Pe eee ett ei ee ee eM See 6 ZOSEZ9E0 19LI € WT aoe OINOYOL 4O ALISHSAINA Aavaall ADOIOOZ + me es = res sae om ome mete meee id Kcek See IP sewe wy ee Se a“ the: Ba an pone TMENT OF ZOOLOGY DEPAR Set Hen iaNm INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. () Se Pet teriN Sy batZ OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Miron 47. THE FISHES NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES FOUND IN THE WATERS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph. D., PRESIDENT OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY AND OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AND BARTON WARREN EVERMANYN, Ph. D., ICHTHYOLOGIST OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Pie TT. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/fisnhesofnorthmidO2jord SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 627] aS q THE FISHES eo! - Let he OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES FOUND IN THE WATERS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN, Pa. D., PRESIDENT OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY AND OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AND BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Pu. D., ICHTHYOLOGIST OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. PRE FACE. The present volume is the second part of a work descriptive of the fishes of North and Middle America, including all species known to occur in American waters north of the equator and of the Isthmus of Panama. The first part was published on October 3, 1896, the present part, continu- ous with the first in pagination and numbering, appears on October 3, 1898, and the third and final part will soon follow. In this last will appear the general index, an artificial key to the families, a glossary of scientific terms, and an addendum containing all species overlooked or described subsequent to the publication of the part to which they belong. A fourth volume, or atlas, is composed entirely of plates. = DAVID STARR JORDAN. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY, PALo ALTO, SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. March 15, 1898. (111) DEPARTMENT UF ZOOLOGY LIBRARY 4 fee OF-VCONPENTS: CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. SUBCLASS TELEOSTOMI—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Group Percoidea—Continued. Page. Family CXLIX. Lutianide.......... ssn wna nce enals een ae sien oWiclelas omarion sewecs 1241 Rees Leta EL ODLOP AST UN Gr Bll ns aah grein’ cia we nincs cons nea esas own e wieeie ns 1244 Ne aes eee Pe APES YM Cc rate oe et wn aman = wha ric nie ine hewn apeic ci 10 elnlei mini wre 1244 Peniaae et MnneS Gling | 82 ee eke rekon ee. Lon tacmenaarmee basse saeermciee 1245 HGZOwITTOISs (Vial OMGLENNES) meters. S2 = stclnjots cisisainic ao ceiesinisias wisiclc wicele St 1246 Genuswm2os NeCOMOMIS GIT Ard sete. cies a2 hie slcissinsainiecaiccie seiwekidinc clewlenie tice 1247 ee ONY NUN aaa Slat an ele eit (on mol inier nie sais atm niaeicle ans 1251 Res OMA ALOOED oo tec mite kena saomca maine Eee aeo aeae oe wares ae 1251 163i novemtasciatus: (Gall) 2222-22... ..5- BR ee crete 1252 1632. cyanopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).........-.-.....--.------ 1254 ae cared STN AEN (UA TAT OEN)) ateratas Ao lal doa aiereia! myawiec dia as. Sine dnsla wiwies ais wws'sie'e a 1255 Dee ee Or CEH Oe SE MMCIO CT) heat on.c ncio wine Cia ma wieeies.cln a.c.0 apieineleh eee savin eis eaialw'wisin Sie em sle moose 1270 pe eam UME OL OEY ) een adie nels e < cee econ teens wate eis came s does 1271 1647. mahogoni (Cuvier & Valenciennes).....--- saa/slas's adicintae pis) aieiataye <2 1272 Balgemus -baizero, jordan) do F OG1Or. oe Sela nie re sc oelee pies s oe ween ns 1273 Ga See arent in Cx MOM OW) espe Ae po Sheree =n ate opel ciate Sa injsicloie wis c\ajeln iis se wicleiwia 1273 Genns526. habirubiaydordam & Mesler. . -ccicac «cee cele eels = ee eee 1295 1664. macrostomum, (Gunther 22g oer o- eee acl Stee! ate olen ola ae ele 1296 1665. bonariense, Cuvier & Valenciennes ..........-.. 5... --cenccuses 1297 1666. parra (Desmaresh)...... 5.22 --cecccnse sees ser ese nccunacsuseh ant 1297 TGGT. Scud deri. Gill Soe sce sates | easels aaa te sie wi cle alate tee te ateteteete e 1299 1668> carbonarium)POey 2-2-5. < oo ccm ae cen ww wale nlm == 9)= sale ieol a 1300 1669) steindachneri Wiordan’é& Gilbert) 92. ----2~ <-sse ree eee 1301 1670;-melantirum (inns) soceemceisie sen siere a te cee cies ieee eee eee 1302 IGF. SCHUEUS (SAW) cae sc cence a= o-cceer cee scene oleae he eee ee 1303 1672. plumieri (Lactpede) .- 222 .0- ceca ance aes mee eee 1304 1673> flavolineatnm (Desmarest) = sense c = seclecr amie oleae erate aerate 1306 Genus 538. Brachypenys, Scudder... -.::..-.:--~,e0ne.—+ «s= >see eee 1307 1674. chrysarcyreus (Gunther). -.- 2 sakes ame ee nce = eee 1307 Genus 559. Bathystoma, Scudder. ----.-.--- -- .2- ene oe ee 1308 1675. °rimator (Jordan. & Swain)... s2..cco00. 2. ees. ceee ae 1308 1676. aurolineatum (Cuvier & hemes mass Se eetl seit ae ee Eee 1310 16GT%. striatum: (himneus) as... 5-se-6 24. cnsece eke ooo ee = cee epee 1310 Genus 540. Lythrulon, Jordan & Byain toe tee, an ccie sc chie soci se Sane eee 1311 1678. Ravigattabam (Gah) eee oe oes o atee ante eo eee 1312 1679. opalescens, Jordan & Starks ..............--.--. isola ys Ga eee 1312 Genus 541. Orthostcechus, Galle 5.5.2. 5 56.022 = nose ciniate ieee Serene 1313 1680; maculicauda, (Gill ce 2 Je einre cece ees c sees Se eae eee eee 1313 Genus\542; Anisotremus; (Galle cece 1- cis sie ee wie tere IRR EE ets SoS e 1314 Subgenus Paraconodon, Bleeker: =. :.': <. sc.c -- eee sees ena sae 1316 1681. \pacifici (Gunther). 22.5.2. cc cecesaere ee ae oe 36s na aes 1316 1682. cesius (Jordan & Gilbert). ...- 22. scx. 2c emcee ic so eee 1316 1683.;dovii (Gunther) 22... o5 525 Scisnecie cece wie tee = ence | ep eee 1317 Subgenus Anisotremus:-<-- <2... cece see ees eee cece eee ee eee 1318 1684. ‘surinamensis (Bloch) :222..- o2c5 . 520-2 3-cS2.2 04. oseee de eee eee 1322 1692: serrula (Cuvier & Valenciennes): -4.-.......c2ssesesee eee 1323 Genus 543. Conodon, Cuvier & Valenciennes. -.........-......000.--0---: 1324 1693; nobilis: (Lannwus),. .cc02. 0. cota ces cee alee eee eee 1324 1694. serrifer; Jordan & Gilbert. ........- 22. 2... ssaeeester a eee 1324 Genus 544, Brachydetiterus, Gill. . 0.22.2. ssc i vgmeeaen = hoe oon eee 1325 1695, nitidus:(Steitiachner) 2. -odec0<0< seen. oer e cone eee 1326 1696; corvinesformis (Steindachner);.: 2... se. seo see oan eee 1326 1007; Igadiscus (GUMERE) «525 2..5o nbs chcan on dente oeudcme eee eeaweee mee 1327 CONTENTS. Vil CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CL. Hemulide—Continued. Page. . NHVSS a RAIS: (SLOINGACONEL)) sc aaj sae sees dist Galera he's oin'o se einiciee 1328 Genlsiozoe HONIAGasIAy Lacépede. 52. /4.4 cmc so lesa aie -eleicle iciniea n otsin cas 1329 Sabgenus Rhencus, Jordan 'c& Everman... 22202 s.seews os 2 2 o se ose 1331 1630. PRBAMenSIS (SteINGachner) <\ sseu We. coe n cee eds teh e~ ce eces 1331 SUUGEnUGeeTISUIpPOMa, CUVICIS<< tate ees nacint iio cisclieee ne = ceils ewisi= «in 1331 (700 bayanus: Jordan’ s-Evermanm's 2: 2. tiie ao nclewie ee ce attee =m aisi- 1331 MONGOLS (k OOY)!202 8. 26 esa tease eee cehemc sab wee aee 1332 } MO maAcracanunirs, (GUunbMOn) i eeaccacioo ete csc saseia ee steeles cnc adecereiec 1332 . DOr. AVE (Saat VA CG) >. Soe enie cea ttap canst & Stel dat a'sh ck «site wie'se ons 1332 Subgenus Rhonciscus, Jordan & Evermann......-.---..--..------ Siac, 1393 1704- erocro: (Ciwiern dé Vialenciennes)) - =< he .cimc ccc cee seb acne emee «sie 1333 1705. branicki (Steindachner) ..........- ES peer et I a os eR 8 1333 WH0Gy PAMOSUS, (POCY) seam sae srwiees so.c aint wid.s lu c'cjcje' cleioie dae sce oc ceisige 1334 Genus 546. Orthopristis, Girard. -....- ee eam ee nentay ne niareitn A eereletae aio. Heelers 1334 Ss OMIM ONO PEISIIG seen e eee h ieeiic 2a cial sv amianciAaten amt eccentammene 1336 MTOseMOLHOSIMOLGANS 66 SUALK SE or: pcs ace seciabiisiom= ce snicitee celcess-eoan 1336 Pos. Treddimar AOrdan, & iICHALGSON w 5... oseme eins Sees owls nce e see ee 1336 H09sechaleeus (Gilmbaer) =eere er ean ee ance tot ae Sosicee ese ccciem = cee cme 1337 ALO ChrysOpbeLus) (Minn ds) sects sai oa smo aeiale mie aio a= cc io sce ec 1338 Pili poeyl POUGOSr: cece = Gea tct ae wa tre teas eels Gomes e edie sewed ccna ee 1339 ibe esi aerne (dN CIYNS)\s2eee td ot sera su,oo eres woh mae e wena esses == 1339 Subgenus Evapristis, Jordan & Evermann.............--------------0- 1340 Wise LOCNOPLIStIS dc OLG aMlOr WES OM aca eye sine as scion cin he oie ene tneeeis 1340 Gemnsi47.. saciella.cordanr dc HeSlOn-.<-aecdccs)- sa csenws -ng-c mone. eee 1340 MAEMO LeVAp IIMs. (Steimdachner) 2s se seo- se cicAsinc «os celsioieccieciele ple 1341 Cr oieaiete. MiCTOLOpIOOLUS, GUI) sets opie Jaicik es soutien webcomic cic acne nnnaes 1341 A OeRIMOn MAUS. Coll oss ore aici ae oeatis Got aoe sie wel waiincs aiciatelleences 1341 Seune oto Genyatremng, Gills oo ols instaic sensei sts etne ceinwincienjc es eeeens 1342 ALO Mlpetien GSlOCM) 2 sem gats terse © ate clears elo a5 Seisia Sereno cdi jeleeciein Mee owe 1342 Family CLI. Sparide ........-- We eae aaa arn ie acta ee ciate Seta gam nae oie elecw,as 1343 Genus 550. Oryaiter, Jordan’ & HvermanM:. 2.52. 2ccecc soos 2 n+ sencone ea 1344 Pita eCADEENME CRM). a5 cee am aps «vai = damien es cikew See S acleneneemened 1345 CromUsioleaShonOLOmusy Gallijer cass occa 8 oe ni ecm eicineinieltia siseleiclee nis oeesis oc 1345 ifs, elnmeyisiy as! (Lorie S01) S opepe eben as Gseac 6 ono Ste cco Sa naseeOCOse ae 1346 1719. aculeatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ......-...--------+--+-+--ee+ 1346 Genie oo2- Calamus: SWalNSONs so-so nisjecincitoece ease seeessee aalscecqese 1347 SEG im) (OPENED BSAn Sa cab Ge] Uocenbeo > SOO nee CODEC aC UES CO SOSROEEOOOr 1349 1720. calamus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ........-2--.---0---e-eeeeeee- 1349 172i PLOmaens) ce OLGA Gal bent ya. wemioce es soawe ocle- sins eeccacce-ees 1350 ioe PMN Aue) age GUL MEM Otel aetna ease os selols.cie sled slniere's ble ci oncieias «= 135] ize. palonade (>l0eh 67 SChNCIGeY) to. fui! a oss a yo ee eer ececanne 1352 SU SCMMS TAMINALOMS, POCY se. - a8 aon cost ao wen nada niaticseecan cesses 1353 jee. BISeR YSOM TS (LOCKIN ELON)... i725 oj. cio Sele calncincetecccenesce 1353 Hig, MAUCOSLOUS a Ondam Go GilOrbe? Sci aie ba dion siceisnawecwccscnccc 1353 R7eoe MNACKO PS OO Vere aa cin stress ata) o ota a) winlaiu eloie'a wicreinieinicinin w'ainye'e ='2 w=. 1354 k eee ba USE ed OMG TIS eter rete Pe = aa niwi-faic vinte = rimeiwiswie aie cre we eb. c.es\e 1354 * Asm pemntal Cuvier éouVial@nGilenMes)) <2 nso -ccie= on oancncle ees ecco ese 1354 ie eC HOA COO Osee SCAM mins iss oof a'aieicie a2le-. = oe samo avin nacse sinteseecccscees 1356 Genag oot. Lawodon. Wolprotla. cease <2 ae ee enone ne sce ee tee sense eeee 1357 Mio ae EHODAVOLO GS (MMM Sees) ee teas 2 cicieiais Somes sic’seaicine nisin sn acecicemes 1358 Geuun oon. Archosatons, Giller sce o 2. 22.220 -canentn nse Senne enicn soesnes 1358 Subgenus Salema, Jordan & Evermann .......-.--..----------+-+---+++ 1359 ide. URUNACHIALOS (DIOCH) eens -c sive seo cet wnccmneecceseenencnsccnace 1359 ; Vill CONTENTS. CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family COLI. Sparide—Continued. Page. 1734. pourtalesii (Steindachner)......---..----eee eee eee ee ee ee ceeee 1360 1735. tridens (P0ey) .------ ccc nee cca cnecew were sn cccersscconessas= 1360 Subgenus ArchosarguS ......-.------ -ee- eee eee e eee ee ee eee e ne ec en cnene 1361 1736. probatocephalus (Walbaum).........--------------eee-e----ee-e 1361 173%. aries (Cuvier & Valenciennes)ieere occ -scle ssiinelat obese siete 1361 Genus 556. Diplodus, Rafinesque ~~... 0... see... 5020-2 - een emn oe enenees 1362 1738) holbroolksii\(Bean) sec ece ce eeietee eee eee sete ete eteeeleeielee erate 1362 1739. argenteus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ....---.---.-------------«-- 1363 1740. sargus (Linneus) .--...-.---- 22-22 -- eee eee ec een ence nee nne 1363 Family OLIT, Manide@ .....-- 02-0. .c20 eee ence nn nce ee cece cece wees cece wn rcene 1364 Genus 557. Spicara, Rafinesque.-...- 2.2... - 2-2 -ee eee nn enon cncccneasenae 1364 1741. martinica (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ....--...., -..s....-00-----. 1364 Genus 558. Emmelichthys, Richardson ........----..----+------s0-+05---- 1365 Subgenus Inermia, Poey...-...-- 202. ---- ee eee ee ee een eee een ee ee neee 1365 1742. vittatus (Poey)....-------- scene. cece ce cen n ence ene meee nen eeecaes 1365 Family OLTIL. Gerridee . . 2. sesennc0c ons cece ~~ wenn noc eens ones === ee aee eee 1366 Genus 559. Encinostomus, Baird & Girard .2.. 122-2255... scsccspceeeee eee 1367 1743.. dowi, (Gill) 2... <== 5 osteccsseteme seme weee stele a1 s\= tmnio = see eee 1367 1744. pseudogula, Poey -...ccsccee cece cece ence cw em meee ence ceesune 1368 1745. harengulus, Goode & Bean.......---0-.-ceee--sneceeccnsccccnnns 1368 746; Califormienmsitsy (Grill) ees rarer stot arate ae ele alan tate 1369 1747. gula (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ..-.-.-..----.--------0-0+--0--200- 1370 Genus 560: Wlzma, Jordan’& HEvermann.-->.--5--6-- 2s -=- ene eae eee 1371 1748, lefroyi (Goode) «22. - 0-22. c.5- 222-02 enone cnet een se eccseasenmans 1371 Genus 561. Xystz#ma, Jordon & Evermann .«. 2... 2. c002 ncn se cccnccescucs 1372 1749. cinereum. (Walbaum)/so-sesesee seme ee seem aleces satel see aerate 1372 Genus 562; Gerres,. Cauviersss:cccnccsacncecces cine o2 sce ccecs ccs oes eee 1373 Subgenus Moharra, Poey- 22. 22 ox2.teccsease ewe tc ewes sem. ask ae 1374 1750; rhombeus, Cuvier’& Valenciennes .ce-e--ts-- 9 =e acne eee eee 1374 Subgenus Diapterus, Ranzani-......00.c0cc-- see 2-22 eee s+ cenceenesnns= 1375 1751. aureolus, sordam Se. Gallerie seee sec sais aa olater= siete 1 cle ae ees 1375 1752. peruvianus, Cavier & Valenciennes... 2.222... coos tere renee 1376 1753; olisthostomus Goode id ibeanhes= ses oe = aisle leleaeelae eiae siete eats 1376 Sabgenus Gerres soso eee eee aes caele ra vancie te Saeteere eat ee 1377 1754. brevimanus. Gumbhetees.-cccs- sss ve cecise ee oe oe se eee eee 1377 1755: lineatus (Humboldt). -a.c22sc.22-- ee cie paren oe oa eames eee 1377 1756. .brasilianus, Cuvier &. Valanciennes. =: 2. nme. ocean cenetee eee 1378 1757. embryx,:d ordan' & Starks — <2 25.20 ee eee ce ese e eee eee 1379 1758. plamieri, Cwyier & Valenciennes). 2-22. c.2s-cce- ses sce See 1379 1759: memxicanus, Steindachner.:.. 2) so.caaves ooo eet eeiaweee eee eee 1380 Family; OBLV . Kapnostd@ asc 2a tices sass ac ethcne oe ceige cc scte nee eee eee 1380 Genus;565; (Girella, Gray nc cine aioe cease e's Sos sein eels oo nnsemic eee eee 1381 1760. Digricans,(AWEES) q 2.5 ee ccm as ewe das © sens aeeece se nla ne eee 1382 Genus 564. Doydixodon, Valenciennes... 2.252022 .5 5228602 s ose sca < eee 1382 1761, freminvallei, Valenciennes=.-- =. 02--2--ceene=s52e wceeeeee eee 1382 Genus 565. Hermosilla, Jenkins & HEvermanm .-.2--.---.-225.:.ce.sseeee 1383 1762. azurea, Jenkins & Everman oan ion tule atta = wisicina snip eee winia dite e''slenin'h'n'e me 1397 DUNO: TBOMUNScA-YECS o. 2 us occa ocean meee a Men inaiei ee Etter elects sixth w's!o = 2 1397 SO CRM LATS UHNIS Cri.) 2 ato patel aleteie ate tate piece wis cleo cle ariels mi als S's%s. 0,010" 1398 Vileaneniniter OLMaAD: &- GilDOLt sismc clare ce enio ce etelars cicte nels ete wicls'e civ’ le lere 1398 1772. parvipinnis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ................-...-.----- 1399 Genisio a. snuccone, Jordan, & Hivermamn sere .. ene clesn ne cce coe cee esas oo 1400 Mi(Sempresavoris (Oonrdams cer GILDOLt) erate isile tole elele’e aia ioieloreliale(orm « cieinielwiel= 1400 RMN coe me yO MCLOR, MGUY. Soca aa caeaente vies ain = see aieclelele mica e's nie'e siete ool 1400 SBR yMaAsOION: |. J. was): see cece: wt sume ae cinace « SU cube es 6c uscrs weress 1403 Mia aACOUp An (MMACGPEMe)merereetesemico cisions loan csi eleic le se nwetniel =e =i 1403 p(k Tekenme noah ey pevents) (Camis 6 ose os eeen cao OC OOOCOOOU SH TISSECOCeCE rs 1404 i716othonopterus, Jordan 6. Gilberts << 6.22 seen cess se cics cecse cn 1404 Lin mODNG Matus Gal CNCLEINMES) clonal e\dlca as cae eisis eiesin elatn aleialel=telsiclaia 1405 U77Se jamaicensis (Vaillant ébocourt): --.- ~~ -sces- cs ae see nin or ow ome 1406 779s nobhus (Holbrook) -sec-- 1c. 52-1 cb BGon: SopyeenbhoConaeraee 1406 Nise De ais (1OC Ge SCMMOMLEL) oe no a6% oeccmmaewn cenevaciccscuicicceesic's 1407 LpSieeuhalassintasy (iol brook) See eerae certs cs Setecis Se sccincic Sesins cisco verre 1407 Soe CTU As 1 GUM MOM)! wre pyeteia'-o= cle a ielel sieleie'e cic wie sie eicmie\ Jae s.o'< oeese 1408 Mss. nebulosus (Cuvier\é. Valenciennes) o.0.2--25-cccccm ccs cesvcocce 1409 ists PAE WE DANMIN: PAYTON demeiten alone ssa cose cena’ ve mee ces cee. cdmaee 1410 isos exanvnulussdOrdan és Gillbertres a. ccc ce, se othe ncecicc cof onccecc. 1410 MSG ralbuse(Gunther) Yo. .e sce s ac sass cesiss bres sates eth eet ee seas 1411 ASIN ACC OMA Cull DOI secrets cigars - ope een ele oinric/ seetetcemie cise & se 1411 HiS8.stolzmanmin(steimdachmer) ces. -csec~.co5 << -eciccieisc ces «<5 cae. oes 1412 Sup cends Airerescron, Gall yon cesta pe ceces sapling acwcideeedelsis = 1413 WBE Mn am Ign (Gay Ares) hornet adaeed Hons bones ote eoC moron BSEACSeE ee me 1413 f790., phoxocepbalus, Jordan. & Gulberb oo. 2. soe secon conn eetese- 1413 MOL leiarchus) (Cuvier & Valenciennes) -..< .. 62025 sce ccc cece ce cen e 1414 MWjiO2 = VALeSCcens(Cuvier-c Valenciennes): <2-<-- -isce.= a-,22 ca mecwes cies 1415 1793. microlepidotus (Cuyier & Valenciennes) ......-.....----......- 1415 eae oie AMeD ROMULUS, VOTE cn = oc elein semana sjnw eee sine oe 1416 #792, aneyledon: (Bloch é& Schneider)... saaneedsssccscceecewadecee 1416 Genus 572. Nebris, Cavieri& Valenciennes .--- 22-22 .-262 once oseccincaces 1416 jd eIMicrons, Cuvier cc Valenciennes: <. 5 .\< ssckices-cicemnm ec wasemoeeee 1417 MOGrzestus Wordantds Starks 5... occscne cassie ees osconsctccce sees cee 1417 PPG fo: Aut lORCIOM Np ae wei. anos s onriceseatwags Swatas'nnwiessie tees: 1418 L7Ome SUMAMOSISAIIMITA COCKE!) 22. 22 cece cec cin cen enccectawmaopecesess 1418 Li9Ss heterolepis(Blesker)’. 22-222 = dca. - sina cle cee cleesectes'cecweccces 1419 LL O0s SuUrinanrensisqtbsleG MOn) arcs pcs eens cticteie ccc esse been ccicesc sce vice 1419 Genus 576. Larimus; Cuvier & Valencionnes...... ccc. cee cc cece ccecces 1420 Sra pecs At Dl CNOm cO ails somes enn oh aa Con een tec esc esscciecanaceciescen's 1421 SUUeamoempens (Cyl) cies: eels eetsinisonte oe oscars ones uiay ole siaies visa. cesiulc ee cic 1421 CTT.) DREN GE Fr pale a ees pa a el I a 1421 SOle Otho Pens) GMO RLbs cose pti cises cies Sanne Jocceluiacsemls\uic vice cass 1421 UBO2 Acc livisslOrd any Ge VISuOl ee oun eer. «cence coadicovode saucesceccies 142 13037 breviceps, Cuvier & Valenciennes. ........6000055ssececcc wecees 1423 : ee pAcCinens, POLGAT CG DOUMIAN, 5-2. canon cccncccecnscteasacccece 1424 SUS Mras Clow OOOO kets seme ee ces ae cjce re cies eiciciesiaesivicciccccweeec 1424 Cron Sia ise Ol OUMLOSC TOM te tll eerie Satie elem cca e erate ciclne cio Samwic yew c.ccisw'c eisie odie 1425 LSOGH dentox (Cuvierné Valenciennes)... s seen ei aa ote aa = eres 1443 1826. ericymba (Jordan. & Gilberb) 2. oc oe eee ee eae eee ene ee 1444 1827. microps: (Steindachnenr) peeee assesses e see eee eee eee eee 1445 Subgenus Stellicarens; Gilbert -2es-eees ace Seer ee eee eee 1445 1828. zestocarus; Gilbert. 2222 ssceinc eee asa 6 Sets oaais merino se eee 1445 Genus 582. Ophioscion, (Gill: oe se wseseee amas acca eel: Seale ae eee 1446 Subgenus Ophioscion 222. soe seme a eee ee taeee ete el ae 1447 1829; adustus: (CA@assiz) eee cee mee ee seas ee ate eiearetestore ta einie tate eae 1447 1830. bypicis; Gall ooo eee ere sees eee re ae eter a iaie oe lentoiae a ince ee ee 1448 1831; strabo, Gilberticccse cece eo aeeaiee eee ema celine nie ere 1448 1832: ‘simulus, Gilbbertisnsoeere ees cee eee ance eee nee seine eee aces 1446 1833. imiceps (Jordans sé Gilbert) maces cee eae oes ances aemela = eee 1451 1834; ‘scierus (Jordan éo1Gilbemb)c ae - ets oece sass ecto ee sone = eee 1452 Subgenus Sigmurus, Gilbert o..c5- cece. den oceecesce- esecus = ose eee 1452 1835. vermicularis (Giumbher) i... ---2.- -a-lene ccm ooiclsueiiseD ener eee 1452 Genus 583. Sciznops, Gill oo. ne~ een oe =< seas mer as se aes eee eee 1453 1836. ocellatus (inneus) --. 2-25. 2...20 cess, sce eee eee ee eee 1453 Genus) 584. Scizona (Artedi) Linnwus 2... 5.2.-..- -sscsueescee nessa eeeee 1454 subgenus Callaus, Jordan: - 2.6.0 hecp doco s a wemepes «san cne eee 1455 1837..delicioss (Tschudi) <<... c...cwencss cpeees nce» calc cease eee 1455 Subgenus Cheilotrema, Tschudi ....--. -..2. .. 2 é.cieesics ct ooetceueesh oe2 eee 1457 Genus 586, Lelostomius, Lacépede: 2.25 22... 2052252 sceee csc ckentases cee 1458 1840. xanthurns, Lacépede. . 02.05 meme. oon aden nee eee ote eee 1458 Genus587. Pachypops, Gili oe. occ ce eons 2s lec eas caeeehc eee 1459 1841. forcreus (Lacépode)....< 2c nas scsest.- b= -0d 225 aeeee eee . 1459 Gents 583. Genyonemus, Gill.....- 2. 20052 .5. 2.240 s2kn wees ee 1460 1342. limegtus (AVres) - -W2. - cos cae 2 ewe nen ooh cence een eee eee 1460 Genus 589. Micropogon Cuvier & Valenciennes.........--+--------e-eeee 1461 1843, undulatus (iapnwnus)...........---c«-0c0entane erent ane 1461 1844, farniceri (Desmarest) ........223%.'..1-cce ese eee eee 1462 1845. megalops, Gilbert ................. rv wnis Mineo en piateet aicine meres ae 1463 1846, ectenes, Jordan &-Gilbert.....5.5:.c. secseee aa ee eee 1463 1847. Qitipinitis, Ginther «..........05.5225-chat eee sae ee ee 1464 K ‘ f CONTENTS. xI CLASS IIT. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLV. Scicnide—Continued. Page. Gonudog0seWanbrinas Cuvier. 22. saccwemecstla cose ss acclcdis sic seeies e,cicc. 1465 1848; broussonetil, Cuvier & Valenciennes. .- 2.6.0 5...-- ee cececcecss 1466 1849: coroides, Cuvier & Valenciennes). i2-. cocoa secennscceceesnce« = 1466 1s50sroneadorordan & Gilbert: .2c--- cree meres sess saadsecec dese ss 1467 eS y PLETED Gr Mlle. t ste ae cx cee ite mnate eo ataieie asus o's craters aistnlsintaral wlanelevain'se late 1467 Sb 2a sAlOre: SCOTCIOC oc aamee eee = meters oe mets wre areleiatfelala/alwjeteteiainl=enierwiaieie!= 1468 iene Salanarorum, Steindachuer <2. 0.252.220 2c-cens cates sect was. a -- 1468 Toh AerCOrsales. Gilli; tives a es ae te oe cle eee sacle cia cicls amine la ajels ouleaie cts 1469 Genus 591. Menticirrhus, Gill. ....- 2... 2.222220 nese se ace eee ee nneeseees 1469 1855. Simus, wordan dc MigenmammM: Sos 5c co ease es cleo clsle dae a easni= 1472 PS pes aS Us. (GUM U NOM) eee ee eta eo 2 a a ric cain sic cle aims deisiaaetalelarals) = 1473 1857. panamensis (Steindachner) -.--.. - Ee eS RR ee ee a tees 1473 1858. martinicensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) .....-----..-.-..-------- 1473 TaD EAMeIIC ALS (AMIGO US) a ee el= Sate 2 = tinea a aise ain sinleiel wie clojera's wialp'n ere 1474 1860r saxatilis (blochidéc Schneider). - s 2 --\o- -o- | aciwe veins ocleniceue ne 1475 ely enlist (G ret) ee Ss Bee ee an Se aaa seoepo acne coosonc 1476 Subgenus Umbrula, Jordan & Eigenmann......---.----.------------3- 1476 igec, clongatus (Gunther) .~ 222. soe Po. Sean so see anes een ececaseesce= 1476 LeGseeioboOrales) (Hol brOG)emeeato soe els salsels one . 5... -0--n (eee eee 1522 1916. melanopogon (Steindachner) ........----essereeececcocccn-ctene 1523 19f7. melanurum (Giinther)... 30. 02: cece ee ee eee ee 15238 1918, nebuliferum (Giinther) ss... .occeceeces eee eee 1524 CONTENTS. XItl CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLVIII. Cichlide—Continued. Page. Lolentimimosum, (Steindachier)'as am were ons oe +. ates nckiccc oces 1524 TIAN POE DOU EUOCGK OL): = .% oc a,c. otto ia ia ire RIA Sue Sento Seto Sched 1524 DUuNPenuds amcnocentrus; Gill. i. = 5: cases ceeds etneeete ee ac descneeswe 1525 1oZivemiororsciatum: (Gin ther) 5. o2c.. .ccesseen see te cea n coccdescs - 1525 lee nimlingpinosuny (Gunther) Gall) el csre ernsee oe n.sceisae seeker whe ieleteicle Seteleiom oak one b wiclSate Sie 1616 2027. martinicensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes)...................-..--. 1616 SrOMMnCeas SV TICILM YE GtrVIOIe So tn aso nnn anja cine CUES «a sop dane vine see B Shans 1623 2034. ustus (Cuvier & Valenciemnes)..----..--......-----. Bibles sraleforsie 1624 2035. auropunctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).......---.....---secee- 1624 20, MOMy LING a ONiAIh, Aer V WIM. = 2-8 oi cunac ev edaweenccecsececces 1625 PUG) TC Oe ORMEU erie he, Sag ieee mins ocie n.o oc stdrd siawisblee on nccenccen 1626 Genie Ori nO minemmne Glia, pon os ada danni a anc dda ss ss ecdacs sceese- 1626 ZOp ox Ome UOn es Gn Delbemter Ie tee Meee oe a cra ccico Sach sala chosocuestex 1626 (FOURS O18, RP RTISOMIA, SV ANERON 2c nce ane occ sacndecasectccncecannccece 1627 DBCS PRT SOME date ee eerie «bone tm a< alee s Beseene ec beeeesecsees 1630 S00. SY SbLOUON; D OPM AE SWOT oe nce nome dobmcniecn,sevncceviecanceiac 1630 ee 2 AL CIDQEMUI OP OEM eo ret perce ee ania eda, «is aedje nes gost ee seans 1631 2041. radians (Cuvier & Valenciennes).....+.....cee-s amides Jaane 1631 3030 II XVI CONTENTS. CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLXTI. Scaride—Continued. Page. 2042. hoplomystax (Cope). .-.------00- 2-222 e cece ee ee eee reer eee teens 1632 2043. niphobles, Jordan & Bollman......---------++----++-++-+-+++-+ 1633 2044. aurofrenatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes).-...-.--.-------------- . 1634 2045. oxybrachium (Poey)..----------+2--02eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 1634 2046. abildgaardi (Bloch). .....-.---.----------- 2202-220 e eee eee ee eee 1635 2047. distinctum (Poey).--..--------------.----2+--- 2+ - 2-2-2 ++ eenee- 1635 2048. chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider) ...-------------------------- 1636 2049. lorito, Jordan & Swain.....-...--------- 6. e eee ee een ee eee eee 1637 2050. viride. ( BODNALOERG) 2... «=e eee eietalo els lee eal elela ala @ = mim wl alte 1638 Subgenus Euscarus, Jordan & Evermann.....------------------------- 1639 2051. strigatum (Giinther) .....-----.--.------------- natcsieais Gee 1639 9052) davescens (Bloch é& SChMOIGED)/o-5- css eee een eee 1639 2053. rubripinne ( Cuvier &. Valenciennes)/2-2 2-2-2551. 2 eee eee 1640 2054. brachiale (Poey). .. 0... 02. sees sede am we wine ei eeimie = = = == meee 1641 2055. maschalespilos (Bleeker) .-.....---2-2-~ 2. ene we eee ee ae 1641 DO5Gr ALON MOST (CO TLVICE)\ oe ee telelerstostolel tetera aie etalon aerate ere 1642 Gens 649) SCREUS, POTS Rae oot clee crete eee rns mies late eet aie ele te eee teeter 1642 Subgenus Scarus.:....:.----. cde s sees nsec se ee cece wees ceo sons ccenome 1645 2057. punctulatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)..---....--------.----.--- 1645 20585 Dolman. co OPM de VOrmi aa eee let at mee elite ee 1646 2059 tenLOPLeLlUs, WSSMAares tim]. ctae cae eter = -Xesuris, dordan, & HvermMani.<. Fue sts 20sec es - eecenn 1694 PAM Oe Leb bike Gall) ern aoe etrcmichisers Se oistech mien eis ee wrcicinwicieae wees nso 1694 PEC AU LOMIG GUD ON cs SUA RSH ete aii oie wlan ciate esate aipelnasweds ese s 1695 lds eabre lanmltse Nerd ONGLOTINGS) =o cinders cos nib 22 Sactsle es oe slo's 3s ce eee 1695 0 OUD WIR oa Te, oe) Se Oe a ea 1696 SGT ivy, R(Cia bOI TN tee on Secs Cane Oot her OARS OSCE Sop E Ocean See ae 1697 eee POE el SIAC cotinine = ea eo. Sen malelee ee cee seen 1697 ee ee STOMIN EOI, OO see see fel mina aisjo nec ccm nce sbeshsncess- 1697 Pasig eee OB Vga tee aa ae cice fais win IE a. c(acdaie mele cna one - = 00's = 1698 mameurOD XIX. Balisttde: .. <2. scence oss j-cceses SOOO TEC ROU SHC Oe IERIOCODE EE 1698 XVIII CONTENTS. CLASS III. PICES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLXTX. Balistide—Continued. Page. Genus’667. Balistes (Arted:) Minnteusiosneeeerees nae ee eee 1699 Subgenus Capriscus, Rafinesque-~ 2.0. - ee eae enact see eee 1700 2114. polylepis, Steind aehnerstecccercnenisce see te eels ee 1700 2115. naufragium, Jordan & Starks) 22.22. -0 sen, e h- 2 oon ce 1790 9116. carelinensis, Gmeline 2. - es. -te setae ere ace ee 1701 A117. forcipabus, Gmelinsseecee cases seers eee sere ert ee = pasts 1702 Subgenus Balistes': ...22..-s2sstcen- 4 enee theese eee ne 1703 2118: -vetula, Laimneus) ss3e22 se sycia sete eee oa See eon one ae elena 1703 Genus. 668., Pachynathus, Swaims0n ces22- 723-2 sa pfentees 9 oe see == eee 1703 2119. ‘capistratus (Shaw) 2-2-2. 2-)is= 26 mas ceee aa ce oe so hc Seine 1704 Genus 669. Canthidermis, Swainson2: 4.82 2s05see eel 2 ee ear 1707 Genus 670. Xanthichthys, Kaul) <.-- 222 secaeee eo actoe einer een eee eee 1708 2124. ringens, (inns): 2Se6 sea ete ate ne oe ee eee 1709 2125:. mento! (diordan’ é&:Gilbert) ca-ssnes seen ss2 =e eee ee eee 1710 Genus'671. Melichthys, Swainson’. 2-2... -2. 2 sscese eee alee ee eee 1711 2126: piceus (POCy)) 23... 5222 ~ee ee wale eee See eee ee eee 1711 2127:. bispinosus; Gilbert 22.26.00. nice cc neeeiels oh elamice =o ate cee 1711 Family CLXX. Monacanthid@ 22. 82sesssc sons eee ee eae eee eee eee nla Genus 672. -Cantherines; Swainson fs... ae eee eee cine coer 1713 2128. pullus (Ratizani) .52o. ceo sock oka ee ee eee ee 1713 2129. carole, Jordan, sa MicGre more sense cee sa hee tee ee eee 1713 Genus.673: Monacanithus, Cuvier absence ot eames Sane aaa eres 1714 2130: ciliatus, (Mitchalll)eetcecece cae eaee eS eane Sec c ee 1714 2131.. hispidus (immu) ) so See staoses ees see eee ee eee 1715 2132. spllonotus, Copees.cenn2asoasee ene ae oe cee eee ee eee 1716 2133. oppositus, Poey.q.-< ceamemnedat de eet nemaes = 5-5 = 1732 Plas. mac manus (BlOCI 6s SCHNCICED) =<. < on)- men ei-' ono ba emie =o anes 1733 PACMAN MN Gr ALS RAMI AUL) arto aie S25 etiam saat mie om Sele ies = 1733 Subgenus Cheilichthys, Miller .......-- 2 .22--.02-e2-----.neueceeees--- 1734 Dod tostudinens. (uIlNNBUS)) ose. 4 -ecas «4s -slgeroieeisisonlaatesauic = =-- = 1734 Bie anNUlAbUs (MER YRS)) fic cn ent ns anne seeks eh eRovicidenns--senseee LTS Reena OME E SEEING) o ain.n ci eerie sia a) o oi3, Ile apne mie mae ain ole asi = = 1736 2152. formosus (Giinther) .......------------ Se rene Psa ces an Coes 1736 Apa mieTAG LTS CO EC ee Hin GN eee eee aie eiateiainl=@'=isi> sicinl -/==1=\2 =\eye je(ei> =m === == 1737 aibt. -trichocephalus-(COpe)snsn2- o cede ss- ecm ees wei ee =ee onic aes == 1737 2155. pachyraster (Muller & Troschel) ..----.-...--.--------+------- 1738 Smeets G70: Ov OIges, NGRCAGOUC. | im sis asset mins dnater's sie aereeir (> sem ese =- 1738 Zibb. EreunizoM (gOLdamc GAlbDert) ene eae =r -ininfe ele soles mls = = on mm -/= 1739 PAPE CLOSUNs (VOSA ON bin)! arene eerste Sins ataS te tain ayatalecre milsyaie wise c\o = 1739 Gonuwocds Colomesus. Gilles. < sfareacisad oe = om cieaiyaietm ave -2-.s-.02 aoe ae eee 1784 Subgenus Acutomentum, Eigenmann & Beeson -.-.-.------.----------- 1785 2186: entomelas (Jordan & Gilberb)< sector. ice oc a= 3 oan selena = he eee 1785 2187. rufus, Eisenmann & Higenmammn: -) 5-2. 2.2.2... 256 seeeeeee 1786 2188. macdonaldi (Eigenmann & Beeson)... ... 2... 00-2 ssc eneneee eee 1786 2189; brevispinis (Dean). ..2 <2 wecs everett os see coe an eaten = 1787 2190S ovals (ASVPOS) oe === J222ee ee 1813 2217. sinensis (Gilbert) .... 22 .ccc.ccesto.c eee cage eee eee 1813 po18.. zacentrus (Gilbert) |... 2... 22-0 4.. peaee ee ee eee 1814 2cl9; Clonpatus (Ayres) -..--.-..-.--.cot Sass ee eee 1815 2220. levis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann).........s02-.sc-5cs-0-cedenes 1816 2221. rubrivinctus (Jordan é& Gilbert)224. esse eee eee eee 1817 Subgenus Auctospina, Eigenmann & Beeson ........---.-------------- 1817 2222. auriculatus (Girard)... .<...2 2202 yee eaeereeeemreee rs oa eee 1817 CONTENTS. XXI CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLXX VI. Scorpenide—Continued. Page. Zaeed,,.aallii, (Migenmaun & BCSOH) sane nn ncn ce sca sne cts wwavie cesses 1818 Subgenus Pteropodus, Eigenmann & Beeson........-.--.-.-...------6- 1819 ao. rasirelliver.(Jordan & Gilbert): 2ac.s esse. otk ote Rewe cect se. 1819 PP eeOLULINC sel CN ALUNON).. soc sais ean aae eto ne see Seis oat aie ce sens 1820 aaeoe VOxIlaris;(sordan' & Gilbert) «2.cl0. sacacsweree.-etn wacanes ccs - - 1821 Poe Mmaneor (hordan & Gilbert)... ccsisnents stb shee sss) ceed aes 1822 Se BOEOL MO PAME Aa. cor gost o ltueoun sinincicie sisiwjereiciste aeies ¢ eeieie ext 1856 cele NI RR NEON ets ete o\nlae oie =) ats aisle (stem Senna < =,'2 6 ae ales elo pemete srl ea ee CODEC. Go.CAN . 2. 2= i foe'lu'n sadiae ooo nse wo seins leencecls esc 1857 2ES MONMSPUIIS,| GOOCC 0, BROAN sn. eons neni de scoace ene ns sew 1858 Dr ES LOETAE (Gil pOLh) = seers soem etabh oo sos serclaaeas Pome e sce house 1859 Genus 690s SetarChes J ONMSON sa... ceeecoes oc wekink Selec ce alwieeccetecsce 1860 POG PALM GIS OOU Ol et mister ocr clam cieie me bee oe bicise |= oe coeesie's leita sons o 1860 AUR Ls KONG LAO LOD OMUAMURGE SS 2.2 = sais cs - a.cels(sowes al < toes es a niersisins <5 3 1861 CenUsiG9GseAmyp OD OMA AGIOS + cmist- amas cte re eis 6). dae a ais m(ein mie'a a wintal ae» ciein'is 1861 ozs Seana (SUAS raises Sees. ee oar Acree nice e otiee cicensleceGes - 1862 COMM StOU EMULE DIS GMa <2 ae ale Sie. aac lana ele aera cicle =i lenis esisinma/eelee= ees 1862 LUST lt 000 es re ee ne ee 1863 Wiearint e O 1e TACHA OTE INA © olan. o lm ajo oo a ep einie wn einecenansese cee 1863 Gennes wleurorrammus,) Glue joao nme Selewienccite nace ccisc-s-seeeces- 1864 oe PRT a ME ce) i eee 1864 Genus 699. Hexagrammos (Steller) Tilesius....--.......-.---.------+---+- 1866 Ce aE SUS STA gia) a ee ee 1867 2200 octoorammms (Pallas) i222... -- 0-2 -cec- Pe oes Gane ee eS aoe 1869 MERCURE SLOLIEIIT LOSI Sioeiee dee ac eIaEe © acc 'ace aoe entice Seta ainis -ano'eln Sess 1871 ZAMS UD OTCUNOSTIS TC INIAS peop cites re ciecapiaieste nin siee tse ss = >= 225 == 1872 ge, Javocenbalus (Pallas). ......-.-.--+-.----+----++-225-022-2000-2 1873 So ee Olt, ei sets) Se a 1875 Pd ae ammentee Mel Sh er Loe clot Se anc mnie so snd's-kmcase neers 2 1875 XXII CONTENTS. CLASS IIT. PISCES—Continued. ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family CLXXVIII. Hexagrammide—Continued. Page. Genus 701. Zaniolepis, Girard .....---.----.-/.seeee-e ene e cee e ee cece cece 1876 2264. latipinnis, Girard - 2). . sce pee ass sna ee easente= oes en orec ne neascees 1876 9965. frenavus, Wie MMM aM eee es ee teeta sere aera ste ate te tore aerator ete eatin eter 1877 Genus 702. Oxylebius, Gill... .2.-- 5 senses eee tee ee as owns winnie nas 1878 2366.. pictus, Gillnc . 152 See ae cietneetee ele nine ape leleie el temlin ao miei eee 1878 Pramvily’ OL XRT RX, Cote cer aa are aaa ate te wines feelet fate ata ele tel= l=)aia ats ote l=lpieinint= =e 1879 Genus 703) Jordamia, Starks Sess see eee ee eer telat entero iee 1884 2967. zonope, Starks. —2.- seit a ee es eet he peat w otelel= clnsiein stem 1884 Genus 704. Paricelinus, Eigenmann & Kigenmann ...-..---- fe aia isi eats eee 1885 2268. hopliticus, Eigenmann & EHigenmann .....-.- ee Maes since gee 1886 Genus 705. Alcidea, Jordan & Hvermann .....-....-..--...-=--.--.------ 1886 2969) ‘Ghoburnie(Gallbert) sess. sen ce et eile teers meee eae ate 1887 Genus 706. Scorpznichthys, Girard.....--..-0------.scceee scenes nent eaes 1889 2970. MaArmMOravusy (CASVLES)\< <= <% ~lore ee mlete o etertete eta a2 leeks ee al 1889 Genus 707. Chitonotus, Lockington™= : - .soece eens oo oe eaten e-em a 1889 2271. pugetensis (Steindachmer) .--.----..-------2-2+----2 22sec eee eee 1890 Genus 708. Tarandichthys, Jordan & Evermann..........--..----------- 1891 D972, Cavalrons) (Gallbert)!- - cre secs eremtete erecta oayee ta ate aera eee eer 1891 DOTS. ilameneosus (Gell Obs = as cryete terete tetera tere te ete 1892 oo74. tenuis (Gilbert), << a= -/-c 2s crtecte eile ota aie elena tate ete = atten 1893 Genus 709. Icelinus, Jordan... =~ 22222.52--- = pocccc tec ccte tresses ees 1894 9975; fimbriabus, Gilberts. 2 s2.s<.se seme cte st atoee eats eater ees eral ote 1894 2976: OCculatusGllbertesss-2ose——se2 gra Saito Soke te ac OS See ee eee 1895 2977. Woredliss Grille rte ates cheese tet ate tate ae ee eae alte 1896 2278. quadriseriatus Sec sxe Rotbiaw does doce 5 eee eee eee 1897 2379: Strabo; (Starke coe cc canes see eee ele ein ole ae etarere aletets etete etait soee JSST Genus 710. Astrolytes, Jordan & Sinks eS SoHE insane ase eee eee eer 1898 2280. notospilotus (Girard)... - ..-2-.00 2060s. eee n ne een semee cin sero es 1899 2281.- fenestralis (Jordan & Gilbert)... 2.0. .5.4000 0020 - cc ceeeen eae n ees . 1899 Genus! 711. -Archistes: Jordan dé Gililllertssen ata actos = aleteta = se re = aie ele 1900 2282. plumarius, Jordan & Gilbert... 20.22...) 2esee~ se cone ono 1900 Genus 712. Artedine Gimand ayes asso ee setae aia lelet eta salt lalten e 1902 9983: lateralis (Ginard)\iessecse woes cesses Aeeniele clea talelelsle marie arela aaratet ie 1902 2284. asperulus, Starks....-..-..-----.220------ 22 e ence cece ener ans 1903 Genus 713. Axyrias, Starks.....0.5---- 020-20 eee-22-25e cece eeeeeseneaas 1903 2285. harringtoni, Starks.........-.----+00+-eceeene eee tnn nee - ne seanes 1904 Genus 714. Artediellus, Siordamtcen. secme aoe atlsetocleeiele setae tie 1905 2286. uncinatus (Reinhardt)...........-.- sods Cine a jae eee ee ee 1905 2987. atlanticus, Jordam & MHivermvamy 22 sl eailo eo aloes stearate eee alate 1906 2288. pacificus, Gilberts. 2-2 2csscsec- isis ae wo bdb ise VERE ee eee 1906 Genus 715. Ruscarius, Jordan & Starks: sce. cece d concise eile eee erate 1908 2289. meanyl, Jordan & Starke: - 0.606.056. bac s oes. ence eee 1908 Genus 716. Rastrinus, Jordan & Evermann...........-----------.------- 1909 2: Beutiger (Bean). 52. 2c. cfc cdc eda s 0s sted ecwae sodas eh enlee eae 1909 Genus 717, Leelus, Kroyers.2.5- 20cm sel cis Scored sone eae ters ei steer 1911 2991, icormis (Wembardt)i. a2 ce sce = cle sce ons ae cies ater to\= ee Nantes 1911 2202. Spipiger, Gilbert. o.7 5.25202 Jo acces oe oee + ses sein a cal See 1914 2908. GUPYODPS, BaD . 26 cnccac. se scces ec. s ouen aciene ss) onsen e ane eee 1915 9004. vicinalis. Gilberty. «2.25.20 scccde Jas bodes oss sence aeeee meeeame 1916 2995. canaliculatas, Gilbert... 2262.22... see ccedeweereineelseeeemeeers LOT? 2296. australis, Eigenmann & Eigenmann ............-.----+-------- 1918 Genus 718. Radulinug, Gilbort. .... 2.2.0.5. cc ndccsenwddadsancue on eeneene 1919 2907. Doleoides: GAlberb= 22 secs 2-1 wee Se calcu ante pe leeteiele mnie ateletatohe a= ttetere 1919 2208. naprollus, Gilbert -----6<-.005..- foo eee: ost a Se Beer e eee 1969 Genus/731. Myoxocephalus (Steller) ilesiis*2-=. =). 22-25 22 - eee 1970 Subsrenus) A canthocottus; Girard eases eee eee = eee ee ee 1971 2345; bubalis (Huphrasen): 2a. 2 a-cceeee sees ee oe eee eee eee 1971 2346; seneus:(Mitehill) .: = 2 os oaas cece oo tae oP nies he eae nia cee ee eee 1972 23475 SCOLPIOLOES (EMA DLICIUS) oo. sete eee. no -eee nee. eee 1973 2348. SCOrpluie' (annus) |..22 Ss sosces Sees Me eee ene oe oer een 1974 2349. sroenlandicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) --.--:.-.--.---:.s---==* 1974 2350) octodecimspinosus’ (Maivehill\c S2eeemasee- acs ee ae eee 1976 Subgenus Myoxocephalus. .. 22.32. S.c.cecee ade easo. acles aoe 1976 2301. polyacanthocephalus, Pallas) 32+ s4.c-5 5226s 2e5 oe ee 1976 2302. jaok (Cuvier & Valenciennes)\-.3--22. 2-2-2 cee aoe eee eee 1977 2353. verrucosus (Bean) . =... -sc2-wencoceselc eee seal 1979 2354. “axillarisi( Gaul) so. oc eee Le ee ee See oS e ee eee ee 1980 2000. Stellerl, ilesiuss 2.6 ois 2256s oe Sos cade cet ae oe eee 1981 2356. ‘medimius, 7:A. Bean ; sc platycephalus (Pallas) 2: t24 24:4 -.cce ekacetee eens eee 1987 2260: laticeps' (Gilbert) 222522025220 sen cree =o ee eee ee eee 1988 Genus) 7ec., Zesticelus. Jordan s& Eiviermanns..- secs. eose a eeeeeeeeeee 1990 2901. protundorum (Gilbert)2sce22c2se5 Sec coos eee eee 1990 Genus 734. Dasycottus, Bean .--...-...- eek elles le ok oe eee 1991 2362; setiger, Beate sofoa.2asec- Bose season seh geet eee eee 1991 Genus735;, Cottunculus, Colletho22 220 ss2sancene 3 ee aes 0. eee eee 1992 2063. -microps, Collettrs. 2c so ete ss dae seis cence oe = See eee 1992 2364,-thomsonil (Gunther) <9. sae es oA ee eee 1993 Gents 736: Malacocottus,hBean' =: 2225. 2257566 ose eae eee 1994 2365. ZODUTUS, BGAN SJ ciceee sete a. cae k Se ose nee eee eee cee eee 1994 Genus 737. Argyrocottus, Herzensteit: =. 2-5-4 eeceoe see eee 1995 2366, zanderi, Herzensteim = 2: -)=)\so- 2 . 8 + a ; ee ‘ CONTENTS. XXV _ CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ———s ORDER BB, ACANTHOHTERI—Continued. Va Family CLXXIX. Cottidee—Continued. Page 2ac0.. analis (Girard) ......00.0.20.2%2. rey Rams ued oars oo oe = 2012 Pee aes, OL MOCOLEIIS, GITATH <<. fos om hawt namie dat dk ands coon tenes 2013 ep I SN MES,. CHINATO ¢ 2c, i% in. oc hears cha td oaee eae teta + c.a'c%eneidene 2013 Pee MMILOMe, cl Ordand: Snyder. -.0) 5s stew slee cue akaceevewskegerccee 2014 Genus 746. Oxycottus, Jordan & Evermann.......... 02.222 ceeeeeecceeee 2015 ee ae NS: COMED ONY) sce i See as pace eee toe neo aaban tabvaxinide » 2015 EE Sa eo LenniGotbis, : Gill. 2. .2scneecke canncce dee cc es oee se cance oasis 2016 pasa SHnrvem Gordan & Starks) ...-2.2..005. 2.00 + sas eckde db bee ewes oe 2016 Perr eelOmenns (Garrard). .5 i652 2223. ol. Sui aso haces das woe cod aaa ale 2017 2385a. bryosus, Jordan & Starks...-.-. ae Rt ra eae ene oe 2017 Genus 748. Histiocottus, Gill.................-- eS PLANE ck OR. ae Set AS 2018 Zoo pilobus (Cuvier é& Valenciennes); ..:...0sc ot ciees oe aceecccecees 2018 ka ICUS CRE 01 oe Eo ea ea ee i ee nee es a ee 2018 TEMP ev bad eg ya UI) elie ee Fe ee oe A 2018 Genus) 750; Nautiscus;, Jordan’ & Mvermann: 2 -- 22-05 0222 255250. 22 2. ccne 2019 Zone. PEDO VIUs, dordan. be GuUlbertie 2. (Jjsce-- does ese ci shine dee. 2015 eee ARENDS GAT AID ole a cicrae ox,nla Ss s)olafa inno salao sl wd tielara ceeice nce 2029 PAoue OUMOLANCIALHG,(GITARG yt A: 252 tains suoeatieeec es ade eck Soon 2021 Const joc Wiles oord am, do EVOLMannineascatccssczcsccsetcceccemccsccess- 2021 PAUL nan mM Oratian iaGal) l= eects steceatnia ce bee eee sisidee ca cestelscgmceaeos 2021 emus (os. Llemitripierus, CUVICLr 2... ..2 acd. 58 een ce esiec sce ceee oes 2022 Polen AM CLIGAmlsK(CyMEliN \iF_ oerae costae ce ance Se Sete cis cloeaeee,secst cles 2023 Page OAV ICOHSY POCKINGEOM 252. ccjcina Ss cecw nee mews cece ea na setec cont x. = 2028 RSS GO CLM big V0) 2 7 Ca ee a 2023 Cae pO Saale Hess (oe eae a ee nee ee cee ea ee a 2024 Genus.755. Ascelichthys, Jordan & Gilbert.................2220--20eeee- 2024 waets Thodorus, Jordan. & Gilberts <2. 22-2 22.6.005secccesseceesece-2-- 2025 Sanus. (oo. Esyonrolmbes, Gunther... 0.252 ois laeoecl le ete cece re ecti ee. 2025 Bedi PAPAS. CrilMGHOPY. iis. 8 oon os cewetestitusess«ceetotw. «tenn 2026 Genus 757. Gilbertina, J ordan SEPA Nase: seme eecete ey aa seer 2027 Boeo smieGnubes,, DOUGain 6 Stariksen ots 2 foe ake ae ne eee aoe tem eas ewe se 2028 SUES: ©. et SOW TL ee a a a a ae 2029 henud jos. Mamphoeotins, Gunther: 4. 22.22.52. s622e0ees cles ce osccndcees 2030 Pate ICUS LeSOMIw Gig EHO. atc tomis tials den = mje ais aioe oa nod Saw nis ocimele’es 2030 ON ONES OG FN GT a oe eee eee ee ae ee 2031 OES OR ETE C7 1 es ee one er 2033 POO AVOULCTIAN x WUAS) erie sores see Samia esa re cece ce aattianeeces aes 2034 Genus 760. Agonomalna: Guichenots 2-225 i. tei ce nce cane et eee ae cones -- 2036 2399. proboscidalis (Valenciennes) .-.... See enter ta ee tae te are 2037 Sas) TOL eee Oy rE aia fa) 2c 23 Satan Se eno bclb aw echceeedencwede-- 2038 2400. quadricornis (Cuvier & Valenciennes)............-.--------.-.. 2038 PA Oe PE OMINE ORANG! se cicqce anes ie soca nb wets tales onehectaccenaes 2041 eae evesteria (sondan.& Gilbert), 920 2)2 32-2. 2.0 bse edene ens. 2042 bonne 763, Ocea, ordan 6 MVermgun 2 42-- 2.22202 ctiien cise nen ence an 2043 Pale VOLUMLCORA IO CKING LOM) =o cwtseicioe a (clas s\cicialsce steele rc cees se ce ac 2043 PAO EOC SCACOLOMN OO TLOSIUS) = Hee ance ose swe hee sot b- oe eedelcessses 2044 Secret ar denac Oy OMEN, Malo. oan onside tn sae adccee eee caeeee 2046 RCTS TRARY SOWA PIS. (CILMI 1 C0 We eee oe ana hc Sv ee aa 2046 EE EN TE ee ee 2048 (BYererne mare eel bioriG) t OnP iN) pee eee ey ee 2048 Px0G Dar alan (elu aeChMen) sc. 5 eso sc Seance SoS. - ctk ee ee o's wisi 2049 eee eu LY Ke ee ree apse s Aole Geant sels ew ceseocsaevecans 2050 Saami ters AIODURAOIUN, CBU folate eco cn cs sen ea we le dees ce anae ane emecen 2052 2102, Gecaszonne (iaenre SChnoider);... .2<-----s28-- 6s cec eee nce nse 2052 PS ebror is oiled ston Coy la Cera ne 1 G5 lly gs a ee 2054 PANO ACCIDILOL SOLO AWS SAL 2 = Ja cies cummin wie 8's cincla ance chineeswieicesc cis 2055 XXVI CONTENTS. CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. ~ ORDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. Family OLX XXTI. Agonide—Continued. Page. 2410) hamlini, sordan 6s Gillet ae nretetete tei teietete tata lara tate ate = = oe ote =o 2056 2411. gilberti (Collett) ......-..--20ceeceeeceaniecnen enn cnccennsnsscnens 2058 2412. thompsoni, Jordan & Gilbert. .........-..-.----.ue----e-0------ 2660 2418. acipenserinus (Tilesius) ...--..-..----s00- .s0520--e ee eee sees 2061 2414, cveternus, J Orda do) sual ks ease e cme se leee mina = selene eteere eee er 2063 © Genus 768. Agonus, Bloch & Schneider............-..------------ee----- 2064 2415. cataphractus, Dinneus. 2552s. ome cee ae oe ee rie ele ere 2065 Genus 769. Stelgis, Cramer ..52.. 0. .,.scecnces sctwewscace es awone sn -a- eee 2067 2416. vulsus) (Jordan 6c Gilbert) nso seen en eee oe ei ele eer erate 2067 Genus 7705 Averruncus, Jordan é Starks)ssser eee eee eee sc a= eee 2069 2417. emmelane, Jordan & Starks.........--.-------2---+-222+-eeeee= 2069 2418 sberletuss Gilbert cect lm aats elisa ate etaleterelateleler= ete ata le reir te 2071 Genus Wil. Sarritor, Cramer... <<. sccelas s=)aale eee tet te ee 2072 2419: frenatus:, Gilbert 22. «<< > CONTENTS, XXVII _. LASS IIT. PISCES—Continued. “ OrvDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued. “3 Family CLXXXIII. Liparidide—Continued. Page. . PAAR ED IL COSIS' (FAST OS) a: = fararate tert ope met rll ee oe a ek ET Oe aaa arejacic ne = 2111 BAA GeenOvmpdOrdan' GAStarksgac weve sce eae no eee fae eo eran Pita eiireereem, Jordan d&\Starkas ic... Sees vlgedrw cee tse s fame «onl son ees 2112 PATS ees UPALUS, SUALKSM:. 2% nine moos Haneeee teas pe cteatea ee hs 2113 Senn eor mi pams: (A rtedl)-Scopoll y.. 2.5.0o- siscscat i. S. ode ones baa. we 2114 RIM ANIS SOT AT IA as to treat atin be eae aoa Saco ee ai = 5 Waeawiaine oe a os 2116 eee BAUR TD RT Sy GUaTEAT POTS) Ystarc/aneelerarcieiere ic SGaeie sabe pae le Baie ete Uae cleeeia els 2116 eae CLO DANE, « GUM TNET HS.) oe Ae ins Goede wis Seertip thle tings adds celeeale 2118 Ber ie eC ORsid, GoubOr facie ete tees anil hee ah ous eet ea thee. Gckak oe 2119 PHS SAO IC ANUS: EVOL ARC Gractetc acres cere ciaelaraje sles Klarclcion a Babaceree Se ae 2120 Pade ORS ALR Lat Mee aren cm kta oe aconioe hod wae ope ean eau 2121 ee BOTSCHGMMNS§ SCOMOM eee = oie tclnc ese sects tte sald oeccneaccen ae 2123 Pa MONEY, ol OF AAU GCM UAEI Ms el, ceime'c oe wate me's dear ee decece oat eues 2124 BaD MOV CLOG Oita rl WOMic ae. tem sce e ois ou. wiks cule es wialcaae senses vee 2125 Subgenus Lyoliparis, Jordan & Evermann.-..........---.------------. 2126 Ao emul eChellaas, cA wrest see tee aclociok ayo ne/nre co plews ties la cin eines ce come oe 2126 De oonUN A CoMmoowin: Gill os Waist esate sees vee awed widow cmter cee 2127 Pa SAE OTA pe Sorc e Ae e NaSe eo cok ms sdwsieamis cow Sa~seclpe +o sks SSs,5 2127 Genus 786. Bathyphasma, Gilbert...............--..- Part pales «ey ae eee 2128 Ge OM Oeriins: GA DOTo: = cRisCuwses sect See ooetc See cca cule ema me wacieyes 2128 E Comes) S0 cc areproeous, ICTOVOM. oc o0n0 decade et nce tide bee depletes ces cc's s 2129 Subgenus Caremitra, Jordan & Evermann.............