‘ae

ishing

KNOWLSON & MULLER
EAGEE BUILDING, BROGKEYN,N.-Y.

PUBLISHERS.

LIBRARY of CONGRESS
Two Copies Received
MAK 49 1909

Copyrignt entry .

Mar.25, 148 4

CLASS CH XKXG No,

234.02 —

Fa Fen G
AROUND NEW YORK

WHERE TO FIND THEM
HOW TO RIG
HOW TO CATCH THEM

CHART OF HOOKS SHOWING
EXACT SIZES TO USE ETC.
BY
J. W. MULLER
ARTHUR KNOWLSON, Collaborator

CONTENTS
Preface—next page—Read it

Blackfish........ 51 Lafayette ....... 13 Striped Bass.... 41
Bluefish etalsislelbiciele’a 45 Ling 5 isleiniale vininiv ole 10 om Co aden 3
Codfish Siateicinistey Sa" 5 Pollack ccccccccee i Weakfish Aganadn 33
Biel ccs ancenas ceeds 1 hongvices-oootes: | Whiting <-.-2ee-r 9
Flounder ........ 21 Red Drum...... 28 =

Fluke Falnisiaie(els.niaiels 29 Sea Bass minicieieiatets PS) Baits sabocoscorss 6l
Flake Meecwdsses: 10 Sheepshead..... 19 Fish Facts...-..- 58
Herring.......... OpetSmelte 422 ichetie Gi ee oinkers: sees ay]
Kongfish .......-- 15 Snappereecr snes 45 Swivelseeeceeete 56

Hook Chart in back

PAPER COVER - - - 25 CENTS
PRICE & FLEXIBLE LEATHER 50 CENTS

Copyright 1909 by Knowlson & Muller

KNOWLSON AND MULLER

EAGLE BUILDING BROOKLYN, N. Y.

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PREFACE. No man knows all there is to caow GReee fish-

ing. No man ever did know it, since the day
of the first hairy man who caught the first fish with his tough
hands. lLet us hope that no man ever will know it all.
q If a man positively knew all about it, he would lose more than
half the fun of fishing. In the dark, mysterious water, is a
dark mysterious life. Every time we go a-fishing we learn some-
thing new and wonderful about it. And we know that the next

time we go, we willlearn something more.

@ That is why all good fishermen stay young until they die.
Fishing is the only dream of youth that doth not grow stale with
age. No man has ever caught so many fish or so big a fish
that he does not hope to catch still more and still bigger ones.
@ Every good man does not go a-fishing; but that is only be-
cause every good man, alas, is not perfect. Every good man
ought to go a-fishing, because it would make him even better.

@ The man who fishes cannot conceivably harbor evil thoughts of
his fellow man or his fellow woman. He does not desire money,
for all the money in the world is powerless to sway the simple
judgment of a fish as the quality of a worm.

@ He is busied in a far more noble pursuit than the unpleasant
pursuit of gain. He ceases to waste his time in making a living.
He is after fish. In those supreme and royal hours there is no
dream for him except fish. His soul is serene and his nose is sun-
burned and the work-day world is lost.

@ And when he comes back home, there is no selfishness left in
him. He tells his brother fishermen all that he learned—just what
the fish bit best on, and how they did it. Fishing is a gener-
ous art. It hath no room in its kindly philosophy for petty mean-
ness or ignoble secrecy.

@ In this book the writer tells all that he knows, after having
fished and studied fish for twenty-five years. He is conscious that
hundreds of his readers will know something that is not here set
down. He will ask them only to remember what he said in the
introduction to this little preface—that no man knows all there is
to know. And he will add that he has set nothing down that
he has not tried himself or seen himself; so whatever may be the
faults of this book, it has at least the one humble merit of being
based on actual and repeated experience.

q It has been a pleasure to write the book—a pleasure, but a soft-
ened sorrow, too, for so many .of the fine old anglers with whom
he has fished have gone to the Happy Fishing Grounds, where, he
hopes and believes, they cast shadowy flies with Izaak Walton and
discuss great striped bass with grand old Seth Green. Surely men
of the simple, innocent mind and soul of good fishermen will have
a fishing heaven beyond. Awe

@ So the book, dedicated to the good anglers who have passed, is
given to the good anglers who are alive, with the modest hope
that it will please and help them to good luck and monster fishes.

———————

TOMCOD. Because the tomcod is most numerous in

— cold weather, it is often known as frost-

nels a name, which) -however; it” has ° to’. share* with
smelts and _ whitings.

@ It belongs to the codfish family and closely resembles
the common codfish in shape, color and imarkings. Many
fishermen believe that the tomcod is nothing but a yourg
Heep. sea cod, but-this: is crroneous: The tomeod never
grows more than a foot long and few specimens are
Over six inches. Ft, iS, the, .stnallest .of the. cod); famuly:
@A few tomcods are caught around New York during
tie entire ‘year, but the big runs appear -with the cold
weather of November and disappear with mild weather in
spring. Tomcod fishing usually stops by the end of March.
@ The tomcod spawns in our waters during. the winter.
It runs far up such rivers as the Hudson and does not
object to fresh water. It likes fairly deep water, but
prefers shores to open channels as a rule. Therefore the
best fishing is from piers, rocky ledges or steep tough
banks that have at least seven feet of water at low
tide. Places twice or three times as deep are better.

@ If fishing from a boat, places where the channel gets
narrow or deep holes at the bends of channels are the
best. The tomcod likes rocky bottom.

@ Most of the fishing is done from piers. It is not
uncommon for a fisherman to catch 50 to 150 tomcods
in a day from one of the piers that jut into the New
York Bay or the East or North rivers.

[3]

q@ The tomcod is a bottom fish exclusively. It must be
fished for with sinkers heavy enough to hold bottom.

q To get any amusement out of it, a light rod should
be used. The current at many of the piers and shores
where tomcods are plentiful is not too strong) for ja
light rig, as a half ounce sinker will hold bottom.

q Pier fishing for tomcods is usually good at Ulmer Park,
thence along shore to Fort Hamilton and thence up to
the piers that extend into the East River. ) Aloge yithe
Staten Island shore the piers at Midland Beach and
South Beach are good. There is excellent (fishing @eae
times from piers at Clifton, Stapleton and Tompkinsville.
@ Tomeod fishing is fair in the Kill von Kull from West
Brighton to Mariner’s Harbor.

@ The railroad bridges over Newark Bay still offer fair

tomeod fishing. There is some shore fishing along Green-
ville and Communipaw, on the New Jersey side of New
York Bay. The best tomcod fishing, however, is from

piers and shores on both sides of the Hudson River
above Grant’s Tomb and thence north as far as Croton.

Q For boat fishing the channels that run under the trestle
work in Jamaica Bay should offer some good sport, as
the government has been planting tomecod fry for some
years. In the dredged channel in Gravesend Bay there
are several deep holes that attract tomcod. The Eel
Patch, near Bayonne, in Newark Bay, is fairly reliable.

@ Glen Head, Glen Cove and Oyster Bay on Long _Isl-
and are ‘exeellent places.

@ The best bait for tomcods is sandworms. As a rule
they will take bloodworms readily. Next in value comes
the soft clam. Small baits should be used.

@ Leaders are not necessary. Three hooks or even more

are attached to the line, the lowest being tied close to |

the sinker and the others as near together as_ possible.

@ Double gut is enough for the snells. The best (sizes
of hooks are number 7 Sproat or Carlisle, number 6
Aberdeen, or number 3 Kirby. See hook chart in back.

[4]

COD. The codfish is one of the most widely distrib-
uted fishes known to man. Ie is*\found® on
our Atlantic and Pacific coasts from the temperate zone
to the Arctic Ocean, and is plentiful in northern Euro-

pean waters.

@ It is one of the greatest feeders in the sea, and will
eat almost anything on the bottom, from _ snails to
small fish. Some of the rarest deep-sea shells would
not be known to science if they had not been found
in the stomachs of captured codfish.

@ Besides being the most plentiful food fish, it is one
of the largest. The official records vouch for specimens
5 feet long.

@ The fish caught around New York range in general
weight from 5 to 20 pounds. Fish weighing from 20
to 45 pounds are taken on the fishing banks steamboats
every year, but the average is under 15 pounds.

@ They are deep-sea fish almost exclusively, but come
toward shore when tempted by good food conditions.
Thus in 1897 there was a wonderful shore run. They
were taken close to Norton’s Point, Coney Island. Row-
boats that went out from Gravesend Bay took fish in-
side of the Point. Great catches were made from the
ocean piers on Coney Island.

q During this run codfish ventured into Jamaica Bay.
One was caught in Flatlands Bay in less than fifteen
feet of water.

q A similar run has not occurred since then, but there
has been fair night fishing at Coney Island every win-

[5 ]

ter. This night fishing is best when the weather is
very cold. Smelt has proved good bait there.

@ The bulk of the codfishing, however, must be done off
shore. One good ground is the Rockaway _ Shoals,
reached by boats from Gravesend, Sheepshead and _ Ja-
maica Bays. The best grounds are the fishing banks off
the Long Island and New Jersey coasts.

@ The fishing begins in late October and improves stead-
ily with cold weather. Fishing Banks steamers go out
through the entire winter. In April the fish leave.

@ The codfish is not a particularly choice feeder, but he
is not prone to frequent dirty bottom. While he will
feed over both sandy and muddy bottom, he prefers
bottom that has rocks, mussels or coral.

@ Codfish are so voracious that a codfish that is struck
and tears away will often:.come to the ‘bait agaim
within a few moments after getting his wound.

@ Being bottom feeders exclusively, heavy sinkers are
needed. The best is the bank sinker. It should weigh
6% to 9 ounces for the heavy fishing off shore Fan
fishing inside of the Lower Bay sinkers ranging from 6%
ounces to 7¥ ounces should be sufficient.

@ No leaders or gut snells are needed on the hooks.
Most dealers carry codfish hooks fastened to heavy
twine snoods.

@ One, two or three hooks may be used: ~The? frstaae
tied just above the sinker. The others are tied far
enough apart so that they will clear each other.

q If it is possible to obtain calico crab in the shedder
state, no better bait could be desired. Smelts and _ her-
ring are good bait, but the usual bait is soft or hard
clam and the great ocean clam known as the skimmer.
q@ A hard strike is needed to fasten the hook firmly in
the leathery mouth of this fish.

@ The styles of hook preferred by most fishermen are
Limerick or Kirby. Numbers 7/0 to 8/0 as shown in chart
are the best sizes. Codfish have gaping mouths and
large hooks are needed.

[6]

Ee

Pollac

POLLACK. The pollack is the one game fish of

the cod family. It does not range as
far south as the codfish, and is more common at Cape
Cod than around New York.

@ On the Long Island coast it is most plentiful off
Montauk Point, where it runs in large schools. When
a “tone is on, there is excellent sport’ in “trolling front
power boats and sailing dories in the tide rips.

@ The pollack, like the codfish, reaches great size. Speci-
mens 4 feet long have been recorded. The capture’ of
pollack is generally accidental, as there are rarely
enough fish in New York waters during the winter to
make it profitable to go after them especially. Great
quantities were caught on the Farm Banks in 1897.
Dey ran up to» 29 pounds.

@ In former days when the pollack was more plentiful
here, it had the local name of coal fish, which is the
same name it bears in England, where it is one of the
fivorite sports of sea anglers to troll for it.

q Although most of the pollack taken on the fishing
banks off Long Island and New Jersey are caught on
bottom while fishing for cod, the pollack is not a_ bot-
tom feeder exclusively. It is the one member of the
cod family that seeks live prey on the _ surface.

4] When pollack are thus hunting they rush _ violently
along the surface in schools that often make the water
foam and boil. At times they ‘“mill,’’ when the schools
bear a_ striking resemblance to moss bunker schools if
the pollack are small,

) es

—— ——————————— SS rlt—“=™__

@ Pollack will take lead or pearl squids when _ trolled
rapidly among them. In Newfoundland and New Bruns-
wick waters a favorite method of amateurs is to cast
nickeled spoons with a long rod from an anchored boat.
@ When thus hooked on the surface they make a deter-
mined fight, occasionally leaping from the water.

@ The tackle must be heavy. An average school of
adult pollack will contain fish that range from 10 tc
15 pounds in weight.

q Fishermen desiring to try pollack fishing from Long
Island cannot do better than to arrange with the pro-
fessional fishermen at Montauk. When the pollack strike
im sthere, «tae sport is; excellent,

@ In bottom or bait fishing for them, the. best bait is
herring or shedder lobster. but shedder crab, sand launce,
smelt and even clam will take them.

@ In bottom fishing the. rig: *should be the “samegiac
that used for codfish. In _ surface fishing, without a
spoon or squid, a number 1 Virginia, tapered point, or
number 6/0 Kirby or Limerick hook should be attached
to the end of the line with a piano wire leader.

