C3 North Raleij ■ Doc. ishes oi tlie Pamlico - Albemarle Peninsula, N Area utilization and potential impacts North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development • Division of Marine Fisheries SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 42 CE1P REPORT NO. 23 1984 FISHES OF THE PAMLICO-ALBEMARLE PENINSULA, N.C. AREA UTILIZATION AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS by Sheryan P. Epperly North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City, N.C. 28557 Special Scientific Report No. 42 CEIP Report No. 23 July 1984 The preparation of this report was financed through a Coastal Energy Impact Program grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This CEIP grant was part of NOAA grant NA-79-AA-D-CZ097. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from State Library of North Carolina http://www.archive.org/details/fishesofpamlicoaOOeppe ABSTRACT Fisheries data from the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula, N.C. were compiled and digitized as part of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries biological monitoring database. Four species of commercially important invertebrates and 132 species of fish were collected on the peninsula, usually across a broad range of salinities. Seven life history strategies were illustrated by the nekton. Most species were transient primary freshwater or marine species but the migratory marine species were the most abundant. Spatial and temporal partitioning of the waters of the peninsula were evident. Primary freshwater species, freshwater transients, and anadromous species were most abundant in the oligohaline waters of Albemarle Sound, the upper Pungo River and Lake Mattamuskeet, and in the limnetic inland lakes. Migratory marine species, marine transients, and estuarine residents, except white perch, were more abundant in the mesohaline waters of Pamlico Sound. Distributions of some species indicated differences between northern and western Pamlico Sound basins. Some species such as weakfish were more abundant in deeper water whereas others such as the spottail shiner and atherinids were inhabitants of the shallow nearshore environment; some were pelagic (e.g. Atlantic menhaden) while others were benthic (e.g. brown shrimp) . Utilization of the estuarine nursery areas was intense and simultaneous for several species groups. Recruitment was high in the spring (spot, croaker, brown shrimp, river herring) , and in the summer (white perch, white catfish, weakfish, silver perch) . More than 90% of North Carolina's commercial fisheries landings are comprised of estuarine dependent species. The Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula provides a diverse habitat for estuarine nekton and is one of the most productive nursery areas in the state. Changing land use practices on the peninsula could significantly alter the productivity of the area. Assessment of impacts, however will be difficult until we have a consistent database and know more about environmental stress and the role of advective processes and biologically relevant abiotic factors. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Materials and Methods Data Sources 3 Data Analysis 6 Results Hydrography 23 Nekton of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula 24 Life History Strategies 24 Profiles of the Most Common Species 40 Discussion 91 Potential Impacts 99 Acknowledgements 103 Footnotes 105 Literature Cited 106 Appendix A. North Carolina commercial marine fisheries landings (in thousands of pounds) by species 1962-1983 for Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell, and Washington counties 121 Appendix B. North Carolina commercial marine fisheries landings (in thousands of pounds and dollars) by gear 1962-1983 for Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell, and Washington counties . . . 127 INTRODUCTION Over one-half of the U.S. commercial fisheries catch is comprised of estuarine dependent species. The proportion of estuarine dependent species in the North Carolina landings is much higher than the national average, exceeding 90% annually (Ross and Epperly in press) . North Carolina's largest estuary or lagoon is the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system encompassing an area of 6,630 km2 (2,560 mi2) (Gross 1972); it is the third largest in North America. The Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula is a 4,232 km2 (1,634 mi2) land mass situated between Albemarle Sound to the north, Croatan Sound to the east, and Pamlico River and Sound to the south (Figure 1) . Within this area is the largest continuous wetland in the state and one of the largest in the nation (Heath 1975) . The area is relatively flat, low and swampy with the majority of the wetland less than 3 m (10 ft) above sea level. Two- thirds of the area, mostly in the eastern half, is less than 1.5 m (5 ft) above sea level (Heath 1975). Natural drainage into the surrounding sounds is provided primarily by overland drainage into Mackeys (Kendricks) Creek, Scuppernong and Alligator rivers to the north, and Pungo River and Pamlico Sound embayments to the south. The water table is close to the surface and consequently during wet periods saturation occurs quickly. Because of the land's relatively flat profile, overland runoff moves very slowly, often requiring days or weeks. Artificial drainage on the peninsula began in the late 1600 's to allow for agricultural production, and periods of active land development have continued to the present (Skaggs et al. 1980). The latest period of increased activities began in the early 1970 's, raising concerns about the effects of land development, particularly on the rate and distribution of runoff and hence on the water quality of the surrounding sounds and their fisheries production. Fishery resources are important to the economy of the peninsula and to the state. The dockside value of landings in Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell and Washington counties has averaged greater than $18 million over the last five years, or more than one third of the value of the state's edible seafood landings (Table 1). 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The low salinity waters of the peninsula serve as spawning and nursery areas for anadromous fish species (Figure 1) (Street and Pate 1975; Marshall 1976; Johnson et al. 1977; Johnson et al. 1981) . Decreased fisheries production due to alteration of fisheries habitat on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula could potentially affect the economy of the peninsula and of the state. It was therefore important to assess the status of the fisheries resources on the peninsula in order to evaluate potential impacts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Sources There are several sources of fisheries data for the peninsula. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has collected data in the Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge and the Pungo National Wildlife Refuge at irregular intervals since the mid 1900 's. Their efforts were usually short term and the results were not published. In summer 1964 the Inland Fisheries Division of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission surveyed the waters of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula (Bayless and Shannon 1965; Smith and Baker 1965). The same Division also visited Lake Phelps in 1965 and 1976 and established trawl stations in the lake during 1978 (Kornegay and Dineen 1979) . Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. (ESE) sampled the upper Pungo River on four occasions between November 1981 and February 1983 to conduct a preliminary assessment for Peat Methanol Associates (Environmental Science and Engineering 1982a, b, unpubl. data) . The North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) began preliminary surveys of anadromous resources in Albemarle and Croatan sounds and tributaries during 1972 and sampled established stations monthly from 1973 through 1978; areas east of the Scuppernong River were sampled only in September or October in subsequent years (Street and Pate 1975; Johnson et al. 1977; Johnson et al. 1981; Winslow and Sander lin 1983) . The purpose of this survey was to identify anadromous fish nursery areas and monitor juvenile populations. Seines have been used throughout the survey, but in July 1974 the wing trawl replaced the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl that was used initially. This survey also included sampling in the open waters of Croatan Sound, Alligator River, Bull Bay and southern Albemarle Sound during 1972-1974 using a 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb twawl (Hester and Copeland 1975; Street and Pate 1975). In 1982 a semi-balloon trawl was used at two Albemarle Sound stations. This juvenile anadromous fish survey was extended to include the Pungo River area during 1974-1975 and continued at much reduced levels in the Pungo River through 1977 (Marshall 1976, Division of Marine Fisheries, unpubl. data). In the Pungo River survey a 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl was used in addition to the seine and the wing trawl. Tow times and gears were not consistent and occasionally a trawl was pulled at the surface. Anadromous fish spawning areas on the peninsula have been identified through: 1) the capture or observation of running ripe females, 2) the observation of spawning activity, or 3) the capture of eggs or larvae (Street and Pate 1975; Marshall 1976; Johnson et al. 1977; Johnson et al. 1981) . The DMF began a monthly survey of northern Pamlico Sound (excluding Pungo River) nursery areas using a 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl in 1974 which continued until Fall 1975 (Purvis 1976) . The area was sampled with reduced effort until 1978 when a statewide juvenile stock assessment survey (including Pungo River) was somewhat standardized (Carpenter 1979; Carpenter and Ross 1979; Ross 1980a; Ross and Carpenter 1983; Hawkins 1982); tow times were standardized in 1979, and beginning in 1981 actual lengths were measured instead of modal lengths. Stations sampled with a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl were added in 1978 and in 1981 the tailbag mesh size of this trawl was changed from 19.0 mm (0.75 in) bar mesh to 6.4 mm (0.25 in) bar mesh, effectively changing the profile of its catches. Juvenile stock assessment stations on the peninsula sampled with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl were invariably in shallow water in narrow, upper stream areas with silt and clay sized substrate. Stations sampled with the larger trawl were in deeper, more open waters. A project to investigate the effects of freshwater drainage was conducted by the DMF during 1977-1980, in Rose and Swanquarter bays Figure 1. North Carolina primary nursery areas and anadromous fish spawning and nursery areas located on the Pamlico- Albemarle Peninsula. (Pate and Jones 1981; Jones and Sholar 1981) . Stations indicative of altered and unaltered environments were sampled with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl two or three times a week during May-October. Other fisheries collections have been made on the peninsula. In 1979 North Carolina State University staff and students under the direction of Dr. John Miller began sampling Rose Bay (Gerry 1981; Woodward 1981; Sutherland 1982; Currin 1984; Miller et al . in press). Nine stations were sampled with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl at two week intervals in 1979 and twice a year thereafter. In 1982 and 1983 intensive effort was concentrated in East Rose Bay Creek. The emphasis in 1982 was on species' distributions as related to salinity and in 1983, on predator-prey relationships. Allen et al. (1979) made collections at Durants Island in 1979, and during 1978-1981 the Inland Fisheries Division conducted a food habits study of piscivorous fishes in Lake Phelps (Kornegay 1981) . Data Analysis Data were coded and digitized as a part of the DMF biological monitoring data file (Epperly 1984), and analyzed using SAS version 82.3 (SAS Institute 1982a, b) . Because of the differences in the various sampling programs several analytical problems were incurred and resolved in the following manner: 1) Data from programs which did not include information on all species of the catch were not used quantitatively. 