago as asserted by PALLAS, as it had not
been recognized again after his description. But PALLAS says
that he received the fish from J. A. SCHLOSSER, who commu-
nicated it to him together with Cadlonymus sagitta Pall. and
Fistularia paradoxa Pall. (Solenostomus paradoxus Pall.).
SCHLOSSER got these fishes from Ambon and it is quite well
known, that the two last-named species really occur near that
island. So it may be allowed to conclude, that also the Cen-
triscus velitarts of PALLAS came from that locality. This con-
clusion is strengthened by the fact that Macrorhamphosus
velitaris is now also known from China, Samoa and Hawaii.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 2

18

3. Fam. CENTRISCIDAE.

Physoclists. Body elongate, extremely compressed with scharp
ventral edge. Head produced into a long tube with the mouth
terminal, small and toothless. Trunk ending posteriorly in a
long strong spine with or without a movable spine at its end.
Below it are situated 2 dorsal fins, a spinous dorsal, close to
the strong spine and a soft one directed downward. The
longitudinal axis of the short, movable tail is deflected at an
obtuse angle from that of the trunk and terminates in a short
caudal. The anal lies close before it. Body for its greater part
transparent and encased in a dorsal and ventral exoskeletal
unflexible cuirass. The former is composed of two alternating

Fig. 8. Centriscus scutatus L.

Dorsal cuirass: I—5 upper dorsal row of plates. I—v lower lateral row.
The line running through those plates corresponds to the
inner ridge connected with the vertebral column.

Ventral cuirass: t—14 ventral plates; 8 with the ventrals. T dorsal spine.

(After JUNGERSEN).

rows of 5 bony plates, each connected by suture. The lower
(or lateral) row of plates, across which runs the lateral line, is
connected with the vertebral column. Behind the fourth plates
of the upper row and wedged in between the fifth plates of
that row is situated an unpaired plate covering the base of
the terminating strong spine. In Agolzscus there is another
small, unpaired endoskeletal plate anteriorly in the middle line
of the back between the posterior ends of the first pair and
the anterior ends of the second pair of plates of upper row.
The ventral cuirass consists of a row of 13—15 exoskeletal
plates. Anterior 5—6 vertebrae elongated, the transverse pro-
cesses of the second to fourth or fifth connected with the
dermal plates. In the skull the parietals are wanting; the true
mouthparts are small. The prolongation of the snout is pro-
duced by the prolonged mandibulary suspensorium and by
the praeoperculum developed into a thin, transparent plate,
anteriorly attached to the prolonged quadrate. Other opercular
bones well developed. The ventrals are abdominal, more or

19

less rudimentary, inserted on the 8th plate and coalesced along
their inner margin; they have a spinous and 4 soft, but un-
articulated and unbranched rays, which may be prolonged in
males (of dAeoliscus stri- —— eit
gatus). The pectoralsare nae Ne eae = :
inserted on the middle
of the depth ofthe body ——==———
at a considerable distance
from the head. Their 4
pterygials are stout but
short. The cleithrum is
suspended from the post-
temporal which is sutu-
rally united to the skull.
Part of the cleithrum is
covered by the dorsal
cuirass; the scapula with
a large foramen; post-
cleithrum (postclavicle )
and supracleithrum (su-
praclavicle) present. Four
branchiostegals. Four
complete pectinate gills; a om
pseudobranchia large. :

Small fishes living in -~ ene
small shoals in shallow Fig. 9. Shoal of Aeoliscus strigatus (Gthr.)
water of the tropical indo- in attitude of swimming. They are represented
pacific. as if swimming from right to left. (After WILLEY).

About the position of
these fishes in water, which one of us has observed as a normal
one, it is said by other observers that it is a vertical one,
with the head upwards or according to still an other observer
with the head downwards.

essai tint
if |

eacie
\\

Pat

5 ‘e, on
; rs

=

Tt
ERT

||

Bey to the senera of Centriscidae,

I. Dorsal spine with a movable spinous ray at its end. Inter-

orbital space striated, convex, without longitudinal groove. Aeoliscus p. 20.
2. Dorsal spine without a movable spinous ray at its end. Inter-

orbital space convex or with a groove continued to the

crown of the head, which is striated. .......0.05.6. Centriscus p. 2%.

20

1. Aeoliscus Jordan & Starks.

(Jorpan & SrarKs, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1902, p. 71).
Amphisile Cuvier, Régne anim. II. 1817, p. 350 p.p-

Besides the unpaired plate behind the fourth plates of upper
row of dorsal cuirass (see description of family) there is a
median unpaired plate anteriorly between the posterior ends
of the first pair and the anterior ends of the second pair of

Fig. 10. Acoliscus strigatus (Gthr.). 4/5 n.s.

the dorsal plates. To the end of the strong spine of the dorsal
cuirass is jointed a movable spinous ray. Interorbital space
convex and striated without a longitudinal groove. For other
characters see those of the family.

Distribution: From Red Sea and the East coast of
Africa through Indic and Pacific to Westpacific Islands, Japan
and Australia.

Living near shore.

1. Aeoliscus strigatus (Gthr.) [Fig. 10, p. 20]

Amphisile scutata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 245. (nec L.)

Amphisile scutata Steindachner, Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien X. 1860,
p. 765. (nec L.)

Amphisile strigata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 528.

Amphisile strigata Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 144 (4== Amphi-
sile scutata Blkr. ol. plur. loc. (nec Cuv.)”’).

Amphisile strigata Liitken, Vidensk. Med. Naturh, Foren. Kjébenhavn, (1865)

1866, p. 216.

Amphisile strigata Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1881, p. 222.
Aeoliscus strigatus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1902, p. 71.
Amphisile strigata Jungersen, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter Kgbenhayn 7. R.

Afd. VI. 2, 1908, p. 44.

Aeoliscus strigatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 98.

D. III. g—10; A. 11—12; P. 11—12; V. 4.

Height 8—g; head somewhat more or less than 2!'/, in length
to base of soft dorsal rays, about 3 times in length to end
of terminal spine. Eye 11—12, more than 1!'/, to twice in
postorbital part of head, about 8'/, times in snout, which goes
about 1'/, in length of head. Interorbital space convex, longi-

oe

21

tudinally striated, equal to diameter of eye. Movable spine,
articulated with terminal spine, more or less curved, to 11 mm.
long. Operculum oval, about '/, longer than high. Length of
postorbital part of head slightly less than half the distance of
the base of pectorals from hindborder of operculum. The
distance of the ventrals from the pectorals about equal to that
of the latter from the eye. Colour yellowish or brown, lighter
above; a dark streak beginning from snout running in the
middle of the height to base of caudal. Length 140 mm.

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Sumatra; Simalur!; Nias!; Batu
Islands; Java (Batavia); Flores!; Celebes (Makassar!, Menado!);
Saleyer!; Buton!; Sanghir Islands; Biaru Island!; Buru; Ternate;
Ambon!; Obi!; Halmaheira; Banda; Aru!; Waigeu!; Goram;
New Guinea. — Persian Gulf, Muscat (Regan), Philippines,
Japan, Riu Kiu Islands, Pelew Islands, Cape York, Solomon
Islands (Ogilby).

2. Centriscus Linné.

(LINNE, Systema Naturae edit. X. 1753, p. 336).
Amphisile Cuvier, Regne anim. II. 1817, p. 350 p. p.
Acentruchme Gill, Proc. Acad. nat. sc. Philadelphia 1862, p. 204.
Dorsal cuirass with only one unpaired plate situated behind
the fourth plates of the upper row and wedged in between
the fifth plates of that row. The dorsal cuirass terminates in

Fig. 11. Centriscus scutatus L. 2/3 n.s.

a long, strong spine, to which no separate dorsal spine ts jointed.
Interorbital space with or without a groove, continued to the
crown of the head, which is striated and crenulated.
Distribution: From Red Sea(?) and Madagascar through
Indic to Australia, Philippines and Southern China.
Living in somewhat deeper water near shore.

Key tothe indo-australian species of Centriscus.

1. Interorbital space with a groove continued to the crown

of the head; sutures of lateral plates serrated. Postorbital

22

part of head half or more than half the distance of the

operculum from base of pectorals ........ hel a Nab site Get SCULQTIES A, 22
2. Interorbital space convex, without groove; sutures of lateral

plates smooth. Postorbital part of head thrice in distance

of the operculum from base of pectorals......... + C. cristatus p. 23.

1. Centriscus scutatus L. [Fig.8 p.18 and Fig. 11, p. 21].

Centriscus scutatus Linné, Syst. Nat. edit. X. 1753, p. 336.

Centriscus scutatus Bloch, Ausland. Fische I. 1785, p. 57.

Centriscus scutatus Bloch, Schneider, Syst. ichth. 1801, p. 113.

Amphisile scutata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, III. 1859—1861, p. 525.

Amphisile macrophthalma Steindachner, Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien X.
1860, p. 766.

Amphisile (Acentrachme) scutata Liitken, Vidensk. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjében-
havn 1865, p. 215.

Acentrachme scutata Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 144.

Acentrachme pachyacanthus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 274.
(secundum Amphisile scutatus Guérin, Iconographie Réegne animal II. Poissons
tab. 45, f. 3; no description).

Centriscus scutatus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (2) II. 1868, p. 298
“— Acentrachme scutata Gill’).

Amphisile scutata Klunzinger, Abhandl, zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI.
1871, p. 516.

> Amphisile Finschii Hilgendorf, Sitzb. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1884, p. 53.

Amphisile scutata Day, Fishes India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 361.

Centriscus scutatus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau fisheries; Washington XXVI.
(1906) 1907, p. 9.

Amphisile scutata Jungersen, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter K@benhayn (7)
Afd. VI. 2. 1908, p. 44.

Centriscus scutatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 99.

B: '330°D.41. 1012; Av 1102s (Poios7 NV. 3 — Ae

Height 6'/,—7'/, in length to end of terminal spine, more
than 6 times in length to root of caudal. Head about 3, about
2'/, to base of soft dorsal rays, somewhat less to root of caudal.
Snout 1.2—1.4 in head. Eye 8') to nearly 9, about 11 times
in head, about 6.3 to 9 times in snout. Operculum somewhat
quadrangular with rounded corners, nearly oval, somewhat
longer than high. Distance of eye from hindborder of oper-
_culum is half or conspicuously more than half the distance of
the operculum from base of pectorals. Distance of pectorals
from ventrals much less than distance of pectorals from hind-
border of eye. Crown of head striated, with a longitudinal
groove extending to between the eyes. Sutures of lateral plates

1) According to STEINDACHNER (l.s. ¢.).

4

23

serrated. Colour silvery, a dark lateral band from head to tail,
may be present in preserved specimens. Ventral plates with
7—8 narrow silvery crossbars, which are very conspicuous in
case the ventral plates are golden. Length 150 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Nias!; Lombok!; Celebes!; Buru;
Ambon!; Halmahera; Ceram; Banda!; Waigeu; Aru Islands
(Dobo!); Timor!. — Red Sea; Madagascar; Muscat; Gulf of
Manar; Ceylon; Philippines; China; Thursday Island; New
Caledonia? (Jouan).

Living near shore in depths up to 80 M.

2. Centriscus cristatus (De Vis).

Amphisile cristata De Vis, Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. Wales IX. 1885, p. 872.
Amphisile scutata Kent, Great Barrier Reef 1893, p. 307 (nec L.)

Centriscus scutatus Waite, Rec. Austr. Mus. VI. 1905, p. 59 (nec L.).
Centriscus cristatus J, D. Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus. N°. 10, I91I, p. 41.
Centriscus cristatus A. R. McCulloch, Biol. Results “Endeavour” III. 1915, p. 105.

ee 1s) Ala — 145 Ps P250V 3.

Height 4.65—5.15 in length to root of caudal, becoming
much higher with age; head 2.7—3.4 in same length. Snout
1.3 in length of head. Eye 1—2.4 in postorbital part of head,
equal to or little more than the interorbital space, which is
strongly convex, longitudinally striated. Operculum tetragonal
as long as or little longer than high. Distance of eye from
hindborder of operculum about '/, of the distance of the oper-
culum from base of pectorals. Sutures of lateral plates smooth.
Colour in preserved specimens more or less silvery. A dark
band from snout through eye extending along the sides to
root of dorsal. Length 300 mm. [not seen by us].

Habitat: Queensland, western Australia, Houtman Abrolhos ').

In shore water to 30 M. depth.

1) In the list of fishes collected by Semon (MAX WEBER in Semon, Zool. For-
schungsreise Australien etc. V. 1895, p. 268) one of us named also Amphisile
scutata (L.) from Thursday Island. A. R. Mc CuLiocnu (Biol. Results “Endeavour”
III. 1915, p. 105) has quoted this statement under the synonyms of Cendriscus
cristatus de Vis, without having seen the specimen. The distinguished australian
ichthyologist was probably under the impression that a specimen of Cev¢riscus
from Thursday Island must belong to the australian species C. cristatus de Vis.
This is an error, the Thursday Island-specimen is Centriscus scutatus L. Never-
theless we thought it advisable to enlist C. cvis¢atus de Vis as it is not impro-
bable that this species will be found along the south coast of New Guinea.

4. Fam. SOLENOSTOMIDAE.

Physoclists. Body compressed, tail very short with an extre-
mely long and broad caudal fin; much produced snout a
strongly compressed tube through transformation of symplec-
ticum, quadratum and anterior part of praeoperculum into
long and high plates. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, bordered
above by the intermaxillaries, which are edentulous like the
maxillaries, mandibularies, palatines, pterygoids and vomer.
Vertebrae without articular processes; the 3 anterior vertebrae
suturally united. Skin with large stellate ossifications, leaving
large interspaces naked, arranged in longitudinal and transverse-
series, forming an uninterrupted dorsal and ventral median
keel before first dorsal and ventrals, rendering the anterior
part of the trunk immovable. No visible lateral line. Olfactory

Fig. 12. Solenostomus cyanopterus Blkr.
showing dermal skeleton, I—v Superior row of unpaired median scutes:
I—Iv Inferior row of unpaired scutes; 1—6 members of the thoracic
transverse rows of scutes; 0 operculum, s suboperculum, fo praeoperculum,
sy symplecticum, g7 quadratum (After JUNGERSEN).

organ an open pit, smooth in the female, provided with radi-
ating lamellae in the male. The posttemporal (attached to skull)
and the supracleithrum are similar to the stellate ossifications;
otherwise the pectoral arch is normally attached to the skull;
pterygials elongated, the lowermost by far the largest. Ventrals
abdominal, opposite to spinous dorsal; the soft dorsal opposite
to anal, both with numerous unbranched rays, like those of
the rounded pectorals and the caudal. Operculum well developed.
Gillopenings wide. Four complete lobate gills; pseudobranchia
large. One bifid branchiostegal.
Marine fishes constituting a single genus.

1. Solenostomus
Lacépéde.

(LAcEPEDE, Hist. nat. Poissons V.
1803, p. 361).

Anterior dorsal with 5
spines, short but high; poste-
rior or soft dorsal and anal
opposite, long but low, with
elevated base and 18—23
rays. They are unbranched,
like those of the caudal and
the pectorals, which are ex-
tensive, rounded but short.
Ventrals opposite spinous
dorsal, very large with I
spine and 6 bifurcated rays;
free in the male, in the
female with their inner marg-
in adnate to abdomen, their
outer margins united at their
base for a short distance,
forming a large pouch for
the reception of the eggs,
which are fastened by pe-
duncles on thread-like fila-
ments of the abdominal skin.

For other characters see
those of the family.

Distribution: From
Red Sea, East Africa, Mada-
gascar, Mauritius, Indic,
through indo-australian Ar-
chipelago, to China and
Japan.

Living partly in shallow
water among _ sea-weeds,
partly in deeper water.

25

. Bigs 12;
Solenostomus cyanopterus Blkr.
I.I X after JORDAN & SNYDER.

26 ;

Key-to the indq-australian ispecies, tor
Solenostomus.

1. Caudal peduncle rather higher than long. Membrane of
caudal beginning very near or almost close to 2. dorsal
ANG AN A ewemny Mads emu sp mens, te Maes edhe t Peckecre oR S. cyanopterus p. 26.
2. Caudal peduncle longer than high. Membrane of caudal
beginning at a distance from 2. dorsal and anal of more
than half the length of the base of these fins ..... S. paradoxus p. 27.
. Caudal peduncle about thrice longer than high. Mem-

G2

brane of caudal beginning at a distance from 2. dorsal

and anal, which is longer than base of these fins ... S. avmatus p. 28.

1. Solenostomus cyanopterus Blkr. [Fig. 13, p. 25].

Solenostoma paradoxum Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 308
(nec Pallas), /

Solenostoma paradoxum Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch.. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Tros-
kieuwige Visschen p. 29 (nec Pallas).

Solenostoma cyanopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VI. 1854, p. 507.

Solenostoma cyanopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VIII. 1855, p. 434.

Solenostoma paradoxus Kaup, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish London 1856, p. 2 (p.p.) !).

Solenichthys cyanopterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 183 —
ibid. p. 273.

Solenostoma cyanopterum Playfair & Giinther, Fishes Zanzibar 1866, p. 137.

Solenostomus cyanopterus A. Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss. I. 1870, p. 497-

Solenostomus Bleekert A. Duméril, ibid. p. 498.

Solenostoma cyanopterum Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 151.

Solenostoma cyanopterum Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871,
p- 654.

Solenostomichthys cyanopterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IV. 1873, p. 126.

Solenostomatichthys Bleekeri Bleeker, Enumération Poiss. de Madagascar in:
Recherch. s.]. Faune de Madagascar Leide, 1875, p. 76 — Verh. Akad.
Amsterdam XVIII. 1877—1878, Poiss. de Maurice, p. 17.

Solenostomus Bleekeri Sauvage, Poissons in: Grandidier, Hist. nat. Madagascar
AVI LS9L, 0p.e503-

Solenostomus cyanopterus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIV. 1901, p. 4.

Solenostomus cyanopterus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S, Fish Comm. XXIII.
(1903) 1905, p. 118.

Solenostoma cyanopterus Jungersen, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter K@benhavn
@) AVAL. 519,05 p-" 328:

Solenostomus cyanopterus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 104.

1) Kaur quotes as locality “sea of Hawaii” according to BLEEKER. This is
totally erroneous as BLEEKER gives for locality Wahai on the north coast of
Ceram. This misunderstanding is repeated in the papers by JORDAN & SNYDER,
by JorpAN & EVERMANN, by JoRDAN & SEALE and by JORDAN, TANAKA and
SNYDER.

27

D. v. 18---20; A. 16—20; P. 24—27; V.7.

Height in total length nearly 6—8; head in total length 3
to about 3'/,. Eye 11, 3—3'/, in postorbital part of head. Eye
in snout (according to size of the fish) 6'/,—81/,. Least height
of snout, which is higher in the male than in the female,
about 4'/, times in its length (3 times in the male, 4 times
in the female, JUNGERSEN) to 5'/, times (SAUVAGE). Caudal
peduncle stout, rather higher than long, The membrane of
the caudal beginning very near or almost close to the second
dorsal and anal, closest in the male. Posterior margin of ven-
trals evenly convex in both sexes. Skin with more or less
conspicuous scattered dermal appendages, more so in the male;
these villi, which may be branched, also along inferior border
of snout; they form a barbel at the mandibular symphysis.
Colour brown or pink, dotted with small black and whitish
spots. Spinous dorsal with two long black ocelli on membrane
between first and third spine. Upper part of fin with black
dots, larger and more elongate or drawn out into rather broad
lines on caudal. Eye red. Length 152 mm. [Specimens of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ceram (Wahai); Ambon; New Guinea. -— Red
Sea, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mauritius, Cargados Carajos, Siam,
Japan, China.

2. Solenostomus paradoxus (Pall.). |Fig. 14, p. 29].

Fistularia paradoxa Pallas. Spicil. Zool. VIII. 1870, p. 32.

Fistularia paradoxa Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 114.

Solenostomus paradoxus Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poiss. V. 1803, p. 361.

Solenostoma paradoxum Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VI. 1854, p. 506
(nec Solenostoma paradoxum Blkr. 1852 and 1853).

Solenostoma brachyurus Bleeker, Ibid. VIII. 1855, p. 433.

Solenostomus paradoxus Kaup, Cat. Lophobranch. Fish London 1856, p. 2
(pro parte).

Solenichthys brachyurus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 273.

Solenichthys paradoxus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 274.

Solenostoma paradoxum Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 152.

Solenostoma brachyurum Giinther, 1. c.

Solenostomus paradoxus A. Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss. II. 1870, p. 497.

Solenostomus brachyurus A. Duméril, Ibid. p. 498.

Solenostomatichthys paradoxus Bleeker, Enumération Poiss. de Madagascar in:
Recherch. s.]. Faune de Madagascar, Leide, 1875, p. 76. — Verh. Akad.
Amsterdam XVIII. 1877—1878, Poiss. d. Maurice p. 17.

Solenostomus paradoxus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIV. 1901, p. 4.

Solenostoma paradoxum Johnstone, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, II. 1904, p. 204.

28

Solenostomus leptosoma Tanaka, Anot. Zool. Japonenses, VII. 1. 1908, p. 29.

Solenostomus paradoxus Jungersen, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, K@benhavn
(7) VIII. 5, 1910, p. 328.

Solenostomus paradoxus Franz, Japan. Knochenfische in: Doflein, Beitr. z, Natur-
gesch. Ost-Asiens I910, p. 22.

Solenostomus paradoxus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 105.

D. v. 13 —22; A. 18—23; P. 24—26; V. 7.

Height in total length 6—8'/,; head in total length nearly
3—3°/,. Eye 7—8'/,; eye in snout (according to size of the
fish) about 4—7 times; least height of snout more or less than
6 times in its length. Caudal peduncle comparatively slender ;
its height about equal to its length. The membrane of the
caudal fin beginning at a distance from the 2. dorsal and anal
of more than half the length of the base of these fins. In
young specimens about equal to that length. Posterior margin
of ventrals evenly convex in both sexes. The skin may be
provided with scattered, more or less visible dermal prolon-
gations, which villi are branched in some places. Light brownish
with irregular orange spots, the centrum of which may be
paler. Spinous dorsal with large black blotches on the mem-
brane between the first 3 spines. Other blotches on the fin
smaller. Caudal clouded with blackish. Length 165 mm. [Speci-
mens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon; Ceram. — Zanzibar, Mauritius, Maldives,
Gulf of Manaar, Japan.

3. Solenostomus armatus M. Web. |Fig. 15, p. 29].
Solenostomus armatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 103.

Dive 2estiAc 22ers 2A ON are

Height 8 in total length, 5'/, without caudal. Head 3'/, in
total length, 2°/,, without caudal. Eye 10, somewhat less than
twice in postorbital part of head. Eye 7 times in snout. Least
height of snout 9 times in its length. Dorsal contour of snout
obliquely running forwards from front to posterior third of snout,
further on getting more and more concave and finally strongly
rising to upper border of mouth; before its posterior third on
both sides a tricuspidate prominence. From this spot diverge
the sharply serrated cristae supraorbitales, both bifurcate behind
posterior border of eye into a short median edge and into a
serrated lateral one running to the neck. Between the two
median edges a high occipital crest with 5 sharp spines extending

Fig. 15.
Solenostomus paradoxus (Pall.). Solenostomus armatus M. Web.
n.s. after JORDAN & SNYDER. Dene

Fig. 14.

30

to first dorsal. Below eye an edge with small spines getting
higher and more crowded posteriorly. Caudal peduncle slender,
very low, its height about thrice in its length. The membrane
of the caudal beginning at a distance from the 2. dorsal and
anal, which is longer than the base of both fins. Posterior
margin of ventrals deeply concave near abdomen in female.
A series of sharp curved spines beginning behind head on
both sides along upper and lower surface of body and along
its lateral line. Caudal as long as head. Colour uniform yel-
lowish. Hindmargin of ventrals between their longest rays and
caudal at its point blackish. Eyes red. Length 80 mm.
Habitat: Arafura Sea (95 M. bottom muddy)!

5. Fam. SYNGNATHIDAE.

Physoclists. Body elongated, angular or laterally compressed
or rounded; tail long; head slender,generally with a produced
tube-like snout, with a terminal, oblique mouth, bordered by
the small intermawxillaries, maxillaries and mandibles. All these
bones withouth teeth as also the vomer, palatines and ptery-
goids. Posttemporal suturally united to the skull. No supra-
cleithrum; cleithrum firmly united with the transverse processes
of the two anterior vertebrae. Of the 4 pterygials the distal
parts are fixed between dermal scutes. Pectorals and scapular
arch may be wanting. The skin is completely armoured by bony
scutes (shields or plates), arranged regularly in series, and forming
rings (annuli) round the body, which, with exception of the
first, correspond to the vertebrae. Of the vertebrae the three
anterior are immovably jointed together. One dorsal (by
exception absent) of soft rays only, generally opposite to the
minute anal, which usually is present. Caudal small, when
absent the tail is more or less prehensile. Pectorals small or
wanting; ventrals none. Two nasal openings. Opercular bones
present, operculum large. One branchiostegal, distally divided.
Four complete lobate gills, pseudobranchiae well developed.
Gillopenings reduced to small dorsal apertures, the margin of
the gillmembranes being fused with the isthmus and the body.

The male takes charge of the eggs. They are united into
a plate loosely attached to the abdominal skin of the male,

31

or the single eggs are fixed to the skin of the abdomen or
to the ventral surface of the tail and isolated in cutaneous
cells from their neighbours. The egg-plate is uncovered or the
eggs are enclosed in a pouch on the abdomen or on the tail,
formed by two folds of the skin, the free borders of which
remain at some distance from each other or meet in the median
line and may even coalesce. In the last case they open some
time after hatching, when the young are released. These folds
are reduced after the breeding season or they are permanently
closed to a sac with an anterior small opening (Hzppocampus).
The skin-folds often also contain bony plates derived from
the body-rings, or these plates alone form the pouch-folds.

Fig. 16. Dermal skeleton and pectoral arch of S7phonostoma tvphile 1..
from outside, s superior, 7z median, 7 inferior lateral plates, sc scutellum,
pm praenuchale, 7 nuchale, c/ cleithrum, # pectoral, 7 jugular plates,
¢ cover plate. (After JUNGERSEN).

Specialised fishes of small size living in the shore-water of
tropical and temperate seas; many species entering fresh water.
They are bad swimmers, moving about in a vertical position
by undulating movements of the dorsal. Those who are wanting
a caudal, are able to bend the end of the tail and to attach
themself by it to seaweed or other objects.

Remarks: The discrimination of genera and species is in
the first place based on differences in the dermal armour,
constituted by bony scutes (shields or plates), arranged into
succeeding rings (annuli).

In the praedorsal region each ring is composed of 7 plates:

33

Ohe unpaired: the ventral plate (scutum abdominale) and 4
paired, the superior, median and inferior lateral plates (scuta
lateralia superiora, media et inferiora); in most genera there
are small zutermedial scutes (scutella) between the lateral scutes.
Only the first or scapular ring of DUNCKER is more compli-
cated. The first ring consists of the “Skapularschild’” of
DUNCKER = “dermal part of the clavicle and the coverplate”’
of JUNGERSEN and DUNCKER’s ‘Axillarschild” = JUNGERSEN’s
median lateral plate of the second ring and in the third place
of JUNGERSEN’s “jugular plate” = “Infrascapulare”’ of DUNCKER.
The praenuchal plate (shield), between the occipital crest of
the skull and the first spinous process and the nucha/ plate
(shield) between the spinous process of the first and second
vertebrae are possibly modified interspinous bones.

The scapular ring of DUNCKER consists, according to JUN-
GERSEN, in reality of the elements of two rings. But as the
second ring, that behind the pectorals, is the first ring of typical
conposition, we follow DUNCKER and count both, for conve-
nience sake, as the first ring of the trunk (cfr. Fig. 16).

The postdorsal or tail rings contain only the paired scuta
lateralia superiora et inferiora.

The scuta of the same name are antero-posteriorly linked
together by a kind of articulation. Each scutum (shield) is
provided with a median longitudinal keel, and as the keels of
the succeeding scuta fit together, the succeeding keels produce
the longitudinal cristae of trunk and tail, the number of which
corresponds with the arrangement of scutes in trunk and tail.
We distinguish therefore on the trunk the unpaired crista abdo-
minalis trunci, which terminates on the last or forelast trunk-
ring, the paired cristae laterales superiores, mediae et inferiores
trunci and on the tail the cristae laterales superiores et inferiores
caudae. In the subdorsal region, where generally the last
trunk-rings and the foremost tail-rings carry the dorsal fin, the
paired keels of trunk and tail are continuous or they are in
different way discontinuous. There exist, according to DUNCKER,
the following modifications:

I. Superior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
1. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous. Median
cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous... fig. 17, n® ft.

2. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.

2

33

a. Posterior end of median cristae of trunk deflected and

- Sub-continuous with inferior cristae of tail......... figi.in7,. n°, 2;

6. Median cristae of trunk rectilinear, ending free... .. figs’273 n°, 3.

¢. Median cristae of. trunk rising hindwards behind dorsal

and reaching the superior cristae of the tail or nearly so, eau Feet. Ay

y
i
ae ‘ia gee ae ba

Fig. 17. Arrangement of superior (s), inferior (7) and median (m) cristae in
subdorsal region of Syngnathidae. For explanation see text.

II. Superior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous.
I. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous. Median
cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous... ils hat Yh aikegel
2. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 3

34

a. Posterior end of median cristae of trunk deflected and
sub-continuous with inferior cristae of tail........ fig 07,0316:
6, Median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail:
2s (CONtIMUGUS =r pea aod eesti) to) atthike sun biter amt pe (ee, yf ler fe
@. subcontinuous. — Subdorsal interruption of the superior

and median cristae:

EA eIGCOM plete cmsactiekc) carbon ie eaeigedeh mane Rear tete figs Dyno
Bupcompletemeysecsuer cers, caches Lents da ieh Ge ste fig 07-0 te Os
Boo OXCeSSiVeges ieee w teaver el te Cus ects: Coro te risk site ie fig. Teja angele

Of much taxonomical value are the modifications how the
parental care is executed in the males. We have indicated
above that the eggs are carried open or in pouches of different
construction on the ventral surface of the abdomen (Gastro-
phort DUNCKER) or subcaudal (Uropherz DUNCKER).

DUMERIL (Hist. nat. Poissons 1870, p. 585) has already
expressed the opinion, that ‘le véritable classement” of the
Syngnathidae must be based on the brood organ of the male;
GUNTHER (Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII, 1870, p. 135) made use of it
in his “Synopsis of Genera’, but DUNCKER (Mitt. a. d. naturh.
Mus. Hamburg tgt2 and 1915) made a profound study of
this organ and gave an arrangement of the Synxgnathidae essen-
tially corresponding with the groups higher than genera in
the following:

Synopsis of the indo-australian genera of
Syngnathidae principally based on the brood
organ in thie: ura le:

I. Brood organ abdominal (Gas¢vophori Duncker).
A, Eggs attached to and isolated by the skin of the
abdomen, open, not protected by lateral cutaneous
folds or bony plates (Gastvotokeina Duncker).
1. No caudal, tail prehensile; trunk strongly depressed. Syngnathoides p. 39.
2. Caudal large, tail not prehensile; trunk compressed. Acanthognathus p. 41.
4, Eggs attached to and isolated by the skin of the
abdomen, laterally protected by osseous plates or
cutaneous folds only, which coalesce during breeding
(Doryrhamphina Duncker).
I. Superior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
Operculum with a complete keel. Anus behind

middle of: lensth=’.0/o \ccuawey ener ieee tats om cumer Choeroichthys p, 60.

—s.

inn
4 .

h

32

2. Superior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous.
a. Operculum without a keel. Anus in or before
middle of length.
z. Dorsal 42—60. Subdorsal rings 4—5 + 8—g.
Snout distinctly separated from forehead. . . Coelonofus p. 56.
@. Dorsal 64—68. Subdorsal rings 11—12 + 4.
Upper profile of snout gradually continued in
tation Loreledcapa aie sca SM emcksmni cians tallel ia» Belonichthys p. 59.
é. Operculum with a complete or basal incom-
plete keel. t
a. Trunkrings more numerous than tailrings. Anus
behind middle of length. Dorsal for its greatest
part inserted on trunk; caudal longer than
halivienoth of end! arg ware shats 0) s8t Doryrhamphus p. 63.
@. Trunkrings equal to or generally less numerous
than tailrings. Dorsal for its greatest part in-
serted on tail; caudal equal to or shorter than
postorbital part of head.
az. Anus behind middle of length. Number of
trunkrings equal to or somewhat less than
that of tailrings. Snout longer than remain-
Hae Parl Gesnead sue eet. weet Microphis p. 43.
ee. Anus generally before middle of length.
Number of trunkrings less than that of
tailrings. Snout shorter or only slightly
longer than remaining part of head... Doryichthys p. 49.
IT. Brood organ subcaudal (Urophori Duncker).
A.Eggs attached to and isolated by the skin of the
ventral surface of the anterior part of the tail, open,
not protected by lateral cutaneous folds or bony
plates (Solenognathina Duncker).
I. Tail prehensile. Dorsal situated on tail only. Oper-
culum without keel but with smooth or serrated
FACIAL STIAMeS .) ep cee aera senate Stee hale Solegnathus p. 65.
B, Eggs attached to and isolated by the skin of the
ventral surface of the anterior part of the tail; late-
rally protected by osseous plates or cutaneous folds

only, which coalesce during breeding. (Syngnathina

Duncker).
I. Dorsal, anal and pectorals absent......... Penetopteryx p. 95.
ZF ectoralsy absentas sesiu is sv ee hes a ». +. . Mannocampus p. 94.

3. Dorsal, anal and pectorals present.

a. Caudal fin none.

36

z. Body depressed or subcylindrical. Tail filiform but
not prehensile. Head not elevated, without spines. Stigmatophora p. 97.
@. Body compressed. Tail prehensile. Head compressed
with a broad crest on occiput and neck, provided
Wb PStTOnP ASPINES--eaweweetawale- Haters new -le . . » Haliichthys p. 105.
6, Caudal fin present.
a. Superior cristae of trunk and tail continuous. . . . /chthyocampus p. 90.
@. Superior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous.
aa, Opercular keel rectilinear, complete or incomplete.
Base of dorsal not elevated.
aw. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous;
median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae
of tail discontinuous.
1. Upper profile of snout evenly continued in
that of forehead; orbits not prominent ... Syaguathus p. 77.
2,Snout forming an angle with the orbital
part of the head, which is prominent. . . Corythoichthys p. 68.
@@. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous ;
median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae
of tail continuous. Snout forming no angle
with) orbital spartvofeheadie can. nmees seer . Micrognathus p. 74.
46. Opercular keel convex, bent upwards to gill-
opening, with radial lines. Base of dorsal elevated.

Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous;

median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of

tail continuous.

1. Edges of shields spinous; dorsal profile of snout
and head spinous. Orbital part of head strongly
prominent and sharply separated from snout. Halicampus p, 102.

2. All the edges and ridges of head smooth.

a. Orbits prominent. Snout equal to postorbital
part of head, with a median serrated keel. Zyachyrhamphus p. 98.
6, Orbits not prominent. Snout in indo-austra-
lian species equal to or longer than remaining
part of head, without serrated keel. ... . Vozta p. 100,
C. Brood organ a subcaudal permanent egg pouch, per-
manently closed by median coalescence of the lateral
cutaneous folds and provided with a cranial opening,
which can be closed by a circular muscle (/ippocam-
pina Duncker).
_I. Tail prehensile. Longitudinal axis of head forming
a right angle with axis of trunk, Praenuchal shield

Rurmounted by a coronet fein mesma emeNaveinesaratie Hippocampus p. 106,

r.

37

To facilitate the discrimination of genera in case one can
dispose only of female or male specimens without a brood
organ, we give the following artificial key in which nearly
no use is made of the egg-bearing organ.

Artificial key to the indo-australian genera
of Syngnathidae.

I. Caudal fin present.
t. Dorsal, anal and pectorals ‘absent. .°.-.. 1. 012 we Penetopleryx p. 95.
PD ECCLOTAIS ADSENE y.) stance mal! tixeMiayret iol’ hay 9 fohioys ers ieits Nannocampus p. 94.
3. Dorsal, anal and pectorals present.
A. Superior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous.
a. Operculum without a keel; inferior cristae of
trunk and tail discontinuous; median cristae of
trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous.
1. Dorsal 21—25. Subdorsal rings 1 + 3—4.
Edges of shields with a pronounced posterior
spine. Upper profile of snout scarcely sepa-
fatedmiram, loreheatl yiy?-aey <iene vaysi ey sab y 2 Acanthognathus p. 41.
2. Dorsal 42—60. Subdorsal rings 4—5 + 8—g.
Edges of shields indistinct, rounded. Snout
distinctly separated from forehead. ...... Coelonotus p. 56.
. Dorsal 64—68. Subdorsal rings 11—12 + 4.

\o>)

Edges of shields rounded, smooth. Upper pro-

file of snout gradually continued in that of

FOTEHCAG Te oe wots iar pros cemite ged sted aud Be fein Belonichthys p. 59.
b.

>

Operculum with a complete or basal, incom-

plete keel. Inferior cristae of trunk and_ tail

continuous or .discontinuous; median cristae of

trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous or

discontinuous.

aa. Opercular keel rectilinear. Base of dorsal not
elevated.

a. Trunkrings more numerous than tailrings.
Dorsal for its greatest part inserted on
trunk; caudal longer than half length
CTS ots RPO te Ae ee eee oe ee Doryrhamphus p. 63.

@. Trunkrings equal to or generally less nu-
merous than tailrings. Dorsal for its greatest
part inserted on tail; caudal equal to or
shorter than postorbital part of head,
az, Egg-pouch abdominal.

38

1. Anus behind middle of length. Number of
trunkrings equal to or somewhat less than
that of tailrings. Snout longer than re-
maining part of head. ..... Soon 4 Microphis p. 43.
2, Anus generally before middle of length.
Number of trunkrings less than that of
tailrings. Snout shorter or only slightly
longer than remaining part of head. . . . Doryichthys p. 49.
@f. Egg-pouch subcaudal,
1. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail conti-
nuous; median cristae of trunk and inferior
cristae of tail discontiauous.
a. Upper profile of snout evenly continued
in that of forehead ; orbits not prominent. Sywgnathus p. 77.
6. Snout forming an angle with the orbital
part of the head, which is prominent... Corythoichthys p. 68.
2. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail disconti-
nuous; median cristae of trunk and inferior
cristae of tail continuous. Snout forming
no angle with orbital part of head... . Micrognathus p. 74.
6b. Opercular keel convex, bent upwards to gill-
opening, with radial lines. Base of dorsal elevated.
Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous ;
median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of
tail continuous.
1. Edges of shields spinous; dorsal profile of
snout and head spinous, Orbital part of head
strongly prominent and sharply separated
HOI SHOES 5g Goo Gugtoera B blotold 6 Oo ea c Hlalicampus p. 102.
2. All the edges and ridges of head smooth.
a. Orbits prominent. Snout equal to postor-
bital part of head, with a median serratedkeel. Zrachyrhamphus p. 98.
4. Orbits not prominent. Snout in indo-austra-
lian species equal to or longer than remaining
part of head, without serrated keel... .. Yosia p. 100.
&. Superior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
1. Egg-pouch abdominal. Operculum with a com-
plete, longitudinal keel, Anus behind middle of
length; trunkrings less than 25..... -. + + Choeroichthys p. 60.
2. Egg-pouch subcaudal. Operculum with or without
a complete or incomplete longitudinal keel.
Anus before middle of length; trumkrings about
ZOHO eww elite. iol afte de) sie weelan Mihi taittetNe Meme: PeultelMetie Ichthyocampus p. 90.

_—

4

R
39

II. Caudal fin none, tail in most cases prehensile.
1. Body depressed or subcylindrical.
a. Snout very slender, twice as long as remaining part
of head. Praenuchal and two nuchal shields present.
Stale filiform, butynoteprehensile an.) a. «7 .= - « Stigmatophora p. 97-
4, Snout rather stout, nearly twice the length of post-
orbital part of head. No praenuchal shield. Tail
PLCM EDS eta me animism en tints yieisits! s, of 60s Syngnathoides p. 39.
2. Body compressed, not or scarcely dilated. Tail pre-
hensile.
a. Base of dorsal not elevated; dorsal situated on tail
only. No cutaneous appendages. Operculum without
keel, but with smooth or serrated radial ridges. . Solegnathus p. 65.
é, Base of dorsal elevated; dorsal situated on trunk
and tail. Operculum with convex keel bent upwards
to branchial opening.
1. Longitudinal axis of head and trunk nearly in
the same plane. Praenuchal shield without a co-
ronet; numerous long cutaneous appendages . . Haliichthy's p. 105.
2. Longitudinal axis of head forming a right angle
with axis of trunk. Praenuchal shield surmounted
by a coronet; cutaneous appendages generally

SLUSOM Cetera tema is wadabe As fea! Sire Abe eh thas oc sreite Hippocampus p. 106.

1. Syngnathoides Bleeker ').

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851, p. 231 and 259.— Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Kennis Troskieuwige visscnen, p. 5, 9 and 12).
Gastrotokeus Kaup, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XIX. 1, 1853, p. 230 and Cat.
Lophobranchiate Fish, London 1856, p. 18.

Body elongate, depressed, tetragonal; with narrow dorsal
surface. The ventral surface much broadened, limited by the
median lateral cristae (lateral lines) and in the male covered
by soft skin in which the eggs are embedded, uncovered by
cutaneous folds or scutal plates. Tail shorter than head and
body, hexagonal in its subdorsal part, furtheron quadrangular,
rapidly tapering, without caudal and prehensile. Superior
cristae of trunk and tail as also the inferior cristae continuous,
which are not conspicuous on the trunk. Posterior end of
median cristae (lateral lines) bent upwards and reaching the
superior cristae behind dorsal or nearly so (Fig. 17, 4). No

1) We have shown (Zoolog. Mededeel. Museum Leiden. VI. 1. 1921, p. 67),
that Syzgnathoides Bleeker 1851 has precedence before Gasterotokeus Kaup 1853.

—
tai
7)

ES wi) fe hens co Sno ey Dern sa Pee HeLa SS UG / AW a IB

oS

fi

Fig. 18. Syngnathoides
biaculeatus (Bl.).
Male with eggs n.s.

40

intermedial scutes (scutella). Praenuchal
plate wanting; therefore between occiput
and first ring an unprotected surface of
skin. Two nuchal plates present; oper-
culum without keel.

Distribution that of the single species
known.

1. Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bl.).
(Fis. 235ep. 40):

Syngnathus biaculeatus Bloch, Auslindische Fische I.
1S 75> JD. 900s

Syngnathus tetragonus Thunberg, Beskrifn. pa Syn-
gnathus tetragonus, en obekandt fisk ifran Java in:
Physiogr. Selsk. Handlgr. Lund, I, 4. 1776—1786,
p. 301 ').

Syngnathus tetragonus Linné-Gmelin, I. 1788, p. 1453.

Syngnathus biaculeatus Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth.
1801, p. 514.

Syngnathus biaculeatus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. 1369.

Syngnathoides blochit Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié
II. 1851, p. 231 and 259.

Solegnathus blochit Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Kennis Troskieuwige
Visschen, p. 13, 24.

Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Peters, Ubers. d. in Mossam-
bique beobachteten Fische, Arch. f. Naturgesch.
I. 1855, p. 277. — Ubers. d. in Mossambique beo-
bacht. Seefische, Sitzber. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. 465.

Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr,. Fish,
1856, p. 19.
1) THUNBERG’s article was published as N°. 30 in

the first volume of the Physiograph. Selsk. Hanp-

LINGAR which was edited between 1776 and 1786.

Prof. E. LONNBERG of Stockholm was kind enough

to inform us, that part 4 of the first volume contained

the articles 28—33 and was ready May 1786. It is

therefore probable, that THUNBERG’s article (N°. 30)

appeared already in 1785 or even earlier and that

therefore his name S. ¢etragonus is prior to S, biacu-
featus of Bloch, as one is inclined to suppose in
accordance with the nomenclature and synonymy of

Linné-Gmelin. But this can not be proved as, according

to the kind information of the present secretary of

the Physiographic Society of Lund, the “Protocols”
of the Society contain nothing about the article
of THUNBERG.

Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XV. 1858, p. 204.
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons Il. 1870, p. 528.
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Giinther. Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 194.
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Wlunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI.
To7.. p> 053:
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878— 1888, p. 681.
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica vol. VII. Prt. XXV. 1910,
p- 25. — Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXXII. 1915, p. 38.
Syngnathoides biaculeatus McCulloch, Check-List of the fish of New South
Wales 1919, p. 27.

4!

D. 37—50; A. 4—6; P. 20—23; Rings 1517 + 40—54; sub-
dorsal rings 1—2 + 8—1Io.

Shields transversally striated, wanting totally in rings of
posterior half or third of tail and ventrally in some of the
preceding rings. Skin often with numerous longer or shorter
branched filaments forming
at the chin a pair of branched
barbels. Operculum radially
striated without keel. Origin
of dorsal nearly opposite to
vent. Pale green or brown,
dark brown spots ventrally
along the median cristae of the
trunk. Length 260 mm. Females somewhat shorter than males.

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra; Pulu Weh!; Nias!; Banka;
Bintang!; Borneo (Balikpapan!; East coast!); Java; Bawean;
Celebes (Minahassa!, Menado, Makassar!); Saleyer!; Island Biaru!;
Sawan; Island Siau!; Batjan!; Buru; Manipa!; Ambon!; Nusa
Laut!; Saparua; Ceram!; Banda; Ternate!; Halmahera!; Wai-
geu!; Schouten Islands; Misore; West Doffer!; Goram; New
Guinea!; Aru!; Flores!; Adonara!; Solor; Samau!; Sumba!. —
Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mossambique, Madagascar, Seychelles,
Malgassy Islands, Gulf of Manaar, British India, Andamans,
Ceylon, Pinang, Malayan Peninsula, Siam, Philippines, Southern
China, Japan, Australia, Pacific Islands to Samoa. Reaching
therefore from East Africa to Samoa, northwards to Riu Kiu
Islands, southwards to South Australia.

- Marine, living in shallow water; a bad swimmer, probably
attached to marine plants.

Fig. 19. Syngnathoides biaculeatus (B1.)
Head of a specimen of 151 mm. & 1'J.

2. Acanthognathus Duncker.

(DuUNCKER, Mitt. a.d. Naturhist. Museum Hamburg, 1912, p. 228).
Corythoichthys Kaup, Cat. Lophobranchiate Fish, 1856, p. 25 (p. p.).

Xe

Fig. 20. Acanthognathus
dactyliophorus (Blkr.)

X 1/3

Abs

42

Microphis Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 588.
Doryichthys Ginther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870,
p- 179 — Regan, Revue suisse de Zoologie 1903,

p. 413.

Body much elongate, heptagonal, the
abdominal crista being flattened. Eggs
attached to the skin of the abdomen, in
which they are embedded, incompletely
isolated from each other and uncovered
by cutaneous folds or scutal plates. Tail
rather short, tetragonal. Anus behind
middle of length. Superior and inferior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous. Me-
dian cristae of trunk and inferior cristae
of tail continuous. Greatest part of short
dorsal above caudal rings; anal and pec-
torals present; caudal extensive. The edge
of each ring terminates in a spine. Inter-
medial scutes (scutella) present, as also
the praenuchal and two nuchal plates.

Distribution: Mauritius, Indo-aus-
tralian Archipelago, Pelew Islands and
New Caledonia.

1. Acanthognathus dactyliophorus (Blkr.)
[Fig. 20, p. 42].

Syngnathus dactyliophorus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr.
Ned. Ind. IV. 1853, p. 506. — Verh. Batav. Ge-
nootsch, XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Troskieuwige Visschen
peelor

Corythroichthys dactyliophorus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr.
Fish, 1856, p. 28.

Microphis dactyliophorus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Neerl. VIII. 1860, 8. Bijdr. vischfauna Sumatra
p. 72. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 273.

Microphis dactyliophorus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss.
Nae 7.0 pes 5O2.

Doryichthys dactyliophorus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus.
VIII. 1870, p. 186. — Fische d. Siidsee III.
1909—I9I0, P- 433.

Acanthognathus dactylophorus Duncker, Mitt. a. d.
naturh, Mus. Hamburg XXIX. 1912, p. 228. —
Ibid. XXXII. 1915, p. 41.

a

a
’

43

D. 21—26; A.4; P. 20—21; rings 16—18
+ 19-21; subdorsal rings 1 + 3—4.

Shields somewhat granulated. The edges

_ of the single shields terminate in a prominent
spine. Operculum granulated, without keel,
but with an oblique raised line. Head more
than 4 to 5 times in length. Tail somewhat
shorter than trunk. Snout thin, rounded,
about thrice longer than postorbital part of
head, about twice the length of the remaining
part of the head. Vent below the origin of the
dorsal fin, nearer to the end of the tail
than to the gillopenings. Caudal long, about
twice longer than postorbital part of head.
Yellow, head and body encircled by blackish
rings; about 18—20 equidistant ones on
trunk and tail, 7—9 on head. Length 161 mm.
[A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection in the
Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Island Onrust near Java; Am-
bon; New Guinea. — Pelew Islands, Mars-
hall Islands, New Caledonia.

In sea, shore-water and on reefs.

3. Microphis (Kaup) Duncker.
(DuNCKER, Spolia Zeylanica Vol. VII. prt. XXV. 1910,

p. 26. — Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXIX.

1912, p. 229).

Doryichthys Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 56 (p.p.
et plur. auctores).

Microphis Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 63 p.p.

Doryrhamphus Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North- and

Middle-America 1896, p. 773, p-p.

Superior cristae of trunk and tail discon-
tinuous, inferior cristae of trunk and _ tail
discontinuous or continuous (fig. 17, 5 and
$8—10), median (lateral) cristae of trunk and
inferior cristae of tail continuous or not.
Keels of the shields of the rings more or
less serrated, generally terminating in a free
spine posteriorly. Intermedial shields (scu-

Fig. 21. Microphis
brachyurus (Blkr.).
tella) present, as also a praenuchal and 2 J as,

44

nuchal shields. Operculum with a complete longitudinal keel
and radiating ridges. Snout longer than remaining part of head.
Dorsal rather long, with more than 30 rays, opposite to vent,
situated above at least 7 rings belonging for their largest part
to the tail; anal behind middle of length, pectorals present,
caudal well developed, generally the middle ray prolonged.
Eggs small, numerous, isolated in open cells belonging to the
swollen skin of the somewhat dilated abdomen of the male;
they are not covered by cutaneous folds but laterally protected
by ventrally diverging plates belonging to the lower lateral
edges of the trunk.

Distribution: Living in fresh- and brackish water con-
nected with tropical seas.

Key to the indo-australian species of Microphis.

I. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous; median
cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous
(Ge. 7 DIS
a. Snout somewhat longer than twice length of post-
orbital part of head; head 4!/,—5 times in length. JZ, drachyurus p. 44.
4. Snout much shorter than twice length of postorbital
part of head; head about 7 times in length... .. M, manadensis p. 46.
Il. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous; median
cristae of trunk not continuous with inferior cristae af
tail, but subcontinuous with superior cristae of tail
Cie. 17 an Os eLO)):
27 B 7 ly FEO) oO a eA eee cies, YA Te" P- Se Dm auicme M. boaja p. 47.
(aS BBN Foto 6 Se TOE ie TARO RCS eae) Scar chop Oc Somos M. heterosoma p. 48.

1. Microphis brachyurus (Blkr.) [Fig. 21, p. 43].

Syngnathus brachyurus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Troskieuwige
Visschen p. 16.

Syngnathus cuncalus Bleeker, 1.c. Nalezingen Ichth. fauna van Bengalen en
Hindostan p. 162 (nec Buchanan).

Syngnathus brachyurus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VIII. 1854, p. 105.

Syngnathus polyucanthus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Visschen
Manado, p. 77.

Doryichthys Hasseltii Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 57.

Doryichthys auronitens Kaup, ibid. p. 59.

Doryichthys millepunctatus Kaup, ibid. p. 60.

Microphis brachyurus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VII. 1860, 8. Bijdr.
Visschen Sumatra, p. 72.

Microphis cuncalus Bleeker, ibid. (nec Buchanan).

Syngnathus Schlegeli Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 316 (nec Kaup).

.

45

Microphis Bleekeri Day, Fishes of Malabar, London, 1865, p. 265.

Microphis Fouani Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss. I]. 1870, p. 592.

Microphis brachyurus Duméril, ibid. p. 595.

Microphis auronitens Duméril, ibid. p. 597.

Microphis Bleekeri Duméril, ibid. p. 599.

Doryichthys brachyurus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 184.

_ Doryichthys brachyurus Bleeker, Enumération Poiss. de Madagascar in: Recherch.

s.l. Faune de Madagascar, Leide, 1875, p. 75.

Doryichthys Bleekeri Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 680.

Microphis brachyurus Jordan & Seale, Fishes of Samoa, 1906, p. 214.

Corythroichthys Bleekeri Seale & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXXIII.
1908, p. 240.

Doryichthys brachyurus Giimther, Fische d. Siidsee, 1910, p. 433.

Microphis brachyurus Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. VII. prt. XXV. 1910,
p. 26. — Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXXII. 1915, p. 45.

Microphis brachyurus Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Coll. XXVI. No. 7, 1911. p. 264.

Doryrhamphus brachyurus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 117.

Doryrhamphus brachyurus Sundara Raj, Records Indian Museum XII, prt. V1,
1916, p. 269.

D. 36—48; A. 3—4; P. 18—23; Rings 1g—22 + 20—24; sub-
dorsal rings 1—3 + 6—9.

Much elongated. Shields transversally striated, their keels
serrated and terminating in a spine, most conspicuous in young,
becoming obsolete with age. This is also the case with the
edges on the head. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail disconti-
nuous; median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail
continuous. Operculum with complete longitudinal keel and
up to 9 (generally 2—4) radiating ridges below it. Head 4'/,—5 ;
tail without caudal shorter than trunk; snout about 2'/, times
the length of the postorbital part of the head, about 1.5 or
more in length of head. Vent below or somewhat behind origin
of dorsal. Caudal shorter than postorbital part of head, its
middle ray enlarged and somewhat elongate. Alcohol-specimens
dark brown, lighter below; trunk and root of tail dotted with
minute white points. Operculum and anterior part of trunk
with black spots. A dark diffuse lateral band from snout to
tail. Length 225 mm. [Specimens of Doryichthys polyacanthus
Blkr. and of Doryichthys brachyurus Blkr. from BLEEKER’s
collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us}.

Nom. indig.: tuvung tuvung and énai boe mana (Simalur,
Tapah); Sili (Javan.); Kilih buaja (Malay).

Habitat: Sumatra (Tandjong); Simalur!; Nias (Lolowau!);
Java (Batavia!, Lebak, Bantam, Priaman, Tjilatjap!, Palabuan

40

ratu!, Dirk de Vries Bay!); Lombok!; Flores! (River Konga!,
Endeh!); Celebes (Makassar!, Menado, river Boni!, Pampanuwa
on river Tjenrana!, Balangnipa on Tanga river!); Buru (Kajeli!);
Ceram (Kairatu!); Ambon!; Ternate; Batjan!; Aru Islands, fresh
and brackish water!; North New Guinea (river Klipong!, Mbai
river!, Tateh river!). — Indo-Pacific, reaching from East Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarenes, British India, Ceylon, Cochinchina,
Japan, Philippines, Caroline Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New
Caledonia!, Fidji-, Tonga-, Samoa-, Cook- and Society Islands.

In fresh water of rivers and brackish and salt water of
their estuaries.

2. Microphis manadensis (Blkr.)

Syngnathus manadensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Vischsoorten

van Manado en Makassar, p. 78.

Doryichthys manadensis Bleeker, J.c. VIII. 1860, 8. Bijdr. vischfauna Sumatra

p- 72. — Ibid. 13. Bijdr. vischfauna Celebes p. 13.

Doryichthys Bernsteini Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Sc. Nat. II. 1867, p. 398.
Microphis Fagorii Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, April 1868, p. 280.
Microphis Fagorii Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss. Hl. 1870, p. 594.

Microphis Bernsteini Duméril, ibid. p. 594.

Microphis manadensis Duméril, ibid. p. 595.

Doryichthys manadensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1870, p. 184.
Doryichthys Bernsteini Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Zool, II. Fische 1908, p. 229.
Doryichthys sticterhynchus Ogilby, Mem. Queens]. Mus. I. 1912, p. 34.
Microphis manadensis Duncker, Mitt. a. d.naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXXII, 1915, p. 47-

D. 35—42; A. 3—4; P. 18—20; Rings 20—22 + 24—27 ; sub-
dorsal rings 2—3 + 6—7.

Much elongate. Shields transversely striated, their keels
slightly elevated and only in the young minutely serrated ;
without terminal spine. Edges on head smooth. Inferior cristae
of trunk and tail discontinuous, median cristae of trunk and
inferior cristae of tail continuous. Operculum with complete
longitudinal keel and up to 5 radiating ridges below it. Head
about 7 times in length, not much longer than dorsal; tail
without caudal equal to or slightly shorter than trunk; snout
one and a half times the length of the postorbital part of
head or somewhat longer and equal to or not much longer
than half the length of the head. Vent somewhat behind origin
of dorsal. Caudal equal to or somewhat shorter than post-
orbital part of head. Brownish, a narrow dark longitudinal
band from snout to hindmargin of operculum or somewhat
farther. Length 212 mm. [Specimens of Doryichthys manadensis

47

Blkr. and of Doryichthys Bernsteini Blkr. from BLEEKER’s
collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: North Borneo; Celebes (Menado, Makassar); Am-
bon, in fresh water!; Halmaheira; Dutch North New Guinea
(Tanah Merah Bay!, river Mamapiri!); German New Guinea. —
Island Samar, Queensland (Moreton Bay).

Living in fresh and brackish water of rivers and their estuaries.

3. Microphis boaja (Blkr.).

Syngnathus boaja Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I, 1851, p. 16.

Syngnathus boaja Verh. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Troskieuwige
visschen p. 14.

Doryichthys spinosus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 57.

Microphis boaja Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VUI. 1860, 8. Bijdr, visch-
fauna Sumatra, p. 63.

Microphis boaja Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 593.

Doryichthys boaja Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 180.

Doryichthys boaja Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, IV. 1873, p. 126.

Syngnathus Fullient Sauvage, Revue et Mag. de Zool. (3) Il. 1874, p. 338.

Doryichthys boaja Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LXXXIII. 1881, p. 210.

Syngnathus zonatus Karoli, Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek V. 1882, p. 39.

Dorichthys boaja Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. System. XIX. 1903, p. 4II.

Dorichthys boaja Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXI. 1904, p. 188.

Microphis boaja Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 47.

D. 47—61; A. 3—5; P. 23—27; Rings 21—-24 + 34—40; sub-
dorsal rings 2—5 + 6—7.

Much elongate. Shields transversely striate, their edges not
serrated but terminating in a spine; the edges on the head
smooth. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous; median
cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail subcontinuous, gene-
rally completely interrupted on the last ring of the trunk (fig. 17,
n°. 8). Operculum with a complete longitudinal keel and some
radiating ridges below it. Head 4°/,—5'/, in length; tail longer
than trunk; snout long, compressed, more or less than twice
the length of the remaining part of the head. Caudal shorter
than postorbital part of head. Greenish, yellowish below, tail
getting blackish posteriorly; om snout and vertex irregular
black patches; on the trunk and on the anterior part of the
tail vertical bands corresponding with the shields, silvery —
at least in their front- and hindborder — in preserved speci-
mens, blue in life. Length 430 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER’s
collection seen by us].

48

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang in river Musi, Lematan
Enim, river Bantung, Lake Sialong Lotong); Java; Borneo
(Sintang! '), Banjermassin, Pontianak, Singkawang, Sambas, in
rivers; Sarawak, Sebruang); Celebes (Makassar!). — Malayan
Peninsula, Siam (Bangkok), Cochinchina, China, Formosa.

4. Microphis heterosoma (Blkr.).

Syngnathus heterosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851, p. 441.

Syngnathus heterosoma “Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Tros-
kieuwige Visschen, p. 15.

Syngnathus heterosoma Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 62.

Microphis heterosoma Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 8. Bijdr.
Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 72.

Microphis heterosoma Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons I. 1870, p. 590.

Doryichthys heterosoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 180.

Microphis heterosoma Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXXII. 1915,

p- 48.

D. 65—68; A.4; P. 22—23; Rings 26 + 38; subdorsal rings
Ot Be

Much elongate; in females the 13th to 2oth trunkring ventrally
inflated. Shields transversely striated, the edges slightly serra-
ted, somewhat behind the middle of their length produced
into a spine. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous,
median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail subconti-
nuous but they are interrupted on the last ring of the trunk.
The median cristae running below the superior cristae of the
tail (Fig. 17,n°.gand 10). Operculum with a complete longitudinal
keel and fine radiating ridges below it. Head 5—51/, in length.
Tail longer than trunk. Vent behind the middle of the total
length. Snout compressed, about thrice or more than thrice
longer than postorbital part of head and more than twice
longer than remaining part of head. Caudal minute. Green
above, silvery below. Each trunkring laterally with a vertical
dark patch in its middle. Caudal blackish. Length 290 mm.
|A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sambas river, river Kapuas); Natuna
Islands,

1) This specimen in the Leiden Museum, was erroneously identified by
VAILLANT (Notes Leyden Museum XXIV, p. 14) as “Microphis hetcrosoma” (Blkr.).

49

4. Doryichthys (Kaup) Duncker.

(DuNcKER, Spolia Zeylanica Vol. VII. prt. XXV. 1910,
p. 27.— Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus, Hamburg XXIX,
1912, p. 229).

Doryichthys Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 56
[p. p. et plur. auctores].

Microphis Kaup, |.c. p. 63. -

Superior cristae of trunk and tail dis-
continuous; inferior cristae of trunk and
tail continuous or discontinuous; median
cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of
tail continuous (fig. 17 n°. 5, 6, 9, 10). Keels
of the shields of the rings conspicuous,
smooth in the adults, generally serrated
in young specimens. Intermedial shields
(scutella) present as also a praenuchal
and 2 nuchal shields. Operculum with
complete longitudinal keel and often with
radiating ridges below it. Snout shorter
or only slightly longer than remaining
part of head. Dorsal medium or long with
24—66 rays, opposite to vent, situated
above at least 6 rings, belonging asa rule
for their largest part to the tail. Anal
generally before middle of length; pec-
torals present; caudal with or without
prolonged rays. Eggs rather large, isolated
in open cells, produced by the skin of
the addomen in the male; they are entirely
covered by broad, converging, not coales-
cent, lateral protective plates, which some-
times have a narrow cutaneous fold along
their free margin.

Distribution: in fresh and brackish
water of rivers and their estuaries in the
indo-pacific region from British India to
Samoa and Philippines.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV.

——— 7
Wie cartel yah
Suid eset: rel
Team
dzry

Copan aaa
es eae

te

was Fas
Baw
‘

me

Ged

a
ais

ee

Gc Ene) ae
Bae oe GR SS od oe pe Ee a

Fig. 22. Doryichthys
retzii (Blkr.)
X a0

50

Key to the indo-australian species of Doryichthys.

I. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous.
A, Dorsal with more than 50 rays; situated above
an equal number of rings of trunk and tail . . D. spinachioides p. 50.
%. Dorsal with less than 50 rays; the subdorsal
tail-rings are more numerous than the subdorsal
trunk-rings.
I. Tail shorter than trunk and head. Snout longer
than postorbital part of head. Dorsal with

(GZ TENS oc. Golo nf gto loa toed loan ate uc#b On D. caudocarinatus p. 51.

7

to

. Tail longer than trunk and head. Snout equal

to or somewhat shorter than postorbital part

of head.
2) Dorsal awiblie 2 Away Sy euraie) ce) Noe Me wii cette D. brevidorsalis p. 51.
6. Dorsal with 34—4o rays). e = elec DD) HELE P52

II. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
1. Length of snout much more than remaining part
of head, equal to twice the postorbital space . . D. deokhatoides p. 53.
2. Length of snout equal to or less than remaining
Parteofehead= tame «<p ibe urnetea de hasnt ors tomentose | D. martensi p. 54.
Doubt als pecies «+ seem -1a-ke Perret een ncnia ane D. fluviatilis p. 55.

I. Doryichthys spinachioides Dunck.

Doryichthys spinachioides Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh, Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

I91I5, p. 52.

D. 66; A. 4; P. 19; C. 9; Rings 16 + 27; subdorsal rings 6 + 6.

Edges of body smooth, those of head finely serrated. Snout
robust, somewhat shorter than postorbital part of head. Inferior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous, median cristae of trunk
and inferior cristae of tail continuous. Operculum with com-
plete, finely serrated longitudinal keel and fine, smooth radiating
ridges below it, the uppermost of them is the most prominent
and nearly parallel to the principal keel. Anal before the
middle of the length; the caudal, which is of medium size,
included. The nuchal crista reaches to the first dorsal inter-
medial shield; the other intermedial shields (scutella) without
keel. Grey above, silvery white below; trunk laterally with a
diffuse dark band; operculum silvery. Length of the single
specimen known, a female, 82 mm. [After DUNCKER, not
seen by us].

Habitat: North New Guinea (Kaiserin Augusta river).

St
2. Doryichthys caudocarinatus M. Web. |
Doryichthys caudocarinatus Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. 2. Siisswasserfische,

1908, p. 229.

Doryichthys caudocarinatus Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh, Mus, Hamburg XXXII.

I9I5, p- 51.

D. 42; A. 3; 'P. 18—19; C.9; Rings 20+°28; subdorsal
rings 2+ 8.

Body slender, nearly quadrilateral. Shields transversally
striated, their keels finely serrated; all the intermedial shields
(scutella) of the tail with feeble, narrow longitudinal keels.
Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous; median cristae
of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous. The superior
cristae of tail begin below origin of dorsal. Operculum with
complete longitudinal keel, below it five radiating ridges all
finely serrated. Head 7 times in total length (with caudal).
Eye about 6'/, times in head and about 3°/, times in snout.
Snout slightly longer than postorbital part of head; it is
somewhat concave with a median crista reaching the level
of frontborder of eye and a lateral crista reaching to the level
of posterior border of pupil, below their posterior end a curved
edge to neck. Occiput with median crista. Tail slightly shorter
than trunk and head. Dorsal lower than height .of body.
Caudal rounded, as long as postorbital part of head. Brownish,
with a dark hue, especially on lower surface of tail and on
caudal. Length of the single specimen known (a female) 72 mm.

Habitat: North New Guinea (river Tawarin, fresh water'!).

3. Doryichthys brevidorsalis (de Bfrt.)

Doryrhamphus brevidorsalis de Beaufort, Bijdr. tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam,

1gde Afl, 1913, p. 103.
Doryichthys brevidorsalis Duncker, Mitt. a, d. naturh,; Mus. Hamburg XNXII.

1915, p- 50. :

D. 24; P. 16—17; Rings 16—17 +28; subdorsal rings 1+5—6.

Body higher than broad; ventral carina in the female rather
high. Shields rough with transverse ridges, laterally interrupted
in the middle by a rather strong longitudinal keel. Edges of
body prominent, finely crenulated, when young very slightly
serrated, those of the tail almost smooth. Inferior cristae of
trunk and tail discontinuous; median cristae of trunk and
inferior cristae of tail continuous. The superior cristae of the
tail begin on the last ring of the trunk. Operculum inflated

52

with a strong median longitudinal complete keel, ventrally
radiating from it; a second and sometimes a third longer or
shorter strong keel and numerous fine and somewhat arbores-
cent striae. Head 6?/; to nearly g times in total length, 3—4
times in length of head and trunk. Snout, the upper profile
of which is slightly concave, about equal to postorbital part
of head and more than twice as long as eye, with a median
ridge ending before the eyes. Laterally with a straight ridge
and above it a second one, which ends curved below eye.
Orbital ridges, beginning before nostrils, are continued on the
postorbital part of the head, and may be continuous with the
superior cristae of the body. A low median, slightly scalloped
ridge (crista nuchalis) begins behind the eyes and is continued
to the second body-ring. Tail conspicuously longer than trunk
and head together; trunk one and a half times in length of
tail. Anal before middle of total length. Light brown, a dark
band interrupted by white crossbars on the snout runs through
the eye and the operculum, where it has white points. It is
continued on the body, where it is interrupted by a series
of black spots, one on each ring, enclosed in or alternating
with white patches. A light ocellus with dark border on each
caudal ring along its ventral margin, or the caudal rings have
alternating white markings. Length 98 mm.

Habitat: Buru (in a stream near Kajeli, in fresh water!);
South New Guinea (Lorentz river, in fresh water!).

4. Doryichthys retzii (Blkr.). [Fig. 22, p. 49].

Syngnathus Retzii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Vischsoorten
Menado en Makassar, p. 76.

Microphis caudatus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin (1868) 1869, p. 276.

Syngnathus Retzii Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 562.

Microphis caudatus Duméril, 1. c. p. 591.

Syngnathus retzii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 175.

Doryichth:s caudatus Giinther, l.c. p. 182.

Microphis caudatus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fisheries XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 214.

Doryichthys caudatus Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee Bd. III. 1910, p. 432.

Syngnathus Retzii Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. III.

Doryrhamphus caudatus Max Weber l.c. p. 116.

Doryichthys Retzii Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 50.

D. 34—40; A. 3—4; P. 16—19; C.8—10; Rings 16—17 +
28— 31; subdorsal rings 1—2 + 7—8.
Shields transversally striated, their edges finely serrated when

53

young, smooth in adults. Intermedial shields (scutella) of the

tail keeled '). Inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous ;
median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous.
The superior cristae of the trunk are continued nearly to the
end of dorsal while the superior cristae of the tail are conti-
nued to the penultimate ring of the trunk. Operculum with
complete longitudinal keel, below it generally 1—2, by excep-
tion 3 or none, radiating ridges. ~

Head 7'/, to more than 10 times
in total length. Eye about 5 times
in head. Snout as long as or
somewhat shorter than postorbital
part of head, its upper profile
concave. The nuchal crista runs
from the middle of the occiput to the first dorsal intermedial
shield and is continued somewhat furtheron. Tail conspicuously
longer than head and trunk. Length of caudal about equal to
postorbital part of head. Caudal with prolonged rays (always,
when not mutilated?). Brownish or greenish, generally some-
what darker near the intermedial shields. Length 115 mm.
[A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

Nom. indig. Budi (Menado).

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli); Simalur!; Nias!; Java; Lombok!;
Flores!; Sumba!; Savu!; Celebes (river near Kwandang!, river
Paloppo!, Menado); Buru (Kajeli!); Obi Major!; Batjan!;
Ceram (river Tubah!, brook near Kairatu!); Waigeu (river
Wahai!); New Guinea (North New Guinea: rivers Klipong!
and Mbai!, brook Mamapiri!; South New Guinea: Lorentz
river!). — Philippines, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia.

Fig. 23. Doryichthys retzit (Blkr.)
Caudal fin with prolonged rays;

magnified.

5. Doryichthys deokhatoides (Blkr.).

Syngnathus deokhatoides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr.
Troskieuwige Visschen, p. 17.
Syngnathus deokhatoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 106.
Doryichthys deokhatoides Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste
Bijdr. Vischfauna Sumatra p. 72. — Ibid. 13de Bijdr. Vischfauna Borneo, p. 8.
Microphis deokhatoides Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons, II. 1870, p. 596.
Doryichthys deokhatoides Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 180.
Dorichthys deokhatoides Karoli, Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek, V. 1882, p. 40.
Dorichthys fluviatilis Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXI. 1904, p. 188.

1) This is not the case in the specimen of the island Simalur.

54

Dorichthys deokhatoides Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 483.
Doryichthys deokhatoides Duncker, Mitt. a, d. naturh, Mus. Hamburg XXXII,
1915, P» 53:

D. 30—35; A. 3—4; P. 18—23; C.8—10; Rings 17—20 +
31—35,; subdorsal rings I—2 + 4—6.

Much elongate. Height about 16—20 times in total length,
higher than broad. Shields transversally striated, the edges
finely serrated when young, smooth in adults. Intermedial shields
(scutella) smooth. Ventral crista very prominent. Inferior
cristae of trunk and tail continuous. Median cristae of trunk and
superior cristae of tail subcontinuous, as the end of the median
cristae runs somewhat below the superior cristae of the tail and
reaches the last trunk-or first tail-ring. Operculum with a pro-
minent complete longitudinal keel, but without radiating ridges.
Head 5'/,—6'/, times in length. Eye 6'/,—7 times in length
of head, about 4 times in snout. Snout about twice the length
of the postorbital part of the head or equal to the distance
from the frontmargin of the eye to the base of the pectoral.
Tail, the caudal included, somewhat longer than trunk and
head. Greenish, ventrally darker; laterally on the trunk, at
the limits of about the sixth to the fourteenth ring in the
superior crista a dark patch. A narrow dark band on snout
through eye to hindborder of operculum. Length 175 mm.
[A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Laut Tador; Medan!);
Borneo (Pontianak, Sadong). — Malay Peninsula.

In fresh water of rivers and brooks.

6. Doryichthys martensi (Ptrs.).

Syngnathus Martensii Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin (1868) 1869, p. 459.

Syngnathus Martensii Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 560.

Microphis caudatus? Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 62
(nec PETERS 1869).

Microphis ignoratus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 40.

Doryichthys (Microphis) ignoratus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XX VII. 1906, p. 211.

Doryichthys Martensi Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 53.

D. 3136; A. 3—4; P. 16—20; C. 9; Rings 15—17 + 33—37;
subdorsal rings I—2 + 5—7.

Shields transversally striated or corrugated, the keels smooth.
Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous. Median cristae of
trunk and superior cristae of tail subcontinuous, as both are

2

55

‘incompletely or completely interrupted subdorsally on the last
trunk- or the first tail-ring; eventually the cristae mediae of the
trunk are deflected to the inferior cristae of the tail, but they
don’t unite. Operculum vaulted, with complete longitudinal keel
from which diverge more or less pronounced corrugated lines.
Head 7 times or more in length. Eye about 4.5 times in head,
about 2.3 times in snout. Length of snout equal to remaining
part of the head. The median keel of snout reaches to nostrils
and according to PETERS even to occiput. Tail longer than trunk
and head. Caudal twice as long as eye. Reddish brown, later-
ally on the limit of the fourth to the penultimate ring of the
trunk a black spot on the median crista. Length 125 mm.
[Specimens of Mzcrophis ignoratus Vail. in the Leiden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (DUNCKER); Borneo (Lake Danau Sriang,
river Sebruang: an affluent of river Kapuas!, river Mandai!,
upper course of Mahakkam!). — Malay Peninsula.

In fresh water of lakes and rivers.

Doubtful specues:
Doryichthys fluviatilis (Blkr.).

Syngnathus fluviatilis Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Tros-
kieuwige Visschen, p. 18 (after an inedited figure of VAN HAsSELT; nec
PETERS, Ber. Verhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 685).

Microphis fluviatilis Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 598 (after BLEEKER).

Doryichthys fluviatilis Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915,
p- 55 (after BLEEKER, nec DUNCKER, ibid. XXI. 1904, p. 188).

D. 29; A. 4; Rings 18-—19 + 32; subdorsal rings 3—4 + 4—5.
Much elongate. Height about 18—1g in total length. Character
of cristae and operculum unknown. Head about 6°/, times in
length. Eye 6—7 times in head. Snout much longer (but less
than twice) than postorbital part of head. Tail, the caudal
included, slightly longer than trunk and head, but less than
twice longer than trunk alone. Colour greenish. Length 139 mm.
Habitat: Java (Batavia, in fresh water).

Note: This species is only known from the description of
BLEEKER, made after an inedited figure of VAN HASSELT. It
has never been found again and is therefore rather dubious;
perhaps it is identical with D. deokhatotdes (Blkr.).

In the Leiden Museum is a specimen (N°. 3852) collected

56

by KUHL and VAN HASSELT in Java, with the label Syngnathus
fluviatilis K. & v. H., written in their time. This specimen,
186 mm. long, is evidently a MMicrophis brachyurus Blkr. and
therefore quite different from the above named species.

5. Coelonotus Peters.

(PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. 465. — Reise nach
Mossambique, Zool. IV. Flussfische, 1868, p. 106).

Body round and very slender when young, in the adult
female much compressed. The superior cristae only are conspi-
cuous, the remaining cristae rounded, smooth and nearly incon-
spicuous. Head without or with very feeble ridges. Superior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous, subdorsally they run
closely and parallel to each other and unite at posterior end
of dorsal. Median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail
continuous. Intermedial shields (scutella) present as also a

Fig. 24. Coelonotus liaspis (Blkr.) n.s.

praenuchal and two nuchal shields. Operculum without keel
or with the indication of a keel at its base, but with radial
furrows and lines. Snout short, equal to or shorter than post-
orbital part of head. Tail longer than head and trunk. Dorsal
long, with more than 4o rays, situated above at least 12 rings
belonging for their largest part to the tail; anal before middle
of length. Pectorals present; caudal well developed or small.
Eggs rather large, in isolated cells, formed by the skin of the
abdomen and laterally protected by ventrally converging plates,
which belong. to the lower lateral edges of the trunk, the
posterior ends of which are connected by a fold of the skin.

Distribution: Living in fresh water of brooks and rivers
from East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands through
the indo-australian Archipelago to the Philippines, Japan and
West-Pacific islands.

57

Key to the indo-australian species of Coelonotus.
1. Operculum with a feeble keel in its basal half; head less

TodOMPArIce me Leng ble Of trumlce meer cP ate 4 = she, ol 4) ets C. argus p. 57.
2. Operculum without keel; head thrice or more than thrice

WED MAUD RN aes Perak eye ie TMC GeaR Mis) teh en «Collet, wcl'tale'\ aay opine C. liaspis p. 57.

1. Coelonotus argus ([trs).
Syngnathus argus Peters, Bericht d. Verh. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 685 (nec

RICHARDSON). :

Coelonotus argulus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1855, p. 465. — Reise nach

Mossambique, Zool. IV. Flussfische, 1868, p. 106.

Coelonotus argulus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons, II. 1870, p. 541.

Coclonotus biocellatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII, 1870, p. 188.

Coelonotus argulus Giinther, l.c. p. 189.

Coelonotus argulus Bleeker, Enumération Poiss. de Madagascar in: Recherch.

s.l. Faune de Madagascar, Leide 1875, p. 75.

Coclonotus argulus Sauvage, Poissons in: GRANDIDIER, Hist. nat. de Madagascar

XVI. 1891, p. 528.

Coelonotus argus Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 56.

D. 52—53; A. 4; P. 16—17; C.9; Rings 16 + 38—39; sub-
dorsal rings 3—4 + 8—9.

Body rounded, the adult female compressed. Shields trans-
versally striated. Cristae as in genus. Operculum with a feeble
keel at its basal half from which radiate feeble lines. Head
about 10 times in total length (with caudal), about twice and
two-thirds in length of trunk. Eye 6'/, times in head. Snout
slightly shorter than postorbital part of head; it is provided
with 3 feeble longitudinal keels or ridges. Tail with caudal
somewhat less than twice the length of head and trunk.
Brownish; trunk laterally with a black point on the intermedial
shields; these shields have two black points on the subdorsal
part of the tail; on the postdorsal part a black point on the
limits of their rings on the superior cristae. Length 142 mm.
[Not seen by us].

Habitat: South Flores (according to DUNCKER). — Mada-
gascar and Comores.

In fresh water of brooks.

2. Coelonotus liaspis (Blkr.) [Fig. 24, p. 56].
Syngnathus leiaspis Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Tros-
kieuwige Visschen, p. 20.
Syngnathus budi Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Vischsoorten Manado
en Makassar, p. 77.
HHemithylacus leiaspis Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 61.

58

Syngnathus? budi Bleecker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860. 13de Bijdr.
Vischfauna Celebes, p. 13.

Syngnathus leiaspis Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons I]. 1870, p. 572.

Syngnathus budi Duméril, ibid.

Hemithylacus leiaspis Duméril, l..c. p. 599.

Syngnathus budi Ginther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 176.

Coelonotus liaspis Giinther, 1. c. p. 188.

Coelonotus Vaillanti Juillerat, Bull. Soc. philom. (7) IV. 1880, p. 176.

Hemithylacus leiaspis Sauvage, Poissons in: GRANDIDIER, Hist. nat. de Mada-
gascar XVI. 1891, p. 507.

Coelonotus Vaillanti Sauvage, |.c. p. 508.

Syngnathus budi Max Weber, Nova Guinea V, 1908, Fische p. 228.

Coelonotus leiaspis Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXVII (1907) 1908,

p. 246.
Siphostoma yoshi Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXXVI. 1909, p. 597.
Syngnathus yoshi Snyder, 1.c. XLII. 1912, p. 407 and plate 51, fig. 3.
Syugnathus yoshi Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo
XXXIII, 1913, p. 95.
Coelonotus leiaspis de Beaufort, Bijdr. Dierkunde, 19e Aflev. Amsterdam 1913,
p- 103.
Coelonotus liaspis Duncker, Mitt. a.d, naturh. Mus. Hamburg, XXXII. 1915, p. 57.

D. 51—60'); A. 4; P. 17—19; C. 8—g; Rings 17—18 +
32—34; subdorsal rings 4—5 + 8—9g.

Body more or less compressed; tail quadrilateral. Lateral
shields with transverse striae, interrupted by a broad median
part which is corrugated as also the intermedial shields. Cristae
as in genus. Operculum without keel and with or without
feeble radial furrows. Head about g to more than 10 times in
total length (with caudal), thrice or more in length of trunk.
Eye 5—6 times in head. Snout about equal to postorbital
part of head, it is somewhat concave with feeble lateral ridges.
Tail, without caudal, much longer than head and trunk. Dorsal
lower than height of body. Caudal rounded, about as long as
postorbital part of head. When the colour is preserved, dorsal
surface of body and tail brown, ventral surface yellowish,
A dark brown stripe running from hindmargin of eye along
the sides of the trunk. The anal ring and the second, fourth,
fifth, seventh, tenth, thirteenth, fifteenth, eightteenth, twenty-
second and twenty-sixth tail-ring are speckled with brown on
the ventral side, giving to the rings a tortoise-shell-like appea-
rance, or the tail has brown edged ocelli, the centre of which
is formed by the whitish intermedial shields. Length 159 mm.

1) According to SNYDER D. 48.

eo

59

[Specimens of Syngnathus letaspis Blkr. and of S. dude Blkr.
of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us ')].

Nom. indig.: Budi (Menado).

Habitat: Java (Batavia!); Borneo!; Celebes (Menado, Tana-
wanko); Island Taliabu (Wai Meha!); Buru!; Waigeu (river
Rabiai!); North New Guinea (river Klipong!). — Philippines,
Japan and Madagascar.

In fresh and brackish water of rivers and brooks.

6. Belonichthys Peters.

(PETERS, Reise nach Mossambique, Zoologie IV, Flussfische, 1868, p, 108. —
Monatsber. Akad. Berlin (Februar 1868) 1869, p. 147).

Body feebly heptagonal, as all the cristae are smooth and
rounded. Edges on head low and smooth. Superior cristae of
trunk and tail discontinuous, as also the inferior cristae of trunk
and tail, median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail con-
tinuous. Intermedial shields (scutella) present as also a prae-
nuchal and two nuchal shields. Operculum without keel, with
feeble, radiating furrows. Snout short, about equal to post-
orbital part of head. Tail equal to or longer than head and
trunk. Anal before or in middle of total length. Dorsal long
with more than 60 rays, situated above 15 or 16 rings, II—I2
of which belong to the trunk; pectorals present; caudal well
developed. Eggs in isolated cells, formed by the skin of the
abdomen, and covered by ventrally converging plates, which
belong to the lower lateral edges of the trunk.

Distribution: see that of the single species known.

1. Belonichthys fluviatilis (Ptrs.) [Fig. 25, p. 6ol.

Syngnathus fluviatilis Peters, Ber. d. Verh. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 685.

Syrgnathus zambezensis Peters = Doryvichthys zambesensis Peters, Monatsber. Akad.
Berlin, 1855, p. 465.

Syngnathus mento Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Vischsoorten
Manado en Makassar, p. 75.

1) The same Museum contains also the following specimens of C. /iasfis (Blkr.):
one bottle (3855) with the label “Syrgnathus micrognathus s.n. Syngnathus
compressus K, & vy. H.” Java, coll. by KUHL and vAN HAssELT; the other (3854)
with the label “Syxenathus micrognathus K. & vy. H.” coll. by MULLER in Borneo.
We presume that Kaup took notice of the first bottle, when he mentioned as
synonyms of his Hemithylacus leiaspis Kp. (Cat. Lophobr, fish 1856 p. 61) “Syng-
nathus micropterus et compressus, Kuhl et v. Hass. MSS.” “microplerus” is
certainly a misprint for “micrognathus”’,

Fig. 25.
Belonichthys
fluviatilis

(Ptrs). X 23/4.

60

Syngnathus? mento Bleeker, |.c. VIII. 1860, 13de Bijdr. Visch-
fauna Celebes, p. 13.

Belonichthys (Syngnathus) zambezensis Peters, Reise nach Mos-
sambique, Zool. IV. Flussfische, 1868, p. 108.

Syngnathus mento Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons I], 1870, p. 571.

Belonichthys zambezensis Duméril, ibid. p. 587 !).

Doryichthys mento Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 181.

Syngnathus (Belonichthys) zambezensis Peters, Sitzber. Gesellsch.
naturf, Freunde Berlin, 1881, p. 108.

Syngnathus (Belonichthys) mento Peters, ibid.

Doryrhamphus mento de Beaufort, Bijdr. Dierkunde 19e Afil.,
Amsterdam, 1913, p. 102.

Belonichthys fluviatilis Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh,. Mus. Hamburg,
XXXII. 1915, p. 58.

D. 64—70; A. 4; P. 17---20; C.9; Rings 19 +
23—26; subdorsal rings 11—12 + 4.

Shields transversally, intermedial shields subra-
dially striated. Posterior rings of tail conspicuously
shorter than the preceding ones. Caudal equal to
or somewhat shorter than postorbital part of head.
Yellowish brown. Lower surface and operculum
silvery. For other characters see those of the genus.
Length 188 mm. [A specimen of Syngnathus mento
Blkr. of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sadong); Celebes (Menado,
in brackish water); Buru (Kajeli! in fresh water). —
Mossambique, Madagascar ?

7. Choeroichthys Kaup.
(Kaur, Cat. Lophobr, Fish, 1856, p. 55 2).

Small, short, dorsally and ventrally arched. Edges
of the shields finely serrated or granulated, those
of the head smooth. Rings of tail more numerous
than those of trunk. Superior cristae of trunk and
tail continuous, inferior cristae of trunk and tail
discontinuous, median cristae of trunk and inferior

1) DUNCKER unites with the present species also Hemithylacus
Rocaberti A. Dameéril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 600, but the
measurements of this species, especially the length of the head
compared with that of the total length, differ essentially.

2) In Kaup, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XIX. 1. 1853, p. 233, appears
only the name Choeroichthys without description.

61

cristae of tail continuous. Intermedial shields (scu-
tella) present, as also a praenuchal and two nuchal
shields. Operculum with complete longitudinal
keel and radiating ridges or lines, especially in
the lower half of the operculum. Snout rather
short, slightly shorter or longer than remaining
part of head. Dorsal with 21—35 rays, situated
above 5—9 rings, one or two of which belong
to the tail; anal behind middle of length; caudal
small; pectorals present. Eggs large, isolated in
open cells in the abdominal skin of the male.
They are laterally protected by ventrally diverging
plates; posteriorly and anteriorly these plates are
provided with converging cutaneous folds, which
temporarely are glued together in the median
line and enclose the eggs.

Distribution: Living in the litoral region
from East Africa, Mauritius, Bourbon, indo-
australian Archipelago, Philippines, Japan, Aus-
tralia to Pacific Islands.

ney -tocthe species of Choeroichthys.
I. Rings 19 + 21—24; subdorsal rings
5—7 + 2. Superior and inferior lateral
intermedial shields of trunk and lateral
and inferior intermedial shields of tail
with a longitudinal keel... ..... Ch. sculptus p. 61.
2. Rings 14—15 -++ 18—19; subdorsal
rings 4-+ 1. No keels on the inter-
MeCN SHVGHIS ay he Gas ea aw s,s Ch. brachysoma p. 62.

1. Choeroichthys sculptus (Gthr.) |Fig. 26, p. 61].

Doryichthys sculptus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 185.

Doryichthys sculptus Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)
XX. 1897, p. 374.

Microphis sculptus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries XXV.
(1905) 1906, p. 214.

Doryrhamphus macgregori Jordan & Richardson, Bull, Bur. of
Fisheries, Washington, 1908, p. 246.

Microphis ocellatus Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXXVI.
Coane Choerichohys
ee ae “ } Se tak. oeroic )

Doryichthys sculptus Giinther, Fische d, Siidsee III. 1909—1910, ape (Gthr.)

Ds ae Sf

62

Microphis ocellatus Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. Vol. 42, 1912, p. 495.
Choeroichthys sculptus Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915,
p- 59-

D. 26—35; A. 3—4; P. 183—21; C. 9—10; Rings 19 + 21—24;
subdorsal rings 5—7 + 2.

Shields corrugated, their edges granulated or finely serrated.
Superior and inferior lateral intermedial shields of trunk and
lateral and inferior intermedial shields of tail with a longitu-
dinal keel, giving the impression that laterally each ring on
the trunk is provided with 5 and on the tail with 3 edges.
Operculum with an oblique median raised keel from which
radiate ventrally numerous prominent ridges and a few dor-
sally. Snout slightly turned upwards, equal to or somewhat
longer than postorbital part of head; its keel and those on
the head prominent but smooth. Tail, without caudal, shorter
than trunk. Head more than 5 to 6 times in total length.
Colour variable: uniform dark brown with a whitish posterior
edge on caudal, or with paired light spots dorsally and later-
ally, or light gray with large round dark spots on the rings
of trunk and tail as also on opercle and lower surface of snout.
Length more than 60 mm.

Habitat: Island Samau (coral reef!). — East Africa, Abes-
sinia (according to DUNCKER), Philippine Archipelago, Japan,
New Hebrides, Fiji Islands, Rotuma, Society Islands.

On coral reefs.

2. Choeroichthys brachysoma (Blkr.).

Syngnathus brachysoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VIII. 1855, p. 327.

Choeroichthys Valencienni Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 55.

Choeroichthys brachysoma Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste
3ijdr. Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 72.

Choeroichthys brachysoma Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 588.

Doryichthys valenciennii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 187.

Doryichthys brachysoma Bleeker, Enumération d, Poiss, de Madagascar in: Recherch.
s. 1, faune de Madagascar, Leide 1875, p. 75.

Doryichthys WValenciennii Bleeker, Verhand. Akad. Amsterdam XVIII. (1878)
1879, p. 16.

Doryichthys serialis Giinther, Report zool. coll. Voy. Alert 1884, p. 30.

Choeroichthys brachysoma Vaillant, Bull. Soc. philom. Paris. 1891, p. 10.

Choeroichthys Valenciennii Duncker, Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, Pisces VI.
1909, Pp. 235.

Choeroichthys Valencienni Duncker, Mitt. a d. naturh. Mus, Hamburg XXXII.
1915, p. 60.

63

D. 20—24; A. 4; P. 20—23; C. g—11;
Rings 14—15 + 18—19; subdorsal rings
4+ 1.

Shields with reticulated striae, their
edges conspicuous, very minutely ser-
rated. Intermedial shields (scutella)
without keels. Operculum with a rough
longitudinal median crista above and
below it with numerous diverging lines.
Snout about equal to remaining part
of head, its keels smooth. Tail slightly
shorter than trunk. Brown; on each
side of the trunk two series of black
spots. A black band running from point
of snout through eye to operculum.
Length nearly 60 mm. [A beautiful
specimen of Doryzchthys brachysoma
Blkr. of BLEEKER’s collection in the
Leiden Museum seen by us|.

Habitat: Batu Islands. — Bourbon,
Mauritius, Cap York and Port Molle,
Queensland.

8. Doryrhamphus Kaup.
(Kaur, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 585) ').

Short, rather stout. Edges of the
shields prominent, posteriorly ending
in a spine but otherwise smooth, as
those of the head; only the median
dorsal keel on the snout is rather high
and roughly serrated. Rings of trunk
more numerous than those of tail.
Superior and inferior cristae of trunk
and tail discontinuous. Median cristae
of trunk and inferior cristae of tail con-
tinuous. Intermedial shields (scutella)
large. Operculum with complete longi-

1) In Kaup, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XIX. 1, 1853,
p- 233 appears only the name Doryrhamphus
without description.

¥

;
a
\
3
i

t

: i
2 ——
ie Stig FHS.

SEC
pas
1 eA OM ene

Fig. 27. Doryrhamphus
melanopleura (Blkr.).
xX 2.5%

64

tudinal keel, from which radiate ventrally some prominent |
ridges. Snout short, slightly shorter or longer than postorbital
part of head. Dorsal with 22—27 rays, situated above 4—6
rings of the trunk and 2—4 of the tail; anal behind middle
of length; pectorals large, caudal especially so. Eggs large,
isolated in cells of the abdominal skin of the male. They are
enclosed by extensive lateral cutaneous folds, which are tem-
porarely united in the median line.

Distribution: Marine shore fishes in the indo-pacific
region from the Red Sea, Mauritius, Madagascar, indo-australian
Archipelago, Japan to Pacific Islands. +

1. Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Blkr.) |Fig. 27, p. 63].

Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup 1), Cat. Lophobr. Fish 1856, p. 51 (pro parte).

Syngnathus melanopleura Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XV. 1858, p. 464.

Doryramphus melanopleura Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII, 1860, Achtste
Bijdr. vischfauna Sumatra, p. 72.

Doryichthys excisus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1876, p. 447 (nec Dory-
rhamphus excisus Kaup sensu DUNCKER).

Doryichthys pleurotaenia Giinther, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Shore fishes, 1880, p. 62.

Doryrhamphus pleurotaenia Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm, XXIII.
(1903) 1905, p. 121.

Microphis pleurotaenia Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fisheries XXV_ (1905)
1906, p. 214.

Doryrhanphus pleurotaenia Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien Bd. CXV. 1906,
p- 1419.

Doryichthys pleurotaenia Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, 1910, p. 434.

Microphis extensus Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XL. 1911, p. 525. —
lc. vol. XEII- 1912, p. 495:

Doryrhamphus excisus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 117.

Doryrhamphus melanopleura Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.
1915, p. 61.

D. 21—25; A.4; P. 19-22. GC: 10% Rings 16—18 413-155
subdorsal rings 4—6 + 2—4.

Shields transversally striated; their edges, especially those
of the tail, posteriorly ending in a spine. Operculum divided

1) We agree with the opinion of DuNCKER, that the name D. excisus Kaup
ought to be reserved for the species known from the Red Sea. KAup mentions in
his first paper (Arch. f. Naturgesch. XXI. 1, 1853, p. 233) only the Red Sea
as locality. The specimens, which he quotes, belong to the Museum of Berlin
and Paris. Those of the Berlin Museum were collected by Hempricn and
EHRENBERG and belong to D. excisus Kaup emend. DuUNCKER. This is also the
case with the specimens from the Paris Museum, which were afterwards described
by DuMErIL.

by an oblique longitudinal
keel in a superior smaller
and an inferior larger part,
the last shows up to 8 pro-
minent lines, radiating from
the longitudinal keel. Snout
rather stout, slightly long-
er than postorbital part of
head, with a median high,
roughly serrated crista and
2 lateral lower and less den-
ticulated cristae. Tail much
shorter than trunk. Dorsal
rather high, but less than
height of body. Head 4'/,
to more than 5'/, times in
length. Eye 4—5'/, times in
head. Caudal conspicuously
longer than half length of
head. Deep- or grayish
brown; a dark band, narrow
on snout and head, is con-
tinued as a broader band on
the sides of trunk and tail.
Posterior half of caudal may
be blackish. Length 63 mm.
[A specimen of Syugnathus
melanopleura Blkr. of BLEE-
KER’scollectioninthe Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Cocos Island;
Timor! ; Island Samau!; New
Guinea (North coast). —
Mauritius, Japan, Riu Kiu
Islands, Hawatian Islands,
Rotuma, Samoa.

g. Solegnathus Swainson.
(Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. I]. 1839,

PP- 195, 333)
Solenognathus Kaup et auctores.

Body compressed, higher

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV,

65

Fig. 28. Solegnathus lettiensis Blky.
4/5 type of BLEEKER,

ur

66

than broad, nearly hexagonal. Tail prehensile, equal to or much
shorter than trunk. Head in continuation of the longitudinal
axis of the body or forming with it an obtuse angle only.
Shields hard, radially rugose or with radiating lines of well-
developed spines and with a stronger one in the centre. The
tail-rings with or without cutaneous excrescences on their
inferior surface. The edges of the rings rough or spiny. Inter-
medial shields (scutella) present as also two nuchal shields,
praenuchal shield present or absent. Superior cristae of trunk
and tail discontinuous. Inferior cristae of trunk and _ tail conti-
nuous. Median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail con-
tinuous, by exception not so. Operculum with radiating lines
or edges which are smooth, granulated or rough. Dorsal situated
on the anterior 10—12 caudal rings, its base not elevated.
Anal and pectorals present. Caudal wanting. Eggs large, isolated
in open cells belonging to the ventral surface of the anterior
part of the tail.

Distribution: Marine fishes living in the indo-australian
Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand and China; probably in
deeper water.

Key to the indo-amstraliant speectes: of
Solegnathus.

I. Snout about twice longer than postorbital part of head.

Tail and trunk of equal lengthy Doral fin with 35—36 rays.
mubdorsal rings /o:- 50 2%) Sane te astitial «nik Lease «ere ee S. lettiensis p. 66.-
2. Snout about thrice longer than postorbital part of head.

Tail longer than trunk. Dorsal fin with about 46 rays. Sub-

dorsal *rings io.46 92". 5 emeneaeay the Sr, Nate aay. Ae S. giintheri p. 67.

1. Solegnathus lettiensis Blkr. |Fig. 28, p. 65].

Solenognathus lettiensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 12de Bijdr.
vischfauna Amboina, p. 3.

Solenognathus /ettiensis Duméril, Hist, nat. Poissons IL. 1870, p. 530.

Solenostomus |) lettiensis Giinther, Cat, Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 516.

Solenognathus lettiensis Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII,
1915, p. 66.

D. 35—36; A. 4; P. 26—27; Rings 22—23 + 50—51; sub-
dorsal rings 0+ I0.
Much elongate, anteriorly pentagonal or hexagonal, poste-

1) This is certainly a misprint for So/exognathus.

67

riorly tetragonal. Head forming an obtuse
angle, about 6'/, in total length. Eye somewhat
more than 7 times in head. Occiput posteriorly
and orbits provided with some rough tubercles.
Snout somewhat more than twice longer than
postorbital part of head, with a conical tuber-
cle in front of the eyes. Operculum radially
roughly rugose. Shields with radial rugosities,
their edges slightly elevated, rough and partly
provided with a conical tubercle. Length of
tail equal to that of trunk. Dorsal somewhat
longer than snout. Pectorals about as long as
eye. Yellowish brown; shields dorsally witha
single brown spot; tail with 7—8 broad diffuse
bands. Length of the single specimen known
312 mm. |Type of BLEEKER, in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Island Letti, one of the “south-
western” islands of the Banda Sea! ').

2. Solegnathus giintheri Duncker ”).
[Fig. 29, p. 67].
Solenognatnus Hardwickei Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII.

1870, p. 195 (p. p-)-
Solenognathus Giintheri Duncker, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Ham-

burg XXXII. 1915, p. 65.

D. (42) 46; A. 4; P. 22—26; Rings (24 + 53)
23 + 55—56; subdorsal rings (0+ 11) O+ 12.

Much elongate; head nearly in the conti-
nuation of the axis of the trunk; 1.9 to 2.17
(2.5) in trunk and 5.6 (5.8) in total length.
Snout about */, of length of head and nearly
thrice (less than thrice) longer than its post-
orbital part. Orbital ring with spines, especially
below and above, those above forming a series
of strong, prominent spines, anteriorly conti-

1) By Dumérit and DuncKER Amboina is erroneously
stated as habitat of this fish.

2) Description made after the two fresh alcohol-specimens ;
the figures in brackets are taken from DUNCKER’s descrip-
tion of the dried specimen in the British Museum.

eI
Z
=
ray
=
=
ro

=
‘y

#
e\ “ao
<>

Mi LT ae

Ee,
JZ,
(

Fig. 29. Solegnathus
guntheri. X '/2. Left
figure outline of dor-
salscutes(magnified),

68

nued as a spiny rim. Both opposite rims converge and unite
into a spiny patch on the posterior half of the snout. Inter-
orbital space concave '), smaller than eye. Lower half of oper-
culum with distally radiating short spiny lines. Superior limit
of operculum with a sharp oblique crest: from orbita to branchial
opening. Occiput elevated into a broad blunt tubercle. Eye
g to 9.7 times in head, somewhat more than twice in post-
orbital part. Trunk pentagonal with a flat dorsal surface, much
shorter than tail; ventrally strongly convex in the last ?/, of
its length, less so dorsally; its greatest height about I9 times
in the total length and somewhat more or less than length
of head without snout. Superior cristae of trunk ending below
end of dorsal; median cristae of trunk strongly developed and
continued in superior cristae of tail. Scutella more or less oval
with irregular transverse or radial blunt tubercles, which are
transversally arranged on the scuta. In the younger specimen
the scutella have about 5 irregular cristae diverging from the
centre, and the scuta are more spinous; in those on the tail
the edges are finely spinous, with the central spine the highest.
Dorsal fin longer than snout; pectorals equal to eye. About
7 to 8 rounded blackish patches at least as broad as a ring;
4 to 6 on trunk, the first on about the 4th or 5th ring; one
on root of tail, one or two smaller ones behind it. Length
of the 2 described specimens (in the Museum of Amsterdam
and Buitenzorg, Java) 259 and 386 mm.; length of the dried
specimen in the British Museum about 475 mm.

Habitat: Strait Madura! (lieutenant Vink leg.); Houtmans
Abrolhos! (British Museum).

10. Cory thoichthys Kaup (p: p.):

(Corythdichthys Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 25).
Corythroichthys Jordan & Snyder?), Proc. U.S. Nat..Mus. Wash. XXIV. 1901,
p- 7 (nec. Kaup),

1) We find it concave also in the type-specimen in the British Museum.

2) It seems that JorpDAN & SNYDER have introduced in 1901 the name Cory-
throichthys (from xopvpog crown, a word about which GUNTHER already remarked,
that it does not exist in the greek language, and iy3v¢ fish) in which they were
followed by different writers who added “Kaup” as author, or they used the
name — as DuUNCKER did — as a synonym of Corythdichthys Kaup. Besides
that this proceeding is against every rule of priority, there was no reason why

69

Corythroichthys Duncker, in Fauna Siid-
west Australiens, Pisces, 1909, p. 237-
Corythoichthys WDuncker, Mitt. a. d.
naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915,

pe 72

Body short, rather stout.
Shields rough, with the edges
more or less prominent and
smooth, slightly crenulated, by
exception serrated. Snout slen-
der, straight, equal to postorbi-
tal or remaining part of head;
its ventral profile forming a
straight line with ventral pro-
file of head; its dorsal profile
abruptely rising to orbits, which
are prominent. The dorsal pro-
file of the head rising abruptely
in its orbital part, forming an
angle with the snout; the front
and eyes prominent. Occiput
and nuchal shields with a
distinct median, more or less
scalloped crest. Supraorbital
ridges continued on occiput.
Operculum crossed by a com-
plete longitudinal keel. Supe-
rior cristae of tail and trunk
discontinuous; inferior cristae
of trunk and tail continuous;
median cristae of trunk and
superior cristae of tail subconti-
nuous. Intermedial shields (scu-
tella) present as also a prae-
nuchal and one nuchal shield.

the name Cory¢héichthys of Kaup ought
to be changed. DuMERIL has already
shown that it was derived from xépuc,
vog helmet and iySvo fish and therefore
more correct than the innovation of
JORDAN & SNYDER,

SS

—_
Som
(
PS
SS

cee

8

4

DOLE

ISS TS a as TS
}

NK

tin

\

\

|
AY

,

) ual ,

= = —
> a
=| —
eae S|
es a
= =
= ==EN
SS (robs
= 5=

Fig. 30.
Corythoichthys crenulatus M. Web.
XK 4

7O

Tail more or less than twice as long as trunk. Dorsal situated
totally or nearly totally on the anterior caudal rings, with
20—34 rays. Anal, pectorals and caudal present. Eggs small,
numerous, incompletely isolated in cutaneous cells on the lower
surface of the tail, laterally protected by low diverging cuta-
neous folds.

