- • The Flora of Canada Part 4 - Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae) National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Botany, No. 7(4) Mus£e national des Sciences naturelles Publications de Botanique, n° 7(4) Publie par Les musses nationaux du Canada Staff editor Bonnie Livingstone Published by the National Museums of Canada The Flora of Canada Part 4 - Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae) H.J. Scoggan © Crown copyrights reserved © Droits reserves au nom de la Couronne National Museum of Natural Sciences National Museums of Canada Ottawa, Canada Second quarter 1979 Catalogue No. NM95-9/7-4 Available by mail from the National Museums of Canada Marketing Services Ottawa, K1 A 0M8 P0987654321 Y79 Musee national des Sciences naturelles Musees nationaux du Canada Ottawa, Canada Deuxieme trimestre 1979 N° de catalogue NM95-9/7-4 L'^diteur remplit les commandes postales adressees aux Musees nationaux du Canada Service de distribution Ottawa, K1A0M8 T0987654321 A 79 Printed in Canada Imprime au Canada Part 4: ISBN 0-660-00100-4 Set Of 4: ISBN 0-660-001 39-X ISSN 0068-7987 LOASACEAE (Loasa Family) MENTZELIA L. [5383] Blazing Star Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with mostly alternate, sessile to slender-petioled, entire to pinnatifid, exstipulate, brittle leaves (floral leaves sometimes opposite), these very adhesive by the barbed (glochidiate) pubescence. Flowers perfect, regular, epigynous, solitary at the ends of the branches or irregularly cymose. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5 or sometimes apparently 10 (but the inner 5 then more or less staminodial and narrower), cream-colour to yellow, distinct. Stamens very numerous. Ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule. 1 Petals 5, yellow, to 6 mm long; calyx-lobes to 4 mm long; stamens 15-35; seeds prismatic, not flattened; flowers in irregular ieafy cymes; leaves to 1 dm long, the upper ones sessile, the lower ones subsessile or short-petioled; annuals to 4 dm tall; (s B.C.). 2 Cymes congested, their bracts mostly broadly lanceolate to ovate; capsules linear, to 3 cm long, their seeds 1 -rowed throughout, grooved on the vertical margins, very obscurely pebbled; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, entire to sinuate-lobed or even subpinnatifid; (s ?B.C.) [M. dispersa] 2 Cymes not congested, their bracts narrowly to broadly lanceolate; capsules linear-clavate, to 2.5 cm long, their basal seeds usually 1 -rowed and often grooved on the angles, the upper seeds usually irregularly disposed and not grooved, all of the seeds rather prominently pebbled; leaves various, the basal ones usually linear and entire to shallowly few-lobed, the cauline ones linear to lanceolate, from sub- entire to laciniate into linear lobes; (s B.C.) M. albicaulis 1 Petals to 8 cm long, the 5 true petals alternating with 5 more or less petaloid staminodia; calyx-lobes to 4 cm long; stamens very numerous; seeds flattened; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches (and often in the top 1 or 2 leaf-axils in M. laevicaulis); leaves to about 1.5 dm long; biennials or perennials to about 1 m tall, from a deep taproot. 