2) Taxa not identified to species were eliminated from the analyses. 3) All non-commercial invertebrates were eliminated from the analyses because of identification problems and lack of consistent data on their occurrence. 4) Several species identifications were changed, especially in the Inland Fisheries 1964 stream survey data. Fundulus diaphanus (banded killifish) was totally absent in survey reports for the peninsula but was probably misreported as F. ocellaris, which in this area is now considered a junior synonym of F. pulverus (bayou killifish) . F. pulverus is a relatively rare species in North Carolina and was not reported from any other collections on the peninsula. Individuals are sexually dimorphic with female F. pulverus resembling F. diaphanus . The records of F. pulverus were analyzed as F. diaphanus. F. stellifer (southern studfish) is endemic to the Alabama and Chattahoochee river systems of Georgia and Alabama, but was reported in the Inland Fisheries stream surveys. Because of the rare likelihood of this species occurring on the peninsula it was coded as Fundulus sp. Native populations of Lepomis megalotis (longear sunfish) are west of the Appalachians. It was unlikely that this species was introduced despite the Inland Fisheries stream survey record and therefore it was coded as Lepomis sp. Paralichthys dentatus (summer flounder) and P. lethostigma (southern flounder) were both reported in the 1964 survey but P. dentatus was the more abundant species and was reported in the lowest salinities. This is opposite of the DMF's findings throughout the state. Because it was likely that the species were confused in the 1964 survey, flounder data from those surveys were analysed as Paralichthys sp. Citharichthys arctifrons (Gulf Stream flounder) is an offshore marine species generally found in depths exceeding 100 m (328 ft) . The record of C. arctifrons from the peninsula is probably invalid and was a misreported C. spilopterus (bay whiff) , a relatively common species in the higher salinity areas of the estuary which was notably absent from the survey's species list. Gobionellus stigmaticus (spottail goby) was analyzed as Gobionellus sp. Verified records of Gobionellus stigmaticus in North Carolina are restricted to the southern area of the state (Gilbert and Randall 1979) . Records of Etheostoma nigrum (johnny darter) on the peninsula were changed to E. olmstedi (tessalated darter) . Menhinick (1975) reported the distribution of Etheostoma nigrum as restricted to the northern central area of the state whereas E. olmstedi is distributed throughout the state east of the Appalachians, but overlaps with E. nigrum in four areas. 5) Depending on the program, actual lengths of a representative species subsarnple may have been measured, but frequently only a range or modal lengths were recorded. When other than a range of lengths were recorded, lengths were expressed as frequencies of 10 mm modal groups. 6) All gill nets were analyzed as one gear regardless of type, size and set times and given an effort of one unit for each station sampled. This was necessary because type, size or set information was frequently missing and because of the difficulty in comparing efficiency between two different nets. 7) All seines were analyzed as one gear regardless of type and size and given an effort of one unit for each haul. Again, frequent lack of specific gear details precluded comparing different seines. However, the majority of seine effort was with a 28 m (60 ft) bag seine. 8) Because the area or volume of water sampled was usually not recorded, all rotenone collections were assigned a single unit effort for each station rotenoned. 9) Trawl effort was the number of minutes towed. Two insurmountable problems were the lack of consistent data from the same gear throughout the entire peninsula and inconsistent sampling effort with the same gear. Seventeen unique gears were used to sample the fishes of the peninsula (Table 2) . Gears have different efficiencies for different species and sized individuals. Surveys were designed for target species and different surveys did not sample with the same gear. Even data collected by the same trawl towed for different amounts of time cannot be standardized (per unit effort) and compared because nekton species are distributed randomly throughout a uniform area but individuals of a species are aggregated (Leaman 1981) . For example, data from a 0.5 minute tow cannot be multiplied by two to estimate what the catch would have been if the trawl had been towed for one minute. Although the anadromous fish survey in the Albemarle Sound had consistent gear, tow durations, and sampling frequencies during 1974-1978, tow times with a different gear in the Pamlico Sound juvenile stock assessment survey were not consistent until 1979. 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For analyses, the peninsula was divided into broad geographic areas and further divided into drainages of similar characteristics or in close proximity. These areas are described in the following pages. Sampling sites are shown in Figure 2. Albemarle Sound Albemarle Sound is a drowned river valley isolated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Outer Banks. Outflow from Albemarle Sound is relatively large (490 m3/s or 17,300 ft 3/s) creating sufficient flow to effectively block saline water entering through Oregon Inlet (Giese et al. 1979). Because of the large distance to the nearest inlet, lunar tidal amplitude is dampened and overshadowed by wind tides. It is an oligohaline body of water (Hester and Copeland 1975) encompassing an area of 1820 km2 (703 mi2) and averages 4.5-6 m (15-20 ft) in depth (Roelofs and Bumpus 1953) . Bottom sediments grade from fine sand along the southern shore to silts and clays in the central basin (Pels 1967) . The shorelines of Washington County are primarily low bank and swamp forest with some high bank whereas Tyrrell County shorelines are predominately low bank and secondarily swamp forest (Copeland et al. 1983) . Sampling effort in the sound consisted of 51.2 hours towed with the wing trawl, 10.6 hours towed with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl, 12.8 hours towed with the 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb trawl, 17.4 hours towed with the semi-balloon trawl, and 224 seine hauls. Most stations have been sampled consistently since 1973. II Mackeys Creek (Kendricks Creek) Mackeys Creek is a small tributary which receives heavy agricultural drainage. Except for a small sandy beach at the mouth, the main creek is bordered by swamp forests. The predominant land use of surrounding areas is agriculture but a wooded buffer was retained along the banks of the creek. Depths at the mouth average 2 m (5-6 ft) but rapidly decrease to less than 1 m (2 ft) in the farm land areas. This tributary was sampled at three rotenone stations in 1964 by the Inland Fisheries Division and in 1972 by DMF with four tows made with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl. Scuppernong River The Scuppernong River is a lower coastal plain stream lined by swamp forests (McDonald and Ash 1981). Depths range from 2.4 to 4.6 m (8-15 ft) and the bottom is mostly mud and detritus (Street and Pate 1975) . The Scuppernong River area includes Bull Bay. In 1964 Inland Fisheries rotenoned seven stations and set gill nets at one. The DMF has made 130 seine hauls, and trawled for 15.4 hours with the wing trawl, 5.6 hours with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl and 3.1 hours with the 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb trawl. Four stations in the river and bay (two seine and two wing trawl) have been sampled consistently since 1974. Alligator River The shorelines of Alligator River are bordered primarily by swamp forest and pocosins, although a low bank with a sandspit occurs at the mouth on the western shore (McDonald and Ash 1981; Peacock and Lynch 1982; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1982). The river between Kilkenny Landing and New Lake Fork is bordered by freshwater marsh (McDonald and Ash 1981) . The Alligator River was divided into six areas as described below: Alligator River north of the highway 64 bridge This area includes Little Alligator River and East and South lakes and was sampled by Inland Fisheries with nine rotenone samples and one gill net set in 1964 and by the DMF during 1972-1974. Effort during the ' ! ■ ?§P"fe> '.i*-f> .V- • • • ♦ ♦ • :• r Pamlico Sound Fyke net Gill net 28m bog seme Unclassified seme I Cosl net | 1.8 m Cobb trawl 3.0 m Cobb trawl | 3.2m flat trawl | 4.9m flat trawl | 6.1m flat trawl 6.1 msemi-balloon trawl j 7.9 m wmg trawl j Rotenone Electric shocker Figure 2. Campling locations on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula. 13 1972-1974 period included 19.2 hours towed with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl, 2.3 hours towed with the 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb trawl, and 15 seine hauls. One station in Little Alligator River was continued as a wing trawl station and has been sampled for 6.3 hours. Alligator River between the highway 64 bridge and the Frying Pan Straits/Stumpy Point This area includes Second Creek and the Frying Pan to the west and Milltail Creek to the east. The area was sampled by the DMF with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl in 1972 for a total of 5 hours. Inland Fisheries rotenoned five areas and set one gill net in 1964. During 1972-1973, 2.6 hours were trawled with the 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb trawl. One station in the middle of the river has been sampled since 1972 changing from a 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl station (3.3 hours of effort) to a wing trawl station in 1974 (5.8 hours of effort). Alligator River between Frying Pan Straits/Stumpy Point and a line connecting Newport News Point and marker R"10" Stations in the river, and in Whipping Creek and Lake were sampled by the DMF in 1972-1973 with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl, expending 8 hours of effort. Sampling at a single station in the river was continued after 1973 with the wing trawl (5.8 hours of effort) . Inland Fisheries rotenoned five stations within this area, including two in Swan Creek and Lake and set one gill net in the river. Alligator River between Newport News Point/marker R"10" and the Northwest Fork Alligator River The intracoastal waterway connecting the Pungo River joins Alligator River within this area. In 1972-1973 DMF stations were sampled for 4.2 hours with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl. Two stations were retained after 1973 and sampled with the wing trawl (12 hours of effort) . Inland Fisheries rotenoned and set a gill net at one location in 1964. 