Distribution: Marine fishes living on coral reefs and
near the shore in the indo-pacific region and on the east coast
of central and tropical South America.

Key to the indo-dustralian species yor
Corythoichthys.

A. Length of snout about equal to half length of head.
1. All the edges on head, body and operculum smooth;
or those of the body only slightly corrugated, even
ING OUNN ESP ECINIENS I) ctu We chen telken seh al sae Mee A ee C. fasciatus p. 70.
2. All the edges on head, body and operculum sharply
serrated; the fish therefore strongly adhering. .... C. crenulatus p. 72.
4. Length of snout much less than half length of head.
1. All the edges on head, body and operculum corru-
gated or slightly serrated, the fish not adhering .. . C. corrugatus p. 73.

1. Corythoichthys fasciatus (Gray). |Fig. 31, p. 71].

Syngnathus fasciatus Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. I. 1830—1832, pl. 89, fig. 2 and
2a (nec Risso, 1810).
Syngnathus flavofasciatus Riippel, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 1840, p. 144.
Syngnathus haematopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 258. —
Verh. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Troskieuwige Visschen, p. 20.
Syngnathus fasciatus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1855, p. 465..— Arch. f.
Naturgesch. XXI. 1. 1855, p. 277.

Corythiichthys fasciatus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 25.

Syngnathus fasciatus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 543 (p. p-).

Syngnathus conspicillatus Giimther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 174 (p.p.
nec JENYNS).

Syngnathus flavofasciatus Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool:-bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI.
1871, p. 649.

Syngnathus~ conspicillatus Bleeker, Arch. néerl. sc. nat. XIII. 1878, p. 49
(nec JENYNS).

Ichthyocampus papuensis Sauvage, Bull. Soc. philom. (7) IV. 1880, p. 228.

Syngnathus conspicillatus Lunel, Mém., Soc, phys. sc. nat. Geneve XXVII. 1881,
p. 291 (nec JENYNS).

Syngnathus intestinalis Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1881, p. 494. ,

Syngnathus conspicillatus Day, Fishes of India, 1878—1888, p. 808 (nec JENYNS).

Corythroichthys isigakius Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIV. rgor, p.7.-

~~

71

+ Corythroichthys waitei Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash. XXV.

(1905) 1906, p. 212.
Corythroichthys elerae Evermann & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash, XXVI.
(1906) 1907, p. 57.
Corythroichthys conspicillatus Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica VII. 1910, p. 29 (nec
JENYNS).
Syngnathus haematopterus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee 1910, p. 431 (p. p.).
Corythroichthys waitei McCulloch, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales XXXV. 1910, p. 432.
Corythroichthys intestinalis McCulloch, Zool. Results “Endeavour” I, 1911, p. 26.
Corythroichthys ishigakius Snyder, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. Wash. vol. 42, 1912, p. 494.
Syngnathus flavofasciatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 108,
Corythoichthys fasciatus Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII,

1915, P- 72+
Corythoichthys fasciatus Bamber, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool, XXXI. 1915,

Pp: 479.

D. 25—32; A. 3—4; P. 14—18; C.g—11; Rings 15—18 +
33—37; subdorsal rings o—I + 5—6.

Body robust. Shields transversally striated and corrugated.
Median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail generally
incompletely interrupted between the last
ring of the trunk and the first of the
tail or they are completely interrupted
on one of those rings. Head about 8 to
more than g. Snout half as long as head,
slender, cylindrical; its ventral surface
forming a straight line with that of head.
A crest on each side of head above eyes.
Interorbital space deeply concave; a three-
lobed prominent median crest on occiput
and nape. Operculum with a complete
longitudinal keel. Tail equal to or somewhat
more or less than twice the length of the
trunk. Colour light gray with numerous Fig. 31. Coryvthoichthys
broad dark cross-bands composed of fine Sasciatus Gray.
anastamosing longitudinal lines or there }°We! surface of head and
are dark blotches along the sides. Oper- 114). and female: pbalie
culum with numerous darkish parallel Ferme fice
longitudinal lines or it shows ventrally a
dark longitudinal band. Throat between opercles with a black
median streak or with a black marmoration and behind it
two or three black cross-bars on the anterior 2 to 4 rings.
Length 173 mm. [A specimen of Syxgnathus haematopterus Blkr.
of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museeum seen by us|}.

anterior part of trunk in

7/2

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Island Simalur!; Batu Islands; Celebes;
Saleyer!; Binongka!; Flores!; Solor!; Lomblem!; Timor; Buru;
Banda; Obi major!; Ambon!; Nusa Laut; Batjan; Ternate!;
Ceram; Waigeu!; New Guinea!; Kei Islands!; Sulu Archi-
pelago!. — Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mossambique; Madagascar,
Bourbon; Mauritius; Seychelles; British India; Ceylon; Philip-
pines; China; Japan; Riu Kiu Islands; Australia; (Samoa?).

Note: This species is very near C. conspicillatus Jenyns
(Zool. Voy. Beagle IV. Fish. 1842, p. 147) = C. sealei Jordan
& Seale (Bull. Bur. of Fisheries XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 213).
The only reai difference seems to be that its snout is still
more slender and conspicuously less than half the length of
the head. -It:iseems-_to be: restricted “to the /Pacific- Islands
whereas C. fasciatus is a more western form. Perhaps DUNCKER
is right when he supposes that C. conspicillatus Jenyns is only
a local variety of C. fasctatus.

2. Corythoichthys crenulatus (M. Web.) |Fig. 30, p. 69].

Syugnathus crenulatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 100.

D. 27—30; P. 14; Rings 15—17 + 35—40; subdorsal rings
I + 5—6.

Extremely slender; trunk nearly four-sided, its height slightly
more than its breadth; all the edges finely serrated, ending
on each ring with a prominent tooth, the fish therefore strongly
adhering. Head 7—8 times in length, more than twice in
length of trunk. Snout. nearly equal to half length of head,
somewhat compressed; its dorsal profile gently rising to the
orbits; its median crest ends in the narrow orbital space,
which is limited on both sides by a sharp supraorbital crest,
which is continued in a curve to the occiput. The occiput
with a sharp crest, which is continued on the nape. All crests
and edges on the head are serrated. Operculum with a rather
high, sharply serrated, complete longitudinal keel. Superior
cristae of trunk are continued nearly to the end of the dorsal
or not so far. Superior cristae of tail reach nearly to the
commencement of the dorsal; the median cristae of the trunk
reach as far. Caudal equal to postorbital part of head. Tail
somewhat more than twice the length of trunk. Colour diffuse
grayish with somewhat light cross-bars on the tail. Snout

vs oom
are

ie

darker with a blackish longitudinal streak or the colour is
light yellow with black points on the snout, a blackish net-
work on the head and faint cross-bars on about each second
ring formed by blackish rings between each pair of edges.
Length 61 mm.

Habitat: Java (Samarang!); Island Binongka!; Timor
(Kupang!).

All the specimens were caught on the surface of the sea.

Note. The above description is based on young specimens
of which the fullgrown form is not yet known. They cannot:
belong to Corythoichthys fasciatus (Gray) as DUNCKER (Mitt.
-a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 73) thought
probable. We had the opportunity to compare with the above
described specimens about thirty juvenile specimens of C. fas-
ctatus of the same or somewhat smaller or larger size. They
show the same form of snout, the dorsal profile of which does not
yet rises abruptely, but gently, to the orbital region. This is
therefore indeed a juvenile character, but the young ones of
C. fasciatus do not show the slightest trace of the sharp
serrature of all the edges of head and body and operculum,
which is so characteristic of C. crenulatus. Besides C. crenulatus
seems to be a true pelagic species. At least, all known speci-
mens were caught in surface nets partly with the help of
electric light.

3. Corythoichthys corrugatus (M. Web.) '). |Fig. 32, p. 74].
Syngnathus corrugatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 112.

D. 32; P.ca.15; Rings 15 + 42; subdorsal rings 1 +7.

Body rather stout, the ventral crista prominent, heptagonal.
Tail tetragonal, more than 2'/, times as long as trunk. All
the shields corrugated as also the head; all the edges on head
and shields prominent and finely serrated or corrugated. Inter-
medial shields (scutella) wanting. Head 10 times in length;
nearly three times in length of trunk. Snout short, one third
longer than diameter of eye and slightly shorter than post-
orbital part of head; its dorsal surface deeply concave, abrup-
tly rising to orbital part of head, which is prominent. Median

1) We are not sure about the geveric position of the single specimen we possess.

74

line of snout with a series of isolated spines, which are conti-
nued as a low crest on the concave, very narrow interorbital
space ; a low somewhat scalloped crest
on occiput and nape. In front of each
nostril a prominence with about four
spines. Orbital borders denticulated ;
from their dorsal middle a curved,
denticulated ridge runs to end of
occiput. Similar ridges below orbitae
and on lower surface of snout, which
forms a straight line with the lower
surface of head. Operculum with a
complete denticulated longitudinal keel
and radiating lines. Superior cristae
of trunk continued to end of dorsal
but not continuous with the superior
cristae of tail; these proceed anteriorly
to the frontborder of the last ring of
trunk. Inferior cristae of trunk and
tail continuous. Median cristae of trunk
ending at frontborder of first tail-ring,
their end situated below anterior end
of superior cristae of tail. Base of dorsal
not elevated. Pectorals and anal very
small as also the caudal, which is
truncated. Alternating dark and light
brown transverse bands corresponding
with the rings; on the tail the light
bands are gaining in size posteriorly.
Head darkish, with an indication of
irregular light bands; snout with dark
points. Length of single specimen
known 65 mm.
Habitat: Karakelang Islands!

11. Micrognathus Duncker.

Fig. 32. Corythoichthys (DUNCKER, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg
corrugatus M. Web. X 3. XXIX. 1912, p. 235).

Body elongate, more or less stout;
anteriorly heptagonal, posteriorly tetragonal. Rings transver-
sally striated, their keels moderately prominent,- smooth or

only posteriorly finely dentated or somewhat spinous.

75

Ridges on head generally feeble; cutaneous appen-
dages on head and body generally present. Snout
stout, more or less curved upward, very short,
about equal to postorbital part of head, rising more
or less gently to orbital region. Keel on operculum
only anteriorly visible, reaching not farther than
to its middle. Superior cristae of trunk and tail
discontinuous as also the inferior cristae of trunk
and tail. Median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae
of tail continuous. Intermedial shields (scutella) large ;
a praenuchal and a nuchal shield present. Tail
equal to or somewhat more or less than twice the
length of the trunk. Dorsal short with 17—23
rays, its basé not elevated, situated on one or two
of the last body-rings or on none and on 3—5 tail-
rings. Pectorals, anal and caudal present. Eggs
rather large, isolated in cutaneous cells on the
anterior 14 or 15 rings of the tail; they are late-
rally protected by thin cutaneous folds which begin
behind anal and converge posteriorly; they coalesce
temporarely in the median line. These skin-folds
may contain feebly developed bony plates.

Distribution: Marine fishes living on coral
reefs and in litoral water in the indo-pacific region
and in the Caribbean Sea.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Micrognathus.

1. Snout without a median crest; equal to

or somewhat shorter than postorbital part

Gy! “UNS EKG! Poem, Set S aa ae a 8ST et es pe tone M. brevirostris p. 75.
2, Snout with a median crest of 4—6 strong

teeth; much shorter than postorbital part

Cieheadyeeaen he ietie sewn ue hh «ch ein, La PRIOR ALD 7 7 «

1. Micrognathus brevirostris (Ripp.).

Syngnathus brevirostris Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere. Fische des

ig. 33:

Rothen Meeres, 1840, p. 144. Miers noeie

os . y > . *wuUr — crogne s
Syngnathus sundaicus Bleeker, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, mataafae
Bijdr. Troskieuwige Visschen p. 21. (Jordan &

Corythoichthys brevirestris Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 28. Seale) X 2.5.

76

Syagnathus Andersonii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XV. 1858, p. 465.

Syngnathus tetrophthalmus Bleeker, ibid. p. 467.

Svngnathus sundaicus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 556.

Syngnathus tetrophthalmus Duméril, 1.c. p. 563.

Syngnathus Andersonii Duméril, 1. c. p. 564.

Syngnathus brevirostris Duméril, l.c. p. 565.

Syngnathus brevirostris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 167.

Syngnathus tetrophthalmus Giinther, l.c. p. 169.

Syagnathus brevirostris Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI.
1871, p. 652. :

Corythroichthys tanakae Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXX.
1906, p. 696.

Corythoichthys spinicaudatus Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus. N°. 9, 1908, p. 16.

Corythroichthys tanakae Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. vol. 42, 1912, p. 407.

Syngnathus brevirostris de Beaufort, Bijdr. tot de Dierkunde, 19de afl. Amster-
dam. 1913, p. 102.

Syngnathus brevirostris Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 106.

Micrognathus brevirostris Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

pt OUSe p- 75: Papen ip . WH Ly 5 be 3 /938
—L/ 2G AM = ALOE: Le é

7 — 22 Ao Pp. 9—14; C. 10; Rings 15—17 + 2832;
subdorsal rings O—2 + 3—5.

Body somewhat compressed, its edges prominent, sometimes
slightly dentated. Shields transversally striated. Head nearly
g to more than 10. Eye 5—5'/, in head. Snout very short,
stout, somewhat curved upward, equal to or somewhat shorter
than postorbital part of head, as long as eye or half its length
longer and 2'/,—3 times in length of head, without median_
crest or spines or with a feeble crest only. Operculum with
short feeble basal keel, which may reach to middle of its
length and with radiating lines. Tail more than 1.6 times to
about twice as long as trunk. Cutaneous appendages more or
less developed on head, nape and edges of body. Colour much
varying, generally dark brown with light cross-bars on back
of each ring or they appear at certain distance on about 10
rings only. Colour of females generally lighter. The operculum
may have a brown ocellus with a pearl-coloured and a brown
peripheral ring. Length 75 mm. [A specimen of Syngnathus
tetrophthalmus Blkr. of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore!; Java; Cocos Islands; Sangir Islands;
Sula Besi Island!; Gisser Island!; Waigeu!; New Guinea!;
Timor. — Thursday Island!; Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mossambique ;
Japan; Australia (Sydney, Cape York).

is

7

a Micrognathus mataafae (Jordan & Seale).
[Fig. 33, p. 75].

Corythroichthys mataafae Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur, Fish. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 213.
Syngnathus mataafae Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee. 1910, p. 431.

Syagnathus mataafae Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. I12.
Micrognathus Mataafae Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

1915, p- 76.

Dron A aa" P. 12—-13-2C. 10; .Ringsiis -- ga2=ac
subdorsal rings I + 4.

Trunk heptagonal, tail tetragonal; more slender than pre-
ceding species. Edges of rings smooth. Intermedial shields
large. Head more than 10 to more than 11'/, times in length.
Eye more than 3'/, times in head. Snout very short, thick,
with a median crest of 4—6 rather strong teeth; it is longer
than eye and than half length of postorbital part of head,
about thrice in length of head. Operculum with a feeble basal
keel but with numerous radiating lines. A fringed cutaneous
appendage on top of each orbit and a single one on middle
of nape, besides a pair on snout behind eye. Tail twice or
more longer than the length of the trunk. Caudal short, about
equal to eye. Anal minute; pectorals shorter than opercle.
Colour whitish, a silvery brown rimmed spot on the inter-
medial shields. Head with dusky lines and spots or light brown
with 10—11 whitish cross bars on back, 3 in front of dorsal,
2 below dorsal, the others on tail. Length 115 mm.

Habitat: Timor!; Island Salomakiée!. — Samoa.

On coral reefs.

12. Syngnathus Linné (Kaup).

(Linne&, Syst. nat. edit. X. 1758, p. 336).
Kaup, Cat. Lophobr, Fish, 1856, p. 32.

Body slender, elongate, not compressed, hexagonal, or tetra-
gonal, tapering into a long tetragonal tail. Shields more or
less transversally striated, their edges smooth or serrated.
Intermedial shields (scutella) generally present as also a nuchal
and praenuchal shield. Superior cristae of trunk and tail dis-
continuous; inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous; median
cristae of trunk and inferior cristae of tail discontinuous, but
the former and the superior cristae of tail continuous or sub-
continuous. Head generally slender and tapering gently into

Fig. 34. Syngnathus
spicifer Riipp.

Female to the left xX 3p.

Male to the right * #/s.

78

a longer or shorter tube-like snout with or
without a median keel. Operculum with a
straight longitudinal keel, which is complete
or restricted to the basal part. Oblique lines
or edges radiate from the keel or are wanting.
Dorsal with 21—45 rays, which are inserted
exclusively on the anterior tail-rings up to
the ninth or also, on one {to three of the
last rings of the trunk; base of dorsal not
elevated; pectorals, anal and caudal present.
Eggs isolated in cutaneous cells on ventral
surface of anterior part of tail, they are
totally protected by cutaneous folds, which
may contain more or less developed bony
plates. These folds begin next to anus,
reach far behind subdorsal rings of tail and
coalesce in the median line, splitting length-
wise to release the young fishes. Both sexes
without much difference in exterior.

Distribution: Living in temperate and
tropical seas; some aiso in brackish or
fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian Sipecres

of Syngnathus.

I, Operculum with a rectilinear complete
keel. Median cristae of trunk subcon-
tinuous with superior or inferior cristae
of tail (Parasyngnathus Duncker).
A. Dorsal situated on tail only.
I. Snout equal to or slightly longer
or shorter than postorbital part
of head. Brown, trunk ventrally
paler or reticulated with brown.
Tail spotted; head with 3 black-
ish bands radiating from eye. . S. djarong p. 79.
2. Snout longer but less than twice
than postorbital part of head.
Trunk ventrally with 13—15
white: crossbars. 7s 29s.) 5 #2i 4 S. spicifer p. 80.

79

3. Snout longer than remaining part of head. Trunk
with 7 longitudinal series of pearly ocelli .. . S. argyrostictus p. 82.
&. Anterior part -of dorsal inserted on last trunkrings.
I. Snout equal to postorbital part of head. Tail
; twice length of trunk. Dorsal 21—25, rings
7S ss) os Se en S. fasciolatus p. 83.
2, Snout longer than postorbital part of head.
Dorsal 30; rings 13 + 32—36.......... S. cyanospilus p. 83.
3. Snout equal to remaining part of head. Dorsal
Aeler abate! GUS Ce el aeRO Re ic Suc AG Oma S. uncinatus p. 84.
II. Operculum with a rather low keel, restricted to its
basal third. Median cristae of trunk and superior cristae
of tail subcontinuous (Siphostoma Duncker).
PeOotcae2e trunk nearly twice ini tail; 0305 2 i. S. punctatus p. 86.
Que Worsal 29-3 trunk: 17) ini tails Wiis > ts ene S. pelagicus p. 87.
3. Dorsal 35—45; trunk twice to nearly 24 times in tail. S. acws p. 88.

1. Syngnathus djarong Blkr.

Syngnathus djarong Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr.
Troskieuwige Visschen, p. 22, — Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Ind. VII. 1854, p. 325. —
l.c. IX. 1855, p. 420.

Syngnathus Helfrichii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IX. 1855, p. 428.

Syngnathus spicifer var. rivalis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1869, p. 276
(fide DUNCKER).

Syngnaihus djarong Duméril, Hist, nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 545.

Syngnathus Helfrichit Duméril, l.c. p. 547.

Syngnathus spicifer Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, VIII. 1870, p. 172 (p. p.).

Syngnathus parviceps Ramsay & Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) I.
1886, p. 475.

Syngnathus spicifer var. djarong Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica Vol. VII. prt. XXV.
1910. p. 31 and 32.

Syngnathus djarong Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p: $0.
'D. 23—29; A. 2—3; P. 13—16; C. 10; Rings 14—16 + 39—43;

subdorsal rings: 2nd—6th or 3rd—8th caudal ring.

Very slender; trunk heptagonal; the ventral crista strongly
prominent; tail tetragonal. Shields transversely striated, their
edges prominent, smooth. Intermedial shields oval. End of
median cristae of trunk on the last body-ring strongly deflected
to inferior cristae of tail but not united with them. Superior
cristae of tail in most cases reaching the first tail-ring. Head
about 9—12 times in length, rather low; its profile from point
of snout to front concave. Occiput smooth. Snout equal to or
slightly longer or shorter than postorbital part of head. Oper-
culum inflated, with a complete longitudinal keel from whence

8o

radiate striae. Eye about 4—5 times in head. Tail somewhat
more or less than twice longer than trunk. Brown, trunk
ventrally paler, or it is reticulated with brown and the tail
ventrally more or less spotted. Head with 3 blackish bands
radiating from the eye, one along the snout, a second to the
temples, a third inferiorly along the operculum; the lower
surface of snout and head may also be black-spotted. Length
140 mm. [Specimens of S. djarong Blkr. and S. Helfrichi Blkr.
of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Trussan, Tandjong); Simalur!;
Nias!; Java (Dirk de Vries Bay!); Borneo (Banjermassin);
Waigeu (riverRabiai!) New Guinea!. — Ceylon; Philippines;
New South Wales (Clarence river).

In brackish water and fresh water of brooks and rivers.

2. Syngnathus spicifer Riipp. [Fig. 34, p. 78].

Syngnathus spicifer Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische des Rothen Meeres,
1840, p. 143.

Syngnathus gastrotaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 713. —
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Troskieuwige Visschen, p. 22. —
Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX. 1855, p. 430.

Syngnathus tapeinosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VI. 1854, p. 376.

Syngnathus spicifer Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 34 (p. p.).

?Microphis tenuis Blyth, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (1858) 1859, p. 272.

Syngnathus Hunnii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste Bijdr.
vischfauna Sumatra, p. 70.

Syngnathus argyrostictus Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 264 (nec Kaur).

Syngnathus spicifer Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1869, p. 276.

Syngnathus spicifer Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 546.

Syngnathus tapetnosoma Duméril, l.c. p. 548.

Syngnathus Hunnii Duméril, l.c. p. 548.

Syngnathus tapeinosoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 172.

Syngnathus Hunniit Ginther, l.c. p. 172.

Syngnathus spicifer Giinther, l.c. p. 172 (p. p.).

Syngnathus spicifer Wiunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXI.
1871, p. 650.

Synguathus tapeinosoma (2) Klunzinger, l.c. p. 651.

Syngnathus spicifer Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878—1888, p. 678 (p. p.).

Syngnathus gracilis Steindachner, Abhandl. Senckenb, naturf. |Gesellsch. XXV.
Ig01, p. 458.

Corythroichthys spicifer Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash. XXVI.
(1906) 1907, p. 9.

Syngnathus spicifer Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Zool. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 228.

Syngnathus spicifér Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica VII. 1910, p. 32 (p.p.).

Syngnathus spicifer Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, 1910, p. 429 (p. p.).

Syngnathus spicifer Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 79.

St

D. 25—31; A. 2—3; P. 14—18; C. 10; Rings t4—16+37—43;
subdorsal rings: 2nd or 3rd—7th or goth caudal ring.

Very slender. Trunk heptagonal, tail tetragonal. Shields with
transverse lines. Edges of shields more or less prominent,
smooth or slightly crenulated, those on the superior lateral
shields with a prominent longitudinal keel, continued on the
intermedial shields, which are transversely elongated. End
of median cristae of trunk strongly deflected on last ring of
trunk and first ring of tail to inferior cristae of tail but not
united with them. Superior cristae of tail reaching to 24 or first
ring of tail and here deflected to median cristae, but not
coalescing with them. Head about 7—10 times in length, low
but slightly and very gently gaining in height from point
of snout to occiput, which is only slightly lower than highest
part of trunk. Occiput with more or less rough transverse
lines. Snout longer or much longer (but less than twice) than
postorbital part of head '), slender, more or less concave, com-
pressed, with a smooth low median keel getting lower on
front, from where it may be continued on occiput and nape,
gaining in size. Operculum with a complete longitudinal keel
from which radiate dorsally and ventrally numerous conspicuous
oblique lines. Eye about 6—7 times in head. Tail more than
twice, but less than thrice, longer than trunk. Dorsal inserted
exclusively on tail, in most cases on the second to the seventh
ring. Grayish brown or greenish. Trunk ventrally with 13—15
narrow white cross-bars, separated on the corresponding rings
by much broader black cross-bars. Operculum with or without
black lines or patches. Snout ventrally with black points and
markings. All the specimens without the black and white
cross-bars on trunk, but with a dark cross-band between the
neighbouring rings, have on the tail, far distant from each
other, 5—6 white cross-bands. Length 154 mm. |A specimen
of S. gastrotaenia Blkr. of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us
as also of S. Hunni Blkr. and a young specimen of S. ¢afer-
nosoma Blkr. of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Samangka Bay, fresh water) ;
Simalur!; Java (Anjer); Celebes (Makassar, Paré Paré!, River
near Balangnipa!); Island Kajoa; Buru; Ambon; Ternate;

I) STEINDACHNER calls it in his S. graci/is somewhat shorter than postorbital
part of head, but in his figure it is drawn as considerably longer.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 6

8s

Ceram (Kairatu!); Halmahera; New Guinea (Doreh; river Klipong!
brackish water; British New Guinea). — Red Sea; Zanzibar;
Madagascar; Seychelles; Andamans; British India; Malacca;
Philippines; China; Pelew Islands; Caroline Islands; Bismarck
Archipelago.

In sea near shore, in brackish water of estuaries and in
fresh water of rivers and brooks.

3. Syngnathus argyrostictus Kp.

Syngnathus penicillus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVII. 1850, p. 1368
(based on a mutilated specimen).

Syngnathus argyrostictus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 33 and p. 46, note.

Svngnathus biserialis Kaup, \.c. p. 33.

Corythoichthys penicillus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XII. 1861, p. 69
(name only).

Syngnathus argyrostictus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons I]. 1870, p. 545.

Syngnathus penicillus Duméril, l.c. p. 549.

Syngnathus penicillus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, VIII. 1870, p. 171.

Syngnathus spicifer Giinther, l.c. p. 172 (p. p-).

Syngnathus spicifer Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, 1910, p. 429 (p. p-).

Syngnathus argyrostictus Duncker, Spolia Zeylanica vol. VII. prt. XXV. 1910, p. 32.

Corythroichthys quinquarius Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Washington XL, 1911,
p- 526 and vol. XLII, 1912, p. 408.

Svagnathus argyrostictus Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.
1915, p. 84.
D. 25—29; A. 3—4; P. 14—17; C. 10; Rings 15—17+37—41;

subdorsal rings: rst—5th or 2nd—é6th or 7th caudal ring.
Slender. Shields with the edges smooth but prominent,

especially the ventral keel. Intermedial shields, especially the

lateral ones, large, oval, radially striated. Median cristae of

trunk and superior cristae of tail subcontinuous; they are in-

completely interrupted between the last body- and the first tail-

ring. Head long and slender, without spines or serrations. Snout

with a median keel, longer than remaining part of head,

nearly equal to distance from frontborder of eye to base of pec-

torals. A prominent supraorbital crest and a low occipito-nuchal

one. Operculum with a more or less complete longitudinal

keel. Caudal small. Colour brownish. Sides of body with 7 more

or less conspicuous longitudinal series of pearly ocelli with a
dark margin. Tail variegated with brown and whitish. Oper-
culum with 1I—3 parallel light stripes in its ventral half. A
broad dark band from snout to eye; there may be rows of
small spots below it. Length 136 mm. |Not seen by us}.

——"

83

Habitat: Java. — Malay Peninsula; Pinang; Formosa;
Japan; South of China.

4. Syngnathus fasciolatus Dum.

Corythoichthys fascicudatus Kaup, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XIX. 1. 1853, p. 231
(no description),

Corythoichthys gastrotaenia Kaup, Cat. Lophobr, Fish, 1856, p. 27 (nec Syngnathus
gastrotaenia Blkr.).

Syagnathus fasciolatus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 561.

Syngnathus fasciolatus Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

HOLS. 1 p10 O0-

D. 30 (29) '); P. 16(17); C. 10; Rings 17 + 41 (16 + 40); sub-
dorsal rings 2+ 5.

Shields with the edges, especially the dorsal ones, serrated.
Median cristae of trunk reach to last ring of trunk and are
subcontinuous with the superior cristae of tail. Head 10 times
in total length. Eyes large, the orbits rise suddenly and are
closely pressed together so that the forehead is very narrow.
Snout short, thick, equal to postorbital part of head, thrice
the diameter of the eye; it carries laterally on its upper profile
irregular rows of small spines. The conspicuous occipito-nuchal
crest divided in three portions and finely denticulated; similar
denticulations round the orbits and on the keel running from
the orbits to the occiput. Operculum roundish, bulging, rough
and divided into two dissimilar parts by a prominent keel.
Tail twice the length of the trunk. Colour brown, with a
yellowish brown crossbar and speckling on each ring. Length
of the single specimen known 80 mm. [Not seen by us].

Habitat: Java (according to KAUP (1853) and to DUMERIL),
whence it came by KUHL & VAN HASSELT in the Museum
at Paris. Evidently by mistake, KAuP states later on (1856),
about the same specimen, that it was found at Wahai on Ceram °).

5. Syngnathus cyanospilus Blkr.

Syngnathus cyanospilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VI. 1854, p. 114.
Syngnathus Mossambicus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1855, p. 465.
Syngnathus Kuhlit Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 34.

1) The numbers in brackets are those given by Kaur from the same specimen —
the only one known — in the Museum at Paris.

2) Kaur writes “found at Wahai and Ceram in the North Pacific’; this is
erroneous: for Wahai lies on the north coast of Ceram, which is an island in

the Indian Archipelago.

34

Syngnathus mossambicus Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar 1866, p. 140.

Syngnathus cyanospilus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 170.
Syngnathus Kuhlii Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons IT. 1870, p. 555.

Syngnathus cyanospilos Duméril, l.c. p. 555.

Syngnathus mossambicus Duméril, l.c. p. 565.

Syngnathus cyanospilos Day, Fishes of India 4° 1878—1880, p. 678.
Doryichthys spaniaspis Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Washington XXVI.

(1906) 1907, p. Io.

Syngnathus cyanospilos Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische. 1913, p. 107.
Syngnathus cyanospilus Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh, Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

I9I5, p. 81.

D. 21—25; A. 2—3; P. 12—16; C. 10; Rings 13 14+-32— 36;
subdorsal rings 1 + 4—5.

Elongated; trunk heptagonal, the ventral crista very high;
tail tetragonal, about 2!'/, times longer than trunk. Shields
transversely striated; their edges smooth or slightly crenulated.
Median cristae of trunk, deflected on the last trunk-ring to
inferior cristae of tail, which they nearly reach, but with which
they do not coalesce. Superior cristae of trunk reaching to about
middle of dorsal; anterior end of superior cristae of tail reaches
nearly to commencement of dorsal. Head 7'/,—8'/, times in
length, low, its rostro-frontal profile somewhat concave. Front
and vertex transversely striated. Snout somewhat longer than
postorbital part of head, with a median rather high keel, running
to concave interorbital space. A scalloped nuchal crest beginning
on vertex and reaching to first body-ring. Operculum inflated,
with a conspicuous longitudinal keel, which is complete or
nearly so'); from it radiate fine striae. Caudal shorter than
postorbital part of head. Brown, trunk laterally with dark
transverse bars on the limits of the rings; tail with numerous
irregular whitish spots, which are blue in life. Dorsal with black
oblique streaks. Ventral crista blackish. Length 152 mm.
[Specimens of BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore!; Nias!; Java; Banda; Ternate; Island
Siau!. — Gulf of Suez; Mossambique; Zanzibar; Madagascar ;
British India; Philippines; Formosa.

6. Syngnathus (?) uncinatus M. Web. ’). [Fig. 35, p. 85].

Syngnathus uncinatus M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. I10.
1) In a young specimen of 92 mm. length, this keel is very short and rather low.
2) We are not sure about the geveric position of the single young specimen
we possess.

85

‘Syngnathus(?) uncinatus Duncker, Mitt. a. d.

1915, p. 86.

D. 28; P. 15; Rings 15 + 42; sub-
dorsal rings I + 7.

Slender. Trunk heptagonal, the
ventral keels strongly prominent;
tail tetragonal. Shields transversely
striated, their edges strongly pro-
minent, finely but very sharply
serrated, terminating in a hindward
curved spine. Intermedial shields
(scutella) wanting. Superior cristae
of trunk terminating near end of
dorsal; superior cristae of tail with
their anterior part deflected and con-
tinued to last ring of trunk; where
they are situated above the end of
the median cristae of trunk. Inferior
cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
Head 8'/, times in length, twice in
that of trunk. Snout equal to re-
maining part of head, thrice longer
than diameter of eye; it is cylin-
drical but somewhat compressed ;
its superior profile obliquely conti-
nued in that of the posterior part
of the head. A median denticulated
keel begins on the posterior half
of the snout and is continued with
two intervals on the occiput and
nape; serrated supraorbital edges
commence before the nostrils and
terminate on occiput. Similar edges
laterally on snout. Operculum with
a complete serrated longitudinal keel
from which radiate pennatiform
edges. Tail more than 2'/, times as
long as trunk. Subdorsal rings in-

naturh, Mus. Ilamburg, XXXII.

Fig. 35.
Syngnathus uncinatus M, Web.

X 3-7:

flated; dorsal fin therefore somewhat elevated above level of
dorsal profile. Caudal rounded, much shorter than postorbital
part of head. Yellowish, ventral part of trunk brown as also

56

a longitudinal patch below dorsal and the lateral part of the
tail, which shows about 6 light crossbars, hindwards diminishing

Ce
“Cc }?
CON
BEN. is
a AS
Ss Ta cy
HOMO
Fig. 36.
Syngnathus punctatus M. Web.
x<G2.5-

- in breadth. Length of the single

specimen known 60 mm.
Habitat: Banda, on reef!

7. Syngnathus punctatus M. Web.
[Fig. 36, p. 36).
Syngnathus punctatus Max Weber, Siboga-

Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 113.

D. 23; P. 16; Rings 15 + 30; sub-
dorsal rings I + 5.

Rather robust. Trunk heptagonal,
the ventral keel conspicuous. Tail
tetragonal, somewhat less than twice
the length of the trunk. Shields
transversely striated and corrugated,
their edges prominent but smooth.
Intermedial shields oval, very con-
spicuous. Superior cristae of trunk
terminating about in the middle of
the dorsal, not continuous with those
of tail, which are deflected anteriorly
and terminate on the first tail-ring,
quite near the termination of the
median cristae of the trunk. Inferior
cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
Head somewhat more than 61/,
times in length, twice in that of
trunk. Snout conspicuously longer
than remaining part of head; its
least height is less than diameter
of eye, it is cylindrical, its upper
somewhat concave profile gently
rises to that of head. A low median
keel on posterior half of snout ending
in the narrow concave interorbital
space. Top of head corrugated with
an indication of a median keel and

a more conspicuous one on nape and behind eyes. Operculum
strongly inflated with a short keel, which is somewhat curved

87

upward!) and from which radiate numerous lines and series
of points. Base of dorsal not elevated. Anal and caudal very
small. Yellowish with a faint brownish marmoration. Length
of the single specimen known 79 mm.

Habitat: Sumbawa, 36 M., on sand and coral bottom!

8. Syngnathus pelagicus L.

Syngnathus pelagicus Linné, Syst. nat. ed. X. 1758, p. 337-
Syngnathus pelagicus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 36.
Syngnathus pelagicus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poiss, Il, 1870, p. 560.
Syngnathus pelagicus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 165.

D. 29 (29—31)*); P. 13 (13—14); A.4; C. 10; Rings 17 + 32
(17+32—35); Subdorsal rings 2+6 (1-+6).

Rather slender, trunk heptagonal, tail tetragonal. Rings trans-
versely striated, their edges pronounced but smooth. Superior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous; inferior cristae of trunk
and tail continuous. Median cristae of trunk terminate at the end
of last trunkring; the superior cristae of tail begin, quite near
them, on the first tailring: both are therefore subcontinuous.
Head 6.6 in total length, about twice in trunk and one
quarter longer than base of dorsal. Eye more than 6 times
in head and about thrice in snout. Snout about equal to remaining
part of head, somewhat compressed, with a median crest ending
about in the middle of the concave interorbital space and with
a lateral crest ending in orbital ring, which is prominent but
smooth. Occiput somewhat concave but corrugated; praenuchal
and nuchal shield corrugated and with a median keel. Oper-
culum somewhat inflated with a short basal keel, whereof
radiate numerous fine striae, their intervals punctured. Base of
dorsal not elevated; caudal nearly twice as long as eye. Brown,
with a faint silvery transverse bar on the trunkrings; on the
tail a light transverse bar on each third ring; dorsal with
rather broad, oblique brown bands. Length 143 mm.

Habitat: Celebes!; Moluccos(?). — Malacca Straits, China,

1) This is somewhat too strongly accentuated in our figure.

2) The numbers in brackets are those given by DUMERIL and GUNTHER; our
diagnosis is made after a single specimen in the Leiden Museum, collected by
VAN DELDEN in Celebes. We have also some specimens in the Amsterdam
Museum at our disposition given by VAN DER HuctT and said to be collected
in the Moluccos, but we are not absolutely sure, that this was really the case.
We are not free from the impression, that this collector, as in olden times often
was the case, also collected on his homeward yoyage round the Cape of Good Hope,

88

South Australia, New Zealand, Falkland Islands, Mauritius,
Réunion, Cape of Good Hope, Tropical Atlantic, Brazil, West
Indies, Mediterranean.

This species was first described from East India, from open
sea in floating seaweed, by Osbeck (Dagbok Resa Ostindien

1757s P- 305).

g. Syngnathus acus L. '). |Fig. 37, p. 89].

Syngnathus acus Linné, Syst. nat. ed. X. 1758, p, 337-

Syngnathus acus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 41.

Syngnathus brachyrhynchus WKaup, ibid. p. 42.

Syngnathus acus Duméril, Hist. Nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 552.

Syagnathus brachyrhynchus Dumeéril, ibid. p. 554.

Syngnathus acus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 157.

Syngnathus acus Sauvage, Hist. nat. Poiss. Madagascar 1891, p. 506.
Syngnathus acus Jatzow & Lenz, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Gesellsch. XXT. 1899, p. 529.

D. 35—45; P.12—14; A.4; C.10; Rings 18—19 + 38—44;
subdorsal rings 1-+7—II or 2+ 8.

Trunk heptagonal, sometimes much deeper than head, ab-
dominal keel more or less pronounced; tail quadrangular. Shields
transversely striated, their edges conspicuous but smooth,
intermedial shields smooth. Superior cristae of trunk and tail
discontinuous, inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous.
Median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail continuous
or nearly so, the former reaching to hindborder of last trunk
ring, the latter beginning slightly above it at the frontborder
of the first tailring. Head about 6!'/, to nearly 8 times in
total length, more or less than twice in trunk. Upper and
lateral surface of head strongly corrugated, occiput elevated
on its posterior border and provided with a low median keel,
which is continued on the strongly corrugated praenuchal and
nuchal shield. Eye somewhat more than 8 to g times in head,
more or less than 5 times in snout. Snout 1.5 to less than
twice in length of head; it is equal to distance from frontborder
of eye to base or middle or even end of pectorals; postorbital
space 1.7 to 2.8 times in snout. Snout with a sharp median keel,
smooth, in older specimens slightly serrated, reaching to inter-

1) We believe that Syngnathus Schlegedi Kaup (Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856,
p. 46) is identical with S. acws L., but we presume that there are small racial
differences in the slenderness of the body, the length of the snout, the subcon-
tinuity or continuity of the median cristae of trunk and superior cristae of tail,
according to the locality of this widely spread species.

89

jeg irl

@

ei

|

Fig. 37. Svagnathus acus L. X */g

After a specimen collected in the Java Sea by P. BUITENDIJK,
remarkable for the height of the trunk and for its abdominal
crista which is more prominent than usually.

go

orbital space, which is flat but becomes deeply concave with
age. A pair of lateral ridges, also slightly serrated, reach the
prominent orbital borders and are continued to the occiput.
Operculum with a rectilinear keel in its anterior third, where-
of radiate low but conspicuous ridges, especially numerous in ~
the lower half of the operculum and which form a network.
Trunk twice to nearly 2'/, times in tail. Eggpouch extending
from last trunkring or 234 or 25th tailring, its length more
or less than 1*/, in tail. Base of dorsal not elevated, its length
equal to or somewhat more or less than length of head.
Caudal about twice longer than eye. Brown with darker trans-
verse bands comprising 3 to 4 rings, which are separated by
2 rings of lighter colour and equal to the groundcolour. Length
of indo-australian specimens 395 mm. |
Habitat: Pulu Weh near Sumatra ')!; Java (Palabuan ratu!) ;
Java Sea ')!.— Réunion, Bourbon, Madagascar (?), Zanzibar, Cape
of Good Hope, Madeira, Eastern parts of Atlantic, Mediterranean.

Note. We have compared the specimens of S. acus from
the Archipelago, after which our description is made, with
specimens from Holland and are not able to distinguish them.

13. Ichthyocampus Kaup.
(Kaur, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 29).

Medium sized or small and rather stout. Shields sculptured ;
the edges more or less prominent, smooth or some of them
slightly crenulated or even dentated; there may be split cuta-
neous appendages. Intermedial shields (scutella) present as also
a praenuchal and a nuchal shield. Head only slightly elongated.
Snout short, somewhat compressed; its dorsal profile with a
median sharp or low ridge. Operculum much higher than long,

1) These specimens are authentical from the said localities; two of the
specimens from Java in the Leiden Museum were collected by KUHL & VAN HASSELT
and are named on their label Sywgnathus varicgatus KK. v.H., a name previously
(1811) used by Pallas for specimens of S. acuzs L. from the Black Sea. The other speci-
mens from Java Sea and Pulu Weh were recently collectedby Dr. P. BUITENDIJK,
that from Palabuan ratu, South coast of Java by Major Ouwens. The Amsterdam
Museum contains some specimens of the same species given by VAN DER HuGT
and said to be collected in the Moluccos. They agree in every detail with the
above description, but we are not quite sure about the locality, as we are not
free of the suspicion, that VAN DER HucT collected also on his homeward voyage
round the Cape of Good Hope, as often happened in his time,

gl

somewhat inflated, smooth or shagreened without a keel or with
a complete or at least a basal keel with radiating lines. Superior
cristae of trunk and tail continuous; inferior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous but the
last named continuous with the median cristae
of the trunk or the inferior cristae of trunk and
tail are continuous in which case the median
cristae of trunk end free. All the fins present;
dorsal short, inserted on four to six rings, which
generally belong for the largest part to the tail;
caudal short. Eggs isolated in cutaneous cells on
the tail, they are completely enclosed in a brood-
pouch formed by lateral folds beginning at anus,
which may contain osseous plates.

Distribution: Marine shore-fishes, some of
them living also in deeper water and in fresh
and brackish water. Red Sea, East Africa, Gulf
of Persia, Maladives, Ceylon, Indo-australian
Archipelago, China, Riu Kiu Islands, Australia,
Hawaii.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Ichthyocampus.

1. Median cristae of trunk bent on last
ring of trunk to inferior cristae of tail
and nearly reaching them or they are
united. Rings 14—-15-++-37—40. Oper-
culum with a complete keel ...... I. carce p. 92.
2. Median cristae of trunk rectilinear, ending
at least on 2nd ring of tail. Keel only
on anterior third of operculum.
a. Median cristae of trunk ending in
male on third, in female on 16th or
17th tail-ring. Posterior tail-rings with
sharp edges increasing in height post-
eriorly and ending in a sharp tooth. /. kampeni') p. 93.

1) This species is distinguished from /chth. belcheri Kaup oe
from the Red Sea, Zanzibar, China and the Riu Kiu Islands Fic. 28

j — ty Pay See z “7 ee > g- 30-
by the following pparae SS in Z. dedcheri the median SpStae Ichthyocampus
of the trunk end in both sexes on the 2nd or 3rd tail-ring kampeni

and the posterior rings of the tail are not distinguished by sharp M. Web. > 2.9.

Q2

/. Median cristae of trunk ending in both sexes on 2nd
or 3rd tail-ring. Edges of rings in posterior part of
tail posteriorly without a sharp tooth ......... L, belcheri
(not known from the Archipelago),

1. Ichthyocampus carce (Ham. Buch.).

Syxgnathus carce Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges 1822, p. 13.

Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. XXII. 1849, Bijdr.
Ichth, fauna Madura, p. 15 !).

Syngnathus carce Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Tros-
kieuwige Visschen p. 161.

Syngnathus heptagonus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX. 1855, p. 430.

Ichthyocampus carce Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 30.

Ichthyocampus ponticerianus Kaup, l.c. p. 31.

Ichthyocampus carce Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind.-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste Bijdr.
vischfauna Sumatra, p. 71 (name only).

Ichthyocampus ponticerianus Day, Fishes of Malabar 1865, p. 263.

Ichthyocampus pondicerianus Kner, Novara-Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 391.

Ichthyocampus ponticerianus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 540.

Ichthyocampus carce Duméril, 1.c. p. 540.

Syngnathus heptagonus Duméril, l.c. p. 548.

Ichthyocampus carce Giinther. Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 176.

Ichthyocampus carce Day, Fishes of India 4° 1878— 1888, p. 679.

Ichthyocampus carce Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 94.

Ichthyocampus carce Chaudhuri, Mem. Indian Museum V. 1916, p. 456.

D. 23—27; A. 2—3; P. 13—17; C.g—11; Rings 14—15 +
37—40; subdorsal rings: from the 2d or 3rd to the 7th or
gth tail-ring.

Body compressed, heptagonal; the abdominal cristae sharp
and strongly prominent. Tail tetragonal, more than twice as
long as trunk. Shields transversely striated, their edges pro-

edges increasing in height posteriorly and ending in a sharp tooth. We draw
attention to this fact also on account of the following reasons. In the first place
because DUNCKER erroneously unites /. kampeni M. Web. with JZ. dedcheri Kaup
(see also note on p. 94); in the second place because Kaup (Cat. Lophobr. fish, p. 30)
says, that in the Leiden Museum are specimens of /. ée/cheri Kaup brought
from Borneo by Dr. MULLER. At present that Museum contains of Syngnathidae
brought by S. MULLER from Borneo only Doryichthys spinosus Kaup = Microphis
boaja Blkr. and Syngnathus micrognathus K. & v. H. (Museum name!) = Coe/o-
notus liaspis (Blkr.). We presume that /. dedcheri Kaup is a species not repre-
sented in the indo-australian Archipelago but confined to the shore waters of
continental Asia and Japan.

I) See about this species the remarks of GUNTHER (Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII.

1870, p. 173).

95

minent, smooth or only slightly crenulated. Inferior cristae of
trunk and tail generally continuous, when this is the case the
median cristae of trunk are deflected to the inferior cristae
of the tail without coalescing with them; by exception the
inferior cristae are not continuous and then the median cristae
of the trunk are continuous with the inferior cristae of the
tail. Lateral intermedial shields, especially on the tail,
large and transversely oblong; cutaneous appendages are
wanting. Head g—9!/, times in length with a median ridge
continued on snout; front and vertex more or less rough
_by lines or shagreen. Eye 5—6 times in head. Snout equal
to or somewhat longer than postorbital part of head, about
twice longer than eye. Operculum inflated, with a complete
longitudinal keel and radially arranged rugosities or radiating
lines. Brown, a white spot or a white black-margined ocellus
on each trunk-ring along the inferior cristae; ventral surface
of tail occasionally with alternating brown and yellow dots;
ventral surface of snout and head with black points; caudal
black. Length 138 mm. [A specimen of Syugnathus heptagonus
Blkr. of BLEEKEk’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Sogoprono (Patjitan).

Habitat: Java (Patjitan, Surabaya); Straat Madura; Bali;
Celebes (Makassar) ; Sumatra (Benkulen). — British India, Ceylon,
Assam, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula.

In sea, in brackish water of estuaries and in fresh water of
rivers and brooks.

2. Ichthyocampus kampeni M. Web. [Fig. 38, p. 91].
Ichthyocampus Kampeni Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. I14.
Ichthyocampus Belcheri Duncker, Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII.

1915, p. 95 (p-P-)-

D. r9—20; A.3; P. 12—13; C.10; Rings 16+29—30; sub-
dorsal rings 1+4—5 or 2+3—4.

Rather stout and short; body somewhat heptagonal, the
abdominal crista being only slightly prominent. Tail from the
2nd or 3rd ring tetragonal, somewhat shorter than twice the
length of the trunk. Shields corrugated ; their edges prominent,
smooth; especially on the posterior part of the tail they are
sharp, on each ring increasing posteriorly in height and ending
in a sharp prominent tooth. No cutaneous appendages. Superior
and inferior cristae of trunk continuous with the corresponding

94

cristae of tail; median cristae of trunk rectilinear,
ending in the male on the 3rd tail-ring; in the
female on the end of the 16th or the anterior
half of the 17th tail-ring '). Head nearly 8 times
in length and more than twice in trunk. Snout
about equal to postorbital part of head and twice
the length of the diameter of eye. It rises gently
and obliquely to the front, is in its lowest part
about as high as diameter of eye, has the dorsal
profile slightly concave, and has a median keel
ending on interorbital space. There are traces of
a keel on occiput and nape and of feeble supra-
orbital ridges. Operculum with a keel on anterior
third, from which radiate faint lines. Length of
caudal equal to that of eye. Lighter or darker
brown. Ventral surface with lighter or darker
cross-bars, corresponding to the rings, especially
on trunk, where these cross-bars are also extended
on the sides. Dorsal surface with more or less
conspicuous dark bands, far distant from each
other. Length 58 mm.

Habitat: Island Karakelang!; Island Sali-

SEE Er er

eee ES
°)

—

hae
ase babu!; Ambon!; West coast of New Guinea!.
ee On coral reefs.

14. Nannocampus Giinther.
(GUNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 178).

Body rather short; tail equal to or longer than
head and trunk. Shields with transverse lines,
their edges obsolete ; intermedial shields (scutella)
large, oval. Superior, and as far as known also
the inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous;
median cristae of trunk rectilinear, ending below
dorsal. Head short, without ridges, finely granu-
El lated. Snout extremely short, about equal to
i diameter of eye, thick. Operculum without keel;

Fig. 39
ao OF: r + i : 2 . .
Nannocampus 1) We had occasion to state this arrangement which is very

qweberi Duncker, Conspicuots and the correctness of which was doubted by DUNCKER

ON oe

Sa in four female and 4 male specimens of 4 different localities.

95

pectorals none; dorsal short; caudal very small. Egg-pouch
on the tail formed by cutaneous folds from the lower edges
of the tail with or without osseous plates.

Distribution: The species of this genus found near shore
in Australia, the indo-australian Archipelago and the Bahamas
are insufficiently known.

1. Nannocampus weberi Duncker |Fig. 39, p. 94].
Nannocampus subosseus Max deni Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. I15

(nec GUNTHER).

Nannocampus Weberi Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915,

p- 99.

D. 16—17; Rings 16+32; subdorsal rings 1+4.

Shields with few conspicuous transverse lines, their edges
rounded. Intermedial shields very large, oval. Tail 2'/, times
as long as trunk. Inferior cristae of trunk and tail continuous;
median cristae of trunk rectilinear, ending on last ring of
trunk. Head more than 10 times in length, 2'/, times in trunk.
Snout extremely short, as long as diameter of eye and half
as long as postorbital part of head, thick, compressed, its dorsal
profile concave, mesially with the trace of a ridge, which
divides before the eyes into 2 low ridges continued on the
upper outer border of the orbits. Operculum without a keel,
its surface as also that of the entire head shagreened. Light
brown with indistinct irregular longitudinal blackish bands.
Length of the single (female?) specimen known 57 mm.

Habitat: Island Sumba (Bay of Malé Kaba, on reef!).

Note. We are not sure that this species is different from
N. subosseus Giinther from West Australia but the lastnamed
species is as yet represented only by a dried male specimen
in the British Museum and not in a state that the fin-rays
could be counted and the end of the median cristae ascertained.

15. Penetopteryx Lunel.

(LUNEL, Mém. Soc. Phys. hist. nat. Geneve XXVII. 1881, p. 275).
Apterygocampus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. I15.
Small, elongated; as all the edges are obtuse the body is
somewhat rounded and the trunk only feebly hexa- or hepta-
gonal, the tail tetragonal. Superior and inferior cristae of trunk
and tail continuous; median cristae of trunk reaching to end

96

of trunk. Shields transversely striated; intermedial shields
(scutella) large, oval. Head very small without ridges. Snout
extremely small. Operculum without keel. Caudal rudimen-

Fig. 40. Penetopteryx
epinnulatus (M. Web.).

NSe
x 6.

tary, all the other fins are wanting.
Trunk short, at least twice as short
as tail. Eggs in a brood-pouch on the
anterior part of the tail formed by
cutaneous folds beginning at the anus
and united mesially.

Distribution: Phere are soniye
species known: one from Mauritius,
the other from the island Gisser near
Ceram. They are marine fishes living
near shore.

1. Penetopteryx epinnulatus (M. Web.)
[Fig.. 40,. pi 96}.

Apterygocampus epinnulatus Max Weber, Siboga-
Exp. Fische. 1913,. p<. 116;

Penetopteryx epinnulatus Duncker, Mitt. a. d.
naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 102.

Rings 12 + 38. .

Body nearly rounded. Trunk feebly
hexagonal as all the cristae are only
indicated by a short edge on the ante-
rior part of the rings. Superior and
inferior cristae of trunk and tail con-
tinuous; median cristae of trunk ending
on the 11th ring of trunk. Tail feebly
four-sided, 4 times longer than trunk.
Head 13r/, times in length, 2etimes
in trunk, it is somewhat rounded, all
edges wanting. Snout extremely short,
rounded, thick, half as long as post-
orbital part of head, dorsally slightly
concave and obliquely rising to the
front. Eye nearly 5 times in head.
Operculum without a keel, caudal rudi-

mentary. Yellowish with a white spot on each 24 ring; white
spots and rings in bands between eyes, below them and on

07

operculum. Length of the single specimen known, a male with
an egg-pouch, 29 mm.
Habitat: Island Gisser, West of Ceram, on reef!.

16. Stigmatophora Kaup.
(Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 52 ').

Body subcylindrical, scarcely broader than deep or strongly
depressed and very broad; the lateral shields being very
oblique and produced into sharp edges, which form the median
cristae of the trunk and border the flat abdominal surface;
otherwise the edges are obsolete. Superior and inferior cristae
of trunk united with the corresponding cristae of the tail.
Tail long, without caudal, ending filiform but not prehensile.
A praenuchal and two nuchal shields present. Head not elevated,
produced into a long snout of nearly equal height as head,
more or less than twice the length of the remaining part of
the head. Eyes large. Operculum without a longitudinal keel
or with a basal or a complete one. Dorsal long or very long,
its middle above or somewhat before or behind anus. Anal
small; pectorals well developed. Eggs large, isolated in cuta-
neous cells on the lower surface of the tail, enclosed in a
completely closed brood-pouch formed by a pair of lateral cuta-
neous folds beginning behind vent. The sexes may be strongly
dimorphic.

Distribution: New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand.

1. Stigmatophora argus (Rich.).

Syngnathus argus Richardson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1840, p. 29. — Trans.
Zool. Soc. London III. prt. 2, 1849, p. 183.

Solegnathus argus Bleeker, Verhand, Akad. Amsterdam II. 1855, p. 17 (name only).

Stigmatophora Argus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 53.

Stigmatophora argus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 583.

Stigmatophora argus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 189.

Gastrotokeus gracilis Klunzinger, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XXXVIII. 1. 1872, p. 44.

Stigmatophora argus de Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, 1872, p. 243;
1873, p- 77.

Stigmatophora olivacea de Castelnau, l.c. 1872, p. 244; 1873, p- 77 ”).

Stigmatophora unicolor de Castelnau, Research. on the fishes of Australia 1875, p. 49.

1) It is certainly a misprint when Kaur (Arch. f. Naturgesch. XIX. 1. 1853,
p. 233) calls this genus Stigmatopora.

2) This species, which DUNCKER (1915) unites with S¢. argus (Rich), is ac-
cording to Ocitpy (Mem. Queensl, Mus. I. 1912, p. 36) “certainly valid”’.

INDO*AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 7

98

Stigmatophora argus Klunzinger, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LXXX. 1879, p. 420.

Stigmatophora olivacea Macleay, Descript. Cat. Australian Fishes II, 1881, (separ.
edit.) p. 234.

Stigmatophora unicolor Macleay, ibid. p. 234.

Stigmatophora depressiuscula Macleay, ibid. p. 235.

Stigmatophora gracilis Macleay, ibid. p. 235.

Stigmatophora argus Johnston, Proc. Roy, Soc. Tasmania, 1882, p. 134.

Stigmatophora argus Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (2) II. 1890, p. 39.

Stigmatophora argus var. brevicaudatus Lucas, |. c. III. 1891, p. 14.

Stigmatophora argus Duncker, in Fauna Siidwest Australiens II. Pisces, 1909,

p- 239. — Mitt. a.d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 103.
Stigmatopora argus McCulloch, Check-list of the Fish of N.S. Wales, 1919, p. 27.
Stigmatophora argus Waite & Hale, Rec. South Austral. Mus. I, 1921, p. 308.

D.43—55; A. 2—4; P. 14—17; Rings 17—20+73—8g [when
complete]; subdorsal rings 7—10+8—12.

Head 5'/,—6 times in length. Snout equal to or somewhat
shorter than remaining part of head; it has a median ridge.
Eye about 12 times in head. Operculum with a feeble longi-
tudinal keel in young specimens, disappearing in old. Trunk
more than twice but less than thrice shorter than tail. Shields
corrugated. Median cristae of trunk ending behind dorsal on
the roth to 14th tail-ring. Brown or grayish above, lighter
below; female on each side with a dorsal series and four more or
less alternating series of black white-edged ocelli on trunk and
anterior part of tail; male dorsally with a double series of
ocelli, the other ones faint or wanting. Length 205 mm. |Only
an old, much mutilated specimen in the Leiden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: New Guinea (DUMERIL, GUNTHER, BLEEKER). —

Coasts of Australia and Tasmania.

17. Trachyrhamphus Kaup.
(Kaur, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 23).

Much elongated; trunk heptagonal; tail tetragonal, much
longer than trunk. Shields transversely rugose, their edges
smooth, not much prominent; intermedial shields (scutella) oval ;
a praenuchal and two nuchal shields present. Superior and
inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous; median cristae
of trunk and inferior cristae of tail continuous. Head with
the eyes and front prominent, forming an angle with the snout,
which has a serrated keel. Operculum with a basal convex
keel directed upwards and with fine radiating lines. All the
fins developed, caudal small; dorsal on an elevated base inserted

99 .

on about 6 rings, its middle nearly
above the anus. Eggs very small
and numerous, isolated in cuta-
neous cells on the tail, protected
by lateral cutaneous folds, which
begin behind anus, diverge hind-
wards and form a brood-pouch
mesially not closed.
Distribution: Only a single
species known, living in sea along
the coasts from British India to
Japan.

I. Trachyrhamphus serratus
(Sehl.). [Fig. 41, p. go}.

Syngnathus serratus Schlegel, Fauna japo-
nica, Poiss. 1847, p. 272.

Syngnathus serratus Bleeker, Verhand.
Batay. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Nalezingen
Ichth. Japan, p. 55.

Trachyrhamphus serratus Kaup, Cat. Lo-
phobr. Fish, 1856, p. 23.

Trachyrhamphus cultrirostris Peters, Mo-
natsber. Akad. Berlin (1869) 1870, p. 710.

Trachyrhamphus serratus Duméril, Hist.
nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 538.

Trachyrhamphus cultrirostris Duméril, lc.
P- 539.

Syngnathus serratus Day, Fishes of India
4°, 1878—1888, p. 677.

Trachyrhamphus serratus Jordan & Snyder,
Proc. U..S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXIV.
1901, p. 9.

Syngnathus serratus Duncker, Mitt. a.d.

naturh. Mus, Hamburg XXI. 1904, p. 188.

Trachyrhamphus serratus Duncker, in.

Spolia Zeylanica Vol. VII: Prt. XXV,

I910, p. 30. —1.c. XXXII. 1915, p. 105

D. 25—29; A. 3—4} P. 14—19;
C.8—10; Rings 21—23+44—50;
subdorsal rings 2—-4+-2—3.

Head about 14 times in length, Fig. 41.

Trachyrhamphus serratus (Schl.).
4—5 times in trunk. Eye large, x 5. After an old specimen, in
6 times in head; orbits projecting the Leiden Museum, in which the

cutaneous appendages were lost,

Se ro) OIORIO OL ea

a yy
- Eve 0 ene

rennet Oa aaa ae

<52

Tu See aaa

2 ARITA
RE

S

0)

CWI OHA

ES 8 ATC SO SP) EE ee fo

ae en aed AE AA RELES CCOBLES GERAIS ae See Ee AEXARLLS
Dy Oe (i(4 Pe 6
tis Ip-te ?

Fig. 42. Yosza bicoarctata (Blkr.).
< 4/3. After specimen of BLEEKER,
in which the colour was faded.

x

5S

Te

a 8

th

id; aw

100

with prominent edges. Inter-
orbital space broad, a median
ridge on occiput and nape.
Snout slender, compressed,
with a spiny median crest
more than twice longer than
eye, equal to or somewhat
more or less than postorbital
part of head. Split cutaneous
appendages mesially on back
and on the median cristae
of trunk. Caudal very small.
Brown with g—12 broad,
dark, diffuse crossbands and

with light spots along the
side or

dark brown varie-
gated ;

below operculum
with darkish bands. Length
303 mm. For other charac-
ters see those of the genus.
| No specimen from the indo-
australian region seen by us].
Habitat: Singapore
(DUNCKER 1904). — British
India, Ceylon, Siam, China,
Japan!.

18. Yozia Jordan & Snyder.

(JorDAN & SNYDER, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. Wash. XXIX. 1901, p. 4).

Slender, elongated. Trunk
short, in the middle of its
length more or less swollen.
Shields transversely striated,
their rounded and
smooth or more pronounced
and feebly granulated or cre-
nulated; intermedial shields
(scutella) oval or angular; a
praenuchal and two nuchal
shields present. Head not

edges

ee:

lO)

elevated, gently continued in the long snout, which is com-
pressed and longer than remaining part of head; a median keel
is wanting or not, when present, it is low, smooth or with slight
serrations, but never spinous. Front and orbits not prominent.
Cutaneous appendages may be present, Operculum witha keel,
which only is conspicuous at the base and curved upwards, its
convexity looking backwards. Superior ana inferior cristae of
trunk and tail discontinuous; median cristae of trunk and
inferior cristae of tail continuous. All the fins present. Dorsal
with its base not or only slightly elevated; its middle above
anus; caudal small. Eggs small, numerous, isolated in cutaneous
cells on tail and totally enclosed by a subcaudal brood-pouch
formed by lateral cutaneous folds beginning behind anus.

Distribution: Marine fishes living along the coasts of
East Africa, Mauritius, Cargados Carajos Islands, British India,
Ceylon, Indo-australian Archipelago, China, Japan, Torres
Straits, Australia.

1. Yozia bicoarctata (Blkr.) [Fig. 42, p. 100}.

Syngnathus bicoarctatus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-Neerl. I]. 1857, 8ste Bijdr.
vischfauna Amboina, p. 99.

Syngnathus zanzibarensis Giinther, in: Playfair & Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar,
1866, p. 140.

Syngnathus bicoarctatus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 569.

Syngnathus zanzibarensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VILI. 1870, p. 168.

Syngnathus bicoarctatus Giinther, l.c. p. 176.

Yozia wakanourae Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXIV. 1901, p. 8.

Yozia wakanourae Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo XXXIII.

1913, p. 96.

Yozia bicoarctata Duncker, Mitt. a, d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 107.

D. 27—29; A.4; P. 16—17; C. 7—8; Rings 21—24+59—63;
subdorsal rings 3+-3—4.

Trunk heptagonal, slightly swollen between the 6th and
13th ring; tail tetragonal, about 2'/, times as long as trunk.
Shields transversely striated, their edges rather obtuse, slightly
granular and crenulated or smooth; intermedial shields oval
or angular, granular. No cutaneous appendages. Head 10—12
times in length, more or less than 2'/, times in trunk. Occiput
rough, somewhat prominent, without being raised into a ridge,
other ridges also wanting. Eye 6—7 times in head. Snout
slender, scarcely compressed; its dorsal edge smooth, less than
twice the length of the postorbital part of the head, gently

‘Surjuva ‘ore sosvpuadde snoouvyno sy} yorys ur ‘uvdef woy wanaaig jo uaundeds 191; V

‘2X ‘Cayla) Moposvmozroy snguvoynzy “tY “Bq

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Tt

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102

and slightly rising to broad interorbital space.
Operculum swollen with a low somewhat
convex longitudinal keel and dorsally and
ventrally radiating lines. Caudal very small
or rudimentary; base of dorsal not or only
slightly elevated. Brown with lighter or
darker marblings; trunk ventrally with faint
transverse bands, lower surface of tail with
irregular transverse margaritaceous spots.
Snout and under side of head with large
black spots. Length about 300 mm. [Speci-
men of S. dicoarctatus Blkr. of BLEEKER’s
collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra; Am-
pon. — East Africa, Mauritius, Cargados
Carajos Islands, China, Japan.

19. Halicampus Kaup.
(Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 22).

Elongate, rather stout, trunk heptagonal;
tail tetragonal, about twice longer than trunk.
Shields with the edges prominent, entire,
incompletely divided in two or dentated
or serrated and partly spinous, furnished
with arborescent cutaneous appendages ;
intermedial shields (scutella), a praenuchal
and a nuchal shield present. Head with
prominent eyes. Snout slender, more or less
depressed, with rows of small spines, shorter
or much longer than remaining part of head,
and abruptely ascending to the forehead,
which is still more elevated by the spinous
orbital ridges. Operculum with a longitudinal
convex keel, directed upwards, whereof
radiate numerous striae. Occiput and neck
elevated into a crest. Superior and inferior
cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous;
median cristae of trunk and inferior cristae
of tail continuous. All the fins present. Dorsal
situated above 4 or 5 rings; its base ele-

103

vated; its middle about above the anus; caudal small. Eggs

numerous, isolated in cutaneous cells on the tail, enclosed in
a complete brood-pouch beginning behind anus and formed
by lateral cutaneous folds containing more or less developed
osseous plates.

Distribution: Two species known from Red Sea, Ceylon,
Andamans, New Guinea, Australia, Torres Straits, Philip-
pines, Japan.

In sea, in deeper water near shore.

feito «he inmdo-awstralian species of
Halicampus.
a. 17—18 trunk rings; snout with a median series of
2—3 spines in its basal half...... be Op SNe H. koilomatodon p. 103.
6, 14 trunk rings; snout with a single spine before

PE MCVESmetst Suellen is oy lahin re! s./ol.cdslushie tae ae oil. elepans®p. LOA.

1. Halicampus koilomatodon (Blkr.) [Fig. 43, p. 102].

Halicampus conspicillatus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 22 (nec Syngnathus
conspicillatus Jenyns 1842 ')).

Syngnathus koilomatodon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. V. 1858—1859,
Vijfde Bijdr. Ichth. fauna Japan, p. Io.

Halicampus Grayi Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons I. 1870, p. 536.

Halicampus koilomatodon Duméril, |. c. p. 537.

Syngnathus grayi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 169.

Syngnathus Gravii Macleay, Descr. Cat. Austr. Fishes II. 1881, p. 225 (separ. edit.).

Syngnathus trachypoma Giinther, Rep. Zool. Coll. Voy. “Alert” 1884, p. 30.

Halicampus koilomatodon Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash, XXIV.
1901, p. I0.

Corythroichthys trachypoma Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash. XXV.
(1905) 1906, p. 214 (name only).

Halicampus Grayi Duncker, Fauna Siidwest Australiens II. 1909, Pisces, p. 246.

Trachyrhamphus caba Seale, Philipp. Journ. of Sci. IV. 1909, p. 503.

Halicampus koilomatodon Duncker, Mitt. a.d. naturh, Mus. Hamburg XXXII.
EQES, p. Itt.
D. 19—22; A. 3—5; P. 16—19; C. 10; Rings 17—18+-33—36;

subdorsal rings 2—3-+I—-3.

1) DuNCKER prefers the specific name hoilomatodon Bleeker 1859 and not
Halicampus conspicillatus Kp. 1856 on the following grounds: “Kaup zitiert
(l.c.) als Synonyme ‘ Syngnathus conspicillatus Jenyns” und einen von ihm
selbst im Mus. Brit. angewandten Ms.-Namen ‘“/Hadicampus Grayi.” Da er
jedoch in seine Beschreibung von Hadicampus conspicillatus auch JENYNS’ Diag-
nose von Corythoichthys conspicillatus mit einbezieht, betrachte ich BLEEKER’s
Bezeichnung Syxgnathus koilomatodon als erste eindeutige der vorliegenden Art.”
We follow the opinion of DUNCKER,

104

Head 8'/,—9 times in length; 3 times in trunk; tail about
twice longer than trunk. Shields transversely striated, their
edges prominent and serrated, the inferior edges ending in a
short spine; intermedial shields oval, smooth. Snout about equal
to postorbital part of head, its posterior half with 2—3 median
dorsal spines and a pair of short lateral spines; the concave
interorbital space with prominent lines and a median spiny
crest; similar crests on occiput and neck. Arborescent cuta-
neous appendages — more developed in the male — on each
ring on its dorsal surface and one on each scutal edge; similar
appendages above and below eye and before branchial opening.
Opercular keel with a basal spinous prominence, ventrally
with 5—12 radial ridges. Before base of pectorals a comb-like
crest. Brown, with whitish marblings. Operculum with or without
white stripes. Length 152 mm. [A specimen from Japan of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: New Guinea. — Ceylon, Andamans, Philippines,
Japan!, Thursday Island, Prince of Wales Island, North West
Australia.

2. Halicampus elegans (Steind.)

Doryichthys elegans Steindachner, Abhand. Senck. naturf. Gesellsch. XXV. 1901,

P+ 459.

D. 18; Rings 14+32; subdorsal rings 1+4 (2+3°).

Head short, about 9 times in length, more than 2'/, times
in trunk. Tail more than twice longer than trunk. Superior
edges of shields extremely finely dentated, posteriorly ending
in a small spine and anteriorly knotted. Snout about 2'/, times
in length of head, mesially with a rather strong spine before
the eyes. Eye about 4 times in length of head; orbital ring
prominent; interorbital space deeply concave. Occiput and
nape with a median keel. Operculum vaulted with a curved
keel, feebly ascending hind- and upwards and with numerous
prominent lines. Numerous cutaneous simple filaments on head
and body; on the trunk on each shield a filament near the
edges. Dorsal situated above 5 rings. Light yellow, on each
ring 2—3 dark brown annular crossbands, in the middle of
their height more or less completely united. Length of the
single specimen known 51 mm. [After STEINDACHNER’s des-
cription and figure}.

Habitat; Ternate,

105

20. Haliichthys Gray.
(Gray, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 38).
Phyllopteryx Giinther, Cat, Brit. Mus. VIII.

1870, p. 196 (p. p.).

Elongate, trunk as broad as deep,
hexagonal or scarcely heptagonal as
the abdominal crista is only feebly
developed. Tail tetragonal, prehen-
sile, the caudal wanting, much longer
than trunk. Shields smooth, their
edges with a prominent spine in
the middle, except the lower surface
of the end of the tail. No intermedial
shields; a praenuchal and a nuchal
shield present. Head compressed,
with a broad crest on occiput and
neck, provided with some strong
spines and a pair of lateral ones.
Eyes large, prominent, a pair of
spines above and below them. Snout
quadrilateral, longer than remaining
part of head; a pair of lateral spines
and two ventral cutaneous filaments
in middle of snout. Operculum
vaulted, with a convex keel, ascen-
ding hindwards and, upwards and
furnished in its basal half with a
strong curved spine. Three strong
spines before base of pectorals. Long,
more or less arborescent cutaneous
appendages at base of numerous
spines on the edges of trunk and
tail, also on, occiput and orbit. Supe-
rior and inferior cristae of trunk
and tail discontinuous; median cris-
tae of trunk and inferior cristae of
tail continuous. Dorsal situated on
5 to 6 rings, its base is elevated and
its middle somewhat before anus.
Anal small; pectorals broad. Eggs
numerous, rather small, isolated in

WA
p,
as Ky
Fig. 44. Haliichthys taeniophoru

Gray. X 1'/,. After the specimen
from New Guinea, which lacks
the cutaneous appendages,

106

cutaneous cells on tail and enclosed in a complete brood-pouch,
formed by a pair of lateral cutaneous folds, beginning behind
anus and coalescing in the median line.

Distribution: That of the single species known.

1. Haliichthys taeniophorus Gray [Fig. 44, p. 105].

Haliichthys taeniophorus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 38.

Haliichthys taeniophora Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons Il, 1870, p. 531.

Phyllopteryx taeniophorus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 197.

Phyllopteryx taeniophorus Macleay, Descr. Cat. Austr. Fishes II. 1881, p. 239
(separ. edit.). ;

Phyllopteryx taeniophorus Max Weber, in: Semon, Zool. Forschungsreisen V.
1895, Fische, p. 275 (Jenaische Denkschr. VIII, p. 115).

Haliichthys taeniophorus Duncker, in: Fauna Siidwest Australiens II. 1909,
Pisces, p. 236. —- Mitt. a. d. naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXXII. 1915, p. 112.

D. 24—26; A. 4; P. 20—21; Rings 19+44—45; subdorsal
rings 3—4+2.

Head about 5 times in length, more than 1'/, times in trunk.
Eye more than 6 times in head. Snout nearly equal to twice
the length of postorbital part of head. Brown, with irregular
dark bands across the back, abdomen whitish, cutaneous
appendages black. Length 300 mm.

Habitat: South New Guinea!. — Prince of Wales Island
(Torres Straits); North and West Australia.

In sea.

21. Hippocampus Rafinesque.
(RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di alcuni Nuovi Generi di Animale della Sicilia, 1810, p. 18).

Trunk strongly compressed, more or less elevated, the belly
gibbous, composed of ten to twelve rings, tapering abruptely
to a long quadrangular prehensile, finless tail. Longitudinal
axis of head forming a right angle with axis of trunk. Occiput
compressed, praenuchal shield surmounted by a coronet. Bony
shields of bodyrings each with six tubercles or spines, those
of tail with four. Sides of head with prominences or spines.
Operculum with a convex keel, bent upwards to branchial
opening. Cutaneous appendages generally absent. Dorsal mode-
rate, on an elevated base, situated on trunk and tail, opposite
to vent. Anal minute, usually present. Pectorals short and
broad. Ventrals absent. Broodorgan a permanent egg pouch
at the base of the tail, permanently closed by median coales-

: 107
cence of the lateral cutaneous folds and provided with a cranial
opening near the vent, which can be closed by a circular muscle.

Littoral fishes of small size, represented by numerous species
in all tropical and temperate seas. They swim slowly in a
vertical position, head uppermost, by a vibrating movement

Fig. 45. Hippocampus spinosissimus M. Web. X 3.
With front view of head.

of the dorsal fin and attach themselves by the prehensile tail
to seaweed or other floating substances, and may be carried
by currents to great distances.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Hippocampus.

PED 273k 2 HO yrIN OS OA) ore a yee eo . +. A, abdominalis p. 108.
Il, D. 17—21. 11 bodyrings.

108

1, D. 16—19. Tailrings 33—37.
a. Tubercles on cristae developed into long,
slender spines. Occipital keel behind coronet
with two distinct spines.
# Snout equal to postorbital part of head. H. spinosissimus p. 109.
f. Snout about one eye-diameter longer than
postorbital (part of head... 45... wu. HI, histrix p. 109.
d. Tubercles on cristae not developed into long
slender spines. Occipital keel behind coronet
rough, but without distinct spines. ..... HW. kuda p. 110.
2. D. 19-21. Tailrings 38-420.) 2). mes 2 teas H. trimaculatus ps. Dr2:
Ill. D. 13—14. 10 bodyrings. Coronet high. ..... HM, coronatus p. 113.

I. Hippocampus abdominalis Less.
Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson in: Férussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. XI. 1827, p. 127.
Hippocampus abdominalis Bleeker, Over eenige visschen van van Diemensland,
Verh. Kon, Akad. Amsterdam II. 1855, p. 28.
Hippocampus abdominalis Kaup, Cat. Lophobranch. Fish, 1856, p. 17.
Hippocampus abdominatis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 1109.
Hippocampus abdominalis Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 524.
flippocampus abdominalis Macleay, Descr. Cat. Austral. Fish. I]. 1881, p. 240

(separ. edit.),

Hippocampus abdominalis Duncker, in: Fauna Siidwest Australiens II. 1909, p. 247.

Hippocampus abdominalis Mc Culloch, Zool. Results “Endeavour”? Commonwealth
Australia, Fisheries I. 1911, p. 29.

Lippocampus graciliformis Mc Culloch, ibid. p. 29.

Hippocampus abdominalis Mc Culloch, Biol. Results “Endeavour”, Commonwealth
Australia, Fisheries I. part 3, 1914, p. 94 and IV. part 4, 1916, p. 181.
Hippocampus abdominalis ‘Waite & Hale, Rec. South Austr. Mus. I. N°. 4,

1921, p. 319.

D. 27—31; A.4; P.15—18; Rings 12+46—4g9.

Head 1.5 in trunk. Snout straight, cylindrical, equal to post-
orbital part of head. Eye 7.3—8.3. Coronet low, without distinct
tubercles, forming a longitudinal crest. Supra-orbital tubercles
large, granular, as well as the tubercle in front of the coronet,
surmounted by a filament (absent in the specimen examined,
probably lost). Operculum with distinct radiating ridges; occi-
pital keel behind coronet without spines. With exception of
those on the head the tubercles are very feebly developed.
Cristae rugose. Height of the ridge, which carries the dorsal,
equal to half diameter of eye. Dorsal on 10th—12th body-ring
and on first to third tailring. Colour of alcohol specimen
yellowish brown. Tail with black bands. Black spots on head
and body. Length 250 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER’s col-
lection in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam seen by us].

109

Habitat: Java (DUMERIL). — Coasts of Australia, Tasmania,
Lord Howe Island, New Zealand.

Note. DUMERIL says that there is a specimen of this species
in the Paris Museum, collected by FONTANIER, from Java.
As this australian species has never been found again in the
indo-australian Archipelago, we doubt the correctness of the
locality, where FONTANIER is said to have found his specimen.

2. Hippocampus spinosissimus MM. Web. .[ Fig. 45; py 107].

Hippocampus (erinaceus Gthr.?) Max Weber, in: Semon, Zool. Forschungsreisen

V. 1895, p. 275 (Jenaische Denkschr. VIII. p. 115).

Hippocampus spinosissimus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 120.

Digg. Ap Piss Rings: 11+34:

Head 1.5 in trunk and 5.8 in total. Trunk somewhat more
than twice in tail. Snout straight, equal to postorbital part of
head. Eye 5. Coronet elevated, with 5 spines. Supraorbital
tubercle vertical, long, pointed. Opercles with distinct radiating
ridges. Occipital keel behind coronet with two distinct spines.
All the tubercles are developed into long, slender, acute spines.
Those on first, fourth, seventh and eleventh bodyring and
on fourth, seventh and eleventh tailring still longer than the
others. Shields smooth. No filaments. Dorsal on two last body-
rings and first or first and second tailring. Height of the
ridge, which carries the dorsal, somewhat less than diameter
of eye, and about equal to height of dorsal. Colour of alcohol
specimens yellowish brown, with indistinct cross bands on
snout. Dorsal with or without a submarginal dark band.
Length 75. mm.

Habitat: Strait Sapeh! — Thursday Island!.

3. Hippocampus histrix Kp.

Hippocampus histrix Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 17.
Hippocampus hystrix Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 206.
Hippocampus hystrix Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1870, p. 514.
Hippocampus hystrix Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878 —1888, p. 683.
Hippocampus hystrix Giinther, Fische der Siidsee III. 1910, p. 436.

DD. 17— 195, Al4; Py 17--18.;. Rings. 114-33==34:

Head 1.2—1.3 in trunk, Trunk 1.6—1.9 in tail. Snout straight,
twice in head, about one eyediameter longer than postorbital
part of head. Eye 7—7.5. Coronet elevated, with 5 spines.

110

Supraorbital tubercle vertical, long, pointed. Opercles with
or without distinct radiating ridges. Occipital keel behind coronet
with two distinct spines. All the tubercles are developed into
long, slender acute spines. Those on first, fourth, sixth, eighth
and eleventh bodyring and on third, sixth, eighth, tenth,
twelfth and fourteenth tailring still longer. Shields smooth.
No filaments. Dorsal on two last bodyrings and first or first
and second tailring. Height of ridge, which carries the dorsal,
about half diameter of eye. Height of dorsal less than diameter
of eye. Colour of alcohol specimens light brownish yellow,
snout with dark transverse lines. Vermiculating fine lines on
rest of head, body and trunk. Length 142 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Java Sea!; Celebes (Makassar !); Aru-
Islands!. — Japan, Zanzibar, Réunion, Bourbon, Aden, Red
Sea, Andamans, Pacific.

4. Hippocampus kuda Blkr.

Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. $2.

Hippocampus moluccensis Bleeker, ibid. p. 305.

flippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker, ibid. p. 306.

Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, Verh. Bat, Gen. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Troskieuwige
visschen, p. 26.

Hippocampus polytaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, VI. 1854, p. 338.

Hippocampus melanospilos Bleeker, ibid. p. 505.

Hippocampus comes Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 10 (p. p-).

? Hippocampus comes Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Beschrijv. nieuwe
vischsoorten Menado en Makassar, p. 80.

Hippocampus comes Kner, Novara-Exp. Fische, I. 1865—1867, p. 390.

Hippocampus melanospilos Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons, Il. 1870, p. 505.

Hippocampus kuda Duméril, op. cit. p. 506.

Hippocampus comes Duméril, op. cit. p. 512.

Hippocampus rhynchomacer Duméril, op cit. p. 519.

LHippocampus polytaenia Duméril, op. cit. p. 522.

Hippocampus guttulatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1870, p. 202 (p. p.).

? Hippocampus guttulatus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 682.

Hippocampus guttulatus Reuvyens, Notes Leyden Mus. XVI. 1894, p. 148.

Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIV. 1901, p. 14.

Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder, ibid. p. 14.

Hippocampus kuda Jordan & Snyder, l.c. p. 15.

Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXII. (1902)
1904, p. 169. — Ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 119.

Hippocampus comes Vaillant, Mission Pavie, Indo Chine III. 1904, p. 462.

Hippocampus taeniops Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) XII. 1904,
p. 501.

Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XX VI. (1906) 1907, p. 10,

Hippocampus kuda Jordan & Seale, ibid. p. Io.

iit

Hippocampus kuda Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur, Fish. XXVII. (1907)
1908, p. 246.
> Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, l.c. p. 247.

Hippocampus aterrimus Franz, Abh. d. II. Kl. der Kon. Akad. d. Wissensch.
Miinchen IV. Suppl. Bd. 1, Abh. 1910, p. 23

? Hippocampus kuda Franz, |.c. p. 23.

Hippocampus kuda Seale, Phil. Journ. Science V. N°. 4, I910, p. 269.

Hippocampus guttulatus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Journ, Mus. Godeffroy
I9I0, p. 435 (mec CUVIER).

Hippocampus guttulatus Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard Coll. XXVI. N°. 7, 1911, p. 264 (mec CUVIER).

Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo,
XXXIII. Art. 1, 1913, p. 98.

Hippocampus guttulatus Pietschmann, Jahrb. des Nassau. Ver. f. Naturk. Jahrg.
66, 1913, p. 197 (mec CUVIER).

D. 16—18 (generally 17, rarely 15); A.4; P.15—17; Rings
II + 33—37 (generally 36).

Head 1.2—1.6 in trunk. Trunk 1.5—1.7 in tail. Snout straight,
1.9—2.5 in head, equal to or one eyediameter longer than
postorbital part of head. Eye 6—8. Coronet generally rather
low, obliquely directed backwards, with 5 more or less distinct
tubercles. Supraorbital tubercles generally well developed, in
front of them at each side a much smaller and often almost
inconspicuous one. Opercle with radiating ridges, often indistinct.
Occipital keel behind coronet without spines, at most having
a rough edge. Tubercles on cristae sometimes well developed,
in other cases small and blunt. Those on first, fourth and
seventh body ring and first, fifth, eighth, tenth or eleventh,
fourteenth and seventeenth tailring sometimes enlarged. The
shields are generally smooth, more or less distinctly ridged,
sometimes and not only in young specimens covered with
small tubercles. Filaments on tubercles very seldom present.
Dorsal on two last bodyrings and two first tailrings. The
ridge which carries the dorsal fin is low, much lower than in
Hf. hippocampus and the fin itself is much lower too. Colour
of alcohol specimens very variable. Generally dark brown or
black or brown with transverse black bands or elongate dots,
with or without numerous white spots. Sometimes yellowish
brown individuals occur, in which the tubercles and cristae and
especially the crista abdominalis trunci are darker. Still other
specimens are brown with large white dots, forming irregular
bands. Dorsal generally with a dark subterminal band. Length

ye

about 300 mm. [Specimens of H. kuda and H. melanospilos
of BLEEKER’s collection in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam,
seen by us}.

Nom. indig. Ikan kuda (Malay) (kuda = horse); Gadjah
menong (Simalur).

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Nias!; Pulu Nako!;
Simalur!; Sumatra (Priaman, Siboga, Padang, Telok Betong!);
Bintang; Banka; Java (Batavia! Tjilatjap); Borneo (Balikpapan |},
Sandakan); Celebes (Makassar, Amurang, Menado!); Flores!;
Sumba; Timor; Samau!; Ambon!; Banda!; Buru!; Ceram!;
Gisser!; Obi; Batjan; Ternate; Halmahera; Misol; Kei-Islands!;
Aru-Islands; Schouten Islands (Biak!); New Guinea (Humboldt-
bay!, Wilhelmshafen, British South New Guinea). — Tropical
coasts of Indic and Pacific as far east as Hawaiian Islands,
north to Japan.

In Sea. Littoral.

Note. Dr. G. DUNCKER, who made a thorough study of
the genus //ippocampus, the results of which have not yet
been published, had the great kindness to give us information
about the validity of the above species. We agree with him,
that GUNTHER and most later authors were wrong in uniting
A. kuda with H. guttulatus Cuv. from the Atlantic. Lastnamed
species has more dorsal rays (D. 18—22, generally 19) and
more caudal rings (33—40, generally 38).

5. Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach.

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, Zool. Miscellany, 1814, p. 104.

Hippocampus mannulus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1370.

Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854,
p. 107.

Hippocampus mannulus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish. 1856, p. 14.

Hippocampus manadensis Bleeker, Beschrijy. nieuwe vischsoorten van Manado en
Makassar, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, p. 79.

Hippocampus mannulus Duméril, Hist. nat. Poissons, II. 1870, p. 515.

Hippocampus manadensis Duméril, l.c. p. 523.

Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Duméril. l.c. p. 524.

Hippocampus trimaculatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIiI. 1870, p. 204.

Hippocampus trimaculatus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 682 (p.p.).

D. 19—21; A.4; P. 17; Rings 11 + 38—g2.

Head 1.3—1.6 in trunk. Trunk 1.8—2 in tail. Snout slender,
more or less conspicuously curved upwards, 1.6—1I.9 in head,
about one to two eyediameters longer than postorbital part

ing

of head. Eye 6—7. Coronet low, much directed backwards,
with 5 blunt tubercles. Supraorbital tubercles long, pointed,
somewhat directed backwards. Opercles with distinct radiating
ridges. Occipital keel behind coronet with two distinct spines.
Tubercles on cristae well developed, often conical with rounded
granulated top. Those on first, fourth, seventh and eleventh
bodyring and on fifth or sixth, tenth, fourteenth, seventeenth
and twentieth or twenty first tailring longer than the others.
Shields smooth or finely ridged. No filaments. Dorsal on two
last bodyrings and first two tailrings. The ridge, which
carries the dorsal less high than diameter of eye. Height of
dorsal equal to height of third tailring or somewhat less.
Colour of alcohol specimens uniform light reddish brown,
somewhat lighter on the ventral side. Crista abdominalis trunci
sometimes dark brown. Length 137 mm. [Typical specimens
seen by us in the British Museum].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Atchin!, Priaman); Nias!;
Celebes (Menado). — Zanzibar, Andamans, Tenasserim, Pi-
nang, China sea.

6. Hippocampus coronatus Schl.

Hippocampus coronatus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 1847, p. 274.

Hippocampus coronatus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 16.

Hippocampus coronatus Karoli, Termeszetrajzi fiizetek V, 1882, p. 40.

Hippocampus coronatus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIV. rgot,
pr) 48s

D. 13—14; P.'14. Rings 10 + 38—4o.

Head 1.5—1.6 in trunk. Trunk 1.4—2 in tail. Snout about
as long as postorbital part of head. Eye about 7. Coronet very
high, pedunculate, varying in form, its tip usually with six
lobes or spines. Spines of head and body prominent, the coronet
usually with a long filament, other spines occasionaly pro-
minent. First, fourth and tenth bodyrings prominent and
usually the fourth, sixth, tenth, fourteenth and sixteenth of
the tail. Spines at base of dorsal especially long and prominent.
Dorsal short, inserted on two last bodyrings and first tail-
ring. Colour various, usually light brown with dark dots and
mattings, sometimes with pale dots and _ streaks, sometimes
with dark brown streaks, the ground colour sometimes almost
black; usually light or dark streaks on opercle. Dorsal gene-
rally with a blackish band and pale edge, sometimes streaked

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 5

114

like the body. Length 115 mm. (After SCHLEGEL, JORDAN &
SNYDER, not seen by us).
Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak). — Japan.

Note. KAROLI (l.s.c.) records this species from Borneo
(Sarawak). We doubt the correctness of this statement, as the
species has never been found outside the coasts of Japan.

Order SYNENTOGNATHI Gill.

Airbladder without an open duct. Scales present, cycloid.
Lateral line present, running low down. Parietals, when present,
very small, separated by the supraoccipital. Orbitosphenoid
absent. Mesocoracoid arch absent. Opercular bones normally
developed. Lower jaw with a sesamoid articulare. Fins without
spines. Pectorals inserted very high up. Pectoral arch suspended
from the skull. Ventrals abdominal, 6-rayed, not attached to
cleithra. Dorsal fin placed far back, totally or partly opposite
to anal. Anus posterior. Anterior vertebrae not modified. Mouth
small or large, bordered by intermaxillaries and manillaries.
Lower pharyngeals completely united into one plate. Bran-
chiostegals 9—I5.

Key to thevsuborders of Synentognat hi.
1. Mouth large, the jaws usually produced. Scales small.
Third upper pharyngeals separate, fourth usually present. Scomdresocoidea p. 115.
2. Mouth small, only the lower jaw sometimes produced.
Scales large or moderate. Third upper pharyngeals

limited Mefourthy abSentien arr fore ile, sre: eee oieuke, chasis es Exocoetoidea p. 134.

I. Suborder Scombresocoidea.

Scales small. Mouth large, the jaws usually produced and
narrowed forwards, forming a slender beak. Mawillaries firmly
united to intermaxillaries. Rami of the lower jaw united through
the interlocking of a series of inner processes, which form a
more or less roughened ridge between them. Teeth very small,
in a series in the jaws or in bands, accompanied by a single
series of large teeth. Third upper pharyngeals moderately
enlarged, separate; fourth usually present; lower pharyngeal
triangular or long and narrow. Pharyngeal teeth usually villi-
form or granular, some of the teeth of the principal plates
often compressed, tricuspid. Parasphenoid without apophysis.

116

1. Fam. BELONIDAE.

Very elongate, slender, cylindrical or compressed. Mouth
very large. Jaws produced and narrowed forwards, forming a
slender beak. Maxillaries more or less concealed below the
large praecorbital. Both jaws with bands of small. teeth and
with a single series of distant canines. Teeth on vomer and
tongue present or absent. Pectorals inserted rather high, of
moderate length. Dorsal far back, beginning above or behind
anal, both fins rather long without detached rays forming
finlets. Caudal forked, emarginate, truncate or rounded. Scales
cycloid, small or very small, present on praeoperculum, but
sometimes absent on operculum. Lateral line running low down,
more or less elevated and sometimes forming a keel on the
caudal peduncle. Gillopenings wide, gillmembranes not united
with isthmus. Third upper pharyngeals moderately enlarged,
separate. Second and fourth pair present or absent.

Distribution: All temperate and tropical seas. Some
species entering fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian genera sof Belonidae:

I. Gillrakers present. In indo-australian species caudal pe-
dunclesstronelly, depressed skeeleds) ams aemrn naman te Belone p. 116.
Ii. Gillrakers absent or vestigial. Caudal peduncle com-
pressed or slightly depressed.
al, Ywo or three pairs of dentigerous upper pharyngeals,
Operculum scaly, or if not so, the tail is forked. .
Origin of dorsal more or less behind that of anal,
1. Body scarcely or moderately compressed, the height
less than twice the breadth of the body. Inter-
maxillaries not swollen at the base. ........ Tylosurvus p. 119.
2. Body strongly compressed. The height twice the
breadth of the body. Intermaxillaries swollen at
the baSer(s)@ ioe) eleid GuadebasGheceherl. mere beabe a elie nes op ene
Z. Only one pair of dentigerous upper pharyngeals.
Caudal subtruncate or slightly rounded. Operculum

not scaly. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of anal. Xenen/odon p. 132.

I. Belone Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Regne animal II. 1817, p. 185).

Very elongate, compressed or cylindrical, caudal peduncle
sometimes even depressed. Intermaxillaries and mandibles

117

prolonged, forming a beak. Both jaws with a band of conical
teeth and a series of moderate pointed widely-set teeth. Those
of the mandibles much smaller than those of maxillaries, which
are canines. Teeth on vomer present or absent. Dorsal and
anal almost opposite to each other; all the dorsal and anal
rays connected by a membrane. Caudal forked. Scales rather
small. Lateral line running low down, not forming a keel on
the caudal peduncle, which has sometimes a keel above the

Fig. 46. Belone (Eurycaulus) persimilis Gthr. < 1/9.
Side- and upper view of end of tail to show that it is flattened.

lateral line. Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers present. Lower pha-
ryngeal triangular, second and third upper pharyngeals denti-
gerous; fourth usually distinct, dentigerous.

Distribution: East Atlantic, Indic and Tropical Pacific.

Dhisecenusican. be,provisionally devided into -the

>

following two subgenera:

A. Vomerme) teeth present, tail ‘compressed... 25 3 3.3. Belone s. str. 1).
Goav Omerine) teethvabsent; tail depresseditjy. 2 4) -) «isn. Eurycaulus Ogilby 2).

Key to -théelindo-australian species of
the ysubeenus Eur yea! us:

_

. Eye 11/,—12/3 in postorbital part of head, equal

COMINCETONMItAlL SUACE ail aleve. (oee cases te ta ulamals. B. (E.) platyura p. 118.
2. Eye 15/;—2 in postorbital part of head, a little
MOLE HUmaMMnterorbitale Space vy tay i wuellveh sid 6) B. (E.) persimilis p. 118.

1) Not represented in the Archipelago.

2) We use here the name /wrycau/us, although it was founded on a miscon-
ception. OcILBy (Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland XXI, 1908, p. 91) proposed to
subdivide the genus 7Zy/osurvws into three genera, and one of these genera he
called Eurycaulus, with the type &. platyura; but lastnamed species, having
gillrakers, is a Be/one and not a Tylosurus, which fact seems to have escaped
Ocitpy. The name Lurycau/us has presedence before Platybelone Fowler (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXXI. 1919, p. 2).

118

I. Belone (Eurycaulus) platyura Benn.
Belone platyura Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, 1830, p. 168.
Belone platura Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 1835—1840, p. 73.
Belone carinata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 437.
Belone platura Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857, Achtste Bijdr. Am-
boina, p. 85.
Belone platura Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 237.
Mastacembelus platurus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 234. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 50.
Belone platura Klunzinger, Abh. Zool, bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 577.
Lelone platura Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wien LXX. 1900, p. 512.
Belone platura Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 349.

De 213-14; JA, 2.15—19;. Po 1s. Vo 1:5 5 Le Lvaboutas5o:

Depressed, pentagonal in crosssection, the height twice in
the breadth of the body. Height 18--19, about 22 in length
with caudal. Head 2°/,, 3 in length with caudal. Eye 1'/,—1?/,
in postorbital part of head, equal to interorbital space and 4
times in snout. Head flat above, striated, with a broad, very
shallow, scaly median groove; supraorbital region striated.
Operculum scaly. Maxillary entirely hidden by praeorbital.
Canines weak, short, vertical or subvertical. Height of mandible
below eye 4 times in eye. Tongue smooth. Pectorals conspi-
cuously longer than postorbital part of head. Ventrals almost
twice in length of pectorals. Base of ventrals midway between
base of caudal and eye or a little nearer to base of caudal
[according to KLUNZINGER midway between hindmargin of
operculum and base of caudal]. Origin of dorsal before that
of anal, separated by about go scales from occiput. The middle
and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, shorter
than the anterior ones. Caudal peduncle very strongly depressed,
with a sharp lateral keel above the lateral line. Caudal forked.
Darkgreen above, silvery below. Fins more or less yellowish
at their base. Length 500 mm. [After BLEEKER, KLUNZINGER
and GUNTIIER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Ambon. — Red Sea,. Mauritius, Pelew
Islands, Guam, Fiji Islands, Funafuti, Samoa Islands, Sand-
wich Islands.

2. Belone (Eurycaulus) persimilis Gthr. |Fig. 46, p. 117].

Belone platyura Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, p. 122. (nec BENNETT).
Belone persimilis Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 349.

119

DSUs eet 7) La ee WV 41285 i 1. about, 180.

Depressed, pentagonal in crosssection, the height 1.2 in the
breadth of the body. Height 25, 27 in length with caudal.
Head 2.8; 3.1 in length with caudal. Eye 1.6—2 im postorbital
part of head, a little more than interorbital space and 7.4 in
snout. Head flat above, with a broad shallow scaly median
groove. Supraorbital region striated. Operculum scaly. Maxil-
lary entirely hidden by praeorbital. Canines weak, short and
straight. Height of mandible below eye '/, of greatest diameter
of eye. Tongue smooth. Pectorals a little longer than post-
orbital part of head, ventrals about 1.5 in pectorals. Base of
ventrals somewhat nearer to hindmargin of operculum than
to base of caudal. Origin of dorsal above third divided ray
of anal, separated by about 120 scales from occiput and by
10—1r scales from lateral line. Middle and posterior dorsal
and anal rays subequal in length, much shorter than the anterior
ones. Caudal peduncle very strongly depressed, with a sharp
lateral keel above the lateral line, its height more than twice
in its breadth. Caudal forked. Bluish-black above, silvery
below, fins yellowish. Length 500 mm.

Habitat: Flores! — Yap, Northwest Coast of Australia,
Sandwich Islands, Tonga Islands, Hawaian Islands.

Por vy los urissCoccos
(Cocco, Lett. in Giorn. Sc. Lett. Sicil. XLII. 1833, p. 18).

Very elongate, body cylindrical or compressed. Intermaxil-
laries and mandibles prolonged, forming a beak. Both jaws

>

Fig. 47. Zvlosurus melanotus (Blkr.) X ‘3.

with a band of small teeth and a series of more or less
developed canines. No teeth on vomer. Origin of dorsal some-
what or even considerably behind that of anal, all the dorsal

120

and anal rays connected by a membrane. Caudal fin forked,
emarginate, truncate or rounded. Scales small
or very small. Lateral line running low down,
sometimes forming an elevated keel on the
caudal peduncle. Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers
_absent. Lower pharyngeal elongate, narrow,
the dentigerous plate scarcely expanded poste-
riorly; second and third upper pharyngeals
dentigerous; fourth usually distinct, dentigerous.

Distribution: West Atlantic, Mediter-
ranean, Indic and Pacific.

Key to the indo-australian species
of Ty losaunus.

‘A. Caudal truncate or rounded. Lateral line not forming

a keel on caudal peduncle. 7
Fig. 48. Z lower, z 2,
3; 4 upper pharyngeals
or only slightly compressed. of Tylosurus punctu-
a. L. 1, about 170. Caudal with a median black /@4#s(Gthr. magnified.

1, Anal 2.13—15; D. 2.10—13. Body cylindrical

nile (tel Saye eRe BPAUG A. Cicad asic DMO ke oo et a Li, STHOMS LUTEUS Pe D2T.
6, L.1. about 125. Caudal without black blotch . 7. macrolepis p. 122.
2. Anal 2.17—2.23. D. 2.14—18.

a. Strongly compressed. Origin of ventrals midway
between base of caudal and hindmargin of prae-

Opercw lump At 207 OMe eae ie cent ene eee LR ete py X23.
6. Subcylindrical or compressed. Origin of ventrals
midway between front- or hindborder of eye
and base of caudal. A. 2.20—23.
a Origin of dorsal above 7th divided ray of
anal, Plead) 238 3a er acd onc c it ia wearin T. leiurus p. 124.
@. Origin of dorsal above 2nd divided ray of
dorsal blead 9255 207" eas rel eaiey te peticll Ln t72ctsus ps 025.
B. Caudal forked. Lateral line forming a keel on caudal
peduncle.
1. Canines of upper jaw curved forwards. D. 2.20—22.,
Bi. 251 8! FOp kickin MMe 1s een einem eens .. ZL. annulatus p. 126.

2. Canines of upper jaw vertical.
a. DD. 2.23-—24. A. 2:20-——21.. P. 1-DI=—12) 4 ss as. I. melanotus p. 127.
6, D.2.19—21; A. 2.18—rI9. P. 1.13.
z. Tongue covered with tubercular asperities.
Eye twice in postorbital part of head... . 7. crocodilus p. 128.
P. Tongue smooth. Eve 2.6—2.8 in postorbital
pant of dead :.\.5..)%) Ron teemntek ol, Mtomemeometers T. punctulatus p. 129.

I21I

1. Tylosurus strongylurus (v. Hass.).

Belone strongylura van Uasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, Deel I, 1823, p. 130.

Belone caudimacula Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2a II. 1829, p. 285.

Belone caudimacula Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons X VIII. 1846, p. 452.

Belone caudimacula Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. 1228.

Belone caudimacula Bleeker, Verh, Bat. Genootsch. XXIV. 1852, Snoekachtige
Visschen, p. 12.

Mastacembelus caudimacula Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1I. 1865, p. 176, p. 294.

Mastacembelus strongylurus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IIT, 1866, p. 220.

Belone caudimaculata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 245.

Belone strongylurus Giinther, ibid. p. 246.

Mastacembelus strongylurus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 45.

Belone strongylura Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 512.

D. 1.10—2.13; A. 2.13—15; P. 1.g—.10; V.1.5; L.1. circa 170.
Slightly compressed, the height being only a little more
than the breadth of the body. Tail somewhat more compressed.
Height 14—15, 16—17 in length with caudal. Head 2.5—2.7,
2.9—3.1 in length with caudal. Eye 2.6—4 in postorbital part
of head, 7—8.3 in snout and about equal to or a little less
than interorbital space. Height of mandible below pupil much
less than greatest diameter of eye. Upper surface of head
flat with a well developed but rather shallow median groove.
Supraorbital region with some striae. Maxillary only half hidden
by praeorbital. Operculum scaly. Canines rather small, slightly
directed backwards. Tongue smooth. Pectorals a little less
than, equal to or even a little longer than postorbital part of
head. Base of ventrals about midway between eye and base
of caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays sub-
equal in length and much shorter than the rays in front.
Origin of dorsal above 2nd divided ray of anal. Lateral line
without distinct keel on caudal peduncle. Caudal rounded.
Colour of alcohol specimens brownish, with a lateral silvery band,
especially distinct on the posterior half of the body, where it is
bordered superiorly by a dark stripe. A bluish black spot at
the base of the caudal fin. According to BLEEKER a variety
occurs with black spots on head, back and sides. Length 450 mm.
Nom. indig.: Tendrah, Djulong-djulong (Malay Batavia),
Katjangan, Lontjong (Javan.), Tuda laut (Bagan Api Api).
Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Palembang, Banju Asin,
Taluk!, Bagan Api api!, Siboga, Tiku); Nias; Java-sea!; Java
(Batavia!, Samarang, Surabaya, Pasuruan); Bintang; Riouw;
Banka; Borneo (Pamangkat, Sinkawang, Sungiduri, Pontianak,

Sintang!, Sampit, Banjermassin, Brunai, Sandakan); Madura;
Celebes (Makassar!, Lagusi); Ambon; New Guinea (Mimika
river). — Thursday Island, North Australia, Philippines, For-
mosa, Tonkin, Cochin-China, Siam, Burma, British India and
Ceylon.