--.02.0-.6--+--- 2131 PAGO SIMUSs Gal DOL teas oa ce nis masslarem et acre clea See be ec Oise wge mew sicgis 2131 Ee MOSPORT OChMIN ence ke sae un burmese site e midew <= operas seis ae's' co's 2131 PAGIReCOlebbit Gal berber cm se sees tis el cae e ciheielere cals ols cle weiclocis ciel nines 2131 ALGOMA Staal Cll DOLGier cA caawoecete ate esterslou er elle ta cee ales s sb.eclc = sl 2132 AOS APS CUMIN eoOA lt. ao ese sites Se sacle nonssiestsc netics cbs ae wont s ae 2133 PGI rOMnARGd (ICLGYOL) itis asclso 2as le eante eee ne rane d Aeke wc ale a Penn ns 2133 PLop rata (cr OOUG SoBCAM) aa taces state ss cece sins ae ac dete a eicls saps v\c\cialo 2134 Ries OR FEMUR GrlLOR ooo 4 soe vd vos aca A 5s Solera She eegeaisa Ge ace neve a's 2134 ree reclad ammtts: (PHIAM cma ces 2 toweesooc etdt tc. eka. Seeca eee tribulus(CUNIeL)as-8- cic oe caw eee thet ciel -ociae ee o ee eee 2171 2000; shorrens: Richardson so-120, 82 sf acuosec cue tes eee se ene eee eee 2172 Genus-793, hellator. Jordan. é&. Everman’: 22. Gees. 5: oe eee eee eee 2173 200 Le mmiliharisy( Goode: & Js6am) s2.25, sss ateee «hoe ee eee yeo cast ee eee ee 2173 2502, eonetta (Goole. ®@ Bean) ss. =... s-s2c0 22h eae eee eee 2174 Genus 794 ‘Chehdonichthiys Kap): -2 <5 5.a:ene okie rete ine ee eee 2175 20035 PLCHLP UNITS | (CAI) aor aiate.n are overs Sc. tei cole cioro a Stesnie snes Hee 2175 Genus: 79d.. Trigia (Arted?) Linneus. 22. 3: /.0. 52a Solo gas 4s a se eae 2176 ZOOL CUCTIMMS AMMA US pic sr ora, e, 32-2 ehaise aiciawie ee Odie es ste eee e eee ee 2177 RAT OTREXENG ee CV USTCOUOUP sein ooo 5 eee om aie tote retains cia Seon eae ts PAT ise6nis 706; eristetion, Lacepedes : ol snsscc on oes oeel bot sescceteeee eee (2178 2000; MUNA We OOUSr ocean a6 oes ae Sat ae woes tices ose ee oo eee 2178 2000. lonsispabnum, Goode 6 .Beans - .:2 tees oe oa acivect sien on eee 2178 BOUT, TAC WOOUOINe NCNM Soo 8 octal ot we Shee Senin SG SORE eRe elon 2179 2508. platycephalumy Goode: & Bean . i.:21 222: as aces sees smeneee eee 2180 Genus 797, -ylsiculus, Jordan é& Bivermann .<.0. 2422-02. sceneeeneeteee 2181 ZOU. SINBSEDIR LOGY) ,. ciego.sicas ote ceh levees acc\s cise dees oe 2181 amily OLA XV LE; Cepnalaconthidee 2). nee ewes ccs sbee nieces ceees see 2182 Geuns 793, Cephalacanthus, Lacéptéde: ...... 0... bi scctwcs nee eee 2183 10, evolbanis (UPNMBMS),- = 225s Selste. aioe soe core Swe cele winke ee lala eee 2183 é a “ee =%f « ae ‘aye A, 4 — a ‘ LIST OF NEW. NAMES. The following is alist of the generic, subgeneric, specific, and subspecitic names which appear as new in Part II of the present work: Page eis navanus, Jordan dé Fvermann’. - 5. 0. << so) s- 5 cece sic eentceecacestenn- ia IO: eh OFS CE SURAT ICS ofa S as = we lowe Mini ¢ fa'naadeisnecianc ace ¥aces +s 1379 MER ENN TES ch CONC (65) HORT As oS = oan ain ee wince oa a clown cio tee seeece cee twepeUwestetnas 1417 IDEALS IE CPEBOTU 15 ec wins saci widns= eto eaia ae ce sienna fe dedeu cay hunt ainiele sees 1421 Larimus acclivus, Jordan & Bristol .-....- Pe Sone NE ey aioe J, Se eee 1422 CeIn eAnthOps, Gilbert ...-..~-<0<: student under Professor Agassiz.) Hemulon scudderi, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 253, Cape San Lucas (Coll Xantus); STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 111, 18, 1875. Hemulon brevirostrum, GUNTHER, Fishes Centr. Amer., 418, 1869, Panama. Hemulon undecimale, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 111, 11, 1875, Acapulco; Panama. Diabasis scudderi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 361, 626. Hemulon scudderi, JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 296; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 472. 1668. HEMULON CARBONARIUM, Poey. (RONCO CARBONERO.) Head 3; depth 24; eye large, 33 in head. D. XII, 16; A. III, 8; scales 7-55-14. Body oblong; the back not greatly elevated, the profile nearly straight or slightly convex from tip of snout to above eye, thence gibbous to front of dorsal; snout short, moderately pointed, its length 3} in head; mouth not very large; the gape somewhat curved; the maxillary extend- ing nearly or quite to front of pupil, its length 24 in head; lower jaw rather included. Teeth strong, much as in H. sciurus, but a little shorter. Interorbital space flattish, 4 in head; preorbital moderate, its least breadth 6 in head; preorbital finely but rather sharply serrate; gill rakers small, 9+14. Scales moderate, those below laterai line anteriorly moderately enlarged, their series nearly horizontal; series above lateral line very oblique. Dorsal spines slender and high, the fourth 1{ in head; longest soft rays 34; upper caudal lobe a little longer than lower, 1} in head; long- est anal rays 2! in head, their tips when depressed reaching beyond tip of last ray; second anal spine strong, 2 in head, its tip reaching when depressed about to tip of last soft ray; ventrals 14 in head; pectorals 1}. Color in life, light bluish-gray, much as in H. plumieri; body with 7 or 8 deep brassy-yellow stripes which are horizontal above, those below the lateral line a little curved, following the rows of scales; stripes narrower than interspaces of ground color; 3 stripes above lateral line, 3 or 4 below, the latter paler; little black under angle of preopercle; caudal blackish- yellowish at tip; soft dorsal, anal, and ventrals yellowish-gray, the distal portion blackish; spinous dorsal bluish, deep yellow at base and edge; a yellowish stripe along middle of fin; pectoral plain, a yellowish bar across its base; mouth deep red, its angle dusky. In spirits, grayish, more or less shaded with dusky, the stripes rather faint orange-brown. A few specimens of this species that we have examined have the ground color Se ee ee ee ee ae ee eS Te tt on » Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1301 much paler, the yellow stripes lighter, and the fins all bright yellow with- out dusky shades. They probably represent a variation due to the char- acter of the bottom, and are apparently analogous to the form of H. sciu- rus, Which has been called H. multilineatum. Length about 10 inches. Here described from Havana specimens, 9 inches in length. West Indies and the Bermudas, south to Brazil; very common at Havana. (carbona- rius, coaly, in allusion to the common name.) Hemulon carbonarium, Pory, Memorias, I, 176, 1860, Cuba; Porky, Synopsis, 318, 1868; JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c,, 298; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 472. 1669. HEMULON STEINDACHNERI (Jordan & Gilbert). (RONCADOR RAIADO.) Head 3; depth 23. D. XII, 16; A.III,8; scales 7-50-14. Body oblong, moderately compressed, the back somewhat elevated; the profile from the snout to the base of the dorsal rather steep and straight, or slightly convex; snout pointed, of moderate length, a little more than } length of head; ventral outline little curved; caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep, ? length of head; head rather long and pointed; mouth large, little oblique, the premaxillary below lower border of eye; the lower jaw included; the maxillary 2 in head, reaching to opposite mid- dle of pupil, its posterior portion extending behind the preorbital sheath. Teeth strong, in moderate bands, the outer series enlarged, especially in the upper jaw and on the sides of the lower jaw. Chin with a large pit and 2 pores. Eye rather large, 4 in head, shorter than snout, which is more than width of the flattish interorbital space, about 4 wider than the moderate preorbital; preopercie sharply serrate, its up- right limb nearly straight. Gill rakers short and weak, about 15 on lower part of arch. Scales moderate, those above lateral line in very oblique series, becoming horizontal on the caudal peduncle, those below it in horizontal series; vertical fins well-scaled, the scaly sheaths of dorsal and anal well developed; scales on breast small. Dorsal fin rather high, the spines strong, the fourth or longest 2} in head, about 4 longer than the soft rays; caudal short, moderately forked, the upper lobe slightly the longer, } head; second anal spine strong, 2? in head; much longer than the third spine, which is shorter than the soft rays; soft rays of anal high, the first soft ray when depressed reaching almost to tip of last ray much beyond the base of the last ray; ventral fins + length of head, not reaching tips of pectorals, which are about ? length of head. Color in life, olive or golden-brown, golden below, the edges of the scales of back with brilliant bluish luster; each scale on back and sides with a median pearly-bluish spot (much larger than the spots in Lythrulon flaviguttatum), these forming very distinct streaks, having the direction of the rows of scales; head brownish, unspotted; a large, distinct, round blackish blotch on end of caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin, more distinct than in other species known to us; a distinct hbluish-black vertical bar on lower anterior part of opercle, partly concealed by angle of preopercle; fins all bright golden-yellow; ventrals and anal 1302 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. not dark; peritoneum dusky. Here described from No. 29387, U. S. N. M. Both coasts of tropical America; Guaymas to Panama; St. Lucia to Rio Janeiro; especially abundant about Mazatlan. A species of small size, generally common on the Pacific coast of tropical America and on the southeast coast of Brazil, and a specimen before us was taken by the Albatross at St. Lucia. We have examined numerous specimens from Brazil in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (from Rio Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Para, and Maranha6) and others from Acapulco. On comparing these with Pacific coast examples we find no difference. This is probably not the original of the poorly figured H. schranki of Agassiz, which on the whole seems most likely to have been a faded example of H. melanurum. (Named for Dr. Franz Steindachner, director of the museum at Vienna, one of the most accurate and sagacious of ichthyologists. ) Diabasis steindachneri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1881 (1882), 322, Pan- ama and Mazatlan (Types Nos, 29305 and 29387 (Panama), and 28172, etc. (Mazat- lan). Coll. Gilbert.) Hemulon caudimacula, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrage, m1, 15, 1875; not of CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Hemulon steindachneri, JORDAN & SWAIN, lL. c., 299, 1884. Hemulon schranki, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 153; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 473, 1893; not of AGASSIZ. 1670. HEMULON MELANURUM (Linnzus). (J ENIGUANA.) Head 3; depth 3. D. XII, 16; A. III, 8; scales 7-50-15. Eye moderate, 5 in head; interorbital width4; preorbital low, its least breadth 7 in head. Gill rakers small, 8-+13. Body comparatively elongate, the back not much elevated, the profile slightly convex from tip of snout to front of eye, thence more convex to front of dorsal; snout of moderate length, rather pointed, 2? in head; mouth rather large, the gape a little curved, the maxillary reaching past front of pupil, 1ts length 2 in head; teeth moderate, those in front somewhat enlarged; antrorse teeth of posterior part of jaws not very large. Scales moderate, those above lateral line not enlarged, their arrangement about as in H. sciurus. Dorsal spines rather slender, the fourth 2} in head; upper caudal lobe the longer, 14 in head; longest anal rays 3 in head, their tips, when depressed, not extending beyond last ray; second anal spine 2} to 22 in head, reaching, when depressed, rather beyond middle of last ray; ventrals 1% in head; pec- torals 14, not reaching past ventrals. Color in life, pearly gray; back and sides with about 10 horizontal stripes of golden yellow, narrower than the interspaces of the ground color; snout above bluish-dusky; a dusky stripe through eye from tip of snout to behind gill opening; a well-defined black area on back and caudal fin, bounded below by an almost straight line from first dorsal spine to tip of lower caudal lobe; middle part of both caudal lobes black, the edges gray; a black spot under angle of preo- percle; mouth within very red; pectorals, ventrals, and anal gray, not yellow ; soft dorsal dusky along the base. West Indies; rather common eee ee ee ee ee ee, Oe ial Ngues = Sia” + Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1303 at Havana and southward. It reaches a length of about a foot. Here described from Havana specimens. Others examined from St. Thomas, Nassau, and Sombrero Key. (wéAas, black; ovpd, tail.) Perca marina cauda nigra (Black tail), CATESBY, Hist. Car., pl. 7, fig. 2, 1743, Bahamas. Perca melanura, LINNZXUS, Syst. Nat., x, 292, 1758; x11, 486, 1766, Bahamas; based on CATESBY. Hemulon schranki, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisce. Brasil., 121, pl. 69, 1829, Brazil. Hemulon dorsale, PoEY, Memorias, U1, 179, 1860, Cuba. Hemulon melanurum, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871,471; JoRDAN & SWAIN, . ¢., 300, 1884; JORDAN & FESLER, /. c., 473. 1671. HEMULON SCIURUS (Shaw). (YELLOW GRUNT; RONCO AMARILLO; Boar GRUNT.) Head 23; depth 22. D.XII,16; A.III,8; scales7-53-14. Eye moderate, 4 in head; interorbital space convex, 3} in head; preorbital moderate, its least breadth 63 inhead; preopercle finely serrate; gill rakers small, about 13+17. Body oblong; the back not specially elevated; the profile nearly straight or slightly concave from tip of snout to before eye, thence a little gibbous to base of dorsal; snout moderately acute, 24} in head. Mouth large, the gape curved, the maxillary reaching a little past front of pupil, its length 2 in head; lower jaw slightly included; teeth strong; upper jaw in front with about 3 strong canines on each side, these stronger than any of the other teeth; front teeth of lower jaw rather strong, as also the antrorse teeth of the back part of both jaws. Scales moderate, those above lateral line not at all enlarged, arranged in oblique series, those below in nearly horizontal ones. Dorsal spines rather slender, the fourth longest, 2? in head; longest soft rays 4; upper caudal lobe longer than lower, 14 in head; longest anal rays 2} in head, their tips, when depressed, extending beyond the tips of the last rays; second anal spine stronger and longer than third, 24 in head, its tip, when depressed, reach- ing past the middle of the last ray; ventrals 13 in head; pectorals 1°. Color in life, deep brassy yellow, scarcely paler below or darker above; head and bedy with about 12 conspicuous slightly wavy, longitudinal stripes of sky-blue, deepest on the snout, each with a very narrow edge of dusky olive; these stripes on the head curving upward below eye, the first stripe below eye forking near the posterior margin of preopercle and inclosing an oblong area of the ground color; iris gilt, a dark spot under the angle of preopercle; spinous dorsal edged and shaded with yellowish, its membrane mostly bluish; soft dorsal yellowish; caudal yellowish, broadly dusky at base, the degree of this duskiness being variable; mouth deep orange within; pectorals pale yellowish; anal and ventrals deeper yellowish; the young have more yellow on fins and less on body, with traces of a dark caudal spot. The coloration becomes fainter in spirits, the blue lines becoming gray. Here described from examples from Key West, 10 inches in length. Specimens from Cuba are slightly darker, but not otherwise different. Among them are 2 which evidently corre- spond to H. multilineatum of Poey. These, in life, showed the following coloration: Clear bright yellow, with brassy tinge, the stripes clear sky-blue, without darker edge; iris yeilow, no black at base of caudal; 1304 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. mouth deep red, no black under angle of preopercle; fins yellow; pec- torals and ventrals little yellow. Color in life notably different from that of H. sciurus, but the difference consists really in the absence of dusky shading and disappears entirely in spirits, these specimens being now scarcely distinguishable from the ordinary H. sciurus. West Indies; Florida Keys to Brazil; everywhere common in the West Indies; a hand- some species, reaching a length of 18 inches. (sciwrus, squirrel, from the 7 erunting noise of Diplectrum formosum, with which species it was early confounded). Anthias formosus, BLOCH, Ichthyol., pl. 323, 1790, Antilles; not Perca formosa, LINN&US, with which it is identified; the latter is Diplectrum formosum. Sparus sciurus, SHAW, General Zoology, 1V, pl. 64, 1803, Antilles; based on the descrip- tion and figure of BLOCH. Hemulon elegans, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 1,175, 1829; no description; based on the figure by BLocu; CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 227, 1830; Giin- THER, Cat., I, 306. ? Diabasis obliquatus,* BENNETT, Zoological Journal London, v, 1835, 90, Jamaica. Blue stripes on body said to be oblique, the description not corresponding fully to this or any other known species. ? Hemulon similis, CASYELNAU, Anim. Nom. Rares, I, 1855, Bahia; description very imper- fect. Heemulon lutewm, Poty, Memorias, It, 174, 1860, Cuba. Hemulon multilineatum, PoEY, Memorias, II, 178, 1860, Cuba. Hemulon hians, HALY, Ann. Nat. Hist., XV, 1875, 268, specimen from Aspinwall. Diabasis elegans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 923. Hemulon sciwrus, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884,126; JoRDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 301. Hemulon sciurus, JORDAN & FESLER, l, c., 474, 1893. 1672. HEMULON PLUMIERI (Lacépéde). (COMMON GRUNT; RONCO Ronco; RONCO ARARA.) Head 23; depth 23; eye small, 5 to 6 in head. D. XII, 16; A. III, 8; scales 5-50-17. Body moderately elongate, the back elevated and some- what compressed; head long, the snout sharp and projecting, its length 2} in head; anterior profile more or less S-shaped, nearly straight from tip of snout to before eye, there concave, and thence gibbous to the front of dorsal, old specimens having the nape more gibbous than young ones. * The following is Bennett's description of— ‘* Diabasis obliquatus.—Diabasis flavescens, capite vittis coeruleis duodecim, corpore lineis cceruleis obliquis numerosis. Dorsal }2; pectoral 16; ventral 4; anal 3; caudal 16. Ona yellowish, somewhat fuscous, ground (perhaps altered by the spirit,in which the specimen has been immersed for about three months); the markings are pale blue, in numerous vittz; those on the head and opercula, which are somewhat broader and more deeply coloured than those of the body, are nearly longitudinal, about twelve in number; those of the body are oblique, directed upward and ‘backward. The latter are formed by lines passing across the middle of each scale, and are consequently numerous, not less than sixteen or seventeen being crossed by a line drawn from thejunction of the spious and soft portions of the dorsal fin to the belly in front of the anus. On the tail, behind the dorsal and anal fins, the markings become longitudinal, in about nine rows. The fins, especially their scaly, soft portions, are more fuscous than the body; into these the mark- ings do not extend. The lateral line, deflected opposite to the extremity of the dorsal fin, is yellow, and is accompanied below by a blue line; a similar line, but more distinct, passes along its upper edge. The caudal fin is forked; the spines of the dorsal are fila- mentous. The front and extreme teeth in each jaw, especially in the upper, are longer and stronger than the others, and are somewhat hooked, a variance from the generic mark ‘dents en velours’ indicated by M. Cuvier.”’ “ Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1305 Mouth very large, the gape curved; maxillary reaching to a little beyond front of eye, its length 1f in head; lower jaw slightly included. Teeth strong, in rather broad bands, those of the outer series enlarged; antrorse teeth of posterior part of both jaws strong. Interorbital space convex, 4 in head; preorbital rather deep, its least breadth 6in head; preopercle finely serrate. Gill rakers small, about 12+15. Scales rather large, those above lateral line anteriorly very much enlarged, arranged in irregular and very oblique series, those below also oblique. Dorsal spines stout, the fourth longest, 2? in head; longest soft rays 3% in head; caudal lobes subequal, 2 in head; longest anal rays 24 in head, their tips, when depressed, about reaching tips of the last rays; second anal spine longer and stronger than third, 24 in head, its tip, when depressed, at least reaching middle of last ray; ventrals 1} in head; pec- torals 14. Color in life bluish-gray, the base of the scales above bright bronze, tinged with olive; bases of scales below lateral line also bronze, this color forming very oblique stripes, running upward and backward; anterior region above lateral line with 3 or 4 sky-blue stripes, ill-defined, apparently continuations of stripes of head; head golden-bronze, with many narrow stripes of deep clear blue, as if painted on, these nearly horizontal, except before eye, where a few curved ones cross the forehead ; also these lines curve slightly upward below eye. ‘Lips dusky; inside of mouth deep orange, bordered anteriorly on the jaws by yellow; a greenish bar on opercle partly concealed by the preopercle; dorsal grayish, with a narrow yellow edge on spinous portion ; caudal plain gray; anal gray, tinged with yellow; ventrals gray, with a clear blue luster which disappears after death; pectorals gray, a dusky bar at base. There is considerable varia. tion in the depth of color in thi8 species. The young is similar to the adult in color, but has traces of two lateral bands and a dusky caudal spot. The color in spirits differs only in the blue becoming dusky. West Indies; abundant from Cape Hatteras to Rio Janeiro on sandy shores; here described from Key West specimens, This species is the “Grunt” par excellence of our South Atlantic coast. It is not rare in West Florida and on the Carolina coast, while at Key West it is the most abundant food-fish, the amount taken during the year exceeding that of all other shore species combined. At Havana itis proportionally much less common, though still the most abundant of its genus. It does not usually exceed a foot in length, although individuals 18 inches long are sometimes taken. These large grunts have the back and nape more elevated, and correspond to Cuvier’s Hemulon arcuatum. (Named for Father Plumier, an early natural- ist who sent drawings of the fishes of Martinique to the museums of Europe. ) Guabi coara brasiliensibus, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brasil., 163, 1648, Brazil. Perca marina capite striato (the Grunt), CATESBy, Hist. Carolina, pl. 6, 1748, Bahamas, etc. Labrus plumieri, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 480, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1802, Martinique; on a copy of a drawing by PLUMIER. Hemulon formosum, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, , 175, 1829, Martinique; GUNTHER, Cat., I, 305, 1859; not Perca formosa of LiInNmUS. Hemulon arcuatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1X, 481, 1833, Charleston, South Carolina. 3030 5 1306 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Heemulon arara, Pory, Memorias, I, 177, 1860, Cuba. Heemulon subarcuatum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 419, 1860, Cuba; a specimen with blue bands on anterior half of head only. Diabasis plumieri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 603; JORDAN & GIL- BERT, Synopsis, 971. Hemulon plumieri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 126; JoRDAN & Sway, l. c., 303; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 475. 1678. HEMULON FLAVOLINEATUM (Desmarest). (FRENCH GRUNT; OPEN-MOUTHED GRUNT; RONCO CONDENADO.) Head 3; depth 23. D. XII, 14; A.III,8; scales 6-50-11. Eye large, 34 in head; interorbital width 3}; preorbital low, its least width 74 in head. Preopercle rather evenly and sharply serrate; gill rakers very small, about 8+13. Body oblong-ovate, comparatively deep and compressed; back somewhat elevated; anterior profile nearly straight from the tip of the snout to the nape, thence gently convex; snout rather short, acute, its length 3in head. Mouth not very large, the gape curved; maxillary reach- ing about to opposite front of the pupil, its length 24 in head. Teeth of moderate size, the outer enlarged; antrorse teeth in the posterior part of each jaw considerably enlarged; those of the upper jaw caninelike, larger than any of the other teeth. Scales large; those of the anterior and mid- dle parts of the body, down to the level of the lower part of pectoral, much enlarged, having nearly double the depth of the scales above lateral jine; rows above lateral line running very obliquely upward and back- ward; those below somewhat wavy, most of them forming a curve with the convexity downward and backward. Dorsal spines moderate, the fourth 2 in head; upper caudal lobe 12; longest anal rays 2} in head, their tips extending, when depressed, beyond the tip of the last ray ; second anal spine much longer and stronger than third, 2 in head, its tip, when depressed, reaching nearly to tip of last ray; ventrals 12 in head; pec- torals narrow and long reaching to vent, 14. Color in life, light bluish-gray as ground color. A bronze-yellow spot on the upper part of each scale, these forming continuous undulating stripes on the whole body and head, wider than the interspaces of the ground color; on caudal peduncle they are nearly straight; on anterior part of the body below lateral line they are broader and very oblique. A horizontal stripe, crossing the others, runs along the side of back from occiput to last rays of soft dorsal, of the same golden-yellow; yellow around eye; yellow shades and streaks on cheeks, not strongly marked asin H. sciurus and H. plumieri; yellow stripes on top of head; angle of mouth black, inside brick-red; a large black blotch under angle of preopercle; fins bright golden-yellow, the pectoral and spinous dorsal paler. In spirits the ground color becomes grayish and the stripes brownish or dusky. Length a foot. West Indies; Florida Keys and Bermudas to Brazil; rare in Florida, common in the West Indies; one of the most strongly marked species. Here described from Havana speci- mens. (flavus, yellow; lineatus, marked with lines.) Diabasis favolineatus, DESMAREST, Prem. Décade Ichth., 35, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1828, Cuba. Hemulon heterodon, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 1, 176, 1829, Cuba; based on Diabase rayée of DESMAREST; CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vv, 255, 1830. a ee ee ee a es ee " O° na ional, Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1307 Hemulon xanthopteron, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 254, 1830, Martinique. Hemulon xanthopterum, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 312, 1859. Hemulon flavolineatum, Pory, Repertorio, 1, 309, 1867; JorDAN & FESLER, I. c., 476; JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 305. 538. BRACHYGENYS, Scudder. Brachygenys (SCUDDER MS.) Porky, Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, 310, 1868 (teniatum). This genus differs from Hemulon in the small mouth and slender. body, the cleft of the mouth being less than + head, the snout very short, the frontal foramina separate, placed some distance before the very short supraoccipital crest. Jaws red within. One species known. (/payvs, short; vévvs, chin.) 1674. BRACHYGENYS CHRYSARGYREUS (Giinther). Head 33; depth 3} to 37; eye very large, 3. D. XII, 14; A. III, 9; scales 7-52-13. Body more elongate than in any of the other species, except B. aurolineatum, moderately compressed, the back little elevated, the profile forming a weak but nearly regular curve from in front of eyes to dorsal; before the eyes is a slight angle and the profile of the snout is rather more steep; snout very short and obtuse, its length 33 in head; mouth very small for the genus, smaller than in any other species, its gape but little curved; maxillary reaching a little past front of eye, its length 34 in head; teeth weaker than in any other of our species, the posterior teeth scarcely enlarged; interorbital space broad, convex, its breadth 4 in head; preorbital very low, its least breadth 74 in head. Preopercle evenly andrather sharply serrate. Gillrakerssmall,8+ 15. Scalessmall, very regularly arranged, those above lateral line in very oblique series, those below in horizontal series. Dorsal spines slender and high, the fourth 1? in head; upper caudal lobe 1; posterior of anal concave, longest rays 2 in head, their tips not nearly reaching, when depressed, to the tips of the last rays; second anal spine short and weak, 2? in head, not longer than third, and but little stronger, its tip, when depressed, reaching to base of the median soft rays and not to the tip of the third spine; ventrals 12 in head; pectorals 12; frontal foramina separate, some distance before the very low supraoccipital crest. Color in life, bluish above, white below, sides with 5 stripes of clear bronze-orange, 4 most distinct, all of equal width, about half pupil; a median stripe from middle of interorbital space to dorsal; the next pair from tip of snout above to last rays of dorsal, becoming median on caudal peduncle; 1 from nostril above eye to below last rays of soft dorsal; 1 through snout and eye, straight to base of caudal; 1 below eye to lower part of caudal; a very faint one from angle of mouth and along lower part of sides; axil slightly dusky; fins all light orange-yellow, unmarkeé; dorsal and anal with very narrow dusky edge; no trace of dark caudal spot; mouth pale reddish within in young, light orange in adults. In spirits the body and head are bluish-silvery. This little fish, the smallest of the group, is abundant both at Key West and 1308 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Havana. None of the specimens seen exceeds 6 inches in length. It differs from the others in the less development of the cavernous structure of the skull, the foramina on the frontal region being inconspicuous. (ypveds, gold; apyvpeos, silver.) Hemulon chrysargyreum, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 314, 1859, Trinidad. Hemulon teniatum, PoEY, Memorias, 11, 182, 1860, Cuba; young. Brachygenus teniata, Porky, Enumeratio, 47, 1875. Hemulon chrysargyreum, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 476. 539. BATHYSTOMA, Scudder. (Tom TATES. ) Bathystoma (SCUDDER MS.) PuTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 12, 1863 (jenigwano, etc.) ; no definition. This genus differs from Hemulon in the presence of 13 dorsal spines; body rather elongate; gill rakers rather numerous, 12 to 18 on lower part of anterior arch; mouth moderate; scales small; frontal foramina long, divided slits in front of the supraoccipital crest. Jaws red within. (Bxbvs, low; 6ro“a, mouth.) a. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of eye, its length about 4 head; gill rakers rather short and few; scales moderate, 50 to 55 in the lateral line; second anai spine scarcely larger or longer than third, 23 or more in head. b. Body oblong, the back moderately elevated, the depth 23 to 3 in length. RIMATOR, 1675. bb. Body subfusiform, the back little elevated, the depth 3} to 34 in length. AUROLINEATUM, 1676. aa. Mouth rather small, the maxillary not reaching to opposite middle of eye, its length not quite 4 head; gill rakers numerous, rather long; scales small, about 70 in lateral line; second anal spine notably longer and larger than third; body more elongate than in other species, depth about 33 in length. STRIATUM, 1677. 1675. BATHYSTOMA RIMATOR (Jordan & Swain). (Tom TATE; RED-MOUTH GRUNT; CESAR.) Head 23; depth 22; eye rather large, 44 in head; interorbital space con- vex, 3} in head; preorbital low, its least breadth 8 in head. Gill rakers small, about 114+16. D. XIII, 15; A. III, 8; scales 8-51-13. Body rather elongate but not fusiform, the back somewhat elevated, the profile straight or slightly convex from tip of snout to behind eye, wkere it becomes grad- ually more convex; snout short, rather pointed, about 3 in head. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of pupil, its length 2 in head. Teeth not very strong, those of the outer series a little enlarged, the antrores posterior teeth rather large. Scales rather small, those above lateral line regularly arranged in oblique series, the series below nearly horizontal. Dorsal spines slender and high, the fourth 2 to 24 in head; upper caudal lobe 14 in head; longest anal rays 3 in head, their tips not reaching tips of Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1309 last rays when depressed; second anal spine but little longer than third, 2% in head, the two more nearly equal than usual in this genus, their tips, when depressed, reaching middle of last ray; ventrals 13 in head; pectorals 1}, their tips not reaching past tips of ventrals. Frontal foramina as in other species of the subgenus Bathystoma, long divided slits in front of the supraoccipital crest. Color in life, silvery white, slightly bluish above, with iridescent reflections; edges of scales of body light yellow, these forming continuous light yellow lines, those below lateral line horizontal, those above very oblique; besides these, a narrow continuous streak of light yellow above lateral line, from head to end of soft dorsal, and another from eye to middle of caudal; head silvery-yellowish above; inside of mouth red; no black under preopercle; traces of black blotch at base of caudal; fins colorless, the lower slightly yellowish. Young are light oliva- ceous, grayish-silvery below; a dark bronze band, narrower than pupil, darkest in the younger specimen from snout through eye straight to base of caudal; above this, 2 or 3 dark streaks, the middle one most dis- tinct, from eye to above gill opening; another, beginning on top of snout on each side, passing above eye, and extending parallel with the first-men- tioned stripe straight to last ray of dorsal, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side; a dark streak from tip of snout along median line to front of dorsal; a large rounded black blotch at base of caudal, somewhat obscure dusky shading below soft dorsal and at base of pectoral; fins all plain, upper slightly dusky; anal nearly white; pectorals, caudal, and ventrals light yellow; lining of opercle plain orange; inside of mouth scarlet. In the large specimen (5} inches long) the dark stripes are fainter, paler, and more yellowish ; several fainter bands occur between the broader ones, and faint oblique streaks of light bronze follow the rows of scales, those above lateral line oblique. Inspirits the adult is plain silvery. West Indies; Cape Hatteras to Trinidad; apparertly more abundant on our South Atlantic coast than southward; not seen at Havana. Abundant about Charleston, South Carolina, where it is one of the most abundant food-fishes. About Pensacola and Key West the adult are less numerous, but at the latter place the young swarm everywhere about the wharves and shores. (rimator, inquirer, in allusion to the inquisitive habits of the young, which swarm about the wharves, nibbling bait intended for larger fishes. ) Hemulon rimator; JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 308, Charleston; Key West; Pensacola; JORDAN & FESLER, I. c., 477. Hemulon chrysopteron, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 240, 1830, brought by Milbert from New York; erroneously identified with Perca chrysoptera, Linnzus, which is an Orthopristis. Hemulon chrysopterum, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 313, 1859. Hemulon quadrilineatum, HOLBROOK, Ichth. S. Car., 195, 1860; not of CUVIER & V ALEN- CIENNES. Hemulon ? caudimacula, POEY, Synopsis, 47,1875; not of CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Hemulon parrce, Porky, Enumeratio, 47, 1875; not Diabasis parra, DESMAREST. Diabasis aurolineatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 276,307; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 97%; not Hamulon aurolineatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Diabasis chrysopterus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 553. 1310 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1676. BATHYSTOMA AUROLINEATUM * (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (J ENIGUANO.) Head 3; depth 37; eye large, 3? in head; interorbital space convex, its width 4 in head; preorbital very low, its least breadth about 7 in head. Gill rakers small, about 12 on lower part of arch. D. XIII, 15; A. III, 8; scales 8-51-13. Body compressed, fusiform, the back not elevated; the profile forming a weak but nearly regular curve from the tip of the snout to the front of the dorsal; snout short, moderately pointed, 3 in head; mouth large, curved, the maxillary reaching to slightly beyond middle of pupil, its length 12 in head. Teeth not very strong, about as in B. rimator. Scales rather small, arranged about as in B. rimator. Dorsal spines slender, rather highs the fourth 24 in head; upper caudal lobe 14 in head; longest anal rays 24 in head, their tips not reaching nearly to tips of last rays; second anal spine not very much longer than third, about 3 in head, reaching, when depressed, little past the base of the last ray; ventrals 14 in head; pectorals 14, their tips reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals. Color in life, dusky gray, with 7 or 8 yellow lon- gitudinal streaks, the one through eye widest; mouth very red; no dusky spot under the augle of preopercle; fins gray; dorsal scarcely yel- lowish. In spirits the vertical fins and snout are somewhat dusky; the paired fins are grayish, the golden stripes faint. Length 6 to 8 inches. Here described from Havana specimens. West Indies; Florida Keys to Brazil; very abundant at Havana, where it is often brought into the market. It is smaller in size than any other of this or related genera except Brachygenys chrysargyreum. It has been taken at Garden Key, Fla., but was not observed at Key West. (aurum, gold; lineatus, striped. ) Hemulon aurolineatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 237, 1830, Brazil; San Domingo; JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 478. Hemulon jeniguano, PoEY, Memorias, II , 183, 1860, Cuba; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 925. Hemulon aurolineatum, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 318, 1859. 1677. BATHYSTOMA STRIATUM (Linnzus). (WHITE GRUNT.) Head 33; depth 34; eye large, 32 in head. D. XIII, 13; A. III, 7; scales 7-70-18. Body elongate, fusiform, more slender than in any other uf the species, the back little elevated, not much compressed, the anterior pro- file gently convex, not steep. Head small, the snout short and not very acute, its length 34 in head; mouth comparatively small, smaller than in B. Ne the ees ay extending to beyond front of pupil, * We have naecisd the name upovnentinh for this species, and not for B. rimator, on the strength of the following account of the typical specimen of Bathystoma aurolinea- tum received from Dr. H. E. Sauvage, of the museum at Paris. Hemulon aurolineatum, Brazil, Delalande, type. Length of the body, 0.220 m.; height of body, 0.055 m.; length of the head, 0.60 m. Height of the body contained hieatly 4 times in the total 16 sngth, and 34 w ithout the caudal. As the description of Cuvier &V alenciennes agrees in other respects equally well with either species, the above measurements leave no doubt of the identity of their type with B.jeniyuano. Bathystoma rimator, young or old, is never so slender as the above meas- urements would indicate. ee ee ee ee ee + A aye — a Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1311 length 2} in head. Teeth rather small, the outer and posterior a little enlarged; lower jaw slightly included. Preorbital narrow, its least breadth 9 in head; interorbital space broad, convex, its width 23 in head; preopercle moderately serrate. Gill rakers much longer and more numer- ous than in B, aurolineatum and other species, about 18 on lower part of anterior arch, the longest } least depth of preorbital. Scales notably smaller than in any other species of the genus, those above lateral line in very oblique series, those below more nearly horizontal, and none of them specially enlarged; soft fins scaly, as usual. Dorsal spines slen- der, rather low, the fourth or longest 274; in head; soft dorsal tong and low, the longest ray 33 in head; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe 1,4; in head; anal rather low and small, its longest rays 3} in head, not reaching, when depressed, to the tip of the last rays; second anal spine notably longer and stronger than third, 2? in head, reaching, when depressed, a little past base of last ray; ventrals 1? in head; pectorals 12. Color in spirits pearly gray, with continuous brown streaks (golden in life), 1 on the median line above from tip of snout to dorsal, 4 on each side of top of head above eye, 3 of these extending on the body, but only the second continuous, this very distinct and reaching last ray of dorsal; below these, 2 extending backward from eye, the uppermost distinct anteriorly, fading behind, the lowest fading anteriorly; below this traces of another dusky stripe; there are thus 3 or 4 distinct longitudinal streaks on body, with 2 or 3 fainter ones; fins pale, probably yellowish in life. This is one of the smaller species, probably never exceeding a foot in length. It is allied to B. aurolineatum and Bb. rimator, but deviates from the ordinary Bathystoma type more than either of these. Here described from No. 9839, U.S. N. M., sent by Poey from Cuba. West Indies; Bermudas to Brazil; notcommon. (striatus, striped.) Capeuna brasiliensibus, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brasil., 155, 1648, Brazil. Perca striata, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 233, 1758, North America. Grammistes trivittatus, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 188, 1801, Brazil; on the descrip- tion of MARCGRAVE. Serranus capeuna, LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. Berlin Akad. 1821, 288, Brazil; on the descrip- tion of MARCGRAVE. Hemulon quadrilineatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 238, pl. 120, 1830, San Domingo; GUNTHER, Cat., I, 316; Poky, Repertorio, 1, 310, 1867; 1, 161; JORDAN & SWAIN, J. c¢., 311. | Hemulon quinquelineatum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 419, 1860, Cuba. Hemulon capeuna, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, u, 176, 1829; no description; after MARCGRAVE. Hemylum capeuna, GOodE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 53, 1876. Diabasis trivittatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 554; erroneously ascribed, after HoL- BROOK, to the Carolina fauna. Hemulon striatum, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 479. 540. LYTHRULON, Jordan & Swain. Lythrulon, JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 287 (laviguttatwm). This genus is closely allied to Hamulon, differing in the short snout, high supraoccipital crest, oblique mouth, and increased number of gill rakers. The form of the body is peculiar, the dorsal and anal long and 1312 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. low, and the caudal widely forked. Two species known. (Av@por, gore; ovaAor, gum.) a. Gill rakers about 10+ 22—32; body oblong, the depth 3 in length. FLAVIGUTTATUM, 1678. aa. Gill rakers 8+ 15—23; body deep, the depth 23 in length. OPALESCENS, 1679. 1678. LYTHRULON FLAVIGUTTATUM (Gill). (PEIXE-FONDA.) Head 34; depth 3. D. XII, 15, rarely XIII, 15; A. III, 8; snout 4 in head; maxillary reaching a little past front of pupil, 24; orbit 3; inter- orbital 44; longest dorsal spine 2}; longest dorsal ray 34; second anal spine 3; pectoral 14; ventrall?; scales6-49-14. Form elongate oval, com- pressed, the curve of ventral and dorsal outlines about equal and uniform. Head small and short, with short pointed snout; anterior profile very slightly concave before eye, thence slightly convex to dorsal; mouth small and ‘oblique with the lower jaws projecting; teeth all small, the outer scarcely enlarged; preopercle finely and sharply serrate, its posterior edge shal- lowly concave, its angle broadly rounded. Gill rakers slender and numer- ous, the longest nearly equal to the diameter of pupil, about 10+ 22. Scales of moderate size, those above lateral line arranged in very oblique series; tip of snout, chin, and maxillary naked; scales on top of head and cheeks small and crowded; soft fins with scales. Pectoral 1+ in head, reaching nearly to vent; ventrals 13, reaching halfway to anal rays; sec- ond anal spine a little longer and stronger than third, its tip when depressed not reaching base of last rays; caudal fin forked, its upper lobe the longer. Frontal foramina 2 short slits close together, just in front of the high supraorbital crest. Color in spirits, dark steel-gray; a small very distinct pale spot on each scale of back and sides, surrounded by darker; this spot in spirits light yellowish; in life of a pearly blue; head plain; a small dusky blotch under angle of preopercle; fins plain, bright yellow in life. Young with a large black blotch at base of caudal, as in Hemulon steindachneri and Orthostechus maculicauda, and without the dusky horizontal streaks seen in most of the other species. Length 1 foot. Here described from a specimen 9 inches long from Guaymas, Mexico. Pa- cific coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama; generally common along the Pacific coast of tropical America. (flavus, yellow; guttatus, spotted. ) Hemulon jlaviguttatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 254, Cape San Lucas (Coll. Xantus). Hemulon margaritiferum, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 147, Panama. Hemulon flaviguttatum, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beit., 111, 14, 1875; JORDAN & SWAIN, lL. c., 314; EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 152; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 479. 1679. LYTHRULON OPALESCENS, Jordan & Starks. Head 33; depth 2%. D. XII, 16; A. III, 9; snout 33 in head; maxillary reaching slightly past front of pupil, 24 in head; orbit 22; interorbital 3%; longest dorsal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 4; second anal spine 2}; pectoral 1/3; ventrals 13; scales 7-54-13. Body deep, compressed, the back well elevated, the dorsal outline nearly uniformly curved from tip 4 ee a en ——— Ni te ay Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 13813 of snout to caudal peduncle; ventral outline curved from chin to breast, thence straight to anal spine, and slanting obliquely upward to caudal peduncle. Snout small and pointed; mouth small and oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting; teeth all small, the outer scarcely enlarged; pre- opercle finely serrate, the posterior limb somewhat concave, the angle broadly rounded. Gill rakers short and slender, about 4 the diameter of pupil, 8+-15; scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series; tip of snout, chin, and maxillary naked; scales on head small and crowded; soft fins scaled. Pectoral reaching to vent; ventrals reaching halfway to second anal ray; second anal spine a little longer and stronger than third; upper lobe of caudal the longer, about equal to head. Color as in Lythru- lon flaviguttatum, in spirits, dark steel gray; a small very distinct pale spot on each scale of back and sides, surrounded by darker, this spot, in spirits, light yellowish; in life of a pearly blue; head plain; a small dusky blotch under angle of preopercle; fins plain bright yellow in life. Young with a large black blotch at base of caudal, as in Hamulon stein- dachneri and Orthostechus maculicauda, and without the dusky horizon- tal streaks seen in most of the other species. This species differs from L. flaviguttatum in having fewer gill rakers, the depth and arch of the back greater. Rather common in the estuary at Mazatlan, not yet noticed elsewhere; all the specimens of Lythrulon from other localities examined by us being referable to L. flaviguttatum. Described from a specimen 9 inches long from Mazatlan. The species is probably not rare, but has been confounded with the preceding. (opalescens, opal-like, referring to the pearly spots.) Iythrulon opalescens, JORDAN & STARKS, Fishes of Sinaloa, in Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 459, pl. 40, Mazatlan (Type, No. 2963, L.S.Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Exped. to Sinaloa). 541. ORTHOSTGECHUS, Gill. (STRIPED GRUNTS.) Orthosteechus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 255 (maculicauda). This geuus is closely allied to Hamulon, differing most obviously in the arrangement of the large scales, which are throughout in series parallel -with the lateral line; the fins are long and low, the gill rakers rather numerous, the chin projecting; the skull not essentially different from that of Hemulon. One species. (0905, straight; Grozyos, row.) 1680. ORTHOSTCCHUS MACULICAUDA, Gill. (RONCADOR RAIADO. ) Head 34; depth 29; eye large, 3}in headin adult. D. XIII (rarely XIV), 15; A. III, 10; scales 54-51-11. Body oblong-elliptical, not much com- pressed; the back little elevated. Head rather large, moderately pointed anteriorly; the profile nearly straight from the snout to the nape; snout short, low, rather pointed, its Jength 3} in head; mouth small, a little oblique, the maxillary extending to front of pupil, its length 24 in head; 1314 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, lower jaw slightly included. Teeth small, the outer and posterior little enlarged. Preorbital narrow, its least breadth 7} in head; interorbital space moderate, convex, 34 in head; preopercle moderately serrate. Gill rakers slightly longer and more numerous than in most species of Hemulon, about 16 on lower part of arch, the longest about 4 depth of preorbital. Seales large, very uniform in size over the body, arranged above as well as below lateral line, in longitudinal series, those above lateral line being everywhere parallel with the lateral line; soft fins scaly, as usual. Dor- sal spines usually 13, but sometimes 14, rather slender and low, the longest 2,4, in head; soft dorsal low, the longest rays 34 in head; caudal moderate, the upper lobe 12 in head; anal rather low, the longest rays not reaching, when depressed, to middle of last rays, their length about 3 in head; sec- ond anal spine stronger and longer than third, 2} in head, its tip about reaching base of last ray; ventrals 13 in head; pectorals 14. Frontal foramina narrowly oval, wholly separate, some distance in front of the low supraoccipital crest. Color dark brown; each scale of back and sides with a light pearly-gray spot on its middle, these coalescing into continuous light stripes which are sharply defined, one for each row of scales; head plain; fins plain grayish; a large dusky area on base of caudal. Its pecu- liar squamation, rendered more noticeable by the corresponding features of coloration, gives it an appearance quite distinct in this genus. The snout is shorter than usual and the number of dorsal spines is increased. In other respects it departs less from the usual type than does Lythrulon flaviguttatum or even Bathystoma striatum. The cranium is of the usual Hemulon type. Pacific coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama; rather common; here described from No. 29256, U.S. N. M., 8} inches long, from Panama. Length about a foot. (macula, spot; cauda, tail.) Orthosteechus maculicauda, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 255, Cape San Lucas (Coll. Xantus). Hemulon mazatlanum, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vit, 12, pl. v1, 1869, Mazatlan. Hemulon macuiicauda, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrage, 111, 14, 1875; JORDAN & SWAIN, l.c., 315; EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 152; JORDAN & FESLER, 1. c., 480. Diabasis maculicauda, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 362, 372, 626. 542. ANISOTREMUS, Gill. Anisotremus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 107 (virginicus). Genytremus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 256 (bilineatus). Paraconodon, BLEEKER, Archiv Neer]. XI, 272, 1876 (pacijict). Body ovate, short, deep, and compressed; mouth rather small, with thick lips, the maxillary rather short; inside of mouth not red; teeth in jaws only, all pointed, those of the outer series in upper jaw enlarged; chin with a median groove, besides smaller pores. Dorsal spines strong ; soft rays of dorsal and anal sealy at base; anal spines strong; caudal mostly lunate. Scales large. Lower pharyngeals broad, with coarse, blunt teeth. This genus, like Hamulon, to which it is closely related, contains numerous species, all of them living on the shores of tropical America. All the species undergo considerable change in form with age, — —— Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 13815 and all of them are valued as food-fishes. The young are marked with 2 or 3 blackish lengthwise stripes. These disappear with age, quickest in the brightly colored species, and persist for a long time in species like bilineatus and interruptus, which agree in coloration with Hamulon parra and related species. (@vi6os, unequal; rpyua, aperture, from the pores at the chin). PARACONODON, Bleeker (apa, near; Conodon): a. Seales above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line. b. Dorsal spines rather low, the longest not more than 4 length of head; second anal spine about 4 head. ; ec. Pectorals much shorter than head, not reaching tips of ventrals; dorsal rays XI, 13, the spines comparatively slender, the longest } head; eye more than twice as wide as the narrow preorbital. PACIFICI, 1681. ec. Pectorals a little longer than head, about reaching anal fin; dorsal rays XII, 16, the spines short and stout, the longest 24 in head; eve3, about 34 wider than the broad preorbital. CESIUS, 1682. bb. Dorsal spines very high, the longest 12 in head; second anal spine very long, about 12 in head; pectorals much shorter than head; interorbital area much less than width of orbit; snout obtuse, not much longer than eye; cleft of mouth small, the maxillary extending to front of eye; dorsai and anal spines exceedingly strong, the third dorsal spine the longest; snout naked, the remainder of the head being scaly; each ray of the soft fins accompanied by a series of minute scales, covering the caudal; caudal fin slightly emarginate. DOVH, 1683. ANISOTREMUS: aa. Scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series which are not parallel with it. d. Seales comparatively large, less than nine in a vertical series between first dorsal spine and the lateral line; coloration olivaceous, the adult nearly plain, the young with 2 or more dusky lateral stripes which disappear with age; fins blackish. e. Seales 5 or 6-52-15 (lateral line with 49 pores); scales above lateral line on anterior part of body more or less enlarged, especially in the adult. Jf. Scales above lateral line not much enlarged, about 9 in an oblique _series from first dorsal spine to lateral line; profile of head anteriorly rounded. SURINAMENSIS, 1684. Sf. Scales above lateral line very much enlarged, especially in the adult, about 7 rows from first dorsal spine obliquely backward to lateral line; profile steeper and less curved. INTERRUPTUS, 1685. ee. Seales 7 or 8-46-15 (lateral line with 54 pores), scales above lateral line anteriorly not especially enlarged. BICOLOR, 1686. dd. Scales rather small, more than 9 in a vertical series between the first dorsal ‘spine and the lateral line. g. Body not striped longitudinally with yellow or blue; preorbital narrow; gill rakers #+-13. h. Anterior part of body without jet-black vertical bar; axil jet-black, the spot encroaching on base of pectoral; a round black spot on base of last rays of dorsal and anal; body dark gray, with obscure darker streaks; fins pale, edge of opercle dusky; pectoral long, 1,!; in head, reaching front of anal. SCAPULARIS, 1687. hh. Anterior part of body with a black vertical bar. i. Body without lengthwise stripes; dark humeral bar jet-black, extending from between the fifth and seventh dorsal spines to opposite the lower edge of the pectoral; edge of opercle and base of pectoral black; pectoral long. DAVIDSONII, 1688. 1316 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, ii. Body with 2 lengthwise bands; humeral bar brownish; a dark caudal spot, and a spot on back of caudal peduncle. SPLENIATUS, 1689. gg. Body with longitudinal stripes of blue or yellow or both; young with a black blotch at base of caudal; preorbital broad; gill rakers 24-16. j. Anterior part of body with 2 broad, dark crossbars, the one from the nape obliquely forward through eye, the other from front of dorsal downward; behind these a series of horizontal stripes alternately yellow and blue; pectoral longer than head; second anal and fourth dorsal spines nearly equal. k. Blue stripes on side about 6 in number, very distinct, not nearly as wide as a scale; sharply edged with darker blue, their width about 3 that of the olive interspaces; additional blue stripes in the interspaces faint and few; vertical bands of head and shoulder brown. TANIATUS, 1690. kk. Blue stripes on side as broad as a scale, each more than $ the width of the golden-yellow interspaces, and each very faintly edged with darker; vertical bands on head and shoulder jet-black. VIRGINICUS, 1691. jj. Anterior part of body without dark crossbars, the body sometimes plain yellowish, the back usually violet, with 4 or 5 yellow lines; silvery below; snout short, not longer than width of eye; dorsal fin very deeply notched, with feeble spines; second and third anal spines equal in length; body a little more oblong than in surinamensis. SERRULA, 1692. Subgenus PARACONODON, Bleeker. 1681. ANISOTREMUS PACIFICI (Giinther). Head 31; depth 2? to 2%. D. XI,13; A. III, 10; scales 7-47-13; second anal spine 2 in head; fifth dorsal spine 2; pectoral 43. Scales above lat- eral line in series parallel with it. Dorsal spines rather low, the longest not more than } length of head; second anal spine about 4 head; pectorals much shorter than head, not reaching to tips of ventrals; eye more than twice as wide as the narrow preorbital. Body compressed, considerably elevated, the greatest height below the fifth dorsal spine; profile rounded from base of first dorsal spine to the nape, concave over the eye, descend- ing abruptly down the snout; interorbital area twice orbit; snout thick and obtuse; teeth in a villiform band in both jaws, with an outer series of conical teeth; preopercle serrate strongly on angle; a posterior notch in opercle between 2 obtuse and feeble points; soft dorsal about as high as spinous; second anal spine long and strong; caudal emarginate. Color dusky-grayish, with four irregular crossbands, which grow faint with age; scales silvery with purple reflections; membrane between the scales brown; fins blackish. Pacific coast of Central America; a small, plain- colored species, rather common about Panama. (Named for Pacific Ocean. ) Conodon pacifici, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 147, Chiapas. Pomadasis pacijfici, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 385. Anisotremus pacifict, JORDAN & FESLER, l, c., 484. 1682. ANISOTREMUS CESIUS (Jordan & Gilbert). Head 3!; depth 24; eye 3}; snout about 3; maxillary 3}. D. XII, 16; A. III, 9; scales 6-52-13. Body ovate, compressed, the back rather strongly arched; anterior profile rather steep and straightish, gibbous between eyes a es eee Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1317 and also behind them, slightly depressed above eyes and at nape; ven- tra] outline considerably arched; caudal peduncle moderate, about 4 as long as head, and somewhat longer than deep. Head short and deep, deeper than long; snout very short, blunt, and thick; mouth very small, the maxillary not quite reaching to front of eye. Teeth cardiform, in broad bands, the outer series enlarged, but smaller than in A. pacifici. Eye large, shorter than snout, about + wider than the broad preorbital; lips thick; chin with a median furrow and 2 pores; lower jaw included; anterior nostril much larger than posterior; preopercle rather weakly serrate, its upright limb somewhat concave. Gill rakers short and weak, about 10 on lower limb of arch. Scales rather large, arranged as in related species, those above the lateral line forming series parallel with the back, but placed so that the crossrows are very oblique; soft parts of vertical fins almost entirely covered with small scales; series of scales also on membrane of pectorals and ventrals; scaly sheath of vertical fins well developed. Dorsal fin low, rather deeply emarginate, its spines very strong, the second spine slightly longer than the eye and 3 the height of the third, which is but little shorter than the fourth or longest, and about 2 length of head; soft rays more than % height of longest spines; caudal rather large, moderately forked, the upper lobe somewhat the longer, about + length of head; anal rather low, itsdistal margin perfectly straight, vertical; second anal spine very robust, 4 length of head, $ longer than the third spine, which is much lower than the soft rays; ventral fins 14 in head, about reaching vent; pectoral fins long, subfalcate, a iittle longer than head, nearly or quite reaching anal. Color in life, grayish, silvery above, with yellowish tinge; lower part of sides with indistinct darker streaks, formed by clusters of dark points on the margins of the scales; a faint dark bar, most distinct in the youngest specimens, extend- ing from the region in front of the dorsal to, or a little below, the base of pectorals. In young specimens this bar is as wide as the eye, growing narrower below, but in the adult it is scarcely wider than the pupil; no trace of the black crossbars seen in Ad. dovii and in 4. pacifici, nor of the dark spots seen in A. surinamensis, nor of the blue stripes of A. taniatus; vertical fins and pectorals dusky-yellowish; distal half of ventrals and base of anal blackish; upper part of head dusky, especially between eyes; lining of opercle pale, with yellow patches in life; peritoneum white. Pacific coast of Mexico; known from 3 specimens from the harbor of Mazatlan and 1 from Acapulco. The type 94 inches long. (cwsius, silver gray.) Pomadasys cesius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 383. (Type, Nos. 28158, 28333, and 29632, U.S.N.M. Coll. C. H. Gilbert.) Anisotremus cesius, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 484, 1893. 1683. ANISOTREMUS DOVII (Giinther). Head 3; depth 2. D. XII, 16; A. III, 9; scales 8-48-15. Second anal spine 1%; third dorsal spine 13. Body rather deep and compressed. Dor- sal spines very high, the longest 1? in head; second anal spine very long, 1318 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. about 13 in head; pectorals much shorter than head; interorbital area much less than width of orbit; snout obtuse, not much longer than eye; cleft of mouth small, the maxillary extending to front of eye; dorsal and anal spines exceedingly strong, the third dorsal spine the longest; snout naked, the remainder of the head being scaly; each ray of the soft fins accompanied by a series of minute scales, covering the caudal; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Color grayish-silvery, with 5 jet-black crossbands in the adult; fins blackish. A strongly marked and handsome species. Length 1 foot. Pacific coast of tropical America; not rare at Mazatlan and Panama. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow, its discoverer. ) Pristipoma dovii, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 23, Panama. Pomadasis dovii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 386. Anisotremus doviit, JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 484, 1893. Subgenus ANISOTREMUS, Gill. 1684. ANISOTREMUS SURINAMENSIS (Bloch). (POMPON.) Head 3; depth 24; eye 4 in head; snout 2%. D. XII, 16; A. III, 8 or 9; scales 6-(9 in oblique series )-52-14 or 15, lateral line with 49 pores. Second anal spine 13; fourth dorsal spine 2; pectoral as long as head. Body oblong-elliptical, the back elevated, the protile strongly convex at nape, becoming straighter anteriorly; interorbital area a little more than eye; snout rather sharp; mouth short, lips very thick, the maxillary extending to anterior edge of eye; outside teeth of jaws conical, notably longer and stronger than the others; preopercle evenly serrate on vertical edge, weaker at angle; dorsal and anal spines strong, second anal stronger and a little longer than the highest dorsal spine, about + head; soft dorsal lower, about + head; pectoral falcate, as long as head; caudal forked. Scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series which are not par- allel with it; scales above lateral line on anterior part of body more or less enlarged, especially in the adult, fewer than 6 to 8 rows in a vertical series between first dorsal spine and lateral line. Adult gray, with a dark spot at the base of each scale on anterior part of back; fins all dark, no distinct opercular spot. Young with 2 black horizontal stripes, one of these from eye to a point just before the base of caudal, where it is inter- rupted, a round black spot following at base of caudal; another stripe above this and parallel with it; scales of anterior part of back more or less distinctly marked with black spots, one on each scale, these spots not confluent. Length 2 to 3 feet. Tropical America, from Florida to Brazil, recently taken by Evermann & Bean in Indian River; perhaps also occur- ring on the Pacific coast, as specimens from the Galapagos are very similar to those from Cuba, and perhaps referable rather to surinamensis than to interruptus. The species probably passes by degrees into Anisotremus interruptus, from the Galapagos northward. This species is the most widely distributed of any of the genus. It reaches a larger size than the f\ a ae Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1319 others and is subject to considerable variation in form.* (surinamensis, from Surinam.) Lutjanus surinamensis, BLocn, Ichthyol., pl. 253, 1791, Surinam. Holocentrus gibbosus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 344, 1803, Surinam; after BLocu. Pristipoma bilineatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 271, 1830, Mar- tinique. Pristipoma melanopterum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 273, 1830, Brazil. Hemulon obtusum, Porty, Memorias, U1, 182, 1860, Havana. Hemulon labridum, Porty, Memorias, I, 419, 1861, Cuba. Pristipoma surinamense, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 273, 1830. Anisotremus bilineatus, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1890, 319. z Anisotremus surinamensis, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 484, 1893; EVERMANN & BEAN, Report on the Fisheries of Indian River, Florida, Senate Doc. 46, 54th Cong., 2d ses., 22, 1897. 1685. ANISOTREMUS INTERRUPTUS (Gill). (MoJARRON.) Head 3; depth 24. D. XII, 16; A. III, 8 or 9; scales 5- (7 or 8 in oblique series) —-52-12; pores 48. Form of Anisotremus surinamensis, the profile rather steeper and less curved; scales above lateral line considerably more enlarged; in other characters entirely similar to 4. swrinamensis. Adult in life, grayish anteriorly, yellow on posterior half; the back tinged with brassy olive, which grows darker behind, the posterior parts pretty dis- tinctly yellow; fin spines gray, the soft fins olive, the fins growing dusky at tip; scales on back and sides each with a distinct black spot; iris yellow. Young specimens with 2 black horizontal stripes, one of these from the eye to a point just before base of caudal, where it is interrupted, a round black spot following at base of caudal; another stripe above this and parallel with it; scales of anterior parts with round brown spots, not confluent. Length 2 to 3 feet. Pacific coast about rocky islands from Magdalena Bay to Panama and the Galapagos; probably varying into the preceding, from which the Galapagos specimens are hardly separable. A common food fish. (interruptus, broken, from the lateral stripe in the ° young.) Genytremus interruptus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 256, young, Cape San Lucas (Coll. J. Xantus). Pristipoma furthi, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., v, 4, 1876, Panama (Coll. Ignatius Furth) ; JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 385. Anisotremus surinamensis interruptus, JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 484, 18938. 1686. ANISOTREMUS BICOLOR (Castelnau). (MARIA-PRIETA.) Head 3; depth 2!. D. XII, 16; A. III,8; scales 7 or 8-46-15; lateral line with 54 pores; eye 22; snout 44; preorbital 4; pectoral 1. Scales above * Anisotremus interruptus, GILL. Pacific coast examples usually have the scales above the lateral line a little larger than usual in Atlantic specimens, but this difference seems to be variable. We have compared specimens from Havana, Bahia, and Rio Janeiro with interruptus from Mazatlan, Magdalena Bay, Panama, and the Galapagos. Specimens from the Galapagos are darker in color and with the snout rather sharper than others seen. Those from Galapagos and from Rio Janeiro have the scales above the lateral line a little less enlarged, 9 in an oblique series, downward and backward from first dorsal spine (7 in Panama specimen, 8 in specimen from Magdalena Bay). 1320 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. lateral line anteriorly not specially enlarged; all specimens examined with 3 or 4 black lateral stripes, one from eye to near base of caudal, where it ceases abruptly, giving place to a round caudal spot as in the young of 4. surinamensis, also a stripe from scapular scale to last dorsal ray forming 2 spots on back of caudal peduncle (this stripe wanting in A. surinamensis); above this 1 or 2 other stripes parallel with it; oper- cular membrane black. Anterior profile considerably steeper than in 4. surinamensis. In all other respects, in specimens of the same age, this species seems to agree with 4. surinamensis. Coast of Brazil. Specimens examined by us from Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia,* and Ceara. Also found in Cuba if Anisotremus trilineatus is really the same species. (bicolor, two- colored. ) Pristipoma bicolor, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares Amer. du Sud, 8, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1850, Bahia. ?Pristipoma trilineatum,t PoEY, Memorias, I, 343, 1861, Havana. Pristipoma brasiliense, STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1863, 1013, Bahia. Anisotremus bicolor, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1890, 319; JORDAN & FESLER, J. c., 485. 1687. ANISOTREMUS SCAPULARIS (Tschudi). Head 3; depth 24; eye 4; snout4. D. XI, 14; A. III, 13; scales 9 or 10-51-10; preorbital equal pupil; maxillary 34; pectoral 1,5; gill rakers 10+ 13. Body ovate, the back elevated, the profile from tip of the short, blunt snout to last dorsal ray evenly rounded; lower profile straighter, angulated at end of base of anal; mouth moderate; teeth in broad bands, the outer in each jaw longer, close set, slender, and sharp; preopercle rather finely, but not sharply, serrate. Scales rather small, more than 9 in a vertical series between first dorsal spine and lateral line. Dorsal fin divided almost to base, the tenth spine no longer than first; second anal spine stronger and a little longer than third, lower than soft rays; caudal forked. Anterior part of body without jet-black vertical bars; axil jet- black, the spot encroaching on base of pectoral; a round, black spot on base of last rays of dorsal and anal; body dark gray, with obscure, darker * A specimen from Bahia shows the following characters: Pectorals sharp, 1); in head, not quite to anal; secoud anal spine very strong, 27, in head, equal to longest dorsal spine. Eye large, 3 in head; snout short, rather blunt; profile steep. Dorsal XII, 16; anal III, 8. Scales 53. Gray; a black median line on back; 5 equidistant black stripes as wide as interspaces on side, straight and horizontal, the first ending under ninth dorsal spine, the second under middle of soft dorsal, the third running from upper edge of gill opening to last dorsal ray, with 2 black spots behind it on back of tail, the fourth on axis of body, ceasing on caudal peduncle, with a round black spot behind it at base of caudal as large as pupil; fifth stripe very obscure, with a trace of a sixth one; a black blotch at base of anal, not on the fin; a large black blotch nearly as large.as pupil on opercular flap; 2 silvery horizontal stripes on the dusky shade of cheeks; fins plain grayish, the ventrals black, the anal dusky, axil dusky. Scales above lateral line in series not par allel with it; 6 or 7 scales in a vertical series below lateral line. t Anisotremus trilineatus (Poey). Head 32 in total with caudal; depth 34; D. XII, 18; A. III, 8. Eye in second third of head. Preopercle well serrate; maxillary reaching front of pupil. Teeth in villiform bands, the outer enlarged above; snout scaleless. Dorsal notched, the membrane of spinous part long; second anal spine longer than third, not robust. Color golden gray, with somewhat oblique streaks along the rows of scales; 2 dark bands along body; 1 from snout through eye to a dark spot at base of caudal; 1 on the back to tip of snout, not joined to its fellow; a narrower dark streak along lateral line, vanishing behind, extending forward to the eve; fins pale yellow; sides of head with silvery reflections. Length .70m. Havana (Poey); not seen by us. Probably young of Anisotremus bicolor. (trilineatus, three-lined.) el 7 H 9 G Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1321 streaks; fins pale; edge of opercle dusky. Coast of Peru; not rare; said to have once been taken at Mazatlan. We have examined several speci- mens from Callao. I1t has the central pore at the chin, the failure to find which led Kner to place the species in Diagramma. It seems to be identical with Peters’ type of P. notatum, preserved in the museum at Berlin, though it disagrees with Peters’ description, the dorsal rays being XII, 15, not XVIII-I, 15, as stated by Peters. This species is probably the one poorly described by Tschudi under the name of Pristipoma scapulare. It is well distinguished by the color mark, which has suggested the names scapularis, melanospilus, and notatus. (scapula, shoulder, from the shoulder spot.) Pristipoma scapulare, TscnupDI, Fauna Peruana, 12, 1844, Huacho. Diagramma melanospilum, KNER, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wissenchaft 1867, 4, west coast of South America. Pristipoma notatum, PETERS, Berl. Monatsb. 1869, 706, ‘‘ angeblich aus Mazatlan.” Pomadasys modestus, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, 286; not of T’scuupI. Anisotremus scapularis, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 485, 1893. 1688. ANISOTREMUS DAVIDSONII (Steindachner). (SARGO RATIADO.) Head 34; depth 24 to 2g. D. XII, 16 or 15; A. III, 11; scales 11-62-21. Eye 43 in head; snout 3; preorbital 53; maxillary 3%; second anal spine 2; to 23; fourth dorsal 2;'5; pectoral { or equal to head; gill rakers 9 + 13. Body elongate-ovate, the back elevated, the anterior profile straightish to nape, thence regularly convex; lower profile straight, angulated at anal; mouth small; teeth setiform, arranged in broad bands, becoming shorter behind, longer and stronger in front; dorsal fin deeply notched, the tenth spine twice as long as first; secondanal spine much stronger and almost twice as long as third, higher than soft rays; caudal forked; pectoral as long or longer than head. Scales rather small, more than 9 in a vertical series between the first dorsal spine and the lateral line. Grayish-silvery, dark above, with many dark points; a very distinct jet-black cross-band on back and sides, this extending from between the fifth and seventh dorsal spines to opposite the lower edge of the pectoral; edge of opercle and base of pectoral black; fins otherwise dull yellowish. Coast of southern Cali- fornia, not rare about San Diego and the Santa Barbara Islands. It has not been taken elsewhere. (Named for Prof. George Davidson, of San Fran- cisco, the well-known astronomer.* ) Pristipoma, davidsonii, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrige, 111, 6, 1875, San Diego, California; JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 385. Pomadasys davidsoni, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 551, 1883. Anisotremus davidsoni, JORDAN & FESLER, I. c., 486, 1893. 1689. ANISOTREMUS SPLENIATUS (Poey). Head 4 in total with caudal; depth 2%. D. XII, 16; A. III, 10. Maxil- lary not reaching front of eye; 2 pores and a groove at the chin; pre- opercle with small spines well separated; no scales on snout; teeth in *** Benannt zu Ehren meines hochverehrten Freundes, Prof. George Davidson, Prisi- denten der California Academy of Natural Sciences, welcher um die naturhistorische Erforschung Californiens so bedeutende Verdienste sich erworben hat.’’ (Steindachner. 3030 6 1322 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. villiform bands. Fourth dorsal spine 3 in depth of body; soft dorsal low; caudal forked. Coca4. Snout rose-colored; rest of head, nape, and back golden-yellow, as are the belly and base of anal; rest of body lead- color, with 2 brown bands, first midway between lateral line and back, the other from eye to tail, ending in a black spot as large as eye at base of caudal; a gilt streak along lateral line, another along belly, the two marking edge of caudal peduncle; a broad blackish vertical band from first ray of dorsal to base of pectoral; fins bright orange, especially cau- dal and anal; spinous dorsal and ventral with membranes blackish; a dark spot on median line of tail behind dorsal. Iris brown. Length 4 inches. Havana(Poey); not seen by us. Aspecies of uncertain relation- ship. (spleniatus, bearing patches. ) Pristipoma spleniatum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 187, 1860, Havana. 1690. ANISOTREMUS TAENIATUS, Gill. (CATALINA.) Head 31; depth 2,5. D. XII, 16; A. IIT, 10; scales 10-56-17; eye 33 in head; snout 24; preorbital 4; maxillary 3}; second anal spine 1}; fourth dorsal spine 13; pectoral {; gill rakers 8+16. Body ovate, the back much elevated, the anterior profile steep, convex on snout, straightish over eye, nape very convex to base of third dorsal spine; mouth moder- ate, the maxillary extending to anterior edge of eye; jawssubequal; teeth arranged in bands, the outer much enlarged; about 10 gill rakers, besides rudiments, below angle; dorsal fin high, slightly emarginate; spines slen- der, the highest slightly shorter and weaker than the second anal spine, which is more than 4 head; caudal emarginate, the upper lobe the longer. Body with about 6 longitudinal stripes of brilliant blue on a bright golden ground, those on side very distinct, not nearly as wide as a scale, sharply edged with darker blue, their width about 4 that of the olive interspaces; additional blue stripes in the interspaces faint and few; and oblique brown band from nape through eye, broad vertical bands at shoulder, these much less distinct than in A. virginicus; fins golden yel- low. Young witha black blotch at base of caudal. Pacific coast of trop- ical America, Magdalena Bay to Panama. The most brilliantly colored of the genus, common on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Panama, where it replaces the closely allied Anisotremus virginicus. The differences between the two species, though slight, seem to be constant. (zazvia, a ribbon; teniatus, striped. ) Anisotremus teniatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 107, Panama (Coll. Captain Dow); JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 486. 1691. ANISOTREMUS VIRGINICUS (Linneus). (PORKFISH; CATALINETA.) Head 34; depth 2. D. XII, 17; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 11-56-17; eye 44; snout24 to3; preorbital4; maxillary 34; second anal spine 275; third dorsal spine 2/5; pectoral 3; gillrakers 7+16. Body ovate, the back very much elevated, the anterior profile steep, slightly convex along snout 4 3 _~— = Jordan and -vermann.—Fishes of North America. 1323 and over eye, very much arched at nape; mouth small, the maxillary extending to anterior nostril; jaws subequal; outer row of teeth enlarged; about 6 gill rakers, besides rudiments, below angle; dorsal fin low, emarginate, spines slender, the highest about equal in length to second anal spine, which is less than $ head; caudal forked. Oblique bar from nape through eye, and vertical bar downward from dorsal, jet-black ; space before anterior bar deep yellow; interspace between bars pearly gray, with yellow spots, the spots confluent above into a yellow area; ground color of body plain pearly gray, with about 7 deep-yellow lon- gitudinal stripes; the pearly interspace not edged with darker and not distinctly blue; all the fins deep yellow; iris gilt gray. A very young specimen showed the following coloration in life; pale anterior region, from lower jaw and temporal region to spinous dorsal bright yellow; spinous dorsal, ventrals, and front of anal deep golden; other fins pale; a large round jet-black spot at base of caudal; a dark band from front of spinous dorsal downward, and 2 black stripes along sides, one from nape to last ray of dorsal and one from the eye nearly to the caudal spot. Flor- ida to Brazil; the commonest of the genus in the West Indies, and the only one except A. surinamensis which extends its range to the coast of Florida. (Name from Virginia, but the species does not reach thus far to the northward.) Guatucupa juba, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brasil., 148, 1648, Brazil. Acara pinima, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brasil., 152, 1648, Brazil. Sparus virginicus, LINNAUS, Syst. Nat., X, 281, 1758, South America. Sparus vittatus, BLocH, Ichthyol., taf. 263, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after MARCGRAVE’S Acara pinima. Perca juba, BLocH, l.c., taf. 308, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after MARCGRAV®8’s Guatucupa juba. Grammistes mauritii, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 185, 1801; after Sparus vittatus of BLoc#. ? Pristipoma catharine, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 269, 1830, St. Cath- arine Island, Brazil. Pristipoma rodo, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 274, 1830, Martinique, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and San Domingo. Pristipoma acara pinima, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, 8, 1856, Brazil. Pristipoma virginicum, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 288. Anisotremus virginicus, GILL, Proc., Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1861, 107; JoRDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1890, 319; JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 486. Pomadasys virginicus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 385. 1692. ANISOTREMUS SERRULA (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (TETE-DE-ROCHE; PETITE-SCIE.) Dorsal XII, 13; A. III, 9. Body a little more oblong than in Anisotre- mus surinamensis. Snout short, not longer than width of eye; dorsal fin very deeply notched, with feeble spines; second and third anal spines equalin length. Anterior part of body without dark crossbars, the body sometimes plain yellowish, the back usually violet, with 4 or 5 yellowish lines; silvery below.* Martinique (Cuvier & Valenciennes); not seen by * Except for the presence of the groove at the chin, as implied in the description of Cuvier & Valenciennes, we might suppose Anisotremus serrula to be identical with Genyatremus luteus. 1324 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. us. (serrula, a little saw, a translation of the French name “ Petite-Scie,” used at Martinique. ) | Pristipoma serrula, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 272, 1830, Martinique. Pristipoma auratum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 272, Martinique. Anisotremus serrula, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 487. 543. CONODON, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Conodon, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 156, 1830 (antillanus=nobilis). This genus is close to Pomadasis, from which it is separated by the enlarged outer teeth and by the peculiar armature of the preopercle, which is very sharply serrate, the serre at the angle enlarged, those before the angle turned forward. Body oblong; soft rays of dorsal and anal more or less scaly; second anal spine large. American. (”@voS, cone; 0d@7, tooth.) a. Back distinctly elevated and compressed, the depth 33 in body; dorsal fins low, . fourth spine the longest, 13 in head; longest dorsal ray 24 in head; outer teeth much enlarged. NOBILIS, 1693. aa. Back not elevated, the depth 32 in body; dorsal fin higher than in nobilis, fourth spine the longest, 24 in head; longest dorsai ray 3 in head; outer teeth little enlarged. SERRIFER, 1694. 1693. CONODON NOBILIS (Linnzeus). Head 31; depth 3}. D. XI—I, 13; A. III, 7; scales 6-55-13. Back dis- tinctly elevated and compressed, the depth about equal to length of head; dorsal fins low, fourth and longest spine 1? in head, longest dorsal ray 2} in head; second anal spine very long and strong, higher than the soft rays, more than 4 length of head; second dorsal spine about 4 length of third; pectorals narrow, about reaching vent; teeth of outer series en- larged, stout; preorbital at its Jeast width more than } diameter of eye. Air bladder with 2 short horns in front. Color silvery, darker above, with 8 dark bars, which extend on sides below level of pectoral; sides with light yellowish streaks in life; dorsal spines silvery. West Indies; coast of Texas to Brazil; on sandy shores. Length about a foot. This species is not rare in the West Indies, and is more common on the coast of Brazil. (nobilis, noble.) Perca nobilis, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 191, 1758, North America. Sciceena plumieri, BLOCH, Ichthyol., v1, 66, taf. 306, 1791, Martinique. Sciena coro, BLocn, l.c., pl. 307, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after Coro coro, MARCGRAVE. Cheilodipterus chrysopterus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 542, pl. 33, fig. 1, 1802. Conodon antillanus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 156, 1830, Jamaica. Pristipoma coro, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vv, 266, 1830. Conodon plumieri, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 304, 1859. Conodon nobilis, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 488. 1694. CONODON SERRIFER, Jordan & Gilbert. » Head 3? in length to base of caudal; depth 3?. D. XI—I, 12; A. III, 7; scales 6-53-15. Body comparatively elongate, elliptical, little compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and nearly equally curved, the back not much elevated and not specially compressed. Head rather short, Jordan and E-vermann.—Fishes of North America, 1325 broad, not very acute anteriorly, the profile nearly straight from snout to base of dorsal; snout short, about equal in length to the large eye, 34 in head. Interorbital area broad and quite flat, its width 4} in head. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the lips moderately developed; maxillary extending to opposite front of eye, 2} in head; premaxillaries in front on level of middle of eye. Teeth in moderate bands, those in the outer series enlarged, but much less so than in Conodon nobilis, the teeth slenderer than in the latter; 2 teeth in front of lower jaw somewhat caninelike. Preorbital narrow, its least width about 3 diameter of eye; jaws equal in front; preopercle with its posterior margin somewhat concave, armed with strong teeth, which are directed backward and somewhat upward; angle of preopercle with a strong spine directed backward, its length about + length of eye; lower limb of preopercle with strong spinous teeth (as in the species of Plectropoma), directed forward and downward, becoming gradually smaller anteriorly; nostrils small, roundish, the ante- rior larger. Gill rakers rather slender, of moderate length. Scales rather irregularly arranged, those above lateral line forming series parallel with it, which are somewhat broken opposite the angulation of the lateral line; small scales on soft parts of dorsal and anal; dorsal fin low, divided almost to base, the spines rather strong; first and second spines short and slender, the second little more than 4 the height of the third; the fourth or longest 2; in head; soft dorsal low, its longest rays 3 in head; caudal subtruncate, the upper rays longest, 1} in head; anal rather low, the second spine 2 in head, much longer and stronger than the third, which is little lower than the soft rays; pectoral pointed, 1/5 in head; ventrals 1%. Color dusky bluish above, silvery below; sides of back with about 7 short black bars, each much narrower than the interspaces, the last under last rays of dorsal, all terminating below at the lower edge of the dark hue of the back; fins all pale. Length 8 inches. Lower California; known only from the original types, 3 specimens taken by Dr. Streets at Boca Soledad. It is close to Conodon nobilis, but slenderer and somewhat dif- ferent in armature. (serra, saw; fero, I bear.) Conodon plumieri, STREETS, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., vu, 50,1877, Boca Soledad, west coast Lower California; not of CUVIER & VALENCIENNES. Conodon serrifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus. 1882,351, Boca Soledad, Lower California (Type, 17546, U.S.N.M. Coll. Dr. Streets); JoRDAN & FESLER, l. c., 488. 544. BRACHYDEUTERUS, Gill. (BURRITOS. ) Brachydeuterus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 17 (awritws, an African species). Hemulopsis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vit, 9, 1869 (corvineformis, a Brazilian species). Body oblong; scales large, those above in series parallel with the lat- eral line; mouth small, outer teeth in jaws somewhat enlarged; inside of jaws not red. Anal spines small or moderate, the second little, if any, longer or stronger than third, and lower than the soft rays; soft dorsal and anal largely covered with small scales; dorsal spines 12; soft dorsal comparatively long, of 15 or 16 rays; otherwise essentially asin Pomadasis, 1326 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. the fins smaller and more scaly. (fpaxvs, short; dSevrepds, second; the typical species (auritus) was placed by Cuvier & Valenciennes in the Scienoid genus Larimus, from which it was supposed to differ in the shorter second dorsal. The name would better apply tothe short second anal spine. ) a. Peetoral fins short, much shorter than head; anal spines very small. b. Preorbital narrow, not as broad as eye. c. Second anal spine shorter than the third; body rather elongate, the mouth small, the maxillary not quite reaching front of eye. A large blackish rounded blotch nearly as large as eye, behind the suprascapula, at the origin of the lateral line. NITIDUS, 1695. cc. Second anal spine about equal to third in length, but stouter, 3 to 33 in head, relatively larger in smaller specimens; a diffuse dark blotch on scapular region, very faint in the larger specimens. CORVINZEFORMIS, 1696. bb. Preorbital broad, wider than eye, 3£ to 4in head; anal spines not graduated; maxillary not reaching the eye; sides with indistinct dark streaks or none; no dark scapular blotch. LEUCISCUS, 1697. aa. Pectoral fins long, nearly equal to head; preorbital broad. about as wide as eye. Body rather robust, the back elevated, the profile even. Axillary blotch large, black, encroaching upon the rays of the pectoral fin. AXILLARIS, 1698. 1695. BRACHYDEUTERUS NITIDUS (Steindachner). Head 3}; depth 3; eye 32; snout 3. D. XII, 15; A. III, 8; fourth dorsal spine 2; second anal spine nearly 4; pectoral 13; scales 6 or 7-52-10. Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back evenly arched; head pointed, the mouth small, maxillary not reaching to eye; preorbital nar- row, not so wide as eye; posterior edge of preopercle finely and evenly serrate; gillrakers short and slender, about 7+10. Dorsal not deeply notched, longest ray 1} in longest spine; anal spines very small, the sec- ond shorter than third; pectoral much shorter than head, not reaching much past tips of ventrals, which reach halfway to base of first anal ray; caudal lunate. Silvery, darker above, with dark streaks along the rows of scales, especially distinct below lateral line; a large round blotch at beginning of lateral line, about as large as eye; fins plain. Length 10 inches. Pacific coast of tropical America; known from Mazatlan, Panama, and the Gulf of California. (nitidus, shining.) Pristipoma (Hemulopsis) nitidum, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vu, 5, pl. 3, 1869, Mazatlan, Mexico. Pomadasis nitidus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c.,494; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 462, 1895. 1696. BRACHYDEUTERUS CORVINEFORMIS (Steindachner). Head 3 to 34; depth 34; eye 3? to 4 in head; snout 2} to 3. D. XII, 15; A. 111, 7; scales 6-51-10. Upper profile regularly arched from snout to tail, the highest point at origin of dorsal; lower profile nearly straight to base of anal; preorbital slightly less than eye; maxillary not reaching eye, 3} to3* in head; anterior nostril oval, twice the size of posterior; preopercle finely toothed, about 20 teeth on upper limb, increasing slightly in size toward angle; dorsal notched almost to base, fourth spine longest, 24 to 23 in head; longest soft ray (second) equal to or slightly less than longest spine; pectoral pointed, 1} to 1? in head; ventral broad, the margin ee Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1327 nearly straight, inner ray 1} in second, which is 2 in head; first ray branched once, slightly filamentous, other rays branched much; second and third anal spines about equal,3 to 3% in head, relatively larger in smaller specimens, the second stouter; first soft ray 2} in head; margin of anal slightly concave, the last ray shorter than second spine; upper lobe of caudal longer, the difference more noticeable in the smaller speci- mens, 14 to 1} in head, middle rays 1? in upper; pectoral scaly at base only, other fins, except spinous dorsal, more or less completely scaled, a narrow sheath of scales on sides of dorsal and anal, supplementary scales slightly developed in axil of ventrals; least depth of caudal peduncle 14 to 13 in the length from below end of dorsal, its length being equal to middle caudal rays; lateral line and rows of scales above it concentric with back, scales below lateral line in horizontal rows. Color in alcohol: Dark olive above, lower sides more or iess silvery, the larger specimens much the lighter; a dark line along each row of scales below lateral line, these rather indistinct in larger specimens; scales above lateral line with dark centers, these not forming distinct lines; a diffuse dark blotch on scapular region, very faint in the larger specimens; pectorals colorless, other fins punctate, the margins very dark. There is considerable varia- tion in the ground color, the larger specimens being distinctly silvery, some of the smaller heavily washed with olive and having the scapular blotch more developed. Our specimens differ from Steindachner’s descrip- tion in having a rather shorter maxillary, not reaching eye, narrower pre- orbital, and a blotch on scapular region. They are, however, probably not specifically distinct. West Indies to Brazil; here described from 5 specimens 54 to 74 inches long, collected at Kingston, Jamaica, by Mr. Joseph Seed Roberts. (Corvina, a synonym of Sciwna; forma, form.) Hemulon corvineforme, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vil, 16, 1868, Santos, Brazil. Pomadasis corvineformis, JORDAN & FESLER, Sparoid Fishes, 495, 1893. Brachydeuterus corvineformis, JORDAN & RUTTER, Fishes of Jamaica in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1897, 110. 