14 Alligator River above the Northwest Fork The DMF sampled this area in 1972 with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl (0.5 hours of effort) and Inland Fisheries rotenoned three sites in 1964. Northwest Fork Alligator River This area includes the Northwest and Southwest forks which drain the upper Alligator River Pocosin. The DMF sampled four stations in 1972 (0.4 hours) with the 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl. Inland Fisheries rotenoned three sites in 1964. Croatan Sound Croatan and Roanoke sounds connect Albemarle Sound to Oregon Inlet and the more saline waters of Pamlico Sound. Croatan Sound differs from the portion of Albemarle Sound already discussed in that it is a relatively small body of water emcompassing 120 km2 (46 mi2) (Roelofs and Bumpus 1953) and is bordered by brackish marsh. Water depths are generally shallow, seldom exceeding 3 m (10 ft) . Only mainland or open water samples from Croatan Sound are included, as all Roanoke Island stations are not within the area considered in this report. Preliminary juvenile anadromous fish sampling in 1972-1973 by the DMF used a 1.8 m (6 ft) Cobb trawl (7.3 hours) and a seine. The 3.0 m (10 ft) Cobb trawl was used to sample an open water station from April 1972-June 1974 and was towed for a total of 2.3 hours. After 1973 two wing trawl stations and two seine stations were retained. The wing trawl was towed for 12.3 hours. Seines were hauled in the sound 115 times. In 1983 four stations were added in Croatan Sound for the DMF juvenile stock assessment program conducted in Pamlico Sound and other North Carolina estuaries to the south. Two of the stations were trawled with the 3.2m (10.5 ft) flat trawl and two were trawled with the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl for a total effort of 0.2 and 0.8 hours, respectively. Pamlico Sound Pamlico Sound and adjacent tributaries cover an area of 4350 km2 (168 mi2) and form the second largest estuarine system in the United 15 States. It is a large, bar-built embayment consisting of a complex of drowned river valleys. This lagoonal area is separated from the ocean by barrier beaches breached by the small and shifting Oregon, Hatteras and Ocracoke inlets. The Tar-Pamlico and Neuse rivers are the major sources of freshwater inflow, which can be periodically high, but on a long-term basis Pamlico Sound's hydrography is dominated by tidal (oceanic) and wind (lagoon) generated flow (Giese et al. 1979) . Depths are very shallow with a maximum of 7.5 m (25 ft). Bluff Shoal divides Pamlico Sound into two basins (Folger 1972; Giese et al. 1979). Division of Marine Fisheries data (Ross and Epperly in press) illustrate distinct biological patterns north and west of the shoal indicating a real separation of the sound, at least during some seasons. Because of the potential differences between stations on either side of the shoal, fisheries data were analyzed by basin. Pamlico Sound North of Bluff Shoal Stumpy Point Bay Stumpy Point Bay differs from other northern Pamlico Sound embayments because it has no natural tributaries. Stations were located in the deep channel of the bay; station depths ranged from 2.4 to 4.6 m (8-15 ft) . The area was sampled by the DMF for nursery area delineation and juvenile stock assessment with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl. One 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl station was continued after 1977 and one nursery area station was changed to a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station in 1978. Effort for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl was 4.1 hours, and was 2.4 hours and 1.8 hours, respectively, for the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large and small mesh tailbag. Parched Corn Bay, Long Shoal River, Otter Creek Numerous nursery area stations were sampled in these areas by DMF beginning in 1974. Juvenile stock assessment stations sampled after 1978 (four 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl stations and two 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl stations) did not include samples in Parched Corn Bay, and Otter Creek sampling was conducted only in 1983. A single seine haul 16 was made in March 1978. Effort in these areas included 8 hours towed with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 5 hours towed using the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 3.6 hours towed using the same trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Far Creek, Middletown Anchorage, Brooks Creek These areas have been sampled by DMF since 1974, although only two stations have been sampled consistently with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl. The site in Brooks Creek was sampled for nursery area designations in 1974-1975, but was sampled in the juvenile stock assessment program only in March 1983. Far Creek stations were generally located in the channel; an open water 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl station was added in 1978. Effort in these areas included 4.8 hours towed using the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl, 2.5 hours towed using the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large mesh tailbag, and 1.9 hours trawled by the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Inland Fisheries rotenoned one site in Middletown Creek in 1964. Wysocking Bay Inland Fisheries rotenoned one site each in Wysocking Bay and Lake Landing Canal during their stream survey of 1964, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made a gill net set in Lake Landing Canal in July 1982. The DMF began nursery sampling in 1974, continuing two 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl stations after 1976 and adding a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station in 1978. The 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl station in Hickory Creek was sampled only in 1982. Trawling effort in Wysocking Bay included 5.1 hours by the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 2.4 hours by the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.8 hours by the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Three seine hauls were made during March - May 1978. Outfall Canal, East Bluff Bay The Outfall Canal is a drainage outlet for Lake Mattamuskeet. Inland Fisheries rotenoned two sites in the canal in 1964 and the DMF sampled a 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl station at its mouth during 1974-1977. A second station established in Harbor Creek in 1974 is 17 still sampled. The 3 . 2 m (10.5 ft) trawl was towed 2.5 hours in this area. Pamlico Sound West of Bluff Shoal West Bluff Bay, Cunning Harbor, Juniper Bay Inland Fisheries rotenoned a single site in Judges Quarter Canal during their 1964 survey. The DMF nursery area stations sampled with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl were established in 1974; two stations in Juniper Bay were retained and sampled consistently as juvenile stock assessment stations, one as a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station. Two stations, one in Cunning Harbor and one in Euck Creek, were sampled in 1982 and 1983, respectively, with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl. Trawl effort was 4.8 hours using the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl, 2.4 hours using the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.8 hours using the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Swanquarter Bay One site in Swanquarter Bay was rotenoned in 1964 by Inland Fisheries. Several DMF nursery stations were established in 1974, three of which were continued as juvenile stock assessment stations with one of those stations changing to a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station. An additional nursery area station in Eastern Bay was sampled as a juvenile stock assessment station 1982. In 1977 three stations, one of which was a former nursery area station, were established for the freshwater drainage project and were sampled through 1980 with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl. Trawl effort totalled 13.6 hours for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 2.3 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the large mesh tailbag, and 1.9 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Deep Cove, White Perch Bay Four DMF nursery area stations were sampled in this area; none except the Blowout station sampled in 1982 were retained as juvenile stock assessment stations. The 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl was towed for a a total of 2.0 hours in this area. 18 Rose Bay Three rotenone samples were taken by Inland Fisheries in 1964 and a site in Rose Bay Canal was rotenoned and sampled with a gill net by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in July 1982. Several nursery area stations were established by DMF in 1974; three were retained and sampled consistently as juvenile stock assessment stations, one as a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station. In addition, the Broad Creek and Lightwood Snag Bay stations were sampled in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Freshwater drainage project stations were established in 1977 in Rose Bay and Tooley creeks. Cumulative trawl effort was 20.1 hours for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 2.1 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.8 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Spencer Bay Long Creek was rotenoned in 1964 by Inland Fisheries. In 1974 DMF began nursery area sampling in the Spencer Bay area and retained two stations in Germantown Bay for juvenile stock assessment, one as a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl station. Sampling of the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl station was discontinued after 1982. In 1978 an additional juvenile stock assessment station was established as a 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl station and sampled in subsequent years. Three additional juvenile stock assessment stations in Spencer Bay were sampled in 1982 and 1983: one in 1982, one in 1983, and one in both years. Two freshwater drainage project stations were located in Swan Creek. Cumulative trawl effort was 7.5 hours for the 3.2 m U0.5 ft) trawl, 2.0 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.8 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Abel Bay, Crooked Creek Two sites in Abel Bay were established by DMF as nursery area sampling stations and continued in the juvenile stock assessment program, although one was sampled with a 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl in the latter program. The juvenile stock assessment station in Crooked Creek was sampled only in 1983. Inland Fisheries rotenoned one site in Abel lJ Bay during their 1964 stream survey. Cumulative trawl effort was 2.4 hours for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 2.3 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.9 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Pungo River from mouth to Field Point/Sandy Point The Inland Fisheries took four rotenone samples and set one gill net in the lower Pungo. The DMF conducted anadromous and juvenile stock assessment surveys in the area and, except for two seine stations, the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl was used exclusively in this area during the anadromous fish survey and at the Warner Creek station during both surveys; cumulative effort for this gear was 4.4 hours. One seine station from the 1974-1975 anadromous survey was retained in the juvenile stock assessment program through 1979; 40 seine hauls were made. The 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl was used at the juvenile stock assessment program stations in Fortescue and Wrights creeks and accounted for 4.7 hours of effort for the trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 3.7 hours of effort for the trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Pungo River from Field Point/Sandy Point to Durants Point/Windmill Point In their 1964 stream survey, Inland Fisheries rotenoned one site each in each Jordan Creek, Slade Creek and the Pungo River. The DMF made 11 seine hauls at an anadromous survey station in the river and towed the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl at anadromous fish stations in the river, and in Slade, Fishing and Jordan creeks. The Wood Creek anadromous station was continued in the juvenile stock assessment program; an additional station sampled with the 6.1 m (20 ft) trawl was established in Slade Creek in 1978. Cumulative trawl effort was 3.2 hours for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, 2.4 hours for the 6.1 m (20 ft) flat trawl with the large mesh tailbag and 1.8 hours for the same trawl with the small mesh tailbag. Pantego Creek, Pungo Creek Inland Fisheries rotenoned 5 and 4 sites in Pantego and Pungo creeks, respectively. The 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, and 7.9 m (26 ft) 20 wing trawl were used to sample most anadromous fish stations in the two creeks. A seine station and 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl station in Pungo Creek were sampled in both the anadromous fish and juvenile stock assessment surveys, but the seine and trawl stations were discontinued after 1980 and 1981, respectively. Trawl effort in these creeks was 4.3 hours for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl towed on the bottom, 0.4 hours for the bottom towed wing trawl, 3 min for the surface towed 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl and 1.7 hours for the surface towed wing trawl. Seines were hauled 43 times. Pungo River between Durants Point/Windmill Point and highway 264 bridge at Leechville Eight sites were rotenoned by Inland Fisheries in 1964, and on 3 occasions in 1981 and 1982 Environmental Science and Engineering sampled two sites in the river for Peat Methanol Associates using gill nets, the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl and/or a 4.9 m (16 ft) flat trawl. The DMF sampled the river and tributary creeks with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl, the wing trawl and seines for the anadromous fish program. The seine station in the river and two trawl stations in Scranton and Upper Dowry creeks were also sampled in the juvenile stock assessment program, although the seine station and Upper Dowry Creek trawl station were discontinued after 1979 and 1981, respectively. Seines were hauled 40 times, gill nets were set 6 times, the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl was towed for 4.3 hours, a 4.9 m (16 ft) flat trawl was towed (by ESE) for 5 minutes, and the wing trawl was towed for 10 minutes. Pungo River above Leechville Rotenone was used by Inland Fisheries to sample two sites in the river and the DMF sampled three stations in the river with the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl and used the wing trawl at one. ESE visited the river on four occasions during 1981-1983 and sampled several stations in the river with gill nets, a 4.9 m (16 ft) flat trawl or the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) trawl. They also used gill nets in Clark Mill Creek and Canal D, and five seine hauls were also made in the latter. A total of 41 gill net sets were made and trawl effort was 1.0 hour for the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) 2] trawl, 10 minutes for the 4.9 m (16 ft) flat trawl and 1 minute for the wing trawl. Inland Lakes The Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula contains four natural lakes which, under natural conditions, were landlocked. Lake bottom altitudes exceed sea level in all lakes except Lake Mattamuskeet (Heath 1975) . All four lakes are at least partially surrounded by a ridge of land which was likely formed with sand and silt eroded from the lake bottom and probably represents the pre-drainage canal extents of the lakes (Heath 1975) . Attempts to lower the water levels of these lakes began with the completion of a canal connecting Lake Phelps and the Scuppernong River in 1787. With monies provided by the State Literary Board in the late 1830* s, drainage canals for Mattamuskeet (Lake Landing Canal), New and Pungo lakes were completed (Heath 1975) . Physicochemical data for each lake were given in Heath (1975) . Lake Phelps Lake Phelps is a 65 km2 (25 mi2) natural lake of relatively clear water whose northern border is the Pettigrew State Park. The lake's perimeter offers a flooded woodland/aquatic macrophyte fisheries habitat in contrast to the barren sand/mud bottom which comprises most of the midlake (Kornegay and Dineen 1979) . The maximum depth is approximately 2 m (7 ft) but the average depth is 1.5 m (5 ft) (Heath 1975). The area analyzed as Lake Phelps included the lake itself and all canals around its perimeter, including those connecting the lake to the Scuppernong River. In their 1964 stream survey, Inland Fisheries rotenoned a site in both Moccasin (Western) and Batava canals. In June of the following year the same Division returned to rotenone two sites in Lake Phelps. They also rotenoned an area in the northeast corner of the lake in their March 1976 visit. An electric shocker was used at the same site and along the southern shore in the March 1976 sampling. In November 1976, they sampled 12 stations within the lake using the wing trawl (10 minute tows) and during April through October 1978 sampled 20 stations at night, monthly with the same trawl. In addition, angling, 22 electrof ishing and gill nets were used to supplement the monthly trawl catches for a piscivorous game fish food habits study (Kornegay 1981) . Effort with the wing trawl was 19 hours. New Lake (Alligator Lake) New Lake is a shallow lake with a mean depth of 1 m (3 ft) and a surface area of 19.9 km2 (7.7 mi2) (Heath 1975). Natural drainage was towards the Alligator River. Turbidity is high in the lake because of erosion of the hard, black clay bottom. Fisheries data from the lake is represented solely by one rotenone sample taken by Inland Fisheries in 1964. Lake Mattamuskeet Lake Mattamuskeet is the largest natural lake in the state encompassing an area of 172.8 km2 (66.7 mi2) (Heath 1975). Natural drainage was to the north, towards the Alligator River. Depths in the lake average less than 1 m (2.5 ft) and the bottom is predominantly sand (Heath 1975). Since the completion of Lake Landing Canal in 1838, other canals connecting the lake to Pamlico Sound (Waupopin, Outfall, and Rose Bay canals) and Alligator River (Fairfield Canal) have been dug. In 1913 the lake was drained via an extensive network of canals, ditches and a pumping station for agricultural use of the fertile bottom. In 1933 the ambitious project was abandoned and in 1934 the lake and adjoining land was purchased to form the Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge. The lake has been managed since for waterfowl (Heath 1975) . The earliest fisheries data were collected in 1901, and Huish (1979) summarized sources of Lake Mattamuskeet fisheries data through 1979. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made seine collections in the lake in June 1949 and 1956. In July 1958 and October 1959 a variety of gears including seines, gill nets and rotenone were used, but data were not reported by gear. Rotenone and gill nets were used in their August 1961 visit to the lake. In 1964 Inland Fisheries rotenoned areas in Fairfield and Carters canals. Beginning in 1965 the North Carolina Cooperative Fisheries Unit under the direction of Dr. F. E. Hester sampled the lake. In May 1965 rotenone and seines were used while in October of the same year gill nets were set and during October through 2 J December 1966 gill nets, rotenone and seines were used. The unit visited the lake nearly monthly, sometimes more frequently, February 1967 to June 1969 using the same gears and supplementing with cast and fyke nets. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service set gill nets in the lake in July 1982 and used seines and rotenone in the canals and management impoundments. Effort for the above mentioned collections totalled 35 seine hauls, 25 rotenone sites, 38 gill net sets, 2 cast net samples and 3 fyke net sets. Pungo Lake Pungo Lake is the smallest of the peninsula's natural lakes, encompassing a surface area of 11.4 km2 (4.4 mi2) (Heath 1975). Although once landlocked, the lake's natural drainage was towards the Pungo River. The lake's drainage was hastened by drainage canals dug between 1839 and 1843 and the depth of the lake now averages less than 1 m (3 ft) (Heath 1975). Because of the area's peat deposits turbidity is high and pH is low (Boaze 1980) . The lake and surrounding lands were incorporated as the Pungo National Wildlife Refuge in 1963. The area analyzed as Pungo Lake includes the lake, the Pungo Lake Canal and the canals within the refuge. Two rotenone samples were taken in 1964 in the Pungo Lake Canal by Inland Fisheries and in May 1965 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service rotenoned two sites in the lake (one in the center and one along the shore) , set experimental gill nets in the center, and seined along shore. They returned to the refuge in July 1980, rotenoning two sites in the lake and one site in the Duck Pen Road Ditch, and set gill nets in the lake and surrounding canals. In July 1982 they recorded temperature and pH at 17 sites within the lake and canals. Effort in this area totalled seven rotenone stations, one seine collection, and seven gill net collections. RESULTS Hydrography Water temperatures on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula closely follow air temperatures with maxima typically occurring in late summer and minima occurring in January (Giese et al. 1979) . Salinities are 24 less variable but follow a seasonal cycle of reduced salinities in the early spring as a result of heavy winter runoff and higher salinities in the late summer coincident with reduced summer runoff. Winds dominate the short term horizontal patterns of salinity distribution (Roelofs and Bumpus 1953) . Nekton collections on the peninsula were taken in salinities ranging from 0-30.2 /oo , although most effort was expended in waters of less than 18 /oo (Table 3) . Salinities were highest in Pamlico Sound and tributaries (Figure 3) and averaged 2-3 / oo higher at stations north of Bluff Shoal than at stations located west of Bluff Shoal. Mean salinities of the Pungo River area below the highway 264 bridge and of Croatan Sound were in the lower mesohaline range, whereas Albemarle Sound and tributary waters and the upper Pungo River were oligohaline. Lake Phelps, New Lake and Pungo Lake were essentially fresh water but salinities in Lake Mattamuskeet , when measured, were high enough to classify that lake as oligohaline. Nekton of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula Collections on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula have yielded four species of commercially important invertebrate nekton and 132 species of fishes (Table 4) . Eleven species accounted for more than 95% of the total number of individuals captured and three of those species (bay anchovy, spot and Atlantic menhaden) together accounted for greater than 75%. Most species were collected across a broad range of salinities (Table 5) , but distributions relative to salinity are difficult to discern because effort was not distributed equally across the range of salinities encountered (Table 3) . Life History Strategies Seven life history strategies were represented by the nekton collected on the peninsula (Table 6) . Few species were collected strictly in freshwater and, in most instances, these were represented by single individuals. Three species of this group, Lepomis microlophus, L. cyanellus and Ictalurus melas, are not endemic to the area (Lee et al. 1980); it is uncertain whether the Lake Phelps occurrence of the endangered Fundulus waccamensis represents a fourth introduction (Shute 0) c o N >i ■H a ■H H rd w c 0 •H o^ rH D m o £ ro 3 W o o n 1 a H O D 0 • ft CM •iH O u 01 iTl 0) -C CN 3 >. 