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Sl ee 3 2 | LILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNILILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILMLILSNI RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNILILSNI <1iSON; D> es S3aluvy «tH50WV75 ) a =. i 5 h a — = vugit LIBRARIES TUTION INO? 1st TUTION "3 I TUTION Ne SY yugit Sv z ° f 7 ha) ie ‘i ve te ae iy ue i Ayer 1s 7 my: a i | i * ae | yO ; ag i wn 1% Ae i 7 ue a iS ay i By ta ne nl] eG, sae 7 7 i - ; pie i ao, | % i . o a (4ojoar.un snthog ) TVA Y"AQ)~«'YAddVNHOS NVW a10,, NV “HOMLESTLNOW | Ashe { OF NEW SOUTH WALES. BY THE REV. J. HE. TENISON-WOODS, F.LS., F.G.S., &., &€., VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE LINNEAN SociETY, New SourH WALES. AuTuor oF *‘A History OF THE DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION OF AUSTRALIA,” ‘GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA,” ‘*NortH AUSTRALIA,” ‘NATURAL History OF New SouTH WALES,” SYDNEY : THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 2a 56-82 1882. “sre ‘iti iy aren at +. — eo Wbton bin) ayes ore an pete ae dant 849, bola « ryan AP Sat leat ~ * i 1 es yigeart® wt a i, vo ° 7 Srl lier * ; wa ie oe ~~ e°. t ge ee. wast aes, nc 7 Pl ; Pr - ‘tas; jee ¥ t . a sh . 5 J ; ia \ WD evdication, TO ie OH RICK N° COY, -F.R.S:, FoG.S., MURCHISONIAN AND CLARKEAN MEDALLIST, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AT THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY, &c., &c., THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED AS AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS EARLY LABOURS ON BEHALF OF PALZONTOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN EUROPE, AND HIS GREAT SERVICES TO AUSTRALIAN NATURAL SCIENCE DURING THE LAST EIGHTEEN YEARS, BY HIS OBLIGED FRIEND THE AU THOR. Cea wnat * ee a AWE, Ay hee lanerlh ae ee Rr : Pines THO AR OKC EB uve Late i. YM steep. = % lid ir > ae Or ran part a af " LAs a eadesitne Rae a ANG Tey iG Phe hy Pini Nt ie A ier) Sad oiig's ee wel aie PREFACE, Tuts work has been undertaken with a twofold object. The first is to give a popular account of our useful Fishes to the colonists, together with all that relates to pisciculture and acclimatization, with a view to promote a development of our fish resources. To make it more useful in its educational character, a simple explanation of the science of the subject is prefixed. The second object is to give an account of our Fish and Fisheries, such as will be required for the great Fish Exhibition of 1883. With this view, all that relates to our laws, markets, and our fisheries generally is given. Finally, the work is meant to be simple and practical, so that not a word in it may be above the comprehension of those not specially trained to scientific phraseology. ‘Though in places necessarily a little technical, it is hoped that on the whole it will be found readable, and sufficient to give to inquirers all the knowledge they require about the Fisheries of New South Wales. I take this opportunity of thanking the Hon. W. Macleay, F.L.S., and Alex. Oliver, Esq., for valuable assistance in revising these pages, and also Prof. M‘Coy, F.R.S., for permission to use some of the plates of his work on the Zoology of Victoria. DEDICATION PREFACE List oF PLATES GLOSSARY CuHarTer I. INDEX ie IHL, XI. XII. XIV. XV; XVI. eee CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION Aor ws ee ace ee THE Fish Fauna oF NEw SoutH WALES Our Marine Foop FisHEs oe ie SHARKS uae aoe wel eae Ag bee Our FRESH-WATER Foop FISHES oe vee OysTER FISHERIES om es sts tee OTHER MOLLUSGCA ... Be oa @RUSTACHA (2, . 3. a a6 ae ae FIsHING-GROUNDS oF New SoutH WALES Tue Fish MARKET wae sag ide we THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR FISHERIES sou ACCLIMATIZATION AND PISCICULTURE ... FisHery LAws AND REGULATIONS InpDEX oF LocaL NAMES... vale wale ane WORKS RELATING TO FISH AND FISHERIES cat <> oe ? ° one PLATE. Frontispiece. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. ex ys OV, XOVV I, XXVIL XXVIIL 0.00.8 9.0.8 XOeXI. XIE. ROOM, XXXIV. Gist ,OrR” PLATES. **Old Man” Schnapper. The Perch. JLates colonorum The Old Wife. noplosus armatus ... Longfin. XXXVII. Garfish and River Garfish. Hemirhamphus inter- medius and H. regularis ae ie XXXVIII. River Garfish. Hemirhamphus regularis 55 XXXIX. The Eel. Anguilla australis Sa XL. Leather-jacket. Monacanthus ayraudi = XLI. Murray Cod. Oligorus macquariensis ... 5 XLII. Sea Crab. Neptunus pelagicus ... oS XLII. Cray-fish. Palinurus hugelii % XLIV. Freshwater Cray-fish. Astacopsis serratus ... 3 XLV. Bat-fish. Psettus argenteus... au. es #5 A wood engraving of heads of Salmo, with operculum and teeth LIST OF PLATES. PAGE, 82 83 GLOSSARY. Acuminate.—Tapering to a point. Adipose.—Fatty matter throughout the tissue. Armature.—A prickle or bony point. Axil.—Literally the armpit ; the inner angle at the base of a fin or spine. Basibranchials.—Small bones uniting the branchial arches below. Branchial,.—Relating to the gill. Branchiz.— Gills. Branchial arches.