OTHER CODS. | There are several members of the

cod family that are caught occa-
sionally around New York though very rarely. One is
the spotted codling. It grows to a length of Jabentoa
foot. The brown line along its side is broken by
white spots, the inside of its mouth is white, and the
first dorsal is chiefly black with a white margin. A
few come into the Lower and Raritan Bays in late fall.
q A hake, known as squirrel hake, also comes into the

Lower Bay in small numbers. It is plentifal in > Buz
zard’s Bay in May and June and October and Novem-
bet. It averages about 2 potnds and has very’ poos

flesh. A few are taken in nets in Gravesend Bay. |
@ The haddock which swims with the codfish, but hard-
ly ever gets longer than 2 feet, is caught occasionally |
on the fishing banks, but is much more abundant off —
Gay Head, Mass., and around Martha's Vineyard.

[8]

be a Zs : ~« ee
Whiting | e ‘ RRO SNS

WHITING. The professional fishermen know this. fish
_—_—_ as the winter weakfish and as frost
usu: + Another name is- the silver*thake. It belongs “to
the same order .of fishes as the cod and the ling, but
isein a family: by ‘itself.

q Its bright silvery sides and fairly graceful shape make
its name of winter weakfish appropriate. It “arrives? i
October or November in schools that generally contain a
few hundred fish. It is only seldom that they are
caught in any quantity, as they are not _ sufficiently
plentiful to induce anybody to go out after them _ espe-
cially. Therefore the only whiting that are caught are
those that happen to take the hook of the sportsman
fishing for cod.

@ Schools of whiting run close along the surf of Long
Island and New Jersey in the winter, especially at
night. At such times the fish are generally in mad
pursuit of the little silver sand launt, and they crowd
so closely to shore that the surf often throws them on
the beach.

q Fishermen take the whiting in cold weather at night by
wading along shore with torches and spearing or scoop-
ing them with nets as they dash through the surf.

@ The names “hake” and ‘whiting’? are also given some-
times for the kingfish, an entirely different fish.

q@ Whiting in our territory rarely weigh more than 1%
G2 pounds in’ shore ‘of 5 to 6: {pounds in) deep
‘water. Smelt and sand launt makes the _ best bait.

[9]

LING: HAKE— The ling is extremely plentiful

around New York’ and can _ be
caught all the “year. It as a’ hake> bit “is*snetuealied
by -that-.name. The fish known “as “hake” by a New
York fishermen is another fish of the same family.

@ The ling is generally gray or yellowish-brown. The
fish known here as -hake’ has a ‘purple? hues Qieisera
better fish. Ling average 2% pounds. Hake average
4 pounds but run up to 18 pounds,

@ Hake are not often caught during summer. Ling are
most plentiful in spring and autumn but can be found
in summer in the deep water off Scotland Lightship.

@ There is considerable disagreement about the _ hakes.
There are many fish of the hake family and even scien-
tists do not agree about them.

@ The ling likes muddy and dirty bottom, and stays in
one feeding ground for a_ considerable period. There
are ling grounds close to Rockaway Beach and Concy
Island where a good catch of ling is practically assured
at any time except under adverse weather conditions.

@ One spot is near the bell buoy off Rockaway. An-
other is on one of the old dumping grounds inside of
the Lower’ Bay. At times ling are so plentiful that
they can be taken anywhere over the mussel beds be-
tween Coney Island and Sandy Hook. There are _ sea-
sons when small boats anchoring between Norton’s Point
on Coney Island and the ship channel catch many.

q Ling are bottom-feeding fish. Their natural food con-
sists of the)\ crabs that stay active in the winter, avited
are: the calico or lady crab, also known as the sand
crab, the green weed’ crab, and the red ‘rock ‘erab:
Clam is good bait and is the kind most used.

@ In ordinary seasons ling come into shore at night to
feed along the surf. This makes the ocean piers at
Coney Island favorite places, as they are lit electrically.

@ The methods of capture are the same as for codfish.
The best hooks are numbers 5/0 Sproat, Limerick or
Kirby and number 2 Virginia, as shown in chart.

[ 10 ]

4c oN:
LE :
ANG

Bates: =
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Bex carey

PORGY. Most of the fishing for porgies is now

done in the open sea from large _ boats.
These porgies are known as_ sea-porgies and run _ large,
ranging up to 2 pounds. They never come into the
pays, but stay in deep water.

@ The young porgies, known as sand _ porgies, come _ in-
side of the inlets in vast numbers in some _ seasons,
though they have not been nearly as plentiful in recent

years as they used to be. They rarely average more
than % pound and generally are still smaller.
@ Porgies arrive in June and stay till October. July

and August are the best months.

@ They are bottom fish exclusively and _ prefer rocky
places, wrecks and channels that have the bottom known
as ‘‘cinders.”’

@ Hard clam is the best bait. In the bays, however,
when the small porgies are present in good numbers
they wili take shedder crab, shrimp, sandworm and
bloodworm ravenously. The baits should be cut into
tiny pieces for the bay porgies, as they are cunning
thieves and nip at the bait so swiftly that they will
strip the hook unless the bait is small.

[11]

@ The bay porgies run into both shoal and deep water
wherever there is food but prefer places at least 10
feet deep at low tide where there is a fairly strong

current. When they -are) present at. all they. ares gener
ally in large schools. Therefore if the fisherman strikes
one he is ‘fairly sure to get more. - No ~definite ‘rule

can be given about tides. They ‘generally = biteWibestyuas
slack water and the first hour of the running tide.

@ They do not often fool with the bait but gemat vic
sharply and they must be ‘struck~ at .‘once.) Ay swale
jerk must be given the instant they nibble. The legs
of shedder crab make excellent bait because the skin is
tough and the bait is small enough to stick closely to
the hook.

@ The rig for porgy fishing is the same for both sea
porgies and bay or sand porgies, the only difference be-
ing that the hooks are much larger in sea fishing.
The sinker must be heavy enough to hold bottom with-
out drifting off. The -first -hook is. tied just’ abeyverte
sinker, and the other hooks as close to it as_ possible
without tangling. A good rule is to tie them > Gusteeme
length of the snell apart. In bay fishing most fisher-:
men use 3 hooks and some as many as six In good
porgy seasons it is nothing uncommon to catch two
ereithree “fish ats once:

@ The fishing banks, the Iberia and Black Warrior
wrecks, Rockaway Shoals and the mussel beds off Long
Beach are the famous grounds for sea porgies. They
have been fairly plentiful every season in recent years
even when there have been no small porgies in the

bays. Hard clam and skimmer clam are the best baits
on the wrecks. “They fight hard and strong tackle as
needed. They are among the most popular fish caught

in’ the “open™ ‘sea:

@ Por sea” porgies “use “No -6 “or °7° Virginia, | (Noms
Sproat, or-.4/0° Limerick or Kirby hooks. "Porgibay
porgies use No. .7 Sproat, Aberdeen, . Carlisle. or) Nowe
Chestertown hooks. See hook chart.

[12]

PAFAYETITE. -this is exclusively a. bottom ‘fish.

It disappears entirely for some sea-
sons and then comes suddenly in incredible quantities.
The “run” of 1908 was a very large one, almost as

mood .as. some of -the record runs of past years. The
little fish were caught as far up the river as New-
burgh, N. Y.

@ When lafayettes appear at all, they can be caught
practically everywhere around New York, running into
all the inlets and far up the East and Hudson Rivers.
They rarely weigh more than a few ounces and fish of
the size of the human hand are considered large. They
ere, very game, however, and give excellent sport for
their size. Some fishermen carry trout rods to use for
them when other fish are not biting.

@ They gencrally arrive in July and stay till October.
When food is plentiful they will not always take clam
bait, preferring bloodworm, sandworm or bits of shedder
crab; but after a few weeks they have generally cleaned
up the waters so thoroughly that they will take hard
clam or anything else. Worm bait or shedder crab,
however, is the best at all times.

@ They are not particular as to locality, but swarm as
plentifully in muddy creeks and on .mud flats-as in

[13 ]

channels and over hard bottom. The best places for |
them are oyster beds or channels with from 8 to 10 |
feet. Of )water, ats high” tide: At low water they run to —
the deeper channels or into holes in the small channels
and drains.

q Although they are lively feeders, they are rather wary
and often go at the hook very quietly and cautiously,
nipping ~the bait -off- bit. “by bit so daintily “thats tue
ean hardly be. felt. It: is not easy to ‘hook “themmewhenm
they;. doy» this: The best. way. is to lower. thes nedesa
few inches so ‘that the tide can carry the ~baiteyone
Generally the lafayette will grab it when it thus moves
away. Another way is to -raise the -tip of@ the roa
gently, luring the fish along until he strikes sharply.

q Always keep a taut line and move the bait up and
down from the bottom every few minutes. Lafayettes
will bite harder at a moving bait than a motionless
one; but the movement must “be gentile.

@ Never use large baits. It is true that? theres are
times when the fish will go at anything. But when
they are at all shy, they will.stay away from a Mlaree
bait or tug at it cautiously whiie they will snap _ bold-
ly at a bit of bait just large enough to covemmum

point of the ‘hook: Always cut. the ‘jaws (oi seams
worms and bloodworms. If you use shrimp’ for bare
put iton. head first ‘so that the poimt~ of “themieo.
will be at the tail... The lafayettes are often atraidavan

the spines on the head.
@ Use a sinker that is just heavy enough to go down
to bottom swiftly but that will move a little with the

tide whenever the line is raised. Tie the lowest hook
just above it. This bottom hook will take the most
fish. Fasten the ' next hook about 3 inches above! as
and so on. Three hooks are usually used but many

fishermen use as many as five.

‘@ Use no leaders unless the fish are scaree or shy.
The smaller the hook the better. The best are Carlisle
and Sproat numbers 8, 9 and 10.

[ 14 ]

-KINGFISH. This fish is getting to be scarce around

New York. Few are caught now “in
)Jamaica Bay or in the Lower Bay and Staten {Island
| . .
fwaters where they used to be plentiful. They still oc-

(cur in fair numbers in the waters behind Long Beach
jand in Great South Bay. There is reasonably good
fei fishing im the: surf at ‘Rockaway “Beach at— times,
|. Barnegat Bay and Corson’s Inlet in New Jersey offer
really good fishing usually. Below Virginia they are
| still plentiful. They like deep water at ends of sand bars.

!@ Though kingfish are among the gamest salt water

| fish, they are bottom feeders exclusively. Their mouth
! is underneath and is very small, consequently small
|}hooks and baits must be used. The sinker must be

heavy enough to touch bottom, and yet light enough
so that the tide can carry it along every time the line
jis lifted. This should be done constantly till the bait
has been carried several hundred feet from the boat.

q@ Attach the hook close to the sinker. Leaders are not
essential when casting from shore. Kingfish like sand-
worm bait best but shedder crab is mostly used as the
small sand crab is a terror on bloodworm. Soft and
hard clams are good. They like hard, clean bottom
of bright sand or oyster beds, and rarely run larger
than 3% pounds. Aberdeen No. 1 or Chestertown No.
6 hooks are good. No. 1 or 1/0 Sproat or O’Shaugh-
‘Messy are right for casting.

[15]

a ee

EFLS. These fish bite best in spring and autumn;
but can be taken throughout -/the “sommes

also.
q If the weather is mild and open, they often feed well
into December. If the temperature drops low, they bur-

row into the mud and hibernate for the winter, coming
out again in March or April with the flounders.
@ They bunch in great numbers in mud holes in win-

ter. Baymen who locate these holes drive spears into
the bottom, and often bring up two eels at one thrust
and sometimes three or four. A barrelful of, eelsias

sometimes taken out of one _ hole.

q Eels feed most freely at night. The peculiar smacking
sound that almost all fishermen have heard near grassy
banks after dark, is made by eels feeding ‘on Sshrim@p
and spearing.

@ Creeks with steep sod banks or with sedges standing
in» 3 to 5 feet of -water sat, high tide:saresjexcelicms
places, particularly on dark nights without a moon
when the tide is flood. The best fishing ‘usually
close. to. the bank. ‘It is well to ‘sound the Mdepemm
and pick out the deepest places. Small drains running
through flats that are dry at low tide often hold many
eels when the tide begins to ebb.

@ The best method for eel fishing is bobbing. No hook
is used. A dozen or more sandworms or bloodworms
are strung on rough worsted or silk, the loose ends of
which are then wound around and around the bait suf

[16 ]

ficiently to protect it against being torn off, but not
so much as to hide it. The material used must be of
rough fabric, because the idea is that the tiny teeth of
jthe eels will get caught in it and the fisherman can
imus lift thé eel into the boat before it can get away.

§ This bob is used with a line just long enough to
fauch bottom. =A very stiff stick or pole is used in-
istead of a rod. A sinker is tied below the worms.

{ As soon as a bite is felt the bob is brought smart-
ly inboard. It is then shaken violently over a _ bucket
jor other receptacle and the eel is shaken off.

q in hook and line fishing, the sinker must be heavy
euoueh- to hold bottom in any tide. There is little
advantage in using more than two. hooks, as eels will
rarely bite at a hook much higher above the bottom
than three or four inches.