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These stenohaline primary freshwater fishes were generally restricted to Albemarle Sound, the Pungo River or the inland lakes. A large proportion of the species encountered were transient, primary freshwater fish. These species commonly entered low salinity waters, but were rarely found at salinities greater than 18° /00 . Most were captured in Albemarle Sound, Pungo River or the inland lakes. Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio are introduced species (Lee et al. 1980) . Although generally more recreationally than commercially important, the group had a dockside value of $235,705 (N.C. Division of Mar. Fish. 1984) in North Carolina's 1983 commercial landings. Many nekton species are indigenous to the estuary, generally completing their life cycle within the lower salinity waters of the estuary. They are considered residents even though they are commonly found in the coastal ocean environment. These species have a tolerance to a wide range of salinities and are often distributed ubiquitously. They are important prey items for many species utilizing the estuary (Darnell 1958; Carr and Adams 1973; Overstreet and Heard 1982). Most resident species are abundant and, except for blue crabs and white perch, they are not commercially important. Estuarine residents, including sessile shellfish species, had a 1983 dockside value of $15,876,665 in North Carolina's commercial landings (N.C. Div. of Mar. Fish. 1984). Anadromous fish spend most of their life at sea, but adults migrate to freshwater during spring spawning runs. Offspring utilize the low salinity waters as nurseries, and most species usually emigrate during their first fall. Striped bass are generally considered an anadromous species which remains in the estuary until reaching sexual maturity. However, populations in Albemarle Sound may complete their entire life cycle within the estuary (Street and Pate 1975) . Adults of all anadromous species are commercially and recreationally important, and in 1983 were worth $1,170,419 to North Carolina's commercial fishermen (N.C. Div. of Mar. Fish. 1984) The American eel is catadromous, spending most of its life in fresh or brackish waters. Upon reaching sexual maturity it migrates to the Sargasso Sea to spawn. 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QJ tu (U ■H 0 CJ J J J J J >P J s Cu &. m w w Ph CU U u GO H J J ^H Q H w o r^ < CQ o u J s s 2 Oh cn +J C o i U o 03 U in 3 0 E 0 M 13 to C < w d) 3 c 0 •H c r4 cu to rn 3 ■H -P -a in c W ■H M a) -P +j C « 0) 5: •H ja 01 in C 0> tO M M Cu -P I/] 01 ■H u cu & w J9 OCOHNHCONH H in H 01 LD H un c\i n n o rH ^r en in in CN r4 >1 01 01 tfl fl rH x: rH 0 rfl E X) ■H ■H ta XI in !h rH rJ u 0) ■P h >< >1 3 E a u 01 01 4J £ a) x: a 3 3 in 0 fl 4-> -P -C A E 01 3 0) 1-1 ft & n [fl u c H fl •H 3 E 01 to 01 -3 4-> P rH 01 01 X 13 0> -H 0) 3 0) 0 0) H s XI u 0 in 01 3 3 3 0 x: JZ fl 0) 3 tfl 4J •H IM na U U 13 M H 01 0 0 3 U 3 3 4-> 4-> 4J ■H u u r3 pi -J 3 c 0 ■H 0 0 3 X) c Ifl Di •H 0) rH rH 0 0 0 u ■H ■H 4J u 3 M fl M H -p rH rH 6 a) 0 0 0 0 £ i •H H 3 G a fl H rH x. 0) xs Oi u 01 rH 0) ■H •H co H in •H ■H u u M -4 0 o 0 X! fl fl ft c a P c 0 -o cn Oi to a ft XI XI u ■H 0 a ft ■H •H •H P M U o ■H R 3 c X3 4-1 X! 3 3 JZ >i ►l 0 0 ■H -4 0 0) 0) H -4 u •H fl fl u M rH 0 Oj w U 2 2 u DC 33 e u 2 H 10 Oj Cu 0. Ph P4 u Cu Oj i/> H 03 < a L0 01 3 & C 0 rH XI o Ml 0) u o c c ■H 4-1 -4 0 c n ft c 0 3 c 3 3 fl 4-> fl X p 0) ■H 0) ■H fl 4-> 4-1 0) u 3 01 HI 01 tO 13 OI 4-> -J 0 a 0) n V u 01 01 u 0) A! u 3 Ifl ^3 U 4< 40 may remain for 7 to 20 years (Hardy 1978a). North Carolina's 1983 dockside value of American eels was $270,708 (N.C. Div. Mar. Fish. 1984) . The majority of individuals collected on the peninsula represented the migratory marine life history strategy; estuarine nursery areas are requisite for the early life history stages of this group. Most species spawn at sea during the winter when onshore transport is maximal (Miller et al. in press) ; however, several species such as those of the genus Cynoscion are spring and summer spawners in the nearshore or estuarine environment. Juveniles of all migratory marine species utilize the estuarine nurseries and as young-of-the-year migrate to higher salinity areas. This species group accounts for over 50% of the value of North Carolina's commercial landings and is also an important species group for recreational fisheries. In 1983 its commercial dockside value was $33,873,102 (N.C. Div. Mar. Fish. 1984). A large number of marine transient species were collected on the peninsula. These species were not common and were usually taken in the higher salinity areas. They have little or no direct dependence on the estuary but may be abundant seasonally in the open waters of North Carolina's large sounds (Higgins and Pearson 1928; Schwartz 1973; DeVries 1980) . Profiles of the Most Common Species Three gears, the seine, the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl and the wing trawl, were employed concurrently for several years and had broad geographic coverage. Species' CPUE were calculated for each of these gears and expressed as catch-per-ef fort based on the normal effort expended by a gear at a single station (seine - 1 haul; wing trawl - 10 min.,- flat trawl - 1 min.). Only trawl data from bottom tows and from collections of a known duration were used in the calculations. Total effort for each gear and area is given in Table 7. Twenty species averaged greater than one individual per effort in one of the three gears (Table 8) and are discussed in detail in the following pages. Recruitment, as used in the discussion of these commonly occurring species, refers to recruitment to the various gears. 41 Table 7. Seine, wing trawl and flat trawl (3.2 m) sampling effort in each area of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula. Gear Area Wing Flat Seine trawl trawl (hauls) (minutes) 224 3,074.5 130 925.0 15 377.0 350.0 (minutes) Albemarle Sound Mackeys Creek Scuppernong River Alligator River north of hwy 64 bridge hwy 64 bridge to Frying Pan Straits/Stumpy Pt. Frying Pan Straits/Stumpy Pt. to Newport News Pt. /Marker R"10" Newport News Pt. /Marker R"10" to the Northwest Fork above the Northwest Fork Northwest Fork Croatan Sound Pamlico Sound north of Bluff Shoal Stumpy Point Bay Parched Corn Bay, Long Shoal River, Otter creak Far Cr. Middletown Anchorage, Brooks Creek Wysocking Bay Outfall Canal, East Bluff Bay west of Bluff Shoal West Bluff Bay, Cunning Harbor, Juniper Bay Swanquarter Bay Deep Cove, White Perch Bay Rose Bay Spencer Bay Abel Bay, Crooked Creek Pungo River below Field Point/Sandy Point Field Point/Sandy Point to Durants Point/Windmill Pt. Pantego Creek, Pungo Creek Durants Pt. /Windmill Pt. to hwy 264 bridge above hwy 264 bridge Inland Lakes Lake Phelps New Lake Lake Mattamuskeet Pungo Lake 720.0 115 1,140.0 35 1 350.0 735.0 1.0 17.0 247.0 480.3 287.3 287.3 308.0 148.8 289.5 817.5 122.0 1,204.3 447.5 142.5 40 263.0 11 193.8 43 26.0 259.5 40 10.0 174.0 63.0 4 2 Table 8. Seine, flat trawl and wing trawl catch-per-unit effort for species collected on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula. Only bottom towed trawl data are used in calculating trawl CPUE. Rank indicates the relative position of a species based on its CPUE with the particular gear. Species Seine Rank CPUE 3.2 m flat trawl Rank CPUE 7.9 m wing trawl Rank CPUE* 10 65 Penaeus aztecus 25 Penaeus duorarum 53 Penaeus setiferus 36 Callinectes sapidus 18 Dasyatis sabina Acipenser oxyrhynchus Lepisosteus osseus Amia calva Elops saurus Anguilla rostrata Myrophis punctatus Alosa aestivalis Alosa mediocris Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa sapidissima Brevoortia tyrranus Dorosoma cepedianum Dorosoma petenese Opisthonema oglinum Anchoa hepsetus Anchoa mitchilli Esox a. americanus Esox niger Cyprinus carpio Hybognathus regius 16 Notemigonus crysoleucas 35 Notropis hudsonius 14 Notropis procne 54 Moxostoma macrolepidotum Synodus foetens Ictalurus catus 44 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.54 42 0.02 33 0.05 4 17.51 40 0.03 13 1.50 41 0.03 3 35.20 32 0.07 61 * 9 3.71 1 131.49 72 * 5 13 11 6 75 56 35 21 83 24 61 22 25 4 60 44 20 1 74 7.86 0.44 0.73 3.46 * 0.02 0.06 * 0.06 * 0.06 0.05 8.26 0.01 0.08 64.12 0.98 0.05 1.36 93 * 0.01 52 0.01 0.02 36 0.02 27 62 10 54 37 61 24 3 43 6 53 9 2 5 45 52 11 1 40 30 28 35 15 51 0.05 * 0.81 * 0.01 * 0.08 10.76 0.01 4.91 * 0.83 0.06 0.80 36.69 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.30 2.06 Table 8 (continued) 43 Seine 3.2 m flat trawl 7.9 m wing trawl Rank CPUE Rank CPUE Rank CPUE*10 Ictalurus melas Ictalurus natalis Ictalurus nebulosus Ictalurus punctatus Noturus gyrinus Aphredoderus sayanus Opsanus tau Gobiesox strumosus Strongylura marina Cyprinodon variegatus Fundulus diaphanus Fundulus h. heteroclitus Fundulus majalis Fundulus waccamensis Lucania parva Gambusia affinis Membras martinica Menidia beryllina Menidia menidia Syngnathus fuscus Syngnathus louisianae Morone americana Morone saxatilis Centropristis striata Diplectrum formosum Centrarchus macropterus Enneacanthus gloriosus Enneacanthus obesus Lepomis auritus Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis gulosus Lepomis macrochirus 82 49 0.01 60 60 * 42 0.01 14 0.36 19 0.18 44 * 17 0.19 55 * 59 * 73 * 15 1.04 92 81 * * 24 0.17 48 0.01 5 9 * 71 * 62 * 64 * 64 * 41 0.01 70 * 23 0.06 26 0.12 91 * 11 1.92 68 * 2 38.59 19 0.10 22 0.13 10 2.37 42 0.01 19 0.38 54 90 * * 7 4.98 17 0.16 2 22.51 20 0.33 67 * 16 0.29 27 0.12 57 * 45 0.02 34 0.02 52 0.01 39 0.01 58 * 39 0.03 58 * 21 0.21 26 0.04 18 0.19 63 * 36 0.01 22 0.20 37 0. 12 0.59 44 Table 8 (continued) Species Seine 3.2 m flat trawl 7.9m wing trawl Rank CPUE Rank CPUE*10 Rank CPUE 28 0.11 69 * 57 * 17 0.77 23 0.18 34 0.05 63 * 56 * Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis nigromaculatus Etheostoma olmstedi Perca flavescens Pomatomous saltatrix Caranx hippos Selene vomer Trachinotus falcatus Lutjanus analis Lutjanus griseus Lutjanus synagris Diapterus auratus Eucinostomus argenteus Eucinostomus gula Orthopristis chrysoptera Lagodon rhomboides Archosargus probatocephalus Bairdiella chrysoura Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion regalis Leiostomus xanthurus Menticirrhus americanus Menticirrhus saxatilis Micropogonias undulatus Pogonias cromis Sciaenops ocellatus Stellifer lanceolatus Chaetodipterus faber Mugil cephalus Mugil curema Chasmodes bosquianus Hypleurochilus geminatus 49 30 8 48 0.01 67 68 * 31 0.09 50 0.01 29 0.10 12 1.82 37 0.04 38 0.03 5 14.32 51 0.01 55 * 6 8.27 0.09 4.24 0.01 80 * 66 * 41 0.01 28 0.04 31 0.03 71 * 88 * 79 * 38 0.02 87 * 29 0.03 46 0.01 27 0.04 47 0.01 9 1.05 45 0.01 7 2.66 16 0.16 8 1.64 2 53.66 58 * 59 * 3 13.58 78 * 30 0.03 51 0.01 15 0.17 69 * 86 * 50 13 39 8 32 34 57 55 56 47 26 20 46 23 5 49 * 0.58 0.01 0.84 0.02 0.01 * * * * 0.05 0.14 * 0.11 5.99 7.64 Table 8 (continued) 45 Species Seine Rank CPUE 3.2 m flat trawl 7.9 m wing trawl Rank CPUE Rank CPUE* 10 Hypsoblennius hentzi Gobionellus hastatus Gobiosoma bosci 62 Microgobius thalassinus Trichiurus lepturus Scomberomorus maculatus Peprilus alepidotus Peprilus triacanthus Prionotus carolinus Prionotus evolans Citharichthys spilopterus 66 Paralichthys dentatus 46 Paralichthys lethostigma 47 Scophthalmus aquosus Trinectes maculatus 43 Symphurus plagiusa Aluterus schoepfi Monocanthus hispidus Sphoeroides maculatus 70 * 53 * * 18 14 85 65 0.14 0.30 * * 32 0.03 38 38 0.02 0.01 89 * 72 * * 33 0.02 0.01 40 0.01 3 3 0.01 0.01 10 84 0.92 * 29 0.02 0.02 12 43 77 0.44 0.01 * 21 0.14 48 76 *less than 0.01 individual per effort. 