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LARA ANZSI ZEN ZENS AEN ENRON EN AEN ESN NON ONIN NOR
RSE SIRSRSR SESS SIRSISSIESE SS SRSIRSISSR SSRI ESSEC SKSKSKS

Elesh. ae.

eeeEeeEeEeEEEE=EE=EE—EEE=E=E>E=E>EEEE—————————
s A SEM Ses RAN ARAN ARN ARAN ARV AR ARN ARVANA SEM bes
RSESESESE SSA IP ZIP AP FP AP Ze AP AS Ae AS AS AS Ae 7s 75 NE SE7\I ses

The F. E. Sanborn Gompanu;

OMAHA, NEB., U. S. A.

Flesh.
[ilk
Health.

A TREATISE FOR THE

Practical Stoek Raiser and Dairy Farmer

Production of Flesh;

Production of Milk;

Prevention and Cure of Disease. .
gi Ea

BY THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY,

ee OMAHA, U. S. A.
ie /

REVISED EDITION.

COPYRIGHT 1892,
By F. BH. Sanborn.

>A
ce SLS9/ X

REES PRINTING COMPANY
1892

:

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.

LINCOLN, May 4, 1889.
THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY,

Omaha, Nebraska.
Gentlemen:
I have examined a sample of the Standard Horse and Cattle

Food and find that it does not contain any mineral matter whatever,
except a small percentage of sulphur and common salt.
Very respectfully,
(SIGNED) H. H. NICHOLSON,

Professor of Chemistry.

Towa College of Science, Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.
AMES, IOWA, July 18, 1892.
To Whom it May Concern:

This is to certify that I have chemically examined a sample of
Standard Horse and Cattle Food, put up by THE F. E. SANBORN
COMPANY, of Omaha, Nebraska, and I find that it contains no
poisonous or harmful mineral or organic substances whatever. The
substances composing this mixture are those that excite a healthful
appetite in domestic animals, and are promoters of good digestion
and assimilation. (SIGNED) A. A. BENNETT,

Professor of Chemistry.

TANDARD HORSE AND CATTLE FOOD is entirely free from
arsenic, antimony or any other poisonous drug, It contains no

mineral whateyer, except one per cent. sulphur and three per cent.
common salt. We will pay $500 and the cost of analysis for the

Omaha, July 18, 1892,
CAD

~ } 7

PREFACE.

HE PROFIT IS IN THE FOOD, and to him belongs
the credit who can, in the feeding and management of
live stock, most fully utilize that profit. The great need
of the farmer of to-day is not so much fine-spun theories

as a general knowledge of the sound principles which underlie
the practical feeding and management of our domestic animals.

The purpose of this book is to furnish to the farmer and
stock raiser, in a popular form, not only reliable information
and advice regarding the general management and feeding of
horses, cattle and all farm animals, and in preventing the dis-
eases to which they are commonly subject, but it is to show to
them, in as fair and candid amanner as possible, the advantage
in security from disease, as well as the profit to be secured from
the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. In the body of
this work we have said much upon the prevention of diseases
among live stock, but not too much, by any means; for, were
space not so limited, we could still say more, and continue to
give the farmer advice which he could follow with profit.

The methods by which the greatest results may be secured
from the feeding of a given amount of fodder have received,
within the past two decades, almost universal recognition among
practical feeders. Experiments, based upon scientific research,
have established the fact that the feeding of a ration to farm
animals, properly adapted to their needs and containing a
proper proportion of nutrients necessary to the maintenance of
the body so that no one kind will be overbalanced by another,
is the proper method of feeding to prevent waste. We have
included a table of analysis of ceotiee stuffs showing the nutri-

*.

4 PREFACE.

tive qualities contained in a large amount of the fodders com-
monly used in this country, and have endeavored to show by
theoretical application the means. by which the farmer may
avail himself of the information contained in it to his profit,
whether it be in feeding working animals or those intended for
the market or dairy.

Theimportance of maintaining a good appetite and securing
thorough digestion and assimiliation have been quite fully
treated; for it is in these respects that the farmer certainly
needs assistance.

The special attention of the stock feeder has been directed
to the ill-advised practice of feeding animals intended for the
dairy or for the market a ration but little more than sufficient
to maintain their existence.

That part of the book embracing the treatment of diseases
has been directed by a thoroughly competent and experienced
veterinarian, and-in no case has any treatment been advised
which is not endorsed by the highest authorities.

We trust that our efforts will meet with that recognition
which we believe our honesty of purpose merits. If they do,
we will be satisfied. Very respectfully,

| THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY.
Omaua, Nesraska, July 5, 1892.

INTRODUCTION.

UR FARM ANIMALS, representing the investment of
millions of wealth, are kept with two principal objects
in view—labor and profit. It is, therefore, of the most
vital importance that the food consumed should produce

the best results in the direction for which it is intended; also
that their general care and management be such as will insure
their health and fullest development.

That the proper care of our domestic animals, which con-
tribute so much to our comfort and necessities, is often times
neglected, and many times misunderstood, none will deny.
This statement will gather strength when we reflect upon the
abuses of the natural laws governing the care of these same
domestic animals, otherwise designated live stock.

Perhaps there is no pursuit which is surer of success, when
well understood and practically followed, than that of farming
and stock-raising. On the contrary, if but partially understood
and indifferently followed, the best laid plans are too often
attended by disappointment and disaster.

It costs the farmer no more to keep a good animal than a
poor one. The only profitable condition is a good condition;
and the farmer and stock raiser will consult his own best
interests by keeping his live stock constantly in the highest
state of thrift and health. Keep the animals constantly in good
condition ought therefore to be the motto of every farmer. It
is the great secret of their success, and the difference between
success and failure turns upon it.

The organ of first importance is the stomach; for it is here
_ that the food undergoes those changes which transform fodder
into flesh, milk or energy. A good appetite, vigorous diges-
tion and thorotgh assimilation must all be secured, in order that
the animal may reach its highest degree of profit or usefulness.

In feeding animals for prone a certain amount of food is

.

6 INTRODUCTION.

required to maintain their existence. This much is outlay
without any returns. All that is consumed in excess of this
amount means profit. It is, therefore, of first importance that
the appetite of the animal be developed to the highest capacity,

in order that it may consume the greatest amount possible in

excess of what is required as the food of support. When this
increase in appetite is satisfied with properly selected food, and
is followed by good digestion and assimilation, the highest
condition of profitableness of the animal may be secured

~The blood is the colored fluid which circulates through
every part of the body,.by means of the arteries and veins, car-
rying nourishment which it derives from the food taken into
the digestive organs. It is also the channel through which all
the effete and worn out matter is carried from the system.

When we consider that the blood is the primary source of
all vitality, we can readily understand the importance of its
being properly supplied with nourishment. This nourishment
can only be secured through the agency of the stomach, which
in its turn must be supplied with proper food in proper quan-
tities.

Impure blood is the most prolific of all sources of disease,
and is due chiefly to impaired circulation, or improper nourish-
ment, or both. Defective circulation among live stock is due
principally to the blood being thickened by a heat producing
diet, or by a debilitated condition of the general system. It is
not hard to understand the result of feeding stock month after
month with corn, which, from its heat producing tendencies,
creates an impaired circulation, thereby hindering the blood in
its great work of purifying the system.

The intelligent use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food,
when accompanied by proper feed in proper quantities, not only
thoroughly regulates the condition of the blood, but strengthens
and invigorates the digestive organs, and enables the animal to
secure the greatest possible amount of nutriment from all the
food consumed.

ee << =

FEEDING STOCK TO PRODUCE FLESH.

VERY intelligent reader and thinker who has studied the
history of stock raising and stock feeding, for the past —
quarter of a century, has been astonished at the progress
made in this great industry. The slipshod methods of

former years have been swept aside, and science has been called
to the aid of the farmer. Weights and measures have taken
the place of guesswork, the thoroughbred has supplanted the
scrub, and order and prosperity reign in the domain of the hus-
bandman.

Whilst nearly every farmer has his own peculiar methods,
and these methods may differ widely from those of his neigh-
bors, yet the great body of feeders and farmers are moving
forward along the same line, and keeping pace with the spirit
of progress which characterizes the age in which we live.

Conditions and methods have changed as the years have
gone by; the vast grazing grounds of the western states have
gone forever; the prices of hay and grain increase with the
seasons, and the stock raiser of to-day, who will not acquaint
himself with the results of investigation and experience, and
profit by the lessons which they teach, will find himself dis-
tanced by his more progressive neighbor.

_ The methods which found favor twenty-five years ago were
good in their way, and the times and conditions which then
prevailed allowed them to be successful; but they will not do
now; the farmer of to-day cannot do as his father did, and hope
to reap the same reward.

It costs more to raise stock under present conditions than
it formerly did, and,as our agriculture becomes more intense,
this cost will increase. Our rich prairie soil, which now seems
inexhaustible, will become less and less fertile by continued
cropping, and a rapidly increasing population will necessitate a

7

8 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

greater subdivision of the lands. All of this means an increase
in the cost of farm products, as well as arise in the price of
land itself. The legitimate result of these conditions should be
a more systematic method of cultivating the soil, and a more
careful husbanding of all the waste materials. In no branch of
practical farming should this apply with so much force as in
stock raising.

Agricultural colleges and experimental stations have been
established for the purpose of securing reliable data to be used
as a basis of operations by the practical stock feeder; in short,
to find ways and means by which this greatest of industries
may secure to its promoters the largest profits possible.

While these experiments furnish reliable knowledge upon
this subject, each individual stock feeder must think out for
himself the manner of applying this knowledge to his personal
needs. Allof the materials which go to make up the most
approved rations may not be at his command; he must learn
to utilize to the best advantage those feed stuffs which he can
raise or procure the most economically. If he would succeed,
he must not only consider the proper kind but also the cost of
the different feed stuffs. Profit must be the basis of all success-
ful stock feeding.

NATURE OF THE ANIMAL Bopy.

Science has enlightened us upon the workings of the animal
organism, and, while there are many things about it which we do
not understand, yet the knowledge we possess enables us to act
very intelligently with regard to its nourishment and care. We
know that it is built up by the digestion and assimilation of the
food; we also know that much depends upon the character of
that food, as regards the results attained; but it remains for
chemical analysis to give us the constituent elements of the
body, and the nutritive qualities found in feed stuffs.

By comparison we find that certain feed stuffs supply
nourishment to particular portions of the body, when digested
aud assimilated, whilst other kinds of feed stuffs perform a sim-
ilar office for other parts of the body. From these facts, it will

>

NATURE OF THE ANIMAL BODY. 9

be seen that the body can be sustained and increased by a
judicious selection of those feed stuffs which most fully supply

_ its proper nourishment.

The animal body can be reduced to four substances, namely,
protein (lean flesh), fat, water and ash. These are the sub-
stances which the food must supply. The condition of the ani-
mal depends upon their relative proportion in the body. The
amount of water in the body varies from forty to sixty per
cent. of the live weight. The fundamental elements of which
the body is built up are, therefore, lean flesh, fat, water and ash.
They are not created or altered by the body. They must be

furnished by the food, and when furnished in the proper form

the body has the power to extract from it its proper nourish-
ment.
Nature or Foop MATERIALS.

Providence has been very generous to the brute creation,
as well as to man himself; she has provided for their every
want. The intimate relationship between plant and animal
life is marvelous to contemplate.- The two are equally depend-
ent one upon the other. The growing plant gives off oxygen,
which, when taken into the lungs, helps to sustain the life of the
animal; while the carbonic acid gas thrown off from the lungs
forms nourishment for the plant. The animal fed upon the
products of the vegetable world dies, and its body returns to
the elements from which it sprung; thus the great phenomenon
of nature goes on.

Feed stuffs are composed substantially of the same elements
and in the same combinations as those found in thebody. The
protein, carbohydrates, etc., are found in varying quantities in
plants, some containing more, and others less, of the nourish-
ing elements. One plant or grain may be especially rich in
protein, and another contain a surplus of carbohydrates. No
one plant contains all of the elements necessary to sustain life
for a protractedsperiod, hence the necessity of a mixed ration
in order to secure perfect sustenance. This leads us to the

interesting subject of selection of feed stuffs, so as to secure as
€

10 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

nearly as possible a proper and profitable ration for our ani-
mals.
SELECTION OF FEED Sturrs AT HAND.

_ The farmer and stock feeder will not always find upon his
farm, or economically within his reach, all of the feed stuffs
which the most approved ration may require. His duty, as
well as profit, lies in making the most economical use of the
materials at his command. He should carefully study the rel-
ative value as a feed stuff of every plant produced upon his
farm, compare their digestibility, and, by reference to the table
of plant and grain analysis, select the most economical combin-
ations possible. In other words, he should select such a ration
as will most perfectly answer the purpose he has in view,
whether it be a ration for maintenance only, for work animals,
or one which is expected to fit animals for market. His calcu-
lations must take into account the materials at hand, their par-
ticular properties, and their comparative digestibility, as well
as their cost. He must not for a moment lose sight of the real
object of feeding cattle or hogs for the market, namely, profit:
nor should he neglect, in the least, the details of his business;
for it is the little things which make up the great results of
successful business in this, as well as in any other, calling.

The accompanying table, which covers a wide range of
materials, many of which are available to the practical farmer,
will be found of great value in selecting a proper food ration:

: TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF FEEDING STUFFS. 11

Per cent. of Per cent. of |
Water and Ash.|} Digestible Nutrients. |

FODDERS.

Nutritive
Ratio

| CO | SOU

HAY, STRAW.

Corn fodder, field cured
MERVOL NAY... ds.c0s00 clecsa,ccece
PMTUINW, NAY 2-2. us 0ian'c cthacascctssccr baesdasce
TPE OTARRES:. ....\.ccncdvecseasessss cosedecosess
UMMEMIANY ean Tah ac aie in deascceaneastavsacaane sed
MER NREL cote hana ls ao vice Sevedseauetas cesaan sac San

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Barley hay, seed in milk .........cssseeseeees 10,25
DIAG AG. SCED 420 UL Ke..nncciaescocshesscovescess 9.15
ERCUSUOV OD icc, cecccccaeehicecacscolesccuecasess 19.56

GREEN FODDERS.

READERS SEARS SAP oS ..ockeviee bfeasescer sosys 80.00
EP CUNEIAGG eo 1 gan conetnecees ore Ne 80.50
VT @MSUBAQC. 5.......5000 -ctvecceecesaessstees 76.30
UMMM MEN ROME 500.200 noch csn ses cnscnacecsesedeses 80.98
MME RIR TN erin. hen ko Py ceases cases h oscacepSesee 76.08
MUMIA CLG Yaa 0S s)0 00 Focid sa. asseen chads snes scsass 75.28
Nn aias ahastn den ck aicey ade as'evac assess 73.33

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URC ES a cr scs tseas ve sed: cascsasss cnciecsvesas cess 78.5
Artichokes....... ae 80.0
Sweet potatoes

BY-PRODUCTS,

Brewers’ grains ............ des dasnek beeps weaces
Sunflower cake.............. bs
PONE GM DMOULUB 1 seca csvsdcveth suaeacai ssnicessn5
Oilmeal, old process...........ccc.ceeeesecces
Oilmeal, MEW PYOCESS..............ceeeeeceeeee
MND reso 5 2 cnae ob 1s cans cosdcd cdakesteccddcasee’
Wheat bran, roller mill ................0000.
Wheat bran, old process.. ............s.00+
Wheat shorts........... We s2.s ties ccstegs tes aie
WU GHG WTVLC NITES | 3.5. snasceceoscsosedscccesees
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12 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

FEEDING STANDARDS.

Feeding Standards are concise statements of the amounts of
digestible protein, carbohydrates and fat, which experience has
shown are the best adapted to the accomplishment of the pur-
pose for which the animals are intended, whether that be for
the dairy or the butcher’s stall.

The advantages of a reliable feeding standard are various.
It enables the stock feeder to choose such fodders.and grains
as will the most economically prepare his stock for any condi-
tion he may have in view for them. It presents at once, and in
form for practical and immediate application, the best results
of many experiments, and places the stock raiser and feeder in
a position to utilize the products of his farm to the best advan-
tage.

A feeding standard is but a guide for the formation of feed-
ing rations, which latter may be varied as often as the materi-
als at hand will admit. The amounts given are calculated for
a thousand-pound animal; of course, for a larger animal, the
amount should be increased according to the increased weight
of the animal; but for smaller ones the amount should not be
decreased in proportion to the decreased weight, as the surface
which radiates or looses heat is nearly the same in the smaller
as in the larger animal.

In the body of this work the terms albuminoids and carbohydrates are frequently used
in explaining the quality of foods. On page 11,and following, we show the complete com,
position of fodder vegetables. But for those who have never studied chemistry we will
explain the use of these different parts of foods.

PROTEIN, OR ALBUMINOIDS, make or grow muscles in animals; and foods rich in
albuminoids are also rich in phosphate of lime, to grow the bones—so that such foods grow
the muscles and frames of young animals—such as oil-meal, pea-meal, wheat, bran, oats,
clover hay, etc.

CARBOHYDRATES are composed of carbon and water. This part of foods produces ani-
mal heat and makes fat. Starch, gum, sugar, woody fiber, and all the vegetable oils are
composed of carbohydrates. Nine-tenths of the value of straw, ripe corn stalks, ete., is in
their carbohydrates.

r
s
3
4

i
vg Dipak ete ee oe th

FEEDING STANDARDS. 13

The following feeding standards are given as the averages
of a large number of experiments with horses, cattle, sheep and
Swine, made in Germany and in this country:

FEEDING STANDARDS PER Day Anp PER 1,000 Les.,
Live WEIGHT.

id Nutritve (digestible) a a
3 substances, e} 2
a a =
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23 . Big |e
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a [=| ‘D fo} = ; $u er | —
co hens: NO ae Ae ees as | -3
oa a
A Ay S oF a Z
fe eeseH AL Test. In Stall..<..5....:..0.s<0000 17.5 0.7 8.0 16 8.85 1:12
2. Wool sheep — coarser breeds.........} 20.0 1.2 10.3 20 11.70 39
Wool sheep — finer breeds. ............ 22.5 1.5 11.4 25 13.15 Es
8. Oxen moderately worked .......... | 24.0 1.6 jfile: 30 13.20 1 Nay go
Oxen heavily worked... SS eee eer 2.4 13.2 50 16.10 136
4. Horses moderately worked... Laeahivaeede 22.5 1.8 15 ea .60 13.60 a bea
Horses heavily worked................. 25.5 2.8 13.4 .80 17.00 1:5.5
BREUER RCO W Sie «sa s'enatna cas sirévetagcese Sacees 24.0 2.5 12.5 40 15.40 1:5.4
6. Fattening oxen — first period ...... 27.0 2.5 15.0 .50 18.80 1:6.5
Fattening oxen — second period...| 26.0 3.0 14.8 -70 18.50 1:5.5
Fattening oxen—third period.....| 25.0 2.7 14,8 -60 18.10 1:6
7. Fattening sheep — first period...... 26.0 3.0 15.2 50 18.70 bee
Fattening sheep—second period..| 25.0 3.5 14.4 .60 18.50 1:4.5
8. Fattening swine — first period ..... 36.0 5.0 27.5 32.50 P25
Fattening swine — second period ..| 31.0 4.0 24.0 28.00 1:6
Fattening swine — third period....| 23.5 2.7 17.5 20.20 1:6.5

The first column in the above table, headed “ total organic
substances,” gives the amount of feed required, less the water and
ash. It must be borne in mind that in feeding dry fodder the
amount as given in that column must be increased to allow for
the water and ash it contains, which can easily be ascertained
by referring to the table of analysis of feed stuffs.

The next three columns, headed “ protein” (lean flesh or
albuminoids), ‘‘ carbohydrates” and “ fat,” state the amount
that the ration should contain of each of them.

The fourth column represents thesum of the protein carbo-
hydrates and fat.

The “nutritive ratio” is the ratio which the amount of
digestible protein bears to the sum of digestible carbohydrates
and fat. In calculating this ratio, we take two and one-half

14 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

times the amount of fat and add’it to the amount of carbo-
hydrates, for the reason that one pound of fat produces as
much heat as two and one-half pounds of starch.

How to CompounD A RATION.

The first point to be determined is the object for which the
feeding is intended, whether for simple maintenance only, or
for growth, fattening or milk. The next thing to do is to
ascertain the weight of the animal, as the ration must be in
proportion thereto. The amount of coarse fodder contained
in the ration for cattle and sheep should be from 2 to 23 per
cent. of the live weight of the animal; then refer to the table
of analysis of feed stuffs, and learn the amount of nutritive
elements contained therein. This done, add to the ration grain
feed containing such an amount of protein, carbohydrates and
fats as will bring the ration up to the required standard.

In preparing a ration, enter the ingredients of each mate-
ial used, as given by the table of analysis of feeding stuffs,
under four columns, headed, respectively, “ total dry matter,”
“ protein,” ‘ carbohydrates” and “ fats.”” To secure the amount
of total dry matter in the feed used, deduct the amount of
water and ash, as given in the table, from the total weight of
the feed stuffs; then put the amount of each nutrient under
its respective column, and continue in like manner with each
kind of feed to be used, adjusting the quantity of each kind,
so that, when the required amount of total dry matter has been
employed, the totals of protein, carbohydrates and fats, as shown
by the footings in each column, will, as nearly as possible, cor-
respond with the amounts called for in the standard.

A little attention to this important matter will soon make
it easy for any stock feeder to compound a suitable ration for
his animals.

Suppose it is desired to adjust a ration for fattening oxen
for the first period; the feeding standard calls for 27 pounds
dry matter, which must contain 2.5 pounds protein, 15 pounds
carbohydrates and one-half pound of fat for a thousand pound
animal, It may be made up as follows;

-

oN

jl TRIAL RATION. 15

Dairy RATION FOR AN Ox WeicHiInG 1,000 Pounps.

Wa Ph a Se oy be
a2) 3 |e]
° °
ed Sn ea
2)
Fifteen pounds clover hay.............seeeeeeees 12.20) 1.04] 5.65) .19
Mawar p@UnGdS COMM LOGdEr:.. 5.6 36. lec eevee ees «| 3.18] ,, 13) 1.75) .08
Met POUNGS WESLOFT COP . .. 05. 8ck ew cscs secasese 8.03} .62] 6.00} .31
Five pounds bran, roller process............+....| 4.11} .63] 2.21) .14
OE ESS OD Ee ae ee eerie Cl eee e 27.52) 2.42115.61] .67
Amount required by standard............. i. +} 25 Ly. .00

The above ration is slightly in excess of the feeding stand-
ard in carbohydrates and fat. It is calculated with the idea
that corn fodder and clover hay form the basis of the ration.
In compounding this ration we refer to the table of analysis of
feed stuffs, and find that 100 pounds of clover hay contain
12.6 pounds of water, 6.9 pounds of digestible protein, 37.7
pounds of carbohydrates and 1.3 pounds of fat. These figures,
divided by 100, by removing the decimal point two places to
the left, gives the amount one pound contains of each of these
substances, and multiplying by 15 gives the quantities of
each in 15 pounds, the amount used. All the other ingredients
of the ration are treated in the same manner, it being ascer-
tained by trial how much to use of each one.

The proportion of food consumed by swine, when compared
with that of other animals is very large. Full grown hogs
when fattening will, during the first period, consume upwards
of forty pounds of dry matter for every thousand pounds of

live weight. During the second and third period the amount

of food diminishes, until it does not greatly exceed that of fat-
tening cattle or sheep. It is a common custom to feed pigs a
fattening ration as soon as they are weaned; they thus grow
and take on fat at the same time. This fact, in a measure,
accounts for the rapid gain in weight often noticed in young

fattening hogs, It is not uncommon for them te make a gain

16 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

in weight equal to twenty-five per cent of the dry matter con-
sumed, while generally it requires from five hundred to six
hundred pounds of dry matter to produce an increase of one
hundred pounds in the weight of mature animals.

It may be stated that no feeding standard intended for fatten.
ing swine can be unvarying; for the only limit to the consumption
of food among these animals is the limit of their appetite.
The different fodders produced upon the farm which may be fed
to swine are usually plentiful, and afford a choice to the intel-
ligent feeder. The same plan substantially is followed in com-
pounding a ration for fattening swine, as was explained under
the head of cattle in this chapter.

Sheep are very nearly allied to cattle in habits, both being
ruminants, and feeding upon nearly the same character of
foods. They require, however, a more liberal supply of protein
than the other animals. The results of a great many experi-
ments made in feeding sheep for mutton proves the truth of
this statement. The increase in the percentage of protein nat-
urally increases the cost of feeding; at the same time it is
offset by the fattening process being made more rapid. Feed-
ing standards for sheep, on this account, are even more difficult
to formulate than for other animals.

The feeder should thoroughly familiarize himself with the
table of feed stuffs analysis, as well as the other tables given.
Most people lose the real essence of a book, or treatise, by not
regarding the tables with that interest which their importance
merits.

Having become familiar with the tables referred to, the
stock feeder should chose from among those feed stuffs at his
command the products which most nearly contain the elements
required, and in the proper proportions. He will not find any
one containing all the needed nutrients, but by successive
experiments he will be enabled, with the aid of the tables, to
approximate an excellent feeding ration, and one which will, in
point of economy, amply repay him for every hour spent in
compounding it.

VARIETY IN FEED STUFFS. i7

A variety of feed stuffs, when used in compounding any
feeding ration, has a peculiar and distinct value, which few
farmers, until of late years, have appreciated,and which science
has not yet satisfactorily explained.

DIGESTIBILITY OF FEED STUFFS.

All feed stuffs are not equally digestible. Some may con-
tain an equal amount of nutritive elements with certain other
plants or grains, and yet when fed to animals yield a much
less amount of valuable matter for sustenance. This is due to
certain conditions existing within the plants themselves. When
we speak of a food as being more or less digestible, we simply
mean that the animal has the power of appropriating more or
jess of the nourishment which it contains. Chemical analysis
will reveal the exact amount of nourishing elements bound up
in a food, but, of two foods of the same composition, one may be
more digestible than the other, and therefore the more econom-
ical food of the two. Some foods are completely digested, as,
for instance, milk; others are only partially digestible. The
grains, hay, straw, etc., contain a certain amount of nourish-
ment which can not be appropriated, the animal body not hav-
ing the power to extract all of it, and in this respect it is like
-_our field crops—they can not absorb all of the available fertiliz-
ers; a given amount will always remain in the soil. This is an
important point, because it is only that portion of the food which
is digested that is of any value, and hence, in mixing and ap-
portioning feed, we should in all cases count only on the di-
gestible portion.

DIFFERENCE IN DIGESTION AMONG ANIMALS.

The most common observation will detect among animals
on any farm, whose owner makes a pretense of stock raising,
some animals which do not show the average thrift of the herd.
With substantially the same opportunities and advantages, they
seem unable to keep pace with their fellows. They are con-
spicuous among the other animals by reason of their generally
unthrifty appearance, and, although the amount of food con-

}

18 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

*

sumed might well give them a place among the best of the herd,
yet it seems to be almost wasted when compared with the ac-
tual returns secured from the more thrifty ones. Individual
peculiarities may account for a few of these cases, but faulty
digestion lies at the bottom of the great majority of them.
Other things being equal, it is fair to presume that there is a

wrong here which can be corrected, for, if the food which is

consumed is properly digested and assimilated, it will surely
yield a profitable return in the gain of the animal; in other
words, make something more of him than a mere machine for
the grinding of grain.

Errects or [nyupicious FEEDING OR EXPosuURE.

It is a well-known fact that bodily exercise will draw upon
the energies of the body, and demand an increased feed ration.
This is not only true of the outward motions of the body, but
also of the internal movements necessary to digestion. If a
very bulky fodder be given, the increased work of moving it
in and through the digestive apparatus has exactly the same ef-
fect as labor of any other kind. Undoubtedly a great deal of the
benefits derived from the feeding of easily digested food is due
to the saving to the body of the extra loss caused by the effort
to digest the less soluble food.

Exposure has an unfavorable influence upon fattening ani-
mals, also. Certain elements of the body, notably fats, are-con-
sumed by it to maintain a certain degree of animal heat. If an
animal be unduly exposed to the cold, a greater amount of fat
will be consumed to keep up the normal temperature, the fat-
tening process will be deterred, and more food will be required.
The body undergoes a constant change; the food builds up, and
exercise tears down. ‘The careful stock feeder will use his en-
deavors to have the balance always on the credit side.

AMOUNT OF WATER DRANK SHOULD BE RESTRICTED.