3 Petals creamy or pale yellow, apparently 10 (but the inner 5 staminodial and not quite as broad as the others); floral bracts adherent to the ovary; seeds thin- margined but not winged; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, sharply sinuate-pinnatifid, the lower ones petioled, the upper ones sessile and often somewhat clasping; stems usually solitary (occasionally 2 or 3), simple below, branching above; (s Alta, to sw Man.) M. decapetala 3 Petals lemon-yellow, 5 (the 5 outer stamens sometimes flattened and somewhat petaloid but much narrower than the true petals); floral bracts not adherent to the ovary; seeds distinctly wing-margined; lower leaves petioled, oblanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid and somewhat runcinate-lobed, the upper ones sessile, oblong to ovate-oblong, less deeply lobed; stem usually solitary and branched above but also often branched near the base; (s B.C.) M. laevicaulis M. albicaulis Dougl. /t/W/ (T) Dry (usually sandy) valleys and foothills from s B.C. (Fraser-Thompson Valley n to Lillooet and Cache Creek and in the Dry Interior s to Keremeos, about 25 mi sw of Penticton) and Mont, to s Calif, and N.Mex. [Acrolasia Rydb.; Bartonia Dougl.; A. gracilis and A. ctenophora Rydb.; M. cten. and M. tweedyi Rydb.; M. ?gracilertta T, & G.]. M. decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg Stickleaf, Gumbo-Lily, Evening Star /T/WW/ (Hp) Dry prairies, plains, and lower montane slopes from s Alta. (West Butte; Fort Macleod; Belly R.; Lethbridge; Medicine Hat), s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Eastend, Empress, and Roche Percee; Breitung 1957a), and sw Man. (Boissevain, about 40 mi s of Brandon; WIN) to Nev., Mexico, Tex,, and Okla. [Bartonia Pursh; Nuttallia Greene; B. ( M .) ornata Pursh], [M, dispersa Wats.] [Collections in CAN from s B.C. (n to Lillooet) have been placed here but might apparently 1117 Loasaceae equally well be referred to M. albicaulis. The species ranges in the w U.S.A. from Wash, and Mont, to s Calif, and Colo. ( Acrolasia Davidson; M. albicaulis var. integrifolia Wats.).] M. laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. /t/W/ (Hs) Dry valleys and lower montane slopes from s B.C. (Dry Interior n to near Lillooet, e to Keremeos, about 25 mi sw of Penticton) and Mont, to Calif., Utah, and Wyo. [ Bartonia Dougl.; Nuttallia Greene]. The B.C. plant is referable to var. parviflora (Dougl.) Hitchc. ( Bartonia parv . Dougl.; petals to 4 cm long rather than to 8 cm, capsules usually less than 2 cm long rather than to 3.5 cm). 1118 CACTACEAE (Cactus Family) Stems very fleshy, ovoid to globose ( Coryphantha ) or consisting of subterete or flattened jointed segments ( Opuntia ), green, leafless but commonly with long slender sharp spines subtended by a cluster of woolly hairs or small bristles. Flowers large and showy, regular, perfect, epigynous, sessile (or the base of the ovary prolonged). Sepals, petals, and stamens each numerous, distinct. Ovary inferior. Fruit a dry, pulpy, or juicy berry. 1 Stem a single ovoid to globose body covered with spine-bearing tubercles; flowers greenish white or purple, arising from the base of young tubercles near the summit of the stem, they and the spines subtended by a cluster of woolly hairs Coryphantha 1 Stem jointed, the segments subterete or distinctly flattened, the large yellow flowers borne along the margins of the newer segments; spines subtended by spinose barbed bristles Opuntia CORYPHANTHA (Engelm.) Lemaire 15411] 1 Flowers greenish white, barely reddish-tinged; fruit reddish, subglobose, less than 1 cm long; main spines solitary, greyish; (?Man.) [C, missouriensis] 1 Flowers reddish purple; fruit greenish, oblong, 1 or 2 cm long; main spines in clusters of 3 or more, one of them deflexed, the others ascending, reddish brown; (s Alta, to sw Man.) , , , . . C. vivipara [C. missouriensis (Sweet) Britt. & Rose] [Reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Idaho and Mont.) from Man. by Burman (1909), Jackson et al. (1922), Rydberg (1932), and Hitchcock et al. (1961) require confirmation. ( Mamiilaria Sweet; Cactus Ktze.; Neomamillaria Britt. & Rose; not Opuntia missouriensis DC.).] C. vivipara (Nutt.) Britt. & Brown /T/WW/ (Ch (succulent)) Dry sandy prairies and hillsides from s Alta. (Fort Macleod; Medicine Hat), Sask. (n to near Saskatoon), and sw Man. (Lauder; Grande Clariere; Oak Lake; Virden; Spruce Woods Forest Reserve) to Oreg.. Colo., Kans., and w Minn. [Cactus Nutt.; Mamiilaria Haw.; Neomamillaria Britt. & Rose], OPUNTIA Mill. [5417] Prickly Pear, Indian Fig 1 Segments of stem not greatly flattened, readily detached, usually less than 5 cm long, their spines about 5 in a cluster, to about 2 cm long; fruit dry, spiny, to 2 cm long; (B.C. to Ont.) O. fragiiis 1 Segments of stem conspicuously flattened, not easily detached. 2 Fruit juicy, red or red-purple, not spiny, to 5 cm long; segments of stem to 2.5 dm long, the spines wanting or solitary and up to 5 cm long; (s Ont.) O. compressa 2 Fruit dry, spiny, about 2 cm long; segments of stem to 1 .5 dm long, the spines in clusters of at least 5; (B.C. to Sask.) 0. polyacantha O. compressa (Salisb.) Macbr. /t/EE/ (Ch (succulent)) Dry sands and rocks from s Minn, to s Ont. (Pelee Point and Pelee Is., Essex Co.; a report from Long Point, Norfolk Co., noted by John Macoun 1883) and Mass., s to Okla., Mo., Miss., Ala., and Ga. [Cactus Salisb.; O. humifusa Raf. ; O. opuntia Karst.; O. rafinesquii Engelm.; O. vulgaris of auth., not Mill.], map: Benson 1962: fig. 3-16, p. 74. O. fragiiis (Nutt.) Haw. /T/WW/ (Ch (succulent)) Dry prairies, sand-hills, and rocks from B.C. (n to Taylor Flats, in the Peace R. system at 56°08'N) to Alta, (n to the Peace R. system at 56°12'N), s Sask. (N to Swift Current), s Man. (Spruce Woods Forest Reserve se of Brandon; Whiteshell Forest Reserve and the Lake of the Woods region e of Winnipeg), and Ont. (islands and shores of Rainy L. and Lake of the Woods; reported from near Kaladar, Lennox & Addington Co., by Roland BescheL Blue Bill 14:11. 1119 Cactaceae 1967), s to n Calif., Tex., Kans., Iowa, and III. [Cacfus Nutt.; O. missouriensis sensu John Macoun 1883, as to the Peace River, Alta., plant, not DC., and O. polyacantha sensu Raup 1934, not Haw., the relevant collections in CAN], O. polyacantha Haw /T/WW/ (Ch (succulent)) Dry prairies, sand-hills, and rocks from s B.C. (Saltspring Is.; Dry Interior n to Kamloops and Kelowna), s Alta, (along the Belly, Milk, and Red Deer rivers), and s Sask. (n to Saskatoon) to Qreg.. Ariz., Tex., and Mo. [0. missouriensis DC., not Mamillaria ( Coryphantha ) miss. Sweet; Cactus ferox Nutt.]. 1120 THYMELAEACEAE (Mezereum Family) Shrubs to 1 or 2 m tall, with simple, alternate, entire, stipulate, oblanceolate to oblong-obovate leaves to about 8 cm long Flowers regular, perfect, perigynous, about 1 cm long, sessile or subsessile in lateral clusters, preceding the leaves in early spring. Calyx coloured and petaloid, 4-lobed or the lobes obsolete. Petals none. Stamens 8. Ovary partially inferior. Fruit a 1 -seeded berry-like drupe. 1 Calyx rose-purple, pubescent, with 4 somewhat spreading lobes; stamens and style included, the anthers nearly sessile at the top of the calyx-tube; drupe red; leaves oblanceolate, tapering to the subpetiolar base; (introd.) Daphne 1 Calyx light yellow, glabrous, its lobes obsolete; stamens and style long-exserted, the anther-filaments elongate; drupe green, yellowish, or red; leaves oval-obovate, usually rounded at the very short-petioled base; twigs jointed; bark fibrous and remarkably strong; (Ont. to N S.) Dirca DAPHNE L. [5455] Mezereum D. mezereum L. Daphne. Bois gentil or Bois joli Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides, thickets, and limestone quarries in N. America, as in Ont. (m to the Ottawa dist,), sw Que. (n to the Montreal dist), Nfld. (Boivin 1966b), N.B. (Fowler 