4g They bite very quickly and cunningly and must be
istruck promptly or they will steal the bait.

‘@ The angler should be provided with a rag so that
tthe eels can be gripped firmly as soon as they come
lin. If they are allowed to wriggle or dangle even
for a moment they will generally tie themselves into
,a knot in their endeavor to tear away.

lq The best places for them are shallow coves and bays,
Isuch as the flats in Flatlands Bay, the creeks east of
eae. trestle in Jamaica Bay, the muddy cove at Great
ms, 9.: I., Gravesend Bay, and the sedgy shores of
the Arthur Kill between Staten Island and New Jersey.
q In autumn the eels run well along the Staten Island
shore between Princess Bay and the Woods of Arden.
@ The best bait is shedder crab, sand or bloodworm.
‘Clam, hard and soft, attracts them almost as well.

q Large eels will bite well at killies. The killies need
not be alive. Spearing make a fine bait.

Mp lie the hooks ‘as close to the sinker as __ possible.
The best sizes and kinds are No. 9 Chestertown, No. 7
Kirby or Limerick or No. 8 Sproat. See the hook chart.

[17]

SMELT. Comparatively few fishermen know that
there is good winter fishing for smelt in

some parts of Pelham Bay, behind City Island, and in

the channels that run in at Larchmont, Mamaroneck

and New Rochelle along the north shore of Long Isl-

and Sound.

@ Smelts, also known as _ frostfish and icefish, begin to

run in late November. They remain only during winter

and will not stay in warm water. They prefer narrow

inland channels and rivers or creeks.

@ The average size of smelt around New York is less

than seven inches. They reach lengths of twelve inches

occasionally.

@ They run in big schools and bite fast and _ steadily.

Night or dull days are best for fishing.

@ In most channels they bite best at flood tide.

q@ At the slightest nibble the fish must be struck and

with the same motion lifted into the boat. When smelt

ate biting fast they can often be brought in” as fast

as the line can be wielded.

@ Most fishermen do not use a reel but have only

enough line to reach bottom. This is quite practicable

as smelt fishing is usually best in from 4 to 6 feet

of water.

@ Bloodworm is the best bait. They will take shrimp,

sandworms and clams. All baits must be small.
@ Use a sinker heavy enough to take the bait to _ bot-
tom quickly. Immediately above it tie three or four

No. 8 Carlisle, Aberdeen, Chestertown or Sproat hooks,

[18 ]

eS

a B 7
4 Me

AP,
os

C20
ae,

Or as
iA

SHEEPSHEAD. This fish is so scarce now on the

Atlantic coast north of Virginia
that there is no use. fishing for it specially. Now and
then one -is caught while fishing for blackfish. The
Sheepshead has the same habits and feeds the same
oe It. is a geréat prize, ‘not only because “of. its
rarity, but because it is immensely strong and_ usually
runs large, ranging from 5 to 20 pounds.

@ When taken on blackfish tackle sheepshead often suc-
med if -sihapping the hook in two, as they have a
habit of butting their heads against rocks. They will
take any blackfish bait, but prefer hermit crabs.

q August and September are best. Sheepshead are occa-
sionally caught along the trestle in Broad and Beach
Channels, Jamaica Bay. They like mussel bottom. Many were
taken each season years ago on the Black Warrior Wreck
and the Stone Pile. A few are still caught at Fire Island.
@ To fish for them _ specially tie a number 2 Virginia
or Blackfish hook (see chart) close to the sinker and
bait with a young soft clam about 1 inch long, leaving
Seeesncll on. Give them a _ little time after they take
the bait till they begin to crush it.

[19 ]

WAV NAS

SAAN AAA
v VA A AKAN) 1a
URNS
Vv
OIG
ae X\

HERRINGS. Several varieties of the herring take the

hook well in our waters. The first ones
are the sea herring, which arrive about the send ar
May with the early weakfish. They average about 1
pound, and are beautiful fish with very large silver
scales and pearly tints over steel blue.

@ In October a larger herring, running. as high as 2%
pounds, arrives and often stays till December, ‘This is
the hickory shad, better known as fall herring or shad
herring. The true shad does not take the hook.

@ All these herrings are surface feeders and very shy
indeed. They must be kept near the boat by constant

and liberal chumming. The tackle must be very light.
@ They make a game though short fight, often leaping
clear~ of the water. Sometimes, especially early in the

morning or at dusk, they will snap eagerly at tiny
bright spoons or fly hooks.

q@ Very small killies and bloodworms make fair _ bait,
and herring will often bite at weakfish tackle baited
with this, but to’ get a good mess it is mnecessany ena
fish with much finer tackle.

q A single shrimp is put on the hook and the line
should be tossed lightly into the tide and allowed to
float away with the chum. If the fisherman avoids
noise or sudden motions and chums _ properly, the her-
ring will come close to tlie boat.

q@ An extremely small hook is necessary. A number 8
Sproat or Chestertown should be attached to a 6 foot
leader and fastened to ‘the end of the dine.) 9eNermnes
float or sinker must je used. See chart of hooks.

[ 20 ]

]
:
:

|

Flounder

-FLOUNDER. This fish feeds only on bottom. Soft
|

black mud im water from) 6G to’ ¥0
ifeet decp at high tide is best. At high tide they scat-
'ter well over the flats, but remain most numerous at
[ the edges of channels and drains. At low tide they
work into the deeper channels and generally are most
) plentiful at bends or in deep holes. Other good places
_are holes under steep banks in creeks if the bottom is
‘fairly soft. A good rule for channel fishing is to an-
chor on the edges of channels at high tide; between the
Pace and the. certer. at. half tide; and in. the ‘center of
the channel at low tide.

@ It is wise to study the bottom. This is done easily
by simply lifting the anchor and examining the mud that
is brought up. Flounders are a very cleanly little fish
and they want mud that is free from filth. Coal-black
mud that feels velvety when rubbed between the fin-
gers is best especially if it has tiny white specs in it.
This shows that it has shell-fish life, which attracts
flounders. If the mud has a greasy or slimy appear-
ance or a foul odor, the chances are not good there
for fish. There are exceptional cases where flounders are
Saueht on dirty. bottom, but the rule given here is
good generally.

q The sinker must be heavy enough to hold bottom

[ 21 ]

without moving. It should sink into the mud so that
the fisherman can stir it every few minutes and thus
raise up a little cloud of ‘mud: This attracts flownders.
For the same reason, it is good to anchor astern of a
clammer or oyster dredger. The flounders gather there
to: feed: on the worms, ete., dislodged) by ther rake

€] When flounders are biting well, they swim slowly
along hunting food, and at such times a good catch
can be made without moving the boat all day. But
it will not pay to stay in any spot if the flounders
do not bite there pretty rapidly. They may be feeding
within a few yards, but the boat may be anchored in
a spot that thas nothing’ to attract them. /7 Mieremeare
always such spots in even the best flounder grounds.

@ If flounders are not biting where you are, raise an-
chor and move. a hundred feet or so, and repeats )icme
until you strike fish. Flounders must be hunted. They
don't rush around looking for food lke weakfish.

@ There are days when they’ do not bite anywhere
even in the best places. They lie buried’ in” the ane
with only their eyes uncovered. Then .they often can
be made to bite by stirring up the bottom with a rake
or a pole or by rowing around with the anchor drag-
ging. This brings them out of the mud, and then they
usually start feeding because they are -tempted by the
worms that come swirling out of the disturbed bottom.

@ Flounders come in from the sea in September, begin
biting as soon as the weather gets cold and bite well
into December in mild seasons. Then they go into? ¢ie@
mud and stay dormant till the end of February. Inga
mild winter they often begin feeding freely by Washing-
ton's Birthday. Toward the end of April they run out
to sea again. Hardly. any stay in the bays throug
summer, and those that do are small.

@ The best months for. them are late March, April
October and November. If the season is cold) sthem
often lie on shallow bars when the day is sunny, and

[ 22 |

————— —-

—eeEeee—e—eeeeeeeeee

Lif the day is dark they will seek the deepest water or

lie under banks, preferring those sheltered from wind.

Q For flounder fishing the boat should be anchored with
as little rope as possible so that it will lie steady.
The fisherman must feel his line constantly. Flounders
bite very lightly and generally do not fool much with
mee Dail, but nip at it and go. |“Vhey must: tbe ‘struck
at once.

@ A short, smart tug generally fastens the hook in
ftheir moyths. It is a mistake to use the violent, surg-
ing jerk that many fishermen employ. Flounders have a
great habit of spitting the bait out, and a _ ferocious
jerk. On) the part of the fisherman helps them: in’ this
| trick. The secret is to strike the fish just hard enough
'to twist the hook in his mouth and make it hold.

‘@ Sometimes flounders bite so delicately that they can
‘hardly be felt, and it seems as if spearing or other
itiny fish were nibbling. Then they need coaxing. Slack-
en the line instantly and let them have a few inches.
This generally tempts them into sucking the bait in.
After a second or two, tauten your line up very gently,
and ionyow feel the weight of the fish lon--it) “give ja
‘short, steady tug. This will hook the fish, whereas a
sharp jerk will probably pull the hook away from him.
Lifting the tip of the rod 3 or 4 inches will be quite
sufficient if done with the proper motion.

q If you are using light tackle, don’t make the mistake
of despising the flounder because he isn’t a game fish.
Handle him respectfully when hooked, for his first fight
will be violent, and he can smash tackle very suddenly.

@ Sandworms make the very best bait. They should

tbe firm and red. Sick, thin, greenish worms are no
good. Cut the jaws away before using the worm.
Use small baits. Very often flounders will refuse to go
‘near large baits. The worm should merely cover the
hook half way up the shank.

@ Soft clams are next to sandworm in value. Then
comes hard clam. The common mussel known as _ horse

[22]

mussel that is found everywhere sticking out of meadows
and banks is good, but will not stay on the hook
well. Sometimes when flounders are ‘‘off their feed,’
they will take acombination bait made of a tiny bit
of clam with a bit of sandworm on the point of the
hook. A bit of red feather on the hook “as, use
sametimes, but it must be very small.

@ Toward the end of April when the flounders move to
sea, and the very large flounders known as “‘sea flound-
ers’’ are caught, clam often proves the best bait. When
the flounders thus run, the fisherman will do _ better in
the deep channels near the inlets than on the flats and
shallow channels inside of the bays.

@ The bays on the south shore of Long Island have
the ideal conditions for flounders. Jamaica Bay is one
of the best places on the coast. Flounders weighing as
high as 4% pounds have been taken, and a few weigh-
ing 2 pounds and more will be caught during a good
day's fishing. The average weight, however, is _ proba-
bly little more than 1 pound.

@ Long Island Sound is also famous for flounders. The
waters around City Island contain enormous numbers.
They are small, however, averaging below % pound.

q In rigging for flounders the prime necessity is to get
the hooks as close to the sinker as_ possible. The
hooks should have strong snells. Do not use leaders.

@ The lowest hook must be tied immediately above the
sinker. The other hooks go as near the first as _ pos-
sible. A good rig is to use a wire spreader which
makes it possible to use 2 or 3 hooks all on bottom
without tangling. (See swivel chart on page 56.)

@ In flounder fishing it is better to have hooks too
small than’ too large. The best hook for all) “round
fishing is a number 8 Chestertown. This will hold fish
from % to 1% pounds perfectly, and will not miss
many larger ones. Those who prefer a larger hook
will not go amiss if they take a number 7 Chester-
town. Number 5 Kirby is also a good hook.

[ 24 ]

SEA BASS. This is a very plentiful fish in the

open waters around New York. Fe
used to be equally plentiful in the bays, but in recent
years it has not appeared there in large numbers.

@ The sea bass that come close into shore and_ enter
Great South, Jamaica, Raritan and Barnegat Bays are
much smaller than the ocean sea bass. They rarely
run as high as 1% pounds and the average is % or
% pound. They are bottom feeders entirely and _ like
the deepest water they can find. They are hardly ever
found! in water less than 10 or 12 feet deep at low
pidge and the best depths are from 15 to 50 feet

@ They prefer deep channels with hard bottom, and _ pre-
fer mussel beds, rocks or ‘‘cinders,’’ which are the homes

of marine worms. Wrecks or timbers that have been
sunk long enough to be encrusted with mussels and_ bar-
nacles are excellent. Creeks that have sod banks drop-
ping steeply into 10 feet of water or more at low tide
are good places when the tide is high. The sea_ bass
usually feed close under the banks there. Creeks with
low muddy or sandy banks are not good generally. Sea
bass are very cleanly feeders and like clear water.

@ The early run enters the bays in late May. These
fish are small and usually dark brown in color. They

bite best on sandworm. In July the larger bass arrive.
They are generally dark, blue, indigo and black predomi-

[ 25 ]

nating. Shedder crab and clam attract them best, but
they will also take sandworm and _ shrimp.