We have already shown the ill effects of exposure upon cat-
tle, and especially upon feeding animals. A too generous
allowance of water is no less to be guarded against, They

»

r INJUDICIOUS FEEDING OR EXPOSURE. 19

both lead to the same result, namely: consumption of matter
in the animal body by an effort of the system to restore its nor-
mal temperature. This consumption of the materials already
stored up in the body decreases the profits of the feeder. The
stock feeder should restrict the amount of water drank by his
feeding animals to the amount required by health. This is,
for cattle, roughly estimated, at between four and five pounds
of water to every pound of dry matter consumed. ' Of course
the more watery the fodder, the less water is required. Too
warm a Stable, or too large an allowance of salt, are conditions
which cause the animal to drink too much water. Animals
should not be compelled to slake their thirst from icy streams,
or from the consumption of snow, as they are sometimes allowed
to do. Where practical with feeding cattle, it would be profit-
able to warm the water slightly, as the real loss to the body in
drinking ice cold water is caused by the effort in warming it to
the temperature of the body. This misapplied energy comes
from the combustion of tissue, and is no less a loss than that
which would be sustained were the feeder to shelter his fatten-
ing avimals on the bleak side of a straw stack. It is just so
much profit subtracted from the net results of feeding, and con-
sequently from the owner’s pocketbook.

No Prorit In FEEDING A Lire SUSTAINING RATION.

What is meant by a life sustaining ration is one which will
keep the animal in such a condition that he will neither gain nor
lose. A knowledge of the exact amount necessary in what is
called the maintenance ration for the various animals is very
valuable. It enables us to calculate a ration and cost of keep-
ing of idle animals, and to tell the amount which we must
feed to secure a profit. There is no greater mistake made by
the stock raiser than niggardly feeding. Be he ever so penu-
rious in other matters, he should be generous to his fattening
animals. His very niggardliness is rank extravagance. A fat-
tening animal’ may be compared to a mill; the more grain he
grinds the more toll will the miller get. Every pound of hay,
grain or fodder that a fattening steer or pig can be induced

20 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

to eat more than is required to maintain his body in its normal
condition is a gain to its owner, if that amount be digested and
assimilated. There is a two-fold gain in this increased con-
sumption by the animal; it is not only feeding in a manner
that will secure absolute and perceptible gain, but it will, by
the increased ratio with which the flesh is laid on, shorten the
time required to prepare the animal for the market.

APPETITE, DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION.

A careful selection of the most palatable foods to be secured
and a vigorous condition of health are the prime requisites to a
good appetite and a greater consumption of food. The animal
should be in prime condition, not only that his fattened carcass
may become wholesome food, but that he may be the more
profitable as a flesh forming machine. His digestion should
keep pace with his appetite, so that assimilation may be carried
on more perfectly, and the increased nourishment be secured.

APppetTiteE.—Appetite may be called the voice of the system
calling for the means to sustain it. It is the sensation which
the creator has placed in the animal to induce it to seek sus-
tenance. The limit of the appetite is the real feeding standard
for any fattening animal. The stock feeder may select the
finest of the herd, he may provide himself with the most
approved ration, and yet, if the animal does not consume more
than a maintenance ration, he loses money every day that he
feeds him. The results of repeated experiments prove that the
erowth of an animal is in direct proportion to the amount of
digestible food consumed. How necessary then it is that our
fattening animals have a good appetite.

Dicestion.—The process of digestion takes place in the ali-
mentary canal; it begins in the mouth, and ends in the smaller
intestines. The first step is called mastication, or chewing of
the food. When it is broken up, the food is more readily acted
upon by the juices of the stomach. During the process of mas-
tication the food is mixed with saliva, which moistens the food
and softens it so that it may be the more easily swallowed and

tet OS yy * fs -
S ft ee ie” é
ie : i
--

Rule ¢
;

f APPETITE, DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION. 21

acted upon in the stomach. The saliva acts powerfully upon the
starch in the food, converting it into a sort of glucose, or grape
sugar, thus preparing it for easy digestion. In all animals
having a simple stomach, the act of mastication is completed at
once; but in the case of ruminants, or animals which chew the
cud, it is only slightly chewed at first, and then passes into one
of the compartments of the stomach. The partly chewed food
remains in this large stomach, or paunch, for a time, where it is
softened by the saliva with which it was mixed in the mouth
and by the fluids secreted in the stomach. The part of the feed
which becomes dissolved by this process passes directly to the
other divisions of the stomach, whilst the undissolved parts are
returned, a portion at a time, to the mouth, to be re-chewed
and again mixed with the saliva. When swallowed the second
time, a part of the food passes through a peculiar opening in
the gullet into the first and second divisions of the stomach;
but a large portion of it passes on into the third stomach. In
this division of the stomach, the food is subjected to a squeez-
ing process, which is accomplished by the contraction of the
muscles of this organ. This process brings the dissolved con-
tents of this apartment in contact with myriads of small capil-
laries, which cover the entire inner surface of the third stomach.
These little vessels, like tiny mouths, suck the nutriment from
the food, and convey it almost directly to the blood, by
which it is sent on its way to build up the different portions of
the body. The whole process of digestion is simply a changing
of the solid matters of the food into forms which are soluble
in the fluids of the stomach, a condition in which they can be
taken up by the circulation.

Careful experiments have determined that the albuminoids
are acted upon principally by the gastric juices in the stomach.
Starch is dissolved by the saliva, and the fats by the bile.

Digestion is both a chemicaland physicad process, consisting
in solution and chemical change of the nutriments contained in
the food. The rapidity and completeness of these changes

22 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

depend largely upon the condition both of the animal and of
the food itself.

AssIMILATION.—Assimilation is the process by which the dis-
solved nutritive elements of the food are conveyed to the blood
and by it incorporated into the tissues of the body.

We have seen how the food is dissolved by mastication and
the action of the fluids of the mouth, stomach and other organs.
As before stated, the inner surface of the entire alimentary
canal is supplied with minute vessels which unite with the
larger ones and finally carry the nutriment which they have
absorbed to the circulation. These small vessels, covering the
entire inner surface of the digestive apparatus, suck up the
nutritious qualities of the food all along the line, until the use-
less part of it passes from the bowels. Thus the albuminoids,
carbohydrates and fat of the plants become parts of a living
animal.

We have seen that the body can only be sustained and
increased by the nutrients taken into it, and the more careful
the selection of feed stuffs, the more economically is this result
obtained. A certain portion of the food consumed is required
to sustain life and keep the animal where he will neither gain
nor lose. This amount, as before stated, is called a mainte-
nance ration. Obviously, therefore, a profitable feeding ration
must exceed a maintenance ration. The more you can increase
the amount of food above the mere point of sustenance, the
greater the profit.

VALUE OF STANDARD Foon.

The previous portions of this chapter have been devoted to
the scientific methods of stock feeding. The table of feed stuffs
anyalsis reveals to us the nutritive elements bound up in the
vegetable kingdom. The feeding standards state the quantities
of these elements which must be contained in a properly com-
pounded feed ration, but neither of them inform us as to the
manner of increasing the appetite, digestion and assimilation.
Throughout every treatise on the feeding of stock to produce
flesh is heard the refrain, “Increase the appetite and you increase

- VALUE OF STANDARD FOOD. 23

the profits.” Every pound of digestible feed that an animal can
be induced to consume beyond a maintenance ration means
profit to the owner. An animal, like a machine, must be in
good order to produce good results. Right here is where
Standard Horse and Cattle Food begins its work. It is the
most powerful aid to the appetite, digestion and assimilation
available to the stock feeder of the present day. It purifies
the blood, builds up and strengthens the system, thus placing it
in a condition of thrift—a condition most favorable to the
taking on of flesh.

As has been previously observed, the appetite is the voice
of nature calling for food. In fattening animals the great need

is to have them vigorous enough to consume more food than is

required to sustain the body. It may be increased to any
reasonable extent by toning up the entire system, increasing
the capacity for the consumption of food, and comes naturally
as a manifestation of the increased demands of a more vigorous
body. By a judicious use of Standard Food, the stock feeder
can easily improve the appetite of his animals so that their
consumption of feed stuffs will be increased fully twenty per-
cent, the value of which is easily shown.

INCREASED DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION.

“An important factor in the feeding of stock is a vigorous
digestion. We have demonstrated the value of a good appetite,
but it is equally important that the animal have a strong diges-
tion anda perfect assimilation, for, no matter how much feed
an increased appetite may induce an animal to consume, there
can be no proportionate gain unless that food is thoroughly di-
gested and properly assimilated, and thus made to accomplish
the end for which it was intended. Standard Food, by pro-
ducing a more abundant secretion of the fluids of the stomach,
enables the animal to digest and assimilate the greater amount
of feed consumed, thereby securing to the body the full benefits
of the increased diet. Standard Food does even more than
this: it not only increases the consumption of feed, and stimu-
lates digestion in proportion, but it actually enables the system

24 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

to extract an increased amount of nutriment from the whole
amount of feed consumed. ‘This it does by inducing the har-
monious and increased action of all the forces of the digestive
apparatus.

Of course no practical stock feeder will expect the above re-
sults from an occasional feeding of a ration of Standard Food.
It must be fed regularly throughout the fattening period. If
this be done, the extra nutriment secured froin the grain feed
and stored up on the ribs of the animal, by reason of the in-
creased digestion and assimilation, will much more than repay
the cost of the Standard Food used, to say nothing of the in-
creased appetite or the increased marketable value of the
animal.

Let us see. Take, for instance, three pigs of equal weight
and as nearly alike as possible; suppose that, by feeding one 75
pounds of corn in thirty days, he neither gains or loses during
that time. This would bea life sustaining ration. Feed the
next one 100 pounts of corn in the same time; this would
leave 25 pounds of corn for the production of flesh, the life
sustaining ration being the same in both. ‘This 25 pounds of
corn produces, we will say, 20 pounds of flesh. Now, suppose
that, by adding Standard Food to the ration of the third pig,
we increase his appetite, so that he will consume 125 pounds of
corn in the same time. We would, in this case, have 50 pounds
of corn in excess of the life sustaining ration, against 25
pounds in the case of the second pig, which, in the same ratio, -
would give us a gain of forty pounds. The result is plain,

and is as follows:
Amt. available

Amt. of Life sustain- for increase Increase in

corn fed ing ration of flesh weight
ITS IIE sic oe oH o's se 75 lbs. TO ADS. 9 oo
Second pig........ 100 Ibs. 75 lbs. 25 lbs. 20 lbs.
SAPO. GOVE os os os. 125 lbs. 75 Ibs. 50 lbs. 40 lbs.

The 75 pounds of corn fed the first pig is lost; the 100
pounds for the second pig has produced a gain of 20 pounds of
flesh, while, in the case of the third pig, the 125 pounds of corn
fed, which is an increase of 25 per cent. over the second pig,

RATIO OF INCREASE IN WEIGHT. 25

makes a gain of 40 pounds of flesh, or just double the gain
made by the second pig. In other words, the extra 25 pounds
of corn, aided by the Standard Food, has, in the case of the
third pig, produced as much gain as the 100 pounds of corn
which was fed to the second pig.

We have given the above figures to illustrate the most
important principle in stock feeding, which is that the more a
pig, or any fattening animal, will eat and properly digest and
assimilate, the more profitable he will prove.

Doers Ir Pay?

It may occur to some careful farmer, who has never fed
anything except corn and oats, and says they are good enough
for him, to ask the question, “If you make my animals eat
more, and I go to the expense of feeding Standard Food
besides, where does my profit come in?” The result secured
is the only criterion by which the cost can be justly estimated.
Some farmers inay think that because Standard Food costs
more per pound than corn, oats, oil cake, etc., that they cannot
afford to use it; but the result is lost sight of in their calcula-
tion. If the addition of Standard Food to a fattening ration,
during a period of sixty or ninety days, will yield a profit on
the extra investment of from 100 to 200 per cent., it certainly
can be afforded by the most careful and economical stock
feeder. Profits even greater than these have been made under
our personal ohservation, as well as by regular consumers of
the Food, many of whose reports we have corroborating our
experience.

The following table will simplify the above, and at the
same time prove that it pays to feed Standard Food:

Daily Days Pounds Total Value of Total Net
ration fed _ fed gain gain cost profit
enna) 0 te ke. OO" BE BOBE Siete rt 76 ab bi ea ge

Ten head... 25lbs. 60 15,000 1,800 lbs. $80.00 60.00 $80.00
Ten head... 30 lbs. 60 18,000 3,085 Ibs. 154.25 87.00 67.25

In the above table we have assumed that, at the commence-
ment of the feeding period, the animals weigh 1,000 pounds

26 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

each, and that 18 pounds of mixed feed, properly proportioned,
isa life-sustaining ration, the price of which is estimated at
40 cents per 100 pounds; also that the flesh gained is worth 5
cents per pound. In feeding the first ten head a maintenance
ration, he not only fails to secure a profit, but actually loses
$43.20. In feeding the second lot 7 pounds per day in excess
of a maintenance ration, a net gain of $30.00 is secured, or 50
per cent. profit on his outlay; while in feeding the third lot 2
pounds of Standard Food per day, which has increased the
appetite so as to consume 12 pounds of feed per day to each
animal in excess of the life sustaining ration, he has secured a
net gain of $67.25, which is a profit of nearly 80 per cent. on
the total outlay, or considerably more than 100 per cent. on
the outlay of extra corn and Standard Food over lot number
two; in other words, the feeder realizes 85 cents per hundred
weight on all the feed fed to lot number three, against 60 cents
for that which was fed to lot number two.

In this calculation we have taken no advantage of the
increased digestion and assimilation, or the higher marketable
value of the beef from feeding Standard Food, while in reality
they are subjects for just as serious consideration.

The process of fattening stock is an expensive one, therefore
the shorter that period can be made the more profit will be
realized. The proper use of Standard Food will shorten the
fattening period fully 25 percent,and at the same time produce
more and better flesh and with less grain. Take, for instance,
ten head of steers weighing 1,000 pounds each, and by feeding
them in the ordinary way they are able to consume 25 pounds
of mixed feed per day for a period of 100 days. In this time
they would consume 25,000 pounds of feed, and we will assume
that the gain is 3,000 pounds of flesh. Now let us take another
ten head of equal weight and condition, and, by feeding a daily
ration of Standard Food, they are able to consume 30 pounds of
mixed feed per day each, for a period of 75 days, in which time
the total consumption is 22,500 pounds, a saving in feed of
2,500 pounds over the other lot. Assuming that’ with both lots

ea 7

INCREASED MARKET VALUE. 27

the life sustaining ration is 18 pounds of mixed feed per day,
the first lot has 7 pounds for the production of flesh, the lot fed
the Standard Food consuming 12 poundsa day each in excess of
the life sustaining ration, will make a proportionate gain of
over 5 pounds per day, or 3,950 pounds of flesh in 75 days,
which is 950 pounds more than is gained by the other lot in 100
days; the tabulated result is as follows:

Amount of
Daily ration Time fed feed consumed Gain
Ten head...... 25 lbs. mixed feed. 100days. 25,000 lbs. 3,000
Ten head...... 30 lbs. mixed feed. 75 days. 22,500 lbs. 3,950

As in our previous calculations, this does not include any
advantage from the greater percentage of nutriment secured by
the increased assimilation, nor the increased value per pound
of the beef in the market, which are of too much importance to
be overlooked.

INCREASED MARKET VALUE.

The final test of any method adopted in the fattening of
stock is the price which the animals will command when placed
upon the market. By looking over our market reports almost
any day we will observe a difference of from one to two cents
per pound in the prices paid. The following is copied from a
report of the Chicago market of March 25, 1892, showing the
grades offered and prices secured on that date:

Mia temremera, 1,600 1b... 2s cess cc cscs cececese dens at $5.15—$82.40
Choice steers, 1,400 lbs.. ............ Pact cen eae seine at 4.60— 64.40
Sere COTE 1.BU0 LOB. 612. ox oa cs cccvicnbe cacancdcccscess at 4.00— 52.00
Semen 1.100 EDS. aah dice bcc ceecd tous totaccns ences at 3.45— 37.95
IEEE SNM) PDS e's. sac ase e' elu Was aicasladee'eewoaioes at 3.00— 27.00 -

No more convincing argument can be produced than is
shown by a comparison of these prices; the difference between
the prices paid for the best and poorest grades of these steers is
$55.40 per head, an amount equalyto more than twice the full
value of the inferior animals. This shows the difference between
good and shiftless management, and proves that in the feeding
of stock the more brains and skill employed in connection with
a legitimate outlay the greater will be the returns. What counts

28 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

most on the market is weight and appearance; the glossy coat,
the well-rounded flank and the ability to tip the beam at the
highest notch, count for everything in the sharp competition of
the general markets. Such animals not only command the
highest prices, but secure an immediate sale. .

How are these most desirable results to be secured? They
are of themselves suggestive of the answer. Proper care and 4
liberal feeding are the essentials. The farmer who will, in con-
nection with good care and shelter, feed a regular ration of
Standard Food, for the purpose of increasing the appetite, di-
gestion and assimilation, and provide a feeding ration which
will satisfy the increased appetite, is bound to secure the best
results possible to be obtained.

To show more plainly the difference between ordinary and
scientific feeding, let us take, for example, two lots of steers of :
ten head each. We will presume that one lot have always had :
good care and shelter, with plenty of wholesome food, and have
been kept thrifty by a judicious choice of feed stuffs and an
occasional use of Standard Food. When turned out to pasture
at three years old, they should weigh one thousand pounds each.

The other lot have been compelled to shift for themselves, and,
while they have had just as good pasture in the summer time, they
have had a straw stack for shelter during the winter; they have
been neglected and underfed. A liberal estimate of their
weight would be eight hundred pounds each. Give both the
run of the pasture from that time until the middle of December,
giving the first lot ten pounds of chopped corn per day from
the first of September, and giving the second lot nothing ex-
cepting what they will pick up. The first lot should weigh,
December 15th, twelve hundred pounds each, and the other lot
would do well to weigh nine hundred and fifty pounds each:
Then put the first lot in the feed yard and provide good sheds;
feed them 18 pounds of ground corn, 5 pounds of bran, with
10 pounds of clover hay, and 5 pounds of well cured corn fodder
per day. In addition to this ration give two pounds of Stand-
ard Food per day to the lot. This ration continued until the

DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING STANDARD FOOD. 29

first of April should produce a gain of four pounds per day
each, or 400 pounds per head. during this fattening period of
about 100 days, at the end of which time they will weigh, say,

~ 1600 pounds each.

Taking the other lot from the 15th of December, we will give
them the run of the stalk fields until the first of February, with
a daily feed of 25 pounds of corn in the ear. Then put them
in the feed yard and give them 20 pounds of shelled corn per
day, and what hay they want to eat until April Ist, when they
will be better than the average if they weigh 1200 pounds each.
Presuming this date to be the period for marketing both lots,
the first one would sell readily at five cents per pound, while
the other lot are well sold if they go at four cents per
pound. The following table shows the result :

10 head of steers, 1,600 lbs. each, at 5c per lb., $800 00.
a 1,200 “ Rte Se “ — 480 00.

Towpay for extra feed .\2; 4. i fae.ecee es $320 00.
This will doubtless furnish a pretty good argument in an-
swer to the claims of some farmers who say that they cannot
afford a liberal grain feed, or to use Standard Food.

DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING STANDARD Foop To FATTENING STOCK.

For cattle during the fattening period, feed one pound of
Standard Food to ten head, twice a day, with the grain feed,
omitting its use one week in each month after the first month.

In feeding in stalls this can be attended to with little if any
loss of time. If the feeding is done in the yard, it should be
given with the grain feed in tight troughs; in this way it can
be fed with ear corn, or any grain feed, without waste.

For hogs of average size, feed one pound to twenty head
twice a day, increasing the amount in proportion to the size.
Its use may be omitted one week in three, after the first month.
It can be conveniently mixed with the swill or grain feed.

For sheep, feed one pound to thirty head once a day, with
the grain feed, using the ordinary care, as directed in the feed-
ing of other animals, to prevent waste; skipping one week in
each month after the first month,

SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK.

It has been clearly demonstrated that we can take an ordi-
nary cow of good constitution and form, and greatly improve
both the quality and quantity of the milk by a special and reg-
ularly conducted system of care and improved feeding. If
such a cow does not produce more than three thousand pounds
of milk per year, she is, under ordinary circumstances, kept at
a loss; but when well fed, and kept in good health and condi-
tion, she will yield at least six thousand pounds of good milk
per year, and the cost of producing it will be but very little
more than the production of three thousand pounds. This
clearly demonstrates the economy of liberal feeding, and main-
taining good health, as essential elements in increasing the pro-
ductiveness of the cow beyond the point at which profit begins.

To fully understand the advantages to be secured in this
direction, it is important to know how milk is formed in the
udder of the cow. Although the blood is its primary source,
milk is not secreted directly from it, but is formed in the milk
glands, from the cells of the gland itself. In fact, milk is noth-
ing less than the liquefied organ. The milk gland is composed
of a great number of small vesicles; these are made up of the
simplest kind of cells lining a structureless membrane; this
membrane doubled in folds forms numberless small sacks, all
having a common outlet. These vesicles are covered by a
very fine network of blood and lymph vessels which nourish
them. Now, as milk itself is formed from the melting or
liquefying of these small cells within the glandular tissues of
the udder, it becomes a positive necessity for the continued
flow of milk that new cells be rapidly formed. In cases where
insufficient or improper food is supplied, these cells are formed
from the reserved flesh of the body, and the animal becomes
poor; also where the system is in a depleted condition from

poor digestion and assimilation, producing an impoverished
30

>

SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK. 31

condition of the blood, the formation of these cells is decreased
in a corresponding degree.

A properly selected ration for cows is just as essential to
the economical production of milk as is a properly adjusted
portion for fattening animals. Certain kinds of feed stuffs are
much more valuable as milk producers than others. Experience
has taught that foods rich in protein or albuminous properties
are best adapted to the peculiar needs of the milch cow. The
following feeding standard is based on numerous experiments
in feeding milch cows.

Feeding standard for milch cows per day and 1,000 pounds
live weight:

Lbs.

I EMAIAITG oS a acs iaie axe a'a-o’e Bis! gw Ry 0f8.b GVG vs o herd wee A Race eccanl RUe

MINES TUG OE eailo cea nina ph s 46:4 wees dejet ins arsisee auaelnos ase De 0.4

SPEED CT DOL YVOIGIGOS 05. 5 cd diciam, oc veces a0 Qi weeelese dias e avceba 12.5
EE CR TIMS TOE 2 nc i5)s'y 4 aura aleine bind de hiss ON viele hh beets wes 24

MMM ME DE EMNULON Voc hits sk AG oS We Spin eile Le ade Muda ies oartemd oes 1:5.4

These quantities are the amounts which the animals would
obtain from good pasture.

Suppose the dairy farmer wishes to feed his cows so as to
give each the required amount of the various nutrients required
by this table. By reference to the table of analysis of feeding
stuffs given in the previous chapter, the amounts of the several
nutrients contained in each article of feed which he proposes to
use can easily be ascertained. Allowing his cows to weigh 1,000
pounds each, and 18 pounds of clover hay as the basis of their
daily ration, he finds that, by adding to it 5 pounds of corn
meal, 5 pounds of bran, 3 pounds of oat meal and 16 pounds
of carrots, he has a full ration, and one in excess of the stand-
ard, as is shown by the following table;

32 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

: E
e 2
By uc}
os a | a
3 2 a
3 4 a
= Ay o
Eighteen pounds clover hay ............. .... (14.66 | Lo eee
Hire pounds corn mcalyrcesiaess 1s .5 se tees 4 73. |}. 0048
Five pounds.bran (roller process)............- 4.12 .63 | 2.20 |}.
Three pounds oat meal........ Ceeiig a Welw a dab sedtle 2.59 | .29 | 1.44
PESPCOM-POUDUS CALPOUN: tisiccwce creep sacs eres 2.40 | .22 | 2.00
AT Ra io ic <b a Raha a7.77 | 2.64 15.43 |.63
Amount required by standard.......... 24 2.50 {12.5 |.40

Although this ration is nearly four pounds larger in dry
matter than is required by the standard for milch cows, yet the
dairy farmer will find that his cows willfully digest and assim-
ilate this amount when allowed a regular ration of Standard
Food; for it increases the appetite so that this extra amount of
food is demanded, all of which goes to the production of milk.
This table is given merely to show how a ration may be pre-
pared so as to conform, as nearly as practicable, with the
amounts required by the feeding standard. Any articles of feed
stuffs adapted to the needs of milch cows may be used, bearing
in mind the important object of furnishing such articles as will
supply the necessary amounts of the various nutrients. A fuller
explanation of how to compound a proper ration will be found
in the preceding chapter on flesh producing. The principle in
this case is exactly the same.

Cows should be fed a certain amount of bulky food, in
order that the stomach may be distended, a condition necessary
to good digestion. |

There must always be a variety of food in the milk ration,
and the dairy farmer should study the nature of the feed stuffs
he uses that he may produce the best results. The error too
frequently committed by dairymen is in supplying a ration
from one kind of fodder which can almost always be overcome
by a little study of their resources.

Cows require a very large amount of water while in full

PROFITS IN DAIRY FARMING. 33

milk. Cows giving twenty pounds of milk per day may be
considered to require nearly forty pounds more water than fat-
tening cattle of the same weight. As water permeates every
portion of the system of the cow, its purity is of the first con-
sideration. So important is this, that the rule may be gener-
ally applied that no water is fit for a milch cow which is not fit
also for man to drink. It should be bountifully supplied
both in winter and summer; it should also be of easy access,
and so guarded that they may drink unmolested.

Some of the most successful dairy farmers put a little bran
or middlings and salt into the watering troughs to induce cows
to drink often. It is an excellent,practice, and one which will
be repaid for all the extra trouble by the increase in milk.

In regard to profits in dairy farming, the cow is simply a
machine for converting feed into milk to the same extent that
an engine is a machine for producing power from fuel. If only
enough fuel is supplied to keep the water warm, no power is
generated; or, if the machine be defective, valuable power is
lost. The boiler must have sufficient fuel to produce extra
heat before any power is secured, and the various parts of the
machine must be in good order to secure the best possible re-
sults. Just so with the milch cow. She must have feed suffi-
cient, in quality and quantity, to more than maintain her ex-
istence, and her condition must be the best in order to secure
the highest degree of her usefulness. In accomplishing this re-
sult, the organ of first importance is the stomach. It is here
that the first change in this wonderful processcommences. ‘The
peculiar value of Standard Food in strengthening the diges-
tive organs and promoting the general health can not be over
estimated by the practical dairy farmer. It will increase the
appetite, stimulate the digestion, and produce thorough assim-
ilation, thus securing rich, pure blood and vigorous health.

Standard Food does this by cleansing the stomach of any
morbid accumulations which obstruct the action of the diges-
tive organs. It then comes in contact with the coating of the

_ stomach, and produces a healthy and copious flow of the gastric
ae

34 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

juice. This fluid, acting directly upon the feed, dissolves and
digests it, so that every available portion of the nutriment
contained in the feed may be secured and utilized. Under
these conditions, the entire body becomes more vigorous, and,
by its increased demand for more nourishment, directly and
naturally develops an increased appetite.

Any increase of the appetite, when accompanied by proper
digestion and assimilation, is a source of direct profit; for all
nutriment contained in the ration which is not consumed in
maintaining the normal counition of the animal goes to the
production of milk. Standard Food, therefore, not only
returns a profit from an increased digestion and assimilation,
but also from an increased consumption of feed.

There is a vast difference in the grades of cows, and in their
abilities as producers of milk. This is due to a variety of
causes, such as breeding, difference in feeding and general man-
agement. Ina general way, cows may be divided into three
classes with regard to their condition and profitableness—poor,
fair and good.

To the first class belong such cows as are unprofitable as

milkers. Usually the digestion is weak, and the assimilation.

is imperfect, being hindered by a disordered condition of the
digestive organs; poor blood and a depleted condition of the
general system are the results. Much of the nourishment con-
tained in the feed is lost, and nearly all of the remaining nutri-
ment is consumed in maintaining the existence of the animal,
so that very little is left for the production of milk. The
regular feeding of Standard Food corrects this unprofitable
condition. It strengthens the digestive organs, causing a
health) flow of gastric juice, so that good digestion and
thorough assimilation are secured. These conditions secure
good blood, a strong natural appetite and the highest state of
health; and the increase in both the quality and quantity of
the milk, which is sure to follow, will gradually bring them up
to their highest capacity.

To thesecond class belong those cows which yield a mod-

e

eee ae ee ee ee
Rememe ferky Fe =.

HOW TO PRODUCE MORE MILK. 35

erate amount of milk even under ordinary circumstances. The
common manner of feeding and management has failed to
develop their full capacity; their digestion, while not poor, has
been far from vigorous; they have not gotten all the nutriment
out of the feed they have consumed, nor has it been properly
assimilated.

The great mass of our dairy cows are yet of the common or
native kind, properly belonging to this class, and are capable of
great improvement in their lacteal qualities; much more so than
most farmers are aware of:

The grade of these cows may be greatly raised, and a large

percentage added to their ordinary yield in quality and quantity,

and the consequent profit from them, by the use of Standard
Food. Its proper use with vood feed assists greatly in stimu-
lating the digestion, promoting assimilation and increasing the
appetite, so that more feed will be eaten, and at the same time
more nutriment secured from the full amount consumed. This
produces increased activity of the milky glands, by the great
abundance of pure blood flowing to them, and, in consequence,
a full and profitable yield.