1697. BRACHYDEUTERUS LEUCISCUS (Giimther). (BURRITO.) _ Head 3; depth 3 to3,;,. D. XII, 14 to 16; A. III,7 or 8; scaies 6-52-12; preorbital 34 to 4 in head; orbit 4; snout 3; maxillary 3}; fourth dorsal spine 1g in head; second anal spine variable, from 3 to 4; pectoral 14; upper caudal lobe 14. Body moderately elongate, deepest at shoulders ; profile steep, but not greatly curved, slightly concave above eyes; mouth small, lower jaw slightly included, maxillary not reaching front of eye; preorbital wider than eye, interorbital flattish, 2% orbit; preopercle sharply serrated; gill-rakers about half pupil, 5+12. Dorsal deeply notched, the last spine about twice as long as next to last; fourth spine longest, 4 longer than longest ray; second anal spine stouter, not much, if any, shorter than third, its tip, when depressed, reaching base of last ray; pectoral short, reaching past tips of ventrals, but not to vent; upper lobe of caudal the longer. Color grayish-silvery; a light lateral band, 1328 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. about one scale in width, beginning at posterior margin of opercle and extending backward in a direct line, meeting the lateral line under pos- terior fourth of soft dorsal, thence continuing to base of caudal chiefly below lateral line; center of each scale in the band with a faint dark blotch, these forming a rather distinct darker line through the mid- dle of the light one; 3 other faint dark bands along side, 1 above and 2 below the light band; opercle with a yellowish tinge, a dark spot at angle; fins all light yellowish, soft dorsal mottled with blackish; a faint blotch on axil of pectoral. Pacific coast of tropical America; very common at Mazatlan and Panama, south to northern Peru; quite variable in depth of body, width of preorbital, and length of spines. Here described from a specimen 9 inches in length, from Rio Mulege, Lower California. (leuciscus, a chub or shiner, from A£vx05, white.) Pristipoma leuciscus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 147, San Jose de Nicaragua, Chiapas. Pristipoma leuciscus, var. elongatus, STEINDACHNER, Neue und seltene Fische aus dem k. k. Museum, 30, 52, pl.9, fig. 2, 1879, Tumbez, west coast of South America; an elongate specimen, probably of the same species. Pomadasys leuciscus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 387. Pomadasis elongatus,* JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 352; specimens with slender body and narrow preorbital; EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 150; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 495. Pomadasis leuciscus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 495; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 462, 1895. 1698. BRACHYDEUTERUS AXILLARIS (Steindachner). (BURRO BLANCO.) Head 34; depth 34; D. XII, 16; A. III, 9; scales 6-50-10. Body rather robust, compressed, the back moderately arched; dorsal fin deeply notched ; preopercle with small serre ; suprascapula finely serrate; preorbital broad, about as wide as eye; anal spines small or moderate, the second little, if any, longer or stronger than third, 3} to 4 in head; anal lower than the soft dorsal; soft dorsal and anal largely covered with small scales; pectoral fin long, nearly equal to head. Color grayish-silvery, with light and dark stripes along rows of scales, these sometimes obscure; fins unspotted ; body with faint dark crossbands; back and sides with dark stripes formed by dark spots along the rows of scales; a large inky-black axillary blotch, encroaching on the rays of the pectoral fin, a color mark by which the species may be known at once. Length nearly a foot. Pacific coast of Mexico; not rare, but known only from about Mazatlan and Guaymas. (axillaris, from the black axillary spot.) Pristipoma axillare, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vit, 7, 1869, Mazatlan. Pomadasis axillaris, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 151; JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢., 494; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 462, 1895. * The specimens called elongatus by Jordan & Gilbert differ somewhat from the elongatus of Steindachner. Renewed comparison of many examples leads us to the conclusion that the specimens named leuciscus and elongatus are simply rather extreme forms of one species. ——— on Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1329 545. POMADASIS, Lacépéde. (BuRROS. ) Pomadasis, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 516, 1803 (argenteus). Les pristipomes, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 279, 1817 (hasta, etc.). Pristipoma, Oken, Isis, 1817 (hasta). Pristipoma, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 176, 1829 (hasta, ete.). Rhencus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List, 387, 1896 (panamensis). Rhonciscus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List, 387, 1896 (crocro). Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back not much elevated ; mouth rather small, terminal, low, the lips thin; maxillary usually not extending to opposite the eye, its tip not reaching the posterior edge of the broad preorbital; premaxillaries protractile; teeth on jaws only, in villiform bands, subequal, or the outer series in upper jaw more or less enlarged ; no red on the jaws; a central groove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw; cheeks and opercles scaly; preopercle rather distinctly serrate, the serre below not turned forward; suprascapula serrate; scales large, those above lateral line in series parallel with it; no small scales at base of the others; soft dorsal and anal fins naked, or with a very few scales at base; dorsal] fin emarginate, the spines strong, 11 to 13 in number, the soft rays 11 to 14; anal fin of 7 or 8 soft rays, short, with the second spine always very strong; gill rakers feeble, few in number; caudal lunate, forked. This genus is composed of small shore fishes, some of its repre- sentatives being found in most tropical seas. Several of the species enter fresh waters, and perhaps belong to the brackish- water fauna. Numerous species are found on the west coast of Africa and about the Cape Verde Islands, but so far as known none enters Kuropean waters. (7@ua, oper- culum; da6vs, rough, hence more correctly written Pomadasys. ) RHENCHUS (‘péykos, or ‘poyxos, snoring, hence Ronchus, Ronco, Roncador): a. Teeth in both jaws in villiform bands, the outer series not at all enlarged; preo- percle with weak serratures; dorsal spines 12. b. Third dorsal spine produced, much longer than the others, about half length of head; second anal spine somewhat shorter; profile convex; scales nearly smooth; pectoral fin very long, as long as head. Color silvery, lower fins white; a distinct dark blotch on opercle and a fainter one on sides below spinous dorsal. Body rather robust. PANAMENSIS, 1699. aa. Teeth in both jaws in villiform bands, those in the outer series in the upper jaw more or less enlarged; preopercle sharply serrate; caudal fin lunate or trun- cate, the lobes short. : PRISTIPOMA (mplotns, SAW; TOma, operculum): ce. Dorsal spines XIT; preorbital broad. d. Mouth large, maxillary reaching to anterior third of eye, about 23 in head. e. Seales rather small, 8-56-20. Body elongate-elliptical, compressed, somewhat elevated at nape; anterior profile straight from nape to end of snout; snout produced, blunt, rounded; dorsal spines low, the longest 2 in head; second anal spine very long, 1} in head; pectoral short, not reaching vent. Coloration uniform. BAYANUS, 1700. ee. Scales still smaller, 65 in a longitudinal series; body elongate; maxil- lary extending a little beyond front of eye; anal spines strong, the second three-fourths the depth of body. Color nearly plain; silvery below. PRODUCTUS, 1701. 1330 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. dd. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching beyond anterior edge of orbit, about 34 in head; pectorals long, 1} in head; scales large, 45 to 48. Body ovate-elongate, compressed, considerably elevated at nape; anterior profile straight or slightly concave from nape to point of snout; snout sharp and pointed. jf. Eye 45 in head; dorsal fin very deeply notched, the spines long and strong, the longest about 2 in head; second anal spine very long and strong, about 2 in head; pectoral long, reaching a little beyond the vent, about 3} in body. Coloration dusky, with a metallic luster above, lighter below; back with about 4 dusky transverse bands extending to level of pectoral. MACRACANTHUS, 1702. jf. Eye 34 in head; second anal spine more than half head, longer . than fourth dorsal spine. ANDREI, 1703. RHAONCISCUS (diminutive of poyxos, grunter) : cc. Dorsal spines XIII; preorbital narrow. g. Body moderately elongate, the depth 22 to 3 in length. h. Snout pointed, 33 in head. Body elongate, compressed, the back elevated, high at the nape, the anterior profile rather irregular, varying with age; a more or less distinct frontal depression above eye in old specimens; mouth small, the maxillary barely extending to the anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw included; scales rather large, 6-54-16, those above the lateral line parallel; dorsal fin moderately notched; second anal spine very strong and long, reaching past tips of all the rays; pec- toral short. Color rather plain, about 3 or 4 ill-defined longi- tudinal dark stripes along sides, one from point of snout to middle of base of caudal. CROCRO, 1704. hh. Snout longer, moderately pointed, about 3 in head; body elongate, ovate, compressed, the back elevated, depth about 3 in length ; pectorals rather long, 1} in head; anterior profile steep and convex over snout, depressed above eye, becoming slightly convex at nape; top of head with aslight depression; mouth — small, the maxillary barely reaching to the anterior edge of eye; preorbital very narrow; eye very large, about 3 in head; soft dorsal and anal slightly scaly at base; dorsal fin only moderately notched, the soft part much shorter and lower than the spinous portion; dorsal spines very high and stout, fourth 14 in head; second aral spine very long and strong, 12 in head; pectoral long; caudal slightly lunate. Color uniformly silver-gray, the base of each scale slightly darker. BRANICKI, 1705. gg. Body very long and low, compressed, the back little elevated, the depth about 32 in length; pectorals shortish, 14 in head. Second anal spine very long, 14 in head; anterior profile irregular, straightish over snout, slightly convex above eye, occiput con- cave, convex at nape; mouth moderate; maxillary reaching to front of pupil; teeth at angle of preopercle almost spiny; eye large; base of soft dorsal and anal naked or slightly scaly; dorsal fin only slightly notched, the soft part about half as long as spiny portion; dorsal spines very strong; second anal spine very long, reaching beyond tips of lastrays. Color of body metallic grayish- golden, with indistinct streaks and bands; belly lighter; fins dusky. RAMOSUS, 1706. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1331 Subgenus RHENCUS, Jordan & Evermann. 1699. POMADASIS PANAMENSIS* (Steindachner). Head 2} to 23; depth 23 to 23. D. XII, 13. A. III, 8; scales 7-48-12; eye 4 in head; preorbital deep, about as broad as eye; interorbital 43; maxillary 3. Body robust, somewhat compressed, the back elevated, the anterior profile convex; mouth rather large, oblique. Teeth in upper jaw in broad villiform bands, the outer teeth not enlarged; lower jaw project- ing; preopercle very weakly serrate; suprascapula nearly entire. Third dorsal spine strong, considerably produced, much longer than the fourth, and more than twice length of second, about 4 length of head; second anal spine somewhat shorter, but strong, much larger and longer than third, not reaching tips of last ray when depressed; caudal lunate. Gill rakers short and slender, 64-12; scales nearly smooth; pectoral fin very long, falcate, as long as head. Color grayish-silvery, young with 6 very faint cross shades, one of these below spinous dorsal appearing as a round- ish dark spot; lower fins white; a distinct dark blotch on opercle anda fainter one on sides below spinous dorsal. Length 14 inches. Pacific coast of tropical America; a well-marked species, common at both Panama and Mazatlan.. (Name from Panama). Pristipoma panamense, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrige, 111, 8, 1875, Panama. Pomadasis panamensis, JORDAN & FESLER, I. c., 494. Subgenus PRISTIPOMA, Cuvier. 1700. POMADASIS BAYANUS, Jordan & Everman, new species. Head 24; depth 33; scales 8-56-20; D. XII, 12; A.III, 7; eye 5 in head; preorbital 64; snout 34; maxillary 23; pectoral 5 in body; 4th dorsal spine 22; second anal spine 13; soft dorsal 24 in spinous. Body elongate-ellip- tical, compressed, somewhat elevated at nape; anterior profile straight from nape to end of snout; snout produced, blunt, rounded; preorbital broad, not quite so wide as eye; preopercle and suprascapula coarsely serrated. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching to anterior third of eye; teeth in upper jaw in villiform bands, those in front of upper jaw more or less enlarged, acute; dorsal fin deeply notched; dorsal spines low, the longest about 22 in head; soft dorsal short, its base contained about 24 times in _ base of spinous portion; second anal spine very long and strong, about 1} in head; soft dorsal and anal slightly scaly at base; pectoral short, not reaching vent. Coloration uniform olivaceous above, silvery below; fins plain. Pacific coast of Panama, probably always in fresh waters, the known specimens all taken from the Rio Bayano, near Panama. Our type and cotype, 30957, U.S. N.M., two specimens from Rio Bayano, collected by Captain John M. Dow. Pristipoma humile, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitsgber. Akad. Wiss. Miinch. 1863, 222, Rio Bayano, near Panama; name preoccupied by Pristipoma humilis, BowDicu, Fishes of Madeira, 236, 1825. Pomadasis humilis, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 492. * This species is erroneously referred by Jordan & Fesler to the subgenus Pseudopris- tipoma, Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Philom., rv, 220, 1880), of which the type is Pristipoma leu- curum, Cuvier & Valenciennes, from the Seychelles. Pseudopristipoma seems to be a valid genus, closely allied to Anisotremus, with which it agrees in form, but with the teeth all small and slender, the outer not at all enlarged. 1332 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1701. POMADASIS PRODUCTUS (Poey). Head 4 in total length with caudal; depth 44; eye 4. D. XII, 12; A. III, 7; scales 65. Body elongate, maxillary extending a little beyond front of eye; anal spines strong, the second ? depth of body. Color nearly plain, silvery below. (Poey.) Cuba; not seen by us; apparently closely allied to P. bayanus. From P. ramosus it differs, if the descriptions can be trusted, in having but 12 dorsal spines. (productus, produced, from the long snout. ) Pristipoma productum, PoEY, Memorias, I, 186, 1860, Havana. Pomadasis productus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢., 493. 1702. POMADASIS MACRACANTHUS (Ginther). (BURRO.) Head 24; depth 24; scales 6 or 7-48-14; D. XII, 13; A. III, 7; eye 44 in head; preorbital 43; snout 24; maxillary 34; pectoral 3} in body; fourth dorsal spine 2 in head; second anal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 1} in long- est dorsal spine. Body ovate-elongate, compressed, considerably elevated at nape; anterior profile straight or slightly concave from nape to point of snout; snout sharp and pointed; mouth smail, the maxillary not reaching to anterior edge of orbit, about 34 in head; anterior nostril with a flap which extends over posterior nostril; gill rakers about 7-+-15; scales large; preopercle and suprascapula coarsely serrate; dorsal fin very deeply notched; dorsal spines long and strong, the longest about 2 in head; soft dorsal short, its base contained about 2, times in base of spinous portion; second anal spine very long and strong, about 2 in head; soft dorsal and anal each with a single row of a few scales behind each ray near the base; pectoral long, reaching a little beyond the vent, about 34 in body, 14 in head. Coloration dusky, with a metallic luster above, silvery below; about 4 broad dusky transverse bands extending downward to level of pectoral. Length 15inches. Pacific coast of tropical America; very com- mon; specimens examined by us from Panama, Mazatlan, Chiapas, and Punta Arenas. It makes a loud snorelike noise when caught, very much like the noise of the “‘burro” or donkey. (“axp0s, long; «xavOa, spine.) Pristipoma macracanthum, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, 146, Chiapas, Mexico. Pomadasis macracanthus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 493; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 461. 1708. POMADASIS ANDREI (Sauvage). Head 3; depth 3. D. XII, 12; A. III, 7; scales 45; eye equal to snout, 34 in head; maxillary reaching to opposite front of eye; preopercle with oblique margin. Second anal spine strong, longer than fourth dorsal spine, more than 4 length of head; caudal truncate. Coloration uni- form. Near to P. macracanthus, but differing in having the eye larger, the snout shorter, in the length of the maxillary and the second anal spine, and in the absence of scales between the rays of the vertical fins. (Sau- vage.) Not seen by us; a rather doubtful species. Rio Guayas, Ecuador, near Guayaquil. (Named for its discoverer, M. André.) Pristipoma andrei, SAUVAGE, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris, 7th ser., 111, 1879, 204, Rio Guayas, Ecuador (Coll. André). Jordan and E-vermann.—Fishes of North America. 1333 Subgenus RHONCISCUS, Jordan & Evermann, 1704. POMADASIS CROCRO (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3; depth 23 to 3}; eye 3} to5in head. D. XIII, 11 or 12; A. III,6 or 7; scales 6-54-16; preorbital 4 to 8; snout 2! to 33; maxillary 3 to 4; pectoral 1} to 1}; fourth dorsal spine 14 to 2}; second anal spine 1} to 2; soft dorsal 2 in spinous. Body elongate, compressed, the back elevated, high at the nape, the anterior profile rather irregular, varying with age; a more or less distinct frontal depression above eye in old specimens; mouth small, the maxillary barely extending to the anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw included; preopercle coarsely serrate, the teeth wide apart; teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged; scales rather large, those above the lateral line in parallel series; dorsal fin moderately notched; second anal spine very strong and long, reaching past tips of all the rays; pecto- ral short, caudal slightly lunate. Color rather plain, olivaceous, silvery below, about 3 or 4 ill-defined longitudinal dark stripes along sides, one from point of snout to middle of base of caudal. West Indies, Cuba to Brazil; generally common on sandy coasts. The specimens examined by us are from Cuba (type of Pristipoma cultriferum Poey, in the museum at Cambridge), and from Sao Matheos, Itabapuana, and Cannariveras, in Brazil. (crocro, the vernacular name at Martinique. ) Pristipoma crocro, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 264, 1830, Martinique. Pristipoma cultriferum, PoEY, Memorias, I, 185, 1860, Havana. (Type in M. C. Z.) Pomadasys approximans, BEAN & DRESEL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 160, Jamaica. (Type, No. 30062. Coll. Public Mus. Inst. Jamaica.) Pomadasis crocro, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 493. 1705. POMADASIS BRANICKI (Steindachner). (BURRITO.) Head 3; depth 3. D. XIII or XIV, 12; A. III, 7; scales 7-49-12; eye 3} in head; preorbital 54; snout 3; maxillary 3%; pectoral 14; fourth dorsal spine 14; second anal spine 1*; soft dorsal 24 in spinous. Body elongate- ovate, compressed, the back elevated; pectorals rather long, 14 in head; anterior profile steep and convex over snout, depressed above eye, becom- ing slightly convex at nape; snout long, moderately pointed; top of head with a slight depression; mouth small, the maxillary barely reaching to the anterior edge of eye; preorbital very narrow; teeth arranged in nar- row, thickly set bands, those in front a little broader; preopercle and scapula strongly serrate, the serre wide apart at angle; gill rakers short and slender, about 6+-11; soft dorsal and anal slightly scaly at base; dor- sal fin only moderately notched, the soft part much shorter and lower than the spinous portion; dorsal spines very high and stout, the last spine 4 longer than the next to the last; second anal spine very long and strong, reaching past the longest rays, 4 longer than third spine; pectoral long, not reaching past ventrals; caudal slightly lunate. Color uniformly sil- ver-gray, the base of each scale slightly darker. Length 7 inches. Pacific coast of tropical America, Mazatlan to Peru; generally common on the sandy coasts of tropical America on the Pacific side; specimens seen by 1334 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. us from Mazatlan, Panama, Rio Zanatenco, and Chiapas. (A personal name. ) Pristipoma branicki, STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, X11, 28, 1879, Tumbez, Peru. Pomadasis branicki, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 493; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 462, 1895. 1706. POMADASIS RAMOSUS (Poey). Head 3 to 34; depth 34 to 33. D. XIII, 11 or 12; A. III, 6 or 7; scales 6-54-14; eye 34 in head; preorbital 5} to 8; snout 35; maxillary 3; pec- toral 14; fourth dorsal spine 1) to 2; second anal spine 1}; soft dorsal 2 in spinous. Body very long and low, compressed, the back little elevated ; anterior profile irregular, straightish over snout, slightly convex above eye, occiput concave, convex at nape; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching to front of pupil; preopercle and scapula very coarsely serrated, those at angle of preopercle almost spiny; eye large; base of soft dorsal and anal naked or slightly scaly; dorsal fin only slightly notched, the soft part about half as long as spiny portion; dorsal spines very strong; second anal spine very long, reaching beyond tips of last rays; pectoral short; caudal truncate. Color metallic grayish-golden, silvery below, with indistinct lengthwise streaks and bands; fins dusky.“ Length one foot. West Indies, south to Brazil; notvery common. (ramosus, branched, the soft rays of the ventrals being much branched. ) Pristipoma ramosum, PoEY, Memorias, Il, 186, 1860, Havana. Pristipoma boucardi, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, 1x, 1, 1869, Gulf of Mexico. Pomadasis ramosus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 494. 546. ORTHOPRISTIS, Girard. (PIGFISHES. ) Orthopristis, GIRARD, U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Zool., Fishes, 15, 1859 (duplea —= chrysop- terus). Pristocantharus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256 (cantharinus). Evapristis, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check- List, 388, 1896 (lethopristis). Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back arched; head com- pressed, the snout usually long; mouth rather small, placed low; teeth in jaws in villiform bands, the outer teeth above somewhat enlarged; eye moderate; preopercle with its vertical limb straight, finely serrate or entire; gill rakers rather long and slender; dorsal spines rather slender, 12 or 13 in number, the fin usually not much notched; soft dorsal long and low, usually with 15 or 16 rays, the membranes usually naked; anal spinessmall ; caudal lunate. Scales rather small, those above lateral line arranged in series not parallel with it; usuaily no smaller accessory scales at base of the larger ones. This genus contains a considerable number of species differing from Pomadasis in the long anal fin, the smaller scales, and in the less development of the dorsal spines. Nearly all the species are Ameri- * Of this species we have examined a specimen 6 inches long (418, M. C: Z.) from Haiti. A number of specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology agree with this one, except that the anal spine is shorter, 2 in head; they are 10615, M.C. Z., Sao Matheos, the largest a foot in length, and 2421, M. C. Z., from Rio Una. Pristipoma boucardi. Stein- dachner seems to us identical with the specimen from Haiti. It is probable that this is the same as P. ramosus Poey, but the description of Poey is not very full. Jordan and Lvermann.—Fishes of North America, 13835 can. (0p%0s, straight; wpzoris, used for rpiorns, a saw, in reference to the straight, evenly serrated preopercle. ) ORTHOPRISTIS: a. Soft dorsal and anal scaleless; preopercle more or less serrate behind; mouth small; temporal crest, which arises from behind the eye, very low and inconspicuous, the upper edge below base of the high supraoccipital crest, which originates over the pupil. b. Geales small, in 80 to 95 series; color plain, depth 3 in length; pectorals 14 in head; preorbital rather broad, 3} in head; second anal spine as long as third, 34 in head. FORBESI, 1707. bb. Seales larger, in 55 to 65 oblique series; preorbital broad, less than 5 in head; second anal spine about as stout as third, more than 3 in head, not as long as first ray; scales small; anterior profile not concave. e. Anal ITI, 10 or 11; snout short and sharp, more than 3 in head; eye large, about 4 in head. Form and general appearance of O. chrysopterus; body oblong, compressed, the back elevated, the profile steep and nearly straight, convex at the nape; preopercle finely and sharply serrate; teeth small, outer above a little enlarged. d. Jaws unequal, the lower included; soft dorsal with 15 rays; scales 8-52-15; pectoral short, 12 in head; each scale with a bronze spot. ; REDDINGI, 1708. dd. Jaws subequal; soft dorsal 15 or 16; scales small, 9-58--18; gill rakers very short and small, x+4-12; pectoral falcate, long; equal to head; maxillary scarcely reaching eye. Outline of dorsal straight; spines low and slender; anal spines graduated; caudal moderately forked, upper lobe the longer. Color pale gray; pale chalky-bluish streaks along the edges of the rows of scales; a pale streak below base of dorsal; fins rather pale, the soft dorsal mottled with darker. CHALCEUS, 1709. ec. Anal III, 12 or 13; snout long and sharp, less than 3 in head; jaws equal; maxillary not reaching toeye; preopercle very slightly serrate above, the serrx blunt, obsolete below; gill rakers short and slender, «+12; scales small; the crown, cheeks and pieces of the gill cover covered with small scales ; snout in advance of the nostrils; suborbitals and lower jaw naked; dorsal and anal spines inclosed in a deep scaly sheath. Outline of dorsal slightly notched; anal rather high; pec- toral shortish; caudal well forked. e. Second anal spine shorter than third, more than 5 times in head. Jf. Body ovate-elliptical, much elevated at shoulders, depth less than 3 in body; scales comparatively small, 10-60-19; rays of soft dorsal16. Color metallic brownish-olive above, changing to yellowish on belly; indistinct golden streaks along rows of scales; yellowish and bluish blotches on fin membranes. CHRYSOPTERUS, 1710. Jf. Body elongate-elliptical, slightly elevated at shoulders; depth 34 in body; scales comparatively Jarge, 8-60-16; dorsal rays 15. Color metallic grayish-blue above, yellowish below; faint lighter streaks following the rows of scales; blotches on the fin membranes. POEYI, 1711. ee. Second anal spine about as long as third, less thai 5 times in head; mouth small, maxillary 4 in head; snout short, 23 in head; spinous dorsal high, 2}in head. Body oblong, the back elevated; the profile convex at the nape, depressed above eye, thence per- fectly straight to the tip of snout. Color brownish-gray above, soiled silvery below; upper parts with 8 diffuse cross bands as wide as the interspaces, extending to below middle of sides; membrane of opercle dark, some dark streaks following rows of scales; dorsal with some dull orange and some pale round spots. CANTHARINUS, 1712. 1336 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. EVAPRISTIS (ev, well; a, without, mpcorns, saw): aa. Soft dorsal and anal with a row of small scales on the membrane behind each ray. Preopercle entire; preorbital broad, 43 in head; mouth rather large. g. Body rather elongate, in form intermediate between brevipinnis and chalceus; back elevated and compressed, especially anteriorly; profile regularly rounded; maxillary not reaching to opposite front of eye; gill rakers moderate, «+14; snout long, moderately sharp; jaws subequal; scales large; some series of scales on soft dorsal and anal, a row close behind each ray. Dorsal fin rather deeply notched; spines low and slender; anal spines graduated; pectoral falcate, rather long; caudal deeply forked Color dark gray, not silvery; center of each scale dark, these spots form- ing continuous streaks along the rows of scales; those below the lateral line rather less distinct; fins rather dark; opercular membrane and axil dusky. LETHOPRISTIS, 1713. Subgenus ORTHOPRISTIS, Girard. 1707. ORTHOPRISTIS FORBESI, Jordan & Starks. Head 34; depth 3. D. XII or XIII, 15; A. III, 11; scales 9-80 to 85-20; snout 23; maxillary 34; orbit 44; longest dorsal spine 24; second anal spine 3$; pectoral 14; ventrals 12; upper caudal lobe 14. Body oblong, compressed, the profile gently curved to dorsal. Head moderate, the jaws subequal; teeth small, the outer a little enlarged; maxillary extending to the vertical from posterior nostril; chin with median pit; interorbital convex, its width about equal to orbit; vertical limb of preopercle slightly convex, finely serrated; gill rakers short, about 8-+ 14—22; preorbital moderate, 33 in head, 3 in its least width. Snout, maxillary, and lower jaw naked; scales on head small and crowded. Dorsal low, the longest ray about 1} in the longest spine; second anal spine not longer than third, but slightly stouter, about half as long as longest ray; pectorals moder- ate, reaching past tips of ventrals, but not to vent; upper lobe of caudal the longer; second anal spine moderate, about as long as third. Color in spirits, dark brown above with bluish reflections; all fins dusky except pectorals; caudal edged with light; membrane of opercle dark; preoper- cle with some dark spots. Described from two specimens, each about a foot long, from Albemarle Island, one of the Galapagos. (Named for Dr. Stephen Alfred Forbes, of the University of Illinois, in recognition of his work on the Percida.) Orthopristis forbesi, JORDAN & STARKS, in GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1896 (1897), 443, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Archipelago. (Type, No. 47574, U. S. N. M. Coll. Albatross.) 1708. ORTHOPRISTIS REDDINGI, Jordan & Richardson. Head 34; depth 3. D. XII, 15; A.III, 10; scales 8-52-15, 53 pores. Eye 41 in head; maxillary 34; preorbital 4} in snout; pectoral 13 in head; longest dorsal spine 2?; longest soft ray 33; second anal spine 4%; ven- tral 13; upper caudal lobe 13; base of soft dorsal in spinous 13. Body oblong, the back not much elevated; the anterior profile straightish, slightly depressed above the eye; mouth small, low, the maxillary reach- ing to opposite the nostril; teeth subequal, in broad bands; lower jaw included; nostrils both oblong, the anterior the larger; eye rather large, ee ee a a ee eee Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1337 about as wide as the broad preorbital; preopercle very finely serrated on its posterior margin only, the serrations very weak; gill rakers short and small, about 12; scales moderate, the rows above lateral line very oblique, those below nearly horizontal, the series from the scapular scale reaching middle of spinous dorsal. Spinous dorsal moderate, not deeply notcued, the median spines injured in youth in the type specimen; soft dorsal low, free from scales; anal spines low, the second a little longer than third; soft rays scaleless; caudal lunate, the lobes unequal, the upper longer than lower, which is more obtuse; ventrals rather long, inserted just behind axil of pectoral; pectoral rather short, not quite reaching tips of ventrals. Color pearly gray, darker above; each scale of back and sides with a bright bronze spot behind its center, these forming nearly contin- uous streaks along the rows of scales, running upward and backward anteriorly and nearly horizontally on sides, where they are more or less interrupted or transposed; head plain gray; dorsal with some streaks and clouds; outer fins plain; ventrals somewhat dusky. Gulf of California; one specimen 8? inches long from ‘La Paz. This species is very closely allied to the Brazilian species, Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier & Valenciennes), but has the body a little more slender and the head larger. (Named in honor of Hon. Benjamin B. Redding, first fish commissioner of California, a man deeply interested in scientific research, to whom Mr. Richardson has been indebted for many favors in his former capacity of superin- tendent of the California Fish Hatching Station at Sisson.) Orthopristis reddingi, JORDAN & RICHARDSON in JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, in Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 509, pl. 41, La Paz, California. (Type, No.3458, L. S.Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins expedition to Mazatlan.) 1709. ORTHOPRISTIS CHALCEUS (Giinther). Head 34; depth 23. D. XII or XIII, 15 or 16; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 9-58-18; maxillary 3}; eye 43 in head; preorbital 44; pectoral 14; snout 23; spinous dorsal 24; second anal spine 4; longest anal ray 23; base soft dorsal inspinousl}. Body oblong, compressed, the profile steep and straight, con- vex atuape. Jawssubequal; teeth small, the outer above a little enlarged ; preopercle finely and sharply serrate; gill rakers very short and small, 7+12; pectoral falcate, shorter than head; maxillary scarcely reaching to eye. Outline of dorsal straight, no notch; spines low and slender; soft dorsal low and equal; anal rather higher and shorter, the spines gradu- ated, edge of fin convex; caudal moderately forked, the upper lobe longer. Color paler than in related species; pale chalky bluish streaks along the edges of the rows of scales; a pale streak below base of dorsal; fins rather pale, the soft dorsal mottled with darker; young specimens with the body crossed by broad diffuse dusky cross bands. Length 18 inches. Pacific coast of tropical America, not uncommon, from Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos; specimens examined by us from Mazatlan, Pan- ama, the Gulf of California, and Chatham, Charles, and Albermarle islands, in the Galapagos. (chalceus, brassy.) 3030——7 1338 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Pristipoma chalcewm, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, 146, Panama. Pristipoma kneri, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vin, 3, 1869, Mazatlan. Orthopristis chalceus, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 149; JoRDAN & FEsLeER, l. c.,499; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 463, 1895. 1710. ORTHOPRISTIS CHRYSOPTERUS (Linnzus). (PIGFISH; SAILOR’S CHOICE; HOGFIS#.) Head 34; depth 23. D. XII or XIII, 16; A. III, 12 or 13; scales 10-60-19; maxillary 34; eye5in head; preorbital 33; pectoral 14; snout 23; highest dorsal spine 23; second anal spine 54; longest anal ray 3; base soft dorsal in spinous 1}. Body ovate-elliptical, somewhat elevated at shoulders, con- siderably compressed. Snout long and sharp, jaws equal, each with a narrow band of slender teeth, the outer above a little larger; maxillary not reaching to eye; preopercle very slightly serrate above, the serre blunt, obsolete below; gill rakers short and slender, 7-+12. The crown, cheeks, and pieces of the gill cover covered with small scales; snout in advance of the nostrils, suborbitals, and lower jaw naked; dorsal and anal spines inclosed in a deep scaly sheath, the soft rays naked. Outline of dorsal very slightly notched; anal rather high, second anal spine shorter than third; pectoral shortish, reaching past tips of ventrals; caudal well forked, the upper lobe the longer. -Pyloric ceca 6. Color in life, light blue above, shading gradually into silvery below; preorbital and snout of a clear sky-blue; a dash of blue on each side of upper lip; each scale on body with a blue center, the edge with a bronze spot, these forming on back and sides very distinct orange-brown stripes along the rows of scales, those above the lateral line extending obliquely upward and backward, those below being nearly horizontal; snout with bronze spots; 1 or 2 cross lines connecting front of orbits; 2 or 3 oblique lines on preorbital, besides numerous bronze spots larger than those on the body; preorbital also with dusky shades, one of which extends on upper lip; cheeks and opercles with distinct bronze spots, larger than those on body; inside of mouth pale; inside of gill cavity tinged with golden; dorsal translucent, with about 3 bronze longitudinal shades, composed of spots, those of soft dorsal most distinctly spot-like; edge of fin dusky; caudal plain, yellowish at base, dusky toward the tip; anal whitish, its edge dusky, its base shaded with bronze; pectorals and ventrals yellow- ish, the latter darker at tip. Fresh specimens show no trace of vertical — bands. In examples preserved in alcohol the yellowish and blue mark- ings gradually disappear and dark cross shades become apparent. A specimen 5 years in alcohol shows the following coloration: Silver-gray, with faint streaks along the rows of scales; a distinct narrow dusky band from front of spinous dorsal through base of pectorals; behind this 7 or 8 cloudy, obscure bands, alternately broad and narrow; a horizontal dusky shade behind eye; spinous dorsal with a faint medium pale shade; soft dorsal with 3 rows of faint spots; other fins nearly plain. Length 12 to 15 inches. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; a common and valued food-fish, abundant along the sandy shores of the eastern Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1339 United States from Long Island to the mouth of the Rio Grande. (ypuGos, gold; 2repor, fin.) Perca chrysoptera, LINN&us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 485, 1766, Charleston. Latrus fulvomaculatus, MircHiLy, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1814, 406, New York. Pristipoma fasciatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 285, 1830, New York; young. Orthopristis duplex, GIRARD, U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Zool., Fishes, 15, pl. 9, figs. 1 to 4, 1859, Indianola and Brazos Santiago, Texas. (Coll. Clark and Wiirdemann.) Pristipoma fulvomaculatum, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 301. Orthopristis chrysopterus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 499. 1711. ORTHOPRISTIS POEYI, Scudder. Head 3+; depth 3}. D. XII, 15; A. III, 12; scales 8-60-16; maxillary 34 in head; eye 5; preorbital 33; pectoral 14; snout 24; spinous dorsal 3; second anal spine 53; longest anal ray 3; base soft dorsal in spinous 12. Body elongate-elliptical, slightly elevated at shoulders, rather more slender than in O. chrysopterus; scales comparatively large. Color metallic- grayish blue above, yellowish below; faint lighter streaks following the rows of scales; blotches on fin membranes. West Indies; not rare at Havana; not seen elsewhere. The species is very close to Orthopristis chrysopterus, but the body is more slender and the scales are rather larger. (Named for Professor Felipe Poey, for many years the naturalist of the University of Havana.) Orthopristis poeyi (SCUDDER MS.) Porky, Synopsis, 312, 1868, Havana. Orthopristis poeyi, JORDAN & FESLER, 1. c., 500. 1712. ORTHOP RISTIS CANTHARINUS (Jenyns). Head 31; depth 2%. D. XII or XIII, 15 or16; A. III, 12; scales 9-60-18; maxillary 4 in head; eye 4%; preorbital 4; pectoral 1; snout 22; spinous dorsal 24; second anal spine 4; longest anal ray 24; base soft dorsal in spinous 14. Body oblong, the back elevated, less so than in O. chalceus, the profile convex at the nape, depressed above eye, thence perfectly straight to tip of snout. Jaws equal, each with a narrow band of slender teeth, the outer above slightly enlarged; snout rather short, sharp; eye small; preorbital broad; maxillary not reaching to eye; preopercle very _ Slightly serrate above, the serre blunt, chsolete below; gill rakers short and slender, +12. Scales small; the crown, cheeks, and pieces of the gill cover covered with small scales; snout in advance of the nostrils; suborbitals and lower jaw naked; dorsal and anal spines inclosed in a deep scaly sheath. Outline of dorsal slightly notched; anal rather high; pectoral shortish; caudal well forked; second anal spine about as long as third. Color brownish-grayish above, soiled silvery below; upper parts with eight diffuse crossbands, as wide as the inter spaces, extending to below middle of sides; membrane of opercle dark, some dark streaks fol- lowing rows of scales; dorsal with some dull orange and some pale round spots, as in Orthopristis chrysopterus. Length, a foot. Galapagos Islands. The above description from two examples, each about a foot long (4648, M.C., Z. ), from the Galapagos Islands. The scanty description of Hamulon 1340 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. modestum, said to be rare on the whole coast of Peru, seems to belong to this species. (From Cantharus (= Spondylisoma), a genus of sparoid fishes, which this species remotely resembles.) Pristipoma cantharinum, JENYNS, Voyage Beagle, Fishes, 49, 1842, Galapagos Islands. (Coll. Charles Darwin.) * Hemuton modestum, TScHUD!I, Fauna Peruana, 11, 1844, Peru. Orthopristis cantharinus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 500. Subgenus EVAPRISTIS, Jordan & Evermann. 1713. ORTHOPRISTIS LETHOPRISTIS, Jordan & Fesler. Head 34; depth3. D. XII, 14; A. III, 11; scales 8-65-15; maxillary 3 in head; eye 4%; preorbital 3%; pectoral 1/5; snout 24; spinous dorsal 2/; second anal spine 64; longest anal ray 34; base soft dorsal in spinous 1}. Body rather elongate, in form intermediate between Jsaciella brevipinnis and O. chalceus; back elevated and compressed, especially anteriorly, profile regularly rounded; mouth larger than in any other species of Orthopristis; maxillary shorter than snout; jaws subequal; teeth small, the outer above longer, slender and close set; maxillary not reaching to opposite front of eye; gillrakers of moderate length, a little shorter than pupil, X+14; snout long, moderately sharp; eye moderate; preorbital broad; preopercle strictly entire; series of scales on soft dorsal and anal, a row Close behind each ray, as in Jsaciella; scales of body without acces- sory scales. Dorsal fin rather deeply notched, spines low and slender; soft dorsal low, highest toward the front; anal long and rather low, with straight free border; analspines graduated, the third scarcely half height of first ray; pectoral falcate, rather long; caudal deeply forked. Color dark gray, not silvery; center of each scale dark, these spots forming con- tinuous streaks along the rows of scales, those below the lateral line rather less distinct; fins rather dark; opercular membrane and axil dusky. Gala- pagos Archipelago; known only from the original type (26947, M.C. Z.), 15 inches long, from the Galapagos Islands. (A7§osa1, to forget; m2piérts, used for zpioTns, a saw; in reference to the entire preopercle. ) Orthopristis lethopristis, JORDAN & FESLER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889, 36, Galapagos Islands; JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 500. 547- ISACIELLA, Jordan & Fesler. Isaciella, JORDAN & FESLER, Review of the Sparoid Fishes of America and Europe, 497, 1893 (brevipinnis). This genus is close to Orthopristis, from which it differs chiefly in the presence of small accessory scales at the base of the scales of the body. The form is somewhat peculiar, approaching that of Microlepidotus; the fins are very low and the soft dorsal and anal are scaly. One species known. (Diminutive of [sacia, a related genus which has no groove at the chin; Jsacia is from the Japanese name Isaki.) * Head 34 in total; depth 4. D. XIII, 16; A. III, 13; maxillary not quite reaching eye; second anal spine longer and thicker than third. Blackish-gray, paler below. Entire coast of Peru. Scarce. Length llinches. (Tschudi.) Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1341 1714, ISACIELLA BREVIPINNIS (Steindachner). Head 3; depth3. D, XIII,16; A. III, 12 or 13; scales 10-65-20; maxillary 34 in head; eye 44; preorbital 64; pectoral 1; snout 34; spinous dorsal 2}; second anal spine 5}; longest anal ray 32; base of soft dorsal in base of spinous dorsal 1}. Preopercle weakly serrate; preorbital very narrow, 64 in head; mouth small, maxillary longer than snout. Body rather fusiform, somewhat compressed, the back elevated, anterior profile steep, convex; mouth with narrow bands of brush-like teeth, the outer above slender, close set and a little enlarged; maxillary reaching to anterior edge of eye; gill rakers short and slender, x +16; snout short, blunt; eye large; lower jaw included. Scales small, extending from preorbital to fork of caudal, covering bases of pectorals, ventrals, soft dorsal, and anal; base of each scale at base of trunk and posterior part of head covered with minute accessory scales; a series of small scales on the membrane behind each ray; dorsal and anal fins in a low scaly sheath; dorsal fin slightly notched, last spine 14 in first soft ray; spinous dorsal low, spines slender; soft dorsal and anal very low, third anal spine longest; pectoral sharp, faleate, as long as head; caudal long, deeply forked. Color light bluish- gray, with brownish-gray stripes following the rows of scales. Pacific coast of Mexico; ratherrare. This species and the preceding form a transi- tion from Microlepidotus to typical Orthopristis. (brevis, short; pinna, fin, from the low dorsal and anal.) Pristipoma brevipinne, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vi, 10, 1869,Mazatlan. Orthopristis brevipinnis, JORDAN & FESLER, I. c., 500; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 463, 1895. 548. MICROLEPIDOTUS, Gill. Microlepidotus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256 (inornatus). This genus is near Orthopristis, differing chiefly in the elongate form, very small scales, increased number (14) of dorsal spines, and deeply notched fins, the dorsal and anal being scaleless. The skull is very broad and rounded, the interorbital width greater than length of snout; the temporal crest rises above the pupil and is high, more than half the height of the supraoccipital crest, which rises above front of pupil. One species known. (xpos, small; Aewidwrds, scaled). 