46 Penaeus aztecus Brown shrimp have an annual life cycle, spawning at sea in late winter (Perez Farfante 1969) . Larvae are carried by onshore currents into estuarine nursery areas where as postlarvae, they occur most often on loose, fine grained substrates, typical of the upper estuary nursery areas (Williams 1958) . Juveniles are first found in April (Figure 4) (Williams 1955) and continue recruiting into the summer, reaching peak abundance in June (Figure 5) . Upon attaining maturity in mid to late summer, brown shrimp migrate toward the nearest inlet (McCoy 1968) . Wing trawl and seine catches of brown shrimp were negligible (Figure 6) . Most were taken in the mesohaline waters of Pamlico Sound by the 3.2 m (10.5 ft) flat trawl. Although monthly CPUE of brown shrimp appears higher in northern Pamlico Sound than in western Pamlico Sound (Figure 5) , the latter area includes the Pungo River area which is usually not a productive brown shrimp nursery area , probably due to its lower salinities (J. H. Hawkins pers. comm.). When the Pungo River area is excluded, the CPUE at stations in the northern and western basins were similar (Figure 6) . Shrimp are a valuable resource to the peninsula (Appendix A) and are taken predominately in shrimp trawls . The annularity of the brown shrimp crop is reflected by the yearly fluctuations in North Carolina's commercial landings. On the average brown shrimp comprise nearly 70% of the state's shrimp landings and most are taken in Pamlico Sound (N.C. Div. Mar. Fish. 1983) . Pamlico Sound and tributary spring catches of P. aztecus in the DMF juvenile stock assessment program are highly correlated with brown shrimp landings in Pamlico and Core Sounds (DeVries 1984) . Callinectes sapidus The spawning season of blue crabs is quite long, extending from mid-March through October in North Carolina (Williams 1984) . After mating in low salinity waters, females migrate into the high salinity waters near the inlets where the eggs hatch and zoeae develop. Once near the sea, the mature females tend to remain there whereas males remain in the low salinity areas of the estuary (Williams 1984; Fischler 1965) . After transforming to the megalops stage, the young crabs 47 „ ."ST ^fc. CO :=> O LU I— 5 CO — /?? 13 o CO o o E o Q_ m ro co — +J M -?* 0 m ^ m a E 'H < H a. tj ,c o * +J < i OS H X +J T c ■ c (T + IH0ii3 H3d HJIV3) AlHIMOJV aD01 p LO CT> " o n 3 :_ ■H h CO => c_> < CO CO UJ o UJ s or u_ X I— UJ Q_ « o ^ o lO ©- <^> ^ ro — HdV o if) oio m m mm om °Avw°Nnr inp9nvid3Sioor°AON 10 CJ ■H u c CD 3 :r • 11 w H 3 IH u UJ „J +J ^ N ~ (0 c d) w iH 3 0) >i t H c £ dJ 4J ft C o l*-l s 0 d) u CT> ■H 48 LU i ro CC » IT U. 5 c ii 1 101103 L o <* • ro .o r °° lojl f- i — in T r in *J "? i LU c - c - = i . c: - c H = J- z ^ . j j UJ d n, J ji ^■r CO ^ ■4-* 4 H i sP o f O in oinotn otnoin O^" & *T f<1 — to^fO— to Tf- ro — «n in m o in o ^ O in o 1 rH rH rH X. 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" = ■ £ c A -=*u 1^ ■^ ^ Ou^OiD O f> O «"> i^^-ro — iB V iO — Ou^O«^> OmOiD OU^OT) O ui O ifi 10 ^ J"-) — l^^"rO — i& *T f> — ID ^ f~) — NVP 83J avw ddV WW Nnr inr ID O ID vD o in V IO — V pQ — 9flV ld3S 100 AON DJC ■H u c & 0) -4 ffi >1 H +j c o -P o 4-1 4-1 (1) U 0) o 4-> ItJ u >1 H rfl *-) C o 6 K 3 &i C 0) u rti 0 'O • 3 m q) i-H M ft LO (1 + IHOiJS H3d H3IV3) A1HIM0W s001 4-1 (fl 3 '.'! rr. 0 H H [14 < c> M 3 ■H t-4 56 abundance in late spring (Figure 17) . Juveniles move downstream with increasing size and most emigrate by late fall. The species is ubiquitously distributed throughout the peninsula (Figure 18) and may be present year round. It is one of the most abundant species collected on the peninsula and in the state (Carpenter 1979; Carpenter and Ross 1979; Ross 1980a; Ross and Carpenter 1983; Hawkins 1982; Ross and Epperly in press) . Because bottom trawls do not efficiently sample pelagic, schooling species, seine catches were consistently higher but quite variable in all areas. The combined commercial fisheries for Atlantic and Gulf menhaden comprise the largest fishery, by volume, in the United States. The meal and condensed solubles are rich in proteins and are used for poultry and livestock food supplements. The oil is used in various industrial products including paints, soaps, and lubricants. There are no reduction plants on the peninsula. Atlantic menhaden are very abundant in the open waters of Pamlico and Core sounds and the menhaden industry often deploy their purse seines in the inshore waters. It is also one of the most common species taken in the long haul seine and pound net fisheries (DeVries 1980; Ross 1982) and is an important source of bait for the state's crab pot fishery. Anchoa hepsetus Striped anchovies form large schools in nearshore and estuarine pelagic environments. Spawning occurs in late spring and early summer (Jones et al. 1978) but recruitment on the peninsula was not well defined. Catches with all gears were relatively low, inconsistent and insignificant in all areas except in Croatan Sound and the mouth of the Pungo River where seine catches were sporadically high (Figure 19) . Anchoa mitchilli The bay anchovy is an abundant schooling estuarine resident which spawns in shallow water in the spring and summer (Jones et al. 1978) . Juveniles are recruited first in June in the seine and flat trawl catches followed by July recruitment to the wing trawl (Figure 20) . Bay anchovies were the most abundant species collected in each sound by each gear and were also taken in Lake Phelps and Lake 57 CO or >- o o i -"•vii •»tSJ >! ' /. y" ~:.:^i ."J.".'.:' ^ .t.'t.v.;;:" ~^: — ,.*.?. '.V.y-J • •*1 ..-""*' "O | W. Pamlico Sounc •«*u::v-.V*. „ ..^ti 4 I cr r3 o CO o o £ ;.:::s _ St. 2 -=3 CO CO en o GO CO H U < 2 © en <•-■ -**.%v.*.v.viv.*r.v: "* CO en s- H 3 H C O fc. IT. d =3 o CO o o c 4-1 M 0 ft u +J u +J c c s in 3 C a CO a r- u cn 0 &i •H fc to s. o-> co n- to "-> "a- ro cm — s «) in * io evi — u + laoiia Had hoivj) aihinow eooi 58 4-j 0 c 0 • •H Ul +J a; 3 £ ,« u ■H -U u (fl -p u oi ■H U) -a 3 ■p rH m 3 u £] ■^ w M 3 -P C 01 c T3 u m -H •H ,C 4-> Uj M () a> ai m o PQ 0) 3 59 S x o < M-J 0 C . 0 in •H o 4J R 3 0 J 4-1 ■iH rfl H U +J M ■H ■H .H T1 H ■H H ,.= cO U 0 +J ■H •r-| £ E u rti (0 M 0 fr £ 0 U ') c o .< u C\J . f- t3- ro I c a ; -i C ^^ ! . . . '— ■H O c CD 3 • D1 -H CU ^H U rH U-l -H 4-1 C id o ■-( u ja c 4J < nvp 93i «VH MdV ww Nnr nnr onv id3S ioo aon 030 o (N u ■H 60 ~ "'•••ie. M -»:". *K. • •»»*.. „ cz Z3 >. o CO a«*"° •- o CO o ***«• o o o E . F o Q_ "**•• -V-— £ > ■p M O 4-1 m 0) ft u p 10 0 p c o e ■H ^H ^H •H 'J P rl 0 u c < CM T. M o +J C!) 0 o s -r O 3 d •H in to LU * I ) <3 to UJ a: r- _) (£ ^ t j 91 o h i — en rr * o u. -> X 1- en CD Q. o LiJ 1 Z X r- 8s- a> — c c GO ■ c w a) ■H 0 a) U}| 3 3 rr rl a) c M 0 m HI n rfl 3 4J x; en c w d) -rH rH ft o >1 M rH +J| £ 0 •P S C 0 4-1 s o Nvr 83i cJdV Nnr inr onv id3S ido aon 330 CM 0) H 3 Cn ■H I 3 co UJ o z UJ co 3 o UJ cc u_ 8 L <3" 3: -, o _i 1— o""5 O ""> z 3s ro — o 3= nvp 83d 03 0) ■H U c 0) 3 C • 0) 03 H D <+-i -P IC £ u +J tx> w c p 01 P, iH >i <0 rH 4JI ,G ol ■P H| c 0 M-l 2 0 avw nop inr onv Idas do aon oiq CO o CO Q CO Q_ o CC o CO v. O E CD -Q CM b CD r« CD £ O g 00 o CD 23 cp £ - C to t CD w iO ft (T + m IH0JJ3 CM — Xld H)IV.')) UHIMOK aD01 n 0 O n o 0 4-1 ia u >i rH .C 4J c o E W3 ■H 0 03 T) 3 o 00 J O us 0O H 2 o ro c\j ( I 4-1 u o 4-1 a) a) r:, .c u -p ra u 4J C o G SI 4->| u CD w £N s n CD 3 U 1-1 3 m r:> +-1 ■H u [m H 5 in 0 c 0 ■ •H 0) lO +J (1) i 3 x: Xi u ■H +J t H (T) 'i +J u T5 ■H to £ 3 U< H m 0 M H fil rO f) 4-1 a) u U H CN ■ CD 2 _l O ^ CC < 1- q: iw 0 • CJ) c CI) () £1 ■H u +J 4-) P IB XI U ■H H (11 +J C 1/1 ■rl ■H U TS UJ nJ m u n •H a rC r-H u, >1 ni t?l M c tri 0 o SH 0 4J u w o ro u Cn D e C rH CU >, ■H 0' c zn >, 0 t— rH U ^ CD £. 4-1 ° ^ 4-1 W c — LU 0 <4H _l £ 0 AVW Nnr inn snv ld3S 130 (NJ 0) CD ■rH Cm 67 0 CO ■H 'J c UJ o 3 to o ^1 D1 0 LU ID O 0) -H U C M-l -rH ■P t— UJ Xi U en 2 or Li_ 3Z O CO . CD O CO <3" ro - CO CO - CD r-- co ■ CD O o— - -O E CM E -P to tn E c (1) U) i-i to (— li 1 II II n ii h ii II *— ■* u co - 00 S: .h r— as — £ CD -i-1 i- fe. 0 £ E- (0 O c CO O Eh ■H - CD in £ g ~ ■ u H D M ^H > C) ~ m c 3 >! m ^ ■rH +J fe CO IHOJia H3d HJIV0) A7HIM0K 001 68 O - = ■ C 1 ■ c -f- ro CM - c _4 - cz ■a IT) 1- c CM C\J TT ■ c . ■— m^^ 0 E E CD CTi - CM CM ■ cr> -cm \D ro m to •3; 00 r- ro ■ w m . CM - tf> ID ro O O CM rO CM m 00 CM ro ^:=< :,,^-^4,*^,f,4^J •sP lO O ^ IT) O ' nvp 83J avw adv avw Nnr nnr onv id3S 130 w 0) ■H u c a; • 3 m rr c 0 ■H H H in H >1 ,c M 4-J X! c d (0 iH •H T3 >i ■H H c ,C 0 -P F, n 0 IW s 0 AON 03a ro o o li- ce: CL 3: o 1— 1 — " : ««ww.\""" < : i ; 1 ' u — c o CO i o o e o i 35 i a o CO o o £ a Q_ J CM oo en o CO CT> +j n coT 0 M-l 197 AWL (« a) u e u z ,C CO P O fc- -« +J CT) z i o H A £ i *J £" c B« 0 E I CO CT> T s CD SI >1 u z § m QO ro r- CT> ■H fa r- CT) »d- ro (T + IH0JJ3 H3d H0IV3) A1HIN0N 9D01 7] ro c ■ O c c . O ■ ^ -* - - o 2 NVP 83d dVW ddV AVW Nnr nor 9f1V id3S iDO AON 330 w 11 ^ • > c 01 3 rr1 • CD r^ U ■H ■4-i ~1 ■rH * C +j ■') m F c u (0 iH ■H "0 >M ■H rH c £ Cli 4J > G 0 iW s 0 r- n Q) H 3 O CE UJ a. x < < 72 < Q o CO o o o n 4J o '+< M-l 0) (1) u 4J rfl u +-> c o G ■H ■H c lO in o id mom ^"fO — — i£> ^T rO — po — <3" rO — ST rO — Nvr aaj yvw ddv xvw Nnr inr 9fW id3S 130 AON D3Q w J o -H o o C\J o o 3 - - dJ C H ft) 4-1 u ■r-l E A H 4-1 tl) o b c O i-4 (!) o x rl cr> >1 .-H 0 0 O _j 4-> :-: o z. 0 44 •r n o o o ■H 74 Although most abundant in fresh and low salinity waters, individuals were collected at salinities as high as 30 /oo and in all areas of the peninsula except New Lake (Figure 41) . Wing trawl and seine collections in Albemarle Sound were much higher than catches in all other areas except Lake Mattamuskeet. Monthly CPUE data from Albemarle Sound collections illustrate a peak abundance in the summer coinciding with recruiting young-of-the-year and a spring and fall migration, respectively, into and out of the study area (Figure 42) . White perch migrate to the western Albemarle Sound basin and reach peak biomass in the sound during the winter months (Hester and Copeland 1975) . The populations of white perch in Lake Phelps and Lake Mattamuskeet showed a peak in abundance in the summer. Seine and wing trawl catches during 1978-1981 were high relative to the other years (Figure 42) . The majority of the state's white perch landings are from the Albemarle Sound area where they are captured in haul seines, pound nets and gill nets. Landings on the peninsula in five of the last six years have been higher than in any of the previous 15 years (Appendix A) . Harriss (1982) noted that white perch in the Albemarle Sound 1978-1981 commercial landings were predominately ages 3 and 4. Lagodon rhomboides Pinfish spawn offshore in late fall and winter (Johnson 1978) . Pelagic larvae are carried into the estuary by onshore currents and juveniles begin recruiting as early as February (Figure 43) . Abundance peaks in late June (Figure 44) declining thereafter as young-of-the-year move to deeper water with growth (Johnson 1978) . Some individuals remain in shallow water throughout the winter. Wing trawl and seine catches of L. rhomboides in Albemarle Sound and Croatan Sounds were low and always occurred in the fall (Figure 45) . Flat trawl catches in Pamlico Sound were high, with stations west of Bluff Shoal having a consistently higher CPUE than stations north of the shoal. Bairdiella chrysoura Silver perch spend most of their lives within the estuary but regularly migrate to deeper waters and offshore in the winter (Johnson 1978) . Spawning occurs within the estuarine zone between late April and 75 o Q O .nOin moinOinOU") u->OinOi/}OiOOir>Oir> u-> o *}■ ro — "3" ro — u} <3" ro — ^J-ro — IO — ro — ID C m — — to Nvr asj avw ddV avw Nnr inr snv id3s 100 AON 330 01 0) ■H u c • a) to P 0 D1 TI < 0 H tT ,G rfl +J w c n iw >- c n tn CN 4-1 o CD -i ■H ;> h a (T + IH0JJ3 H3d H.UVJ) A1HIMOW "001 76 i- cr o o o I o Q O < 4-> U o in 14-1 OJ a ft u 4-1 rd 0 4J c o e 0) •rH 0 a 0 0 N Tl 3 C) Di Cn rW m fo J (I + IH0333 H3d HOIVJ) A1HIM0W 001 77 the middle of July (Hildebrand and Cable 1930) and juveniles are first captured in June (Figure 46) . Abundance patterns