‘To the last class belong those cows which are in generally
good condition, and without special care or feeding yield a

- good flow of milk. The number of cows of this class is greatly

in the minority, yet the actual value of a regular allowance of
Standard Food is equally as profitable with them as with either
of the other classes. It is fully adapted to their needs in
securing thorough digestion and assimilation and in making
rich, pure blood, thus securing increased activity of the milky
glands to keep up the nermal flow during the whole period of
lactation. The period of ‘the greatest productiveness of the
cow is usually soon after calving, when the milky glands are
most active, after which there is a natural tendency to decrease
the amount. In keeping these glands continually active,
through the agency of the stomach, in increased digestion and

assimilation, and a full supply of rich, pure blood, this flow

may be kept up to nearly the amount produced at the com-

36 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

mencement of the milking period. This can be done by a
proper daily allowance of Standard Food, with a well-propor-
tioned feed ration of sufficient amount to fully supply the
demands of the animal.

Another and very important gain from the use of Standard
Food on this class of cows is in increasing the appetite so that
the animal is enabled to eat, digest and assimilate a larger
amount of feed. This is easily explained. The cow must first
be supported before she can produce an¥ milk whatever. Care-
ful experiments in many cases prove that it requires two-thirds
of a full ration to keep a cow in fair condition—her food of
support. Up to that point there is no profit from the expend-
iture. By increasing the ration, say one-third, a certain return
in milk is secured, and by making another like increase double
the amount of milk is secured. Thus with an increase in the
feed of twenty-five percent, a gain of one hundred per cent is
secured.

To put the matter in another light, suppose the dairy farmer
is feeding his cows 18 pounds of mixed feed and hay per day,
which simply keeps them in condition, but produces no milk. If
he increases the ration to 24 pounds per day, which fully sup-
plies the appetite and is all they can digest and assimilate, he
may secure 14 pounds of milk each per day. By feeding Stand-
ard Food it can be safely claimed that the appetite would be
increased so that each cow would eat and thoroughly digest
and assimilate 30 pounds per day, which would, in the same
proportion, increase the milk to 28 pounds per day. In other
words, 18 pounds of feed return nothing; 24 pounds of feed
return 14 pounds of milk; 30 pounds of feed and 1-6 pound of
Standard Food return 28 pounds of milk. This production of
milk is based on the claim that from three to four pounds of
nutritious feed in excess of the amount required for support
will produce six quarts of milk. Thus, it will be seen that
Standard Food, in increasing the appetite of milch cows, will
add largely to their yield in excess of the additional expend-
iture.

OUR GUARANTEE. 37

A great many good cows are fed beyond their ability to
digest and assimilate; as a consequence their systems become
clogged and they lose their usefulness as profitable milkers.
These are known in many districts as over-mealed or “burnt
out’? cows. These cows have simply been overworked as milk
producers, and the lacteal functions have become actually worn
out, so that the nourishment consumed goes to the production
of flesh rather than milk. The action of Standard Food is most
effective in regulating this derangement. By producing an
abundance of rich, pure blood it invigorates and builds up the
entire system, and restores every organ to its normal condition
and usefulness. Standard Food has been tested in so many
cases of this kind that its use is recommended without hesitancy
to regulate this condition.

It must be borne in mind that in using Standard Food
nature is assisted in every instance and not forced in any. It
supplies the lack of what nature would furnish to the cow in

her natural condition. The dairy cow of today is a creature of
circumstances, and too many of us fail to realize that constant
high feeding on unchanging diet does not always furnish them
with all that nature requires.

Cows in calf may be fed Standard Food with the utmost
safety, as it strengthens the generative organs, and, barring
accidents, prevents abortion, and insures easy parturition.

The dairy farmer should remember that all healthy increase
in milk production is gradual: The first effect from the feed-
ing of Standard Food is the regulation and improvement of
the condition. This often requires considerable time, and no

extra flow of milk can be expected until it is accomplished.

GUARANTEE.

In using Standard Horse and Cattle Food according to our
directions on milch cows, we guarantee value received in every
instance, in the increase of the quantity and quality of the milk
and in the general health and condition of the animal.

Our regular agents, and all parties selling Standard Food,

38 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

are authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by
this company, in any case where it can be fairly shown that the
results secured are not equal to our representations.
Tue F. E. Sanporn Company,
Omaha, Nebraska.
How STANDARD Foop SHOULD BE FEp. _

Feed one pound to twelve head twice a day, mixed with
the grain feed. Omit its use one week in each month after the
first month. The object of allowing this intermission in the
use of Standard Food is to furnish that change to the system
which is necessary in the feeding of any nourishing substances.

One of our directions, which must never be overlooked, is
to furnish an abundant supply of pure water, as the larger the
production of milk the more water is required.

CARE ANT) MANAGEMENT OF HORSES.

ConTAGIOUS AND Btoop DISEASEs.

Loss FrRom— PREVENTABLE— BLEEDING— INFLUENZA— EPIzooTIC
— CaTARRH — PINKEYE — STRANGLES — DISTEMPER — FARCY
— GLANDERS — RHEUMATISM — Humors oF THE BLOOD.

-

These are among the most important of all the diseases to
which horses and, in fact, all farm animals are subject, being
the most destructive, and, at the same time, preventable by
strict care and a rigid following of the common sense laws of
health.

_ The experience by which so many of our farmers and stock
owners have suffered proves the appalling losses from its devas-
tation, and authentic records show that thousands and thous-
ands of animals are annually lost from the terrible ravages of
these diseases. To detail the losses from them to any extent
would be a difficult task. Suffice it to say that in the year 1872,
alone, the investments of millions of dollars were swept away
in the horses that were attacked in almost every part of the
United States, and, from the effects of it, every horse owner
dreads the possibility of its return.

PREVENTALLE.—It is proven beyond question, by practical
experience, that contagious diseases in animals are preventable
with certainty by the proper application of sanitary laws and
sensible measures of prevention.

Clean, airy, wholesome surroundings go a long way toward
hindering the progress of disease; and good blood, good diges-
tion, strength and vigor of body and of the whole system and
its vital organs, assisted by these measures that are all impor-
_ tant, give no chance for disease to secure a foothold; for it has
nothing to work upon; it hasnothing toassistit. Whilean animal
is in this virtually perfect physical condition, with the advan-
tage of these favorable smVQund Egy, it isnext to impossible for

8

ical st: “ae
40 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

it to take disease, unless through its germ by direct contact with
it, and, even then, it can only be of the mildest type, and, unless
of a necessarily fatal character, like glanders, easily handled
and easily cured.

It can be readily seen that the animal system is overcome
by any contagious disease in proportion to its debility and its
feeble powers of resistance. The system, therefore, which is
weak from living in impure air, damp buildings, darkness, on~
poor or deficient food, foul water, from over work, from long
standing or debilitating disease, etc.,is more ready to succumb
to the attack of contagion than one in the strength of the most
vigorous health. Hence it is that all that contributes to robust
health contributes to insurance against contagious disease.

The use of tonics, of health-giving and strengthening food,
that build up and fortify the whole system, is based on their
tendency to produce a more vigorous health, for they assist,
with good hygiene, in warding off infection. What an impor-
tant subject, then, for the serious consideration of every stock
owner who knows the grave results of neglect to keep the
health of his stock in the most vigorous condition. The
thorough and systematic use of Standard Horse and Cattle
Food has proven that, as a preventive of contagious diseases,
it is a success and positive in its results, and that in the hands
of any practical horseman it will never fail to give every result
that could be expected.

BiEEDING.—This is one of the methods for the treatment of
disease that is certainly unwarrantable, and is a practice that
should never be resorted to, however much it may be doubted
by the adherents of an exploded theory. It is a disgrace to
humanity, and an outrage on the privileges of the noble and
useful animals on whom we are so much dependent. A moral
responsibility rests upon every man to see that their natural
claims are respected, and that, when sick or dying, they should
be treated with mercy. Medicines and forms of treatment will
be presented in these pages that, if followed, will insure greater
success in treating these and other diseases, without in any way

CONTAGIOUS AND BLOOD DISEASES. 41

impairing the powers of the animal’s constitution that are all
needed to combat with disease.

INFLUENZA — Epizootic-CaTarru.— This is a disease of an
epizootic fever type that is of frequent occurrence, usually in
the spring and fall of the year, always accompanied by great
weakness or debility. Indeed, it is very rare that we see a cold
run its course, as such, without some complication of one kind
or another.

In stables that are badly ventilated, or overcrowded, the
malady is apt to make serious havoc, unless prompt meas-
ures are adopted to control it.

Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of
its development, but it can be safely asserted that its further-
ance is assisted by impure air, poor and scanty food, debility
and general neglect, that any one ought to know are most al-
‘luring to disease, and apt to cause disease by their own influence.

Symproms—The disease comes on suddenly with extreme
weakness and stupor, succeeded by a chill or shivering, then
increased heat, with irritation and fever. There is loss of appe-
tite, cough and a discharge of mucus from the nose, watering
of the eyes, all followed in a day or two with swelling of the
legs, and, in severe cases, of the belly and breast; harsh blowing
sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose is
pink or lead color. The limhs are alternately cold and hot and
the hair rough.

TREATMENT—Do not carry the mistaken idea that a horse
suffering from this disease does not need the best care that can
be given. It is not only due him, but is a material saving to the
owner; furthermore, without proper care the disease is more than
likely to assume a complicated form, when treatment would do
but little good; or it may leave him in a condition from which
he will be a long time in recovering, or perhaps never will; so,
all around, the best care that can be given is none too good.

Place the horse in good shelter, where he can get pure air,
and cover him’ according to the condition of the temperature;
if the weather is cold, blanket well and bandage the legs.

42 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

If there are symptoms of high fever give him twenty drops
of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold water, every four
hours, till five doses are given, to reduce the fever. Prepare a
light feed of bran mash or soft feed and mix with it two meas-
ures of Standard Food, and give three times a day. Place
fresh cold water before him and allow him to drink as much as
he wants. No other treatment, except the regular use of this
Food, and seeing to his general comfort, will then be necessary.
Increase the grain feed as his appetite calls for it, and when
well improved decrease the Standard Food to one measure at
each meal. Do not apply blisters or any such thing to the
throat, as ig too often done, as they can do no good.

Nothing will result better than the regular use of the Food,
as it will keep the bowels in good order, coax the appetite, and,
most of all, keep up the strength of the horse. Be sure the
animal is entirely well and in full strength before putting to
work again. If treated as described, in from six to ten dayshe
will be almost well.

Thousands of horses have been thus cured with this Food,
many of them under our personal notice, and in no case have
we ever had it fail to bring the animal out in good condition.
From our experience we know that in such cases, when its use
is begun at once, and our instructions are followed, it will do

just as we claim, which we are willing to guarantee to all
horsemen.

PinKEYE.—This is a name that has, of late years, been
applied very generally to a peculiar form of disease, of epizootic
nature, among horses. It is quite prevalent during the spring
and fall seasons, attacking nearly all the horses in a community
with greater or less severity, seemingly from one common
cause.

Symproms—Are very much the same as those of influenza
just described, except that the breathing and respiratory organs
are seldom affected. There is dullness and stupor, with loss of
appetite; the coat isrough and staring and there is some cough,

PINKEYE, STRANGLES, DISTEMPER. 43

with discharge from the nose. The eyes are watery and have a
peculiar pink color.

TREATMENT—Provide sufficient shelter and covering to keep
the horse warm, and see that he gets pure air and all the fresh
cold water he wants to drink, offered to him every three or four
hours. Give Standard Food regularly, as directed for influenza,
mixed with light feeds of bran mash, or soft feed, three times
a day, and in a week he will be all right again.

STRANGLES—Distemprr.—A specific fever of young horses,
usually accompanied with swellings and formation of matter
between the bones of the lower jaw, though often seen on the
sides of the face and elsewhere. It is caused by change from
field to stable, from idleness to hard work, and change of loca-
tion and climate. Weare also informed that it is caused by a
specific poison in the blood that but few horses escape. Expos-
ure to cold and wet, and to impure air, contribute to hasten its
development, while contagion is a common cause.

Symptoms—The disease is often preceded by a period of
unthriftiness, staring coat and loss of condition. This will be
followed by a cough, watery flow from nose and eyes, quickened

- breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty and high colored urine,

fever and thirst; then a swelling appears, usually between the
bones of the lower jaw, that is hot and tender to the touch.
Water is often returned from the nose in drinking and food
dropped after chewing.

TREATMENT—Sustain the strength of the horse by an abund-
ance of soft, nourishing food and pure air. Give twenty drops
of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, in a little cold
water, till five doses are given. Use Standard Food as directed
for influenza, and the disease will very likely be over in ten
days. The secret in treating this disease, the same as others
of similar nature, is to keep up the strength and appetite of the
horse Therefore any extras that can be furnished, in the way
of bran mashes, boiled oats, or other tempting food, or even
hay tea or oruel in extreme debility, is of great benefit. Hence,

a4 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

it is easily seen in this connection the assistance which is ren-
dered by the use of Standard Food.

If the swelling between the jaws is bad, it is a good plan to
poultice it with flax-seed meal, by means of a square piece of
cloth, with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of
the face, which will hold the poultice in place. Steaming the
nostrils is also good, and may be done by feeding hot bran
mashes from a nose bag hung on the head.

The bowels will be kept in good order and the blood active
by feeding Standard Food, thus avoiding any complications
of the disease; and, if the animal has otherwise general good
care, its full recovery in a short time is assured.

Farcy.—Most authors who are recognized as authority
state distinctly that farcy is a variety of glanders, but in our
experience with this disease we are obliged to recognize the
sound arguments and principles of Dr. McClure, that farcy is a
disease of scrofulous nature and is produced by a fermentation
of the blood. For instance, if the liver, kidneys and bowels of
a horse are not performing their proper functions, the worn out
or effete matter is not carried from the blood or body through
the usual channels. This effete matter decays and becomes an
active ferment in the blood and fluids of the body.

Symproms—The coat is rough; one leg, usually the fore leg,
will swell to a very large size, hot and painful, and in a day or
two it will break out in small, running ulcers, discharging a
watery fluid, though frequently thick and of a resinous color.
Soft, puffy swellings are usually seen about the mouth, lips and,
indeed, on many parts of the body. After a few weeks the
condition of the animal becomes much changed for the worse;
the blood becomes so deteriorated that the animal’s vitality is
soon exhausted. Overcrowding, with little or no ventilation,
and debility, from neglected or long-standing diseases, are com-
mon causes. It is also produced by inoculation from the virus
of glandered or farcied horses.

TREATMENT—Having explained the cause and nature of the
disease, the kind of treatment is plain. Destroy the ferment

FARCY, GLANDERS. 45

and purify the blood to stop the effect. Give a tablespoonful
of sulphite of soda at a dose, twice a day, for about ten days,
then three times a week thereafter, for a few weeks; this will
destroy the fermentation. While the blood is thus being regu-
lated, it will be necessary to add to it, also, and in every way
assist the powers of the constitution to overcome the disease.
Feed two measures of Standard Food three times a day in
good rich feed; for this purpose nothing can be better, for by
this means the power and strength of the body is kept up as
well, and a cure can be depended on with more certainty.
Remove the horse, with all his blankets and articles used in
feeding, etc., to a comfortable place and remote from well
animals, as this is considered one of the contagious diseases
of the horse.

GLanpERS.—This is essentially a disease of an ulcerative
character. Horses affected with chronic glanders will live and
work for years, but the disease during this time is as contagious
to other horses, as well as to man, as though existing in the
most aggravated form. The causes of this disease are many,
among which are starvation, filth, neglect and debilitating dis-
eases, as strangles, epizootic catarrh, lung fever, or indeed any

* disease that is neglected or capable of forming pus.

Symproms—-Languor, dry staring coat, impaired appetite,
quick pulse and breathing, ulceration of the lining membrane
of the nose, accompanied by a discharge of pus of a greenish
color that dries rapidly when spread over the nostrils, and
which sinks when placed in water. Soon the nasal flow becomes
yellow and sticky and upon the mucous membrane may be seen
deep ulcers of irregular form, with little or no tendency to heal.
There is one symptom that nearly always accompanies this dis-
ease and that is the enlargement of the gland under the jaw.
Ancther frequent symptom is the painful dropsical swelling of
the limbs and joints. <A rational understanding of the nature
of this disease explains the reason why a cold in horses ter-
minates in glanders; it is the absorption of the pus.

TREATMENT—It is very evident, from the results that have

46 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

been produced in the various forms of treatment, that there is
no specific known for the treatment of this disease. In fact,
most of our educated veterinarians contend that it is incurable.
Therefore it is very probable that the best and most humane
course to be pursued is to destroy the animal as soon as the
disease is manifested and bury it deeply in the earth.
PREVENTION—When the causes of this disease, which pro-
duces such frightful havoc, are taken into consideration, it is
right and sensible to assert that much may be done in the way
of prevention; for it is highly probable that more than one-
half of the cases of glanders, from year to year, are produced
by allowing the simpler forms of disease to take their own
course. Coughs and colds are neglected, distempers are left to
cure themselves, and other diseases, that affect the blood and
vital powers, are left to be their own doctors, and a disease that
is incurable, and upon which it has been found necessary to
legislate, is the result. Is this right? It is evident that
the punishment inflicted by the unerring law of nature proves
that it isnot. An empty granary or a depleted pocket-book
offers no excuse for the neglect of stock, even in the simplest
afflictions, and the natural law demanding their comfort and
relief no man has any moral right to evade. ,
RuHEUMATISM—In the acute form of this disease there is
extreme pain in the legs and joints, accompanied by fever, irri-
tation and excitement, and, on account of the severe
pain the horse seems to dread to move from one position
to another. He sweats profusely, but has no fever in the feet,
by the absence of which it can be distinguished from founder.
An observance of this may be of assistance in forming a cor-
rect opinion of the case. |
One of the most frequent causes is from placing horses,
heated from exertion, where they are exposed to a draught of
cold air and suddenly checking the perspiration. The secretion
is absorbed by the blood and acts as a poison, producing
inflammation.
TREATMENT—Put the horse in a comfortable, airy place, -

a

RHEUMATISM, HUMORS OF THE BLOOD. A7

with plenty of bedding under him, to induce him to lie down.
Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every
four hours, till six doses are given. See that the animal is
comfortably blanketed and give general good care. Give well
prepared rations of soft feed and oats, containing one to two
measures of Standard Food, morning, noon and night. This
will be of great benefit in regulating the condition of the
blood. By the time the six doses of aconite have been given,
the fever will have been greatly reduced and the general con-
>. dition much changed for the better; but the use of the Food
‘should be continued for several weeks until the blood is thor-
oughly regulated. z

Curonic RuEvuMAtTIsM— This is usually the sequel of the
acute form of this disease, but unlike it, is relieved by
counter irritation and exercise. There is no doubt but many
of the cases of hidden lameness in horses are caused by chronic
rheumatism.

TREATMENT—Give five twenty-drop doses of the tincture of
aconite root four hours apart; also give thirty-drop doses of
the powdered meadow saffron seeds twice in the day. In the
place of this, a few doses of nitrate of potash may be given in
the water, so divided that one ounce will be given in a day.
Standard Stock Liniment, applied twice a day, will relieve the
pain and soreness in the limbs, and is the best external remedy
that we have ever used. Use the Standard Food regularly, as
directed for the acute form, to regulate the blood, bowels and
appetite. Feed generously and give general good care.

Houmors oF THE BLoop—An impure and disordered condi-
tion of the blood, that affects the general health, is very much

-more frequent among horses than is generally supposed. In-
deed, most owners may believe that the blood of their horses is

in good condition until their attention is called to it, perhaps,

by eruptions of the skin, sores, a bad coat, or other symptoms
equally as convincing. And it is not to be wondered at; ior,
with the changes of climate, exposure to heat and cold, hard

o labor, high feeding on corn, with little change, and oftentimes

i
aes

: 4
? beg ry

48 _ FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

neglect, it is enough to not only pollute the condition of the
blood, but to wear out a machine made of steel, of equal, or
even greater, powers.

Stand a tired horse, wet with perspiration, where a draught
of cold air will reach him, feed him on corn, all that his natur-
ally strong digestive organs can assimilate, to give him bodily
strength for hard labor; then subject him, in the collar, to a
scorching sun, and very soon again to a cold winter’s wind and
storms, and what is the result? If nothing else, then certainly
a disordered and impure condition of the blood. Therefore,
something is needed occasionally to strengthen and purify and
regulate it, to expel the accumulated impurities that have been
absorbed. In our experience of many years in the practical
care and treatment of horses, we have found nothing so practi-
cal, economical, or so highly satisfactory, as Standard Food, and
for this use its value is praised by many beside ourselves.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS,

PREVALENCE — TREATMENT — CoLp — Coucus —SorE THROAT—
Broncuitis — N AsaAL GLEET — HEAVES — PLEuRISY — Con-
GESTION OF THE LUNGS— PNEUMONIA — LUNG FEVER.

- In almost all domestic animals, these are of first importance,
on account of their frequency and the serious consequences they
entail. In young horses, especially, they are very common, and
probably more destructive than any other class of disease. They
may be safely classed as one of the evils of domestication.

Frequently the assertion is heard, coming from some horse-
man, who is generally credited with dispensing broad gauge
ideas, that if his horses take cold and have a fever, or even are
more seriously afflicted, that he does nothing for them, for they
will get well as quickly without his assistance as though he
were all the time poking medicine down them. In some cases
this may be so, particularly if the right treatment is not used;
but he does not realize that he has taken the horse out of his
natural position, and subjected him toa form of usage and mode
of life that is contrary to his nature, and which very things
have produced disease that he leaves to true nature to cure.
Were it not for the natural power of self-restoration that is
possessed by all animal creation, such a man would recognize
the teachings of dear experience. We will agree with him that
strong medicines have done more harm than good, and are
seldom needed; but he must agree with us, even though a
portion of his experience, under the most favorable circum-
stances, may give him some right to his claim, that, in the care
of his stock when they do get sick, because the law of nature has
been violated by him, they need such relief and medical care
from him to overcome disease as will compensate for their
deprivation of the great assistance of nature; not to force but

to assist in their restoration to health.
3 49

50 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

Cotp.—No disease is more common among young horses;
but, unfortunately, it rarely runs its course as such... 2

Symptoms—A slight cough, fever, and more or less discharge
from one or both nostrils, thin and watery or, perhaps, a thick
pus. The lining membrane of the nose is red and inflamed.
Cold sometimes extends into the throat and lungs; when it
spreads to the chest it is called bronchitis.

TREATMENT—Keep the appetite good and the bowels in
good order by feeding one to two measures of Standard Food
at each meal. Give nutritious feed in generous quantities,
but not enough to bring on indigestion. Keep the horse com-.
fortable and in a warm, airy place. Continue the use of the
Food until entirely well, and this will be found a simple and
successful plan of treating common cold.

Coucus.—A symptom of disease of the respiratory organs,
as tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining membrane of
the windpipe and enlargement of the glands of the neck. It
also occurs from a diseased condition of the liver or from indi-
gestion. Coughs that are of long standing are, in many cases,
almost incurable, but more recent cases can usually be treated
with good success.

TREATMENT—The best that we have found in years of expe-
rience is the regular use of Standard Food, fed with the grain,
one to two measures at each feed. It will help the worst cases,
and, if not of a nature caused from enlargement of the glands,
it can be relied upon to cure. In severe cases, drop a little
oil of tar—half a teaspoonful—on the tongue every day, then
give some grain so it will be swallowed. Another good thing
is to sprinkle a handful of unground fiax-seed in the feed every
night. Feed generously and give occasional drinks of flax-
seed tea.

Sore THroat—Symptoms—tThe nose is raised, the head being
carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual.
There is swelling of the throat, and usually a cough and dis_
charge from the nose. In chronic sore throat, there may
appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in par-

*

COUGHS, SORE THROAT, BRONCHITIS. : 51

oxysms when the horse comes into the cold air, drinks cold
water, eats dry oats or musty hay, or is subjected to violent
exertion.

TREATMENT—Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable. Clothe com-
fortably and flannel bandage the legs. Tie a rug or blanket
closely around the neck and steam the nostrils as for strangles.
If the fever is high, give twenty drops of the tincture of aco-
nite root, and repeat twice, four hours apart. Feed the Stand-
ard Food as directed for influenza and give general good care.
The horse may be given drinks of flax seed tea twice a day
with the best results.

Broncuitis—This is a very common disease among horses,
and is confounded by many horse doctors with inflammation of
the lungs, distempers and colds, from which it is distinguisha-
ble in various ways. |

Symptoms—A chill, fever, harsh cough, which in a short
time becomes soft and rattling; loss of appetite, heaving of the
flanks, mouth hot and dry and a discharge from the nose.

TREATMENT—The first steps should be to make the horse
comfortable, and reduce the fever. Give fifteen to twenty
drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till six
doses are given. Give plenty of cold water to drink, and
occasionally a little flax seed tea or gruel. Give bran mash or
boiled oats in small feeds and mix well with them one to two
measures of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. This will gently

relax the bowels and cool the stomach, also prevent debility

and depression. Continue its use and give special care until

entitely well. In the chronic form of this disease, Standard
Food will be found equally valuable. In connection with its

use the following ointment may be applied, well rubbed in,

down the course of the windpipe, once a week: Lard, one

ounce; red iodide of mercury, one drachm; mix. This will cause
whatever thickening there may be to. be absorbed. Lard or oil
may be applied once a day where the ointment was applied, to
keep the skin from cracking.

a a

Ries}...
ee ie,

52 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

Nasat Guret—This is a result, usually, of catarrh and cold
in old and debilitated horses, and is shown by a thin, watery
discharge from the nose. The case may be classed as one of
simple gleet, if there are no ulcers on the lining membrane of
the nose, or no enlargement of the gland under the jaw and can
readily be cured by care and good treatment.

TREATMENT—See that the horse is well sheltered and allow
a term of good feeding. Mix one measure of Standard Food
with the feed at each meal This will give the horse strength
and vitality, and that is what is needed to cure the disease.
Continue the use of the Food until the horse is entirely well.

Heraves.—This is a disease that is much the same as asthma
and may be defined as a difficulty in breathing. Some horses
are so seriously affected with this disease as to be made almost
unfit for use. In others it is so slight that it can only be
observed by a peculiar hitch or double beat of the flank, differ-
ent from any other form of breathing. It is caused by over-
feeding on clover hay, chaff, cut straw or any bulky and innu-
tritious food.

TREATMENT—Give five grain doses of arsenic once a day, for
two weeks, then skip a week and commence as before. This
will cure many cases. Use but little hay or any feed of large
bulk. Improve the general condition of the horse as much as
possible. This can be done by the regular use of Standard
Food, three measures a day with the grain feed; besides, it is
exceedingly good of itself in allaying the disease. A teaspoon-

ful of oil of tar may be given every day, by placing it on the
tongue, with excellent results.

The following is a good receipt for h ves and has snide
remarkable results in many cases:

2 ounces powdered lobelia seed

4 ounces linseed meal.

4 ounce black antimony.

Mix: divide into twelve doses, and give one night and
morning. When used up wait a week and repeat.

e
~PLEURISY, PNEUMONIA. 53

Prevrisy.-—Inflammation of the membrane covering the eine
and lining the cavity of the chest.

Symproms—The breathing is deep; not so short and quick
as in inflammation of the lungs; there is a chill succeeded by
fever; there is a disinclination to turn short. Usually the pain
will subside in twenty-four hours after the attack, and the
horse will appear better.

TREATMENT—T reat the horse as for inflammation of the lungs,
by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite. This is to be
given in twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses have
been given.

To remove the fluids from the body after the disease has
passed its active form, allow good feeding and a generous diet.
In this connection Standard Food is always of great value.

CoNGESTION OF THE LUNGS.—Symproms—The horse blows;
he is heaving at the flanks, with the nostrils dilated, and, in a
general way, shows symptoms of distress, and is very stupid.

TrEATMENT—Clothe the body and bandage the legs. Allow
plenty of fresh air and give the following mixture: sweet
spirits of nitre, half an ounce; powdered carbonate of ammonia,
half an ounce. Mix inasmall quantity of gruelin the form of a
drink.

An excellent form of treatment, when it can be had, is to

wrap the entire body in rugs, wrung out of hot water, and cov-
ered thickly with dry ones, the limbs being actively rubbed at
the same time.

* Pyeumonta — Lune Fever.—This is an inflammation of the
substance of the lungs, and is sometimes very common in the
-spring after a hard winter.

So far as the direct or indirect causes of this disease are con-
cerned, we may safely infer that crowding, and a bad system of
ventilation include them all; yet, it is often caused in horses
by hard and laborious work, or from a long drive facing a cold
wind after being taken from a warm stable.