1885; near Fredericton), P.E.I.. and N.S. DIRCA L. [5458] D. palustris L. Leatherwood. Wicopy. Bois de plomb /T/EE/ (N) Rich deciduous or mixed woods from Minn, to Ont. (N to near Thunder Bay and Haileybury, 47°27'N), Que. (n to L. Nominingue, Labelle Co,, and Montmorency Falls, e of Quebec City), N.B. (York and Madawaska counties; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S, (gypsum quarries in Hants Co.), s to La. and n Fla. maps: Atlas of Canada 1957: map 13, sheet 38; Stebbins 1942: fig. 1, p. 246; the s Ont. distribution is shown in a map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:25. 1121 ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family) Shrubs or small trees with silvery- or rusty-scurfy, entire, exstipulate, short-petioied, opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, perigynous, in small clusters in the leaf-axils. Calyx-lobes usually 4. Petals none. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Ovary apparently inferior (but not actually acfnate to the calyx-tube). Fruit pulpy and drupe-like. 1 Leaves opposite, densely rusty- or silvery-scurfy beneath; flowers unisexual; sepals 4; stamens 8; fruit fleshy Shepherdia 1 Leaves alternate, densely silvery-scurfy at least beneath; sepals and stamens each 2 or 4 2 Sepals and stamens each 4; flowers perfect or polygamous (mixed perfect and unisexual); hypanthium-tube elongated; fruit silvery-scurfy, dry and mealy; leaves lanceolate to ovate or obovate - Elaeagnus 2 Sepals and stamens each 2; flowers unisexual; hypanthium-tube short; fruit orange; leaves linear-lanceolate, to 8 cm long, silvery-scurfy on both sides or becoming subglabrous and dull green above; (introd. in Alta.) Hippophae ELAEAGNUS L. [5472] Oleaster, Chalef 1 Leaves lanceolate, commonly over 3 times as long as broad, silvery-scurfy beneath, greener above, flattish-margined; young twigs silvery-scurfy; style surrounded or covered by a disc; plant to 7 m tall, sometimes thorny; (introd.) E. angustifolia 1 Leaves ovate- to obovale-oblong, commonly less than 3 times as long as broad, silvery-scurfy on both sides, strongly wavy-margined; young twigs rusty-scurfy; disc none; plant to 4 m tall, not thorny; (B.C. to Gue.) £ commutata E. angustifolia L. Russian Olive, Oleaster Eurasian; spreading from cult, in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivfn 1966b), Alta. (Moss 1959), Man. (Boivin 1966b), and s Ont. (York, Middlesex, and Lincoln counties). E. commutata Bernh. Silverberry, Bois d'argent or Chalef /ST/(X}/ (N (Me)) Prairies, dry fields, gravel ridges, and shores from N-cent. Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 67°30'N) and w-cent. Dist. Mackenzie (N to Norman Wells, ca. 65°N) to B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to the Nelson R, about 20 mi sw of York Factory, Hudson Bay; CAN), and northernmost Ont., s to Idaho, Utah, S.Dak,, Minn., cent. Ont. (s to the nw shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay, the Blackwater R,, L. Nipigon, and the Albany and Moose rivers sw of James Bay at ca. 5TN), and sw-cent. Que, (se James Bay at ca. 52°30'N s to the Harricanaw R. at ca. 50°10'N; near L. Timiskaming at ca. 47°25'N, 79°30'W; see the James Bay watershed map by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958: fig. 12, p. 136); isolated stations in e Que. (Quebec City dist.; St-Augustin, Portneuf Co.; Bic, Rimouski Co.; Gaspe Pen. at Mont St-Pierre and Perce and along the Metis and Bonaventure rivers). [E. argentea Nutt., not Moench; E. veteris-castelli Lepage], map: Hulten 1968b: 684. HIPPOPHAE L. [5470] H. rhamnoides L. Sea Buckthorn Eurasian; reported as introd. in Alta, by Moss (1959; "Sometimes found as an escape and well