In sea and estuaries.

Note. GUNTHER separated (loc. supra cit.) some specimens
from Ambon and Australia from this species under the name
of B. caudimaculata, on account of their larger eye, longer
head and somewhat longer pectoral fins. Among the numerous
specimens from the Indo-australian Archipelago, examined by
us, we find only one in which the eye goes less than 3 times
in the postorbital part of the head, what would be in accor-
dance with GUNTHER’s &. caudimaculata. But in this specimen
the head and the pectoral fins are not longer than in the
other ones. The length of the pectoral fin seems to be rather
variable, being sometimes shorter, sometimes even longer than
the postorbital part of the head, without being accompanied
by other constant differences. We see therefore no reason to
follow GUNTHER and have included &. caudimaculata Giinther
in the synonymy of 7. strongylurus.

2. Tylosurus macrolepis (Blkr.).

> Belone Urvillii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 444.

Belone macrolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XII. 1856, p. 225; ibid.
XIII. 1857, p. 374.

Mastacembelus macrolepis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 221; —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 45.

Belone macrolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 246.

Belone macrolepis A, B. Meyer, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. XIV. 1885, p. 38.

De2alie, Aver As) POTIG)s ov 2515.28 Ll pemea ae 2.

Cylindrical, the height being about equal to the breadth.
Free portion of the tail compressed. Height 10, about II in
total length. Head 2.3, 2.5 in length with caudal. Eye thrice
in postorbital part of head and 1'/, in interorbital space and
g times in snout. Upper surface of head flat, with a rather
shallow median groove of moderate width; supraorbital region
indistinctly striated. Two thirds of maxillary hidden by the
praeorbital. Operculum scaly. Canines rather small, slightly
directed backwards. Tongue smooth. Pectorals a little more

123

than postorbital part of head. Ventrals midway between front-
margin of eye and the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal
and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating
at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Origin
of dorsal distinctly behind that of anal. Caudal fin rounded.
A silvery lateral band, inconspicuous before dorsal. Dorsal and
anal with a series of diffuse spots in the middle, forming a
longitudinal band. Pectorals with a large dark patch at their
base, especially conspicuous at the innerside of the fin. Length
of the only specimen described 420 mm. |Type in the British
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Nias!; Celebes (Menado); Sangir Islands.

In sea.

3. Tylosurus kreffti (Gthr.)

Belone krefftii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 250.
Stenocaulus kréfftii Ogilby, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland XXI. 1908, p. 91.
Tylosurus krefftii Mc Culloch, Check-list of fish of N.S. Wales, Prt. II. 1919, p. 29.

DS 2.142. 16; AL 2.17—=2.105 PArviio; V.iki5; Lil170—1090.

Strongly compressed, the breadth of the body 1?/, times
in its height. Height 10—15, 11—17 in length with caudal.
Head 2.3—2.4, 2.6 in length with caudal. Eye 2.6—3.8 in
postorbital part of head, about equal to interorbital space and
7.2—8.5 in snout. Height of mandible below pupil a little more
than haif of the greatest diameter of eye. Head flat above,
with a shallow median groove. Supraorbital region with a few
striae. Maxillaries half hidden by praeorbital. Operculum as
well as the greater part of upper surface of head, including the
median groove, scaly. Canines slender, straight. Length of
pectorals much less than postorbital part of head, slightly
more than height of body. Origin of ventrals midway between
base of caudal and hindmargin of praeoperculum. Middle
and hindermost anal and dorsal rays subequal, much. shorter
than anterior rays. First dorsal ray above second divided ray
of anal. Lateral line without keel on caudal peduncle. Caudal
truncate. Colour in alcohol brownish above, yellowish and
slightly silvery below, with an indistinct lateral silvery band
in the postanal part of the body. Fins dusky. Length 650 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Lorentz-river!, Mimika river), —
Queensland.

In rivers.

124

4. Tylosurus leiurus (Blkr.)

Belone leinrus Bleeker, Nat. Tiidschr. Ned. Indié I 1850, p. 94; Verhand. Bat.
Genootsch. XXIV. 1852, Snoekachtige Visschen, p. 13.

Mastacembelus anastomella Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr, Dierk. lil. 1866, p. 224
(nec C.V.).

Belone leiurus Kner, Fische Novara Exp. 1865—1867, p. 321.

Belone liurus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 250.

Mastacembelus leiurus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 46.

Belone linra Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 511.

Tylosurus leiuvus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. Washington XXVII.

1908, p. 243.

Strongylura leiura Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXXI. 1919, p. 5.

D.2,16—18 Jor 15175 SAN 21Z 1-23" (PL TOE a Wee
L.1. 185—200.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.3—1.5 in its
height. Caudal peduncle rather variable, sometimes as high
as broad, but generally higher than broad. Height 17—26,
18—29 in length with caudal. Head 2.8—3.2, 3—3.4 in length
with caudal. Eye 2.5—-3.3 in postorbital part of head, 1.1—1.3
in interorbital space and 8 to more than g in snout. Upper
surface of head flat, with a broad but shallow scaly median
groove, which widens anteriorly and through which runs a
low, rounded, longitudinal ridge, which disappears anteriorly.
Parietals coarsely striated, frontals with some striae, which
disappear anteriorly, the supraorbital region being almost smooth.
Upper surface of beak with fine striae. Height of mandible
below pupil equal to or a little more than diameter of eye.
Two thirds of maxillary hidden by praeorbital. Operculum
scaly. Canines slender, somewhat curved backwards. Tongue
smooth. Pectorals a little longer than or equal to postorbital
part of head. Base of ventrals midway between base of caudal
and hindborder of eye or somewhat nearer to firstnamed. The
middle and hinder dorsal rays subequal in length and much
shorter than the anterior ones. Origin of dorsal far behind
that of anal, situated above the 7th divided ray of lastnamed
fin and separated by 11 or 12 scales from lateral line. Caudal
fin subtruncate. Colour in alcohol brownish, with a silvery
lateral band, bordered above by a dark line, which is more
clearly visible in formol specimens. Pectorals with a black
subterminal blotch. Dorsal and — less so — anal with a blackish
border. Ventrals hyaline. Caudal dusky. Length 580 mm.
[Many specimens of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

ae =

125

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay Batavia), Kadjang
or Langsar (Malay Bantam), Toda palpia (Riouw).

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Singapore; Sumatra (Benkulen, Pa-
dang, Ulakan, Priaman); Nias!; Riouw; Biliton; Java (Batavia !,
Krawang!, Bantam, Semarang!, Prigi); Bali; Flores!; Ambon!;
Batjan; Aru Islands. — Philippines, Formosa, British India,
Ceylon.

5. Tylosurus incisus (C. V.)

Belone incisa Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 451.

Belone leinroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié J. 1851, p. 479; Verhand.
Bat. Genootsch. XXIV. Snoekachtige Visschen, 1852, p. 25.

> Belone brachyrhynchos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VI. 1854, p. 61.

Mastacembelus leiuroides Bleeker, Ned. Vijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 233.

Belone liuroides Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 243.

>Mastacembelus brachyrhynchus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, III, 1866, p. 232. —
Atl. Ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 49.

Mastacembelus leiuroides Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 50.

> Belone (Mastacembelus) liuroides Steindachner, Sitzb, Math. naturw. CI. Akad.
Wien LX. J. 1870, p. 570.

> Tylosurus levuroides Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sc. Philad. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 493.

Belone liuroides Giinther, Siidsee-Fische, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 352.

Belone incisa Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 123.

Strongylura leiurcides Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXXI. 1919, p. 5.
D. 2.17—18; A. 2.20; P.1.10—11; V.1.5; L.1. + 180—190.
Subcylindrical, the height being equal to or a little more

than the breadth of the body. Caudal peduncle as high as

broad or somewhat broader than high. Height 15—22, 17—25

in length with caudal. Head 2.5—2.7, 2.7—-2.9 in length with

caudal. Eye 2—2.5 in postorbital part of head, 1.2 or some-
what less in interorbital space and 6—8 times in snout. Upper
surface of head flat, with a rather shallow scaly median groove,
which does not widen anteriorly. Supraorbital region, frontals
and parietals densely striated. The upper surface of the beak
is also provided with deep longitudinal furrows. Height of
mandible below pupil scarcely equal to half diameter of eye.
Maxillary only just visible below praeorbital, when the mouth
is closed. Operculum scaly. Canines well developed, slender,
straight. Tongue smooth. Pectorals somewhat longer than post-
orbital part of head. Base of ventrals midway between base
of caudal and middle or frontborder of eye. Length of ventrals
about °/, of that of pectorals. The middle and hinder dorsal
and anal rays subequal in length and much shorter than the

126

anterior ones. Origin of dorsal above second divided ray of
anal, separated by 12 scales from lateral line. Caudal slightly
emarginate. Colour in alcohol brownish above, lighter below
with an indistinct silvery lateral band. Length 600 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Java (Batavia!); ‘Borneo; Biliton;
Celebes (Makassar!); Banda; Halmahera; Timor; Island Biaru!;
New Guinea. — Indian Ocean (C.V.), Philippines, Admiralty
Islands, Pelew Islands, Ponapé, Ruk, Samoa.

6. Tylosurus annulatus (C. V.)

Belone annulata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 447.

Belone gigantea Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons II, 1847, p. 245.

Belone melanurus Bleeker, Verhand. Bat. Genootsch, XXII. 1849, Bijdr. Ichth.
Madura p. I1.

Belone timucoides Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Arch. III. 1849, p. 67 & 68.

Belone annulata Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1226.

Belone cylindrica Bleeker, Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. XXIV. Snoekacht. Visschen,
TO52epsl3

Belone gigantea Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. HI. 1858. Japan p. 21.

Mastacembelus giganteus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 236.

Belone cylindrica Kner, Fische Novara Exp. I. 1865—1867, p. 321.

Mastacembelus choram Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 277 (nec
RUPPELL).

Mastacembelus annulatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II]. 1866, p. 220.

Belone annulata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 18660—1872, p. 240 (nec syn.).

Mastacembelus annulatus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 48.

Belone annulata Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 510.

Tylosurus giganteus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1903, p. 529.

Tylosurus giganteus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, p. 124.

Belone gigantea Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 350.

D. 2.20—-22; A. 2,18-—2.20; P. 1.12—-14; V. 1:5; LI. cirea 350;

Moderately compressed, the breadth of the body going
1.21.4 in the height. Free portion of the tail more or less
tetrahedral, higher than broad. Height 15 —-17, 16—2o0 in length
with caudal. Head 3.1—3.3, 3.5—3-7 in length with caudal.
Eye 2.1—2.5 in postorbital part of head, 1—1.3 in interorbital
space and 5.5 to nearly 7 in snout. Height of mandible below
pupil about equal to half (greatest) diameter of eye. Upper
surface of head flat with a very broad shallow median groove.
A narrow stripe in the middle, widening anteriorly to an
oblong patch, is scaly. Sides of groove with deep furrows and
well developed ridges. Supraorbital region with very numerous
feeble striae, but so feebly developed that the bone is almost

127

smooth on touch. Maxillary nearly entirely hidden by prae-
orbital, when the mouth is closed. Operculum not scaly. Canines
well developed, subulate, curved forwards. Tongue covered
with granular teeth. Pectorals equal to or somewhat longer
than postorbital part ‘of head; ventrals a little shorter than
pectorals. Base of ventrals about midway between front of
eye and base of caudal. Middle dorsal rays the shortest, those
of the hinderhalf prolonged, although not so long as the first
ray. First anal ray longer than first dorsal ray. Middle and
hinder anal rays subequal in length, much shorter than the ante-
rior ones. Origin of dorsal above second undivided, or above first
divided ray of anal; 23 or 24 scales between origin of dorsal
and lateral line. Lateral line forming a more or less elevated
dark brown keel on the caudal peduncle. Caudal forked, less
so in young specimens. Colour brownish above, silvery below.
Lower lip, which is produced into a flaplike organ in young
specimens, dark brown. Fins yellowish, more or less blackish
in their distal part; hinderhalf of dorsal almost completely so.
Middle caudal rays blackish. Length over 1000 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay Batavia); Tendrah,
Lontjong (Javan.); Kadjang (Malay Bantam); Sakku (Ternate,
Ambon), Saku (Menado), Silowang (Batjan).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Siboga, Benkulen); Nias!;
Pulu Weh!; Banka; Riouw; Java (Batavia!, Bantam, Semarang!,
Surabaya, Banjuwangi); Bawean Island; Borneo (Sandakan);
Cocos Island; Madura; Bali; Lombok!; Solor; Celebes (Ma-
kassar!, Bonthain, Badjoa, Menado); Ternate; Batjan; Ambon!;
Banda!; Ceram (Kawa!); Waigeu; Aru Islands; New Guinea
(British New Guinea, Wilhelmsland!).— From the Seychelles
and British India, Japan, Philippines to North Australia and
to the Sandwich Islands.

In sea.

7. Tylosurus melanotus (Blkr.) |Fig. 47, p. rio].

Belone coromandelica vy. Wasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, I. 1823, p. 130
(nom. nudum).

Belone timucoides v. Hasselt, Bull. de Férussac, II. 1824 Zool. p. 374 (no descr.).

Belone melanotus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. I. 1850, p. 94.

Belone melanotus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXIV. Snoekacht. Visschen,
GE52 pe 14. ;

Mastacembelus crocodilus Bleeker, Ned, Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1863, p. 226.

Belone melanotus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 238.

Mastacembelus melanotus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 47.

128

Tylosurus coromandelicus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XX VI. 1903, p. 530.
Tylosurus melanotus Fowler, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci, Philad. (2) XII. 1904, p. 501.
Belone meldnotus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 352.
Strongylura coromandelica Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXXI.

FOIG, p. "5:

D. 2.23—24; A. 2.20—21; P. 1.11—12; V. 1.5; L.1. + 335—350.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.3—1.8 in the
height of the body. Caudal peduncle almost as broad as high.
Height 14—17, 17—18 in length with caudal. Head 3.1—3.3,
3.5—3.0 in length with caudal. Eye about twice or somewhat
more in postorbital part of head, slightly less than interorbital
space and about 7 times in snout. Height of mandible below
pupil one third of horizontal diameter of eye. Upper surface
of head flat, striated, with an extremely shallow broad median
groove, which is not more than a depression. Maxillary enti-
rely hidden by the praeorbital. Operculum not scaly. Canines
short, straight. Tongue covered with numerous patches of
very small granular teeth. Pectorals about equal to postorbital
part of head; ventrals conspicuously shorter. Base of ventrals
about midway between hindmargin of eye and base of caudal.
Middle dorsal rays shorter than anterior and posterior ones.
Anterior anal rays longer than the others, which are subequal.
Origin of dorsal above second simple ray of anal; 20—24
scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line. Lateral line
forming a more or less elevated dark keel on caudal peduncle.
Caudal forked. Dark brown above, silvery below, the two
colours sharply defined. Dorsal blackish. Anal with a dark
margin. Pectorals blackish towards their end. Length 600 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay Batavia), Tjakalang
(Moluccos).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang); Java (Batavia);
Celebes (Makassar!, North Celebes); Moluccos!; Island Salibabu]};

Sumbawa!; Ternate. — North Australia, New Britain, New
Caledonia, Formosa, Japan.
In sea:

8. Tylosurus crocodilus (Lesueur).

Esox belone Forskl, Descr. Animal. 1775, p. 67 (nec LINNE).

Belone crocodilus Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. II. 1821, p. 129.

Belone choram Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische 1835, p. 72.

Belone crocodilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. XVIII. 1846, p. 440.
Belone choram Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 239.

Belone choram Kiunzinger, Abhandl. zool, bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 578.

129

Belone choram Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 510 (not figure),

Tylosurus crocodilus Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) XII. 1904,
p- 501, pl. IX, upper fig.

Tylosurus choram Seale, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mus. IV. 1906, p. 12.

Belone choram Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 351.

Strongylura crocodila Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXXI. 1919, p. 5.

Deas ——29- VA To--2 Pia; V6; L173

Subcylindrical, the breadth of the body going 1'/, in its length.
Height 15 in total length. Head 3, its upper surface with a
broad and very shallow median groove; superciliary region
striated. Eye twice in postorbital part of head, somewhat less
than interorbital space and 6 times in snout. Suborbital part
of head twice in eye. Maxillary nearly entirely hidden by
praeorbital. Operculum not scaly. Canines strong. Tongue
covered with tubercular asperities. Pectorals about equal to
postorbital part of head, ventrals only a little shorter. Base
of ventrals midway between hindmargin of eye and base of
caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal rays are very slender
and somewhat prolonged. Origin of dorsal behind that of anal.
The lateral line forms a very slight keel on the caudal peduncle.
Caudal forked. Length over 1000 mm. [After GUNTHER, Day
and KLUNZINGER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang); Celebes (Menado) ;
Ambon; Misol. — From East coast of Africa and Red Sea
through Indian Ocean to Tonkin, Duke of York Islands, Solo-
mon Islands and Tahiti.

Note. It is astonishing to see that the specific name choram
has been attributed by almost every author to FORSKAaL,
whereas FORSKAL called the species Esox delone. Only at the
end of the very short description we read: “Arab. Chaerman
vel Choram.”

RUPPELL was the first to use the word choram as a specific
name, and he correctly called the species “Selone Choram
Riippell’. But on the same page he introduced the mistake,
which has been made over and over again by all later authors —
excepting VALENCIENNES — when he said of the species
that it is: “bereits von FORSKaL as -sox Choram angedeutet
worden”.

9g. Tylosurus punctulatus (Gthr.) [Fig. 48, p. 120].
Belone punctulata Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1871, p. 670.

MP S8Gs eee 2. tS— 19s Pi i13 3 V.1.53 LW cifear225:

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 9

130

Moderately compressed, the breadth of the body going 1'/,
in the height. Caudal peduncle only a little higher than broad.
Height almost 12, 13 in length with caudal. Head 2.8, 3.2 in
length with caudal. Eye 2.6—2.8 in postorbital part of head,
1.5 in interorbital space and almost 7.3 in snout. Mandible
strong, its height below pupil about equal to vertical diameter
of eye. Upper surface of head with a deep broad median
groove, tapering anteriorly and prolonged into a narrow median
groove on the beak. Superciliary region with numerous fine
striae. Maxillary entirely hidden by praeorbital. Operculum
not scaly. Canines moderately developed, subulate, straight.
Tongue smooth. Pectorals somewhat longer than postorbital
part of head. Ventrals as long as pectorals. Base of ventrals
midway between base of caudal and centre of eye. Middle
and hinder dorsal and anal rays shorter than anterior ones,
which are prolonged. First anal rays much longer than those
of dorsal. Origin of dorsal above second simple ray of anal;
18 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line. On the
caudal peduncle the lateral] line forms a distinct keel, which
is not coloured black. Caudal forked, the lobes pointed. Colour
when fresh: “belly white or light bluish grey, back dark,
with green reflection. Sides with orange spots” (Dr. RUTTEN).
Fins dusky. Length 575 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Balikpapan!); Celebes (Menado).

3. Athlennes Jordan & Fordice.
(JorDAN & ForpIcE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 342).
Very elongate. Body extremely compressed, almost ribbon-

shaped. Intermaxillaries and mandibles prolonged, forming a
slender beak; the intermaxillaries slightly constricted towards

Fig. 49. Athlennes hians (C.V.) X& /o.

their base where they are strengthened by a conical swelling of
the bone, with the point directed forwards. Both jaws with a

131

band of conical, pointed teeth, intermixed with larger ones,
which form slender canines. No teeth on vomer. Origin of
anal somewhat in advance of that of dorsal, all the dorsal
and anal rays connected by a membrane. Caudal forked. Scales
very small, adherent. Lateral line running low down, without
distinct keel on caudal peduncle. Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers
absent. Lower pharyngeal narrow, elongate. Second third and
fourth pair of upper pharyngeals dentigerous.
Distribution: that of the only species known.

1. Athlennes hians (C. V.) |Fig. 49, p. 130].

Belone crocodila Bleeker, Nat. en Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié II (3) 1845, p. 512
(nec LESUEUR).

Belone hians Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 432.

Belone melanostigma Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 450.

Belone gracilis Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons II, 1847, p. 246 (nec LOWE).

Belone schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, I. 1850, p. 95. —
Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Visschen, p. 15.

Belone gracilis Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XX VI. 1854—1857, Nieuwe nalez.
Japan, p. 116 (nec Lowe).

Belone schismatorhynchus Kner, Novara Exp, I. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 322.

Mastacembelus gracilis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 230. (nec LOWE).

Belone 'schismatorhynchus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 239.

Mastacembelus schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 49.

Belone melanostigma Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 581.

Belone melanostigma Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 509.

Belone gracilis Nystrom, Bihang till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. agai SU, Ata avi
N°. 4, 1887, p. 44. (nec LOWE).

Athlennes hians Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America,
Parked, 1500.) p. 71S

Tylosurus schismatorhynchus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI.
1903, p. 528.

Athlennes hianms Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 433

Athlennes hians Jordan & Evermann, ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 125.

Tylosurus caeruleofasciatus Stead, New Fish N.S. Wales Dep. Fish. New South
Wales) Noir, 1908p.) 4;

Belone hians Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 353.

Athlennes cacruleofasciatus Ogilby, Mem. Queens]. Mus. V. 1916, p. 130.

Athlennes caeruleofasciatus McCulloch, Check-list of fish of N.S. Wales, Prt. II.
I9IQ, p. 36.
D. 2.21—23; A. 2.23—25; P. 1.13; V. 1.5; Ll. 450— 490.
Very strongly compressed, the breadth going 2.4—2.7 in

the length of the body. Height 10—16, 12—18 in length with

caudal. Head 3—3.5, 3.3—4 in length with caudal. Eye 2.1—2.6

in postorbital part of head, equal to or shorter than inter-

132

orbital space and 7—8 in snout. Head flat above, with a broad
median groove, which is scaly anteriorly and has a median
ridge in its posterior part. Supraorbital region striated. Oper-
culum smooth. Mandible very high, its height below pupil
only a little less than diameter of eye. Canines short and
slender, those of the upper jaw slightly directed backwards.
Tongue smooth. Maxillary entirely or almost entirely hidden
by praeorbital. Pectorals variable in length, equal to postorbital
part of head or much longer. Ventrals 1.2—1.4 in pectorals;
their base somewhat nearer to frontborder of eye than to
base of caudal. Origin of dorsal above 4th divided ray of anal,
separated by 28—32 scales from lateral line. Middle dorsal
rays shorter than anterior and posterior ones. Anterior anal
rays much longer than the other ones, which are subequal.
Lateral line without distinct keel on caudal peduncle, which
is compressed, but less so than rest of body. Caudal forked.
Back darkbrown with a green reflection, sides and belly silvery,
the two colours rather sharply separated. Six to eight more
or less conspicuous dark crossbands on the body behind ventrals.
Dorsal almost totally blackish, pectorals and ventrals yellowish,
the former with black tips. Caudal dusky. Length over 1000 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay. Batavia), Sakku

(Ternate).
Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Java (Batavia, Semarang!); Ternate ;
Aru Islands!. — Red Sea, Indic, Pacific: to Japan and the

Sandwich Islands; Atlantic: West Indies, ranging from North
Carolina to Brasil.

Note: We have compared our specimens from the indo-
australian Archipelago with an Atlantic specimen from Curagao
and cannot find any difference. This species is rather a variable
one, but this variability is independant from the geographical
distribution. Specimens from the indo-australian Archipelago
for instance show all the differences, which OGILBY (I. c.)
supposes to exist between the atlantic, the east pacific and
the australian specimens.

4. Xenentodon Tate Regan.
(C. TATE-REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VII. 1911, p. 332).

Very elongate. Body cylindrical or subcylindrical. Inter-
maxillaries and mandibles prolonged, forming a beak. Both

; 133

jaws with a band of small teeth and a series of canines. No
teeth on vomer. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of anal; all
the dorsal and anal rays connected by a membrane. Caudal
subtruncate or slightly rounded. Scales small. Lateral line

Fig. 50. Xenentodon canciloides (Blkr.) X 5/9.

running low down, without keel on caudal peduncle. Gillopenings
wide. No gillrakers. Lower pharyngeal small, narrow, pointed
or rounded at both ends, only the-third pair of upper pharyn-
geals dentigerous.

Distribution: Fresh water of Sind, India, Ceylon, Burma,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

1. Xenentodon canciloides (Blkr.)
[RIgse 50, 52, ps F335 |.
Belone canciloides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, V.
1853, Pp. 454.
Mastacembelus canciloides Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr, Dierk, III.
1866, p. 223.
Belone canciloides Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 253.
Mastacembelus canciloides Bleeker, Atl. ichth, VI. 1866—1872,

. 46.
a cancila yon Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien Zool.
Th. I. 1876, p. 400 (nec H. B.).
Belone cancila Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus, XXIV. 1902,
Pees 0 a (Mec skioebs.)e
P21 5s AS 2354) Py 1:86); Lee eee Fig. 51. Z lower,
200—220. w third upper pha-
Cylindrical, the height being about equal to joy nciloides
the breadth of the body. Height 14—18, 15—19 (Bikr.) magnified.
in length with caudal. Head 2.3—2.4, 2.5—2.6
in length with caudal. Eye 2.5—3 in postorbital part of head,
equal to or a little less than interorbital space and 8.5 to 9
in snout. Head with a very deep median groove, tapering

ryngeals of Vever-

134

anteriorly and continued as a narrow groove on the beak.
About two thirds of maxillary hidden by praeorbital. Canines
short, subulate, vertical. Tongue smooth. Operculum not scaly.
Depth of mandible below pupil less than half diameter of eye.
Pectorals conspicuously shorter than postorbital part of head,
ventrals 1.5—1.7 in length of pectorals. Base of ventrals about
midway between hindmargin of praeoperculum and base of
caudal. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of anal'), origin of
dorsal separated by about 21 scales from lateral line. Middle
and hinder dorsal and anal rays much shorter than the anterior
ones. Caudal slightly rounded. Colour brownish, more or less
silvery below. A brownish lateral band becoming broader and
silvery on the tail. Fins hyaline, caudal dusky. Ventrals
sometimes tipped with blackish. Length 275 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Lampong), Penjolang (Tepu,
Borneo). .

Habitat: Sumatra (Telokbetong, Pangabuang, Palembang,
Benakat, Lahat, Taluk! Djambi!); Borneo (Pontianak, Putus
Sibau!, Raun!, Sebruang, Tepu!).

In fresh water.

Species of doubtinl occurrence:
I. Xenentodon cancila H. B.

MACLEAY (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, VII. 1883,
p- 592) records this species from Port Moresby, New Guinea.
As this species has only been found in freshwater of the
Asiatic continent and its near relative X. canczloides is only
known from Sumatra and Borneo, we agree with OGILBY
(Mem. Queensland Mus. V. 1916, p. 128) when he says: ‘1
am inclined to doubt the correctness of the identification of
this Indo-Burmese fish so far east”’.

It is not improbable that MACLEAY’s specimens belong to-
Lylosurus kreffti, which species lives in the rivers of New
Guinea and has a superficial likeness with . cancz/a.

II. Suborder Exocoetoidea.
Scales large or moderate. Mouth small, the upper jaw not

1) GUNTHER states l.c.: “The first dorsal ray is opposite to the third or
fourth of the anal fin.” This is not the case. BLEEKER made this mistake in
the first description of the species, but corrected it in his later descriptions.

135

being prolonged, even in cases where the lower jaw is produced
into a beak. Small or minute, sometimes tricuspid, teeth in
the jaws and sometimes present on palate and tongue. Second
and third upper pharyngeals dentigerous, the third pair strongly
enlarged, ankylosed or simply coalescent, forming one some-
what convex ovoid plate; fourth upper pharyngeals absent ;
lower pharyngeal broad, triangular, with concave upper sur-
face; teeth on principal pharyngeal plates anteriorly villiform,
posteriorly incisors with transversely expanded horizontal edge,
the two types connected by teeth of intermediate form, many
of which are tricuspid. Parasphenoid with an inferior apophysis
in front of the upper pharyngeals. Pseudobranchiae hidden,
glandular.

Key to the families of Exococtoid ea.

1. Intermaxillaries forming a flat, horizontal, triangular

expansion. Lower jaw generally produced into a long

beaker ecctoralssmoderate)) a). epee) 9) = Hemirhamphidae p. 135.
2. Intermaxillaries with a straight transverse anterior

border. Lower jaw never produced into a_ beak.

Pectorals long, generally excessively long, forming

Zia. Cwea ON Tibyalellis (4 GS ote Kee to Soceens piatd.o (0 wee Exocoetidae p. 173.

—

1. Fam. HEMIRHAMPHIDAE.

Very elongate, slender, cylindrical or compressed. Maxil-
laries firmly united to intermaxillaries, which form a flat
horizontal, triangular expansion. The symphysis of the lower
jaw is always prolonged, sometimes only very little so, but
generally much, so that the lower jaw forms a long, slender
beak. Teeth rather small, often tricuspid, the part of the lower
jaw in front of the intermaxillaries generally without teeth.
No teeth on palate or on tongue. Pectorals inserted rather
high up, of moderate length, by exception very long. Dorsal long
or short, far back, beginning before, above or behind origin
of anal. Anal long or short, in the males of viviparous species
some of the rays are often modified. Ventrals moderate

1) In the genus Ludeptorhamphus, not yet found in the indo-australian Archi-
pelago, the pectorals are long, but it is easily recognized as belonging to the
Hemirhamphidae by its long beak, formed by the lower jaw,

136

or small. Caudal forked, truncate or rounded. Scales large or
moderate, rather deciduous. Lateral line running low down.
Gillopenings wide, gillmembranes not united with isthmus.
Third upper pharyngeals ankylosed, forming one large plate.

Distribution: All tropical seas, some species entering
fresh water or living exclusively in fresh or brackish water.

Key to the indo-australian-genera of
Hemirhamphidae.
I. Dorsal beginning behind origin of anal and shorter |
than that fin.
1. Lower jaw produced into a beak... 7... 2). Dermogenys p. 136.
2. Lower jaw not produced into a beak ...... Nomorhamphus p. 141.
II. Dorsal beginning above or before origin of anal,
“generally longer than that fin.
I. Lower jaw produced into a beak.
a. Part of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw provided with teeth. Size small..... -Hemirhamphodon p. 142.
6. No teeth on part of lower jaw beyond extre-
mity of upper jaw.
a. Caudal forked. No modified anal rays in

We PASS 6 a didn ad bla B Ob O So 6 oc Hemirhamphus p. 145.
@. Caudal truncate or rounded. Anal rays more
or lessimmodiire dain smalessen ment mei Zenarchopterus p. 162.

2. Lower jaw not produced into a beak ...... « Arrhamphus p. 171.

1. Dermiogenys van Hasselt.
(vAN HasseLT, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode I, 1823, p. 131).
Elongate, rather compressed. Mandibles prolonged into a
beak, which has no teeth except in the part opposite to the
intermaxillaries. This beak is bordered along each side by a
fold of the skin, which stands out horizontally but is not

me

NBN oe RR La REO a

SC) ieee 00, ser ; aN » > Si aes ie
= ) WisAcerctwiwcwayse re ues
BRO) Re eS

Fig. 52. Dermogenys orientalis (M. Web.). X 13/4.

always visible in preserved specimens. Intermaxillaries forming
a tapering plate, which is truncate in front and therefore
has the shape of a trapezium. Small, pointed teeth in both
jaws. Dorsal shorter than anal and beginning behind that fin.

i

137

None of the rays thickened, but in males the anterior part
of the anal is sometimes enveloped by a swollen fold of the skin,
which seems to be an outgrowth of the genital papilla. Pectorals
inserted high and rather far backwards behind the branchial
opening. Ventrals small. Caudal rounded. Scales moderate,
rather deciduous. Lateral line running low down, indistinct.
Short gillrakers present. Third upper pharyngeals ankylosed.
Viviparous.

Distribution: River Hooghly in British India, Siam, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Philippines.

In fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Dermogenys.

I. Base of ventrals a little nearer to head than to caudal.
A. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw 5.4—6.1 in length. D. 9—1IO0. ,
Mowe LG ——0O. Ie tAS AVL ails .tciey chins) << oes D. orientalis p. 137.
2re Awol —— LO be laeabOllte 5 Oo caw) «ce: eeaher is D. weberi p. 138.
4. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw 7.6—8.4 in length. D. 1o—12. LJ. 54... D. ebrardti p. 139.
Il. Base of ventrals midway between head and caudal.
TARE G iG tg hele oe OP Aad COMODO, tot CTO A OR AG etL Gar D, sumatranus p. 139.
III. Base of ventrals nearer to caudal thar to head. A. 14. D. pusildlus p. 140.

1. Dermogenys orientalis (M. Web.) [Fig. 52, p. 136].

Hemiramphus orientalis Max Weber, Zool, Ergebn. III. 1894, p. 427.
Hemirhamphus orientalis Boulenger, Proc, Zool, Soc. London'1897, p. 429.

D.9—10; A. 15—16; P.1.9; V.1.5; L.l. 45—47.

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going
1.4—1I.6 in its height. Height 6.8—7.8, 8.1—9.5 in length with
caudal. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening
2.5—2.8 in trunk. Entire head 2.6—2.7, about thrice in length
with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond .extremity of upper
jaw somewhat more than 6 in length, about 7 in length with
caudal. Eye 1.3—2 in postorbital part of head, less than
interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw truncate in
front, longer than broad. Praeorbital rounded, about equal to
half diameter of eye. Teeth small, pointed. Origin of dorsal
above 5th or 6th anal ray. Dorsal higher than anal, both fins
rounded. Pectorals inserted rather far behind branchial opening,

138

as long as distance between corner of mouth and branchial
opening or a little longer. Ventrals about half as long as
pectorals, their base a little nearer to head than to caudal.
Caudal rounded. Colour yellowish with a fine dark lateral line
on the body, accompanied in the posterior part of the body
by a faint indication of a silvery lateral band. Length 78 mm,

Habitat: Borneo (river Meridan!); Celebes (Makassar,
Maros!, river La-Palupa near Tempe!, Luwu!, river Kalaena,
river Toka near Paloppo, stream between Enrekang and
Batu lappa).

In rivers.

Note. The specimens from Borneo have a little longer
head, when specimens of the same size are compared, but we
don't think this sufficient reason to increase the number of
species of Dermogenys, the characteristics of which are already
not sharply defined.

2. Dermogenys weberi (Blgr.).

Hemirhamphus webert Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 429.

Hemiramphus weberi Max Weber, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam1g14, p. 202.
D. 9-—10; A. 17—I19; P. 1.10; V. 1.5; Ll. about 50.
Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.5 in

its height. Height 7.4—9, 8.5—10 in length with caudal. Head

from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.7—2.8 in trunk.

Entire head 2.4—2.6, 2.8—3 in length with caudal. Length

of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 5.4—6.1, 6.2—7.2

in length with caudal. Eye 1.3—1.5 in postorbital part of
head, slightly less than interorbital space. Triangular part of
upper jaw truncate in front, longer than broad. Praeorbital
rounded, somewhat less than or equal to half diameter of eye.

Teeth small, pointed. Origin of dorsal above 6th anal ray.

Dorsal rounded, somewhat longer than anal, which is almost

truncate. Pectorals inserted rather far back behind branchial

opening, equal to or somewhat longer than the distance between:
corner of mouth and branchial opening. Ventrals half as long
as pectorals, their base nearer to head than to caudal. Caudal
rounded. Colour of preserved specimens blackish above, silvery
on the sides and below. Caudal and dorsal somewhat dusky, anal

and pectorals hyaline, ventrals with black tips. Length 95 mm.

Nom. indig.: Pangkilan (Buginese).
Habitat: Celebes (Lake Matanna!).

139

3. Dermogenys ebrardti Popta.
Hemiramphus (Dermatogenys) ebrardtii Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXXIV.

1912, p. 187.

Watts: | Ante Pato Ve 6 «Leb 54.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.8—2 in its
height. Height 5—5.5 in length without projecting part of
lower jaw, 67/,—7 in length with caudal. Head from tip of
upper jaw to branchial opening 2'/,—2°/, in trunk. Entire head
3—3.2 in length with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond
extremity of upper jaw 7.6—8.4 in length, 8.9—9.5 in length
with caudal. Eye almost twice in postorbital part of head,
I.2—I.5 in interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw
longer than broad. Teeth small, pointed. Origin of dorsal above
fourth anal ray. Fifth dorsal ray the longest, somewhat less
than the second and longest anal ray. Pectorals 61/,—7 in
length with caudal, twice as long as ventrals. Base of ventrals
a little nearer to head than to caudal. Caudal rounded. Colour
of alcohol specimens yellowish. A dark blotch at base of
pectorals. Length about 90 mm. [Type seen by us].

Habitat: South east Celebes (Kabaéna!, Penango!, Rumbia
valley !).

Fresh water.

4. Dermogenys sumatranus (Blkr.).

Hemiramphus sumatranus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié V. 1853, p. 526.

Dermogenys sumatranus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II]. 1866, p. 167. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 65.

Hemirhamphus sumatranus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 275.

Dig—10; Acrg: Po18—ow V. 1.57 Lisl: circa: 45/—s0.

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.5 in its height. Height 8—8.3, 9—10 in length with caudal.
Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.7—3.3 in
trunk. Entire head 2.5—2.7, 2.8—3.1 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 5.1—6.6,
7-3—7-5 in length with caudal. Eye 1.5—2 in postorbital part
of head, somewhat less than interorbital space. Triangular part
of upper jaw truncate in front, longer than broad. Praeorbital
rounded, about equal to half diameter of eye. Teeth small,
pointed. Origin of dorsal above 5th or 6th anal ray. Dorsal
higher than anal, both fins rounded. Pectorals inserted rather

140

far behind branchial opening, as long as distance between
corner of mouth and branchial opening or a little longer.
Ventrals about half as long as pectorals, their base midway
between base of caudal and branchial opening. Caudal rounded.
Colour of preserved specimens yellowish, with a faint indica-
tion of a silvery band in the posterior part of the body.
Fins hyaline. Length 75 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong (Banjermassin).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Lake Manindjau, Fort de
Kock!, Andalas!, Bagan Api Api!); Borneo (Balikpapan }).

In rivers.

5. Dermogenys pusillus v. Hass.

Dermogenys pusillus van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode, I. 1823, p. 131.

fHemiramphus fluviatilis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1850, p. 95. —
Verh. Bat. Gen, XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Visschen, p. 16.

Dermogenys pusillus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 165. — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 64.

Hemirhamphus fluviatilis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 275.

Dermogenys pusillus Bean & Weed, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XLII. 1912, p. 595.

DSO 10;0As 1A PPS Ve Nese las GO:

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.2—1.5
in its height. Height 7—ro, 8—11 in length with caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.5—3 in trunk.
Entire head 2.3—2.7, 2.8—3.1 in length with caudal. Length
of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 6.6—8 in length,
8—g in length with caudal. Eye 1.5 to nearly 2 in postorbital
part of head, somewhat less than interorbital space. Triangular
part of upper jaw truncate in front, longer than broad. Prae-
orbital rounded, about equal to half diameter of eye. Teeth
small, pointed. Origin of dorsal above 6th anal ray. Dorsal
higher than anal, both fins rounded. Pectorals inserted rather
far behind branchial opening, as long as distance between
corner of mouth and branchial opening or a little longer.
Ventrals about half as long as pectorals, their base a little
nearer to caudal than to branchial opening. Caudal rounded.
Colour of preserved specimens yellowish, with a faint indica-
tion of a silvery lateral band, a little more distinct below
dorsal, and bordered above by a black line. Length 70 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay. Batavia); Tjaratja
(Sumatra).

I4I

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Palembang); Java (Batavia,
Tandjong Oost, Perdana, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Tjipanas!,
Tjiandjur, Lelles, Garut, Situ Bagendit!, Grati, Sindanglaja,
Megamemdong, Palabuan, Nusa Kembangan, Semarang !); Bor-
neo (Upper Riko river!, Santabug). -- Malay Peninsula, Siam.

In rivers.

2. Nomorhamphus nov. gen.

Elongate, compressed. Mandible slightly projecting beyond
the upper jaw, provided at its tip with a fleshy prolongation,
which is curved backwards, at least in preserved specimens.
Intermaxillaries forming a triangular plate, which has a band
of fine teeth, similar to those of the lower jaw. Origin of dorsal
far backwards, behind that of anal and shorter than lastnamed
fin. Pectorals inserted high, not as long as head. Ventrals

STA NESSES RAS EOIERR
SN

aN

Fig. 53. Momorhamphus celebensis n. sp. X 54.

nearer to caudal than to head. Caudal fin rounded. Scales
moderate, rather deciduous. Lateral line indistinct, running
low down. Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers present, few in number,
knoblike and provided with minute spicules, which are also
present onthe free border of a membrane, situated on the
branchial arch (at least on the first), at the innerside of the
gillrakers. Viviparous.
Distribution: Fresh water of Celebes.

Key to the species of Nomorhamphus.

Mee Osler Om Geen Mal —— D2, moh oA eH iis ela serchie Tee erie eal, oe NV. celebensis p. 141.
Pan eA OM oel ye D2 ei a ro eo ¥e) ve i acyelgs, foes Ai toL ss) 6" =. of viewed V. hageni p. 142.

1. Nomorhamphus celebensis n. sp. [Fig. 53, p. 141].

Hemiramphus (Dermatogenys) spec. Max Weber, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde,
Amsterdam, 1914, p. 202.

i Tes Ree let BW. Ibs Lie go R55.

142

Rather compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.75 in its height. Height 5 and 6 in length with caudal. Head
3—3-3, 3-5—4 in length with caudal. Eye 3.5—5.5 in head,
1.75 in flat interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw
as long as broad. Teeth pointed, somewhat curved backwards,
especially those at the symphysis of the upper jaw. Band of
teeth in the upper jaw broader than that of lower jaw. Origin
of dorsal above 6th anal ray. Dorsal rounded, shorter than
anal, which is subtruncate. Pectorals about equal to head
without snout, ventrals longer than half length of pectorals,
their base midway between caudal and middle or hindborder
of eye. Caudal rounded. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish
with a fine dark longitudinal line. Pectorals and ventrals tipped
with” black. Dorsal with a black blotch at the base of its
hindborder and some dark patches along the frontborder. Ante-
rior and posterior border of anal blackish as well as upper,
lower and hindborder of caudal, which last fin has moreover
indications of crossbands. Length 84 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Lake Posso!, rivulet at Lappa Kanri!).

2. Nomorhamphus hageni (Popta).
Hemiramphus hageni Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXXIV. 1912, p. 190.

D213 Ares soe Oats tro A:

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 2—2?/, in its
height. Height 4.5—5. Head 3!/,—34/,. Eye 5.5—6, 1.8—2 in
postorbital part of head and 1°/, in interorbital space. Trian-
gular part of upper jaw 1'/, times as long as broad. Teeth
small. Origin of dorsal above fourth anal ray. Origin of ventrals
midway between hindborder of eye and base of caudal. In
all known specimens the fins are broken off at their base, so
that nothing can be said of their length or height. Colour of
alcohol specimens olive brown above, yellowish below. A
black blotch on the shoulder. Length 94 mm. [Types seen by us].

Habitat: South east Celebes (Penango! and Rumbia-valley!).

Fresh water.

3. Hemirhamphodon Bleeker.
(BLEEKER, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 140).

Elongate, compressed. Mandibles prolonged into a long beak,
_which is provided with small, pointed teeth. Lower jaw pro-

143

vided with a lateral horizontal fold of the skin on each side, espe-
cially developed in the part opposite to the upper jaw and not
always conspicuous in preserved specimens. Intermaxillaries
forming a triangular plate, which has a band of teeth, similar
to that of the lower jaw. Origin of dorsal backwards, before
that of the anal and much longer than lastnamed fin. Pectorals

Fig. 54. Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus (Blkr.) XX yo.
Upper figure the head magnified to show the teeth in lower jaw.

not inserted so high as in other genera of the group, shorter
than head. Ventrals shorter or longer than pectorals, before
or behind origin of dorsal. Caudal rounded. Scales very small.
Gillopenings wide. Short gillrakers present. Viviparous.
Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra,
Banka, Biliton and Borneo.
In fresh and brackish water.

Key to the species of Hemirhamphodon.

1. D. 21—23. Origin of ventrals behind that of dorsal. H. phaiosoma p. 143.
2. D. 15—17. Origin of ventrals before that of dorsal. H. pogonognathus p. 144.

1. Hemirhamphodon phaiosoma (Blkr.)

Hemiramphus phaiosoma Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Visschen
p. 26. — Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. (1851) 1852, p. 99.

Hemirhamphodon phaiosoma Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr, Dierk. III. 1866, p. 168. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 66.

Hemirhamphus phaiosoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 272.

Dy 21-233 -Ato5-Pot-7—3 5, Ver-s; L.1.cirea,’go.).
Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5 in its height.
Height 8.3, 9.1 in length with caudal. Head from tip of upper

I) BLEEKER (l.c.) mentions only about 70.

144

jaw 2.6 in trunk. Entire head 2.2, 2.6 in length with’ caudal.
Lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 4.1 in length,
4.8 in length with caudal. Eye 1.4 in postorbital part of head,
about equal to interorbital space. Triangular part of upper
jaw longer than broad. Dorsal beginning far before base of
ventrals, thrice as long as anal, rounded. Pectorals about equal
to head without snout. Ventrals about equal to postorbital
part of head, their base nearer to caudal than to head. Caudal
rounded. Colour of preserved specimens brownish. Length
77 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Biliton; Banka; Borneo (Palandok,
Sadong Matang).

In rivers.

2. Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus (Blkr.) |Fig. 54, p. 143].

Hemirhamphus pogonognathus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié V. 1853, p. 193.

Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 169. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 66.

Hemirhamphus pogonognathus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 273.

flemirhamphodon kiikenthali Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. XXV.

IQOI, p. 450.
Hemirhamphus pogonognathus Volz, Zool. Jahrb, (Syst.) XIX. 1903, p. 394.

D. 15—17; A.6—7'); P.1.7—8; V.1.5; L.1.94—1I00.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5 in its height.
Height 10—10.4, r1t—-12 in length with caudal. Head from
tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.5—2.8 in trunk. Entire
head, excluding the barbellike prolongation on tip of lower
jaw, 2.2—2.4 in length, 2.5—2.7 in length with caudal. Lower
jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw (excluding the barbellike
prolongation at its tip) 4.3—5.1 in length, 5—5.8 in length
with caudal. Eye about equal to interorbital space and about.
1.2 in postorbital part of head. Triangular part of upper jaw
longer than broad. Dorsal beginning behind origin of ventrals
but before that of anal. Base of anal about 2.5 in that of
dorsal. Pectorals about equal to head without snout. Ventrals
somewhat longer than pectorals, the inner ray the longest.
Base of ventrals midway or nearly midway between caudal
and head. Caudal rounded. Colour of preserved specimens

1) STEINDACHNER lI, c. mentions A. 9, but this is probably a misprint, as on the
beautiful and exact figure on Plate XVII l.c. only 7 rays are represented.

145

dark brown above, lighter below. A dark patch on operculum,
according to STEINDACHNER green, with a red patch above
it. Fins more or less darkish, dorsal with a dark border.
Length 189 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Taluk!, Gunung Sahilan!,
brook in Simbolong mountains); Banka; Biliton; Borneo (Sara-
wak, river Kapuas, river Baram). — Malay Peninsula.

In fresh and brackish water.

—_—->

4. Hemirhamphus Cuvier.

ee

(Cuvier, Réegne Animal, tome II. 1817, p. 186).

Very elongate, body cylindrical or compressed. Mandibles
prolonged into a long beak, which has no teeth except in the

Fig. 55. Hemiramp hus far Riipp. X 2/5.

part opposite to the intermaxillaries, and is bordered by 3
more or less conspicuous folds of the skin, one along each
edge and a median one, beginning on the chin. Intermaxillaries
forming a triangular plate, which has a band of teeth, similar
to that of the lower jaw. The teeth are small, often tricuspid.
Origin of dorsal far backwards, somewhat before or opposite
to anal, which is generally shorter than the well developed
dorsal. Pectorals inserted high up, not longer than head. Ventrals
differently placed: nearer to head than to caudal, equidistant
from both, or nearer to caudal than to head. Caudal fin more
or less deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer. Scales large
or moderate, rather deciduous. Lateral line running low down.
Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers well developed. Third upper
pharyngeals ankylosed (see fig. 56 p. 148).

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical seas. Generally
near shore, going in schools.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 10

wp

i146

Key to the indo-australian species of

Hemirhamphus.

I. Pectorals not as long as head from tip of upper jaw
to branchial opening.
A. Triangular part of upper jaw longer than broad. H. georgii p. 147.
&, Triangular part of upper jaw broader than long.
1. Base of ventrals midway between frontborder
or hindborder of eye and base of caudal.
a. Head from tip- of upper jaw to branchial
opening 3.2 in trunk, Caudal with a black
OKMers 2g oy co a a Baas ao een ete eee H. unifasciatus p. 149.
6. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial
opening 3.5—-3.7 in trunk. Caudal with a
black spord erp ja sare) ot peneieaes ean eee rt H. gaimardi p. 150.
c. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial
opening 3.7—4 in trunk. Tips of caudal
DIVA Sho) aia oro cralose-ce afte a Nel sep hey eee fT, melanurus p. 151.
2. Base of ventrals more backwards, at most
midway between head and base of caudal, gene-
rally nearer to base of caudal than to head.
a. Anal with 14—16 divided rays. Dorsal and
anal opposite to each other or nearly so.
Praeorbital ;as long as eye = - <3 <0.) 632 H. balinensis p. 152.
é. Anal with 9—13 divided rays. Praeorbital
shorter than eye.
a. Cylindrical or nearly so, the breadth of
the body equal to or 1.2 in its height.
Anal with 11—13 divided rays. Dorsal
and anal opposite or nearly so.
a’, Length of lower jaw beyond extremity
of upper jaw 6.6—9.8 in length.
Origin of ventrals midway between
base of caudal and head. ...... HI, quoyi p. 154.
é’, Length of lower jaw beyond extre-
mity of upper jaw 4.5—5.2 in length.
Origin of ventrals nearer to base of
caudal than to base of pectorals. . . H. dussumieri p. 155.
f. Compressed, the breadth of the body
" going 1.4—1.8 in its height. Anal with
9—1Io divided rays. Origin of anal oppo-
site to 5th dorsal ray.

147

‘a’. Length of base of afal about twice
in that of dorsal. Body with 4—9
black Jbloteheswaty .see $< Cs) 35 H, far p. 156.
2’, Length of base of anal 1.5—1.7 in
m. i that of anal. Body of adults without
BlGtChesia, ce ccawans cet WA loges PS ore Hf, marginatus Pp. 157-
Il. Pectorals as long as head from tip of upper jaw
tom branchial > OPH Ge sls jee Pekeh og cnt alist eee ies = HH. convexus p, 159.

‘ee russelli p. 161.
MCN UEMEE SIOGIG Seo rd) Ao «eh Varna 0 cee gis 22) ers Hl. erythrorhynchus p. 162.
: Hf. lucens p. 162.

1. Hemirhamphus georgii C. V. |Fig. 56, p. 148].

Hemirhamphus longirostris Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk, Arch. Ned. Ind. II 1845,
Pp. 512 (mec C:Vu).

Hemiramphus georgii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 37.
Hemiramphus georgii Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1230.
Hemiramphus Georgii Bleeker, Verh, Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852,Snoekacht. Vissch. p. 19.
Hemirhamphus Cantori Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 145.
Hemiramphus georgii Kner, Novara Exp. Fische, 1865-—1867, p. 323.
Hemirhamphus georgii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 264.
Hemirhamphus cantoris Giinther, 1. c.
Hemirhamphus Cantori Bleeker, Atl. ichth, VI. 1866—1872. p. 53.
Hemirhamphus cantori Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1880, p. 514.
Hemiramphus cantoris Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington XXVI.

(1906) 1907, p. 8.

Hemirhamphus georgii Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909. p. 355.
D. 2.11—2.15; A. 2.12—2.13; P. 1.9—1.10; V. 1.5; L.l. 57—60.
Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.2—1.6 in its

height. Height 12—14.5, 14.4—16.3 in length with caudal.

Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3—3.4 (3.7

in small specimens) in trunk. Entire head 2.15—2.2 (less than

twice in small specimens, which have a comparatively much
longer lower jaw), 2.3—2.6 in length with caudal. Length of
the lower jaw beyond the extremity of the upper jaw 3.2—3.5
in length, 3.5—3.8 in length with caudal, in small specimens
the lower jaw is comparatively much longer, f.i. in one of

141 mm. total length 2.5, 2.8 in length with caudal. Eye

I.5—I.7 in postorbital part of head, somewhat less than inter-

orbital space. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed

by the intermaxillaries, is convex and longer than broad at
its base. Teeth in upper jaw in a band, tapering posteriorly,
those of the lower jaw in a narrow band, tapering anteriorly.

Origin of anal below 224 or 3rd divided ray of dorsal. Origin

148

of dorsal separated by 38—42 scales from occiput and by
6—8 scales from lateral line. Dorsal and anal with a concave
free border, the anterior rays the longest. Pectorals about
equal to or somewhat shorter or longer than head without
snout. Ventrals somewhat more than half the length of the
pectorals, their origin about twice as near to base of caudal
as to corner of mouth. Caudal forked, the middle rays longer
than the eye. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish or
brown, with a silvery band on the sides, broadest below dorsal

iff y

Fig. 56. Visceral arches of Hemirnramphus georgit C.V., laid open
dorsally in the median line and spread out. The third upper pharyngeals
(Ph. s. 3) ankylosed into a dentigerous oval plate which is turned to the

right. Ph. s.2 second upper, Ph. i lower pharyngeals,

and bordered above by a narrower black band. Mandibulary
fringes black. Fins hyaline, dorsal and caudal more or less
distinctly bordered with black. Length 295 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong (Malay Batavia, Bagan
Api Api).

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Singapore; Sumatra (Bagan Api Api’);
Java (Batavia!, Semarang!, Pekalongan!, Surabaya); Bali; Java
Sea!; Borneo (Sinkawang); New Guinea. —~- Guam, Philippines,
Formosa to China, Strait Settlements, British India, Seychelles,
Mauritius.

In sea.

149

Note. Day described (Fishes of India 4°, p. 515) under the
name of //7. Georgi a species, which is not identical with the
one described by CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Day did evidently
so after examination of what be believed to be the type of
georgu. He says: “DUSSUMIER’s specimen of //. Georgi from
Mahé is stili preserved at Paris; it has D.15” etc. At the
end of the description of 7. georgz in the Histoire Naturelle
des Poissons we read however: “L’ individu que nous venons
de décrire est long de dix pouces et demi. I] vient de la
rade de Bombay. Nous en avons un second exemplaire de
méme taille, péché dans la baie de Mahé, de Coromandel.”
Evidently the french authors made thus a mistake in labelling
this second specimen as georgiz. DAY gives under the syno-
nymy of his species also Hemirhamphus marginatus. This is
however still an other species, differing in the number of
dorsal and anal rays, in the form of the triangular part of
the upper jaw etc.

2. Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranz.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani, Nov. Comm, Acad. Sc. Inst. Bonon, V.
1842, p. 326.

Hemirhamphus neglectus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Djerk. III. 1866, p. 157.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 262.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI, 1866—1872, p. 59.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 514.

Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle
America, Part 1, 1896, p. 720.

Hyporhamphus neglectus Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) XII. Prt. 4,

1904, Pp. 501.
Hemiramphus neglectus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington XXVII.

1908, p. 243.
Hyporhamphus neglectus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LX XI. rgrg, p. 6.
Hyporhamphus unifasciaius Fowler, 1. c.

D. 2.12—13; A. 2.12—14; P. 1.10—11; V.1.5; L.l. 50—55.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.2—1.4 in its
height. Height about 10, 11—12 in length with caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3.2 in trunk.
Entire head about 2.7, about 3.2 in length with caudal. Length
of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 5.7—6 in length,
6.8—7.1 in length with caudal. Eye 1.4—1.5 in postorbital
part of head and about equal to interorbital space. Triangular
part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxillaries, broader than
long. Praeorbital somewhat longer than high, shorter than eye.

150

Teeth conspicuously tricuspid, in bands of 4—5 rows in the
jaws, that of the lower jaw widening posteriorly. Origin of
anal about opposite to that of dorsal, which is separated by
32 scales from occiput and by 5 scales from lateral line. Dorsal
and anal concave, their anterior rays the longer. Base of dorsal
not much longer than that of anal. Pectorals about equal to
head without snout. Length of ventrals about °/, that of pectorals,
their rays subequal. Base of ventrals midway between base
of caudal and frontborder or middle of eye. Caudal deeply
emarginate. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish or brown,
with a rather narrow lateral silvery band, bordered above by
a black line. Fins hyaline, dorsal and caudal. more or less
distinctly bordered by blackish. Length 300 mm. [Specimens
of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang); Java Sea!; Java (Batavia,
Samarang!); Timor!; Amboina. — Philippines, British India,
East coast of Africa, Atlantic coasts of Tropical America,
Pacific coast of Panama.

3. Hemirhamphus gaimardi C.V.
Hemiramphus Gaimardi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX. 1846, p. 36.
> Hemiramphus limbatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, l.c. p. 44.
> Hemiramphus tridentifer Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVII, 1850, p. 1231.
Hemiramphus Gaimardi Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Vissch.
p. 20. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 158.
Hemirhamphus gaimardi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 263 (partim).
Hemiramphus gaimardi Kner, Novara Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 323.
Hemirhamphus Gaimardi Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 60.
Hemirhamphus limbatus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 516.
Hemirhamphus gaimardi Seale, Philippine Journ, Science V. 1910, p. 267.
> Hemiramphus limbatus Fowler, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philadelphia LXX. 1918, p. 3.
Hemirhamphus gaimardi Mc Culloch, Check list of fish of N.S. Wales, Prt. I.
1919. p. 31.
D. 2.12—13; A..2.12—14; P. 1.10—11; V.1.5);, Ll. about 50.
Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.2—1.4
in its height. Height 8.2—11, 10—13 in length with caudal.
Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3.5—3.7 in
trunk. Entire head 2.5—2.8, 3—3.3 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 5.6—6
in length, 6.4—7 in length with caudal. Eye about 1.5 in
postorbital part of head and about equal to interorbital space.
Triangular part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxillaries,
broader than long. Praeorbital somewhat longer than high,

151

shorter than eye. Teeth conspicuously tricuspid, in bands of
5—6 rows in the jaws, that of the lower jaw widening poste-
riorly. Origin of anal about opposite to that of dorsal, which
is separated by 31—34 scales from occiput and by 5—6 scales
from lateral line. Dorsal and anal concave, their anterior rays
the longer. Base of dorsal not much longer than that of anal.
Pectorals about equal to head without snout or a little longer.
Length of ventrals about °/, of that of pectorals, their rays
subequal. Base of ventrals about midway between frontborder
of eye and base of caudal. Caudal deeply emarginate. Colour
of preserved specimens yellowish, with a rather narrow lateral
silvery band, bordered above by a black line. Fins hyaline,
upper and frontborder of dorsal, and upper, lower and poste-
rior border of caudal blackish. Length over 312 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong (Malay Batavia).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Benkulen, Padang, Priaman,
Bagan Api Api!); Nias; Riouw; Banka; Java sea!; Java (Ba-
tavia!, Semarang!, Surabaya, Panarukan); Madura!; Borneo
(Pamangkat, Balikpapan!, Kota Baru!, Sandakan); Celebes
(Makassar, Menado); Ternate; Obi; Ambon; New Guinea. —
Philippines, Western Pacific?, British India.

In sea and estuaries.

4. Hemirhamphus melanurus C.V.

Hemiramphus melanurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 42.

Hemirhamphus melanurus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht.
Vissch. p. 19. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 156.

Hemirhamphus gaimardi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 263 (partim).

Hemirhamphus melanurus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 58.

D. 2.13—15; A: 2.14—15; P.1.10—11; V.1.5; Ll. 55.

Slightly compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.2 in its height. Height more than g to 11.5, more than II
to 13.5 in length with caudal. Head from tip of upper jaw
to branchial opening 3.7—4 in trunk. Entire head 2.8—3,
3-3—3-4 in length with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond
extremity of upper jaw about 6 in length, almost 7 in length
with caudal. Eye - according to age — I.2—I.5 in post-
orbital part of head and about equal to interorbital space.
Praeorbital somewhat longer than high, shorter than eye.
Triangular part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxillaries, nearly
twice as broad as long. Teeth small, in bands of 5—7 rows

152

in each jaw. Origin of anal about opposite to that of dorsal,
which is separated by 34—37 scales from occiput and by 6
scales from lateral line. Dorsal and anal concave, the anterior
rays the longer. Base of dorsal not much longer than that of
anal. Pectorals somewhat longer or shorter than or equal to
head without snout. Length of ventrals about */, of that of
pectorals, the outer ray the longest. Base of ventrals about
midway between frontborder of eye and base of caudal, in
young specimens nearer to caudal. Caudal forked. Colour of
preserved specimens yellowish, with a silvery lateral band,
broadest between origin of anal and dorsal and bordered above
by a blackish line. Fins hyaline. Tip of anterior part of dorsal
and tips of caudal black. Length 236 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong, Rodja rodja (Malay Batavia).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Atjeh!); Riouw; Banka;
Java Sea!; Java (Batavia!, Semarang!); Celebes (Menado!);
Salibabu!; Batjan. — Solomon Islands?, Formosa?, Madras?

Note. GUNTHER (Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 265) described
quite another species from Hongkong as Hemirhamphus mela-
nurus C.V. The description in the “Histoire naturelle des
Poissons’ is too short to state with absolute certainty if
BLEEKER’s or GUNTHER’s A. melanurus is that of C. V. As
C.V.’s specimen came from Celebes and as the description of
the colour agrees exactly with that of BLEEKER’s specimens,
we think that BLEEKER’s species has to be called melanurus C.V.
That of GUNTHER’ has to be called Giintherz, which name
was proposed by BLEEKER (Atl. ichth. VI. p. 59). KNER
(Novara Exp. I. p. 324) mentions melanurus C.V. from Madras,
SEALE (Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus. IV. rgo6, p. 13) from
the Solomon Islands; JORDAN & RICHARDSON (Mem. Carnegie
Mus. IV. 1909, p. 176) mention it from Formosa. As they
give no description, it is impossible to make out if melanurus C.V.
(Blkr.) or giinthert Blkr. is meant.

5. Hemirhamphus balinensis Blkr.

Hemiramphus balinensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XVII. 1858—1859,
p. 170.

Hemirhamphus intermedius Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 154
(nec CANTOR),

Hemirhamphus balinensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 261.

Hemirhamphus balinensis Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 58.

153

LHemirhamphus balinensis Waite, Mem. Austr. Mus. III. 1899, p. 195.
Hemiramphus balinensis Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische. 1913, p. 130.

D. 2.13—15; A. 2.14—16; P. 1.9—10; V.1.5; L.l. 58—60.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.3—1.5 in its
height. Height 11—16, 12—18 in length with caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3.1—3.5 in trunk.
Entire head 2.3—2.6, 2.7—3.1 in length with caudal. Length
of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 3.5—4.5 in length,
4—5 in length with caudal. Eye 1.5—1.8 in postorbital part
of head and equal to interorbital space. Praeorbital much
longer than high, its length equal to diameter of eye. Trian-
gular part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxillaries, somewhat
broader than long. Teeth small, in narrow bands in both jaws.
Origin of anal below or slightly behind that of dorsal, which
is separated by 39—41 scales from occiput and by 6—7 scales
from lateral line. Dorsal and anal concave, the anterior rays
the longer. Base of dorsal equal to or a little longer than
that of anal. Pectorals conspicuously shorter than head without
snout. Ventrals about ?/, length of pectorals, their first ray
the longest. Origin of ventrals midway between head and base
of caudal. Caudal forked. Colour of preserved specimens yellow-
ish, darker above, each scale of the back having a dark brown
spot. A silvery lateral band, broadest below origin of dorsal,
bordered above by a more or less conspicuous blackish blue
line. Fins more or less dusky, especially the dorsal and caudal.
Length 220 mm.

Habitat: Bali; Sumba!; Flores!; Kajoa!; between Gebe
and Fau!; Ceram!; Binongka!; Tiur!. — Funafuti.

In sea.

‘Note. Very young specimens are characterized by having
a row of about 15 partly alternating black points on each side
of the back, between the end of the dorsal and the head
(see MAX WEBER l.c.).

Besides these specimens we have 7 specimens from Pulu
Babi, West Coast of Sumatra, which are less compressed
(breadth 1.1—1.2 in height), have a comparatively somewhat
larger eye and have the origin of ventrals conspicuously
nearer to base of caudal than to head. The triangular part
of the upper jaw is somewhat longer, nearly as long as broad.
In every other point they are like HY. dalinensis.

We propose to call them H/. dalinensis var. occidentalis.

154

6. Hemirhamphus quoyi C.V.

Hemiramphus Quoyi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 35.
emirhamphus Quoyi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 491. —

Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Vissch. p. 26. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk.

PITS 1S665 sp. 053:
Hemirhamphus quoyi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 267.
Hemiramphus quoyi Kner, Novara Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 323.
Hemirhamphus quoyi Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 57.
Hemiramphus quoyt Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash. XXVI. 1907, p. 8.
Hyporhamphus quoyi Evermann & Seale, l.c. p. 58.

D. 2.13—15; A. 1.12—13 or 2.12; P.1.10—11; L.l. So—55.

Slightly compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.2 in its height. Height 8— 10, 9.3—13 in length with caudal.
Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3.1—3.6 in
trunk. Entire head 2.7—3.3, 3.2—3.8 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 6.2—9.8
in length, 7.3—11.4 in length with caudal. Eye 1.2—1.9 in
postorbital part of head and somewhat less than or equal to
interorbital space. Praeorbital somewhat longer than high, its
length much less than diameter of eye. The triangular part
of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is nearly
twice as broad as long. Teeth conspicuously tricuspid, rather
strong, in broad bands of 6—7 rows in upper and lower jaw.
Origin of anal opposite to first or second divided ray of dorsal.
Origin of dorsal separated by 36—38 scales from occiput and
by 6 or 7 scales from lateral line. Dorsal and anal concave,
the anterior rays the longer. Length of base of anal about
1.3 in that of dorsal. Pectorals somewhat shorter or longer
than head without snout. Ventrals about */; of length of pec-
torals, their first ray the longest. Origin of ventrals midway
between base of caudal and head or somewhat nearer to former.
Caudal forked. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish, back
darker, each scale having a dark brown spot. A silvery lateral
band, broadest below origin of dorsal, bordered above by a
bluish black one. Fins hyaline, caudal and upper part of dorsal
more or less dusky. Ventrals and pectorals often eee Es
base in young specimens. Length over 300 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong (Malay Batavia); Puput
(Riouw).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Benkulen, Padang, Ulakan,
Trussan, Siboga); Nias; Riouw; Banka; Java (Batavia, Sema-
rang!, Bantam); Borneo (Bandjermassin, Sinkawang, Matang);

155

Madura!; Lombok!; Flores!; Rotti!; Celebes (Makassar !, Bon-
thain, Badjoa); Buton!; Sangi-Islands; Ambon!; Aru-Islands;
Halmaheira!; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Doreh, Etna bay!, British
New Guinea). — Philippines, Queensland.

7. Hemirhamphus dussumieri C. V.
Hemirhamphus erythrorinchus var, Lesueur, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sc. -Philad. I.
1821, p. 138.
Hemiramphus Dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX.
1846, p. 33.
Hemiramphus Reynaldi Cuvier & Valenciennes, l.c. p. 39.
Hemiramphus Dussumierii Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht.
Vissch, p. 18.
Hemiramphus dussumieri Kner, Novara Exp. Fische I. 1865—1867, p. 322.
Hemirhamphus dussumieri Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 266 (nec Syn.).
Hemirhamphus Dussumieri Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 150, —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 56.
Hemiramphus Dussumieri Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XXI. 1871,
p- 584.
Hemirhamphus reynaldi Day, Fishes of Brit. India 4°, 1878 —1888, p. 515.
Hyporhamphus dussumierii Evermann & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXVI. 1907, p. 58.
Hemirhamphus dussumieri Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 354.
Hemiramphus dussumieri Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Colma Vil Now 7, LOL, —p..251-
Hemirhamphus Reynaldi M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 132.
D. 2:42—14; A; 2.41—13; P. 1.10—12; V.1.5; L.l. 52—56:
Cylindrical, the height being equal to the depth of the body
or nearly so. Height more than 9g—11, 12—13 in length with
caudal. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening
about 3.5 in trunk. Entire head 2.5—-2.8, 2.9—3.1 in length
with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw 4.5—5.2 in length, 5—5.9 in length with caudal. Eye
I—1I.2 in postorbital part of head and about equal to inter-
orbital space. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed
by the intermaxillaries, is broader than long. Teeth rather
well developed, in the upper jaw in a band of about 3 rows,
in the lower jaw in about 5 rows. The band of the lower jaw
tapering a little anteriorly. Origin of anal about opposite to
first divided ray of dorsal. Origin of dorsal separated by 34—37
scales from occiput and by 6 or 7 scales from lateral line.
Dorsal and anal concave, the anterior rays the longer. Length
of base of anal about 1.2 in that of dorsal. Pectorals some-
what shorter than head without snout. Ventrals longer than
half of pectorals, their last ray not longer than the penultimate

156

one. Origin of ventrals a little nearer to base of caudal than
to axil of pectorals. Caudal forked. Yellowish, back darker,
each scale having a dark brown spot. A narrow silvery stripe
along the sides, bordered above by a blackish line. Fins hyaline,
dorsal and caudal dusky. Ventrals often with a black base.
Length over 300 mm.

Nom. indig.: Dyjulong-djulong (Malay Batavia), Mauru
(Ambon). :

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Atjeh!, Telok-
betong, Benkulen, Ulakan, Priaman); Nias!; Batu; Banka; Java
(Batavia!, Prigi); Java sea! ; Cocos-Keeling Islands ; Bali; Sumba!;
Timor; Bawean; Celebes (Makassar, Badjoa, Kema); Sangi
Islands!; Ternate; Obi; Buru; Ambon; Banda. — From the
Red Sea and east coast of Africa to the Riu-Kiu Islands and
the Society Islands.

In sea.

8. Hemirhamphus far (Forsk.) [Fig. 55, p. 145].

Esox far Forskal, Descript. Anim. 1775, p. 67.

Hemiramphus commersonii Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2. éd. vol. 2, p. 286.

Hemiramphus far Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische Roth. Meer. 1835, p. 74.

Hemiramphus Commersonii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX.
1846, p. 28.

Hemiramphus Commersonii Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekachtige
Visschen, p. 17.

Hemirhamphus far Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 146.

Hemirhamphus commersonii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, VI. 1866, p. 271.

Hemirhamphus far Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 54.

Hemiramphus far Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 582.

Hemirhamphus far Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 5106.

Hemiramphus far Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXV.
1902, p. 329. ¥

Hemirhamphus far Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 357.

Hemiramphus commersoni Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. vol. 42, 1912, p. 494.

Hemirhamphus far Me Culloch, Check-list of fish of N.S. Wales, Prt. II. 1919, p. 31.

D. 2.11—2.12; A. 1.91.11; P. 1.11 —1.12; V. 1.5; Li: 5052.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.4—1.8 in its
height. Height 6.6—7.4, 7.7—8.6 in length with caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.9—3.1 in trunk.
Entire head 2.3—2.4, 2.7 in length with caudal. Length of
lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 4—4.3, about 5 in
length with caudal. Eye 1.4—1.6 in postorbital part of head
and somewhat less than interorbital space. The triangular part
of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is much broader

157

than long. Teeth stout, in the upper jaw in 2 or 3 series, in
the lower jaw in about 4 series, the bands of teeth do not
taper conspicuously anteriorly or posteriorly. Origin of anal
below about 5th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated by 32—34
scales from occiput and by 6 scales from lateral line. Dorsal
and anal concave, the anterior rays the longer. Length of base
of dorsal about twice that of anal. Pectorals longer than head
without snout. Ventrals half as long as pectorals, their origin
twice nearer to base of caudal than to tip of upper jaw. Caudal
forked. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish, darker above,
with a well defined silvery lateral band, bordered above by
a bluish one. On each side dorsally 4—g9 aequidistant black
blotches. Fins hyaline, dorsal and caudal more or less dusky.
Length 500 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong djulong (Malay Batavia); Tratjas
(Javan. Tjilatjap); Bolobo (Menado); Roja, Mowaru (Batjan).

Habitat: Singapore; -Sumatra (Siboga, Padang, Priaman,
Benkulen); Banka; Java (Batavia!, Bantam, Semarang, Pasu-
ruan, Tjilatjap); Madura!; Java Sea!; Borneo (Sarawak) ; Celebes
(Makassar, Bulukomba, Badjoa, Sindjai, Menado, Tamani bay);
Halmaheira; Ternate; Batjan; Obi-major; Ambon!; Ceram!;
New Guinea (Atjatuning!, British N. Guinea). — From East
Africa and the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific to the Riu-Kiu Islands in the North and the Society
Islands in the East.

In sea.

g. Hemirhamphus marginatus (Forsk.)

Esox marginatus Forskal, Descript. Animal, 1775, p. 67.

>? Hemiramphus brevirostris Cuvier, Regne Animal 3iéme. Ed. Poissons, p. 235.

Hemiramphus Lutkei Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 490.

Hemiramphus Russeli Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekachtige
Visschen, p. 17. (nec C.V.)

Hemiramphus fasciatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, V. 1853, p. 89.

Hemiramphus russellii Kner, Novara-Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 323.

Hemirhamphus marginatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 270.

Hemiramphus fasciatus Giinther, l.c. p. 271.

Hemirhamphus marginatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III, 1866, p. 148. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 54.

Hemirhamphus fasciatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, III. 1866, p. 152. —
Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 57.

Hemiramphus marginatus Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI, 1871, p. 583.

Hemirhamphus brevirostris Steindachner, Abhandl. Senckenb, naturf. Ges. XXV.
I9QOI, p. 450.

Hemiramphus fasciatus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 131.

i58

D. 2.18112; A. 2.9—10; P. r.10o—11; “V. 1.5; Ll. 53—56. °

Strongly compressed, the breadth of the body being one
half of its height. Height 8.1—8.7, 9.5—9.8 in length with
caudal. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening
2.8—3.2°in trunk. Entire head 2.2—2.4,° 2.7-+2.8 in length
with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw 4—4.4, 4.5 to more than 5 in length with caudal. Eye
I.4—I.7 in postorbital part of head and equal to or even a
little more than interorbital space. The triangular part of the
upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is broader than
long. Teeth stout, in the upper jaw in 2 series, in the lower
jaw in about 4 series; the bands of teeth do not taper con-
spicuously anteriorly or posteriorly. Origin of anal about oppo-
site to 5th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated by 32—37
scales from occiput and by 6 scales from lateral line. Dorsal
and anal concave, the anterior rays the longer except in young
specimens (see below). Length of base of anal 1.5—1.7 in that
of dorsal. Pectorals longer than head without snout. Ventrals
about half as long as pectorals, their inner ray produced and
longer than the penultimate one. Origin of ventrals twice
nearer to base of caudal than to tip of upper jaw. Caudal
forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish, more or less
silvery, darker above. A lateral silvery band, bordered above
by a more or less distinct narrower blackish band. Pectorals,
ventrals and anal hyaline, the last two sometimes tipped with
black. Dorsal black in front and along its free border. Caudal
bordered with black above, below and posteriorly. (For colours
of young specimens see below). Length more than 300 mm.

Nom. indig.: Djulong-djulong (Malay Batavia), Ongwaru
(Ternate).

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Java (Batavia!, Bantam,
Cheribon!, Semarang!, Pekalongan!, Surabaya!, Panarukan!);
Duizend-Islands; Java Sea!; Celebes (Makassar, Lagusi, Menado);
Sangir Islands!;. Ternate; Batjan; Obi; Ambon; Flores},
Taam!. — Red Sea, British India, Philippines, China, Palm
Islands, New Caledonia.

In sea and estuaries.

- Note. We have united 4. fasciatus Blkr. with H. margi-
natus Forsk. BLEEKER described this species after one specimen
of 64 mm. One of us described afterwards other specimens

159

of 55—S8o mm. We have now a series of specimens, which
show the transgression from typical 47. fasczatus to H. margt-
natus. In specimens of 35—85 mm. length the body is cross-
barred, in two specimens of 133 and 135 mm. and in another
of 164 mm. there are still a few traces of these bars. The
ventrals are extremely developed in very young stadia. In
specimens of 35—50 mm. the ventrals are even longer than
the pectorals and reach far on anal. In a specimen of 62 mm.
the ventrals, although still reaching on anal, are shorter than
the pectorals. One of the principal features of BLEEKER’s
H. fasciatus is the form of the dorsal, which is not concave,
the first rays being the shortest, the fin is gaining in height
posteriorly. In our specimens from 35—86 mm. this is distinctly
the case, the last dorsal rays reaching on caudal. In a specimen
of 133 mm. these last dorsal rays are still somewhat longer
than the anterior ones, but don’t reach the caudal, while in
a specimen of 162 mm. the first dorsal rays are longer than
the rest. In the young stages (H. fasciatus), the fins, especially
the ventrals, which are nearly black, are much more densely
pigmented than in the adults.

10. Hemirhamphus convexus n.sp.
Hemiramphus spec. juv. Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 132.

D. r4—15;°A.14; P.12; V.6; L.l. + 50.

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5
in its height. Height 7.3—7.5, 8.7 in length with caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3—3.3 in trunk.
Entire head 2.9, 3.4—3.5 in length with caudal. Length of
lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 7—8 in length,
8—g in length with caudal. Eye about 1'/, in postorbital part
of head and about equal to the interorbital space, which is
convex. Triangular part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxil-
laries, very short, about thrice as broad as long. Praeorbital
almost quadratic, much shorter than eye. Origin of anal about
opposite to 5th ray of dorsal. Origin of dorsal separated by
about 32 scales from occiput and by 5—6 scales from lateral
line. Dorsal concave, the rays increasing in length posteriorly;
free border of anal straight. Pectorals as long as head from tip
of upper jaw to branchial opening. Ventrals about half as long
as pectorals, the inner ray the longest. Base of ventrals some-
what nearer to base of caudal than to end of pectorals. Caudal

160

deeply forked. Silvery, back brownish. A faint indication of

lateral narrow violet band. Tips of ventrals, pectorals, and

posterior part of dorsal and anal black. Length 76 mm.
Habitat: Timor!; between Gebe and Fau!. — Pelagic.

Note. We have three specimens of this species, two of
which have already been described by one of us from material
of the Siboga Expedition, and one from the anchorage of
Kupang, Timor, collected at night by the late Dr. v. D. SANDE.
It is possible that they represent only a young stage of an
unknown species and
that the form of the
dorsal f.i. will change
afterwards, as is the
case in 7, marginatus ;
but the fact that we
did not find such a
form among the very

Fig. 57. Hemiramphus spec. juv. ' :
Head of a young specimen with black dermal extensive material of
appendages on the chin, Hemurhamphus from

the indo-australian Ar-

chipelago at our disposition, makes this supposition improbable.
The great length of the pectoral and the convex interorbital
space distinguish it from all species known to us, even from
their young stages. Perhaps it is nearest to Hemirhamphus
cuspidatus C.V. (Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 56), only
imperfectly known from the description of the french authors.
This species has also a long pectoral, short intermaxillaries
and — according to the figure — a convex interorbital space
and a dorsal, the upperborder of which is not concave. It
has however a much shorter lower jaw ('/,, of the total) and
other fin formulae: D. 18, A. 12.

GILL (Proc. Acad. Nat.Sc. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 273) separated
the lastnamed species from /lemirhamphus and created the genus
Oxyporhamphus for it. We think it better for the moment to
keep our species under Hemirhamphus, although it stands
somewhat apart in this genus, as the genus Oxyporhamphus
is still so imperfectly known. The fish described by SEALE
from the Philippines as Oxyporhamphus brevis (Philippine
Journ. of Science IV. 1909, p. 495) is quite different and
belongs to the genus Arrhamphus (see p. 171).

i6t

A small specimen of 51 mm. length, from the Island Binongka
belongs probably also to AH. convexus. It is however disting-
uished by two black dermal appendages of 2.5 mm. length,
situated on a common base on the chin (Fig. 57 after M. WEBER,
Siboga Exp. Fische 1913, p. 133).

It. Hemirhamphus russelli C. V.

Hemirhamphus Russedi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 32.
Hemiramphus russelli Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1229.
Hemirhamphus Russeli Karoli Janos, Termes zetrajzi fiizetek V. 1882, p. 36.

y Were rere oy Ae VO 6se P12) Bes CTE.

“The length of the head from the apex of the intermaxillaries
is '/, of the total measured to the point of the lower, longer,
caudal lobe. The length of the lower jaw, from the apex to
the angle of the mouth, slightly exceeds the length of the
head, varying in different individuals from '/, to '/, of the
distance to the point of the lower caudal lobe. The horizontal
diameter of the eye is '/, of the length of the head; the
distance across the forehead equals 1'/, diameter. The depth
at occiput slightly exceeds !/, of the length of the head, and

9

is but ?/, of the greatest vertical diameter of the body, in
front of the ventrals. The length of the pectorals is '/, less
than that of the head, which is exceeded by '/, by that of
the lower caudal lobe. The upper caudal lobe is ?/, of the
lower. The ventrals are placed opposite the posterior third of
the distance between the apex of the intermaxillaries and the
root of the caudal. Head above and back bluish black; lighter,
silvery on the sides above the lateral line; rest of the sides,
abdomen and opercles silvery with steel-blue reflections; fins
hyaline; marginal half of dorsal and caudal minutely dotted
with black; sides of lower mandible black. Iris silvery, orbital
margin bluish black.” Length 250 mm. |After CANTOR, not
seen by us].
Habitat: Singapore (KAROLI). — Pinang, Pondicherry.

Note. Nothing is said about the shape of the triangular
part of the upper jaw, nor of the position of dorsal and anal
fins. It was therefore impossible to give this species a place
in our key.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, II

162

12. Hemirhamphus erythrorhynchus Lesueur.

Hemirhamphus erythrorhynchus Lesueur, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. II. 1821,

B37

BLEEKER mentions this fish 3 times (Journ. Ind. Arch. III
(1848) 1849, p. 67 & 68; Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851,
p. 214; Act. Soc.’ Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII-- 1860, 13¢e° Bijdr.
Celebes, p. 47) each time from Makassar, but in his later publi-
cations as well as in the ,Atlas ichthyologique” no mention
whatever is made of this species, which is ranged amongst
the doubtful species by GUNTHER and has been — witha
query — very briefly and insufficiently described by KNER
(Fische Novara Exp. 1865—1867, p. 324) from Ceylon. Weare
at a loss which species was meant by BLEEKER. LESUEUR
has described a variety of his erythrorhynchus too (l.c.) and
this variety has been united by CUVIER & VALENCIENNES (Hist.
nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 35) with “7. dussumzerz (not with
HI. gaimardi as the authors themself state by mistake on p. 41).
It is thus possible that BLEEKER meant 7. dussumiert by his
erythrorhynchus.

We have examined, in the Vienna Museum, the specimens
mentioned above and described by KNER as ff. erythror-
hynchus Less.?. They seem to us to belong to 1. xanthopterus C.V.
as described by Day.

13. Hemirhamphus lucens C. V.

Hemiramphus lucens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 62.

Prof. REINWARDT observed in the Moluccos a species of
halfbeak, from which he communicated the following note to
CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, who called the species //. /ucens.

“Rostri apex singulari modo lucet sub aqua, nempe vesicu-
laris oleo fulvo repletus in eum exeunt vasa duo sanguifera
et nervi insignia per totam maxillam inferiorem decurrentia.
In vesicam quoque exit maxilla ipsa in sitas duas bifida. An
Esox brasiliensis’. Habitat in mari et in fluminibus vulgo: Julum
Julum Bodo”.

As no description of the fish is given, A. ducens is a
nomen nudum.

5. Zenarchopterus Gill.
(GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philad. 1863, p. 273).
Very elongate, body more or less compressed. Mandibles

163

prolonged into a long beak, which has no teeth, except in
the part opposite to the intermaxillaries. This beak is bordered
by 3 more or less conspicuous folds of the skin, one along
each edge and a median one, beginning on the chin. Inter-
maxillaries forming a triangular plate, which has a band of
teeth, similar to that of the lower jaw. The teeth are small
and conical. Origin of dorsal far backwards, somewhat before
that of anal, which is much shorter than the well developed
dorsal. In males some of the dorsal rays are often prolonged
and some of the anal rays much enlarged. The articulations
of lastnamed have increased in number and are much broadened.
From their posterior side a great number of very fine secun-
dary rays take origin, giving to the whole ray the appearance
of a bird’s feather from which one half of the vexillum has
been removed (see fig. 58c). Pectorals inserted high up, not longer

RNY SS DART
oD)

(ries

Fig. 58. Zenarchopterus dispar C.V.
a male, 4 tailend of female >< 2/3, ¢ posterior part of anal of male with
enlarged and thickened 6th and seventh ray (magnified).

than the head. Ventrals small, nearer to caudal than to head.
Caudal rounded or more or less truncate, never forked. Scales
moderate, deciduous. The scales on the back overlap each
other in two directions. In the anterior part each scale covers
with its anterior (cranial) border, part of the scale in front of
it, while in the posterior part just the opposite takes place,
and the posterior (caudal) border of the scales covers part of
the scale behind it, as is usually the case. At the point where
these two systems of overlapping meet, there is a central
scale, which overlaps the scale in front as well as that behind
it and remains uncovered itself. Lateral line running low down.
Gillrakers well developed. Third upper pharyngeals ankylosed.
Viviparous.

Distribution: East coast of Africa, Madagascar, Sey-

164

chelles, British India and North China to the Philippines, Indo-
australian Archipelago, North Australia and the Pacific Islands.
In rivers and estuaries.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Lenarchopterus:

I, Triangular part of upper jaw nearly twice as long
as broad !).
A, Entire head 2.5—2.6 in length. Base of ventrals
twice nearer to caudal than to frontborder of
SHE Oe GOI OH WOME on G6 od suo ae bE Z. caudovittatus p. 164.
B. Entire head 2—2.3 in length. Base of ventrals
nearly or quite twice nearer to caudal than to
branehiall opening. swe) seks tment eomtnto le eee Z. ectuntio p. 165.
II. Triangular part of upper jaw 12/, times as long
as broad. Base of ventrals twice nearer to caudal
than) itoshindborder ofseye-n-aaueeee- ama t ne none Z. rasori p. 166.
Ill. Triangular part of upper jaw about as long as broad.
A. Anal 10—II.
1, Head from tip of upper jaw 3—3.3 in trunk.
IDE: iY Sie somnEaacas coucecrOlGtoLSes.coha00 ac Z. novae-guineae p. 167.
2. Head from tip of upper jaw 2.3—2.5 in
ANA <5 IBY, OS igs on Gora Go, GkG-b ClO ae Z. kampeni p. 167.
&. Anal 13—14. Head from tip of upper jaw 3 in
trunk. D. to—12.
I. Lower jaw beyond upper jaw 5 times inlength. Z. brevirostris p. 168.
2. Lower jaw beyond upper jaw 3 times in length. Z. dux p. 169.
IV. Triangular part of upper jaw broader than long.
A, Base of anal 2—2.4 in that of dorsal, 6th and

7th anal ray in males enormously enlarged, often.

Teaching to sends Ofscatidala neem sie tis meutscae Z. dispar p. 169.
B. Base of anal 2.5—3 in that of dorsal, 6th and

7th anal ray in males enlarged, but not so much

as tomreach™ to) basenormcaudalicumsmeme) ora aattene Z. buffoni p. 170.

I. Zenarchopterus caudovittatus (M. Web.)

Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) caudovittatus Max Weber, Nova Guinea, V. Livr. 2,
1908, p. 229.

D123 -A., 12; POs eet Galena.

1) Subgenus “Labidorhamphus” Fowler, Proc, Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. (2) LVII,
1905, p. 493.

165

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5 in its height.
Height 9.1—9.9, 10.5—12.2 in length with caudal. Head from
tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.7 in trunk. Entire
head 2.5—2.6, 2.8—3 in length with caudal. Length of lower
jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 5—6.2 in length, 6—7.1
in length with caudal. Eye twice in postorbital part of head,
less than interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw nearly
twice as long as broad, scaly. Praeorbital more or less rounded,
much shorter than eye. Teeth conical, curved backwards, in
bands of about three rows in the upper jaw; in the lower
jaw bands of smaller teeth, tapering forwards. Origin of anal
below 4th dorsal ray. Base of anal almost thrice in that of
dorsal. No dorsal rays are enlarged or prolonged. Sixth and
7th anal ray enlarged and swollen but not much prolonged.
Posterior rays of anal very small. Pectorals about equal to
the distance between the hindborder of the operculum and
the corner of the mouth. Ventrals about equal to postorbital
part of head, twice nearer to caudal than to frontborder of
eye or corner of mouth. Caudal obtusely rounded. Colour of
preserved specimens brownish, with a faint lateral silvery band
bordered above, below dorsal, and on tail by a black stripe,
ending in a dark blotch at base of caudal. Fins hyaline, front-
border of anal and lower border of caudal blackish. Length
160 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (river Merauke!).

In brackish water.

2. Zenarchopterus ectuntio (Ham. Buch.)

Esox ectuntio Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 212, 380.
meee amblyurus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. (1848) 1849, Madura
p- — Ibid. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Vissch. p. 16.
Pees borneensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1850, p. 273. —
Ibid. II. 1851, p. 68. — Verh, Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoek: p. 23, 25.
Hemirhamphus Bleekeri Kner, Sitzber, Akad. Wien XXXIX. 1860, p. 537.
Zenarchoplerus amblyurus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 160.
Hemirhamphus amblyurus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 273.
Zenarchopterus amblyurus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 61.
Hemirhamphus ectuntio Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 517.
Hemirhamphus ectuntio Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus, Civ. Genova (2) 1X. 1890, p. 349.
Hemirhamphus amblyurus Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 395.

D. 1.12—13; A. 2.8—10; P.8; V.1.5; Ll. 48—50.
Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5—1.6 in its
height. Height 11.3—13, 12.8—14.5 in length with caudal.

166

Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.6—3 in
trunk. Entire head 2—2.3, 2.2—2.6 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 3—4 in
length, 3.3—4.6 in length with caudal. Eye more than twice
in postorbital part of head, and a little less than interorbital
space. Triangular part of upper jaw nearly twice as long as
broad, scaly. Praeorbital more or less rounded, much shorter
than eye. Teeth conical, the pointed tip curved backwards,
in bands of about three rows: in both jaws. Origin of anal
below 5th dorsal ray. Dorsal about twice as long as anal, rounded
in females. In males the 2»d—yth ray are enlarged, much
longer than the others. Last rays of anal smaller than the >
anterior ones. In males the 6thand 7th ray swollen and enlarged.
Pectorals about equal to head without snout. Ventrals shorter
than postorbital part of head, nearly or quite twice nearer
to caudal than to branchial opening. Caudal obtusely rounded.
Colour of preserved specimens brownish, with a silvery lateral
band, especially conspicuous below dorsal and on tail. Fins
hyaline. Length 180 mm. [Several specimens of BLEEKER’s
collection in the Leiden Museum examined by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Palembang, Banjuasin); Java
(Surabaya); Borneo (Banjermassin, Samarinda!, river Riko},
river Baram); Madura. — Siam, Hongkong, Burma, Australia:
(Port Darwin [Macleay]).

In rivers ‘and estuaries.

3. Zenarchopterus rasori (Popta)
Hemiramphus rasorit Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXXIV. 1912, p. 192.

DMs. IOs 2b Oy AN 05. Le Lato!

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1°/, in its height.
Height 8'/, in length without lower jaw'). Head from tip of
upper jaw 3.25 in trunk. Eye 1.8 in postorbital part of head
and almost 1.3 in interorbital space. Triangular part of upper
jaw 17/, times as long as broad. Praeorbital rounded, half as
long as eye. Bands of small teeth in the jaws. Origin of anal
opposite 4th dorsal ray. Base of anal 3°/, times in that of
dorsal. Anal without modified rays in the single specimen known.
Pectorals somewhat shorter than head without snout, longer
than postorbital part of head. Ventrals less than half length

1) In the single specimen known the lower jaw is broken.

167

of pectorals. Base of ventrals twice nearer to caudal than to
hindborder of eye. Caudal rounded. Colour of preserved specimen
yellowish with a lateral dark stripe, which broadens on the
tail and ends in a dark dot at base of caudal. Base of anal
with a row of dark points. Length of single specimen known
with broken lower jaw 99 mm. [Type seen by us].

Habitat: Rana on island Muna!

Brackish water.

4. Zenarchopterus novae-guineae (M. Web.)

Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) novae-guineae Max Weber, Nova Guineae IX.
Livr. 4, 1913, p- 553- \
D. 14; A. 2.8—9; P. 1.7—8; V.1.5; L.L 50—53.
Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.5 in
its height. Height 9.6—11.3, 11—12.6 in length with caudal.
Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 3—3.3 in
trunk. Entire head 2.3—2.4, 2.5—2.8 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 3.9—4.8
in length, 4.3—5.5 in length with caudal. Eye 1.5 to nearly
twice in postorbital part of head, equal to or somewhat smaller
than interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw scarcely
longer than broad at its base, scaly. Praeorbital rounded in
front, one half or two thirds of diameter of eye. Teeth very
small, pointed, forming bands. The band in the upper jaw is
of constant breadth, that of the lower jaw tapers forward.
Origin of anal below third or fourth dorsal ray. Dorsal about
thrice as long as anal, convex, the third, fourth and fifth rays
being the longest. None of the rays thickened. Anal convex,
the 6th ray swollen in males, posterior rays smaller than the
others. Pectorals as long as postorbital part of head or some-
what longer. Ventrals short, less than half length of pectorals.
Origin of ventrals about twice nearer to base of caudal than
to eye. Caudal more or less truncate. Colour of preserved
specimens yellowish, with a silvery lateral band, bordered above
by a black stripe and broadest in the postanal part of the
body. Fins hyaline, caudal and dorsal dusky. Length 240 mm.
Habitat: New Guinea (Lorentz river!, Kloofbivak!).

5. Zenarchopterus kampeni (M. Web.)

Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) Kampeni Max Weber, Nova Guinea IX. Livr.
4, 1915, Pp» 554.

168

> Hemirhamphus Buffonis Hase, Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturw. Bd. LI. 1914, p. 541
(tiecEG@2nVi):

D170 113 / A, Tig Pei8;. V. 1.55, La. about Ac.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going nearly 1.5 in
its height. Height 8.8—10.8, 9.8—12.2 in length with caudal.
Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.3—2.5 in
trunk. Entire head 2—2.3, 2.3—2.5 in length with caudal.
Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw 3.8—4.5
in length, 4.3—5 in length with caudal. Eye about twice in
postorbital part of head, somewhat less than interorbital space.
Triangular part of upper jaw scarcely longer than broad at
its base, scaly. Praeorbital rounded in front, one half or nearly
two thirds of diameter of eye. Teeth small, in bands of about
5 rows in both jaws. Origin of anal below third dorsal ray.
Dorsal 2.5 times longer than anal, convex. Fourth, fifth and
sixth ray prolonged — at least in males. Sixth, seventh and
eighth ray of anal much thickened in males. Pectorals equal
to head without snout. Ventrals short, less than half length
of pectorals, their origin about twice nearer to base of caudal
than to eye. Caudal probably obliquely truncate. Colour of
preserved specimens yellowish, with a more or less distinct
silvery lateral band, bordered above by a black stripe and
most distinct in postanal part of the body. Fins hyaline, caudal
and dorsal dusky. Length 156 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Kaiserin Augusta river!).

6. Zenarchopterus brevirostris (Gthr.)
Hemirhaniphus dispar Kner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien XXXIX. 1860, p. 537 (nec C.V.)
Hemirhamphus brevirostris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 274.
Zenarchopterus brevirostris Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 64.

DD). TO—14 50 As 135. P10,

“Scales large. The length of the head is two-fifths of the
total (without caudal), that of the prominent part of the lower
jaw one-fifth. Upper jaw as broad as long. The diameter of
the eye is one-half of the length of the postorbital part of
the head. Ventral considerably nearer to the root of the caudal
than to that of the pectoral. The male has the fourth ray of
the dorsal fin and the sixth of the ana] prolonged and thickened ;
the latter, besides, being provided with additional filamentous
rays. Caudal rounded. Sides with a silvery band.” [After
GUNTHER, not seen by us].

Habitat: East-Indian Archipelago.

169

7. Zenarchopterus dux Seale.
Zenarchopterus dux Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci. V, No. 4, 1910, p. 267.

“Head, from tip of upper jaw, 4 to end of caudal vertebra;
lower jaw, beyond the upper, 3 to end of vertebra; posterior
margin of opercle midway between tip of lower jaw and end
of caudal vertebra; dorsal 12; anal 14; the 6th ray modified
into an intromittent organ; scales in lateral series 41, about
45 in lateral line, 6 in vertical series; eye 3.75 in head; snout
3.1; width of exposed upper jaw equal to its length; origin
of anal midway between end of caudal vertebra and origin
of ventrals, being below fifth dorsal ray; length of ventrals
2.50 in head; length of pectorals 2.50 in head; caudal truncate,
its length equal to distance from posterior end of upper jaw
to end of opercle; body covered with smooth deciduous scales.

Color yellowish with a silver stripe along side which. is
bordered above with dark green. A dusky wash on dorsal and
caudal, the anal with a distinct dusky blotch anteriorly. Length
150 mm.” [After SEALE, not seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sandakan).

8. Zenarchopterus dispar (C.V.) [Fig. 58, p. 163].

Hemirhamphus dispar Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 58.
Hemiramphus dispar Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VI. 1854, p. 498.
Zenarchopterus dispar Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 164.
Hemirhamphus dispar Ginther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 274.
Zenarchopterus dispar Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 63.
Hemirhamphus dispar Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878—1888, p. 517.
Zenarchopterus vaisiganis Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fish. Wash. XXV. 1906, p.208.
Zenarchopterus dispar Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fish. Wash. XXVI. 1907, p. 9.
Zenarchopterus dispar Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 358.
Zenarchopterus dispar Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard

Coll. XXVI. 1911,-p. 252.

D1O—11; Aj ri—12; Pi roy N.1.5; L.l. + 4o.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going somewhat more
or less than 1.5 in its height. Height 9—12, 10—13.8 in length
with caudal. Head from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening
2.4—3 in trunk. Entire head 1.9—2.1, 2.2—2.3 in length with
caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper jaw
about 3—3.5 in length, 3.5 to about 4 in length with caudal.
Eye 1.5—1.7 in postorbital part of head and 1.2—1.6 in inter-
orbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw somewhat broader
than long, scaly above. Praeorbital more or less rounded,

170

much shorter than eye. Teeth small, conical, in bands, the
band in the upper jaw is broader than that in the lower jaw.
Origin of anal about below third dorsal ray. Base of anal
2—2.4 in length of dorsal. Dorsal rounded in females, in males
more pointed, the 4th, 5th and 6th ray being prolonged and
the 4th or 5th moreover thickened. Anal of females slightly
concave, in males the 6th and 7th ray are enormously enlarged
and thickened, especially the 6th ray, which often reaches to
the end of the caudal. Pectorals equal to or somewhat longer
than head without snout. Ventrals half as long as pectorals.
Base of ventrals about twice nearer to caudal than to corner
of mouth. Caudal obtusely rounded. Colour of preserved
specimens brownish above, lighter below, with a silvery lateral
band bordered above by a black line, which broadens to a
regular band below the dorsal. Fins more or less dusky.
Length 165 mm. °

Nom. indig.: Ikan kadjangan (Malay Bantam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Trussan, Padang, Siboga,
Upper Langkat); Simalur!; Engano; Nias!; Batu Islands;
Biliton; Java (Batavia, Labuan); Borneo (Balikpapan !); Celebes
(Tanawanko); Sangir Islands; Ambon!; Nusa Laut!; Goram;
Kei-Islands; Waigeu; New Guinea. — Torres Straits, Caroline
Islands, Fiji Islands, Guam, Philippines, Siam, Andamans,
British India, Seychelles, Madagascar.

In sea and rivers.

g. Zenarchopterus buffoni (C.V.)

Hemiramphus Buffonis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 48.
Hemiramphus BuffonisBleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. HI. 1852, p. 711.
Hemirhamphus striga Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 1859, XXVII. p. 288.
Zenarchopterus buffonis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. HII. 1866, p. 162.
Hemirhamphus buffonis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 273.
Zenarchopterus Buffoni Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI, 1866—1872, p. 62.
Hemirhamphus buffonis Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 516.
Zenarchopterus buffonis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII.
1905, p. 494.
Zenarchopterus buffonis Seale, Philippine Journ. Science V. 1910, p. 267.

D.11—12s A. 1112s Pit.8—90}3 V. 1.55 LI 4045.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.3—1.6 in its
height. Height 7.5—-10, 9.7—13 in length with, caudal. Head
from tip of upper jaw to branchial opening 2.4—3 in trunk.
Entire head a little more or less than 2, 2.3—2.4 in length

171

with caudal. Length of lower jaw beyond extremity of upper
jaw 3.43.6 in length, about 4 in length with caudal. Eye
I.5—-I.9 in postorbital part of head, a little more than once —
1.5 in interorbital space. Triangular part of upper jaw some-
what broader than long, scaly above. Praeorbital much higher
than long and much shorter than eye. Teeth conical, curved
backwards, in bands of about 4 rows in each jaw. Origin of
anal below 4th dorsal ray. Base of anal 2.5—3 in length of
dorsal. Dorsal rounded, none of the rays prolonged, the fourth
sometimes somewhat thickened. In males the 6th and 7th rays
of anal are somewhat enlarged and thickened, but not so much as
to reach to the base of the caudal. Pectorals about equal to
head without snout. Ventrals half as long as pectorals, about
twice nearer to caudal than to frontborder of eye. Caudal
obtusely rounded. Colour of preserved specimens brownish
with a distinct silvery lateral band, bordered above by a faint
black line. A black line runs along the middle of upper side
of the lower jaw and is continued backwards to between the
eyes, forming a median longitudinal stripe on the triangular
part of the upper jaw. Distal part of dorsal and often also of
anal black. Caudal more or less dusky. Length 230 mm.
Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Benkulen, Priaman, Deli);
Banka; Nias!; Simalur!; Java (Batavia!, Semarang!, Surabaya!);
Java Sea!; Borneo (Banjermassin, Stagen!, Balikpapan!, San-
dakan, Baram); Flores!; Celebes (Makassar!, Maros!, mouth
of river Tello!, Menado); Batjan; Ceram; Ambon!; Goram;
Aru Islands; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Segaar Bay, Ramu). —
Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Bay of Bengal, Andamans, Bombay.
In sea, estuaries and rivers.

6. Arrhamphus Ginther.
(Ginruer, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 276).

Elongate, compressed. Mandibles somewhat projecting beyond
the upper jaw, but not prolonged into a long beak. Inter-
maxillaries forming a triangular plate, which has a band of
teeth, similar to that of the lower jaw. Teeth in narrow or
broader bands in both jaws, minute or moderate and often
tricuspid. Origin of dorsal far backwards. Origin of ana] opposite
to that of dorsal or somewhat more backwards. Pectorals
inserted high up, not as long as head. Ventrals nearer to head

172

than to base of caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales large or
moderate, rather deciduous. Lateral line running low down.
Gillopenings wide. Gillrakers present.

Mees cee ss
epee ee

Fig. 59. Arrhamphus brevis (Seale). X 5);.

Distribution: New Zealand?, Australia, Indo-australian
Archipelago, Palawan Islands.
In freshwater (and sea?).

1. Arrhamphus brevis (Seale) [Fig. 59, p. 172].
Oxyporhamphus brevis Seale, Philippine Journ. of Science IV. 1909, p. 495.