Symproms—A chill, followed by a fever that is high for a
time, and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breath-

’
54 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

ing and pulse and dilated nostrils. The muscles of the side and
breast will be seen to quiver in inflammation, of the lungs, and
will seldom deceive. The animal will eat nothing, and persis-
tently stands with his nose in the manger, and, if taken out of
the stall into the open air, a relief is secured from the fresh air
so that he will almost refuse to go back into the stable again.
This shows the necessity of pure air in all lung diseases.
TREATMENT—P lace the horse in a light and airy place that
is comfortable, and clothe according to the weather. Bandage
the legs well to keep them warm. Aconite, judiciously given,
is a great remedy in treating this disease. It should be given
in twenty-five drop doses in a little water, four hours apart, till
six doses have been given. Allow the horse to have plenty of
cold water to drink. He should have one ounce of chlorate of
potash every twelve hours until signs of improvement are
shown, when it may be discontinued: This may-be given in a
few quarts of linseed tea. Give nourishing food and mix with
each feed two measures of Standard Food. This will keep up
the strength and appetite of the horse. Continue feeding in

this amount until the animal is well improved, then feed one
measure at each feed until entirely well.

We would caution our readers not to place too much reli-
ance in strong medicines for the cure of disease. The physi-
cian does much good when he practices rationally; recognizes
himself as the servant of nature; does her bidding and does no
harm in the use of poisons and meddlesome medication. In
the treatment of most forms of curable disease, what is needed
is great patience, faith in nature, and a strong reliance in such

remedial agents as will assist nature to restore health, not to

force it. Hence the value, in working according to the require-
ments of nature—to assist and not to foree—of Standard Horse
and Cattle Food.

i

~

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

THe Resutts or BAD Frepinc — Dirtr— Loss or APPETITE —
INDIGESTION — ConsTIPATION — LAXATIVES — DIARRHGA —
HweE-Bounp — Desititry — Drorsy — Worms—Borts
— CoLic — INFLAMMATION OF THE BowELs—

DISEASES OF THE LiveR— LAmpPaAs.

It is probably the experience of most farmers and stock
owners that a great proportion of the diseases occurring among
live stock are produced, either directly or indirectly, by errors
in diet, or general care, that bring on a disordered and diseased
condition of the organs of digestion. Such a fact is admitted
by veterinarians, indeed toa greater extent than is generally
conceded by those who have not made the subject a particular
study.

More horses may be seen in a broken down condition from
the effects of this class of disease than any other. They are so
poor that their hide seems only to cover a lot of bones; they
have no life, no vitality or ambition, and are sorry specimens
indeed by the side of the well groomed, well fed animals that
are not the subjects of the kind of care that forces such condi-
tions. And the shame is in the fact that such a condition is
avoidable by proper care and attention in the feed of the
animals, and in their natural wants in sickness or in health.

Diet—No single article of diet, let it be ever so rich in the
elements that form tissues and support life, can be used for any
length of time with success. The natural desire in ourselves
for something else, after being confined to any particular article
of diet, proves to us that in order to be successful in preserving
the health of our live stock we must vary the diet. The
stomach must be made to labor hard at times, or its functions
will deteriorate. It must be made to work for a living once in

awhile. Labor operates on the stomach in the same manner
¢ 55

56 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

- that it does on the brain and muscle—increases their capacity.
We may, therefore, distend the horse’s stomach at times and not
continually burden it with meal, chopped feed and concentrated
food.

It must be borne in mind, too, that the various functions of
the body need rest; for, should a horse be permitted to stand
up toafullcrib for hours ata time, disease of one kind or another
is sure to occur. On the other hand, let him be deprived of
what is actually necessary to keep up the strength and vitality,
and he soon becomes poor and’ debilitated, and an excellent
subject for disease. Asa matter of fact, the art of feeding, of
choosing diet and allowing it judiciously, to secure the best
results, may be brought down to a point of great nicety.

Loss or Appetire.—This is more of a symptom than a
disease, and is due to some derangement of the system. In
cold, influenza and fever, the appetite is bad and with their
removal it will be restored. When it is caused by a disordered
digestion, what is needed is good care and good feed. ‘The use
of Standard Food, three measures a day, will regulate the diges-
tive organs to a nicety, and bring the horse to his feed again in
a very few days, so that he will not only relish it, but it will be
thoroughly assimilated.

InpIGEsTIoN.—From various causes sae horse is liable to this
condition, which not only proves very inconvenient, but
after existing some time usually leads to the establishment of
incurable diseases. It is frequently caused in old horses by
diseased teeth; but outside of this cause, in horses of any age,
it may be laid to improper or irregular feeding, or to the prac-
tice which some persons ignorantly follow of constantly dosing —
the horse with mineral condition powders, poisons and all such
remedies.

Symproms—The condition is at first shown by an uncertain
and irregular appetite, and, as the disease advances, good food
is refused and the horse seems to have a desire to eat his bed-
ding and rubbish generally; he licks the walls, etc., and seems
to have a great desire for filthy water. -There is a general want

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION. 57

of condition; the skin is tight, and the bowels are irregular.
Many more horses are troubled with indigestion than is gen-
erally supposed, and particularly in ‘cities where they are stall
fed continually.

TREATMENT—If the teeth are affected, secure the services of
a competent veterinary dentist to look after them atonce; and,
if they are in good condition to properly masticate the food,
good care and good feed with grooming and the regular use of
Standard Food will effect a complete cure. The Food should
-be used one to two measures at each feed, according to the
condition of the horse, and roots, vegetables and even fruits
should be provided, while a moderate amount of daily exercise
is highly necessary.

Standard Food has been used in innumerable cases of
this kind, all degrees of severity of which are seen in different
horses, and its results have actually been wonderful.

Constipation—Inaction of the bowels, caused by natural
torpidity or want of activity, debility or weakness, serious and
latent diseases, etc. In those animals naturally prone to con-
stipation, nothing is required beyond an occasional bran mash,
the use of linseed or a mild laxative only, and as long as
bodily health is maintained, all remedies of a strong medicinal
character are not recommended. When debility or disease is
the cause, Standard Food, fed in the proper amounts to act as
a mild laxative, will produce every result that will be required,
As a symptom of other diseases constipation must be dealt with
accordingly. ie .

Laxatives—In many cases, and especially in those with
marked constipation or bowels loaded with indigestible mate-
rial, a laxative is beneficial. For the horse, aloes in three to
five drachm doses, or, often better, sulphate of soda in one to
one and one-half pound doses, will usually remove an irritant,
cool the general system and produce speedy relief. Where a
mild laxative is needed to cleanse the system, Standard Food
fed liberally is, without doubt, the most satisfactory of any-
thing that can be used.

58 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

DiaRRH@A—This is nature’s plan for ridding the bowels of
any irritant or obnoxious substance, and consists of a looseness
or increased action of the bowels. Itis, therefore, not an inde-
pendent disease, but a sympton of some derangement. When
this condition is present, and no pain, griping or pawing, as in
colic, it needs no special treatment, more than general good
care and good diet. Continued diarrhoea, however, needs atten-
tion, as it shows that the irritation that has produced it does
not pass away.

TREATMENT—Give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite-
root ina little cold water; then give the following powder
every two hours until the animal is better: Prepared chalk,
half an ounce; catechu in powder, one drachm; opium in pow- .
der, ten grains. Allow plenty of cold water to drink as it will
help to allay irritation. Bran mashes should be given fora.
few days to overcome the effects of the binding medicine. The
Standard Food will be an excellent assistant in this particular;
in fact, there is no stage of diarrhoea in which it cannot be
used to the best advantage.

HipE-sounp.—This is a condition that is produced by
debility, indigestion or a general “ out of sorts.” It is not a
disease, but is the result of derangement, brought on generally
by poor feed, overwork and lack of proper care.

TREATMENT—Give the horse a good variety of grain feed in
generous quantities, and cut hay daily, wet with salt water.
Frequent feeds of bran are good on account of its bulk. Give
Standard Food at each meal, one to two measures, according to
condition, mixed with the grain. If the horse is cared for in
this way, we will guarantee that he will regain his good con-
dition in a very few weeks.

Desruity.—This is a condition that is in too many cases the
result of ignorance and neglect, and accompanies many diseases.
On this account it is very essential to discountenance any form
of treatment, even in diseases of an exalted character, that will
reduce the strength. The animal thus affected becomes weak
and debilitated, giving an access so free to disease that the

DEBILITY, DROPSY, WORMS. 59

system in its weakness is unable to rally its strength and fatal
results often follow.

The majority of cases arise from neglect and poor treatment
in sickness, such as purging and the inhuman practice of bleed-
ing. The want of knowledge, or the lack of care on these points,

has killed more horses and made more crow-baits than anyone

could be made to believe. Valuable horses have been neglected
and maltreated either by the hand of a careless owner or in the
eare of some horse doctor, whose ignorance, or bad judgment, is
no excuse for him, until this shameful condition has been the
result, that has either terminated in the animal’s death, or left
him an actual disgrace to his owner. For such results are surely:
avoidable with good care and proper treatment. Remedies that
may seem simple in themselves, but if they perform that essential
task—maintain the strength and work in unison with nature—
are all that are needed.

Symproms—The horse is very weak and sometimes staggers
as he walks. There is disturbed breathing and many other indi_
cations, to a general observer, that show weakness and deple-
tion of the whole system. Of course there is almost every stage
of this condition, from the horse that has lost but little of his
strength and vitality to the one that is so weak and debilitated
that he can scarcely walk.

TREATMENT—Give plenty of good feed and the best of care
to the maltreated beast, and allow him every comfort that his
condition demands. Feed Standard Food regularly, one to two
measures at each meal, according to the animal’s condition.
This will give him strength and appetite, regulate the digestion
and make good blood, and that is what is needed. Continue
this treatment until the horse has been restored to good con-
dition, and see that he is strong and well before putting to
work again.

In cases of this kind the value of Standard Food cannot be
too highly estimated. The results are always of the best and

have been praised in cases innumerable, while it has saved the

life of many a valuable animal.

60 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

Drorsy.—This is rather the result of disease than the disease —
itself, and means an unnatural accumulation of water in the
cavities of the chest, belly, breast and tissues of the legs. It
depends generally upon a debilitated condition, the result of
other weakening diseases and starvation, or is the result of
bleeding, blistering and physicing.

TREATMENT—Rest and blood-making food are demanded.
Feed corn-meal mixed with bran and cut hay, give frequent
feeds of steamed oats mixed with bran. In fact, tempt the
appetite with whatever nourishing food the animal will eat.
Give the following medicine three times a day, mixed in the
feed: Powdered sulphate of iron, one drachm; Spanish fly, two
grains. Feed the Standard Food regularly, beginning with one
measure at each meal, and as soon as the appetite has increased,
double the amount.

Water in the chest is removed by introducing an instrument
called a trocar, but when an operation of this kind has to be
performed, unless the attendant has some knowledge of it, it is
necessary to seek the services of a veterinarian.

Worms.—There are various forms of parasites that infest the
alimentary canal of the horse; but really, they are not as injur-
ious at all times as some writers claim them to be. They are
rarely, if ever, found in the intestines of healthy animals, and
their presence is generally due to a deranged condition of the
digestive organs.

Among the different forms may be mentioned the thread
worm, which inhabits the rectum; the long thread worm, which
is found in the large intestine; the round worm, which is usually
found in the small intestine, and the tape worm which also
affects the same part.

GENERAL Symproms— These are shown when worms are
present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the
mucous membranes, or when they bore through these to reach
other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condi-
tion, pot-belly, hide-bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin,
irregular and usually voracious appetite, diarrhcea, alternating

—

WORMS, BOTS. 61

~ with costiveness, and above all, the passage of worms or their

eggs. There is often a tendency to elevate the upper lip and
rub it against a wall or manger, to lick earth or lime, or to
shake the tail and rub out the hair about its root. There may
sometimes be severe, flatulent or spasmodic colic.

TREATMENT—Most of the remedies recommended in the old
works of veterinary are just about as likely to kill the horse as the -
worms, and are, to say the least, unsafe. The true theory is this:
Worms are the result of indigestion; hence our object by way
of prevention is to give tone and strength to the digestive
organs. Their weak condition is not due to the presence of the
worms, but is just what account for the presence of them, and
which create morbid secretions that invite their remaining; but
as soon as the digestion and tone of the system are improved
worms cease to be nourished, when they die, are digested and
pass from the bowels. In other words, worms are the effect and
not the cause of poor condition in almost every case, and as
soon as this poor condition is remedied they cease to exist.

Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, calo-
mel, turpentine, etc., as are recommended; we may succeed in
expelling worms by such methods, but that only mends the
matter in part, for these medicines are all more or less prostrat-
ing, and create a worse state of digestive derangement than
that which previously existed, which soon causes their return.

When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to,
feed him Standard Food with the grain, two measures at each
meal, and keep it up persistently until the thorough good con-
dition of the animal is established. It is obnoxious to the
worms, but its great value in expelling them lays in toning up
the digestion and general system to take up the morbid secre-
tions just spoken of.

It cannot be expected that a few days’ feeding of the Food
will accomplish all that is wanted in expelling worms. Its use
must be continued in some cases for weeks, but the good results
that are sure to follow will more than pay all trouble and
expense. ;

-

Son SAMI ts le lle ee og

—

62 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

Where it is thought necessary, the following may be used
in connection with the use of the Food: Fluid extract of
wormwood, four drachms, to be given in the morning before
feeding, for several days.

Four drachms of the solid extract of male fern, every other
morning for a period of ten days, is said to be a specific for
tape worm.

Bors.—The only parasite which occupies the stomach as its
dwelling place is the common horse bot. There are doubtless
others which undergo a process of development in the stomach,
and we also know that many are carried into it by a reverse
action of the intestines.

These parasites are produced by a variety of bot-fly, which
attach their eggs to the hairs on the knees, breast, nose, sides
and mane of the horse, which give rise to irritation and are
licked by the animal. The moisture thus derived and the tem-
perature of the summer season are sufficient to hatch the eggs.
They are carried by the tongue to the mouth, and eventually
to the stomach, where they attach themselves to the mucous
membrane. In this situation they remain for a period of about
eight months, when they leave their hold and pass from the
bowels. The presence of bots within the stomach has been a
subject of great consideration, some authorities claiming that
they prove of great service in assisting digestion, etc., while
others claim that their absence would be a boon to the horse.
It is evident to us however, that they seldom do injury, unless
congregated in large numbers.

TreATMENT—Improve the condition of the horse so that the
debilitating effects of the bots’ presence will not interfere with
the general health and condition of the horse; for it must be
borne in mind that no medicine will dislodge or destroy them short
of killing the horse also. Once the eggs are in the stomach, which
seems to be their natural dwelling place, they cannot be
removed by force. Allow good feeding and the regular use of
Standard Food to keep the animal in good condition, which

FLATULENT AND SPASMODIC COLIC. 63

it will do, and without doubt nae the best form of treatment

that can be adopted.

Coric.—This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among
horses and is the cause of extensive mortality. The term is
used to denote the pain and disturbance arising in the bowels
from various causes. The disease is of two kinds, flatulent
and spasmodic colic.

FiLaATuLent Coric.—This form of the disease is known by a
distension of the intestines and abdomen with gas.

Symptroms—The attack comes on suddenly and some horses
are liable to it under any circumstances. At the commence-
ment of the attack the horse becomes uneasy from pain and
commences to paw and soon begins to roll from side to side.
Sometimes he is on his legs again in a moment, gives the body
a shake, and looks at his flank as if endeavoring to point out
the location of the disease. Occasionally the animal remains
quiet for a time, the limbs being gathered beneath the body in
a kind of crouching attitude, until the pain becomes so severe
that he must shift his position, and again we find him rolling
or standing with the hind legs stretched backward and the fore
ones advanced. Supposing at this period that there be no flat-
ulency, yet the breathing is quick, the pulse wiry, the eye
glassy, and the animal exceedingly nervous and uncontrollable,
the case is then one of spasmodic colic; but if gas is passed
from the bowels or the abdomen becomes distended, it is surely
a case Of flatulent colic.

TREATMENT—Give, the first thing, one tablespoonful salera-
tus dissolved in a pint of water, at one dose, and if relief is
not secured in ten minutes, repeat the dose. If this does not
give relief, give the following:

4 ounce extract of ginger.
4 ounce hyposulphite of soda.
1 pint water.

Mix: Give at one dose.

This colic drench we can highly recommend, having used it
with success in many cases.

64. FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

The following is also an excellent drench, and may be used
if relief is not secured:
1 ounce powdered aloes.
1 ounce sulphuric ether.
2 ounces tincture of opium.
1 pint water.
Mix: Give at one dose.

Repeat in thirty minutes if necessary, and give an injec-
tion of warm water, soap and a handful of table salt.

SpasMopic CoLtic.—S ymproms—The horse shows unmistaka-
ble signs of great abdominal pain that seems to come on all at
once. He leaves his feed, shakes his head, looks around at his
flank and almost strikes his belly with his hind feet. In some
cases the horse will paw and stamp continually, or throw him-
self violently to the floor. The spasms continuing, the horse
breaks out in a sweat, heaves at the flank, and is greatly excited.
There are intervals of ease from pain.

TREATMENT— We can recommend the following drench very
highly, having used it many times with the best success:

4 ounce sweet spirits of nitre.
1 ounce laudanum.
4 ounce extract of ginger.
4 pint water.
Mix: Give at one dose.

If the pain does not yield, repeat in thirty minutes. Repeat
again in thirty minutes if necessary, and use a diluted injec-
tion of tincture of lobelia; two ounces in one pint of water.

Many persons ignorantly suppose that after an attack of

colic has been cured, the horse is as well as ever, forgetting that
violent spasms produce stiffness, soreness and weakness, and

which are likely to pave the way to subsequent attacks or lay
the foundation of other diseases when returned early to work.
In addition the animal has so much medicine within his diges-
tive organs that hard labor may produce serious results. Give
the animal perfect rest, if possible, for several days. Allow
good feed and the regular use of Standard Food to again

a ate

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 65

put the digestion in good order and guard against a return.
We are safe in saying that most cases of colic can be prevented
by keeping the digestive organs in good condition from the use
of Standard Food.

INFLAMMATION OF THE Bowe ts.—This is a common disease
among horses, and may follow unrelieved obstruction of the
bowels, especially if these have been treated by powerful medi-
cines. The indiscriminate use of irritating purges, or of
mineral condition powders, is prolific in its cause. It may also
be caused by exposure to cold, drinking cold water in great
quantities when hot, diarrhoea and as a sequel to colic.

Symproms—There is severe pain in the belly, which is con-
tinuous, giving no intervals of rest as in colic, for which disease
it cannot be mistaken on this account; for in colic there are
times of ease from pain, but never in this disease. There is

extreme restlessness, sweating and breathing fast, with high
fever and excitement.

TREATMENT—Give thirty drops of the tincture of aconite
root, and repeat in two hours. Apply blankets wrung out of
hot water to the belly and renew every twenty minutes. Do
not bleed, as this only weakens the animal and tends to hasten
death. Give injections every half hour of warm water and
soap, to which has been added a small amount of table salt,
and continue this form of treatment as long as sufficient
strength of the horse remains. ‘This is a hard disease to handle
when once started, and purgatives, or any medicines except
such as will allay fever and pain, are too slow to act.

But prevention is especially to be sought in such a terrible
disease. Feeding regularly and sufficiently frequent, in moder-
ate quantities, with food of good quality, and a gradual, instead
of a sudden change in diet, are highly essential. Avoid full
draughts of cold water when sweating and exhausted, and par-
ticularly the feeding of new hay or grain, or heating agents,
like corn and wheat, unless the horse is accustomed to this
kind of feed. Keep a box of Standard Food in the stable

and give a measure of it daily with the grain feed. It will
4 ya

a
66 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

strengthen the horse, give him good blood, good appetite and,
not least of all, good digestion, that, with good feed, affords
assurance against such attacks.

DISEASES OF THE LiveR.—Disease of this organ is often met
with among horses that are highly fed and have little to do; at
the same time hard-working horses are often its subjects from
errors in die‘ and various other causes. The liver is the largest
secreting gland of the body, and, without it, digestion cannot
be maintained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be
removed from the blood. Therefore, when the liver is dis-.
turbed there can be no health in the rest of the system.

Space being limited, we are prevented from enumerating in
detail the various derangements and diseases of the liver, but
a review of the general symptoms that are generally seen may
be of special value.

GENERAL Symptoms—Briefly, these may be stated as follows:
Sluggishness; irregular bowels; the excrement of a yellow color
from excess of bile in congestion of the liver; lameness in the
right fore limb, or even in one of the others, without observable
cause; cramps and even paralysis in the severe cases; slow
pulse; yellow or orange color of the eyes and other visible
membrane; tenderness when the last ribs are struck with the
fist; a yellow fur may sometimes be seen covering the upper
surface of the tongue; appetite lost; swelling or stocking of
the legs, especially the hind ones, etc.

GENERAL TREATMENT — Relieve the horse from all very
laborious work; but it must be remembered that a full limit of
moderate daily exercise is very essential toa cure. Many of
the books recommend bleeding or purging, but no authority can
convince us of the good effect of such treatment. Give the
horse as much change in diet as possible. Assist the liver in
its all important work of digestion and strengthen and give it
tone to perform its labor. This may be done by proper feed-
ing and the regular use of Standard Food; if fed about two
measures at each meal, it will act as a mild laxative, enough to
very soon place the bowels in good order.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 67

The Standard Food is prepared with the object in view to
render natural assistance to the liver in digestion, and for this
purpose it, without doubt, stands without a peer, and it can posi-
tively be relied upon, and is supported by our guarantee, to
regulate all primary derangements of this organ.

Lampas—A red, swollen state of the soft parts behind the
upper front teeth, and is seen in young animals on shedding
the teeth, or in older ones in digestive disorder. The taking
in of food may be painful from the tender palate project-
ing beyond the teeth.

TREATMENT—Feeding hard, unshelled corn has a good effect.
Scarify slightly with a knife or lancet, for half an inch back
from the teeth, and if caused with disorder of the stomach
give a mild dose of physic and regulate the digestion by feed-
ing Standard Food. This isa much more humane treatment
than burning the mouth with a hot iron, an operation which
the horse never forgets nor forgives.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS — INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER
— DIABETES — CALCULI — BLoopy URINE.

Diseases of the urinary organs are of considerable preva-
lence in certain localities, and not infrequently the assistance of
skill, combined with great care, is demanded in relieving the
subjects of their attacks. They are more frequent in localities
that abound in diuretic or resinous plants; where fodder is se-
cured in a wet, musty condition, and fed in this damaged state;
or in lands containing limestone or alkali. The habitual pri-
vation of water also causes this class of disease, as well as inju-
dicious dosing with diuretics, and finally mechanical injuries to
the loins, etc., all tend to induce various urinary diseases.

GENERAL SymMproms—In most cases where there is acute in-
flammation it is accompanied by a stiff, straddling gait with the
hind legs. The loins are tender, as is shown by pinching them,
when the horse crouches. ‘There is less trouble in backing than
where there is sprain of the back or loins, but it is found very
difficult to turn the horse around or describe a circle with his
body. There is straining to discharge urine, which may be
passed in large quantities, in deficiency, or, perhaps, not at all,
and, as is the case in all acute affections, thirst and loss of ap-
petite are noticeable.

In the general treatment of the urinary organs we have al-
ways advised the systematic use of Standard Food in connec-
tion with good remedies for their relief. The basis of this ad-
vice has been the experience we have gained from feeding it in
private use, and the high testimony we have received indorsing
its value for these diseases. In the manufacture of the Food
no direct diuretics are used, which, our experience teaches us,
makes it of great value in treating this class of disease. Fur-

thermore, ingredients for its manufacture have been introduced
68 |

}

“

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. | 69

by us, which act as a powerful tonic to these organs, and which
are used by no other manufactory of the kind in the United
States, and which our readers are assured will act in the mild-
est and most efficient manner, and, in connection with general
good treatment, perform a cure where it can be reasonably ex-
pected.

INFLAMMATION or THE Kipneys.—This disease is generally
caused by hard work, by slipping, or from sudden colds by being
exposed to rain and cold, the eating of musty hay or unhealthy
food of any kind; powerful and continued diuretics are liable
to cause it.

Symproms—More or less fever of the general system, and
unwillingness to move, particularly the hind legs: very sensi-
tive to pressure on the spine. The horse looks anxiously around
at his flanks, stands with his hind legs wide apart and straddles
as he walks. He is turned with difficulty on account of pain.
The urine is high colored, sometimes bloody, and is voided in
small quantities. The pulse is quick and hard.

TREATMENT—No diuretics are to be given as they would
simply aggravate the case and make it worse. Give the horse
one pint of linseed or olive oil and then the following:

4 drachm powdered opium.
4 pint linseed mucilage.
Mix: Give at one dose; repeat every eight hours.
The loins should be fomented with hot water, or covered with
mustard poultice. Soon the inflammatory symptoms subside;
the horse does not have so much pain, and the color of the urine
becomes lighter. Discontinue the above treatment and give one
ounce of the fluid extract of buchu morning and evening. Lin-
seed tea should be supplied liberally as a drink during the time
while the horse is under treatment, and care must be taken not

_ to allow the bowels to become overloaded. After recovery the

horse should be kept quiet for a month and allowed good feed
and care, with light daily exercise. During this time the mod_
erate use of Standard Food will be found very beneficial.

Should it be suspected that the horse is suffering pain, caused

-

—

70 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

by the passage or presence of urinary calculi, then thirty to
forty drops of muriatic acid should be given in a pailful of
water once or twice a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.—It may be caused by the
injudicious use of powerful diuretic medicines, or from the use
of fly blister or turpentine.

Symproms—The principal symptoms are almost identical with
those of inflammation of the kidneys. The urine is voided fre-
quently in small quantities, and in some cases the act of stall-
ing is almost continual. The horse looks frequently at his
flanks, paws, and flinches to pressure on the flanks.

TREATMENT—The same treatment that is recommended for
inflammation of the kidneys should be adopted The principal
object is to lower inflammation. Do not bleed; give aconite in
twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses are given, to
reduce the fever. In addition to the treatment advised, give
five drachms of the bicarbonate of soda twice a day, to neutral-
ize the urine.

Di1ABETES—PROFUSE STALLING.—This disease consists princi-
pally of a greatly increased flow of urine, without any apparent
structural disease of the kidneys.

It arises, in a great measure, from feeding musty or heated
hay, exposure to cold,etce. It is frequently caused by the
improper use of diuretics, as nitrate, saltpetre, resin, etc., which
are frequently used in large quantities by persons who are
ignorant of the harm they are doing. These ingredients are
used in most of the condition powders that are for sale. It is
not prudent or necessary to give such medicine, unless it is for
some specific purpose, and then very cautiously.

Symptroms—The extreme thirst attracts attention; the horse
is constantly craving water and rapidly loses condition, the coat
is rough and staring, he passes large quantities of clear urine,
his litter being constantly wet.

TREATMENT—It is usually easily checked,if taken in time. The
bowels must be kept free. Give nutritious diet, and of the best
quality, allow frequent draughts of linseed tea. A drachm or

{

STONE IN THE BLADDER, BLOODY URINE. 71

two of the sulphate of irom may occasionally be mixed with the
oats, and one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given
every night.

Iodine in two-drachm doses, once or twice a day, is claimed
to be a never failing remedy.

The following ball may be given night and morning:

1 drachm iodine.

1 drachm iodide of potassium.

1 drachm Barbadoes aloes.

Licorice and syrup sufficient to make a ball.

Tonics should be commenced early. With this aim, feed a
measure of Standard Food at each meal.

Should the disease not yield to such treatment, the case may
be considered incurable.

CaLcuLi—StTone 1N THE BLAppER.— These are concretions
formed in the bladder from a diseased condition of the urine.

Symproms—Many of the symptoms are similar to those of
spasmodic colic. There is pain, an occasional stoppage in the
urine before all is passed, and a straddling gait.

TrREAaTMENT—There is no treatment in the province of medi-
cine that can be recommended. Relief is to be secured by a
surgical operation, a description of which will be of no avail
here. Seek the services of a competent veterinary surgeon and
place the case in his hands.

Bioopy Urine.—This is the result of sprains or injuries of
the loins, unwholesome food, violent exercise, etc. Strong
diuretics are also occasional causes.

TREATMENT—Remove the cause, whatever it may be. Give
plenty of linseed tea to drink. Apply warm water to the loins.
Give one of the following pills daily:

1 ounce sugar of lead.
2 ounces linseed meal.
Mix with syrup and divide into eight pills.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Carr IN PREVENTING — ABORTION — HINTS ON PREVENTION OF —
DIFFICULT PARTURITION — STERILITY IN STALLIONS.

This class of disease in the horse is not by any means infre-
quent, but is mostly confined to breeding districts. It is certain
that thousands of farmers and stock breeders suffer more loss
from the evils of abortion, alone, than from all other diseases
among their stock; while other diseases that come under the
same general head go to make up a list that occupies a position
to command their careful attention, that knowledge may be
gained and measures adopted for their prevention and judi-
cious handling.