adapted for growth on sandy soil and steep slopes."). SHEPHERDIA Nutt. [5471] 1 Leaves wedge-oblong, densely silvery-scurfy beneath; young twigs silvery-scurfy; older branches commonly spine-tipped; fruit scarlet; shrub or small tree to about 6 m tall; (Alta. to Man.) S. argentea 1 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, densely rusty-scurfy beneath; young twigs rusty- scurfy; fruit yellowish red; unarmed shrub usually less than 2 m tall; (transcontinental) S. canadensis 1122 Shepherdia S. argentea (Pursh} Nutt. Buffalo-berry /T/WW/ (Me} Open woods, thickets, rocks, and shores from s Alta, (n to Medicine Hat), s Sask. (n to near Saskatoon), and s Man. (n to Lac du Bonnet, about 50 mi ne of Winnipeg) to s Calif., N.Mex., Kans., and Iowa. [Hippophae Pursh; Lepargyraea Greene; reports from B.C. probably refer to Elaeagnus commutata; see Boivin 1967a], The Canadian area in the maps by Preston {1961:328; 1947:252) is completely erroneous, apparently applicable to S. canadensis but incomplete northwards for that species. S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Soapberry /ST/X/ {N (Me)) Open woods, thickets, rocks, and shores from n Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 69°N) to Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (N to Churchill), northernmost Ont,, Que. (n to s Ungava Bay, L. St. John, and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., and N.S. (Hants, Inverness, and Victoria counties; not known from P.E.I.), s to Oreg.. N.Mex., S.Dak., Minn., Ohio, and New Eng. [Hippophae L.; Elaeagnus Nels.; Lepargyraea Greene], maps: Hulten 1968b: 684; Raup 1947: pi. 30. 1123 LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family) Herbs with chiefly opposite or whorled, entire, exstipulate leaves and 4-angled stems. Flowers perfect, perigynous, regular (somewhat irregular in Cuphea). Calyx-lobes and petals each 5, 6, or 7, the stamens as many or twice as many (then in 2 sets of unequal length), inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube below the petals, the calyx with a small appendage in each sinus. Ovary partially inferior. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. 1 Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate-spatulate, 1 or 2 cm long; flowers about 1 mm long, subsessile, solitary in the leaf-axils, the petals early deciduous; cap- sule subglobose, about 1.5 mm long; plant glabrous [Peplis] 1 Stems erect or ascending; flowers and capsules larger. 2 Calyx (and capsule} globose or nearly so; petals purplish; plants of wet or muddy habitats. 3 Flowers few and crowded in nearly or quite sessile axillary cymes; petals 4, small (the blade about 1 mm long), deciduous or sometimes wanting; calyx 4-angled and 4-toothed; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, cordate-clasping at base, to 4 cm long; annual to about 4 dm tall; (s B.C.) Ammannia 3 Flowers long-pedicelled in clusters in the upper axils; petals 5, about 12 mm long; calyx 5-7-angled and with 5-7 teeth; leaves opposite or whorled, nearly sessile, lanceolate, to 1.5 dm long; stems to 2.5 dm long, the arching submersed base spongy-thickened; perennial; (Ont., sw Que., and N.S.) Decodon 2 Calyx cylindric; petals usually 6, purple or red-purple; stems softer. 