Derg 17 5 AL ne BMIeT ee Nine le ate 355;

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.4 in its height. Height 7.5—8.5, about 9 in length with
caudal. Head 4.1—4.4, about 5 in length with caudal. Upper
profile of head sloping gradually down from eye to tip of
snout. Eye 3.75 in head, equal to interorbital space, shorter
than snout, 1.25 in postorbital part of head. Teeth rather large,
conspicuously tricuspid, in about 4—5 rows in both jaws.
Triangular part of upper jaw, formed by intermaxillaries, broader
than long. Mandible projecting by about the length of the
pupil beyond snout. Origin of anai opposite to third ray of
dorsal. Dorsal and anal concave, the anterior rays being the
longest. Pectorals 1.75 in head. Ventrals 2.45 in head, their
origin midway between base of caudal and hindborder of prae-
operculum. Caudal forked. Colour in alcohol specimens yellowish.
Sides with a narrow silvery band, bordered above by a dark
line. Dorsal, anal and caudal broadly tipped with black. A
black spot on upper base and axil of pectorals. Length 147 mm.

Habitat: Indo-australian Archipelago! — Palawan Islands.

Note. Among specimens of Hemzrhamphus melanurus C.V.
in BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum we found a
specimen of the species described above. There was no locality
on the label, but it is without doubt that the specimen came
from the Indo-australian Archipelago.

173
2. Fam. EXOCOETIDAE.

Elongate, more or less compressed. Maxillaries free from or
merely adherent to intermaxillaries, which do not form a
triangular expansion, but have a straight transverse anterior
margin. The symphysis of the lower jaw is sometimes prolonged
into a small knob, which projects somewhat before the upper
jaw, but generally the jaws are subequal. Teeth rather small
or minute, rarely tricuspid, in the jaws and sometimes on
palatines, by exception also on vomer, pterygoids and tongue.
Pectorals inserted rather high up, very long, forming an organ
of flight and consisting of many rays, the first or the first and
second of which are undivided. Ventrals short, moderate or
long, in the last case assisting the pectorals in suspending the
fish in the air. Dorsal far back, beginning above, or behind
origin of anal; both fins of about equal length or the dorsal
longer than the anal. Caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe
the longer. Scales large or moderate. Lateral line running low
down. Gillopenings wide, gillmembranes not united with isthmus.
Third upper pharyngeals simply coalescent, the plate readily
separating into its two components.

Distribution: All tropical and subtropical seas, pene-
trating more or less into temperate seas during the warm season.

Key to the indo-australian genera of
Exocoetidae.

I, A large patch of teeth on vomer. Teeth on tongue.
AW plaet OA OF Wee wee cured ion opise oes. svaibe tet es seicl Stone ve Parexocoetus p. 173.
II, No teeth on yomer or tongue. Teeth on palatines present
or absent. L.l. more than 4o.
1. Pectorals comparatively short, not reaching ventrals.
Lower jaw prominent, with a symphysial process.
Mentralsesbortertoan) Dead. el cistisitel ie eller Evolantia p. 175.
2. Pectorals reaching much farther than base of ventrals.
a, Ventrals much shorter than head, much nearer to
SHOMtMtaa te tos DASE. Ola GAlGali. sac <) Ghee” she elle Exocoetus p. 177.
6. Ventrals as long as or longer than head, much

nearep to cajyidal- than tovsnout's:. 6). - . 6 4.2% Cypsilurus p. 179.

I. Parexocoetus Bleeker.
(BLEEKER, Ned, Tijdschr. Dierk. III, 1866, p. 107 and 126).

Elongate, compressed. Mandibles with a long triangular

174

symphysial knob, which projects beyond the upper jaw. Jaws
protractile. Teeth in jaws, on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and
tongue. Dorsal opposite to anal, high, convex. Pectorals mode-
rately developed, reaching to middle of dorsal. Ventrals mode-
rately developed, their origin about midway between point
of snout and base of caudal. Scales Jarge. Lateral line running
low down. Gillrakers well developed. Gillopenings wide.
Distribution: Indic, Pacific and Atlantic.

1. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Rich.) [Fig. 60, p. 175].

Exocoetus brachypterus (Solander Manuscr.) Richardson, Report British Assoc.
at Cambridge 1845, London 1846, p. 265.

Exocoetus mento Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 124.

Exocoetus hillianus Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica 1851, p. 11.

Exocoetus mento Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Vissch. p. 21.

Parexocoetus mento Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. UI. 1866, p. 126. — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 77.

Exocoetus brachypterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 280.

Exocoetus mento Giinther, l.c. p. 281.

Exocoetus hillianus Giinther, l.c. p. 284.

Exocoetus atrodorsalis Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XX (3) 1867, p. 67. —
Zool. Record 1871, p. I09.

Exocoetus gryllus K\unzinger, Abh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXI. 1871, p. 586.

Exocoetus hillianus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kj@benhavn, 1876,
p- 397. — Résumé p. 104.

Exocoetus mento Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 520.

Parexocoetus mesogaster Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North America I. 1896, p. 728.

Parexocoetus brachypterus Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXII. 1904, p. 435.

Parexocoetus brachypterus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm, XXIII.
1905, p. 131.

Parexocoetus mento Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) LVII. 1905,
Pp. 494.

Parexocoetus mento Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash. XX VI. 1907, p. 9.

Parexocoetus mento Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur. of Fisheries Wash. XXVII.
1908, p. 243.

Exocoetus brachypterus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 362.

Parexocoetus mento Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische. 1913, p. 128.

D. 10—11; A. t0—11; P. n312; V6; Ll. 38—zo.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.5 in its height.
Height 4.5 to nearly 5, 5.5—6 in length with caudal. Head
3-8 to somewhat more than 4, about 5 in length with caudal.
Eye 2.5—3, somewhat less than postorbital part of head, which
is equal to the somewhat convex interorbital space. Snout
much shorter than eye. Jaws protractile, the lower one with
a bony triangular symphysial knob, which projects beyond the

175

upper jaw and rarely bears two small barbels. Teeth minute,
conical, in several rows in the jaws. A large triangular patch,
the point of which is directed backwards on the vomer, and
elongated small patches on both sides on the palatines and
pterygoids. Tongue with an oblong patch of teeth. Origin of
dorsal opposite to that of anal, separated by 17 scales from
occiput. Dorsal high, the middle rays, which are the longest,
as long as or even longer than head. Anal much lower, but as
long as dorsal. Pectorals reaching to middle of dorsal. Ventrals
shorter than or as long as head, reaching to anus, their origin
midway between point of snout and base of caudal or a little
nearer to the latter. Caudal deeply forked. Brownish above,

Soe

~,

Fig. 60. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Rich.) n.s.

silvery below. A more or less conspicuous dark patch at base
of caudal. In young specimens sometimes two dark blotches
on each side, one below the origin and the other below the
middle of the dorsal. Pectorals densely covered with small
oblong black spots, especially in their hinderpart, giving to
the fin a blackish appearance sometimes wanting in preserved
specimens. Upper half of dorsal deep black. Ventrals and anal
hyaline, blackish in young specimens. Caudal dusky. Length
185 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Banka; Java (Batavia!, Semarang!,
Panarukan!); Java-sea!; Strait Sunda!; Borneo; Celebes (Ma-
kassar!, Badjoa); Sangir Islands; Ternate; between Fau and
Gébé!; Flores!; Timor!; Adonare!; New Guinea. — From Red
Sea and Natal to Sandwich Islands, ranging north to China;
West Atlantic, north to Newport.

2. Evolantia Snodgrass & Heller.
[Snopcrass & HELLER, Proc. Wash, Acad. Sci. V. 1903, p. 189].

Elongate, compressed. Mandibles with a distinct symphysial

176

process, projecting beyond the upper jaw. Teeth in the jaws,
none on the palate or on tongue. Dorsal beginning somewhat
before anal and somewhat longer than lastnamed fin. Pectorals
comparatively short, not reaching ventrals. Ventrals short,
nearer to base of caudal than to snout. Scales moderate. Lateral
line running low down. Gillrakers well developed, lancet-
shaped, finely dentated along their frontborder.
Distribution: That of the single species known.

1. Evolantia micropterus (C. V.) [Fig. 61, p. 176].

Exocoetus micropterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 127.

Exocoetus micropterus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. I. Beschr. vissch. Amboina
TS 5 OVsps tos:

Cypsilurus micropterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IIT. 1866, p. 128.

Exocoetus micropterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 279.

Exocoetus micropterus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. 1866—1872, p. 77.

Exocoetus micropterus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kj@benhavn. 1876,
p- 396, (résumé p. 103).

Exocoetus micropterus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 518.

Evolantia microptera Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 434.

Evolantia microptera Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, p. 130.

Exocoetus micropterus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 361.

D. 13—16; A. 14—16; P.1.10—11; V.6; L.l. 48—50.

Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.5 in
its height. Height about 6—6.3, 7.5—8 in length with caudal.
Head 4.3—4.5, 5.3 to nearly 6 in length with caudal. Eye
3.3, about 1.5 in postorbital part of head and about equal to
interorbital space, which is not flat and has two grooves, con-
verging anteriorly. Snout shorter than eye. Lower jaw prominent,
with a distinct symphysial processus, bearing two barbels, which

Fig. 61. Zvolantia micropterus (C. V.) X 5/,.

are shorter than eye. It seems that these barbels are some-
times missing. Teeth very small, conical, pointed, simple, partly
in 2 rows in the jaws. No teeth on the palate. Dorsal be-
ginning somewhat before anal; somewhat longer than anal;

177

Separated by about 30 scales from occiput. Pectorals less than
twice as long as head, not reaching ventrals. Ventrals about
half as long as head, their origin about midway between tip
of snout and end of caudal, more or less nearer to caudal
than to branchial opening. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of
preserved specimens brown above, silvery below; pectorals
blackish, broadly edged with whitish below and less so above,
other fins more or less darker. Length 175 mm. |A specimen
of unknown locality in the museum of Amsterdam examined
by us].

Habitat: Ambon; Buru. — New Ireland, Hawaiian Islands,
Australia, New Zealand?, Galapagos Islands, tropical and sub-
tropical Atlantic.

2. Exocoetus Linne:
(LINNE, Syst. Naturae Ed. Xa 1758, p. 316).

Elongate, compressed. Jaws equal. Very small teeth in the
jaws. Palate and tongue edentulous. Dorsal beginning about
opposite to anal and about as long as lastnamed fin. Pectorals
long, reaching base of caudal or nearly so. Ventrals short,

hry)
Seer

vs Onc <a
Wares
uN
Ys ae oS ty
LS

Fig. 62. Exoceetus volitans L. X 4/5.

their origin much nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal.
Scales rather large. Lateral line running low down. Gillrakers
well developed. Gillopenings wide.

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical parts of Indic,
Pacific and Atlantic.

1. Exocoetus volitans L. [Fig. 62, p. 177].

Exocoetus volitans Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. Xa, 1758, p. 316, Ed. XIIa, 1766, p. 520.
Exocoetus evolans Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIIa, 1766, p. 521.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 12

178

Exocoetus evolans Bloch, Auslind, Fische IX. 1795, p. 14.

Exocoetus volitans Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 401.

Exocoetus evolans Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 138.
Exocoetus volans Richardson, Report 15th Meeting British Assoc. (1845) 1846,

p- 264.
Exocoetus evolans? Kner, Novara Exp. Fische 1865—1867, p. 326.
Exocoetus evolans Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LILI. 1866, p. 470.
Exocoetus evolans Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 282.
Exocoetus obtusirostris Giinther, l.c. p. 283.
Exocoetus evolans Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 69.
Exocoetus evolans et obtusirostris Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren, 1876,

p- 395 (résumé p. 102).
Exocoetus evolans Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 519.
Exocoetus volitans Lonnberg, Bidr. Svenska Akad. XXII. 1896, No. I, p. 25.
Halocypselus evelans Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America 1,

1896, p. 729.

Exocoetus volitans Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, p. 132 [mec syn. nec fig.].

Exocoetus evolans Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 363.

D. 13—15; A. 13-14; P: 1.13—14; V2 1-5; Lil 40-43,
7
Write. 2) a.

2

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.5 in its height. Height 5— 5.7, 6.5—7.3 in length with caudal.
Head 3.8—4, 5—5.3 in length with caudal. Eye 3—3.5, longer
than snout, about 1.5 in postorbital part of head and about
1.3 in the somewhat convex interorbital space. No chinbarbel.
Teeth very small and scarcely conspicuous. Origin of dorsal
and anal opposite to each other or nearly so, that of dorsal
separated by 17—20 scales from occiput. Pectorals reaching
base of caudal or nearly so. Ventrals equal to or a little longer
than postorbital part of head, their origin much nearer to tip
of snout than to base of caudal. Caudal deeply forked. Colour
of preserved specimens brownish above, silvery below. Fins
yellowish, pectorals blackish, with the posterior and upper
border white. Length 240 mm.

Habitat: Java!; Java Sea!; West of Saleyer!. — Tropical
and subtropical parts of Indic, Pacific and Atlantic, reaching
far into temperate regions. Apparently rather rare in the indo-
australian Archipelago.

1) Between D, and A.

179

Note. Under the name Exocoetus javanicus K. v. H. — pto-
bably a manuscript name of KUHL and VAN HASSELT —
BLEEKER mentions a flying fish in Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned.
Ind. II. 1845, p. 512, one of the first ichthyological papers of
the author. In his later papers he never mentioned the name
again and as no description is given, £12. javanicus has to
stand as a nomen nudum.

4. Cypsilurus Swainson.
(SwaInson, The Nat. Hist. of Fishes ete. II. 1839, p. 296).
Elongate, more or less compressed. Jaws equal. Teeth small
or very small, in the jaws and sometimes on the palatines.
No teeth on vomer, pterygoids and tongue. Dorsal beginning
opposite to or far before that of anal, generally longer than
lastnamed fin. Pectorals long, reaching base of caudal or not
so far. Ventrals well developed, often very long, their origin

Fig. 63. Cypsilurus poecilopterus (C.V.) XK ‘so.

much nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Scales
large or moderate. Lateral line running low down. Gillrakers
moderately developed. Gillopenings wide.

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical parts of Indic,
Pacific and Atlantic.

Key to the indo-australian species of Cypsilurus.

I. Second pectoral ray divided, first undivided.
A, Origin of anal opposite to that of dorsal (Zxonautes).

180

1. Palate edentulous. P. 1.14—15, without distinct

hyaline band

sie Axotereree' ») @.X08 yy (0) 8° 07 0 \e Yor ral ae: fo,

2. A few teeth on palatines. P. 1.16, with a distinct

hyaline sbandipommrmemen tests) <6 ce) teed re
B. Origin of anal far behind that of dorsal (Cyfsi-

lurus s. Str.).

z. Pectorals dark with a hyaline transverse band.

I.

2.

Head and body without bars.

a. D, 13. A. 8. Ventrals white, the middle
FAVS | SVEVISH sss) wis, wera eh eters syste «We ee

6. D. 14—16. A. 9—11. Distal half of ventrals
and posterior half of dorsal black. ....

c. D.13. A. 10—12, Dorsal and ventrals uni-
forms) GUSky.. ue omens ;

Head and body with 6 brown cross bands.

ii. Pectorals with rounded spots.

I.

Two barbels at corner of mouth.......

2. No barbels.

a. A, 7—8. Distance of origin of dorsal from
first rudimentary rays of caudal much more
than length of head. 25—-27 scales before
dorsal lccthy tricuspidsemem-mysmeme ieee

6. A. 10. Distance of origin of dorsal from
first rudimentary rays of caudal more than
length of head. About 40 scales before dorsal.
DeethUsimplerrer cue cease ote ee tee arene

GaAs

first rudimentary rays of caudal equal to

10. Distance of origin of dorsal from

or scarcely longer than head. About 30

scales before dorsal. Teeth simple... ..

ziz, Pectorals without band or spots.

I.

A broad ribbon-like barbel at symphysis of

loWersjawictannits cece het econ ace een

2. No barbels. .

a. Teeth on the palatines.

I. Origin of ventrals nearer to branchial
opening than to caudal.

a. Teeth tricuspid. A. 8—g. L.l 42—45.

Dorsal without black patch.....

f. Teeth simple. A. to—11. L.1. 48.

Dorsal with a black patch......

2. Origin of ventrals nearer to caudal than

to branchial opening

OL TB" We) tet 16) ae 26 * eeu

. arcticeps p.

. oxycephalus p, 181.

. Speculiger p. 181.

182.

. nigricans p. 183.

. altipennis p. 184.

. hexazona p, 185.

. bilobatus p. 185.

. poecilopterus p. 186.

. atrisignis p. 187.

. spilopterus p. 187.

. maresi p. 188.

. oligolepis p. 189.
. bahiensis p. 190.

. opisthopus p. I9t.

181

6. No teeth on palate.
a. All fins blackish. Size small, probably

juvenile form of some other species.

EleichitrabOutesememtanst ete. 5° t= C. nigripennis p. 192.
@. Fins not blackish. Height 4—4.5 ... C. brevis p. 192.
_ IL. Second pectoral ray undivided as the first...... C. rondeleti p. 193.

1. Cypsilurus oxycephalus (Blkr.)

Exocoetus oxycephalus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 771. —
Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. HI. 1866, p. 124. — Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 75.

Exocoetus oxycephalus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 294.

Exonautes oxycephalus Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus, No. 9g, part 1, 1908, p. 5.
D. 1o—11; A. 11; P.1.14—15; V.6; L.l. 50—56; L. tr.

wpe |~s

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.3 in its length. Height 5—-5.6, 6.5 to more than 7 in length
with caudal. Head 4—4.3, somewhat more than 5 to 5.5 in
length with caudal. Eye 3—3.4, less than postorbital part of
head, which is equal to the somewhat concave interorbital space.
Snout somewhat less than eye. Teeth comparatively well deve-
loped, simple, conical, pointed, in a single row in the jaws.
Palate edentulous. Origin of dorsal above that of anal,.separated
by 32—35 scales from occiput; its distance from first rudi-
mentary ray of caudal equal to or a little less than length of
head. Pectorals reaching to posterior part of dorsal or farther.
Ventrals somewhat shorter or longer than head, reaching to
middle of anal or somewhat farther, their origin about midway
between branchial opening and base of caudal. Caudal deeply
forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish or bluish above,
silvery below. Pectorals somewhat dusky, deepening in the
posterior half and near the axil into blackish, thus forming an
indication of a light transverse band. Middle rays of ventrals
and caudal dusky, other fins hyaline. Length 225 mm.

Habitat: Java (Batavia!); Java-sea!; Celebes (Makassar!) ;
Moluccos!; Aru Islands. — Torres Straits.

2. Cypsilurus speculiger (C.V.)

Exocoetus speculiger Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 94.

Exocoetus speculiger Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 122. — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 76.

Exocoetus speculiger Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 287.

Exocoetus affinis Giinther, ibid. p. 288.

182

Exocoetus speculiger Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel, naturh. Foren. 1876, p. 403
(résumé p. 109).

Exocoetus volitans Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. America 1, 1895, p. 734 (nec L.).

Cypsilurus speculiger Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 209.

Exocoetus speculiger Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft VIII, 1909, p. 336.

Exonautes speculiger McCulloch, Zool. results “Endeavour” Fishes, Part 1.
IQII, p. 30.

Cypselurus speculiger Mc Culloch, Check-list of fish of N.S. Wales, Prt II. 1919, p. 30.

7—8

D. 11=-12; A. 11-12; P..1.16; V.6)4. lL circaigo; Lace

2

Rather compressed, the breadth of the body going about
I.5 in its height. Height 5.7—6.5, 7—8 in length with caudal.
Head a little more than 4, 5.3—5.5 in length with caudal.
Eye 3, less than postorbital part of head, which is equal to
the somewhat concave interorbital space. Snout somewhat less
than diameter of eye. Teeth comparatively rather well deve-
loped, simple, conical, pointed, in about three rows in the
jaws; a few only on each side on the palatines. Origin of
dorsal opposite to that of anal, separated by 28—32 scales
from occiput; its distance from first rudimentary caudal ray
a little more or less than length of head. Pectorals reaching
to end of dorsal or not so far or even surpassing it. Ventrals
longer than head, reaching to about middle of anal or farther,
their origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to hindborder
of praeoperculum. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved
specimens brownish above, silvery below. Pectorals blackish,
especially in the posterior half, with an oblique hyaline band
across the lower half and a reddish patch and a white hind-
margin near the axil. Other fins yellowish, caudal dusky.
Length 300 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra; Java-sea!; Straits of Sunda;
Island Lamukutan! (HALLIER); Ambon; Gébe; Banda. — Pacific,
south to Tasmania and New Zealand; Indic; Atlantic.

3. Cypsilurus arcticeps (Gthr.)

Exocoetus arcticeps Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 289.

Exocoetus arcticeps Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 1883, p. 278.

Cypsilurus arcticeps Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 211.
8

D..0 35 AL 85:2. Dag G se ees ee

3
Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.5 in its height. Height 5.5, almost 7 in length with caudal.

183

Head 3.9, about 5 in length with caudal. Eye 3, equal to
concave interorbital space and somewhat less than postorbital
part of head. Snout 1.4 in eye. Teeth in several rows in jaws,
none on palate. Origin of anal about opposite to 6th dorsal
ray. Origin of dorsal separated by about 29 scales from occiput.
Pectorals reaching to middle of anal. Ventrals much longer
than head, reaching a little farther than pectorals, their origin
midway between hindborder of eye and base of caudal. Caudal
deeply forked. Colour of alcohol specimen brownish above,
golden below. Pectorals with a broad oblique white band across
its lower half, and with a broad whitish edge. Ventrals white,
the middle rays greyish. Length 215 mm. |Description made
after the type, seen by us in the British Museum].
Habitat: New Guinea. — China, Japan.

4. Cypsilurus nigricans (Benn.)

Exocoetus nigricans Bennett, Whaling Voyage II. 1840, p. 287.

Exocoetus ticolor Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons, XIX. 1846, p. 111.
Exocoetus spilopus Cuvier & Valenciennes, l.c. p. 118.

Exocoetus bicolor Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 132.

Exocoetus nigricans Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 290.

Exocoetus nigricans Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 73.

Exocoetus spilopus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh, Foren. 1876, p. 401 (résumé

p. 107).
Exocoetus nigricans Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. America 1, 1896, p. 737.

Exocoetus nigricans Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 367.
Exocoetus (nigricans?) Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 126.
6

D. 14—-16; A.g—t1; P. 1.13—14; V.6; Ll. 45—50; bites:
3
Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about

1.2 in its height. Height 6—7, nearly 8—8.5 in length with
caudal. Head 4.3—4.6, about 6 in length with caudal. Eye
about 3, less than postorbital part of head, which is equal to
concave interorbital space and a little less than or equal to
snout. Teeth well developed, conical, pointed, in several rows
in the jaws and in a small oblong patch on each side on the
palatines (absent on the palatines according to BLEEKER). Origin
of anal opposite to 6th or 7th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal
separated by 27—28 scales from occiput. Pectorals quite or
nearly reaching base of caudal. Ventrals much longer than head,
reaching to middle of anal or farther, their origin about midway
between hindborder of praeoperculum and base of caudal.

184

Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish
above, silvery or golden below. Pectorals black, with an oblique
hyaline band which tapers backwards and is more developed
in young specimens than in older ones. Distal half of ventrals
and posterior half of dorsal black. Anal white. Caudal darkish.
Length about 260 mm.

Habitat: Malacca-straits!, Java-sea!, Bay of Batjan!. —
Indic, Pacific and Atlantic, not very common.

5. Cypsilurus altipennis (C. V.)

Exocoetus altipennis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 109.

Exocoetus speculiger? Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IX. 1855, p. 273.

Exocoetus katoptron Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 115. — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 72.

Exocoetus katoptron Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 289.

Exocoetus robustus Giinther, l.c. p. 289.

Exocoetus altipinnis Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888, p. 265. — Fish. Brit.
India, 4°. 1878—88, p. 807.

Cypsilurus katoptron Jordan & Seale, Bull.. Bur, Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 211.

Cypsilurus altipinnis Seale & Bean, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. Wash. XXXIII.
1908, p. 240.

Exocoetus katoptron Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 367.

Cypselurus katoptron McCulloch, Rec. Western Austr. Mus. 1 (2) 1912, p.

D133 Av10o—12; 2 Per13=— 15.3) Ni 6s Ed 46523 ter

al

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
I.4 in its length. Height 5.8, 7.5 in length with caudal. Head
4.2, 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye 2.7—3, somewhat less
than postorbital part of head and about equal to slightly concave
interorbital space. Snout 1.2—1.7 in eye. Teeth very small,
scarcely conspicuous, in narrow bands in the jaws and accord-
ing to BLEEKER in slender elongate patches on the palatines,
but not to be found in the specimens examined by us. Origin
of anal opposite to 6th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated
by about 28 scales from occiput. Pectorals reaching almost or
quite to end of dorsal. Ventrals much longer than head, reaching
to middle of anal or farther, their origin not much nearer to
base of caudal than to hindmargin of eye. Caudal deeply
forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish above, silvery
below. Fins more. or less dusky. Pectorals blackish; with an
oblique hyaline band anda hyaline hindermargin. Length 400mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Siboga); Java Sea!. — Philippines;
Samoa; Australia; Bombay; Red Sea!.

185

6. Cypsilurus hexazona (Blkr.)

Exocoetus hexazona Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IV. 1853, p. 206, —
Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 118. — Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 73.

Doto—t1 A.o—10-0 Fb. 1.09,,V.0;. LI. circa 48,

Height about 4°/,, about 6 in length with caudal. Head about
4, somewhat more than 5 in length with caudal. Eye about 2,
*/, in postorbital part of head and about equal to interorbital
space. Teeth minute. Palate edentulous. Origin of dorsal far
before that of anal and much longer than lastnamed fin.
Pectorals reaching to posterior part of dorsal. Ventrals much
longer than head, nearly reaching to base of caudal, their
origin a little nearer to branchial opening than to base of
caudal. Caudal deeply forked. Bluish green above, silvery below.
Six brown crossbands on the body; the first through the eye,
2nd dorso-pectoral, 34 and 4th dorso-ventral, 5th and 6th dorso-
anal. Vertical fins hyaline, dorsal with a broad brown margin,
anal and lower caudal lobe brown at their tip; pectorals and
ventrals brownish or blackish violet, pectorals with a trans-
verse hyaline band in their middle. Length of single specimen
known 54 mm. [After BLEEKER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Banka.

This is the young stage of some species close to C. alti-
pennis and nigricans, from which it seems to differ in the low
number of dorsal rays.

7. Cypsilurus bilobatus n. sp.

Exocoetus furcatus M. Weber, in Semon, Zool. Forschungsreise, V. 1895, p. 274
(Jenaische Denkschr. III. 1895, p. 114 (mec MITCHELL).

Beis An Othe bia. V6) kL hicirca 50; Le tr:

m | H[0

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.7 in its height.
Height 5, more than 6 in length with caudal. Head 4, more
than 5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.7, less than postorbital
part of head, which is equal to flat interorbital space. Snout
I.4 in eye. Teeth conical, pointed, in one or two rows in the
jaws and in a small patch on each side on the palatines. At
each side of corner of mouth the lower lip has a broad, ribbon-
like barbel, which is somewhat longer than half length of
head. Origin of anal opposite to 5th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal
separated by 32 scales from occiput. Pectorals reaching to poste-

186

rior half of dorsal. Ventrals much longer than head, reaching
to posterior half of anal, their origin midway between hind-
margin of eye and base of caudal. Caudal deeply forked.
Brownish above, silvery below. Pectorals with rows of oblong ‘
spots, more or less arranged in transverse rows. Ventrals with
black tips. Barbels black. Length of single specimen known
128 mm.

Habitat: South coast of New Guinea!

This species is closely allied to EZ. furcatus, from which it
differs by having the pectorals spotted and one or two rays
more in the anal.

8. Cypsilurus poecilopterus (C. V.) [Fig. 63, p. 179].

Exocoetus poecilopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. KIX. 1846, p. 112.

Exocoetus poecilopterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 291.

Cypsilurus poecilopterus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1903, p. 542.

Cypsilurus poecilopterus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash. XXV. 1906, p. 210.

Exocoetus poecilopterus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 368.

Cypselurus poecilopterus Snyder, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. Wash. vol. 42, 1912, p. 409.
$

D. 12; A.7—8; P. 1714-15 5) Ve-07 as 3 tr ae

23

Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.5 in
its height. Height 4.6 to nearly 5. Head about 4, about 5.3
in length with caudal. Eye 2.8—3, somewhat less than the
postorbital part of head, which is equal to the almost flat
interorbital space. Snout somewhat shorter than eye. Teeth
tricuspid, in bands of several rows in the jaws and in an elongate
patch on each side on the palatines. Origin of anal opposite
to 6th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated by 25---27 scales
from occiput, its distance from first rudimentary rays of caudal
much more than length of head. Pectorals extending to the
end of the dorsal or farther. Ventrals much longer than head,
almost reaching to end of anal, their origin midway between
base of caudal and hindmargin of eye or of praeoperculum.
Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish
above, silvery below. Pectorals with numerous rather large,
ovate, black spots, distinctly arranged in transverse bands, but
absent in lower part of the fin. Other fins hyaline, caudal
dusky. Dorsal and ventrals sometimes with a black patch.
Length 250 mm.

Habitat: Flores!; Banda. — New Britain, Samoa, Japan.

187

Note. The fish described by DAy (Fish. India 4°, 1878—1888,
p- 518) as £. poecilopterus seems to be C. spzlopterus (C.V.)
a species with smaller scales.

g. Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenk.
Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm, XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 436.
Cypsilurus atrisignis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, XXIII. (1903)

1905, p. 136.
Exocoetus atrisignis Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. aon ;
PD. s—1s, Avo; Pli13> V.6;- Ll. 36-62; Ltr. >
3
Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.3 in its height. Height somewhat more than 5—5.5, 6.5 in
length with caudal. Head 4.3, about 5.5 in length with caudal.
Eye 3, somewhat less than postorbital part of head, which is
equal to the somewhat concave interorbital space. Snout some-
what shorter than eye. Teeth comparatively well developed,
slender, simple, in two rows in the jaws and in a small patch
on each side on the palatines. Origin of anal opposite to 6th
dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated by about 4o scales from
occiput, its distance from first rudimentary rays of caudal
longer than head. Pectorals reaching to end of dorsal. Ventrals
reaching almost to middie of anal, much longer than head,
their origin midway between hindmargin of eye and base of
caudal. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved specimens
brownish above, golden below. Pectorals dusky, with round
and oblong spots, more or less arranged in rows. Ventrals and
anal hyaline, dorsal with a large black spot in its posterior
half, which may be wanting. Caudal dusky. Length 340 mm.
Habitat: Malacca straits !. — Hawaii; Strong Island; Green-
wich Island.

p
10. Cysilurus spilopterus (C. V.)

Exocoetus spilopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XIX. 1846, p. 113.
Exocoetus spilopterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III..1866, p. 116; — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 74.
Exocoetus spilopterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 292. — Fische der
Siidsee Heft VIII. 1909, p. 368.
Exocoetus poecilopterus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 518 (nec C.V.).
Exocoetus spilopterus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 126.
aa

[bole

Pie — P35 AsO bot.13—t4; V.6; Livso—ss; L.tr.

I
3

188

Compressed, the breadth of the body going 1I.4—1.5 in its
height. Height 5—5.3, 6.5—7 in length with caudal. Head
4—4.3, 5—5.5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.6 to nearly 3 in
head, scarcely less than postorbital part of head, which is
equal to interorbital space. Snout about */, of eye. Teeth com-
paratively well developed, simple, in a few rows in the jaws;
a few teeth on each side on the palatines. Origin of anal
opposite to 6th ray of dorsal. Origin of dorsal separated by
about 30 scales from occiput, its distance from first rudimentary
rays of caudal equal to head or only scarcely longer than
head. Pectorals reaching to posterior part of dorsal or farther.
Ventrals longer than head or scarcely so, reaching to middle
of anal or not so far, their origin about midway between base
of caudal and hindmargin of praeoperculum. Caudal deeply
forked. Pectorals blackish, with a narrow hyaline hindborder
and an indication of a hyaline transverse band and provided
with more or less numerous round black spots. Other fins
hyaline, caudal dusky. Ventrals and dorsal sometimes with a
black spot posteriorly. Length 350 mm.

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Java Sea!; Celebes (Menado, Goron-
talo!); between Buton and Buru!. — Seas of India, Tahiti.

11. Cypsilurus naresi (Gthr.)

Exocoetus naresii Giinther, Zool. Challenger Exp. XXXI. pt. LXXVIII. 18809,

Pelagic Fish, p. 36. -— Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 365.
Cypsilurus naresi Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 211.
Exocoetus Naresii M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 128.

D. 1o—12; A.8—g; P.1.13—14; V.6; Lil. 45.

Height somewhat more than 5, 6'/,—7 in length with caudal.
Head 4 or nearly 4, 5 or a little more than 5 in length with
caudal. Eye 3, somewhat more or less than postorbital part
of head and equal to or somewhat less than flat interorbital
space. Snout shorter than eye. Teeth minute, apparently absent
from palate. A broad ribbon-like barbel at symphysis of lower
jaw, consisting of a white median ridge which bears a deep
black lamella at each side and reaches somewhat farther than
the base of pectorals or almost to the ventrals. Origin of anal
about opposite to 4th—é6th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated
by 27—32 scales from occiput. Length of anal ?/, of that of
dorsal or a little longer. Pectorals reaching to end of dorsal
or not so far. Ventrals much longer than head, reaching to

189

caudal or not so far; their origin about in the middle between
head and base of caudal. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of
preserved specimens brownish, silvery below. Pectorals black
in their superior part or black with the upper and lower margin
white. Ventrals black with exception of the middle fourth or
black with the inner border white. Lower tip of caudal some-
times, last third of anal always black. Dorsal dusky. Length
of the three known specimens 60, 150 and 175 mm.

Habitat: Between Gébé and Fau!') — Between the Fidji
and New Hebrides Islands.

12. Cypsilurus oligolepis (Blkr.)

> Exocoetus commersonii Lacépede, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 402.

> Exocoetus exiliens Lacépéde, ibid. (nec. B1.).

>Exocoetus Commersonii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XIX. 1846,
p. 102.

Exocoetus unicolor? Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Snoekacht. Visschen,
poze Cee CHV,).

Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr, Dierk. II]. 1866, p. 109. — Atl. ichth.
1866—1872, p. 69.
Exococtus brachysoma Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 111. — Atl.
ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 70. — Poissons de Madagascar 1875, p. IOI.
Exococtus neglectus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, 112. —- Atl. ichth.
VI. 1866—1872, p. 71.

Exocoetus oligolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 296. — Fische d.
Siidsee Heft VIII. 1909, p. 370.

Cypsilurus brachysomus Jordan & Seale, Bull, Bur. Fish. Wash. XXVI. (1906)
1907, P- 9-

Exocoetus brachysoma M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 125.

7

Da12—-13,/A8—o; Pi 113— 14; V. 6; L. 1. 42—45;; L. tr. *)2.

2

Rather compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.5 in its height. Height 4.7—5.5, 5.8—7 in length with caudal.
Head about 4, 5—5.5 in length with caudal. Eye about 2.5
in head, scarcely less than postorbital part of head, about twice
as long as snout and a little less than the somewhat concave
interorbital space. No chinbarbel. In the jaws bands of 2 or 3
rows of small tricuspid teeth; on the palatines an elongate
spindleshaped patch of teeth on each side. Origin of anal oppo-
site to 6th or 7th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal separated by 23—28

1) The specimen of 150 mm., belonging to the fishery laboratory at Batavia,
without definite locality, is certainly from the Archipelago.
2) Between D. and’ A.

190

scales from occiput. Pectorals reaching to origin of anal or farther.
Ventrals much longer than head, extending at least to the
middle of the anal, their origin a little nearer to caudal than
to hindmargin of eye. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved
specimens brownish above, silvery below. Fins hyaline, pectorals
blackish in their upper half. Length 260 mm.

Nom. indig.: Ikan terbang (Malay. Batavia), Luwin-luwin
(Ambon), Antori biru (Batjan).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang, Priaman); Java-sea!;
Java (Batavia!); Borneo (Sarawak); Bali; Flores!; Celebes (Ma-
kassar) ; Batjan; Obi!; Ambon; Banda. — Philippines, Solomons,
Shortland Island, Tahiti, Muscat, Zanzibar, Bourbon, China.

Note. We have examined specimens of £. oligolepis, bra-
chysoma and neglectus of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum. We can’t find any difference between specimens of
the two first named species, while the specimen of F£. neglectus
is a little more elongate and has 28 rows of scales between
occiput and dorsal, while the others have only 22 or 23. One
of us [I.s.c.] has already mentioned a specimen from Obi, which
has the measurements of drachysoma but the high number of
scales between occiput and dorsal of neglectus. The differences
between £. negléctus and the other two species are thus bridged
over. There is no difference in the number of dorsal rays
between the three species of BLEEKER, as mentioned by
the author.

13. Cypsilurus bahiensis (Ranz.)

Exocoetus bahiensis Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon. V. 1842, p. 362.

Exocoetus spilonotopterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 113.

Lxocoetus bahiensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 293.

Exocoetus bahiensis Bleeker, Atl. ichth. VI. 1866—1872, p. 71.

Exocoetus bahiensis Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 518.

?Cypsilurus bahiensis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, p. 136.

Cypselurus spilonopterus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm, XXVII.
(1907) 1908, p. 243.

Cypsilurus spilonotopterus Jordan & Dickerson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. —
XXXIV, 1908, p. 606.

Exocoetus bahiensis Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft VIII. 1909, p. 369.

Cypsilurus bahiensis Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Compar. Zoology
Harvard Coll. XXVI. No. 7, 1911. p. 253. A
D."13; A. jor; P. 1.1g5 Virose.) AGs etree

i
23

rot

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.4
in its height. Height about 5, 6.6 in length with caudal. Head
4.I—4.3, 5.3—5.8 in length with caudal. Eye 3, 1.3 in post-
orbital part of head and somewhat less than slightly concave
interorbital space. Snout somewhat less than eye. No chin-
barbel. Teeth comparatively large, simple, conical, pointed, in
bands of about three rows in the jaws and in a small ovate
patch on each side on the palatines. No vomerine teeth. Origin
of anal opposite to 5th or 6th dorsal ray. Origin of dorsal
separated by about 30 scales from occiput. Pectorals reaching
to end of dorsal or farther. Ventrals longer than head, extending
to middle of anal, their origin somewhat nearer to caudal
than to hindmargin of eye. Caudal deeply forked. Blackish
above, silvery below. Pectorals black, narrowly bordered with
white below and behind. Hinder two thirds of dorsal with a
large black patch. Ventrals and caudal mottled with dusky.
Length 475 mm.

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Padang); Molucco straits! ;
Misol. — Hawaiian islands; Philippines; Formosa; Shanghai;
Indic; Red Sea; Atlantic coast of tropical America.

14. Cypsilurus opisthopus (Blkr.)

Exocoetus opisthopus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, III, 1866, p. 121. — Atl. Ichth.
VI. 1866—1872, p. 76.

Exocoetus opisthopus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 297. — Brenchley’s
Cruise of the “Curagoa’’, 1873, p. 411.

Cypsilurus opisthopus Bean & Weed, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 42, 1912, p. 595.

DOT 11; Ao) Plt 23; VoG gL. lse 5s.

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going 1.3
in its height. Height 5—5.3, 6.3—6.7 in length with caudal.
Head 4.3, about 5.5 in length with caudal. Eye 3 or nearly
so; I.4 in postorbital part of head and not much less than
interorbital space. Teeth tricuspid in both jaws (at least partly),
small, in several rows. On each side on the palatines a long
narrow patch of teeth. Origin of anal opposite to 5th dorsal
ray. Origin of dorsal separated by 28—30 scales from occiput.
Pectorals reaching to middle of dorsal fin or a little farther.
Ventrals longer than head, reaching to end of anal, their
Origin nearer to base of caudal than to branchial opening,
sometimes even by as much as postorbital part of head. Caudal
deeply forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish above,

i92

silvery below. Pectorals blackish in their upper two thirds, the
rest being hyaline, reddish at the axil. Outer ventral rays
more or less grayish. Caudal dusky. Length 240 mm.

Habitat: Java (Batavia); Celebes (Makassar); Flores!;
Ambon!; Banda!; Misol.

15. Cypsilurus nigripennis (C. V.)

Exocoetus nigripennis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons, XIX. 1846, p. 108.
Exocoetus nigripennis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Scient. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857, 8ste Bijdr.

Amboina p. 86, — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. III. 1866, p. 120. — Atl. ichth, VI.

1866—1872, p. 70.

D. 11—13; A.8—10; P. 1.14—15; V.6; L.l. 45—50.

Somewhat compressed, the breadth of the body going about
1.5 in its height. Height about 5, 6.5 in length with caudal.
Head 4.3, 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye a little more than
twice in head, somewhat longer than postorbital part of head
and about equal to interorbital space, which is concave. Snout
very short, less than half diameter of eye. No chinbarbel.
Teeth in jaws very small. Palate edentulous. Origin of anal
opposite to about the 5th dorsal ray. Pectorals reaching origin
of anal. Ventrals much longer than head, reaching to end of
anal, their origin about midway between caudal and hindborder
of eye. Caudal deeply forked. Colour of preserved specimens
brownish, silvery below. Fins blackish, caudal yellowish with
indications of an irregular dark crossbar at its base. Length
75 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Ambon; Ternate; Gébé, New Gui-
nea. — Pinang, Indian Ocean to Zanzibar and Madagascar.

Note. This species is most probably the young stage of
some other species. The species described by CANTOR (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1233) and GUNTHER (Cat.
Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 298) as xzgripennis are the young ones
of another species, where the anal is opposite to the dorsal
(LUTKEN, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1876, p. 112).

16. Cypsilurus brevis n. sp.
72

Di 12135 Alo; Pi 1a Voy ad. 49-52 sateen

2

re]

Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.7 in

193

its height. Height 4—4.5, 5.3—6 in length with caudal. Head
3-9—4, 5—5.1 in length with caudal. Eye 3, slightly less than
postorbital part of head, which is about equal to interorbital
space. Snout somewhat shorter than eye, its upper profile
gently sloping downward in a straight line from eye to tip.
Teeth minute, conical, in several rows in the jaws; none on
the palate. Origin of anal below 6th ray of dorsal. Origin of
dorsal separated by 27 scales from occiput, its distance from
first rudimentary rays of caudal equal to or a little more than
length of head. Ventrals reaching to about middle of anal,
longer than head; their origin midway between base of caudal
and hindmargin of praeoperculum. Caudal deeply forked. Colour
dark above, silvery below. Pectorals dusky in their upper part,
hyaline in the lower part, reddish brown at the axil. Dorsal
and caudal dusky. Anal and ventrals white, the outer rays
of the latter somewhat dusky. Length 256 mm.
Habitat: Saleyer!; Aru Islands!.

Note. This species is allied to C. dahzensis and C. oligolepis,
from both of which it differs through the absence of teeth
on the palate. It is moreover distinguished from C. éahiensis
by its greater height, smaller teeth, less blunt profile of snout,
and from C. olzgolepis by its simple, not tricuspid teeth and
smaller scales.

17. Cypsilurus rondeleti (C. V.)

Exocoetus Rondeletii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. IX. 1846, p. 115.
Exocoetus brachycephalus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 297.
Exocoetus brachycephalus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1876, p. 405,
(résumé p, 110).
Exocoetus Rondeletii Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, XVII. 1883, p. 574.
Exocoetus rondeletii Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America,
i, 2896, p. 733.
7
Belair he§2-<13; F2.1d; V.6; Ll. cirea 50; L. trix.
3
Compressed, the breadth of the body going about 1.3 in
its height. Height somewhat more than 5, 6.5 in length with
caudal. Head 4.5, almost 6 in length with caudal. Eye 3, less
than postorbital part of head, which is equal to flat interorbital
space. Snout more than half length of eye. Teeth compara-
tively well developed, simple, conical, in one or two rows in
the jaws; none on the palate. Origin of anal opposite to 2nd

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 13

194

dorsal ray, its base not much shorter than that of dorsal.
Origin of dorsal separated by about 30 scales from occiput.
Pectorals with the two first rays undivided, the first about
half as long as the third, the second about two thirds of third ray.
Pectorals reaching to base of caudal. Ventrals much longer
than head, reaching to end of anal; their origin scarcely nearer
to branchial opening than to base of caudal. Caudal deeply
forked. Colour of preserved specimens brownish above, silvery
below. Pectorals blackish, with a light. hindmargin. Ventrals
black in the middle, hyaline along the margins. Dorsal and
anal hyaline. Caudal dusky. Length 275 mm.

Habitat: Java. — China, tropical and subtropical Atlantic,
Mediterranean.

Note. LUTKEN l.s.c. examined specimens from Java, from
which the author says, that they did differ in details from
Exocoetus brachycephalus Gthr. It is possible that these speci-
mens, the only ones recorded with certainty from the indo-
australian Archipelago, belonged to the allied C. g7/bert2 Snyder
(Bull. U.S. Fish Comm: XX. 1904, pis 22).

We examined a specimen of C. rondeleti (C.V.) in the collec-
tion of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, without locality,
but probably from the indo-australian Archipelago.

Order PERCESOCES.

Airbladder, if present, without open duct. Ventral fins with
I spine and 5 rays, abdominal, by exception subabdominal
or secondarily thoracal. The pelvic bones are free, or attached to
the pectoral arch by ligament only. Two dorsal fins, the first,
with pungent or flexible spines, is more or less remote from
the second. Pectorals more or less elevated, generally about
on a level with the upper posterior angle of operculum. Maxil-
laries excluded from border of mouth. Eyes lateral, with or
without gelatinous eyelids. Teeth present or absent, minute,
setiform, villiform or large and cutting. Scales generally cycloid
or ctenoid, with or without a lateral line. Gillopenings wide,
gillmembranes free from isthmus, not connected. Branchios-
tegals 5—7. Opercles usually unarmed. Lower pharyngeals
separate, third and fourth superior pharyngeals on each side
separate or anchylosed. No suprabranchial organ. Parietals
separated by supraoccipital. Bones of skull generally without
muciferous canals.

Key to the indo-australian families of Percesoces.

I. Pectorals placed low down with a lower detached portion
of free, articulated filaments, which can be moved in-
dependently. Lateral line well developed, continued on
tail. Maxillaries without a supplemental bone. Snout
obtusely conical, projecting over the wide mouth. Small
villiform teeth on jaws, palatines and sometimes on
vomer. Gillrakers long and slender ..........-. Polynemidae p. 196.
II. Pectorals normal, without detached rays.
1. Lateral line well developed. Maxillaries with a sup-
plemental bone. Mouth very wide. Large fang-like
teeth, implanted in sockets. Pectorals below middle
of height. Third and fourth upper pharyngeals sepa-
Fever Gillrakers? OMSOletey . a a isthi oma ah ce Slew he ee ie Sphyvraenidae p. 218.

2. Lateral line absent or only rudimentary. Maxillaries

i96

without supplemental bone. Mouth moderate or small.
Teeth usually small, not implanted in sockets or
absent. Pectorals in or above middle of height. Third
and fourth upper pharyngeals of each side anchylosed.
Gillrakers long and slender (Mugiloidei Klunzinger).
a. First dorsal with no more than 4 stiff spines; anal
with 3 weak spines. Mouth usually with a rather
wide transverse part, the lateral cleft usually short.
Superior pharyngeals without teeth, forming to-
gether with gillrakers a filtering apparatus. Verte-
Dracn24— QO Morya siiaius Neg eho posites bemeMlopmee cle edhe Mugilidae p. 229.
d, First dorsal formed otherwise. Anal with a single
weak spine. Cleft of mouth not transverse. Supe-
rior pharyngeals bearing teeth, forming no filtering

apparatus with gillrakers. Vertebrae more than 30. Atherinidae p. 266.

1. Fam. POLYNEMIDAE.

Oblong, compressed, covered with large, feebly ciliated scales.
Lateral line continued on the tail. Head scaly, with the snout
more or less obtusely conical and projecting over the mouth,
which is rather large. Intermaxillaries protractile, bordering the
upper jaw. Maxillaries styliform and slightly or strongly widened
posteriorly and then reaching far behind eye; a supplemental
bone is wanting. Eyes rather large with an anterior and pos-
terior gelatinous eyelid. Small villiform teeth on jaws, pala-
tines and sometimes on vomer. First dorsal with 7—8 feeble
spines, remote from second dorsal, which is of equal height
but generally longer, consisting of 11—15 rays. The anal is
opposite and similar to it or much longer. Caudal fin deeply
forked. Second dorsal, anal and caudal more or less covered
with minute scales. Ventrals with I spine and 5 rays, abdo-
minal but near to pectorals (subabdominal). Pelvic bones not
attached to cleithra but firmly connected with the postclavi-
cles. Pectorals placed low down, consisting of two portions,
the upper one or main fin attached to the scapula. The lower
one consists of free, articulated pectoral filaments, which can
be moved independently and are organs of touch; they are
attached to a fenestrate bone plate formed by the coalesced
pterygials and anchylosed with the scapula and coracoid. Gill-

197

openings very wide. Gillmembranes separate and free from
isthmus. Branchiostegals 7. Gillrakers long and slender. Verte-
brae 24. Bones of skull with well developed muciferous canals.
Moderate or large fishes, inhabiting sandy shores of tropical
seas and sometimes entering rivers, wanting in the Red Sea.
Only few specimens of these valued food-fishes extend inte
temperate regions, probably with currents of tropical water.

Key to the indo-australian genera of
Polynemidae.
1. Lower lip only developed at corner of mouth. Teeth
extending to the exterior part of jaws; 3 or 4 free
eae onal ENN ae Cootohtng Gide ap Onion. cect alore Eleutheronema p. 197
2. Lower lip well developed, but not continued to sym-
physis. Teeth in jaws not extending to the exterior;

5 or more free pectoral filaments.......... .. Polynemus p. 200.

I. Eleutheronema Bleeker.
(BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XIV. 1862, p. 123).
Elongate, somewhat compressed. Snout prominent. Eyes
covered by a gelatinous membrane. Mouth very large. Maxillaries
scaly. Lips absent, except for the lower lip near corner of

e
Fig. 64. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) X 1/3.

mouth. Small teeth which extend to the outside of the jaws.
Teeth on vomer, palatines and pterygoids. Praeoperculum ser-
rated behind. Anal of about same length as second dorsal,
with 15—17 rays and opposite to it. Pectorals with 3 or 4
free filaments only. Scales small. Gillopenings large, gillmem-
branes free from isthmus and from each other.

Distribution: From British India to North and West
Australia.

198

Key to the species of Eleutherone ma:
Ta) NHree nee spectoral alam emesi meen twtr a sheer EL. tridactylum p. 198.
2. our tree, pectoralenlamentsmmw.5.) + sitalcl ee prec E. tetradactylum p. 199.

1. Eleutheronema tridactylum (Blkr.)

Polynemus tridactylus Bleeker, Nat. en Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié IJ. (3) 1845,
p- 524. — Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. kennis Percoiden, p. 57.

Eleutheronema tridactylum Bleeker, -Versl. en Med. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam,
XIV. 1862, p. 124.

Polynemus tridactylus Volz, Zool. Jahrb, Abth. Syst: XIX. 1903, p. 359.

D'. VIL; D2... 13; A. 1. 15; P. 1.17+3 liberi; V. 1.5; L.l.70—78;

le tr ae

15
Elongate. Height 4 in length, 5 in length with caudal. Head 3.6,

4.5 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by a gelatinous membrane,
5.3 in head, 1.6 in interorbital space, less than snout, which is
very prominent; the mouth beginning at a distance equal to
*/, of the eye behind the point of the snout. Mouth very large,
reaching far behind eye; maxillaries scaly, 1.8 in length of
head. Head covered with scales to tip of snout. Anterior and
posterior nostrils close together, nearer to end of snout than
to eye. Praeoperculum serrated along its hindborder, its angle
produced and rounded. Neither upper nor lower lip developed,
excepting the lower lip near the angle of the mouth. Upper
and lower jaw with a broad villiform band of small teeth,
extending on outside of jaws. Similar teeth in a triangular
patch on head of vomer and in broad bands on the palatines.
Origin of first dorsal between that of pectorals and ventrals.
Origin of second dorsal slightly in advance of that of anal,
both fins scaly all over. First dorsal with a scaly sheath.
Caudal almost entirely covered with scales. First rays of
dorsals and anal about equal in length, less than postorbital
part of head. Second dorsal and anal deeply concave. Caudal
deeply forked. Pectorals falciform, equal to distance between
middle of eye and hindborder of operculum. The upper pectoral
filament is as long as head without snout, the second one
somewhat shorter and the third one much shorter. Ventrals
slightly longer than snout and eye. Scales finely striped, with
a crenulated hindborder. Colour of alcohol specimen golden,
darker above. Fins yellowish, pectorals somewhat darker. Length
354 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

he)

Nom. indig. Kuru (Malay Batavia); Suro (Pasuruan).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Banju asin); Java (Batavia,
Pasuruan) — Malakka.

In sea and brackish water.

2. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) |Fig. 64, p. 197].

Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw, General Zoology V. 1804, p. 155.

Polynemus teria Hamilton Buchanan, Ganges Fishes, 1822, p. 224, 381.

Polynemus tetradactylus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 375,
VII. 1831, p. 245.

Polynemus salliah Cantor, Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc. V. 1838, p. 166.

Polynemus quadrifilis Cantor, ibid. p. 166 (nec C. V.).

Polynemus tetradactylus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. kennis
Percoiden, p. 57.

Polynemus tetradactylus Cantor, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1007.

Polynemus tetradactylus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, II. 1860, p. 329.

Eleutheronema tetradactylum Bleeker, Versl. & Med. Kon, Akad. Amsterdam,
XIV. 1862, p. 124.

Polynemus tetradactylus Kner, Fische Novara-Exp, 1865—1867, p. 138.

Polynemus caecus Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales II. 1878, p. 354.

Polynemus tetradactylus Klunzinger, Sitzber. Akad. Wien 1880, p. 373.

Polynemus tetradactylus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 180.

Polynemus tetradactylus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) IX. 1889—18g0,
p- 169.

Polynemus tetradactylus Rutter, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1897, p. 71.

Polydactylus rhadinus Jordan & Evyermann, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. XXV,. 1902, p. 351.

Polydactylus tetradactylus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. Washington
XXVII. (1907) 1908, p. 245.

Polynemus tetradactylus Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci. V. No. 4, 1910, p. 260.

Polydactylus (Eleutheronema) tetradactylus McCulloch, Rec. W, Austr. Mus.
Vola tors, ip 2t4.

D'. VIII; D?. I—II 13—15; A. II 15—17; P. 16—17 + 4 liberi;

9—I10

NesieGee..7o-—o0;, Lath. | ©

13—14
Elongate. Height 3.6—4, 4.5—5.1 in length with caudal.
Head 3.3—3.9, 4.3—5 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by
a gelatinous membrane, 5.3—5.6 in head, 1.1—1.3 in interorbital
space. Snout I.2—I.5 in eye, prominent. Mouth very large,
reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, 1.7—1.8 in head.
Head covered with scales to tip of snout. Anterior and poste-
rior nostrils close together, nearer to point of snout than to
eye. Praeoperculum serrated, its angle produced and rounded.
Upper lip absent, the lower lip only well developed near angle
of mouth, Upper and lower jaw with a broad villiform band

200

of small teeth, extending to outside of jaws. Similar teeth
in a triangular patch on head of vomer and in broad bands
on the palatines and pterygoids. Origin of first dorsal between
those of pectorals and ventrals. First dorsal spine very small, the
second one somewhat less than postorbital part of head. Origin
of second dorsal opposite to that of anal. Second dorsal, anal
and caudal almost entirely scaly, first dorsal only in its
basal part. Second dorsal and anal deeply concave. Distance
between origin of ventrals and that of anal much less than
length of head. Caudal deeply forked. Pectorals falciform, equal
to postorbital part of head or somewhat longer. Upper pectoral
filament about as long as the pectoral fin or somewhat shorter,
reaching on ventrals, the following ones decreasing gradually
in length, the fourth being somewhat more than half the length
of the upper one. Ventrals as long as distance from eye to
hindborder of praeoperculum. Scales finely striped and with
fine denticulations at their hindborder. Colour of alcohol spe-
cimens_ silvery, light brown above. Fins yellowish white,
pectoral sometimes dusky, with a smaller or broader blackish
hindborder. Length 2000 mm.

Nom. indig.: Selangin and Serangin (Bagan api api); Kuru
(Malay Batavia); Lalaut (Bantam); Baling; Kesumbang (Java-
nese); Latjeh (Madura); Tikus tikus (Ambon); Umpua (Batjan);
Kurau putih (Bintang).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Deli!, Palembang, Bagan
api api!, Tiku); Riouw; Banka; Bintang; Borneo (Pamangkat,
Sinkawang, Sumpit, Sungi-duri, Stagen!, Balikpapan!, Sanda-
kan); Java (Batavia!, Cheribon!, Antjol!); Madura; Celebes
(Makassar!, Lagusi, Menado); Batjan. — From British India,
Andamans, Pinang, Siam, Malacca, China, Formosa, Philippines
to North and West Australia.

In sea and brackish water.

2. Polynemus Linné ').

(LInNE, Systema Naturae Ed. X. 1758, p. 317).

Polydactylus auctores.

More or less elongate, somewhat compressed. Snout promi-
nent. Eyes covered by a gelatinous membrane. Maxillaries gene-

1) See D. STarr JorDAN, The Genera of Fishes. Part I. Leland Stanford
Junior Univers. Publications Univ. Series 1917, p. 15.

201

rally scaly. Upper lip absent, lower lip well developed but not
continuous at symphysis. Jaws with villiform bands of teeth,
not extending to outside of jaws. Teeth on palatines, on
vomer present or absent. Praeoperculum more or less conspi-
cuously serrated behind. Anal of about same length as second

Ny) Ne
Ny ie He .

SR iN .
y ws ee an ») ANN Ne a
i .) sau
ZN uN

mh :
de i.
AL a ye

Fig. 65. Polynemus microstoma Blkr. X 3/5.

dorsal, its origin opposite to or behind that of second dorsal.
Pectorals with 5—14 free filaments. Scales moderate or small.
Gillopenings large, gillmembranes free from isthmus and from

each other.
Distribution: Tropical coasts of Indic, Pacific and Atlantic.

ae to the indo-australian species of Fob y: ie it

. Five free pectoral filaments.
A, Pectoral rays undivided. L.l. 60—65. Distance

between origin of ventrals and that of anal much
less than length of head. Teeth on vomer . . P. Alebejus p. 202.

B, Only 2 or 3 rays of pectorals simple, the other
ones divided.
a, L.l. 47—50. Distance between origin of ven-
trals and that of anal much less than length
of head. No’ teetht on vomer.,0). 5 0(<). os 2. microstoma p. 204.
6, Ll. 70—75. Distance between origin of ven-
trals and that of anal equal to or more than
length of head. Teeth on vomer ...... P. indicus p. 205.
2. Six free pectoral filaments.
A. Pectoral rays undivided. Teeth on vomer.
a. Ll. 47—50. Pectoral filaments reaching on
anal or farther.

a Pectorals longer than head. Longest pec-

to
ie)
i)

toral filaments reaching almost or quite
tombase Kot featid algae ot mkors ie: 1. oo miei P. hexanemus p. 207.
@. Pectorals as long as head without snout.
Longest pectoral filaments reaching on anal. P. pfeifferi p. 208.
d. Ll, 62—68. Pectoral filaments not reaching
ONAN al aa eiweemea ers > veh t ted ace ee P. kuru p. 209.
/, Pectoral rays mostly divided. No teeth on vomeree: sextavius Pp. 210.
3. Seven free pectoral filaments.
A. Pectoral filaments not exceeding tip of caudal.
a. Pectorals much longer than head, their fila-
ments reaching on the caudal........ P. melanochir p,. 211.
6. Pectorals shorter than head, their filaments
reaching to end of ventrals or somewhat
PARUBED. ole Geo Mos Der bags Face be eneage pets P. heptadactylus p. 212.
&. Pectoral filaments far exceeding tip of caudal.
a. Pectorals longer than head. Eyes small, 5.5
to 7 or more in head.
az. LJ, 84. Distance between origin of ven-
trals and anal more than length of head. P. longipectoralis p. 213.
g. Ll. 65—67.
a’, Distance between origin of ventrals and
anal much more than length of head.
Maxillaries 1.7—2 in head ...... P. borneensis p. 214.
6’, Distance between origin of ventrals
and anal equal to length of head.
Masilllariess2 29 inwhead a) = pir eieaen P. dubius p. 215.
6. Pectorals as long as head without snout.
Eyes large, 4.5—6 in head. L.l. 88—o3.

Distance between origin of ventrals and anal

less thamlength iofvhead oye ssl P. macrophthalmus p. 216.
Aq HOULLeen speGClOralmilamMents moje leater ity meee pt niet P. multifilis p. 217.
IDL AG, GSS 4 Song obo poe Sad 6 8 a4s 6 P. paradiseus p. 218.

I. Polynemus plebejus Brouss.

Polynemus plebejus Broussonet, Ichth. Decas. 1782.

Polynemus lineatus Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 410.

? Polynemus plebejus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 380
(partim ?).

Polynemus plebejus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. Percoiden, p. 58.

Polynemus lineatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 327 (mec M’CLELLAND).

Polynemus taeniatus Giuther, ibid. p. 526 (nomen novum).

Trichidion plebejus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XIV. 1862, p. IIo.

Polynemus lineatus Kner, Novara Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 137.

Polynemus plebejus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Bd, 2, 1873—1875, p, 103.

ia

203

Polynemus plebejus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 179.

Polynemus plebejus Steindachner, Ann. Hofmuseum Wien XI. 1896, p. 208.

Polydactylus plebeius Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fisheries XXV. (1905)
1906, p. 219.

Polydactylus agonasi Jordan & Mc Gregor, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXX. 1906, p. 814.

Polydactylus plebeius Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Pauahi Mus. IV. 1906, p. 18.

Polydactylus plebejus Steindachner, Sitzb, Akad. Wien, CXV, 1906, p. 1417.

Polydactylus plebeius Seale & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 241
(salve syn.).

Polynemus taeniatus Gilchrist & Thompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus. VI (part 2),

1908, p. 179.
Polynemus agonasi Franz, Abh. Bayr. Akad. Munchen, 1V. Suppl. Band 1. Abh. 1910

CLOme) +p. ,125.
Polynemus plebejus Weber, Siboga Exp. Fische 1913, p. 144.

DEVIN. Deila3; A. UW. 11;-P..17--18-45; V.1. 5; dul. 60—6s;
Coat
eS gee

I2

Elongate. Height 3.2—3.3, 4.4—4.5 in length with caudal.
Head 3—3.6, 4.2—4.5 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by
a gelatinous membrane, 3.5—4 in head, about equal to interorbital
space, more than twice in postorbital part of head. Snout
short, I.4—-I.7 in eye, prominent, the mouth beginning at a
distance equal to */, diameter of eye behind point of snout.
Mouth large, reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, 2—2.3
in head. Head covered with scales to tip of snout. Anterior
and posterior nostrils close together, midway between end of
snout and eye. Praeoperculum coarsely serrated along its hind-
border, its angle produced and rounded. Upper lip absent,
lower lip well developed but not continuous at symphysis.
Upper and lower jaw with a narrow villiform band of small
teeth, not extending on outside of jaws. Broader similar bands
on palatines and a patch of teeth on head of vomer. Origin of
first dorsal between that of pectorals and ventrals. First dorsal
spine very small, second one the strongest, but shorter than
the following ones and slightly shorter or longer than post-
orbital part of head. Origin of second dorsal conspicuously in
advance of that of anal, its spine shorter than second spine
of first dorsal, but longer than that of anal. First anal spine
minute. Second dorsal and anal deeply concave. Dorsals, anal
and caudal scaly. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed,
the upper one the longer. Pectorals somewhat falciform, as
long as or a little shorter than distance between middle of
eye and hindborder of operculum. All rays simple. The pec-

204

toral filaments, the upper one of which is the longest, reach
a little beyond tip of ventrals. Ventrals longer than snout and
eye together. Distance between origin of ventrals and anal
much less than length of head. Scales finely striated and with
a crenulated hindborder. Colour of alcohol specimens silvery
or golden, fins yellowish or hyaline, pectorals slightly dusky.
Length 260 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER’s collection seen
by us].

Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay); Kesumbang (Javanese) ; Sambal
(Madura); Idung lamak (Batjan).

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Kota Radjah!, Tiku); Nias!;
Java (Batavia, Prigi, Penandjong Bay!); Madura; Bali; Celebes
(Menadc); Ambon; Ceram!; Batjan; Timor; Aru Islands!; New
Guinea. — Coast of Natal and Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauri-
tius, British India, Siam, Pinang, Japan, Formosa, Philippines,
Australia, New Britain, Solomon-Islands, Samoa, Tahiti,
Fiji islands.

In sea and brackish water.

2. Polynemus microstoma Blkr. |Fig. 65, p. 201].

? Polynemus plebejus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 380
(partim ?).
Polynemus plebeius Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1009.
Polynemus microstoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851, p. 217.
Polynemus plebejus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 329 (nec Brouss.).
Trichidion microstoma Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Science Nat. XIII. 1878, p. 64.
Polynemus zophomus Jordan & Mc Gregor, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXX. 1906, p. 814.
Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XX VI. (1906) 1907, p. II.
Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. XX VII. (1907)
1908, p. 245.
Polydactylus zophomus Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci. V. No. 4, 1910, p. 269.
Polynemus zophomus M. Weber, Siboga Exp. Fische 1913, p. 142.

D'. VIII; D?. I. 13—14; A. II—III. 12—13; P. 2. 13453 V Lr:
5—6
iJ 47—30; Ltr. 4
TO
Elongate. Height 3—3.2, 4—4.1 in length with caudal. Head
2.8—3, 3.6—4 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by a gela-
tinous membrane, 3.8—4, equal to interorbital space, and twice
in postorbital part of head. Snout shorter than eye, prominent.
Mouth large, reaching behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, 2.4 in
head. Head covered with scales to tip of snout. Anterior and
posterior nostrils close together, midway between end of snout

208

and eye. Pracoperculum- rather coarsely serrated along its
hindborder, its angle produced and rounded. Upper lip absent,
lower lip well developed but not continuous at symphysis.
Small bands of villiform teeth in both jaws, not‘ extending to
outside of jaws. Similar bands on the palatines. No teeth
on vomer. Origin of first dorsal between that of pectorals and
ventrals. First dorsal spine very small, second one the strongest
but not as long as the third and more or less longer than
postorbital part of head. Origin of second dorsal conspicu-
ously in advance of that of anal. Spine of second dorsal shorter
than second one of first dorsal and equal to second anal spine.
First anal spine minute. Second dorsal and anal concave.
Dorsals, anal and proximal part of caudal scaly. Caudal deeply
forked, the lobes pointed. Pectorals somewhat falciform, longer
than postorbital part of head, 13 of its rays divided. The
upper, longest pectoral filament reaches to middle of ventrals.
Ventrals nearly as long as pectorals. Distance between origin
of ventrals and anal much less than length of head. Scales
finely striated and with a crenulated hindborder. Colour of
alcohol specimens golden, brownish above. Fins yellowish, first
dorsal and anal more or less dusky, as well as free border of
second dorsal. A black blotch in the beginning of the lateral
line, above origin of pectorals; a similar blotch sometimes
present on operculum. Length 250 mm.

Habitat: North of Strait Riouw!; Borneo (Sandakan); Bali;
Sumbawa (Bima!); Saleyer!; Celebes (Bulucomba); Ambon!;
Ceram; New Guinea. — Formosa, Philippines, Pinang.

3. Polynemus indicus Shaw.

Polynemus indicus Shaw, General Zoology V. 1804, p. 155.

Polynemus sele Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges, 1822, p. 226 and 381.

Polynemus uronemus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III, 1829, p. 385.

Polynemus uronemus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. Percoiden, p. 58.

Polynemus indicus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1011,
(see syn.).

Polynemus indicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 427.

Polynemus indicus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II, 1860, p. 326.

Polynemus indicus Kner, Novara-Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 137.

Trichidion indicum Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (2) II. (1867) 1868, p. 293.

Polynemus indicus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 179.

Polynemus indicus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civico Genova (2) IX. 1889—18g0,
p- 168.

Lrichidion indicus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, (2) LVII. 1905, p. 501.

206

D!. VIII; D?. I. 13—14; A. JI—III, 11:—12; P. 2—3.12-++5; Vir.s:
7

Ul 70-75; As:tr ae

12—I

Elongate. Height se 4.6 in length with caudal. Head 3.6,
5 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by a gelatinous membrane,
3-6 in head, about equal to convex interorbital space and
about twice in postorbital part of head. Snout pointed, half
as long as eye. Mouth large, reaching far behind eye. Maxil-
laries scaly, twice in head. Head covered with scales to end
of snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, about
midway between end of snout and eye. Praeoperculum coar-
sely serrated along its hindborder, its angle produced and
rounded. Upper lip absent, lower lip well developed but not
continuous at symphysis. Small teeth in narrow bands in the
jaws, not extending on outside of jaws. Broader bands of
teeth on palatines, constricted in the middle and narrower
posteriorly. A rounded patch of similar teeth on vomer. First
dorsal spine very small, second one stronger but shorter
than third one and equal to postorbital part of head. Second
dorsal conspicuously in advance of that of anal, its spine much
shorter than second one of first dorsal and about equal to
second anal spine, which is as long as snout and eye together.
First anal spine minute. Second dorsal and anal deeply con-
cave. Third ray of first dorsal sometimes prolonged into a
filament. Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal deeply forked,
with long, pointed lobes, which may be prolonged into filaments.
Pectorals somewhat falciform, as long as distance between
middle of eye and hindborder of operculum. Only 2 or 3 rays
simple, the other ones divided. Second or third pectoral fila-
ment the longest, reaching beyond tip of ventrals or even to
anal. Ventrals not much shorter than pectorals. Distance be-
tween origin of ventrals and that of anal equal to or more
than length of head. Scales finely striated and finely crenu-
lated at their hindborder. Colour of formol specimen light
brown, darker above, a darkish blotch shining through on
operculum. Faint dark longitudinal lines on body and tail,
corresponding to the rows of scales. Fins yellowish, dusky at
tips. Length 1000 mm.

Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay); Kuru-laut (Malay Batavia) ;
Kurau hitam (Bintang).

Habitat: Singapore; Nias!; Banka; Bintang; Borneo (river

207

Baram); Java (Batavia, Surabaya); Madura; North Celebes;
Waigeu. — From Madagascar and Mauritius, British India,
Burma, Pinang, Malacca to Australia.

4. Polynemus hexanemus C.V.

Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 389.
Polynemus hexanemus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. Bijdr. Percoid. 1849, p. 59.
Polynemus hexanemus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1015.
Polynemus hexanemus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 325.

Polynemus hexanemus Kner, Novara Exp. Fische 1865—1867, p. 136.

5
D'. VIII; D?.I. 12; A. III. 14; P. 14+6; V.I.5; L.l.47—48; L.tr. 1.

10
Height 3.2—4.2 in length with caudal. Head 3.8—4.g in

length with caudal. Eyes nearly 3.8, twice in postorbital part
of head and equal to interorbital space. Snout much shorter
than eye, prominent. Mouth large, reaching far behind eye.
Maxillaries scaly, less than twice in head. Head covered with
scales to end of snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close
together, close to frontborder of eye. Praeoperculum rather
coarsely serrated, with a broader spine just before the angle,
which is rounded and produced. A short spine in the beginning
of the lateral line. Upper lip scarcely detectable, lower lip
well developed, not continuous at symphysis. A narrow villi-
form band of teeth in both jaws. A broader similar band on
the palatines, more or less constricted in its anterior part
and a narrow band of small teeth on head of vomer. Origin
of first dorsal between that of pectorals and ventrals. First
dorsal spine of first dorsal minute, second one the strongest,
but shorter than the third and equal to postorbital part of
head. Origin of second dorsal well in advance of that of anal.
Spine of second dorsal */, of second spine of first dorsal,
longer than third anal spine. First and second anal spine very
small. Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal deeply forked,
the lobes much pointed. Pectorals curved, all the rays simple,
longer than head. Pectoral filaments long, the fourth the longest
and reaching almost or quite to base of caudal. Ventrals
slightly longer than postorbital part of head. Distance between
origin of ventrals and anal equal to or shorter than head.
Scales finely striated and serrated along their hindborder. Colour
of alcohol specimen golden or silvery, brownish above, fins
yellowish. Length more than 150 mm.|A specimen of BLEEKER’s
collection in the Amsterdam Museum seen by us|.

208

Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay Batavia).
Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman); Borneo (Singkawang); Java
(Batavia, Japara). — Pinang.

5. Polynemus pfeifferi Blkr.

?>Polynemus diagrammicus Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié II. (3)
1845, p. 527. — Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr, Percoiden, p. 60.

Polynemus pfeiffert Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, IV. 1853, p. 249.

Polydactylus pfeiffert Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1900, p. 501.

Polydactylus pfeifferi Fowler, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. (2) XII, 1904, p. 530,
Plate XVI lower figure.

DD VIM Ot. ti--12- A. tIhar, Pensa on evra
5
L.l.48—s0; L.tr. 1.
jel)

Height 3.2, 4.4 in length with caudal, head 3.3, 4.5—5 in
length with caudal. Eyes 3—3.3, a little more than flat inter-
orbital space and less than twice in postorbital part of head.
Snout short, not much longer than half of eye. Mouth large,
reaching behind eye. Maxillaries 1.75—-2 in length of head.
Head covered with scales to end of snout. Anterior and poste-
rior nostrils close together, close to frontborder of eye. Prae-
operculum coarsely serrated, some of the lower denticulations
stronger than the rest. Angle of praeoperculum produced and
irregularly rounded. Upper lip absent, lower lip well developed
but not continuous at the symphysis. Narrow bands of small
teeth on jaws, palatines and in an elongate patch on vomer.
First dorsal spine minute, second one stronger but shorter
than third and equal to postorbital part of head. Spine of
second dorsal about equal to third anal spine and to length
of eye and snout together. Origin of second dorsal somewhat
in advance of that of anal. Free border of dorsals and anal
almost straight. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed. Pec-
torals as long as head without snout, all their rays simple. Longest
pectoral filaments reaching well on anal. Ventrals about equal
to postorbital part of head. Distance between origin of ven-
trals and that of anal much less than length of head. Scales
finely striated and crenulated at their hindborder. Colour of
formol specimens brownish, pectorals and ventrals blackish,
other fins dusky. Length 90 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Trussan, Padang, Priaman);
Nias!. —- Sandwich Islands.

209

Note. The brief description given by BLEEKER of his
Polynemus diagrammicus gives no clue as to the exact position
of this species. It is possibly identical with P. pfecfferz, the
differences given by BLEEKER in his description of lastnamed
species being easily explained by differences of age. The last
mention made by BLEEKER of P. diagrammicus is in his
“Enumeratio piscium’”’ etc. (Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VI. 1859,
p- 39). This makes us suppose, that the specimens were lost.
They are neither in the British, nor in the Leiden Museum.

In these circumstance we think it safest to place P. dia-
grammicus as a doubtful synonym of P. pfezfferz.

6. Polynemus kuru Blkr.

Polynemus kuru Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IV. 1853, p. 600.

Trichidion kuru Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 156.

olydactylus kurw Wendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Coll. vol. XXVI. No. 7, 1911, p. 263.

Polynemus kuru Max Weber, Siboga Exp. Fische 1913, p. 141.

DY Vill; D*. i135 A. 11.11; P: 15—16-46; V. 1.5; Ll o2z—68;
6
i eae oe

Height 3.4—3.5, 4.7—4.8 in length with caudal. Head 3—3.5,
4.3—4.7 in bead with caudal. Eyes 3.2—3.7, about twice in
postorbital part of head, and somewhat less than convex inter-
orbital space. Snout shorter than eye, prominent. Mouth large,
reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries scaleless (in three speci-
mens examined), 2.1.—2.3 in head. Head covered with scales
to end of snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together,
about midway between eye and end of snout. Praeoperculum
rather strongly serrated, the inferior spines somewhat stronger,
its angle produced into a triangular flap. Upper lip absent,
lower lip well developed but not continuous at symphysis.
Narrow bands of teeth in jaws, palatines and head of vomer,
those of the jaws not extending to the outside. Origin of dorsal
between that of pectorals and ventrals. First dorsal spine of
first dorsal minute, second one shorter than the third, but
somewhat stronger, slightly shorter or longer than postorbital
part of head. Origin of second dorsal in advance of that of
anal. Spine of second dorsal about */, of second spine of first
dorsal, longer than second spine of anal. First anal spine minute.
Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal very deeply forked,

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, I4

310

with long pointed lobes. Pectorals curved, all the rays simple,
equal to distance between hindborder of operculum and middle
of eye. First pectoral filament somewhat longer than the
others, surpassing tip of ventrals. Ventrals about equal to
postorbital part of head. Distance between origin of anal and
ventrals somewhat less than head. Scales finely serrated along
their hindborder. Colour of alcohol specimens silvery, some-
what brownish above, fins hyaline, upper part of first dorsal
blackish. Length 280 mm.

Nom. indig.: Mulut tikus (Saparua); Suma lahat (Ambon).

Habitat: Sangir Islands!; Talaut; Isiands!; Ambon; Sapa-
rua; Obi; Ternate; Halmahera; Waigeu; Aru Islands! — Mar-
quesas Islands.

In sea.

7. Polynemus sextarius Bl. Schn.

Polynemus sextarius Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 18.

Polynemus sextarius Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen, XXII. 1849, Bijdrage Percoiden, p. 59.

Polynemus sextarius Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. ror4.

Polynemus sextarius Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 326.

Trichidion sextarius Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 174.

Polynemus sextarius Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 177.

Polynemus sextarius Gilchrist & Thompson, Ann. South Afric. Mus. VI. (prt 2),
1908, p. 179.

Trichidion sectarium Jordan & Starks, Ann. Carneg. Mus. XI. 1917, p. 455.
D'. VIII; D*. 1. 12—13; A. W—II] 12—13; P. 1.12—13+6;

5
Vi lies¢ Lal asso 5 otra

Height 2.8—2.9, ba aha length with caudal. Head 2.8 —3.3,
3.8—4.4 in length with caudal. Eyes covered by a gelatinous
membrane, 3—3.8, twice in postorbital part of head and some-
what more than interorbital space. Snout ?/, length of eye,
prominent. Mouth large, reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries
scaly, 2.4 in head. Head covered with scales to tip of snout.
Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, midway between
eye and point of snout. Praeoperculum coarsely serrated along
its hindborder, the lowermost serrations the longest. Its angle
produced and rounded. A short, rather strong spine at the
beginning of the lateral line. Upper lip feebly developed, lower
lip well developed, not continuous at the symphysis. Band of
villiform teeth on jaws, not extending to their outside; a similar
band on palatines. Vomer without teeth. Origin of first dorsal

2tt

between that of ventrals and pectorals. First dorsal spine of first
dorsal minute, second one the strongest but not so long as the
third, somewhat shorter than snout and eye. Origin of second
dorsal well in advance of that of anal. Spine of second dorsal less
than half as long as second one of first dorsal and somewhat
shorter than second anal spine. First anal spine very small.
Dorsals, anal and proximal part of caudal scaly. Caudal deeply
forked, the lobes pointed. Pectorals slightly falciform, 12—13
of their rays divided, equal to distance between middle of eye
and hindborder of operculum. The two upper free pectoral
filaments are about of equal length and longer than the others,
they reach to middle of ventrals or somewhat farther. Ventrals
5/- length of pectorals. Distance between origin of ventrals
and anal much less than length of head, somewhat more than
postorbital part of head. Scales with a finely striated and
crenulated hindborder. Colour of alcohol specimen golden, fins
yellowish, more or less dusky. Inner side of operculum pig-
mented with black, shining through at the outside. A large
black blotch at the beginning of the lateral line. Length 190 mm.
[Description after a specimen from Calcutta}.

Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay Batavia).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Priaman); Banka; Java (Ba-
tavia). — From East Coast of Africa (Natal) to British India,
Ceylon, Siam, Pinang and China.

In sea.

8. Polynemus melanochir C.V.

Polynemus melanochir Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 513.
Polvnemus melanochir Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. Percoiden p. 60.
eV De ri =19 MATS ro scks rae iy VS Lor)
1_6
Bectre, /%2

Io '

Height 2.9—3, 4.1 in length with caudal. Head 3.4—3.5,
4.5—4.9 in length with caudal. Eyes 3.9—4.I, 2.3—2.6 in
postorbital part of head, and scarcely less than the interorbital
space. Snout much shorter than eye. Mouth large, reaching
far behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, 1.6—1.8 in head. Head covered
with scales to end of snout. Nostrils close together, about
half way between tip of snout and eye. Praeoperculum

1) 35—40 according to BLEEKER, but this must be a misprint, as we counted
51 in specimens from BLEEKER’s collection.

tather coarsely serrated in small specimens, less so in larger
ones; the inferior spine more or less longer and coarser than
the others. Angle of praeoperculum somewhat rounded and
produced. Upper lip absent, lower lip well developed but not
continuous at symphysis. Rather narrow bands of teeth in jaws,
on vomer and on palatines. Origin of dorsal between that of
ventrals and pectorals. First dorsal spine of first dorsal minute,
second one thick, stronger but shorter than third, somewhat
shorter or longer than postorbital part of head. Origin of
second dorsal slightly in advance of that of anal, its spine
comparatively strong, */, or somewhat more of second spine
of first dorsal. Third anal spine rather strong, ?/, of that of
second dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed. Pectorals
much longer than head, reaching on anal or not so far. Middle
pectoral filaments longest, reaching almost to tip of caudal.
Ventrals equal to or longer than postorbital part of head. Distance
between origin of ventrals and anal conspicuously less than
length of head. Colour of alcohol specimens golden, brownish
above. Pectorals usually black. Length 170 mm. {Specimens of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay Batavia).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Trussan, Padang, Tiku, Pria-
man, Siboga); Nias; Java (Batavia, Krawang! [Leiden Museum],
Palabuan Batu!); Duizend Islands.

9g. Polynemus heptadactylus C.V.

Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, III. 1829, p. 300.

Polynemus heptadactylus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdrage Per-
coiden, p. 60.

Polynemus heptadactylus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. 1016.

Polynemus heptadactylus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 177.

Trichidion heptadactylum Jordan & Starks, Ann. Carnegie Mus. XI. 1917, p. 455.

DY VIN; DT. 11125. Ae TH. 1 1-125 (Pig 15 4-7 2 Ve
5
L.1.48—50; L.tr. 2.
ie)

Height 3—3.1, 3.7—4 in length with caudal. Head 3.4—3.7,
4.4—4.5 in length with caudal. Eyes 3.4, about twice in post-
orbital part of head and equal to the somewhat convex inter-
orbital space. Snout much shorter than eye, prominent. Mouth
large, reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, about twice

in head. Head covered with scales to end of snout. Anterior

‘ 3 213

and posterior nostrils close together, somewhat nearer to end
of snout than to eye. Praeoperculum coarsely serrated, its
inferior spine more or less distinctly longer and stronger than
the others, its angle produced and rounded. Upper lip absent,
lower lip well developed but not continuous at symphysis.
Narrow bands of small teeth on jaws and on palatines, bands
on lastnamed somewhat constricted in the middle. Few teeth
on vomer. Origin of dorsal between that of ventrals and pec-
torals. First dorsal spine of first dorsal minute, second one
shorter but stronger than the third and shorter than postor-
bital part of head. Origin of second dorsal in advance of that
of anal, its spine more than ?/, of second spine of first dorsal
and about equal to third anal spine. First anal spine very
small. Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal deeply forked,
the lobes pointed. Pectorals somewhat falciform, al! the rays
simple, about equal to head without snout. Third, fourth and
fifth pectoral filament about of equal length, reaching to end
of ventrals or somewhat farther. Ventrals somewhat shorter
or longer than postorbital part of head. Distance between
origin of ventrals and anal equal to or less than head. Colour
of alcohol specimens silvery or golden, brown above. Pectorals
blackish, other fins yellowish. Length 150 mm. [Specimens of
BLEEKER’s collection in Amsterdam Museum seen by us].
Nom. indig.: Kuru (Malay Batavia); Laos (Cheribon) ; Bulu-
bulu (Badjau); Buluari (Banjermassin).
Habitat:Sumatra (Benkulen, Priaman); Nias; Java (Batavia!,
Tandjong Priok!, Cheribon, Samarang); Borneo (Balikpapan}) ;
Moluccos. — Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Ceylon, British India.
In sea.

10. Polynemus longipectoralis n. sp.
6
Peele ee tO Ait 2s Py bea VSL ob Ls BACs Metta.

12

Height equal to head, 4 in length, 5.5 in length with caudal.
Eyes small, 5.5 in head, 1.3 in convex interorbital space,
somewhat less than snout and 3.3 in postorbital part of head.
Mouth rather large, reaching somewhat behind eye. Maxillaries
scaly, 2.3 in head. Upper jaw not emarginate at symphysis.
Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, close to eye.
Praeoperculum serrated, rounded and produced at its angle.
Narrow bands of small teeth in jaws, an oblong patch of similar

214

teeth on palatines and a rounded one on vomer. Origin of
first dorsal behind that of pectorals and above that of ventrals.
Spines of first dorsal soft and flexible, the first one minute,
the third one the longest, somewhat produced, and a little
shorter than head without snout. Origin of second dorsal well
in advance of that of anal, its spine °/, of second spine of
anal, which is equal to length of maxillary. Dorsals, anal and
caudal scaly. Caudal very deeply forked, with elongate pointed
lobes. Pectorals pointed, straight, all its rays simple, longer
than head by somewhat more than two eye-diameters. .The
two upper free pectoral filaments exceeding tail by about the
length of head and body, third one reaching to end of tail,
the fourth reaching to anal, the fifth to end of ventrals, the
sixth and seventh not quite so far. Ventrals somewhat more
than postorbital part of head. Distance between origin of ventrals
and of anal more than length of head. Colour of alcohol
specimen yellowish, browner above. Fins yellowish. Length of
single specimen 184 mm.

Nomen indig.: Bulu-bulu.

Habitat: Collected by the staff of the Fisheries-steamer
“Gier’ on the fishmarket of Banjermassin, Borneo.

11. Polynemus borneensis Blkr.

Polynemus macronema Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. 1852, p. 419 (nec Pel).

Polynemus borneensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-Neerl. II. 1857, 1ode Bijdr.
Borneo, p. 3.

> Trichidion hilleri Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 502.

PVs 2 TOs Se Tee kee Wate V.1.5; L.l. 65—66;
6 ‘
| Wren 6 ea a

12
Height about 4.3, about 6 in length with caudal. Head nearly

4, 5—§.4 in length with caudal. Eye small, 7—9.2, about twice
in snout, thrice in interorbital space and about 6 times in
postorbital part of head. Mouth large, reaching far behind
eye. Maxillaries 1.7—2 in head. Anterior and posterior nostrils
close together, near eye. Praeoperculum very feebly serrated,
the serrations near the produced and rounded inferior angle of
praeoperculum more distinct. Upper lip absent, lower lip well
developed but not continuous at symphysis. Bands of small
teeth on jaws, not extending to their outside. On each
palatine a proximal large pear-shaped patch and a distal smaller

218

elongate one (this last one may be on pterygoids). No teeth
on vomer in specimens examined. First spine of first dorsal
minute, second one stronger but shorter than third one
and slightly shorter than postorbital part of head. Origin of
second dorsal well in advance of that of anal, its spine half
as long as second one of first dorsal. Caudal deeply forked,
‘the lobes pointed. Pectorals with all their rays simple, surpassing
length of head by three eye-diameters. The two upper pectoral
filaments reach far behind tip of caudal, the third reaches
on caudal, the fourth on anal, the 5th—7th to end of ventrals
or nearly so. Ventrals equal to postorbital part of head. Distance
between origin of ventrals and of anal much more than length
of head. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish above, yello-
wish below. Fins dusky, pectorals black. [A specimen of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (river Bandju asin and its tributaries) ;
Borneo (Sinkawang, Sampit, Kahajan, Banjermassin, river Baram
(Azllere) ).

Fresh and brackish water.

12. Polynemus dubius Blkr.

Polynemus longifilis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1851, p. 268 (nec C.V.).
Polynemus dubius Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Nalez. Ichth. Fauna
Bengalen, p. 92.

5
NARs Voge Gis Putz Ez 9 V5 kl 67 Ete a

I
Height equal to head, 3.9 in length, 5.4 in length aan
caudal. Eyes small, almost 7 in head, 1.8 in convex interorbital
space, I.5 in snout and 4.4 in postorbital part of head. Mouth
large, reaching far behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, 2.2 in head,
not emarginate at symphysis. Head covered with scales to
end of snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together,
close to eye. Praeoperculum very feebly serrated, its angle
rounded and scarcely produced. Upper lip absent, lower lip
well developed but not continuous at symphysis. Bands of
small teeth on jaws, not extending to their outside, an
oblong patch of similar teeth on palatines and a small patch
on vomer, Origin of dorsal between that of pectorals and
ventrals. Spines of first dorsal soft and flexible, the first one
not minute but almost as long as second, which is the longest,
and a little shorter than head without snout, Origin of second

216

dorsal -well in advance of that of anal, its spine weak and
somewhat longer than second spine of anal, which is half as
long as postorbital part of head. Dorsals,, anal and caudal
scaly. Caudal very deeply forked, with elongate pointed lobes.
Pectorals pointed, straight, all of their rays simple, longer than
head by almost 2 eye-diameters. The two upper pectoral fila-
ments exceeding tip of tail by more than length of head and
body; third one reaching to end of tail, the fourth and fifth
reaching to or on anal; the sixth and seventh to tip of ventrals.
Ventrals equal to postorbital part of head. Distance between
origin of ventrals and of anal equal to length of head. Colour
of formol specimen yellowish, browner above. Fins yellowish.
Length 169 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Bagan apiapi! Tanah Puteh
on river Rokan!); Borneo (Pontianak, Sampit, Banjermassin).

In rivers and sea.

13. Polynemus macrophthalmus Blkr.

Polynemus macrophthalmus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl. V. 1858—1859,
7de Bijdr. Sumatra p. 10.
Polynemus borneensis Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) V. 1893, p. 109.

Dt VIII; D*. 1. 13—14; A. IM. to— 195 Pia ra 7 Vile

g—II

foe 0b4 ta-tha e

19—22

Height 3.5—3.8, 4.9—5.1 in length with caudal. Head 3.1— 3.5,
4.4—4.7 in length with caudal. Eyes rather large, 4.5—6 in
head, about equal to interorbital space and to snout and
2.5—3.3 in postorbital part of head. Mouth large, reaching far
behind eye. Maxillaries scaly, with a small triangular knob at
symphysis, 2—2.2 in head. Head covered with scales to end
of snout. Nostrils close together, about halfway between eye
and extremity of snout. Praeoperculum coarsely serrated, its infe-
rior border rounded and somewhat produced. Upper lip absent,
lower lip well developed, but not continuous at symphysis.
Villiform bands of teeth on jaws, not extending to outside of
jaws, a patch of small teeth on vomer and an elongate constricted
patch of similar teeth on palatines. Origin of dorsal between
that of pectorals and ventrals. Spines of first dorsal rigid,
first spine minute, the third one the longest but weaker than
the second one, which is the strongest and which is somewhat

' 217
shorter than postorbital part of head. Origin of second dorsal
well in advance of that of anal, its spine scarcely more than
third one of anal and slightly less than snout and eye together.
Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal deeply forked, with
elongate pointed lobes. Pectorals pointed, straight, all of its
rays simple; as long as head without snout. Third filament
far exceeding tip of caudal, first and second reaching on caudal,
fourth reaching on anal, the three lower ones reaching on
ventrals. Ventrals equal to or longer than postorbital part of
head. Distance between origin of ventrals and that of anal
less than length of head. Colour of alcohol specimens silvery,
brownish above, fins yellowish, first dorsal and caudal dusky.
Length 350 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, river Mussi, Djambi, river
Batang Hari!); Borneo (Bunut!, river Kapuas).

In rivers and estuaries.

14. Polynemus multifilis Schl.

Polynemus multifilis Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, 1845, p. 29; Bijdragen tot de
Dierkunde I. Afl. 4, 1851, p. 11.
Polynemus quaterdecimfilis Pel, Bijdrage Dierkunde I. Afl. 4, 1851, p. 9.
Polynemus polydactylus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 417.
Trichidion multifilis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk: II. 1865, p. 174.
Polynemus multifilis von Martens, Preuss. Exp. nach Ostasien Zoolog. Bd. I.
1876, p. 309. 3
Polynemus multifilis Vailllant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) V. 1893, p. 108.
D'. VIII; D*. 1. 14—15; A. II—III. 11—12; P. 14—16+ 14;
7
Wes lt o5§—104-* L. tr: SRIRE
21—23
Height 3.8—4.1, 5.4—6 in length with caudal. Head 4.2—4.4,
6—6.3 in length with caudal. Eyes small 5.8—7.2, 1.3—1.6
in snout, about twice in interorbital space and 3.1—5.2 in
postorbital part of head. Mouth large, reaching far behind eye.
Maxillaries scaly, 2.2—2.4 in head. Head covered with scales
to end of snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together,
near frontborder of eye. Praeoperculum bluntly denticulated
along its hindborder, its angle rounded and produced. Upper
lip absent, lower lip well developed but not continuous at
symphysis. Narrow villiform bands of teeth on jaws, not ex-
tending to the outside, and on palatines, where the bands
are constricted in the middle. A small patch of teeth on vomer,

218

Origin of first dorsal almost above that of ventrals. First spine
of first dorsal minute, hidden below the scales. Third spine
longest, not weaker than second one and about as long as
head. Spine of second dorsal somewhat longer or shorter than
snout and eye together and about as long as third or second
anal spine. Origin of second dorsal well in advance of that
of anal. Dorsals, anal and caudal scaly. Caudal very deeply
forked, with long pointed lobes. Pectorals pointed, straight,
their rays simple, very long, reaching to anal and exceeding
head by half its length. The four upper free filaments much
stronger and longer than the other ones, the upper three far
exceeding tip of caudal, the fourth one reaching about to tip
of caudal, the 5th reaching almost to end of base of anal, the
following ones diminishing in length, the fourteenth reaching
on ventrals. Ventrals somewhat longer than head without snout.
Distance between origin of ventrals and of anal exceeding
length of head by more or less than length of eye and snout
together. Colour of formol specimens bluish brown above,
yellowish white below; the myocommata shining through and
giving the appearance of light zic-zac cross bands. Fins yellowish.
Length 263 mm. ;

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!); Borneo (Banjermassin, river
Kapuas; Sintang, Bunut!). — Siam.

In rivers.

Doubtiul species:

VON MARTENS mentions (Arch. f. Naturgesch. 34. Jahrg.
Bd. I. 1868, p. 13) Polynemus paradiseus L., a species from
the Indian Ocean, with the name of-the species between brackets
and with a query from Borneo. It is probable, that VON
MARTENS’ specimen belongs to a related species, as P. para-
diseus has never been found in the indo-australian Archipelago,
although DUNCKER (Mitth. Naturh. Mus. XXI. 1904, p. 155)
mentions it from the Malay Peninsula (fishmarket of Klang).

2. Fam. SPHYRAENIDAE.

Body much elongate, subcylindrical, covered with small
cycloid scales. Lateral line well developed, straight. Head very
long, with prolonged snout, scaly on top and on sides. Cleft

219

of mouth horizontal, wide, bordered by the intermaxillaries
which are not protractile, behind which are situated the broad
maxillaries, with a supplemental bone. Lower jaw considerably
projecting. Teeth large, unequal, fang-like, implanted in sockets,
in both jaws and on palatines, none on vomer. First dorsal
with 5 strong spines above ventrals, which are before middle
of body. Second dorsal far behind first, similar to anal and
opposite to it. Caudal forked. Pectorals short, placed rather low.
Pelvic bones not connected with the pectoral arch. Third and
fourth superior pharyngeals separate as also lower pharyngeals.
Gillopenings wide. Gillmembranes not united, free from isthmus.
Branchiostegals seven. Gillrakers very short or obsolete. Verte-
brae 24.

Carnivorous, very rapacious and active pike-like fishes, often
of large size and therefore dreaded by fishermen, living in
tropical and subtropical seas, often near mouth of rivers.

By sailors known as Barracuda.

1. Sphyraena Bloch, Schneider.
(BLocH, SCHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyol. 1801, p. 109).

Body much elongate, somewhat compressed. Snout long,
pointed. Mouth large. Strong teeth in both jaws and on pala-
tines, some of them canines. Two dorsals, the first spinous,
consisting of 5 rays, the second one with one or two flexible
spines in front and 8 or 9g divided rays. The two dorsals at

Fig. 66. Sphyraena jello C.V. ca 1/49.

a considerable distance from each other. Origin of anal oppo-
site to or behind origin of second dorsal. Anal consisting of one
or two flexible spines and 7—g divided rays. Origin of pec-
torals before that of first dorsal; origin of ventrals before,
below or behind origin of first dorsal. Caudal forked. Scales
moderate or small. Gillopenings wide. Gillmembranes free from
isthmus and from each other. .

Distribution: Warm parts of Atlantic, Indic and Pacific,
Mediterranean and Red Sea,

220

Key to the indo-australian species of Sphyraena,

A. Angle of praeoperculum rounded ').
I. LJ. 110—130. Teeth in the lower jaw more or
less directed backwards.
a, Ll. 123 --130. Eye 5.4—8.5, 2.43.5 in snout.
1. Origin of first dorsal above tip of pectorals

and somewhat behind origin of ventrals . . S. 7el/o p. 220.

to

. Origin of first dorsal well in advance of
tip of pectorals and above origin of ventrals. S. al¢ipinnis p. 222.
6, Ll, 110—120. Eye 4.5—4.7, twice in snout. S. forsteri p. 223
Il. L.1. 80. Teeth in the lower jaw vertical. .... S. picuda p. 224.
&, Angle of praeoperculum rectangular.
I. Origin of first dorsal before that of ventrals. L.l. 110. S. japonica p. 225.
II. Origin of first dorsal behind origin of ventrals.
L.1. $2—87.
a. Origin of first dorsal before vertical through

tip of pectorals. Height about 6. Eye 4.3—4.5,

NOt WqMIte piwice Aimy SHON tenement S. obtusata p. 226.
6. Origin of first dorsal above or slightly behind
vertical through tip of pectorals. Height 6.7—7.
Bye 4,9—5. Wye 2.3) snout. c 4s eres S. dangsar p. 228.
c. Origin of first dorsal slightly behind vertical
through tip of pectorals. Height about 8. Eye
Fal rdkela aol OWA eel Suorbue | skeoaa aides. c.¢ S. brachygnathus p. 229.

. Sphyraena jello C.V. |Fig. 66, p. 219].

Sphyraena jello Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 340.

Sphyraena jello Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII (1848) 1849, Perc. p. 56; Nat.
Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 369; Verh. Bat. Gen. XXVI. 1854—1857,
Sphyraen. p. 12.

Sphyraena jello Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. of yeaa XVIII. 1850, p. 1006.

Sphyraena jello Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 337.

Sphyraena jello Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien XX. 1870, p. 823;
Fische des rothen Meeres I. 1884, 4°, p. 129.

Sphyraena jello Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 342.

? Sphyraena jello Jordan. & Evermann, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902, p. 333.

Sphyraena jello Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bureau Fisheries Washington XXVI. 1906
(1907), p. II.

Sphyraena jello Evermann & Seale, l.c. p. 59.

1) As OcILBY does not mention the form of the praeoperculum and the
direction of the teeth in the lower jaw in his description of S. altipinnis, the
position of this species in our key is somewhat arbitrary.

bo
to
ae

Sphyraena jello Gilchrist & Thompson, Ann. South Afric, Mus. VI. (prt. 2)
1908, p. 195.
Sphyraena jello Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 150.

Ds Neb)? 2.8; A. 2.5¢48/ i. ra—03i5; V. 1.5.3) Lees —130;

20—23

Height 6.5—8.7, 8—10 in length with caudal. Head 3—3.5,
3.6—3.9 in length with caudal. Eye 5.4 (spec. of 200 mm.
length)—8.5 (spec. of 920 mm. length), 2.4—3.5 (in spec. of
920 mm.) in snout, somewhat more or less than interorbital
space, but in large specimens 1.8 in that space, 1.8 (spec. of
200 mm.)—5.7 (spec. of 920 mm.) in postorbital part of head.
Maxillary reaching nearly to vertical through frontborder of
eye, 2.1—2.4 in head. Angle of praeoperculum rounded. Oper-
culum with two flat flexible spines at the superior part of its
hindborder. A single series of compressed teeth and two
distant strong canines in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw
similar compressed teeth, which are directed backwards, smaller
and close together in the anterior part, more distant and cani-
noid in the posterior part. Besides this a single strong canine
at symphysis, bent backwards and fitting into an opening at
the tip of the snout. Four to eight compressed canines of
different length in a series on each palatine. Mandibles with
a fleshy symphysial knob. Origin of first dorsal above tip of
pectorals and somewhat behind origin of ventrals. Its three
first spines subequal, shorter than postorbital part of head.
Base of second dorsal more than twice in its distance from
last spine of first dorsal. Second dorsal and anal concave, the
rays decreasing in length posteriorly but the last ray besides
prolonged. Origin of anal below first half of second dorsal.
Pectorals somewhat. pointed, about equal to postorbital part of
head. Ventrals truncate, shorter than pectorals. Caudal forked,
in a large specimen (see figure) the middle caudal rays are
somewhat produced, through which this fin is trilobed. Colour
of alcohol specimens brownish or grayish above, silvery below,
the brown of the back connected with a number of crossbars
on the sides of the same colour as the back, which intersect
the lateral line and are obsolete in large specimens. Fins more
or less dusky or blackish, the ventrals excepted, which are
yellowish. Length 1500 mm.

bo
bo
bo

Nom. indig.: Senuk (Malay Batavia) '), Langsar (Bantam),
Tunel (Samarang), Alu alu (Surabaya), Leres (Pasaruan).

Habitat: Singapore ; Sumatra (Padang, Siboga, Telokbetong,
Tiku); Nias!; Riouw; Bintang; Banka; Java (Batavia, Bantam,
Cheribon!, Samarang, Japara, Surabaya, Pasaruan); Madura!;
Bali; Flores!; Solor!; Timor; Borneo (Kota Baru!); Celebes
(Makassar!, Bulukomba, Menado!); Saleyer!; Ambon; Ceram
(Kawa!); Batjan; Ternate; Mysore. — From coast of Natal,
Seychelles, Madagascar, Red Sea, coasts of India, Ceylon, Ma-
lay Peninsula, China, Riu Kiu-Islands, Formosa and Philippines.

In sea and brackish water.

2. Sphyraena altipinnis Ogilb.
Sphyraena altipinnis Ogilby, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland XXIII.. 1910, p. 8.

“D. V—Ig; P.15; Sc. 13—128—-24. Depth of body 7.15, of
caudal peduncle 14.4, length of head, 3.2, of caudal fin 4.55,
of pectoral 8.75, predorsal length 2.45 in length of body. Length
of snout 2.15, diameter of eye 5.15, width of interorbit 6.85
in length of head ?).

Body robust, its width 1.4 in its depth. Depth of head sub-
equal to the postorbital region; diameter of eye 2.4 in the
snout; interorbital region feebly convex. Maxillary extending
to below the anterior border of the eye, its distance from which
is 3, its greatest width 2.2 in the eye-diameter; lower jaw
without fleshy appendage. Premaxillary teeth about 54 on each
ramus; posterior canine much the larger; 4 enlarged palatine
teeth, the second the strongest; mandible with 9 lateral teeth,
the canine sinistral. Opercle with a weak spine. Cheeks and
opercles scaly; upper surface of head naked.

Dorsal fin originating well in advance of the tip of the
appressed pectoral; dorsal spines flexible, the second the longest,
1.35 in the length of the snout; soft dorsal higher than the
spinous, its last ray produced. Anal originating below the
middle of, terminating well behind, and similar in size and
shape to the soft dorsal. Middle caudal rays 3 in the upper
and longer lobe; depth of peduncle one and one sixth time
the diameter of the eye. Pectoral fin 1.25 in the length of the

1) The word Senuk is not malay but derived from the dutch snoek (pronounce:
snook) = pike, which name is used by the dutch colonists for different species
of Sphyraena.

2) In the original erroneously is said “body” instead of “head”.

223
Snout and extending well beyond the origin of the ventral.
Ventral inserted below the origin of the spinous dorsal and
midway between the tip of the mandible and the middle of
the anal, its length 1.45 in the snout.

No elongate gill-raker.