They arise from a variety of causes, among the most promi-
nent of which are poor feed and neglect, producing a debilitated
condition of the system; mechanical injuries affecting the parts;
the improper feeding of smutty corn or of fodder containing
ergot; excitement and irritation accompanying gestation or
parturition; and diseases of the urinary organs.

There is no class of disease in which the natural rules of
prevention should be more assiduously adhered to than in this.
The farmer or breeder who is active and watchful enough to
prevent disease among his stock is, from a general point of
view, successful It means a great deal, and applies in the
consideration of every class of disease, but in none more than
this. In many cases severe forms of disease may be safely
handled in proper hands, and the calling of a veterinarian may
be the means of again setting matters right; but there is no use
in doing this after the damage has been done, as in a case of
abortion, where there is no help but in prevention.

Axortion—as has already been stated, there are many cases
‘in which more loss is suffered from abortion than from all other
diseases among stock. It cpa of the expulsion from the

|

ABORTION AND ITS PREVENTION. 73

womb of the fcetus, prematurely, or before its natural time.
It is caused by blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips or falls,
diseases of the abdominal organs, the feeding of poor and innu-
tritious food, causing a poor and generally unthrifty condition;
of ergotted hay or smutty corn, drinking water that is foul or
very cold, severe exercise after a long rest, hot and damp sta-
bles, and the abortion of other animals in the same stable.
These are the principal causes, but it is caused more from errors
in diet and care, in feeding too little or too much, or upon fod-
der that is innutritious and harmful, than anything else, as they
produce a deranged or diseased condition of the system, when
abortion is likely to follow.

PREVENTION—A void every cause as much as possible that
may seem likely to produce it. See that the animal is allowed
good, wholesome diet, and enough to keep it in good condition.
Indigestion should be studiously avoided, for it is followed by
debility and disease. Smutty corn or hay containing ergot
should not be fed, but if these must be consumed, feed with
earrots, turnips, etc. Keep in well ventilated stables, and,
finally, assist the digestion and strengthen the system by the
moderate use of Standard Food. If the animal is in fair cogn-
dition, two measures a day will be sufficient. It makes good
blood and gives tone to the system, and strengthens the gene-
rative organs. If it is fed in this way, and general good care is
given, it will prove of the utmost value, and, barring accident
or injury to the animal, do all that is required. It has been
used where abortions have occurred in a herd, effectually stop-
ping it, by which reason we are amply able to judge of its
value.

An animal aborting from any cause should be allowed to
run over several periods of heat before she is served again.
When abortions have broken out in a herd, good results have
followed the use of chlorate of potassa daily, in one-half ounce
doses.

When the abortion becomes inevitable, it must be allowed
to proceed as in parturition, and assistance given if necessary.

74 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

DirFicutt Parturition— Danger from parturition arises
chiefly in its being forced from any cause before its natural
time, from unnatural conditions of the passages or from wrong
presentations. It is easy in most animals and is, in nearly all
cases, a matter of mechanical simplicity. The results are
usually most satisfactory when left to nature. The relaxation
of theligaments of the pelvis, which are gently dilated by the
advancing water bags, is the natural preparation, and makes it
in animals, where good condition has been maintained, a process
which is rarely difficult or protracted.

Excellent results may be secured by feeding two to three
measures daily of Standard Food in warm, sloppy feed, for sev-
eral weeks before parturition.

Various disorders are likely to follow parturition that is
difficult, particularly in animals that have become weak
and poor from innutritious food or lack of care, and these
should be carefully prevented. Flooding, retained afterbirth,
leucorrhoea, etc., may be prevented by the regular use of the
Food in building up and strengthening the system of the animal.

STERILITY IN STALLIONS.—The question has been asked us a
great many times by farmers and breeders, “Is the Standard
Food a good thing to feed to stallions,’ and we have always
answered that it is, supplementing our reply with the informa-
tion that we never saw any thing better. This we have always
claimed without reserve, for we have observed the results of its
use closely, and they have been good indeed. It is well known
that many stallions, during a season of hard service, will fail to
place some mares with foal, even though every surrounding is
propitious to that result, and some, even without excessive copu-
lation, prove sterile in frequent cases. Our careful observation
of the tests of Standard Food in overcoming this difficulty
fully warrants us in recommending its use in such cases. It
makes good blood, gives fertility and tone to the system, and
strength to the generative organs, and, in a general course of
strengthening, fits him for labor and fruitful service.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

FRost- BirEs — SCRATCHES — G REASE — LicE— Mancr—
ERUPTIONS.

Frost-Bites.—T hese cause extreme swelling of the heels and
back part of the hind legs, and are the result of exposure of the
parts in severe weather on account of broken doors or open
places in the walls of the stable, which admit the cold.

TREATMENT—If the legs are swollen and painful, rub them
with snow or cold water, continuing gradually with warm water.
Then rub dry and apply Standard Stock Liniment. Apply the
liniment twice a day afterwards, until well.

ScratcHes, Mup-FrEver, Crackep Herers.—These diseases
are very common among horses, especially in the spring and
fall months. They are often the result of keeping horses stand-
ing in damp or filthy stables. Another common cause is wash-
ing the legs without afterwards rubbing them dry. The hollow
of the pasterns are swollen and cracked and there is usually
more or less lameness. The parts are hot and tender and fre-
quently bleed.

TREATMENT—The horse should be given plenty of litter and
kept in a clean, dry stall. Wash off the parts with warm water
and soap, dry thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment
twice a day. If the horse isin poor condition, or his blood dis-
ordered, feed one measure of the Standard Food at each meal.
This treatment has been used in many cases and found very
reliable.

We give below a remedy recommended very highly by one
of the most successful horsemen in the country:

3 ounces oxide of zinc.
2 drachms carbolic acid.
10 ounces lard.
Mix: Apply twice gf ca

76 _ FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

The followmg prescription is regarded very valuable by a
- noted ‘horseman:

2 ounces resin.

2... SOpperas.

Bh alum.

Weg 33 bees wax.

Boge tallow.

1 pint tar

Boil slowly and skim. Use when cool.

GrEASE.—This is a disease of the heels and legs of the horse,
similar in nature to scratches, but of a more aggravated form,
and produced by the same general causes. In the early stage
the sweat glands are inflamed and there is a discharge from the
heels of an offensive oily character, which often causes portions
of the skin to slough off, producing unsightly sores on the parts.

‘TREATMENT—ALI] medicinal aid is useless unless the parts are
kept clean. Most cases are readily cured by washing the heels,
and after drying them well applying Standard Stock Liniment
twice a day. It may be safely claimed that this treatment is
all that is necessary in the early stages of the disease. It must
be kept up regularly, however, for, on account of the nature of
the disease, there is no certainty of an early cure. In place of
the Liniment the following lotion may be applied daily, which,
in mild cases will generally suffice:

30 grains chloride of zine.
1 pint water.

‘In cases of long standing, cut off the hair and apply linseed
poultices to the parts, mixing with them a little powdered char-
coal. After removing the poultices apply the following oint-
ment each morning and wash off clean at night:

1 scruple acetate of lead.
4 drachms soft soap.
4 drachms lard.

The above is highly recommended by a practical horseman. -

Feed the Standard Food while giving the external treatment,

GREASE, LICE, MANGE. 77

one to two measures at each meal, according to the condition

of the animal.

Licre.—In the majority of cases the presence of lice may be

__ attributed to want of cleanliness. The curry comb and brush
and clean stables are the preventives.

When a horse is taken with itching, and scratches and rubs
himself as if something were annoying him, examine him care-
fully for lice, and if present they can be seen with the naked
eye. :

TREATMENT—Take liver of sulphur, one ounce; cold water,
one pint; mix and apply with a hard brush to but a portion of
the body at a time.

A decoction of stavesacre is very effectual, and is made as

_foilows: Powdered stavesacre seeds, four ounces; boiling water,
four pints. When cool,apply with a brush, after which tie up
the animal’s head till the skin is perfectly dry.

In addition to the local treatment feed Standard Food, one
measure at each meal to improve the condition.

Mancr—This is the result of an insect burrowing in the
skin, and is very contagious. It may be generated by unclean-
liness and poor care, but is usually the result of direct con-
tagion from coming in contact with a mangy horse, his blankets
or harness. A healthy and clean horse, however, may stand
for weeks near a mangy one without taking the disease, which
shows that plenty of ‘ elbow grease” with the curry eomb and
brush and good feed are the preventives.

Symptoms—Generally the first symptom to be observed is
the horse rubbing his head and neck against the manger.
Small pimples appear and the hair falls of. The skin is dry and
hard; the hair has lost its gloss and does not lay smooth upon the

body. A mangy horse is soon reduced in flesh on account of
the constant irritation.

TREATMENT—The disease being of a local nature requires

local treatment. The following is recommended:

24 oumces creosote.
15 ounces spirits wine.
aa 40 ounces water.

78 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

Before applying wash the horse thoroughly with soap and
water, then when dry use the creosote mixture.

Another plan of treatment, recommended by a prominent
veterinarian, is to wash the animal thoroughly with castile
soap and water, wipe dry and apply the following mixture:

1 pound unslaked lime.
2 pounds flour of sulphur.
12 pints water.

This mixture should be previously prepared by placing in
a stone jar on the stove until it boils. Stir with a wooden
spatula and keep boiling for ten minutes; then set it aside and
at the end of twelve hours pour off the clear liquid and bottle
tightly and put away in adark place. Should it fail in the
first instance, a second application will do no harm whatever.

Erurtions— There are many different varieties of skin
diseases, many of which are much the same and produced by
the same causes. A certain class of skin disease, which we
have chosen to place under the head of eruptions, shows faulty
digestion, humors and impurities of the blood, etc. The hair
falls off in places, leaving the skin bald and covered with small
pimples. The derangement may be so severe, indeed, that the
limbs and body will break out in small sores.

The condition of the blood must be improved and the
digestion corrected to cure the disease. To this end feed
Standard Food regularly, one to two measures at each meal,
with good grain feed. There is nothing more effective.

LOCAL INJURIES, LAMENESS, ETC.

GENERAL REMARKS — CuTs AND Wounps— BArs WIRE WouNpDs
— Bruises, PUNCTURES, ETC. — SPRAINS — SweLLines — SAD-
DLE OR CoLLaR GALLS— PROUD FLEsH — STINGS or BEES—
Broken KNEES — CaprpepD Hock — Caprpep ELsow — RInG-
BONE — SPAVIN — BLoop Spavin — Curbs — SPLints — SIDE
Bones — THoROUGHPIN — WIND GaLis— Firing Horses—
Foot Diseases—ContTRACTION — Corns— PrRiIcKs —SAND OR
QuARTER CrRACK— NavicuLtar DisEAsE— THRUSH — QUIT-
TER — FistuLA — POLEVIL — SWEENY — FouNDER — CHRONIC
FounpER— Lock Jaw.

This class of affections is large and varied, and embraces
wounds, bruises of the skin and deeper seated tissues, fractures
of bones, sprains of ligaments and tendons, dislocations, etc.,
etc. The importance of this chapter entitles it to more space
than we can devote to it, but we trust the following concise
forms of treatment will, if carefully carried out, lead to the
most satisfactory results.

The rational treatment of the foregoing diseases, the world
over, has been the application of compresses, poultices and
liniments. A careful study of these diseases has resulted in
the production of our Standard Stock Liniment. Having stood
the severe test of years of constant trial, this preparation has

become what its name implies, a standard specific in the above
and all kindred diseases; and, on account of the unusual merits
of this Liniment, justice will compel us to recommend the
Standard Stock Liniment in many of the forms of treat-
ment which follow.

Cuts anp Wounps—These injuries are easily managed in
most cases. In character they are either cuts, lacerations,
bruises or punctures. In cuts from any instrument, the first
thing to be done is to clip the hair from around the edges of

79

80 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

the wound, and wash thoroughly with warm water and castile
soap, apply Standard Stock Liniment, and repeat this treatment
daily until a cure is effected. In cuts of a more serious char-
acter, involving the rupture of large veins or arteries, the flow
of blood should be stopped at once. This may be done by
touching them with a hot iron, or a more simple and usually.
effective remedy is covering the part with cob-webs. Should
there be much inflammation and pain, poultice; but, if poultic-
ing is impractical, hot fomentations must be applied in con-
junction with the Liniment, and continued until it subsides.

Give the horse freedom from flies and all other annoyances.

Bars Wire Wounps.—Of all the dangers of external injury
to which western horses are subject, the barbed wire fence is
responsible for more than all other causes combined. Injuries
from this cause demand the most intelligent treatment, on
account of the seriousness of their character. The treatment
should be similar to that recommended for ordinary cuts. The
danger arises mainly from the poisonous effects of the wire, and
should be promptly attended to. No better result can be secured
than by the free use of Standard Stock Liniment. It counter-
acts the effects of the poison, produces a healthy suppuration
and checks inflammation, so that by using it once or twice a
day a speedy cure is effected.

We have used the Liniment in our personal practice so suc-
cessfully that we have no hesitancy in guaranteeing it as the
best specific for barb wire wounds on the market.

Bruises, Punctrures, Erc.—These are caused by kicks, blows,
falls, etc., and on account cf location are frequently .hard to
treat. A special feature is a loss of vitality which often leads
to slow recovery. The first object to be attained is the resto-
ration of the affected parts to healthy action; stimulants must
then be diligently employed. Standard Stock Liniment con-
tains all the elements necessary to accomplish this end.

Punctures are usually caused by nails, the point of a fork,
or other sharp instruments. The same treatment should be
employed as has been recommended for barb wire wounds.

SPRAINS, SWELLINGS, GALLS. 81

Sprains.—Injuries of this nature are caused by over exer-
tion of the part affected, producing a rupture of some of the
fibres of which it is composed.

_ The treatment of sprains is so simple, and their neglect so
disastrous as to merit special attention. Give the horse com-
plete rest, without which no cure can be expected; bathe the
affected parts with warm water and rub thoroughly dry; then
apply Standard Stock Liniment, rubbing well to promote healthy
action, repeating twice a day until cured. Improve the
general condition of the horse by feeding bran mash to which
has been added a measure of Standard Food.

SweEL.ines.—-Hard, inflammatory swellings, caused by injury,
suppuration, diseased bone, etc., are very frequent among work
horses, and are often the most troublesome and unsightly ail-
ments the horse is heir to. Intelligent forms of treatment can
always be had which will aid and often cure. As a general
form of treatment, nothing will be found better than the regular

and systematic use of Standard Stock Liniment, in connection
with thorough and persistent rubbing.

SADDLE oR CoLLtar GALLs.—These are very common as well
as annoying evils which beset work horses. The cause is usually
a poorly fitting harness or saddle.

The treatment consists in keeping the parts clean, properly
adjusting the harness and applying a good healing lotion. The
best thing we know of is Standard Stock Liniment.-

Provup FiesH.—A name commonly applied to hasty granu-
lations in a sore or wound, which presents a fungus appears
Be ance.
ie TREATMENT——Sprinkle the wound with a little powdered blue
vitriol. The Standard Stock Liniment will also have an excel-
lent effect in stimulating a healthy growth of new flesh.

Stincs or Bers.—These are the source of great pain and
irritation to horses, and sometimes lead to very serious results.
_ The prompt application of Standard Stock Liniment will relieve
_ the pain at once. Apply every two or three hours until cured.

82 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

In case the Liniment cannot be had, apply a strong solution of
camphor and good vinegar.

Broken Knees.—-When a horse stumbles and falls upon his
knees, taking the hair and some of the skin off, it is called
broken knee. They are of all degrees of severity, but require
much the same treatment as a common wound or bruise.
Cleanse the parts from sand and dirt, and, if the knee joint has
not been injured so as to allow the escape of joint oil, the reg-
ular use of Standard Stock Liniment will effect an early cure, as
it is an excellent remedy for all abrasions of this character,
healing them in a remarkably short time. In case the joint is
affected, secure the services of a competent veterinarian at once,
as it may save the horse.

CaprEp Hock.—This name is given to a soft swelling on
the point of the hock, and is caused by kicking in stable or in
harness, lying on stone floored stalls, or by kicks from other
horses.

The best treatment is the regular use of the Standard Stock
Liniment. The parts should first be bathed with cold water, to
reduce any inflammation, then rub thoroughly dry, and apply
the liniment. This treatment, if repeated twice a day, will
produce a cure as quickly as any remedy that can be prescribed.

It might be well to remember that time is required to
remove any enlargement, and patience is as important as good
medicine.

CaprreD EL.sow.—This is an enlargement at the point of the
the shoulder, and is caused by the calk of the shoe pressing
against the part while the horse is lying down.

TREATMENT—The enlargement, partaking of the nature of an
abcess, should be opened, after which treat as an ordinary
wound, applying Standard Stock Liniment once or twice a day.

Rinc- Bonr.—This is a form of disease similar to spavin and
splint, and consists of a morbid enlargement of the bone located
just above the crown of the hoof. Many cases are of hereditary
origin, on account of ill-formed pastern joints, which are poorly

CAPPED HOCK, RING-BONE, SPAVIN.

adapted to nard work, and ring-bone is the result of nature’s
attempt to strengthen the joint.

The exciting causes of ring-bone are sprains brought on by
overwork; in short, either sprain, injury, blow or bruise may
act as the direct agent in bringing about the disease.

Treatment—The remedies commonly used are varied and
extensive. Forms of treatment are adopted which are not only
foolish but barbarous. Itseems thatthe ring-bone is not enough

‘to torment the poor brute, but that firing and other equally

inhuman practices prevail, more in the past than in the present,
to be sure; but such treatment should be discontinued by every
man who loves a, horse. The idea of curing ring-bone, and
restoring the parts to theirnormal condition, is absurd. Much,
however, may be done in the way of reducing the enlargement,
and, in recent cases, intelligent forms of. treatment will do
much toward restoring the joint to its natural form and uses.
First, remove all heat and inflammation with cold water cloths
wrapped around the limb for three days, taking them off at night;
then apply Standard Stock Liniment, and rub vigorously until
thoroughly dry. This treatment should be followed daily. An
accompanying treatment, recommended by a noted veterinarian,
will be found to work exceedingly well in some cases. It is the
application of cod liver oil and kerosene in equal parts, alter-
nating with the Liniment, using it in the morning, and the Lini-
ment atnight. Bear in mind that a cure must not be expected,
for you are treating what is termed an incurable disease; but
perseverance in this treatment will reasonably reward every
effort.

Spavin.—This consists of a diseased condition of the hock,
and is commonly located on the inner side, the result of which
is ulceration, inflammation, or a bony deposit. There is usually
an: enlargement of the size of half a walnut, and sometimes

larger, while frequently there is no enlargement to be dis-

covered.
The causes’of spavin are numerous, but result chiefly from
hard work, sprains. or any cause which may excite inflammation

84. FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

of this part. The most common cause lies in the breeding of
horses on account of malformation of the limb.

Symproms—The horse shows a stiff moving of the toe, which
causes a peculiar, quick catching up of the leg, especially in
trotting, which usually passes off so that no lameness is exhib-
ited after being exercised for a short time. If turned quickly
in a narrow circle, the animal drops on the limb, carries it stiffly
or even rests on the toe only.

TREATMENT—The hopes of success must greatly depend upon
the time the evil has existed, It must be begun before the
bony deposit has gained its full solidity, so as to form a part of
the bone itself. The removal of acute lameness is generally
the chief benefit which can be expected. Our principal hope, in
recommending the form of treatment we do, lies in not only
preventing the bony deposit, but in removing the inflammation
which is the cause of much of the pain, stiffness and enlarge-
ment of the ligaments. Standard Stock Liniment has given
such universal satisfaction in the treatment of spavin, not to
cure to all intents and purposes, but to do what we have stated
above, that we feel justified in recommending it, knowing that
it will satisfy any horseman who expects a reasonable result.
Give the horse a complete and entire rest, as a cure can not be
otherwise expected; bathe the limb in warm water, and rub
thoroughly dry; then apply Standard Stock Liniment te the
diseased part as often as three times a day. Continue this
treatment until the lameness has been reduced, when one or ;
two applications of Liniment a day, with good rubbing, will
suffice.

Do not expect impossibilities; old cases are _ practically
incurable, but more recent ones may be treated in this way
with reasonable success.

Bioop Spavin.—This is an enlargement situated in front of
the hock joint. It is soft and fluctuating, rarely causing lame-
ness. It is sometimes so extensive as to involve the sides of
the hock joint. There is really no satisfactory treatment for
this difficulty. ‘The best that can be recommended is to batue

.

CURB, SPLINTS, SIDEBONES. 85

the joint with cold water, or, better, direct a stream o: cold
water upon the joint for ten minutes; rub dry, and apply -
Standard Stock Liniment well rubbed in with the hand. Give
the horse complete rest if possible. Do not attempt to open
the swelling, as there is danger of injuring the joint.

Curs.—This is a swelling upon the back part of the hock
just below the point and is the result of strain of the ligaments.
Horses with ill shaped hocks are most susceptible to this dis-
ease, or those having what is known as cow hocks.

TReEATMENT—Curbs are not usually difficult to manage; what
is most required is attention and perseverance; without these no
form of treatment can result happily. Put on a high heeled
shoe, then bathe the hock in as hot water as the hand will bear,
and rub thoroughly dry; do not neglect the rubbing, after
which apply Standard Stock Liniment to the swelling. Repeat
this treatment daily for at least a month, at the end of which
time the swelling will begin to disappear. Continue the use
of the Standard Stock Liniment as often as may seem necessary.
Bear in mind that rest to the animal is one of the most essen-
tial requisites to a cure.

Spiints.—This is a small bony enlargement which appears
usually upon the inner side of the foreleg, well up toward the
knee. It is generally caused by working horses when too
young, but frequently disappears as the animal grows older.

Treatment for this enlargement should be that usually rec-
ominended for bone spavin.

Sipe Bones.—This disease is most common in the fore feet,
and especially where the pasterns are straight and short. Prop-
erly speaking, it is the ossification of the cartilages of the bones
of the foot.

TREATMENT—T he same principles must be observed as in all

these diseases. Rest is essential; cold water application, and

the regular use of Standard Stock Liniment, will be found as

satisfactory as any treatment that can be used.
THoRoUGHPIN.—This is synonymous with blood spavin, and

is located on the inside of the hock just above the point where,

86 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

in the natural condition of the limb, is a hollow. These en-
largements rarely cause lameness, although the parts involved
may become inflamed. <A simple and highly recommended
remedy is the application to the enlargement, as soon as it ap-
pears, of soft soap and salt, well rubbed in at night and washed
off in the morning repeating three or four times.

The same treatment can be recommended as that given for
the cure of blood spavin.

Winp Gatis.—These are soft but elastic swellings or en-
largements and are not accompanied by any inflammation what-
ever. They are found between the knee and the pastern joint.
Any treatment for them will usually be unsatisfactory, from
the fact that the same causes which produce them will bring
them back again even after removal. Cold compresses, vigor-
ous rubbing, and the application of Standard Stock Liniment,
will do much towards their removal, as well as fortify the parts
against their return.

Foor DisEasEs.—Nearly all of these diseases are directly or
indirectly the result of faults in shoeing and the lack of care
of the feet. One of the points on which the owner should al-
ways be careful is that the foot should be properly pared to re-
ceive the shoe. The frog need never be touched any more than
to remove hanging shreds More horses’ feet have been
spoiled by paring down the heel and in cutting and trimming
the frog than in any other way. Always see that the shoe fits
accurately at all points of the hoof, and that it is nailed on by
careful workmen. Remove the shoes before the hoofs have
overgrown them, so as to allow them to bear upon the sole.

Contraction.—This is the result of bad management in the
stable and a lack of knowledge in shoeing. Contraction is an
alteration of the shape of the back portion of the foot—a nar-
rowing at the heels.

TREATMENT—Cut down the hoof and shorten the toe, but do
not touch the bars nor frog. Soften the hoof by soaking it
often in warm water. Then put on a light shoe and use the
animal only at light work. Anoint the hoof, frog and sole

o

as eae
ie Vg ’
. a 2

FOOT DISEASES, CONTRACTION, CORNS. 87

daily with a mixture of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, which
will soon soften the foot and render it elastic. Nailing the shoe
on one side of the heel only is recommended as an assistant in
the cure of contracted feet.

Corns.—This is the result of an injury to the sole of the
foot, caused by a bruise, or from the shoe pressing upon the
part. It is characterized by a red spot, which may not be ob-
served until the sole has been pared down. It is usually lo-
cated on the inner portion of the heel, and generally causes
lameness to a greater or less degree. When neglected, corns
are very apt to cause the formation of matter within the hoof.

TREATMENT—Remove the corns by cutting them out, then
hold up the foot and apply a few drops of commercial sulphuric
acid to the part. In shoeing the horse see that the shoe bears
evenly upon the wall of the foot only. A dressing which is
highly recommended is equal parts of tar and olive oil. When
matter has been formed within the hoof, make a small opening
in the sole, so as to allow it to escape, after which, cleanse the
foot thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment.

Prickxs.—This injury may occur from shoeing or from step-
ping on a nail or other sharp pointed substance.

TREATMENT—First pull out the nail and poultice the foot
over night. Then see that there is an opening for the escape
of matter that may have formed. This is very necessary, for,
if the matter does not escape, it not only causes great suffering
to the horse, but will break out at the top of the hoof, thus
forming a quitter. After an opening has been properly made,
drop five drops of muriatic acid into the hole once a day for a
day or two, then treat the same as for suppurated corn. In all
cases Of pricks, where pus is formed and allowed to escape
through proper openings, if rightly treated, no further trouble

need be apprehended; but, if matter is not formed from in-

juries of this sort, a tendon has been pierced and lock-jaw may
be expected.
Sanp oR QuarTER Crack—This is a split in the hoof which

may occur in all places, and in either fore or hind feet, but is

88 _ FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

usually located on the inner side of the fore feet. It is caused
by the hoofs becoming dry and brittle. It is evident, also, that
it is caused in some cases by contraction. ‘The principal object
should be to prevent it. This may be done by applying to
brittle feet equal portions of oil of tar and fish oil, with a brush,
a few times a week. Soaking boots are manufactured which
are well adapted to supply moisture for the softening of the
hoof. .
Navicutar Disease.—This is a disease of the navicular
bone in the foot of the horse, and is of frequent occurrence. It
is caused by constant work upon hard paved streets. Slight
inflammation, neglected, without giving rest to the horse, con-
tinues until it ends in ulceration of the bone.

Symptoms—The animal, while standing, throws the affected
foot forward, thus transferring the weight of the forepart of the
body upon the other limb; he has a short, hobbling gait, and
steps cautiously. It is also determined by undue heat of
the foot; the muscles of the shoulder waste, and the heels
become pinched in and the walls are thin and weak.

The liability to navicular disease is very great in horses
with narrow chests, upright pasterns and out.turned toes.

TREATMENT—This is unsatisfactory, except in recent cases.
Remove the shoe, shorten the toe, and keep standing from
morning till night in a puddle of wet clay in which the foot
will sink to the top of the hoof. At night place in a dry stali
and apply Standard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heel of -
the foot. In case the wet clay treatment cannot be secured,
place the hoof in warm water, which will soften it and relieve
the pressure; then use the Liniment as above directed. This
treatment will give relief, and, in most cases, effect a cure.

Turusu.—This is located in the frog of the foot, and is
characterized by an offensive discharge. It is commonly
caused by unclean stables, exposing the foot to the filthy ac-
cumulations of urine and excrement; it is also caused by
bruises or wounds of the frog, or the accumulation of dried
mud, ete. ;

Sea

NAVICULAR DISEASE, QUITTER, FISTULA. 89

TREATMENT—Wash the foot clean; pare away all ragged
parts of the frog; keep the stables dry and clean; and apply
Standard Stock Liniment to the part once a day.

QuitTtER.—This is a painful disease of the foot, and is
known by the swelling of the coronet, which soon breaks and
discharges pus. The quarter is enlarged and the lameness is
severe and protracted. It is caused by wounds of the coronet,
suppurating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole, ete.

TREATMENT—It is very necessary in the treatment of this
disease that a free opening be made in the bottom of the foot,
so as to allow the escape of all matter. The swelling
will thus be quickly reduced. Get a small syringe and
inject into the opening a mixture of the sulphate of zine,
two ounces, and rain water, eight ounces, once a day. Never
poultice the whole of the hoof. If poulticing is thought advis-
able, one of linseed may be applied to the sole. If no opening
has been made in the sole, drop ten drops of muriatic acid into
the opening above once a day for a few days, and apply Stand-
ard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heel. This treatment
will be very efficient.

In concluding our remarks upon the diseases of the foot, we
wish to say that it is necessary in these, as in all other diseases of
a like nature, to keep the bowels free and active. To this end
give frequent feeds of bran mash, and use Standard Food
regularly, one measure at each meal. The general health of the
horse will thus be promoted and any external treatment be
greatly assisted.