@ These summer bass: are not’ shy and no “leaderss are |

needed. The sinker must be heavy enough to hold _ bot-
tom in any tide. Often the best fishing is in the very
middle of deep channels when the tide is rushing at its
swiftest. Therefore fishermen should be prepared with
sinkers weighing at least 3% ounces or even 6 ounces.
@ Two or three hooks are used, the lowest one being
about 2 inches above the sinker. The others far enough
apart to clear. Keep a taut line and strike “withoun
too much. force the moment a good: bite sistem If
there is only a. nibble, give: the fish! time: Whew gammee:
bass takes hold in earnest he gives a good tug.

@ In August in good bass years a run of larger fish

Comes: eins frome: the ssea: Their color is generally lighter,
often being straw yellow with indigo blotches. These
fish may average 1 pound and in a good day’s catch
there may be a few weighing 1% pounds. They are
far more shy than the summer bass and leaders are
necessary. . The lower Jeader should) be at least So aeer

long and be attached about 6 inches above the sinker.
Another leader 2 feet long should be attached about 1%
feet above the ‘first.

@ These late bass will take shedder crab and clam, but
sometimes they are very slow about taking anything ex-

cept live bait. Nothing will attract them so much as
a green killie 1% or 2 inches long, hooked: (caremlly
through »the lips “so .that it jean swim, naturally: If

the hook is passed gently into the killie’s mouth and
out, through ats gills, it willvilsve, for hours,

@ When the bass are biting well, they will strike like a
weakfish, gulping the killie and hook and_ running off.
A mere -tightening - of the line will fasten the “heolggm
their mouths then. But they are more likely to ‘cateh
the killie. by the tail and’ then le quite -motionless] igo
that, all, the. fisherman can -teel, on his, Jineis@ameas
gentle series of short tugs. If: the: angler. strikes Vihen

[ 26 ]

fi
t

i

\
f
|

|

the bass will let go or tear off part of the killie.

@ As soon as these gentle tugs are felt, lower the tip
of the rod nearly to the surface and pay out line bit
by bit, keeping the thumb constantly on the reel so
Pat you can feel the’ fish all the time... The fish wall
move away slowly and may take out as much as 50
feet or even more. Sometimes he will make smart runs,
enough to. intake the reel spin; but unless he has” the
hook, these runs will not have any force behind them
and will not be followed by the violent surge that a
sea bass always makes when he is really hooked.

q Generally the bass will stop after he has moved away
anout 20 feet. Then a sharp series of quivering ‘tugs
will follow, meaning that the fish is turning the _ killie
in his jaws to get it down head first. As soon as he
has done this, he will start off with a powerful jerk
and a short, gentle strike will hook him.

@ The great hump-backed sea bass that are caught in
the open sea bite savagely and without any of this

trickery. The best baits for them are hard and _ skim-
mer clams and _ shedder_ crab. Heavy sinkers weighing
iom+-o to 10). ounees..are needed. ‘The “hooks aust (be

tied close to the sinkers and must have very strong
snells, for the fish range from 1% to 6 pounds.

Stke «mussel beds:\off, .Long > Beach;. di:° 1 the) Alberia
Wreck and the fishing banks outside of Sandy Hook are
the best places. Eey)..cani @bex reached) vonly, by -sea-
worthy and large boats. The fishing begins about the
muddle: of. June’: and: lasts till ,Octeber.. [et 1s’ at ats <best
in August. :

@ For these big ocean bass the best hooks are No.
5/0 Sproat, O'Shaughnessy, Limerick or Kirby or No. 4

Virginia. For the August-run bay bass use No. 1/0
spreat or Aberdeen. The “latter “hook’ “is excellent for
killies because it is so thin and blue that it is almost
invisible in the water. For the early summer bass in
Bie bays No: -1/0 Sproat,*-No26 Virginia “or “No. -1/0
Kirby or Limerick will be best. See hook chart.

[27 ]

not so plen.

tiful around New York that anybody can catch it, nor
are there enough so that even experts can expect £0
get one every time; but there are mote large ted paeum
caught with hook and line each year than most fisher-

men imagine. It is a handsome fish, belonging to the
same family as the weakfish; but there is no resem-
blance between them. The red drum feeds almost yen-
tirely in the surf.-of “in deep inlets and never comics
inside of confined bays. They run along shore in July
and August. Every year a fair number weighing from
10 to 60 pounds are taken by casting into the surf
at Long Beach; L. I. ‘A’ sixty pounder was 2Atakemeam

1901 at Edgemere, L. 1: The best ‘fishing for ptheniens
in the surf from Barnegat to Sea Isle City, ON) je (Cor
son's Inlet.) There is ‘also “trolling | there: Rig and
method are the same as described for striped bass _fish-
ing in the New Jersey surf. Shedder crab is best bait.

BLACK “DRUM. “This fish is related tovetherraed

drum and reaches weights up to
100 pounds. It is not so handsome nor nearly as
game as the red drum. Most of those that are caught
are taken in the surf, but a few, are hooked by bot-
tom fishing on oyster beds, where this fish often is a
great pest, destroying young oysters in immense quanti-
ties. Now and then schools of young drum_ ranging
from % to 4 pounds come into New York harbor.
They have black stripes, and are called ‘banded drum.”
They are fairly common near Barnegat Inlet.

BERGALL. (CUNNER.) This fish is related to

the blackfish, and is_

found -in the ~same- places. Inside of bays it is simply
a nuisance, rarely being more than a few inches long
and stealing bait industriously. In the open sea, how-
ever, it sometimes reaches 2% pounds. Bait, rig and

method are same as for blackfish.

[ 28 ]

=——

———————--—-———r——— ee
ee ee 7 paar Gener —

FLUKE. No fish comes into the bays regularly in
such numbers as does the fluke. From late

May to-the end of October it can be found almost
everywhere from Cape May to Montauk Point.
@ It is shaped like the winter flounder but otherwise is

entirely different. It has very large jaws full of long,
sharp teeth, and it hunts live prey, especially killies and
spearing.

@ It will go anywhere in search of food but it prefers
clean stony or sandy bottoms in channels that have at
Paste o6.or ~O. }deet ) Of. water); abe iloew--itide, 2, Pavorite
maces for fluke ito, lie. are im dhe ideep water-at, the
tail-ends of sandy bars where the current eddies will

swirl killies and other food to them. The fluke also
likes creeks with steep sedgy or sod banks, sometimes
called stunt banks. Another good spot is wherever a

drain or small creek meets a channel.

@ It is a bottom feeder almost entirely, but at times
it feeds and ‘“breaks’’ on the surface, especially at dawn
or evening. At night it will work into the high grass
where there are only a few inches of water.

q It is a slow swimmer and usually follows a moving
bait for some distance before taking hold. Now and
then, however, a fluke will strike savagely and rush
away. like a bluefish, even jumping clear of the water
if the place is shallow.

[29 ]

q The fluke is a great glutton and gorges itself till it
can hold no more; yet there are times when it is “off
its feed’? and then only the best bait and scientific fish-
ing will succeed.

@ It is not-a shy fish and does not object to nose) or
disturbance like the weakfish, but quiet fishermen will de
better than careless ones. It will generally take a
moving bait better than a motionless one. Therefore
drifting is more successful than still-fishing.

q Drifting is not at all like trolling. A sinker is used

to keep the bait dragging on the bottom. This sinker
need not be heavy, because the boat moves with the
tide. Sinkers like Nos. 9 or 10 shown in the sinker

chart in the back of this book are the best kinds _be-
cause they are not likely to catch in shells or _ stones.
A 83 foot leader is attached with a good swivel about
6 inches above the sinker and 2 feet above this is a
2 toot leader:

@ The best bait is a bottle green killie about 2 inches
long. Hook it through the lips or pass the hook
gently into its mouth and let it come out at the gills,

thus not wounding it at all. Many fishermen put the
hook through the killie’s back, because they argue that
the fiuke will hook himself more surely. This is true,

but it has the disadvantage of dragging the killie side-
ways, which makes it look utterly unnatural besides gen-
erally making it twirl and spin till the line kinks.

@ No other bait compares with killies for drifting, but
shedder crab, spearing, mossbunker or strips of herring,
porgy, lafayette, sea robin or snappers are all very
good. Fluke will also take sandworm and clam.

q In deep water drifting use only one leader with two
hooks attached to it. Bait the lower hook with a
killie and the other with fish bait, preferably a _ piece
of sea robin.

@ The boat is allowed to drift with the tide and from
50° to 100 “feet “of Ime are paid ont. In places less
than 10 feet deep, as much as 200 feet may: be neces-

[ 30 ]

——— See
———— SCs CSC St Tt 2

sary if the water is very clear, as the fluke will keep
away from the boat. In deep water it is enough to
pay out sufficient line to keep the sinker on bottom.

@ On the flood tide the fishing is done on the banks
near the channel _ edges. At low water, fish right in
the channels. Fluke bite best in a running tide and
few are caught in slack water.

q Still-fishing is done from any anchored boat with ex-
actly the same rig. The sinker must be heavier, how-
ever, because it must resist the tide; but it should not
beso heavy that’ it will not drift’ a ‘little every ‘time
the line is raised. This should be done continually for
fluke are often very slow about taking a motionless bait.

@ Ordinarily fluke will gulp the bait and give a _ vio-
lent plunge immediately. Then a short jerk is sufficient
to hook them. But, cat times «they take. hold. of one
ends -of ithe . bait: and. -tug ‘gently: and)+1in) ‘a -noticeably
‘sluggish way. When they do this, they generally give
three or four quivering jerks in swift succession, as if
they were trying to back away with the bait. This
is just what they are doing. At such times a few feet

of line should be let out very slowly. After’: a\ dew
seconds, raise the rod carefully and feel the fish. If he
is still tugging lazily, it is a sign that he has not yet
gulped the bait. Draw the bait in slowly a few inches.
Iie athis'. does: not “tempt!. hia) sto) «sap: at. at) let; hia
Have) more), liné..again. The. avriter...has’ -given,--a- lazy

fluke as’ much as 100 feet of line.

@ When the fluke finally bolts the bait, there will be
mo room for. mistake, for he turns instantly with a
powerful flirt of his tail and starts away.

@ Fluke average about 2 pounds, but at any time and
in almost any place, even an_unskilful fisherman may
hook one that will run anywhere from 5 to 15 pounds.
Fluke reaching the latter weight have been taken in
Great South, Jamaica, Raritan and Barnegat Bays more
than once. Almost anybody may expect one or more
that will weigh 5 pounds in the course of an average

[31]

day’s fishing around New York, and hardly a day passes
in July and August without the capture by somebody
of a fluke weighing 10 pounds or more. In the deeper
water off shore, fluke occasionally weigh as much as 20
pounds. The deep holes in the Rockaway Inlet chan-
nel and thence out across the mussel beds often hold
very large fluke. Beach Channel, the Raunt, Goose
Creek, Fishkill and Island Channels in Jamaica Bay have
lots of fluke of all sizes at all tides in an ordinary
season. An excellent place is close to Nova Scotia Bar
where its southern end slopes into very deep water.

@ Dead Horse Inlet and a deep place in Island Channel
close to the sod banks north of Barren Island are
famous spots. Dead Horse Inlet begins between Barren
Island and Sheepshead Bay and leads in behind Barren
Island.

q By starting from shore after high water, fluke fisher-
men will have the ‘ebbing tide to carry them toward
inlets and then can drift back again with the incoming
tide. The jerks .of the line !sas the sinker gdeagsmon
bottom, will fool the inexperienced drifter again and
again into the belief that a fish is biting, but after a
short time he will have no trouble in perceiving the
difference.

@ The best hook for general fluke fishing is a No. 1,
1/0 or 2/0 long-shank Kirby Bass. The long shank of
this style is a great advantage in taking the hook out
of the fluke’s unpleasant jaws. The No. 1 hook is small
enough to hook a fluke as small as 1 pound. The
2/0 will not- miss: many small fluke and stiloost Sas
large enough to hold as big a fish as may come
along. Many fishermen, however, prefer 5/0 and 6/0
Sproat hooks, and there is no particular objection to
this, as the fluke has big jaws and will take big baits.
See actual sizes as shown in hook chart. The long-
shank Kirby Bass hooks are same sizes as the Kirby
hooks on the chart, the only difference being in the
long shanks.

———— CCC —SC—S~SCt™C™™C~—CS~SCCC

WEAKFISH. By nature weakfish are surface swim-

mers: hunting: live: prey: Fi but sthey.
adapt themselves to local conditions. In shallow chan-
nels and over flats and oyster beds, they generally feed
on or near the surface because shrimp, shedder crabs,
killies, etc., gather there. In water deeper than 15 or
20 feet, where the smaller swimming creatures do not
willingly venture, the weakfish are always likely to feed
on worms and other creatures on bottom.

@ Their manner of biting is as variable as their habits.
When they run on the surface they take the bait with
a smashing strike; but when they are feeding any dis-
tance below, they often bite daintily, and on the bot-
tom they usually nibble or tug a little while before
taking the hook and running away.