Above purple, each of the scales with a light centre; sides
silvery, crossed by fourteen vertical purple bars, the first behind
the tip of the pectoral, the last above the end of the anal;
lower surface pearly white; dorsal fins blackish; caudal grayish
brown, darkest above; anal, ventrals, and pectorals gray, the
anterior rays of the former and the outer rays of the two
latter dusky. Total length 405 mm.” |Description from a single
specimen after J. DOUGLAS OGILBY, not seen by us].

Habitat: Aru Islands.

3. Sphyraena forsteri C.V.

Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 353;
VII. 1831, p. 509.
Sphyraena forsteri? Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXVI. 1854—1857, Sphyraen.
p- 13; Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 424.
Sphyraena forstert Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 337.
Sphyracna Forsterit Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien Bd. 78, 1. Abt. (1878)
S70." DIS Oz :
Sphyraena forstert Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902, p. 333.
Sphyraena toxeuma Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia(2) XII. 1904, p. 502.
Sphyraena forstert Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comparat. Zool. Har-
vard Coll. XXVI. No. 7, 1911, p. 262.
15
TOV e Oe tae AG TIS Potts 3 Vos Lis 10-1205 Ltr.cae
18
Height 6.4—7, 7.6—8.3 in length with caudal. Head 3, 3.6
in length with caudal. Eye 4.5—4.7, twice in snout, somewhat
more than interorbital space, 1.3—I.4 in postorbital part of
head. Maxillary reaching about to vertical through frontborder
of eye, 2.3—2.4 in head. Angle of praeoperculum rounded.
Operculum with a flexible spine. A series of small teeth, with
two canines in front, in the upper jaw. On the palatines 4—7
canines, followed by smaller ones. Teeth in the lower jaw
directed slightly backwards; in a single series, distant, increasing
in size posteriorly. Rasplike teeth on tongue. Origin of first
dorsal above tip of pectorals and somewhat behind origin of
ventrals. Second spine of first dorsal longest, shorter or much
shorter than postorbital part of head. Base of second dorsal

2.2—2.6 in distance between two dorsals. Origin of anal below
fourth ray of second dorsal. Pectorals somewhat longer than
postorbital part of head. Ventrals shorter than pectorals. Caudal
forked. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish above, silvery
below. Length 475 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection

in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Senuk (Batavia).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Benkulen) ; Java (Batavia, Cheri-
bon!); Bali; Timor; Borneo (Sandakan); Celebes (Makassar,

Menado); Sangir-Islands; Ambon; New Guinea. — Calcutta,
Formosa, Fui-Islands.
In sea.

Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyracnu
Sphyraena

4. Sphyraena picuda Bl. Schn.

sphyraena Forskal, Descr. Animaiium 1775, p. 16 (nec L.).
sphyraena var. picuda Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. I10.
barracuda Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 343.
Commersonit Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 352.

Dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. VII. 1831, p. 508.

agam Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische 1835, p. 99.

Commersonit Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. (1848) 1849, Bijdr.

Percoiden p. 55; Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 425; Verh. Bat.
Gen. XXVI. 1854—1857, Bijdr. Sphyraenoiden, p. 15.

Sphyraena
Sphyraena

?>Sphyraena dussumieri Giinther, ibid. p.

Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyraena

p. 8225
Sphyraena
Sphyracna

1896, p.

Sphyraena
Sphyraena
Sphyraena

1905, P-

Sphyraena

picuda Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, II. 1860, p. 336.

Commersoni Giinther, ibid, Desgor

339.

agam Giinther, ibid. p. 341.

Commersoni Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 265.

agam Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien Bd. XX. 1870,
Fische des Rothen Meeres I. 1884, 4°, p. 129. :

commersoni Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 343.

picuda Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Middle America, part I.
$23. ,

snodgrassi Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XIX. (1899) 1901, p. 388.
snodgrassi Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LV. 1904, p. 749.
snodgrassi Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S, Fish Comm, XXIII. (1903)
142.

commersont Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 1908, p. 245.

Sphyracna picuda M. Weber & de Beaufort. Zool. Mededeel. VI. Leiden 1921, p. 70.

Die V.

DD 2-=8 ) Nees eto! Vie 1355 Sele OO; ieacins

13

<
14

Height 5.8—7.2, 7.1—8.6 in length with caudal. Head 2.8—3,

3.4—3.7 in length with caudal. Eye 6—6.4, 2.4-—2.8 in snout,
somewhat less than interorbital space, more than twice in
postorbital part of head. Maxillary reaching nearly or quite
below frontborder of eye, 2.2—2.4 in head. Angle of prae-

“tn

225

operculum rounded. Operculum with two flat flexible spines
at the superior part of its hindborder, inconspicuous in adults.
Upper jaw with a single series of conical teeth, which are
directed backwards and with four canines in front. Lower jaw
with a series of somewhat larger teeth, which are vertical. One
canine at symphysis. Palatines with a row of 4—8 distant
canines of unequal length and a series of small teeth behind
them. Lower jaw with a fleshy knob at symphysis. Origin of
first dorsal above tip of pectorals and somewhat behind origin
of ventrals; its three first spines subequal, shorter than post-
orbital part of head. Distance between two dorsals twice length
of base of second dorsal. Anal and second dorsal subtruncate.
Origin of anal below first half of second dorsal. Pectorals about
equal to postorbital part of head. Ventrals truncate, scarcely
shorter than pectorals. Caudal forked. Colour of alcohol speci-
mens silvery, brownish above. Upper part of first dorsal,
greater part of second dorsal and middle rays of caudal and
anal black. Pectorals and ventrals yellowish, middle rays of
ventrals sometimes blackish. Lenth 1800 mm.

Nom. indig.: Senuk (Batavia), Tunel (Samarang), Halu-
halu (Balikpapan), Tangkuloh (Simalur).

Habitat: Singapore; Simalur!; Nias!; Java (Batavia, Sama-
rang, Surabaya); Madura; Kangeang Island!; Borneo (Balik-
papan!); Celebes (Makassar!, Kema); Buton!; Ambon; Timor;
Ternate; Halmahera; Waigeu!. — Indic and Pacific: From
Red Sea and Madagascar to Philippines, Riu Kiu and Hawaiian-
Islands. West-Atlantic: West Indies and Brazil, north to the
Bermuda Islands.

In sea.

5. Sphyraena japonica Schlegel.

Sphyraena japonica? Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1829, p. 354
(description insufficient).

Sphyraena japonica Schlegel, Fauna Japonica 1844—1846, p. 33.

Sphyraena japonica Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen, XXVI. 1854—1857, Nieuwe Na-
lezingen Ichth. Japan, p. 67M 2 fr aX)

Sphyraena japonica Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. Neerl. VIII. 1860, Dertiende
Bijdr. Celebes, p. 37.

?Sphyraena japonica Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902, p. 333

D'. V. 1—2; D?.8—og; A. II. 7—8; P. 1.11; V. 1.5; Ll. circa 110.
Height 6.6, 7.8 in length with caudal. Head 3, 3.5 in length
with caudal. Eye 5.7, 2.4 in snout, slightly more than inter-

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES LV. 15

226

orbital space, a little more than twice in postorbital part of
head. Maxillaries reaching almost or quite to vertical through
frontborder of eye, 2.4 in head. Angle of praeoperculum rect-
angular. A series of numerous small teeth in upper jaw, with
one or two canines in front, a series of similar teeth on pala-
tines, preceded by 3 canines; teeth of lower jaw vertical,
distant, increasing in size posteriorly. A single canine at sym-
physis. Rasplike teeth on tongue. Origin of first dorsal behind
tip of pectorals and before origin of ventrals. Second spine
of first dorsal the longest and equal to ?/, of postorbital part
of head. Distance between the two dorsals equal to twice base of
second dorsal. Origin of anal below 7th ray of second dorsal.
Pectorals about 2.5 in head, ventrals much shorter, about 4 in
head. Caudal deeply forked. Length 275 mm.|A specimen from
Japan of BLEEKER’s collection in.the Leiden Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Celebes (Menado). — Japan, Formosa?

Note. BLEEKER l.c. 1860, mentions this species in a list of
fishes from Celebes. This is the only record of the species
from the indo-australian Archipelago ever made. Although
BLEEKER’s lists are generally very accurate, we are not sure
that in this case he did not make a mistake. There is no
specimen from Celebes in BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
or Amsterdam Museum.

6. Sphyraena, obtusata C.V.

> Sphyraena chinensis Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1803, p. 324; pl. 10, fig. 2.

Sphyracna obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons III, 1829, p. 350.

Sphyraena flavicauda Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische des Rothen Meeres,
1835. Pp. 100.

Sphyracna obtusata Bleeker, Nat, Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 364. —
Verh. Bat. Gen. XXVI. 1854—1857, Bijdr. Sphyraenoiden, p. 17.

Sphyraena obtusata Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1006.

Sphyraena obtusata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 339.

Sphyraena obtusata Kner, Novara Exp. Fische, 1865—1867, p. 140.

Sphyraena obtusata Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Ges, Wien, XX. 1870, p. 820. —
Fische des Rothen Meeres I. 1884, p. 128.

Sphyraena obtusata Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, II. 1876, p. 212.

Sphyraena obtusata Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 343.

Sphyraena strenua De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, VIII. 1883, p. 287 ').

Sphyraena obtusata Sauvage, Poissons de Madagascar, 1891, p. 411.

Sphyraena obtusata Seale, Occas. Papers Bishop B. P. Mus. I. 1901, p. 66.

1) Fide OciLtpy, Mem. Queensl. Mus. II. 1913, p. 92.

237

Sphyraena forsteri Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington, XXV. (1905)
LOCO. ps. 219) (nec (C.V-.).
Sphyraena obtusata Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington, XXVI. (1906)

1907, p. II.

Sphyraena obtusata Evermann & Seale, ibid. p. 60.

Sphyraena obtusata Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, Harvard
Coll XXVL ron, p: 261.

D'. V; D?. 1.9; A. 2—3.8—9; P. 1.12—15; V. 1.5; L.1. 82—85 ;
73 .

Bee th) Le

10
Height about 6, about 7 in length with caudal. Head 2.8—3.4,
3,4—3.8 in length with caudal. Eye 4.3—4.5, not quite twice
in snout, I.5 in postorbital part of head, considerably more
than interorbital space, which goes 1.4 in eye. Maxillaries not
reaching to frontborder of eye, 2.4—2.5 in head. Hindborder
of praeoperculum gently emarginate, its posterior angle rect-
angular and somewhat produced into a flexible flap. Operculum
without spines. Upper jaw with a series of small pointed
vertical teeth and with two pairs of canines in front, the fore-
most pair being the smaller. Lower jaw with a series of more
distant and larger vertical teeth and a single small canine at
symphysis. A series of small teeth on palatines, with a few
canines in front of them. A slight fleshy knob at end of lower
jaw. Origin of first dorsal before vertical through tip of pec-
torals, and behind origin of ventrals. Its second or first and
second spine the longest, longer’than postorbital part of head.
Distance between origin of first dorsal and snout equal to
distance between base of ventrals and end of base of anal.
Distance between the two dorsals twice or somewhat less than
twice the base of second dorsal. Dorsal and anal emarginate.
Origin of anal below first half of second dorsal. Pectorals longer
than postorbital part of head. Ventrals somewhat shorter than
pectorals. Caudal forked. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish
above, silvery below. A faint greyish longitudinal band below
lateral line. Fins yellowish. Length 4oo mm. [A specimen of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Amsterdam Museum seen by us].
Nom. indig.: Senuk (Batavia); Alu alu (Surabaya, Banjer-

massin).
Habitat: Singapore; Nias; Sumatra (Telokbetong, Benkulen,
Padang, Priaman, Siboga); Banka; Java (Batavia, Surabaya,
Anjer); Borneo (Balikpapan!) ; Madura; Bali; Java-sea!; Celebes

228

(Makassar!, Bonthain, Bulukomba, Badjoa, Lagusi, Menado);
Ambon; Ceram; Obi; Batjan; Ternate; Halmahera; Waigeu;
New Guinea. — From Red Sea and east-coast of Africa and
Madagascar, British India, Siam, China, Riu Kiu Islands,
Philippines, Australia to Fiji-Islands and New-Zealand.
In sea.
7. Sphyraena langsar Blkr.

Sphyraena langsar Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XX VI. 1854—1857, Bijdr. Sphyrae-
noiden p. 19. — Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 367.

Sphyraena langsar Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1860, p. 340.

Sphyraena langsar WKlunzinger, Sitzber. Akad. Wien 1880, p. 374.

Sphyraena langsar Evermann & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington XXVI.
1906, p. 60.

Sphyraena langsar Jordan & Starks, Ann. Carnegie Mus. XI. Nos. 3—4, 1917, p. 439.

D'. V; D?. 1.8—9; A. 2—3.8—9g; P. 2.12—2.13, vel 1.13; V.1.5;
6
L.]. 82—87; L.tr. ay

Height 6.7-—7 lene: 8 in length with caudal. Head 2.9—3,
3.4—3.5 in length with caudal. Eye 4.9—5, 2.3 in snout, slightly
more than interorbital space and 1.5—-1.6 in postorbital part of
head. Maxillaries not reaching to frontborder of eye, 2.6—2.8 in
head. Hindborder of praeoperculum gently ¢marginate, its pos-
terior angle rectangular and somewhat produced into a flexible
flap. Operculum without spines. Upper jaw with a series of
small, rather crowded pointed teeth and 2 canines on each
side in front, the foremost of which is the smaller. Lower jaw
with a series of more distant and larger vertical teeth and a
single small canine at symphysis. Palatines with a series of
small teeth and a few canines in front of them. A slight fleshy
knob at symphysis of lower jaw. Origin of dorsal above or
slightly behind vertical through tip of pectorals and behind
origin of ventrals. Second, or first and second dorsal spine the
longest, equal to postorbital part of head. Distance between
origin of first dorsal and snout more than distance between the
base of ventrals and end of base of anal. Distance between
two dorsals twice or somewhat less than twice length of base
of second dorsal. Anal and second dorsal emarginate. Origin
of anal slightly behind that of second dorsal. Pectorals some-
what longer than postorbital part of head. Ventrals somewhat
shorter than pectorals. Caudal forkéd. Colour of alcohol specimens
brownish above, silvery below. Fins yellowish. Length 3@5 mm.

229

Habitat: Nias!; Pulu Weh!; Java (Batavia!); Flores!; Celebes
(Makassar!, Badjoa, North Celebes); Saleyer; Ambon; Batjan;
Ternate; Rotti!. — Ceylon, Philippines, Formosa, North Aus-
tralia (Port Darwin).

8. Sphyraena brachygnathus Blkr.

Sphyraena brachygnathos Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 368.—
Verh. Bat. Gen. XXVI. 1854—1857, Bijdr. Sphyraenoiden p. 21.
Sphyraena brachygnathus Kner, Novara Exp. Fische 1865—1867, p. 139.

DV 7: D2. 1.8—9;) Al 2.8—9; PP. 211; V. 1.5; L.lvcireaidg.

Height about 8, about 9.5 in length with caudal. Head 3,
3.5 in length with caudal. Eye 4.5, twice in snout, 0.7 of
interorbital space and 1.5 in postorbital part of head. Maxil-
laries not reaching to frontborder of eye, 2.7 in head. Posterior
border of praeoperculum rectangular and somewhat produced
into a flexible flap. Operculum without spines. Upper jaw with
a series of small teeth and with 2 canines in front. Lower
jaw with a series of larger distant vertical teeth, increasing in
size posteriorly. Palatines with a series of numerous small
teeth and about 7 canines in front of these. Rasplike teeth
on tongue. Origin of dorsal far behind that of ventrals, slightly
behind tip of pectorals. Distance between the two dorsals twice
as much as base of second dorsal. Origin of anal about be-
low fourth ray of second dorsal. Pectorals about equal to post-
orbital part of head, ventrals somewhat shorter. Caudal forked.
Colour of alcohol specimen silvery, brownish above. Length
328 mm. |Description after a specimen of BLEEKER’s collection
in the Leiden Museum}.

Habitat: Java (Batavia); Batjan. — Australia (Moreton Bay),
Ceylon? (KNER).

Note. This species is hardly distinguished from S. /angsar,
the only difference being its somewhat larger eye.

3. Fam. MUGILIDAE.

Oblong, cylindrical anteriorly, more or less compressed poste-
_tiorly. Head usually broad and flattened. Head and body
covered with rather large cycloid or ciliated scales. No lateral
line, but lateral scales eften with a pit or streak, Eyes mode-

230

rate or large, lateral. Mouth terminal or subinferior, usually
transverse, laterally not extended, or longitudinally cleft and
reaching even to below eye. Jaws equal or the lower included ;
intermaxillaries protractile. Maxillaries, which are often hidden
in a groove between intermaxillary and praeorbital, have no
supplemental bone. Teeth absent, or minute dermal, ciliiform
ones on lips, or true small teeth at least in upper jaw. First
dorsal with four stiff spines, second dorsal well separated from
first, longer than it and similar to anal, which has three weak
spines. Ventral fins abdominal, more or less approximated to
pectorals, which are situated in or above middle of height.
Pelvic bones not attached to cleithra, but firmly connected
with postclavicles. Caudal emarginate. Fins, except first dorsal,
usually more or less covered by scales. Third and fourth supe-
rior pharyngeals at each side anchylosed, not bearing teeth,
forming a complicated structure, which narrows the oesophageal
opening. Lower pharyngeals separate. Gillopenings wide. Gill-
membranes separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 5 or 6.
Gillrakers long and slender, forming a filtering apparatus.
Vertebrae 24—206.

Fishes of moderate size, living along the coasts and in
estuaries and freshwater of tropic and temperate regions.
Feeding on organic matter contained in mud and sand, which
is filtered by the gillrakers and swallowed, while larger and
indigestable parts are dejected.

Key to the indo-australian Mugilidae.

1. Cleft of mouth more or less transverse, its lateral extension

short and far distant from eye. Mandible with a sharp margin.

Upperlip fleshy or not, with or without papillae. Lips

sometimes ciliated by minute flexible dermal teeth; no teeth

ONSPAlAteles 6) sce ss: qs aetcte tue ste, Ie Tesi eee Mane a Omena Mugil p. 231.
. Cleft of mouth extending on the sides of snout to below

Nv

eye. Upperlip thick; mandible included, with a rounded margin,

the lower lip being thick, with a transversal lamellated cushion-

like pad. True small teeth in a narrow band on intermaxil-

laries; two patches of teeth on vomer present or absent. . Cestraeus p. 260.
3. Cleft of mouth extending on the sides of snout, not reaching

orbit. Upperlip fleshy. Anterior margin of mandible sharp;

lower lip thin, without a lamellated apparatus. Small teeth

in: 2 single series on) Intermagillanmesian (seks tes to See Myxus p. 264.

231

1. Mugil Linne.
(LINNE, Syst. nat. edit. Xa. 1758, p. 316).

Body oblong, more or less compressed, sometimes anteriorly
depressed." Head rather large, convex or depressed, scaly
above and on sides. Cleft of mouth more or less transverse,
its lateral extension short and ending far distant from orbit.
Mouth usually subinferior, formed by intermaxillaries, the maxil-
laries being small, only their end visible or concealed by the
well developed praeorbitals. Mandibles with a sharp margin.
Upperlip fleshy or narrow, with or without papillae. Lips some-

Fig. 67. Mugil labiosus C.V. XK 3;.

times ciliated by minute, flexible dermal teeth; no teeth on
palate. Eye large, with or without an anterior and posterior
gelatinous eyelid, covering part of the iris.

For other characters see those of the family.

The numerous species are living in shoals in sea along the
shores, in brackish estuaries entering freshwater of rivers, oc-
curing in all tropical and temperate regions, forming a common
food-fish of considerable importance. Some species have a very
wide, Mugil cephalus L. even a nearly world-wide distribution.

Remark: We use as primary distinguishing characters the
number of scales counted in a lateral line from gillopening to
the small scales on root of caudal; the position of the median
fins opposite to these scales; the number of the soft rays of
the anal; the length of the pectorals and their extension along
the “lateral line’; the development of a gelatinous eyelid;
the character of the upperlip and if the maxillaries are visible
or not. Discrepancies between our statement about the number
of lateral scales and those of BLEEKER are explained by the
fact, that BLEEKER also counted the small scales on base
of caudal.

232

Key to the indo-australian species of the

genus Mugil.

I. Upper lip not particularly thick; gelatinous eyelid
well developed, covering at least a third of the iris
posteriorly.

A. Anal with 9 soft rays.

1, L.L 28—31. Maxillary visible. Snout equal to
or shorter than eye. First dorsal spine slightly
nearer base of caudal than to end of snout or
midway between them. Anterior half of anal
before second dorsal, the origin of which is oppo-
site to 18th—2zoth lateral scale. Pectorals shorter
Ween Insel Gy ¢ Od oon oerS olol6.S 5/0 54 $a. ae his

2. Ll. 33—35.

a. Maxillary visible. Snout equal to or longer
than eye. First dorsal spine in adult much
nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal.
First third of anal before origin of second dorsal,
the origin of which is opposite to 2Ist—23rd
lateral scale, Pectorals much shorter than head.
Least height of caudal peduncle 12/;—2 in head.

é. Maxillary hidden or nearly so when mouth is
closed. First dorsal spine about midway be-
tween end of snout and base of caudal. Least
height of caudal peduncle more than twice
in length of head.
gz. Pectorals much shorter than head; reaching

to 8th—ogth lateral scale. Caudal peduncle
about 2/; of length of head. . BA aaa fy:
@. Pectorals about equal to head, reaching to
12th—13th lateral scale. Caudal peduncle
abowtntwice im head tur. ms tl scenic sirens

3. L.l. 36—38; extremity of maxillary visible. First
dorsal spine nearer to end of snout than to
base of caudal, First third of anal before origin
of soft dorsal, the origin of which is opposite
to 22nd lateral scale. Pectorals not much or nearly
not shorter than head. Caudal peduncle about
equal to postorbital part of head.........

4. L.l. 40—43. First dorsal spine nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal. First third of anal
before origin of soft- dorsal, the origin of which

is opposite to 25th lateral scale. Maxillary visible.

M. dussumieri p. 235.

M. tade p- 236.

M. engeli p. 238.

M. longimanus p. 239.

M. ophuyseni p. 240.

Ud

233

_ @ Dorsal and anal scaly. Pectorals equal to
or (in adult) somewhat longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle 2 or more in head.

b,

>

Dorsal and anal not scaly. Pectorals much
shorter than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle (Jess) than EWIGe imgehea dean. yan an
#, Anal with 8 soft rays. Maxillary visible. Upperlip
not ciliated. Origin of first dorsal nearer to caudal
than to end of snout; that of second dorsal
opposite to 19th or 20th lateral scale and behind

first third of anal. Pectorals shorter than head .

Upper lip not particularly thick. Gelatinous eyelid
very small or wanting.
A. Anal with 8 soft rays; maxillary not visible.

Waltz 729.) Pectoralst blackish =~. s-./s 2 + %2s.0

4, Anal with nine soft rays.

1. L.J. 26—28 (29). Maxillary visible. First dorsal
spine nearer to base of caudal than to end of
snout. First half of anal before second dorsal.
a. Ll. 26. Rostro-dorsal profile convex, 15 —16

praedorsal scales. Pectorals not much shorter
BRAT MC hia ever egabal, Waist cml okey infty oases
6, L.l. 28—29. Rostro-dorsal profile horizontal,
18 praedorsal scales. Pectorals much shorter
tihamiheadis ©, ciray. noone sh odes owes ohio hoon e

2.L.l. 30—31. Maxillary visible. Snout pointed.
First dorsal spine much nearer to base of caudal
than to end of snout. Origin of second dorsal
opposite to 21st lateral scale, nearly entirely be-
hind anal. Pectorals shorter than head, with an
axillary scale. Least height of caudal peduncle
equal to or more than its length and equal to
postorbital, part of head j.:.. 2... ee ee

3. Ll. 31—35. Maxillary visible. Snout obtuse.
First dorsal spine much nearer to base of caudal
than to end of snout. Pectorals shorter than
head, without axillary scale.

a. Ll. 31—33. Origin of second dorsal opposite
to 21st—23rd lateral scale and to first third of
anal. Least height of caudal peduncle equal
to its length and twice in head. 19—20 prae-
SOUS, SGHIES I Wg 6 poe a Latian 9. «) slave 0 Si jae

6, LJ. 32—34. Origin of second dorsal oppo-

M. speiglert p. 241.

M. cunnesius p. 242.

M. subviridis p. 243.

M. vaigiensis p. 244.

M. oligolepis p. 245.

M. melinopterus p. 246.

M. ceramensis p. 247.

M. troscheli p. 248.

234

site to 20th lateral scale and nearly totally

behind anal. Least height of caudal

peduncle less than its length and less

than twice length of head. 18—2I prae-

dorsal’ scalestememetrnc acne motte te ch cine

4. L.l. 36—40. Maxillary hidden. First dorsal

spine about in the middle between base

of caudal and end of snout. Height of

caudal peduncle more or less than twice

in length of head.

a. Ll. 36—38. Rostro-dorsal profile convex.

Pectorals longer than head. ......

6.

.l. 38—40. Pectorals shorter than head.

a Rostro-dorsal profile convex. Upperlip

D

smooth, Pectorals reaching to origin
of first dorsal. Origin of second dorsal
and anal opposite. Anal not or only
slightly before second dorsal. Pectorals
shorter than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle 13/, to somewhat

more than twice in head.......

. Rostro-dorsal profile nearly horizontal,

snout depressed. Upperlip ciliated.
Pectorals reaching to 9th or roth
lateral scale. Origin of anal before

that sofsSecondsdorsaleneieeeie eee ue

III. Upper lip very thick. Gelatinous eyelid wanting.

Anal with 9 soft rays.

a, L.l. 39-—42. Maxillary hidden or nearly so.

Origin of second dorsal opposite to 24th or

25th lateral scale; slightly behind that of anal.

I.

G2

Lower part of upperlip with about 4 series

of papillae. Lower lip laterally papillate.

M. borneensis p. 249.

M. caeruleomaculatus p. 250

M. seheli p. 252.

M. cephalus p. 253.

Pectorals shorter than head......... MM. crenilabis p. 256.

. Inferior border of upperlip with a single

series of very conspicuous obtuse papillae,

more or less fimbriate or denticulate. Lower

lip with similar papillae. Pectorals as long

as\ head’s:t.- <<, d.0 Sete Corse Rees Telcer

. Upperlip with or without one indistinct series

of obtuse papillae. Lower lip without papillae.

M. macrochilus') p. 257.

Pectorals as long as or longer than head. WZ. heterochilus p. 258.

1) The position of second dorsal is not known, as it is not described by BLEEKER.

235

- OL.1. 34—36. Extremity of maxillary visible.
Lower part of upperlip with a shallow groove
provided with one series of pointed papillae.
Origin of second dorsal opposite to 23rd or
24th lateral scale and to posterior half of anal.

Pectorals as long as or longer than head . . MW. /adiosus p. 259.

1. Mugil dussumieri C.V.

Mugil Dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XI. 1836, p. 147.
Mugil javanicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1852, p. 701 (nomen nudum).
Mugil sundanensis Bleeker, ibid. IV. 1853, p. 265.
Mugil brachysoma Bleeker, ibid. 1X. 1855, p. 399 (juvenis abnormis).
Mugil sundanensis Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 276.
Mugil Valenciennesit Bleeker, ibid. p. 277.
Mugil sundanensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Dertiende
Bijdr. Vischfauna Borneo, p. 45.
Mugil, sundanensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 425.
Mugil sundanensis Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 138.
Mugil Meyeri Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 1X. 1872, p. 439.
Mugil dussumieri Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 352.
Mugil sundanensis Evermann & Seale, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. XXXI. 1906, p. 506.
Mugil sundanensis Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash, XXXI. (1906) 1907, p. 11.
Mugil Dussumieri Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Zool. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 243.
Mugil dussumierii Mc Culloch, Check-list of fish of New South Wales, Prt, II.
1919, p. 38. — Rec. Austr. Mus. vol. XIII. No. 4, 1921, p. 126.
DTV ; D2. 1. 8—g; A. Ill. 9; P. 15; L.L. 28—30; Ltr. 1lo—1T.
Rostro-dorsal profile straight. Height according to size 3.2—4.4
in length, 4—5.3 in length with caudal. Head 3.8—4 in length,
4.6—5.7 in length with caudal. Eye 4.2—4.7 in head, 2.32.6
in postorbital part of head; posterior part of gelatinous eye-
lid well developed, covering iris totally or nearly so. Inter-
orbital space flat or nearly so, 2.3—2.7 in length of head,
more or less than twice the diameter of the eye. Snout equal
to or shorter than eye, depressed, its frontborder formed by
upperlip, which is conspicuously ciliated. Maxillary visible when
mouth is closed. Praeorbital scaly, slightly notched, denticulated.
Mandible with a single symphysial knob. First dorsal with
strong spines, in males somewhat shorter than head without
snout; its origin slightly nearer base of caudal than to end of
snout or midway between them, opposite to gth or roth lateral
scale, separated from snout by 18—20 praedorsal scales, at
its base a long axillary scale. Origin of second dorsal opposite
to (18th) rgth or 20th scale. Anterior half of anal before second
dorsal. Both fins are thickly scaled, emarginate, as high as,

230

lower or higher than spinous dorsal. Pectorals shorter, in large
specimens much shorter than head, reaching to 7th or 8th Jateral
scale; without an axillary scale or only with a small one.
Caudal broad, more or less concave, with more than half its
base scaly. Caudal peduncle about as long as high, its length
about ?/, of length of head or somewhat more. Greenish above,
silvery below, often with three to six more or less conspicuous
blackish longitudinal stripes, corresponding to the longitudinal
series of the scales on the sides of the body. Length to 300 mm.
[Specimens of JZ. sundanensts and of M. Valenciennesi of
BLEEKER’s collection in the Museum of Leiden and Amsterdam
seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Bale balana (Minralang river).

Habitat: Singapore!; Sumatra (Bagan api api!, Lower
Langkat, Coast of Deli!, Benkulen, Trussan, Padang); Bintang ;
Banka; Borneo (Sinkawang, Stagen!, Balikpapan!, Kota Baru!);
Java Sea!; Java (Bantam, Batavia!, Perdana, Semarang!, Pa-
suruan); Bali;, Lombok!; Flores!; Timor; Buton!; Celebes
(Makassar!, Lake of Sidenreng!, river Minralang!); Dammer
Island! (rivulet); New Guinea (Rivers Merauke! Tawarin!, mouth
of Sermowai!, Otke, branch of river Mamberamo!). — British
India, Andamans, Ceylon, Philippines, Australia (New south
Wales ?, Queensland).

2. Mugil tade Forsk.

Mugil tade Forskal, Descr. Anim. 1775, p. 74.

Musgil planiceps Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. XI. 1836, p. 122.

Musil cephalotus Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fish. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII.
Prts ls 1850,7p. 1077. (nec Cav):

Mugil bontah Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Nalezingen ichth. fauna
Bengalen etc. p. 48 (name only).

Musil planiceps Bleeker, ibid. p. Io.

Mugil bontah Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XIII. 1857, p. 336.

Mugil belanak Bleeker, ibid. p. 337. '

Mugil Dussumieri Bleeker, ibid. p. 339 (nec Dzussumiert Blkr. Journ. Ind. Arch.
II. 1848, p. 637 secundum Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 8ste
3ijdr. Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 33; ibid. 13de Bijdr. Vischfauna Borneo, p. 49).

Mugil bontah Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 278.

Mugil boniah Bleeker, ibid. XVIII. 1859, p. 367 (= de/anmak secundum Bleeker).

Mugil bontah Bleeker = dussumieri C.V.? Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl.
VIII. 1860, 13de Bijdr. Vischfauna Borneo, p. 49.

Mugil belanak Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 427.

Mugil planiceps Giinther, ibid. p. 428.

Mugil planiceps Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865—1867, p. 225.

237
Mugil tade Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XX. 1870, p. 828. —
Sitzber. Akad. Wien, 1880, p. 394. — Fische d. Rothen Meeres 1884, p. 133.
Mugil planiceps Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 350.
Mugil belanak Day, ibid. p. 351.
Mugil tade Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales IX. 1884, p. 40.
Mugil tade Day, Fishes Brit. India II. 1889, p. 344.
Mugil belanak Day, ibid. p. 345.
Mugil belanak Vinciguerra, Ann. del Mus. Civ. Genova (2) IX. 1890, p. 180.
? Mugil belanak Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 494.
Mugil belanak Max Weber, Nova Guinea V, 1908, p. 244.
Mugil planiceps Max Weber, Nova Guinea IX. Zool. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 569.

De ViaDa vies; ALI og Ie. 3g 35; Litr10'/,:

Rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight, from crown of head
to snout strongly declivous. Height according to size 4.2—5.2
in length, 5.1—6.7 in length with caudal. Head, the anterior
part of which is depressed and pointed, 3.7—4 in length,
4.5—5.1 in length with caudal. Eye 3 in small, to 4.6 in full
grown specimens, I.5—2.5 or somewhat more in postorbital
part of head. Posterior gelatinous eyelid covering at least half
of iris. Interorbital space, which is nearly flat, 1.5 to 2.5 or
somewhat more the diameter of the eye. Snout somewhat pointed,
equal to, in full grown individuals longer than eye. Praeorbital
emarginate, strongly curved, reaching far beyond corner of
mouth with its posterior part, which is somewhat rounded;
inferior and posterior margin denticulated. Maxillary visible
when mouth is closed, reaching beyond angle of praeorbital.
Upper lip more or less fleshy, its border ciliated (teeth). Sym-
physial knob single. Origin of first dorsal nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal, in small specimens about in the
middle; opposite to roth or 11th scale, separated from snout by
about I9 praedorsal scales and slightly lower than second
dorsal, the origin of which is opposite to 21st—23rd lateral scale
and to about first anterior third of anal; both lastnamed fins
are slightly concave and scaly. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Pectorals reaching to 8th lateral scale, much shorter than head.
Their axillary scale very short; that of the ventrals somewhat
less than half the length of that fin. Least height of caudal
peduncle 1.4—1.8 (in small specimens) in its length and twice
or more in length of head. Olivaceous above, silvery below,
generally with 5—7 indistinct dark longitudinal lines, corres-
ponding to rows of scales. Length to 320 mm. {According to
Day at least 470 mm.].

238

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Palembang);
Simalur!; Banka; Java (Batavia, Japara, Surabaya, Besuki, river
from East Java!); Java Sea!; Madura; Bali; Lombok!; Sum-
bawa; Borneo (Sungi duri, Sandakan); Celebes (Makassar!) ;
Ternate; New Guinea (rivers Mosso!, Tawarin!, Sermowai!,
Lorentz!; Merauke!). — Red Sea, Sokotra, Bay of Bengal,
British India, Ceylon, Andamans, Pinang, Malacca, China(Amoy),
Philippines, Marianas, Guam, Australia (Clevelands Bay).

3. Mugil engeli Blkr.

Mugil Engeli Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XVI. 1858—1859, p. 277.

Mugil Engeli Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, p. 78, 8ste Bijdr.
Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 78.

> Mugil kelaartit Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III]. 1859—1861, p. 429. — Siidsee-
fische II, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 215.

Mugil engeli Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 430.

?>Mugil kelaarti Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 352.

DT Vie OAs Se A Tos diese oe er! bees

Rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height 3.8—4.7 in length,
4.8—5.6 in length with caudal. Head somewhat less than height.
Eye about '/, of length of head, contained more or less than
1'/, times in postorbital part of head and about 1'/, in inter-
orbital space, which is nearly flat; a gelatinous eyelid covers
the largest part of the iris. Snout shorter than eye, convex,
obtuse, broadly rounded and slightly prominent before front-
border of upperlip. Praeorbital scaly, not or only slightly bent,
weakly emarginate, its hindborder broadly truncate with a
very fine serrature, its lower border rough. Maxillary entirely
hidden or nearly so. Lips thin, smooth, symphysial knob double.
Origin of first dorsal about midway between end of snout and
base of caudal or slightly nearer to lastnamed; opposite to
roth or 11th lateral scale and separated from end of snout by
18—20 praedorsal scales. Dorsal spines rather slender, about
equal to postorbital part of head and as high as or somewhat
higher than second dorsal and anal, which are emarginate
and scaly at their base. Origin of second dorsal opposite to
2oth or 21'st lateral scale, that of anal with its anterior third or
half before origin of soft dorsal. Pectorals equal to head without
snout or somewhat shorter, reaching to 8th or gth lateral scale.
Their axillary scale large, about ?/, of the length of the pec-
toral; a still larger axillary scale at base of ventrals and of spiny

239

dorsal. Caudal deeply concave. Least height of caudal peduncle
much less than its length, about ?/; of the length of the head.
Silvery, back olivaceous. Fins hyaline. Length 133 mm. [Speci-
mens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden and Amsterdam
Museum seen by us]. .

Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Sumatra! (Benkulen); Simalur!; Nias! ;
Java (Tjilatjap!); Bali.

In sea.

4. Mugil longimanus Gthr.

Mugil cunnesius Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. 1852, p. 454 (mec C.V.,
nec CANTOR).

Mugil cunnesius Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 278
(nec C.V., nec CANTOR).

Mugil cunnesius Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 9. Bijdr. visch-
fauna Sumatra, p. 8 (nec C.V., nec CANTOR).

Mugil longimanus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 428.

Mugil Engeli Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 139 (nec Blkr.).

Musil cunnesius Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 349 (nec C.V., nec CANTOR).

Mugil longimanus Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wien XLI. 1879, p. 5.

Mugil longimanus Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 1X. 1884, p. 41.

Mugil cunnesius Waite, Mem. N.S. Wales Nat, Club No. 2, 1904, p. 22.

? Mugil longimanus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXVI. (1906) 1907, p. 10.

Mugil longimanus Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus. No. 9, Prt. I, 1908, p. 26.

Mugil longimanus Mc Culloch, Rec. Austr. Mus. vol. XIII. No. 4, 1921, p. 130.

DUN 4? o)e SOx Asli Oy Ll \35>-375, be tre 1-12.

Rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height somewhat more than
length of head and 3.6—4 times in length and more or less
than 5 times in length with caudal. Eye 3.6—3.8 in length
of head and about twice the length of postorbital part; gela-
tinous membrane well developed, posteriorly covering the iris
totally or nearly so. Interorbital space convex, nearly twice
the length of the head. Snout convex, blunt, about equal to the
diameter of eye. Praeorbital not or only slightly emarginate,
conspicuously denticulate and squamate. Maxillary hidden when
mouth is closed. Upper lip rather thick. Symphysial knob
double. Origin of first dorsal slightly nearer to snout than to
base of caudal or midway between them; opposite to 12th—r4th
lateral scale, separated by 18—1Ig praedorsal scales from snout.
Dorsal spines moderate, with a long axillary scale below their
base, lower than second dorsal and anal, which are emarginate
and thickly covered by scales. Origin of second dorsal oppeo-
site to 21st—24th lateral scale, behind origin of anal, which is

240

opposite to roth—23rd lateral scale. Length of pectorals about
equal to length of head, reaching at least to origin of first dorsal,
provided with a long axillary scale, which goes about 2'/, times
in length of fin. Ventrals also provided with a long pointed
axillary scale. Caudal slightly emarginate, scaly at its base.
Least height of caudal peduncle about 1'/, in its length and
about equal to half length of head. Greenish above, silvery
below. Base of pectorals superiorly with a diffuse dark mark.
Length 223 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang, Benkulen, Telok-
betong, Trussan); Java Sea!; Java! (Bantam, Batavia, Tegal,
Pekalongan, Semarang, Surabaya, Pasuruan, Puger!, Besuki) ;
Madura; Celebes (Menado, Makassar!); Buru; Ambon; Mo-
luccos. — British India, Pinang, Philippines, Queensland
(STEINDACHNER).

5. Mugil ophuyseni Blkr.

Mugil Ophuysenii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 279.

Mugil Ophuysenii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Se. Ind. Neerl. VIII. 1860, 8ste Bijdr. Visch-
fauna Sumatra, p. 82._

Mugil ophuysenit Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 434.

Mugil ophuysenii Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. I. 1865-—1867, p. 226.

Mugil Ophuysenii Max Weber, Fische, Siboga-Expeditie, 1913, p. 140.

D!'. 1V; D?. 1.8—9;/A. III. 9; Pk2.13—14; Ve 125 eis e6 =a;
L. tr. 12—13.

Rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height somewhat more than
length of head, which goes less than 5 times in length and
about 4 times in length without caudal. Eye 3.5 or somewhat
more in head and about twice in its postorbital part; a gela-
tinous eyelid of some extent is present. Interorbital space
convex, nearly equal to postorbital part of head. Snout some-
what pointed, strongly convex, shorter than eye. Maxillaries
visible when mouth is closed. Praeorbital only slightly emar-
ginate, its descending part rather small, truncate and denticulate.
Symphysial knob double. Origin of first dorsal nearer to end
of snout than to base of caudal; it is opposite to 12th scale
of lateral line and separated by 22 praedorsal scales or less
from end of snout; dorsal spines not strong, nearly equal to
postorbital part of head. Origin of second dorsal opposite to
22nd scale of lateral line and to second third of anal, the origin of
which is opposite to 20th scale. Second dorsal and anal are

241

strongly concave and scaly. Pectorals about as long as head,
reaching to origin of first dorsal; their axillary scale shorter
than half length of fin. Axillary scale of ventrals longer than
half their length. Caudal emarginate. Least height of caudal
peduncle about equal to postorbital part of head and nearly
one fifth shorter than length of peduncle. Silvery with a greyish
back, fins hyaline, axil of pectorals with a dark spot. Length
200 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen !); Java (KNER); Lirung (Sali-
babu Island)!.

In sea.

6. Mugil speigleri Blkr.
Mugil Speigleri Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XVI. 1858—1859, p. 279.
Mugil Speigleri Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 13. Bijdr. visch-
fauna Borneo, p. 58.
Mugil speigleri Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 435.
Mugil speigleri Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 348 (pectoral in figure
to short).

Nee gs ACTED. @; lea, 403. Betrs 52:

Rostro-dorsal profile more or less convex. Height about
equal to head, 4.2 to more than 5 in length, caudal included.
Eye 3.4—3.8 in length of head, which is rather obtuse and
twice or somewhat less in postorbital part of head; gelatinous
membrane anteriorly and posteriorly well developed. Inter-
orbital part of head slightly convex, more than 21/, times in
length of head. Snout obtuse, convex, shorter than eye. Prae-
orbital bone scaly, rather small, not curved or emarginate.
Maxillary visible, exceeding posterior margin of praeorbital,
the denticulation of which is nearly invisible. Symphysial knob
nearly simple. Origin of first dorsal separated by about 20
praedorsal scales from snout, much nearer to end of snout than
to base of caudal and opposite to 12th lateral scale. Dorsal spines
moderately strong, about equal to length of postorbital part
of head, about as high as second dorsal, which is lower than
anal, the base of which is much longer than second dorsal.
Both fins are covered by small scales and deeply concave.
Origin of second dorsal opposite to 25th—26th lateral scale
and to first third of anal, the origin of which is opposite
to 23t¢d or 24th lateral scale. Caudal emarginate with acute
angles. Pectorals about equal to length of head or in adult
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 16

242

Somewhat longer, surpassing origin of first dorsal; their pointed
axillary scale is nearly half length of the fin and equal to
axillary scale of ventrals, which is strongly pointed. Least
height of caudal peduncle about 1'/, times in its length and
twice or more than twice in length of head. Silvery, greyish
along the back, a dark spot at upper edge of base of caudal,
extremity of median fins dusky. Length 225 mm. [Specimens
of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us in the Museum of Leiden
and Amsterdam].

Habitat: Java Sea!; Java (Batavia); Borneo (Sinkawang);
Halmaheira. — Malay Peninsula; Coast of British India; Balut-
chistan (ZUGMAYER).

In sea.

7. Mugil cunnesius C.V.

Musil cunnesius Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons, XI. 1836, p. 114.

Mugil cunnesius Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fish. Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal vol. XVIII.
Prt. 1, 1850," p. 1082.

Mugil cunnesius Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 434 (nec Blkr.).

Mugil cunnesius Klunzinger, Fische d. Rothen Meeres 1884, p. 132 (nec Riipp.,
nec Klunz. 1870, p. $30).

Musil cunnesius Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus. No. 9, Part. I. 1908, p. 26.

DLV 5 17.1083 ACHT of Tala 2= “ee ie eens:

Height subequal to length of head, about '/, of length, '/,
of length with caudal. Diameter of eye '/, of length of head
and twice its postorbital part, posteriorly with a gelatinous
membrane. Interorbital space very slightly convex, its width
being */, of the length of the head. Snout short, obtuse, equal
to diameter of eye. The praeorbital has the anterior margin
nearly straight, neither toothed nor notched ; it does not entirely
cover the maxillary, the extremity of which is visible behind
the angle of the mouth. Lips thin. Origin of first dorsal sepa-
rated by 22 scales from snout; opposite to 12th lateral scale
and nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal. Anterior
dorsal spines exceeding somewhat one half of length of head.
Second dorsal opposite to 25th lateral scale and to third anal
ray. Caudal slightly emarginate. Vertical fins without scales.
Pectorals much shorter than head, reaching to 12th lateral scale
or to origin of first dorsal, with a long axillary scale, nearly half
the length of the fin. Least height of caudal peduncle less
than one half the length of the head. Bluish green above,
silvery below; dorsal and caudal fins with indistinct blackish

243

margins; sometimes a black spot superiorly at the base of the
pectoral. Length 162 mm. [Not seen by us].*

Habitat: Singapore ; Dutch South New Guinea (REGAN). —
Red Sea, Gulf of Manar, Sea of Pinang, Malay Peninsula,
Tonkin.

8. Mugil subviridis C.V.

Mugil subviridis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XI. 1836, p. 115.
Mugil subviridis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 423.

Mugil subviridis Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 138.

Mugil subviridis Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) XX. 1867, p. 64.

? Mugil subviridis Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 353. — Fish. of Brit.

India II. 1889, p. 348 ').

Mugil alcocki Ogilby, Ann. Queensl. Mus. Nr. 9, Part. I. 1908, p. 21.
Mugil subviridis De Beaufort, Bijdr. tot de Dierk, Afl. 19, Amsterdam, 1913, p. 107.
Mugil subviridis Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 138.

Eve Ias: Av iil 8? Po15s-163: V0.5; Ll 28— 36;
L. tr. 11—12.

Rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight. Height equal to or some-
what more than length of head, which goes about 4 times in
length and more or less than 5 times in léngth with caudal.
Eye 3.5 to more than 4 in head, twice or less in its postor-
bital part. Gelatinous eyelid well developed, covering large
part of iris. Interorbital space nearly flat, more or less than
2'/, times in head, much less than twice the diameter of the
eye. Snout shorter than eye, broad, somewhat depressed, its
frontmargin formed by upperlip, which may be rather thick,
but is not ciliated. Symphysial knob rather small, single. Maxil-
lary visible when mouth is closed. Praeorbital more or less
angularly bent, denticulate at its inferior and subtruncate
posterior border. Origin of first dorsal nearer to caudal than
to end of snout, separated by about 20 scales from snout and
opposite to roth or rith lateral scale. Dorsal spines strong, hete-
racanth, shorter than head without snout, as high or higher
than second dorsal and anal, which both are emarginate and
thickly scaled. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 19th or 2oth
lateral scale and behind first third of anal. Pectorals about
equal to head without snout, reaching to 7th or 8th lateral scale.
Caudal rather broad, emarginate, scaly. No axillary scale above

1) We are not sure that this is really IZ. sudviridis C.V., the type specimen
of which Day says to describe, as VALENCIENNES describes the anal as 3.8 and
not 3.9, as Day says.

244

pectorals and ventrals, a long one at base of spinous dorsal.
Olivaceous above, the sides silvery with or without faint indi-
cations of darkish longitudinal bands along the rows of scales.
Length 220 mm.

Habitat: Lombok (Labuan Tring!); Buru (Kajeli!); Celebes
(Makassar !). — British India, Philippines, Cape York.

In sea and fresh water.

g. Mugil vaigiensis Q.G.

Mugil vaigiensis Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de l’Uranie et de la Physicienne par
Freycinet, Zool. 1824, p. 337.

Mugil macrolepidotus WRiippell, Atlas Fische d. Rothen Meeres, 1828, p. 140.

Mugil macrolepidotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. des Poiss. XI. 1836, p. 134.

Mugil melanochir (K.v.H.) Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 143.

Musil macrolepidotus Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié (3) II. 1845,
p- 514 (name only).

Mugil melanochir Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXII. (1848) 1849, Bijdr.
ichthyol. fauna van Madura, p. 5 (name only).

Mugil macrolepidotus Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. XVIII. 1850, p. 1077 (mec Rich.).

Mugil melanochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. Ill. 1852, p. 423.

Mugil Rossii Bleeker, ibid. VII. 1854, p. 45.

Mugil vaigiensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 276.

Mugil Rossii Bleeker, 1.c.

Mugil vaigiensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VUI. 1860, 13. Bijdr. Visch-
fauna Borneo, p. 43.

Mugil waigiensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III, 1859—1861, p. 435.

Mugil Waigiensis Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 144.

Musil waigiensis Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. I. 1865—1867, p. 226.

Mugil waigiensis Klunzinger, Abh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XX. 1870, p. 828;
Fische d. Rothen Meeres I. 1884, p. 133.

Mugil Waigiensis Day, Fishes of India, 4°, 1878—1888, p. 359.

Mugil waigiensis Giinther, Siidsee-Fische I. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 216.

Mugil Waigiensis Sauvage, Hist. nat. d. Poiss. de Madagascar. 1891, p. 401.

Mugil waigiensis Seale, Occas, Pap. B. P. Bish. Mus. I. 1901, p. 65.

Liza waigiensis Seale, 1.c. IV. 1906, p. 15.

Mugil vaigiensis de Beaufort, Bijdr. tot de Dierk. Afl. 19. Amsterdam. 1913, p. 107.

Mugil Rossi Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische. 1913, p. 138. |

Mugil waigiensis Mc Culloch, Check-list of fish & fish-like animals of N.S, Wales,
Ert. I 1919, p.138:

D'.IV; D?. I. 7—8; A. TI. 8; L.l. 26—28; L.tr. gq—10.

Rather stout. Rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight, from neck
to snout more or less convex. Height slightly less than length
of head, which is contained more than 4 to more than 5 times
in total length. Head broad and flat above. Eyes without
gelatinous eyelid; 4 to nearly 5 times in head. Interorbital

245

space nearly flat, about twice the diameter of the eye. Snout
obtuse, broad, strongly depressed, in young specimens shorter,
in adult longer than eye. Praeorbital slightly emarginate, its
inferior margin conspicuously denticulated, only end of maxil-
lary visible at angle of mouth when mouth is closed. Lips
thin, smooth. Origin of first dorsal nearer to base of caudal
than to end of snout, separated by 15 or 16 praedorsal scales
from end of snout, opposite to 7th or 8th lateral scale. Dorsal
spines rather strong, heteracanth, about equal to postorbital
part of head, lower than second dorsal. Origin of second dorsa|]
opposite to 17th or 18th lateral scale, behind that of anal which
is opposite to 15th scale. Both fins are scaly. Caudal truncate
or nearly so. Pectorals much shorter than head, reaching to first
dorsal or not so far, wanting an axillary scale. Ventrals about
half length of that fin. Least height of caudal peduncle more
than its length and twice or less in length of head. Symphy-
sial knob nearly conical, not divided. Dorsal part dark green,
ventrally lighter, the belly silvery. Generally 3'd—-8th row of
scales with a longitudinal brownish spot, causing 6 longitudinal
bands of which the 2nd—sth are broadest and most conspi-
cuous. Margin of fins dusky. Pectorals blackish, entirely black
in immature specimens (selanochir). Length to 400 mm.

Nom. indig.: Belanak djumpul (Batavia) ; Géreh (Surabaya) ;
Goru (Batjan); Rapang (Bintang).

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Padang, Benkulen);
Bintang; Banka; Java Sea!; Java (Batavia, Samarang, Surabaya,
Patjitan, Nusa Kembangan!, Karangbollong, Prigi); Madura;
Kangeang Island!; Borneo (Sampit); Celebes (Makassar, Badjoa);
Saleyer !; Paternoster Islands! ; Flores!; Timor; Goram; Ambon!;
Batjan!; Ternate; Waigeu!; South and North New Guinea
(Sorong!); Cocos (Keeling) Islands. — Red Sea, East Africa,
British India, Andamans, Pinang, Malay Peninsula, China,
Philippines, New South Wales and Queensland, Melanesian,
Micronesian and Polynesian Islands.

In sea, estuaries and fresh water.

10. Mugil oligolepis Blkr.

Mugil Dussumieri C.V.? Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Arch. II. 1848, p. 637 (nec C.V.,
nec Blkr. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XIII. 1857, p. 339 secundum Blkr. l.c.
XIX. 1859, p. 437).

Mugil macrolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. 1852, p. 422 (nec Smith).

246

Mugil oligolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XIX. 1859, p. 437.

Mugil oligolepis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. Neerl. VIII. 1860, 13de Bijdr.
Vischfauna Borneo, p. 40.

Mugil oligolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. HI. 1859—1861, p. 449.

Mugil oligolepis Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 358.

D1. 1V: D2 8—o7 AL III.9; | Po taseVesieg ee eireaeer
L. tr.-10—TII.

Rostro-dorsal profile somewhat convex. Height somewhat
less than length of head, which goes about 3.4 in length and
more than 4 times in length with caudal. Eye about 3.5 in
head and 1!'/, or more in its postorbital part; a gelatinous
eyelid is wanting. Interorbital space slightly convex, conspi-
cuously broader than diameter of eye and less than postorbital
part of head. Snout blunt, shorter than eye. Maxillary visible,
when mouth is closed. Praeorbital bent, emarginate, its infe-
rior border truncate, denticulate. Lips thin; mandible with an
emarginate or double symphysial knob. First dorsal with strong
spines, nearly equal to head without snout. Its origin nearer
to base of caudal than to end of snout, from which it is sepa-
rated by 15 to 16 praedorsal scales. It is opposite to gth scale
of lateral line. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 17th or 18th
scale and behind anterior half of anal, the origin of which is
opposite to 16th scale. Pectorals not much. shorter than head,
reaching near to origin of first dorsal. No axillary scale above
pectorals, a short one above base of ventrals. Caudal slightly
emarginate. Caudal peduncle about as long as high, its least
height nearly equal to postorbital part of head. Greenish above,
silvery below. Length 90 mm. |Specimens of BLEEKER’s col-
lection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: South and West Borneo (Pamangkat, Sungiduri,
Sampit) in rivers; Sumbawa in sea; North Celebes. — Malacca
(Bongor, PETERS, river Muar, DUNCKER); Philippines (JORDAN
& RICHARDSON); Saigon (KNER); seas and estuaries of British
India (DAY), Seychelles brackish water (REGAN).

11. Mugil melinopterus C.V.

Mugil melinopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XI. 1836, p. 146.
Mugil melinopterus Ginther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 452.

Mugil melanopterus (sic!) Giinther, Siidseefische II. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 218.
Liza melinoptera Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. of Fish. vol. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 217.

DLIV; D?.1.8; A. Iiliossbil28—-20; te te — ae

247

Dorso-rostral profile nearly straight, anteriorly convex. Height
4 to 4?/, times in length with caudal, head 4.5 times. Eye
nearly 3*/, in length of head, twice in postorbital part of head
and 1'/, in interorbital space; without a gelatinous eyelid or
posteriorly only with a very short one. Interorbital space flat,
broad, its width being nearly one half length of head. Snout
obtuse, depressed, somewhat shorter than eye. Praeorbital emar-
- ginate, angularly bent, scaly, its truncated extremity and its
lower margin dentated. Maxillary visible. Upper lip ciliated,
rather thick, forming frontmargin of snout. Symphysial knob
single. Origin of first dorsal nearer to base of caudal than to
end of snout, separated from it by 18 praedorsal scales, oppo-
site to oth lateral scale. Dorsal spines rather strong, about as
- high as second: dorsal and anal, the first about /, of the length
of the head. Second dorsal opposite to 18th or roth lateral
scale and about to the middle of the anal. Second dorsal and
anal scaly at their base. Caudal slightly emarginate. Pectorals
about equal to head without snout, not reaching to origin of
first dorsal, an axillary scale is wanting or very short. Least
height of caudal peduncle more than its length and equal to
postorbital part of head. Silvery, back brown, fins dusky.
Length 215 mm.

Habitat: Sinabang Bay, Simalur! (E, JACOBSON leg.). —
Vanicolo, Tonga Island, Samoa, Fiji Islands.

Tn Sea,

12. Mugil ceramensis Blkr.

Mugil ceramensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 699.

Mugil ceramensis Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 277.

Mugil ceramensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VII. 1860, 13de Bijdr.
vischfauna Borneo, p. 48.

Mugil ceramensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 449.

eye = 31 3—9; A. Wig; £1. 30—3F;,-Lstro10— £9.

Dorso-ventral profile evenly descending and straight or con-
vex; head pointed and nearly straight, 3.7 in length; 4.7 in
length with caudal. Height slightly more than head. Eye
3.8 to 4 times in head, about twice in its postorbital part
and 1.7 in interorbital space; gelatinous eyelid forming a
narrow ring round eye. Interorbital space flat or slightly convex,
more than twice in head. Snout acute, about equal to eye.
Praeorbital scaly, bent, slightly emarginate, conspicuously denti-

248

culate at its lower and rounded posterior border. Maxillary
visible. Upper lip rather thick, ciliated, forming frontmargin
of snout. Symphysial knob simple, small. Origin of first dorsal
separated by 18 or 19 praedorsal scales from snout, much
nearer to base of caudal than to end of snout, opposite to
roth lateral scale. Dorsal spines somewhat higher than second
dorsal, the anterior strong, longer or shorter than postorbital
part of head. Second dorsal opposite to 1gth—21st lateral scale
and nearly totally behind anal, the origin of which is opposite
to about 17th lateral scale. Both fins are acute, slightly emar-
ginate and about twice as high as their base is long. Caudal
concave, scaly at its base; second dorsal and anal nearly totally
scaly. Pectorals conspicuously shorter than head, reaching to
7th lateral scale, provided with an axillary scale as also ventrals.
Least height of caudal peduncle equal to or more than its length,
about equal to postorbital part of head and about as long as
half of head '). Silvery, back olivaceous, dorsals and caudal
dusky. Length 166 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection
in the Museum of Leiden and Amsterdam seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Trussan, Padang, Priaman); Banka;
Java (Pasuruan); Borneo (Sungi duri); Sangir Islands; Celebes
(Makassar, Badjoa, Menado); Saleyer!; Timor; Ambon!; Buru!;
Nusa Laut!; Ceram; Jobi. — Ceylon!, China (BLEEKER),
Philippines.

13. Mugil troscheli Blkr.

Mugil Troschelii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 277.

Mugil Troscheli Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 8ste Bijdr. visch-
fauna Sumatra, p. 8o.

Mugil troschelii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 448.

Mugil Troschellii (sic) Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 358.

Liza troscheli Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXVI. (1906) 1907, p. 11.

Liza troschelii Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll.
XXXVI NG. 7, TOLL, ps 250:

D1.1V; D2. 1. 89; Awl. 93 Grate. tr ee

Dorsal profile from first dorsal to neck slightly convex, from
there to snout declivous in a nearly straight line. Height about
equal to length of head, which is contained 3.4—3.8 in length,
4.3—4.7 in length with caudal. Eye 3.6— 4 in length of head
and about twice in postorbital part of head. Gelatinous eye-

1) In small specimens the height of caudal peduncle is relatively less.

249

lid only rudimentary developed. Interorbital space flat or nearly
so, less than twice the diameter of the eye. Snout obtuse,
equal -to eye or somewhat shorter. Praeorbital scaly, slightly
emarginate and indistinctly denticulated, the maxillary exten-
ding beyond it and conspicuous when mouth is closed. Lips
thin, smooth. Origin of first dorsal conspicuously nearer to
base of caudal than to end of snout, opposite to rith or 12th
lateral scale and separated by 19—20 praedorsal scales from
snout. Dorsal spines about equal in height to second dorsal
and anal. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 21st—23rd lateral
scale. Anal with its anterior third before the origin of soft
dorsal, its origin opposite to 19th—2z1st lateral scale. Both fins are
entirely scaly. Pectorals shorter than head, reaching to 8th or
gth lateral scale. No axillary scale. Caudal emarginate. Least
height- of caudal peduncle about equal to its length and twice
in length of head. Colour uniform. Back darkish green. Length
more than I50 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Benkulen);
Simalur!; Java (Batavia); Borneo! (Sungi duri) ; Celebes (Badjoa,
Pompanua, Makassar !); Kangeang Island!; Flores (river Mbawa!
and river Nargi!); Aru Islands!; North New Guinea (Kaiserin
Augusta river!); South New Guinea (river Mimika). — East
Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Ceylon, China, Japan, Formosa,
Pescadores Islands, Philippines, Samoa, Pacific Islands.

In sea, brackish- and fresh-water.

14. Mugil borneensis Blkr.

Mugil borneénsis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 201. — Ibid.
XVI. 1858—1859, p. 278.

Mugil adustus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. V. 1853, p. 503.

Mugil borneénsis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 13. Bijdr, visch-
fauna Borneo, p. 55.

Mugil borneensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. Il]. 1859—1861, p. 448.

Mugil borneensis Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865—1867, p. 228.

Mugil borneensis Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878—1888, p. 357.

Liza borneensis Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv, Coll.
vol, XXVI. No. 7, 1911, p. 258.

DEV; Desins—g;). A. go; ii). 32—34 ptr. 10O—1 1;

Rostro-dorsal profile anteriorly convex. Height 3.7 to nearly
4 times in length, 4'/,—4*/, in length with caudal. Head about
3-5 in length, about 4'/, in length with caudal. Eye about 4
times in length of head, twice in its postorbital part; gela-

250

tinous membrane wanting or very short. Interorbital space
almost flat and nearly twice the diameter of eye. Snout obtuse,
in adults about equal to diameter of eye. Praeorbital somewhat
emarginate, conspicuously denticulate. Maxillary visible. Sym-
physial knob simple. Upper lip thin, its border ciliate. Origin
of first dorsal separated by 18—21r praedorsal scales from snout,
nearer to caudal than to end of snout, opposite to 11th lateral
scale. Dorsal spines strong, longer than postorbital part of
head, their height equal to that of second dorsal and anal.
Both are nearly straight and nearly totally scaly. Origin of
second dorsal opposite to 20th lateral scale and nearly totally
behind the anal. Caudal emarginate. Pectorals shorter than
head without snout, not reaching origin‘of first dorsal, without
an axillary scale. Axillary scales on ventrals and at base of
first dorsal well developed. Least height of caudal peduncle
somewhat less than its length, nearly twice the length of the
head. Silvery, olivaceous above. Fins blackish towards the
margin. Anal generally with a whitish margin. Length 280 mm.
[Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection in the Museum of Leiden
and Amsterdam seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang, Siboga); Nias!;
Riouw ; Bintang; Java (Patjitan); Borneo (Banjermasin, Sungi
Duri, Kota Baru!) ; Celebes (Menado, Makassar); Timor; Ambon ;
Ceram!; Buru!; Obi major!; Saonek!. — Orissa, British India,
Carolines, Tahiti, Tonga.

15. Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lac.

Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lacépede, Hist. nat. d. Poissons V. 1803, p. 385, 389 ').

Musil caeruleo-maculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. XI. 1836, p. 128.

Mugil coeruleo-maculatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 484.

Mugil coeruleomaculatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—1859,
p- 279. — Act. Soc. Se. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Negende Bijdrage vischfauna
Sumatra, p. 5.

Mugil caeruleo-maculatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 445.

Mugil caeruleo-maculatus Sauvage, Hist. nat. d. Poissons de Madagascar, 1891,

p- 398.
DIV; D* 1.8; Aviso; Teal 36—335 etre nes
Dorso-rostral profile convex, declivous. Height decreasing

1) The species described by Day as coeruleo-maculatus Lac. (Fish. of Brit.
India IJ. 1889, p. 351), is not this species as f.i. the pectorals are much too
short. Liza coeruleomaculata Jordan & Seale from Samoa is not this species.

251

with size of fish: 3.2—4.4 in length, 4.2—5.6 in length with
caudal. Head 3.7—4.3 in length, 4.8—5.5 in length with caudal,
still more relatively decreasing in size in exceptionally large
specimens. Snout not depressed, convex, shorter than or equal
to diameter of eye. Eye 3.5—4.8 in head, twice or less than
twice in postorbital part of head, more or less than twice in
the convex interorbital space. No gelatinous eyelid. Maxillary
hidden when mouth is closed, covered by praeorbital, which
is not emarginate and scarcely denticulated. Upper lip rather
thick, smooth. Mandibles with a double symphysial knob.
Origin of first dorsal slightly before or behind middle of distance
between end of snout and base of caudal, opposite to roth—y3th
lateral scale and behind about the 20th praedorsal scale; its
height less than half length of head and much less than height of
second dorsal, the origin of which is opposite to 22nd—23rd
lateral scale and about to that of anal. Second dorsal and anal
deeply concave and scaly, as also anterior part of caudal, which is
forked. Pectorals falcate, longer than the head, reaching to behind
origin of first dorsal, their axillary scale about '/, of the length
of the fin. Ventrals with an axillary scale of about half their
length. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.1—1.5 in its length
according to size of fish, 1.6—1.8 in length of head. Dark
greenish or bluish above, silvery below. A blackish spot supe-
riorly at the base of the pectorals. Length to 410 mm. [{Speci-
mens of JW. coeruleomaculatus from BLEEKER’s collection in
the Museum of Leiden and Amsterdam seen by us}.

Nom. indig.: Gadeh (Batavia); Belana putih (Bintang);
Gorua (Menado).

Habitat: Singapore (KAROLI); Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Telok
betong, Tandjong, Trussan, Padang, Benkulen); Nias; Cocos
Islands; Batu Islands; Riouw; Bintang; Java Sea!; Java (Ba-
tavia, Prigi); Celebes (Makassar, Bonthain, Badjoa, Pompanua,
Menado); Flores!; Timor; Obi; Ambon; Buru; Ceram; Ternate;
Waigeu!; New Guinea. — Madagascar, Zanzibar, Seychelles,
Mauritius, Bourbon, Bangkok, Philippines.

In sea and fresh water.

Note. This species is also quoted by JORDAN & SEALE and
KENDALL & GOLDSBOROUGH from Carolines-, Tonga-, Fiji-
Islands, Samoa and Guam, but the fish named by JORDAN &
SEALE as coeruleomaculatus Lac. is not this species but pro-
bably JZ. seheli Forsk.

252

16. Mugil seheli Forsk.

Mugil seheli Forskal, Descr. Anim. 1775, p. 73-

> Mugil axillaris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. d. Poissons XI. 1836, p. 139.

> Mugil parsia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind, HI. 1852, p. 166 (nec Buchanan?
nec Cuvier & Valenciennes? '),

Mugil cylindricus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind, IV. 1853, p. 266.

Mugil borbonicus Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 279 (mec C.V. nec Cant.);

XVIII. 1859, p. 375 (mec C.V., nec ‘Cant.).

Mugil axillaris Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 280.
Mugil axillaris Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Negende Bijdr.

vischfauna Sumatra, p. 3.

Mugil axillaris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 444.

Mugil bleekeri Giinther, ibid. p. 445.

Mugil decem-radiatus Giinther, ibid. p. 452, founded on M, parsia Blkr. which
is according to Bleeker himself a synonym of WZ. axillaris.

Mugil seheli Klunzinger, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XX. 1870, p. 827. — Fische

d. Rothen Meeres I. 1884, p. 132.

Mugilaxillaris Ginther, Siidsee-Fische, Heft VI. 1881, p.216 (Description, not figure).
Mugil seheli Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878—1888, p. 355.

Mugil axillaris Sauvage, Hist. nat. d. Poissons de Madagascar, 1891, p. 397.
Mugil Bleekeri? Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise N. O. Indien, Heft 2, 1894, p. 416.
Mugil axillaris Seale, Occ. Papers B. P. Bish. Mus. I. (1900) Ig01, p. 66.
Mugil seheli Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 140.

Mugil bleekeri de Beaufort, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Afl. 19, Amsterdam,

I913, p. 107.

DUIV; D2.1,8; A.TII-9; Ps2.16—17; Via5¢ Lec ao-
L. tr. 14—I5. :

Profile from first dorsal to snout slightly convex. Height
relatively decreasing with size of fish 3.2—4 in length, 4.1—5
in length with caudal, about equal to length of head. Eye
3.4 to 4 in head, 1.7 to more than twice in postorbital part
of head; without gelatinous eyelid. Interorbital space more
or less convex, 2—2.4 in length of head, more or less than
twice the diameter of the eye. Praeorbital scarcely emarginate
and indistinctly denticulated, covering the maxillary, which is
hidden when mouth is closed. Upper lip more or less fleshy,
smooth. Mandible with a double symphysial knob. Snout
obtuse, not depressed, convex, somewhat shorter than eye.
Origin of first dorsal about midway between end of snout and
base of caudal, in large specimens nearer to end of snout, it
is opposite to 11th or 12th scale and separated from snout by 22

or 23, exceptionnally only by 20—21 scales. Height of dorsal

1) BLEEKER himself (Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Negende Bijdrage
vischfauna Sumatra p. 3) quotes it under the synonymy of M. axillaris.

253

spines about equal to postorbital part of head, lower than second
dorsal, which is concave, as also anal. Both are opposite to each
other or nearly so and opposite to 23'¢d or 24th lateral scale.
Both are scaly as also caudal, which is deeply emarginate.
Pectorals slightly shorter than head, reaching to origin of first
dorsal, with an axillary scale about '/, or more of the length
of the pectoral. Axillary scale of ventrals about equal to half
the length of that fin. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.1—1.4
in its length and more or less than twice in length of head.
Teeth are wanting. Greenish or bluish above, silvery below,
pectorals yellowish with a black spot in the axil. Length
reaching to 465 mm. [Specimens of MW axdlaris C.V., cylin-
dricus C.V., borbonicus Blkr. from BLEEKER’s collection in the
Museum of Leiden and Amsterdam seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Gadeh, Ikan Belanak (Batavia); Gorua (Batjan).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Benkulen); Nias!; Banka;
Java Sea!; Java (Batavia!, Samarang, Surabaya, Karangbollong) ;
Nusa Kembangan!; Madura; Bali; Sumba!; Kangeang Island !;
Saleyer!; Celebes (Menado, Makassar !); Halmaheira!; Ternate;
Batjan; Buru; Ambon!; Timor!; Aru!; Waigeu; Saonek!; New
Guinea. — From Red Sea, East coast of Africa, Madagascar,
Mauritius, Seychelles, Bourbon through seas of India, China
(Amoy, Shanghai, |BLEEKER] ), Marianas, Fidji-?, Samoa Islands?.

In fresh and brackish water.

17. Mugil cephalus L.

Mugil cephalus Linné, Syst. nat. edit. Xa. 1758, p. 316.

Mugil our Forskal, Descr. anim. 1775, p. 74-

Mugil cephalus Hamilton Buchanan, Gangetic Fish. 1822, p. 119.

Mugil cephalotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. d. Poissons XI. 1836, p. r10.

Mugil dur Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1835—1840, p. 131.

Mugil cephalotus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. de “la Bonite’’, 1841, p. 175.

Mugil japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica 1845, p. 134.

? Mugil cephalotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned.
Ind. II (3) 1845, p. 514. — Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. 1849, Bijdr. ichth, fauna
Madura p. 5. — Ibid. XXIII. 1850, Bijdr. ichth. fauna Midden en Oost-Java, p. 9.

Mugil macrolepidotus Richardson, Ichth. of the seas of China & Japan, 1846, p. 249.

Mugil japonicus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Nalezingen ichth. Japan, p. 41.

Mugil cephalotus C.V.? Cant. Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858—
1859, p- 277-

Mugil dobuéda Giinther, Cat. Brit, Mus. Il]. 1859—1861, p. 420.

Mugil cephalotus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 13de Bijdr.
Vischfauna Borneo, p. 51.

Mugil cephalotus Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. I. 1865—1867, p. 224.

254

Mugil cephalotus Giinther, Ann, Mag, Nat. Hist. (3) XX. 1867, p. 64 (name only).

Mugil coeur K\unzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien XX. 1870, p. 829.

Mugil cephalotus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IV. 1873, p. 100. — Ibid. p. 143.

Mugil japonicus Bleeker, ibid. p. 143.

Mugil cephalotus Bleeker, Poiss. de Madagascar 1875, p. 45.

Mugil oeur Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 353.

Mugil cephalotus Bleeker, Verh. Akad, Amsterdam XVUI. 1879, Poiss, de Chine, p. 2.

Mugil japonicus Bleeker, ibid. Poiss. du Japon, p. 17.

Mugil cephalotus Giinther, Challenger Exp. VI. Shore-Fishes 1880, p. 33.

Mugil dobula Giinther, Fische Siidsee II. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 214.

Mugil oeur Kiunzinger, Fische d. roth. Meeres 1884, p. 132.

Mugil éur Steindachner & Déderlein, Fische Japan’s, IV. Denkschr. Akad. Wien
LIII. 1887, p. 266.

Mugil cephalotus Nystro6m, Bihang K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. XIII. Afd. IV.
No. 4, 1887, p. 38.

Mugil coeur Day, Fishes of Brit. India II. 1889, p. 348.

Mugil cephalotus Sauvage, Poiss. Madagascar, 1891, p. 402.

Mugil cephalus Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV. (1891) 1892, p. 136.

Mugil cephalus Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Middle America I. 1896, p. 811.

Mugil coeur Rutter, Proc. Acad: Nat. Sc. Philad. 1897, p. 70.

Mugil hypselosoma Ogilby, Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. Wales XXII. 1897, p. 74.

Mugil dobula Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, LXX. 1900, p. 501.

Mugil our Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 744.

Mugil oeur Jordan & Evermann, ibid. XXV. 1902, p. 332.

Mugil cephalus Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm, XXII. 1902 (1904), p. 438.

Mugil cephalus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXIX. 1905, p. 521.

Mugil cephalus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm, XXIII. (1903)
1905, Pp. 139.

Mugil cephalus Tanaka, Fishes of Japan III. 1911, p. 50.

Mugil cephalus Mc Culloch, Check-list of fish of N.S. Wales II. 1919, p. 38.

DISIV = D2 Is aA leo aes 2.15 —16; Vi 1.5; BA: BWi—Z1Olg
L.tr. 14—I5.

Rostro-dorsal profile nearly horizontal, lower profile strongly
curved. Height, which is conspicuously less than length of
head, somewhat more or less than 5 (in large specimens 57/,
to nearly 6) in total length, 41/,—4*/, in length without caudal.
Eye more or less than 4 in head, twice or somewhat more
in postorbital part of head; gelatinous eyelid broadly deve-
loped anteriorly and posteriorly reaching to pupil; interorbital
space nearly flat, conspicuously broader than eye. Snout shorter
than eye, somewhat pointed but broadly rounded, when seen
from above; its frontborder formed by the upperlip, which is
rather thin. Free border of both lips with conspicuous yellowish
ciliae (teeth). Maxillary not visible when mouth is closed or
only a narrow stripe of its posterior part. Praeorbital scaly,
neither notched nor bent, its lower and posterior border ser-

255

rated. Mandible with a nearly single symphysial knob; mandi-
bulary angle more acute in small, more obtuse in older indi-
viduals. Origin of first dorsal midway between end of snout
and base of caudal or somewhat nearer to firstnamed. Its spine
equal to half length of head or somewhat longer, slightly
lower than second dorsal and anal, which both are concave.
About 20—22 praedorsal scales. Origin of first dorsal spine oppo-
site to r1th—y2th, that of second dorsal opposite to 23td—25th
lateral scale, that of anal somewhat before second dorsal.
Pectorals acute, equal to or shorter than head without snout,
reaching to about gth or roth lateral scale. Caudal deeply emar-
ginate, its upper lobe the longer. A short axillary scale above
pectorals and ventrals. Least height of caudal peduncle 2'/,—2!/,
in length of head. Greyish above, silvery below, a dark line
along each row of scales in the upper half of the body, getting
less conspicuous and shorter in the lower. half. Second dorsal,
anal, caudal and ventrals with a dusky margin; pectorals with
the outer third blackish, with a narrow whitish margin and a
dark crossband at its base. Length 430 mm.

Habitat: Java (KNER); Borneo!;New Guinea (MACLEAY). —
Red Sea, Sokotra, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, Balutchistan,
British India (river Ganges), China, Japan, Formosa, Philippines,
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk
Island, Solomon Islands, Nukahiva, Society Islands, Sandwich
Islands, Mediterranean, Atlantic coast of United States, Panama,
Southern California, Pacific Coast of of Monterey to Chili.

Note. BLEEKER mentions this species under the name of
Mugil cephalotus C.V. from Java (Samarang, Surabaya, Besuki,
Batavia) and Madura, but only in lists of fishes published in
1845, 1849 and 1850. We are not sure, that these determina-
tions were correct, as in later lists this species is mentioned
only from Madagascar and China, but not more from the Ar-
chipelago. We can’t make out if KNER (l.s.c.) really disposed
of specimens of this species from Java or if he mentions it
from Java in his article on the authority of BLEEKER.

It is an extraordinary fact, that JZ. cephalus L., known from
so many localities in tropical and temperate seas all over the
world, is very rare in the Archipelago and with any certainty
only represented in New Guinea and Borneo. Lastnamed loca-
lity is based on a specimen examined by us and preserved
in the Leiden Museum under N°. 1671. On the label is written

256

, Mugil” and underneath ,M.—Borneo”’. By ,M.” is very pro-
bably indicated S. MULLER, who collected in Borneo. —
M. cephalotus of Cantor (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850,
p. 1077) is without question not MJ. cephalotus C.V., but pro-
bably J/. planiceps C.V. as already stated by GUNTHER (Cat.
Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861 p. 419 & 428).

18. Mugil crenilabis Forsk.

Mugil crenilabis Forskal, Descript. Anim. 1775. p. 73-

Mugil cirrhostomus (Forst.) Bloch Schneider, Syst. ichth. 1801, p. 121.

Mugil crenilabis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. XI. 1836, p. 123.

> Mugil fasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 125.

Mugil crenilabis Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische 1835—1840, p. 132.

Mugil cirrhostomus Forster, Descr. anim. curante Lichtenstein, 1844, p. 198.

Mugil crenilabis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. JIT. 1859—1861, p. 458.

Mugil riippellii Giinther, ibid. p. 458.

Mugil crenilabris Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865—1867, p. 228.

Mugil crenilabis Klinzinger, Abhandl. zool,-bot. Gesellsch. Wien XX. 1870, p, $26.

Mugil crenilabris Giinther, Fische Siidsee, II. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1881, p. 219.

Mugil crenilabris Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 355 & p. 800.

Mugil crenilabis Klunzinger, Fische d. Roth. Meeres I. 1884, p. 132.

Querimana crenilabis Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur, Fish. vol. XXV. 1906, p. 218.

Liza crenilabis Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll.
vol. XXVI. No. 7, 1911, p. 258.

Mugil crenilabis de Beaufort, Bijdr. tot de Dierk. Afl. 19, Amsterdam, 1913, p. 108.

D'IV.; D?.15 8; Ac Wi1.0; Pees: V. F554 29-4 ee cae

Rostro-dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Height equal to or
somewhat less than length of head, which goes 4'/,—5 times
in total length. Eye without gelatinous membrane, 3—3'/, in
head. Interorbital space nearly flat, more than twice in length
of head and about equal to its postorbital part. Praeorbital
oblique, nearly straight, its lower border with a shallow emar-
gination, its hindborder truncate and serrated. Maxillary hidden.
Upperlip very thick, forming the frontborder of the snout, its
lower fourth with about 4 series of soft papillae, the inferior
of which are branched at their extremities; it is deeply deflected
to the rather thick lower lip, which is thickly studded with
papillae but which are wanting in the central part of the lower
lip. Origin of first dorsal, which is separated by about 20
scales from end of snout, is nearer to base of caudal than to
end of snout and opposite to about 12th or 13th scale of lateral
line. Dorsal spines rather weak, the first about equal to post-
orbital part of head, lower than second dorsal and anal, which

257

are emarginate. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 24th—25th
lateral scale and somewhat behind that of anal. Pectorals slightly
shorter than head, reaching vertical through origin of first
dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed. No enlarged
axillary scales. Greenish above, dull withe on the sides and
below. Base of pectorals superiorly with a small blackish spot.
Length 500 mm.

Habitat: Saonek!. — Red sea (Sokotra), Madagascar, An-
damans, Nicobars, Guam, Marshall Islands, Kingsmill Islands,
New Ireland, Ponape, Tahiti, Tanna, Society Islands, Paumotu
Islands, Christmas Island, Japan. |

19. Mugil macrochilus Blkr.

Mugil sp. Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes 1842, p. 81 & 82 (secundum BLEEKER l.i.c.).

Mugil macrocheilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VII. 1854, p. 43.

Mugil macrocheilos Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 280.

Mugil macrochilus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 458.
Degas Loa. ek) Se) 5, Be 20's, Navin ge” Lalh ey a.
Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex. Height 5'/, to 51/, in

total length, head somewhat obtuse, about 5?/, in total length.

Eyes nearly without gelatinous eyelid, nearly 4 times in head,

nearly twice in its postorbital part and about half of interorbital

space. Snout obtuse, projecting beyond the mouth and about
as long as the eye. Intermaxillaries much protractile; maxil-
laries nearly entirely hidden, when mouth is closed. Praeorbital
not emarginate, slightly denticulate posteriorly at its inferior
and at its truncate posterior border. Upperlip very fleshy and
broad, its inferior border with a single series of very conspi-
cuous obtuse papillae, more or less fringed or denticulated ;
lower lip with similar papillae. Symphysial knob single, quadrate.

Spinous dorsal much lower than height of body; second dorsal

slightly lower, scaly, acute, emarginate, as also anal, which is

higher and commences in the same vertical, or nearly so, as
second dorsal. Pectorals acute, as long as head with elongate
axillary scales. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes acute,

4'/, times in total length. Greenish above, silvery below; hind-

border of caudal brownish, a blackish spot superiorly at the

base of the pectorals. Length 310 mm. [After BLEEKER, not
seen by us].
Habitat: Cocos Islands ').

1) As the single known specimen, described by BLEEKER, was collected at
the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Java is erroneously named by GUNTHER.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 7

258

20. Mugil heterochilus Blkr.

Mugil heterocheilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Indié IX. 1855, p. 198; ibid.
XVI. 1858—1859, p. 280.

Mugil heterocheilos Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, 13de Bijdr.
Vischfauna Celebes, p. 57.

Mugil heterochilus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 457.

Mugil heterochilus Max Weber, Jenaische Denkschr. VIII. 1895, p. 108.

Mugil heterocheilus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 141.

DEIV: Dds = A. I1.9> Lidl. 404i ale tee:

Rostro-dorsal profile horizontal, anteriorly slightly convex.
Height somewhat more than length of head, 5 to 5'/, times
in length with caudal. Head about 5 to 5%/, times in length
with caudal'). Eye 3 or more in length of head, nearly 1'/, in
its postorbital part; no gelatinous membrane. Interorbital space
only slightly convex, nearly as broad as half length of head.
Snout slightly convex, shorter than eye. Praeorbital somewhat
emarginate, squamate, only its posterior border finely denti-
culate. Maxillary invisible or nearly so when mouth is closed.
Upper lip very thick, high, forming frontborder of snout, infe-
riorly with an indistinct series of obtuse low papillae which
may be wanting’); lower lips not papillate, emarginate at
symphysis. Symphysial knob double. Origin of first dorsal
separated from snout by 20 praedorsal scales, about midway
between end of snout and base of caudal or somewhat nearer
to caudal, opposite to 12th—1 3th Jateral scale. Dorsal spines rather
weak, longer than postorbital part of head, but lower than
second dorsal and anal, which are concave and scaly. Origin
of second dorsal opposite to 24th—25th lateral scale and somewhat
behind origin of anal. Caudal emarginate, its base scaly. Pec-
torals equal to or somewhat longer (in small specimens shorter)
than head, not reaching origin of first dorsal; an axillary
scale on pectorals is wanting or small, but present on axil of
ventrals and at base of first dorsal. Least height of caudal
peduncle less than 1'/, times in its length, nearly twice the
length of head. Silvery, olivaceous above, generally a dark
spot superiorly at base of pectorals. Fins yellowish. Length
228 mm.

1) The valuation of height and head is taken from BLEEKER’s description as
we dispose of small specimens only, less than 100 mm.

2) Their presence depends perhaps on sex or on season of rut.

259

Habitat: Java (Karangbollong, Prigi); Celebes (Klabat
diatas, Dongala!); Batjan; Ceram; Ambon!.
In sea and fresh water.

21. Mugil labiosus C.V. [Fig. 67, p. 231].

Mugil labiosus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. XI. DSsO,epe L25.

Mugil labiosus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VI. 1854, p. 213.

Mugil labiosus Bleeker, ibid. XVI. 1858—1859, p. 278.

Mugil labiosus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl, VIII. 1860, 9de Bijdr. Visch-
fauna Sumatra, p. 6.

Mugil labiosus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III, 1859—1861, p. 454.

Mugil labiosus Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool.-bot, Gesellsch. Wien, XX. 1870, p. 830. —
Fische Roth. Meeres J. 1884, p. 133.

Mugil labiosus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 357.

Mugil labiosus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 140.

DESI ODA 8s NTE. o5 3 Poo ne Me ek! bes 4— 36:3
L. tr. LI—12.

Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex or rather steep. Height
more than head, which goes less than 4—4'/, times in length
and less than 5'/, times in length with caudal. Eye without
gelatinous eyelid, 3 to 3'/, in head and twice in its postorbital
part. Interorbital space nearly flat and nearly half length of
head. Praeorbitai bone bent and emarginate, its end broadened,
truncate and finely serrated, getting more straight and obliquely
descending and less notched in old specimens. Extremity of
maxillary visible behind praeorbital, getting hidden when
mouth is closed in very aged individuals. Also the lips change
with age in fullgrown and medium sized individuals, the upper
lip is very thick and high, forming the frontborder of the
blunt snout. Near its lower margin a shallow rim or groove is
more or less conspicuous, provided with generally one row of
more or less pointed papillae, decreasing with age. Lower lip
without papillae, its symphysial knob rather high and about
double. Least height of caudal peduncle about twice in head.
Origin of spinous dorsal, separated by about 20 scales from
snout, about midway between end of snout and base of caudal or
nearer to caudal, opposite to 11th—r2th lateral scale. Its spines
of moderate strength, longer than postorbital part of head;
somewhat lower than second dorsal and anal, which both are
emarginate and scaly. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 23rd
or 24th lateral scale and to posterior half of anal. Pectorals as
long as or slightly longer than head, reaching vertical through

260

origin of first dorsal or nearly so. Caudal emarginate, scaly
at its base. Axillary scales short. Olivaceous above, silvery on

sides and below. Length
230 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Su-
matra (Benkulen, Trussan) ;
Timor; Ambon!; Biaru!;
Salibabu!. — Red Sea, An-

damans.

2. Cestraeus
Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poissons XI, 1836, p. 156).
Agonostoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus.
III. 1859—1861, p. 461 (p. p.)
[nec Agonostomus Bennett}.

Aeschrichthys Macleay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. New South Wales VIII. (1883)
1884, p. 5 & 270.

Mouth not transverse but
\ longitudinally cleft and ex-
tending on sides of snout to
below eye. Upperlip thick.
. Mandible included, its marg-
Se ASS in not sharp but rounded
y by the fleshy lower lip, on
each side provided with a
cushion-like oval prominen-

a
.
uh

ie

at
:

sy
:

om
.
ce

OF, &:
eset
Me

ce with numerous closely
set membranaceouslamellae.
A narrow band of small
true teeth in intermaxilla-
ries, which may be also pre-
sent in one series in the
mandible of young speci-
Fig. 68. Cestracus goldiei (Macl.) ™ens. Vomer with or with-
out a roundish patch of teeth

on both sides. Other exterior characters as in Mugil.
Living in rivers up to 350 M. above sea in the indo-austra-
lian Archipelago, New Guinea, Philippines, New Hebrides,

New Caledonia, (China ?).

261

Key to the indo-australian species of Cestraeus.
1, No teeth on vomer. Origin of first dorsal far behind

end of pectorals, which reach to roth lateral scale.

Heres saous DIUNE aqert et. tetas ciate sm ahs. C. plicatilis p. 261.
2. Two patches of teeth on vomer. End of snout pointed.

Pectorals ending below origin of first dorsal, oppo-

site to 12th or 13th lateral scale.

a. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 22nd—24th,

that of anal opposite to 20th—22nd lateral scale. C. goldiei p. 262.
6. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 27th—28th,

that of anal opposite to 25th lateral scale... . C. oxyrhynchus p. 263.

I. Cestraeus plicatilis C.V.

Cestraeus plicatilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XI. 1836, p. 157.
Cestraeus plicatilis Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Arch. III. (1848) 1849, p. 67. — Nat.

Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 213.
Agonostoma plicatile Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. IIT. 1859—1861, p. 461.
Agonostoma plicatile Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IV. (1871) 1872, p. 143.
Agonostoma plicatile Giinther, Fische der Siidsee II. 1876, p. 219.
Cestraeus plicatilis M. Weber & de Beaufort, in Sarasin & Roux, Nova Cale-

donia, Zoologie IJ. Livr. 1, N°. 2, 1915, p. 27.

DV. Deter 7 PALIN 894! Buea. 20V. 1.55 \ Ll. Ga. 455
fe tre, TA

Elongate, rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height nearly 4, about
4°/, in length with caudal; head bluntly pointed, nearly 4°/,,
about 5'/, in length with caudal. Eye more than 4 times in
head, twice or more in convex interorbital space, conspicuously
shorter than snout and about one third shorter than postorbital
part of head. Intermaxillaries, covered by a rather thick lip,
reaching to vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Mandible
somewhat included. Only the intermaxillaries with a row of
small teeth. Origin of first dorsal midway between end of
snout and base of caudal, separated by about 23 scales from
end of triangular patch of small scales behind upperlip and
opposite to about 14th lateral scale. Origin of second dorsal
opposite to about 23th lateral scale and about 2 scales behind
that of anal, the base of which is longer. Both fins are slightly
emarginate as also caudal. Pectorals shorter than head, their
end is separated by 4—5 scales from vertical through origin
of first dorsal. Least height of caudal peduncle about twice
in length of head and nearly one third shorter than its length.
Dark-greenish above, sides grayish, white below. Fins dark
distally. Length 325 mm.

262

Habitat: Celebes ') (Menado). — New Caledonia!, New
Hebrides, (China? after BLEEKER).
In fresh and brackish water.

2. Cestraeus goldiei (Macl.) [Figs. 68, 69, p. 260, 262].

Aeschrichthys Goldiei Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales VIII. (1883)

1884, p. 5 & 270.

Aeschrichthys goldiet Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash. 1908, p. 244.
Aeschrichthys Goldiei M. Weber & de Beaufort, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 1912, p. 135.
Cestraeus goldiei M. Weber & de Beaufort, in Sarasin & Roux, Nova Caledonia,

ZoologienluivisiwN-. 2, OLS. p. 20:

D*, IV 2. 1.8; 2A. TIL.9;- Pot. 15 Gee Ne eh icles Aare
L. tr. 13—14.

Oblong, rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height 3.7—3.8, 4—4.8
in length with caudal; head nearly 4—4.4, 4.7—5.5 in length
with caudal. Eye 6.4 to 7 times in head
2'/, to nearly 4 times in the strongly
convex interorbital space, about 3 times
in postorbital part of head and about
2'|, times in length of pointed prominent
snout. Intermaxillaries with a thick;
fleshy lip, reaching to below or behind
pupil. Mandible deeply included. Two
series of teeth on intermaxillaries and
a patch of teeth on each side of vomer.
Origin of first dorsal nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal, separated
by 22 to 23 scales from patch of small
scales behind upperlip and opposite to
11th or 12th lateral scale. Origin of
second dorsal opposite to 22nd or 24th

Fig. 69. Cestraeus goldiei :
i SOs sathcad “lateral scale and 2 scales behind that

Ventral surface of head to Of anal, the base of which is longer.
show the mandible included Both fins are deeply emarginate as

in the upper jaws with their

: } also caudal. Pectorals about as long
thickened lips.

as head, reaching to vertical through
origin of first dorsal or surpassing it. Least height of caudal
peduncle somewhat shorter than its length and equal to head

1) In the collection of BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum are 3 specimens of
this species from the Archipelago but without indication of the locality.

263

without its postorbital part. Grayish above, whitish below,
Length 410 mm.
Habitat: Timor (river Noil Bidjeli 350 M. above sea!); New
Guinea (river Goldie!).— Philippines (JORDAN & RICHARDSON).
In rivers.

Note. This diagnosis is drawn after our specimens from
Timor, after a specimen in BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden
Museum, found by Miss Dr. C. POPTA in a bottle together
with two specimens of C. oxyrhynchus C.V. and accordingly
labelled and after a cotype of MACLEAY of 410 mm. length,
which we received from the Australian Museum through the
kind intervention of Mr. Mc CULLOCH. Our thanks are due to
the Trustees and the Director of the Australian Museum.

3. Cestraeus oxyrhynchus C.V.

Cestraeus oxyrhyncus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XI. 1836, p. 162.

Cestraeus oxyrhynchos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IX. 1855, p. 307.

Cestraeus oxyrhynchus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl, VIII. 1860, Negende
Bijdr. Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 9.

Agonostoma oxyrhynchum Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 461.

Agonostoma oxyrhynchus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, Il. 1865, p. 191. —
Ibid. p. 291.

DUiv; D*- 1. 8; A. ITI, >—10; P. 2.16—17; V. 1.5; Ll. 42—as;
Te tra:

Elongate; rostro-dorsal profile convex. Height 3.7—4 in
length; 4.8—5 in length with caudal; head slightly shorter
than height. Eye about 4'/, times in head, about twice in strongly
convex interorbital space and in postorbital part of head and
about. 1.5 times in the pointed snout. Intermaxillaries covered
by thick, fleshy lips, reaching to about middle of eye. Man-
dible included. Teeth in intermaxillaries anteriorly in two,
posteriorly irregularly in three series. A roundish patch of teeth
on each side of vomer. Origin of first dorsal nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal, separated by 23 to 24 scales
from patch of small scales behind upperlip and opposite to
13th lateral scale. Origin of second dorsal opposite to 27th or
28th scale of lateral line and two or three scales behind that
of anal, its base and height longer than those of second dorsal ;
both fins are strongly emarginate as also caudal. Pectorals
less than one eye-diameter shorter than head, reaching to

264

vertical through origin of first dorsal or nearly so. Olivaceous
above, silvery below. Length 390 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Padang); Sumbawa '); Celebes
(Sawangan, Menado, Klabat di atas); Buton '); Ambon; Ceram;
Batjan.

Note. This diagnosis is drawn after the type of C. oxy-
rhynchus C.V. in the Paris Museum and after 2 specimens in
BLEEKER’s collection in the Leiden Museum. We have to thank
Dr. J. PELLEGRIN and Miss Dr. C. PopTa for their valuable
informations about these specimens.

3. Myxus Giinther.
(GUNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 466).

Snout pointed. Mouth not transverse but longitudinally cleft
on sides of snout but not reaching orbit. Upperlip not fleshy,
anterior margin of mandible sharp, lower lip thin without a
lamellated apparatus. Well developed teeth in a single row
on intermaxillaries, sometimes also on mandible; minute teeth
on vomer and palatines. Other exterior characters not differing
from those of Mugzl and Cestraeus.

Living along the coast and in fresh water of Eastern and
Western Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk
Island, Cook Island, Makatea.

Of this australian and pacific genus

Myxus cf. elongatus Gthr.

is quoted by E. VON MARTENS (Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, 1876,
p. 310) from Singapore.

We suppose that this is erroneus, though it may be possible,
that Myxus elongatus Gthr. may be found in New Guinea or
the Aru Islands.

1) According to Miss Dr. C. Popra, after material from the Elbert-expedition.
She has been so kind to give us also valuable information about the specimens
of BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum. The seven examples are contained in two
bottles. By examining them one example of 220 mm. length showed the characters
of C. goldiei, as remarked on page 263.

205

APPENDIX.

In their valuable “Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Java,
made by Owen Bryant and William Palmer in 1909, with
description of a new species’ Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum Vol. 42,
1912, p- 596, BARTON A. BEAN & ALFRED C, WEED give .
the following description: Jale ‘

Agonostomus bryanti Bean and Weed, new species >
“Two specimens, 51 mm. long. Pelaboean Ratoe, Wynkoop’ Si Q
Bay, October, 19009. Plas te

“We are informed that there are many small mountain streams ~~ ’ H uM
flowing into the bay and it is probable that these fish were Ne 4 ea
taken from one of these. 7 oS

‘Heat, 3/5; cepth, 4.7 snout, 5"/,;. eye, 3°/,;. 1. VI, Vy iia
A. III, 8; scales 26—2g in horizontal series, the specimens being a ayy,
in such condition that it is practically impossible to make an cia
accurate count. Teeth in a villiform patch in each jaw, the
outer row considerably enlarged. The teeth in the inner rows
are so small that they can not be detected by the use of a
dissecting needle but are plainly visible under the microscope.
Looking directly down on their ends they look like minute
papillae. Papillae of similar appearance are visible in all parts
of the roof of the mouth of the cotype, being especially crowded
on the head of the vomer. The teeth of the outer row are
strong, conical abruptly recurved and, perhaps, slightly flattened
at the tip. In Agonostomus monticola the teeth in the jaws are
all recurved, with the tip flattened, spoon-shaped, bicuspid or
tricuspid. A careful inspection will show all types in the same jaw.

“Mouth very small, oblique, the lower jaw strongly pro--
jecting. The maxillary does not reach front of eye.

“Caudal rounded; soft dorsal opposite anal and similar to
it but with slightly shorter base.

“Scales ctenoid, a single row of teeth on the edge of each.
In Agonostomus monticola there are from three to six rows of
fine teeth on the outer edge of each scale. An unidentified
specimen of ¥oturus has the entire exposed surface of the
scale closely covered with fairly strong teeth.

“This species differs from all other species of Agonostomus
of which we can find any description in the small number of

266

scales. The mouth, also, is smaller and directed more upward
than in others. The teeth are apparently larger than A. monticola.

“Color in alcohol uniform pale brownish.

“The dorsal fins were apparently black in life.’” UA

In their last sentence the authors themself draw already
the attention on the characters in which this species, of which
they give a figure, differs from all other species of Agonostoma.

We doubt the correctness, that it is an Agonostoma, as in
that genus, at least in the indo-pacific species, the upper lip
is thick, the mandible covered with a thick, callous, trenchant
lower lip, the mouth is nearly horizontal, the lower jaw is
never projecting but more or less included. The ventrals
are more abdominal than in the figure; the pectorals falci-
form, inserted much higher; the caudal emarginate. We even
doubt that the described species belongs to the Mugzlidae
at all, as the first dorsal has five spines instead of four, as
in all Mugilidae; as the ventrals have, according to the figure,
one spine and 4 rays, while in all M/ugzlzdae the ventrals have
J. 5. Further on account of the character of the caudal peduncle,
of the pectorals and their base, of the construction of the
operculum, which are different from those of the Mugzlidae.

We suppose that some mistake must have taken place. The
figure has a superficial likeness with Carasszops.

4. Fam. ATHERINIDAE.

More or less elongate, subcylindrical or somewhat compressed,
covered with cycloid or ctenoid scales of moderate or small
size. No lateral line but the posterior lateral scales may have
a pit or a rudimentary tube; a silvery band along the sides,
sometimes underlaid by black pigment. Eyes lateral, without
gelatinous eyelids. Cleft of mouth moderate, extending to or
beyond anterior margin of eye. Mouth usually terminal, more or
less oblique; intermaxillaries more or less protractile, maxil-
laries without supplemental bone. Jaws equal or not. Teeth
usually small, on jaws, also on vomer, palatines and pterygoids
where they may be wanting. First dorsal with 4—8 weak
spines or 4—5 undivided rays or I spine and 3—6 undivided
rays, only in one genus 5 strong spines. It is situated before,
opposite to or behind anus. Second dorsal removed from first,

267

opposite to anal, which is usually longer, has a single weak
spine but resembles it otherwise. Ventral fins small, usually
abdominal. Pelvic bones connected by ligament to the cleithra.
Pectorals moderate or small, inserted high up. Caudal emar-
ginate. Third and fourth superior pharyngeals of each side
anchylosed, bearing teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. No
filtering apparatus. Gillopenings wide. Gillmembranes not con-
nected, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Gillrakers
usually long and slender. Vertebrae numerous, 32—60.

Carnivorous fishes of small size, often living in shoals along
the coasts of tropical and temperate seas, some entering rivers,
other living only in fresh water.

Synopsis of the indo-australian Atherinidae.

I. Origin of anal far distant from first dorsal.
1. Vent about in middle of distance between snout
and caudal. Origin of first dorsal above, slightly
before or behind vent. Caudal peduncle as long
as or longer than anal. More than 12 long slender
gillrakers. A. I. 1o—18 (indo-australian species of) A¢herina p. 268.
2. Vent in posterior half of distance between snout
and caudal. Origin of first dorsal before vent,
its hindborder above it. Caudal peduncle longer
than anal, about 10 very short and thick gill-
FRCL SoA eel Sol Obie. tis; elie ot Gh se tens. lo) -et fonts Craterocephalus p. 277.
II. Origin of anal only slightly behind first dorsal.
1. Vent in posterior half of distance between snout
and caudal. Origin of first dorsal before vent.
Caudal peduncle shorter than anal. 15—-20 long
geilleakerss Ale ls ir Tste ye ae cat sirepiat ot tee «fetta, 4 Telmatherina p. 278.
III. Origin of anal at least before hindborder of first dorsal.
I. Vent in posterior half of distance between snout
and caudal. Origin of first dorsal above or be-
hind vent. Caudal peduncle as long as or longer
than anal. A. I. 9—12. Small, elongate. .... Pseudomugil p. 282.
2. Vent in anterior half of distance between snout
and caudal. Origin of first dorsal somewhat
before, generally behind vent, its hindborder
always behind it. Caudal peduncle shorter than

“ay ak ops il Gi tly 2 10) TR ern Melanotaeniinae p. 286.

268

1. Atherina (Artedi) Linné.
(Linné, Syst. nat. ed. Xa. 1758, p. 315).

Physoclistic; more or less elongate, subcylindrical or com-
pressed; covered with cycloid or ctenoid scales of moderate
or small size. No perforated lateral line. A silvery band along
the side, sometimes underlaid by black pigment. Head flattened
above. Eyes lateral, well developed, without a gelatinous eyelid.
A pair of not widely separated nostrils between snout and
eye. A spinous dorsal of 5 to 8 more or less flexible spines,
situated before or opposite to anus. It is entirely separated

AKMAXAA A?
ROO

Fig. 70. Atherina valenciennesi Blkr, n.s.

from the second dorsal, which is formed by branched rays.
Anal with a weak spine; usually longer than the soft dorsal,
which it otherwise resembles. Ventral fins abdominal, small,
with a spine and 5 branched rays. Pectorals moderate or small,
inserted high up. Jaws about equal. Cleft of mouth straight,
terminal, oblique, moderate, extending to or beyond anterior
margin of eye, bordered by mandibles and intermaxillaries,
which may be protractile; the maxillaries are excluded. Teeth
usually small, on jaws, also on vomer, palatines and pterygoids,
where they may be, wanting. Vertebrae with the parapo-
physis co-ossified with the centra; numerous: 32 to 60. Parietals
present; no splenial; pterotic not reaching basioccipital. Gill-
openings wide, gillmembranes not connected, free from isthmus;
5 or 6 branchiostegal rays. Four gills, a slit behind the fourth.

Carnivorous fishes of small size, living in shoals in temperate
and tropical seas near the coast, in brackish water, several
species even entering fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian species of Atherina.

I. Origin of first dorsal about opposite to anus, which
is situated 1 or 2 scales behind tip of ventrals.
Vertical through origin of first dorsal much nearer

to? basev of ventrals, than tovanmallse-eeeionce eines <1 A. temmincki p. 269.

260

II. Anus conspicuously before first dorsal; situated be-
tween ventrals, at least between their tip. Vertical
through origia of first dorsal nearer to anal than to
base of ventrals,

I. Pectorals 5 times or less in total length. Tip of

ventrals reaching vertical through origin of first

dorsal. That vertical separated from vertical through L). p/n Wve

anus by 3 scales. Lateral scales 34—36..... 4 A Rea abr Wc) p. 270.
2. Pectorals more than 5 times in total length. Tip 7. 9. 2 >

of ventrals only by exception reaching vertical

through origin of first dorsal.

a. Vertical through anus and vertical through 4 VDA,

origin of first dorsal separated by 7—8 scales. A. valenciennesi p. 272.