4 Calyx saccate on one side at base; 2 petals larger than the other 4; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils or in short racemes; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, long- petioled, opposite; very viscid-hairy branching annual; (introd.) [Cuphea] 4 Calyx regular at base; petals equal; leaves sessile: plants perennial Lythrum AMMANNIA L. [5474] A. coccinea Rottb. /t/X/ (T) Wet shores and muddy (often alkaline) places from s B.C. (Osoyoos L., near the U.S.A. boundary about 30 mi s of Penticton, where “apparently thriving in alkali encrustations’’ along muddy edges of the lake; Eastham 1947) and Wash, to Nebr., Minn., III., and Ohio, s to Tex., Mexico, and Fla.; tropical America. [CUPHEA P. Br.] [5478] [C petiolata (L.) Koehne] Clammy Cuphea, Blue Waxweed [Native in the e U.S.A, (Iowa to (nd., Ohio, and New Eng., s to La. and Ga.; introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (John Macoun 1890; C. viscosissima. In cultivated fields between Hamilton and St. Catherines, Ont.”), where apparently not taken since that time and scarcely established. (Lythrum L.; C. viscosissima Jacq.).] DECODON Gmel. [5488] Swamp Loosestrife D. verticillatus (L.) Eli. Water-willow, Water-oleander /T/EE/ (Ch) Swamps and shallow pools from Minn, to Wise., Ont. (n to near Chalk River. Renfrew Co.; DAO; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 19, p. 31), sw Que. (n to Pontiac and Gatineau counties and the Montreal dist. ; see s Que. map by Robert Joyal, Nat. can. (Que.) 97(5); map D, fig. 2, p. 564. 1970), and N.S. (Shelburne and Digby counties; not known from N.B. or P.E.L), s to La. and Fla. [Lythrum L.; Nesaea HBK,], Some of our material is referable to var. laevigatus T, & G. (plant nearly or quite glabrous rather than soft-pubescent), 1124 Peplis LYTHRUM L. [5476] Loosestrife 1 Median and upper leaves alternate, the flowers solitary in their axils; petals purple, about 5 mm long; stamens 5, 6, or 7; leaves to about 5 cm long; plant glabrous; (?B.C. and s Ont.) L alatum 1 Leaves mostly opposite or whorled (or the uppermost ones and the floral bracts alter- nate); flowers in whorls in a terminal interrupted leafy spike; petals red-purple, to 1 cm long; stamens usually 12; (introd.) L salicaria L alatum Pursh /t/EE/ (Hpr) Swamps, meadows, prairies, and ditches from S.Dak. to $ Ont. (Essex, Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Waterloo, and York counties) and N.Y., s to Tex., La., and Ga. Reports from B.C. require confirmation. It may have been introd. there. L. salicaria L. Spiked Loosestrife. Salicaire or Bouquet violet Eurasian; locally abundant in N. America (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below) along shores and in wet meadows and river-floodplains, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant essentially glabrous; spike slender and loosely flowered; [a nursery-escape be- coming natzd. near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, Man.; Love and Bernard 1 959] var. gracilior Turcz. 1 Plant more or less pubescent; spike relatively thick and compact. 2 Calyx and bracts white-tomentose; [var. pubescens Pursh; L tomentosum Mill.; B.C, (Vancouver Is.), Man. (N to Neepawa, about 35 mi ME of Brandon), Ont. (n to Kapuskasing, 49°24'N), and Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.)] var. tomentosum (Mill.) DC. 2 Calyx and bracts greenish, somewhat pubescent; [S B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Vancouver; Cloverdale; Chilliwack), s Alta. (Calgary), Man. (n to Neepawa), Ont. (N to Lanark and Carleton counties), Que. (recorded N to near Montreal but probably extending considerably farther northeastwards along the St. Lawrence R. ), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; map (aggregate species): Meusel 1943: fig. 35b] var. salicaria [PEPLIS L.] [5475] [P. portula L.] Water-Purslane [Reports of this European species from Labrador by Schrank (1818), E. Meyer (1830), and Schlechtendal (1836) undoubtedly refer to some other species.] 