Fistuta.—Fistula of the withers is caused by an injury to
the bones of the withers. This disease is frequently called
thesolow. It is of the nature of an abscess, and is usually
deep seated. By reason of its location, this disease is more
liable to become serious than any other of this nature, for the
pus, instead of working to the outward surface, penetrates the
loose tissues of the shoulder, and forms pipes pointing in sev-
eral directions. It may extend to both sides of the withers and
even involve the vertebre, if neglected, and the cure will be

90 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

proportionately more difficult. It is caused by bruises and
accidents, inflammation of the bone; in fact, any cause which
will produce an abscess will produce fistula.

TREATMENT—In the early stages, when there is simply in-
flammation and soreness, cooling applications, such as pouring
cold water upon it, or directing a small stream of water from
a hose against it, is very beneficial, and often times sufficient,
when resorted to at once. The part may be kept wet with the
following lotion:

4 ounces salt petre.

1 ounce sugar of lead.

1 ounce muriate of ammonia.
1 pint common salt.

2 gallons cold water.

Cover the withers with a few thicknesses of cloth kept wet with
this lotion. If, however, matter forms, the sooner the abscess
is opened the better. Make an opening into its lowest side, so
as to allow the escape of matter as freely as possible; then
inject a half tablespoonful of the tincture of iodine once a day,
for a few days, which will serve to eat or destroy the mem-
branous formations. It may then be treated as a common sore,
by keeping it clean and occasionally washing the parts well,
first with castile soap and water, then with a mild solution of
blue vitriol or carbolic acid and water. A few drops of the
carbolic acid to a pint of water will be sufficiently strong. The
top of the sore should be kept open by inserting a small piece of
cotton smeared with simple ointment, for, if allowed to heal
while containing pus, it will continue to form and break out
anew.

Keep the bowels open and improve the general condition of
the horse by feeding Standard. Food. ;

Pott EviL.—The affection is located at the back part of the
head, and is so well known to horsemen that a description is
hardly necessary. It commences with inflammation, followed
by suppuration in the form of a simple abscess, or in the form
of fistula. It is caused by injury to the poll, which may occur
in many ways, or from disease of the bone.

FISTULA, POLL EVIL. 91

TREATMENT—As soon as the swelling has become a little soft
have it opened without delay. It will not do to allow the mat-
ter to accumulate, as it would spread in various directions,
making a very formidable affection. Make the opening at its
base and large enough to admit a man’s finger. As soon as
this is done all the matter must be squeezed out, which process
may be accomplished by the use of a sponge and hot water.
The sore may be syringed out with a solution of the sulphate of
zinc, one drachm of the zinc to four ounces water. A simple
remedy, which is claimed to be very effectual, is as follows:
Burn corn cobs and fill the cavity with the ashes. Repeat two
or three times if necessary to effect a cure. This treatment is
vouched for by a prominent horseman, and is so easily procured
that it is worthy of trial.

The following treatment is recommended by a prominent
veterinarian:

4 ounces acetate of copper.
4 ounces sulphate of copper.
4 ounces alum.

1 ounce white precipitate.

2 ounces nitric acid.

1 pound honey.

_ This is to be used by saturating a little tow with it and
pushing to the bottom of the ulcer, so that it will touch every
part of it. In about twenty-four hours the diseased part can
be separated from the healthy flesh with the finger, and taken
out, when it is to be dressed as a simple wound. In the mean-
time the animal must receive the best of treatment with regard
to diet, for it is very rare that this disease can be cured by local
treatment alone. The regular use of Standard Food will
answer this purpose admirably.

Sweeny.—-This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the
- rear cavity on the outer side of the shoulder joint. Soon the
muscles begin to waste rapidly until the shoulder blade is
prominently exposed. The primary cause may be laid to some
disease in the foot or leg.

TREATMENT—At first give rest and apply hot fomentations.

92 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

When the muscles begin to form again this treatment may be

supplemented by moderate use of Standard Stock Liniment, —

with gradually increasing exercise. Time must be given for —
nature to do its work, as this is as necessary as good medicine.
In most cases, where the horse is turned out to pasture, he will
recover all right. An oceasional application of soft soap and
salt has been highly recommended as an eflicient form of treat-
ment.

Founvrer.—-This disease is of two forms, acute and chronic,
the latter being a continuance of the former. Acute founder
consists of inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, and
may be caused by direct injury, over exertion on hard roads,
blows, bruises, pricks with nails, injury from a badly-fitting
shoe, etc. It may also occur from a sudden chill, from drinking
cold water when heated, from standing in a draft of air after a
hard drive, or from over-loading the stomach with grain.

Syuptoms——The horse stands upon his heels with fore feet
stretched forward and will scarcely move; the hind legs are
brought well forward under the body; he is feverish and breathes
quickly, presenting altogether a picture of distress.

TREATMENT—The horse should be encouraged to lie down, by
placing him in a wide stall with plenty of good bedding; give
twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold
water every four hours, until six doses have been given; apply
cold water cloths to the feet,changing them constantly until the
pain subsides. If this treatment is adopted at once, the horse
will usually come out all right in a few days.

Keep the bowels in good condition bya liberal use of Stand-
ard Food. It is an essential part of the treatment.

Curonic Founper.——May be treated much in the same way,
only it is more necessary to soften the horn of the feet with a
preparation of oil of tar and fish oil in equal parts. Do not
bleed from the foot or any other place for this disease; give the
animal as much rest as possible, but do not expect a cure of
this disease in the chronic stage.

CARE AND TREATMENT OF CATTLE.

It will be readily seen that to fully treat all the diseases
common to cattle in a book of this size would be well nigh
impossible, not to mention the limits of a single chapter. We
will, therefore, confine ourselves to a description of and a treat-
ment for the more common diseases among them, including
some of the more malignant disorders among cattle, together
with the most rational methods for preventing them.

Avortion.—This affection is found among all animals, but
is most common among cows. Location often has a great deal
to do with the prevalence of this disorder; occasionally neigh-
borhoods are found where it seems to take almost an epidemic
form. It consists in the cow parting with her calf before the
full per iod of gestation has been completed.

Symproms—These are generally surrounded by more or less
obscurity, according to the causes producing it. When the
causes are not from disease of the generative organs themselves,
the symptoms which will be generally observed are weakness
and general debility. In cases where it assumes what appears
to be an epidemic form, a slight, almost inaudible, Sena e will
be observed.

The most of these are produced by the unnatural condition
with which the animal is surrounded, which, if we will reflect
upon it for a moment, will show how unreasonable it is to
expect the cow to thrive and do well under conditions totally
foreign to her nature.

The main causes are, the feeding of slops, or any other feed,
the vendency of which is toward the secretion of milk in excess,
or which may produce scouring; poor and insufficient feed of
any description which, from lack of proper nutriment, induces
an impoverished condition of the system. Milking cows too
close to the period of calving is a common cause of this trouble;
any disease’ which may impoverish the blood or weaken the
system in any manner, for it must be understood that weakness
and debility are the most prolific causes of this dreaded scourge.

These causes, each in themselves, or altogether, are liable
to produce abortion, and, when aggravated by neglect and
unwholesome surroundings, may pr duce a veritable “epidemic

of this disorder.

93

94 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

PREVENTION—A careful study of these causes will convince
every intelligent reader that this great drawback to success in
stock raising can be prevented. ‘To this end good, wholesome
food, and enough of it, must be provided; great care must be
taken not to feed to excess of anything sloppy, which is liable
to keep the bowels too loose, for this condition relaxes the sol-
ids of the body, and, to the detriment of good health, produces
an over secretion of milk.

Dry up the milk in all cows at least sixty days before the
time of calving. If the flow of milk does not stop naturally,
give three drachms sulphate of iron and one-half ounce pow-
dered gentian root in the feed once each day for a week or ten
days. No milking should be done during this time, unless
found necessary to prevent injury to the udder. Give sufficient
food that the extra demands of nature be supplied and the off-
spring thrive without affecting the health of the mother. If
the animal has a cough, feed one measure of Standard Food at
each meal, which will stop the cough and keep the blood in a
healthy condition, prevent relaxation of the solids of the body
and promote absorption. Cows, during this period, should be
kept apart from other cattle, particularly in the feed yard,
where they are liable to accident from vicious animals.

Cattle are of a nervous disposition and highly excitable,
and boisterousness or undue force will counteract every other
attention that can be given them. For this reason, during the
period of gestation, cows need absolute quiet and freedom from
all excitement.

Elsewhere in this book we have made the plain statement
that Standard Food is not a cure all, but we do state, without
fear of successful contradiction, that it is a preventive of
abortion among cows, when intelligently used in connection
with good, wholesome food in proper quantities, pure water,
sufficient shelter and proper care. It regulates the whole sys-
tem, purifies the blood, promotes absorption and strengthens
the generative organs; in short, its use will insure that condi-
tion of health which will best fit the animal for the perform-
ance of the task that nature has placed upon her. Feed one
measure of the Food to each animal at each meal with the grain
feed. If this amountis deviated from, regulate it according
to the condition of the bowels.

If these directions are followed in the use of the Food and
care of the animal, we will, barring accidents and mistreatment,

WW owe =

i
4
q

CARE DURING GESTATION. 95

guarantee the performance of every claim made for Standard
Food in the prevention of abortion among cows.

Catvinc.—Comparatively little will be said upon this sub-
ject, as most farmers and dairymen are familiar with this
natural and necessary incident to stock raising.

The symptoms of immediate delivery are great restlessness
and uneasiness, indicative of pain, which is ‘shown by lying
down and rising up, or otherwise continually changing position.
These increase in severity until, in the natural process, the calf
has been delivered. The natural presentation at full time is
when the head and fore legs are presented together. If there
are no malformations, either in the cow or her offspring, par-
turition will take place naturally and safely. Under these
conditions, nature alone can do the work. Unnecessary assist-
ance should be avoided, and the wisdom of waiting will be
shown by the results. However, should the labor be unduly
protracted, on account of the animal being weak, proper assist-
ance should be given.

There are various forms of unnatural presentation, which,
however, it is not our province to treat in this book. Suffice
it to say that any explanations which could be given would
leave the stock owner who has had limited experience little bet-
ter off than before. An operation in cases of this character
should be directed by skill and experience, in order that proper
methods may be adopted in assisting nature.

The retention of the afterbirth is of frequent occurrence
among cows, when there is some unhealthy condition present,
such as debility and an impoverished condition of the system.
Healthy cows are not troubled with protracted retention of the
afterbirth. When this results from a deranged condition of
the system, the cause readily suggests the remedy. When cows

. have not cleansed within a reasonable time after calving, give

one pound of epsom salts, in the form of a drench, with sweet-
ened water; also give in a light bran mash, or with gruel, two
measures of Standard Food at each meal, and continue its use
until a better condition of health is established. In case the
afterbirth has not been expelled within six or eight hours by
this treatment, give 4 ounce of powdered ergot of rye, and
repeat in half an hour, if necessary, which will cause its expul-
sion by contraction of the womb. The general health from this
time must be carefully looked after. Give good wholesome
food in generous quantities, and with each meal give from one
to two measures of Standard Food, according to the condition

96 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

of the animal, and continue its use until its full strength and .
vitality has been restored. The Food has been used in many

cases Of this kind with remarkable success, and in no one of
them has it ever failed, when properly used, to perform every
requirement demanded.

Mrrx Fever.—This disease usually makes its appearance
within a very few days after calving. Cows which are heavy
milkers, especially of the select breeds, are more susceptible to
it than others; it is also more likely to attack cows that are too
fleshy.

Symproms—Loss of appetite; dullness; staggering gait; full,
high pulse; the head and horns are hot; soon the cow becomes
weak, it falls and is unable to rise, and unless the disease is
checked the brain will become affected also, when the animal
lays the head back on the flank or dashes it upon the ground.

PREVENTION—Owing to the fact that a great majority of
these cases are almost immediately fatal, the most rational
course lies in prevention. If the directions which have been
given for the treatment of animals during the period of gesta-
tion, in regard to the use of Standard Food, have been carefully
followed, no trouble from this source need be apprehended. It
must be borne in mind, however, that the Food is a flesh pro-
ducer, and, while the animal should be kept in good condition,
care should be taken against the over production of flesh. For
the last week before calving, feed the Food freely, one to two
measures at each feed, so as to act mildly as a laxative; feed but
little grain or solid feed for one week before calving; avoid as
inuch as possible the effects of sudden changes of the weather,
by providing suitable shelter. If there is any reason to antici-
pate milk fever, give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root a
few hours after calving, and repeat every six hours until four
doses have been given.

TREATMENT—As soon as the presence of this disease is dis-
covered, give 30 drops of the tincture of aconite root and $
ounce of powdered opium in a bottle of thin gruel; repeat the
aconite without the opium every four hours until four doses
have been given. If the disease has affected the brain, place a
bag of chopped ice upon the forehead, attaching it to the horns,
and replenish as needed; give a powerful purge of two
pounds epsom salts, 4 ounce carbonate of ammonia, and 4
drachm nux vomica. Keep the animal as quiet as possible,
also keep the legs and body warm, by covering according to
the season. After the animal has sufficiently recovered to take

_

y:

MILK FEVER, GARGET. 97

to her feed, give two measures of Standard Food daily in bran
mash, gruel or any tempting food, gradually. increasing the
amount to two measures at each meal; continue this treatment
until the full strength and vitality has been re-established.
Garcer.—This is an affection of the udder in cows, and is
often very troublesome; it often occurs soon after calving. It
is caused. by blows on the gland, lying on cold, sharp stones,
exposure, lack of proper attention in milking, indigestion, or,
indeed, any derangement of the general health. If the general

health of the cow is carefully looked to, and the udder and teats

are kept in proper condition, there will be no garget.

Symproms—Heat in the udder with redness and pain; ina
day or two swellings will appear, becoming soft and containing
pus. These must be opened at this stage “to prevent sores and
the final destruction of that portion of the udder.

Chronic garget is distinguished from the acute form by the
absence of swellings containing pus. Shivers and chills usually
accompany the other symptoms mentioned.

TREATMENT—In mild cases,where there is but little pain and
fever, rub briskly and persistently with the hand, in addition
to the application of spirits of camphor or weak iodine oint-
ment. In case these remedies are not effective, apply a warm
bran or linseed poultice to hasten suppuration; open the swell-
ings at the lowest point, and when the discharge has ceased
heal as fora common sore. It must be borne in mind that

the full restoration of the parts depends largely upon the udder

being thoroughly milked.
Sore Treats.—Cows are frequently troubled with this ail-

ment, and particularly during the spring season. The teats

become chapped and cracked from exposure. A good treatment
for this complaint is the application of an ointment composed
of lard, 8 oz., and acetate (sugar) of lead, 1 oz. Wash the teats
and udder well with warm water before applying the ointment.

Hive Bounp.—This is caused by faulty digestion and a lack
of assimilation of the feed, and must not, on that account, be
considered a disease in itself. The digestive organs being im-
paired, the manner of treatment is plain; Standard Food being

_a thorough regulator of the blood and digestive organs, its

regular and persistent use will completely overcome this condi-
tion and restore the animal to complete health in a few weeks.
Feed one to two measures at each meal with the grain feed,

according to condition.

Drarrne@a.—This troublesome disorder is the result of

98' FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. Fa

various causes, among which may be mentioned over-loading ~
the stomach, consuming food that is inferior and indigestible, a —
ehange from dry food to green, or any food of a purgative or
irritating nature. Disordered digestion is a common cause, as_
the food is then unacted upon and it enters the intestines as an
irritant. ,

TREATMENT—Irritants are found to be common causes, there-
fore they should be cleared from the bowels when they are
known to exist. For this purpose give the adult animal one
pint of raw linseed gil. ‘This will not only cleanse the bowels,
but has a soothing effect upon the whole alimentary canal.
Follow up this treatment with draughts of ‘linseed or slippery
elm; in obstinate cases mild astringents may be used, but only
after the irritant has been carried off by a laxative. The fol-
lowing astringent is recommended:

Prepared chalk 12 drachms.
Powdered kino 2 drachms.
Powdered opium 4 drachm.
Powdered gentian 2 drachms.
Warm gruel 1 pint.

Mix and give at one dose. Such a dose may be repeated in
twenty-four hours, if required. In all cases look carefully to |
the quality and quantity of the food given. ‘The regular use
of Standard Food should immediately follow the foregoing
treatment. This will improve the appetite, stimulate digestion
and give tone to the entire system.

DiarrH@a in Catves.—This is a very common and fatal
affection among young calves. A general cause is the custom
of not allowing the calf to suck its own mother, and feeding it
skimmed milk. They are fed out of a bucket, and the rapidity
with which they drink the milk, which is often more than they
need, gorges the stomach and paralyzed the digestive organs.

Prevention—Allow the calf to suck its own mother until it
is several weeks old. This will prevent gorging the stomach
with cold milk. After the calf has been weaned, and particu-
larly if it has been fed skimmed milk, give about one-third of
a measure of Standard Food in the milk at each meal. This
will keep the digestive organs in good condition, and increase
the thrift and growth of the animal.

TREATMENT—One of the simplest and most effective treat- —
ments is to give the calf boiled milk for a day or two, discon-
tinuing its use as soon as it has accomplished its purpose, so as -
not to cause constipation. In_ obstinate cases give three

DIARRH@A IN CALVES, JAUNDICE. 99

drachms of carbonate of soda in well boiled wheat flour gruel,
once a day. Give one-third of a measure of Standard Food to
promote the digestion and thrift of the calf.

The regular use of Standard Food will be found a great aid
in the growth and development of young calves.

J AUNDICE.—This is quite a common disease among cattle,
and consists in an unnatural distribution of bile throughout the
entire system, instead of performing its natural function as an
aid to digestion. This condition is due to the bile ducts be-
coming closed. An active cause is the keeping of the animal
in improperly ventilated and damp stables. Any food or sur-
roundings which will produce a disordered condition of the
liver is liable to cause jaundice.

Symptoms—A yellow color of the lining membrane of the
nose, mouth and eyes. ‘These symptoms are all accompanied
by dullness, constipation and general lassitude.

TREATMENT—AI1 cases of jaundice, when attended to as soon as
the symptoms are manifested, will readily yield to tue use of
Standard Food, in connection with good food and rational care
of the animal. It effects a cure by regulating the digestion
and stimulating the secretions. One or two measures should
be fed at each meal, according to the condition of the animal.

Cuoxinc.—Cattle that are fed upon roots, turnips, potatoes
and the like, are very liable to this distressing accident.

TREATMENT—This must be as prompt as possible. Elevate
the head of the animal into a line with the neck and hold the
mouth open with a balling iron or similar contrivance. Then
the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right may
be passed into the throat and the substance reached with the
middle finger being hooked over it so as to withdraw it. If
the substance is lodged low down in the gullet it may often be
worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it. If this is
unsuccessful it may be moved downward, if too great force is
not used. Should these measures fail, lose no time in gagging
the animal. A smooth, round piece of wood, two inches in di-
ameter may be used, tying it in the mouth and carrying the
cord up over the horns. This prevents dangerous swelling
and the obstruction usually passes on in the course of an hour
or two.

Failing to remove the body by the means advised, pour
small quantities of oil or melted lard down the throat. This
may enable the animal to either swallow the substance or expel
_ it by coughing. Should all milder expedients fail, an attempt

100 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

must be made to force the obstruction downward by meansof —

a piece of wood made about six feet long and one inch in diam-
eter at its base and small enough above to be flexible Have
this perfectly smooth and well oiled. Great care should be
taken in ascertaining that it has entered the gullet and is clear
of and above the windpipe. If coughing follows the introduc-
tion of this instrument, withdraw it at once, as this indicates
that it has entered the air passages. There are cases which
require the gullet to be opened and the obstruction removed,
after which the wound should be brought together with a
couple of stitches of silk. Then feed the animal for a week
upon soft feed and gruel, so as to give the wound time to heal.
Hoven.—This is a distension of the paunch by gas. Itis
caused by overloading the paunch and is especially common
among weak or underfed cattle when put on green food, such
as clover which is wet, green crops containing much water, and
roots which are frosted or partially decayed. As this is a dis-
ease which develops and becomes serious in a very short time,
every farmer should be prepared to treat it promptly.
Symptoms—There is a swelling of the whole left side of the
belly, which, when lightly tapped, gives a drum-like sound; the
breathing is difficult, the nostrils distended and the eyes blood-
shot; there is an occasional belching of wind with a loud noise.
All these symptoms are accompanied by great distress, which,
if relief is not given, continues until the animal falls and dies
from rupture of the paunch and nervous shock.
TREATMENT—In the first stage of this disease relief may be
obtained by dashing cold water over the loins and exercising
the animal. Gagging, as reeommended for choking, is also said
to be a successful treatment. In urgent cases the paunch must
be punctured. No time should be lost in choosing an instru-
ment; if a trocar is not at hand, use an ordinary pocket knife. »
Plunge it into the left side at an equal distance between the
hip bone and the last rib; allow the knife to remain in the
wound until a large quill can be inserted in its place; this will
afford a means for the gas to escape. After the gas has been
removed the following mixture should be immediately given:
Epsom salts, one pound; ground ginger, three ounces; warm
linseed mucilage one quart; mix and give at one dose. Restore
the tone and full vigor of the digestive organs by feeding one
measure of Standard Food at each meal for several weeks.
This disease occurring at intervals in a chronic form is due
to a debilitated condition of the walls of the rumen, which will

.

HOVEN, GRAIN SICKNESS. 101

yield to the regular use of the Standard Food as directed above.

Grain Sickness.—This is caused by overloading the paunch
with an excess of solid food. Animals gaining access to a
heap of grain will eat almost to bursting. Such an occurrence
frequently proves troublesome, if not fatal, and from which
the term, ‘‘grain sickness,’ has originated.

Symproms—Develop more slowly than in hoven; distress
and dullness are among the first signs; the left flank bulges
outward, the back is raised and the breathing hurried. The
abdomen may be dented with the hand and gives no drum-like
sound upon being tapped. ‘The horns, ears and extremities
are usually cold and rumination is suspended.

TREATMENT—In the first stages give a pound each of epsom
and glauber salts, two ounces oil of turpentine and one-half
drachm of nux vomica. Mix and give at one dose. Follow
this in an hour or two by a stimulant, such as a pint of whisky
or gin, and in seven hours, if no relief has been obtained, repeat
the purgative dose, using it in the same strength as before. At
the end of ten or twelve hours, if no favorable symptoms are
shown, the paunch must be opened, as a last resort. This is an
operation requiring both skill and care and, unless the operator
is acquainted with it, proper assistance had best be called.

Hoose 1n Catves.—This is a parasitic disorder common
among calves in breeding districts. It is due to the presence
of very small worms in the bronchial tubes and in the lungs.

Symproms—This disease is denoted by a husky cough, diffi-
cult breathing, emaciation and loss of appetite. Soon the cough
becomes frequent, with the raising of mucus and worms; the
hide is tight and the coat rough and staring. Thus the disease
goes on from bad to worse, until death claims the victim in the
course of a few weeks.

PREVENTION—The most effective way to prevent this trouble
is to keep the animal on high grazing lands and away from
marsh and meadow lands. All infected animals should be kept
apart from well ones and the dead bodies should be deeply
buried.

TREATMENT—Place the infected animals in a close building
and burn small amounts of flour of sulphur on a shovel or pan
until the air is sufficiently charged with the fumes to cause
moderate coughing only. This should be repeated several days
in succession, then at intervals of a week, for several weeks, in
order to kill the young worms as they are hatched out. Feed
generously on a diet including dry grain, and the animal should

\

102 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

have free access to salt, as that is destructive to the worms.
For calves six months old feed one measure of Standard Food
daily with the other feed. They should not be considered
cured until all ote ae and excitement of breathing have been
dispelled.

Broncuitis.—This is an inflammation of the lining mem-
brane of the windpipe and the large air tubes of the lungs.
Cattle are subject to every degree of severity in this disease,
and in many cases, On account of its insidious and deceptive
nature, its presence is overlooked until it ates often times assumed
a dangerous character.

Farmers and dairymen generally are not careful enough in
their observations of their stock in regard to health. The great
prerequisite to success in this line is a thorough knowledge of
the conditions attending both health and disease, so that, when
any derangement of the animal organism presents itself, he may
know how to act. This is the great obstacle to be contended
with in the treatment of all diseases of cattle; for, through over-
sight and ignorance of their symptoms, the remedies are not
applied early enough.

Bronchitis is rather a disease of the herd than of the indi-
vidual animal, on account of its being due largely to atmos-
pheric causes.

Symproms—In the beginning of the attack the animal has a
slight, harsh cough, accompanied by watering of the eyes and a
discharge from the nose. If the ear be applied to the windpipe,
a slight grating sound will be heard.

TREATMENT—U pon the first discovery of the attack give
twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every four.
hours until five doses have been given; also give one-half
ounce powdered sulphite of soda three timesa day. Supple-
ment this treatment with the use of Standard Food, two meas-
ures at each meal, three times daily, until the animal looks
brighter and eats well; then continue the moderate use of the
Food until full health has been restored. Feed lightly, so as
not to preduce indigestion, and give plenty of cold water and
allow pure air.

Brapper Diseases.—This class of diseases, though not fre-
quent among cattle, is occasionally the source of considerable
trouble. Diseases of this organ among them are generally
caused by foreign matter in the urine, and by calculi or stone
in the bladder.

Symproms—There is almost continual restlessness of the

a, o>? ghee Mes

BRONCHITIS, BLADDER DISEASES. 103

animal from irritation and pain. The eyes present a blood-

shot appearance, the attempt to void urine is almost con-
stant and unsuccessful, only a few drops being passed at a
time; the animal is likely to die from irritation, excitement
and exhaustion, if proper relief is not given.

TREATMENT—The prompt administration of tincture of
aconite root to relieve pain and fever is advisable. Give twen-
ty-five drops in one dose. Follow this with draughts of linseed
tea and thin gruel, which will have a soothing effect upon the
kidneys and bladder. Feed regularly two measures of Standard
Food at each meal; this will correct the emaciation and weak-
ness consequent upon this disease, and at the same time, when
fed in this quantity, have a soothing and healing effect. In
cases where calculi or any foreign substance in the kidneys or
bladder is suspected, give sixty drops muriatic acid once a day
in cold water. This should not be administered during the
presence of irritation or pain.

An#m1A.—This term signifies a want of blood in the animal
and is very common among cattle, much more so than is gen-
erally supposed. Some cases are not traceable to any direct
cause, but the great majority of them are the result of improper
digestion, excessive secretions from the udder, feeding for a
length of time on one kind of food, starvation, improperly
ventilated or dark stables, ete. .

Symproms—Extreme paleness of the lining membranes of
the mouth, nose and eyes; slow, weak pulse, and a great lack of
life and energy; the breathing quick, and slight exertion pro-
duces perspiration and fatigue. As the blood becomes poor,
all these symptoms are aggravated, and in the advanced stages
dropsical swellings beneath the jaws or in the limbs, the stag-
gering gait, etc., are highly characteristic.

TREATMENT—The very nature of this disease indicates the
character of the treatment; being, as it is, due to an impover-
ished condition of the whole system, what is needed is neither
physicing nor dosing, but a generous supply of wholesome,
vitalizing food, such as will make rich, pure blood, and give
strength and tone to the entire system. In addition to a liberal
supply of nutritious feed give each animal two measures of
Standard Food at each meal.

Make occasional changes in the character of the animal's

feed and give proper care and suflicient shelter. Continue the

use of the Food as directed in other parts of this book.
Rep Water.—T his affection is essentially a blood disease, the

104. FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

result of imperfect digestion and: assimilation, and is character-
ized by a disordered condition of the liver, wastimg of the bodily
tissues and an impoverished condition of the blood. The color
given to the urine is caused by the breaking up of the red cor-
puscles or coloring matter of the blood, which passes off
through this channel. This disease is most common among
cows, a fact which may be attributed to the demands made on
the system by the secretion of milk and process of gestation.

Symproms—Diarrheea, lasting for a day or two, and usually

followed by constipation; there is a tendency to rapid emacia-
tion; weakness is great, and increases as the disease advances;
urine of a brown or deep red color.

TREATMENT—Relieve the stomach of all indigestible matter
by giving a brisk purge, such as epsom salts one pound, calomel
one to two drachms, gentian and ginger each one ounce;
mix and give at one dose, with plenty of fluid. Give bran
mashes freely and two measures of Standard Food at each
meal. ‘To assist in a complete recovery, give good, substantial
feeding, which will also assist in making blood to replace that
which has been lost.

Brack Lec.—This is a malignant disease affecting young
cattle in the spring of the year. It is very rapid in its devel-
opment, usually attacking the best in the herd, and death fol-
lows ina short time. It is denoted by one hind leg and thigh
becoming congested with blood and turning black.

This disease is incurable.

PrEvENTION—ADbout the best method of prevention that
can be recommended is to keep the young animals on high pas-
ture lands, allow them free access to salt, and give one pound
of Standard Food to each twelve or fifteen head daily. This will
regulate the bowels and keep the blood in a normal condition.
On the first appearance of this disease in the locality, give each
animal between one and two years old half a pound of epsom
salts and feed the Standard Food regularly each day. _

Biackx Toneur.— This disease is manifested by eruptive
blisters on the tongue, palate and cheeks, accompanied by swell-
ing. Although apparently located in these members, it is a
blood disease and of a very malignant character.