@ Their normal way is to snatch the bait at full speed
mitn an effort «that .can .best~ be -desecribed: -as, like- a
furious blow. This ‘“‘strike’’ is superior in suddenness
and viciousness to the strike of any other common fish,
not excepting black bass or striped bass. Only the blue-
fish equals it. If weakfish fought to the end as they
begin, they would be the leading game fish of North
America; but their first dash is their best. They weak-
en steadily though they do not surrender without many
sudden and savage rushes.

@ These fierce spurts that occur without warning, make
weakfish difficult to handle. Their lips are almost like
paper and the hook rips through them, permitting the

[ 33 ]

fish to tear themselves free. Therefore a rod that is
flexible yet springy, like an 8-ounce black bass bait rod,
will save more fish than a stiff rod that refuses to
yield to their surges.

@ Practically all fishermen who use the heavy stiff sea

rod expect, as a matter of course, to lose a _ certain |

number of weakfish through tearing loose during that
first desperate rush. The writer has fished with every
kind of weakfish tackle made, and he can _ assure his
readers that an angler with a_ sufficiently elastic rod
will lose very few, if any, fish if he tries the following
method when the fish are striking hard.

q After playing out the bait to the right spot, hold
the rod almost, but not quite; at a right) jagelemre
the line;* with. the tip close’.to the water caper
firm grip, or a ‘strike may jerk it out of )your ands:
Hold the thumb of the left hand on the spool of the
reel. Never mind about the-reel handle. When the
fish strikes, do not strike back. Simply sway him firm-
ly “withthe rod, governing the reel altogether™ by the
thumb. If his’ dash “is too wild -for the” rod} to, hold
him, regulate the thumb pressure to give him line,
quickly or slowly, as he takes it; but don’t give him
an inch of slack line, and do not for a moment relax
the steady, even pressure of your rod.

@ Above all, do not make the mistake of letting the
fish jerk your rod forward so that it will point in the
same direction as the line. This is a common mistake
of beginners and of men who are accustomed to _ the
use of heavy ‘tackle. The rod will govern “the wsncm
only when it is in such a position that its full elas-
ticity comes into play. In any other position, it will
permit slack line the instant the fish changes his course;
and slack line in weakfishing means a lost fish almost
always. This is because the hook is almost certain to
tear the jaws somewhat, no matter how carefully the
fish is handled; and as soon as slack line occurs, it is
likely to’ drop out.

[ 34 ]

@ Do not try to reel the weakfish in till his first rush
has ceased. Fight him with the rod as much as_ pos-
sible. You will be surprised to find how well even a
very large fish can be controlled. Most salt water anglers
bepin to reel in the moment they fasten their fish.
hen, if the fish makes a new dash, it is ‘either a
case’ of hauling against him by main strength or he
will jerk the reel handle from the angler’s fingers and
run without any control.

@ Weakfish make these unexpected dashes continually, and
it is then that they escape or smash tackle. Do _ not,
mHerciote, be ina hurry to reel: in. So long as_ the
rod is playing the fish, you have him safe and can
afiord to delay reeling till you are fairly sure that he
iss,teady to come. If, however, the weakfish tries a
favorite trick of rushing toward the boat, you must
reel instantly and sway your rod backward as far as
it will go, to prevent slack line.

Q Ordinarily, weakfish hit the bait so desperately that
they hook themselves, and it is unnecessary to_ strike
them. There are times, however, when they take the
bait gently and move away, generally slowly, sometimes
quickly, but in either case without force. In such cases
they must be struck. Tauten the: line very gently ull
the whole weight of the fish is on it. If he pulls
Steadily, it is likely that he has the bait well in his
jaws and a firm, deliberate stroke of the rod _ will fas-
ten him. If, however, the fish simply tugs irregularly
or makes little nipping jerks when you feel him on
your line, the chances are that he is playing with the

bait. Give him line very carefully and without sudden
motions. Sometimes a timid fish will take 25 or 80
yards. Then, as a rule, he will swallow the bait and

start away.

@ If you feel tiny, feeble nibbles at your bait in waters
where weakfish should be, do not be in haste to as-
sume that it is done by lafayettes or other small fish.
Sometimes weakfish will nip at bait this way through

[ 35 ]

a whole tide. There is little use then in trying to
hook them with a sharp strike. Change the bait, ad:
just it very carefully, and when the fish nibble, play
out 8 or 10 feet of line instantly. The tide “will” at
once swirl the bait along and the fish generally snap
at it immediately. Many fishermen coax the weakfish
by pulling the bait away from them instead of letting
it drift; but timid fish are much more likely to snap
at something that drifts naturally with the tide than
at something that moves against it.

@ Combinations of bait often prove successful when weak-
fish are nibbling. Put a shrimp, killie or» ~vormi gon
the hook and cover the point and barb with a bright
bit of clam, or run the hook through the body of a
soft clam and then hook on a killie through the lips.
@ It is always well to have a variety of | baits:
Shrimp, bloodworm and sandworm are best in late May
arg) sim! june: After that, and till’ the fish depart =m
early November, shedder crab usually leads as bait, but
there are times when shrimp will be most successful.

@ They will often bite at strips of mossbunker, herring,
snappers, porgies, lafayettes or sea-robins when nothing
else will tempt them. Live killies will take the largest
fish, especially early and late in the season, when the
great tide-runners hunt by themselves.

@ The writer has taken weakfish on clam, both hard
and soft, when they refused shrimp and shedder crab.
Whatever bait may be used must be absolutely fresh.
Only rarely will weakfish take stale shedder or shrimp
that have been dead for any length of time.

@ Surface fishing can be done with or without a float.
The most simple rig is to attach the hook to a 2 or

3 foot leader which is tied directly to the line. No
sinker is used unless the current is so swift that it
forees “the bait tothe top: In that case small sinkers

(see No. 12 on sinker chart) or split shot (see No. 13
on sinker chart) should be fastened to the leader a foot
above the hook. The sinker chart is on page 57.

[36 ]

q If used without a float, this rig is allowed to drift
off with the tide. Every few minutes the line must be
pulled taut to prevent the bait from -sinking to the

Bortom. Then a little more line is played -out. -This
process is repeated till 150 or 200 feet of line are out
@r even more if the current will carry it. . Then the

line should be reeled in slowly, stopping every few min-
utes and giving it a smart jerk. Weakfish often follow
meepart and strike when it is jerked.

@ If the current is too feeble to carry the line away,
a float should be attached just above the Jeader. Do
not use a heavy float with a light rod. It will in-
terfere with striking the fish.

@ Hooks with pearl squids are very popular for this
kind of fishing, but sometimes the fish will take plain
hooks in preference. No one can tell beforehand. . The
milly way to find - out “is to. experiment: Weakfish
change their habits according to circumstances.

@ When the fish are running deep, the rig is quite dif-
ferent. Tie a sinker to the end of the line, preferably
of the style like No. 9 im the sinker. chart. It must
be heavy enough to go to the bottom, but not heavy
enough to stay there motionless. It should move a few
feet with the tide every time it is lifted.

A. 2 or. 3. foot- leader is tied. to the lime immediately.
above the sinker or 1 or 2 feet above, according to
the way the fish are _ running. About 83 feet above
this, tie another leader, 3 or 4 feet long. Good swiv-
els should be used to connect the leaders to the line
to prevent snarling.

@ As soon as this rig touches bottom, the fisherman
mais berin: to: lift “at; lee Tf amo0we “off oa. few; feet,. hit
fevarain and so on, til he:has” let- out-as «uch line
as possible. Sometimes the fish do not take hold till
the bait has moved 200 or more feet away from the

boat. Then draw it in by similar slow degrees.
@ Whatever method of fishing is used, chumming must
be done constantly. This is one of the most import-

[ 37 |

ant things in weakfishing. Shrimp makes the best
chum. Pinch each one to kill it before tossing it Over-
board. If thrown over alive they often scatter too far,
as they can dart big distances. It is impossible to use

too “many shrimp. From 1 to 2 ‘dozen jshould@ee
thrown out each time. If the tide is swift, toss them
as far ahead of. the bow as possible. In slack tides,

throw them where your line is.

@ If shrimp are scarce, mince porgies, lafayettes, small
snappers, killies or spearing, but be sure to make very
tiny bits. This stuff sinks quickly. Therefore, too much
must not be thrown out at one time, or it will at-
tract dogfish and crabs. If none of these baits can be
obtained, cut clam or mussels up and save every frag-
ment of shedder crab shells and even bread crumbs and
egg shells or other remnants of food.

@ Any noise that can be carried through the water is
likely to frighten the fish. When approaching the fish-
ing ground, do not row over it, but drop down on it
with the tide if possible. Lower the anchor without a
splash and give it only enough cable to hold _ securely.
Do not ‘ shuffle ‘the feet on the bottom of the )boat,
drop oars or - pound clams; \etc., on the gttimale or
thwarts of the boat.

@ Weakfish arrive early in May and immediately run
toward the heads of bays to spawn. This operation
is completed by the majority of the fish by the middle
of May, though some fish full of spawn are taken in
une:

@ They donot bite freely when they arrive, but) ash
are caught every year beyond the Trestle Work, Ja-
maica Bay and in Great Kills, Giffords, Staten Island,
as early as May 15. Good fishing, however, rarely be-
gins before the end of May. The fish bite through the
summer and until the end of October.

@ Weakfish ranging from % to 1% pounds usually swim
in schools which generally contain several hundred fish
but sometimes number many thousands. Fish ranging

[ 38 ]

from 2 to 5 pounds do not usually swim in_ schools
except in the open sea where large schools of fish run-
moe - up to 12 and-15 .pounds: ate found -at times:
These rarely enter the bays.

q As a rule the weakfish in Jamaica and Great South
Bays run large, the average probably being 2 pounds,
while fish weighing from 3 to 5 pounds are taken in
some numbers. Every season a few fish weighing more
are caught. The records for Jamaica Bay show fish
weighing 7, 8, 934 and 11 pounds.

@ The weakfish taken on the Staten Island side of New
York Bay run smaller, being generally school fish not
exceeding an average of 1 pound. They are, however,
wonderfully plentiful, so that catches of 50 and even
100 to a single rod are not unusual in a good _ sea-
son. The best grounds are the oyster beds extending
along Staten Island from Great Kills to Tottenville.

@ Very large fish are taken now and then along the
north shore of Long Island Sound, especially when troll-
ing for striped bass at night around the rocks of such
places as Larchmont, etc.

q In Narragansett Bay weakfish ranging from 6 to 10
pounds and more are _ plentiful, and many are caught
that far exceed this weight. In New York waters the
average angler considers a 2% pound fish very good.

@ On oyster beds and other open waters where the
depth is from G6 to 15 feet at high tide, the best fish-
ing usually is from half flood to half ebb. In creeks
and small bays fishing is best as near high tide as
possible. In large, deep channels, the last half of the
ebb is generally to be preferred. The largest fish are
generally taken near banks or shores at flood tide at
night when they run in to feed.

q “‘Jigging’’ is successful often. The fisherman lets the
boat drift over shoal water and uses a hand line with
a brightly scraped lead squid without bait. The line
is jerked up and down with a sawing motion.

@ Most fishermen use exceedingly large hooks. The pop-

[ 39 |

ular size is probably 6/0 Limerick or 5/0 Carlisle, Sproat
or’ Kirby, as Shows on- the chart in’ ‘this book: amie
largest hook that the writer has used in many years
is 1/0 Sproat, and he has found that this hook will
hold weakfish of four pounds perfectly.

@ A great deal, however, depends on the fisherman.
There is no doubt that 1/0 Sproat would seem far too
small to most experienced anglers. A - 3/0. “Sproat-—lorta
4/0 Limerick, Kirby or Carlisle should, however, be large
enough for any fish except the great sea-run weakfish
that weigh more than 10 pounds.

q For school fish averaging %, to 1 pound, a number
1 Sproat or O’Shaughnessy, or a number 1/0 Carlisle,
Limerick or Kirby should answer perfectly. If fish are
very shy, an Aberdeen hook will often succeed because
it is so thin that it as hardly visible in” thevewater
But this’ thinness makes it likely to rip througieene
thin jaws of the fish.

@ The best shape of hook for weakfish is the Sproat

or O’Shaughnessy. If the sportsman feels enough confi-
dence in his skill, he should use hooks with nothing
heavier than double-gut snells and leaders. An expert

can hold fish of any reasonable size with these if his
rod is flexible enough to take up sudden strains.

@ When weakfish swim slowly about with the tips of
their dorsal fins showing above the surface, they are
generally exasperatingly backward about biting. The
writer has succeeded sometimes, not always, by tying
Aberdeen or Sproat hooks as small as numbers 6 and
7 to very light mist-colored leaders and baiting with a
single shrimp put on with its head up the shank of
the hook while the point and barb were just covered

by its: tail. | This rig; without “smker jor: dloaliimas
tossed overboard very quietly and allowed to drift far
astern. When weakfish strike such small hooks, they

must be allowed to run free for a few seconds so that
they will take the hook well into their throats, other-
wise they will not hold.