6, Vertical through anus and vertical through , 20 D p,-
QAM 7) A,

e origin of first dorsal separated by 3—4 scales. ~
w, Lateral scales 42—45. Origin of first dorsal
opposite to 15th (16th) scale, that of second

dorsal opposite to 25th (26th) scale. Anus § 4 y,_hQ1b<
opposite to 12th—r4th scale. ....... A. forsk&li p- 274.
@. Lateral scales 35— 40. Origin of first dorsal ae Le
opposite to 13th—r14th scale, that of second e
dorsal opposite to 21st—23rd scale. Anus
opposite to 9th—1oth scale.........2 A. duodecimalis p. 275.

J 6 Bi y(
t. Atherina temmincki Blkr.

> Atherina brachypterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié H. 1851, p. 243.
Atherina Temminckii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. V. 1853, p. 506.
Atherina Temmincki Jordan & Seale, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash. XXVIII.

1905, P: 774-
>? Atherina uisila Jordan & Seale, Bull, Bur. Fish. Wash. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 216.
Atherina temminckii Evermann & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash, XX VI. 1906, p. 59.
Atherina Temminckii Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 135.
Atherina temmincki Max Weber, Revision indo-austr. Art, v. Atherina, Zoolog.
Mededeel. Mus. Leiden VI. 1921, p. 52.

D'. VI; D?. I—II. 8—g; A. II. to—11; V. I. 5; P. I—II, 15—17;
L.l. 40—44; L.tr. 6.

Somewhat cylindrical, back broad, flat, breadth of trunk
equal to or somewhat less than its height. Height 6'/, to nearly
8 in total length. Head 4.5 to slightly more than 5 in total
length; pointed, its upper surface nearly flat and rectilinear ;
jaws equal; mouth small; maxillary obliquely ascending, rea-
ching frontborder of eye; snout much shorter than eye, about
3.8—4 times in head. Eye 2.5 to less than thrice in head,

270

equal to or shorter than interorbital space and about equal
to postorbital part of head. Origin of first dorsal opposite to
14th, usually 15th scale, and about opposite to anus; its vertical
much nearer to origin of ventrals than to that of anal. Anus
about 1 or 2 scales distant from end of ventrals. Origin of
second dorsal opposite to (25th) 26th scale and to first '/, of
anal; its distance from origin of first dorsal somewhat shorter
than length of head; both fins separated by 7 interdorsal
scales. There are 17—19, usually 18 scales between first dorsal
and occiput. Pectorals 6.6 to 7.7 in total length, their tip
reaching 8th or gth scale. Distance of origin of second dorsal
from root of caudal equal to or somewhat longer than head.
Scales entire. Caudal peduncle measured behind second dorsal
about */, of length of head. About 21—22 gillrakers on lower
limb of first arch, the longest somewhat shorter than pupil.
Teeth in jaws very small and in narrow bands, those on vomer,
palatines and pterygoids more conspicuous and stronger. Lateral
band silvery, about 1'/, times as broad as pupil, its upper
border with a blackish hue; the scales above it with bluish
email-coloured points on a dark ground; they may be con-
fluent along the border of the scales; fins hyaline, the upper
border of the pectorals and the caudal with a dark hue. Length
100 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].
Habitat: Pulu Weh!; Sumatra (Priaman); Pulu Babi (Telok
Berandang!); Java (Batavia); Island Kawassang (Paternoster
Islands!); Flores!; Adonare!; Timor; Sumba!; Celebes (Ma-
kassar, Badjoa, Menado); Saleyer!; Siao!; Ternate; Gisser!;
Ceram (Kawa!); Island Fau near Gebe!; Kei Islands (Tual!);
Kur Island!. — Philippines, *Samoa (Atherina uisila Jordan
& Seale). é

2, Atherina eendrachtensis Q. & G. !), —/Y"

Atherina endrachtensis Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de Freycinet, Zoologie 1824, p. 334.

Atherina endrachtensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons X. 1835, p. 456.
? Atherina bimanensis Bleeker, Journ. Indian Archipelago II. 1848, p. 637 2).

1) We have changed the original specific name e2drachtensis in een drach-
fensis, as it is derived from the old dutch name “het land Eendracht” for Australia;
endrachtensis does not belong to any language.

2) The type of this species is lost and the diagnosis very incomplete, but it
contains characters, which make it possible, that it was based on a specimen or
specimens of 4. eendrachtensis (Q.G. (see M. Weber, Revision etc. I. s.c. p. 46).

ra
|
{

: VLAD

21

_ Atherina endrachtensis Bleeker, Arch. néerl, sc, nat. Haarlem XIII. 1878, p. 53
(name only).

Atherina endrachtensis Sauvage, in Grandidier, Hist. nat. Madagascar XVI.
Poissons 1891, p. 406.

? Atherina endrachtensis Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Har-
vard College XXVI. No. 7, 1911, p. 254").

Atherina eendrachtensis Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie Fische, 1913, p. 136.

Atherina endrachtensis de Beaufort, Bijdr. Dierkunde Afl. 19, Amsterdam 1913, p. 106.

Atherina eendrachtensis Max Weber, Revision indo-austr. Art. vy. Atherina, Zoolog.
Mededeel. Mus. Leiden VI. 1921, p. 47.

PV Vig Dadi 78 jh AIL 9 125(P. 1.143 Val 5,
L. 1. 34—36 et parvi; L. tr. 6.

Compressed, height about 5 to 5.5 times in total length.
Head and anterior part of back stout, flattened, broad, its
breadth above pectorals about ?/,, shorter than height on that
place. Head 4.2 to 4.5 in total length, 3.2 to 3.7 times in
length without caudal; its upper surface broad, flat, even slightly
concave, rectilinear to broad, blunt snout, which is shorter
than half length of eye; mouth small, upper jaw somewhat
prominent, maxillary obliquely ascending, nearly reaching verti-
cal through frontborder of pupil. Eye about 2.3 to 2.5 in head,
equal to interorbital space but longer than postorbital part
of head. Origin of first dorsal opposite to 12th, usually 13th
scale, in small specimens midway between root of caudal and
anterior part of pupil. With increasing length the anterior end
of that measurement is shifted backward to hindborder of eye,
so that finally the origin of the first dorsal is midway between
hindborder of eye and root of caudal’). The vertical through
that origin is much nearer to anal than to base of ventrals.
Origin of second dorsal opposite to 20th scale and to anterior
third of anal. Anus opposite to gth, usually 1oth scale, 3 scales
before vertical through origin of first dorsal, situated between
posterior half to ultimate quarter of ventrals, the tips of which
reach the said vertical or nearly so. Origin of first dorsal
from that of second dorsal a distance contained about 1.7 to

1) The authors unite under this species a number of specimens from Fiji,
Caroline and Marshall Islands. Of some of them a few characteristics are notified ;
these specimens certainly do not belong to evdrachtensis Q.G. but possibly to
A, temminchi Blkr. But the descriptions are too incomplete to settle this question.

2) As in A. duodecimalis, we suppose that in the short synopsis given by
SAUVAGE (l.c. p. 406) of the species of A¢herina, in the Paris Museum “bord
postérieur de loeil” stands for “bord antérieur”.

272

1.8 times in length of head. Both fins are separated by §
(by exception 6) interdorsal scales. There are 16 scales between
first dorsal and occiput. Distance of origin of second dorsal
from dorsal root of caudal shorter than head. Pectorals falcate,
4.5 to 4.8 in total length; their tip reaching gth to 12th, usually
‘roth scale. Caudal peduncle, measured behind dorsal, about
equal to half length of head. Scales entire, in old specimens
somewhat crenulated. About 23 gillrakers on lower limb of
first arch, the longest about '/, the length of the eye. Teeth
in jaws in a rather broad band, its breadth increasing with
age, they are relatively strong on vomer, palatines and ptery-
goids. Silvery lateral band usually rather narrow and dorsally
bordered with black, which may be as broad as the silvery
band below it. In the middle of the lateral band a longitudinal
series of diffuse dark brown dots, one on each succeeding
scale; a second series in the ventral border of the silvery
band or somewhat below it and reaching lower surface of
caudal peduncle; a third series, still shorter, about one scale
below the second series. Scales above the lateral band dusky
and more or less edged with dark brown, more pronounced
on median and anterior part of back and on upper surface
of head; tip of snout and of mandible dusky. Base of pectorals
and their upper half dusky as also the other fins, especially
the caudal. Length 116 mm.

Habitat: Nias!; Sailus ketjil (Paternoster Islands!); Sum-
bawa!; Celebes (Menado!); Island Biaru!; Ceram!; Banda!;
Aru Islands (Dobo!) ; Waigeu!; New Guinea [VALENCIENNES]. —
South West Australia.

Note. This species is widely distributed through the Ar-
chipelago. It was therefore remarkable that BLEEKER had not
received it from one of the many places wherefrom he got
collections. Apparently he did not recognise it; for the Museum
of Amsterdam possesses two badly preserved specimens from
BLEEKER’s collection named by him Azh. duodecimalis C. V.
which really belong to Ach. eendrachtensis.

3. Atherina valenciennesi Blkr. '). [Fig. 70, p. 268].

Atherina Valenciennei Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié V. 1853, p. 507.
Atherina Valenciennesi Bleeker, ibid. XX. 1859—1860, p. 203.

1) BLEEKER himself corrected the wrongly spelt specific name “ Valenciennei”
and altered it in “Valenciennes”,

4
273

Atherina Valenciennesii Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 136.
Atherina valenciennesi Max Weber, Revision indo-austr. Art. v. Atherina, Zoolog.
Mededeel. Mus. Leiden VI. 1921, p. 52.

Bev — Vi; D* i 7— 85 A 1; P.T..13—14; V. 1.5;
Pale AI — 43:3 Ltr. 6s

Compressed, its greatest breadth about 1'/, times in its
height, which goes 6!/, times or somewhat more in total length.
Head 5.3—5.8 in total length, pointed; its upper surface nearly
flat, anteriorly only slightly declivous, jaws equal; mouth small;
maxillary strongly ascending, reaching frontborder of eye or
slightly passing it. Snout much shorter than eye, somewhat
more or less than 4 times in head. Eyes 2.3 to nearly 3; equal
to or shorter than interorbital space, which has a large thin
scale; postorbital part of head about equal to eye. Origin of
first dorsal opposite to 15th or 16th scale, its vertical much
nearer to anal than to origin of ventrals and nearer to base
of caudal than to end of snout, 3 to 4 scales distant from
tips of ventrals and (6) 7 to 8 scales behind anus. Origin of
second dorsal opposite to 24th, 25th or 26th scale, its distance
from origin of first dorsal contained 1.2 to 1.3 in length of
head; both fins separated by 5 to 6 interdorsal scales. Anus
opposite to 8th or roth scale and situated in anterior third or
in middle of length of ventrals. Pectorals 5.7—6.6 in total length,
their tip reaching 9th or 1oth scale, reaching therefore or sur-
passing vertical through anus. Distance of origin of second
dorsal from caudal about '/, of length of head longer than
that length. Length of caudal peduncle measured behind second
dorsal equal to head without snout or somewhat longer. Scales
crenulated. About 18—2o scales between first dorsal and inter-
orbital space. About 22 gillrakers on lower limb of first arch,
their greatest length somewhat less than pupil. Teeth very
small in bands on jaws, vomer, pterygoids and palatines. Lateral
band silvery, black above; occupying nearly the entire third
series of scales. The scales above it with black points, espe-
cially the median series of back and the neighbouring series
of scales with black edges and longitudinal markings. Caudal
dusky, with a diffuse blackish border. Length 95 mm. [Speci-
mens of BLEEKER’s collection seen by us}.

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Padang); Java (Batavia!,
Samarang!, Surabaia!, Pekalongan!, Panarukan!, Karang Bol-

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 18

274

long); Borneo (Kota Baru!, Balik-papan !); Celebes (Makassar !);
Flores!; Biaru Island!.

4. Atherina forskali Riipp.

Atherina Forskalii Riippell, Neue Wirbelth. Fische 1835, p. 132.

Atherina forskéli Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. (1849) 1850, p. 1085.

Atherina lacunosa Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié V. 1853, p. 504.

Atherina pinguis Bleeker, Acta Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerland. VIII. 1860, 8ste Bijdr.
vischfauna Sumatra, p. 84.

>? Atherina forskalii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, HI. 1859—1861, p. 397.

Atherina pinguis Klunzinger, Abh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien XX. 1870,

p- 833 (p-p-).
Atherina forskali Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 345.
Atherina Forskalii Klunzinger, Fische d. Roth. Meeres 1884, p. 130.
? Atherina forskalii Seale, Philippine Journ. of Sc. V. No. 4, 1910, p. 268.
Atherina Forskali Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 134.
Atherina forskali Jordan & Hubbs, Ann. Carnegie Mus. Vol. XI. Nos. 3 & 4,

1917, p. 462.
Atherina forskali Max Weber, Revision indo-austr. Arten v. Atherina, Zoolog.
Mededeel. Mus. Leiden VI. 1921, p. 47.

Dio; Dt 118 5 A. TL ere Pie a ie eet
42—45; L.tr. 6. .

Compressed, its greatest breadth about 1'/, times in its height.
Height 4.7 to 6.4 times in total length, according to size.
Head 4.3 to 4.9 in total length, pointed, its upper surface
flattened but slightly convex in interorbital part, wherefrom
it is decidedly declivous to point of snout. Mouth compara-
tively large, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to below
pupil or nearly so. Snout much shorter than eye, more or
less than 4 times in head. Eye 2.5—2.7, about equal to post-
orbital part of head and to interorbital space. Origin of first
dorsal opposite to 15th, by exception to 16th scale, midway or
somewhat nearer to root of caudal than to frontborder of eye;
its vertical much nearer to anal than to base of ventrals, and
about 2 scales behind anus. Origin of second dorsal opposite
to 24th to 26th, usually to 25th scale and to about end of
anterior third of anal; its distance from origin of first dorsal
contained 1.3 to 1.6 in head. Both fins are separated by 6 to
8, usually 7 interdorsal scales. Distance of origin of second
dorsal from caudal equal to or longer than head. Length of
caudal peduncle, measured dorsally, shorter than distance from
point of snout to hindborder of eye, about twice in length
of head. Pectorals 5.3 to 6.5 in total length; their tips reaching

275

8th, oth or usually roth scale. Anus opposite to 12th or 14th,
usually to 13th scale, situated between tips of ventrals or imme-
diately behind their end, about 2 scales before vertical through
first dorsal. Scales entire or somewhat sinuated, about 18 to
20 between first dorsal and head, a very large and rounded
one on interorbital space, behind it a longitudinal one on
nape. About 20 gillrakers on lower limb of first arch, the
longest about equal to half length of eye. Teeth in rather
broad bands on jaws, pterygoids, palatines and vomer. Sides
of head and lower surface of body silvery, not sharply defined
from the broad silvery lateral band, the upper part of which
shows an indistinct dark band. Above it the scales have broad
brown borders and brown points. Fins dusky, usually more
pronounced on hindborder of caudal; upper half of pectorals
often with blackish points. Upper surface of head more or less
blackish as also ventral border of lower jaw. Length 130 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Simalur!; Pulu Babi
(Telok Berandang!); Sumatra (Olehleh!, Pulu Pangang!, Trussan,
Padang, Benkulen); Java (Samarang!, Batavia); Bawean Island ;
Kawassang (Paternoster Islands!); Bali; Celebes (Makassar!,
Bonthain, Badjoa, Menado!); Flores: (South coast!); Sumba
(South coast!); Timor; Buton!; Ternate; Ambon!; Kajoa!; Obi
major!; Banda!; Island Fau near Gebe!; Aru Islands!; Waigeu
(Saonek!); Goram Islands; New Guinea. — Red Sea, Zanzibar,
Madagascar, Mauritius, Nicobars, Andamans, Pinang, Tonkin,
Philippines, New Caledonia (?), New Hebrides(?), Aneiteum (°).

5. Atherina duodecimalis (C.V.) Blkr.

> Atherina duodecimalis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, X. 1835, p. 458.

Atherina duodecimalis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851, p. 485.

Atherina duodecimalis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 400.

? Atherina duodecimalis Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 345.

Atherina duodecimalis Sauvage, Hist. nat. Madagascar XVI. Poissons 1891, p. 406.

? Atherina duodecimalis Bean & Weed, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash, 42, 1912, p. 596.

Atherina pinguis Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 135.

Atherina duodecimalis Max Weber, ibid, p. 136.

Atherina duodecimailis de Beaufort, Bijdr. Dierkunde Afl, 19, Amsterdam 1913,p. 105.

Atherina temminckii de Beaufort, l.c. (p. p.).

Atherina duodecimalis Max Weber, Revision indo-austr. Arten v. Atherina, Zoolog,
Mededeel. Mus. Leiden VI. tg21, p. 47.

D'. V—VI; D?. Il. 8(I.9); A. I. 9—12 (13); P.1.13—15;
L.l. 35—38 (40); L.tr. 6.

276

Compressed, its greatest breadth about 1'/, times in its height.
Height 5.4—6 in total length, less than 4 times without caudal.
Head 4.3—4.6 in total length, bluntly pointed, its upper sur-
face flat, slightly declivous. Mouth rather small, lower jaw
somewhat prominent, strongly ascending, reaching to frontborder
of eye or somewhat passing it. Snout short, about half length
of eye, more than 4 times in head. Eye 2.2—2.4, conspicu-
ously longer than postorbital part of head and interorbital space,
which is somewhat concave. Origin of first dorsal opposite to
13th or 14th scale, about in the middle between frontborder of
eye and caudal; its vertical 3—4 scales behind anus and much
nearer to anal than to base of ventrals. Origin of second
dorsal opposite to 21st to 23'4 scale and to about the first '/,
of anal; its distance from origin of first dorsal 1.5 to 1.7
times in length of head. Both fins are separated by 5 inter-
dorsal scales. Distance of origin of second dorsal from caudal
longer than head. Length of caudal peduncle measured behind
dorsal, longer than head. Pectorals more than 5 to 6 times
in total length; their tips reaching goth or toth scale. Anus
opposite to goth or roth scale, situated in middle or past middle
of length of ventrals, their end reaching vertical through first
dorsal or nearly so. Scales entire or some of them slightly
indentated; about 16 to 17 before first dorsal and usually
2 large ones on interorbital space and occiput. About 20 gill-
rakers; the longest equal to half length of eye. Teeth in
rather narrow bands on jaws, palatines, pterygoids and vomer.
In alcohol yellowish brown, with a silvery hue below the
lateral silvery band, the upper part of which is transparent
darkish. The scales above it have a lighter or darker margin
of different breadth, formed by more or less numerous dark
brown points. Fins more or less dusky, especially the caudal
and the base of the pectorals. Length 97 mm. [Specimens of
BLEEKER’s collection seen by us].

Nom.indig.: Lumbungan (Batavia); Kaluna (Saparua).

Habitat: Singapore; Pulu Weh!; Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra
(Benkulen, Telok Betong, Trussan, Padang); Riouw Archipelago;
Banka; Biliton; Natuna-Islands; Java (Batavia!) ; Bawean Island;
Borneo (Kota baru!); Bali; Lombok; Sumbawa; Sumba!;
Flores!; Adonare!; Celebes (Makassar!, Bonthain, Menado);
Buton!; Timor (South coast!); Ambon!; Ceram!; Batjan; Ter-

277

nate; Waigeu!; Goram Island; Saparua Island; Aru Islands};

New Guinea (Doreh). — Ceylon.

2. Craterocephalus
Mc Culloch.

(Mc CuLLocn, Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland
XXIV. 1912, p. 48.

Jorpan & Huss, Stanford University Pu-
blications, 1919, p. 44).

Elongate, somewhat compres-
sed. Mouth very small, oblique,
bordered by intermaxillaries; the
maxillaries behind them, not rea-
ching frontborder of eye. Inter-
maxillaries very protractile,
straight. Very small teeth in both
jaws, none on palate. First dorsal
with 6—8 flexible spines, its origin
well behind that of ventrals, se-
cond dorsal with one spine and
7—g rays. Anal with a weak
spine and 8—1o soft rays, its
origin somewhat in advance of
that of second dorsal. Ventrals
with a slender spine and 5 soft
rays. Pectorals inserted rather
high up, above the middle of the
height of the body. Caudal forked.
Scales smooth or somewhat crenu-
lated behind, rather large, 31—39
between head and caudal, extend-
ing to between eyes on the head.
Cheeks and operculum scaly.
Lateral line absent or scales
pierced by a simple pore. Gill-
rakers very short, thick, pointed,
about ten on lower limb of first
arch. Gillmembranes free from
isthmus and from each other.
Vertebrae 37.

Fig. 71. Craterocephalus nouhuysi
(M. Weber) X 1.2.

Distribution: Freshwater of Australia. One species in

Southern New Guinea.

278

1. Craterocephalus nouhuysi (M. Web.). |Fig. 71, p. 277].

Atherinichthys Nouhuysi Max Weber; Notes Leyden Mus. XXXII. 1910, p. 229. —
Nova Guinea IX. Zool. Livr. 4, 1913, p- 555.

Craterocephalus nouhuysi Jordan & Hubbs, Stanford University Publications, 1919,
p- 46 (name only).

D647; D2, 18297 A. 1. rox: Pos 5ah Ver esa
36—39; L. tr.7'/,—9'/».

Elongate, somewhat compressed, belly before ventrals more
flattened, back and head somewhat rounded. Height 4—4.3,
4.6—5.4 in length with caudal. Head 3.6—4.1, 4.5—5.2 in
length with caudal. Eye about 3.5, shorter than snout and
almost 1.5 in rounded interorbital space, which is about equal
to postorbital part of head. Mouth small, oblique. Intermaxil-
laries very protractile, almost straight. Mawillaries broadened
in their proximal part; almost entirely covered by the prae-
orbital when the mouth is closed. Lips somewhat swollen. Very
fine teeth on the inner side of the jaws. Palate edentulous.
One row of large scales on praeoperculum. Operculum scaly.
14—17 scales before dorsal. The scales reach to between eyes.
Origin of first dorsal well behind that of ventrals. Origin of
second dorsal somewhat behind that of anal. Pectorals as long
as or somewhat longer than head without snout. Caudal forked.
Colour of alcohol specimens yellowish brown, lighter below.
A silvery lateral band from head to caudal. Sometimes a dark
blotch at base of caudal. Fins hyaline. Length 120 mm.

Habitat: Southern New Guinea (Lorentz river and its
tributaries !).

Fresh water.

3. Telmatherina Boulenger.
(BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1897, p. 428).

Compressed, more or less elongate. Mouth small, oblique,
bordered by intermaxillaries and mandibles. Intermaxillaries
with a gentle curve, the symphysial part more or less expanded
horizontally. Maxillaries rodlike, hidden below praeorbital when
the mouth is closed. Small, pointed teeth on intermaxillaries
and mandibles. None on palate. Teeth on tongue. First dorsal
consisting of 4—7 simple flexible rays, its origin slightly behind
that of ventrals. Second dorsal with one simple ray and 8—11
branched rays, its origin slightly behind that of anal. Anal

279

with a feeble spine and 11—13 branched rays. Ventrals with
a weak spine and 5 rays situated far behind origin of pectorals.
Pectorals without spine. Caudal forked. Anus below first dorsal,
at some distance before anal. Scales cycloid, with faint crenula-
tions at their hindborder. Lateral line absent, indicated by
some of the scales having a pit. Gillmembranes freejfrom

(

isthmus and from each other. 15-—20 gillrakers on lower branch
of first arch, slender, denticulated, almost as long as gillfringes.

Distribution: Lakes Matano and Towuti in the interior
Om Celebes:

Fig. 72. Telmatherina celebensis Blgr. XX 1.4.

Key to the indo-australian species of Telmatherina.

A. Snout equal to or shorter than eye. Less elongate, when
specimens of equal length are compared.

1. A. J.13—15. L. tr. 7!/.—8. Pectorals as long as

heads without snouts, sr ewer erie) sue ses)» = T. celebensis p. 279.
2. A. lx1. L.tr. 61/,. Pectorals shorter than head
WiILHOULRSMOL Emam) .. Mrsll <Maw/onl hem chlsice 1. ooosi ie! «Mayyarite T. bonti p. 280.

&.Snout longer than eye. More elongate, when specimens

of equal length are compared. A, I. 12—13. L.tr. 7'/y. 7. abendanoni p. 281.

1. Telmatherina celebensis Blgr. |Fig. 72, p. 279].

Telmatherina celebensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1897, p. 428.
Telmatherina celebensis Max Weber, Bijdragen Dierkunde, Afl. 19, Amsterdam,

1913, p. 206 (pro parte).

280

D!..6=7; 'D?. 1.8195 VA. 1.11315; Piaei4— 155) Voss
L.l. 32—34; L. tr. 7'/,—8.

Compressed, somewhat elongate. Dorsal and ventral profile
evenly convex. Height 2.8—3.9, 3.6— 4.8 in length with caudal.
Head 3.2—3.4, 4.1—4.3 in length with caudal. Eye about 3,
somewhat longer than or equal to snout, equal to or slightly
less than interorbital space, which is less than postorbital part
of head. Mouth small, oblique, reaching to about half length
of snout. Intermaxillaries gently curved, the symphysial part
more or less horizontal. Jaws equal in front. Small pointed
teeth in both jaws, none on palate. Small teeth on hinderpart
of tongue. One row of scales on praeoperculum. Operculum
with rather large scales. Dorsal separated by 14—16 scales
from head (12 in all specimens examined from Lake Towuti).
Origin of dorsal more or less behind origin of ventrals. Origin
of second dorsal behind that of anal. First ray of first dorsal
prolonged into a long filament in males, which reaches to
end of second dorsal or even farther. Anal spine short, as
long as that of ventrals, scarcely shorter than eye. Pectorals
as long as head without snout. Caudal forked. Scales slightly
crenulated along their hindmargin. Lateral line only indicated
by some of the scales having a pit. Colour of alcohol speci-
mens yellowish, browner above, the scales pigmented along
their border giving a reticulate appearance to the back. In
males there are moreover three more or less distinct brown
crossbands, the first behind pectorals, the second between the
two dorsals and the third running from hinderpart of second
dorsal to anal. First dorsal blackish, the filamentous part white,
second dorsal blackish except a broad white terminal margin,
caudal and anal with a black medial crossband. In females
these markings are much fainter or almost obsolete. Length
g2 mm.

Nom. indig.: Opudi (Lake Matano).

Habitat: Celebes (lakes Matano! and Towuti!).

Fresh water.

2. Telmatherina bonti n. sp.

Tclmatherina celebensis Max Weber, Bijdragen Dierkunde, Afl. 19, Amsterdam,
1913, p. 206 (pro parte).

DD) V—VIl; D?.1..8; A: Lig oP. 12; Vode lala ae
Teeth vias

~~ —_—

281

Rather compressed, elongate. Height 3.3—3.5, 3.6— 4.2 in
length with caudal. Head 3.1—3.2, 3.4—3.9 in length with
caudal. Eye more than 3, longer than snout and less than
interorbital space, which is equal to postorbital part of head.
Mouth small, reaching somewhat farther than half length of
snout. Intermaxillaries gently curved, the symphysial part more
or less horizontal. Jaws equal in front. Minute teeth in a narrow
band in the jaws. No teeth on palate. A patch of teeth on
tongue. Praeoperculum with one row of scales. One very large
and several smaller scales on operculum. Dorsal separated by
12 scales from head, the foremost scale on occiput larger than
the others. Origin of dorsal more or less behind that of ventrals.
Origin of second dorsal behind that of anal. None of the rays
prolonged in the two small specimens examined. Anal spine
short, about equal to that of ventrals, shorter than eye. Pec-
torals shorter than head without snout. Caudal forked. Colour
of alcohol specimens yellowish, somewhat darker above, where
the scales are pigmented along their margins. A faint lateral
black band, running from below dorsal to base of caudal.
Length 60 mm.

Nom. indig.: Bonti-bonti (Towuti).

Habitat: Celebes (Lake Towuti!).

Note. One of us draw already attention to the fact, that
the specimens called dontz by the inhabitants at lake Towuti,
differ by having less anal rays from typical 7. celebensis. We
find some other differences (lateral line, length of pectorals)
which seem us sufficient to describe them here as a separate
species.

3. Telmatherina abendanoni M. Web. |Fig. 73, p. 281].

Lelmatherina Abendanoni Max Weber, Bijdragen Dierkunde, Afl. 19, Amsterdam,

1913, p. 208.

D407 Do 103 + AL hta—i33 Pei. 120 VE sp
33—34; L.tr.71/,.

Compressed, elongate. Height 3.7—3.8, 4.6—4.8 in length
with caudal. Head 3.1—3.5, 3.8—4.4 in length with caudal.
Eye 3.7—4, shorter than snout, which is pointed and some-
what shorter than interorbital space, which is equal to post-
orbital part of head. Mouth rather small, reaching scarcely to
vertical through middle of snout. Intermaxillaries gently curved,
their symphysial part somewhat expanded horizontally. Narrow

282

bands of small teeth in both jaws. None on palate. Teeth
on the tongue. One row of scales on praeoperculum. Oper-
culum with rather large scales. Dorsal separated by 13—14
scales from head. Origin of dorsal more or less behind that
of ventrals. Origin of second dorsal behind that of anal. First
ray of dorsal somewhat produced (in males only?). Anal spine
short, about equal to that of ventrals, shorter than eye. Pec-

Fig. 73. Zelmatherina abendanoni M. Weber. n.s.

torals as long as head without snout. Caudal forked. Colour
of preserved specimens yellowish, the scales margined with
brown, broader so on the back, where the pigment extends
below the centre of the scales, the back being therefore darker.
Fins somewhat dusky. Length 88 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Lake Matano!).

4. Pseudomugil Kner.
(KNER, Novara Expedition, Fische, 1865—1867, p. 275).

Small, elongate fishes. Much compressed in their hinderpart,
less so in the anterior half. Mouth small or large, very oblique,
nearly vertical, bordered by mandibles, the symphysis of which
is prominent, and by the intermaxillaries; maxillaries hidden
when the mouth is closed. Small curved teeth in both jaws,
some of them caniniform in males. Palate toothless. First dorsal
consisting of 4—5 undivided rays; in indo-australian species
far behind origin of ventrals, its origin before, above or some-
what behind that of anal or nearly so. Second dorsal with
6—8 branched rays, its origin behind that of anal. Anal with
a slender spine and g—12 rays. Ventrals abdominal. Fins with
elongate rays in males. Caudal emarginate. Scales rather large,
cycloid, much larger on head, where they reach to hinderpart

283

of crown and on opercles. Lateral line absent. Gillmembranes
free from isthmus and from each other.

ae
eam Kar ig.
rem

th a
we

Fig. 74. Pseudomugil gertrudae M. Web.

Male and the more spotted caudal of another male.

Distribution: Freshwater of Queensland, N. S. Wales,
Aru-Islands and Southern New Guinea.

ES
—S

— my mori Pir
a ect +e si i : aK freee’ Ne Sirs
3 a ae Use

Fig. 75. Psendomugil gertrudae M. Web. Female.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Pseudomugil.
I. Origin of first dorsal well in advance of that of anal.
Nieretiaopyeyet Cuine ll ee eee adec tie bic cat ceceooeoee pic P. gertrudae p. 283.
2. Origin of first dorsal above or slightly behind or

before that of anal. Mouthopening large....... P. novae-guineae p.

1. Pseudomugil gertrudae M. Web. ') [Figs. 74, 75, p- 283].
Pseudomugil Gertrudae Max Weber, Abhandl. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch’
RRC.) TOTE; -p. 123;

1) The specific name “gertrudae’ is wrongly changed by JORDAN & Husps
(Monograph. review of Atherinidae, Stanford University Publications 1919, p. 28)

in “certrudet””.

284

D!..55 7.6; Avi. on=t0; (PR: 5: Viatage lealsciteae; ectron)e

Rather elongate, compressed, more so in the posterior half
of the fish. Upper profile nearly straight or slightly convex
from snout to dorsal, lower profile slightly convex. Height
more than 4, 5 in length with caudal. Head 3.8, 4.6 in length
with caudal. Eye much longer than snout, somewhat less than
interorbital space, which is equal to postorbital part. of head.
Mouthopening small, very oblique, not reaching vertical through
frontborder of eye. Intermaxillaries and lower jaw witha row
of very pointed teeth, which are somewhat curved backwards.
Origin of first dorsal two or three scales in front of that of
anal, separated by 10 scales from the large scales on crown.
In males the dorsal and anal fins are much higher than in
females, moreover the first ray of first dorsal, anal, ventrals
and sometimes also of pectorals is prolonged into a long fila-
ment. Pectorals slightly shorter than head. Caudal emarginate.
Yellowish, a dark lateral band from below first dorsal to caudal,
widening posteriorly. Caudal peduncle with a similar median
dorsal and ventral band, which are continued along base of
dorsal and anal. Body covered with elongate dark blotches,
corresponding with the scales and partly anastomosing, through
which the body has a reticulate appearance. Fins more or less
dusky in females, with a few black blotches on base of caudal
and on second dorsal. In males both dorsals, anal and in a
less degree caudal covered with blotches, which are arranged
in longitudinal rows. Length 35 mm.

Habitat: Aru-Islands (Island Terangan!).

Fresh water.

2. Pseudomugil novae-guineae M. Web. |Fig. 76, p. 285].

Pseudomugil novae-guineae Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 232. —
Abhandl. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXXIV. 1911, p. 25. — Nova Guinea
PX Wivae 745 1913.) ps 550:

D'. 4; D?. 8; “Apia oP 10s V.01 5s) ales 32 ieee

Elongate, compressed, more so in the posterior half of the
fish. Upper profile nearly straight from snout to dorsal, lower
profile slightly convex. Height about 5, 5.5 in length with
caudal. Head nearly 4—4.5, 4.5 to more than 5 in length with
caudal. Eye about 2.5, equal to postorbital part of head and
to interorbital space. Mouthopening very oblique, rather large,
not reaching vertical through frontborder of eye. Symphysis

285

of lower jaw forming the point of the head. Intermaxillaries
and lower jaw with a narrow band of pointed teeth, which
are curved backwards. In the male some of the teeth are
larger and more or less caniniform. Origin of first dorsal above,
slightly before or behind that of anal, separated by about
16 scales from the large scales of crown. In males the rays
of the first dorsal are much prolonged and those of second
dorsal and anal are also much longer than in females. Pectorals
only slightly shorter than head. Caudal emarginate. Colour of
alcohol specimens light yellowish, a dark lateral band begins

Fig. 76. Pseudomugil novae-guineae M. Weber. X 3.

Upper figure female, lower figure male.

before the middle of the body and ends broadening posteriorly,
at base of caudal. Oblique dark, more or less complete lines,
crossing each other and corresponding with the borders of the
scales, give to the body a reticulate appearance. First dorsal
black, other fins dusky with a black intramarginal band on
the anal, more developed in males than in females. Length 43 mm.

Habitat: South New Guinea (river Wagani!, Lorentz river!) ;
Aru-Islands!.

Fresh water.

286
Subfam. Melanotaeniinae.

Much compressed, oblong. Height increasing with age and
dorsal and ventral profile getting more convex, especially the
ventral profile; the dorsal profile generally sloping down in
an almost straight line to snout. Head more or less pointed,
its crown flattened; the jaws being equal or the upper one
the longer, the lower one included; the upper one may
also fit into a sinuation of the lower jaw. Mouthopening
moderate or small, reaching frontborder of eye or not so far.
Lips thickened or not. Intermaxillaries bordering the mouth-
opening, gently curved or with an abrupt bent between their
horizontal and lateral part. Maxillaries rodlike, thin, slightly
visible or not when mouth is closed. Teeth conical, pointed,
in one or more rows in jaws, often extending on outside of

Fig. 77. Melanotacnia patoti M. Web. n.s.

lips; on vomer, palatines and tongue present or absent. First
dorsal composed by exception of 4 to 5 strong spines, usu-
ally of 1 spine and 3—6 more or less flexible, undivided rays;
its origin above or behind anus. Second dorsal with one spine
and 8—17 soft rays, the posterior ones may be prolonged.
Anal with one spine and 17—30 soft rays, the most posterior
of which may also be prolonged; its origin before, below or
behind that of the first dorsal. Ventrals with 1 spine and 5
rays, their origin below or behind that, of pectorals. Scales
regularly or irregularly arranged; 30—60 in a row between
head and caudal; smooth or with faint or deep crenulations
along their hindmargin. Lateral line absent or indicated by
a shallow pit on some of the scales. 5 or 6 branchiostegals.

287

12—16 short dentated, or 30 long and slender gillrakers on
the lower part of the anterior arch.

Rather small fishes, living in rivulets, streams and lakes of
Australia, New Guinea and neighbouring islands (Aru-Islands,
Waigeu).

Note. The indo-australian genera and species of Melano-
taeniinae are also treated by JORDAN & Husss (A mono-
graph. review of the family of Atherinzdae, Stanford University
Publications 191g). As the authors had not the benefit to see
the species themself, their treatement of them is a replica of
that of C. T. REGAN. His descriptions are quoted under the
genera and species named on the following pages. We there-
fore did not think it necessary to quote also the identical
names used again by JORDAN & HUBBS.

Kev to the indo-austrahiany cewera of
D>
Melanotaeniinae.

I. Scales regularly arranged, 30—-44 in a row between
head and caudal, smooth or with faint crenulations.
A, Intermaxillaries with an abrupt bent between their
horizontal and lateral part. L.l. 30—39.
a, Teeth not extending on outside of lips, which
are not thickened. Mouthopening rather small,
not reaching vertical through frontborder of eye. Welanotaenia p. 287.
d.

>

Teeth extending on outside of lips, which are
thickened. Mouthopening comparatively large,
reaching to vertical through frontborder of eye
OUENEAT Ya SOtem os seerette tsar sk «oie potistiop omer e pins . Rhombatractus p. 296.
4. Intermaxillaries without an abrupt bent between
their horizontal and lateral part. L.l. qo—qq.
a. First dorsal with 4—5 spines. Palate toothless. Centratherina p. 305.
6, First dorsal with one spine and 3—5 soft rays.
SRECHI SON my OMe nam cioMen gentle oss (eat Chilatherina p. 307.
II. Scales irregularly arranged, 55—60 in a row between
head and caudal, deeply crenulated along their hind-
TEEN Oe ie MOR aE ere ee Pokal sgd ci si eee, fe soe Glossolepis p. 309.

1. Melanotaenia Gill.

(GitL, Proc. Acad. Philadelphia 1862, p. 280; MAX Weber, Nova
Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 238).
Nematocentris Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1866, p. 516.

288

\

Strabo Kner & Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien LIV. 1866, p. 372.
Zantecla Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria H. 1873, p. 88.
Aida, Neoatherina Castelnau, Research Fish. Austral. 1875, p. 10, p. 31.

Fig. 78. Melanotaenia ogylbyi M. Web.

Much compressed,
oblong, the height in-
creasing with age. Dor-
sal and ventral profile
more or less convex.
Jaws equal, or lower jaw
included. Intermaxilla-
ries with an abrupt bent
between their horizontal
and lateral part. Lips
not thickened. Mouth
moderate, mouthopen-
ing not reaching to ver-
tical through frontborder
of eye. Pointed teeth
in one or more rows in
jaws. Teeth on vomer;
those on palatines and
tongue present or ab-
sent. First dorsal with
one spine and 3—6 flexi-
ble, undivided rays,
which may be prolonged
into filaments. Second
dorsal with a more or
less curved spine and
g—i2 soft rays, the
hinder ones of which
may be elongated, as
well as those of the anal,
which has one rather
weak spine and 17—22
soft rays. Origin of anal
below or somewhat be-
hind that of first dorsal.
Ventrals with a slender
spine and 5 soft rays,
originating somewhat

behind the pectorals, which have no spine. Caudal forked.

289

Scales smooth or with shallow crenulations at their hindborder,
moderate, 30-—36 between head and caudal. Lateral line absent
or indicated by some of the scales having a shallow pit. Five
or six branchiostegals. Twelve to 16 short, dentated gillrakers
on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Distribution: Freshwater of New Guinea, Aru Islands
and Australia south to Sydney.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Melanotaenia.

I. Praedorsal scales 24—31. L.l. 37—40.
I. Pectorals much longer than head without snout.
Caudal peduncle 1.5 as long as high. Mouth-
opening with a very slight downward curve,
when seen in front. Base of anal longer than
distance from origin of first to end of second
AOMSAL aN faWSweitales % acs. cates eters Ahoa) eared Ves M. multisquamata p. 290.
II. Praedorsal scales less than 24. L.l. less than 37.
Base of anal equal to distance from origin of
first to end of second dorsal (or in d@umasi even-
tually slightly longer).
A. Upper jaw slightly prominent. Pectorals longer
than head without snout. Mouthopening a
horizontal straight line when seen in front. . 17. dumasi p. 290.
B. Jaws equal, or lower jaw slightly prominent.
Pectorals equal to head without snout.
1. Mouthopening a horizontal straight line,
when seen in front. Jaws equal. One row
of scalesmbeloweey.eeweed.creicmen cient - M. patoti p. 291.
2. Mouthopening with a gentle downward
curve, the upper jaw fitting into a sinuation
of the lower jaw.
a. Lower jaw slightly prominent, Origin
of dorsal and anal opposite. One row
of scales below eye. L.l. 30 —33. Caudal
Wailty Diack blotches.) 2) g2irer. ca) es; < M. maculata p. 292.
4, Jaws equal. Origin of dorsal somewhat
before that of anal. Two rows of scales
below eye. L.1. 34—36. Caudal uniform. /. ogylbyi p. 293.
M. loriae p. 294.

BYE DUUL SPECIES Wf. arian ee Rete me “a ais aioe .
Se a oe M. (?) rubrostriata p. 295.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 19

290

it. Melanotaenia multisquamata n.sp.

D'.1.4;.D*. I. 9—10;, A. I..19—20 (21); P. 1..13—14; V. Ls;
L.1..37—40; L.tr. 13—14.

Dorsal profile evenly convex, in older specimens much more
elevated than in young ones. Ventral profile convex, especially
so in older specimens. Height 2.5—2.8, 3.2—3.5 in length
with caudal. Head 3.2—3.7, 4.2—4.6 in length with caudal.
Eye 3.2—3.7, less than snout and than interorbital space, 1.4—1.6
in postorbital part of head. Mouthopening with a very slight
downward curve in the middle, when seen in front. Jaws equal.
Mouthopening reaching to about half length of snout. A row
of strong conical teeth in the upper jaw, followed by smaller
ones inside, especially well developed near the symphysis.
Lower jaw with similar small teeth. A transverse patch of
small teeth on vomer. Small teeth on palatines and on base
of tongue. Subocular part of cheeks with two rows of scales.
Large scales on operculum, excepting the superior ones, which
are small. First dorsal separated by 24—31 scales from occiput.
Spine of first dorsal strong, longer than postorbital part of
head, somewhat shorter than that of second dorsal, which is still
stronger and more curved. Anal spine rather strong, curved,
shorter than postorbital part of head, about equal to length
of operculum. Length of base of anal longer than distance be-
tween origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Origin
of first dorsal somewhat behind that of anal. Second dorsal
and especially anal very high, the longest rays of anal as long
as head, often much longer and almost equal to height of
body. Pectorals not as long as head, but much longer than
head without snout. Ventrals as long as head without snout.
Caudal peduncle 1.5 times as long as high. Caudal forked.
Scales conspicuously crenulated at their hindborder. Colour of
preserved specimens pinkish, some rows of scales of the sides
with more or less conspicuous dark pigmentation. First dorsal
dusky. Distal part of second dorsal, anal and ventrals dusky
or blackish. Pectorals and caudal hyaline. Length 140 mm.

Habitat: North New Guinea (Idenburg river!), collected
by Jhr. W. C. VAN HEURN.

2. Melanotaenia dumasi M. Web.

Melanotaenia Dumasi Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 240. —
Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 558.

291

Anisocentrus rubrostriatus Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6,
1914, p. 281 (pro parte).

Dt a8 sD dep 1ay Ay er7 21 3 | Priser1 3h Vi6-55
L.l. 33—35; L.tr. 12—13.

Dorsal profile ascending almost in a straight line from snout
to first dorsal in specimens of moderate size, but strongly
convex behind nape in large specimens. Ventral profile convex.
Height 2.2—3, 2.8—3.8 in length with caudal. Head 3.1—a,
4—5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.3—6.7, about equal to snout
and considerably less than interorbital space. Mouthopening
a straight line, when seen in front. Upper jaw slightly pro-
minent. Mouthopening reaching to about half length of snout.
An outer row of strong, more or less curved teeth in the
jaws, followed by smaller ones inside. Small teeth on vomer,
palatines and base of tongue. Subocular part of cheeks with
two rows of scales. Large scales on operculum, excepting the
superior ones, which are smaller. First dorsal separated by
17—20 scales from occiput. Spine of first dorsal equal to or
longer than postorbital part of head, longer than that of second
dorsal, which is thicker and more curved and much shorter
than that of anal, which is about as long as eye. Length of
base of anal equal to or somewhat longer than distance be-
tween origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Origin
of first dorsal somewhat behind or above that of anal. Pectorals
curved, longer than head without snout. Caudal peduncle
slightly longer than high, as high as long or higher than long
(in large specimens). Scales crenulated at their hindborder.
Colour of alcohol specimens brownish above, lighter below,
the scales silvery in the lower part of the body, the longitu-
dinal series being separated by wine-red stripes in fresh spe-
cimens. A more or less distinct darkish longitudinal band on
the tail. Fins dusky. Length 150 mm.

Habitat: South New Guinea (rivers Wa Udu!, Wagani!,
Lake Jamur!, Lorentz river!, Setakwa river).

Freshwater.

3. Melanotaenia patoti (M. Web.) [Fig. 77, p. 286].

Rhombatractus patoti Max Weber, Zool. Anz. XXXII. 1907, p. 403; Abh. Sen-
ckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXXIV. 1911, p. 26.

Melanotaenia nigrans Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX, Part 6, 1914,
p- 279 (pro parte).

202

DD! T3435 Dire: ATs r8——pow th a gs yk be
Ll. 253° Ltr. 112:

Dorsal profile somewhat convex between occiput and dorsal.
Upper profile of head slightly concave. Ventral profile convex.
Height 2.4—2.8, 2.8—3.3 in length with caudal. Head 3.5—3.8,
4.1—4.7 in length with caudal. Eye more or less than 3, about
equal to snout and considerably less than interorbital space.
Mouth a straight line when seen in front. Jaws equal. Mouth-
opening reaching to middle of snout or somewhat farther. A
row of pointed teeth in both jaws, some smaller teeth behind
this row, forming several rows near the symphysis of the
lower jaw. Small teeth on vomer and on palatines. No teeth
on tongue. Subocular part of cheeks with one row of scales.
Large scales on operculum, excepting the superior ones, which
are smaller. First dorsal separated by 15—17 scales from
occiput. Spine of first dorsal longer than that of second dorsal
and of anal, about equal to postorbital part of head. Origin
of anal below or slightly behind that of first dorsal. Length
of base of anal about equal to distance between origin of first
dorsal and end of second dorsal. Pectorals curved, about as
long as head without snout. Caudal peduncle longer than high.
Scales smooth, some of them with faint crenulations on their
hindborder. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish, lighter
below. Third and 4th longitudinal row of scales blackish with
a silvery gloss, the 6th and 7th form silvery bands. In fresh
specimens these 5 bands are separated by wine-red lines. Fins
dusky, wine red in life. Length 100 mm.

Habitat: Aru-Islands!.

Freshwater.

4. Melanotaenia maculata M. Web.
Melanotaenia maculata Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 239. —

Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 557.

Melanotaenia nigrans Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6, 1914,

p- 279 (pro parte).

D". lL. 4—6; ‘D?. 1: 70—11 (12)3A. 1. to—22= Pole re-aVeeee
L.l. 30—33; L.tr. 12—13.

Dorsal profile cénvex between occiput and first dorsal, less
so in young specimens. Upper profile of head concave. Ventral
profile convex. Height 2.3—3, 3.2—3.8 in length with caudal.
Head 3.3—3.7, 4.5 to nearly 5 in length with caudal. Eye

293

more or less than 3, about equal to snout and almost 1.5 in
interorbital space. Mouth with a gentle downward curve when
seen in front, the upper jaw fitting into a sinuation of the
lower jaw. Lower jaw slightly prominent. Mouthopening reaching
to about middle of length of snout. Small teeth in jaws, only
near symphysis in more than one series. Small teeth on vomer,
a few on palatines and on base of tongue. Subocular part of
cheeks with one row of scales anteriorly, two rows posteriorly.
Large scales on operculum, excepting the superior ones, which
are smaller. First dorsal separated by 16—1r9 scales from oc-
ciput. Spine of first dorsal about equal to postorbital part of
head, longer than anal spine and about as long as that of
second dorsal, which is thicker. Origin of anal opposite to that
of first dorsal. Length of base of anal about equal to distance
between origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Pectorals
curved, as long as head without snout. Caudal peduncle as
high as long or higher than long. Scales slightly crenulated
behind. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish yellow above,
lighter below. Scales lighter in the middle,. by which a reticu-
lated aspect is produced, especially distinct on the caudal
peduncle, where the longitudinal rows of scales are separated
by black stripes. Fins dusky. Second dorsal, anal and caudal
chequered with dusky and white. Length 100 mm.
Habitat: South New Guinea (Merauke!).
In freshwater-marshes and ditches.

5- Melanotaenia ogilbyi M. Web. [Fig. 78, p. 288].

Melanotaenia Ogilbyi Max Weber, Notes Leyden Mus. XXXII. 1911, p. 230. —
Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 560.
Melanotaenia nigrans Yate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6, 1914,

p- 279 (pro parte).

Dre 4.6.7 D2 Tie (12) alaig-—_1S.(to)s-P21 1ry Vass
L.l. 34—36; L.tr. 10'/,.

Rather elongate, upper and lower profile not much convex.
(Only small specimens are known). Height 2.7—3, 3.4—3.8
in length with caudal. Head 3.6—3.9, 4.5—4.8 in length with
caudal. Eye more or less than 3, equal to or somewhat longer
than snout and about 1.3 in interorbital space. Mouthopening
with a gentle downward curve when seen in front, the upper
jaw fitting into a sinuation of the lower jaw. Jaws equal.
Mouthopening reaching almost to vertical through frontborder

204

of eye. Small teeth in jaws, vomer and base of tongue. Sub-
ocular part of cheeks with two rows of scales, posteriorly 3
rows. Large scales on operculum, excepting the superior ones,
which are smaller. First dorsal separated by 16—17 scales
from occiput. Spine of first dorsal slender, almost as long as
snout and eye together, longer than that of second dorsal, which
is more curved and much longer than that of anal, which is
about equal to eye. Length of base of anal about equal to
distance between beginning of first dorsal and end of second
dorsal. Origin of first dorsal somewhat in front of that of anal.
Pectorals curved, as long as head without snout. Caudal peduncle
longer than high. Scales slightly crenulated behind. Colour of
alcohol specimens brownish above, light yellow below, the
two colours separated by a dark longitudinal band, having the
breadth of two scales, and running from operculum to base
of caudal. The longitudinal rows of scales below it are sepa-
rated by narrow dark stripes, which are more or less distinct.
Fins more or less dusky, with a darker marginal border. Some-
times a row of black spots at base of anal (males?). Length 68 mm.

Habitat: South New Guinea (marshes along Lorentz river!).

Freshwater.

Doubtful species.

6. Melanotaenia loriae (Perugia).

Aristeus Loriae Perugia, Ann. Mus, Civ. Genova (2) XIV. 1894, p. 549.
Rhombatractus loriae Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales XXI. prt. 2,
1896, p. 134.

Dt oll aya hs 22 ose ee

“Height 2'/, in total length. Head 4 in total length. Eye
little less than '/, of head, which is strongly flattened. The
interorbital space is 1'/, diameter of eye. The arcuate profile
gives to the body an almost perfectly oval shape. The second
dorsal has the rays prolonged; when bent backwards they
surpass the middle of the caudal. Colour of alcohol specimens
mahogony on the back, golden on the sides, with 7 straight
longitudinal bands. The fins are hyaline, with a narrow black
border.. Length 110 mm.” [After PERUGIA, not seen by us].

Habitat: South New Guinea (Inawi),

Freshwater,

295

Note. TATE REGAN, who examined a specimen of this
species, united it with JZ. nzgrans Rich. As however REGAN
unites a number of species under this name, which according
to us have the value of separate species, we don't know where
to place it, as PERUGIA’S description is too short. If there
were really only 28 scales in the L.l., the species would easily
be distinguishable, but we suppose this is a misprint, as other-
wise REGAN would not have united it with J. nigrans, for
which he gives: L.l. 33—37.

7. Melanotaenia(?) rubrostriata Ramsay & Ogilby.

Nematocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay & Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.
Wales 2. I. 1886, p. 14.
Rhombatractus rubrostriatus Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales XXI.

(part 2) 1896, p. 134.
? Anisocentrus rubrostriatus Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6,

I914, p. 281 (pro parte).

DAT §2D* 7. 13; Aw1./20;°V. 1.8; PL-r1; C. 16; Pulig2> Lite Fr:
Werks.

“Length of head 4'/,, of caudal fin 5, height of body 3?/,
in the total a Eyes large, their diameter -2°/, in the length
of the head, */, of a diameter from the end of the snout, and
one diameter apart. Upper jaw slightly overhanging the lower;
maxilla does not reach to the front margin of the eye. Profile
in front of the first dorsal straight, or if anything slightly
convex. Both jaws entirely covered with closely set short sharp
recurved teeth; a similar patch on the head of the vomer.
The rays of the second dorsal are equal in height to those
of the first which are not filamentous: the anal commences
behind the origin of the first dorsal fin. Ventrals inserted far
behind the base of the pectorals: caudal forked. Scales with
crenulated edges, covering the cheeks, opercles and upper part
of the head to the middle of the interorbital space; the ante-
rior occipital scales large and prominent; there are 15 scales
in front of the first dorsal fin. Colors, silvery, with nine broad
red longitudinal bands: the dorsals and anal dusky washed
with red, the second dorsal having a basal row of brilliant
crimson spots. The specimen measures + 69 mm.” [After
RAMSAY and DOUGLAS OGILBy, not seen by us].

Habitat: New Guinea (Strickland river).

-

290

Note. It is impossible to give this species even its correct
generic position after the short description of the authors. As
OGILBY, one of the authors, placed the species later on (vide
syn.) in the genus Rhombatractus, we don’t know why TATE
REGAN united it with JZ. dumasi under the name of Azzso-
centrus rubrostriatus. He did not see typical specimens and
based his description on two co-types of JZ. dumasz and on
5 specimens from the Setakwa-River. Moreover he gives as —
habitat: Aru-Islands; we don’t know on whose authority. Later
on (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 339) TATE REGAN got informa-
tions about the type of the species from McC CULLOCH and
writes: “the type of VV. rubrostriatus Rams. & Ogilb. is damaged
about the mouthparts; a figure of the upper jaw is sufficient
to indicate that examples Lhave recently described as belonging
to this species, are correctly determined.” As the origin of the
dorsal is situated above or somewhat behind that of anal in
M. dumasi, whereas it is — according to the authors — be-
fore that of anal in WV. rubrostriatus, we think it safer to keep
them apart, till lastnamed species is better known.

2. Rhombatractus Gill (Weber). .

(GILL, American Naturalist 1894, p. 709;
Max WEBER, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 233).
Rhombosoma Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX.
part 6, 1914, p. 283.

Much compressed, oblong, the height increasing with age. The
dorsal profile sloping gently upwards from head to dorsal in small
specimens, usually much elevated and convex in old specimens.
Ventral profile convex, much so in old specimens. Upper jaw
the longer. Mouth comparatively large, reaching to vertical
through frontborder of eye or nearly so. Intermaxillaries with
an abrupt bent between their horizontal and lateral part. Lips
thickened. Pointed conical teeth in several rows in the jaws,
extending to the outside of the lips. A patch of teeth on
vomer. Teeth on palatines more or less conspicuous, teeth on
base of tongue present or absent. First dorsal with one spine
and 3—5 flexible rays. Second dorsal with one spine and 1I1—17
soft rays. Anal with a weak spine and 18—30 soft rays. Origin
of anal in advance of that of first dorsal, below it or somewhat
behind it. Ventrals with a slender spine and 5 soft rays, be-
ginning somewhat behind origin of pectorals, which have no

20/7

spine. Caudal forked. Scales smooth or with faint crenulations
at their hindborder, moderate, 32—39 in a row between head
and caudal. Lateral line absent or indicated by some scales
having a shallow pit. Six branchiostegals. |

Fig. 79. Rhombatractus kochi M. Web. X 3/4.

Distribution: Freshwater of New Guinea, Waigeu and
Aru Islands.

Note: The genus Rhombosoma Tate Regan (Trans. Zool.
Soc. London XX. prt 6, 1914, p. 283) is synonymous with
Rhombatractus as described by M. WEBER (Nova Guinea V.
Livr. 2, 1908, p. 233). REGAN substituted the new name on
the following reasons: GILL created the name Ahombatractus
to replace CASTELNAU’s name Arzsteuws, which was preoccupied.
The species described by CASTELNAU, and which is the type
of Arzsteus Castelnau, is Aristeus fitzroyensis. According to
REGAN A. fitzroyensis is a Melanotaenia; Rhombatractus is there-
fore synonymous with MWelanotaenta, which name is the older.
DOUGLAS OGILBY (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 1896, p. 125)
is of the same opinion. GILL however (Amer. Naturalist 1894,
p- 709), in creating the name Rhombatractus, does not mention
a type, but says that it is a substitute for the group called
Aristeus by CASTELNAU. The diagnosis of Rhombatractus: “Mela-
notaeniines with a much compressed rhombofusiform body,
emarginate dorsal-rostral contour, and no distinct lateral band”
is appliable as well to older specimens of JZelanotaenia as of
Rhombatractus. There is therefore in our diagnosis, giving above,
nothing against the use of the genus name ARhombatractus in
the sense of M. WEBER for those species, which later are
called Rhombosoma by REGAN.

298

Key to the indo-australian species of

Rhombatractus.

I. Lower jaw somewhat prominent. L.]. 30-—32. Origin

of anal opposite to that of first dorsal. Anal with

17—21 rays. Pectorals shorter than head without snout. RA. praecox p. 298.

Il. Upper jaw prominent. L.l. 32—40.

A. Second dorsal with 18—21I rays. L.1. 38—4o. Origin

of anal in front of first dorsal, Pectorals equal to

head without snout. A vertical black band between

black lateral band and base of anal........
&. Second dorsal with less than 18 rays. Ll. with

less than go scales. Origin of anal in front of,

opposite to or somewhat behind that of first dorsal.

Pectorals longer than head without snout. No ver-
tical black band.
I. L.l. 37—39. Origin of anal decidedly in front

of that of first dorsal. 17—19 praedorsal scales.

a.

Dorsal profile convex. Caudal peduncle as
high as long or higher than long. Second
dorsal with 15—17 rays. A.I.23—30.....

. Dorsal profile straight or even concave. Caudal

peduncle longer than high, in very large
specimens as high as long. Second dorsal with

Li——T4¥ KaAyS. Aces 20 — 215 sac cused ena en =

2. L.l. 32—36. Origin of anal below or slightly
before or behind that of first dorsal. 15-—16 prae-

dorsal scales.

a.

b.

Caudal peduncle considerably higher than
long, longer than high in small specimens.
Snout shorter, more obtuse. Second dorsal
with 11—13 rays. No teeth on tongue. Spine
of first dorsal much shorter than that of anal.
Caudal peduncle as long as high, higher than
long in very large, longer than high in small
specimens. Snout longer, more pointed. Second
dorsal with 12-16 rays. A patch of teeth
on base of tongue. Spine of first dorsal much

loncer ithanmthateot anal. ha tiatien itn se

Rh. vanheurni p. 299.

Rh. lorentzi p. 300.

Rh. kochi p. 302.

Rh. catherinae p. 303.

Rh. goldiei p. 304.

I. Rhombatractus praecox n. sp.

D'.I.3—5; D?. I. ro—14; A. 1.17—21; P. 11—13; V. 1.5;
L.l. 30—32; L.tr. t1—12,

299

Dorsal and ventral profile convex, somewhat less so in very
small specimens. Height 2.1—2.9, 2.8—3.7 in length with caudal.
Head 3.4—3.8, 4—4.5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.7—3.2,
equal to or somewhat more than snout, 1.2—1.3 in postor-
bital part of head, which is equal to or slightly longer than
interorbital space. Lower jaw somewhat prominent. Mouth-
opening not reaching quite to vertical through frontborder of
eye. Lips not thickened, except somewhat at symphysis of
jaws. Very small teeth in several rows on jaws, extending on
outside of lips on vomer and () on palatines. Tongue smooth.
One row of scales on suborbital part of cheeks. Operculum
with large scales excepting the superior ones, which are small.
Dorsal separated by 14—16 scales from occiput. Spine of first
dorsal equal to or slightly longer than postorbital part of
head, longer than spine of second dorsal, which is again longer
than anal spine. Origin of anal opposite to that of first dorsal.
Length of base of anal longer than distance between origin
of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Pectorals somewhat
shorter than head without snout. Scales smooth or with faint
crenulations at their hindborder. Caudal peduncle longer than
high in small specimens, as high as long in larger specimens.
Colour of preserved specimens brownish, darker above. A
faint narrow blackish longitudinal band is sometimes visible.
Fins dusky. In some specimens the second dorsal and the anal
have a red marginal band and the ventrals are also tinged
with red. Length 61 mm.

Habitat: North New Guinea (Mamberamo-river !), collected
by Jhr. W. C. VAN HEURN.

Note. A remarkable pecularity of this species is, that the
elevated rhombic form is attained at a much smaller size than
in all other species of Melanctaeniinae known to us.

2. Rhombatractus vanheurni n. sp.

D'.1.4—5; D?. I. 18—21; A. I. 24—26; P.I. 13—14; V.1.5;
L.I.. 38—4o0; L.tr. 12—-13.

Dorsal and ventral profile evenly convex in the young, when
older the back is more arched and the greatest convexity of
the ventral profile more forward, so that the form of the fish
is more rhombic. Height 2.7—3.2, 3.1—3.9 in length with
caudal. Head 3.4—3.7, 4.1—4.3 in length with caudal. Eye
3-4—4.8 in head; 1.2 (in small specimens) to nearly twice

300

(in large specimens) in snout, which is somewhat more than
interorbital space and about equal to postorbital part of head.
Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening reaching to vertical
through frontborder of eye in young specimens, in older ones
not so far. Pointed conical teeth in several rows in the jaws,
extending on the lips, which are swollen, especially in their
anterior part. An elongate patch of teeth on vomer, a smaller
one on each palatine and on tongue. Three to four rows of
scales on subocular part of cheeks. Operculum with large scales,
the superior rows much smaller. Dorsal separated by 15—17
scales from occiput. Spine of first dorsal somewhat shorter
than or (in young specimens) equal to postorbital part of head;
much longer than that of second dorsal. Spine of anal about
as long as that of second dorsal and equal to eye. Origin of
first dorsal slightly, to one eye-diameter in front of origin of
anal. Length of base of anal only slightly less than distance
between origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Length
of pectorals equal to head without snout. Scales with faint
crenulations along the hindborder. Height of caudal peduncle
1.2 in its length, 1.5 in young specimens. Colour of formol-
alcohol specimens yellowish, anterior part of back dark, a
black lateral band, widening posteriorly, from snout, through
eye to middle of base of caudal. A more or less well developed
vertical black band runs from the lateral one to the base of
anal. Often a few narrower bands, parallel to the vertical one,
before or behind it. Opercalum with a bluish black patch below
the lateral band. Fins more or less dusky, often with a pink
hue, probably the remains of a brighter colouring during life.
Weneth- 160) mim:)):

Habitat: North New Guinea (Idenburg river!, Doorman
river !):

3. Rhombatractus lorentzi M. Web. [Fig. 80, p. 301].
Rhombatractus Lorentzi Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 236. —
Ibid: LX Livr.. 4. LO. p. 504
Rhombosoma lorentzii Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. prt. 6, 1914, p. 284.
Di Tig es. D2 Tees) ae 23-30; aba, eee
Ll. 38; L.tr. 12—13.
Dorsal profile sloping down from dorsal to occiput in a slightly

1) We have the pleasure to dedicate this species to Jhr. W. C. VAN HEURN,
the indefatigable Zoologist of the dutch North New Guinea Expedition (Mambe-
ramo Expedition) of 1920—1921.

301

convex line in young specimens, stronger convex in old speci-
mens, with a concavity behind head. Height 2.3—3.2, 2.7—4
in length with caudal. Head 3.4—3.9, 4— 4.8 in length with
caudal. Eye 3.5—4.1, about 1.5 in snout, which is equal to
interorbital space and somewhat less than postorbital part of
head. Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening reaching almost
or entirely to vertical through frontborder of eye. Pointed,
conical teeth in several rows in the jaws, extending to the
lips, which are thickened, especially in their anterior part. A
large patch of teeth on vomer, on palatines and on base of
tongue. Three to four rows of scales on subocular part of cheeks.
Operculum with large scales, excepting the superior ones,
which are small. Dorsal separated by 18—1Ig scales from occiput.
Spine of first dorsal somewhat shorter than or equal to post-

Fig. 80. Rhombatractus lorentzi M. Web. X ig.

orbital part of head, much longer or as long as that of second
dorsal, which is slightly or much longer than that of anal.
Anal spine equal to or longer than eye. Origin of anal about the
length of snout in advance of origin of first dorsal. Length of
base of anal much longer than distance between origin of first
dorsal and end of second dorsal. Pectorals somewhat longer
than head without snout. Scales nearly smooth or with faint
crenulations along the hindborder. Caudal peduncle as high
as long or higher than long. Colour of alcohol specimens light
brownish above, silvery white below, sometimes with a partly
developed lateral band, which is at least as broad as one scale.
Fins somewhat dusky. Length 142 mm.

Habitat: North New Guinea (rivers Sermowai!, Tawarin!
and Mamberamo!).

302

4. Rhombatractus kochi M. Web. [Fig. 70, p. 297].

Rhombatractus Kochii Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 237. —

Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 562.
Rhombosoma novae-guinea Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. XX. Part 6, 1914,

p- 283 (pro parte).

D'. 1. 4—5; D*. I. 11 —14 (15); A. I. 21—25; P. 1.14; V.1.5;
L.l. 37—39; L.tr. 11—14.

Dorsal profile in young and middle sized specimens nearly
a straight line, sloping from dorsal to snout, in large specimens
with a concavity at nape. Ventral profile convex or very convex.
Height 2.3—3.4, 2.7—4.3 in length with caudal. Head 3.4—4,
4-3—4.9 in length with caudal. Eye 3—4, shorter or much
shorter than snout, more or less than 1.5 in interorbital space,
which is equal to or shorter than postorbital part of head.
Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening reaching to frontborder
of eye or not so far in large specimens. Curved conical teeth
in several rows in the jaws, extending on the outside of the
lips, especially in their anterior part, which is thickened. A
transverse patch of teeth on vomer. Teeth on palatines and
on base of tongue. Two or three rows of scales on the sub-
ocular part of the cheeks. Large scales on operculum, small
ones on its superior part. Dorsal separated by 17—19g scales
from occiput. Spine of first dorsal shorter or longer than post-
orbital part of head, longer than that of second dorsal and
much longer than that of anal, which is equal to or shorter
than eye. Length of base of anal longer than distance between
origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Origin of anal
2—4 scales in front of that of first dorsal, less in small speci-
mens. Pectorals longer than or equal to head without snout.
Scales nearly smooth or somewhat crenulated at their hind-
border. Caudal peduncle longer than high, in. very large speci-
mens as high as long or even somewhat higher than long.
Colour of alcohol specimens brownish above, yellowish below,
the two colours separated by a longitudinal dark band, which
has the breadth of about two scales and runs from behind
eye to caudal peduncle. It is often indistinct or interrupted
in the middle. Second dorsal and anal with a marginal and a
basal darker band. Other fins more orless dusky. Length 177 mm.

Habitat: Dutch South New Guinea (Merauke river!, Lorentz
river!, Beaufort river!, brook at Etna Bay!).

Freshwater.

303

5. Rhombatractus catherinae de Bfrt.

Rhombatractus catherinae de Beaufort, Zool. Anz. XXXVI. I910, p. 250. —
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde Afl, 19, Amsterdam, 1913, p. 106.

Rhombosoma novae-guineae Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc, XX. Part. 6, 1914,

p- 283 (pro parte).

Do a5 DI ase A I 1O—23; P. 1: 12—133. VN. 1.. 55
Eds 92—35; Ltr) 12 (11*/,),

Dorsal profile nearly straight, sloping down from dorsal to
snout, a little more convex in large specimens. Ventral profile
strongly convex in large specimens. Height in smaller specimens
(to 100 mm.) 2.5—3.2, 3—3.75 in length with caudal, in spe-
cimens above 100 mm. 2.2—2.5, 2.7—3 in length with caudal.
Head 3.2—3.7, 4—4.5 in length with caudal. Eye 3—3.8, about
1.5 in interorbital space, which is about equal to postorbital
part of head. Snout rather obtuse, 2.6—3 in head and only
a little longer than eye. Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening
reaching to vertical through frontborder of eye. Conical teeth
in several rows in the jaws, extending to the outside of the
lips, which are thickened, especially in their anterior part.
A patch of teeth on the vomer and perhaps a few on the
hinderpart of the palatines, none on tongue. Two rows of scales
-on suborbital part of cheeks. Operculum with large scales,
excepting the superior ones, which are small. Dorsal separated
by 16 scales from occiput. Spine of first dorsal scarcely longer
than that of second dorsal, shorter than postorbital part of
head and much shorter than that of anal, which is about equal
to eye. Origin of anal opposite to that of first dorsal. Length of
base of anal longer than distance between origin of first dorsal
and end of second dorsal. Pectorals longer than head without
snout. Scales nearly smooth, with indication of crenulations.
Caudal peduncle longer than high in small specimens, in large
specimens considerably higher than long. Colour of alcohol
specimens brown or yellowish brown on the back, ventrally
yellow or whitish. A broad black lateral band, at least as
broad as one scale, runs from the hindborder of the eye over
the base of the pectoral to the caudal. Fins dusky, base of
second dorsal and anal darker. In life the lateral band is dark-
blue and the scales have wine-red margins, which form about
8 longitudinal stripes. Proximal part of anal and second dorsal
wine-red. Length 119 mm.

Habitat: Waigeu!.

Freshwater.

304

6. Rhombatractus goldiei (Macleay).

Aristeus goldiei Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales VIII. 1883, p. 269.

> Nematocentris novae-guineae Ramsay & Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.
Wales 2. J. 1886, p. 13.

Aristeus Goldiei Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XIV. 1894, p. 548.

Rhombatractus goldiei Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales XXI. part 2,

1896, p. 134.
> Rhombatractus novae-guineae Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales XXI. part 2,

1896, p. 134.

Rhombatractus affinis Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Zool. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 234. —

ibid. IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 565.

Rhombatractus weberi Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) I. 1908, p. 155.
Rhombatractus senckenbergianus Max Weber, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell.

XXXIV. I911, p. 25.

Rhombosoma navae-guineae Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6,

1914, p. 283 (pro parte).

Rhombosoma goldiei Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1914, p. 339.

D1T.4—s5; D211, 12-16), AM, 18245 -Pnoi4s 2 Vine
L.l. 34—36; -L.tr. 11—12.

Dorsal profile a nearly straight line, sloping from dorsal to
snout, in older specimens somewhat concave behind head.
Ventral profile convex or very convex. Height 2.5—3.1, 2.9—3.8
in length with caudal. Head 3.2—3.5, 4 or somewhat more in
length with caudal. Eye 3—4, shorter or much shorter than
snout, which is about equal to postorbital part of head and
to interorbital space. Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening
reaching to frontborder of eye or not so far in larger speci-
mens. Curved conical teeth in several rows in the jaws, ex-
tending on the outside of the lips, especially in their anterior
part, which is thickened. A transverse patch of teeth on vomer.
Few teeth on palatines. A patch of teeth on base of tongue.
Two or three rows of scales on suborbital part of cheeks.
Large scales on operculum, smaller ones on their superior part.
Dorsal separated by 15—16 scales from occiput. Spine of first
dorsal about equal to postorbital part of head, longer than
that of second dorsal, and much longer than that of anal,
which is about equal to eye. Length of base of anal equal to
or slightly longer than distance between origin of first dorsal
and end of second dorsal. Origin of anal below, somewhat
before or somewhat behind that of first dorsal. Pectorals curved,
somewhat longer than head without snout. Scales slightly crenu-
lated at their hindborder. Caudal peduncle as high as long or
somewhat higher than long in large specimens, longer than

305

high in smaller specimens. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish
above, lighter and more or less silvery below, the two colours
separated by a longitudinal black band, which has the breadth
of about two scales and runs from behind eye to middle of
base of caudal; it is generally broader and more distinct in
its posterior part. Above the anal a more or less distinct
second band, parallel to the first and sometimes only indicated
by a black patch or totally absent. Fins more or less dusky,
base of second dorsal and anal generally darker. Length 135 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (rivers Timena!, Sekanto!, Bégowri!,
Sermowai!, river near Njao!, river Wagami!, river Mimika,
Strickland and Goldie river, Sageri); Aru-Islands!.

Note. Specimens from the Aru-Islands (2. senckenbergianus)
seem to be a little more elongate. Height 3.5—3.75, more
than 4—4.5 in length with caudal. As the largest specimen known
from the Aru-Islands is 92 mm.. and considering the well known
variability in the height of these fishes, we don’t think the
difference sufficient to keep them apart.

3. Centratherina Tate Regan.
(TATE REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. prt. 6, 1914, p. 283).

Much compressed, elongate. Dorsal profile sloping down in
an almost straight line to snout. Ventral profile convex. Head
rather pointed, flat above. Upper jaw prominent. The inter-

\
ae

nee oe
iY ue ie

nut Wii in A

<E SX BAN a aN

Wien
aN

Fig. 81. Centratherina crassispinosa (M.. Web.) X 3/4.

maxillaries are gently curved, without abrupt bent between
their horizontal and the lateral part. Lips thickened. Jaws with
several rows of pointed teeth, extending to the outside of the

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 20

306

lips. Palate and tongue toothless. First dorsal consisting of 4
or 5 spines, the first of which is by far the stronger. Second
dorsal with a spine and 8—11 rays. Anal with a weak spine
and 23—26 divided rays. Origin of anal well in advance of
that of first dorsal. Ventrals with a slender spine and 5 soft rays,
beginning somewhat behind origin of pectorals, which have
no spine. Caudal forked. Scales nearly smooth, 40—44 in a
row between head and caudal. Lateral line absent. Five (?)
branchiostegals.
Distribution: Freshwater of Northern New Guinea.

1. Centratherina crassispinosa (M. Web.) |Fig. 81, p. 305].

Rhombatractus crassispinosus Max Weber, Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 567.
Centratherina crassispinosa Tate Regan, Trans, Zool. Soc. London XX. prt. 6,
1914, p. 283.

D'.IV—V; D*. I. 8—12; A. I. 23—26; P.1.13—14; V.I.5;
L.l. 4o—44; L.tr. 12'1/,—13.

Height 3—3.2, 3.6—4.2 in length with caudal. Head 4—4.3,
4.8—5.2 in length with caudal. Eye 3.3—4, shorter than snout,
which is equal to interorbital space but shorter than postorbital
part of head. Mouthopening not reaching to frontborder of eye.
Three to four rows of scales on suborbital part of cheeks.
Scales on operculum large, excepting the superior ones, which
are small. Dorsal separated from occiput by 21—26 scales.
First spine of first dorsal stronger than the other ones, as long
as, somewhat shorter or longer than that of second dorsal,
which is curved and thicker than those of first dorsal and about
as long as head without snout or as postorbital part of head.
Anal spine much weaker, not much longer than eye. The
origin of the anal is 4—6 (in large specimens 2) scales in front
of that of dorsal. Pectorals somewhat falciform, as long as head
without snout. Scales nearly smooth. Caudal peduncle slender,
considerably longer than high. Colour of alcohol specimens
light brownish, yellowish below with a silvery hue. Traces of
a lateral dark band. Fins hyaline or dusky, upper and lower
border of caudal more or less blackish. Length 127 mm.

Habitat: North New Guinea (river Tawarin!, river Ser-
mowai!, Kaiserin Augusta-river!).

Fresh water.

307

4. Chilatherina Tate Regan.
(TATE REGAN, Trans. Zool, Soc. London XX. prt 6, 1914, p, 282).

Much compressed, oblong. Dorsal profile strongly elevated
and convex in old specimens, less so in young ones. Ventral
profile much convex. Head rather pointed. Upper jaw more
or less prominent. The intermaxillaries are gently curved,
without abrupt bent between the horizontal and the lateral part.
Lips more or less thickened, especially the upper lip. Jaws
with several rows of pointed teeth, reduced to one row
laterally. Teeth on vomer and base of tongue; those on pala-
tines absent or present. First dorsal with a spine and 3—5
soft undivided rays. Second dorsal with one curved spine and
10—16 soft rays. Anal with a weak spine and 22—25 soft rays.

ie *
cup ty

hep iin
DDH ay
a
LS

y

pa

Fig. 82. Chilatherina sentaniensis (M. Web.) X 9/10.

Origin of anal in advance of that of first dorsal. Ventrals with
a slender spine and 5 soft rays, beginning somewhat behind
origin of pectorals, which have no spine. Caudal deeply forked.
Scales smooth or indistinctly crenulated at their hindmargin;
rather small, 4o—42 in a row between head and caudal. Lateral
line absent or indicated by some scales having a shallow pit.
Six branchiostegals. About 14 short gillrakers on the lower
part of the anterior arch.
Distribution: Freshwater of Northern New Guinea.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Chilatherina.
1. Head 4.3—5.8. 19—2I1 scales in front of dorsal. 13—16
SOMMGOTSH: TAVSIMCA eee ea Ya ceces. ot ail po dts ed dees Ve Ch. fasciata p. 308.
2. Head less than 4. 22—27 scales in front of dorsal.

O02 SOit, GOLSales TAYSHa ctey blisrikl's al a eter are sane Ch. sentaniensis p. 309s

308

1. Chilatherina fasciata (M. Web.).

Rhombatractus fasciatus Max Weber, Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 565.
Chilatherina fasciata Tate Regan, Trans, Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6, 1914,

p: 282.

D#. T).4—5 5°) D?. 3165. At I. 232-2626) Pea ——156
V.1.5; Ll. 4o—42; L.tr. 12—13.

Dorsal profile somewhat convex behind nape; ventral profile
strongly convex. Head pointed. Height 3—5.3, 6—6.3 in length
with caudal. Head 4.3—5.8, 5.2—7.2 in length with caudal.
Eye 3—3.2, somewhat less than interorbital space, which is
about equal to snout. Upper jaw prominent. Mouthopening
reaching behind middle of length of snout, but not to front-
border of eye. Maxillary not visible when the mouth is closed.
Upper lip thickened. Jaws with several series of strong pointed
teeth anteriorly, diminishing in number posteriorly, forming a
single series on the lateral part of the intermaxillaries and
extending outside the mouth on the upper lip and less so on
the lower lip. The intermaxillaries are gently curved, not
abruptly bent from a horizontal into a lateral oblique part.
Small teeth on vomer and on base of tongue. None on pala-
tines. Two, and posteriorly three rows of scales on subocular part
of cheeks. Large scales on operculum, smaller ones on its supe-
rior part. First dorsal separated by 19—21 scales from occiput.
Spine of first dorsal longer than postorbital part of head, longer
than that of second dorsal, which is more curved and much
longer than that of anal, which is about as long as eye. Length
of base of anal considerably longer than distance between
origin of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Origin of anal
beginning 2—4 scales before that of first dorsal. Pectorals curved,
equal to or longer than head without snout. Scales smooth
or indistinctly crenulated at their hindborder. Caudal peduncle
much longer than high. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish
above, lighter below, with a more or less distinct longitudinal
black band and a series of transverse narrow bands, forming
about right angles with the longitudinal band in the lower half
of the body. These bands are sometimes obsolete. Fins dusky.
Length 131 mm.

Habitat: Northern New Guinea (Mamberamo! and Iden-
burg river!, river Sermowai and _ its tributaries!, river near
Njao!, tributary of Kaiserin Augusta river!).

Fresh water.

309

2. Chilatherina sentaniensis (M. Web.) |Fig. 82, p. 307].
Rhombatractus sentaniensis Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr, 2, 1908, p. 235. —

Nova Guinea IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 564.

Chilatherina sentaniensis Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. Part 6,

1914, p. 282.

BY eA es oro 12;, An T..22—24;° P. p12; VTS
L.l. 41—42; L.tr. 13.

Dorsal profile somewhat convex behind nape; ventral profile
strongly convex. Head pointed. Height 2.4—3.3, 2.7 to 4 in
length with caudal. Head somewhat more or less than 3.5,
3.9—4.3 in length with caudal. Eye 3.5 to nearly 4, nearly 1.5
in snout, which is somewhat longer than interorbital space.
Upper jaw slightly prominent. Mouthopening reaching behind
middle of length of snout, but not to frontborder of eye. Anterior
end of maxillary generally visible, when the mouth is closed.
Jaws with several rows of pointed teeth extending anteriorly
to the outside of the lips, which are thickened, Small teeth
on vomer, palatines and on base of tongue. The intermaxillaries
are gently curved, without abrupt bent between their hori-
zontal and the lateral part. Two rows of scales on postocular
part of cheeks. Large scales on operculum, smaller ones on
its superior part. First dorsal separated by 22—27 scales from
occiput. Spine of first dorsal longer than that of second dorsal,
much longer than that of anal, which is shorter than eye.
Length of base of anal much more than distance between origin
of first dorsal and end of second dorsal. Origin of first dorsal
about 5—6 scales behind that of anal. Pectorals curved, as
long as head without snout. Scales smooth or indistinctly crenu-
lated. Caudal peduncle longer or much longer than high. Colour
of alcohol specimens reddish brown above, silvery below, with
a more or less distinct longitudinal black band and sometimes
with narrow cross-bars on the lower half of the body. Fins
blackish. Length 110 mm.

Nom. indig.: Séu (Lake Sentani).

Habitat: North New Guinea (Lake Sentani!, river Sekanto!).

Fresh water.

5. Glossolepis M. Weber.
(M. WesEr, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 241).

Much compressed, oblong. The dorsal profile much elevated

310

behind head, convex, especially in older specimens. Ventral
profile convex. Upper jaw very slightly prominent. Intermaxil-
laries with an abrupt bent between their horizontal and lateral
part. Lips not thickened. Mouthopening moderate, not reaching
to vertical through frontborder of eye. Jaws with several rows
of conical, rounded teeth, which extend somewhat on the
lips, especially near symphysis of intermaxillaries. Vomer

Pts sizes
ca
He PY) sO Ley
¢ ] Y) Betis
r 08

ra.

Ha,
i Ma: 4 ‘i
ME ee
Z FREE 9 1944
eee aan iuey

A ees
oe Ny se

Hig. 83. Glossolepis incisus M. Web. n.s.
With figure of a magnified scale.

with a transverse band of teeth. A band
of teeth on palatines and on tongue.
First dorsal with one strong spine and
3—5 much weaker ones. Second dorsal
with a rather long curved spine and g—10 rays. Anal witha
weak spine and 20—23 rays, its origin before that of first dorsal.
Ventrals with a slender spine and 5 rays, originating slightly
behind origin of pectorals. Pectorals without spine. Caudal
deeply forked. Scales irregularly arranged, deeply crenulated
along their hindmargin, rather small, 55—60 between head
and tail. No lateral line. Six branchiostegals. About 30 rather
long and slender gillrakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Distribution: Northern New Guinea.

Fresh water.

1. Glossolepis incisus M. Web. [Fig. 83, p. 310].

Glossolepis incisus M. Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 241. — Ibid.
IX. Livr. 4, 1913, p. 562.
Glossolepis incisus Tate Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX. prt 6, 1914, p. 281.

311

Day — Vis De Te. g—s10% wall... 20—237°P. 1. 14; Ve g5
L.l. 55—60; L.tr. circa 17.

Height 2.3—2.8, 2.9—3.4 in length with caudal. Head 3.3—4,
4—5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.5 to more than 3, longer
than or equal to snout, which is equal to or somewhat shorter
than slightly concave interorbital space and considerably shorter
than postorbital part of head. Mouthopening reaching farther
back than middle of length of snout. Three rows of scales
on subocular part of cheeks. Dorsal separated by 40—42
scales from occiput. First spine of first dorsal longer or shorter
than that of second dorsal, longer than or equal to postor-
bital part of head. Anal spine as long as eye, Origin of first
dorsal somewhat behind that of anal. Pectorals somewhat
falciform, considerably longer than head without snout. Caudal
peduncle much longer than high. Reddish brown, with a silvery
hue, fins blackish in their proximal part. Length 145 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Lake Sentani!, pond near Hum-
boldt Bay !).

Fresh water.

Order LABYRINTHICI.

Physoclistic. Cylindrical and elongate or compressed and
oblong. Mouth large or small. Intermaxillaries protractile, exclud-
ing the edentulous maxillaries from the oral border. The jaws
with fixed, conical teeth; in one case (//e/ostoma) only movable
ones on lips. Vomer and palatines with or without teeth. Teeth
on parasphenoid present. Scales large or moderate, cycloid or
ctenoid. Lateral line present and continuous, or interrupted,
or vestigial, or absent. The single dorsal fin long, inserted above
base of pectorals, longer than anal fin, or shorter than it and
beginning behind base of pectorals. Dorsal and anal with or
without spines, the rays branched or not. Pectorals situated
below middle of height. Ventrals thoracic, subabdominal or
absent, composed of six rays, the outer of which is unbranched
or spine-like; the rays may be reduced to one. Pelvic bones
remote from cleithra or attached to them. Parietal bones are
separated by the supraoccipital, an orbitosphenoid wanting.
Four gills. Pseudobranchiae none or rudimentary. A supra-
branchial organ constituted by a system of labyrinthic lamellar
processes from the outside of the epibranchial of the first
branchial arch, enclosed in an accessory cavity, separate from
the pharyngeal cavity, but in communication with the branchial
cavity, by an opening above the two anterior gillslits. In
Ophiocephalidae the suprabranchial cavity is more like a diver-
ticulum of the pharyngeal cavity, as it is in open communi-
cation with it. It is also without a labyrinthiform organ but
covered by a mucous membran fit for accessory respiration.

Synopsis of the suborders of Labyrinthici.

1. Dorsal and anal with articulated rays only. Ventrals,

when present, with six rays. Scales cycloid. Supra-

branchial cavity without labyrinthiform organ. .... Ophiocephaloidet p. 313.
2. Dorsal and anal with one or more spines. Ventrals with

five or less rays and a spine, or reduced to a single

ray. Scales ctenoid. Suprabranchial cavity with a laby-

TINthiformmponrgan 0.5. wuel niet emchietem isMe Nie skh oon Anabantoidei p. 330.

1. Suborder Ophiocephaloidet.

Elongate, more or less cylindrical, compressed posteriorly.
Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins long. Pectorals
present. Ventrals present or absent, inserted not far behind
pectorals. Pelvic bones connected to the symphysis of the
cleithra by a ligament. Mouth large, protractile ; the maxillaries
excluded from the oral border. Curved teeth on intermaxil-
laries, mandibles, vomer and palatines. Canine teeth always
present in lower jaw, sometimes also on vomer and palatines.
Scales moderate, cycloid, striated, very large and shield-like
on upper surface of head. Lateral line present, with a more
or less developed curve in its anterior half or interrupted. Air-
bladder present, continued into a prolongation of the abdominal
cavity in the tail. Anterior ribs sessile, the remainder inserted
on parapophyses. Four gills, gillrakers present. No pseudo-
branchiae. An accessory superbranchial cavity present, but
no labyrinthiform organ'). Gillmembranes free from isthmus,
but connected with each other.

Distribution: Freshwater of eastern and south-eastern
Asia, indo-australian Archipelago as far as Halmahera to the
east, and tropical Africa.

1. Ophiocephalus Bloch.

(B8LocH, Ausland. Fische VII. 1793, p. 137).

Fig. 84. Ophiocephalus melanopterus Blkr. X 2/9.

Ventrals present. For other characters and for distribution
of the genus, see those of the suborder.

1) For particulars see Max RaAuTHER, Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie
II. Heft 4, 1910, p. 522—531.

314

Key to the indo-australian species of
Ophiocephalus.

A. On vomer and palatines a pluriserial band of
small teeth, without large canines.
I. 3—3!/, scales in L.tr. between anterior rays of
dorsal and lateral line. D. 44—47; A. 28—31.
a. Head 3.1. A black white-edged ocellus at
the upper part of the base of the caudal. O. marulioides p. 315.
b. Head 3.5—3.8. No ocellus at base of caudal,
A series of irregular dark patches along
tie (Sideset ewe fist ot sn. Waren racer canetnn Fe O. melanopterus p. 315.
II. 4—5 scales in L.tr. between anterior rays of
dorsal and lateral line. D. 37—43. A. 21—27.
a. Ll. 52—57. Pectorals shorter than post-
orbital: part of heads) 60a vewets te mee O, striatus p. 317.
d. Lil. 50—52. Pectorals about as long as
postorbitalliparteotphcddinr peste) ciel leas O. melanosoma p. 319.
Z. On vomer and palatines one or two series of
teeth, which are for the greater part canines or
caninoid.
I. 3—3'/, scales in L.tr. between anterior rays of
dorsal and lateral line. L.l. 41 —43. D. 31—35.
L Ne Pi PYG Bi re Cec acres) ary oes Go Oracle O. gachua p. 321.
II. 41/.—5'/, scales in L.tr. between anterior rays
of dorsal and lateral line. L.l. 54—65.
D. 36—43. A. 26—31.
a. 4', scales in L.tr. between anterior rays of
dorsal and lateral line.
a. Ll. 55—58. Two black longitudinal
narrow bands along head and body. . O. distriatus p. 322.
g. L.l. 64. Uniform, young specimens with
a lateral band, consisting of separate
bide MORNE “5 oo Gb od G5 6 0 ob 6 O. bankanensis p. 323.
b. 51/, scales in L.tr. between anterior rays of
dorsal and lateral line.
a. Upper profile of head straight. L.1.57—58.
Sides with 4—5 black ocelli, surrounded
by yellowish rings.........-.. O. pleurophthalmus p. 324.
@. Upper profile of head more or less con-
cave, except in young specimens. Ll.
58—65. Spots on sides sometimes present,

but never forming ocelli......... O. lucius p. 326.

315

Ill. 5'/.—6'/, scales in L.tr. between anterior
rays of dorsal and lateral line. L.J. 82—g1.

DS Al A Aen 25 =——2oeke Le ushteslanckie:: ©. « O. micropeltes p. 328.

ID hey et tail Soyo SAP ES co Be uel cach Gfond 40.05 oth ORGEH ste O. punctatus p. 330.

1. Ophiocephalus marulioides Blkr.

Ophiocephalus marulioides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Indié II. 1851, p. 424. —
Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 399, fig.2.— Verh. Akad, Amsterdam XIX. 1879,
Poissons pharyng. labyrinth. p. 40.

3:

D. 46—47; A. 30—31; P.18; V.6; L.l.55—58; Ltr. 1.

fe)
Cylindrical, compressed posteriorly. Height 6, 7.2 in length
with caudal. Head 3.1, 3.7 in length with caudal. Head depressed,
flat above, the profile sloping in a straight line from nape to
snout. Eye 6.5, 1.6 in interorbital space and about equal to
snout. Cleft of mouth somewhat oblique. Maxillary reaching
to behind eye. Jaws equal. A pluriserial band of small equal
teeth in the upper jaw. A A-shaped band of teeth on anterior
part of vomer, subcontinuous with the broader bands on the
palatines. A pluriserial band of small teeth near the symphysis
in the lower jaw, laterally tapering to one row of small teeth,
with which distant blunt caninoids are intermingled. 5 rows
of scales between eye and praeoperculum, 3 or 4 on operculum.

Lateral line with an abrupt curve downwards at the 18th perfo-

rated scale. Dorsal beginning scarcely behind origin of pectorals,

- and ending somewhat behind end of anal; its origin separated

by about 13 scales from snout. Origin of anal below 16th dorsal

ray. Pectorals about equal to postorbital part of head. Ventrals
originating behind origin of dorsal, equal to head without
snout. Dark brown, somewhat lighter below. Fins brownish
blue, ventrals dusky. A black white-edged ocellus at the upper

part of the base of the caudal. Length 270 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!, Djambi!); Banka; Biliton; Bor-
neo (Sambas, Bankayan).
In rivers and ponds.

tol

2. Ophiocephalus melanopterus Blkr. |Fig. 84, p. 313].

Ophiocephalus melanopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié IX. 1855, p. 420. —
Atl, ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 398, fig. 2. — Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879,
Poissons pharyng. labyrinth. p. 41.

316

Ophiocephalus marudius Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1890, p. 38 (nec H.B.).
Ophiocephalus marulius Volz, Revue Suisse de Zool. XII. 1904, p. 460 (nec H.B.).

D:.44—47; “A. 26-393". 17-183 ON. tbe) eee

ie) :

Cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Height 5.g—6.3,
7-—7.2 in length with caudal. Head 3.5—3.8, 4—4.6 in length
with caudal. Head depressed, its upper profile sloping in a
nearly straight line from occiput to snout. Eye 7—8.2, about
2.5 in interorbitai space. Snout less than twice length of eye,
its tip about in the horizontal through middle of eye. Cleft
of mouth somewhat oblique. Maxillary reaching behind eye.
Lower jaw somewhat prominent. Bands of small teeth in both
jaws and on palatines and anterior part of vomer, those of
palatines and that of vomer subcontinuous. No enlarged teeth
except a row of distant, strong but short canines in the lower
jaw, behind the band of small teeth, which is only well developed
near the symphysis and consists of only two rows or even
one row laterally. About 5 rows of scales between eye and
hindborder of praeoperculum, 3 or 4 on operculum. Lateral
line with an abrupt curve downwards at about the 16th per-
forated scale. Dorsal beginning behind base of pectorals and
ending somewhat behind end of anal, its origin separated by
13—15 scales from snout. Origin of anal about below 16th
dorsal ray. Pectorals about equal to postorbital part of head.
Ventrals originating below origin of dorsal, more than half as
long as pectorals. Dark brown or bluish above, lighter below;
along the sides, just below the lateral line, there are groups
of about 6 scales which are black, forming a longitudinal series
of irregular dark patches. Dorsal, anal, pectorals and caudal
blackish; dorsal and anal somewhat freckled with whitish. Ven-
trals more or less dusky, as also sometimes the pectorals.
Length 650 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang! Indragiri, Gunung Sahilan!,
Djambi!, Deli?); Borneo (Pontianak) ').

1) According. to ‘BEAN &- WEED (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 42, 1912, p. 607),
this species is also found on Java (Buitenzorg, Palabuan Ratu). We suppose
that some mistake is made, as it is hardly believable that BLEEKER and so many
other ichthyologist after him, who collected at Buitenzorg, would have over-
looked this species.

317

3. Ophiocephalus striatus Bl.

Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch, Ausl. Fische VII. 1793, p. 141, tab. 359.
Ophiocephalus wrahi Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poissons III. 1802, p. 551.
Ophiocephalus wrahl Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, 1822, p. 60.
Ophiocephalus chena Hamilton Buchanan, ibid. p. 62.
Ophicephalus striatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 417.
Ophicephalus planiceps Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 425.
Ophicephalius sowarah Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk, Arch. Ned. Indié IL. (3) 1845, p. 519.
Ophicephalus planiceps Bleeker, l.c.
Ophicephalus striatus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen, XXIII. 1850, Doolh, kieuw. p. 13.
Ophiocephalus striatus Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. 1074.
? Ophiocephalus cyanospilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié 1V. 1853, p. 256.
Ophiocephalus striatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 474.
Ophiocephalus striatus Kner, Novara-Exp. Fische 1865—1867, p. 234.
Ophiocephalus vagus Peters, Monatsber, Akad. Berlin (1868) 1869, p. 260.
Ophiocephalus striatus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 399, Fig. 1. — Verh.
Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 42.
? Ophiocephalus cyanospilus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 397, fig. 2. — lc. p. 45.
Ophiocephalus striatus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) II. 1885, p. 89.
Ophiocephalus striatus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 366.
Ophiocephalus striatus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) IX. 1890, p. 184.
Ophiocephalus striatus Steindachner, Ann. K. K, Naturh, Hofmus. XI. 1896, p. 227.
Ophiocephalus striatus Smith, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXI. (1901) 1902, p. 171.
Ophicephalus striatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. XXIII. (1903)
1905, P- 533-
Ophiocephalus striatus Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish Wash. XXVI. (1906)
1907, p. 27.
Ophiocephalus striatus Sundara Raj, Rec. Indian Mus. XII. 1916, p. 270.

D. 38—43; A: 23—27; P. 15—17; V. 6; L.1. 52—57;
4 (43)—5
aa oF ee
8—10 ,

Cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Height 5—6,
6—7.3 in length with caudal. Head. 3—3.2, 3.6 in length with
caudal. Head depressed, its upper profile somewhat convex,
interorbital space flat. Eye 5 (in specimen of 80 mm.)—S8 (in
specimen of 340 mm.), twice (or less in small specimens) in
interorbital space. Snout less than twice length of eye, its tip
in the horizontal through middle of eye. Cleft of mouth oblique.
Maxillary reaching behind eye, in young specimens not so far.
Lower jaw slightly prominent. In the intermaxillaries bands
of about 5 or 6 rows of teeth anteriorly, tapering posteriorly.
These teeth are pointed and curved backwards, the postsymphy-
sial ones longer and canine-like. In the mandibles the teeth are
placed in several rows near the symphysis, in one row laterally.

318

They are about equal to those in the intermaxillaries. In the
lateral row there are on each side about 5 equidistant canines.
Teeth on vomer and palatines slender, curved backwards, in
several rows, those of the posterior row the longer. On the
vomer they form a A-shaped patch; on the palatines an elongate
band. There are 6 or 7 rows of scales between the eye and
the hindborder of the praeoperculum and 4 rows on the oper-
culum. Lateral line with an abrupt curve downwards at about
the 17th—z2oth perforated scale. Dorsal beginning behind base
of pectorals and ending somewhat behind end of anal. Its
origin separated by about 15 scales from tip of snout. Origin
of anal about below 17th dorsal ray. Pectorals shorter than
postorbital part of head. Ventrals originating about below origin
of dorsal, equal to distance between hindborder of eye and
hindborder of praeoperculum. Greenish or brownish above to
almost black, white or silvery or light brown below. Upper
parts with dark streaks and blotches, more or less arranged
in oblique bars running forwards, lower parts with similar
blotches and streaks, at right angles with those of the upper
parts. In older specimens the upper parts are generally so
dark as to make these markings obsolete. Lower surface of
head and belly white, more or less freckled with brown. A
dark band running from corner of mouth to suboperculum,
sometimes very faint or absent in old specimens. Pectorals
brownish to dark brown. Ventrals white, generally freckled
with brown. Dorsal and anal generally freckled or streaked
with brown and white. In young individuals there is sometimes
a black ocellus at the end of the dorsal fin. Caudal brownish,
with obsolete dark bands. Length over 900 mm.

Nom. indig.: Gabus (Malay. Javan.), Rajong (Sundan.),
Deluk, Kuto (Javan. Madura), Bado (Gaju), Batje (Atjeh), Se
Punkat (Palembang), Haruan (Banjermassin).

Habitat: Rivers, lakes and ponds of Sumatra!, Pulu Weh!,
Singapore, Banka, Singkep!, Borneo!, Java!, Madura, Celebes!,
Bali, Lombok!, Flores!, Ambon!, Batjan, Halmahera. — Philip-
pines, Pinang, Malay Peninsula, Siam, China, British India and
Ceylon. Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands.

Note: Numerous specimens of this very common food fish
seen by us. According to SUNDARA RAJ (l.c. p. 271): “the nest
consists of a circular clearing in grassy swamps or in the
weedy edges of ponds and rivers. Both parents, the male in

319

particular, keep guard. The eggs, which are large (1.25 mm.)
and float at the surface, are never numerous but vary from
a few hundreds to a few thousands according to the size of
the fish. Dr. A. WILLEY gives a full description of the nest,
egg and young of this species in Spolia Zeylanica, vol. VI,
pp. 108—123.”

Ophiocephalus cyanospilus is known from the type specimen
only, when we except 2 specimens mentioned by VOLZ (Revue
Suisse de Zoologie XII. 1904, p. 460) with a? behind that name.
This type specimen is a young fish of 102 mm. and differs
according to BLEEKER, from O. sérzatus by the presence of
small bluish or mother-of-pearl coloured ocelli on the ventral
side of the trunk. The origin of the dorsal is situated “circiter”
above that of the pectorals and the maxillary reaches only
to below hindborder of eye. Lastnamed character is due to
the young age of the specimen, the other differences from
O. striatus are so slight, that it seems to us justified to range
O. cyanospilus — although with a? — under the synonyms
of O. striatus.

The type of O. cyanospilus, which came from Telokbetong,
Sumatra, is apparently lost, as it is neither in the Leiden nor
in the British Museum.

4. Ophiocephalus melanosoma Blkr.

Ophicephalus melasoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851, p. 424.

Ophicephalus rhodotaenia Bleeker, ibid. p. 425.

Ophicephalus mystax Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. V. 1853, p. 188.

Ophiocephalus melanosoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 473.

Ophiocephalus melanosoma Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877. Tab. 399. fig. 4. —
Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 46.

Ophiocephalus rhodotaenia Bleeker, ibid. p. 47.

Ophiocephalus baramensis Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb, Naturf. Gesellsch. XXV.
1901, p- 435.

Ophiocephalus rhodotaenia Steindachner, l.c.

Ophiocephalus mystax Volz, Revue Suisse de Zoologie XII. fasc. 2, 1904, p. 459.

Ophiocephalus melanosoma Volz, ibid. p. 460.