Symproms—The tongue is red and swollen; the muzzle,
head and neck are also swollen; there is a constant flow of
saliva from the mouth; mastication of the food is hindered
and breathing is difficult. As the disease develops the breath-
ing becomes labored, the saliva is tinged with blood and has an

ao

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=A eed

‘ahs is oe

a a

BLACK LEG, MURRAIN, TEXAS FEVER. 105

offensive odor, when fever sets in and death usually occurs
within two or three days.

TreatmMent—The following treatment in the earlier stages
is recommended: Remove the diseased animals to a place by
themselves. The tongue should be lanced to relieve congestion;
cleanse the mouth with a wash of vinegar and tepid water and
give the animal one pound of epsom salts. Allow plenty of
cold water to drink, and,as food cannot be taken, supply nutri-
tious drinks of linseed or hay tea, flour or oatmeal gruel, ete.
Give also, twice each day, one ounce of sulphite of soda in
cold water, to correct fermentation in the blood. Great caution
should be exercised to prevent the contact of the poisonous
saliva with the hands or any part of the body.

PREVENTION—The same measures for prevention should be
adopted as those recommended for black leg.

Epizootic ArntHa.—(Murraimn)—This is one of the most
contagious diseases among cattle. It attacks the feet and
mouth, and in cows sometimes extends to the teats and udder.
It is caused, as has already been stated, by contagion, and, when
once fairly established in a locality, most measures for its pre-
vention appear to be futile.

Symproms—Rough, staring coat, increased temperature and
shivering; dry muzzle; mouth hot and red; eruptive blisters
within the mouth and on the teats, containing pus; great rest-
lessness in cows when milking is attempted; there is a largely
increased flow of saliva; the feet frequently become badly
affected with sores on the coronet and between the hoof, often
resulting in the loss of the hoof. :

TREATMENT—Give a laxative of one pound of epsom salts;
wash out the mouth with a solution of tincture of myrrh and
borax, each one ounce, in one quart of water. Apply a lotion
to the teats of one half drachm of carbolic acid and ten ounces
of glycerine. Apply a dressing to the feet of one ounce of oil
of vitriol in four ounces of water, with a feather. ‘This is to
be used after washing the foot thoroughly with castile soap and
water. Give bran mashes, gruel, linseed tea, etc. The feeding
of one or two measures of Standard Food at each meal will
serve to regulate the system and facilitate recovery.

Texas Fever.—This is a much dreaded disease, and is sup-
posed to originate in Texas, but might with equal pro-
priety bear the name of any of the Gulf States, whose low ma-
larial marshes appear to propagate this malady.

Among the native cattle of those states it does not usually

106 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

assume a malignant form; indeed, its presence is often un-
noticed; but when communicated to cattle in the Northern
States it assumes an exceedingly fatal character. It is propa-
gated by contagion through ‘the bowel discharges, and roads,
pastures, streams, etc., become mediums of infection. The
germ of this disease is killed by frost. It is not con-
sidered contagious between northern animals. The disease
usually developes within four or five weeks after contact, and
is distinguished by drooping of the head, arched back, dullness,
cough, trembling of the flanks, impaired appetite and very high
fever. These increase in severity until the animal is compelled
to lie down. The eyes become glassy and fixed, the secretions
lessened and clotted with blood, the urine changes to a dark
color and the mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown.
The disease becomes more aggravated in time, until death en-
sues.

A regular form of treatment is useless. However, the ani-
mal may be given large doses of epsom or glauber salts in great
quantities of sweetened water, repeating the dose in twenty-
four hours. Allow all the cold water the animal will drink.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.—This is a disease among cattle, in re-
gard to the origin of which there is a great difference of opin-
ion among the highest authorities, some holding the apparently
well founded opinion that it is never propagated except by con-
tagion, while others of equal prominence advance the theory
that it is due to atmospheric conditions, improper food, and
unfavorable surroundings.

It is a specific disease, manifested by inflammation in the air
passages, lungs and their coverings, accompanied by a profuse
outpouring of fluid into the chest and lungs, gradually increas-
ing in volume until the lungs are nearly submerged; they
gradually become solidified and in the course of time the vital
power gives way and the animal dies from suffocation.

Symproms—Fever is the first indication; then there is a
slight cough, which increases in harshness as the disease pro-
gresses; the hair along the back is rough and staring, and there
is tenderness in the back when pinched. Shivering, rapid pulse
and breathing, constipation, high colored and scanty urine,
impaired appetite and irregular rumination are among the
more prominent symptoms.

TREATMENT— Will depend much upon the condition of the
animal. Low vitality, occasioned by poor feeding or the exces-
sive secretion of milk, are very unfavorable conditions. As

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA, CATTLE PLAGUE. 107

soon as the disease has been discovered, give 25 drops of
the tincture of aconite root, and repeat every four hours
until five doses have been given. Give also one-half ounce of |
the sulphite of soda, twice a day. Give well chosen feed in
small quantities, adding from two to three measures of Stand-
ard Food at each meal. The purpose of this is not only to
stimulate the system, but to restore and maintain the appetite.

ContaGious «T'ypHus—RINDERPEST—CATTLE PLAGUE, ETC.—
This disease consists in inflammation and irritation of the fibrous
tissue or “white membranes of the nose, windpipe and chest.
These membranes become deteriorated and decayed, producing
a dangerous poison, which, becoming absorbed into the general
circulation through a gradual process, is followed by fermenta-
tion of the blood, and the body breaks out in carbuncular sores
which discharge pus. This manifestation is accompanied by
fever, weakness, etc. The blood and tissues of the body
become so degenerated that the animal dies in from one to

three weeks.
; It is caused by certain conditions of the atmosphere, debil-
ity, weakness, and a low condition of general health, and con-
tagion made possible by these predisposing causes.

Symproms—The temperature of the body is variable, being
alternately cold and hot; there is a husky cough, and a dis-
charge from the eye and nostril; the back is arched and the
coat looks rough and unhealthy; upon examination eruptions
will be found in the mouth and nose. Soon the discharge from
the eyes and nose becomes streaked with blood; diarrhcea sets
in. All of these symptoms are followed by stupor and the
signs of approaching death.

TREATMENT—Give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root,
and repeat in four hours to allay the fever. Give also pow-
dered carbonate of ammonia 1 ounce, powdered sulphate of
iron 38 drachms, morning and night, Give daily 1 ounce of
sulphite of soda in the middle of the day. Give good, strong
feed in moderate quantities, adding from two to three meas-
ures Standard Food at each meal. In this, as in all other con-
tagious diseases, give plenty of cold water, allow pure air and
observe strict cleanliness. Isolate the affected animal from the
rest of the herd, as the fundamental principle of prevention
lies in this precaution. The above treatment, carefully fol-
lowed, will cure the great majority of the animals affected
with this disease.

PREVENTION OF DISEASE AMONG SWINE.

The development of disease among swine is the result of
the conditions with which they have been surrounded. In their
native state, unrestrained by yard or pen, and without master
or provider,they were obliged to labor diligently for sustenance,
which gave them endurance and strength of constitution.
Under present conditions their physical functions have been
greatly changed by confinement, high feeding, ete. During a
series of years the hog has gained much in symmetry of form
and appearance, but he has certainly lost in strength of consti-
tution and the ability to resist disease. A general relaxation
of the system has opened the way for hog cholera and other
fatal diseases. We do not mean to say that the hog in his
native state would not be liable to take disease, but it is certain
that his hardier constitution would be a safeguard against it.
Most fatal diseases among swine are contagious, and find their
easiest prey among animals whose feeble vitality is insufficient
to resist the epidemic tendency.

A great deal of confusion has been caused by applying the
name of hog cholera to almost every disease prevalent among
swine. It is immaterial what the name of the disease is, so long
as it conveys the proper idea | Hog cholera is not a separate
disease, but is a class of malignant diseases of a contagious and
infectious nature which, while allied in fatality, differ greatly
in their general symptoms, internal effects. ~rimary location
and duration of attack.

Among the various forms of diseases among swine, may be
enumerated: Putrid erysipelas (malignant typhus), malignant
putrid sore throat, inflammation of the bowels, quinzy, strangles,
diphtheria, inflammation of the lungs. kidney worms, intestinal
worms, etc.

There are certain articles which can be used in the treat-
ment of these diseases, but which we do not consider within
our province to mention here and at this time, for our mission
is to advocate the prevention rather than the attempt to cure
these diseases.

We have the testimony of thousands of farmers to the effect
that Standard Food has alone cured their hogs of disease. We

positively know that it is of great benefit when fed even tosick
108

a ain,

GENERAL CAUSES OF DISEASE. 109

hogs, but it must be distinctly understood that our claims for
the Food are for the prevention and not for the cure of these
diseases. Each one of them requires a separate and distinct
form of treatment, yet the methods for their prevention are
bound to remain the same.

GENERAL CAUSES OF DISEASE.

Local conditions have much to do with the health of swine,
but, in the investigation of the causes of diseases among them,a
careful study of other conditions is doubtless of more import-
ance. With the domestication of these animals came all the
evils of improper breeding, confinement and erroneous feeding.
Naturally a forager, active in body and strong in constitution,
and made hardy by a constant struggle for existence, is it to be
wondered at that the primitive hog, when subjected to the evils
of modern surroundings, is a fit subject for disease P

Grave errors are made in breeding; many farmers have been
tempted to sell their larger and more thrifty sows and breed
from the poorer ones; also to breed from animals too young.
These, together with in and in breeding, have produceda race of
animals deficient in constitution and bodily vigor.

Improper surroundings must come in for their share of the
causes of these diseases. Hogs cannot be expected to thrive
amid filth or when unduly exposed to the heat and cold. Such
surroundings are almost sure, in themselves, to originate
disease. Under these conditions, a single hog in a large drove
may be in just the condition to develop the disease or take it
by infection, thus imperiling the safety of others, in but little
better condition, by direct contact, who, in turn, convey it to
others.

Another, and one of the greatest causes, is a continued high
feeding of kinds of food containing too much heat and fat pro-
ducing properties. The most prominent among this class of
foods is old, dry corn, which, when fed continuously, producesa
feverish and inflammatory condition of the system. The nat-
ural tendency of foods of this character should be counteracted
as much as possible by the addition of such other articles as
will produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus avoiding the
perils of a plethoric condition, yet keeping the animals fatten-
ing at the same time.

No one cause is, perhaps, more productive of disease than
that of keeping hogs from year to year in the same pen or field.

- Nature has given these animals an instinct which teaches them

110 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

to search for bugs, vegetable roots, etc., which, in bilious and
digestive derangements, are natural excitants of the stomach,
liver and bowels.

Frequent changes of the enclosure for hogs are impracticable
and well nigh impossible to the average farmer, for the reason
that it is not only too expensive, but also that space is limited
which is suitable for this purpose. Recognizing this, it is a fact
that the soil becomes exhausted after a time of the elements
necessary to the health of the hog, and, being placed where he

is unable to obtain them, it becomes imperative that he be sup- -

plied from some other source, if he remain free from disease.
PREVENTION.

The prevention of the diseases and epidemics common
among swine means success to the practical hog raiser. To
prevent disease among hogs is more rational than any attempted
cure, however successful. Millions of dollars are annually
wiped out of existence by the ravages of disease among these
animals which might have been avoided by supplying proper and
healthful surroundings, and the use of common sense methods
of prevention. By prevention we mean the placing of the ani-
mal in such a condition of bodily vigor as to be able to resist
disease in any form, and not in doping and dosing him with
mineral drugs, or deranging the stomach and bowels with doses
of antimony, copperas, madder, and a thousand and one things
which have killed an army of hogs, said to have died with the
cholera.

Avoid all causes, so far as possible, which are likely to pro-
duce this malady. Breed from the most vigorous animals only;
furnish clean, comfortable quarters and plenty of pure water;
feed a well-balanced ration which will keep them growing and
insure them vigorous and healthy bodies. The very essence of
prevention lies in securing the highest measure of bodily
health, and that method which will the most surely and natur-
ally reach this condition is the rational course of prevention to
follow.

The value of Standard Food in bringing about these essen-
tial conditions of thrift and vigor,in the prevention of disease,
is almost incalculable. For it will, if used sensibly and rightly
in connection with good treatment otherwise, place the animal
in such a condition that he is able to successfully resist disease.
It stimulates the stomach to healthy and vigorous action, and,
by increasing the flow of its juices, not only secures more sus-

PREVENTION OF DISEASE. 111

tenance from the ration consumed, but enables it to throw off
all accumulated impurities, whose presence hinders its proper
action and endangers the health of the animal. Everything
depends upon the proper action of the stomach, for, when good
digestion and complete assimilation are secured, pure blood
and good health are assured.

The presence of intestinal worms in large quantities is a
source -of serious trouble among swine. The indiscriminate
dosing of hogs with mineral and poisonous preparations to
kill worms is an absurd and dangerous practice, and one which
discloses a lack of knowledge on this subject. Any small good
that can be done in this way is only temporary, for, although it
removes the worms, it does not remove the cause. The true
theory is this: worms are the result of a deranged condition,
and not the cause. The deranged condition comes first, and
worms follow as the result—not the reverse.

The regular and continued use of Standard Food restores
the stomach and smaller intestines to a normal condition and
healthy action, which enables them to throw off the mucus
accumulation which generates worms, and in which they exist.
The success of this treatment lies in removing the cause, thus
disposing of it effectually.

Improper feeding is a prolific cause of disease among swine.
The continued feeding of old, dry corn produces a feverish and
inflammatory condition of the system, which, if allowed to con-
tinue, is likely to end in disease. Young pigs suffer more from
this manner of feeding than the more mature animals; it is
one of the greatest sources of disease among them, and is very
likely, from its heating and inflammatory tendency, to weaken
and debilitate the digestive organs and lay the foundation for
disease. Old corn should be soaked for a day or two before it
is fed, and accompanied by a proper ration of Standard Food.
These precautions will counteract the feverish tendency and
produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus preserving health
and insuring growth at the same time.

The feeding with corn of sloppy articles, boiled roots, boiled
oats, etc., where practical, is of value in increasing the
health.

The practice of keeping hogs in one pen or field from year
to year is no doubt the cause of a great deal of loss from dis-
ease among them. The hog, from instinct, seeks for a natural
regulator im bilious and digestive derangements in the soil.
The use of one enclosure for a long time exhausts the soil of

112 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

these natural regulators of the health of the hog, and
leaves him without anything to correct the irregularities to
which he is naturally subject. It can be easily seen that, if
these are not supplied in some other way, he has no protection
-against the inroads of disease. Standard Food supplies this
deficiency in the most natural manner. It stimulates the
digestive organs to prompt and healthy action and corrects
every tendency toward a morbid condition.

PREVENTION PLus PROFIT.

It is a fact that, in feeding Standard Food to hogs for the
prevention of disease, it actually costs nothing as a preven-
tive. While it is putting the system of the animal in a condi-
tion to resist disease, it is making an eatra increase in flesh and
fat to much more than pay its cost.

Some farmers, who think it costs too much to feed Standard
Food as a preventive, lose sight of the gain it will make in the
increase of flesh. <A little calculation will show them what a
small extra gain in flesh will offset the cost of the Food. Ac-
cording to our directions for feeding, an increased gain of three
or four pounds per month to each head will do this. The actual
facts, however, are that, with proper use, it will not only pay for
itself in extra gain produced, but return a handsome profit, so
that the farmer not only gets his preventive for nothing, but
has a profit thrown in.

Let us suppose that the farmer has two lots, of ten pigs
each, which have beén weaned when six weeks old. Let both
lots have the run of the yard, and what suitable food they may
require. Give one lot, in addition, say one-third of a pound of
Standard Food per day, until they are five months old, and the
other lot none. After that increase the Standard Food ration
a little with the one lot, so that the amount consumed daily
will be about one-half pound, feeding in this proportion until
they are eight months old. For the next two months, feed the
one lot such a ration of properly selected food as will fully
meet the demands of the increased appetite caused by Standard
Food. The amount of Standard Food consumed by these ten
pigs should be about one pound a day during this two months.
At this time the age of the pigs in each lot will be ten months.
The one lot, which have had the benefit of the Standard Food
ration, have been healthy and vigorous throughout. The Food
has increased their digestion and assimilation, and also has in-

creased their appetite, thus enabling them to eat a larger

s
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Tass

“ 7 | ie iS

ann thd Fy de ih, ‘

PREVENTION PLUS PROFIT. 113

amount of feed than the other lot. If their appetites have been
at all times satisfied, they will weigh, at this age, 300 pounds
each, and be ready for market at the top price. The other lot
have had the same advantages otherwise, but no Standard
Food, and will do well to weigh 225 pounds each at this age.
They will not be so saleable as the other lot when placed upon
the market, and will command but anormal price. This year
the one lot would have sold readily at 4 cents per pound, live

_ weight, and the other lot possibly at 34 cents per pound. The

following plainly shows the result:

10 pigs, 300 pounds each, at 4 cents per pound........ $120 00
10 pigs, 225 pounds each, at 34 cents per pound...... 78 75
Difference in gross receipts fone, tyro: loteon 2. sie 41 25
Cost of Standard Food consumed by the one lot...... 12 00
Left for profit and to pay for extra food............. 29 25

The one lot of pigs would consume 25 pounds of Standard
Food i in the first 100 days, 30 pounds in the next 90 days, and
40 pounds in the last 60 days. This is allowing for the omis-
sion of its use one week in every three after the first month,
which is according to our directions. The total amount of
Standard Food consumed would be a little less than 100 pounds,
or say 10 pounds to each pig during the 84 months, at a cost of
$1.20 per head. The returns over the other lot would be,
according to these figures, $4.124 per head, an amount which
not only pays for the Standard Food and extra grain feed con-
sumed, but leaves a handsome profit besides. Thus it will be
seen that, aside from the essential element of prevention, guar-
anteed to every farmer who uses Standard Food according to
our directions, he secures an extra return which amply repays
him for the outlay.

How To FEED STANDARD Foop.

For young pigs, feed in the proportion of one pound to 30
head, once a day; for medium sized pigs, one pound to 20 head,
once a day; increase this amount on fattening hogs to one
pound to ten head daily. In all cases, omit the use of the
Food one week in three after the first month. The Food may
be fed in swill, or with grain feed, when it should be fed in
troughs to prevent waste.

MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP,

All the advantages secured from feeding Standard Food to
horses, cattle and swine are obtained in an equal degree when
it is fed to sheep. It acts directly upon the digestive organs,
thus securing healthy action of all the functions of the body,
which is the first step in the prevention of disease.

Most of the diseases of sheep, except those produced by
external causes, can be very satisfactorily treated by the proper
use of Standard Food. Diseases of the blood, digestive and res-
piratory organs are directly acted upon by its use. Many of
the diseases to which sheep are subject are due to local condi-
tions, such as keeping them on low, wet lands, undue exposure
in inclement weather, and careless and improper feeding.

The rational treatment, under the first of these conditions,
would be to remove them to higher ground, and give local
treatment to the seat of disease. This, if promptly done, is
usually sufficient, when accompanied by the feeding of a proper
ration of Standard Food, to build up their impaired health.

Undue exposure in inclement weather, etc., should be cor-
rected as much as possible by providing proper shelter. No
animals upon the farm will show the effects of good treatment,
or make a better return from it, than sheep.

The intelligent and systematic feeding of sheep is of great
importance in securing and maintaining their health. The
value of variety in feed stuffs for sheep is not enough appre-
ciated. A properly proportioned ration for sheep will amply
repay the trouble in improved health alone.

Another of the important points in successful sheep farming
is strict regularity in the time of feeding, and proportioning
the amount of fodder to the wants of the animal. . With good
attention to these particulars, sheep will maintain better health
and make a more profitable return on moderate keeping than
on the best food fed with irregularity, A due regard to proper
location, comfortable quarters, generous and regular feeding,
are all essential in preventing disease among sheep. If these
be carefully observed, and they be allowed a moderate ration
of Standard Food, for the purpose of correcting any irregular-
ity of condition, which is quite likely to be present, although
not observed, the owner may be assured of not only prevent-

114

-
>

FEEDING FOR MUTTON. 115

ing disease among them, but of securing the greatest develop-
ment in flesh and fleece.
THe FLEECE.

One of the greatest advantages secured from the feeding of
Standard Food to sheep is in increasing the growth and qual-
ity of the fleece. Good feeding improves the coat, whether it
be hair or wool. Noone can fail to see the favorable effect
upon the hair of well fed cattle compared to those poorly fed,
and also upon the wool of well fed and poorly fed sheep. This
is due to the superior condition of the animal, and is particu-
larly noticeable among animals fed a regular ration of Standard
Food. Poor, ill kept sheep can not produce wool of the first
quality; neither can irregularly fed animals grow an even tex-
ture of wool. Expert wool buyers are able to tell the kind of
care the sheep have received by the texture of the wool exam-
ined. It will be uneven and weak in places. These inequali-
ties show the periods of good and shiftless keeping. Regular
and continued feeding of a properly compounded ration, with
the addition of Standard Food according to directions, together
with proper surroundings, will insure an abundant growth of
fine wool of even texture. The use of Standard Food as above
directed will not only increase the quantity and quality of the
wool grown, but will produce an increase in flesh alone suffi-
cient to more than pay for its use.

FEEDING FOR MUTTON.

Sheep raising, for wool alone, is not a profitable enterprise;
but when sheep are jointly raised for mutton and the profits of
the fleece as well, we have one of the most surely and speedily
profitable branches of stock-raising. A great advantage lies in
the fact that both objects can be attained at the same time in
the same animal. Liberal feeding, attended with proper care
and judgment in its selection, will secure a marked improve-
ment in the fleece, while adding pounds of flesh to the carcass.

The production of mutton is more profitable than the pro-
duction of beef, pound for pound, it selling usually for a larger
price per pound, and having the added profit from the fleece be-
sides.

Sheep produce a greater percentage of flesh from a given
amount of feed consumed than do cattle. The use of Standard
Food in the feeding of sheep yields the most satisfactory re-
turns both in’ flesh, selling qualities of the animal and in quan-
tity of fleece secured,

116 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

As we have stated before, and we repeat it here, the stomach
is the most important organ in the body, for upon its proper
action depends the sustenance and health of the entire body.

Standard Food creates an increased appetite, and stimulates
the stomach so that the extra amount of food demanded by
this increase of appetite is properly digested and assimilated.
It not only does this, but its regular use will secure a greater
percentage of nutriment from all of the feed consumed, the
natural result of which is to materially increase the gain over
and above the amount secured from ordinary feeding. This
increase will much more than pay for the extra outlay incurred
by its use. To recapitulate, it acts as a powerful preventive of
disease, adds largely to the quantity and quality of wool, and
secures an extra production of flesh to more than pay for its
use.

DrrRECTIONS FOR FEEDING STANDARD Foop To SHEEP.

Standard Food should be fed to sheep in the proportion of
one pound to thirty head, daily, with a fattening ration. As a
preventive of disease and for the purpose of keeping sheep ina
thrifty and healthy condition, feed one pound to fifty head,
daily. It should be fed with grain or in their feeding troughs.
Omit its use one week in four after the first month.

=

S * apes IN,

CARE OF POULTRY.

The experience of successful pouttry raisers makes plain
the fact that,as an adjunct to the farm and barn yard, this
industry is one of the most profitable i” properly handled.
Unfortunately, too many farmers look upon chis branch of their
business as something of minor importance. Facts, however,
do not uphold this opinion. In the year 1883, the poultry
products of the United States were greater than those of the
dairy, which proves that there are possibilities in this industry
which are worthy of the most careful study and attention.

Many valuable fowls are lost every year from carelessness,
and there are also a great many that die from the lack of
proper attention when sick. A chicken is too likely to be
looked upon as a thing of so little importance that it does not
seem worth while to give it any care when sick, and, as a result
in many cases, the sick fowl is the cause of spreading disease
among the others, and likely causing the loss: of the whole
flock. Exposure, careless treatment, irregular and improper
feeding, cause derangements and disease just as surely among
fowls as among any other creatures upon the farm. Chicken
cholera, roup, gapes, diarrhoea, etc., are due almost entirely to
improper care and the lack of sensible methods of prevention.
Fowls should be protected from wet and cold, as well as from the
extreme heat of the sun; their enclosures should be kept scrupu-
lously clean, and plenty of pure water provided at all times.
The coops should be properly ventilated.

First and foremost in the treatment of these diseases, sepa-
rate the sick fowls from the well ones; disinfect the coops and
drinking vessels by the use of a solution of carbolic acid; give
warm, stimulating food, and mix with it a measure of Standard
Food to each twelve medium-sized fowls. This treatment,
when accompanied by proper feeding and comfortable shelter,
may be relied upon as the most efficient in the cure of these
diseases.

The prevention of disease among fowls is much more sensi-
ble than to run any risk of curing them after they become sick.
Standard Food, by acting directly upon the digestive organs,
which in fowls, as well as animals, is usually the seat of disease,
corrects all irregularities of the system, producing rich, pure

17

118 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH.

blood, and through it a healthy condition of the entire body. |

If Standard Food is fed for this purpose, as we direct, and
accompanied by cleanliness, proper feeding and comfortable
quarters, we are borne out by years of experience in guarantee-
ing it as a preventive of any of the diseases common among
fowls. Practical poultry raisers have demonstrated the fact that
the egg product of hens can be increased from 50 to 100 per
cent, by a proper selection of .feed and regularity in the time
of feeding. Our experience justifies us in making the positive
assertion that Standard Food will, when fed regularly, with a
properly selected ration of feed, increase the egg product of
hens very materially.

DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING.

A measure for feeding will be found in each box of Stand-
ard Food. Give one of these full to each twenty-five chickens
every day. Increase or diminish this amount according to
size. In case of disease, double the amount fed.

A good way to feed it is with meal, or with grain that has
been dampened, or it may be placed in the drinking vessels
with pure water.

: teh f

OUR REFERENCES AND ENDORSEMENTS.

We have in our files the original signed letters of which the
following are true copies. These are only a few among thous-
ands in our possession. If the statements in them are doubted
in the least we earnestly urge writing to the parties, enclosing
postage for reply:

MissouRI VALLEY, IowA, Feb. 3, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTLEMEN :—Please send me one thousand pounds (1,000) of your
Standard Horse and Cattle Food, in fifty p.und boxes; ship March Ist.

A year ago last January I bought 1,200 pounds of it and began at
once feeding it to my hogs; I followed your directions closely. I
weighed my hogs every thirty days and found a uniform gain of two
and one-fourth pounds per hog, per day, each, for the entire feeding
time of about one hundred days; they looked smoother than usual and
their coats had an oily appearance. They ate their corn better, and ate
more of it. Their weight was fully 25 per cent more in proportion to
their size and appearance than usual. In hauling to market those that
were fed on your Food shrunk but three pounds, while those that I fed
corn alone shrunk five pounds each. Last fall before I began feeding it
to my present herd many of them had acough. After a few feeds of
your Food the cough entirely disappeared. While over seven hundred
hog's were lost in this immediate neighborhood, I did not lose a single
hog after commencing its use.

Last winter I experimented with seventy head of cattle; thirty-two
were in an open lot, with no other shelter than a straw stack; their
coat was smooth and more oily than usual; they gained an average of
five pounds per day, each, for three anda half months; in driving to
market they shrunk three per cent as against four per cent inthe other
lot, or one-fourth less. The forty head were what I considered a finer
lot, and I kept them up just six months, in a good lot with warm sheds;
fed them one-half bushel of corn a day but no Standard Food. Their
gain in total pounds was just about the same in six months as that of
the thirty head in three and one-half months.

This winter my chickens were taken with the cholera and began
dying off rapidly; a few feeds of the Food cured them completely. Last
spring I fed it to my horses while doing my spring’s work; at the end
of the season they had not lost a pound, nor had a cough, or any sick-
ness, while many teams about were sick and some died.

Yours truly, C. A. Moss.

Nore:—The following is a copy of a letter received from
Q. A. Brecunier, proprietor Franklin Grove Creamery:

FRANKLIN GROVE, ILL., February 9, 1892.
THE F, E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

DEAR Sirs:—By request of W. A. Fenner, General Agent, I give a
few facts directly connected with my business regarding the use of
your Standard Horse and Cattle Food among some of my milk men.
Five of my patrons who SURE one thousand pounds of milk per

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120 TESTIMONIALS.

day, for a period of one month when pastures were good, began to use
the Food. Although the pastures became poorer and the owners did
not use any additional food, the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food
increased the flow of milk to twelve hundred pounds per day, or an
increase of twenty per cent. more than obtained without its use. I
wondered at the increase of milk, and made special inquiries as above
stated, recording the exact facts, figures, names and dates. I found all
had been using Standard Horse and Cattle Food, buying it from our
local agent, Mr. Joseph Graff, and feeding it according to directions:
one-twelfth of a pound twice a day to each cow.
Yours truly, Q. A. BRECUNIER.