[ 40 ]

pp aan eta pies :
S biaial Yea t4q 4 Wane ; i a: nN ee a
enn ’ { edie oaks a a Asan: hanna vai
\\ Wydny baabhins ve ines ere
Patt ; *ePedy Raunt
: 1\ AS EERER LY Peery

STRIPED BASS. The striped bass is the most

dificult to find of all our local
fish. It has the most unaccountable moods everywhere
from the Chesapeake to Cape Cod. It is, however, the
most eagerly sought of all fish, because it is not only
game to the heart, but because there is always a
chance that a very large one will take hold even in a
tiny creek.
@ Every year a few large bass ranging from 10 to 20
pounds are caught in the shallow, narrow, grassy creeks
near the trestle work in Jamaica Bay. The lucky ang-
lers rarely get more than one large fish in a day, how-
ever, and they often try for weeks without a single
strike.
@ The most likely way to get large bass is by casting
mo the «surf “along “Long -Island,». or ,on © thes ~New
Jersey beach from the Highlands to Ocean City. As-
bury Park and Deal Beach have always offered the best
fishing there.
@ The favorite Asbury Park rig is a pyramid-shaped

sinker (see number 3 in sinker chart.) In ordinary surf
3 ounce is heavy enough. In very high seas and bad
undertow 5 ounce is_ used. Abouts .2-.4teet Yabove, the

simker a 2 foot: leader of ‘triple “or quadruple gut: 1s
fastened to the line with a double action swivel like
mo. 10 in the swivel chart in this book: The hook
is a 6/0 tempered O'Shaughnessy. A medium stiff rod
with very large agate guides is’ used. The xéeel» must

[el]

be large enough to hold 600 feet of 21 thread line.
Bloodworms, shedder crab and skimmer clams are _ the
best bait. The length of the cast varies according to
locality. Generally it is necessary to cast 100 to 150
feet and in some spots longer casts are demanded.

@ June and September are the best months; but there
have been years when the records for number and _ size
of big fish were made in August. The fishing generally
lasts into October. The records show fish weighing from
5 pounds to 65 pounds.

@ Long. Beach, L. I., is another good place theugh the
fish do not seem as plentiful there as on the New Jer-
sey coast. The same style rig is used but “very Hoag
casts are required. An excellent place for -empg@larce
bass is at Montauk Point, L. I., where fish weighing
from 35 to 65 pounds have been taken in recent years.
Twenty years ago several fish of more than 70 pounds
were hooked. Late summer is best there.

Q July is the best month at Block Island on the Sound.

@ Fishermen trying the surf casting anywhere on our
coasts must, however, be prepared for disappointment.
Even in the most reliable places the fishing is uncer-
tain. The famous Cuttyhunk and Pasque Island clubs
at Buzzard’s Bay, Mass., have years when hardly any
fish are taken and the same is true of the South Side
Sportsman’s Club at Oakdale, L. I., whose fishing in
Great River is generally excellent.

q A fair number of large bass is taken by casting from
shore along the Hudson River from Riverside Drive, N. Y.
City -all- the» way to» Croton “and. beyond?) 7 -thewae,
bait and method. of fishing are the same: as for Ssurt
casting. except that the sinker and line are sliphter
Most of the fish range from ¥% pound to 10 pounds.
Very few weigh more, nowadays, though in past years
the Hudson River bass records showed fish of more
than 70 pounds.

@ Many Hudson River fishermen use tiny bits ot cork
on the leaders to keep them away from the crabs on the

[42 ]

bottom. Much tackle is lost by fouling the stones. The
river fishing begins in May and lasts to November.

@ Very large baits are used for surf and river fishing.
One large bloodworm or sandworm is threaded on the
hook and drawn over the shank and well up the gut,
leaving only an inch or so of his tail to dangle. ‘Then
another large worm is put on so as to cover the rest
of the hook, leaving a good part of his tail to float
free. Many expert anglers use three and even four
worms on one hook.

@ The three hours before high tide and the first hour

aiter it are -the best for stirf “and river” fishing. The
striped bass root on the bottom for worms and _ simi-
lat “ood and: love’ to. work close-in “to: ‘shore. -The

richest place for such food is at low water mark or a
little beyond. The fish cannot approach this, of course,
till the tide is well up. On gently sloping beaches low
water mark will be from 50 to 100 feet outside of
high water mark.

@ In the more inclosed bays such as Jamaica and Great
South Bays, the bass like to run up grassy creeks that
have steep sod banks where they can browse at high
tide. Although very large fish run into these places,
the average will not weigh more than 2 pounds and
there will be many smaller fish. They are much more
shy in such confined waters and the tackle must be
nner. - They do-»aot feed .so~ much on bottom;, but
browse along the sods and if there are sedges, they
are most likely to be feeding on the surface.

@ The tackle in these places is very simple. No sinker
is used. A number 1% Sproat or O’Shaughnessy hook
is attached, to» the. end of the. lines with a four. or ‘six

foot leader. Shrimp, shedder, worm or live killies may
be used for bait. - The, boat. isi pulled .close -to the
bank, the anchor being laid on_ shore. If this cannot

be done, the boat should be anchored across the chan-
nel with bow and stern anchors, one lying on shore
and the other on the opposite side of the channel so

[43 ]

that there will be no anchor rope in the channel itself
to frighten the fish.

@ The fisherman must be very quiet. The bait is cast
gently down the tide and allowed to float close along
the grass, sometimes being permitted to sink almost to
the bottom and then being brought up to the surface.
Three shundred or more feet. of line are thus playedwour
the - bait “being kept -in° constant, but gentle’ “mosioa:
In deep channels with a very swift current, this rig
may be weighted with a sinker heavy enough to keep
it five or six feet below the surface but not so heavy
that it will not freely move with the tide.

q Still another method of fishing is trolling, used to
some extent in creeks and around the sod banks of isl-
ands in bays, but used mostly along open beaches and
at rocky shores and reefs such as the shores from Hell
Gate, N. Y., to Larchmont, Mamaroneck, South Norwalk,
ete. Trolling is done with a rig much like that described
for creek fishing, but the line and leader must have
two or three good swivels like Nos. 7 or 8 in swivel
chart. Some fishermen use a_ bright nickel-plated spin-
ner above the hook. It must be small. The boatwis
rowed about 3 miles an hour along’ shore, as close as
possible to the rocks or sods, and the fisherman lets
out about’100 -to-25. feet ‘of “line.

@ Corson’s Inlet, N. J. and Port Deposit to Conowingo
at the mouth of the Susquehanna River are famous for

trolling for very large bass. The favorite baits are
bloodworms, eel-tail and mullet. Hooks as large as
10/0 Sproat are used. The fish run extremely large
and powerful tackle is needed. Corson’s Inlet is much

more reliable than the Susquehanna. In the latter place |

fishing is useless till the river is just right. The fish
are known as rock-fish there and in the South.

@ Both in bays and the open ocean the striped bass
prefer to venture near shore at night. The chances for
a good catch are always better then than in the day
time, especially in the case of large fish.

[ 44 ]

Bluefish

BLUEFISH: SNAPPERS. _ This is the gamest of

all salt-water fish around
New York. Many expert anglers declare that it “is a
much better fighter than black bass or any fish except
salmon. It is enormously plentiful some years and
scarce in others. Its arrival probably depends largely
on the food supply.

@ The large bluefish, ranging from 6 to 12 pounds,
and sometimes reaching 15 to 20 pounds, stay in the

open. sear The. meafest they ever come to shore is
when they drive mossbunkers, herring or spearing into
the surf. They hardly ever enter “the quiet waters 7in-

side of the inlets near New York.

@ The bluefish that come into Great South, Jamaica,
Gravesend, Raritan and Barnegat Bays hardly ever reach
5 pounds and probably average only 2 pounds.

q In August the young bluefish fill bays and creeks and
run up and down rivers, swimming up the MHudson

River as far as Croton. Early in the season they are
only G- ot 7 inches long. By October they will range
from 10 to 14 inches and weigh up to 1 pound, aver-
aging about % pound. Even at, that late date. how-

=

ever, there will be: big schools of 6 and 7 inch\- fish.

@ The large fish in the open sea are taken almost en-
tirely by trolling from a sailboat or power boat going
swiftly. The fisherman must depend upon his captain
for fish. The fisherman tows a heavy hand line to
which is tied a 7/0, .8/0 or even 9/0 Limerick hook
set in a ‘squid,’ a solid block of tin, lead, bone or a

[45 ]

piece of round cedar. About 150 or. 200 feet Zot ine
is played out. The savage fish hooks himself and
must then be hauled in by main strength. Many fish
are lost because they suddenly over-run the line and
shake themselves free or even bite the line in two.

q A still more arduous, but expensive and difficult way
to fish for the big onés is with rod and reel) frome
anchored boat, while a man is kept busy grinding up
mossbunkers and throwing the fragments overboard for
“chum.” The chum must’ be thtown ‘out: in@snucha
way as to have no break in the slick. The fisherman,
armed with a strong rod and an immense reel capable
of holding 800 feet of heavy line, fastens a 4: or 5
foot leader of tempered steel or piano wire with a No.
1 Virginia or 5/0 O'Shaughnessy hook. to. the “end of
the line, puts on a square piece of mossbunker and
tosses it among” the “‘chum.” The fish generally aia
the bait only while it is floating out. If none strike
it then, it must be recovered and tossed over again.
It.as furious work when a-10 or 12 pound “fish@aaies
hold, and only experts can handle such a fish on the rod.

q Fishing for the smaller bay bluefish is done much the
same way, only with tackle much lighter, while the
“chum” is often spearing or killies although mossbunk-
ers are best» (he stuff must be minced “very fie eeemc
kallies sare best for bait inside ‘of the ' bays becadsegiume
fish there feed mostly on _ killies, spearing, shiners or
very small herring: In the absence of live bait; “hog
ever, shedder crab, spearing or mossbunker answer Some-
times a piece of bluefish will beat any other bait.

@ Only one hook is used. It should be mounted on a
3 foot length of thin wire or on gimp, as the _ bluefish
can bite ordinary ‘snells “off as 1f they “cwere cut wie

SCiSSOrs. A pearl squid is excellent, providing it is set
on a -well-shaped “hook, ‘Ifa’ plain hook” 1s” “usediader
it: be a Carlisle No. 4/0. This will catch a 1% pound
fish and also answer perfectly for °~a 2% ‘pounder

the -fish are .runming larger, a 5/0 is a -better size,

[ 46 J

@ No sinker is used unless the tide is very swift.
phen “enough: - split. shot: (see No. 43° in «sinker -chart)
should be pinched on the line above the leader to sink
the bait about three feet below the surface. If the
tide is not strong enough to carry tne line away from
the boat, a small float should be put on above the
leader.

@ When the fish are in big schools, they are often so
desperate in their rushes for food that they willl come
close to the boat; but generally they stay fifty or a
hundred feet astern. Therefore the bait should be cast
among the chum as far as possible from the boat and
the line should be paid out freely.

@ Hardly ever is it mecessary to strike the fish. They
never nibble and rarely play with the bait, but snap at
it fiercely and instantly rush away with tremendous speed
and violence, giving the fisherman no warning. Often
the first intimation a man has that he has hooked a
bluefish is wiien the fish jumps out of the water.

@ The fight that follows is savage in the extreme. The
fish will run deep, throwing himself over and > over as

he goes down. Then he will flash as suddenly to the
surface, jump from 1 to 3 feet high, and hurl himself
back into the water headfirst. Generally he will turn

over twice while in the air, shaking his head like a
terrier.
@ To haul with dead strength against such a fish is

to risk smashed tackle. When the bluefish wants line,
he .as* \bound:-to “take “it. Met thougho+he ~must be
humored, it is equally important that he shall get no
slack line. Almost every hooked bluefish shakes his

head more or less continually and at any moment an
inch of slack may enable him to shake the hook out.
The fisherman cannot always avoid slack line, however,
because the favorite trick of the bluefish is to turn sud-
denly -in) ~ the ‘middle>of~-a).. mad, sush sand: [to «drive
toward the boat like the living bolt of lightning that
he is.

Fee)

{| Inexperienced anglers always stop reeling in disappoint-
ment when their line suddenly slackens and the rod
straightens out; but that “is the ‘very “time ‘to #dowgehe
quickest work. The fisherman must immediately reel as
fast as he can .turn the handle, at the same time) xais-
ing his rod and swaying it back as far as_ possible in
order to gather the slack in the shortest time: lig@uie
boat is large enough, he should also walk along the
deck in order to hasten the operation.

q A bluefish may establish slack line a number of times

before he can be brought to the boat. When he be-
gins to yield, however, he has another dangerous trick
in teserve. He will stop suddenly at sight of theboat

and make one last run as furious as if he were fresh-
ly hooked. Usually he will dive and dash under the
boat, coming to the surface some distance away on the
other side. This of course” places line and” rod Mutou
very difficult position unless the fisherman is_ prepared
for the trick by keeping the. tip of the rod ‘pomtinewas
nearly astern as possible so that the line can be guided
around the stern.