D. 37—41; A. 21—25; P. 14—15; V. 6; L.l. 50—52;L.tr. 1 .
——

Cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Height 55.8,

5.9—7.2 in length with caudal. Head 3.1—3.3, 3.8— 4.2 in

length with caudal. Head depressed, its upper profile straight,

interorbital space flat. Eye 5.7 (in specimen of 168 mm.) — 7

(in spec. of 285 mm.), about twice or a little less, in small

420

specimens, in interorbital space. Snout less than twice diameter
of eye, its tip in the horizontal through lower half of eye. Cleft.
of mouth rather oblique. Maxillary reaching far behind eye
or to hindborder of eye in small specimens. Lower jaw slightly
prominent. A rather broad villiform band of teeth in the inter-
maxillaries, teeth coarser in the symphysial part, especially
the hindermost. In the lower jaw several rows of teeth near
the symphysis, laterally only one row, behind which equi-
distant strong canines. A A-formed patch of moderate strong
teeth on vomer and an elongate band of strong teeth on the
palatines, the innermost row the largest and caninoid. All the
teeth curved backwards. There are 5 or 6 scales in a row
between the eye and the hindborder of the praeoperculum
and 3-—4 rows on the operculum. Lateral line with an abrupt
curve downwards of 3 scales at about the 14th or 15th perfo-
rated scale. Dorsal beginning behind base of pectorals and
ending somewhat behind end of anal. Its origin separated by
15—16 scales from tip of snout. Origin of anal below 14th
dorsal ray. Pectorals about as long as postorbital part of head.
Ventrals originating about below origin of dorsal, about equal
to distance between hindborder of eye and hindborder of
praeoperculum. Colour of alcohol specimens dark greenish or
bluish above, yellowish or reddish brown below. A rather in-
conspicuous dark oblique stripe behind corner of mouth. Under-
parts of head sometimes with yellow spots. Pectorals and dorsal
and caudal dark, ventrals of the colour of the lower parts,
sometimes striped in their hinderpart. Anal light, with a sub-
terminal dark band. In young specimens (always?) a red lateral
band from snout to caudal. Length 285 mm. [Type of O. dara-
mensts Steind. in the Vienna Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, Gunung Sahilan!,:
Ringgat!, Laut Tador, Lower Langkat); Banka; Borneo (Ma-
rawang, Toboali, uppercourse of river Kapuas, Sadong, Gambas,
Sarawak, Baram river!). — Palawan Archipelago, Tonkin, Siam.
N ote. Ophiocephalus rhodotaenza is based on a single specimen
of 59 mm. long. A second one, still smaller (41 mm.) has
been recorded by STEINDACHNER. The differences from O. me/a-
nosoma (the presence of a lateral red band and the maxillaries
reaching only below hinderpart of eye) are referable to the
young age of the specimens. We unite O. rhodotaenia there-
fore with O. melanosoma. |

321

5. Ophiocephalus gachua H.B.

Ophiocephalus gachua Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, 1822, p. 68.
Ophiocephalus aurantiacus Hamilton Buchanan, ibid. p. 69.
Ophicephalus marginatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons, VII. 1831,
py Att.
Ophicephalus limbatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. tab. 201.
Ophicephalus cora-mota Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 414.
Ophicephalus fuscus Cuvier & Valenciennes, l.c.
Ophicephalus aurantiacus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 415.
Ophiocephalus montanus McClelland, Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. Il. 1842, p. 583.
Philypnoides surakartensis Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXII. (1848) 1849, Blenn.
Gob. p. 19.
Ophicephalus marginatus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Doolh.
kieuw. p. 14.
Ophiocephalus gachua Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 471.
Ophiocephalus kelaarti Giinther, ibid. p. 472.
Ophiocephalus gachua Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865—1867, p. 233.
Ophiocephalus guachua var. malaccensis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1868, p. 262.
Ophiocephalus gachua Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 397, fig. 4. —- Verh.
Akad. Amsterdam, XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 38.
Ophiocephalus gachua Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 367.
Ophiocephalus gachua Vinciguerra, Annal. Museo Civico Genova (2) IX. 1890, p. 185.
Ophiocephalus gachua Bean & Weed, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 608.
Ophiocephalus gachua Sundara Raj, Record Ind. Mus. XII. Prt. VI: 1916, p. 275.
3 (33)
Di 31—35; A. 21 —245 P. 13—16; V.6; LL 4i—43; Ltr rt
7
Body somewhat cylindrical anteriorly, compressed poste-

riorly. Height 5.5—6.5, 6.7—8.3 in length with caudal. Head
3.I—3.5, 4—4.3 in length with caudal. Head depressed, flat
above, its upper profile sloping down in a nearly straight line
or somewhat convex. Eye 5 (in specimen of 65 mm.) —8 (in
specimen of [42 mm.), in large specimens more than twice,
in small specimens less than twice in the interorbital space,
about I—r.5 in snout. Tip of snout in the horizontal through
middle or upper part of eye. Cleft of mouth oblique. Maxillary
reaching to vertical through hindborder of eye, in small speci-
mens not so far. Lower jaw somewhat prominent. A band of
small teeth in the intermaxillaries. Teeth on the palatines and
on the foremost part of the vomer forming a continuous biserial
curved band, the outer teeth smaller, the inner teeth canines
or caninoid. A band of small teeth, tapering laterally, in the
lower jaw, the most interior row consisting of caninoid or
canine teeth. About 5 rows of scales between eye and poste-

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 21

g22

rior border of praeoperculum and about 3 rows on operculum.
Lateral line curving one scale downward behind the 11th—13th
perforated scale. Dorsal beginning behind origin of pectorals and
ending somewhat behind anal, its origin separated by 13—14
scales from tip of snout. Origin of anal about below gth—rith
dorsal ray. Pectorals somewhat more or less than postorbital
part of head. Ventrals originating somewhat before origin of
dorsal, about half as long as pectorals. Colour brownish, darker
above, lighter below, with traces of darker crossbars, more
conspicuous in young specimens and often quite obsolete in
adult ones. In young specimens there are often some black
spots scattered over the body. Dorsal, anal and caudal with
a white margin, the rest of the fins uniformly dark bluish
black or lighter, striped with black. Ventrals hyaline, with a
dusky streak. Pectorals black at the base, the black area
bordered behind by a white band. Generally this band is followed
by other ones distally, the bands being about their breadth
apart and giving to the fin a striped appearance. Length
over 300 mm.

Nom. indig.: Gabus (Malay Batavia), Boga, Heedjo gaddo
(Sund.), Kuto and Kuto bengo (Javan.).

Habitat: Common in rivers, lakes and ponds and entering
brackish water of: Singapore, Nias!, Sumatra!, Banka, Biliton,
Borneo!, Java!, Bawean, Madura. — Malay Peninsula, Siam,
Andamans, Ceylon, British India, Balutchistan and Afghanistan.

6. Ophiocephalus bistriatus nom. nov.
Ophiocephalus bivittatus J. Karoli, Termesz. Fiizetek V. 1882, p. 24 (nec Bleeker).

D. 36—41; A. 26—28; P. 16; V.6; Lil. 55—58 [45—50
43

according to KAROLI]; L. tr. PUIGE

Or
Cylindrical, compressed posteriorly, 5.7—6.5, 7—8 in length
with caudal. Head 2.8, 3.5 in length with caudal. Head
depressed, above flat end covered with large scales. Eye 4.5—5,
one diameter apart and somewhat longer than snout. Cleft of
mouth oblique. Maxillary not reaching to the vertical through
hindborder of eye. Lower jaw somewhat prominent. Small
equal teeth in a pluriserial band in the upper jaw as also in
the symphysial part of the lower jaw; the rami of the lower
jaw with one or two series of small teeth and distant canines,

\

323

Palatines and anterior part of vomer with a subcontinuous
series of small teeth and a row of distant canines. About eleven
rows of scales between eye and praeoperculum and 4 or 5
rows of scales on operculum. Lateral line with an abrupt curve
downwards at about the 18th scale. Dorsal beginning scarcely
behind pectorals, ending behind end of anal, its origin sepa-
rated by about 17 scales from snout. Pectorals shorter than
postorbital part of head, ventrals not much shorter than pectorals.
Light brownish above, lighter below. Two black longitudinal
narrow bands, one above and one below the lateral line, the
upper one beginning behind eye, running along upper margin
of operculum, the lower one beginning at snout, running through
eye and through base of pectorals, both bands continued on
the caudal fin. Length 60 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Balikpapan!, Sarawak).

In rivers.

Note. The 6 specimens of KAROLI, measuring from 50—60
mm. and our 3 specimens from Sungei Manggar, Balikpapan,
which are about of the same length, are the only ones known
of this species. It is possible that they represent the young
age of O. luctus, with which they seem to be most related.

7. Ophiocephalus bankanensis Blkr.

Ophiocephalus bankanensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 726. —
ibid. V. 1853, p. 187. — Atl. ‘ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 397, fig. 1. — Verh.
Akad. Amsterdam, XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 51. A
D. 39—42; A. 29—31; P.15—16; V.1.5; L.1.64; Ltr. 1.

aa
Compressed. Height 6, 7 in length with caudal. Head 3.4,
4 in length with caudal. Head not depressed, rounded above,
its upper profile somewhat convex. Eye 5.5—7.5, 1.5—-2 in some-
what convex interorbital space. Snout as long as or slightly
longer than eye, its tip in the horizontal through upper half of
eye. Cleft of mouth very oblique. Maxillaries reaching to vertical
through hindborder of eye, not so far in small specimens.

Lower jaw somewhat prominent. A comparatively narrow band

of villiform teeth in the intermaxillaries. A band ‘of a few

rows of similar teeth in the lower jaw, with a row of equi-
distant canines behind it. On vomer and palatines a single or

double row of strong canines of unequal size. There are 8 or 9

scales in a row between hindborder of eye and that of praeoper-

324

culum and about § rows of scales on the operculum. Lateral
line with a gentle curve downwards at about the roth perforated
scale. Dorsal beginning scarcely behind origin of pectorals and
ending above end of anal. Its origin separated by 16—17 scales
from tip of snout. Origin of anal below 12th dorsal ray. Pec-
torals much shorter than postorbital part of head, about twice
in head. Ventrals originating behind origin of dorsal, less
than distance between hindborder of eye and hindborder of
praeoperculum. Colour of alcohol specimens of BLEEKER’s
collection brown, somewhat lighter below. Fins brown, more
or less variegated with darker. In younger specimens there
are three dark oblique streaks behind eye and a dark patch
on operculum. A lateral band, consisting of separate dark
patches, bordered by yellowish. Pectorals with some light spots.
Length 235 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER’s collection in the
Amsterdam and British Museum seen by us]. _

Habitat: Banka, Borneo (Banjermasin, mouth and middle
course of river Kapuas, Danau Sriang).

In rivers and ponds.

8. Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus Blkr.

Ophicephalus pleuropnrthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Indié I. 1850, p. 270. —
Act. Soc. Scient. Indo-Neerl. III. 1858, Zesde Bijdr. Sumatra, p. 37.
Ophicephalus urophthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 578.
Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 479.
Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. 1X. 1877, Tab. 397, fig. 3. —
Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 48.
> Ophicephalus spiritalis Fowler, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) XII,
1904, p. 530.
D. 40-43; A. 28-313 P..17-—18; Vo6; La. 5756 er ee
II
Body cylindrical, somewhat compressed, more so posteriorly.
Height 4.5 to nearly 5, 5.5 to nearly 6 in length with caudal.
Head 2.8—3, 3.5—3.8 in length with caudal. Head compressed,
rather pointed, its upper profile straight, interorbital space
flat. Eye 5.5 to nearly 7, less than 1.5 to somewhat more
than 1.5 in the interorbital space and 1.3—1.5 in snout. Tip of
snout in the horizontal through middle of eye. Cleft of mouth
somewhat oblique. Maxillaries reaching below hindborder of
eye or not so far. Lower jaw prominent, much so in old
specimens. A band of about 4 rows of small teeth in the
intermanillaries, those near the symphysis longer, especially in

325

the hindermost row. Few caninoid teeth in the frontpart of
the vomer, in one row, forming a A. A row of small teeth
on the palatines, with a series of distant canines, about 4 or
5 on each side. In the mandibles a band of about 4 rows of
small teeth in front, tapering laterally and with a series of
distant canines. About 10—12 rows of scales between eye and
hindborder of praeoperculum, 5 or ,6 rows of scales on oper-
culum. Linea lateralis running in a straight line, without any
abrupt curve or interruption. Dorsal beginning above origin
of pectorals and ending scarcely behind anal, its origin sepa-
rated by 17—20 scales from tip of snout. Origin of anal below
13th dorsal ray. Pectorals about one eye-diameter shorter than
postorbital part of head. Ventrals originating behind origin of
dorsal, somewhat shorter than pectorals. Brownish above,
yellowish white below. Two dark parallel bands running from
the hindborder of the eye somewhat obliquely downwards to the
interoperculum. Four or 5 black ocelli, surrounded by a yellowish
ring and larger than the eye: the first partly on praeoper-
culum, partly on operculum, the following three at some dis-
tance of each other on the lateral line, the second, which may
be absent, above the anus, the third about below the middle
of the dorsal and the fourth below the last third of dorsal;
the fifth in the middle of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal,
anal and caudal with indistinct light and dark crossbars. Pec-
torals and ventrals more or less dusky, base of pectorals brown.
Length almost 400 mm. ').

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Djambi!, Padang ?); Borneo
(Banjermassin, river Kapuas, Sebruang, Knapei, Matang, Danau
Sriang, Pulu Matjan).

In rivers,

1) O. spiritalis Fowler, from Padang, is intermediate in many respects between
O. pleurophthalmus and O. ducius. The number of scales in the Ll. (55), the
fin formula (D. 29, A. 28) do not give any definite clue to which of the two
species O. spiritalis belongs, although the low number of scales points to O. pleu-
rophthalmus, According to the figure the profile of the head issomewhat concave,
but not so much as in O, decius. The blotches on opercle and body correspond
fairly well with the ocelli of O. pleurophthalmus, but they miss the light rings
of the latter. The bars on the pectorals are again exactly what we see in speci-
mens of OQ. /ucius. O. spiritalis may be a hybrid of the two species, although we
are not aware that hybridisation is known in Ophiocephalus.

326

g. Ophiocephalus lucius (K.v. H.) C.V.

Ophicephalus lucius (KK. v. H.) Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII.
1831, p. 416.
Ophicephalus lucius Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Doolh, Kieuw. p. 13.
Ophiocephalus popylepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 578.—
Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 398, fig. 4. — Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879,
Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 50.
Ophiocephalus luctus Bleeker, Atlas ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 398, fig. 1. — Verh.
Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 53.
Ophiocephalus polylepis M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Heft 2, 1894, p. 417.
Ophicephalus polylepis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 32.
Ophiocephalus lucius Volz, Revue Suisse de Zool. XII. 1904, p. 460.
> Ophiocephalus polylepis Volz, 1. c.
Ophiocephalus polylepis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus, XXVII. 1906, p. 5.
D. 38—41; A. 27—29; P. 16—18; V. 6; L.]. 58 —65; L.tr. x: 1 aie
10o—II
Cylindrical, compressed posteriorly. Height 4'/,—5, more
than 5 to more than 6 in length with caudal. Head 3—3'/,,
3'/,—4 in length with caudal. Head depressed, its upper profile
sloping down in a more or less concave line, varying according
to the individuals and less pronounced in small specimens.
Eye 5'/, (in specimen of 85 mm.) —10 (in specimen of 360 mm.).
Less than twice to nearly 3 in flat or slightly convex inter-
orbital space, 1.3 to twice in snout. Tip of snout in the horizontal
through upper part of eye. Cleft of mouth oblique, reaching
to vertical through hindborder of eye or not so far. Lower
jaw prominent. A band of small teeth in the intermanillaries.
On vomer and palatines a single row of canines, between which
smaller teeth are inserted. A band of small teeth in the man-
dibles, tapering posteriorly and having an inner series of distant
canines. 10—13 rows of scales between eye and praeoperculum
and 4—6 rows on operculum. Lateral line curving downwards
2 rows of scales at about the 18th—-2oth scale. Dorsal beginning
above pectorals and ending above end of anal, its origin
separated by 18—19 scales from tip of snout. Origin of anal
below 11th or 12th dorsal ray. Pectorals equal to distance be-
tween eye and hindborder of praeoperculum or longer, but
considerably shorter than postorbital part of head. Ventrals
not much shorter than pectorals, originating behind origin of
dorsal. Colour variable. In young specimens brownish above,
yellowish below, with a black lateral interrupted band running
from the hindborder of the eye to base of caudal and forming

327

a series of large spots along the side of the body. In the
interspaces between those spots there is more dorsally a
similar row of less dark spots, these two alternating rows of
spots covering almost the whole sides of the body and leaving
a light zic-zac lateral line between them. The centre of each
spot of the upper row is formed by a darker oblique streak,
which is at right angles with similar streaks on the ventral
half of the body. In older specimens the whole fish is much
darker and the markings on the body are more or less obso-
lete, the oblique streaks on the belly, which is lighter, remaining
more conspicuous, but often completely vanishing in old
specimens. Sometimes there are round black spots, irregularly
arranged, on upper part of head and body. Dorsal, anal and
caudal spotted or streaked with rows of blackish or whitish
spots. Similar spots are often conspicuous on the ventral
side of the head. Pectorals white, barred with brown; ventrals
freckled or indistinctly barred with brown. Length 360 mm.

Nom. indig.: Gabus tjina (Malay Batavia), Mudju mudju
(Korintji, Sumatra).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Lake Singkarah!, Solok, Pa-
lembang!, Lahat, Taluk!, Muara Kompeh, Lower Langkat,
Laut Tador, Lake Korintji!, Indragiri, Djapura, Djambi!, Deli);
Banka; Biliton; Singkep!; Java (Batavia, Bekassi!, Buitenzorg!,
Tjibiliong, Lelles, Semarang, Megamendok); Madura; Borneo
(river Kajan!, river Mahakkam and its affluents Howong!, Bluu!,
Bo!; Prabukarto, Banjermassin, river Kahajan, river Kapuas:
Pontianak, Sebruang, Knapei, Putus Genting and river Raun!;
Mandhor, Montrado, Sambas, river Baram, river Serawak). —
Siam, China.

In rivers, lakes and ponds.

Note. Ophiocephalus polylepis Blkr. is based on a single
young specimen of I14 mm., now preserved in the Leiden
Museum and in such a bad state, that it is impossible to des-
cribe it properly. According to BLEEKER’s description, the
only difference of importance between O. folylepis and luctus
would be that lastnamed species has one row of scales more
above the lateral line than O. poly/epis. In his diagnosis however
BLEEKER states of the scales in the l.tr. “quarum 4 vel 5?
supra lineam lateralem.” All the specimens afterwards labelled
by different authors as O. polylepis and which we examined,
turned out to be O. ductus. We have not seen the specimens

328
of O. polylepis mentioned by VOLZ (Revue Suisse Zool. XII.
1904, p. 460) which is a pity, as VOLZ records O. luctus on
the same page, from the same locality. Probably the last ones
are large specimens, with concave profile, which differ consi-
derably in aspect from the young ones, which he therefore
referred to O. polylepis.

10. Ophiocephalus micropeltes (K. v. H.) C.V. [Fig. 85, p. 329].

Ophiocephalus micropeltes (Kuhl & van Hasselt) Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.
nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 427.

Ophiocephalus serpentinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VI. 1831, p. 429.

Ophicephalus bivittatus Bleeker, Nat. Geneesk. Arch, Ned. Indié (II) 3, 1845, p. 519.

Ophicephalus micropeltes Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Doolh. kieuw. p. t2.

Ophicephalus Stevensii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié V. 1853, p. 444.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III, 1859—1861, p. 482.

Ophiocephalus diplogramme Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1865, p. 36. — Fishes
of Malabar, 1865, p. 147.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes von Martens, Preuss. Exp. nach Ostasien, Zool, Theil I.
TOO. (p- e303 swab. mya lige.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes Bleeker, Atl, ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 399, fig. 3. — Verh.
Akad. Amsterdam XIX, 1879, Poissons pharyng. labyr. p. 55.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes Sauvage, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. IV. (2) 1881, p. 167.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes Day, Fishes of India, 4°, 1878—1888, p. 365.

Ophiocephalus studeri Volz, Zool. Anz. XXVI. 1903, p. 535. — Zool. Jahrb.
Abth, Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 376.

Ophiocephalus micropeltes Weber & de Beaufort, in Maasz “Durch Zentral-
Sumatra” Bd. II. 1912, p. 17.

D.242—47; As 25—283 -P218——205-, V.- 155; "LF 6297;
53—63
ys eh ai
15—16
Cylindrical, compressed posteriorly. Height 5.1—5.5, 6.1—6.7
in length with caudal. Head 2.6—2.8, 3.1—3.4 in length with
caudal. Head depressed, rather pointed, flat above, the profile
from occiput to snout sloping in a straight line. Eye 6'/,—7'),,
twice to 2.5 in the interorbital space and about 4.5 in the
postorbital part of the head. Snout longer than, but not twice
as long as eye, its tip in the horizontal through middle of
eye. Cleft of mouth oblique. Maxillary reaching to behind eye.
Lower jaw somewhat prominent. In the upper jaw a pluri-
serial band of small teeth. On the palatines and the anterior
part of the vomer a continuous row of small teeth and imme-
diately behind this a row of distant strong canines. Small
teeth in several rows near the symphysis in the lower jaw,

329

laterally in one or two rows. Immediately behind these a row
of distant strong canines. There are 15—17 rows of scales
between the eye and the hindborder of the praeoperculum
and about 8 rows on the operculum. Lateral line without abrupt
curve, but sloping down in a more or less regular way in
the fore part of its course. Dorsal beginning above or even
somewhat before base of pectorals and ending scarcely behind
end of anal; its origin separated by about 28 scales from snout.
None of those scales on the head very much larger than the
others. Origin of anal below 16th—r18th dorsal ray. Pectorals
about 1.5 or somewhat more in postorbital part of head. Ven-
trals originating at some distance behind pectorals and only
a little shorter than lastnamed fins. Dark brown or bluish
above, whitish below; two black parallel longitudinal bands,
the upper one running from point of snout through eye to

Fig. 85. Ophiocepha.us micropeltes (IK. v. H.) C.V. X

bol
—

end of caudal, the lower one beginning somewhat above corner
of mouth, running through base of pectoral and also continued
to end of caudal, the interspace between these bands brick-red
in living specimens, but generally faded in preserved ones.
In older specimens the black bands break up into irregular
blotches and quite disappear in old specimens. Dorsal fin dusky
or with irregular longitudinal bands in older specimens. Caudal
dusky, with exception of the two dark bands and the red
interspace in younger specimens. Pectorals, ventrals and anal
whitish, the lastnamed fin with a black longitudinal band in
old specimens. Length 640 mm.

Nom.indig.: Gabus Tobang (Malay), Ikan toman (lake Toba).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Lahat, Muara Kompeh,
Gunung Sahilan!, Djambi!, Laut Tador, Danau kota, Danau
baru, Lake Toba!); Banka; Biliton; Java (Batavia, Tjibiliong,
Lelles, Semarang); Madura; Borneo (Prabukarto, Banjermassin,

Be 2)

river Kapuas: Pontianak, Sintang, Knapei, Putus Genting!,
Danau Sriang; Montrado, Sambas). — Siam, Indo-China, Malabar
and Western coast of India.

In rivers and ponds.

Dion bitfuls peeves:

Ophiocephalus punctatus Bl. a species from British India, but
not known from Siam or Malakka, has been recorded by
KNER from Java (Fische Novara Exp. I. 1865—1867, p. 233).
BLEEKER (Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX 1879, Poissons pharyng.
labyr. p. 36) supposes, that the locality “Java” is erroneous.
We agree with BLEEKER, as KNER often made mistakes in
the records of localities. KAROLI (Termesz. Fiizetek V. 1882,
p- 25) records O. punctatus besides from Ceylon, from Borneo
(Matang, Sarawak), Java (Palabuan, Sindanglaja) and under the
name of O. affinis Gthr., which is according to DAY asynonym
of O. punctatus, also from Singapore. Already the fact, that
KAROLI mentions this species from so many localities in the
Indo-australian Archipelago, whereas it has never been recorded
by other authors from there, makes it probable that KAROLI
made a mistake.

We don’t think that O. punctatus ought to have a place on
the list of Indo-australian species.

2. Suborder Anabantoidei.

Elongate and subcylindrical or usually compressed and oblong.
Snout long with the cleft of mouth wide and horizontal, or
snout short, mouthopening small, oblique; the lower jaw always
prominent. Intermaxillaries more or less protractile. Teeth in
jaws fixed, conical, never caniniform; in AHe/ostoma movable,
on lips only; palate, except Axzabas, toothless. Scales large,
generally regularly arranged; lateral line present, continuous
or interrupted, or vestigial or absent. Dorsal long or short, in
the last case shorter than anal, which is usually long. Both
fins with or without spines, various in number and strength,
the rays branched or not. Pectorals situated low down; ventrals
thoracic, when complete with a spine and five soft rays, but
often reduced till to one single filamentous ray. Gillopenings
wide or narrow. Pseudobranchiae none. Suprabranchial cavity
with a labyrinthiform organ (see p. 312).

331

Synopsis of the Anabantoidei.

1, Compressed, oblong. Snout short, mouthopening small,

oblique. Intermaxillaries moderately protractile. Gill-

openings narrowed by the broad union of the scaly

gillmembranes. Dorsal and anal spines variable ;

UU AUMLOM Cy cep tl treet w sy oe in a AROMTR MEEESS As chs 6) «, Anabantidae 331.
2. Elongate, subcylindrical. Snout long, mouthopening

rather wide, horizontal. Intermaxillaries strongly pro-

tractile. Gillopenings wide, the naked gillmembranes

not being united. No dorsal and anal spines; anal

BRepy MOLCGe Meat ay seRe <td eg se la ae uslve (or so , + - Luciocephalidae p. 367.

I. Fam. ANABANTIDAE.

More or less strongly compressed, oblong or elongate-oblong.
Mouth usually small, oblique, the lower jaw prominent, bor-
dered by intermaxillaries, which are usually protractile. Prae-
orbital entire or serrated. Jaws with bands of fixed conical
teeth, except for He/ostoma, where only movable teeth on the
thick lips are present. Vomerine teeth in Asiatic genera only
in Anabas, otherwise palate edentulous. The single dorsal is
long, inserted above base of pectorals, longer than anal, or it
is shorter or much shorter than anal, beginning behind base
of pectorals. The dorsal is composed, according to its length,
of I to XIX spines and 7 to 16 rays, which may be branched ;
the anal of I to XVII spines and 9 to 39 rays, branched
or not'). Caudal rounded, cuneate, emarginate, in Macropodus
forked. Pectorals rounded, situated below middle of height.
Ventrals thoracic, with a spine and 5 soft rays. The first soft
ray may be bifid or produced into a single long filament; or
the ventral spine is rudimentary and adnate to it, the long
filamentous first rays with two or three small branched rays
in its axil or the ventrals are reduced to a single long fila-
mentous ray. Scales moderate or large, ctenoid, usually regu-
larly arranged; lateral line complete and continuous or inter-
rupted below posterior part of dorsal, or it is incomplete,
vestigial or absent. Opercular bones serrated or entire. Gill-
openings narrow, the scaly gillmembranes being broadly united
below isthmus. Pseudobranchiae none, or rudimentary. Four
gills. Suprabranchial organ well developed.

1) By exception the dorsal and anal spines may be wanting or obsolete.

bo

Los)
Los)

Key to the indo-australian Anabantidae.

I, Dorsal beginning above base of pectorals, longer than

anal. Scales regularly arranged (Dodichopteri Canestrini),

A. Fixed conical teeth on vomer, palatines and jaws,

Lateral line complete but interrupted. Ventrals

with one spine and 5 soft rays, the first of which
is bifid

4. No teeth on palate.

jo ee Na Kole en ae. Oa cell eiete, ve: 0) 'e) jo? esi), iat ©, 4,0 ogo.” ip

I. Ventrals with a spine and 5 soft rays, the first

of which is bifid. Lateral line complete but

interrupted.

a. Jaws with fixed conical teeth. Caudal rounded.

6. Moveable teeth on thickened lips; none in

jaws.9 Caudalmemarcimate tren memene

2. Each ventral reduced to a single long filamentous

ray. Lateral line vestigial or absent. Caudal

POUNdeds? woe seks: hee: LP a ee bane ee ee

Il. Dorsal beginning behind base of pectorals and shorter

than anal. Jaws with fixed conical teeth. Palate tooth-

less. First soft ray of ventrals produced into a single

filament (Brachypteri Canestrini).

A. Ventrals with a spine and 5 soft rays. Scales

B,

regularly arranged.

feel ycompletewand scontinuousse\ emi impos

2. LJ. vestigial or absent.
a. Caudal forked. Anal XVI—XX 9—15. Dorsal

and. anal scaly satisth embase.seumine fa usiclelem

>

b.

Caudal rounded or pointed. Anal with XIII

or less spines.

a.

Y-

Dorsal XIII 7, originating somewhat be-
hind branchial opening. Dorsal and anal

scaleless. Praeorbital entire. . >.<... .

. Dorsal VIII—XII 7—10, its origin behind

that of anal over spinous part of it. Anal
scaly at the base. Praeorbital serrated. .
Dorsal II—VI 6—8, its origin over soft
part of anal. Anal scaly at the base with

IV—VIII spines. Praeorbital serrated . .

. Dorsal (1) 7—1I0, its origin over soft

part of anal. Anal scaly at the base, with

or without I—IV spines. Praeorbital entire.

Each ventral with a vestigial spine, adnate to a

Anabas p. 333-

Polyacanthus p. 337.

fLelostoma p. 339.

Trichogaster p. 340.

Osphronemus p. 342.

Macropodus p. 344.

Parosphromenus p. 347+

Sphaerichthys p- 348.

Clenops p. 350.

Betta p. 352.

oag

long filamentous ray with two or 3 small rays in
its axil. Scales irregularly arranged. L.1. complete

but interrupted. Caudal emarginate........ Trichopodus p. 364.

1. Anabas Cuvier.
(G. Cuvier, Regne anim. ed. la. 1817, p. 339).

Oblong, head rather broad, body posteriorly compressed.
Mouth not protractile, its cleft extending at least to orbit,
horizontal. Praeorbital serrated. Small, conical, fixed teeth in
a band on jaws, also on vomer, none on palatines. Scales
ciliate, large, regularly arranged. Lateral line a series of tuber
-cles, interrupted below posterior part of spinous dorsal and
continued lower down. Dorsal with 16—19 strong spines and
7—I\1 rays, commencing before origin of anal which has 9—II
spines and 8—12 rays. The soft dorsal and anal are shorter
than the spinous part, the rays are branched, not prolonged

Fig. 86. Avnabas testudineus (Bl.) X 2/3.

and scaly at their base. Caudal rounded. Pectorals bluntly

rounded. Ventrals inserted somewhat behind pectorals, with a

spine and 5 branched rays, none of them prolonged. Oper-
culum, sub- and interoperculum serrated. Branchial arches with
toothed tubercles.

Distribution: Western and Central part of Indo-australian
Archipelago as far as Batjan and Halmahera; Malay Penin-
sula, Philippines, South China, Siam, Tonkin, Burma, British
India, Ceylon and when its near african relatives, known as
Spirobranchus and Ctenopoma are united with Anaédas, its habitat
extends to the fresh water of Africa (Nile, Tschad Basin,
Congo, South Africa).

In fresh and brackish water.

MM

334 ;

1. Anabas testudineus (BI.) |Fig. 86, pag. 333].

Anthias testudineus Bloch, Ausland. Fische VI. 1795, p. 121.
Perca scandens Daldorff, Transact. Linn. Soc. III. 1797, p. 62.
Amphiprion testudineus Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 204.
‘Amphipricn scansor Bloch, Schneider, ibid. p. 570.
Lutjanus testudo Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poissons IV. 1803, p. 235.
Lutjanus scandens Vacépéde, ibid. p. 239.
Sparus testudineus Shaw, Zool. IV. 1803, p. 471.
Sparus scandens Shaw, ibid. p. 475. ;
Anabas testudineus Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. Ia. Il. 1817, p. 310.
Cojus cobojius Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes. Ganges, 1822, p. 98 & 370.
Anabas scandens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 249.
Anabas spinosus Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. 11, 1834, pl. LXXXIX, fig. 1.
Anabas scandens Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1064.
Anabas scandens Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Bijdr. Kennis Visschen
met doolhofvormige kieuwen, p. 8.
Anabas variegatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié II. 1851,-p. 220 (after a
drawing only).
Anabas macrocephalus Bleeker, ibid. VII. 1854, p. 430.
Anabas oligolepis Bleeker, ibid. VIII. 1855, p. 161.
Anabas scandens Bleeker, ibid. XII. 1857, p. 329.
Anabas microcephalus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857, Achtste Bijdr.
vischfauna Amboina, p. 58.
Anabas scandens Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 375.
Anabas macrocephalus Giinther, ibid. p. 376.
Anabas oligolepis Giinther, 1. c.
Anabas testudineus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 259.
Anabas oligolepis Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1869, p. 521.
Anabas oligolepis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 395, fig. 5. — Verh. Kon.
Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poissons pharyng. labyrinth. p. 5.
Anabas testudineus Bleeker, ibid. p. 7; Atl. ibid. tab. 396, fig. 2 & 3.
Anabas microcephalus Bleeker, ibid. p. 10; Atl. ibid. tab. 395, fig. 2.
Anabas scandens Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 370.
Anabas scandens Vinciguerra, Ann. Museo Civico Genova (2) IX. 1889—18g909, p. 186.
Anabas scandens Reuvens, Notes Leyden Mus. XVI. N°. 3 and 4, 1895, p. 146.
Anabas elongatus Reuvens, ibid. p. 147.
Anabas scandens Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb, naturf. Gesellsch. XX V. 1901, p. 433.
Anabas scandens Smith, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXI. (1901) 1902, p. 170.
Anabas scandens Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash. (1906) 1907, p. 26.
Anabas scandens Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 771.
Anabas scandens Sundara Raj, Rec. Ind. Mus, XII. Prt. VI. 1916. p. 276.
Anabas scandens yan Oye, Contr. a la faune des Indes Neéerl. I. fasc. UI. 1917,
p- 306, 307.
D. XVI—XIX. 7—10; A. IX—XI. 8—11; P. 14—16; V.I.5;
3—4
es 2o22a re Ltr. tee
7—10
Head subcylindrical, body and tail more or less compressed,

\

335

Dorsal profile arched, or only slightly convex. Ventral profile
slightly convex. Height 2.3—3.2, 3—4.1 in length with caudal.
Head 2.3—3.3, 3—4.2 in length with caudal. Eye 4—6, some-
what more than or equal to length of snout, 2.5;—4 in post-
orbital part of head and 1.3—2.1 in convex interorbital space.
Head scaly. Four to five rows of scales between eye and
hindborder of praeoperculum. Operculum, suboperculum, inter-
operculum and praeorbital bordered by long radiating spines,
less well defined, fewer in number in young and absent in
very young specimens. Praeoperculum with some spines at its
lower posterior border only. Posterior nostril close to front-
border of eye, larger than the anterior one, which is situated
at some distance of the former and has a barbellike valve.
Jaws equal, cleft of mouth oblique, reaching to below pupil.
Rather narrow bands of small crowded teeth in jaws and one
A-shaped row of somewhat larger teeth on vomer. None on
palatines. Dorsal and anal spines strong, flattened antero-
posteriorly. The first dorsal one, which is separated by 15—19
scales from snout, is the shortest, the 3™d4—5th or the 4th—6th
spines are the longest, about of the same size and longer than
or equal to snout and eye together. Soft portion of dorsal
and anal higher than the spinous part, rounded in the dorsal,
obtusely pointed in the anal. First anal spine below 8th or
gth dorsal spine. Origin of pectorals below origin of dorsal.
Pectorals as long as distance between middle of eye and hind-
border of operculum or somewhat less. Ventrals originating
somewhat behind origin of pectorals, their spine strong, about
equal to interorbital space, longest soft rays shorter than
postorbital part of head. Caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid,
covered with numerous small tubercles. Lateral line interrupted
below last dorsal Scales and continued, two scales lower down, to
caudal. Colour of alcohol specimens dark brown, lighter below or
silvery below. Young and half grown specimens with trans-
verse dark stripes on hinderpart of body and tail and a similar
longitudinal stripe running from corner of mouth below eye.
A large dark, white edged ocellus at base of caudal and a
small one at hindborder of operculum. Sometimes instead of
transverse stripes longitudinal ones, following the rows of scales,
on hinderpart of body and tail. In fullgrown specimens the
stripes disappear and the black blotches are often wanting.
Fins brownish or dusky. Length 230 mm,

336

Nom. indig.: Betok, Bato, Harvan, Puju (Malay), Betik
(Sundanese, Javanese), Pujo-Pujo (Bintang), Papuju hidju (Malay
at Banjermassin), Geteh-geteh (Menado), Useng, Kusa or Kusang
(Lake Matanna), Hoseng (Lake Towuti).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Telokbetong, Palembang!,
Lahat, Muara Kompeh, Pajakombo, Padang, Priaman, Ulakan,
Trussan, Gunung Sahilan!, Solok!, Fort de Kock!, Singkarah!,
Lake Manindjau!, Upper Langkat, Djambi!, Valuk!, Ringat!,
Deli); Nias!; Bintang; Banka; Java (Batavia!, Bantam, Anjer,
Tandjong Oost, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Lake Dano, Serang,
Tjiringin, Perdana, Tjibiliong, Pandeglang, Tjimanok, Cheribon,
Lake Pandjallu, Garut!, Situ-Bagendit!, Gombong, Semarang,
Ambarawa, Patjitan, Surakarta, Modjokerto, Surabaya, Ngawi,
Kediri, Lake Grati, Pasuruan); Bawean Island; Borneo (Banjer-
massin, Prabukarta, Montrado, Pengaron, Kahajan, mouth river
Kapuas, Sambas, Pontianak, Sarawak); Madura; Bali; Sum-
bawa; Sumba; Rotti!; Timor; Celebes (Makassar!, Maros!,
Lake Sidenreng!, Teteadji!, Lake Posso!, Lake Matanna!, Lake
Towuti!, Paré-Paré!, Kema, Pompanua, Tondano, Menado);
Ambon; Batjan; Halmahera. — Ceylon, British India, Burma,
Siam, Malakka, Tonkin, South China, Philippines.

In lakes, rivers, ponds, marshes and ditches and estuaries.
Fresh and brackish water.

Note. Although we examined a great many specimens, we
are still in doubt if they all belong to one species or that
more species must be recognized. As the result of our study
we can state, that among the specimens trom the western part
of the Archipelago there occur more individuals with seventeen
dorsal spines and less than 28 scales in the lateral line than
amongst those of the eastern part. We did not find any speci-
mens from the indo-australian Archipelago with sixteen dorsal
spines. BLEEKER however records sixteen spines in A. ol/zgolepis
from Borneo. In three specimens from British India (Calcutta
and Orissa) we find XVI, XVI, XVII, but according to DAY l.c.
the number of spines is XVII—XVIII, so it may be that our
three specimens from British India have incidentally less spines.
DAy seems never to have met specimens with nineteen spines,
but these are rather frequent in the indo-australian Archi-
pelago, especially in material from Celebes and Rotti.

Resuming we may say, that the relative number of speci-

337

mens with more dorsal spines and more scales in the L. 1.
increases from West to East.

Since the times of DALDORFF (1797) this fish, living
in ponds and ditches, is renowned as the ‘Climbing Perch”,
according to its supposed ability to ascend trees, the highly
mobile suboperculum with its strong spines being the chief
organ of climbing. This may happen accidentally, as the fish
is able to leave the water and migrate long distance on land
in search of other ponds, offering better biological conditions.

The progress on land by erecting its fins, scales and oper-
cles lying flat on one side or by keeping its erect position, is
described by Day (Fishes of Malabar, p. 133). The extra-
ordinary air-breathing power by retaining water in the super-
branchial organ, to keep its thin laminae wet, and its creat
tenacity of life enable Anadbas to live even for six days out
of the water or to be buried in exsiccated mud and to bear
transport well, even when exposed for some time to the sun.

Its development is recorded by B. SUNDARA Raj (Records
Indian Mus. XII. I916, p. 276).

2. Polyacanthus (K.v.H.) Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 353 [p-p-]).
Polyacanthus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 378 (p.p).
Polyacanthus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879,

Mém. Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 12.

Strongly compressed, oblong. Mouth slightly protractile, its

Fig. 87. Polyacanthus hasselti C.V. X 5/g.

cleft rather small, oblique, not extending beyond vertical through
frontmargin of orbit. Maxillary nearly entirely hidden when

9?

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV.

338

mouth is closed. Jaws about equal, with a narrow band of
small fixed conical teeth, palate toothless. Scales ctenoid,
regularly arranged, large, 29—33 in a longitudinal series. Lateral
line interrupted below middle of dorsal fin and continued lower
down. Dorsal with 14—19 spines and 8—II rays, originating
in advance of the anal, which has 14—17 spines and 10—13
rays. Soft dorsal and anal prolonged, pointed, scaly at the
base and their rays branched. Caudal elongate, terminating
in an obtuse point. Pectorals rounded; ventrals inserted below
their base, with a spine and 5 rays, the first of which is pro-
duced into two filaments. Operculum without serrature, prae-
operculum denticulated. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles.

Distribution: Fresh water fishes of Ceylon, Singapore,
Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

1. Polyacanthus hasselti C.V. (Fig. 87, pag. 337).

Polyacanthus hasselti Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 353.

Polyacanthus Kuhiii Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch, Ned. Indié II. 1845, p. 520
(nom. tant.).

Polyacanthus Hasselti Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Vissch. Doolhofy.
kieuw., p. 9.

Polyacanthus Einthovenii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851, p. 423.

Polyacanthus Helfrichiit Bleeker, ibid. VII. 1855, p. 162.

Polyacanthus hasselti Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. IIT. 1859—1861, p. 378.

Polyacanthus Hasseltii Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 396, Osphrom. tab. II. fig. 7.

Polyacanthus Hasseltii Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poiss.
pharyng. labyrinth. p. 12.

Polyacanthus Hasseltii Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) V. 1893, p. Io2.

Polyacanthus hasseltii Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 772.

D. XVI—XIX. 10—13; A. XV—XVII. 11—13; P. 2.11—12;
V. Loge dla 9) le traiear -

Height in adult about 2.5, 3.5 in length with caudal. Head
somewhat obtuse, 3.7 and 4.7 in same lengths. Eye more or
less than 4 times in head, nearly equal to snout, which is
strongly convex as also interorbital space, the width of which
is more than '/, the length of the head. Cleft of mouth reaches
to vertical from between nostrils. Praeorbital not or only
slightly serrated. Praeoperculum more or less denticulated in
its lower half. Soft dorsal and anal and filaments of ventrals
less produced in young specimens. Dark olivaceous, somewhat
lighter below, in young sometimes with dark transverse bands ;
soft dorsal sometimes with a diffuse blackish spot at its base.

339

Membrane between dorsal, anal and caudal rays reticulated
or spotted. Length 195 mm.

Nom. indig.: Tambakan, Katoprak (Malay, Batavia), Sa-
lintja (Djambi, Palembang), Belontja (Palembang).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Palembang!, Bagan Api Api},
Gunung Sahilan!, Laut Tador, Sungei Mahe, Sungei Si Russi,
River Kwantan, Upper and lower Langkat, Danau baru, Indra-
giri, Djambi!, Muarah Kompeh); Java (Batavia!); Borneo (Banjer-
massin, Kahajan, river Kapuas, Lake Danau Sriang, Sebruang,
Pontianak, Montrado, Sinkawang, Sambas, Seminis, Mandhor).

In rivers and ponds.

sa rLelostoma Cuvier.

(G. Cuvier, Régne Anim. 2iéme édit. Vol. II. 1829) p. 228,

CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 341).
Compressed, oblongly-oval. Mouth protractile; its cleft hori-
zontal, very small, ending far distant from orbit. Jaws equal,
with thick lips, provided with some series of small, moveable,

“4
ot

Fig. 88. Helostoma temmincki C.V. X 1/3.

generally black-tipped teeth; other teeth are wanting. Prae-
orbital serrated. Scales ciliated, regularly arranged, of mode-
rate size; lateral line interrupted below soft dorsal, continued
lower down. Dorsal with 16—18 spines!) and 13—16 rays,
its origin in advance of that of anal, which has 13—15 spines
and 17—19 rays. Soft dorsal and anal obtusely rounded and

1) An abnormal specimen with D. XII. 14 and A. VIII. 17, was described by
BLEEKER as //. oligacanthus (vide infra).

340

higher than spinous part, scaly at the base, with branched rays.
Anal not or only slightly emarginate. Pectorals obtusely rounded;
ventrals inserted below their base, with a strong spine and
five rays, the first of which is bifid and somewhat prolonged.
Operculum and praeoperculum entire. Branchial arches without
toothed tubercles.

Distribution: That of the single species known.

1. Helostoma temmincki C.V. (Fig. 88, pag. 339).

Helostoma Temminckii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 342.

Flelostoma tambakkan Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié il. 1845, p. 520
(nom. tant.).

Hlelostoma oligacanthum Bleeker, ibid. (spec. abnorm.).

Helostoma Temminckii Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Vissch. doolhofy.

Kieuw. p. 9. ;

FHlelostoma temminckii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1859—1861, p. 377.

Helostoma Temmincki Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poiss.
pharyng. labyrinth. p. 15.

Helostoma temmincki Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 773.

D. XVI—XVUI. 13—16; A. XIII—XV. 17—19; P. 2.11;
V deeey ll. 44-eiates aa

Height about 2, about 2.5 in length with caudal. Head, with
the fronto-rostral line more or less concave, 2—3 in length,
3—3.5 in length with caudal. Eye on the same level with the
angle of the mouth, 3.5 to about 4 times in head and nearly
equal to snout. Olivaceous or greyish on the back, much
lighter below, dark longitudinal stripes along the series of
scales. Length 300 mm.

Nom. indig.: Tambakan (Malay), Tabakang (Djambi), Sapil
(Palembang), Biawan (Kapuas).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Bagan Api Api!, River
Batang Hari!, Djambi!, Danau Gading, Danau Sialong Lotong,
Indragiri, Gunung Sahilan!, Deli!, Sungi Glugur!, Lower &
Upper Langkat!, Padang, Pangabuan, Benkulen, Telokbetong) ;
Java (Batavia!); Borneo (river Kapuas: Lake Danau Sriang,
Pontianak, Sintang, Smitau, Sebruang, Djongkong!; river Kaha-
jan, Banjermassin). — Siam, Malay Peninsula ').

Living in fresh water and ponds; a valued foodfish.

1) KAroxt (Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek V. 1882, p. 26) records also Ceylon as
habitat, but this must be erroneous as the species has never been found in Ceylon.

341

4. Trichogaster Bloch, Schneider.

(BLocH, SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 164).
Colisa Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 359.

Compressed, oblong. Mouth small, slightly protractile. Cleft
of mouth oblique; maxillary reaching to about vertical through
anterior nostrils. Lips moderate or thick. Lower jaw prominent.
Bands of fixed, generally minute teeth in jaws; vomer and
palatines edentulous. Praeorbital serrated. Scales ctenoid, large,
regularly arranged; lateral line sometimes absent, or vestigial,
formed by pores in the centre of the scale only or by tubes
in an interrupted line, the posterior part of which is situated
lower down, both parts may be connected by 1 to 4 pierced
scales. Dorsal long, its origin above or in advance of that of
anal, its spinous part longer than its soft, pointed or rounded
part, with 15 to 19 more or less increasing spines and 6 to
14 rays. Anal with 14 to 22 spines and 11—20 branched rays,
scaly at its base. Caudal rounded, truncate or slightly emar-
ginate. Pectorals rounded or pointed. Ventrals inserted in advance
of them, consisting of a single elongated filamentous ray and
a rudimentary spine. Operculum entire, praeoperculum usually
serrated.

Distribution: Singapore, Borneo, British India, Assam
and Burmah.

In rivers.

Synopsis of the indo-australian species.

1. Anal scaly at the base only; lateral line 29—31.... Zr. fasciatus p. 341.
2. Anal densely scaly, the scales covering the fin to the

tips of the posterior spines, lateral line 27—28 .... Zr. dalius p. 342.

1. Trichogaster fasciatus Bl. Schn.

Trichogaster fasciatus Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 164.

Trichopodus colisa Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 117 & 372.

Trichopodus bejyeus Hamilton Buchanan, ibid. p. 118 & 372.

Trichopodus cotra Hamilton Buchanan, ibid. p. 119 & 372.

Colisa vulgaris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 362.

Colisa bejeus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 365.

Colisa cotra Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 366.

Polyacanthus fasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 369.

Colisa ponticeriana Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 370.

Colisa vulgaris Bleeker, Verh. Batavy. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Visschen Bengalen
en Hindostan, p. 94. :

Le)
-
bo

Trichogaster fasciatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, IIT. 1859—1861, p. 387.
Trichogaster fasciatus Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878—1888, p. 374.
Trichogaster fasciatus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) IX. 1890, p. 187.
Trichogaster fasciatus Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 785.

D. XV—XVII. 9—14; A. XV—XVIII. 14—19; P. 10; V.1;
Pl 29=+305 Uther cae OMe:

Height 2?/;—3'/,, head 3°/,—4'/, in length with caudal.
Diameter of eye 3'/,—3'/, in head, about equal to snout and
much shorter than interorbital space. Soft dorsal and anal
rounded or somewhat pointed and longer than last spine, both
fins scaly at the base only. Caudal notched or truncate. Greenish
above, whitish below, numerous orange or bluish bars descend-
ing obliquely downwards and backwards from back to anal; a
ereen spot on gillcover; vertical fins spotted, anal edged with red.
Length 125 mm. | Nospecimens from our faunal region seen by us}.

Habitat: Singapore (British Museum, see note). — North-
ern India, Assam and Upper Burma.

In rivers and estuaries.

Note. About the specimen from Singapore in the British
Museum Mr. J. R. NORMAN was so kind to inform us, that
it was from an aquarium and that it was supposed to come
from Singapore but may have been imported. Under these
circumstances the locality cannot be trusted.

2. Trichogaster lalius (Ham. Buch.)

Trichopodus lalius Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 120 & 372.
Colisa lalius Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 366.
Colisa unicolor Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 368.

Trichogaster unicolor Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 388.
Trichogaster lalius Day, Fish. India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 375.

Trichogaster lalius Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 786.

D. XV—XVII. 7—10; A. XVII—XVIII. 13—17; P. 10; V. 1;
Sq. lat) 27=—=285 “IL tr carers.

Height 2'/, to 2/,, head 3'/, to 3'/, in length with caudal.
Diameter of eye 3'/, to 3'/, in head, shorter than snout. Soft
dorsal, anal and caudal rounded; anal densely scaly, the scales
covering the fin to the tips of the posterior spines. Body
scarlet, crossed by somewhat oblique bands of pale blue, fins
with scarlet spots or bars, anal with a red margin. Length
50 mm. [After Day and REGAN, not seen by us].

343

Habitat: Borneo (Baram river, after C. PopTa ')). Ganges
and Jumna rivers, Sind, Cachar, Assam.
In rivers.

5. Osphronemus Lacépede.

(LACEPEDE, Hist. nat. Poiss. III]. 1802, p. 116).
Osphromenus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 377.

Strongly compressed, oblong, elevated. Mouth protractile,
small, oblique. Jaws subequal, when old chin prominent. Prae-
orbital serrated. Bands of small, conical, fixed teeth in the
jaws, larger in the exterior series. Scales large, ciliate, those
on the head with a rough hindborder only, regularly arranged ;
lateral line formed by an uninterrupted series of tubes. Dorsal

AN .
SRR AKAAYY
MN \

\Z

Fig. 89. Osphronemus goramy Lac. X 'J¢.

with 12—13 spines and 11—1rI3 rays, originating far behind
base of pectorals and above or behind origin of anal, which
has 9—II spines and 19—21 rays. Dorsal and anal spines
increasing in size. Soft dorsal and anal more or less obtusely
rounded and produced, their base without scales and their rays
simple. End of soft dorsal far before that of soft anal, which
is connected with the base of the truncate or slightly convex
caudal. Pectorals obtuse; ventrals inserted below their base,
consisting of a spine and five rays, the first of which is prod-

1) C. M. L. Porta, Notes Leyden Museum XXVII. 1906, p. 255.

344

uced into an undivided, articulated filament. Operculum entire,
prae- and suboperculum finely denticulated at their horizon-
tal border. .

Distribution: that of the single species known.

I. Osphronemus goramy Lac. (Fig. 89, p. 343).

Osphronemus goramy Lacépede, Hist. Nat, Poissons III. 1802, p. 116 & 117.

Osphromenus olfax Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 377.

Osphronemus satyrus Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié II. 1845, p. 519.

Osphromenus olfax Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVIII. 1850, p. 1070.

Osphromenus olfax Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Vissch. doolhofv.
kieuw. p. 10.

Osphromenus olfax Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859-1861, p. 382.

Osphromenus olfax Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 372.

Osphromenus olfax Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 395 & 396, Osphrom.
tab. I, fig. 6, tab. II, fig. .6.

Osphromenus olfax Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poiss. pharyng.
labyrinth. p. 17.

Osphromenus gourami Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 774.

D. XIIJ— XIII. 11-13; A. IX—XI. 19—21; P. 2, 13—14; V.I.5;
L.l 30—33 ; Ltr, ao

Height in large specimens nearly twice the length of the
head, which goes about 3.4 in length, 4.3 in length with caudal;
head in young acute, in adult obtuse; rostro-frontal line concave,
in adult nearly straight. Mandible increasing in height with
age and getting a prominent chin. More or less brownish,
olivaceous above, silvery or yellowish below. In young with
about 8 darker crossbands; a dark spot with yellow or silvery
outer circle above the soft anal and a blackish spot at the
base of the pectoral. Length up to 500 mm.

Nom. indig.: gurami (indig. et sinens. Ind. Orient.), Kalui
(Djambi), Ikan kali (Palembang).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Batang Hari!, Djamb1!,
Taluk!, Lahat, Gunung Sahilan!, Sidjundjung!, Padang Pand-
jang, Singkarah!, Lake of Singkarah!, Kuala Lumpur, Laut
Tador, riv. Selapian, Deli!, Siboga, Padang, Pajakombo, Solok,
Meninjau, Benkulen); Java (Batavia!, Buitenzorg!, Bantam, Tji-
panas, Tjandjur); Madura; Borneo (Sambas, river Kapuas, Sin-
tang, river Mahakam, upper coarse and upper and lower coarse
of river Bo, Baram river, Banjermassin). — Siam, Ceylon, Pinang,
Malakka, naturalized in Seychelles and Australia.

An excellent foodfish introduced and naturalized in various

345

tropical countries. Able to live in rivers and ponds, even in
somewhat brackish water, but thriving best in shallow, weedy
ponds; rising to the surface to respire air. When breeding,
the fish takes care of its young. The eggs are attached to
water plants or received in a nest, composed of plants. The
gourami is essentially a vegetable feeder, but he feeds also
on insects, fish and decomposed matter.

6. Macropodus Lacépéde.

(LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. HI. 1802, p. 416 & 417).
Polyacanthus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons,
VII. 1831, p. 353 (p-p.).

Macropus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III, 1859—1861, p. 381.
Pseudosphromenus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879,
Mém. Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 17.

Compressed, oblong. Mouth slightly protractile, its cleft small,
oblique; maxillary not reaching orbit. Praeorbital serrated.
Jaws with small, fixed conical teeth; palate edentulous. Scales
ciliated, rather large, regularly arranged; lateral line indicated
by an incomplete series of scales with a hole in the centre
or absent. Dorsal with 13—17 spines and 5—8 rays, its origin
nearly above that of anal which has 16—20 spines and 9—1I5
rays. Soft dorsal and anal with branched rays, the posterior
more or less prolonged. Both fins with a scaly sheath at the
base. Caudal forked, the lobes produced. Pectorals rounded.
Ventrals inserted below base of pectorals, with a spine and
5 rays, the exterior of which are elongate. Part of prae-, sub-
and interopercle finely serrated.

Distribution: Pulu Weh near Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
British India, Ceylon and China, Cochin China, Loo Choo
Islands, Formosa.

In lowland streams, estuaries, shallow waters within or not
far removed from tidal influence, living at the surface of the
water, occasionally near the bottom, from where they rise to
breath air. Though they are vegetable feeders they are reported
to be effective musquito-destroyers.

Key to the indo-australian species of Macropodus.

1. Anal)with 9—12 rays. Fins scaleless, except for the
basal sheath. Operculum without black spot...... d M. cupanus p. 346.
2. Anal with r1—15 rays. Small scales on the fins in

addition to the basal sheath. A black spot on operculum. JW. ofercularis p. 346.

346

1. Macropodus cupanus (C. V.)

Polyacanthus cupanus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, VII. 1831, p. 357.
Polyxcanthus cupanus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 381.

Polyacanthus cupanus Kner, Fische Novara Exp. 1865—1867, p. 218.
Polyacanthus cupanus Day, Fishes of Malabar 1865, p. 134.

Polyacanthus cupanus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878—1888, p. 371.
Macropodus cupanus Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 775.

D. XIII. 6—7 or XIV. 6—7;°A. XVII—XVIII. 11—12 oF
XTX 1) PT I= 12 Neal. 6S elas —= 316 Mitr arons.

Height about 3.4, head 2.9—3 in length. Rostro-dorsal profile
convex. Eye ca. 3.1 in length of head, about 1.4 in postorbital
part of head and nearly equal te slightly convex interorbital
space. Snout much shorter than eye, maxillary reaching to
vertical through space between nostrils. Praeorbital strongly
serrated. Origin of dorsal about opposite origin of anal, with
a basal sheath of two series of alternating scales. Soft dorsal
and anal pointed, their penultimate rays being produced on
first third of caudal, which is also pointed. Pectorals shorter than
head without snout. Height of caudal peduncle near base of
caudal somewhat shorter than postorbital part of head. Alcohol
specimens brown, lighter below; there may be a darker band
from snout through eye on operculum, and continued, less
pronounced, to base of caudal, which may carry a faded dark
spot, sometimes above dark lateral band, a lighter one.
Length 48 mm.

Habitat: Lake Anak laut, on Pulu Weh near Sumatra!. —
British India, Malay Peninsula.

Note. There are some differences between our specimens and
those of DAY and REGAN, especially in the dorsal and anal. We
find the fin-formula D, XIII—XIV. 6-7, A. XVII—XIX. 11—12;
according to KNER it is D. XIV—XV.5—6, A. XVII—XIX.9—11;
according to DAY and REGAN D. XIV—XVII. 5—7, A. XVI—
XIX. 9—11. But these differences seem to us to be too small to
doubt the specific identity.

2. Macropodus opercularis (L.).

Labrus opercularis Linné, Amoen. Academ, IV. 1788, p. 428.

Chaetodon chinensis Bloch, Ausland. Fische IV. 1790, p.5; Taf. CCXVIII, Fig. 1.
Chaetodon chinensis Bloch, Schneider, System. ichthyol. 1801, p. 234.

Labrus opercularis Bloch, Schneider, ibid. p. 245.

Chaetodon chinensis Lacépéde, Hist. nat. Poissons, 1V. 1802, p. 461, 496.
Macropodus viridi-auratus Lacépede, ibid. p. 416, 417.

347

~ Polyacanthus chinensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. VII, 1831, p. 357-

Macropodus viridi-auvatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 373.

Macropodus venustus Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 375.

Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, Ann, Mag. nat. hist. IX, 1842, p. 484.

Polyacanthus paludosus Richardson, Ichth. China, Report British Associat. (1845)
1846, p. 250.

olyacanthus opercularis Richardson, l.c.

Polyacanthus opercularis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. II. 1859—61, p. 379.

Macropus viridi-auratus Ginther, ibid. p. 382.

Pseudosphromenus opercularis Bleeker, Verh, Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879,
Poiss. Chine, p. 2.

Polyacanthus opercularis Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Indien, IT],

1894, p. 418.
Macropodus opercularis Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 774.

D. XITI—XIV. 8—9g; A. XVII
LI. 28 (31)—30 (33); L.tr. 13—14.

Height 2.7 to nearly 3, head 3 or somewhat more in length.
Rostro-dorsal profile declivous, somewhat concave on head.
Eye 3.2—3.5 in length of head, 1.5 to 1.7 in its postorbital
part and less than flat interorbital space, which goes 2.6 to
2.8 in head. Snout much shorter than eye. Maxillary reaching
vertical through space between nostrils. Praeorbital serrated.
Origin of dorsal about opposite to that of,anal, which has
small scales in addition to basal sheath of 2 series of larger
scales. Soft dorsal and anal pointed or strongly produced, in
which case the otherwise pointed caudal is bilobed. Pectorals
slightly shorter than head without snout. A round black spot,
bordered with white, on extremity of operculum; light brown
with dark cross-bars. Length 60 mm.

Habitat: Highlands of Padang, Sumatra or West Java! —
China, Cochin China, Formosa, Loo Choo Islands.

OT P—= F240: Peon Dai, Vokes

Note: There is much uncertainty about the occurrence
of this species in the Archipelago. It was for the first time
recorded from there by one of us, who acquired 8 specimens,
together with Osphromenus goramy and Trichopodus trichopterus
in West Java or more probably in the Highlands of Padang,
Sumatra. Unfortunately this was the only batch of fishes of
the extensive collection, made there, of which the label was
lost (see M. WEBER l.s.c. p. 418). MWacropodus opercularis has
since then (1888) never been rediscovered, neither in Sumatra,
nor in Java, nor elswhere in the Archipelago. We doubt there-
fore more than ever its occurrence in a free state in the

348

Archipelago. Possibly the specimens collected in 1888, most
probably in Sumatra, were introduced as this species is kept
in captivity f.i. in Singapore.

7. Parosphromenws Bleeker:

(BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX, 18709,
Mém. Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p, 19).

Compressed, oblong. Cleft of mouth oblique, not reaching
orbit. Jaws equal, with small, conical, fixed teeth. Scales ctenoid,
large, regularly arranged; lateral line inconspicuous. Dorsal
with 13 spines and seven rays, originating somewhat behind
branchial opening and ending far before origin of caudal, the
spines increasing in size, the soft part being much higher and
acute. Anal with 13 spines and 8 rays, originating about below
3rd dorsal spine and reaching as far as dorsal, which it other-
wise equals. Caudal obtusely rounded as also pectorals. Below
their base originate the acute ventrals, with a spine and 5 rays, the
first of which is produced into a filament, which nearly reaches
anal. Angle of praeoperculum slightly denticulate; the other
opercular bones and praeorbital edentulous. |After BLEEKER].

Distribution: that of the single species known.

1. Parosphromenus deissneri (Blkr.).

Osphromenus Deissneri Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié XVIII. 1859, p. 376.
Polyacanthus deissneri Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 381.
Parosphromenus Deissnert Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX, 1879, Mem.
Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 20.
Parosphromenus deissnert Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 775.
Do Xl. 7 Aw XI 8) Pires Aol. i5 lego: Al teveargua:
Height 4'/,, head ca. 4 in length with caudal. Head acute,
its rostro-frontal line declivous. Rose coloured; a blackish line
below base of dorsal and above base of ventral; two broader
black longitudinal bands on each side continued on caudal,
lower part of side of head black-spotted. Length of single
specimen known 34 mm. |After BLEEKER, not seen by us].
Habitat: Banka, river Baturussak.

8. Sphaerichthys Canestrini.
(CANESTRINI, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien X. 1860, p. 707).
Compressed, oblong. Mouth protractile, its cleft oblique and
very small. Jaws equal, with small, fixed teeth; palate tooth-

349

less. Scales ciliated, regularly arranged, large; lateral line
vestigial. Praeorbital denticulated. Dorsal with 8—12 spines,
increasing in size and a soft somewhat produced, acute part
formed by 7—10 rays. Origin of dorsal somewhat behind that
of anal, which has 8—1o increasing spines and a soft rounded
part, ending far behind end of dorsal, near base of caudal
connected with it and composed of 18—22 rays, which are
branched or not only at their top. Base of anal scaly. Caudal
rounded or truncate. Pectorals rounded. The ventrals originate

Fig. 90. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestr. >< 21/4.

slightly before their base, with a strong spine and five rays,
the first of which is produced into a filament, reaching soft
anal. Horizontal border of praeoperculum denticulated.
Distribution: that of the single species known.
In brooks and rivers.

1. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini
[Fig. 90, p. 349].
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien X.
1860, p. 707.
Osphromenus malayanus Duncker, Mitt. Naturh. Museum Hamburg XXI. 1904,
p- 163.
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 776.
D. VITI—XII. 7—10; A. VITI—X. 18—22; P. 8—10; V.I. 5 ');
Sq. l. 26—29.

1) This is the formula of dorsal and anal given by REGAN, who disposed of
2 specimens. The extremes we find among 12 specimens is D. VIII. 8 and XI. 9
and A. VIII. 21 and IX. 19. We never found XII spines in D. and X spines
in A. as first mentioned by CANESTRINI.

358

Height about twice, 2.6 in length with caudal. Head pointed,
rostro-frontal line somewhat concave, about thrice in length,
3.8 in length with caudal. Eye about thrice in head. For
other details see genus. Preserved specimens brownish with
variable silvery crossbands. Usually the first from occiput to
base of ventrals; the second from spinous dorsal to spinous
anal, the third crossing caudal peduncle to soft anal; it may
be followed by an incomplete one. Sometimes a white stripe
runs from snout through eye and a vertical one through hind-
part of eye. Anal with a black border, soft dorsal and caudal
with or without blackish spots. Ventrals black. Length 50 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Bagan api api!, River Batang Hari,
Djambi!, Taluk!, Gunung Sahilan!). — Malay Peninsula (Kuala
Lumpur, Negri Sembelan), “Indien” (CANESTRINI).

In rivers and brooks.

—

g. Ctenops Mc Clelland.

(Mc CLELLAND, Journ. Nat. Hist. Calcutta V. 1844, p. 281).
Trichopsis Canestrini, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien X. 1860, p. 708.

Compressed, oblongly-elongate. Mouth somewhat protractile,
its cleft oblique. Intermaxillaries reaching orbit or are far distant
from it; lips moderate. Lower jaw prominent. In the jaws a
band of small, fixed conical teeth, the outer series of which
is larger; none on vomer
and palatines. Praeorbital
serrated. Scales ciliate,
large, regularly arranged.
Lateral line a more or
less interrupted series of
small pores, occasionally
more tubular towards the

Fig. 91. Crenops vittatus (C. V.). ns. caudal region. Dorsal
short, originating behind
commencement of soft anal, with 2—7 spines and 6—8 branched
rays. Anal scaly at the base, beginning below pectorals, with
4—8 spines and 24—28 rays. Caudal rounded or pointed.
Pectorals rounded. The ventrals inserted somewhat in advance
of them, with a rather strong spine and five rays, the first of
which is produced into a long, simple, articulated filament.
Opercular bones entire, only the horizontal limb of praeoper-
culum serrated.

Boh

Distribution: India, Cochin China, Siam, Sumatra, Java
and Borneo.
_In rivers and brooks.

Key to the indo-australian species of Ctenops.

1. Dorsal with 2 to 4 spines; snout shorter than eye; soft
dorsal and anal and caudal produced........... Ct. vittatus p. 351.
2. Dorsal with 5—7 spines: snout longer than eye; vertical

FIASeO Us PLOCUCCOMB ER Reumelcmekie: cal-tietietiia io) "5 ou'= (x, volte Ct. nobilis p. 352.

I. Ctenops vittatus (C. V.). [Fig. 91, p. 350].

Osphromenus vittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, VII. 1831, p. 387.
Trichopus striatus Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. XXIII. 1850, Visschen
Doolhofv. Kieuw. p. 11. — Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1850, p. 106.
Osphromenus striatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1859—1861, p. 386.
Ctenops vittatus Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 396, Osphrom. tab. 2, fig. 4. —
Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p, 24.
Ctenops vittatus Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 776.

D. II—IV. 6—8; A. VI—VII. 24—28; P.9; V.I.5; Sq. lat.
ea. 1287 Leitrs 03:

Height 2°/, to about thrice in length without caudal. Head
of about same length, acute, rostro-frontal line concave. Dia-
meter of eye ‘about 3'/, in head, longer than snout. End of
intermaxillaries far distant from orbit. Dorsal and anal spines
feeble, soft dorsal and anal and caudal produced into a point.
Ventral filament equal to head or much longer. Lateral line
an interrupted series of small pores. Body with 2—4 dark
longitudinal stripes; two from eye to base of caudal, the upper
one interrupted by a humeral dark spot, which may be pre-
ceded by a light spot; caudal, dorsal and posterior part of
anal sometimes darkspotted. In young specimens usually two
black spots on base of caudal. Length 60 mm.

Nom. indig.: Tjupang, Sepat-anatih (Malay, Batavia),
Pettek (Sund.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Djambi!, Gunung Sahilan!,
Pagar alam!); Java (Batavia!, Buitenzorg!, Lebak, Tjampea,
Tjandjur, Bandung, Lelles); Borneo (Banjermasin, Sintang,
Sadong). — Cochin-China, Siam.

In brooks and rivers.

352

Doubtful spectres.

2. Ctenops nobilis Mc Clell.

Ctenops nobilis Mc Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1844, p. 281.
Osphromenus nobilis Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1869, p. 519.

Osphromenus nobilis Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 372.

Osphromenus nobilis Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris (4) V. 1893, p. 102.
Ctenops nobilis Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 777.

D. V—VII.7—8; A. IV—V. 24—28; P. 12; V. 1. 5; L.1. 29—33;

Diep 3
12

Height 2'/, to 3 in length without caudal; head acute, rather
depressed, considerably shorter. Diameter of eye 3'/, in
head, shorter than snout. End of intermaxillaries opposite
to frontborder of orbit. Dorsal and anal spines rather strong,
soft dorsal, anal and caudal not produced, rounded. Ventral
filament prolonged in some specimens but not longer than
head. Lateral line, when present, in the form ofa simple orifice
in the centre of each scale; occasionally it becomes more tubular
toward the caudal region. Brownish, with darker stripes along
the series of scales and with scattered blackish spots; a silvery
white stripe, more or less interrupted, from eye to base of
caudal; below it two similar stripes or series of oblong spots;
fins with small dark spots; an ocellus on the upper part of
the base of the caudal. Length at least up to ‘100 mm.

Habitat: ?Borneo (river Sebruang) [VAILLANT]. — Rivers
of N. E. Bengal and Assam.

Note: VAILLANT (l.c.) who described 6 young specimens
of 31 mm. length is not sure about his definition. We doubt
its correctness, as he found the fin-formulé D. VII. 7; A. XI. 18,
thus quite different from the anal of Cv. nodz/zis, though the
total number of spines and rays is about equal. An other
difference in his description aré "une dizaine de raies trans-
versales zebrent le corps, elles sont surtout distinctes dans
leur moitié inférieure’’.

10. Betta Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Verh, Bat. Genootsch. XXIII. 1850, Vissch. Doolhofy.
Kieuw. p. 12).
Parophiocephalus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 184
and ibid. XXVI. 1906, p. 9 (p.p.).

More or less compressed, elongate. Mouth protractile, its

353

cleft small, oblique; maxillary extending beyond middle of eye,
to its frontborder or usually not so far. Mandibles prominent.
Praeorbital entire. Jaws with a band of small, fixed, conical
teeth; none on palate. Scales ciliate, large, regularly arranged.
Lateral line an interrupted series of small pores in the centre
of the scales. Dorsal short, acute or rounded, with or without
a single spine and with 7—10 rays, some of which may be
strongly produced; inserted far behind middle of length (without
caudal). Anal long, with or without 1—4 spines and with
20—32 soft rays, which are usually not branched or only
posteriorly, where they may be produced. Caudal rounded or
pointed, its central rays often produced. Pectorals more or

Fig. 92. Betta anabatoides Blkr. ns.
The figure does not show the dark lines along the transverse series of scales.

less pointed. Ventrals inserted below or in advance of pectorals,
with an usually weak spine and five rays, the outermost of
which is more or less prolonged. Opercular bones entire.

Distribution: Islands of the Archipelago from Sumatra
to Java and Borneo, Malay Peninsula and Siam.

In rivers, brooks, ponds and lakes.
_ Note. The species of this genus are difficult to distinguish
even after the valuable revision of it by TATE REGAN, which
was the first attempt to bring order in the former chaotic
state of species. Most of them show a confusing variability of
characters according to size, sex and locality and seem partly
not yet to be fixed. The following key to distinguish them is
therefore not very satisfactory.

Key to the indo-australian species of Betta.

I. All the rays of dorsal and anal articulated.
a. Maxillary extending beyond middle of eye... .. &. macrostoma p. 355.
6, Maxillary not extending beyond frontborder of eye. B. wrimeaculata p. 355.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV, 23

354

II. Anal with 1—4 spines.

A, All rays of dorsal flexible and articulated.

I.

Maxillary extending to below nostrils or to

frontborder of eye. Origin of D. midway be-

tween head and caudal or somewhat nearer to
lastnamed.

a, Anal 2.21—24. Origin of D. opposite to
14.—16. lateral scale; 22—-26 praedorsal
scales; interorbital space 2.4—2.9 in head.
Uniform brown sc: apeitet +! elie) caleniee ion -ike

6. Anal 1.27. Origin of D. opposite to 16. or
17. lateral scale; about 30 praedorsal scales ;
interorbital space more than thrice in head.
Brownish with darker stripes along longi-
tudinal series vor sSealestem mei mammal ieiicu.

c. Anal 2.25—30. Origin of D. opposite to 17.
or 18, lateral scale ; 26—28 praedorsal scales ;
interorbital space + 2.5 in head. Brown with

darker lines along transverse series of scales.

. Maxillary extending to behind frontborder of

eye. Origin of dorsal at least one eye-diameter
nearer to caudal than to head. Anal 2.27—29.
Height of caudal peduncle at base of caudal
equal to postorbital part of head........

B, First dorsal ray a more or less pungent spine.

rr

to

20—22 praedorsal scales. Anal 1.19—23.
Dorsal 1.6—8, its origin much nearer to head
than to base of caudal; opposite to 14.-—15.
lateral scale. Height of caudal peduncle at base
of caudal about equal to postorbital part of

head. Three longitudinal black bands.... .

. 25— 30 praedorsal scales.

a. Anal 3.21. Dorsal 1.7, its origin midway
between head and caudal; opposite to 16,
lateral scale; 28 praedorsal scales. Caudal
peduncle at base of caudal equal to postorbital
part of head. L.l. 30. Five to six dark ver-
tical bands on pale ground colour......

6, Anal 2.20—25. D.1.7—g9, its origin nearer
to head than to base of caudal; opposite
to 14.—16. lateral scale; 25—-26 praedorsal
scales. Caudal peduncle at base of caudal

equal to or longer than postorbital part of

B. fusca p. 356.

B. akarensis p. 357.

B. anabatoides p. 357.

b, patoti p. 359.

B, picta p. 360.

B. rubra p. 361.

pe

head. L.]. 28—30. Two longitudinal bands

~

United -atsbasevaf candela ctvtss. cw caer’ B. taeniata p. 362.
c. Anal 2.28—30. D. 1.9—10, its origin nearer

to caudal than to head; opposite 18. or 19,

lateral scale; 28-30 praedorsal scales. Caudal

peduncle much longer than postorbital part

of head, L.l. 34—36. Six or more dark

crossbars on brown ground colour ..... LB. fasciata p. 362.
@d. Anal 2.30—32. D. 1.10, its origin nearer

to caudal than to head; opposite to 19. or

20. lateral scale; + 30 praedorsal scales.

Caudal peduncle equal to postorbital part

of head. L.l. 35. Scales bronze, their ante-

Monehalsy emeralds Sreenarc” .piis: «acts, ple teks B. bellica p. 363.
RMI ENMESSHECIOS ON eas SSG Voc a ae! & chiles Ww Rl es 8 ae B. pugnax p. 364.

I. Betta macrostoma Regan.

Betta macrostoma Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 778.

DL MES eB. 2O gydag 43°23

Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex. Height 4.1, head pointed,
3 in length. Diameter of eye slightly shorter than snout, about
4.5 in head, 2.5 in postorbital part of head and 1.6 in inter-
orbital space, which goes 2.8 times in length of head. Maxil-
lary extending a little beyond the middle of eye. Origin of
dorsal in the middle between head and base of caudal, sepa-
rated by about 25 praedorsal scales from snout and opposite
to 17th lateral scale. Height of caudal peduncle at base of
caudal nearly twice in head. Pectorals somewhat shorter than
head without snout. Two blackish longitudinal bands from
eye to caudal; dorsal with series of dark spots and with a
large black ocellus near the base posteriorly; caudal with two
blackish cross-bars; other fins dusky. Length of single specimen
known 80 mm. [Type in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak).

In freshwater.

2. Betta unimaculata (Popta).

Parophiocephalus unimaculatus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 10.
Betta unimaculata Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 779.
D. 7—9; A. 27—30; P.13; V. 1.55 Ll. 32—33 (35); L.te. 12432
Height 3.5—4.5; head more than twice to more than thrice

356

in length. Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex to nape, from
there to snout declivous, the head being somewhat depressed.
Eye nearly 4 to 5 in head, nearly twice to more than 2.5
times in postorbital part of head and 1.4 to 1.6 in interorbital
space, which is flat and goes about 2.7 to 2.8 in length of
head. Maxillary extending about to frontborder of eye. Origin
of dorsal nearer to base of caudal than to head, opposite to
18th or rgth lateral scale and separated by about 29 praedorsal
scales from snout. Median dorsal rays produced, reaching base
of caudal or nearly so. Anal in its posterior third with a basal
sheath of 2 irregular rows of scales, anteriorly with four basal
scales between the succeeding rays. Its rays gradually incre-
asing in size till the last three and reaching on caudal, which
is rounded. Pectorals shorter than head without snout. Height
of caudal peduncle at base of caudal about half length of head.
Olivaceous or brownish, lighter below, a more or less distinct
lighter lateral band; a blackish spot at the base of the caudal.
Fins dusky, the median fins with blackish points on the fin-
membrane. Length 82 mm. [Type of the species seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Matjeé and Lewut (River Howong); Usang
(River Kajan).

Habitat: Borneo (River Howong!, River Kajan, River
Bongon).

3. Betta fusca Regan.
Betta fusca Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 780.

D: 8—o; Ava) aT4+-24 PP! 1385 Miss La 20-325 NE tre yc.

Rostro-dorsal profile more or less convex, head pointed.
Height 3.2—3.8; head 2.7—3 in length. Eye thrice or more
in head, its diameter conspicuously longer than snout, about
1.5 in postorbital part of head and somewhat more or less
than 1.2 in interorbital space, which goes 2.4—2.9 times in
length of head. Maxillary extending to below posterior nostril.
Origin of dorsal midway between head and base of caudal,
opposite to 14th or 16th lateral scale and separated by 22—-26
praedorsal scales from snout. Longest, median dorsal rays not
reaching caudal. Anal with a basal sheath of a single regular
series of rather large scales or some smaller ones may be
interpolated. Penultimate anal rays produced, reaching halfway
caudal, which is rounded and has the central rays produced.
Pectorals equal to or somewhat shorter than head. Height of

357

caudal peduncle more or less than twice in head at base of
caudal. Colour of alcohol specimens uniform reddish brown
or the back darker; scales more or less with dark edges. A
dark longitudinal band through the eye, which may increase
on operculum, so as to colour it and the branchial membrane
deep dark brown; membrane of fins dusky or blackish as also
a crossbar on pectorals near their base. Length 82 mm. [Type
in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Island Singkep!; Sumatra (Upper Langkat!). —
Malay Peninsula (Perak!). :

4. Betta akarensis Regan.
Letta akarensis Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soe. London 1909, p. 779.

We ee teen Paras Vs Le Lal, ane

Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex. Height 3.5, head 3 in
length. Eye 3.2 in head; its diameter longer than snout, 1.7
in postorbital part of head and about equal to interorbital
space, which goes 3.2 times in head. Maxillary extending to
below posterior nostril. Origin of dorsal midway between head
and base of caudal, separated by about 30 praedorsal scales
from snout and opposite to 16th or 17th lateral scale. Base of
anal with a sheath of one row of scales. Pectorals somewhat
longer than head without snout. Height of caudal peduncle
1.8 in length of head and equal to length of its postorbital
part. Brownish, with darker stripes along the series of scales;
a dark longitudinal band on the head, passing through the
eye; fins dusky. Length of single specimen known 52 mm.
[Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak, river Akar!).

5. Betta anabatoides (Fig. 92, p. 353).

Betta anabatoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1850, p. 269.

Betta picta Bleeker, Atl. ichth. IX, 1877, tab. CCCXCV. Osphrom. tab. 1, fig. 3. —
Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 26.

>Betta pugnax Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 373.

> Betta pugnax Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 504.

Betta anabatoides Yate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 780.

Betta Bleekeri Tate Regan, l.c.

D. 8—10; A. II. 25—30; P. 13; V.I1. 5; L.l. 31 —34; L.tr. 10'/,.
Rostro-dorsal profile more or less straight from dorsal to
nape, from there to snout slightly declivous. Height with in-

358

creasing size 2.6 to 4; head 3 to 3.3 in length. Eye 3:2 tora
(in large specimens) in length of head, in fullgrown specimens
about equal to snout; about twice (less in small specimens)
in postorbital part of head and more or less than 1.5 times
in nearly flat interorbital space, which goes somewhat more
or less than 2.5 times in length of head. Maxillary reaching
to frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal midway between head
and base of caudal, or somewhat nearer to lastnamed; opposite
to 17th or 18th lateral scale and separated by 26—28 (30) prae-
dorsal scales from snout. The 5th to 7th or 8th dorsal ray
strongly produced and reaching on caudal. Anal with a basal
sheath of one row of small scales, which may increase to 1'/,
or 2 irregular rows, by interpolation of smaller ones. Anal
rays, before the 2 or 3 last short ones, increasingly produced,
so that they even may reach nearly to end of caudal. Caudal
large, its central rays produced. The filamentous lengthening
of the median fins varies individually (with sex?) and increases
with increasing length of body. Pectorals rather long, about
equal to head without snout or slightly shorter. Height of caudal
peduncle at base of caudal 1.6—1.8 in head. Head and back
darker, otherwise light brown with numerous more or less
distinct dark lines, corresponding with the transverse series of
scales above anal sheath, usually more accentuated by a series
of corresponding dark spots. In small specimens the successive
4th or 5th transverse line may be fainter, what gives the im-
pression of broad, not pronounced dark crossbars; small spe-
cimens may also have a broad dark longitudinal band from
snout to caudal in the middle of the side. A black spot behind
chin. Branchiostegal membrane blackish or isthmus with a
blackish patch, which may increase to a band from eye to
eye. Fins dusky, but the dorsal may have series of dark spots
or longitudinal bands. Length 115 mm. [Specimens of 4. anaba-
toides REGAN in the British Museum seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Tempalo (Sumatra, Djambi).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Bagan Api Api!, Djambi!,
Taluk!, Si Djundjung!, Gunung Sahilan!, Lahat); Island Sing-
kep!; Biliton; Banka; Borneo (Sambas, Sarawak, Pontianak!,
Knapei!, Sibau!, Banjermassin, Kahajan).

In rivers, brooks and ponds.

Note: A collection of about 150 specimens in the Museums
of Leiden and Amsterdam from BLEEKER’s collection and

359

named by him ‘4. picta Blkr.”, with the colour faded and
mostly in a bad state of preservation, contains specimens
belonging without question to 4. picta C. V. = B&B. trifasciata Blkr.
More numerous are the specimens belonging to B. anabatoides
Blkr. A few of them show still the markings of the dorsal as
drawn in the otherwise rather bad figure in BLEEKER’s Atl.
ichth. on which TATE REGAN founded 2. Bleeker?. REGAN
in his valuable revision of the genus Zefta not having had
the opportunity of seeing the original specimens of BLEEKER,
was misled by BLEEKER’s figure and his very insufficient
description in his last paper (Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX.
1879, Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 26), in which he united
his former 4. anabatoides and trifasciata under the name &. picta.
His diagnosis, taken from 2 different species, was of course
erroneous and misleading.

6. Betta patoti') n. sp.

D. 7—8; A. 2.27—29; P. r2—14; V. 1.5; L.1. 33 —35; L.tr. 10'/,.

Rostro-dorsal profile from dorsal to nape straight, from there
to snout declivous in a straight line or with a slight convexity
or concavity. Chin conspicuously prominent. Height 3.7—4.7
according to size. Head 3.1—3.4 in length. Eye 3.4—4.5, its
diameter about equal to snout, 1.7 to 2.6 in postorbital part
of head and 1.2 to twice in nearly flat interorbital space, which
goes 2.5—2.8 in length of head. Maxillary reaching frontborder
of eye or somewhat behind it. Origin of dorsal somewhat more
or less than one eye-diameter nearer to caudal than to head,
separated by 26—-29 praedorsal scales from snout, opposite
to 19th to 21st lateral scale. The 4th to 6th may be strongly
produced; the 5th reaching far on caudal. Anal with a basal
sheath of 2—3 usually regular rows of small scales; the hin-
dermost anal rays before the two last may be strongly produced
and reaching far on caudal. Caudal large, spoon-shaped, its
2 central rays more or less produced. Pectorals 1.3—1.4 in
length of head. Height of caudal peduncle at base of caudal
1.8—2 in length of head, equal to its postorbital part. Head
and upper half of body greyish or dark brown, lower half
lighter with about 9—12 irregular crossbars above anal. One

1) Named in honour of Mr. W. J. TissoT vAN PATOT, who senf us the fish
from Borneo.

360

or two dark narrow bands crossing isthmus from eye to eye
or isthmus and ventral part of gillmembranes dark. A broad
dark long blotch behind eye may be present as also a light
and dark crossband at base of caudal. Fins otherwise uniform
grey or dusky. One specimen is uniform dark brown, the
supra-anal crossbars shining through.

Nom. indig.: Kelatal (Balikpapan), Kelatau and Tjampala
(by Bandjermassin people at Balikpapan).

Habitat: Borneo (South-eastern Borneo!, Balikpapan!, river
Mangar near Balikpapan!, rivulet 25 K.M. east of Balikpapan
bay!, river Bluu!).

7. Betta picta (C. V.)

Panchax pictum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XVIII. 1846, p. 385.

Betta trifasciata Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Visschen Doolhofv.
Kieuwen, p. 12. — Ibid. Bijdr. fauna Java p. 14.— Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié
Telos. ps 20/7.

Betta trifasciata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 388.

Betta picta Bleeker, Atl. ichth. 1X. 1877, tab. CCCXCV, fig. 3. Osphr. tab. 1, fig. 3.

Betta picta Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém. Poiss. pharyng
labyrinth, p. 26 (p. p.).

Betta trifasciata Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 781.

Betta macrophthalma Vate Regan, l.c.

D. 1.6—8; A.2.18—22; P.12; V.1.5;L.1. 28— 30; L.tr.9'/,—101/,.

Rostro-dorsal profile more or less convex. Head pointed. Eye
3—-3.4 in head; its diameter conspicuously longer than snout,
3—3.4 in postorbital part of head and equal to or somewhat
shorter than the flat interorbital space. Maxillary extending
about to vertical through posterior nostril. Origin of dorsal
usually nearer to head than to base of caudal, opposite to
14th—r5th lateral scale and separated by 20—24 praedorsal
scales from snout. Second or third penultimate rays more or
less produced and then reaching root of caudal. Anal with a
low basal sheath of one series or two irregular series of scales; its
posterior rays preceding the last more or less produced, reaching
on anterior third of caudal. Caudal rounded or pointed, the
middle rays being produced. Pectorals rounded, 1.6—1.7 in
length of head. Height of caudal peduncle at base of caudal
1.7—2 in length of head. Colour variable. Yeilowish to lighter
or darker brown. Back darker. Belly often reddish. According
to state of preservation, sexual maturity and probably also
locality the colouration is influenced. There are always present
3 dark longitudinal stripes, sometimes produced by black edges

301

of the scales, on one continuous series of scales. The middle one
runs from base of caudal, where it often begins with a round patch,
through eye to snout, from where it is usually continued as
a dark band along the chin to the other side. The superior
band commences on operculum and runs to caudal, the inferior
from below base of pectoral to caudal, anteriorly usually
continued as a series of a few black points to hindborder of
eye. A transverse band crosses the isthmus and connects the
lower border of the eyes, it may be missing or obsolete. In
Sumatran species the underside of head is more or less blackish.
Pectorals near base with or without a transverse band. Inner
rays of ventrals blackish, anal and caudal with or without a
black margin, sometimes with one or more series of elongate
spots. Dorsal with or without dark longitudinal points, which
may constitute longitudinal bands. Length 48 mm., by excep-
tion 55 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Deli!, Upper Langkat!,
Palembang, Muara Kompeh); Banka; Biliton; Java (Buitenzorg!,
Tjipanas!, Ponds near Trogon!, Tyjintjiruan 1600 M. high!,
Bandung!, Ambarawa 1500 feet high).

In brooks and ponds.

NWote., Ve WARTENS (Preuss.. Foop. nach. Ost. Asien, “1670,
p- 395) and: KAROLI (Termeszetr, Fiizetek V, 1882, p. 26)
mention this species also from Borneo, even from Siam, but
we doubt the correctness of these statements. The specimen
described by REGAN as Setta macrophthaima and presented
by Prof. PETERS to the British Museum as JSeéta trifasciata,
came from Singapore.

8. Betta rubra Perugia.

Betta rubra Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civico Genova (2) XIII. 1893, p. 242.
Betta rubra Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 781.

ib Ay Ia NOR a eae Wel Ro 2

Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex. Height 3°/,, head 3'/,.
Diameter of eye 37/,—4, longer than snout, 1.7 in postorbital
part of head and about equal to interorbital space, which goes
3'/, in head. Maxillary extending to below the posterior nostril.
Origin of dorsal midway between head and base of caudal,
separated by 28 praedorsal scales from snout, opposite to 16th
lateral scale. Penultimate dorsal ray produced and reaching
caudal. Anal with a basal sheath, anteriorly of one, posteriorly

362

of two irregular rows, its hindermost rays somewhat produced.
Caudal rounded. Pectorals equal to length of head. Height
of caudal peduncle at base of caudal about twice in length of
head. Reddish brown, upper half darker, 5 or 6 large dark
vertical bars on the lower part of the sides. Length 47 mm.
[Cotype in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (lake Toba!).

g. Betta taeniata Kegan.
Betta taeniata Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 781.

D. 1.7—9; A. II.20—25; P.12—14; V.I.5; L.l. 28—30 (3233);
15.te.Q'/,- LO.

Rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight; head pointed. Height
3.4 to 4; head somewhat more or less than thrice in length.
Eye 3.2 to 3.7 in head, its diameter nearly equal to or greater
than snout, I.4 to 1.7 in postorbital part of head and 1 to
1.4 in interorbital space, which is flat and goes 2.7 to more
than thrice in length of head. Maxillary extending to vertical
through between nostrils or somewhat farther. Origin of dorsal
conspicuously nearer to head than to base of caudal, opposite
to 15th or 16th lateral scale and separated by 25 to 26 praedorsal
scales from snout. The produced middle rays of dorsal nearly
reaching caudal. Anal with a basal sheath of one (or two)
irregular series of scales, its penultimate rays in old specimens
strongly produced, reaching near end of caudal, the middle
rays of which are prolonged. Pectorals about equal to head
without snout. Height of caudal peduncle at base of caudal
about twice in length of head. Brown, ventrally lighter. A
dark longitudinal band from snout, through eye running above
pectoral to caudal, a lower band beginning on head and running
below pectoral to caudal; both unite in a round blotch at
base of caudal. A few black points on anal and caudal. Other-
wise fins dusky. Length 82 mm. [Type in the British Museum
seen by us]. ;

Nom. indig.: Tempalo (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!, Sidjundjung!, Taluk!, Gunung
Sahilan !); Borneo (Sarawak !).

In rivers and brooks.

10. Betta fasciata Regan.
Betta fasciata Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 782.

D. I. g—11; A. II. 28—30; P. 13; V.I. 5; L.1. 34—36; L.tr. 10"/,.

363

Rostro-dorsal profile straight from dorsal to nape, from there
to snout slightly declivous. Height 3.5—4.2; head 3.6—4.5 in
length. Eye 3—4 in head, conspicuously longer than snout,
1.6 to twice in postorbital part of head and less than 1'/, times
in convex interorbital space, which goes 2.6—3 times in length
of head. Maxillary extending somewhat before or behind vertical
through posterior nostril. Origin of dorsal nearer to caudal than
to head, opposite to 18th or rgth lateral scale and separated
by 28—30 praedorsal scales from snout. Fifth to 7th dorsal
ray produced, reaching caudal or on it. Anal with a low sheath
of one series of scales at its base; its 2 or 3 prepenultimate
rays produced, even to last third of caudal. Caudal large, spoon-
shaped, its central rays produced. Pectorals round, rather large,
not much shorter than head. Height of caudal peduncle at
base of caudal about 1.3 in length of head, much longer than
its postorbital part. Lighter or darker brown, with about 6,
more or less distinct, often faint, darker crossbars. Fins dusky,
dorsal and caudal, at least its upper part with dark spots
between rays; ventrals and anal blackish. Length 100 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli, Djambi!).

In freshwater.

II. Betta bellica Sauv.

Betta bellica Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France IX. 1884, p. 217.
Betta bellica Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1909, p. 779.

De10:, A2-3G-—3 9-7 )e) Io sek Ltr. OM

Rostro-dorsal profile slightly convex, more so in its anterior
part. Height 4.2, head 3.4 in length. Eye 3.1 in head, its
diameter conspicuously longer than snout, 1.7 in postorbital
part of head and nearly equal to interorbital space, which is
nearly '/, of the length of the head. Maxillary ending not far
from frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal nearer to caudal
than to head, separated by about 30 scales from snout and
opposite to 19th or 2oth lateral scale. Anal with a basal sheath
of one regular row of scales. Pectorals about equal to head
without snout. Height of caudal peduncle at base of caudal

1) According to SAUVAGE’s description the anal has 37 rays but this must be
a misprint, as his figure shows only 34 rays and the author says: “les 30 et 31e
rayons de l’anale prolongés en filaments”. In his figure follow 3 rays behind
the two prolonged rays (the 30th and the 31st), thus in total 34 rays.

304

1.8 in head and equal to its postorbital part. Colour faded,
uniform brown. Fins uniform. Length 50 mm.

Habitat: Peérak.

Note. We found in the collection of BLEEKER in the Leiden
Museum in a bottle containing numerous specimens of Letta
and named by BLEEKER JZ. picta the above described species.
We are not sure that it is really &. dellica Sauv. as its des-
cription by SAUVAGE is very short and the accompanying
figure probably not very good, but our specimen comes nearest
to this species.

Doubtful species.
Betta pugnax (Cant.).

Macropodus pugnax Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal
vol. XVIII. 1850, p. 1066.

This species is mentioned by the following authors from
different localities in the Archipelago: by VON MARTENS ')
(Borneo: Seminis); KAROLI?) (Borneo: Palandok, Matang);
BOULENGER #) (Sumatra: Deli); VAILLANT +) (Borneo: rivers
Kapuas, Knapei, Sebruang, Mahakam); VOLZ”°) (Sumatra:
Palembang, Benakat, Lahat, rivers Mahé, Kwantan, Si Russi
and at Indragiri, Tandjung Butus and Upper and Lower Langkat);
FOWLER °) (Borneo: Baram river).

All the quoted authors give no description and as their
publications appeared before the valuable revision of the genus
Betta by TATE REGAN, who mentions as habitat for B. pugnax
only Pinang, it is impossible to make out what species is meant
by the quoted authors, PERUGIA ‘) gives a very short description
of specimens found in Sumatra and named by him 4. pugnax,
but these specimens probably belong to &. pzcta (C.V.). Also
the description of STEINDACHNER *) of specimens, which he

1) v. Martens, Preuss. Exp. nach Ost-Asien, 1876, p. 209.

2) KAroxt, Termeszetrajzi fiizetek V. 1882, p. 26.

3) BoOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1890, p. 38.

4) Vaittant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) V. 1893, p. 1035 Notes Leyden
Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 32.

5) Votz, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 373; Revue Suisse Zool.
XII. 1904, p. 459.

6) Fow er, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 504.

7) Perucia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) vol. XII. 1893, p. 243.

8) STEINDACHNER, Abh. Senckenb, Naturforsch, Gesellsch. XXV. 1901, p. 434.

365

names B. pugnax from the Baram river in Borneo and of Ternate
(a locality which is certainly erroneous), is too short to make
out if they really belong to this species. We have never seen
specimens of Letta pugnax from the Archipelago and have it
therefore not included in this work.

11. Trichopodus Lacépede.

(LacEprDE, Hist. nat. Poiss. III. 1802, p. 129).
Trichopus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons VII. 1831, p. 388.

Strongly compressed, oblong. Mouth somewhat protractile,
very small, its cleft véry oblique but horizontal when upper
jaw is protruded. Lower jaw prominent; jaws with bands of
minute fixed teeth, some larger ones in outer series. Praeorbital
serrated. Scales ciliate, of moderate size, irregularly and obliquely
arranged. Lateral line complete, tubular, more or less curved
and irregular. Dorsal short, originating before or behind end of

Fig. 93. Zrichopodus trichopterus (Pall.) n.s.

spinous anal, with 3—S increasing spines and 8—1rI rays, ending
far distant from caudabk Anal beginning about below base of
pectorals, with g—14 spines and 25—39 mostly unbranched rays,
ending at base of caudal and covered by a sheath of scales,
except their broad outer border. Caudal broad, more or less
emarginate. Pectorals more or less pointed. Before their base
originate the ventrals with the first ray transformed in a long,
simple filament, to which are adnate a vestigal spine and 2
or 3 rudimentary rays. Operculum entire, prae-, sub- and inter-
operculum denticulate.

Distribution: Islands of the Archipelago situated between

366

Sumatra, Bali and Borneo; Pinang; Malay Peninsula; Siam
and Cochin China.
In rivers, brooks, ponds and lakes.

Key to the indo-australian species of nal
Trichopodus. aA

1. Origin of dorsal above soft anal. Anal X—XI (XII)

33—38. Eye twice or more in postorbital pant « of head. Zr. ¢richopterus p. 366.
2. Origin of dorsal above end of spinous Gorsal. Anal

XII—XIV_ 25—30. Eye much less anaes twice in

postorbital part" of Head’ 66767. eo hs we ee = = TRH pia O7e

1. Trichopodus trichopterus (Pall.) [Fig. 93, p. 365].

Labrus trichopterus Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. VIIJ. 1777, p. 45.

Labrus trichopterus Linné, Syst. nat. edit. XIIIa (Gmelin) 1789, p. 1286.

Labrus trichopterus Bloch, Ausland, Fische, VI. 1792, p. 23.

Trichogaster trichopterus Bloch, Schneider, Syst. ichth. 1801, p. 165.

Trichopodus trichopterus Lacépéde, Hist. nat. Poiss. III]. 1802, p. 125 & 129,

Trichopus trichopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss. VII. 1831, p. 290.

Trichopus sepat Bleeker, Nat. & Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Indié II. 1845, p. 520.

Trichopus trichopterus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXIII. 1850, Vissch.
doolhofy, Kieuw. p. 10. — Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, tab. 395, Osphrom. tab. 1, fig. 4.

Trichopodus trichopterus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1071.

Osphromenus trichopterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus, III. 1859—1861, p. 384.

Osphromenus siamensis ibid. p. 385.

Trichopodus trichopterus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. 1879, Mém.
Poiss. pharyng. labyrinth. p. 21 (p. p.).

Trichopus siamensis Sauvage, Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) IV. 1881, p. 166.

Trichopodus trichopterus Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 783.

D. VI—VIII. 8—g (10); A. X—XI (XII). 33—38; P. g9—10;
V. (I). 3—4; L.l. 30—40; sq. lat. 4o—50; L.tr. 20—25 ').

Height in adult specimens 2.3—2.5, 3 or more in length
with caudal. Head more or less acute, 3.2—3.4, 4.3—4.5 in
length with caudal; rostro-frontal line concave or nearly straight.
Diameter of eye more or less than 4'/, times in head, equal
to or longer than snout, twice or more than twice in post-
orbital part of head. Colour very variable; in preserved speci-
mens olivaceous above, lighter on flanks and below, or brownish,

1) The dorsal and anal are liable to considerable individual variation; among
a large number of specimens we found f.i. the following combinations: D. VI. 7,
A. XI. 34; D. VI.8, A. X. 33; D. VII. 8, A. X. 36; D. VII. 9, A. X. 38; D. VIIL. 8,

X..37; D. VIII. 9, A. X. 36. Only: once, D. VIL 16,, but) never less thangs
rays in the anal and never XII anal spines as recorded by REGAN,

367

or head and upper half of body olivaceous or silvery with
15—20 irregular, oblique, partly confluent crossbands, which
may be broken up into spots; lower half brownish. A round
black spot on the middle of the side and an other at the base
of the caudal, sometimes united by a blackish band from eye
to caudal; soft dorsal and caudal, and sometimes also soft
anal with alternating light spots, sometimes forming reticula-
tions. Length 112 mm.

Nom. indig.: Sappe (Malay Sumatra), Sépat (Djambi,
Palembang, Balikpapan, Java).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Palembang, Bagan Api Api!,
Muara Enim, Ringat!, Taluk!, river Kwantan, Gunung Sahilan!,
Sungei Mahé, Deli, Serdang!, Djambi!, Upper and Lower
Langkat, Benkulen, Pagar Alam!, Padang, Ulakan, Solok!,
Singkarah!, Priaman, Lahat, Padang Pandjang, Manindjau!,
Fort de Kock!, Pajakombo!, Telok betong); Banka; Java (Bui-
tenzorg!, Batavia!, Bandung!, Garut!, Tjipanas!, Palabuan, Lebak,
Mount Gedeh, Tjiandjur, Ngawi, Gombong, river Brantas);
Madura; Bali; Borneo (Sinkawang, Montrado, Kapuas: Lake
Danau Sriang, Pontianak, Sebruang, river Kahajan, Bandjer-
massin, Pengaron, Mandhor, Balikpapan!). — Pinang, Malay
Peninsula, Cochin China, Cambodja, Siam, Bengalen.

2. Trichopodus leeri (blkr.)

Trichopodus trichopterus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850,

p- 1071 (p. p.).

Trichopus Leerii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié III. 1852, p. 577.
Osphromenus trichopterus var. y. ¢eerti Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. III. 1861, p. 384.
Trichopodus trichopterus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XIX. Mém. Poiss,

Pharyng. Labyrinth. 1879, p. 21 (p. p.).

Trichopodus leeri Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 783.

D. V—VII. 8—10; A. XII—XIV. 25—30; P. 9g; V. (I). 3—4;
L.l. 30—37; Sq. lat. 44—50; L.tr. 20.

Height about 2.4 in length, 3.2—3.3 in length with caudal.
Head acute, 3.1—3.4 in length, about 4.4 in length with caudal.
Rostro-frontal line concave or nearly straight. Diameter of eye
3.4—3.8 in head, much less than twice (1.4) in postorbital
part of head. Origin of dorsal opposite to end of spinous anal,
to about roth or rith spine. Body and vertical fins with pale
greenish spots enclosed in a reddish-brown network; a black
longitudinal band from snout through eye, ending in a spot
at the base of the caudal. Length 110 mm.

368

Habitat: Sumatra (Telok Betong, Palembang, Djambi!,
Gunung Sahilan!, Lower Langkat, Deli); Borneo (Bandjer-
massin [river Barito], Sintang [river Kapuas]). — Siam (BLEEKER),
Malay Peninsula.

2. Fam. LUCIOCEPHALIDAE.

Elongate, subcylindrical, posteriorly somewhat compressed.
Head not much shorter than trunk. Snout produced. Upper
jaw much shorter than projecting mandible, bordered by inter-
maxillaries, which are strongly protractile and composed of
an inner or anterior horizontal part and an outer or posterior
part which is provided with an ample membranaceous fold
and bent upward along snout when mouth is closed. When
mouth is opened both parts are protruded so that the upper
jaw is the longer and the gape rather wide. Jaws with small,
conical, fixed teeth; vomer anteriorly rough by minute teeth.
A short dorsal opposite to posterior half of anal. Anal with
a deep notch, beginning at some distance behind vent. Caudal
rounded. Pectorals short, rounded; below their base the ventrals
with a weak spine and five rays, the first of which has at its
outside a long articulated filament. Scales cycloid on head,
ctenoid on trunk, moderate, regularly arranged, lateral line
indicated on some scales by shallow impressions or abortive
tubular lateral organs. Opercular bones entire, scaly, as also
the large praeorbital, the rounded border of which is finely
serrated. Gillopenings very wide, reaching to below eye, the
naked gillmembranes not being united. Five branchiostegals.
No pseudobranchiae. Four complete gills. No air-bladder.
Suprabranchial organ well developed ').

I. Luciocephalus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié, I. 1851, p. 274).
Diplopterus Gray, Ilustr. of Indian Zoology I. 1830—1832, tab. $7, fig. 1
(figure only, no description; name preoccupied),

For characters of the single genus see those of the family.
Distribution: that of the single species known.

1) First described by BLEEKER (Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Indié XX. 1859—1860, p. 395).

369

1. Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray) [Fig. 94, p. 360].
Diplopierus pulcher Gray, Ilustrat. Indian Zoology I. 1830—1832, tab. 87,
fig. I (figure only).
Luciocephalus pulcher Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié I. 1851, p. 274. —

Ibid. III. 1852, p. 99.

Luciocephalus pulcher Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIV. 1852, Bijdr. Snoekacht.

Visschen, p. 24.

Luciocephalus pulcher Bleeker, Verh, Akad. Amsterdam XIX, 1879, Poiss. pharyng.

labyrinth. p. 29. — Atl. ichth. IX. 1877, Tab. 396, Osphrom. tab. 2, fig. 1.
Luciocephalus pulcher Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) V. 1893, p. 104.

D. 9—11; A. 18—19; P. 15—16; V.1.5; L.l. 40—42;
L.tr, 12—13.

Proportions changing with age, in large specimens height more
than 5.5 times, head slightly more than twice in length without
caudal. Eye nearly in the middle of head, about 7 times in
its length, less than interorbital space, mor¢ than 2.5 in post-
orbital part of head and thrice in length of snout. Median fins
without scales. Caudal obtusely and somewhat asymmetrically

Fig. 94. Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray). X 3/4.

rounded. Pectorals small, somewhat longer than half length
of postorbital part of head. Ventral filaments nearly reaching
to end of anal. Colour very variable, usually back and dorsal
surface of head brown, otherwise yellowish; a broad brown
band from snout to caudal, above and along it often one or
more longitudinal series of dark brown blotches. Caudal with
blackish oblique bands and a basal blotch. Length 180 mm.
Nom. indig. Tumbu Ramer (Djambi); Djulung djulung
nansuli (Laut Tador), Bruson, Tom-brudjon (Danau Sriang).
Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Lahat, Palembang, Musi
ilir, Benakat, Sungi Surikaka, Sungi Mahe, Indragiri, Laut
Tador, Taluk!, Gunung Sahilan!, Djambi!,); Banka; Biliton;
Borneo (Baram, Sarawak, Bankayan, mouth and upper course
river Kapuas: Danau Sriang, Sintang, Sebruang, Kahajan,
Bandjermassin); Pulu Matjan. — Malay Peninsula.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 24

Order MICROCYPRINI Tate Regan.