1715. MICROLEPIDOTUS INORNATUS, Gill. (J OPATON.) Head 33; depth 3}. D.XIV,15; A. III, 12; scales 9-80-20; maxillary 34 in head; eye 43; preorbital 74; pectoral 1;);; snout 34; spinous dorsal 24; second anal spine 6; longest anal ray 37; base soft dorsal in spinous 1}. Body elliptical elongate, slightly compressed, the back moderately elevated, profile convex from nape to snout; mouth large, with numerous bristly teeth, curved inward, larger in front; maxillary reaching to anterior edge of eye; interorbital space very broad; preorbital very narrow; jaws sube- qual; preopercle sharply serrate; gill rakers short, 8 + 17; snout bluntish, equal to maxillary; eye very large. Scales very small, extending from 1342 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. nostril to fork of caudal, covering base of pectoral and ventrals; dorsal and anal fins included in a deep, scaly sheath which runs out to the tips of last rays; scales on dorsal and anal rays only visible by the aid of a lens; scales of body without accessory scales. Dorsal fin deeply notched, last spine 14 in first ray; spinous dorsal high, spines slender; soft dorsal very low and long; anal slightly higher than soft dorsal, second spine longest; pectoral sharp, faleate; caudal sharp. Color bluish-gray, with lighter longitudinal streaks of bright bronze; upper fins with golden; caudal partly dusky; preorbital with vertically oblong spots. Length 18 inches. Gulf of California, rather rare, about rocky islands; specimens examined by us from Cape San Lucas, Guaymas, La Paz, and Mazatlan. (inornatus, not adorned.) Microlepidotus inornatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256, Cape San Lucas (Coll. Xantus) ; JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, 463, 1895. Orthopristis inornatus, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 148; JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢., 501. 549. GENYATREMUS, Gill. Genyatremus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256 (cavifrons). This genus resembles Anisotremus in most external respects, but there is no central pore or groove at the chin. In this respect it agrees with Plectorhynchus, Parapristipoma, and Isacia, groups not represented within our limits; the species without this groove belonging chiefly to the Old World. One species known, a robust fish with strong spines and a convex profile; soft dorsal and anal scaleless. (yvévvs, chin; a, privative; Teyua, aperture. ) 1716. GENYATREMUS LUTEUS (Bloch). Head 32; depth 23. D.XIII,12; A. III, 11; scales11-52-19. Body ovate, compressed, the back much elevated, the depth a little less than half body ; anterior profile evenly convex at nape, gradually becoming concave to front of eye, where it rapidly descends straightish to point of snout; interorbital area flat, about equal to eye; occipital crest arising opposite middle of pupil, its base rising on the highly arched frontals considerably above top of the low temporal crest. Head small; snout blunt and short; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching past anterior edge of orbit; ante- rior nostril oblong, much larger than posterior; preorbital very narrow, about + as wide as eye; eye large, 3 in head; preopercle strongly serrate on angle, the serre gradually becoming weaker on both limbs; gill rakers weak, about 7 below angle, besides rudiments. Dorsal fin high, the fifth spine longest, the last spine slightly longer than the preceding one and about % as long as the first ray; anal fin lower than soft dorsal, the second spine longer and stronger than third; pectorals short; caudal subtruncate. Scales small, not parallel with lateral line, arranged obliquely above and horizontally below, largest below the lateral line; vertical fins scaleless; scapular scale very evident, about three times as long as broad; lateral line not following outline of back, wavy below the soft dorsal. Color in spirits uniform golden, with numerous longitudinal stripes of a brighter Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 1343 color following the rows of scales below the lateral line. Lesser Antilles to Brazil; not rare on sandy coasts. It has not been found in Cuba. (luteus, yellow.) Lutianus luteus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, pl. 247, 1793, Martinique; on a drawing by PLUMIER.., Grammistes hepatus, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst, Ichth., 187, 1801; after BLocu. Diagramma cavifrons, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 290, pl. 123, 1830, Rio Janeiro. ? Pristipoma serrula, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vv, 272, Martinique. ? Pristipoma auratum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 272, Martinique. Genyatremus luteus, JORDAN & FESLER, l.¢., 504. Family CLI. SPARID. (THE PORGIES.) Body oblong, or more or less elevated, covered with rather large, adher- ent scales, which are never truly ctenoid. Lateral line well developed, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal fin. Head large, the crests on the skull usually largely developed. Nosuborbital stay. Mouth small, terminal, low, and horizontal. Premaxillaries little protractile; maxillary short, peculiar in form and in articulation, without supple- mental bone, for most of its length slipping under the edge of the preor- bital, which forms amore or less distinct sheath; preorbital usually broad ; teeth strong, those in front of jaws conical, incisior-like or molar; lateral teeth of jaws always blunt and molar; no teeth on vomer or palatines; posterior nostril largest, usually more or less oblong or slit-like; lower pharyngeals separate; gills 4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudo- branchiz large; gill rakers moderate; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle entire or serrulate; opercle without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, the spines usually strong, depressible in a groove; spines heteracanthous, that is, alternating, the one stronger on the right side, the other on the left, the spines 10 to 13 in number; anal fin rather short, similar to the soft dorsal, and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays I, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air bladder present, usually simple; pyloric ceca few; vertebr usually 10+ 14— 24; intestinal canal short. Carnivorous shore fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and West Indies. Genera about 12, species about 90, most of them much valued as food. (Sparidw, Sargina, and Pagrina, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1, 437-483. ) SPARINZ: a. Teeth in front of jaws conical or incisior-like, not molar; dorsal fin continuous; pos- terior nostril oblong; preopercle entire. b. Second interhemal bone enlarged, hollowed anteriorly, or pen-shaped, receiving the posterior end of the air bladder in its anterior groove; posterior nostril slit-like; cheeks scaly. c. Front teeth narrow, compressed, forming lanceolate incisors; the first spine bearing interneural with an antrorse spine; temporal crest obsolete; 1344 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. lateral crest nowhere coalescing with the supraoccipital crest; inter- orbital area flattish, with two low ridges; a small foramen in each of these above front of pupil; interorbital area much contracted anteri- orly; a strongly projecting prefrontal process, which makes an acute angle with the supraorbital. d. Frontal bones partly porous and gibbous; antrorse dorsal spine at- tached directly to the interneural; (third dorsal spine very long, longer than head). OTRYNTER, 550. dd. Frontal bones not gibbous nor porous; antrorse dorsal spine attached to the interneural by a long process or spur; (third dorsal spine about half head). STENOTOMUS, 551. cc. Front teeth conical or canine-like; first spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine; temporal crest very thin and high, joining the lateral crest which forms part of the margin of orbit above middle of eye, both crests coalescing with the supraoccipital in the cavernous anterior part of the interorbital area; interorbital area somewhat contracted anteriorly; prefrontal process very strong, making an obtuse angle with the supraorbital, this process forming a conspicuous knob above the long posterior nostril. CALAMUS, 552. bb. Second interhzemal spine normal, not ‘‘ pen-shaped ;’’ cheeks scaly. e. Front teeth conic, not compressed; no incisors; occipital crest coalescent with the temporal crests; no antrorse spine on first interneural; dorsal spines usually 11 to 13. jf. Anterior teeth in both jaws strong, decidedly canine-like; body more or less deep and compressed. SPARUS, 553. ee. Front teeth incisor-like; no canines. g. Incisors broad; molars in 2 to 4 series in each jaw. h. First spine-bearing interneural with an antrorse spine in front. i. Supraoccipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent, the interorbital area not swollen; frontal bone in the inter- orbital area thin, concave in transverse section; tem- poral crest low, separated from supraoccipital crest by a flattish area which extends forward on each side of supraoccipital crest and to groove of premaxillary spines. (Incisors conspicuously notched.) LAGOopDON, 554. vi. Supraoccipital and temporal crests coalescent anteriorly, both disappearing in the gibbous interorbital area; frontal bone between eyes transversely convex and more or less honeycombed; temporal crest separated from occipital crest by an excavated area bounded apteriorly by the lateral crest, which merges into the supraoccipital above the eye. (Incisors entire or with a shallow notch.) ARCHOSARGUS, 555. hh. First spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine above; skull essentially as in Archosargus, the frontal bone more cavernous. DIPLopvus, 556. 550. OTRYNTER, Jordan & Evermann. (DEEP-WATER PORGIES. ) Otrynter, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check- List, 388, 1896 (caprinus). This genus is allied to Calamus and Stenotomus, differing from the former in its incisor-like front teeth, and from the latter in the structure of the skull. Temporal crest rudimentary, persisting in a swelling of the basal =e CF Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1345 portion of the supraoccipital. Supraoccipital crest making a sharp angle over the eye, with a porous, gibbous portion of the frontal bones. Inter- hemal spine having the peculiar structure seen in Calamus. Antrorse spine before dorsal attached directly to the fourth interneural, no down- ward process being evident. One species, found in rather deep water. (Orpvvr?p, one who stirs up or whips, from drpvva, to stir; from the long spine. ) 1717. OTRYNTER CAPRINUS (Bean). Head 35; depth 2. D. XII, 12; A. III,12; scales5-50-15. Body subovate, the back anteriorly much elevated, the depth about half the length to base of caudal; anterior profile steep and straightish, convex on nape and above eye; temporal crest rudimentary, persisting in a swelling on the basal por- tion of the supraoccipital bone; supraoccipital crest making a sharp angle over eye with a porous, gibbous portion of the frontal bones; snout short, about 2 in head; eye large, a little less than width of preorbital, about 34 in head; anterior teeth of jaws small, in close-set band, the outer series a little enlarged, compressed, and lanceolate, much as in Stenotomus chrysops; molars in two rows; dorsal spines very broad and flat; scales on the ante- rior part of body much enlarged; anterior row of scales on cheek much enlarged, extending to level of pupil, about 12 scales in the first series; scaly sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal very conspicuous; pectoral a little longer than head, 23 in body; caudal fin little forked, the middle ray about 1j in longest ray. First and second dorsal spines very short, their length about 3 in eye; third, fourth, and fifth more or less filamentous, the third longer than head. Frontal bones gibbous and porous; antrorse spine attached directly to the interneural, no downward projecting part evident. Color light olive; silvery below; the young with faint, very narrow darker bars. Deep waters off the west coast of Florida; as yet known only from numerous examples taken from the stomachs of snappers (Neomenis) and groupers (Hpinephelus) on the Florida snapper banks. (caprinus, like a goat, the species having been sent in under the name ‘‘goat-head porgy,” which was a misunderstanding of the name ‘‘jolt-head porgy,” which is Calamus bajonado. ) Stenotomus caprinus, BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 426, Snapper Banks off Pensacola (Lype, No. 30795. Coll. Silas Stearns); JORDAN & FESLER, 1. c., 507. -Argyrops caprinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 929. 551. STENOTOMUS, Gill. Stenotomus, GILL, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865 (argyrops). This genus is close to Calamus, having the same quill-like interhemal bones, the flattened incisors and antrorse dorsal spine mainly distinguish- ing it; temporal crest obsolete; frontal bones not gibbous nor porous; antrorse spine attached to the fourth interneural by a downward-project- ing spine about thrice as long as the spine; Jateral crest nowhere coalescing with the supraoccipital crest; interorbital area flattish, with two low ridges, a small foramen in each of these above front of pupil; interorbital area much contracted anteriorly; a strongly projecting prefrontal process, 1346 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. which makes an acute angle with the supraorbital. American shore fishes. (6revos, narrow; Tos, cutting; from the narrow incisors. ) a. Body ovate, elliptical, the depth about the same from the first dorsal spine to the eleventh; anterior profile steep; pectoral shorter than head, 34 in body; snout short, 24 in head. CHRYSOPS, 1718. aa. Body elongate, ovate, the depth decreasing backward from the first dorsal spine; anterior profile not steep; pectoral about as long as head, 3} in body; snout long, half head. ACULEATUS, 1719. 1718. STENOTOMUS CHRYSOPS (Linnzus). (COMMON ScUP; PORGY; SCUPPAUG.) Head 3}; depth 2;5. D. XII, 12; A. III, 11; scales 8-50-16; snout short, 24 in head; eye small, narrower than the preorbital, 4 to 44 in head; fourth dorsal spine 2, third anal spine the longest, 3. Body ovate-elliptical, the depth about the same from the first dorsal spine to the eleventh; anterior profile steep, nape convex, a strong depression above and in front of eye, straightish over snout; pectoral less than head, about 33 in body, extend- ing to first anal spine; a scaly sheath very conspicuous at base of soft dorsal and anal fins; temporal crest obsolete; supraoccipital crest con- tinuous with the frontal bones; incisor teeth very narrow, almost conical in appearance; molars in 2 rows above; gill rakers small, about 6+ 10; top of head, snout, orbitals, and chin naked; scales on cheek extending from upper margin of eye, the anterior row composed of from 15 to 20 scales; caudal fin forked, the middle ray about 24 in longest ray. Color brownish, somewhat silvery below, everywhere with bright reflections, but without distinct markings in the adult; soft parts of vertical fins mottled with dark in adult; young faintly barred; axil dusky. Length about a foot. Atlantic coast of the United States from Cape Cod to South Caro- lina; one of the commonest food-fishes of our Atlantic coast, especially abundant northward. (ypv6ds, gold; wy, eye.) Sparus chrysops, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. xu, 471, 1766, Charleston. Sparus argyrops, LINNUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 471, 1766, Charleston; young. Sparus xanthurus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v,120, 1803, Charleston; after argyrops. Labrus versicolor, M1ITcHIL1u, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe., 1, 1815, 464, New York. Sargus ambassis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 449, 1859, New York. Stenotomus chrysops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 556; JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢c., 507. 1719. STENOTOMUS ACULEATUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (SOUTHERN PORGY.) Head 3; depth 2}. D. XII, 12; A. III, 11; scales 8-54-15. Body elongate- ovate, the depth gradually decreasing from first dorsal spine to caudal peduncle; anterior profile not steep, nape slightly convex, a slight depression above and behind eye, convex over snout; pectoral about as long as head, 34 in body; scaly sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal inconspicuous; snout long and pointed, 2 in head; eye large, less than width of preorbital, about 3} in head; interorbital area very convex; 6 strong conical teeth in front of upper jaw and 8 in lower; molar teeth coarser and larger than in S. chrysops; scales on cheek reaching to top of Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1347 eye, the upper rows less distinct than the lower, the anterior row of about 20 scales; caudal fin moderately forked, the middle ray about 2} in longest ray. First dorsal spine as long as eye, the second about as long as third, which is about 2 in head; temporal crest obsolete; frontal bones not gibbous or porous; antrorse spine attached to the fourth interneural by a downward projecting spur about twice as long as the spine. Color nearly plain dull silvery, with golden longitudinal streaks, following the rows of scales; axil dusky; ventrals dark. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, from Cape Hatteras to Texas, common. It closely resembles the northern scup, which it more or less replaces southward. The speci- mens here described from Charleston. (aculeatus, spined.) Chrysophrys aculeatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 137, 1830, Charles- ton. Stenotomus aculeatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 557; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 507. 552. CALAMUS, Swainson. (PEZ DE PLUMA.) Calamus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 11, 222, 1839 (calamus). Grammateus, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1872, 182 (méerops). Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated; head large, the preorbital deep; mouth small, the teeth strong, those in front conical or pointed, those on sides molar; preopercle entire, posterior nostril slit-like; dorsal fin rather low, not much notched, the soft rays low, not scaly; caudal well forked; anal spines small; pectoral rather long. Second interhemal bone enlarged, hollowed anteriorly, or pen-shaped, receiving the posterior end of the air bladder in its anterior groove; first spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine; temporal crest very thin and high, joining the lateral crest which forms part of the margin of orbit above middle of eye, both crests coalescing with the supraoccipital in the cavernous anterior part of the interorbital area; interorbital area somewhat contracted ante- riorly; prefrontal process very strong, making an obtuse angle with the supraorbital, this process forming a conspicuous knob above the long posterior nostril. Shore fishes, remarkably distinguished by the structure of the interhemal. This genus contains numerous species, all American, _and all very closely related. All are valued as food-fishes. (calamus, a quill or reed, from the quill-like interhemal. ) CALAMUS: a. Scales comparatively small, 8 or 9-54 to 58-18 or 19;* about 6 vertical rows of scales on base of preopercle, with about 12 scales entering into the formation of the lower margin; species of large size, with the preorbital deep, the pectoral fin long, and the outer teeth strong. b. Body very deep, the back elevated, the depth in adult half the length to base of 10-12 , Fee caudal; outer teeth about 12-10 12 number, the outer one on each side in one or both jaws sometimes enlarged, canine-like, sometimes directed forwards, especially in the adult. * Scales above the lateral line are counted from the base of the first dorsal spine, those below the lateral line from the base of the first anal spine. 1348 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. c. Preorbital with reticulations of the bluish ground color around bronze spots; canines of upper jaw usually vertical, but sometimes, especially in old examples, directed more or less horizontally forward; body deeper than in other species, depth 1, to 24inlength; anterior profile not very steep, slightly curved; depth of preorbital less than half head; eye large, dorsal spines strong, the longest 21 to 2} in head; pectorals a little more than 4 body. Color silvery, the base and center of each scale golden, the edge bluish, these colors forming distinct streaks; a deep violet streak below eye, not extending on eye or opercle; preorbital dull violet, this color forming reticulations around brassy spots. CALAMUS, 1720. ec. Preorbital region, snout, cheek, and opercles brassy, crossed by horizontal, wavy, nonreticulating lines of violet blue, brightest on preorbital and snout; a sky-blue blotch behind eye over the opercle, extending a short distance on body; outer canines of upper jaw directed horizontally for- ward, except in the very young, these teeth longer than in C. calamus; anterior profile nearly straight and very steep to the nape, then strongly convex. Color silvery, each scale with a violet spot above and orange spots below; sides with dark crossbands in life, which disappear at death. PRORIDENS, 1721. bb. Body more elongate, the depth 2} to 23 in length. d. Upper jaw with a strong antrorse canine on each side, as in C. proridens; preorbital with blue, wavy stripes; preorbital deep; dorsal high; pec- toral reaching front of anal; cheeks with blue flexuous lines, anasto- mosing and forming rivulations; spinous dorsal edged with black. PENNATULA, 1722. 4-6 dd. Upper jaw without antrorse canines, the anterior teeth strong, §_g? one on each side of upper jaw more or less enlarged; body rather oblong, the snout long and pointed, the anterior profile forming a nearly even curve to front of dorsal. Color dull brassy with little blue; a {aint blue stripe below eye; preorbital dull coppery, usually plain, sometimes faintly veined with bluish. Young as in other species, with dark crossbands. BAJONADO, 1723. GRAMMATEUS (ypauarévs, a quill pen or instrument for writing) : aa. Scales comparatively large, 6 or 7-45 to 52-13 or 14; about 5 vertical rows of scales on base of preopercle with about 9 scales entering into the formation of the lower margin; no antrorse canines. e. Pectoral fins long, about 3 in body. Jf. Scales of moderate size, 50 to 52 in the lateral line. Body very deep, the back elevated, depth about 2! to base of caudal; longest dorsal spine about half head. g. Canines short and strong, about = preorbital narrow, its least width 24 to 22 in head; snout short. Body much compressed, the back considerably elevated, the anterior profile steep and regu- larly convex from base of first dorsal spine to point of snout. Color brassy olive, with darker crossbands and few violet marks ; preorbital plain brownish; an inky axillary spot. BRACHYSOMUS, 1724. gg. Canines moderate, about aS preorbital broad, its least width about 24 in head. Body moderately compressed, rather elongate, the back only moderately elevated, the anterior profile convex to eye, thence straight to point of snout. Color smutty silvery, with dark crossbands; blotches on fins; no black axillary spot. LEUCOSTEUS, 1725. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1349 Jf. Scales large, about 46 (45 to 48) in lateral line; body rather elongate, the depth about 2} in body; longest dorsal spine about 24 in head. P 10 h. Canines small, about jo’ eye large, 3 in head; dorsal spines XI; preorbital narrow, about equal. to eye. Dorsal outline forming a comparatively regular arch, the back being elevated, the anterior profile steep and nearly straight. Color plumbeous gray, with a blue spot on each scale, preorbital with blue streaks; a blue streak below eye; a blue point in the axil. MACROPS, 1726. hh, Canines moderate, = the outer on each side sometimes enlarged; eye rather small, about 44 in head in adult; preorbital very deep; dorsal spines XII. Body rather oblong, the back not strongly arched, the anterior profile rather evenly curved. Color dull silvery. faintly banded; preorbital plain; axil dusky. TAURINUS, 1727. ee. Pectoral fin short, about 34 in body. i. Dorsal outline forming a comparatively regular arch, the anterior profile from the snout to base of the spinous dorsal evenly convex; the back elevated, the depth in the adult about 2} in length; canines subequal, a preorbital not very deep; pectoral shortish. Color dull silvery, with pearly spots on scales of back; preorbital bluish, plain or with pearly markings, without blue stripes; a faint pale streak below eye; axil with a small inky black spot; crossbars on body usually per- sistent. PENNA, 1728. wi. Dorsal outline not forming a regular arch, the anterior profile straight from base of spinous dorsal to nape, where a rather sharp angle is formed, thence straightish above eye, the snout convex; body ratker elongate, the depth about 24 in length. j. Preorbital deep, nearly twice diameter of eye; canine teeth Ae Body oblong, the back little elevated, the anterior profile un- evenly curved, very conver before eye. Color olivaceous, with dark bars or spots, the centers of many scales pearly; 6 yellow- - ish spots along the lateral line; preorbital brownish, usually with dashes of gulden yellow; membrane of opercle orange; fins mostly barred or spotted. ARCTIFRONS, 1729. jj. Preorbital not deep, pectoral short, 14 in head; dorsal fins low, the longest spine about 3 in head; canines - moderate, equal. Body little elevated, the anterior profile rather strongly convex, the curve continuous from snout to middle of dorsal. Color olivaceous, with darker crossbands; preorbital plain; a dark axillary spot; a blue subocular band. MEDIUS, 1730. Subgenus CALAMUS. 1720. CALAMUS CALAMUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (SAUCER-EYE PorGY; PEZ DE PLUMA.) Head 34; depth 1,% to 2} (2? in total). Eye large, 3? in head in adults (12incheslong). D. XII, 12 (XIII, 11); A. ITI, 10, orIII,11. Scales 9-54-16, cheeks with 5 or 6 series of scales. Body elevated more than in any other known species of this genus, the depth in adult being slighty more than + length of body. Anterior profile less steep than in C. proridens, the 1350 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, outline of snout being slightly curved; in adults the antedorsal region is very sharply compressed and somewhat gibbous, forming above eye an angle with rest of profile. Greatest depth of preorbital more than 4 head in adult. Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of eye, 23 in head. Outer teeth strong, about 10 to 12 in number, the outer one on each side in one or both jaws sometimes enlarged, canine- like, but sometimes, especially in old examples, directed more or less hori- zontally forward. Gill rakers small, about 4-+6. Dorsal spines stronger and lower than in C. proridens, the longest 24 in head; pectorals reaching slightly beyond vertical from front of anal, rather more than } length of body; ventrals 44 in length; anal spines robust. Color in life, silvery with bluish reflections; the base and central portions of each scale golden, forming distinct longitudinal stripes, the stripes between these pearly or bluish; rows of scales on cheeks and opercles with the pearly stripe median, the golden marginal; a deep violet streak below orbit, not extending forward on snout nor backward on opercles; preorbital deep dull violet like the snout, the ground color forming reticulations around conspicuous round brassy spots which cover half the surface; naked part of the preopercle sometimes similarly marked, more often colored like the body; edge of opercle gilt; lower jaw dusky violet; axil golden; base of pectoral above with a violet bar; fins all pale, vaguely blotched with dull orange; ventrals more or less dusky on inner rays; commissure of lips yellow; iris golden. Length 15 inches. West Indies, north to Florida Keys; generally common about Key West and Havana, less abundant than proridens or bajonado.* (calanus, a reed, the equivalent of pez de plwma.) Pagellus calamus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 206, pl. 152, 1880, Martini- que; San Domingo. Calamus megacephalus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish., 11, 222, 1839; after CUVIER & VALEN- CIENNES. Pagellus orbitarius, Porky, Memorias, J, 201, 1860, Havana. Calamus macrops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 927, 1883, Garden Key, Florida. Chrysophrys calamus, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 487, 1859; several species confounded. Sparus orbitarius, POEY, Synopsis, 308, 1868. Calamus calamus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884,17; JORDAN & FESLER, Us, OL: 1721. CALAMUS PRORIDENS, Jordan & Gilbert. (LITTLE-HEAD PORGY; PEZ DE PLUMA.) Head 3} to 34 in length (44 in total); depth 2 to 24 (23 to 3); eye mod- erate, 4 in head in adult (11 inches long), 3 in head in young of 6inches. D. XII, 12; A. III, 10. Scales 9-58-16. Body much elevated, more so than in . any other known species except in C. calamus. In adults the anterior profile rises in a straight line very steeply to the nape, thence in a gentle curve to front of dorsal. In the young the profile rises less rapidly and is convex; * Among the specimens in the museum at Cambridge are some of the types of Calamus orbitarius. In some of these none of the canines is turned forward, and none of the speci- mens collected by Dr. Jordan at Key West and Havana shows this character. In others, however, the outermost of the 7 or 8 canines in the upper jaw is turned directly forward, as in O.proridens. Some of these also show an approximation to the head coloration of C. proridens. ‘The dorsal spines and the depth of the preorbital show that all these belong to C, calamus. ‘ Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1351 greatest depth of preorbital slightly more than 4 length of head in adult. Mouth not large, the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of orbit, ; length of head. Anterior teeth of outer series slightly longer and more robust than those of the cardiform band; in the upper jaw on each side 1 of these outer teeth becomes much enlarged, canine-like, directed obliquely forward and downward, and strongly curved, the upper surface concave; there are usually 7 teeth of the outer series between these two canines; no evident accessory series of molars. Gill 1akers short and blunt, about4-+6. Scales on top of head ending abruptly above eye; snout, interorbital, preorbital, suborbital, chin, and edge of preoperclé, naked; a triangular patch of scales on cheek, arranged in 7 or 8 series. Dorsal spines slender and high, the longest + head; pectorals reaching vertical from origin of anal fin, length of body; ventrals 5 in length; upper lobe of candal as long as head, slightly longer than lower lobe. Color in life, silvery, with bright reflections above, much more brightly colored than in other species; each scale above middle of sides with a spot of rich violet- blue onits basal portion, these forming distinct longitudinal streaks along the rows of scales; on lower part of body these blue spots are replaced by pale orange spots, faint in the young, very distinct in adults. In life the sides have dark bands, which disappear after death; a diffuse, ill- defined horizontal violet-blue area above opercle extending back on to the shoulder; a well-defined horizontal deep-blue stripe below eye; another, somewhat less distinct, above orbit; preorbital region, snout, cheeks, and opercles brassy or bronze, crossed with horizontal, wavy, nonreticuiating lines of violet blue, these colors more marked on preorbital and snout; the streak crossing snout above nostrils wider and rather more conspicu- ous than the others; dorsal marked with orange and very bright violet, its margin always orange, more or less bright in life; caudal banded with dull orange; anal distinctly blue shaded; ventrals not dark, with more or less light yellow; axil slightly dusky; iris dark, with gilt ring. West Indies, north to Florida Keys; the most brightly colored of the genus, very abundant about the Florida Keys. It is not quite so common either at Key West or at Havana as Calamus bajonado, but in both places either species far outnumbers ail the remaining species combined. (prora, prow; dens, tooth, from the projecting canines. ) Calamus megacephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 926, 1883; not of SWAINSON. Calamus pennatula, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.1884, 15; not of GUICHENOT. Calamus proridens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 150, Key West; Jor- DAN & FESLER, l.c., 511. 1722. CALAMUS PENNATULA, Guichenot. Body much more elongate than in Calamus proridens, with which it seems otherwise to agree; the depth 2} in length. Upper jaw with a strong antrorse canine on each side, asin C. proridens; eye small; preorbital deep; cheeks with 6 rows of scales; dorsal high, pectoral reaching front of anal; preorbital with blue wavy stripes; cheeks with blue flexuous lines, anastomosed and forming rivulations; spinous dorsal edged with black (Guichenot). West Indies; known only from Guichenot’s descrip- 1352 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. tion, which has been verified for us on the original type by Mr. Alexander Thominot. (pennatula, diminutive of penna, a quill.) Calamus pennatula, GUICHENOT, Revision des Pagels, 116, Martinique; JORDAN & FEs- LER, U. c., 512. 1723. CALAMUS BAJONADO (Bloch & Schneider). (J OLT-HEAD PORGY; BAJONADO.) Head 3 in length (4 in total); depth 2? (3 in total); eye large, 24 (in young) to 5 (in adults) in length of head. D. XII, 12; A.III,10. Scales 7-54-17. Body less elevated than in the two species preceding, the snout long and pointed, the anterior profile rising slowly in an even course to front of dorsal; in the young the anterior profile is more bluntly rounded, the supraorbital region more prominent, and the profile of snout steeper. Greatest depth of preorbital rather more than one-half length of head in adults 2 feet long, 24 in head in young of 6 inches. Mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching vertical from orbit except in young, nearly half length of head in adults, 24 in head in specimens of 8 inches. Anterior teeth of outer series much enlarged and stronger than the cardiform band, evenin the young; in adults these become very strongly developed, and are then nearly as robust as the molars; their number seems to be nor- mally 2 or 3 on each side in the upper jaw and 3 or 4 on each side in the lower, but this is subject to much variation; the upper jaw has frequently one of these more enlarged than the others, and canine like. The molars, as usual in this genus, in 3 series in the upper jaw and 2 in the lower; besides these there is quite constantly toward the front of the jaw an interior supplemental series of molars, both above and below. Dorsal spines slender, the highest 23 in head, the soft rays low; anal spines ro- bust; pectorals long, reaching past origin of anal, 2% to 3 in length; ven- trals nearly reaching vent, 14 in head. Color in life, brassy, rather dull, and with little blue marking, the middle of each scale shining, but scarcely bluish; a blue stripe below eye, narrower and duller than in the preceding species, and extending well forward on preorbital; a second dulier streak above this, the two meeting on forehead; preorbital dull coppery, often with irregular and obscure blue lines, these sometimes forming obscure veining, and always growing duller with age; lower jaw dull purplish; angle of mouth purplish and orange yellow; axil yellowish; no violet band on base of pectoral; fins plain, the ventrals sometimes slightly dusky, the caudal obscurely barred. A young specimen had 4 or 5 faint orange blotches along back. Length 2 feet. West Indies, north to Florida Keys; most abundant of the genus, and reaching a larger size than any of the others. The largest seen by us were 22 inches long. It is the dullest in color of the large species. (bajonado, the Cuban name, equivalent to bayonet, and probably alluding to the interhzemal. ) Bajonado, PARRA, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, 13, lam. 8, 1787, Havana. Sparus bajonado, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 284, 1801; after PARRA. Pagellus caninus, POEY, Memorias, J, 199, 1860, Havana. Calamus plumatula, GUICHENOT, Rev. Pagels, 119, Martinique; JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, 537; reexamination of type. Pagellus bajonado, PoEY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 177. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1353 Calamus bajonado, PoEy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1872, 176, pl. vi, fig. 1; Pory, Enumeratio, 55, 1875; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 20; JoRDAN & FESLER, l. c., 512. Subgenus GRAMMATEUS, Poey. 1724. CALAMUS BRACHYSOMUS (Lockington). (MOJARRA GARABATA.) Head 34; depth 2}; eye moderate, about 44 in head in adult; scales 6-50-13. D. XII, 11; A. Ill, 10. Body much compressed, short and deep, the back considerably elevated, the anterior profile steep and regularly convex from base of first dorsal spine to point of snout; snout short, 14 to 2in head; mouth small, maxillary about 2? in head. Canines short and strong, about = no antrorse canines; preorbital narrow, its least width 24 to 3} in head; gill rakers very small, about4-+6. Pectoral narrow and long, reaching to the vertical from the origin of first anal ray, about 24 in body; second and third anal spines about equal, 3 in head; fifth dorsal spine 2 in head. Snout, interorbital, preorbitals, suborbitals, and chin, naked; scales on cheek in about 5 series. Color brassy olive with darker crossbands and few violet marks; preorbital plain brownish, an inky axillary spot; ventralsdusky. Length l5inches. Gulf of California and neighboring waters; locally abundant from Magdalena Bay to Mazatlan; a food-fish of some importance. (/payvs, short; 6@ua, body.) Sparus brachysomus, LOCKINGTON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 284, Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Calamus brachysomus, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 153; JorDAN & FESLER, l. c., 512. 1725. CALAMUS LEUCOSTEUS, Jordan & Gilbert. (WHITE-BONE PORGY.) Head 34; depth 24; eye rather large, 32 in head in adults; scales 7 or 8-51-14. D. XII, 12; A. III, 10. Body formed much as in Calamus penna, short and deep, with steep anterior profile and high, arched back, the pro- file nearly straight from snout to above eyes, thence convex. Head deeper than long, the preorbital region very deep, its least depth 2} in head, half greater than interorbital width. A strong blunt prominence before eye. Mouth rather large, the maxillary 23 in head, Outer teeth in both jaws moderately enlarged, canine-like, about 10 in each jaw, none of -them directed forward; gill rakers very short and wide apart, about 3+6. Highest dorsal spine 2} in head; pectorals very long, reaching to the ver- tical from base of third anal spine, 2? in length of body; ventrals 1% in head. Scales large, those on cheeksin 5 rows. Smutty silvery; sides with vague crossbars; dorsal and anal fins with dark blotches; ventrals dusky ; no black axillary spot. South Atlantic coast of United States, in rather deep water, known only from the markets of Charleston, South Carolina. Length about a foot. (Aevxds, white; ddréov, bone, from the common name, the application of which is unknown to us.) Calamus bajonado, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 926, 1883; not bajonado, BLocH & SCHNEIDER. Calamus leucosteus, JORDAN & GILBERT, in JORDAN, Cat. Fishes N. A., 91, 1885, Charleston (Coll. Charles C. Leslie); JORDAN & FESLER, /. ¢., 513. 3030 8 1354 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1726. CALAMUS MACROPS, Poey. Head 3,5; depth 2}; eye large, about 3in head. D. XI, 12; A. IIi, 10. Body rather elongate; scales large; dorsal outline forming a compara- tively regular arch, the back being elevated, the anterior profile steep and nearly straight. Canines small, about 10 to 12; preorbital narrow, about equal to eye; mouth small, the maxillary about 2} in head. Color plum- beous gray, with a blue spot on each scale; preorbital with blue streaks; a blue streak below eye; a blue point in the axil; fins pale (Poey). Cuba; known only from Poey’s description and figure. (“waxp0s, large; wp, eye.) Calamus macrops, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N. Y. 1872, 181, fig.3, Havana; JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 513. 1727. CALAMUS TAURINUS (Jenyns). Head 3 to 34; depth 24; eye 44; scales 6-46-14. D. XII, 12; A. III, 10. Body rather elevated, deeper than in Calamus arctifrons, the anterior pro- file rather evenly curved, but not very strongly convex. Head narrowed above, but broad through the supraorbital region ; profile rising from nape to front of dorsal, the occipital crest as high as eye; preorbital very deep, its least depth — maxillary, 2} in head. Mouth large, not reaching verti- cal from front of orbit. Outer teeth moderately enlarged, normally placed, the large teeth ;%. Eye moderate, 1} in interorbital, 2 in pre- orbital. Longest dorsal spine 2?; pectoral very long, 2} in body, reaching second anal spine, which is 4 in head. Color dull silvery, with faint dark crossbands; preorbital plain; anal dusky; ventrals pale; edge of opercle dusky. Galapagos Islands to Peru. We have examined many specimens in the museum at Cambridge, from Charles Island, one of the Galapagos. The above description from a specimen from Payta, Peru. (From taurus, bull; bullheaded.) Chrysophrys taurina, JENYNS, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 56, pl. vu, 12, 1842, Galapagos Islands (Coll. Charles Darwin); VALENCIENNES, Voyage Vénus, V, 330, 1846. Chrysophrys cyanoptera, VALENCIENNES, Voyage Vénus, V, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1846, Charles Island, Galapagos Group. Calamus taurinus, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1889, 181; JORDAN & FESLER, ie. 53. 1728. CALAMUS PENNA (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (LITTLE-MOUTH PORGY; SHEEPSHEAD PORGY.) Head 3 to 3}; depth 2} (22 in total); eye rather small, 3} to 44 in head in specimens from6 to 1lincheslong. D. XII, 12; A. III, 10; scales 6-48-13. Body somewhat higher than in C. bajonado. Anterior profile evenly con- vex to front of dorsal, rising slowly and not strongly arched. Preorbital low, 22 to 3 in head, about equaling interorbital width. Mouth moderate, the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of orbit, 24 to 2% in head. Outer series of teeth anteriorly in both jaws somewhat enlarged, small and uniform in size, 8 to 10 in each jaw; no accessory row of molars in either jaw. Dorsal low, the highest dorsal spine about 24 in head; pectorals about reaching vertical from front of anal, 3} in length; ven- Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1355 trals 1; to 2 in head. Scales large, in about 5 vertical series on cheeks. Color dull silvery with pearly markings, without blue stripes; a faint pale streak below eye; axil with a small inky black spot; ventrals black- ish; dark crossbars on body usually persistent. A small specimen in the museum at Cambridge, which may be the type of Poey’s Pagellus humilis, belongs to this species. This example is 6 inches long, the eye nearly 4 in head, the depth 24 in length, and the pectoral as long as head. The type of Calamus microps Guichenot, is in the museum at Paris. It agrees with Calamus penna in all respects except the size of the eye, which is 44 in head. Southern Florida to Brazil, common; known from Charlotte Harbor, Key West, Rio Janeiro, St. Thomas, Havana, Camaru, and Rio Grande do Sul. (penna, a quill or pen.) Pagellus penna, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 209, 1830, Brazil. Pagellus microps, GUICHENOT, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 188, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1843, Havana. Pagellus humilis, Porky, Synopsis, 308, 1868, Havana. Pagellus milneri, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 1384, Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (Type, No.6134. Coll. C. B. Baker.) Grammateus humilis, PoEyY, Enumeratio, 56, 1875. Sparus milneri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 556. Calamus penna, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 21; JORDAN & FESLER, bié., 514, 1729. CALAMUS ARCTIFRONS, Goode & Bean. (GRASS PORGY; SHAD PORGY.) Head 34; depth 22; scales 6-48-13. D.XII,12; A.III,10. Body oblong, the back little elevated, not nearly so much as in C. penna, the anterior profile unevenly curved, very convex before eye; head narrow above; dorsal outline not forming a regular arch, the anterior profile straight from base of spinous dorsal to nape, where a rather sharp angle is formed, thence straightish above eye, the snout convex; nearly straight along base of spinous dorsal; scales on cheek in 4 or 5 series; the orbitals, snout, chin, and edge of preopercle, naked. Preorbital deep, its depth 2} in head, and nearly twice diameter of eye, which is 4 to 5 in head; pectoral 3 in body, reaching past tips of ventrals; Jongest dorsal spine 2} in head; third anal spine the longest, 5; canine teeth 8-10; gill rakers small and blunt, about 4+ 6. Color olivaceous with dark bars or spots, the centers of many scales pearly; 6 yellowish spots along the lateral line; pre- orbital brownish, usually with dashes of golden yellow; membrane of opercle orange; fins mostly barred or spotted; ventrals pale, faintly barred. Gulf of Mexico, from Pensacola to Key West; a small porgy common in the eelgrass about Key West, and ranging northward at least to Pensacola; not known from the West Indies. (arctus, contracted ; frons, forehead. ) Calamus arctifrons, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 425, Pensacola (Type, No. 30163. Coll. Silas Stearns); JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 928; JORDAN «& GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 23; JoRDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 232; JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 514. 1356 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1730. CALAMUS MEDIUS (Poey). Head 34; depth 24; scales ?-46-?. D. XII, 12; A. III, 10. Body sub- eliptical, rather elongate, deepest at front of dorsal, the anterior profile rather strongly convex, the curve continuous from snout to middle of dorsal. Preorbital not deep, its depth 2} in head; pectoral short, 14 in head; canines §, moderate, equal. Color olivaceous, with darker cross bands; preorbital plain; ventrals dark; a dark axillary spot; a blue subocular band. West Indies, here described from aspecimen from Havana (21888, M. Z.C.), 15 inches long. ‘The species is allied to C. penna, differ- ing in the more elongate form. (medius, medium. ) Grammateus medius, POEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1872, 183, pl. 7, fig. 4, Havana; Poky, Enumeratio, 56, 1875. Calamus medius, JORDAN & FESLER, l.c., 514. 553- PAGRUS, Cuvier. (EUROPEAN PORGIES.) Pagrus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 272, 1817 (argenteus = pagrus). Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales. Head large; pre- opercle entire; opercle not armed. Mouth rather small, terminal, low, the anterior teeth in the jaws cardiform, the outer series of teeth generally enlarged, canine-like, not compressed, the teeth behind the canines slender and acute. Both jaws with 2 or 3 series of rounded molar teeth, which are sometimes irregularly mixed with slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Posterior nostril oblong, not slit-like, much larger than ante- rior. Dorsal rather low, the spines about 12 in number, depressible in a groove; anal spines moderate, the second not greatly developed; second interhemal spine not pen-shaped; no antrorse dorsal spine; supraoccipital crest coalescent with temporal crests. Caudal fin forked; air bladder simple; gillrakers short; branchiostegals 6; intestinal canal short; pyloric coca few. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of Europe and Africa. This genus is close to the European genus Sparus (Sparus aurata L.—= Aurata Risso— Chrysoblephus Cuvier), with which it agrees in the skeletal characters, differing chiefly in the larger scales, slenderer body, and narrower bands of teeth. The genera are probably distinct, butthe characters of division have not yet been fully indicated.* (azaypos, porgy, the ancient name. ) 1731. PAGRUS PAGRUS (Linnzus). (RED PorRGy; BESUGO; PARGO COLORADO.) D. XI, 12, or XII, 11 or 10; A. III, 8; scales 6 (9) -53 to 56-13. Body oblong, the back moderately elevated, the profile parabolic; preorbital *Cuvier recognized 2 genera: Pagrus with the molar teeth in 2 series, and Sparus (Chrysophrys) with the molars in 3 or more. This character has not much importance, and Steindachner has proposed to substitute for it the following: Sparus: Teeth behind the canines with the apex rounded, granulated, or globose; molars in 2 or more series. Pagrus: Teeth behind the canines acute, subulate, or setaceous; molars in 2 or more series. Although in general appearance Sparus aurata and Pagrus pagrus differ considerably, and also considerably from other aberrant species, as Chrysoblephus gibbiceps and Argyrops spinifer, there is uo important difference in the skull or skeleton, and ali may perhaps be referable to a single genus, Sparus. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1357 deep, much wider than the small eye. Molar teeth in two series; teeth behind the canines slender; scales large. Dorsal spines not elongate, the front longest, about 2} in head; soft dorsal and anal pointed behind; caudal well forked; second anal spine stronger but not longer than third, about 4 in head; pectoral fin elongate, longer than head, reaching about to fourth soft ray of anal. American specimens show in life the following coloration: Color golden-olive, the middle of each scale largely pinkish- red, giving a general reddish hue to the fish; sides and below silvery, flushed with red; many scales of back and sides each with a small round spot of deep purplish-blue, those forming distinct longitudinal streaks on the sides below lateral line, the series somewhat irregular, running along the margins of the scales; above the lateral line these spots are somewhat scattered, forming very irregular oblique series, running upward and back- ward; a few of these spots on nape and upper part of opercle; a dark spot on upper part of orbital rim; snout tinged with purplish, occiput with olive; edge of opercle dusky ; vertical fins largely orange, their edges translucent; spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; ventrals pale, with a pink- ish blotch at base; pectorals yellowish, especially at base, the axil some- what dusky. Length 2 feet. Southern Europe and South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, south to Uruguay, in rather deep water. (Eu.) This species, common in southern Europe, has been several times taken on the snapper banks off Pensacola and at Charleston. Dr. Berg says that it is alsocommon in various localities along the coasts of Argen- tina and Uruguay. ‘There seems to be no difference between American and European specimens, except that in European descriptions we find no allusions to the blue spots characteristic of the American fish. (7aypos, pagrus, the old name, which has become pargo and porgy in modern tongues. ) Sparus pagrus, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 279, 1758, Southern Europe; JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 278; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 516; BERG, Ann. Mus. Nat. de Buenos Aires 1895, 49. Pagrus vulgaris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 142, 1830, Southern Europe; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, 1, 466. Sparus argenteus, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 271, 1801. Pagrus argenteus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 272, 1817; Goopr & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 133. , 554. LAGODON, Holbrook. (CHOPA SPINA.) LTagodon, HOLBROOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 59, 1860 (rhomboides). The essential character of this genus is in the form of the skull. Supra- occipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent, the interorbital area not swollen; frontal bone in the interorbital area thin, concave in transverse section; temporal crest low, separated from supraoccipital crest by a flattish area which extends forward on each side of supraoccipital crest and to groove of premaxillary spines. Otherwise essentially as in Archosar- gus, the antrorse dorsal spine present, the second interhemal not modified, One species, the incisors deeply notched. (Aays, hare; 0dr, tooth.) 1358 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1732. LAGODON RHOMBOIDES (Linnzeus). (PINFISH; BREAM; SAILOR’S CHOICE; CHOPA SPINA.) Head 3}; depth 2 to 23; eye 4. D. XII, 11; A. III, 11; scales 10-65 to 70-17. Body elongate, elliptical; head flattened, muzzle pointed, profile not very steep; eye moderate, 14 to 14 in snout, 1 in interorbital; mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching front of orbit, 34in head; incisors 4, all deeply notched; molars in two series in each jaw; gill rakers 6+ 13; dorsal spines all rather high, the highest about 2 in head; caudal deeply forked ; second anal spine not longer than third; ventrals short and broad, pec- torals moderate, upper rays reaching past origin of anal. Color, in life, olivaceous, the sides bluish-silvery; a humeral spot and traces of 6 ver- tical bars; gilt stripes much less intense than in Archosargus unimaculatus, much broader than the interspaces; about 7 stripes below the lateral line, those above it more or less confluent; dorsal fin pale bluish, with a submedian gilt band and a gilt edging; caudal yellow, faintly barred; anal bluish, with a medium yellowish band; ventrals mesially yellowish; pectorals plain. Length6inches. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, Cape Cod to Cuba; excessively common all along the eastern coast of the United States south of New York, and on the Gulf coast as far west as Pensacola; too small to be much used as food. (/0ufos, rhomb; ezdos, appearance. ) Sparus rhomboides, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x1, 470, 1766, Charleston. (Coll. Dr. Garden.) Sargus rhomboides, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 68, pl. 148, 1830; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 447, 1859. Diplodus rhomboides, EIGENMANN & HUGHES, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 66; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 518. 555. ARCHOSARGUS, Gill. (SHEEPSHEADS. ) Archosargus, GILL, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865 (probatocephalus). Salema, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List, 390, 1896 (wnimaculatus). Body robust, short and deep, compressed, covered with large scales. Head deep, mouth moderate, the jaws with broad incisors in front and coarse molars on the sides; incisors entire or with a shallow notch; pos- terior nostril slit-like; opercles entire. Dorsal and anal spines strong, the soft parts of the fin short and rounded; a procumbent spine before the dorsal; caudal forked. Gill rakers small. Supraoccipital and temporal crests coalescent anteriorly, both disappearing in the gibbous interor- bital area; frontal bone between eyes transversely convex and more or less honeycombed; temporal’ crest separated from occipital crest by an excavated area, bounded anteriorly by the lateral crest, which merges into the supraoccipital above eye. This genus, like Lagodon, Stenotomus, and Otrynter, which show the same character of the procumbent dorsal spine, is confined to American waters. There are two color types in the genus, one group being made up of the species with broad black crossbands, the other of species with golden streaks and inconspicuous crossbands, re- sembling the species of Lagodon. (apyos, chief; Capyos, Sargus, an old name of Diplodus.) Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1359 SALEMA (Spanish name) : a. Occipital crest rather thin, its honeycomb structure not exposed. Species with streaks of steel-blue and golden, the dark cross bands narrow, disappearing with age, about one-third the interspaces; a black humeral spot. b. Dorsal spines 13; incisors 3 oneach side; sideof back with 8 or 9 golden streaks, which are narrower than the metallic-blue interspaces. c. Seales 9-48-15; pectoral fin not quite reaching second anal spine; body rather deep and compressed. Incisors 3 on each side, entire, or with a shallow notch. Fifth dorsal spine highest, 2 to 24 in head; second anai spine strong, recurved, 24in head. Olivaceous, silvery below, the upper parts with golden longitudinal stripes alternating with bluish interspaces ; humeral spot larger than eye. UNIMACULATUS, 1733. ec. Seales 7 or 8-48-15; pectoral fin reaching second anal spine; body rather less deep, the snout a little longer; ventrals shorter, 5 to 53 in head; otherwise essentially as in the preceding, of which it is the Pacific coast representative. POURTALESH, 1734. bb. Dorsal spines 12; incisors 3oneach side. Profile with aslight depression above the eye; second anal spine much longer than the third. Color grayish. belly white; 8 golden longitudinal bands; a black shoulder spot. TRIDENS, 1735. ARCHOSARGUS: aa. Occipital crest broad, its honeycomb structure plainly exposed at its upper margin; dorsal spines 12; species without blue or golden markings, but with about seven broad black cross bands crossing the body; no distinct shoulder spot. Body much compressed; dorsal outline strongly arched; ventral outline almost straight. Profile straight and steep anteriorly. Incisors }, entire or slightly emarginate, serrate in the young; molars in 3 series above, in 2 below, those of the inner series larger, those behind the incisors very small. Highest dorsal spine 14 in head; second anal spine about twice in head, much longer than third. d. Incisors broad, their breadth about half their length. Scales 8-48-15. PROBATOCEPHALUS, 1736. dd. Incisors narrower, their breadth 23 in their length. Scales 7-44-14. ARIES, 1737. Subgenus SALEMA, Jordan & Evermann. 1733. ARCHOSARGUS UNIMACULATUS (Bloch). (SALEMA.) Head 34; depth 2 to 24; eye large, 3} to 4—preorbital, or 14 to 1} in interorbital width. D. XIII, 10; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 8 or 9-45 to 50-14 to 16. Body rather deep and compressed, profile rounded, steep; mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching front of orbit, 3 to 34 in head; occipital crest rather thin, its honeycomb structure not exposed. Incisors # on each side, entire, or with a shallow notch; molars 3-rowed above, 2-rowed below; gill rakers small, about 6-+-8; cheeks with 5 rows of scales. Fifth dorsal spine highest, 2 to 24 in head; second anal spine strong, recurved, 2 to 25 in head; pectorals long, reaching to anal spines, about 24 in body, ventrals moderate, 4; to 4} in length of body, not nearly reaching vent. Olivaceous, silvery below, the upper parts with golden longitudinal stripes alternating with bluish interspaces; a black humeral spot larger than eye. West Indies; north to Key West, south to Rio Janeiro, very common about Key West and Havana; recorded by Gronow from South Carolina, but not seen by us from localities north of the Florida Keys. (unimacu- latus, having 1 spot.) 1360 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Salema, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Pisc., 153, 1648, Brazil. Bream, BRowne, Jamaica, 446, No. 1, 1756, Jamaica. Perca unimaculata, BLocu, Ichthyologia, pl. 308, 1792, Brazil; on a figure by Prince MAURICE. Sparus salin, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 136, 1803; based on wnimaculatus of BLOCH. Sargus humeri-maculatus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voyage Freycinet, Zool., 297, 1825, Rio Janeiro. Sargus jflavolineatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 60, 1830, Cuba; GUN- THER, Cat. Fishes, I, 446, 1859. Cynedus brama, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 56, 1854, South Carolina. Sargus caribeus, POEY, Memorias, I, 197, 1860, Cuba. Grammistes unimaculatus, BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 184, 1801; after BLocH. Sargus unimaculatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 62, 1880; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 446, 1859; EIGENMANN & HUGHES,* Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 69. Diplodus caribeeus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 930, 1883. Diplodus flavolineatus, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, 42. Archosargus unimaculatus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢c., 520. - 1734. ARCHOSARGUS POURTALESII (Steindachner). Head 34; depth 23. D. XIII, 10; A. III, 10; scales 7 or 8-48-15. Pec- toral fin reaching second anal spine; body rather less deep, the snout a little longer; ventrals shorter, 5 to 53 in head; otherwise essentially as in Archosargus unimaculatus, of which it is the Pacific coast representa- tive. Galapagos Islands, rather scarce, one specimen obtained by the Albatross on Chatham Island. The differences between the pourtalesii and unimaculatus are very slight, and might be ignored were it not for the remote and restricted habitat of the Pacific form. (To Louis F. de Pour- tales, a friend and associate of Agassiz, who was with him on the Hassler expedition, by which this fish was discovered.) Sargus pourtalesii, STEINDACHNER, Fische Afrikas, 39, 1881, Galapagos Islands. Archosargus pourtalesii, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1889, 186; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 521, 1893. 1735. ARCHOSARGUS TRIDENS (Poey). Head more than 4; depth 2,°; in total length with caudal; eye 34 in head, 1 in snout. D. XII, 10; A. III, 9; maxillary extending to a poing between the pupil and the anterior border of the eye. Incisors $ on each side. Profile with a slight depression above the eye; second anal spine much longer than the third. Color grayish, belly white; 8 golden longi- * The specimens examined by Eigenmann and Hughes, now before us, differ decidedly in the proportions, the color, and the size of the teeth; but while the differences of the extremes are very marked, the intergradation is so perfect that no tangible specific dis- tinctions can be made out. We have only the deeper form (flavolineatus) from Key West, while we have both extremes from Havana. So far as we are able to judge from the figures and the descriptions, the wnimaculatus of Bloch & Schneider, Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, and Jordan & Gilbert, the caribeus of Poey, and the humeri-maculatus Quoy & Gaimard, represent the more slender form, while the favolineatus Cuvier & Valenciennes represents the deeper form. The differences of the extreme forms seem to be these: The deeper form (flavolineatus): The more slender form (unimaculatus): Greatest depth, 2 in length. Greatest depth, 24 in length. Ventral outline very much rounded. Ventral outline almost straight. Distance from insertion of first dorsal Distance from insertion of first dorsal spine, obliquely to snout, 14 in depth. | spine, obliquely to snout, 1 in depth. Teeth about 4 narrower than in the more slender form. Body more compressed. a oe oo ee a re oe ites, Ve ef ba % —— a Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1361 tudinal bands; a black shoulder spot. (Poey.) Cuba; known only from the description of Poey. Its distinctive characters need verification, it being possibly an abnormal specimen of Archosargus wnimaculatus. (tres, three; dens, tooth.) Sargus tridens, PoEY, Ennumeratio, 57, 1875, Cuba. Archosargus tridens, EIGENMANN & HuGHEsS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 70; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 521, 1893. Subgenus ARCHOSARGUS. 1736. ARCHOSARGUS PROBATOCEPHALUS (Walbaum). (SHEEPSHEAD; SARGO RAIADO.) Head 3 to 34; depth 2 to 24; eye placed high, 4 in head, 14 in interor- bital, 14 in suborbital. D. XII, 10 or 12; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 8-48-15; mouth large, nearly horizontal; maxillary 2} in head; incisors #, entire or slightly emarginate, serrate in the young, broad, their breadth about 3 their length; molars in 3 series above, in 2 below; those of the inner series larger, those behind the incisors very small, gill rakers about 3+6. Highest dorsal spine 14 in head; dorsal and anal spines notably heteracanthous. Caudal not deeply forked; second anal spine about 2 in head, much Jonger than the third; ventrals not nearly reaching vent; pectorals reaching past beginning of anal, slightly longer than head. Occipital crest broad, its honeycomb structure plainly exposed at its upper margin. Color grayish, with about 7 broad black cross bands crossing the body, these most distinct in young; no distinct shoulder spot; spines silvery. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Cape Cod to Florida Keys and Texas; one of the most common and most valu- able of the food-fishes of our Atlantic coast, its flesh being especially excellent in flavor. (zpofarorv, sheep; xepadyn, head.) Sparus (Sheepshead), ScHOpr, Schriften der Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, vi, 152, 1788, New York. Sparus probatocephalus, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 295, 1792, New York; based on SCHOPF. Sparus ovicephalus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 280, 1801, New York; based on ScHOPF. Sargus ovis, MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1814, 392, pl. 2, fig.5, New York; CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 53, 1830; GUNTHER, Cat., I, 447, 1859. Archosargus probatocephalus, GILL, Cat. Fish. East Coast North America, 27, 1873; JoR- DAN & FESLER, I. c., 522, 1893. Diplodus probatocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 278; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 558, 1883. 1737. ARCHOSARGUS ARIES (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 34; depth 24. D.XII,11; A. III, 10; scales 7-44-14. Incisors nar- rower than in A. probatocephalus, their breadth 2} in their length. Gray- ish with about 6 dark crossbars. Otherwise as in 4. probatocephalus. Honduras to Brazil, rather rare; known from Rio Janeiro, Maracaibo, and Belize; only the original type seen by us. It would appear to be closely allied to A. probatocephalus, distinguishable only by the slightly narrower teeth and possibly larger scales. It is probably to be regarded as a geo- 1562 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. eraphical variety or southern representative of the common sheepshead. (Aries, the ram.) Sargus aries, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 58, 1830, Rio Janeiro; Mara- caibo; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 449; GUNTHER, Fishes Cent. America, 386, 1864. Archosargus probatocephalus aries, EIGENMANN & HUGHES, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 69. Archosargus aries, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 522, 1893. 556. DIPLODUS, Rafinesque. Diplodus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 54, 1810 (annularis). Sargus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 272, 1817 (sargus); name preoccupied in Insects. Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back elevated; mouth rather small, terminal, low. Incisors broad, truncate, entire; a series of smaller teeth behind them. Molar teeth mostly in 2 or 3 rows. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales moderate. Dorsal spines usually 12, strong, depressible in a groove; anal spines rather strong. Caudal fin forked; interhemals unmodified; first spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine above; skull essentially as in Archosargus, the frontal bone more cavernous. Gill rakers short and slender. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short; pyloric ceca few. Coloration usually silvery, with a black blotch on the back of the tail; young with black crossbars. Car- nivorous species, chiefly European; valued as food. The genus Diplodus differs from Archosargus chiefly in the absence of a procumbent dorsal spine. The skull in Diplodus resembles that of Archosargus, but the cavernous or honeycombed structure of the interorbital area is still more prominent. (677A 00s, double; odovs, tooth, from the two forms of teeth.) a. Seales large, about 56 in lateral line. HOLBROOKH, 1738. aa. Scales smaller, 62 to 65 in lateral line. b. Eye large, 34 in head, 1 in snout. ARGENTEUS, 1739. bb. Eye smaller, 44 in head, 14 in snout. SARGUS, 1740. 1788. DIPLODUS HOLBROOKIL (Bean). Head 33; depth in adult 24; eye 44 in head, 14 in snout, or 1} in pre- orbital. D.XII,140r15; A.III, 13; scales 7-56-14. Body regularly ellip- tical, moderately compressed; profile regularly rounded, not as steep as in Diplodus argenteus; mouth large, almost horizontal; maxillary not reach- ing front of eye, 34 in head; incisors +, inserted obliquely; molars in 3 series above and 2 below; gill rakers 4 diameter of pupil, about 7-+14; longest dorsal spine 24 to 23 in head; caudal deeply forked; second anal spine little larger than third, 34 in head; ventrals reaching half way to anal fin; pectorals not reaching to first anal spine, 34} in body; cheeks with 4 rows of scales; steel-blue above, paler below, a broad black border on the operculum; a black spot on the upper part of base of pectoral; a broad black bar extending across caudal peduncle above. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Cape Hatteras to Cedar Keys; rather common as far north as Beaufort, where the young swarm about the wharves. (Named for John Edwards Holbrook, the distinguished author of the Ichthyology of South Carolina. ) ty Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1363 Sargus holbrookii, BEAN, Forest and Stream, June 13, 1878, Charleston; BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 198; JorDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 379. Diplodus holbrookii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 559; EIGENMANN & HuGHEs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 72; JoRDAN & FESLER, l. c., 534, 1893. Diplodus caudimacula, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 559, 1883; young; not caudimacula of Pogy. s 5 1789. DIPLODUS ARGENTEUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (SARGO.) Head 34; depth 14; eye 34; snout 34. D. XII, 14; A. III, 13; seales 8-62-16. Body much compressed; dorsal outline notably elevated; profile almost straight, very steep; mouth moderate, almost horizontal; maxillary 34in head; incisors 4, placed as in D. holbrookii; molars in 3 or 4 series above, 2 or 3 below. Longest dorsal spine 24 in head; caudal long, forked; second anal spine much stouter and 4 longer than third, 2} in head; ventrals reaching half way to second anal ray; pectorals reaching to first analspine. Steel-blue above, silvery below; a blackish border on the oper- culum; a black spot on the upper part of the base of pectorals; five or six very narrow, oblique blackish crossbars; black bar not extending entirely across caudal peduncle. West Indies; Florida and the Bermudas south to Argentina; here described from a specimen from New Smyrna, Florida, obtained by Mr. William P. Shannon, the only record for the United States. The types of Sargus argenteus in the Museum at Paris are identified as belonging to the same species as the types of Sargus caudi-- macula which are in the National Museum. (argenteus, silvery.) Sargus argenteus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 60, 1830, Brazil; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 444; GUNTHER, Shore Fishes, 5, 7, 1880. Sargus caudimacula, POEY, Memorias, 1, 198, 1860, Cuba; PorEy, Synopsis, 310, 1868. Diplodus argenteus, EIGENMANN & HUGHES, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 73; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 524, 1893; BERG, Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires 1895, 50. 1740. DIPLODUS SARGUS (Linneus). (SARGO.) Head about 3}; depth about 2; eye 44 in head, 14 in snout, 14 in inter- orbital. D. XI or XII, 12 to 15; A. LI, 13 or 14; scales 8-65-16; pectoral 24 in body; ventrals 4; upper caudal lobe 33; second anal spine 3} in head; incisors rather broad, implanted obliquely; 3 or 4 series of molars above, 2 or 3 below; crown of head convex, a protuberance above the anterior angle of the orbit; preorbital not entirely covering maxillary ; gill rakers short and thick, about 6+ 11; pectoral fin extending to origin of anal, ventrals nearly to vent. Color silvery or shining golden, with many narrow longitudinal dusky stripes (8 or 9 above lateral line, 15 or 16 below), and with 4 or 5 narrow blackish crossbands, the first between the origin of the dorsal and the axil. Coast of southern Europe; once recorded from the Bermudas (Goode); known to us only from descrip- tions in the American fauna on the record of Dr. Goode. Here described from a specimen from the Canary Islands. (Eu.) (6apyos, sargus, the ancient name of a species of this genus. ) 1364 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Sparus sargus, LINN US, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 278, 1758, Mediterranean. Sargus variegatus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 207, 1803, Mediterranean; GOODE, Cat. Fish. Bermuda, in Am. Jour. Science and Arts 1877, 292. Sargus raucus, GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE, Descr. de l’Egypte, Poiss., pl. xvi, fig. 1, 1813, Coast of Egypt. - Sargus rondeletii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 14, pl. 141, 1830, Mediter- ranean. Sargus vitula, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 48, 1830, Mediterranean. Diplodus sargus, JORDAN & FESLER, l. ¢., 525, 1893. Family CLII. MANIDA. (THE PICARELS.) Body oblong or elongate, covered with moderate or small ciliated scales; mouth moderate or small, extremely protractile, the spines of the premax- illaries extending backward to the occiput; teeth small or wanting, all pointed; no incisors or molars; dorsal continuous or divided, the spines very slender; preopercle entire; intestine short, with few pyloric ceca. Carnivorous shore fishes, chiefly of the Old World. In the form of the mouth they present analogies to the Gerrida, in other regards they closely resemble the Hamulide. Genera4d or 5; speciesabout 25. (Pristipomatida, b, in part, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1, 386-396). MANIN#: a. Jaws with small teeth; dorsal fin nearly continuous, its rays XI, 11; body com- pressed; scales moderate. SPICARA, 557. EMMELICHTHYINZ: aa. Jaws toothless; dorsal fins 2, the spines very slender, 12 to 14 in number, some of them free; body elongate; lower pharyngeais with cardiform teeth. EMMELICHTHYS, 558. 557- SPICARA, Rafinesque. Spicara, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 51, 1810 (fleawosa=smaris). Smaris, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Hd. 1, 269, 1817 (smaris). Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate or small ciliated scales ; mouth small, extremely protractile, the spines of the maxillaries extending backward to the occiput; vomer without teeth. Dorsal continuous or nearly so, its rays XJ, 11, the spines very slender; preopercle entire; intes- tine short, with few pyloric coca; scales 60 to 70. Shore fishes of the Old World; one of them on doubtful authority ascribed to the West Indies. This genus is chiefly confined to the Mediterranean and neighboring waters. (Spicara, a local name in Sicily, probably from spica, a spike.) 1741. SPICARA MARTINICA (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Closely allied to the European species, Spicara smaris, but with the body rounded, compressed, the suborbital narrower and more notched. Color apparently plain, a small black spot on the side. D. XII, 11; A. III, 9. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) West Indies. The type of this species, 4 inches long, is reputed to have been sent to Paris by Plée, from Martinique. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1365 Very likely it is the common European picarel, Spicara smaris (L.), and it may have come from the coasts of France. Errors of locality are common in museums, and the ‘‘ Cabinet du Roi” has net been exempt from them. (Name from Martinique. ) Smaris martinicus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 424, 1830, Martinique. Spicara martinica, JORDAN & FESLER, I. ¢., 527, 1893. 558. EMMELICHTHYS, Richardson. Emmelichthys, RICHARDSON, Voyage Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 47, 1846 (nitidus). Erythrichthys, TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 117, 1847 (schlegeli). Boxaodon, GUICHENOT, in Gay, Hist. Chili, 1, 208, 1847 (cyanescens). Dipterygonotus, BLEEKER, Contr. Ichth. Celebes, 1848 (lewcogrammicus). Inermia, PoEY, Memarias, 11, 193, 1860 (vittata). Body elongate, not much compressed, covered with moderate scales; head long; mouth moderate, oblique, premaxillaries excessively protrac- tile; teeth obsolete; maxillary broad, scaly; lower jaw projecting; axil- lary scale large, preopercle entire or serrulate; opercle ending in a point. Dorsal fins separate, the first with slender spines, 1 or 2 of them free from membrane; soft dorsal short and low, naked, with a sheath of scales at base; both fins pointed behind; anal spines obscure; caudal widely forked. Pyloric ceca few. This genus contains about 5 species, bright colored fishes, inhabiting rather deep water or going in schools in the open seas. The species are not well known, and each one of them has been made the type of a distinct genus by authors not acquainted with related forms. We are not quite certain that Hmmelichthys is prior to Hrythrich- thys, nor are we sure that but one genus of Hmmelichihyinw should be recognized. Our species, called Inermia (inermis, unarmed), agrees with Emmelichthys in having a rounded preopercle, that of Lrythrichthys being nearly a right angle. FHrythrichthys has larger scales and a very broad, scaly maxillary. Emmelichthys has the maxillary moderate, while in Inermia itis figured as narrow. (év, within; éAas, black; 7y4Us, fish.) Subgenus INERMIA, Poey. 1742. EMMELICHTHYS VITTATUS (Poey). (BOGA. ) Head 4; depth 4%; eye 34 in head; snout 3. D. XI, III-I, 10; A. III, 9; scales 100. Vertebr 12+14. Body slender, fusiform, back rounded, the section of the body forming an oval of which the small diameter is } the large. Maxillary narrow, not wider than pupil, extending beyond front of eye, about 2} in head; jaws subequal; premaxillary processes very long; jaws without teeth; pharyngeal teeth present; preorbital moderate, + diameter of eye; preopercle with its vertical limb entire, the angle with flat, thin serre, the outline rounded, the bone cavernous anteriorly ; lower jaw not cavernous; opercle with a rough point; nostrils small, placed high; lower jaw without pores; lateral line with a slight keel pos- teriorly. Body everywhere with small scales except on tip of snout; * 1366 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, dorsal fins slender; pectoral short, 1} in head; ventrals moderate, with axillary scales; vertical fins without scales except the sheath at base; caudal deeply forked, nearly as long as head, the angles pointed. Color greenish, bluish-white below; snout yellowish; a broad band of green tinged with yellow from eye to tail; three similar bands on back, the median one most distinct and most regular; dorsals pale yellow; caudal dusky violet, the borders pale; pectoral rosy; ventrals and anal white. Ceea 5; air bladder very small. Length 8 inches. Havana (Poey.) Very rare, but occasionally visiting the coast of Cuba in great schools in December. (vittatus, striped.) Inermia vittata, Poky, Memorias, I, 193, 1860, Havana. Emmelichthys vittatus, POEY, Synopsis, 320, 1868. Erythrichthys vittatus, PoEY, Enumeratio, 49, 1875; JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 528, 1893. Family CLIII. GERRID. (THE MOJARRAS.) Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with large, smooth scales; lateral line continuous, concurrent with the back; mouth moderate, extremely protractile, descending when protruded, the spines of the pre- maxillary extending to above eye, closing a deep groove in the top of head; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow preorbital, its surface silvery, like the rest of the head; base of mandible scaly, a slit between it and the preorbital to permit its free motion; both jaws with slender, villiform teeth; no incisors, canines, nor molars; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preopercle entire or serrate; sides of head scaly ; nostrils double, round; pseudobranchiz concealed; gill rakers short, broad; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; dorsal fin single, continuous or deeply notched, the spinous and soft portions about equally developed, with a scaly sheath along the base; dorsal spines usually 9 or 10; anal usually with 3 spines, the soft portion of the fin similar to the soft dorsal but shorter; ventral fins thoracic, I, 5, rather close together, slightly behind pectorals: branchiostegals 6; lower pharyngeal bones close together, often appearing to be united, the teeth blunt; air bladder pres- ent: pyloric ceca rudimentary ; vertebree 10+14—24. Oviparous. Genera 6 or 8; species about 40. Carnivorous fishes of moderate or small size inhabiting the tropical seas. They differ considerably in form and in development of spines, but the intergradations are very perfect, so that but for the osteological peculiarities of certain species all might be placed in one genus.* The larger species are used as food and are of excellent flavor. (Gerride, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1v, 252-264, 1862.) a. Dorsal fin coutinuous, deeply notched. b. Second interhemal spine singularly developed, as a hollow cylinder, compara- tively short and much expanded, the posterior end of the air bladder enter. ing its cavity; preopercle and preorbital entire; anal spines 3, the second not much enlarged. EUCINOSTOMUS, 559. Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1367 bb. Second interhemal spine normally developed, not hollow, the air bladder not entering it. ec. Second interhemal spine very short, bluntish; anal spines 2, both small; preopercle and preorbital entire. ULaMaA, 560. ce. Second interhzmal spine long, spear-shaped ; anal spines 2 or 3, the second enlarged. d. Preopercle entire; second anal spine moderate. XYSTAMA, 561. dd. Preopercle serrate; second anal spine much enlarged. GERRES, 562. 559. EUCINOSTOMUS, Baird & Girard. . (MO.JARRITAS. ) Eucinostomus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Ninth Smith. Report 1855, 20 (argenteus). Interhemal bone of the second anal spine greatly modified, expanded into a hollow cylinder, into which the posterior end of the air bladder enters. Preopercle and preorbital entire; body comparatively elongate, subelliptical in form; anal spines 3; the second anal spine and fourth dorsal spine not greatly enlarged. Species numerous in warm seas, re- markable for the structure of the second interhemal, which is formed somewhat as in Calamus, but much more modified than in the latter genus. (ev, well; xzvé@, to move; 6rdua, mouth.) a. Premaxillary groove wholly naked, linear or semioval, sometimes constricted at base, but never scaled; anal rays III, 7. b. Eye very large, its diameter much greater than length of snout, 2% in length of head. Exposed portion of maxillary small, triangular; premaxillary groove linear. DOW], 1743. bb. Eye moderate, usually more than 3 in head, its diameter about equal to length of snout. Exposed portion of maxillary triangular in front, oblong behind. c. Body elongate, the back little elevated; greatest depth 3} to 34 in length. Anal spines small, the second 4} in length of head. PSEUDOGULA, 1744. cc. Body more compressed, deeper, the back more elevated; greatest depth 22 in length. d. Snout blunt; eye large, scarcely 3 in head; second anal spine large, * 22 to 34 in head; premaxillary groove linear. HARENGULUS, 1745. dd. Snout less blunt; eye not so large, more than 3 in head; second anal spine shorter, 34 to 4} in head; the premaxillary groove becom- ing broader with age, linear in the young; spinous dorsal black at tip, especially in the young. CALIFORNIENSIS, 1746. aa. Premaxillary groove scaled in front, the scales leaving a naked pit behind. Depth 22 in length; head 3 to 34 in length of body. Second anal spine about 34 in head. GULA, 1747. 1743. EUCINOSTOMUS DOWI (Gill). Head 33; depth 3; eye large, 2% in head; snout 3}, and interorbital 3} in head; scales 5-45-10. Body rather slender, compressed, elliptical, back little elevated, head flat, with a slight depression above front of orbit. Maxillary triangular and small, the width at the posterior end being } the length, which is about 4 diameter of eye, also 4 length of second dorsal spine. Preorbital and preopercle entire. Second and third dorsal spines about equal, the third, perhaps, slightly longer, 13 in head, all weak and flexible. Second anal spine relatively strong, third weaker, but slightly longer, 23; base of anal 1 to 2} in length of head; least depth of caudal 1368 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. peduncle 23 in head; pectorals about $ length of head, their tips reaching vent; ventrals 12 in head, reaching about # distance to vent. Premaxillary groove narrow, usually linear and naked, and not extending quite to the vertical of center of pupil. Color silvery, with bluish reflections, darker above lateral line; tips of spinous dorsal black; ventrals dusky; a black supraorbital spot; caudal dusky; body covered with very fine dark pune- tulations. Length 3 to 6 inches. The specimens here described from Panama. Pacific coast of tropical America; Galapagos Islands; Panama. Specimens very similar have been taken at Key West and Havana, but these may be referable to Hucinostomus harengulus. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow.) Diapterus dowi, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 162, Panama. (Coll. Dow.) Gerres dowi, EVERMANN & MEEK, in part, l. c., 259. 1744. EUCINOSTOMUS PSEUDOGULA, Poey. Head 34 to 34; depth 34; eye 34 in head; snout 33; interorbital width 32. D. IX, 10; A. III, 7; scales 5-49-9. Body elongate, elliptical, not much compressed; back little elevated; profile evenly convex; top of head little convex; mouth rather small, end of maxillary reaching slightly past vertical from front of orbit; length of maxillary 3} in length of head, its exposed portion nearly triangular and about + length of head, its greatest width 4 its greatest length; preorbital and preopercle entire; snout not much pointed, conical; cheeks each with 3 rows of scales; 7 gill rakers below the angle. Dorsal spines all weak and flexible; second and third subequal, 14 in length of head; base of anal 2 in length of head, spines small, the second the stronger, its length 4} in length of head, about equal in length to third spine or slightly shorter; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in length of head; tips of pectoral fins reaching vent, their length about 32 in length of body; ventrals 14 in head, their tips reaching % distance to vent; premaxillary groove long, linear and free from scales. Color greenish above, with bluish reflections, silvery below; snout black- ish; tips of spinous dorsal black; pectorals pale; dusky in axil; ventrals and anal pale; caudal reddish. Length 2? to 7 inches. Here described from specimens from Havana. West Indies to Brazil, not rare; Bermudas; Cuba; St. Lucia; Bahia. (wevdnes, false; gula.) Eucinostomus pseudogula, PoEY, Enumeratio, 53, pl. 1, 1875, Havana. Gerres jonesi, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1879, 150 and 389, Bermudas. Gerres pseudogula, EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 260. 1745. EUCINOSTOMUS HARENGULUS, Goode & Bean. Head 3} to 34; depth 3 to 3}. D.IX,10; A. ILI, 7;.P..15;\V. Tos: +17+. Scales 5-44-10; diameter of eye exceeding length of snout, 3 times in the length of the head, and equaling width of interorbital space; the groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries naked; gill rakers small, about 4+7; free portion of tail longer than high; least height of tail equaling length of sixth dorsal spine; third dorsal spine longest, its length twice in height of body and equaling length of head without post- er ee Fishes of North America, 1369 Jordan and Evermann, orbital portion; last dorsal spine equaling length of second anal, about equaling length of snout, and about ? as long as the third; first dorsal ray fully 14 times as long as first dorsal spine; second anal spine stronger and shorter than third, its length 3? in length of head; third anal spine con- tained 3} times in length of head; caudal forked, its length slightly less than length of head, and very little greater than length of pectoral; the pectoral reaching to the perpendicular through origin of soft dorsal; ven- tral half as long as head; vent under the second ray of the soft dorsal. The back with a slight tawny hue, interrupted as it blends with the white of the sides by 5 or 6 indistinct scollopy incursions of the body color, giv- ing the upper part of the side of the fish a marbled appearance. (Goode & Bean.) Atlantic coast of tropical America, common; known from western Florida, Key West, Jamaica, Santo Domingo and Bahia. (dimin- utive of rarengus, herring.) Bucinostomus harengulus, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 182, West Florida. (Type, No. 5145, U.S.N.M. Coll. Kaiser & Martin.) Gerres harengulus,* JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 584. 1746. EUCINOSTOMUS CALIFORNIENSIS (Gill). (MOJARRA CANTILENA.) Head 34; depth 24 to 24; eye not very large, its diameter 35 in head; snout 34 in head. Dorsal 1X, 10; A. III, 7. Scales 5-45-9. Body ellip- tical, compressed, back moderately elevated; anterior profile little convex, not very steep; snout rather pointed, mouth moderate, maxillary reaching almost to vertical from front of orbit, its length 5 in length of head; ex- posed portion of maxillary triangular in front, oblong behind, its width 2 in its length, which is 43 in length of head; preorbital and preopercle entire; premaxillary groove long, linear and naked in young specimens (gracilis), becoming in older examples (californiensis) more or less oval and sometimes forming a rounded pit. In the cranium the groove is always linear, this variation being due to changes in the flesh and skin. Gill rakers small and weak, 7 below the angle. Dorsal spines weak and flexible, the longest 4? to 2,|; in head; ventral fins short, their tips reach- ing about halfway to anal, their length 1} in head; pectorals slender, their tips reaching beyond vent; length of pectorals about equal to head; ven- trals and caudal mostly covered with small scales; other fins naked. Color in life silvery, greenish above; snout and upper part of caudal dusky; spinous dorsal punctate at base, usually abruptly black at tip, especially in the young; the dark areas separated by a transparent hori- zontal bar, these markings wanting in some specimens, perhaps females; soft dorsal punctate; caudal with a faint dusky margin; ventrals pale. * In the paper on this genus by Evermann & Meek (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1886, 261), Gerres harengulus, as represented by specimens from Florida and Cuba, was referred to the synonymy of the west coast Hucinostomus gracilis (californiensis). The two species are very closely related. A comparison of specimens shows that harengulus has a blunter snout, somewhat larger eye, and larger anal spines than californiensis. Eye 24 in head; snout 3%; second anal spine 23 to 34in head in harengulus trom Key West (33, 34, 44 in californiensis trom Guaymas). it is, however, not always possible to distinguish haren. gulus, pseudogula, gracilis, californiensis and dowi, and perhaps all may prove to be varieties of one, LZ. californiensix. 3030——9 1370 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Length 3 to 8 inches. Pacific coast of Mexico; excessively common in shallow bays, and entering streams; known from Guaymas and Cape San Lucas to Panama; once taken at San Diego. Diapterus californiensis,* GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 245, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xantus. ) Diapterus gracilis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862,246, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xantus.) Gerres cinereus, var. nov., EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Amer. Naturalist, Feb., 1891, 155, San Diego. (Coll. Eigenmann.) Gerres gracilis, EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 261. Gerres californiensis, EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 263. Eucinostomus californiensis, t JORDAN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 469. 1747. EUCINOSTOMUS GULA (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (SILVER JENNY; MOJARRA DE LEY; PETITE GUEULE.) Head 34; depth 22; eye 3 in head; snout 34; interorbital width 3. D. IX, 10; A. III, 8; scales 5-42-9. Body elliptical, compressed, back moder- ately elevated, mouth small; end of maxillary reaching slightly past vertical trom front margin of orbit; exposed portion of maxillary nearly oblong, its width about 2 in its length, which is from 4 to 5 in the length of the head; preorbital and preopercle entire. Gill rakers small and weak, 7 below the angle; premaxillary groove scaled in front, the posterior part naked, forming a sort of pit; longest dorsal spine 14 in head; second anal spine shorter and stronger than third, its length about 3} in head; ventrals reaching nearly to vent, their length 1} in length of head; pectorals reaching front of anal, their length about 3 in length of body. Second interhemal hollow and enlarged. Color silvery, greenish, darker above; no distinct longitudinal lines except in very young; upper margin of spinous dorsal more or less black; dorsal and anal fins dusky, other fins * The following is the substance of Dr. Gill’s description of E. californiensis: Head’3i; depth 2} in young. D. IX, 10; A. III, 8. Scales 6-44-13. Caudal peduncle slender and attenuated at middle. The diameter of eye 23 times (.09) in head; snout 34. Interorbital area flattened, groove for the posterior processes of premaxillaries broad, scaleless, semioval, and reaching vertical of ends of maxillaries, exposed portions of max- illaries convex above, semicordate, twice as long as broad. Lateral line sigmoidally curved. Second and third dorsal spines nearly equal, 54 in body, 17 in head, nearly twice as long as last spine. Third anal spine larger than second, shorter than last dorsal one, and 4 in head. Caudal 4 longer than head, equaling pectorals, and twice as long as ventrals. Color silvery, with steel-blue reflections above; the fins immaculate. (Gill.) + A specimen taken at San Diegoand recorded by Dr. Eigenmann as ‘‘ Gerres cinereus, var. nov.,’’ seems to belong to Hucinostomus californiensis. Head32; depth 22; scales 6-45-10; eye equal to interorbital space, 5 in head; maxillary just reaching front of eye; predorsal distance 24 in length; caudal fin slightly longer than head, second anal spine short, about 34 in head; ventral fins 14 inhead. Dark punctulations everywhere, except on ventral surface; no dark lateral bars; upper portion of spinous dorsal fin blackish; all the fins finely punctate, the pectorals least so; a dark-blue axillary spot. Length about 7 inches. San Diego. (Eigenmann.) i‘ Bucinostomus californiensis is generally common along the west coast of Mexico, from Guaymas to Panama. It is probably, however, not found in the West Indies, ile closely related Hucinostomus harengulus being apparently a different species. The speci- mens called californiensis by Gill, having the premaxillary groove semioval or U-shaped, seem to represent the adult of this species. Those called gracilis, with the premaxillary groove linear, are the young or half grown. Still others, especially adults, have the premaxillary groove round, forming a pit, and every intermediate character may be found. At first we thought it possible to separate californiensis and gracilis as distinct species. The careful reexamination of some 200 specimens leaves us wholly unable to separate them, as all grades of variation occur. Apparently the premaxillary groove is linear in the young, growing broader with age, but the changes very irregular. Thename Lucino- stomus californiensis has priority over FL. gracilis’’. (Jordan.) ee 4 . 