reflect the high summer recruitment of young-of-the-year and the seasonal migration of yearlings and older fish into the peninsula's waters in the spring and emigration in the fall (Figure 47) . Although tolerant of a broad range of salinities, most individuals were taken in the higher salinity waters of northern Pamlico Sound. Seine and wing trawl catches in Croatan and Albemarle sounds were sporadically high, but did not illustrate any pattern of abundance in those areas (Figure 48) . Cynoscion regalis Weakfish are an important component of the nearshore environment, utilizing the estuary for spawning and juvenile nurseries, and moving offshore in the winter (Merriner 1973) . Spawning occurs in the estuary and nearshore areas from March to October peaking primarily in May or June and secondarily in late July or August (Merriner 1976) . Juveniles are most abundant over soft muddy substrates in deeper water (Johnson 1978; Hawkins 1982) and recruit in late spring through fall (Figure 49) . Weakfish prefer high salinity water and were captured most frequently in Pamlico Sound stations located north of Bluff Shoal (Figure 50) . Seine and wing trawl catches (mainly in shallow or low salinity areas) were small, emphasizing the juveniles' preference for deeper, higher salinity areas. Monthly CPUE data indicated a regular pattern of young-of-the-year recruitment peaking in the summer, followed by their emigration in the fall (Figure 51) ; some juveniles overwintered. Weakfish are primarily caught in the winter trawl fishery off Virginia and North Carolina (Mercer 1983) but gill net, pound net and haul seine fisheries also contribute significantly to North Carolina's landings. The dramatic increase in weakfish landings on the peninsula corresponds to greatly increased winter trawl landings beginning in 1972 (Appendix A) . Leiostomus xanthurus Spot is a migratory marine species spawning offshore during October through February, but principally in December and January (Johnson 1978) . Juveniles begin recruiting in February (Figure 52) reaching peak 7y ** "'av.v/ •*.*.".*.*.*. \ I *, cr o co >- cc X o Q £ _COo u asaiS 3 o CO o o £ lO 1" rO C\J — lO^rOCVJ (t + laojia aaa hdivj) aihinow a3oi CD 2 U o M-l LM u ft .c u -p (0 u c CO t 0 E f» H 3 3 Ex 0 W o >i co £ n Is- * fii cr> "5 u o d X Ll_ * I or t— < to o LU -J # CE 3 i M M 4-1 £ O £ +J id tn H a H 0) O H ■H Tl >i M H ■H X id +J « G n IH a 0 O T) O lO O O m o in on Nvr 83J MVW ddV AVW Nnr inr onv id3S ioo aon 03Q CO o 3 D- ■H 79 to LU t— l_J •3 <* 1 l/J U- => (J CO O LU O uj - C\J O ■ CD ' L r° T c ■ ii • c . : 2: <3- - _ _^ " o o -— - ro g CO ^r rO — i£> *t m 6 ^ O IT) O ID rO — ID ^ rO — O m O m tD *3" rO — iD o m ^ rO — o i^ o in Oido^i C0^"rO — iD *t m — avw udv avw Nnr inr onv id3s 100 aon 330 ■■-'. 0 ■iH O C CJ « 3 w tr ■H a H M • 0 H ~ r; >1 ~J u C o m S 0 y 3 m LU w 0 ! - Z3 O CO ! o o •««r.V.V,'.; ! E o Q_ 2: :C i #>- -^ %*%tfV.V «^:::::::::" « •• gi„_ -•• "«57ni7... j m ro c\j — ■u 0 IH 01 (1) u +J i h u (T + IH0JJ3 H3d H0IV0) A1H1N0W a001 it o LU Lt 0 c w 0 (0 l^ •H X •P 0 3 +J £1 1 0 u o M 3 & ■H LEIOSTOMUS XANTHURUS MONTHLY LENGTH FREQUENCIES % SEINE WING TRAWL FLAT TRAWL n=4300 100 200 100 200 LENGTH (mm) 100 200 Figure 52, Monthly length frequencies of Leiostomus xanthurus. 82 abundance in May (Figure 53) . Catches throughout the year are predominately of young-of-the-year , but overwintering yearlings were present in late winter and early spring. Monthly CPUE data reflect the spring recruitment, which occurred first in northern Pamlico Sound, and also reflects the late summer and fall emigration of the young-of-the-year. Spot were distributed throughout the peninsula in all areas except Lake Phelps, New Lake and Pungo Lake (Figure 54). It was one of the most common species collected but was most abundant in Pamlico Sound, particularly at stations west of Bluff Shoal. Most spot landed in North Carolina are taken in the Pamlico and Core sounds long haul seine fishery and were the most abundant species sampled in that fishery (DeVries 1980) . Most spot landed in the long haul fishery are age 1, but they begin to recruit to the fishery during their first fall after leaving the nursery areas (Ross 1982). L_. xanthurus is also taken in significant quantities in the pound net, gill net and winter trawl fisheries. State landings peaked in 1979 and 1980 which were also years of high spot landings on the peninsula (Appendix A). Micropogonias undulatus Spawning of Atlantic croaker off North Carolina is protracted, occurring from September to March, but peaking in October (Warlen 1980). Juvenile recruitment occurs in all except the summer months but is highest in the spring (Figure 55) . A second peak in recruitment occurs during the fall but is generally restricted to the northern Pamlico Sound stations (Figure 56) . Late winter and spring recruited croaker leave the nursery areas at the end of the summer and in the fall, but a few may overwinter with the fall recruits. Like spot, croaker were distributed throughout the peninsula but unlike spot, they were most abundant in Pamlico Sound north of Bluff Shoal (Figure 57). The winter trawl and long haul fisheries jointly account for most of North Carolina's croaker landings, although in recent years the sink net and pound net fisheries have also contributed significantly to the landings. Croaker are fully recruited to the fisheries by age 1 but young-of-the-year begin recruiting by their first fall. Most croaker landed in North Carolina are yearlings although at least seven age 33 o CO CO o o LT ZD E _l_ o \— Q_ ^ (X> LO CO 22 -p u c 14-1 CO Ch r- t 0) en : ■■~ i u ^~ Q) * ft BS -C fr- u CO o ■p £r 2 It 22 P 0 < :-. a H o * 5 +J ^T c 0 cn (U 3 CD •H fc. ro tr> (T + IH0JJ3 H3d H.^.T.V.-)) .YIHJLVUJM DO 1 8 4 - hi- J- U ("^ h s -o c cm — ■4 i , 1 UJ ^p O tf") o *o Nvr 83J avw ddv avw Nnr ~inr 9nv id3s ido aon oaa cu ■rl U c CD 3 & a 4-i x: -P CP c 0) -p c 0 s ID ■H En < o M-l co 0 d) c 0 0 -P ■H ca -P 0 m 3 N XJ w 11 •H 3 n M » -p 3 ' [fl A tl ■H -P T! C ro IT) II ^H X [J rfl 0 CO C\J ■H 3 . JS g c Uh U a -P — u U) H m 0 0 ■H EU 0) O CJ h-l H in ri 3 Cr> ■rl b 85 CO S3 ZD Q CO < O o Q. o cc o 0 4-1 IH 0) H 'J u D U 4-) c o 03 3 ■P (1 + IH0JJ3 H3d HJIV.^) .VIHIKON 8301 80 4 in o m o nvp - r C\J C\J " CO . CM ■ & 1 c -*J -i [ af -A UMJtfo 83J HVW UdV AVW Nnr inr 9nvid3S ido aon oiq V ■H U C ^ 10 <+-l 3 H .c n +J fl Gi 0> c c:j 1 -H rH Cn £ 3 4J S C 0 4-1 2 O CO in OJ M 3 Cn ■H fa w OJ A t-l o O -P rd c 0 •H Ul 4J 3 3 +j XI ifl ■H ^H M 3 -P -fl w C ■H 3 T1 03 H m n) -H U c ■H 0 a: tJl tt 0 ro rt U 0 Cn M C) U f|) •H O s m 3 Di ■H fa 87 classes have been identified in the commercial catches (Ross 1982, pers. coram.) . North Carolina and peninsula landings peaked in 1979 and 1980 (Appendix A) . Mugil cephalus The striped mullet is a pelagic migratory species utilizing the shallow estuarine areas for juvenile nurseries and as adult feeding grounds. Spawning occurs offshore in the late fall and early winter (Martin and Drewry 1978) with juveniles first appearing in the nursery areas in January (Figure 58) . Juveniles and adults emigrate from the estuary in fall but a few may overwinter. Because striped mullet are pelagic inhabitants of shallow nearshore waters, trawl catches of the species were sporadic and seldom approached the numbers collected with the seine (Figure 59) . Striped mullet were collected throughout the peninsula, including Lake Mattamuskeet, but were least abundant in Croatan Sound (Figure 60) . Conversely, M. curema, which are usually found in high salinity waters near the inlet, were collected only in Croatan Sound. The M. curema reported in a June 1969 rotenone sample in Lake Mattamuskeet were probably M. cephalus and were analyzed as striped mullet. Lack of seining effort in northern Pamlico Sound precluded comparing the abundance of striped mullet in the two Pamlico Sound basins. Gill nets and common seines are the major gears that catch mullet. Although most are taken in the Atlantic Ocean, significant quantities are taken in the state's inshore waters. Mullet landings on the peninsula peaked in 1976 (Appendix A) when Albemarle Sound landings reached 200,000 pounds (90,800 kg), nearly a five fold increase over the average for the preceding five years. The remaining species were less abundant on the peninsula and generally occurred too infrequently to illustrate area specific seasonal patterns (Table 9) . However, when combined with information from the literature, some of these species can be profiled. Spawning by Penaeus duorarum is protracted and recruitment occurs during late May through summer (Hawkins 1982; this study) . Pink shrimp CPUE is highest in the fall when the species supports a commercial fishery (Carpenter 1979; Carpenter and Ross 1979; Carpenter 1980; 88 I -i ° >, CO cr> ^ < f- o O O - 00 -r UJ ■P H o M-l M-l <^ o ^ m cr» m o N oooo.o->«'-oooo» O O O O O 90%) of the sounds' oyster catches are landed in the peninsula counties, but clams are infrequently landed in those same counties (Appendix A) . Long haul seines are used throughout Croatan Sound and Pamlico Sound north of Wysocking Bay, including the deep waters north of Long Shoal (Figure 61) . They are also used in the shallow waters west of Wysocking 3 Bay in areas where, by regulation , crab pots cannot be set. The fishery operates during April through October and spot, Atlantic croaker, Atlantic menhaden, weakfish, pinfish and bluefish are the species most commonly captured (Sholar 1979a, b; DeVries 1980; Ross 1980b, 1982; Ross and Carpenter 1983; Ross 1984). Seines are also hauled during the late winter, early spring, and fall in western Albemarle Sound and during the winter in eastern Albemarle Sound where they are used to capture catfish and white perch (S. E. Winslow pers. comm.) and in Lake Mattamuskeet where they are used to capture forage fish. More than 50% of the crabs landed in North Carolina are taken from the Pamlico and Croatan sounds areas. Crab pots are the major gear used and are set during spring through fall throughout eastern Albemarle Sound, Croatan Sound and Pamlico Sound, except where prohibited (Figure 61) . In Croatan and Pamlico sounds crab trawling is another source of crabs (Figure 62) , but this method accounted for less than 25% of the area's total crab landings during the last three years. Crab trawling occurs throughout the year but crabs are generally caught in the spring through fall. Southern flounder catches in the crab trawls are significant and rank second to pound net catches for this species. Shrimp trawling occurs throughout Croatan and Pamlico sounds. Activity in the Pungo River is usually below Durants Point (Figure 62) (J. H. Hawkins pers. comm.). Approximately 70% of the Pamlico Sound shrimp landings are summer caught brown shrimp (N.C. Div. Mar. Fish. 1983) . Depending on the year, fall catches of pink and white shrimps and spring catches of pink shrimp may be significant. The majority of pound nets set in Pamlico Sound along the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula are bait pounds and are generally fished in the fall (Figure 62) (J. H. Hawkins pers. comm.). In the past only a Figure 61. Haul seine, crab pot and eel pot fishing areas in the vicinity of the Pamlico-Albemarle Teninsula. Shellfish Producing Areas Trawling Areas Pound Netting Areas Figure 62. Shellfish, trawling and pound net fishing areas in the vicinity of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula. 99 few have been set for foodfish, mainly for sciaenids and southern flounder. Pound nets are set for in the fall in Croatan Sound (J. L. Ross pers. comm.) and at the mouth of Alligator River for flounder, and in the late winter and spring for anadromous fish in Croatan and Albemarle sounds. (S. E. Winslow pers. comm.) Gill nets are set throughout the bays, tributaries and open waters of Croatan, Pamlico, and Albemarle