Airbladder without an open duct. Scales present, cycloid.
No lateral line. Parietals, when present, separated by the supra-
occipital, which is in contact with the frontals. Orbitosphenoid
wanting. Mesocoracoid wanting. Opercular bones normally deve-
loped. Lower jaw with or without a sesamoid articular. Fins
without spines. Pectorals inserted high up or lower down.
Pectoral arch suspended from the skull. Ventrals abdominal,
6 or 7-rayed, not attached to cleithra, sometimes wanting.
Dorsal fin placed far back, above anal. Anus posterior or
anterior. Anterior vertebrae not modified. Mouth generally
small, bordered by intermaxillaries only. Lower pharyngeals
separate, or, if united, with the median suture persistent.
Branchiostegals 4—7.

Key to the indo-australian families of
Microcyprini.
1. Ventrals present '), Anus posterior, near anal.
a. Snout short, mouth small or moderate, intermaxil-
laries not coalesced with maxillaries. Second, third
and fourth upper pharyngeals dentigerous. Scales
rather large. L.1. in indo-australian species 29—34. Cyprinodontidae p. 371.
6, Snout longer, mouth large, semicircular or horse-
shoe-shaped. Intermaxillaries firmly united to maxil-
laries or coalesced with them. Third and fourth
upper pharyngeals dentigerous. Scales small.
Gal beer oe =teho mins qe lub ad of Ode ohoton old! ec. Buc Adrianichthyidae p. 376.
2. Ventrals wanting. Anus anterior, in females between
pectorals, opening into a fleshy appendage below
InBiehatst eNOS Gis Gee IO GO A doo do Sad Goo Phallostethidae p. 381.

1) In indo-australian species.

371

I. Fam. CYPRINODONTIDAE.

Elongate, more or less strongly compressed. Head depressed,
flattened above as well as anterior part of back. Scales rather
- large. Head scaly, at least above. Mouth small or moderate,
protractile or not. Maxillaries slender, not coalesced with inter-
maxillaries. Pointed or conical teeth in the jaws and some-
times on the vomer. Mesopterygoid wanting. Pectorals inserted
high up or not. Ventrals with 6—7 rays. Caudal acuminate,
rounded, truncate, emarginate or forked. Second, third and
fourth upper pharyngeals dentigerous '). Gillmembranes free or
more or less connected, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 4—6.
Generally small fishes, living in sea near the shore and in
brackish or freshwater of southern parts of North America, in
South America, Southern Europe, Africa and Southern Asia.

Key to the indo-australian genera of
Cy prinodontidae.

I. Mouth small, upper jaw not protractile. No teeth on vomer.

Gillmembranes broadly united. Pectorals situated high up. Aplocheilus p. 371.
2. Mouth moderate, with a distinct bent downwards near

corner of mouth. Upper jaw protractile, Teeth on vomer.

Gillmembranes free from each other. Pectorals low, situated

Helowemidales otshelchtren snepmitemen cus sokiel stay cmc tate we Panchax p. 374.

1. Aplocheilus Mc Clelland.

(Mc CLELLAND, Ind. Cyprin. As. Res. XIX. 1839, p. 426.)
Haplochilus auctt. p.p., Oryzias Jordan & Snyder.

Elongate, compressed. Head and anterior part of back flat-

Fig. 95. Aplocheilus celebensis M. Web. n.s.3
the left figure shows the head from above: / intermaxillare.

tened above. Mouth small, horizontal. Upper jaw not protrac-

1) According to TATE REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VII. 1911, p. 321.

372

tile. A single series of teeth in the jaws or this series followed
behind by a few more series of smaller teeth. No teeth on
vomer. Head scaly above and on operculum. Scales rather
large. Dorsal short, its origin behind that of anal. Pectorals
situated high up. Ventrals far from pectorals. Caudal rounded.
Five branchiostegals. Gillmembranes broadly united, free from
isthmus. No pseudobranchiae.

Distribution: Fresh and brackish water of Africa, Asia,
Japan, indo-australian Archipelago to the east as far as Celebes
and Timor.

These small fishes are mosquito-distroyers.

Key tothe indo-australian speciesofA plocheilus.

Tee 5p Ao SES 23. WL tr. TON.) j- acti ate teire feer-taon A. javanicus p. 372.
2. D.7—9; A17—21. L. tr. 14.
a. Origin of anal midway between base of caudal and
pupil. Origin of ventrals midway between snout and
endWotyanalitay. aay eamccccmel ed ats toast mmm A. celebensis p. 373.
6, Origin of anal nearer to base of caudal than to
hindborder of eye. Origin of ventrals nearer to end

Ofsanal ithanwtousnOUteeseventsen tuemeeaenemee tte meeete ne A. timorensis p. 373.

1. Aplocheilus javanicus Blkr.

Aplocheilus javanicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indié VII. 1854, p. 323. —
ichth. Arch, Ind, Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 490. — Atl. ichth. III. 1863, p. 141.
Haplochilus javanicus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 311.
Hlaplochilus javanicus v. trilineata Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXXIV.
TOUT, sp. 1a.
Aplocheilus javanicus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 91.
D. 7; A. 21—23; P: 1.10—11;.. V. 63 Lil. 29-20; 1.ti. Ke:
Compressed, head and anterior part of back flattened. Height
3.5—3-7, 4—4.5 in length with caudal. Head about 3.7, about
4.5 in length with caudal. Eye about 2.5, longer than snout,
scarcely longer than postorbital part of head and about equal
to interorbital space. Cleft of mouth small, horizontal. Corner
of mouth more than half length of snout from frontborder of
eye. Origin of dorsal separated by 22 or 23 scales from large
scales on occiput; above last third of anal. Origin of anal midway
between base of caudal and pupil. Pectorals as long as head.
Ventrals midway between snout and end of anal or some-
what nearer to snout. Caudal rounded. Colour yellow, belly

373

more or less silvery. Upper surface of head darker. Back dusky.
A fine dark lateral line, a second one above the base of the
anal, uniting with that of the other side behind anal. Gene-
rally a median dorsal line. Fins hyaline. Length 35 mm.
Nom. indig.: Impun (Sundan.), Lundjar (Javanese).
Habitat: Singapore; Java (Perdana, Tjandjur, Nusa Kem-
bangan!); Lombok!. — Malacca, China (KAROLI JANOS).
In fresh and brackish water.

2. Aplocheilus celebensis M. Web. [Fig. 95, p. 371].

Haplochilus celebensis Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. einer Reise in Niederl. Ost-
Indien III. 1894, p. 426.
Haplochilus celebensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 429.

D. 7—9 (generally-9); A. 17—21; P. 1.10—11; V. 6; LL.
a0-=32>) I.tr.-14.

Compressed, upper part of head and anterior part of back
flattened. Height 3.8, 4.5 in length with caudal. Head about
4.2, 5.2 in length with caudal. Eye 2.3, much longer than
snout, somewhat less than postorbital part of head and inter-
orbital space. Cleft of mouth small, horizontal. Corner of mouth
much nearer to end of snout than to frontborder of eye. Origin
of dorsal separated by 23 scales from large scales on occiput;
above last third of anal. Origin of anal midway between base
of caudal and pupil. Pectorals shorter than head, but longer
than head without snout. Origin of ventrals midway between
snout and end of anal. Caudal rounded. Yellow, belly more
or less silvery. A very narrow dark lateral line. Generally a
similar line above base of anal, uniting with that of the other
side behind base of anal. A median dorsal line sometimes
present. Length 38 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!, Maros!, Teteadji!).

Fresh water.

3. Aplocheilus timorensis n.sp.

Aplocheilus celebensis Max Weber & de Beaufort, Versl. Vergad. Wis- en Natuurk.
Afd. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam 1912, p. 135 (nec M. Weber).

D.9; A.17—19; P.1.10—11; V.6; L.I. 31—34; L.tr. 14.

Compressed, head flattened above. Height 3.7—3.8, 4.6—4.7
in length with caudal. Head 3.3—3.5, 4.1—4.3 in length with
caudal. Eye about 3 in head, scarcely longer than snout and
scarcely shorter than postorbital part of head, less than inter-

374

orbital space. Cleft of mouth small, horizontal. Corner of mouth
much nearer to end of snout than to frontborder of eye.
Origin of dorsal separated by about 26 scales from large scales
on occiput; above or somewhat behind the middle of the
anal. Origin of anal nearer to base of caudal than to hind-
border of eye. Origin of ventrals nearer to end of anal than
to snout. Pectorals shorter than head? (damaged in all specimens
examined). Caudal rounded. Brownish, belly darkish (peritoneum
shining through). A fine dark lateral line ending in a more
or less conspicuous black blotch at end of caudal. A similar
line runs above base of anal and unites with that of the other
side behind anal. A median dorsal line present in young
specimens. A row of darkish blotches on middle of sides of
trunk generally present. Length 37 mm.

Habitat: Mid-Timor (Mota Talau!).

Fresh water.

2. Panchax Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 380.)
Haplochilus auctt. p.p.

Elongate, compressed. Head and anterior part of back flattened
above. Mouth moderate, with a sharp bent downwards near
corner of mouth. Upper jaw protractile. Bands of teeth in the
jaws. Teeth on vomer. Head scaly above and on operculum.
Scales rather large. Dorsal short, its origin behind that of
anal. Pectorals originating in lower half of body. Ventrals far
from pectorals. Caudal rounded. Five branchiostegals. Gill-
membranes free from each other. Pseudobranchiae present.

Distribution: Fresh and brackish water of Africa, Asia,
Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

1. Panchax panchax (H.B.) |Fig. 96, 97, p. 375].

Esox panchax Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 211 & p. 380.

Panchax Buchanani Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 383.

Panchax Kuhlii Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 384.

Panchax panchax Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1234.

Panchax melanotopterus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Bijdr. kennis
ichthyol. fauna Midden- en Oost-Java, p. 22.

Panchax Buchanani Bleeker, ibid. XX V. 1853, Nalez. Ichthyol. fauna Bengalen, p. 144.

Panchax Buchanani Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 488. —
Atl. ichth. III. 1863, p. 141.

Haplochilus panchax Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VI. 1866, p. 311.

se

Haplochilus panchax Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 523.
Panchax panchax Chaudhuri, Mem. Ind. Mus. V. 1916, p. 451.

Di7— 65 n-/1 5-165 P2543) V6; L.1. 315 Ltr. 8'/,—9,

Compressed behind, head depressed, flattened above as well
as the anterior part of back. Height 4.5—5.5, 5.;—7 in length
with caudal. Head 3—3.5, 3.8—4.5 in length with caudal. Eye
about 3.5, somewhat shorter than snout, which is equal to
postorbital part of head and to interorbital space. Cleft of
mouth not quite extending to vertical through frontborder of
eye. Lower jaw slightly prominent. Small pointed teeth in
several rows in the jaws, smaller ones in
an irregular transverse series on head of
vomer. Origin of dorsal above 13th to
last anal ray, separated by 24—26 scales
from snout. Origin of ventrals scarcely
nearer to tip of snout than to base of

caudal. Pectorals as long as or somewhat
longer than head without snout. Colour
of alcohol specimens brownish, lighter
below, each scale with a submarginal black

visible in preserved specimens '). Dorsal
with a black blotch at its base. Anal
and caudal more or less spotted with blackish. Paired fins
hyaline. Length over 55 mm.

Nom. indig.: Tjupang and Kapala)tima (Malay, Batavia),
Sisik malik (Sundan.), Wader peto (Javanese, Djocja).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra; Java (pond near Priok!},
Batavia, Tandjong-Oost, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Gombong, Pand-

mandibula, 7 nostril.

1) This spot occurs also in Afplochei/us. For its biological pecularities see:
MIEHE, Javanische Studien (Abhandl. d. Math. Phys. Kl. d. Kgl. Sachs. Ge-
sellsch. d. Wissensch., Bd. XXXII, Nr. 4, 1911) and Uber den Okzipitalfleck
von Haplochilus panchax (Biol. Centralbl. Bd. XXXI. 1911, p. 732)-

: See : Fig. 97. Panchax panchax
border. A silvery shining spot on middle (HB). Head Age Bares

of occiput, just behind eye, not always XX 5'/2; on occiput the silve-

ry spot; 7 intermaxillare, m

376

jallu, Djocja!, Surabaya, Pasuruan, Lesti, pond near Belom-
bing!, Tjilatjap!); Borneo (Banjermassin, middle course of river
Kapuas). — From Orissa, through the lower province of Bengal,
Burma, Siam, Andaman Islands and Malacca.

In fresh and brackish water; living in sheltered and stagnant
water and feeding also on insects and therefore a destroyer
of mosquito-larvae ').

2. Fam. ADRIANICHTHYIDAE.

Elongate, more or less strongly compressed. Head depressed,

>
te ae aye x
Den aiaK is AMA aes
ee ek
aA

Fig. 98. Adrianichthys kruyti -M. ‘Web.
From above and below X 3/4, to show the

intermaxillaries coalesced with the maxil- Fig. 99. Adrianichthys

laries. The separate piece in front of the kruyti M. Web. X 5, 4. Basi-

intermaxillaries is probably an artefact, branchiale; 3, 4. Third and
caused by two symmetrical cracks. fourth Pharyngobranchiale.

flattened above, as well as anterior part of back. Scales small.
Head scaly above and on opercles. Mouth large, horse-shoe-

1) N. H. SWELLENGREBEL & I. M, H. SWELLENGREBEL—DE GRAAF (Journ.
tropical Medicine & Hygiene XXIII No. 7, 1920, p. 77). We are informed, that
Dr. A. L. J. SunterR, head of the Government Laboratory for Marine Investi-
gation at Batavia, will soon publish further studies about the larva-destroying
qualities of Panchax panchax,

377

shaped. Intermaxillaries not protractile, firmly united even
coalesced with maxillaries. Maxillaries articulating with a pro-
minent knob at the anterior extremity of the palatines. No
mesopterygoid. Pointed teeth in jaws. None on palate. Pectorals
inserted rather high up. Ventrals with 6 or 7 rays. Caudal
emarginate. Gillmembranes free from isthmus. No pseudobran-
chiae. Third and fourth upper pharyngeals dentigerous. Gill-
membranes free from isthmus and from each other. Branchi-
ostegals 5-—7.

Distribution: Lakes of Celebes.

Freshwater.

Mey to the senera of Adrianichthyidae.

1. Lower jaw slightly prominent. Intermaxillaries not coa-
lescedswithsmaxillaries; Dl RI—13. VioFas oo. se Xenopoecilus ~. 377-
2. Lower jaw totally included. Intermaxillaries coalesced

Wit MeIn ARIAT lessee EJs iV sy Olive slic) sissies) cee none Adrianichthys p. 379.

I. Xenopoecilus Tate Regan.
(TATE REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VIII. 1911, p. 374).

Elongate, compressed. Head flattened above. Bones of skull,
especially the dermal ones, thin and delicate. Mouth large, not
protractile, horizontal with a bent downwards near corner of
mouth, bordered above by the intermaxillaries, which bear
villiform band of pointed teeth, similar to that in the lower
jaw. Maxillaries behind intermaxillaries, not coalesced with

Fig. 100. Xenopoccilus poptae nu. sp. X "po.

them, articulating with palatines by a knoblike articulation,
which gives rise to a prominence on the dorsal side of the
flat snout. No teeth on palate. Head scaly above and on opercles.
Scales small, more than 70 in a lateral line, thin, cycloid
with concentric lines. Dorsal rather short, with 11—1I3 rays,
situated above anal, which is longer and the origin of which

378

is situated before that of dorsal. Pectorals rather high up.
Ventrals abdominal, small in males, large in females, with 7
rays. Caudal more or less deeply emarginate. Gillmembranes
free from isthmus, only united with each other at their rostral
end. Six or seven branchiostegals. No pseudobranchiae. Gill-
rakers small, knob-like or pointed. Third and fourth upper
pharyngeals dentigerous, the teeth of the fourth in a large
oval patch, those of the third in a small elongate one. Lower
pharyngeals separate, triangular.

Distribution: Two species known from lakes in the inte-
rior of Celebes.

Key, to tie Species or Xenopoecel lus,

1, A. 21—23. Pectorals 1.5 in head. Origin of anal nearer

tombead ethan itombasesor caudally rit eicey emt nroie X. sarvasinorum p. 378.

to

. A. 24—27. Pectorals 1.8—2.4 in head. Origin of anal
midway between head and base of caudal ...... & X, poptae p. 379.

I. Xenopoecilus sarasinorum (Popta).

Haplochilus sarasinorum Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXV, 1904 (1905), p. 239.
NXenopoecilus sarasinorum Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (8) VIII. 1911, p. 374.

B.6; Do 1113; Aw21--233: Be b1==125.Vii7 3 lls) ete a,

Head depressed, flattened above, body and tail compressed.
Dorsal profile nearly straight. Height 5.6—6.5, 6.7—7.7 in
length with caudal. Head 3.2—3.3, 3.8—3.9 in length with caudal.
Eye 3.3—3.7, 1.2 in snout, I.4—1.6 in postorbital part of head
and about equal to interorbital space. A narrow band of
small, pointed, unequal teeth in the jaws. Cleft of mouth
reaching to middle of snout. Dorsal above last half of anal.
Origin of anal nearer to head than to base of caudal. Pectorals
1.5 in head. Ventrals 3.5—4 in head in males, 2 in head in
females. Origin of ventrals somewhat nearer to base of caudal
than to point of snout. Caudal deeply emarginate. Colour of
alcohol specimens brownish yellow, upper part of head darker
brown. Sides silvery, with a fine blackish longitudinal stripe.
Dorsal dark brown, anal, caudal and pectorals brown. Ventrals
hyaline. Length 69 mm. [After C. Popra, not seen by us].

Habitat: Celebes (Lake Lindu).

379
2. Xenopoecilus poptae n.sp.') [Fig. 100, p. 377].

Be 7; D. 11—13; A. 24—27; P. 12—13; V.7; Ll. circa 75;
Etre: cirea~-20:;

Head depressed, flattened above, body and tail compressed.
Dorsal profile straight. Height 4.4—6.5, 5.1—7.5 in length
with caudal. Head 3—3.2, 3.4—3.6 in length with caudal. Eye
4—5.2, 1.6—2.5 in snout, I.5—1.6 in postorbital part of head
and 1.2—1.6 in interorbital space. Villiform band of pointed
teeth in the jaws. Corner of mouth one eye-diameter before
eye. Origin of dorsal somewhat before middle of anal. Origin
of anal midway between head and base of caudal. In the
males the dorsal and anal rays are much stronger and some-
what longer than in the females. Pectorals 1.8—2.4 in head.
Ventrals 4—5 in head in males, about 2.3 in head in females.
Base of ventrals midway between point of snout and base of
caudal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Colour of alcohol specimens
brownish above, darker on the head. Sides and belly silvery.
Fins dusky. Length of 11 specimens examined 97.5-—204 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Lake Posso!).

Freshwater.

Note. Mr. A.C. KRuyT informs us, that this fish is caught
by hooks in November, December and January, when great
shoals of it are living in depths of 12 to 15 m. This is the
season of propagation as the caught fishes immediately discharge
their eggs. As soon as the eggs are extruded, the young fry
is hatched and swims with the mother. In the period of
spawning, the broken eggmembranes, rising to the surface, cover
extensive stretches of it and are called by the Toradjas
“momosonja’’.

2. Adrianichthys M. Weber.

(Max WEBER, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, Igde Afl. 1913, p. 204).

Elongate, compressed. Head flattened above. Mouth rather
large, not protractile, horse-shoe-shaped, bordered above by
the large intermaxillaries, which are coalesced with the maxil-
laries, the two forming one large bone in the form of a hoof,
which articulates with the palatines by means of a knob-like

1) Named in honour of Miss Dr. C. Porta, the indefatigable ichthyologist of
the Leiden Museum.

380

articulation, prominent on the upper surface of the snout. ')
Lower jaw totally included. Both jaws with a narrow villi-.

Dunvant 0) ee hate

ath ee ma Pe ee ee
a : oo a . oe HR
Sa yy

us = sy
ee

form band of small pointed teeth. No teeth on palate. Head
scaly above and on opercles. Scales small, more than 70 in
a lateral line, thin, cycloid. Dorsal rather long, with 17
rays, situated above
last two thirds of long
anal. Pectorals inserted
in the middle of the
height of the body.
Ventrals abdominal,
small in the only spe-
cimen known, with 6
rays. Caudal probably
emarginate. Gillmem-

a

Fig. 102. Adrianichthys kruyti M. Web.
Left mandible seen by horizontal orientation of the :
fish 7. a angular, ay articular, @ dental with teeth, branes free from isth-

s’sesamoid articular. mus and from each

other. Five branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae hidden. Gillrakers
small, knob-like. Third and fourth upper pharyngeals, denti-
gerous, the teeth of the fourth in a large oval patch, those
of the third in a small rounded one. Lower pharyngeals (basibran-
chials) triangular, united, the suture being visible (Fig. 99).
Distribution: that of the single species known.

1) The arrangement of these parts of the upper jaw was only clear to us, after
we had examined Xenopoecilus. This explains the different interpretation by one
of us, when describing the genus. We believe now, that the bone described
there (see fig. 98) as intermaxillary, is an artefact, caused by two symmetrical
cracks in the real intermaxillaries.

381

1. Adrianichthys kruyti M. Web. [Figs. 98; (99, 'TOT;- 162;
p:. 376; 380].
Adrianichthys Kruyti M. Weber, Bijdragen Dierkunde Igde Afl. 1913, Am-

sterdam, p. 205.

Pay t7: An25 sb. tO; v.05 Ll. ca, 7o—so.

Height a little more than 4.7, head 2.8. Snout more than
twice in head. Eye 3.5, equal to postorbital part of head and
somewhat more than concave interorbital space. Length of
base of dorsal equal to head without snout. Base of anal equal
to head without its postorbital part. Pectorals longer than head
without snout. Ventrals not reaching anal, equal to half snout.
Caudal probably emarginate. Colour in alcohol yellowish, upper
part of head and body coffee-brown. Snout powdered with
brown, as well as the fins. Length of single specimen known

110 mm.
Habitat: Celebes (Lake Posso!).

3. Fam. PHALLOSTETHIDAE.

Elongate, compressed. Scales rather large. Mouth rather
large, strongly oblique. Maxillaries not coalesced with inter-
maxillaries. Pectorals placed rather high. Ventrals wanting. Cau-
dal emarginate. Anus anterior, in females between pectorals. In
males there is a complicated fleshy appendage (priapium) below
head and anterior part of body, on one of the sides of which

Fig. 103. Meostethus lankesteri Regan. <j about X 1/3.
Outline with the priapium: a fleshy appendage below the head and anterior
part of body; at the outside of the priapium the curved, rodlike
ctenactinium. After TATE REGAN.

(either right or left) the anus opens. The genital papilla opens
on the opposite side. The priapium is supported by one or
both cleithra and the first pair of ribs or one of them, these
bones being modified. Moreover the priapium is provided with
a complicated structure of bones, with special muscles. Of

382

these bones one or two curved rod-like ones (ctenactinium)
are situated outside the priapium, at the aproctal side, and
attached to it posteriorly. An other bone (toxactinium) in front
of the priapium, may be present ').

Distribution: Two genera with three species are known
from brackish water of Malacca and Singapore.

I. Neostethus Tate Regan.
(C. TATE REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1916, p. 2).

Elongate, strongly compressed. Head rather small. Mouth
terminal, strongly oblique. One or two series of conical teeth
in the jaws. Dorsal fin with 5 or 6 rays, above the end of
the rather long anal, which has 13—16 rays. Pectorals placed
rather high. Ventrals wanting, perhaps represented by a pair
of papillae just behind the anus in the female. Caudal emar-
ginate. Anus, genital aperture and urinary opening behind
each other in the middle line below base of pectoral fins in
the female; behind them the abdomen is compressed into an
edge bearing a rayless fringe. In males the priapium is attached
for the greater part of its length to the head and anterior part
of body, only the posterior end being free. One or two ctenac-
tinia present. No toxactinium. A glandular longitudinal groove
along the upper part of the priapium, at its aproctal side and
continued behind into an efferent groove. Seminal papilla
opening into the glandular groove or into the efferent groove.

Distribution: Two species known, from the Malay Penin-
sula and Singapore.

Brackish water.

1. Neostethus lankesteri Regan |[Fig. 103, p. 381].

Neostethus lankesteri Tate Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1916, p. 2.
D.5—6; A.15—16; P. 10o—11; Ll. 34—36.
Height 4.7, 5.7 in length with caudal. Head 4.1, 5 in length
with caudal. Eye 3. Origin of dorsal above last ray of anal.
Pectorals somewhat less than head without snout. In the male

1) For particulars of these extraordinary structures see TATE REGAN, Proc,
Zool, Soc, London 1916, p. I.

383

the seminal papilla opens into the glandular groove. One
ctenactinium present, slender, curved backwards and upwards,
then forwards to below the eye, and, finally, downwards and
across beneath the chin. Length 30mm. |After TATE REGAN,
not seen by us].
Habitat: Singapore, Malay Peninsula (Muar river).
Brackish water.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

VERNAGULAR NAMES °.

Alu alu 222, 227.

Antori biru 1go,

Bado 318.

Bale balana 236.

Baling 200.

Batje 318.

Bato 336.

Belana putih 251.

Belanak djumpul 245.

Belontja 339.

Betik 336.

Betok 336.

Biawan 340.

Boga 322.

Bolobo 157.

Bonti-bonti 281.

Bruson 369.

Budi 53, 59.

Buluari 213.

Bulu-bulu 213, 214.

Deluk 318.

Djulong-djulong 121, 125, 127, 128,
132, 134, 140, 148, 151, 152,154,
oe TH 7. Te

Djulung djulung nansuli 369.

énai boe mani 45.

| Gabus 318, 322.
| Gabus tjina 327.

Gabus tobang 329.
Gadeh 251, 253.
Gadjah menong 112.

| Géreh 245.

Geteh-geteh 336.
Goru 245.

| Gorua 251, 253.

Gurami 344.

| Halu-halu 225.
| Haruan 318.

Harvan 336.
Heedjo gaddo 322.
Hoseng 336.

| Idung lamak 204.

Ikan Belanak 253.
Ikan kadjangan 170.
Ikan kali 344.

Ikan kuda 112.
Ikan terbang 190.
Ikan toman 329.
Impun 373.
Kadjang 125, 127.
Kalui 344.

Kaluna 276.

1) As in Java the three languages: javanese, sundanese and malay are spoken,
we have accordingly placed behind the indigenous names (Malay.), (Sundan.) or

(Javan.). In naming a fish the malay people use as a rule “ikan’

>= fish before

the special name. In most cases we have omitted ‘ikan”’.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV.

25

Kapala tima 375.
Katjangan 121.
Katoprak 339.
Kelatal 360.
Kelatau 360.

Kesumbang 200, 204.

Kilih buaja 45.
Kurau hitam 206.
Kurau putih 200.

Kuru 199, 200, 204, 206, 208, 211, |

212 212.
Kuru-laut 206.
Kusa 336.
Kusang 336.
Kuto 318, 322.
Kuto bengo 322.
Lalaut 200.
Langsar 125, 222.
Laos 213.

Latjeh 200.
eres! 222%

Lewut 356.

Lontjong 121, 127.

Lumbungan 276.
Lundjar 373.
Luwin-luwin 190,
Matje 356.
Mauru 156.
Mowaru 157.

Mudju mudju 327.

Mulut tikus 210.
Ongwaru 158.
Opudi 280.
Pangkilan 138.
Papuju hidju 336.
Penjolang 134.
Petteki35:.
Pujo-Pujo 336.
Puju 336.
Puput 154.
Rajong 318.
Rapang 245.

386

Rodja rodja 152.

| Roja 157.

Sakku 127, 132.
Saku 127.

| Salintja 339.

Sambal 204.
Sapil 340.
Sappe 367.

| Selangin 200.
Senuk 222, (224, 0225 227.

Sépat 367.
Sepat-anatih 351.
Se Punkat 318.
Serangin 200.
Séu 309.

Sili 45.

Silowang 127.
Sisik malik 375.
Sogoprono 93.

| Suma lahat 210.

Suro 199.

| Tabakang 340.
Tambakan 339, 340.

Tangkuloh 225.
Tempalo 358, 362.
Tendrah 121, 127.
Tikus tikus 200.
Tjakalang 128.
Tjampala 360.

| Tjaratja 140.

Tjupang 351, 375.
Toda palpia 125.

| Tom-brudjon 369.
| Tratjas 157.

Tuda laut reat.

- Tumbu Ramer 369.

Tunel (222) 225°

| Tuvung tuvung 45.

Umpua 200.
Usang 356.
Useng 336.

| Wader peto 375.

ALPH ARE?

te AL INDEX

OF

GENERA-ANDs SPECIES.

abdominalis, Hippocampus
108.

abendanoni, ‘Telmatherina 279,
281.

Acanthognathus 34, 37, 41.
Acanthognathus dactyliophorus 42.
Acentrachme 2t.

Acentrachme pachyacanthus 22.
Acentrachme scutata 22.

acus, Syngnathus 79, 88.
Adrianichthyidae 370, 376, 377.
Adrianichthys 377, 379.
Adrianichthys kruyti 376, 380, 381.
adustus, Mugil 249.

Aeoliscus 18, 19, 20.

Aeoliscus strigatus 19, 20.
Aeschrichthys 260.
Aeschrichthys goldiei 262.
affinis, Exocoetus 181.

affinis, Halosauropsis 4, 5, 6.
affinis, Halosaurus 5.

affinis, Ophiocephalus 330.
affinis, Rhombatractus 304.
agam, Sphyraena 224,

agonasi, Polydactylus 203.
agonasi, Polynemus 203.
Agonostoma 260.

Agonostoma oxyrhynchum 263.
Agonostoma plicatile 261.
Agonostomus 260, 265.
Agonostomus bryanti 265.
Agonostomus monticola 265.

107, |

Aida 288.
akarensis, Betta 354, 357.
alcocki, Mugil 243.
Aldrovandia 4.
| altipennis, Cypsilurus 180, 184, 185.
altipennis, Exocoetus 184.
altipinnis, Cypsilurus 184.
| altipinnis, Exocoetus 184.
| altipinnis, Sphyraena 220, 222.
amblyurus, Hemirhamphus 165.
_ amblyurus, Zenarchopterus 165.
| Amphiprion scansor 334.
| Amphisile 20, 21.
| Amphisile cristata 23.
Amphisile Finschii 22.
Amphisile macrophthalma 22.
Amphisile scutata 20, 22.
| Amphisile strigata 20.
Amphiprion testudineus 334.
Anabantidae 331, 332.
| Anabantoidei 312, 330,
Anabas 330, 331, 332, 333:
_ Anabas elongatus 334.
Anabas macrocephalus 334.
| Anabas microcephalus 334.
Anabas oligolepis 334, 336.
Anabas scandens 334.
Anabas spinosus 334.
Anabas testudineus 333, 334-
Anabas variegatus 334.
anabatoides, Betta 353, 354, 357.
anastomella, Mastacembelus 124.

31.

Andersonli, Syngnathus 76.

anguilliformis, Halosaurus 5.

Anisocentrus rubrostriatus 291,295.

annulata, Belone 126.

annulatus, Mastacembelus 126.

annulatus, Tylosurus 120, 126.

Anthias testudineus 334.

Aplocheulus’ 371 °3725 0375.

Aplocheiluscelebensisn 375,372,
373:

Aplocheilus javanicus 372.

Aplocheilus timorensis 372, 373.

Apterygocampus 95.

Apterygocampus epinnulatus 96.

arcticeps, Cypsilurus 180, 182.

arcticeps, Exocoetus 182.

argulus, Coelonotus 57.

argus, Coelonotus 57.

Solegnathus 97.

Stigmatophora 97.

argus, Stigmatopora 98.

argus, Syngnathus 57, 97.

argus var. brevicaudatus, Stigma-
tophora 908.

argyrostictus, Syngnathus 79, 80, 82.

Aristeus 297.

Aristeus fitzroyensis 297.

Aristeus goldiei 304.

Aristeus Loriae 294.

armatus, Solenostomus 26, 28, 29.

Arrhamphus 136, 160, 171.

Arrhamphus brevis 172.

aterrimus, Hippocampus 110.

Atherina 267, 268.

Atherina bimanensis 270.

Atherina brachypterus 269.

Atherina duodecimalis 269, 271,
ayia. eis.

Atherina eendrachtensis 269,

Atherina endrachtensis 270.

Atherina forskah 269, 274.

Atherina lacunosa 274.

Atherina pinguls 274, 275.

Atherina temmincki 268, 269, 271,

205%

argus,
argus,

88

Atherina uisila 269.

Atherina Valenciennei 272.

Atherina valenciennesi 268, 269,
272)

Atherinichthys Nouhuysi 278.

Atherinidae 196, 266, 267.

Athlennes 116, 130.

Athlennes caeruleofasciatus 131.

Athlennes hians 130, 131.

atrisignis, Cypsilurus 180, 187.

atrisignis, Exocoetus 187.

atrodorsalis, Exocoetus 174.

Aulostoma 10.

Aulostoma chinense to.

Aulostoma sinensis 10.

Aulostoma valentini 9, ro.

Aulostomatidae 7, 8, 9.

Aulostomatinae 9.

Aulostomus 10.

Aulostomus chinensis to.

aurantiacus, Ophicephalus 321.

aurantiacus, Ophiocephalus 321.

auronitens, Doryichthys 44.

auronitens, Microphis 45.

axillaris, Mugil. 252.

bahiensis, Cypsilurus 180, 190, 193.

bahiensis, Exocoetus 1go.

balinensis, Hemirhamphus 146, 152.

balinensis var. occidentalis, Hemi-
rhamphus 153.

bankanensis, Ophiocephalus 314,
323).

baramensis, Ophiocephalus 319,
320. :

barbouri, Hippocampus 111.

barracuda, Sphyraena 224.

bejeus, Colisa 341.

bejeus, Trichopodus 341.

belanak, Mugil 236.

belcheri, Ichthyocampus gr, 92, 93.

bellica, Betta 355, 363.

Belone 116, 117.

Belone annulata 126.

Belone brachyrhynchos 125.

Belone cancila 133.

Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
belone,
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Beione
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone
Belone

canciloides 133.
carinata 118.
caudimacula r2t.
caudimaculata 121, 122.
choram 128, 129.
coromandelica 127.
crocodila 131.
crocodilus 128.
cylindrica 126.
Esox 128, 129.
gigantea 126.
gracilis 131.

hians 131.

incisa 125.

kreffti1 123.
leiuroides 125.
leiurus 124.
luroides 125.
lurus 124.
macrolepis 122.
melanostigma 131.
melanotus 127.
melanurus 126.
persimilis 117, 118.
platura 118.
platyura 117, 118.
punctulata 129.
schismatorhynchus 131.
strongylura 121.
timucoides 126, 127.
Urvillii 122.

Belonichthys 35, 37, 59.
Belonichthys fluviatilis 59, 60.
Belonichthys mento 60.
Belonichthys zambezensis 60.
Belonidae 116.

Bernsteini, Doryichthys 46.
Bernsteini, Microphis 46.

Betta 3

SBI 27" O03"

Betta akarensis 354, 357.

Betta anabatoides 353, 354, 357.
Betta bellica 355, 363.

Betta Bleekeri 357, 359.

Betta fasciata 355, 362.

Betta fusca 354, 356.

359

|

Betta macrophthalma 360.

Betta macrostoma 353, 355.
Betta patoti 354, 359.

Betta. picta 354, 357, 359, 360, 364.
Betta pugnax 355, 357, 364.
Betta rubra 354, 361.

Betta taeniata 355, 362.

Betta trifasciata 359, 360.

Betta unimaculata 353, 355.
biaculeatus, Gastrotokeus 4o.

biaculeatus, Syngnathoides 4o, 41.

biaculeatus, Syngnathus 4o.
bicoarctata, Yozia 100, ror.

| bicoarctatus, Syngnathus rot.
_ bicolor, Exocoetus 183.
| bilobatus, Cypsilurus 180, 185.

bimanensis, Atherina 270.

_ biocellatus, Coelonotus 57.

_ biserialis, Syngnathus 82.

bistriatus, Ophiocephalus 314, 322.

_ bivittatus, Ophicephalus 328.

bivittatus, Ophiocephalus 322.
Bleekeri, Betta 357, 359.
Bleekeri, Corythroichthys 45..
Bleekeri, Doryichthys 45.
Bleekeri, Hemirhamphus 165.
Bleekeri, Microphis 45.
bleekeri, Mugil 252.

Bleekeri, Solenostomatichthys 26.
Bleekeri, Solenostomus 26.
blochii, Solegnathus 4o.
blochi, Syngnathoides 4o.
boaja, Dorichthys 47.

| boaja, Doryichthys 47.

boaja, Microphis 44, 47, 92.
boaja, Syngnathus 47.
bontah, Mugil 236.

bonti, Telmatherina 279, 280.

borbonicus, Mugil 252.

borneensis, Hemiramphus 165.

borneensis, Liza 249.

borneensis, Mugil 234, 249.

borneensis, Polynemus 202, 214,
216

brachycephalus, Exocoetus 193,194.

390

brachygnathus, Sphyraena 220, 229.

Brachypteri 332.

brachypterus, Atherina 269.

brachypterus, Exocoetus 174.

brachypterus, Parexocoetus 174.

brachyrhynchos, Belone 125.

brachyrhynchus, Mastacembelus
r25.

brachyrhynchus, Syngnathus 88.

brachysoma, Choeroichthys 61, 62.

brachysoma, Doryichthys 62. ,
brachysoma, Exocoetus 189.
brachysoma, Mugil 235.
brachysoma, Syngnathus 62.
brachysomus, Cypsilurus 189.
brachyurus, Doryichthys 45.
brachyurus, Doryrhamphus 45.
brachyurus, Microphis 43, 44, 56.
brachyurus, Solenichthys 27.
brachyurus, Solenostoma 27.
brachyurus, Syngnathus 44.
brasiliensis, Esox 162.
brevicaudatus var. of Stigmato-
phora argus 08.
brevidorsalis, Doryichthys 50, 51.
brevidorsalis, Doryrhamphus 51.
brevirostris, Corythéichthys 75.
brevirostris, Hemirhamphus 157,
168. |
brevirostris,
brevirostris,
brevirostris,
168.
brevis, Arrhamphus 172.
brevis, Cypsilurus 181, 192.
brevis, Oxyporhamphus 160, 172.
brevispinis, Centriscus 16.
bryanti, Agonostomus 265.
Buchanani, Panchax 374.
budi, Syngnathus 57.
buffoni, Zenarchopterus 164, 170.
Buffonis, Hemirhamphus 168, 170.
buffonis, Zenarchopterus 170.
caba, Trachyrhamphus 103.
caecus, Polynemus 199.

Micrognathus 75.
Syngnathus 75.
Zenarchopterus 164,

_ caeruleofasciatus, Athlennes 131.
_ caeruleofasciatus, Tylosurus 131.
_ caeruleomaculatus, Mugil 234, 250.

Callionymus sagitta 17.

| cancila, Belone 133.

cancila, Xenentodon 134.

_canciloides, Belone 133.

canciloides, Mastacembelus 133.

| canciloides, Xenentodon 133.

Cannorhynchus 12.

_ Cannorhynchus immaculatus 12.
| Cantori, Hemirhamphus 147.

Cantoris, Hemirhamphus 147.
Carassiops 266.
carce, Ichthyocampus g1, 92.

_ carce, Syngnathus g2.
_ carinata, Belone 118.

carinicauda, Halosaurichthys 2.

carinicauda, Halosaurus 2, 3.

| catherinae,

Rhombatractus 298,
303.
caudatus, Doryichthys 52.
caudatus, Doryrhamphus 52.
caudatus, Microphis 52, 54.
caudimacula, Belone rat.
caudimacula, Mastacembelus 121.
caudimaculata, Belone 121, 122.
caudocarinatus, Doryichthys 50, 51.
caudovittatus, Hemiramphus 164.

| caudovittatus, Zenarchopterus 164.
| celebensis, Aplocheilus 371,. 372,

373:
celebensis, Haplochilus 373.

_ celebensis, Nomorhamphus 141.

celebensis, Telmatherina 279, 280.
Centratherina 287, 305.

Centratherina crassispinosa 305,

306.

Centriscidae 8, 18, 19.

Centriscus
Centriscus
Centriscus
Centriscus
Centriscus
Centriscus

TOs {Os Siky
brevispinis 16,
cristatus 22, 23.
gracilis 16.

scutatis, 18,525,227 2933
sumpit 16,

Centriscus velitaris 16, 17.
cephalotus, Mugil 236, 253.
cephalus, Mugil 231, 234, 253.
ceramensis, Mugil 233, 247.
Cestraeus 230, 260, 261, 264.
Cestraeus goldiei 260, 261, 262, 264
Cestraeus oxyrhynchos 263.
Cestraeus oxyrhynchus 261, 263.
Cestraeus oxyrhyncus 263.
Cestraeus plicatilis 261.
Chaetodon chinensis 346.
chena, Ophiocephalus 317.
Chilatherina 287, 307.
Chilatherina fasciata 307, 308.

Chilatherina sentaniensis 307, 300.

chinense, Aulostoma to.
chinensis, Aulostomus to.
chinensis, Chaetodon 346.
chinensis, Polyacanthus 347.
chinensis, Sphyraena 226.
Choeroichthys 34, 38, 60, 61.

Choeroichthys brachysoma 61, 62.

Choeroichthys sculptus 61.
Choeroichthys Valencienni 62.
choram, Belone 128, 129.
Choram, Esox 129.

choram, Mastacembelus 126,
choram, Tylosurus 129.
cirrhostomus, Mugil 256.
cobojius, Cojus 334.
Coelonotus 35, 37, 56, 57-
Coelonotus argulus 57.
Coelonotus argus 57.
Coelonotus biocellatus 57.
Coelonotus leiaspis 58.

Coelonotus liaspis 56, 57, 59, 92.

Coelonotus Vaillanti 58.
coeruleomaculata, Liza 250.
coeruleomaculatus, Mugil 250.
Cojus cobojius 334.

Colisa 341.

Colisa bejeus 341.

Colisa cotra 341.

Colisa lalius 342.

Colisa ponticeriana 341.

ont

colisa, ‘Trichopodus 341.

Colisa unicolor 342.

Colisa’ vulgaris 341.

comes, Hippocampus 110.
commersonii, Exocoetus 189.
commersonil, Hemirhamphus 156.
Commersonil, Sphyraena 224.
compressus, Syngnathus 59.

_ conspicillatus, Corythoichthys 103.

conspicillatus, Corythroichthys 71,

72.
conspicillatus, Halicampus 103.

| conspicillatus, Syngnathus 70, 103.
| convexus, Hemirhamphus 147, 159.

cora mota, Ophicephalus 321.
coromandelica, Belone 127.
coromandelica, Strongylura 128.
coromandelicus, Tylosurus 128.

_ coronatus, Hippocampus 108, 113.
| corrugatus, Corythoichthys 70, 73,

74.

| corrugatus, Syngnathus 73.

| Corythroichthys

Corythoichthys 36, 38, 41, 68, 70.
Corythéichthys brevirostris 75.
Corythoichthys conspicillatus 103.

Corythoichthys corrugatus 70, 73,

74-
Corythoichthys crenulatus 69, 70,

Wee
Corythoichthys fasciatus 70, 71, 73-
Corythoichthys fasciculatus 83.
Corythéichthys gastrotaenia 83.
Corythoichthys penicillus 82.
Corythoichthys spinicaudatus 76.
Corythroichthys 68.
Corythroichthys Bleekeri 45.
Corythroichthys conspicillatus 71,

ree
Corythréichthys dactyliophorus 42.
Corythroichthys elerae 71.
Corythroichthys intestinalis 71.
Corythroichthys ishigakius 71.
Corythroichthys isigakius 7o.
Corythroichthys mataafae 77.
quinquarius 82.

(o>)

Corythroichthys sealei 72.

Corythroichthys spicifer 8o.

Corythroichthys tanakae 76.

Corythroichthys trachypoma 103.

Corythroichthys waitei 71.

cotra, Colisa 341.

cotra, Trichopodus 341.

crassispinosa, Centratherina 305,
306.

crassispinosus, Rhombatractus 306.

Craterocephalus 267, 277.

| cyanospilus, Syngnathus 79, 83.

cylindrica,

Belone 126.

cylindricus, Mugil 252.
| Cyprinodontidae 370, 371.

Cypselurus

| Cypselurus

Cypselurus

| Cypselurus

Cypsilurus

| Cypsilurus

Craterocephalus nouhuysi 277, 278.
_ Cypsilurus
| Cypsilurus
_ Cypsilurus

crenilabis, Liza 256.
crenilabis, Mugil 234, 256.
crenilabis, Querimana 256.
crenilabris, Mugil 256.

crenulatus, Corythoichthys 69, 70, |

72s
crenulatus, Syngnathus 72.
cristata, Amphisile 23. _
cristatus, Centriscus 22, 23.
crocodila, Belone 13r1..
crocodila, Strongylura 129.
crocodilus, Belone 128.
crocodilus, Mastacembelus 127.
crocodilus, Tylosurus 120, 128.
Ctenopoma 333.
Ctenops 332, 350, 351.
Ctenops nobilis 351, 352.
Ctenops vittatus 350, 351.
cultrirostris, Trachyrhamphus gg.
cuncalus, Microphis 44.
cuncalus, Syngnathus 44.
cunnesius, Mugil 233, 239, 242.
cupanus, Macropodus 345, 346.
cupanus, Polyacanthus 346.
cuspidatus, Hemirhamphus t6o.
cyanopterus, Solenichthys 26.
cyanopterus, Solenostomichthys 26,
cyanopterus, Solenostomus 24, 25,
26.
cyanospilos, Ophiocephalus 317.
cyanospilos, Syngnathus 83.
cyanospilus, Ophiocephalus 317,

ono:

185.
Cypsilurus

Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus

| Cypsilurus

Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus

| Cypsilurus

Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
Cypsilurus
186.

| Cypsilurus
| Cypsilurus

Cypsilurus

| Cypsilurus
dactylophorus, Acanthognathus 42.
dactyliophorus, Corythréichthys 42.
dactyliophorus, Doryichthys 42,

| dactyliophorus, Microphis 42.
dactyliophorus, Syngnathus 42.
dactylophorus, Acanthognathus 42.
decem-radiatus, Mugil 252.
Deissneri, Osphromenus 348.
deissneri, Parosphromenus 348.
deissneri, Polyacanthus 348.

| deokhatoides, Dorichthys 53.

katoptron 184.
poecilopterus 186,
speculiger 182,
spilonopterus rgo.
173, 179.
altipennis 180, 184,
altipinnis 184.
arcticeps 180, 182.
atrisignis 180, 187.
bahiensis 180, 190, 193.
bilobatus 180, 185.
brachysomus 189.
brevis 181, 192.
gilberti 194,

hexazona 180, 185.
katoptron 184.
micropterus 176.
naresi 180, 188.
nigricans 180, 183, 185.
nigripennis 181, 192.
oligolepis 180, 189, 193.
opisthopus 180, 191.
oxycephalus 180, 18r.
poecilopterus 179, 180,

rondeleti 181, 193.

speculiger 180, 181.
spilonotopterus 190.
spilopterus 180, 187.

39

deokhatoides, Doryichthys 50, 53,
a5:
deokhatoides, Microphis 53.
deokhatoides, Syngnathus 53.
depressa, Fistularia 14.
_depressiuscula, Stigmatophora 98.
Dermatogenys spec. 141.
Dermatogenys ebrardtii 139.
Dermogenys 136, 137.
Dermogenys ebrardti 137, 139.
Dermogenys orientalis 136, 137.
Dermogenys pusillus 137, 140.
Dermogenys sumatranus 137, 139.
Dermogenys weberi 137, 138.
diagrammicus, Polynemus 208, 209.

_ Doryichthys

| Doryichthys
| Doryichthys
| Doryichthys

diplogramme, Ophiocephalus 328. |

Diplopterus 368.
Diplopterus pulcher 369.
dispar, Hemirhamphus 168, 169.

dispar, Zenarchopterus 163, 164, —

169.
djarong, Syngnathus 78, 79.
djarong var. of Syngnathus spicifer
79:
dobula, Mugil 253.
Dolichopteri 332.
Dorichthys boaja 47.
Dorichthys deokhatoides 53.
Dorichthys fluviatilis 53.
Doryichthys 35, 38, 42, 43, 49, 59.
Doryichthys auronitens 44.
Doryichthys Bernsteini 46.
Doryichthys Bleekeri 45.
Doryichthys boaja 47.
Doryichthys brachysoma 62.
Doryichthys brachyurus 45.
Doryichthys brevidorsalis 50, 51.
Doryichthys caudatus 52.
Doryichthys caudocarinatus 50, 51.
Doryichthys dactyliophorus 42.
Doryichthys deokhatoides 50, 53,
55:
Doryichthys elegans 104.
Doryichthys excisus 64.
Doryichthys fluviatilis 50, 55.

Pe)

Doryichthys Hasseltii 44.
Doryichthys heterosoma 48.
Doryichthys ignoratus 54.
Doryichthys manadensis 46.
Doryichthys martensi 50, 54.
Doryichthys mento 60.
Doryichthys millepunctatus 44.
pleurotaenia 64.
polyacanthus 45.
retzil 49, 50, 52, 53.
sculptus 61.
serialis 62.
spaniaspis 84.
spinachioides 50.
spinosus 47, 92.
stictornynchus 46,
Doryichthys valenciennii 62.
Doryichthys zambezensis 59.
Doryrhamphina 34.
Doryrhamphus 35, 37, 43, 63.
Doryrhamphus brachyurus 45.
Doryrhamphus brevidorsalis 51.
Doryrhamphus caudatus 52.
Doryrhamphus excisus 64.
Doryrhamphus macgregori 61.
Doryrhamphus melanopleura 63,64.
Doryrhamphus mento 60.
Doryrhamphus pleurotaenia 64.

Doryichthys

Doryichthys
Doryichthys
Doryichthys
Doryichthys

| dubius, Polynemus 202, 215.
_ dumasi, Melanotaenia 289, 290, 296,

| dussumieri,

duodecimalis, Atherina 269, 271,
272, 275:
Hemirhamphus 146.

155, 162.

| dussumieri Mugil 232, 235,236, 245.

Dussumieri, Sphyraena 224.
dussumierii, Hyporhamphus 155.
dux, Zenarchopterus 164, 169.
ebrardti, Dermogenys 137, 139.
ebrardtii, Dermatogenys 139.
ebrardtii, Hemiramphus 139.
ectuntio, Esox 165.

ectuntio, Hemirhamphus 16s.
ectuntio, Zenarchopterus 164, 165.

'-eendrachtensis, Atherina 269, 270.

7

)

Einthovenu, Polyacanthus 338.
elegans, Doryichthys 104.
elegans, Halicampus 103, 104.
elerae, Corythroichthys 7r.
Eleutheronema 197, 198.
Eleutheronema tetradactylum 197,
198, 199.
Eleutheronema tridactylum 198.
elongatus, Anabas 334.
elongatus, Myxus 264.
endrachtensis, Atherina 270.
engeli, Mugil 232, 238, 239.
epinnulatus, Apterygocampus 96.
epinnulatus, Penetopteryx 96.
erinaceus, Hippocampus 109.

erythrorinchus var., Hemirham-
phus 155.

erythrorhynchus, Hemirhamphus
TAF. uO;

Esox belone 128, 129.
Esox brasiliensis 162.

Esox Choram 129.

Esox ectuntio 165.

Esox far. 156.

Ksox marginatus 157.

Esox panchax 374.

excisus, Doryichthys 64.
excisus, Doryrhamphus 64.
exiliens, Exocoetus 189.
Exocoetidae 135, 173.
Exocoetoidea 115, 134, 135.
Exocoetus 173, 177.
Exocoetus affinis 181,
Exocoetus altipennis, 184.
Exocoetus altipinnis 184.
Exocoetus arcticeps 182.
Exocoetus atrisignis 187.
Exocoetus atrodorsalis 174.
Exocoetus bahiensis 1go.
“xocoetus bicolor 183.
Exocoetus brachycephalus 193, 194.
Exocoetus brachypterus 174.
Exocoetus brachysoma 189.
Exocoetus commersonil 189.
Exocoetus evolans 177.

94

Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exocoetus
Exonautes
Exonautes
Exonautes

exiliens 189.
furcatus 185.
gryllus 174.
hexazona 185.
hilhanus 174.
javanicus 179.
katoptron 184.
mento 174.
micropterus 176.
naresil 188.
neglectus 189.
nigricans 183.
nigripennis 192.
obtusirostris 178.
oligolepis 189.
opisthopus 191.
oxycephalus 181.
poecilopterus 186, 187.
robustus 184.
Rondeletiil 193.
speculiger 181, 184.
spilonotopterus 190.
spilopterus 187.
spilopus 183.
unicolor 189.

volans 178.
volitans 177, 182.
179.

oxycephalus. 181.
speculiger 182.

extensus, Microphis 64.

_ Euleptorhamphus 135.
| Eurycaulus 117.

Eurycaulus persimilis 117, 118.
Eurycaulus platyura 117, 118.
evolans, Exocoetus 177.

' evolans, Halocypselus 178.
| Evolantia 173, 175.

Evolantia micropterus 176.

| far, Esox 156.
_ far, Hemirhamphus 145, 147, 156.

fasciata, Betta 355, 362.
fasciata, Chilatherina 307, 308.

| fasciatus, Corythoichthys 70, 71, 73.

fasciatus, Hemirhamphus 157, 158.

395

fasciatus,
fasciatus,

Mugil 256.
Polyacanthus 341.
fasciatus, Rhombatractus 308.
fasciatus, Syngnathus 70.
fasciatus, Trichogaster 341.
fasciculatus, Corythoichthys 83.
fasciolatus, Syngnathus 79, 83.
Finschii, Amphisile 22.
Fistularia 12.
Fistularia depressa 14.
Fistularia immaculata r2.
Fistularia paradoxa 17, 27.
Fistularia petimba 11, 12, 14.
Fistularia serrata 12, 14.
Fistularia villosa 12, 13, 15.
Fistulariinae 9g, 11.
fitzroyensis, Aristeus 297.
flavicauda, Sphyraena 226.
flavofasciatus, Syngnathus 7o.
fluviatilis, Belonichthys 59, 60.
fluviatilis, Dorichthys 53.
fluviatilis, Doryichthys 50, 55.
fluviatilis, Hemirhamphus rqo.
fluviatilis, Microphis 55.
fluviatilis, Syngnathus 55, 56, 59.
forskali, Atherina 269, 274.
forsterl, Sphyraena 220, 223, 227.
furcatus, Exocoetus 185. .
fusca, Betta 354, 356.
fuscus, Ophicephalus 321.
gachua, Ophiocephalus 314, 321.
gaimardi, Hemirhamphus 146, 150,
V5 2 Eos
Gasterotokeus 39.
Gastrophori 34.
gastrotaenia, Corythdichthys 83
gastrotaenia, Syngnathus 8o.
Gastrotokeina 34.
Gastrotokeus 39.
Gastrotokeus biaculeatus 4o.
Gastrotokeus gracilis 97.
georgil, Hemirhamphus 146, 147,
148.
gertrudae, Pseudomugil 283.
gertrudei, Pseudomugil 283.

gigantea, Belone 126.
giganteus, Mastacembelus 126
giganteus, Tylosurus 126.
gilberti, Cypsilurus 194.
Glossolepis 287, 309.

_ Glossolepis incisus 310.

goldiei, Aeschrichthys 262.
goldiei, Aristeus 304.

| goldiei, Cestraeus 260, 261, 262, 264.

goldiei, Rhombatractus 298, 304.
goldiei, Rhombosoma 304.

goramy, Osphronemus 343, 344.
_ gourami, Osphromenus 344.
_ graciliformis, Hippocampus 108.

gracilis,
gracilis,
gracilis,
gracilis,

Belone 131.
Centriscus 16.
Gastrotokeus 97.
Mastacembelus 131.
gracilis, Stigmatophora 98.
gracilis, Syngnathus 80, 81.
Grayi, Halicampus 103.
Grayi, Syngnathus 103.

/

| gryllus, Exocoetus 174.

guachua var. malaccensis, Ophio-
cephalus 321.
Giintheri, Hemirhamphus 152.
giinthert, Solegnathus 66, 67.
Giintheri, Solenognathus 67.
guttulatus, Hippocampus 110, 112.
haematopterus, Syngnathus 70.
hageni, Hemiramphus 142.

_ hageni, Nomorhamphus 141, 142.

Halicampus 36, 38, 102, 103.
Halicampus conspicillatus 103.
Halicampus elegans 103, 104.
Halicampus Grayi 103.
Halicampus koilomatodon 102, 103.
Haliichthys 36, 39, 105.
Haliichthys taeniophorus 105, 106.
Halocypselus evolans 178.
Halosaurichthys 2.
Halosaurichthys carinicauda 2.
Halosaurichthys nigerrimus 6.
Halosauridae 1, 2.

Halosauropsis

2

“3 .

390

Halosauropsis affinis 4, 5. 6,
Halosauropsis macrochir 4.
Halosauropsis mediorostris 4.
Halosaurus 2.
Halosaurus affinis 5.
Halosaurus anguilliformis 5.
Halosaurus carinicauda 2, 3.
Halosaurus hoskynii 5.
Halosaurus mediorostris 4, 5.
Halosaurus nigerrimus 6.
Haplochilus 371, 374.
Haplochilus celebensis 373.
Haplochilus javanicus 372.
Haplochilus javanicus v. trilineata
372.
Haplochilus panchax 374, 375.
Haplochilus sarasinorum 378.
Hardwickei, Solenognathus 67.
Hasseltil, Doryichthys 44.
hasselti, Polyacanthus 337, 338.
hawaiensis, Macrorhamphosus 16.
Helfrichii, Polyacanthus 338.
Helfrichii, Syngnathus 79.
Helostoma 312, 330, 331, 332, 339-
Helostoma oligacanthum 339.
Helostoma tambakkan 340.
Helostoma temmincki 339, 340.
Hemiramphus borneensis 165,
Hemiramphus caudovittatus 164.
Hemiramphus ebrardti 139.
Hemiramphus hageni 142.
Hemiramphus Kampeni 167.
Hemiramphus Lutkei 157.
Hemiramphus novae-guineae 167.
Hemiramphus rasori 166.
Hemiramphus spec. 141, 159, 160.
Hemiramphus tridentifer 150.
Hemirhamphidae 135, 136.
Hemirhamphodon 136, 142, 143.
Hemirhamphodon kitkenthali 144.
Hemirhamphodon phaiosoma 143.
Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus
143, 144.
Hemirhamphus 136, 145, 146, 160.
Hemirhamphus amblyurus 165.

Hemirhamphus balinensis 146, 152.
Hemirhamphus balinensis var. occi-
dentalis 153.
Hemirhamphus Bleekeri 165.
Hemirhamphus _ brevirostris
168.
Hemirhamphus Buffonis 168, 170.
Hemirhamphus Cantori 147.
Hemirhamphus Cantoris 147.
Hemirhamphus commersonii 156,
Hemirhamphus convexus 147, 159.
Hemirhamphus cuspidatus 160.
Hemirhamphus dispar 168, 169.

157;

Hemirhamphus dussumieri 146,
155, E02:

Hemirhamphus ectuntio 165,

Hemirhamphus — erythrorhynchus
147, 162.

Hemirhamphus erythrorinchus var,
155.

Hemirhamphus far 145, 147, 156.
Hemirhamphus fasciatus 157, 158.
Hemirhamphus fluviatilis r4o.
Hemirhamphus gaimardi 146, 150,
1M spine Moles
Hemirhamphus georgu 146, 147,
148.
Hemirbamphus Gintheri 152.
Hemirhamphus intermedius 152.
Hemirhamphus limbatus 150,
Hemirhamphus longirostris 147.
Hemirhamphus lucens 147, 162.

Hemirhamphus marginatus 147,
T4905 157).

Hemirhamphus' melanurus 146,
PST ayes

Hemirhamphus neglectus 149.
Hemirhamphus orientalis 137.
Hemirhamphus phaiosoma 143.
Hemirhamphus pogonognathusr44.
Hemirhamphus quoyi 146, 154.
Hemirhamphus Reynaldi 155.
Hemirhamphus russelli 147, 157,
161,
Hemirhamphus striga 170.

397

Hemirhamphus sumatranus 139.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus 146,
149.

Hemirhamphus weberi 138.

Hemirhamphus xanthopterus 462.

Hemithylacus leiaspis 57, 59.

Hemithylacus Rocaberti 60.

heptadactylum, Trichidion 212.

heptadactylus, Polynemus 202, 212.

heptagonus, Hippichthys 92.

heptagonus, Syngnathus g2.

heterocheilos, Mugil 258.

heterochilus, Mugil 234, 258.

Heteromi 1.

heterosoma, Doryichthys 48.

heterosoma, Microphis 44, 48.

heterosoma, Syngnathus 48.

-hexanemus, Polynemus 202, 207.

hexazona, Cypsilurus 180, 185.

hexazona, Exocoetus 185.

hians, Athlennes 130, 131.

hians, Belone 131.

hilleri, Trichidion 214.

hilianus, Exocoetus 174.

hilonis, Hippocampus 110.

Hippichthys heptagonus 92:

Hippocampina 36.

Hippocampus 31, 36, 39, sath 107.

Hippocampus abdominalis 107,
108.
Hippocampus aterrimus rro.

barbouri 111.
comes IIo,
coronatus 108, 113.
erinaceus 109.
graciliformis 108.
guttulatus 110, 112.
hilonis 110.

histrix 108, 10g.
hystrix 109.
kampylotrachelos

Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Li,
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus

kelloggi r1o.
kuda 108, 110.
manadensis 112.

_ Ichthyocampus_belcheri,

|
|
a
|

Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
108, 109.
Hippocampus

mannulus r1r2.

melanospilos rio.
moluccensis 110.

polytaenia rro.

rhynchomacer
spinosissimus

taeniops 110,

Ilo,
107,

Hippocampus

Hippocampus
IL2.

histrix, Hippocampus 108, 1

taeniopterus 110.
trimaculatus 108

09.

hoskynu, Halosaurus 5.

Hunnii, Syngnathus 80.
Hyporhamphus dussumierii. 155.
Hyporhamphus neglectus 149.
Hyporhamphus quoyi 154.
Hyporhamphus unifasciatus 149.
hypselosoma, Mugil 254.
hystrix, Hippocampus 109.
Ichthyocampus 36, 38, go, gt.
gt,
93.
Ichthyocampus carce 91, 92.

‘

Ichthyocampus kampeni g1, 92, 93."

Ichthyocampus’ papuensis 7o.

Ichthyocampus pondicerianus 92.

Ichthyocampus ponticerianus 92.
ignoratus, Doryichthys 54.
ignoratus, Microphis 54.
immaculata, Fistularia 12.
immaculatus, Cannorhynchus 12.
incisa, Belone 125.

| incisus, Glossolepis 310.

| incisus, Tylosurus 120, 125.
| indicum, Trichidion 205.

indicus, Polynemus 201, 205.
intermedius, Hemirhamphus 152.
intestinalis, Corythroichthys 7r.
intestinalis, Syngnathus 7o.
ishigakius, Corythroichthys 71.
isigakius, Corythroichthys 7o.
Jagorii, Microphis 46.
japonica, Sphyraena 220,
japonicus, Mugil 253.

92,

395

javanicus,
javanicus,

Aplocheilus 372.

Exocoetus 179.

javanicus, Haplochilus 372.

javanicus, Mugil 235.

javanicus Vv. trilineata, Haplochilus
372.

jello, Sphyraena 219, 220.

Joturus 265.

Jouani, Microphis 45.

Jullieni, Syngnathus 47.

Kampeni, Hemiramphus 167.

kampeni, Ichthyocampus 91, 92, 93

kampeni, Zenarchopterus 164, 167.

kampylotrachelos, Hippocampus
oe

katoptron, Cypselurus 184.

katoptron, Cypsilurus 184.

katoptron, Exocoetus 184.

kelaartii, Mugil 238.

kelaarti, Ophiocephalus 32r.

kelloggi, Hippocampus tro.

kochi, Rhombatractus 297, 298, 302.

koilomatodon, Halicampus
O38;

koilomatodon, Syngnathus 103.

krefftii, Belone 123.

krefftii, Stenocaulus 123.

kreffti, Tylosurus 120, 123, 134.

kruyti, Adrianichthys 376, 380, 381.

kuda, Hippocampus 108, rro.

Kuhlu, Panchax 374.

Kuhli, Polyacanthus 338.

Kuhlu, Syngnathus 83.

102,

kuru, Polydactylus 209.
kuru, Polynemus 202, 209.
kuru, Trichidion 209.
Labidorhamphus 164.
labiosus, Mugil 231, 235, 259.
Labrus opercularis 346.
Labrus trichopterus 366.
Labyrinthici 312.

lacunosa, Atherina 274.
lalius, Colisa 342.

lalius, Trichogaster 341, 342.

lalius, Trichopodus 342.°

langsar, Sphyraena 220, 228, 229.

lankesteri, Neostethus 381, 382.

leeri, Trichopodus 366, 367.

Leerii, Trichopus 367.

leeriil, var. of Osphromenus trichop-
terus 367.

leiaspis, Coelonotus 58.

| leiaspis, Hemithylacus 57, 59.

leiaspis, Syngnathus 57.
leiura, Strongylura 124.
leiuroides, Belone 125.
leiuroides, Mastacembelus 125.
leiuroides, Strongylura 125.
leiuroides, Tylosurus 125.
leiurus, Belone 124.

| leiurus, Mastacembelus 124.
leiurus, Tylosurus 120, 124.
| leptosoma, Solenostomus 28.

lettiensis, Solegnathus 65, 66.
lettiensis, Solenognathus 66.
lettiensis, Solenostomus 66.
liaspis, Coelonotus 56, 57, 59, 92.
limbatus, Hemirhamphus r50.

| limbatus, Ophicephalus 321.

_ lineatus, Polynemus 202.

Lipogenyidae 1.

_ liuroides, Belone 125.

liuroides, Mastacembelus 125.
jiurus, Belone 124.
Liza borneensis 249.

Liza coeruleomaculata 250.
_ Liza crenilabis 256.
ktikenthali, Hemirhamphodon 144. |

Liza melinoptera 246.

Liza troscheli 248.'

Liza waigiensis 244.

longifilis, Polynemus 215.

longimanus, Mugil 232, 239.

longipectoralis, Polynemus
213.

longirostris, Hemirhamphus 147.

Lophobranchii 7.

lorentzi, Rhombatractus 298, 300.

lorentzil, Rhombosoma 300.

Loriae, Aristeus 294.

202,

399

loriae, Melanotaenia 289, 294.
loriae, Rhombatractus 294.
lucens, Hemirhamphus 147, 162.
Luciocephalidae 331, 368.
Luciocephalus 368.
Luciocephalus pulcher 369.
lucius, Ophicephalus 326.
lucius, Ophiocephalus 314, 323,
325, 326.
Lutjanus scandens 334.
Lutjanus testudo 334.
Lutkei, Hemiramphus 157.
macgregoril, Doryrhamphus 61.
macrocephalus, Anabas 334.
macrocheilos, Mugil 257.
macrochilus, Mugil 234, 257.
macrochir, Halosauropsis 4.
macrolepidotus, Mugil 244, 253.
macrolepis, Belone 122.
macrolepis, Mastacembelus 122.
macrolepis, Mugil 245.
macrolepis, Tylosurus 120, 122.
macronema, Polynemus 214.
macrophthalma, Amphisile 22.
macrophthalma, Betta 360.

malayanus, Osphromenus 349.
manadensis, Doryichthys 46.

manadensis, Hippocampus r1r2.
manadensis, Microphis 44, 46.

_ manadensis, Syngnathus 46.
| mannulus, Hippocampus 112.

marginatus, Esox 157.
marginatus, Hemirhamphus 147,

149, 157.

marginatus, Ophicephalus 32r.
martensi, Doryichthys 50, 54.
Martensii, Syngnathus 54.

marulioides,
BiB

Ophiocephalus 314,

marulius, Ophiocephalus 316.

Mastacembelus

' Mastacembelus

Mastacembelus
L25:
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus

| Mastacembelus

macrophthalmus, Polynemus 202, |

216.
Macropodus 330, 331, 332, 345.
Macropodus cupanus 345, 346.
Macropodus ocellatus 347.
Macropodus opercularis 345, 346.
Macropodus pugnax 364.
Macropodus venustus 347.
Macropodus viridi-auratus 346.

Macropus 345.
Macropus viridi-auratus 347.
Macrorhamphosidae 7, 15.
Macrorhamphosus 16.
Macrorhamphosus hawaiensis 16.
Macrorhamphosus scolopax 15.
Macrorhamphosus velitaris 16, 17.
macrostoma, Betta 353, 355.
maculata, Melanotaenia 289, 292.
malaccensis var. of Ophiocephalus
guachua 321.

Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus

_ Mastacembelus

Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
Mastacembelus
131.
Mastacembelus

anastomella 124.
annulatus 126,
brachyrhynchus

canciloides 133.
caudimacula rer.
choram 126.
crocodilus 127.
giganteus 126.
gracilis 131,
leiuroides 125.
leilurus 124.
liuroides 125.
macrolepis 122.
melanotus 127.
platurus 118.
schismatorhynchus

strongylurus 121.

mataafae, Corythroichthys 77.

| mataafae, Micrognathus 75, 77.

mataafae, Syngnathus 77.
mediorostris, Halosauropsis 4.
mediorostris, Halosaurus 4, 5.

' melanochir, Mugil 244.
melanochir, Polynemus 202, 211.
melanopleura, Doryrhamphus 63,

64.

melanopleura, Syngnathus 64.
| melanopterus, Mugil 246.

4.00

melanopterus, Ophiocephalus 313, ; Microphis 35, 38, 42, 43, 44, 49.

314 3 hh Microphis auronitens 45.
melanosoma, Ophiocephalus 314, | Microphis Bernsteini 46.

319. _ Microphis Bleekeri 45.
melanospilos, Hippocampus 110. | Microphis boaja 44, 47, 92.
melanostigma, Belone 131. Microphis brachyurus 43, 44, 56.
Melanotaenia 287, 289, 297. Microphis caudatus 52, 54.
Melanotaenia dumasi 289, 290,296. | Microphis cuncalus 44.
Melanotaenia loriae 289, 294. | Microphis dactyliophorus 42.
Melanotaenia maculata 289, 292. | Microphis .deokhatoides 53.
Melanotaenia multisquamata 289, | Microphis extensus 64.

290. Microphis fluviatilis 55.
Melanotaenia nigrans 291, 292, | Mierophis heterosoma 44, 48.

293, 295. | Microphis ignoratus 54.

Melanotaenia ogilbyi 288, 289, 293. | Microphis Jagorii 46.
Melanotaenia patoti 286, 289, 291. | Microphis Jouani 45.
Melanotaenia rubrostriata 289,295. | Microphis manadensis, 44, 46.

Melanotaeniinae 267, 286, 287. | Microphis ocellatus 6r.
melanotopterus, Panchax 374. _ Microphis pleurotaenia 64.
melanotus, Belone 127. _ Microphis sculptus 6r.
melanotus, Mastacembelus 127. | Microphis tenuis 80.

micropterus, Cypsilurus 176.
micropterus, Evolantia 176.
micropterus, Exocoetus 176.

melanotus, T'ylosurus 119, 120, 127.
melanurus, Belone 126.
melanurus, Hemirhamphus 151,

£72 micropterus, Syngnathus 59.
melasoma, Ophicephalus 319. _ microstoma, Polynemus 201, 204.
melinoptera, Liza 246. _ microstoma, ‘Trichicion 204.
melinopterus, Mugil, 233, 246. _ millepunctatus, Doryichthys 44.
mento, Belonichthys 60. moluccensis, Hippocampus 110.
mento, Doryichthys 60. montanus, Ophiocephalus 32r.
mento, Doryrhamphus 60. monticola, Agonostomus 265.
mento, Exocoetus 174. mossambicus, Syngnathus 83.
mento, Parexocoetus 174. Mugil 230, 231, 232, 260, 264.
mento, Syngnathus 59. Mugil adustus 249.
mesogaster, Parexocoetus 174. Mugil alcocki 243.
Meyeri, Mugil 235. | Mugil axillaris 252.
microcephalus, Anabas 334. | Mugil belanak 236.
Microcyprini 370. | Mugil bleekeri 252.
Micrognathus 36, 38, 74, 75. | Mugil bontah 236.
Micrognathus brevirostris 75. | Mugil borbonicus 252.
Micrognathus mataafae 75, 77. | Mugil borneensis 234, 249.
micrognathus, Syngnathus 59, 92. | Mugil brachysoma 235.
micropeltes, Ophicephalus 328. Mugil caeruleomaculatus 234, 250.
micropeltes, Ophiocephalus 315, | Mugil cephalotus 236, 253.

328. | Mugil cephalus 231, 234, 253.

Mugil ceramensis 233, 247.
Mugil cirrhostomus 256,
Mugil coeruleomaculatus 250.
Mugil crenilabis 234, 256.
Mugil crenilabris 256.
Mugil cunnesius 233,
Mugil cylindricus 252.
Mugil decem-radiatus 252.
Mugil dobula 253.

39, 242.

401

| Mugilidae 196, 229, 230, 266,

Mugiloidei 196.

| multifilis, Polynemus 202, 217,

Mugil dussumieri 232, 235, 236, |

245.
Mugil engeli 232, 238, 239.
Mugil fasciatus 256.
Mugil heterocheilos 258.

multifilis, Trichidion 217.

multisquamata, Melanotaenia 289,

290.
mystax, Ophicephalus 319.
mystax, Ophiocephalus 319.
Myxus 230, 264.

Myxus elongatus 264.
Nannocampus 35, 37, 94.
Nannocampus subosseus 95.
Nannocampus weberi 94, 95.
naresi, Cypsilurus 180, 188.

Mugil heterochilus 234, 258. naresil, Exocoetus 188.

Mugil hypselosoma 254. | neglectus, Exocoetus 189.

Mugil japonicus 253. neglectus, Hemirhamphus 149.
Mugil javanicus 235. neglectus, Hyporhamphus 149.
Mugil kelaartii 238. _ Nematocentris 287.

Mugil labiosus 231, 235, 259. _ Nematocentris novae-guineae 304.
Mugil longimanus 232, 239. Nematocentris rubrostriatus 295.
Mugil macrocheilos 257. Neoatherina 288.

Mugil macrochilus 234, 257. Neostethus 382.

Mugil macrolepidotus 244, 253. Neostethus lankesteri 381, 382.
Mugil macrolepis 245. nigerrimus, Halosaurichthys 6.
Mugil melanochir 244. nigerrimus, Halosaurus 6.
Mugil melanopterus 246. nigrans, Melanotaenia 291,
Mugil melinopterus 233, 246. P< 293) ..395%

Mugil Meyeri 235. nigricans, Cypsilurus 180, 183, 185.
Mugil oligolepis 233, 245. nigricans, Exocoetus 183.

Mugil ophuyseni 232, 240, nigripennis, Cypsilurus 181, 192.
Mugil 6ur 253. nigripennis, Exocoetus 192.
Mugil parsia 252. nobilis, Ctenops 351, 352.

Mugil planiceps 236, 256. nobilis, Osphromenus 352.

Mugil Rossii 244. Nomorhamphus 136, 141.

Mugil riippelli 256. Nomorhamphus celebensis 141.
Mugil seheli 234, 251, 252. Nomorhamphus hageni 141, 142.
Mugil speigleri 233, 241. Notacanthidae 1.

Mugil subviridis 233, 243. Nouhuysi, Atherinichthys 278.
Mugil sundanensis 235. nouhuysi, Craterocephalus 277,278.
Mugil tade 232, 236. novae-guineae, Hemiramphus 167.
Mugil troscheli 233, 248. novae-guineae, Nematocentris 304.
Mugil vaigiensis, 233, 244. novae-guineae, Pseudomugil 283,
Mugil Valenciennesii 235. >) 28a.

Mugil waigiensis 244. novae-guineae, Rhombatractus 304.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES IV. 26

292,

novae-guineae, Rhombosoma 302,
303, 304.
novae-guineae, Zenarchopterus 164,
167.
obtusata, Sphyraena 220, 226.
obtusirostris, Exocoetus 178. |
occidentalis var. of Hemirhamphus
balinensis 153.
ocellatus, Macropodus 347.
ocellatus, Microphis 61.
ogilbyi, Melanotaenia
293.
olfax, Osphromenus 344.
oligacanthum, Helostoma 339.
oligolepis, Anabas 334, 336.
oligolepis, Cypsilurus 180,
193.
oligolepis, Exocoetus 189.
oligolepis, Mugil 233, 245.
olivacea, Stigmatophora 97.
opercularis, Labrus 346.
opercularis, Macropodus 345, 346.
opercularis, Polyacanthus 347.
opercularis, Pseudosphromenus 347. |
Ophicephalus aurantiacus 321.

288, 289,

189, |

_ Ophiocephalus

Ophicephalus
Ophicephalus
Ophicephalus
Ophicephalus

bivittatus 328.
cora-mota 321.
fuscus 321.
limbatus 321.

| Ophiocephalus

lucius 326.
marginatus 321.
melasoma 319.

Ophicephalus
Ophicephalus
Ophicephalus

Ophicephalus micropeltes 328.
Ophicephalus mystax 319. |
Ophicephalus planiceps 317.
Ophicephalus pleurophthalmus 324.
Ophicephalus polylepis 326.
Ophicephalus rhodotaenia 319.
Ophicephalus sowarah 317.
Ophicephalus spiritalis 324, 325.
Ophicephalus Stevens 328.
Ophicephalus striatus 317.
Ophicephalus urophthalmus 324.
Ophiocephaloidei 312, 313.
Ophiocephalus 313, 314, 325.

| Ophiocephalus

| Ophiocephalus

| Ophiocephalus
_ Ophiocephalus
| ophuyseni, Mugil 232, 240,

Ophiocephalus affinis 330.

Ophiocephalus aurantiacus 321.

Ophiocephalus bankanensis 314,
223:

Ophiocephalus baramensis 319,
320.

Ophiocephalus bistriatus 314, 322.

bivittatus 322.
chena 317.
cyanospilos 317.
cyanospilus 317,

Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
BtG:
Ophiocephalus diplogramme 328.

| Ophiocephalus, gachua 314, 321.
_ Ophiocephalus guachua var. malac-

censis 321.

_ Ophiocephalus kelaarti 321.

Ophiocephalus lucius 314, 323, 325;
B20:
Ophiocephalus
eu
Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
314, 315

marulioides 314,
marulius 316.
melanopterus 313,
melanosoma 314,
310.
micropeltes 315,
228.
Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
Ophiocephalus
314, 324.
Ophiocephalus polylepis 326, 327.
Ophiocephalus punctatus 315, 330.
rhodotaenia 319,

montanus 321.
mystax 319.
pleurophthalmus

320.
Ophiocephalus serpentinus 328.
striatus 314, 317,
studeri 328.
vagus 317.
wrahl 317.

Ophiocephalus

opisthopus, Cypsilurus 180, rgt.
opisthopus, Exocoetus 191.
orientalis, Dermogenys 136, 137.

orientalis, Hemirhamphus 137.
Orthichthys 16.
Orthichthys velitaris 16.
Oryzias 371.
osphromenoides ,
349.
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
Osphromenus
leerii 367.
Osphromenus
Osphronemus
Osphronemus goramy 343, 344.
Osphronemus satyrus 344.
éur, Mugil 253.

Sphaerichthys

343:

Deissneri 348.
gouraml 344.
malayanus 349.
nobilis 352.

olfax 344.
slamensis 366.
striatus 351.
trichopterus 366.
trichopterus var.

vittatus 351.
332, 343.

oxycephalus, Cypsilurus 180, 181.

oxycephalus, Exocoetus 181.
oxycephalus, Exonautes 181.
Oxyporhamphus 160.

Oxyporhamphus brevis 160, 172.

oxyrhynchos, Cestraeus 263.
oxyrhynchum, Agonostoma 263.

403

|
|

| paradoxum, Solenostoma 26.

paradoxus, Solenichthys 27.

paradoxus, Solenostoma 26.

paradoxus, Solenostomatichthys 27.

paradoxus, Solenostomus 17, 26
27, 2B.

Parasyngnathus 78.

Parexocoetus 173.

Parexocoetus brachypterus 174.

Parexocoetus mento 174.

Parexocoetus mesogaster 174.

Parophiocephalus 352.

Parophiocephalus unimaculatus
355:

Parosphromenus 332, 347, 348.

Parosphromenus deissneri 348.

parsia, Mugil 252.

parviceps, Syngnathus 79.

patoti, Betta 354, 359.

patoti, Melanotaenia 286, 289, 29r.

?

| patoti, Rhombatractus 291.

pelagicus, Syngnathus 79, 87.

Penetopteryx 35, 37, 95-
Penetopteryx epinnulatus 96.

_ penicillus, Corythoichthys 82.

oxyrhynchus, Cestraeus 261, 263.

oxyrhyncus, Cestraeus 263.
pachyacanthus, Acentrachme 22.
paludosus, Polyacanthus 347.
Panchax 371, 374.

Panchax Buchanani 374.
panchax, Esox 374.

panchax, Haplochilus 374, 375.
Panchax Kuhlii 374.

Panchax melanotopterus 374.
Panchax panchax 374, 376.
panchax, Panchax 374, 376.
Panchax pictum 360.

papuensis, Ichthyocampus 70.
paradiseus, Polynemus 202, 218.
paradoxa, Fistularia 17, 27.

penicillus, Syngnathus 82.

| Perca scandens 334.

Percesoces 195.
persimilis, Belone 117, 118.
persimilis, Eurycaulus 117, 118.
petimba, Fistularia 11, 12, 14.
pfeifferi, Polydactylus 208.
pfeiffer1, Polynemus 202, 208.
phaiosoma, Hemirhamphodon 143.
phaiosoma, Hemirhamphus 143.
Phallostethidae 370, 381.
Philypnoides surakartensis 321.
Phyllopteryx 105.
Phyllopteryx taeniophorus 106.
picta, Betta 354, 357, 359, 360, 364.
pictum, Panchax 360.
picuda, Sphyraena 220, 224
picuda var. of Sphyraena sphyraena
224.

yinguis, Atherina 274, 275.
5 ? J

404

planiceps, Mugil 236, 256.
planiceps, Ophicephalus 317.
platura, Belone 118.
platurus, Mastacembelus 118.
Platybelone 117.

platyura, Belone 117, 118.
platyura, Eurycaulus 117, 118.
plebeius, Polydactylus 203.
plebejus, Polynemus 201, 202, 204. |
plebejus, Trichidion 202.

pleurophthalmus, Ophicephalus |
324. |
pleurophthalmus, Ophiocephalus, .
BIA, aged. |

pleurotaenia, Doryichthys 64.
pleurotaenia, Doryrhamphus 64.
pleurotaenia, Microphis 64.
plicatile, Agonostoma 261.
plicatilis, Cestraeus 261.
poecilopterus, Cypselurus 186.
poecilopterus, Cypsilurus 179, 180,
186.
poecilopterus, Exocoetus 186, 187.
pogonognathus, Hemirhamphodon
143, 144.
pogonognathus, Hemirhamphus
144. |
Polyacanthus 332, 337, 345.
Polyacanthus chinensis 347.
Polyacanthus cupanus 346.
Polyacanthus deissneri 348. |
polyacanthus, Doryichthys 45.
Polyacanthus Einthoveni 338.
Polyacanthus fasciatus 341.
Polyacanthus hasselti 337, 338.
Polyacanthus Helfrichii 338.
Polyacanthus Kuhlii 338.
Polyacanthus opercularis 347.
Polyacanthus paludosus 347.
polyacanthus, Syngnathus 44.
Polydactylus 200.
Polydactylus agonasi 203.
Polydactylus kuru 209.
Polydactylus pfeifferi 208.
Polydactylus plebeius 203.

Polynemus

polydactylus, Polynemus 217.
Polydactylus rhadinus 199.
Polydactylus tetradactylus 199.
Polydactylus zophomus 204.

| polylepis, Ophicephalus 326.

polylepis, Ophiocephalus 326, 327.
Polynemidae 195, 196, 197.
Polynemus 197, 200, 201.
Polynemus agonasi 203.
Polynemus borneensis 202, 214,
216.
Polynemus caecus 199.
Polynemus diagrammicus 208, 209.
Polynemus dubius 202, 215.
Polynemus heptadactylus 202, 212.

_ Polynemus hexanemus 202, 207.
| Polynemus indicus 201, 205.
| Polynemus kuru 202, 209.

Polynemus lineatus 202.

| Polynemus longifilis 215.
| Polynemus longipectoralis 202, 213.

Polynemus macronema 214.
Polynemus macrophthalmus 202,
216.
Polynemus melanochir 202, 211.
microstoma 201, 204.
multifilis 202, 217.
Polynemus paradiseus 202, 218.
Polynemus pfeiffer1 202, 208.
Polynemus plebejus 201, 202, 204.
Polynemus. polydactylus 217.
Polynemus quadrifilis 199.
Polynemus quaterdecimfilis 217.
Polynemus salliah 199.
Polynemus sele 205. -
Polynemus sextarius 202, 210.
Polynemus taeniatus 202.
Polynemus teria 199.
Polynemus tetradactylus 199.
Polynemus tridactylus 198.
Polynemus uronemus 205.
Polynemus zophomus 204.
Polypterichthys 1o.
Polypterichthys Valentini to.
polytaenia, Hippocampus 110.

Polynemus

405

pondicerianus, Ichthyocampus 92.
ponticeriana, Colisa 341.
ponticerianus, Ichthyocampus 92.
poptae, Xenopoecilus 377, 378, 379.
praecox, Rhombatractus 298.
Pseudomugil 267, 282, 283.
Pseudomugil gertrudae 283.
Pseudomugil gertrudei 283.
Pseudomugil novae-guineae 283,
284.
Pseudosphromenus 345.
Pseudosphromenus opercularis 347.
pugnax, Betta 355, 357, 364.
pugnax, Macropodus 364. |
pulcher, Diplopterus 369.
pulcher, Luciocephalus 369.
punctatus, Ophiocephalus 315, 330.
punctatus, Syngnathus 79, 86.
punctulata, Belone 129.
punctulatus, Tylosurus 120, 129.
pusillus, Dermogenys 137, 140.

quadrifilis, Polynemus 199.
quaterdecimfilis, Polynemus 217.
Querimana crenilabis 256.
quoyi, Hemirhamphus 146, 154.
quoyi, Hyporhamphus 154.
quinquarius, Corythroichthys 82.
rasorl, Hemiramphus 166.
rasoril, Zenarchopterus 164, 166.
retzil, Doryichthys 49, 50, 52, 53.
Retzu, Syngnathus 52.
Reynaldi, Hemirhamphus 155.
rhadinus, Polydactylus 199.
rhodotaenia, Ophicephalus 319.

rhodotaenia, Ophiocephalus 319,
320.
Rhombatractus 287, 296.
Rhombatractus affinis 304.
Rhombatractus catherinae 298, 303.
Rhombatractus crassispinosus 306.
Rhombatractus fasciatus 308.
Rhombatractus goldiei 298. 304.
Rhombatractus kochi 297, 298, 302.
Rhombatractus lorentzi 298, 300.
Rhombatractus loriae 294.

Rhombatractus novae-guineae 304.
Rhombatractus
Rhombatractus
Rhombatractus
Rhombatractus
304.
Rhombatractus

patoti 291.
praecox 298.
rubrostriatus 295.
senckenbergianus

sentaniensis 309.

_ Rhombatractus vanheurni 298, 299.

Rhombatractus weberi 304.
Rhombosoma 296, 297.
Rhombosoma goldiei 304.
Rhombosoma lorentzii 300.
Khombosoma novae-guineae 302,
393, 304.
rhynchomacer, Hippocampus 110,

| rivalis var. of Syngnathus spicifer

79:

| robustus, Exocoetus 184.

Rocaberti, Hemithylacus 60.

| rondeleti, Cypsilurus 181, 193.

Rondeletii, Exocoetus 193.
Rossii, Mugil 244.

| rubra, Betta 354, 36r.

rubrostriata, Melanotaenia 289, 295.

rubrostriatus, Anisocentrus 291,
295.

rubrostriatus, Nematocentris

rubrostriatus, RKhombatractus

riippellii, Mugil 256.

russelli, Hemirhamphus 147, 157,
161.

sagitta, Callionymus 17.

salliah, Polynemus 19g.

295.
295.

| sarasinorum, Haplochilus 378.

sarasinorum, Xenopoecilus 378.

satyrus, Osphronemus 344.

scandens, Anabas 334.

scandens, Lutjanus 334.

scandens, Perca 334.

scandens, Sparus 334.

scansor, Amphiprion 334.

schismatorhynchus, Belone 131.

schismatorhynchus, Mastacembelus
131.

schismatorhynchus, Tylosurus 131.

406

Schlegeli, Syngnathus 44, 88.

scolopax, Macrorhamphosus 15.

Scombresocoidea 115.

sculptus, Choeroichthys 61.

sculptus, Doryichthys 6r.

sculptus, Microphis 61.

scutata, Acentrachme 22.

scutata, Amphisile 20, 22.

scutatus, Centriscus 18, 21, 22, 23.

sealei, Corythroichthys 72.

sectarium, Trichidion 210.

seheli, Mugil 234, 251, 252.

sele, Polynemus 205.

senckenbergianus, Rhombatractus
304.

sentaniensis, Chilatherina 307, 309.

sentaniensis, Rhombatractus 309.

sepat, Trichopus 366.

serialis, Doryichthys 62.

serpentinus, Ophiocephalus 328.

serrata, Fistularia 12, 14.

serratus, Syngnathus gg.

serratus, Trachyrhamphus gg.

sextarius, Polynemus 202, 210.

sextarlus, Trichidion 210.

siamensis, Osphromenus 366.

siamensis, Trichopus 366.

sinensis, Aulostoma 10,

Siphonostoma typhle 31.

Siphostoma 79.

Siphostoma yoshi 58.

snodgrassi, Sphyraena 224.

Solegnathus 35, 39, 65, 66.
Solegnathus argus 97.
Solegnathus blochiu 4o.
Solegnathus giintheri 66, 67.
Solegnathus lettiensis 65, 66.

Solenichthyes 7.

Solenichthys brachyurus 27.
Solenichthys cyanopterus 26.
Solenichthys paradoxus 27.
Solenognathina 35.
Solenognathus 65.
Solenognathus Giintheri 67.
Solenognathus Hardwickei 67.

Solenognathus lettiensis 66.
Solenostoma brachyurus 27.
Solenostoma paradoxum 26.
Solenostoma paradoxus 26.
Solenostomatichthys Bleekeri 26.
Solenostomatichthys paradoxus 27.
Solenostomichthys cyanopterus 26.
Solenostomidae 8, 24.
Solenostomus 25, 26.
Solenostomus armatus 26, 28, 29.
Solenostomus Bleekeri 26.
Solenostomus cyanopterus 24, 25,
26.
Solenostomus
Solenostomus
Solenostomus
27, 29.
sowarah, Ophicephalus 317.
spaniaspis, Doryichthys 84.
Sparus scandens 334.
Sparus testudineus 334.
speculiger, Cypselurus 182.
speculiger, Cypsilurus 180, 181.
speculiger, Exocoetus 181, 184.
speculiger, Exonautes 182.
speigleri, Mugil 233, 241.
Sphaerichthys 332, 348.
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides 349.
Sphyraena 219, 220.
Sphyraena agam 224.
Sphyraena altipinnis 220, 222.
Sphyraena barracuda 224.
Sphyraena brachygnathus 220, 22g.
Sphyraena chinensis 226,
Sphyraena Commersonii 224.
Sphyraena Dussumieri 224.
Sphyraena flavicauda 226.
Sphyraena forsterl 220, 223, 227.
Sphyraena japonica 220, 225.
Sphyraena jello 219, 220.
Sphyraena langsar 220, 228, 229.
Sphyraena obtusata 220, 220.
Sphyraena picuda 220, 224.
Sphyraena snodgrassi 224.
Sphyraena sphyraena 224.

leptosoma 28.
lettiensis 66.

paradoxus 17, 26,

40

sphyraena, Sphyraena 224.

Sphyraena sphyraena var, picuda |

224.
Sphyraena strenua 226,
Sphyraena toxeuma 223.
sphyraena var. picuda, Sphyraena
224.
Sphyraenidae 195, 218.
spicifer, Corythroichthys 8o.
spicifer, Syngnathus 78, 79, 80, 82.
spicifer var, djarong, Syngnathus
79:
spicifer var. rivalis, Syngnathus 79.
spilonopterus, Cypselurus 1go.
spilonotopterus, Cypsilurus 1go.
spilonotopterus, Exocoetus 190.
spilopterus, Cypsilurus 180, 187.
spilopterus, Exocoetus 187.
spilopus, Exocoetus 183.
spinachioides, Doryichthys 50.
spinicaudatus, Corythoichthys 76.
spinosissimus, Hippocampus 107,
108, 109.
spinosus, Anabas 334.
spinosus, Doryichthys 47, 92.
spiritalis, Ophicephalus 324, 325.
Spirobranchus 333.
Stenocaulus. kreffti1 123.
Stevens, Ophicephalus 328.
stictorhynchus, Doryichthys 46.
Stigmatophora 36, 39, 97.
Stigmatophora argus 97.

Stigmatophora argus var. brevicau- |

datus 98.
Stigmatophora depressiuscula 98.
Stigmatophora gracilis 98.
Stigmatophora olivacea 97.
Stigmatophora unicolor 97.
Stigmatopora 97.
Stigmatopora argus 98.
Strabo 288.
strenua, Sphyraena 226.
striatus, Ophicephalus 317.
striatus, Ophiocephalus 314, 317.
striatus, Osphromenus 351.

Lord

striatus, Trichopus 35.
striga, Hemirhamphus 170.
strigata, Amphisile 20,
strigatus, Aeoliscus 19, 20.

strongylura,
Strongylura
Strongylura
Strongylura
Strongylura

strongylurus, Mastacembelus
strongylurus, Tylosurus 120,

Belone rat.
coromandelica 128,
crocodila 129.
leiura 124.
leiuroides 125.

121.
121.

studeri, Ophiocephalus 328.
subosseus, Nannocampus 95.
subviridis, Mugil 233, 243.

sumatranus,
sumatranus,

Dermogenys 137, 139.
Hemirhamphus 1309.

sumpit, Centriscus 16.
sundaicus, Syngnathus 75.
sundanensis, Mugil 235.
surakartensis, Philypnoides 32t.
Synentognathi 115,

Syngnathidae 8, 30,

37, 92.

99
Pelee]

Syngnathina 35.
Syngnathoides 34, 39.
Syngnathoides biaculeatus 40, 41.

Syngnathus
Syngnathus

_ Syngnathoides blochii 4o.
_ Syngnathus
| Syngnathus

36, 38, 77, 75-
acus 79, 88.
Andersonui 76.

argus 57, 97-

Syngnathus argyrostictus 79, 80, 82.

Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus

| Syngnathus

Syngnathus

biaculeatus 40.
bicoarctatus IoT.
biserialis 82.

boaja 47.
brachyrhynchus 88,
brachysoma 62.
brachyurus 44.
brevirostris 75.
budi 57.

carce 92.
compressus 59.
conspicillatus 79 193.
corrugatus 73.

Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus

crenulatus 72.
cuncalus 44.
cyanospilos 83.

cyanospilus 79, 83.

dactyliophorus 42.
deokhatoides 53.
djarong 78, 79.
fasciatus 70.
fasciolatus 79, 83.
flavofasciatus 70.

fluviatilis 55, 56, 59.

gastrotaenia 80.
gracilis 80, 81.
Gray! 103.
haematopterus 70.
Helfrichii 79.
heptagonus 92.
heterosoma 48.
Hunnii 80.
intestinalis 70,
Julleni 47.

koilomatodon 103.

Kuhli 83.
leiaspis 57.
manadensis 46.
Martensi 54.
mataafae 77.
melanopleura 64.
mento 59.

micrognathus 59, 92.

micropterus 59.
Mossambicus 83.
parviceps 79.
pelagicus 79, 87.
penicillus 82.
polyacanthus 44.
punctatus 79, 86.
Retzii 52.
Schlegeli 44, 88.
serratus 99.

Syngnathus spicifer 78, 79, 80, 82.
Syngnathus spicifer var. djarong 79.
Syngnathus spicifer var. rivalis 79.
Syngnathus sundaicus 75.
Syngnathus tapeinosoma $8o.

408

a]

Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus
Syngnathus

tetragonus 40.
tetrophthalmus 76.
trachypoma 103.
uncinatus 79, 84.
variegatus go.
yoshi 58.
zambezensis 59.
Syngnathus zanzibarensis 101.
Syngnathus zonatus 47.

tade, Mugil 232, 236.

taeniata, Betta 355, 362.
taeniatus, Polynemus 202.
taeniophorus, Halichthys 105, 106.
taeniophorus, Phyllopteryx 106.
taeniops, Hippocampus 110.
taeniopterus, Hippocampus 110.

_ tambakkan, Helostoma 340.
) tanakae, Corythroichthys 76.

tapeinosoma, Syngnathus 80.

Telmatherina 267, 278, 279.

Telmatherina abendanoni
281.

Telmatherina bonti 279, 280.

Telmatherina celebensis 279, 280.

temmincki, Atherina 268, 269,
247 1,275:

temmincki, Helostoma 339, 340.

279,

| tenuis, Microphis 80.

teria, Polynemus 199.
testudineus, Amphiprion 334.
testudineus, Anabas 333, 334-
testudineus, Anthias 334.
testudineus, Sparus 334.
testudo, Lutjanus 334.
tetradactylum, Eleutheronema 197,
198, 199.
tetradactylus, Polydactylus 199.
tetradactylus, Polynemus 199.
tetragonus, Syngnathus 4o.
tetrophthalmus, Syngnathus 76.
timorensis, Aplocheilus 372, 373.
timucoides, Belone 126, 127.
toxeuma, Sphyraena 223.

_ trachypoma, Corythroichthys 103.
' trachypoma, Syngnathus 103.

409

Trachyrhamphus 36, 38, 98.
Trachyrhamphus caba 103.
Trachyrhamphus cultrirostris 99.
Trachyrhamphus serratus 99.
Trichidion heptadactylum 212.
Trichidion hilleri 214.
Trichidion indicum 205.
Trichidion kuru 209.
Trichidion microstoma 204.
Trichidion multifilis 217.
Trichidion plebejus 202.
Trichidion sectarium 210.
Trichidion sextarius 210.
Trichogaster 332, 34I.
Trichogaster fasciatus 341.
Trichogaster lalius 341, 342.
Trichogaster trichopterus 366.
Trichogaster unicolor 342.
Trichopodus 333, 365, 366.
Trichopodus bejeus 341.
Trichopodus colisa 341.
Trichopodus cotra 341.
Trichopodus lalius 342.
Trichopodus leeri 366, 367.
Trichopodus trichopterus 365, 366,
367.
Trichopsis 350.
trichopterus, Labrus 366.
trichopterus, Osphromenus 366.
trichopterus, Trichogaster 366.
trichopterus, Trichopodus 365, 366,
3607.
trichopterus, Trichopus 366.
trichopterus var. leerii, Osphro-
menus 367.
Trichopus 365.
Trichopus Leerii 367.
Trichopus sepat 366.
Trichopus siamensis 366.
Trichopus striatus 351.
Trichopus trichopterus 366.
tridactylum, Eleutheronema 108.
tridactvlus, Polynemus 198.
tridentifer, Hemiramphus 150.
trifasciata, Betta 359, 360.

trilineata var. of Haplochilus java-
nicus 372.
trimaculatus,
bea,
troscheli, Liza 248.
troscheli, Mugil 233, 248.
Tylosurus 116, 117, 119, 120.
Tylosurus annulatus 120, 126,
Tylosurus caeruleofasciatus 131.
Tylosurus choram 129.

Hippocampus 108,

_ Tylosurus coromandelicus 128.

Tylosurus crocodilus 120, 128.
Tylosurus giganteus 126.

_ Tylosurus incisus 120, 125.

Tylosurus kreffti 120, 123, 134.
Tylosurus leiuroides 125.
Tylosurus leiurus 120, 124.
Tylosurus macrolepis 120, 122.
Tylosurus melanotus 119, 120, 127.
Tylosurus punctulatus 120, 129.
Tylosurus schismatorhynchus 131.

_ Tylosurus strongylurus 129, 121.

typhle, Siphonostoma 31.

uisila, Atherina 269.

uncinatus, Syngnathus 79, 84.

unicolor, Colisa 342.

unicolor, Exocoetus 189.

unicolor, Stigmatophora 97.

unicolor, Trichogaster 342.

unifasciatus, Hemirhamphus 149.

unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus 149.

unimaculata, Betta 353, 355-

unimaculatus, Parophiocephalus
355:

uronemus, Polynemus 205.

Urophori 34, 35-

urophthalmus, Ophicephalus 324.

Urvillii, Belone 122.

vagus, Ophiocephalus 317.

vaigiensis, Mugil 233, 244.

Vaillanti, Coelonotus 58.

vaisiganis, Zenarchopterus 169.

Valenciennei, Atherina 272.

valenciennesi, Atherina 268, 269,

Valenciennesil, Mugil 235.
Valencienni, Choeroichthys 62.
valenciennii, Doryichthys 62.
valentini, Aulostoma g, 10.
Valentini, Polypterichthys ro.

410

vanheurni, Rhombatractus 298, 299.

variegatus, Anabas 334.
variegatus, Syngnathus go.
velitaris, Centriscus 16, 17.

velitaris, Macrorhamphosus 16, 17.

velitaris, Orthichthys 16.
venustus, Macropodus 347.
villosa, Fistularia 12, 13, 15.
viridi-auratus, Macropodus 346.
viridi-auratus, Macropus 347.
vittatus, Ctenops 350, 351.
vittatus, Osphromenus 351.
volans, Exocoetus 178.
volitans, Exocoetus 177, 182.
vulgaris, Colisa 34t.
waigiensis, Liza 244.
waigiensis, Mugil 244.

waitei, Corythroichthys 71.
wakanourae, Yozia Iof.
weberi, Dermogenys 137, 138.
weberi, Hemirhamphus 138.
weberi, Nannocampus 94, 95.
weber!l, Rhombatractus 304.
wrahl, Ophiocephalus 317.

xanthopterus, Hemirhamphus 162.

Xenentodon 116, 132.
Xenentodon cancila 134.
Xenentodon canciloides 133.

Xenopoecilus, 377, 378, 380.

Xenopoecilus poptae 377,
379:

Xenopoecilus sarasinorum 378.

yoshi, Siphostoma 58.

yoshi, Syngnathus 58.

Yozia 36, 38, roo.

Yozia bicoarctata roo, rot.

Yozia wakanourae 1ot.

zambezensis, Belonichthys 60.

zambezensis, Doryichthys 59.

zambezensis, Syngnathus 59.

Zantecla 288.

378,

| zanzibarensis, Syngnathus ror.

| Zenarchopterus
| Zenarchopterus

Zenarchopterus 136, 162, 164.

Zenarchopterus amblyurus 165.

Zenarchopterus brevirostris 164,
168.

Zenarchopterus buffoni 164, 170.

Zenarchopterus buffonis 170.

Zenarchopterus caudovittatus 164.

Zenarchopterus dispar 163, 164,
169.
Zenarchopterus dux 164, 169.
ectuntio 164, 165.
kampeni 164, 167.
Zenarchopterus novae-guineae 164,
DOM.
Zenarchopterus rasori 164, 166.
Zenarchopterus vaisiganis 169.
zonatus, Syngnathus 47.
zophomus, Polydactylus 204.

zophomus, Polynemus 204.

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