@ There is very little use in fishing for bluefish without
a plentiful supply of chum. A school will flash past
the boat. at the -rate of. 100 miles’ an hour, sso “that
in less than one minute the fish may be a mile away.
The only way to \hold them is to chum -desperately
the moment they appear. Some fishermen have a small
meat chopper screwed to the gunwale and can thus
grind out chum with one hand while fishing with the
other.

@ The general habit of these bay bluefish is to swim
in rather compact bunches, keeping close to the deepest
water and usually moving with the tide, although of
course they keep continually darting back and forth also.
When they find a school of spearing, killies, mossbunk-
ers or herring, they dash forward to surround it and
at the same time they “sink” so” as\..to eget) undenaac
working just the way a purse-seine does. It is then

[48 ]

after they have cut the school up and have begun to
scatter after fleeing stragglers that they are likely to
take the baited hook.

q It is then that their savage pursuit of the little fish
makes them rush into the shoals and over bars_ blind-
ly. But they dash back again into deep water in-

stantly. The pl#cte to ‘fish for them at such times is
in the channels, baiting with killies about 2% inches
long or with spearing. Keep the bait in continual mo-

tion, jerking it with forcible movements of the rod, but
always letting it swirl away again swiftly with the tide.

@ If the bluefish are not in sight on the surface, the
place to look for them is wherever two deep channels
meet and make an eddy, or the tossing, boiling commo-
Zion know as ““tide-rip” in water at, least’ 10° feet
deep at low tide. Excellent places generally are where
the point of a bar drops abruptly into deep water, so
that the tide sweeping by makes swirls and little whirl-

pools. Occasionally there will be found spots in deep
channels where there is comparatively slack water even
at the fiercest tide-rush. These slack spots are almost

certain to attract bluefish because the straggling bait
fish huddle there. Very often, however, the bluefish will
not venture into the slack water itself, but stay just
outside, on the edge of the current, waiting for the tide
to carry victims to them. The fisherman should anchor
lus; Doat- above “the “eddy “or ‘tide rip (so that’ his” ‘bait
ean drift down the tide about a hundred feet to the
spot where the fish are. A light quill float will be
advantageous in this kind of fishing. The best time is
during two hours before high water and two hours after.

@ Young bluefish, which are better known as_ snappers,
have nearly the same habits and will be found in the
same places as described here for the adult _bluefish.
But they are much less wary and will go into much
shoaler water, so that it is easier to find and catch
them.

[ 49 ]

@ When the tide is a little more than half high, the
little snappers like to run up creeks. Wherever a creek
makes a sudden bend, there is always a good chance
for snappers by anchoring so that the tide will carry
the bait toward the point of the bank. The little kil-
lies and spearing generally swim out of the current and

gather in bunches in quiet places like this. The. best
spots. of all im creeks are where thefe. ate Joldqeant
dams, the remains of the tidal mills of past days. The

swift water carries the spearing, shrimp, etc., down help-
lessly and snappers will gather in hundreds just below
the rushing eddies to snatch them.

@ The same reason brings snappers in schools around
piers that jut into water where the tide is swift. This

makes ocean piers excellent for snapper fishing. When
they are plentiful, they will scatter over oyster beds
and flats and take the hook anywhere. But the pest

places always are near points of land, piers, bars and
other places where the tide is swift enough to make
swirls and where the water is from 10 to 30 feet deep
at. low tide. The best fishing time is three hours be-
fore and two hours after high water.

@ It is mot necessary to use wire leaders but gagiwery
long shanked hook must be used. The tackle should
be: fine,- for “the little bluefish are cunting. | ~ Dlesenese
rig for snappers ranging from % to % pound is a
number 3 Carlisle hook on a 3 foot mist-colored leader,
with a very light quill float just above the leader so
that the bait will be about 3 feet below the surface.
The best bait is spearing. Run the hook through the
spearing just under the tail, let the point come out
about the center of the little fish, draw the tail up
ovet the shank of the hook to the gut and then put
the point of the hook into the spearing’s mouth so
that it will protrude -at its gills. Spearing cannot be
kept alive on the hook. Live killies are excellent bait.
Pieces of snapper are almost equally good. A _ bit of
pearl or tinfoil is good on the hook.

[50 |

Black Fish

BLACKFISH. Mussel or “cinder” bottom; or rocks,

spiles and wrecks covered with barna-
cles, are the places for blackfish or tautog. Oyster

beds are often good, but not always. In creeks they
feed close to steep sedgy banks that descend _ sharply
into from 7 to 15 feet of water. If deeper holes ex-

ist, the chances are usually good for large fish.

@ They are bottom feeders and like very deep water. They
stay close to the feeding place, tearing the barnacles,
borers and other shell-growth away with sharp tugging
nips. The line must, therefore, be kept motionless and
close to the spiles, rocks or banks.

@ There is no fishing where it is more important to
drop the line into exactly the right places. A com-
paratively small patch of mussels, rocks or wreckage
may be crowded with blackfish while the bottom for
acres or even miles around it will not have any fish.
Therefore, a few feet will often make all the difference
between a good catch of fish and none. When feeding
over a small place, blackfish often herd so closely that
they shoulder each other. They browse over a chosen
ground very much like a flock of sheep.

@ Usually they feed with their heads pointing downward,
and they make quick, forcible darts at the food like
the pecking of birds. This swift attack makes them

[51]

very clever at stealing bait without getting hooked. It
is necessary therefore to have the line under full com-
mand all the time.

@ It is a mistake, however, to strike at the first nip,
because blackfish hardly ever gulp bait. They use their
front teeth to nip off the shellfish from their clinging
places. Then they pass it on to be crushed between
crusher-teeth in the backs of their mouths. If they feel
anything wrong before the food has passed beyond the
front nipping-teeth, blackfish will spit out the bait at
once, -», They will not teturn to a bait “that, theyenave
once left like this.

@ When you feel the first nip, give the fish time ie
not move the line in the least. Wait till the jaippme
gives place to a strong jerk that tells unmistakably that
the fish “has the ~ hook. Most fishermen lose fish by
being too eager. The very largest blackfish are often
the slowest about taking the bait in and must be
treated with the greatest care.

@ The fish caught inside of the bays average about 1%
pounds, but there is always a good chance for fish
weighing 3 and 4 pounds and a few running 6 to 8
pounds are caught every year.

q Off shore the blackfish probably average 3 pounds,
but many weighing from 6 to 8 pounds are taken on
almost every trip of the party boats and_ occasionally
a fish weighing 10 pounds or more is caught. The
largest recorded weighed a little less than 25 pounds.

@ Fishing inside of the inlets begins in April. At this
time the blackfish in the bays usually run larger than
they do later, and the fish will often average 2% or 3
pounds. They are, however, full of spawn.

@ Toward the end of May they move from the bays
and the off-shore fishing begins in earnest. Bay fishing
continues through the summer, but the large fish are
outside. July and August are usually poor months. In
September, fishing both inside -and outside starts briskly.
It continues till November inside. Then the fish go to

[52 ]

deep water and bite off shore through November and
December and all through mild winters. So far as
known, blackfish do not migrate but hibernate in very
cold weather, going into mud, rock-crevices or wrecks.

@ No leaders are needed for them. They are not shy.
The lowest hook should be tied % to 1 inch above the
sinker and two others are fastened just far enough
above each other to avoid tangling. In bad_ spots,
like wrecks, it is wise to use only one hook especially
if the fish run large. A hooked blackfish invariably
bores straight downward for the worst place he can
find and tries to swim into a crevice. If other hooks
are dangling free then, they will foul somewhere.

@ Under any circumstances, extra tackle must be carried
when fishing wrecks or rough reefs. Sinkers generally
foul more than hooks. Many fishermen attach sinkers
to the fishing line with a bit of weak twine or soft
wire so that they can save the rest of the tackle if
the sinker catches badly.

@ Heavy sinkers are needed both inside and _ outside.
In the bays the largest blackfish often bite best at the
top of the tide rush in the deep channels, and a sinker
weighing from 5 to 7 ounces is needed to _ hold _ bot-
tom. For outside fishing use 6 to 10 ounce sinkers.

@ This makes it necessary to use a_ stiff rod because
the fish must be struck with great force to drive the
barb into his hard mouth. A very flexible rod is of
little use except in perfectly still, shoal water.

q All the tackle must be strong. The downward surge
of even a 2-pound blackfish is surprisingly powerful,
and whenever the fishing ground is at all rough, the
fish must be kept away from bottom or from the spiles
or rocks by main strength or they will tangle the
line or pull it against the knife-like barnacles.

@ The bait mostly used by the Fishing Bank boats is
the calico or stone crab or the common blue crab in
its hard. or shedder “state. — The. back shell is “lifted
away and the legs are broken off, leaving the first

[53 ]

joints next to the body. The crab is then cut up in
such a way as to leave a piece of leg with each piece
of body. The hook ‘is run through the ~bodyagpag
and out through the bony ring of the shell into the
lee part. A crab: will thus make from 6 to ©@ bans
@ An almost sure bait for blackfish is the tail of the
large hermit crab that lives in the deep-sea conch shell.
It is very hard to’ get. Another almost cettatmeipae
is the black deep-water mussel; but it is hard to) keep
on the hook unless whipped on with thread.

@ An easier bait to get and the best one for general
purposes is the china-back fiddler crab, which lives in
burrows on white sand _ beaches. The dark fiddler,
found on sedgy banks and mud, is not so good. To
hook the fiddler, pull out a claw and insert the hook
in the hole it leaves. - The point of the hook (should
remain hidden in the shell.

@ Sandworms and hard, soft’ or skimmer clams are
good. Bay blackfish generally prefer sandworm to clam
and in summer will often take shrimp. Sometimes a
shrimp with a bit of hard clam .on the point of y the
hook will succeed when the fish bite poorly.

q Off shore fishing is best at the following places: the
“Fishing Banks,’ which comprise a number of good
spots in the open ocean off the Long Island and New
Jersey coasts; Iberia wreck off Long Beach; Black War-
rior wreck off Rockaway Beach; mussel beds between
Sandy Hook and Long Beach and_ extending well
toward Jamaica and Sheepshead Bays.

@ Probably the best blackfishing ground for small eae
is the Stone Pile which lies a few hundred feet off the
Coney Island Beach, between the Manhattan Beach and
Oriental Hotels. It can be treached by a short pull
from Sheepshead Bay.

q@ In Jamaica Bay the best blackfishing is along’ the
Long Island Railroad trestle work and in Beach, Fish-
kill and Steamboat Channels. Other places are the Cart-
Wheel, Ruffle Bar, Black Wall and the stone dock on

[ 54 |

Barren Island. Hassock and Irish creeks furnish some
fish in the deeper holes.

@ A wreck at the Bell Buoy off Coney Island east of
the ‘iron, .piers is’ ,excellent) for. ssmall> blackish: The
twenty-foot channel in Raritan Bay is fairly good. An
excellent spot in this bay is the Monument, composed
of stones that mark the boundary between New Jer-
sey and New York. The autumn is best there.

@ In Hempstead Bay, L. I., there is good _blackfishing
along the Long Beach R.R. trestle work. The water
is deep there and the fish run to a fair size.

q Excellent fishing is found at the entrance to Long
Island Sound, off Throg’s Neck, around City and Hart
Islands: and over the deep ‘reefs of Sands Point and
the Stepping Stones and Execution Rocks.

q Blackfish have a curious habit of lying on bottom on
their sides or even lying head-down in some hole in the
rocks just large enough to hold them. In April and
May, while the spawning-time lasts, bunches of black-
fish sticking closely together, will swim in great circles
on the surface with their backs out of the water. Gen-
erally these bunches consist mostly of male fish follow-
ing a few females or only one. - They--will not bite
when they are thus playing on the surface.

@ The mouth of blackfish is small, and the thick,
tough lips are drawn tightly over the flat teeth. There-
fore the hook must be comparatively small. The hook to
be used is the style known as Blackfish hook or Virginia
hook. Number 7 is large enough for bay fishing
wherever the fish will got. ¢xceed 2 or 3S pounds.
Number 6 will hold a 7 or 8 pound fish, but it will
not do to strain too hardin fighting him, or to: lift
him out of the water, because the steel of so small a
hook is too thin. Where such large fish are expected
and for outside fishing a number 3 hook should answer
all demands. If extremely large fish are expected, some
number 2 hooks should be carried along. See the chart
in the back which shows exact sizes of these hooks.

[55 ]

SWIVELS USED BY FISHERMEN.

No. 1 Brass to Buckle, No. (6) Siteel look:
No. 2 Watch Spring. NOF iv. Brass box
No. 3 Brass Corkscrew. No. 8 Brass Barrel..
No. 4 Patent Spring. IN@, AMA oIe-
No. 5 Special Link. No. 10 Cross Line.
Spreader is shown closed.
SINKERS USED BY FISHERMEN.
No. 1 Bank. No. 9 Bass Casting or Swivel
No. 2 Swivel Diamond Casting. Dipsey.
No. 3 Pyramid. Non On Beg
No. 4 Hollow Running. No maa Clincher
No, 5 Ringed. No. 12 Mackinac.
No. 6 Barrel Shaped Swivel. No. 13 Split Shot.
No. 7 Adjustable Spiral. No. 14 Lead, Coil.
No. 8 Square. No. 15 Lead Worm.
Some anglers use hollow lead pipe for _ sinkers. They claim

that the tide turns this sinker lengthwise and that the rushing
water will pass through it allowing the sinker to hold bottom.
See opposite page.