58 pe, alata NE aera aol t—< Jordan and Evermann. Fishes of North America. 1871 pale. The form of this species resembles that of Hucinostomus californi- ensis, but the body is always less elongate than in the latter. The form of its premaxillary groove, differing from that of any other species, affords the best character for distinction. Carolina to Brazil, the young ranging north to Woods Hole; excessively common everywhere in shallow water and on sandy shores, as is its congener californiensis in the Pacific. It reaches a length of 4 or 5 inches, and is used only for bait. The only spe- cies ranging far northward. (gula, throat; from the common name Petite queule at Martinique. ) Gerres gula, CUVIER & V ALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 464, 1830, Martinique; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 346, 1859, and Iv, 255, 1862; EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 264. Bucinostomus argenteus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Ninth Smith. Report 1855, 345, Beesley Point, New Jersey. (Coll. Baird.) Eucinostomus gulula, Pory, Enumeratio, 54, pl. 2, 1875, Havana. Diapterus homonymus, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 340, Clearwater Har- bor, Florida. (Type, No. 23639. Coll. Dr. Velie.) Gerres argenteus and homonymus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 584. 560. ULAEMA, Jordan & Evermann. Ulema, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 471 (lefroyit). This genus is close to Hucinostomus, from which it differs in the form of the second interhemal, which is short, bluntish, and not hollowed out. The single known species is slender in form, with weak spines, the anal fin having but 2. (ovAos; entire; aia, blood, for interhemal, the interhemal being entire and not cup-shaped at its upper end.) 1748. ULEMA LEFROYI (Goode). Head 34 to 33; depth 32; eye large, 2? in head; snout 34; interorbital width 3; scales 5-47-9. D.IX,10. A.1I,8. Body elongate, elliptical, not very strongly compressed; back little elevated; snout conical, not much pointed; mouth small, end of maxillary reaching scarcely beyond vertical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 3 in Jength of head, exposed por- tion nearly triangular, its greatest width 2 in its length, which is 5 in length of head; top of head flattish; premaxillary groove long, linear and naked; gill rakers weak, small, 7 or 8 below the angle; dorsal spines all weak and flexible, second and third subequal, 4 in length of head, upper margin of the fin concave; second anal spine moderate, its length 4 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 33 in length of head. Color silvery, darker above, everywhere with fine dusky punctulations and traces of cross bars; top of spinous dorsal black; dorsal, anal, and caudal dusky; ventrals and pectorals paler, but with dusky punctulations; axil dusky; a dark spot on supraorbital; snout dusky; no distinct stripes along rows of scales. Length 2 to 8 inches. Well distinguished from Lucinostomus pseudogula and other related species by the presence of but 2 anal spines, a character which reappears in the very different species, Gerres rhombeus. A much more marked character, however, is found in the small, solid in- terhemal, which is wholly unlike that of Hucinostomus. West Indies, on sandy shores, north to Cedar Keys; known from the Bermudas, Cuba, Key 1372 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. West, and Cedar Keys. (Named for ‘‘Maj. Gen. J. H. Lefroy, F. R.8., gov- ernor of the Bermudas, a gentleman of well-known scientific attainments and reputation, who while doing so much for the social and political wel- fare of the islands is also taking an active part in the development of the Natural History.” Goode.) Diapterus lefroyi, GOODE, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts 1874, 123, Bermudas; EVERMANN & MEEK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1886, 259. Eucinostomus productus, Pory, Enumeratio, 55, 1875; and Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, Havana. Eucinostomus lefroyi, GOODE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 39, 1876. 561. XYSTAEMA, Jordan & Evermann. (MoOJARRAS BLANCAS.) Xystema, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 471 (cinereus). This genus differs from Gerres in having the preopercle entire. The body is compressed, but not greatly elevated, and the second anal and fourth dorsal spines are less enlarged than in Gerres. The second inter- hemal is long and spear-shaped, not hollow, and not receiving the air bladder, its structure as in Gerres. One species, widely distributed. (Evorov, shaft of a spear; aia, blood, for interhzemal.) 1749. XYSTEMA CINEREUM (Walbaum). (MosARRA DE CASTA; MOJARRA BLANCA; BROAD SHAD.) Head 34; depth 24 to 223; eye about 3} in head; snout 3}; interorbital width 3!; scales 6-45-10. Body compressed, elongate, back moderately elevated, the dorsal profile being evenly convex; mouth moderate, the maxillary extending but slightly beyond the vertical at anterior margin of orbit, its exposed portion triangular in form and twice as long as wide, its length being contained five times in that of the head; preorbital and preopercle entire; premaxillary groove broad and free from scales; gill rakers weak, 7 below the angle; distance from end of snout te dorsal fin 2! in length of body; second dorsal spine longest, about 14 in head and not much stronger than the others; all the dorsal spines are weak and flexible; general outline of the upper margin of the spinous dorsal falcate ; second and third anal spines subequal, second 23 to 2? in length of head, the pectorals scarcely reaching anal, their length being contained 3 times in that of body; ventrals contained 12 times in head, and scarcely reaching the vent. Color silvery, with bluish reflections above; sides with 7 or 8 broken, bluish vertical bars, about equaling pupil in width, most distinct in life, and present at all ages; no dark stripes along scales; dorsal and caudal fins dusky; other fins pale; ventrals with a few dark punctula- tions; axil dark; eye white; spinous dorsal and ventrals golden in life. Length 12 to 15 inches. Both coasts of tropical America, and the West Indies, north to southern Florida and Lower California; generally com- mon in waters of moderate depth; entering rivers; a good fish of con- siderable importance, being much larger in size than species of Gerres. Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1373 Known from Havana; Jamaica; Martinique; Bahamas; Barbados; Flor- ida Keys; Mazatlan; Rio Presidio; Guatemala; Panama; Chiapas. (cine- reus, ashy gray.) ; Turdus cinereus peltatus (the Shad), CATESBy, Nat. Hist. Carolinas, ete., 1731, Bahamas. Mugil cinereus, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisciuni, 228, 1792, Bahamas; after CATESBY. Gerres aprion, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 1, 104, 1829; based on CATESBY; CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 461, 1830. “ Gerres zebra, MULLER & TROSCHEL, Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 668, 1848, Barbados; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, Iv, 254, 1862. Gerres squamipinnis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, 1, 349, 1859, Jamaica; Guatemala. (Coll. Dr. Parnell and Mr. Frank.) 562. GERRES, Cuvier. (MOJARRAS. ) Gerres,* CUVIER, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 104, 1829 (lineatus, etc.). Diapterus, RANZANI, Nov. Comment. Bonon., v, 1841, 340 (auratus). Catochenum, CANTOR, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 55, 1850 (lineatus, etc.) ; substitute for Gerres, CUVIER, regarded by CANTOR as preoccupied by Gerris, FABRICIUS, 1794, a genus of insects. Moharra, Porky, Enumeratio, 50, 1875 (rhombea). Second interhzemal long and spear-shaped, not excavated and not receiv- ing the end of the air bladder; preopercle serrate; body elevated and more or less rhomboid in form, the third or fourth dorsal spine and the second anal spine more or less elevated. Species numerous. (Gerres, an old name used by Pliny for some fish, perhaps a Spicara. ‘‘Fuisse Gerres aut inutiles Menas. Odor impudicus urcei satebatur.”) a. Preorbital entire; no distinct dark streaks along the rows of scales. - MoHARRA (Mojarra, Spanish name, from muger, Latin mulier, woman). b. Anal spines 2 only, the soft rays 9; second dorsal spine about 3 in head; second anal spine 13; premaxillary groove broad, scaleless; body deep. RHOMBEUS, 1750. DIAPTERUS (514, divided, mrépor, fin): bb. Anal spines 3, soft rays 8. c. Premaxillary groove broad, triangular or oval, and free from scales. d. Body ovate, the outline somewhat regularly elliptical, depth 24in length. Dorsal spines slender, but little flexible, the second scarcely stronger than the third, 2 in length of head. Second and third anal spines subequal, 22 in length of head, second stronger than third. AUREOLUS, 1751. * The genus Gerres was established by Cuvier in the second edition of the Régne Animal, the name being based on 7 species ag enumerated by him, rhombeus, oyena, aprion, poieti, lineatus, argyreus, and filamentosus. One of these speciesmust, therefore, be chosen as the type of Gerres. In 1842 Ranzani established the genus Diapterus on auratus, a species closely related to rhombeus, or rather to the allied olisthostoma. In 1850 the name Cat- ochenum was proposed by Cantor as a substitute for Gerres, regarded as preoccupied by the earlier name Gerris, applied by Fabricius to a genus of insects. . The name Catoch- enum can only be used if Gerres is regarded as ineligible. By the rules followed by us, Gerres rust be retained, being spelled differently from Gerris. In different publications of Poey, plumieri is made the type of Gerres, although it is not one of Cuvier’s original species. Bleeker substitutes Diapterus for Gerres and Catochenum, specifying plumiert as its type, while Gill and Poey have used the name Diapterus for the allies of gula, to which the name Eucinostomus has been applied in 1855 by Baird and Girard. Although plumieri can not be made the type of Gerres, it seems to us that the cognate species lineatus can be so regarded. If this view is adopted, the restricted Gerres of the present work would correspond exactly with the restricted Gerres of Poey and Gill, This fact certainly justifies us in choosing lineatus as the type of the genus. 1374 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. dd. Body rhomboidal, short and deep, with angular outlines, the depth usually more than 4length; spines long and slender; second dorsal spine $ or more length of head; second anal spine more than 4 length of head. PERUVIANUS, 1752. ec. Premaxillary groove broad, oval, and covered with scales (these some- times deciduous in poorly preserved specimens). Anal rays III, 8; second dorsal spine 1} in head; second anal spine 12 in head; teeth rather long and slender. ; OLISTHOSTOMUS, 1753. GERRES: aa. Preorbital serrate; a distinct dark streak along each row of scales on back and sides; body rhomboidal, with angular outlines; spines very strong; anal rays III, 8 or 9- e. Scales moderate or large, 34 to 39 in lateral line. jf. Spines moderate, the second dorsal spine 3 to ? length of head. g. Pectorals short, barely reaching vent; second dorsal spine 13 in head; caudal shorter than head; lateral stripes few; depth about 23 in length; 39 scales in lateral line. BREVIMANUS, 1754. gg. Pectorals long, about as long as head; caudal longer than head; sides with numerous dark streaks along the rows of scales; body deep, the back elevated, the depth 2 to 23 in length; dorsal and ventrals more or less dusky. h. Pectorals as long as head, not reaching front of anal, 3 to 34 in body; scales 38; longest dorsal spine 12 in head. i. Third dorsal spine rather longer than second; 10 rows of scales between lateral line and vent; opercle with few if any small scales at base. LINEATUS, 1755. ii. Third dorsal spine not longer than second; 11 rows of scales between lateral line and vent; opercle with numerous small scales at base. BRASILIANUS, 1756. hh. Pectorals very long, 4 longer than head, 23 to 23 in body; sec- ond dorsal spine longest, 14 in head; scales 35. EMBRYX, 1757. ff. Spines very high, the second dorsal spine longer than head; second anal spine about equal to length of head; lateral stripes very distinct, about 12 in number; depth of body 23 in length; pectorals very long, 22 in body; scales 37. PLUMIERI, 1758. ee. Scales small, 44 in lateral line. Second dorsal spine about as long as head; depth of body 24 in length; lateral stripes faint. MEXICANUS, 1759, Subgenus MOHARRA, Poey. 1750. GERRES RHOMBEUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Head 3}; depth 12; eye 3} in head; snout 4; interorbital width 3}; seales 5-38-10. D.IX,10; A.II,9. Body much compressed, rhomboidal in form, the back much elevated; profile evenly convex to supraorbital, where there is aslight depression; snoutsomewhat pointed; mouth rather large; end of maxillary reaching to vertical from center of pupil, its length 3 in head; exposed portion of maxillary oblong, its width about 2% in its length, which is 44 in head; gill rakers stronger than in gula or olisthostomus, 18 below angle; premaxillary groove broad, oval, and free from scales; pectoral fins reaching to front of anal, their length 3 in length of body; ventral fins reaching beyond vent, their length 4} in length of body; second dorsal spine stronger, but shorter than third and fourth, its length about 44 in length of body; margin of fin falcate; suborbital entire; preopercle entire; caudal peduncle 23 in length of Jordan and Evermann., fishes of North America, 1375 head; anal spines constantly 2 in number, the second 1} in length of head. Colorsilvery, with bluish reflections, darker above; margin of dor- sal fin black; fins rather pale; ventrals and anal with dusky punctula- tions; snout dusky; no distinct dark lines along the rows of scales. Length 8 to 10 inches. West Indies and Atlantic coast of tropical Amer- ica; generally common; known from Jamaica, San Domingo, Martinique, Puerto Cabello, Havana, Aspinwall, Rio Magdalena, Santa Lucia and Bahia. Easily known by the presence of but 2 anal spines. (rhombeus, rhombic. ) Gerres rhombeus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 459, 1830, Martinique; San Domingo; GUNTHER, Cat, Fishes, I, 341, and Iv, 253; EVERMANN & MEBK, 1. ¢., 266, Subgenus DIAPTERUS,* Ranzani. 1751. GERRES AUREOLUS, Jordan & Gilbert. Head 3; depth 24; eye 3 in head. D.IX,10; A.III,8; scales35. Body ovate, much compressed, the back elevated, the outlines nearly regular; outline along base of anal very oblique; caudal peduncle very short and deep, tapering regularly to base of tail; snout rather pointed, projecting, the interorbital area strongly depressed; maxillary long, reaching to a point midway between front and middle of pupil, the exposed portion narrowly oblong, its width about 7 its length; teeth slender, in narrow bands; groove on top of head for premaxillaiies scaleless, triangular, reaching a point opposite middle of eye, its width in front } its length. Eye very large, its diameter greater than snout or than interorbital width. Preopercle with angle produced, the margin sharply and finely serrated. Gill rakers very short, not + diameter of pupil. Scales moder- ate, in about 4 rows on the cheek; lateral line running high, but little arched much above axis of body, even on caudal peduncle. Dorsal spines slender, but little flexible, the second scarcely stronger than the others, about as long as the third, + as long as head; dorsal fins separate, notched to the base, the upper outline of spinous portion very oblique; caudal deeply forked; anal low, the second spine a little longer and noticeably stronger than the third, 2? in head; soft rays posteriorly not rising above their basal sheath of scales; ventrals reaching well past vent, their length more than + head; pectorals long, as long as head, reaching slightly beyond origin of anal. Color in life, light olivaceous above, silvery below; sides with distinct tinge of pale yellow; fins all yellowish; vertical fins margined with black, the spinous dorsal with a jet-black blotch on tip of membrane of anterior spines; membrane of each spine and ray of the dorsal with a distinct jet-black spot at its base; ventrals yellow on terminal portion of outer rays only, the very tip of these white; tip of snout dark; opercular membrane yellowish above; lips with some * Diapterus is thus defined by Ranzani: ‘‘Caput breve frons basiconcava, rostrum attenuatum. Dentes maxillares minutissimi, atque confertissimi; Membrana branchiostegia septem radiis fulcita. Corpus valde com- pressum et elevatum. Secunda pinna dorsalis, nee analis in pinnulas divisa. Hujus generis una tantum species adhuc mihi innotuit, quam appelavi Diapterum aura- tum, ejusque imaginem verbis nunc exprimere conabor.” 1376 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. yellow. Panama; only the original type, 5} inches long, known. (aureo- lus, gilded. ) Gerres aureolus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 1, U.S. Fish Comm. 1881 (1882), 328, Panama (Coll. C. H. Gilbert); EVERMANN & MEEK, l. ¢., 266. 1752. GERRES PERUVIANUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. (MoJARRA DE LAS ALETAS AMARILLAS.) Head 3; depth 2}. D. IX, 10; A. III, 8; eye 3 in head, snout slightly shorter; pectoral equaling head ; ventrals 14; second dorsal spine 1,'; ; second anal spine 13. Body rhomboidal, short and deep, with angular outlines, the depth usually about half length; preopercle finely serrate; edge of preorbital entire; spines long and slender; second dorsal spine, when depressed, reaching to the base of the third or fourth dorsal ray; posterior outline of spinous dorsal deeply concave; pectoral long and falcate, reach- ing past front of anal; second and third anal spines about equal in length, longer than the soft rays, and when depressed, reaching past tip of last ray; ventral spine reaching vent, the rays reaching midway between vent and anal spines. Premaxillary groove broad, triangular or oval, and free from scales. Colorsilvery, without dark streaks or bars; fins pale; caudal andanal yellow. Pacific coast of tropical America; very common; known from Mazatlan, Salina Cruz, Chiapas, Panama, Payta, and Guayaquil. Length 5 to 8 inches. Gerres peruvianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 467, 1830, Payta, Northern Peru; EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 266. Gerres brevirostris,* SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 11, 1879, 208, Rio Guayas, Equador. (Coll. André.) 1753. GERRES OLISTHOSTOMUS,t Goode & Bean. (IRISH POMPANO; MUTTON FISH.) Head 3; depth 2. D. IX, 10; A. III, 8; scales 5-37-9. Body rhomboid, short and deep, the back elevated, the anterior profile short and very steep; mouth rather large; teeth slender, brush-like; preorbital entire; preopercle and interopercle serrate; groove on top of head, for reception of premaxilla- ries broad, rounded behind, with a median linear depression, its surface * Gerres brevirostris is thus described: “TD. IX, 10; A. ILI, 8; L. lat. 40; L. trans. 3. Hauteur du corps contenue deux fois dans la longueur, caudale non comprise; longueur delatéte trois fois et demi dans la méme dimension. Ligne rostro-dorsale trés-inclinée, comme dans la Gerres plumierit. Museau obtus, plus court que l’ceil, dont le diamétre est compris trois fois dans Ja longueur dela téte; espace interorbitaire moins large quel’wil. Processus de l’intermaxillaire dépourvu d’écailles et se prolongeant presque jusqu’au niveau du bord postérieur de Voeil. Deuxi- éme et troisiéme épines dorsales de méme hauteur, aussi hautes que la distance quisépare Vextrémité du museau du bord du preopercule, ayant la moitié de la hauteur du corps. Deuxiéme et troisiéme épines anales presque de méme hauteur, plus courtes que la seconde épine dorsale. Caudale fortement ¢chancrée. Pectorales arrivant presque & l’anale. Coloration uniforme. Voisinedu Gerresrhombeus, cette espéce s’en distingue par le profil rostro-dorsal encore plus incliné et par Ja position de ceil, entamant cette ligne rostrale. Rio Guayas (Equateur): André.” (Sauvage.) t Very close to Gerres olisthostomus is the species described from Brazil under the name of Diapterus auratus. Ranzani’s figure shows a long-pointed snout, longer than eye; back elevated; head 34; depth 2; eye in head 32; second dorsal spine 13; second anal spine 24, shorter than third; pectoral reaching second anal spine, slightly longer than head; caudal slightly shorter than head; scales 41. D. 1X, 10; A. IIT, 8. 7 Me ase eee Pay aay eee ee ee ee eee eS ee ee es Ae ate en ee ee ee eee ; .. s Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North America, 1377 completely covered with small deciduous scales which extend forward to just behind nostrils. Eye moderate. Gill rakers small, about 14 on lower part of arch. Dorsal spines high and strong, the second nearly or quite as long as head; second anal spine very strong, $ or more length of head; third spine slightly longer than second and very slender; caudal lobes long and slender, a little longer than head; pectoral long, nearly as long as head, reaching front of anal. Color silvery olivaceous; scales with faint silvery streaks, but no dark ones; fins mostly pale or yellowish, the ven- tralssomewhatdusky. Length12 inches. West Indies, north to southern Florida, south to Brazil; rather common; much resembling Gerres rhombeus, with which it has been confounded, but that species has always 2 anal spines and the premaxillary groove entirely naked. (0Az660s, slipperiness; 6rosa, mouth, from the protractile jaws. ) Gerres olisthostoma, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 423, Indian River, Florida (Type, No. 25118. Coll. R. E. Earll); EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 267; EvER- MANN & BEAN, Fishes of Indian River, in Senate Doc. 46, 54th Congress, 2d session, 23, 1897. Subgenus GERRES. 1754. GERRES BREVIMANUS, Ginther. Head 34; depth 24; eye 3} inhead. D.1IX,10; A.III,8. Scales 6-39-11. Back much lower than in G. lineatus, and the pectoral fins very much shorter, their length 14 in head; caudal 3 in body; frontal groove broad and naked; preorbital very little serrate, almost entire; preopercle weakly serrate; second dorsal spine 13 in head; second anal spine 13; teeth small and short. Coloration of G. lineatus, the dark streaks fainter; no black on base of pectoral, or on lower fins; spinous dorsal dusky above. (Giin- ther.) Pacific coast of Mexico; only the original type from Chiapas known. (brevis, short; manus, hand.) Gerres brevimanus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 152, Chiapas; EVERMANN & MEEK, l. ¢., 270. 1755. GERRES LINEATUS (Humboldt). (MOJARRA CHINA.) Head 34; depth 24. D.IX,10; A.III,8; scales 5-34-10; eye 3} in head; snout 3%; pectoral ;) longer than head; ventrals 14; second dorsal spine 14; second anal spine 1}. Preorbital finely serrated; snout scarcely as long as the eye; groove for the premaxillary processes very broad, scale- less, extending backward to the vertical from the center of the eye; oper- cle with 3 or 4 rows of large scales, few or nosmall scales along its anterior edge; dorsal fin notched, the last spine being not much longer than the eye; dorsal spines strong, the second as long as the head without snout, third spine usually a little longer than the second of the dorsal fin; second and third anal spines about equal in length, longer than the soft rays and reaching to the end of last ray when depressed; the pectoral extending to the vertical from the first anal spine; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes equal in length to each otherand to the pectoral. A blackish streak along 1378 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, each series of scales; the hinder side of the axil, and sometimes the inte- rior, blackish; ventrals more or less dusky. Length 8 to 12 inches. (lineatus, streaked.) West Coast of Mexico; a food-fish of some impor- tance; generally common; known from Mazatlan, Acapulco, San Blas, and Chiapas. Smaris lineatus, HUMBOLDT, Observ. Zogl., 11, 185, pl. 46, 1807-1834, Acapulco. (Coll. Alex. von Humboldt.) Gerres axillaris, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 102, Chiapas. Gerres lineatus, EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 269. 1756. GERRES BRASILIANUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. (PATAO.) Head 32; depth 2}; eye small, 33 in head; snout 3}. D.IX,10; A. II, 7 or 8; scales 5-38-11. Body compressed, rhomboidal, back very much elevated; profile nearly straight from spinous dorsal to premaxillary groove, where there is a slight depression; snout conical, bluntish; less acute than in G. lineatus ; mouth rather large; maxillary reaching slightly beyond the vertical from anterior margin of pupil, its length 2% in length of head; exposed portion of maxillary oblong, its width 2) in its length, its length 43 in length of head; preorbital and preopercle serrate; premaxillary groove broad, narrowed posteriorly, entirely free from scales; opercle with 4 or 5 rows of scales besides numerous small ones at its anterior edge; gill rakers short and weak, 11 below the angle; dorsal spines rather strong and stiff, second and third subequal in length, the second much the stronger, at least not longer than third, its length 17 in length of head; upper margin of dorsal fin faleate; second and third anal spines subequal, the second much the stronger, its length 13 in length of head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2} in length of head; pectoral as long as head, not nearly reaching front of anal, 3 to 3} in body. Color silvery gray, with bluish reflections, darker above, a dark streak along each row of scales, most conspicuous on upper part of body; fins all dusky except pectorals, which are pale; dorsal and anal blackish on their margins; a dark supraorbital spot; axil dusky; ventrals more or less dusky. Lengthafoot. Cuba to Bahia, generally common ; here described from a specimen from Havana. The species is extremely close to G. lineatus and is doubtfully distinct. On comparison of specimens we note no difference except those mentioned in the analysis of species, and these are probably not constant. Gerres brasilianus,* CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 458, 1830, Brazil; Porto Rico; EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 268 ; JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1890, 321. Gerres patao, PoEY, Memorias, 1, 320, 1868, Havana. * A specimen from Brazil, typical of Gerres brasilianus, shows the following characters: Eye 34 in head; second dorsal spine about 12 in head. Ventral not black, but dusky shaded; soft rays of dorsal and anal also peppered with dark points; pectoral alittle more than head, not quite to vent, 3 in body; second anal 1} in head. equals 3 in length but shorter, 42 in body; second anal spine a little longer and ventral paler than in Cuban specimens (patao.) ——E 7 Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1379 1757. GERRES EMBRYX, Jordan & Starks, new species. Head 3; depth 2}. D.IX, 10; A. III, 8; scales 5-35-10; snout 3} in head ; maxillary 23; eye 4; second dorsal spine 1$; second anal spine 13; pec- toral + longer than head; ventrals 14; caudal lobe 1}. Body compressed and angular, the back elevated; profile slightly concave over eye, thence strongly convex to dorsal; snout pointed; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching slightly past anterior margin of pupil, width of its exposed por- tion 24 in its length; jaws about equal; teeth in the upper jaw minute, very slender, and movable; teeth in lower jaw obsolete; preorbital and preopercle serrate; gill rakers short, about 7+ 14; pharyngeals with short blunt, pebble-like teeth on the middle, and small sharp conical teeth on the outer edge. Cheeks with 4 or 5 rows of scales; snout from about middle of eye, preorbital ring, suborbital, maxillary, and lower jaw scale- less; basal sheath of dorsal composed of 1 row of scales; lateral line run- ning high. Dorsal spines high, the second, which is much the strongest and longest, when depressed, reaching to the base of the last; longest dorsal ray about 4 second spine; third anal spine the longest but not so strong as second, its tip reaching well past end of last ray, when fin is depressed; pectoral very long and falcate, reaching to the vertical from the front of anal, } longer than head, 2+ in body; ventrals reaching past vent, but not to anal; caudal deeply forked. Color in spirits, silvery, darker above; sides with about 11 longitudinal dark streaks following the rows of scales, 1 following the lateral line, those above parallel to it, those below more longitudinal; tip of snout black above; dorsal, caudal, and ventrals, dusky; other fins colorless; axil dusky. Length about a foot. Coast of South Carolina, in rather deep water, in company with Calamus leucosteus, Centropristes philadelphicus, Larimus fasciatus, and Stellifer lan- ceolatus. Here described from a specimen (No. 449, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus.) 12 inches long, taken at Charleston, by Mr. Charles C. Leslie. (év, in; fpvé, the ocean depths. ) 1758. GERRES PLUMIERI, Cuvier & Valenciennes. (MOJARRA.) Head 3; depth 2}; eye rather large, 3 in head; snout 4 in head; scales 5-37-11. D. IX, 10; A. III, 8. Body compressed, rhomboidal in form, back very much elevated. Mouth rather large, maxillary extending slightly beyond vertical from anterior margin of pupil, its length 2? in head; exposed portion of maxillary oblong, its width 24 in length, which is 43 in length of head; preorbital and preopercle serrate; premaxillary groove broad and entirely free from scales; gill rakers small, weak, 13 below the angle; distance from tip of snout,to dorsal fin equal to the greatest depth of fish; upper margin of dorsal fin much concave; second dorsal spine very strong and long, its length equaling length of head; second anal spine stronger and slightly shorter than the second dorsal spine, its tip reaching to the vertical from base of caudal rays; third spine shorter and much weaker than second; pectoral fins reaching beyond the front of anal, their length 23 in length of body; ventral fins reaching 1380 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. past vent, almost to front of anal, their length 33 in length of body. Color bluish-silvery above, silvery below; very distinct dark longitudinal lines along each row of scales; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dusky; margin of dorsal fin black; a dark supraorbital spot; pectoral and ventral fins pale. Length 10 inches. Atlantic coast of tropical America, and West Indies; rather common; north to eastern Florida; known from Havana; Porto Rico; San Domingo; Jamaica; Martinique; Indian River, Florida; Pernambuco; Bahia; Aspinwall; and Guatemala. Here described from a specimen from Havana. (Named for Charles Plumier, who early made paintings of the fishes of Martinique. ) Gerres plumieri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 452, 1830, Antilles ; Porto Rico; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, I, 340, and Iv, 253; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 583; EVERMANN & MEEK, l. c., 270. 1759. GERRES MEXICANUS, Steindachner. Head 4; depth 24; scales (6-43 to 45*-12). Closely allied to G. plu- mieri, the body longer, the scales smaller, the second anal spine shorter, length of second dorsal spine and 14 in head; second dorsal spine nearly as long as head (much* stronger than third but not much higher, 3 in body); pectoral short, as long as head, 33 in body, not reaching anal (4$ scales * in a series from fourth dorsal spine to lateral line, 6 series between * first dorsal spine and lateral line); preorbital and preopercle serrate. Color much as in G. plumieri, but paler. Rio Teapa, Mexico. 1 specimen known (Steindachner); not seen by us; apparently distinguished by the small scales. Gerres mexicanus, STEINDACHNER, Ueber eine neue Gerres-Art, aus Mexico, Verh. K. K. Geo. Wien, XIII, 1863, 383, Rio Teapa, Mexico. Family CLIV. KYPHOSIDZ. (THE RUDDER FISHES.) Herbivorous fishes, with incisor teeth only in the front of the jaws. Body oblong or elevated, with moderate or small scales, ctenoid or not. Mouth moderate, with incisor-like teeth in the front of each jaw; no molars; teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; premaxillaries moderately protractile; preorbital rather narrow, sheathing the maxillary. Gill rakers moderate; pseudobranchize well developed; opercles entire. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; dorsal fin continuous or divided, with 10 to 15 rather strong spines, the soft dorsal naked or scaly; anal with 3 spines; ventrals thoracic, the rays I, 5, an accessory scale at base; caudal lunate or forked; pectoral fin with all its rays branched. Intestinal canal elongate, with few or many pyloric ceea. Air bladder usually with 2 posterior horns. Vertebre in ordinary or slightly increased number, 24 to 28. Post-temporal of normal percoid form, the stout forks not adnate to the cranium. Herbivorous * These characters in parentheses, not in the original description, are given in a letter from Dr. Steindachner, date August 3, 1895. OE | Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1381 shore fishes, feeding largely on green or olive alge; chiefly of the Medi- terranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean; most of them valued as food. Gen- era 20, species about 70. (Sparidw, groups Cantharina and Pimelepterina, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1, 418-432; 497-499, 1859.) GIRELLINZE: a. Soft part of dorsal and anal fins naked or partly scaled; head more or less naked; teeth in broad bands, all freely movable, none on vomer; pyloric ceca very numer- ous; vertebra in somewhat increased number, Pacific Ocean. b. Incisors all tricuspid. e. Dorsal spines 14 or 15; each jaw with a series of flat, movable, tricuspid incisors, behind which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; dorsal continuous, its spines low. GIRELLA, 563. ec. Dorsal spines 12 or 13; ‘‘in both jaws series of flat, tricuspid teeth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the former ;”’ soft dorsal and anal elevated. DOYDIXODON, 564, K YPHOSINAS: aa. Soft parts of vertical fins closely scaly; teeth more or less fixed, usually present on vomer; pyloric ceca numerous. d. Top of head as far back as posterior margin of eyes, naked; incisor teeth nar- row, equal, rounded; spinous dorsal much longer than soft dorsal; soft anal higher and shorter than soft dorsal. HERMOSILLA, 565. dd. Top of head as well as sides and jaws closely scaled; broad bands of teeth behind the incisors; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue; dor- sal spines low; incisor teeth lanceolate. e. Incisor teeth strong, with horizontal, backward projecting roots; soft dorsal and anal not much elevated. J. Incisor teeth well developed, each with a conspicuous horizontal proc- ess or root; caudal fin moderate, about as long as the head, the outer rays not 3 times as long as the middle rays; junction of gill membranes forming an angle. KYPHOSUS, 566. #7. Incisor teeth small, with inconspicuous roots; caudal much longer than head, the lobes falcate, the outer 5 times length of middle rays; gill membranes not forming an angle at junction. SECTATOR, 567. ee. Incisor teeth very narrow, without evident roots. g. Anal fin short, 3{ in length of body, its rays III, 19; dorsal spines gradually increasing in height to the sixth, then decreasing backward; soft dorsal and anal not falcate; preopercle slightly serrate; teeth narrow but evidently compressed. MEDIALUNA, 568. 563. GIRELLA, Gray. Girella, GRAY, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, about 1840 (punctata). Melanichthys, TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 75, 1850 (punctatus). Camarina, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1860, 81 (nigricans). Body oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with rather large scales. Mouth small, with a series of tricuspid, movable incisors, behind which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; no molar teeth; no teeth on vomer or tongue; lower pharyngeal teeth slender. Cheeks with very small scales; opercles and top of head chiefly naked. Gill rakers slender. Dorsal fin rather low, with about 14 spines, on the bases of which the scales extend, forming an imperfect sheath; no groove at base of dorsal; no procumbent dorsal spine; anal spines small, graduated; caudal lunate. Air bladder divided into 2 posterior horns. Pyloric ceca numerous; intestinal canal 1382 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. elongate; peritoneum black. Vertebre 11416 or 17=27 or 28. Her- bivorous. Pacific Ocean. This genus contains several species found on the east coast of Asia and one characteristic of the rocky shores of California. They are herbivorous fishes, feeding on seaweeds. (From the French ‘‘Girelle,” which is a derivative of Julis, and is applied to smaller Labroids. ) 1760. GIRELLA NIGRICANS (Ayres). (GREEN-FISH.) Head 4; depth 24. D. XIV, 14; A. III, 12; scales 50; vertebrae 11+16=27. Body oval, compressed, with very deep caudal peduncle; snout thick, its profile evenly rounded; mouth small, subinferior, the maxillary reaching nearly to front of orbit; a minute patch of palatine teeth; each jaw with a series of flat, tricuspid, movable incisors, behind which is a broad band of smaller ones; no teeth on vomer or tongue; cheeks with very small scales; opercles and top of head naked; preopercle minutely serrulate at its angle; preorbital as broad as eye; gill rakers numerous, rather long; scales firm, weekly ctenoid, those on thorax and front of back smaller; dorsal spines lower than soft rays, with an imper- fect sheath of scales at their base; anal spines small, graduated, the soft rays higher than those of the dorsal; caudal lunate; pectorals short and broad, not reaching vent; ventrals short; air bladder with 2 posterior horns; intestinal canal very long; pyloric ceca numerous; peritoneum black. Color dusky green, paler below; fins dusky greenish; young with a large yellowish blotch on the back on each side of dorsal. Length about a foot. Coast of southern California from Monterey to Cape San Lucas; abundant in rocky places, the young a common and active inhabitant of rock pools; a food-fish of fair quality. (nigricans, blackish.) OCamarina nigricans, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1861, 81, fig. 22, California. Girella dorsomacula, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 244,Cape San Lucas; young. (Coll. Xantus.) Girella nigricans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 560, 1883; JORDAN & FESLER, 1. c., 531, 1893. 564. DOYDIXODON, Valenciennes. Doydixodon, VALENCIENNES, Voyage de la Vénus, v, 318, 1855 (freminvillei). Dorsal spines 12 or 13. ‘In each jaw a series of flat tricuspid teeth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, less developed and repiacing the former;” soft dorsal and anal elevated, otherwise as in Girella, from which it is doubtfully separated. Species all American; not well known. (dvo, two; 6vé00s, forked; ddovs, tooth. ) 1761. DOYDIXODON FREMINVILLEI, Valenciennes. D. ITI, 15; A. III, 12; scales about 60. Color uniform dark green, or banded with darker. Form, squamation, and dentition as in Girella nigri- cans (Valenciennes). Galapagos Islands and coast of Peru; known to us from the figure of Valenciennes, which closely resembles Girella nigricans, Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1383 but the number of dorsal spines is fewer. (Named for Chrétien Paulin de Freminville, an early French naturalist and explorer.) Doydixodon freminvillei, VALENCIENNES, Voyage Vénus, V, 323, pl. 5, 1855, Galapagos Islands. Doydixodon fasciatum, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wien, Liv, 358, fig. 2, Iquique, Peru. Doydixodon freminvillei, JORDAN & FESLER, l. c., 532, 1893. 565. HERMOSILLA, Jenkins & Evermann. Hermosilla, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 144 (azurea). This genus is allied to Kyphosus, from which it differs in the weaker gill rakers; in having the margin of the preopercle entire; in having no teeth on the tongue; in the squamation, the scales on the body being larger; head not so completely scaled; top of head, snout, preorbitals, space below the eye, chin, and preopercles, naked. It also differs in the relative sizes and forms of the vertical fins; the spinous dorsal is much longer than the soft dorsal, and the soft anal is higher and shorter than the soft dorsal. One species, from the Pacific Coast of Mexico. (Hermosilla, name of the capital city of Sonora, along the coast of which State the typical species was taken, the name derived from Spanish hermoso, beautiful; Latin, formosus.) 1762. HERMOSILLA AZUREA, Jenkins & Evermann. Head 3; depth 2; eye 32 in head. D. XI,11; A. III, 10; scales 11-55-17. Body ovate, compressed, head short, snout 3 in head, blunt; maxillary barely reaching front margin of eye, 3} in head. Each jaw with a single series of close-set, equal, narrow, rounded incisors, the villiform teeth behind them small or obsolete, not evident in the type; teeth on vomer not evident in the type; gill rakers slender, the longest about the diam- eter of the eye, 3+ 12; preopercle entire; preorbital % diameter of eye, nearly covering the maxillary. Top of head as far back as the pos- terior margin of the eyes, snout, preorbitals, a narrow space below eye, chin and preopercles, naked; top of head covered with pores; pre- opercles with a network of grooves; remaining parts of head and body scaled; 5 rows of scales on cheek below eye, about 6 rows on the oper- cle; subopercle with 1 row; fins, with the exception of the spinous dor- - sal, covered more or less with fine scales; scales moderate, ctenoid, not crowded anteriorly; lateral line complete, traceable but a short distance on the caudal. Dorsal fin with 11 spines, the seventh, which is the longest, 14 in head; the alternate ones very strong, the spinous part con- tinuous with the soft portion, the last spine not much lower than the soft dorsal, thus leaving but a slight depression between the two; the spinous part depressible into a groove; base of spinous part about $ longer than the base of the soft portion; soft anal shorter and higher than soft dorsal; anal with 3 spines, short but strong, the second the longest, 14 times diameter of eye; caudal forked, upper fork the longer; pectoral 14 in head, not quite equaling the ventralis which begin behind them. Depth of caudal peduncle 7 in body; interorbital space 2} in head; 1384 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. peritoneum black. Color dark steel-blue, paler below; body with about 12 nearly vertical blackish cross bands about as wide as the eye; below eye silvery, with a dark streak from maxillary to angle of opercle; oper- eular blotch black; a black blotch in the axil; fins mostly dark. Two larger specimens 11 and 13 inches long collected by the Albatross at San Bartholome Bay, Lower California, differ notably in form, and may possibly belong toa distinct species. Head 3}; depth2}. D.XI,11; A.III, 10; scales 9-55-17; snout 3 in head; eye 5; interorbital 23; maxillary 3}; longest’ dorsal spine 24; second anal spine 34; longest dorsal ray 3; longest anal ray 24; pectoral 13; ventral 13; caudal lobe 14. Body oblong-ovate, com- pressed ; head short; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single series of equal rounded incisors with small villiform teeth behind them; villiform teeth on vomer; gill rakers as long as the diameter of pupil, about 3+ 12. Top of head as far back as posterior margin of eye, snout, maxillary, lower jaw, preorbital, suborbital ring, and edge of pre- opercle, naked; cheeks with 6 series of scales, 6 rows on the opercle; the fins covered with fine scales; dorsal with a well-developed sheath of scales. Spinous dorsal the higher; second and third anal spines about equal, the first rays the longest, fin sharply angulated in front; ventrals placed well behind pectorals, their tips not reaching the vent; caudal emarginate, the lobes about equal. Color in spirits, slaty above with 12 or 18 dark cross bars which fade out below pectoral; a streak across max- illary and preopercle below eye, and one across snout through eye; belly silvery, fins all dusky, ventrals tipped with black, a black blotch on axil; edge of opercle black, a conspicuous black blotch above angle. Known only from these 2 specimens and the types, 2 specimens 8 and 9 inches long respectively, from the Bay of Guaymas. Lengthafoot. (azwreus, sky-blue.) Hermosilla azurea, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 144, Guaymas (Type, No. 36269. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann); EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 156, pl. 1, fig. 3; JoRDAN & FESLER, J. ¢., 533, 1893. 566. KYPHOSUS, Lacépede. (CHOPAS.) Kyphosus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1m, 114, 1802 (bigibbus=fuscus). Pimelepterus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 429, 1803 (bosqui = sectatriz). Dorsuarius, LACEKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 482, 1803 (nigrescens =fuscus). Xyster, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 484, 1803 (fuscus). Saleima, BowvicH, Excursion Madeira, 238, 1825 (awrata). ? Opisthistius, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 245 (tahmel). Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head short, with blunt snout; eye large; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single series of rather nar- row obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth; fine teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Branchiostegals 7; gill rakers long. Preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but little of the maxillary. Squamation very complete, the space between and about the eyes being the only naked part; scales smallish, thick, ctenoid, 60 to 70 in = ys gala d Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1385 the lateral line, which is continuous; similar scales entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical fins, and extending up on the paired fins. Dorsal fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depressible in a groove of scales, the fin continuous, but the last spines low, so that a depression occurs between the two parts of the fin, the bases of the spinous and soft parts about equal; soft dorsal rather low in front, not falcate, pointed behind; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin moderately forked ; pectoral fins small, ventrals well behind them. Intestinal canal long. Pyloric cxca very numerous. Vertebre 9 or 10+ 15 or 16=25. This genus contains some 10 species, chiefly confined to the Pacific Ocean, and most of them found in the East Indies. (00s, a hump, the word more correctly written cyphus, and referring to a deformed specimen with a hump back.) a. Soft part of anal very long and low, its longest rays 34 to 4 in head, and 3 in soft part of the fin. D. XI, 14; A.III,12; scales small, about 85 in lateral line, those on cheek in 17 series; teeth about 30 in each jaw, narrow, the jaw short. Color bright gray, the sides steel blue, with paler lengthwise stripes of bright bronze. Depth more than $ length. ANALOGUS, 1763. aa. Anal fin moderately elevated in front and rather short, its rays III, 11, the longest ray 1; to 2 in the baseof the soft part of the fin. D. XI, 1llor12. Teeth 35 to 40 in each jaw. b. Teeth rather narrow and subacute; maxillary short, barely reaching eye, about 34 in head. ec. Scales moderate, 10-65-20; anal rays III, 13. Coloration bright plumbeous, with many bright yellow streaks on a plumbeous ground. Mouth and teeth not fully described. INCISOR, L764. ec. Seales smaller, about 12-67-20; anal moderate, its longest ray 24 in head and % base of soft part of fin; body deep, the depth 2 in length; snout blunt; scales on cheek in 10 series. Coloration dull pale gray, the dark streaks broader than in K. analogus. DwakpDs. Eques lanceolatus, GUNTHER, Cat., II, 279, 1860; Poxy, Enumeratio, 49, 1875; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 932, 1883; JonDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 442, 1889. - Group CIRRHITOIDEL. (THE CIRRHITOID FISHES.) This group agrees with the Percoidea in most respects, the chief exter- nal difference lying in the form of the pectorals, which have broad pro- current bases as in the Scorpenide, the lower rays being unbranched and more or less thickened. One family * is represented in our waters. Family CLVI. CIRRHITID#. (THE CIRRHITOIDS.) Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate scales which are cycloid or ctenoid; lateral line continuous, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal; mouth low, terminal, with lateral cleft; eye lateral, of moderate size; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary narrow, not sheathed by preorbital; teeth small, pointed, occasionally with canines sometimes present on vomer or palatines; cheeks without bony suborbital stay; branchiostegals 3 to 6, usually 6; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle serrate or entire; opercle unarmed; no spines or ser- rations on bones of cranium; dorsal fin continuous, long, the spinous and soft parts subequal, the spines not depressible in a groove; soft dorsal low; spines rather low and strong; pectoral fin short and broad as in the Cottide; lower half of fin with its rays simple and generally stout; the membranes deeply incised; ventral fins thoracic, but considerably behind root of pectorals, the rays I,5; air bladder large and complicated or want- ing; pyloric ceca few; vertebre 10+16—26; skull very compact and solid.t Carnivorous fishes of the warm seas; genera 10; species 40; appar- This family should apparently be placed among the Percoidea near the Serranide. + Dr. Giinther gives in substance the following description of the skeleton of Parracir- rhites forsteri (Bloch & Schneider) : : Skull compressed, all the bones well ossified, and very solid. Intermaxillary much shorter than maxillary, and having posterior processes of moderate length. Maxillary slightly bent, sword-shaped, broadest at extremity. Mandibulary having some sma pores along lower side. Head of vomer thick, swollen, and armed with teeth on anterior marginonly. Preoperculum crescent-shaped, without angle, and with posterior part of yeatetes AAI itty nambde ifr A het ne ~ 9 0a 5 a, ae ee eo at dn Y a a Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1491 ently really allied on the one hand to the Serranida, with which group Dr. Boulenger finds that the skeleton has much in common; on the other hand, they show affinities with the Scorpenida. Through such forms as these the great group of Loricati or Mail-Cheek fishes may be connected with their perch-like ancestors. (Cirrhitide, Giinther, Cat., 11, 71-86, 1860.) a. Teeth on vomer and palatines; jaws with canines; scales on cheeks very small; dorsal spines 11 or 12. CIRRHITES, 597. 597- CIRRHITES, Lacépéede. Cirrhites, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 3, 1803 (maculatus). Cirrhitichthys, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, 11, 73, 1860; not of BLEEKER. Body oblong, compressed, formed much as in Scicna, covered with large cycloid scales; head rather obtuse; scales on cheeks very small; pre- maxillaries not produced; teeth on vomer and usually on palatines also; jaws with small canine teeth; anterior nostrils fringed; preopercle evenly curved, its edge finely serrate. Soft parts of vertical fins scaled at base. Dorsal rays 11 or 12; caudal truncate. (cirrhus, alock of hair or a barbel; referring to the simple pectoral rays. *) a. Color green with irregular spots and curved bands of dark brown, edged with pale blue. RIVULATUS, 1877. aa. Color yellowish with 4 complete oblique bands of black not edged with blue, besides black spots; caudal with a B-shaped black spot. BETAURUS, 1878. 1877. CIRRHITES RIVULATUS, Valenciennes. Head 23; depth 3. D. X,11; A. III,6; scales 6-47-14. Eye 6 in head, with opercular flap. Snout moderate, compressed, and rather elevated ; maxillary extending to middle of eye; small bands of villiform teeth in jaws, an outer row of strong canine-like teeth on the sides of jaws, with strong canines towards the front, canines about 4; interorbital space deeply concave, * in eye; a low longitudinal median crest on crown of head; preopercle finely serrate behind in the young, entire in adult; gill rakers very short and thick, about 5+10. The fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, 4 in head, of moderate strength. Pectoral very broad, rather short, not reaching tips of ventrals, its lower rays much swollen, Second anal spine longer than third. Color brownish green, with transverse dark-brown spots and short bands, all of which are edged margin minutely serrated; interior ridge very low. Outlines of operculum very irregular ; posterior margin notched, but there are no spines; interior margin waved. Interoper- culum bent, with side joining suboperculum emarginate. Suboperculum elongated, with posterior extremity produced beyond operculum. Preorbital broad, rhomboid. Space between orbits rather narrow and flat. Occipital crest well developed, triangular; lateral crests scarcely visible. Bones of humeral arch rather strong, and both the coracoid bones joined together by a long horizontal suture. Lower extremity of radius provided with several peculiar processes. Pubic bones rather elongate and narrow, each of them formed by three lamellx of nearly equal development. Ten abdominal and 16 caudal vertebra, length of former portion of vertebral column being to that of caudal as 1:1.5. Neural and hxmal spines of moderate length and strength, each of the interneurals dilated. The first interhawmal very strong, and evidently formed by 2; it has 2 ridges on each side, and a low one anteriorly.” * Described by Lacépéde as, ‘‘ Des barbillons réunis par une membrane, et placés auprés de la pectorale, de maniére 4 répresenter une nageoire semblable A cette derniére.”’ 1492 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. with light blue; these bands and spots singularly arranged; 2 of these bands on the head, crossing preopercle; 2 others on preorbital; 5 on body and caudal peduncle, composed of large, more or less confluent, roundish spots, the 2 below the spinous portion of the dorsal terminating above in a pair of large spots; caudal with similar ocellated spots, the pale color appearing as reticulations around them; 2 large ocelli on anal; a brown band across the inner side of base of pectoral. Length 14 inches. Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos Islands; not rare about rocky islands; an in- teresting and curiously colored fish. Here described from specimens from the Revillagigedos; the young unknown, unless C. betaurus should be the young as has been supposed. (rivulatus, marked by rill-like streaks. ) Cirrhites rivulatus, VALENCIENNES, Voyage Vénus, Poiss., 309, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1855, Galapagos Islands. ; Cirrhitichthys rivulatus, GUNTHER, Fish Centr. Am., 421, pl. 86, fig. 4, 1868. 1878. CIRRHITES BETAURUS, Gill. Head 22; depth3. D. X, 11; A. III, 5. Preoperculum serrated behind. Eye (in young) 34 in head, equal to snout. Fourth dorsal spine longest and equals } of the total length; second anal spine largest, equaling the fourth dorsal one; longest soft ray 6} in total length; caudal fin slightly emarginate and nearly } of the length; produced pectoral ray rather ex- ceeding + of the length, and the ventral fin enters 5} times in the same. Color pale yellowish on the body, blackish on the shoulders and from the dorsal fin to the eyes, and with 4 complete, oblique, blackish bands; the first under the middle of the spinous dorsal, the second under the last spine, the third under the middle of the soft*dorsal, and the fourth encir- cling the caudal peduncle; head with 3 lateral bands, 1 on the preorbital region, a second on the cheek, and third on the posterior margin of the preoperculum; operculum with a longitudinal oblong spot; chin with 4 spots forming the angles of a rhomb, and there is another one behind, on the branchiostegal membrane near the margin; spinous dorsal margined with blackish, and the 2 bands beneath more or less ascend on it; anal blackish; caudal with a blackish B-shaped mark and a band at its base divided by the lateral line; pectoral dusky, with a black spot at its base nearly surrounded by a clear area, and separated from a spot in front of the base; ventrals blackish, with nearly transparent sides and margin. Rock pools between tide marks about Cape San Lucas and Mazatlan; abundant; a very active and strikingly colored little fish. The largest specimens known are 24 inches long. The adult is unknown unless Cirrhites rivulatus should prove to be such. There is no important differ- ence in form or structure, but the coloration of the two is very different, and suggests that the two are distinct species. (ra, the letter B; ovpd, tail.) Cirrhites betarus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 259, Cape San Lucas (Coll. John Xantus); young, of 14 inches. Fishes of North America, 1493 Jordan and Evermann. Suborder HOLCONOTI. (THE SURF-FISHES.) We recognize the singular family of Lmbiotocida as constituting a dis- tinct group or suborder allied to the Percoidea on the one hand and to the Pharyngognathi on the other, but without very close affinities with either. The structures connected with the viviparous habit, the united pharyn- geals, increased number of vertebrie, double nostrils, perfect gills, and many rays in the soft dorsal and anal, together with the unarmed bones of the head, constitute the chief characters of the Holconoti. (0Ax0s, groove; v@tos, back.) Family CLVI. EMBIOTOCID.* (THE SURF-FISHES. ) Body ovate or oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales of mod- erate size. Cheeks, operculum, and interoperculum scaly; lateral line continuous, running high, without abrupt flexure, not extending on the caudal fin; head rather short; mouth small, terminal; jaws with conical or compressed teeth of moderate or small size, in 1 or 2 series; teeth wanting in 1 genus (Neoditrema); no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines; lower pharyngeals united, without suture, their teeth conical or paved; upper jaw freely protractile; lips full, the lower either forming a free border to the jaw or else attached by a frenum at the symphysis; maxillary short, without supplemental bone, slipping for most or all of its length under the preorbital; opercular bones entire; branchiostegals 6 (or 5); gill rakers usually slender; gill openings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus or very slightly connected; pseudobranchix present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; nostrils round; the openings 2 on each side; dorsal fin single, long, with 8 to 1¢ usually slender spines, which are depressible in a groove; asheath of scales along the base of the ante- rior part of soft dorsal and posterior part of spinous dorsal; this sheath separated by a furrow from the scales of the body; anal fin elongate with 3 moderate or small spines and 15 to 35 slender soft rays, its form and structure differing in the two sexes; ventral fins thoracic, I, 5; pectorals moderate; caudal forked; oviduct opening behind the vent, the two apertures always distinctly separated; air bladder large, simple; no pyloric ceca; vertebre 13 to 19+19 to 23=—32 to 42. Viviparous. The young are hatched within the body, where they remain closely packed in a sac-like enlargement of the oviduct analogous to the uterus until born. These foetal fishes bear at first little resemblance to the parent, being closely compressed and having the vertical fins exceedingly elevated. At birth they are from 14 to 2} inches in length, and similar to the adult in appearance, but more compressed and red in color. Since the announce- ment of their viviparous nature by Prof. Louis Agassiz, in 1853 and by * For an account of the genera and species of Embiotocide and a detailed description of the development of Cymatogaster aggregatus, see Kigenmann, on the Viviparous Fishes of the Pacific Coast of North America, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1892 (1894), 381-478. 1494 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. Dr. William P. Gibbons in 1854, these fishes have been objects of special interest to zoologists. Fishes of the Pacific coast of North America inhab- iting bays and the surfon sandy beaches. Onespecies (Hysterocarpus traski) inhabits fresh waters; 3 others (Ditrema temmincki, Ditrema smittii, and Neoditrema ransonneti) are found in Japan. Thesespecies reach a length of from 6 to 18 inches, and are very abundant where found. They are much used for food, but the flesh is comparatively poor, tasteless, and bony. Most of them feed on crustacea, but 1 genus (Abeona) is partly or wholly herbivorous. Genera 17; species about 20. HYSTEROCARPINE: I. Spinous dorsal longer than the soft part, of 16 to 18 spines; second anal spine the largest. Vertebre 14 4 20—34. a. Scales large; teeth moderate, conical, in 1 series; lower lip without frenum; about 12 of the medium posterior teeth of pharyngeals large, all but the median 3 of these obliquely truncate molars, the rest small; gill rakers short, slender, 6 + 12. HYSTEROCARPUS, 598. EMBIOTOCINA?: II. Spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part, § to 11 spines; anal spines graduated. b. Teeth incisor-like, most of them obtusely 3-lobed; lower lip with a narrow frenum; outer series of pharyngeal teeth small, conic; the rest (about 32) large molars closely appressed; anal basis below 7 caudal vertebree; scales large; gill rakers long, slender, 6+ 14; sixth dorsal spine highest; male with a deep depression at the base of anterior anal rays; a gland below middle of the depression; vertebrae 14-+20=34; herbivorous, feeding largely on Ulva. ABEONA, 599. bb. Teeth entire, usually bluntly conic. c. Seales large, 36 to 50 in lateral line; soft dorsal and anal shortish; size small. d. Lower lip thin, without frenum; vertebra 14 + 20— 34; gill rakers long, slender, 10421; base of anal below 12 caudal vertebra; central and posterior pharyngeal teeth blunt molars. _ CYMATOGASTER, 600. dd. Lower lip thin, with a narrow frenum; vertebre 34. e. Head slender and pointed; gill rakers rather slender; body rather elongate, not greatly compressed; dorsal rays VIII, 115¥ BRACHYISTIUS, 601. ee. Head rather deep and not pointed; gill rakers thickish; body deep compressed; dorsal rays X, 18. ZALEMBIUS, 602. cc. Scales comparatively small, 60 to 75 in lateral line. J. Teeth in each jaw in 2 series; male with 1 of the anterior rays of the anal transformed into a triangular plate, the anal base form- ing a decided angle at this point, the rays in front of it with a thick covering of skin; pharyngeal teeth mostly small, conic, only a few in the last 2 series enlarged, some of these sometimes truncate molars. g. Lower lip without a frenum; vertebra 32 to 35. h. Gill rakers very long, slender and tapering, 23 to 29; anal basis below 12 to 14 caudal vertebre; body much com- pressed. i. Anal comparatively short, its rays III, 23. HYPOCRITICHTHYS, 603. wi. Anal long, its rays III, 29 to 32; eye very large; pro- file depressed above nape. HYPERPROSOPON, 604 hh. Gill rakers moderate, blunt and stout, 6 -+- 11; anal basis below 11 caudal vertebra; body less compressed. HOLCONOTUS, 605. 4 #3 a 5 A j Pad A ¢*: f\ —go 5 7 Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1495 gg. Lower lip attached by a broad frenum; vertebra 13 + 16; gill rakers short, stout, blunt, 5+ 11; anal basis below 10 cau- dal vertebra. AMPHISTICHUS, 606. ff. Teeth in a single series in each jaw. j. Dentigerous surface of lower pharyngeal flat or concave. k. Abdominal vertebrie 13 to 15 only, the abdomen much shorter than the base of the long anal fin; anterior and lateral pharyngeal teeth small, conic, the median and posterior ones large, truncate molars; males with a gland on some of the anterior anal rays, the anal basis without angle, none of the rays modified to form a defi- nite plate. l. Lower lip thin, normal, entire, with a frenum. m. Vertebrie 14-++18 or 19; anal basis below 9 caudal vertebr; first hamal spine small, applied to the second. EMBIOTOGCA, 607. mm. Vertebre 14 or 15-+ 21 to 24; anal basis below 11 or more caudal vertebre; first hemal spine as long as second, sometimes approxi- mated to the second. n. Caudal peduncle short and deep; caudal not deeply forked. TANIOTOCA, 608. nn. Caudal peduncle long and slender, little com- pressed; caudal deeply forked. PHANERODON, 609. ul. Lower lip without afrenum, very thick, lobed or incised behind; gillrakers long; vertebr 14 + 22—36. RHACOCHILUS, 610. kk. Abdominal vertebra 17, caudal 19; abdomen very long, much longer than the base of the short anal fin; lips large, entire, the lower with afrenum; gill rakers slen- der, short, 7 4-13; anterior and lateral teeth of pharyn- geals small, bluntly conic; a triangular posterior patch of larger teeth, all but the posterior row truncate, the posterior row conic. HypsuRus, 611. jj. Dentigerous surface of lower pharyngeals arched, the anterior teeth much worn, the posterior not at all; cutting surface of anterior teeth flattened, that of the posterior teeth not faced ; teeth of the upper pharyngeals similar to those of the lower pharyngeals, but the posterior teeth of the upper pharyn- geal applied to the anterior of the lower pharyngeal (the posterior teeth above resembling the anterior teeth below; the anterior above, the posterior below); lips thin, normal, with a frenum; gill rakers slender. DAMALICHTHYS, 612. + 598. HYSTEROCARPUS, Gibbons. Hysterocarpus, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854, and in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 124 (traskv). Sargosomus (AGASSIZ MS.) ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 128 (fluviatilis). Dacentrus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., Iv, 667, 1878 (lucens). Body ovate, the back strongly elevated and convex; head small, the snout projecting; mouth small, with 1 series of rather large, bluntly conical teeth; the jaws about equal; lips not much enlarged, the lower forming a free border, without frenum; gill rakers moderate, widely set; branchi- 1496 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. ostegals 5; scales rather large, silvery; spinous dorsal very long, of about 16 spines, highest at the fifth or sixth, thence gradually shortened each way, the last spines being shorter than the soft rays; anal spines stronger than in the other genera, curved, the second spine being longer and stronger than the first and third, which are nearly equal; soft rays of anal 20 to 23 in number, the anterior simply articulated. Fresh waters of Cal- ifornia; a most remarkable genus, with asingle known species. (v6repa, womb; xap7os, fruit.) 1879. HYSTEROCARPUS TRASKI, Gibbons. Head 34; depth2. D.XVIto XVIII, 11; A. III, 22; lateralline40. Body oval, compressed; doral outline strongly convex; ventral curve less than that of the back; head small; snout bluntly conic; profile from snout to occiput concave; mouth small, oblique; maxillary not reaching orbit; lower jaw included; lateral line following the curve of the back; dorsal spines rather high, the fourth to seventh highest, the others gradually lower each way, the last spine shorter than the soft rays; anal spines strongly curved; cheeks with 3 rows of large scales. Males above dark brown, sides yellowish or olivaceous, with fine black dots; throat and belly golden yellow; females olivaceous darker above, with black blotches on sides in irregular transverse bars. Rivers of Central California, chiefly in the Sacramento Valley, from Lake County to Santa Clara County ; locally apundant. (Named for Dr. J. B. Trask, of San Francisco, who sent specimens to Dr. Gibbons.) Hysterocarpus traski, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 105, lagoons of the lower Sacramento River (Coll. Dr. J. B. Trask); GIRARD, U. 8. Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 190, pl. 26, fig. 14, 1858; GUNTHER, Cat., Iv, 251, 1862; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 587, 1883; EIGENMANN & ULRBY, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1892, 399. Sargosomus fluviatilis (AGAssIZ MS.) ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vill, 1861, 130, Sacramento River. Dacentrus lucens, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., Iv, 667, 1878, Sacramento River; errone- ously ascribed to the Ric Grande. 5909. ABEONA, Girard. Micrometrus*t, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854 (aggregatus and minimus). Abeona, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 322 (trowbridgti—inimus). Body ovate or oblong, compressed; head moderate; mouth small; the jaws about equal; lips rather thin, the lower with a narrow frenum; teeth in one principal series, besides which are often 1 or 2 other teeth, stout, somewhat compressed, and incisor-like; all or most of the teeth 3- lobed; gill rakers very slender, of moderate length; lower pharyngeals scarcely concave behind; the outer teeth small, conic, the rest large molars closely appressed; scales large. Dorsal fin short and high; the spines * Mcixpos, small; »étpov, measure. | Equivalent to Cymatogaster, Gibbons, May 18, 1854, including the same species; re- stricted to minimus by Alexander Agassiz, 1861; a restriction perhaps not allowable, as Micrometrus was an exact synonym of Cymatogaster. Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 1497 robust; the middle ones highest and rather higher than the soft rays; anal fin short and deep, below 7 caudal vertebra, with strong spines; male with a deep depression at base of anterior anal rays, a gland below middle of the depression; vertebrie (A. minima) 14-+-20—34. Species of small size; partly or wholly herbivorous, living in rock pools and feeding on sea- weeds. Coloration variegated. (A coined name without meaning. ) a@ Dorsal rays IX, 14; anal III, 16; sides with a dusky band, besides dark cross bars and spots. MINIMA, 1880. aa. Dorsal rays IX, 17; anal III, 20; a diffuse lateral shade of orange besides dark dots and shades; a dark axillary blotch. AURORA, 1881. 1880. ABEONA MINIMA (Gibbons). Head 34; depth 2. D. IX, 14; A. III, 16; scales 4-45-12. Body oval, compressed, with thick short caudal peduncle and very short head. Pro- file moderately depressed above the eyes. Spinous dorsal rapidly rising to the fifth or sixth spine, thence gradually descending; spinous dorsal higher than soft part, the last spine as high as first soft ray; pectorals not reaching as far as ventrals, which reach about to the front of anal; third anal spine not much longer than second; highest dorsal spine equals snout and eye; third anal spine 3 in head; pectoral 1}; origin of ventral spine about the width of a scale behind the vertical from pectoral base. Cheeks with scales in 2} series. Color greenish above with bluish reflec- tions, thickly dusted with black dots; an irregular longitudinal black band along axis of body, and 2 vertical dark bars downward from base of dorsal fin on which they appear as blotches; sides often with much light yellow; axil of pectoral black; ventrals and anal tipped with black. Length 6 inches. San Francisco to San Diego; rather common; the smallest of the family. (minimus, smallest.) Cymatogaster minimus, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 125, San Francisco Bay. Holconotus trowbridgii, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 152, no locality given. Abeona trowbridgii, GIRARD, U.S. P. R. R. Surv., xX, Fishes, 186, pl. 34, figs. 6-10, 1858. Abecona minima, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 587, 1883; EIGENMANN & ULREY, I. c., 398. 1881. ABEONA AURORA, Jordan & Gilbert. Head 4; depth 23. D.IX,17; A.III, 20; lateral line 45. Body elongate, with a very long and rather thick caudal peduncle. Head transversely very convex above, and with a blunt snout. Mouth small, oblique; max- illary reaching but % the distance to front of orbit. Spinous dorsal with the fifth to the ninth spines highest, and about equal to the longest soft ray. Caudal forked for nearly 4 its length. Scales on cheeks in 3 dis- tinct series. Color bluish black above, becoming lighter ‘on sides and silvery below. Opercles and lower 4} of sides punctate with black dots and shaded with light orange, the latter more intense on the centers of the scales and forming a diffuse lateral band; a broad grayish streak back- ward from pectorals to opposite origin of anal, this streak without orange tint and with the margins of the scales dark by aggregation of black points; young specimens with the bright lateral shade more distinct, and 3030 17 1498 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. rosy instead of orange; fins marked with more or less blackish, the anal with some yellowish; a conspicuous black triangular blotch in the axil of the pectoral. Length 7 inches. Monterey Bay, California; locally abun- dant in rock pools; not seen elsewhere; feeds upon Ulva. (aurora, sunrise. ) Abeona aurora, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 299, Monterey Bay (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert), JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 588, 1883. 600. CYMATOGASTER, Gibbons. Cymatogaster,* GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854 (aggregatus and minimus). Micrometrus, GIBBONS, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., in Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854 (aggregatus and minimus). Metrogaster (AGASSIZ MS.) ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vit, 1861, 128, and (aggregatus). Sema, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., IV, 399, 1878 (signifer; larve with very high ver- tical fins and closely compressed body). Body elliptical, oblong, compressed; head conic; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw slightly shorter; lips thin, the lower without frenum; teeth small, conical, rather numerous, in 1 series. Guill rakers moderate, slender; scales comparatively large; dorsal spines rather high, some of the middle ones highest, the posterior not so high-as the soft rays; the soft dorsal shortened ; anal moderate, with weak spines; caudal forked; pharyngeals normal, the teeth mostly conic, the central and posterior teeth molar; vertebra 14+420—34. Carnivorous species of small size, abounding on sandy or muddy shores, (xvua, fetus; yaornp, belly.) 1882. CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATUS, Gibbons. (SPARADA; VIVIPAROUS PERCH.) Head 34; depth 23. D. IX, 20; A. III, 23; scales 3-38-11. Body elon- gate-oval, compressed, heaviest at the front of the dorsal; caudal pedun- cle short and slender; head short; teeth very small, conical, 42; dorsal spines high and rather feeble, rising rapidly to the fifth, thence slowly descending, the last lower than the soft rays; pectorals reaching past tips of ventrals, which do not reach nearly to vent; third anal spine the long- est, shorter than soft rays; ventral spine situated about 2 scales behind the vertical from the base of the pectoral. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales, Gill rakers short and slender, about 18 below angle. Silvery, back dusky; middle of sides anteriorly with the scales each with a cluster of dark points, these forming a series of longitudinal stripes, which extend to. opposite the base of the anal; these stripes are interrupted by 3 vertical light-yellow bars, on which are no black specks in the adult.t Adult *The name Oymatogaster was first applied by Dr. Gibbons to 2 species, aggregatus and minimus. Shortly afterwards Dr. Gibbons transferred the name Cymatogaster to Holconotus, giving a new name Micrometrus to aggregatus and minimus. Still later, Girard gave the name Abeona to minimus and Agassiz gave the name Metrogaster to aggregatus. In 1862 Gill restored the name Cymatogaster to aggregatus, an arrangement which should probably stand. + For an excelient detailed account of the development of this species see Eigenmann, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm. for 1892, 412-478. males in spring almost entirely black. Length 6 inches. Pacific Coast, from Fort Wrangel, Alaska to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California; every- where exceedingly abundant in sandy or muddy shallows, and about the wharves. (aggregatus, crowded together.) Cymatogaster aggregatus, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854, San Francisco; GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,106; KIGENMANN & ULREY, l. c., 397; EIGENMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1892 (1894), 401. Micrometrus aggregatus, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854; Gib. BONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 125; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 590. Sema signifer, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv., rv, 399, 1878, Rio Grande, Browns- ville, Texas; an error, the types having really come from San Francisco. Metrogaster lineolatus (AGASSIZ MS,), ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vill, 1861, 129, San Francisco. Ditrema aggregatum, GUNTHER, Cat., IV, 248. 601. BRACHYISTIUS, Gill. Brachyistius, GIL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 275 (frenatus). Body elongate, compressed, with long caudal peduncle and slender pointed snout; mouth very small, with one row of bluntish teeth; lower lip thin, entire, with a frenum; gill rakers rather slender. Pharyngeals essentially as in Cymatogaster. Scales large. Vertical fins very short. Small carnivorous species, living on sandy shores. (fpayvs, short; idrior, sail, or dorsal fin.) 1883. BRACHYISTIUS FRENATUS, Gill. Head 33; depth 3. D. VIII, 15; A. III, 22; lateral line 40. Body elon- gate, compressed, regularly elliptical, with a slender pointed head and a long caudal peduncle; profile much depressed over the eyes, the snout projecting. Mouth very small, oblique, maxillary not reaching orbit. Cheeks with 2 rows of scales. Dorsal spines very long and rather strong, the sixth and seventh the longest and a little longer than the soft rays. Caudal rather deeply forked. Gili rakers slender, rather long. Color dark olive brown above, each scale with a dark spot at base, followed by a light mark; below bright light coppery red; each scale with a blue spot and dark punctulations; head colored like the body; fins all light reddish. Length 8 inches. Vancouver Island to Gaudalupe; locally very abundant, especially northward in shallow water. (frenatus, bridled.) Brachyistius frenatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 275, California coast. ' Ditrema brevipinne, GUNTHER, Cat., Iv, 248, 1862, Esquimault Harbor, Vancouver Island. Micrometrus frenatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 589, 1883. 602. ZALEMBIUS, Jordan & Evermann. Zalembius, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List, 403, 1896 (rosaceus). This genus agrees in most respects with Brachyistius, but the body and head are deep and compressed, the caudal peduncle short, and the vertical fins are longer than in Brachyistius. The single species inhabits waters of considerable depth, 50 fathoms or more, being the only member of the family not confined to the shores, most of them living in the surf in very shallow waters. (CdAy, surges of the sea; éuios, life within, the root word of Embiotoca.) 1500 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. 1884. ZALEMBIUS ROSACEUS (Jordan & Gilbert). Head 34; depth 24. D. X, 18; A. III, 20; scales 6-50-16. Body oblong- ovate, deepest at the shoulders, the profile thence to the occiput convex, the occipital and interorbital region considerably depressed; body taper- ing backward from the shoulders into a short and slender caudal peduncle. Head small, thick, the snout blunt. Mouth comparatively large, little oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary slightly passing the vertical from the front of the orbit; premaxillary anteriorly on a level with the inferior margin of the pupil. Eye very large, its diameter about 4 the length of the head; interorbital region very broad. Teeth large, conical, truncate at tip, about 7’, none on the sides of the lower jaw; gill rakers very short and slender, about 12 below angle. Scales on the cheek in 3 series. Spinous dorsal high, the first spine about ? the length of the highest, the sixth to tenth of nearly equal height, and higher than the soft rays; pectorals reaching past tips of ventrals, which reach about to front of anal; origin of ventral spine nearly below the vertical from the posterior end of pectoral base; anal fin with the base oblique, the spines rather strong, and more or less curved, Caudal fin narrow, forked for more than 4 its length, the lobes rather pointed; pectoral fins small, not reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Color rose- red with silvery luster, darker above; top of head orange; a very distinct chocolate-colored spot above the lateral line at the origin of the soft dorsal fin; another smaller one just below the end of the soft dorsal. Fins immaculate, tinged with reddish. Length 8 inches. Coast of California; the types from deep water outside the Golden Gate; occasionally taken by fishermen with sweep nets, also dredged in deep waters in different places by the Albatross. A beautiful and interesting fish. (rosaceus, rosy. ) Oymatogaster rosaceus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 303, off San Francisco. (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) Micrometrus rosaceus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 589, 1883. 603. HYPOCRITICHTHYS, Gill. Hypocritichthys, Guu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 14, 275 (analis). This genus is very close to Hyperprosopon, differing chiefly in the short anal fin which has but 23 rays. (vUmoxpitns, hypocrite; 7y Svs, fish, in form and size resembling Cymatogaster, thus belying its affinities which are entirely with Hyperprosopon.) 1885. HYPOCRITICHTHYS ANALIS (Alexander Agassiz). Head 3}; depth 24. D.IX, 22; A. III, 23; lateralline63. Body compara- tively elongate, formed much as in Brachyistius frenatus; upper anterior profile nearly straight, depressed above the eyes; snout sharp; mouth large, very oblique, tip of the lower jaw on a line with the upper profile of the snout; maxillary reaching front of orbit; gill rakers long, numerous ; lower lip without frenum; dorsal spines high and slender, longer than soft rays, the middle longest; anal spines small; caudal fin short, not widely forked; pectorals short and broad, # the length of head; eye 3 length of Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1501 snout. Color silvery; an inky blotch on the middle of the anal fin, and a fainter blotch on the spinous dorsal; front of anal yellow; fins otherwise plain; axil black. Length 6 inches. San Francisco to Point Conception ; rather rare; locally abundant at Santa Cruz. (analis, pertaining to the anal. ) Hyperprosopon analis, ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vim, 1861, 133, San Francisco. Hypocritichthys analis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276. Ditrema anale, GUNTHER, Cat., Iv, 250. Holeconotus analis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 996. Hyperprosopon analis, EIGENMANN & ULREY, l. ¢., 387. 604. HYPERPROSOPON, Gibbons. (WALL-EYED SURF-FISHES. ) Hyperprosopon, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854 (argenteus). Ennichthys, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 322 (megalops). Bramopsis (AGASSIZ MS.) ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vim, 1861, 132 (mento=argenteus). Body ovate, strongly compressed; eyes large; mouth small, very oblique, with 2 rows of teeth in each jaw; lower lip without frenum; gill rakers very long, slender and tapering. Pharyngeal teeth mostly small, conic, a few in the last series enlarged or molar; scales small, silvery; male with 1 of the anterior rays of anal transformed into a triangular plate, the fin forming a decided angle at this point, the rays in front of it with a thick covering of skin. Vertebre 33 to 35, 12 to 14 of them above base of anal. Species of moderate size, living in the surf. (vzép, above; mpoow@nov, face, the forehead facing upward.) a. Ventral fins broadly tipped with black; anal rays ITI, 33, the fin nearly plain; sides silvery; anterior profile of head concave. ARGENTEUS, 1886. aa. Ventral fins plain silvery; anal rays III, 30, the fin blackish anteriorly; sides with faint dark cross bands. AGASSIZII, 1887. 1886. HYPERPROSOPON ARGENTEUS, Gibbons. (WALL-EYED SURF-FISH; WHITE PERCH.) Head 34; depth 24. D. IX, 27; A. III, 32; scales 72. Body ovate, strongly compressed. Interorbital space rather wide, abruptly depressed at the nape, the profile of the snout extending forward ata less angle than that of the back. Snout very short, much shorter tnan the eye. Maxil- lary scarcely reaching front of pupil. Mouth extremely oblique. Eye 21 in head, larger thanin any other species. Gill rakers as long as diameter of pupil and very slender, about 21 below the angle. Middle dorsal spines a little higher than the last, or than the soft rays; anal low; pectorals scarcely reaching to the tips of ventrals, which reach past the front of the anal; origin of ventral spine 5 or 6 scales behind the vertical from poste- rior end of pectoral base. Color, bluish black above; sides bright silvery, sometimes faintly barred; ventrals with a broad terminal bar of black; 1502 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum, caudal and anal edged with blackish. Length 10 inches. Coast of Cali- fornia, Cape Disappointment to Todos Santos Bay; on sandy shores in the surf, everywhere common. (argenteus, silvery.) Hyperprosopon argenteum, GIBBONS, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 105, San Francisco. Hyperprosopon argenteum punctatum, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 106, San Francisco. Hyperprosopon arcuatum, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 125, San Francisco. Holconotus megalops, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 152, Presidio; Humboldt Bay ; Astoria. . Ennichthys megalops, GIRARD, U.S. Pacific R. R. Surv., X, Fish., 197, 1858. Bramopsis mento (AGAssIZ MS.) ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v1 1861, 133, no locality given. Hyperprosopon argenteus and arcuatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276. Ditrema arcuatum and Ditrema megalops, GUNTHER, Cat., IV, 249. 1887. HYPERPROSOPON AGASSIZI, Gill. Head 34; depth 2. D.IX, 25; A.III, 29; lateral line 60. Body elliptic- ovate, the profile nearly straight from the snout to above the occiput, there forming a slight angle, thence straightish to the base of dorsal; ventral outline variable, sometimes strongly arched; mouth small, very oblique, the premaxillary on a level of the middle of the pupil, the max- illary scarcely reaching front of pupil; eye 4 longer than the snout; gill rakers not quite as long as the diameter of the pupil, about 17 on the lower part of arch; 3 rows of scales on cheek; sixth dorsal spine highest, higher than the soft rays; third anal spine much the longest, about 4 as long as first rays; pectorals falcate, reaching the vertical from tip of ven- trals, which about reach to vent; origin of ventral spine about 2 scales behind the vertical from posterior end of pectoral base. Length 8 inches. Coast of California, San Francisco to Santa Barbara; not generally abundant; most common along San Luis Obispo County. (Named for Alexander Agassiz, who published in 186] an excellent review of the species of this family.) Hyperprosopon arcuatus, ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 125; not of GIBBONS. Hyperprosopon agassizii, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276, California. Amphysticus agassizi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 592. Hyperprosopon agassizt, KIGENMANN & ULREY, l. c., 387. 605. HOLCONOTUS, Agassiz. Holeconotus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, XviI, May, 1854, 367 (rhodoterus). Cymatogaster, GIBBONS, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, June 21, 1854 (not May 18, 1854) (pulchellus). - This genus differs from Amphistichus chiefly in the absence of a frenum to the lower lip. Vertebre 14-+18—32; gill rakers stout and blunt. Body subelliptical, moderately compressed; anal fin as in Amphistichus; its basis below 11 vertebrae, One species. (0Ax0s, groove; v@ros, back.) 1888. HOLCONOTUS RHODOTERUS, Agassiz. Head 33; depth 2. D. IX or X, 26; A. III, 29; lateral line 69. Body deeper, more elevated, and less compressed than in Hyperprosopon, form ovate, dorsal and ventral outlines equally curved; profile nearly straight ren Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1508 from snout to dorsal, little depressed above eye; snout a little longer than eye; mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 45 degrees; premaxillary on the level of the lower edge of pupil; maxillary not included under preor- bital, reaching just past front of pupil; fifth dorsal spine highest, consid- erably higher than the soft‘rays; gill rakers 6+-11, stout and blunt, fewer and stouter than in Hyperprosopon. Color greenish above; sides silvery, profusely covered with spots and blotches of light orange brown or cop- pery red, these mostly in the form of interrupted vertical bars; caudal, anal, and ventral fins bright reddish, without black spots or markings. Length a foot. Coast of California, San Francisco to San Diego; not vory abundant. (/odo0rTépos, rosy.) Holconotus rhodoterus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, May, 1854, 368, San Francisco; ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vil, 1861, 181; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 592; EIGENMANN & ULREY, l. c., 388. Cymatogaster pulchellus, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1854, 123, San Francisco. Cymatogaster larkinsiv, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 123, San Francisco. Cymatogaster ellipticus, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 124, San Francisco. Ditrema rhodoterum, GUNTHER, Cat., iv, 250. 606. AMPHISTICHUS, Agassiz. Amphistichus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, May, 1854, 367 (argenteus). Mytilophagus, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1854, 125 (fasciatus—=argenteus). Body ovate or oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, oblique, with slen- der conical teeth in 2 series in each jaw, the outer series longer; lips thin, the lower with a broad frenum; gill rakers few, stout and blunt; pharyngeals normal, their teeth small, conic, a few of the last 2 series larger and molar; fins not very high, the spines slender; scales small; vertebre 13-++-16—29; the anal basis below 10 vertebrie. Anal in male with 1 of its anterior rays transformed into a triangular plate; a decided angle at this point, some of the rays before it with the skin thickened. One species. (@¢2, double; drzyos, series. ) 1889. AMPHISTICHUS ARGENTEUS, Agassiz. (SURF-FISH.) Head 33; depth 2}. D.X, 24; A. III, 26; lateral line 65 to 67; vertebrae -13+16=—29. Body ovate, the dorsal profile much more curved than ven- tral; interorbital region scarcely depressed; mouth comparatively large, little oblique, the maxillary being below the level of the rather small eye, lower jaw included. Head blunt and deep; snout longer than the eye; maxillary reaching front of pupil, not included under preorbital; lips rather thin, the lower with a frenum. Gill rakers few, rather short, stiff, 5-+11; lower pharyngeals normal. Caudal peduncle short and stout; pectorals reaching slightly past tips of ventrals, which reach to vent; origin of ventral spine almost under posterior end of pectoral base; third anal spine the longest, scarcely 4 as long as first rays; dorsal spines strong, the fifth or sixth longest, shorter than soft rays; pectorals slightly falcate, nearly reaching tips of ventrals. Silvery; sides with narrow vertical bars of a brassy olive color, alternating with vertical series of 1504 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. spots of similar color; fins plain; vertical fins somewhat edged with dusky; specimens occasionally uniform brassy, without bars. Length 1 foot. Pacific coast, from Cape Flattery to San Diego; very abundant on sandy shores. (argenteus, silvery.) Amphistichus argenteus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., May, 1854, 367, San Francisco; GIRARD, U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Fishes, 201. Mytilophagus fasciatus, GIBBONS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1854, 125, San Francisco. Amphistichus heermanni, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 135, Cape Flattery; San Francisco. Amphistichus similis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153, San Francisco. Ditrema argenteum, GUNTHER, Cat., Iv, 251. Amphistichus argenteus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 593; EIGENMANN & ULRBY, l. ¢., 389. 607, EMBIOTOCA, Agassiz. Embiotoca, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, XvI, November, 1853, 386 (jacksoni). Body oblong, more or less elevated, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle robust. Head moderate, the lower jaw included. Lips moderate, the lower with afrenum. Maxillary short, its whole length slipping under the preorbital. Teeth few, conical, bluntish, in 1 series. Gill rakers weak, rather short and slender. Pharyngeals normal, the anterior and lateral teeth smali, conic, the median and posterior large, truncate molars; males with a gland on some of the anterior anal rays, but none of them modified to form a definite plate; vertebrie 14-++18 or 19, the base of anal below 9 caudal vertebra; first hemal spine smal], applied to the second. Caudal fin lunate ; ‘anal fin rather long, much longer than abdomen, its spines small. Scales small, about 60 in the lateral line. One species. This genus is very close to the Japanese genus, Ditrema, Temminck & Schlegel, 1847, the longest known member of the family. Ditrema temminckii is in form, color, and appearance between Embiotoca and Phanerodon. Itsscales are very small (70 to 75) and the lower pharyngeals are quite small, the teeth all conic and rather slender. (éu(zos, living within; rdxo