sounds (J. H. Hawkins, S. E. Winslow and J. L. Ross pers. comm.). Flounder (mostly southern flounder) and sciaenids are taken during spring through fall in Croatan and Pamlico sounds. Directed fisheries for flounder occur in the spring and fall in Abel Bay, Spencer Bay, Rose Bay, Pungo River, and in the fall in Croatan Sound and eastern Albemarle Sound. White perch, catfish and striped bass are caught in Albemarle Sound throughout the year. Mullet are sought in the fall and winter in the Pungo River and eastern Albemarle Sound and gill nets are set for anadromous fish in the late winter and early spring throughout the waters of the peninsula. Albemarle Sound has traditionally provided most of North Carolina's anadromous (Winslow and Sanderlin 1983) and freshwater fish landings (Harriss 1982) . Landings of these species have been decreasing, probably due to a combination of overfishing and deteriorating water quality in the western portion of Albemarle Sound (Mullis and Guier 1981; Street 1984). Catfish, white perch, and anadromous fish landings in the five counties of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula have followed the falling trend (Appendix A) , except that peninsula landings of alewife and blueback herring have not mirrored the decline. However, access and fishing pressure along the southern portion of Albemarle Sound are limited, and catches there may not be indicative of the river herrings' population sizes in the area (Johnson et al. 1977) . POTENTIAL IMPACTS Estuaries are very dynamic systems, and are comparatively productive (Ketchum 1967; Odum and Heald 1975; Adams 1976). They have been colonized by several groups of organisms that have evolved efficient adaptive and compensatory strategies to withstand the potential stress of the environment (Kinne 1967; Potts and Parry 1964) . 100 Many factors such as age, nutritional, reproductive, and acclimation state and genetics must be considered when evaluating an organism's response to stress (Costlow et al. I960; Levinton 1980) and seldom can one stress factor be evaluated without considering its interaction with other factors (Livingston 1979) . Effects of stress can be acute (lethal) or sublethal, but a sublethal effect can be critical to the survival of a population even though it is not fatal to the organism. Because we know little about the natural variability and trophic dynamics in coastal ecosystems or the role of advective processes and abiotic factors in the distribution and abundance of estuarine biota, it may be difficult to detect changes in estuarine communities and attribute any changes to specific sources of stress. However, there are some data available to address certain issues concerned with the potential impacts of land development on fisheries. The amount and seasonality of dissolved solids is critical to the functioning of the estuarine nursery areas. Land development in the coastal region alters the hydrology of an area and while the increase in annual outflow may be slight, peak runoff occurs sooner and is much higher on developed lands than on undeveloped lands (Skaggs et al. 1980) . Therefore, the salinities of the receiving waters are less stable. Rapidly fluctuating salinities are stressful for many estuarine organisms (Hochachka 1965; Hoar 1966; Day 1967; Livingstone et al. 1979) and some, like the spot and croaker, exhibit strong avoidance reactions to fluctuating salinities (Gerry 1981) . Pate and Jones (1981) reported catches of spot, croaker, southern flounder, blue crab and brown shrimp to be significantly lower at stations exhibiting the most unstable salinity patterns. High salinities as a result of decreased freshwater inflow (see Cross and Williams 1981 for a review) have been associated with complex changes in estuarine nursery areas and their decreased productivity (Benson 1981) . Conversely, the lowest salinity areas of the estuary are typically less diverse and less productive than the relatively higher salinity areas (Gunter 1977). A salt marsh's resiliency is limited and sustained levels of increased runoff may leach sediment salts, causing permanent changes in the flora and fauna of the coastal wetlands (Zedler 1983) . Decreased inland water levels as a result of drainage for development could decrease the area of freshwater 101 fisheries habitat. Alteration of natural ambient water temperatures due to heated effluents is also a concern because the altered temperature regime could potentially impact biological cycles which may be keyed on temperature, such as spawning or emigration. Drainage waters from developed lands have a higher sediment load than waters draining undeveloped lands (Kirby-Smith and Barber 1979; Skaggs et al. 1980) . A certain amount of sediment is necessary to nourish estuarine communities but too much may be detrimental. Although small when compared to the Piedmont area, the potential annual sediment 4 2 loss of 5.6 X 10 kg/m (** ton/acre) estimated for an area of mainland Dare County (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1982) may be significant when distributed into the receiving waters of the peninsula. Decreased light levels as a result of the increased turbidity can significantly impact primary production, decreasing oxygen production (Russell-Hunter 1970) . Elevated BOD levels due to increased microbial activity on the suspended particles could lead to oxygen stress in the estuarine waters. High levels of suspended sediment have been demonstrated to reduce the survival of fish eggs and larvae (Auld and Schubel 1978) and interfere with the reproduction of sessile shellfish (Galstaff 1964) . Buried oyster beds are a testimony to the effect of high depositional rates on a benthic community (Galstoff 1964) . Coliform bacteria, which are used as indicator organisms for the presence of animal-borne disease, are also more abundant in runoff waters from developed lands (Skaggs et al. 1980) . The largest peat deposits in North Carolina are found on the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula and represent the accumulation of organic matter in the pocosins (Otte and Ingram 1980) . The peat naturally contains a number of heavy metals (Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. 1982a) which may be leached from the land during development or in effluent as a result of peat processing. Some metals such as copper, zinc and iron are used by aquatic organisms as enzyme cofactors but may be a toxicant when found in excess (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984) . Heavy metal concentrations above threshold levels are known to be toxic to aquatic life (Ruivo 1972; Vernberg and Vernberg 1974,- Lockwood 1976; Giam 1977; Vernberg et al. 1977; Cole 1979) and the toxicity is frequently taxa specific (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984) . Most 102 effects are tested in laboratory toxicity tests but chronic, sublethal concentrations of pollutants may have long-term effects which are difficult to evaluate or predict from laboratory toxicity tests (Mclntyre and Mills 1975) . Sublethal effects in marine organisms include inhibition of enzyme synthesis; decreased reproductive potential, growth, sensory abilities, and osmoregulation; and behavioral changes (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984; Cole 1979) . Frequently metals have synergistic effects on each other (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984; Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen 1984) . The chemical form of a metal is very important but speciation of trace metals can be highly variable and is dependent on metal concentration and environmental parameters such as organic matter, salinity and pH (Engel et al. 1981) . The toxicities of these metals are a function of such parameters as the metal concentration and its forms, temperature, dissolved oxygen and exposure time (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984) . For example, mercury is most toxic when the mercuric form binds with a methyl group from a donor molecule, which is a commonly occurring biological end product in many aquatic systems. Under reducing conditions, the concentration of the mercuric form is relatively depressed and when the temperature is low or the concentration of organic matter is high, the same concentration of methyl mercury is not as toxic as when temperatures are higher or organic matter concentrations are lower (Moore and Ramamoorthy 1984) ; Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen 1984) . Some metals such as mercury and copper accumulate through the food chain whereas bioaccumulation of metals such as lead, chromium and nickel is undocumented. Currently the major land uses of the peninsula are for agriculture and forestry (North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management 1981) ; agriculture has been proposed as reclamation for peat-mined lands. Nutrient loading in estuarine waters of North Carolina has increased at least one order of magnitude over that of predevelopment conditions (Kirby-Smith and Barber 1979) , and has been implicated in the eutrophication of coastal waters (Paerl 1982) and in the promotion of Aeromonas, a bacteria causing red sore disease in fishes (Esch and Hazen 1980) . Pesticides and organochemicals are used in forestry and agriculture, and may pose a threat to the estuarine organisms because of their ability to kill or stress the organisms and because they may 103 persist in the environment (Eisler 1972) . Toxicity may be acute or sublethal and include such effects as death; decreased growth and reproductive potential; and behavior changes (Eisler 1972; Mitrovic 1972) . Bioaccumulation may be high, reaching a factor of 70,000 for some shellfish (Butler 1966) . The fishes of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula could be affected by land development in the area, but because environmental degradation is usually insidious and cumulative (Odum 1970) , impacts are difficult to predict. It is assumed that all effects of such degradation are deleterious, but not demonstrable for relatively low exposures. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following Division of Marine Fisheries personnel participated in sampling the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula: J. Bahen, R. Brown, B. Burns, D. Crocker, R. Harriss, C. Harvell, J. Hawkins, H. Johnson, R. Jones, G. Judy, S. Keefe, M. Marshall, D. Mumford, P. Pate, C. Purvis, R. Rouse, N. Sanderlin, T. Sholar, M. Street, D. Sykes, L. Tyson, and S. Winslow. P. Kornegay and T. Mullis of the Inland Fisheries Division were quite helpful in providing data for Lake Phelps and from the 1964 stream surveys. J. Boaze, L. Ditto and D. Kitts of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided recent data from Lake Mattamuskeet and Pungo Lake collections. I thank M. Huish of the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Cooperative Fish Unit for allowing me access to his files on historical Lake Mattamuskeet collections and J. Miller, M. Currin and J. Reed, also of NCSU, for the summaries of their Rose Bay work. F. Rhode provided invaluable advice on freshwater taxonomic problems and information on their life histories and S. Ross aided in marine species identification problems. I appreciate the advice of C. Harvell, J. Hawkins, H. Johnson, G. Judy, J. Ross, T. Sholar and S. Winslow on the fisheries of the peninsula and would like to thank E. Barber, J. Hawkins, H. Johnson, L. Mercer, S. Ross, T. Sholar, M. Street and S. Winslow for reviewing the manuscript. Most of the data were coded and/or keyentered by E. Barber, L. Boddie, N. Brown, L. Davis, and L. Gilstrap. K. West provided the commercial landings data which were then compiled by D. Heatwole. L. Gilstrap and 104 V. Page provided the drafting and H. Page did the photography. 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