—Plates which bear the gills. In the Perch they are five, four bearing gills; the fifth dwarfed, and bearing teeth called lower pharyngeal bone. The arches are divided into movable portions dilated and confluent above, beset with fine teeth, and called the upper pharyngeal bones. Branchiostegals.—The margin of the gill-cover has a skinny fringe to close it more effectually ; this fringe is supported by one or many bony rays called branchiostegals. Bifurcated.—Forked. Bumbora.—A sunken rock or reef covered at low-water. Canines.—Larger projecting teeth like dog teeth. Ceratobranchials.—The middle segments of the branchial arches. Cecal.—Blind, or closed sac, not perforate. Confluent.—When separate parts become united so as to lose their distinctness they are said to be confluent. Cran,—A barrel of herrings. Deciduous.—Easily falling away. Denticulate.—Finely toothed. Dun.—Broken dried cod-fish. Emarginate.—Notched or cut out at the edge. Epibranchials.—The upper segment of the branchial arch. Ethmoid.—A cartilage, thickest above the vomer, which extends as a narrow stripe along the bony partition between the eyes. The nerves of smell (olfactory) run along and through the Ethmoid. Falcate.—Crescent-shaped or bent like a reaping-hook. Filament.—A thread-like membrane. Finlets.—Small fins, such as those along the tail of the mackerel. Follicles.—Small leaf-like bags or cavities. Gibbous.—Swollen or humped at some part of the surface. Grilse.— Young salmon that have never spawned. Hill or To Hill.—Sand-heaps formed by Salmon for the ova. Hence the expres- sion “to hill,” for spawning time. The sand-heap is also called a ridd. Humeral.— Belonging to the shoulder. Hyaline.—An extremely clear, transparent. membrane. Hyoid.—tThe arch which encloses the branchial apparatus. Hypobranchial.—The lowest segment of the branchial arch absent from the fourth arch. Imbricate.—Laid over each other like tiles. Incisors.—Front cutting-teeth in fishes. Kelt.—Salmon exhausted, and often covered with parasites after spawning-time. Cc x GLOSSARY. Klipfish.—Dried cod. Lamellz.—tThin plates. Laminate.— Divided into thin plates. Lateral.—Pertaining to the side; refers especially to the line along the sides of some fishes called the lateral line. Littoral.—Belonging to the shore. Maise or Maese.—A measure of 500 herrings. Maxillary.—The front margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillary or premaxillary bone which in most fishes bears teeth. It is spread into a flat, triangular projection, on which leans the second bone of the upper jaw—the maxillary. ; Mesially.—Mesial; a supposed divisional, perpendicular, longitudinal line, dividing the fish into two halves. Muciferous.—Mucous system, having special reference to the lateral line, the scales of which are perforated and exude an oily lubricating fluid. Nancy.—A trade term for 40 lobsters. Occiput.—tThe hinder part of the head or skull. Offal.—Trade term for Haddock, Plaice, and Whiting. Olfactory.—Relating to the organs of smell. Operculum.—Gill-cover. Orbit.—The eye socket. Osseous.—Bony tissue. Ossicles.—Small bones. Palatine.—Relating to the palate bones. The palate properly consists of three bones—l. The Enteropterygoid, an oblong thin bone attached to the inner border of the palatine and pterygoid, and increasing the surface of the bony roof of the mouth. 2. The Pterygoid or transverse bone joined by suture to the. 3. Palatine, which is generally toothed and joined to the vomer. Parr.—tThe first stage of young salmon. Partan.—A Scotch provincial name for the common edible British crab, Cancer pagurus. Pelagic.—Inhabiting the open ocean. Pharynx.—The gullet. Pharyngeal.—Sce “ Branchial arches.” Pink,—Another name for smolt. Plicate.—In folds or ridges, or plaits. Preoperculum.—A bone with a free margin on the operculum. Prime.—Sole, Turbot, Brill, and Cod, trade term. ‘Pseudo-branchie.—False gills. In the young stage of many fishes they breathe by a gill which becomes subsequently disused. It remains in the form of a fifth or false gill infront of the others, but not in all fishes. Putt or Putcher.—Wicker-basket nets. Rudd, Ridd, or Redd.—Male salmon, and the nest. Scutes.—Small bony plates replacing scales. Segment.—A division or joint. Septum.—A partition. Serrated.— Toothed like a saw. Setiform.—Shaped like a bristle. Shotten.—A female fish from which the roe is just discharged. Skegger.—Young salmon. Slat. See Kelt. Smolt.—Young salmon in the very young state after the “ Parr” stage, when they assume scales and lose the transverse markings, Spinous.—Thorny or with bony spines. GLOSSARY. x1 Strikes.—Salmon that have spawned. Suture.—Seam or division. Truncate.—Ending abruptly, as if cut off. Trunk.—tThe body of the fish, including sides, belly, and back. Villi.—Minute velvety projections. Villiform.—Very fine or minute conical teeth, arranged in a band. Vitreous.—Glassy, clear. Vittate.—Striped. Vomer.—tThe thin bone dividing the nostrils, the base of which is often armed with teeth. Xiphoid.—Shaped like a sword. Zonate.—With zones or bands of colour. Any terms not found here are explained in the context where they are used. ise ba ai fy > Saat sah 4 v “oped Tew ese Pt 0 alha> py, ep | bail ahaa 4 se *Hikd is Fits ¢ ily Pa eee bg ty “he i) ; : Via fo 4 i” = as ag bey eet 4 AG L rr