PRAGUE, NEB., July 1 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTLEMEN :—About three years ago I wrote you giving my opin-
ion on Standard Food. I had then been using it about a year on my
hogs, with the best of success; but I am even better satisfied with the
results which I have secured from using it since that time. I began
using it solely as a preventive of disease, as I had lost nearly all my
hogs in the two years previous. From my experience I am thoroughly
satisfied that it will prevent disease, for in more than four years in
which I have been using the Food regularly I have not lost a hog from
disease. I suppose that during that time four-fifths of the farmers in
this county have lost more or less hogs from disease.

I can give no definite figures on the amount of extra gain which
the Food has produced, but [am sure that it has made enough extra
increase in the weight of my hogs to considerably more than pay for
itself. I have always been able to get top prices, and I do not believe
that any one markets any better hogs, or any heavier ones, for their
age thanIdo TI usually have about two hundred hogs on my place.

Respectfully yours,
(Signed.) GEORGE L. HAVENS.

SABETHA, Kan., July 6, 1892
THE F. EK. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTLEMEN :—I have sold your Standard Horse and Cattle Food
for about four years, and must say that it has given universal satisfac-
tion, both as a blood purifier and flesh producer. I could send you tes-
timonials from some of our best farmers that have used Horse and Cattle
Food for different diseases, both for cattle, horses, and hogs. For poultry
I have never heard of anything that will take the place of your Food.
I don’t think that you advertise Horse and Cattle Food strong enough
for poultry. My sales increased one-half this spring.

EK. Horton, Dealer in Groceries, Flour and Produce.

CHERRY VALLEY. ILL., June 25, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha :

GENTs :—I have used fifty pounas of Standard Horse and Cattle Food
with the best results. I fed a cow which I had tried in vain to get in
condition until I gave her this Food, after which she was in good order
doubled her flow of milk. Ialso fed it to my other cows and got a
large increase in milk. I believe it to be all that the manufacturers
claim for it, and I cheerfully recommend it to all stock men. As an
earnest of this have bought one hundred pounds more to-day.

J. H. Kittie.

\

aie

ite as

TESTIMONIALS. 121

SaLrx, Iowa, February 10, 1892.
THE F, E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTs:—I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food about
two years. Within the last year I have fed over a ton of it with the
best of results. At present in a herd of over three hundred there are
not ten poor ones. I find that they are all in better condition than
under the old method of feeding, and they weigh heavier than ordinary
hogs of the same size, I killed one recently that looked as though he
would weigh about one hundred and twenty pounds, and he weighed
150 pounds. I am thoroughly satisfied that it pays well to feed it
regularly all the year round, and would not think of raising hogs with-
out it. I heartily recommend it to all hog raisers. I find it an excel-
lent thing for horses also. T. BRUGUIER.

MosILE, ALABAMA, January 1, 1892.

We have sold and used ourselves nearly two thousand (2,000)
pounds of Standard Food. It has given general satisfaction to our cus-
tomers. In our own stables it has been of great benefit. We use it
constantly among our stock, and find it invaluable as a tonic. We have
brought to this market quite a number of western horses and mules
since we have had the Food, and have not had a horse have distemper
while using it. We consider it a great preventive of pink eye, influenza,
etc. We could hardly get along without it.

Yours truly,
(Signed.) Pettus & MENEFEE.

MENOMONIE, WIs., July 6, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha,

GENTLEMEN :—I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for some
time and find it to bea valuable preparation for diseased and debili-
tated stock, and that it will do all and more than you claim. It is an
excellent flesh producer. J canhonestly say it is the best thing I have
ever used for stock, and I have used many kinds.

Yours respectfully, JOHN BRITZMANN.

FRANKLIN GROVE, ILL.
GENTLEMEN :—We have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food to
cure and prevent disease and to produce flesh, and find it all that the
manufacturers guarantee it to be.
A. R. WHITNEY, SAMUEL DYSART,
HARVEY SPANGLER, HENRY HERBST,
A.M. CARPENTER, JOHN GRONEWOLD,

J. E. LAHMAN, J. F. VANCE,

U. GRANT Dysart, A. REINHART,
HENRY GROSS, GEO. WINKFIELD,
C. D. Hussy, S. BuSINGA.

CORNELL ILLINOIs, .Aay 18, 1892.
THE F, E. SANBOkn UO., Omaha:

GENTLEMEN:— Allow me to write a few lines to acknowledge to you
that I have been using your Horse and Cattle Food in my practice for
some time, and in every case where it was given according to my
directions, it proved to be an excellent remedy in all cases of onerixia,
“loss of appetite,” strangles, urinary troubles, and in cases of conva-
lescence. My patrons are loud in its praise as a flesh producer and a

.

122 TESTIMONIALS.

reviver of spirits, also in cases of derangement of stomach and bowels.
I shall endeavor to keep a good supply on hand. May the good news
be spread far and wide. I am, sirs, yours very respectfully,

J. J. VANDEREE, V. S.

SEDALIA, MissouRI, January 2, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co.:
GENTS:—Yours regarding Standard Horse and Cattle Food received.
In reply will say that in our transfer department we have been using
the Horse and Cattle Food for over a year; stock all look fine and fat.
Have not had one case of colic or distemper in a year, or a veterinary
account of any kind. Veterinary bill for colic and distemper for any
year before we used the Food was fifty dollars, mostly for colic. In
the mule departments the results are the same. It is death to horse
doctors but of incalculable value to us. Yours truly,
HINSDALE & MENEFEE.
P. S.—We have handled over three thousand mules since we com-
menced to use the Food, and not one case of distemper or colic since
that time.

BLUE MowunD, Kan., March 8, 1892
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTS:—Through the influence of your agent I was induced to try
your Food, and found it has no equal among all kind of stock. I have
been using it fortwo years and have never been without it. I know
that it pays more than it cost in the way of feed, besides keeping your

stock in a good, healthy condition. I have used it among my hogs ~

when they had the cholera and found it a valuable remedy.
J. B. FINDLY,
Proprietor Victor Mills.

A private letter to Mr. F. G. Morgan, Rockford, IIl., from
Hon. Samuel Dysart, ex-President Illinois State Board of
Agriculture and member of Illinois Board of World’s Fair
Commissioners:

ILLINOIS BOARD OF WORLD’s FAIR COMMISSIONERS.
SAMUEL DYSART, COMMISSIONER,
FRANKLYN GROVE, ILL, Feb., 29, 1892.
F. G. Mora@an, AGENT STANDARD Foo, Rockford, I11:

DEAR Sir:—Your letter of 27th inst. at hand. I have used Standard
Horse and Cattle Food for the past two years with good success in every
case. I think it a valuable preventive of disease in domestic animals,
It has been used largely among the farmers in this vicinity and is
praised by all.

Many testimonials have been written in this locality in its favor.

(Signed) SAMUEL DYSART.

WHITING, Iowa, Feb. 8, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co.. Omaha :
Ihave used Standard Horse and Cattle Food as a preventive of
cholera in my hogs, forabout two years, with perfectly satisfactory re-
sults. Since beginning its use I have not lost any hogs by disease, al-

though on the adjoining farms on each side of me many hogs died of

disease. Until using Standard Food I was always losing hogs by the
cholera, and the year previousto commencing feeding it I lost all but

°

i
wo” 4

TESTIMONIALS. 123

_ seven of my herd of one hundred and forty. My experience forces me
to believe that Standard Food does prevent cholera, and that it has
many times paid for itself in the hogs it has saved. I would not want
to try to raise hogs without it. My losses by cholera in years past,
previous to feeding the Food, had been so heavy that my herd was
gradually growing less; but I am now, after two years’ use of it, keep-
ing a larger herd than I have had in years. J.R. FOLWELL.

ELBURN, ILL., July 16, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

DEAR Sir: —I have fed your Standard Horse and Cattle Food to my
milch cows and to my horses with very satisfactory results, and it does
all you claim for it.

My cows were not doing well and I was induced to buy some of
your Standard Food by your agents here, C. H. & E. O. Hills, and feed
it to my cows. It restored their appetite and put them in good health
and condition. I have continued its use ever since early last winter
and find it profitable to feed all the time.

I consider and believe every one that will feed it to their stock will
get full value received.

I have no disease of any kind around my stock since commencing
the use of Standard Food. Yours truly,

JOHN JACOBSON.

BLAIR, NEB., July, 4, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

In answer to your letter, I will say that I have used Standard
Horse and Cattle Food for the last six years. It was recommended to
me by Wulff Bros. Luse it because it prevents hog cholera and is a
flesh producing article. It is good for horses in the spring of the year;
it makes them shed in good shape. Yours respectfully,

JOHN BENTROP.

Sioux Ciry, Iowa, December 23, 1891.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTS:—It certainly gives me pleasure to add my testimony to the
merits of your Standard Horse and Cattle Food. Ihave used it with
perfect success in feeding horses, cattle and poultry. My experience
demonstrates that it does even more than you claim forit. As a feed
for horses, I have found it to be a great blood purifier, an excellent
tonic anda sure conditioner. For coughs, colds, etc., I have never found
anything equal to it. I feed it often to my herd of Jersey cattle, and
can truthfully say that it acts like a charm, keeps them in good con-
dition and increases the flow of milk. I feed it to my poultry and never
have any sick or drooping fowls, and my hens lay well during the fall
and Crea which they never did until I commenced feeding them your
Food.

I will simply say in conclusion that I have experimented with a
great many condition powders and other preparations put upon the
market as a cure all, but never yet found anything to compare with
your Horse and Cattle Food.

I shall continue to use the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, for
experience has’proven to me that there is nothing upon the market to
equal it. Yours respectfully, C. M. RoBINSON.

Daily Times; also Secretary Sioux City Driving Park Ass'n.

124 TESTIMONIALS.

Buair, NEB., July 5, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

I have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food for my stock contin-~

ually for the last three or four years. It makes flesh; it increases milk
and it prevents disease, for I have not had a sick hog on the place since
I first used it on the place for that purpose.

Yours respectfully, P. E. WULFF.

Story Criry, Iowa, July 2, 1892.
THE F., E. SANBORN Co.:

DEAR Sirs:—We heartily endorse your claims of the merits of
Standard Horse and Cattle Food, and are more than satisfied with the
success which we have had in handling it, since we began in 1888, and
with the satisfaction it gives our customers; for we know of no one
who has given it a fair trial that is not a steady customer, and it is
much better than any condition powder as a medicinal agent and
cheaper than oil cake as a flesh producer. We believe it is the Stan-
dard Food for hogs, cattle and horses, and our patrons are high in its
praise. Very respectfully yours, HoLM BROTHERS,

Dealers in Harness and Saddlery.

SMARTVILLE, NEBRASKA.
THE F. E. Sanporn Co., Omaha: ;
GENTLEMEN :—My chickens were dying of cholera and I bought one
box of your Horse and Cattle Food. After feeding a small quantity
they quit dying, and all are now well. Several of my neighbors have
tried it with the same results. Yours truly,
CHAS. ROUP.

GUERNSEY, Iowa, April 8, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

DEAR Sirs:—Your favor of the first inst. at hand. In reply will say
that I can give you no tabulated account of the result of your Stock
Food, but I fed it to my cattle that I was feeding and they commenced
eating better right away, and did better right along while I fed them.
I fed the Food once a day, and the result was entirely satisfactory, as
the cattle were right up to the feed trough each time, ready for their
ration. Yours respectfully, J. C. KINNIE.

MILFORD, ILL., July 1, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

GENTLEMEN :—I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food
ani I can say that it is the best patent Food that I have ever used. I
fed it to a carload of cattle last winter, and they gained 344 pounds
each per day. I would not be without the Standard Horse and Cattle
Food for five times the cost of it. For horses it has no equal. It is a
valuable Food for both cattle, horses and hogs. Yours truly,

C. M. FRYE.

SHERWOOD, O., June 6, 1892.

I have been selling Standard Food for two years, and have never
had a customer dissatisfied with it. Onthe contrary it has done all
that it is recommended to do in every instance
. (Signed) H. F. MILLER,

Dealer in General Merchandise.

TESTIMONIALS. 125

MARSHALL, Missourt, April 30, 1892.
THE F. E. SANBORN Co., Omaha:

I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for the past year and am
very well pleased with it. It has accomplished wonders in several
instances. Very truly, J. K. Kina.

Proprietor Peabody Herd Shorthorns and Berkshires.

AUSEON, O., May 27, 1892.
One of my customers, Mr. Jerry Williams, had some hogs sick
with cholera; they were down on their backs and would not eat, so he
had to drench them with Standard Food mixed in swill. Every hog re-
covered, and Mr. Williams counts that $2.00 worth of Standard Food
saved $300 worth of hogs. (Signed) GEO. SCHLETz,
Dealer in Flour, Feed and Seeds.

MONROEVILLE, O., July 1, 1892.
THE F, E. SANBORN Co., Omaha: -

GENTLEMEN ;—I have used the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, sold
by R. Zippel, agent, for about two years, and found it to be the best
thing for stock I have used, and I do not think it can be equalled for
hogs and horses for fattening purposes and a prevention against
disease. Yours truly, ANTON ERF,

FRANKLIN GROVE, ILL., Sept. 25, 1891.
JOSEPH GRAFF, Esq.:

In these days of humbugs, trial is the only evidence of merit. I
bought of you in May last a box of the Standard Horse and Cattle Food
and fed it to my poultry, comprising chickens, turkeys and geese, and
Ihave never had so fine a growth orsuch beautiful plumage. No sick-
ness of any kind has appeared among them, although there are between
five and six hundred fowls in the lot. An ounce of prevention is better
than a pound of cure, and I give much credit to the Food. I cannot
say that it will cure all the diseases which poultry are subject to, be-
cause I have had none to test it, but Ido believe it will prevent disease,
which is better.

Let the incredulous come and see my fowls and judge for them-
selves. Yours truly,

(Signed.) SAMUEL DYSART.

Note—The above is a copy of a letter from Hon. Samuel
Dysart, ex-President of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture
‘and an extensive farmer and practical poultry raiser of Frank-
lin Grove, Illinois. It was written unsolicited to Mr. Joseph
Graff, our local agent at that place.

r

Special Information Regarding Standard Food,

Standard Food is put up with the view of suiting the con-
venience of all classes of consumers. It is put up in neat, du-
rable wooden boxes of 7 pounds, 25 vounds, 50 pounds and 100
pounds each.

The Food Measure.

Each box contains a tin cup to be used in measuring the
Food in feeding. It holds when filled full one-tenth of a pound
of Standard Food, which is an average feed for a thousand
pound animal. This makes Standard Food cheaper per feed to
the consumer than any other stock food.

PRICES.
7 Pound Boxes ....... $1.00 50 Pound Boxes ...... $6.00
25 Pound Boxes .-..... 3.00. 100 Pound Boxes 23.23 12.00

The above are minimum prices for Standard Food in these
quantities, and govern except where freight rates necessitate a
proportionate advance. .

LIBERAL DISCOUNTS TO LARCE CONSUMERS.
CORRESPONDENCE.

All inquiries from dealers or consumers will be attended to
promptly, and the best information at our command cheerfully
furnished. All correspondence should be addressed to The
F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha, Neb. .

OUR GUARANTEE.

We guarantee Standard Horse and Cattle Food, when fed
according to our directions, to fulfill the following require-
ments, or money refunded:

First. To produce sufficient extra flesh on cattle, hogs and sheep
in excess of what can be secured by the ordinary methods of feeding, to
realize a profit over and above the cost of the Food.

SEcoNnD. To increase the quantity and quality of milk and the gen-
eral health and condition of cows, over and above what can be secured
by the ordinary methods of feeding, sufficient to more than pay its cost.

TurrD. To prevent cholera and other diseases among hogs when
used as directed as a preventive.

FourtTH. To prevent and cure all diseases among other farm ani-
mals as set forth in this book wherever Standard Food has been recom-
mended specifically.

FirtH. To prevent and cure all diseases common among poultry.

SrxtH. To expel worms from all farm animals when fed in the
amounts and for the time specified in our directions.

Our regular agents and all parties selling Standard Food are
authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by
this company in any case where it can be fairly shown that the
results secured are not equal to our representations.

THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY, Omana.
126

INDEX.

Abortion in cows......... jensen npvenncdpueieeios ae
Abortion in mares........ ‘alt wav eleth osrgoh wheats 72
RNIN bid checoai';cusdvasens cqaseauagnscapuspakhcastbe 103
Analysis of feeding stuffs—Table of...... 11
Analysis of Standard Food................006 2
Animal body, nature Of...............c.cesesees 8
oe as Snort Surcca ce seubbc icy cake aor ede sph kt 20
Appetite, increase of necessary in milch

SEEMIT MN elnicn sce Fateaicovapn es oxeewcsendaste ch sheeaas 34
SEED LON Olas conten asealutdntvaky sxsaacseats 56
PP MMUIITEIE GIONS 6 cic. st. cdces dar svcacsudeessess-coenseve 22
ERE WATE? WOUMOS.0scsansec ss 0-,o0ssdsatseettcase 80
IBC MESTIOW OL. 00 -icscccnenak ocaccane: oes aveuctescers 81
ee sce. weds tgs dousychavihaoninskaarts’ 104
RIM MMPEEPTNO os ohne gc saies vane andere ”secavane ands cnesee 104
Bladder diseases in cattle.................:0006 102
Bladder, inflammation of the................. 70
RIE occ ofall rata ar nas scchoaviideceahsagecsss sas 40
Blood, humors of the.................0cc2e eee 47
POET UTING..:..... 2600000505: Be Piven dsaricclinasd. 71
Mpa Sion acs waScce ccacansactevesdaasacs acteapes 62
Bowels, inflammation Of................0. 0000+ 65
EES noc oulscene: ch) 2d canecaadanah nade -ajiee 82
PE MSENERRIMIN S Aves cious ccpanusssessssks ec tceetace x 51—102
RRR orecsds castevavssisvecscevacwtesst cusie ia OU
EMME tess aniidesecarwarseceviavsscieectacovehdhes 71
IRR ioe Cua ceupSleggapin cupecsessyen odens shades enn 95
PREMIO JOMIO W oscc sven ce oc desndensuace Gctoucctetasaes 82
IMREENE No 570 dansaaeesinncnvasaecnncesess mans enn 82
Cattle, care and treatment of................ 93
MPRURLEN IE TICs noni wn ons nacarcucees odcce%s aussie’ « 107
PINE aie nts Giada sicad un eaten Wenes + keadiaee 99
MRMCR ee Mes hot mts woe csvect cSu dees beeao eas avecousavess 50
PC RIIEETERO SIG 5.5555. 00 <u ceacncaneisscnecsons scones 63
or ee 63
Condition, improvement of, necessary

PUM E ICO WE: so scdievstse sec cesctseader <e 35
EE ES ee eee 57
Contagious and blood diseases............... 39
PR tAGIOUs, ty PRUS: :.. 50050002 00- n0ce<.ccaere soe 107
Contraction of the feet................scscsssee 86
Re Gh sta adtluiaianup suck avanses' go oiovaeeten tie 87
MESAINCP Meee native sist nus siodonse danavaccostaanatcaadausd 50
METBOCR OUNCES, «. ... s0.sccditonessonsoevecsvacscocncse 75
REESE IN So Mon. chia Snap re canacee errant eaeersnenne 85
BORER oa Hwc'ana cdaick coemanacadspacdvensersacséaae 79
Dairy farming, profits 4......:......:00seeseee 33
IIT on snn'sy ckcaune aadeedssestigedncrane </sqpens bisaas 58

Diabetes....... sbpavhcaddudwedvnaiedescusloiseee basta eran nha
Diarrhres Giese pikuneakdteadeaté sabecusedapabenbne Gaees
Diarrhoes 111, CALVES: 2.0 .cu sas scbee swe Satccehe can 98
Diarrhoea Li Cattle. .c.ceccics cccedaccseecenste 97
MOTO soc o5ebeduscsorss s souass bai canueanewtaateausecce sbi 55
PPI CSET O I ia aap goes snk vole phase oaqqwate cose Lovee oes 20

Digestion among animals, differencein.. 17 _
Digestion and assimilation increased.... 23

Digestive organs, diseases of the........... 55
Diseases of the blood................s00.seeeseeee 39
Piseases'of Cattle inc... 2s80.)G25.0c0.ccscccsasess 93
Diseases of the digestive organs............ 55
Diseases of the generative organs.......... 72
Diseases of the respiratory organs......... 49
Disegses of the Sik. s2.2c200.4.03 0002. 0cad<aecane 75
Diseases of tbe urinary Organs............. 68
DISCASES OL POWLENY,<o-,cckkonsacrasbarcesssacend 117
Diséases OF SRGGP.; «sas sieccsscecs pscssidancespsndee 114
IRCANES OL BR WING. <<: ts pr necereshepricneooyesy shoe 108
Directions for feeding Standard Food to
Cattle cis 5.icas-tonsapaceencs geese caeeteen es 29
Directions for feeding Standard Food to
Milch: Cow Sis.c.<- ss<ces sora oaieneaetesnaes 38
Directions for feeding Standard Food to
POUWILOLY sede cee ass wcavtheceraccst ascacqeienents 118
Directions for feeding Standard Food to
Po] | Cen intey aehape SPeeMenher me ee pe 2 116
Directions for feeding Standard Food to
BW UN Gscte ss oss savecssscues sah sesh vonevacucsaansees 113
Diseases among swine, causes........ ....... 109
Diseases among swine, prevention.. ..... 110
BRISCO MDOP evac-coctecs ses-cs'a-saecaeeoaneneedar sents 43
Does it pay to feed Standard Food? ...... 25
Drinking water, restrictions of............. 18
HUT OPSY > oc ccoses-cannrarestsesnthieaicinceneeicpensa elcome
Epizootic: Aphtha.is.ccsciecs-.cecaconenacdteaveet 105
Epizoctic Catarrini..c.cspece soencneensereertaee 41
IUPUI PEIONS... .sccaswaacsessesesspiesteaemnaceeae yes 78
RET CY ico ssi sctassk dase’ stant surusawenaaesstanuneenaceete 44
Feeding example, milch cows..............+ 36
Feeding standards............. ance ciheat aaeneeks 12
Feeding Standard for milch cows ......... 31
Feeding stock to produce flesh ............ Een |
Feed stuffs, digestibility of .................. 17
RUS Woe cach oes vs rene s asie Coc eeanton caseemncr sagep ean 89
MOI@R CO CRO ieieusiews dete -<nateeenacdasnsen Rev catatitaa 115
Food materials, nature of................0000 9
Foot diseases............s000 a Ay SRC 5 SEE 86

127

tA
Cla

128 INDEX.
OUNCE DR Zo05 5. scoscss since ox segeueastateonsts auestrass 92 PIQUTISY 1.0 secs cas uceces gsi senses iseceenea eee en
HPOST DIGEB i.e) .d.05. soc ssaiconsteccses ene 75 Pleuro-pneumonia............ seasueuoee eerie 106
GRE ROE Ay, ciees. scons pcdeth'esssausectevensnatea tc apenes OT): | PMOUMONIB os. soveds scopes canes caveineaseue seeeseeue) (OG
Generative organs, diseases of the........ Bes <HEOU SVIl Ccccccauseceneeveans otetuGe bud hoenneyuncuneenie 90
GUATIM ETS 2 e 0. iecees Seewek eee oe, eT 45°" “Poultry; Care Of%.; ..c..ccosse ceazaceacste eee 117
ASAI NGSICK TEAS :..22 002i teaph donc ents tov eeeeaeee 101 Pretace | iscsi inci Bincnedt sooew aed eee 3
NSTCANG ooo Saoc5s son vsebandcnsndpindbehetateoaaetvestee 76 Prevention plus profit..........c0ccceeeceeeee see 112
Guarantee Our. Ac.2cies ection teaeeee ete . 126 Prick i255... .iissatistectesacseves etree see eeteee anne 87
Guarantee in production of milk........... 387 “Proud flesh... ee 81
PA GAV CNC. Yin staves vas pacers wevans cn zie ecesneeepsaiaeens 52 PUNCEULESS 55550655 sss accca waco bis See eee
DES aD OUT coos ae els awaeeeccoeten tuastnctcret 58-97 Quitteris..:. cre eee
HOOS@ IR CAIV ES, cccsssuccedes Sosereeeecsensescess 101 Ration, how to compound @.......se00cceeee 13
Horses; care and management of.......... 39 ~ <Red water...v.... o.2silrs20bepeseaeaee sienna 103
ERO VON Ge), Men e Es eve ceste) dodeervane ess 100 Respiratory organs, diseases of.............. 49
Increased market value................1.esceee 27 Bhenumiatism..:2....i.citccskbssesh obs ee eee 46
Injudicious feeding or exposure, effects Rheumatism, Chronic.........:..:eccceseseeeeeee 47

OF Sst rok) deviate te ancuieou! soaceste ebprerviocetests 18) Rinderpest..:., <2: ifccecusse ccccn saeseeeeenmer meee 107
ENGISEAIION iit cop aderer necs=<uedes Savanecavens cansece OG) Rimpbone. .é...ic 02. oii sdccuaes epee 82
Nand @raZatwecc scscobes buaesacetcb oes csctatssenueueances 41 Saddle or collar galls. ss... scpncssvsssssuscastees 81
Injuries, local, lameness, etc................. 79 Sand or quarter crack:,.-..s.:.:cueskeewe noes 87
RTT GIN AIER CS capo pctce es spat pceh sovescesBazescGenss 6) Scratches... .c..i.5.tescccedes donee ee gee eee 75
EVENTING Chee oses Sonn conte cuaccdevesoroceee eececcbestne 99 Sheep, management of.......... <ieasweve sewers 114
Kidneys, inflammation of the............... 69° Side bones)... .22-5..c2. descensne cece takes eee 85
MIAIUPRS pi sck aa tcaccapetsensteens nsvocles see ocesee abecane 67°. Skin, diseases of 'the.:.:..v.dic.ccaseseuereneeaee 75
GAMA GIN OS sek tant cad secemucnsunvosdcontedrasscacseons 57 Sore teats rec cics. cuss cnccesercesnceaenar ts seeeeeee mame
ERS sere nec bod sec oocncqcescnveseanseioets ves teoanseue see 77 Soye throat::.2.-c.i..ccsccocsssunestesssewetaateas sees
Life sustaining ration, a ............ccceseeeee 19 = <Spavin, blood 4,. 5-:..Goct<cereccesesanee sae eee 84
Life sustaining ration, example ........... 24. ‘Spavin,; PONE 2..<; 20. coed. cacronsessncene eee 83
Thiver, diseases Of the:....: cc sicel ecdlevevases, ~OB <- GQplinnis.....c0d.ccs ie cnsarecneetteesnensen aeeEnae 85
Local injuries, lameness, etc ................. 79. / SPVAINS;.:.0.cc-cceceocesseseassa: covseeleeeeenteeemaaae 81
Lungs, congestion of the...............cc.e0 00 53 -~ Stallions, ‘sterility in <..::-.<ccccoseeedasesoeesse 74
PUNE TOV ONG. Cort se senk etl. daa vevecdsebossoseiee cos 53 Standard food, profit from feeding ........ 28
MEATUS Oise kevtes sdssserdedccastvesceceesvatuessceeeses 77 + Standard food, use of in preventing dis-
Milch cows, amount of water required CASO. 5. isan ovs ladectmcocedins veos seaureneaee pena 40

MOD. eas ahvekat se las ccvscneataaetauteoeesel seep esua tes 33 -Standard food; value Of.......; ..scuse1.s5-seeers 22
Maleh\ cows, TAtIOM TOF <5 iscceviescacstascwese es OL Stone in the bladder... icc: che sseccvernneee 71
ETC AEV CT) Sot coe sis oce end setecsonccns etter 96 StraN Pls. =.s.-2c.0-+sevesdensanaacneteneaniaeraaedate 43
Milk, special feeding for............0...c000e8 80.* « Swellings.t& G05 eee 81
ECE POV OR .ediveasvastesscavacedet scan gkauerkeean TD | BS WEG». ..020 icc ccoccecescoencccnussuceueseensetemeens 91
PATUET RAS Hse tises sens tacsas Scsdontseeacasenetstens 105 —-_—-" Texas feVeT........cscccoescseeeesvessoene boa gveasas 105
Mutton, feeding f0r...... .cuscccessccecsesseneys 116 ~~ “Thorovigh pin ...: ooo .ccc.acsecnnct easasesuussoaeae 85
INasalicleeti ts etiietesr ean a ccseeeen 52 "PH TUBH, iicbs. son voccssk decseocsaseseacekawassteanamees 88
INR VACUISY CISCHSO 00.2.5... loses scarce ssaeteye acces 88 Urinary organs, diseases of the............. 68
PATCUTIVION ,AITMICUIE: oo. 2. occ, setsac snes oneceeees 74 WOLIIS coco, socc 5k acs con eco eer cnocesetyaaseanee eens eeaee 60
Pink-eye........-.5 eaesweccercstcedacrsasaaeeeaneer are 42) Wand “galls... 2,0scccsvanesendeceusenet meee yee 86

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