[ 56 ]

FISH FACTS. Fluke and flounders belong to the

same family. There are several other
flatish around New York. One is the ‘window pane”
or ‘“‘sun dial”’ which has toothed jaws and _ otherwise
looks * much like the —-fluke except for its light) color

much like sand, and the bright spots on its back. tt
averages about a pound and is not common. It gets
its name because it is partly transparent. There are

three very small flatfish almost exactly like the common
flounder—the sand dab, sand flounder and the = small-

mouthed flounder. There is also a tiny flatfish known
ag sole. None of these are plentiful.

q Blackfish and bergalls belong to the same family,
knawn as wrasse fishes. There are no _ other fish of

this family on our coast.

@ The weakfish, also known by the Narragansett Indian
name Squeteague, belongs to a family called Croakers.
The red and black drum, lafayette and kingfish belong
to this family. There is a_ kingfish in Florida waters
that is quite different, belonging to the mackerel family.
Our northern kingfish is known as_ hake, whiting and
Bermuda whiting from the New Jersey coast south.

q Porgies (Narragansett Indian name Scuppaug) belong
to the same family as the sheepshead, which is a porgy
though it lives with and has the habits of blackfish,
There -is\ one ‘other porgy, the Sailors Choice, aimee
hardly ever comes to our waters. It has golden stripes
and dark vertical bands.

@ Sea bass, striped bass and white perch belong to the

family grouped as _ sea_ basses. The white perch used to
be common around New York, running into salt water
from the rivers in autumn. They are rare now.

@ Bluefish belong to a family by themselves.

@ Menhaden or mossbunkers, sea herring and shad _be-
long to the herring family. About 10 different herrings
come into our waters. Menhaden will not take a hook
and are valuable only for bait.

@- The deep sea- or ‘conger. cel belongs to {the isame

[58 ]

Species as the common eel but a _ different family. A
fish often caught on the fishing banks and called conger
Eclsiais. mot. -an; eel Vat call: Its correct name is mutton
fish or eel-pout. The: true conger eel! is also caught
on the fishing banks.

@ The butterfish which used to be most plentiful around

New York, is pretty rare now. It belongs to a family
by itself. A few are caught occasionally while fishing
for sand porgies and lafayettes. They are small.

@ Bonitos are mackerel fishes like Spanish mackerel.
Both are taken only by trolling in the open sea. Some-
times big schools are struck. Bluefish tackle takes them.
ihe = tunny - or’ horse mackegel> “belongs: “to “this tamiuly.
This is the same fish as the famous ‘Tuna’ of South-
ern California. On July 3t,- 1908, four were hooked by
Captain J. B. Thompson while trolling for bluefish off

Ocean, “Grove, N... f. Three broke the _ lines. One was
landed. It weighed 46 pounds. A_ small mackerel,
usually 6 to 8 inches long sometimes runs into’ shore
in extraordinary quantities. There was a famous run

in 1896 when they were so plentiful that people dipped
them up with scoop nets and even hands everywhere
from Coney Island to Fort Hamilton. This is ‘the
chub mackerel, also called ‘‘tinker’’ and ‘‘thimble eye.”
It appears only occasionally. The common mackerel of
the markets hardly ever ventures into our bays.

@ Smelts are not related to spearing.

@ Sea robins and hackleheads belong to different families.
Sea robins are gurnards. There are four varieties in
our waters—the common or _ web-fingered, the red-winged
or striped, the big-headed and the flying sea _ robin.
The latter is very rare. The hackleheads belong to the
sculpin family. There are four varieties—the 18 spined,
which is the one commonly caught; the brassy sculpin,
which rarely grows more than 6 inches long; the daddy,
which often reaches 2 feet and is very rare indeed; and
the sea raven which is caught frequently on the fishing
banks but hardly ever in-shore.

[59 ]

GUT LEADERS. The material of which leaders

and snells are made comes from
the silkworm, but it is not taken like” silk, “tronmattme
cocoons spun by the worm. To -get the leaden gene
the silkworm is killed just before he spins his cocoon,
by being dropped into a very carefully made mixture of
vinegar and water. When sufficiently pickled, the worms
are “torn “open to- get at “thes two silk “sacks. @iemisiic
sack is pulled apart, which stretches the contents out
to the desired length. Two strands are. obtained from
each worm.*® They harden almost at once, “andigitiis
Sut is; stretched on ‘a board “to dry. | After that
is thoroughly cleaned, sorted and tied into bundles for
shipment. |

@ The Province of Murcia in Spain has almost a mo-
nopoly of the business. Most of the gut is marketed
through Scotland and England. The gut comes. in
many grades and each grade is’ subdivided into three

qualities. The wearing qualities of gut are judged by
clearness, springiness, and hardness. Good gut should
feel like wire. It should be perfectly round and have

the same diameter from end to end.

€] No matter. how perfect the gut may ~be,.°a. leader
will be ruined if it is kinked sharply, . especially when
dry. It (is: a very . good . thing, to: soak. ~a- leaden
in cold) water long’ enough to make it perfectly Ssom

and _ pliable. When a bright, new, dry leader is twist-
ed. to fasten it to ‘the line or the hook, the’ filares
break like glass. Leaders and snells will last and _ be
sound if they are put into a basin of water the mene
before use and left there till morning. Do not use hot
water.

@ It does . not - pay to buy “gut: to make one’s Rowa
leaders. It.as “much better and cheaper to. cet Veaders
ready-made, for it requires much skill to make the knots.

[ 60 |

BAITS. The leading bait for local salt water fishing
=o «| «(iS' the “shedder crab: All fish will take it.
The shedder is the common blue crab in the stage when
his shell is splitting, but before it peels entirely and

leaves him a soft crab. A shedder can always be dis-
tinguished by pinching the sides of the shell. If they
yield -and yerack, .the crab as -good ton bait.) Lom ase

him the shell is peeled away from body and claws, un-
til a perfect crab is left, but without shell. This should
make six good baits without the claws. The latter
make the best bait of all. When the blue crab is
ready to shed, he goes into shallow water and _ hides
under grass and weed or else clings near the surface to
spiles and other hiding places, in order to escape the
fish that hunt him while he is soft.

@ Another excellent and all around bait is the shrimp
which is so plentiful that quarts can be obtained by
dragging a _ fine-meshed net along. spiles or through
grasses in shallow water. They cling to almost every
boat float and pier and are most plentiful close in shore
around spiles about low water. An _ ordinary long-
handled net with fine meshes should he rapidly scraped
along the spiles or grass. They must be kept alive.
Dead shrimp care useless. They -will- live’ for days in a
floating car. The fisherman must take this car in when
moving the boat or the pressure of the water will kill
them. When the tide is very swift the car should be
taken in, as the current swirling through it will force
all the shrimp to one end of the car where they will
suffocate. During the height of the tide-rush, it will be
sufficient to dip the car into the water frequently.

q@ The salt water minnows known as killies are kept in
the same kind of car. They are hardier than shrimp
and will live hours out of the water if kept cool and
moist. The best killie is one with a dark green back
and white belly. Another good one is mottled’ green
with yellow on the fins. There is a white killie with
curious black markings and irregular stripes, known as

[61 ]

the bass killie which is not gvod at all. lt ‘dies male
most at once on the hook while the others will live
indefinitely if used with common care.

q@ With a long-handled net killics can be caught in prac-
tically every creek or grassy cove. Look for them in
shallow water. Even if only a’ few are in sight, Stoss
some bits of clam or fish into the water, and the
chances are that a good number will gather if you
keep» Vvery” ‘giiet. When you. have thus ascertained
that the killies are present, crack a clam, Jay it@aneiie
net _and ‘push it- out so ‘that the bae@ of “the “setmacaill

le” on “she bottom and not. wave: in the water Do
not sbeyriny a hurry to Shit Sat Every killie that enters
it will attract more. Sometimes half a hundred can be

taken with one scoop of the net.

q The beautiful silver-banded spearing is not easily taken
for he is too “shy -and too, quick. for the ‘scoop enemas
a rule. A long seine is hauled parallel to the shore
for this bait, and the average fisherman must depend on
bait-catchers for his supply as he will waste too much
time trying to get them himself.

@ Sandworms live at low water mark in sod banks or

tough sand. Rocky beaches are the best places. They
can be obtained only at low water and must be dug
out with spade or fork. Very few sandworms are
found in the ordinary loose sand beaches of the: ocean
shore. They require places with consistency enough to
give them secure burrows. The. same is truer of _ blood=
worms. The latter are found only on rocky beaches.

Most fishing tackle dealers keep fresh live worms and
it pays -better"to buy them than “to search. for them:
@ Bloodworms should be kept in shallow boxes in moist
and cool sea weed. Sandworms should be kept in clean
dry sand. Dhey “sickent and -sdie= in qwet. Both worms
must be sheltered from wind as well as sun and_ they
should not be kept in cigar or tobacco boxes. Do not
use pasteboard boxes, either. They will be sure to get
wet in the boat and fall apart.

[ 62]

@ Fiddler crabs are of several species, almost exactly
alike except in color. The best is the brightly colored
kind known as ‘‘china-back’? which lives on clean’ sand
beaches. The darker colored ones live on mud_ shores
and sod banks and the blackfish often will refuse to
touch them when they will take china backs greedily.
Sometimes, however, the dark ones answer perfectly.

@ Soft clams are found at low tide in sod banks or
on muddy bars and on beaches that are either rocky or
mixed with enough earth to give the clam a firm place
for a burrow. They betray their presence by squirting
jets of water into the air when any one approaches.
They must be dug out with a spade or hoe.

@ Hard clams live outside of low water mark and can
be found by ‘‘treading’’—that is, by wading on the mud
flats at low water and feeling for them in the mud
with bare feet.

@ The skimmer clam is found only in the open sea out-
Side= ol the = Surk It Jooks* like, the. hard clam™-except
that it is much larger and more flat. It moves around
by sticking out a wide fleshy foot, and storms often
throw it on the beaches in great quantities.

@ These are the standard baits. The average fisherman
will not have time to obtain them for himself. Shed-
der crabs, like worms, can be bought from tackle deal-
ers cand jin: fish) markets: Almost all fishing’ resorts
have killies, shrimp, clams and sometimes spearing and
fiddlers on hand.

@ If through some fatality none of them could be obtained,
the determined fisherman need not give up, however. If
he can get mossbunkers, herring, snappers, lafayettes or
even sea robins, he will have very attractive bait. Lack-
ing .all. these, ‘he may still) depend: -on> the “horse” mus-
sels that stick out of every sedgy mudbank in every
creek. Sometimes they make excellent bait. Once when
the writer did not have even mussels he gathered half
a hundred of the little snails that cover all muddy
bottoms by the million. Cracking the shells with a

[ 63 ]

hammer he got enough small baits to catch a fair mess
of tomcods.

@ Another emergency bait which can be found in quan-
tities on sand beaches, are the beach fleas, which hop
about along the line of weed and refuse thrown up by
the flood tide. Even if they are not in sight they jean
be found generally by digging a few inches deep with a
stick. They are from % to 1 inch long and make@ae
most as good bait as shrimp. Sometimes fish will pre-
fer them to anything else:

@ Under stones and sea weed between low and _ high
water marks there is a creature, the gammara, looking

like a link between the beach flea and the shrimp. it
tries to work out of sight by wriggling curiously on
its side, and is easily caught. Three or four will make

a bait that. may. do in an’ emergency.

@ Small green and red crabs and_ several species of
worms besides sand and bloodworms can be found in
quantities on rocky shores by lifting the stones quickly.
These are not good baits but better than nothing.

@ Thus no fisherman need be without bait of some kind
in any salt water bay or on any ocean . beach Meag
New York. But for all that, if shedder crab or worms
cannot be bought before starting on a trip, it is wise
to stop at a fish dealer’s place and buy small fish to
cut. up for bait. Herring, snappers, porgies, lafayette,
mackerel or smelt will be of service. Sometimes baits
thus made by cutting up pieces of fish will be more
attractive than anything else, A 2. inch piece weomimees
robin, skinned so that the silvery flesh shows, will often
catch fluke, weakfish and bluefish, when they are slow
about taking hold of ordinary bait. These baits made
from fish are what is known as ‘“‘fish bait.” Dogfish
is often used this way.

q An almost sure bait is the soft tail of the big her-

mit crab that lives in conch shells: Tt is; hard>, te jaee
but oystermen sometimes have it. Practically every fish
will) snap) at: it. ~ Jt is: known asso bank (lobster?

[ 64 |

The Hooks Shown
In This Chart
Are E-cact Size.

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