1125 NYSSACEAE (Sour Gum Family) NYSSA L. [6151] Tupelo, Sour Gum Tree to over 30 m tall with alternate, commonly entire, exstipulate, elliptic to obovate leaves to about 1.5 dm long. Flowers unisexual, the staminate ones borne in peduncled umbels or umbel-like racemes, with commonly about 10 stamens. Pistillate flowers sessile in clusters of up to 8 at the end of a peduncle. Calyx-lobes 5, minute. Petals 5, very small and fleshy, or none. Ovary inferior. Fruit a dark-blue or black drupe, (s Ont). N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum /t/EE/ (Ms) Woods, swamps, damp sands, and shores from se Minn, to Wise., s Ont. (all the counties bordering L. Erie n to Lambton. Middlesex, and Lincoln counties; see s Ont. map by Fox and Soper 1953: map 25, p. 27), and Maine, s to Mexico, Tex., and Fla. maps: Little 1971: map 144-N; Hosie 1969:290; Fowells 1965:278; Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:266; Preston 1961:326; Hough 1947.363; Munns 1938; map 157, p. 161; Braun 1935: fig. 1, p. 352; combine the maps by M.L. Fernald. Rhodora 37(444): map 1, p. 435, and map 4 (var. caroliniana), p. 436. 1935. Fernald's map 1 indicates a station for the typical form in s Ont., apparently in Norfolk Co. However, most of our material is referable to var. caroliniana (Poir.) Fern. (N. car. Poir.; N. multiflora sensu John Macoun 1884, not Wang,; leaves of the fertile shoots relatively thin and broad, papillate beneath rather than glabrous or glabrate, tapering to the acuminate apex rather than often abruptly short-acuminate). 1126 MELASTOMATACEAE (Melastoma Family) RHEXIA L. [5664] Deergrass, Meadow-beauty Perennial herb with opposite minutely dentate ovate-lanceolate to ovate sessile leaves, the narrowly 4-winged stem to about 1 m tall, from tuberous-thickened roots. Flowers showy, purple, perfect, regular, perigynous, to 2 cm long, in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes and petals each 4. Stamens 8, inserted with the petals at the summit of the calyx-tube, the anthers opening by apical pores. Ovary apparently inferior (but not adnate to the calyx-tube). Fruit a 4-locular capsule. R. virginica L, Common Meadow-beauty /T/EE/ (Grt) Peats, wet sands, and gravels from s Ont. (n to the Georgian Bay dist., L. Huron, and Algonquin Provincial Park, about 150 mi e of Ottawa; see s Ont. map by Soper 1956: map 10, p. 84) and N.S. (Yarmouth, Shelburne, Queens, Annapolis, and Lunenburg counties) to Mo,. Tenn., Ala., and Ga.; introd. in sw B C. (Lulu Is., where presumably introd. with blueberry plants imported from the East; Herb. V). 1127 ONAGRACEAE (Evening-Primrose Family) Herbs with simple, opposite or alternate, entire to deeply pinnatifid, exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, epigynous. Sepals and petals each 2 or 4. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Style solitary, slender, the stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. Ovary inferior. Fruit few-seeded and indehiscent or a many-seeded dehiscent capsule. 1 Sepals, petals, and stamens each 2; fruits obovoid or pear-shaped, usually slightly compressed, bristly with hooked hairs, to 5 mm long, on reflexed pedicels, indehiscent; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, Jong-petioled, opposite Circaea 1 Sepals and petals each 4 (the petals sometimes wanting in Ludwigia); stamens 4 or 8; fruit not bristly; leaves mostly narrower in outline, sessile or short-petioled. 2 Fruit indehiscent, obtusely 4-angled, 6 or 7 mm long, with at most 4 seeds; petals white to pink or red, to 5 or 6 mm long, slender-clawed, ephemeral; stamens 8; stigma shortly 4-lobed; stamens 8; stem-leaves alternate, sessile Gaura 2 Fruit a dehiscent many-seeded capsule opening lengthwise by valves, usually loculicidai. 3 Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs (a coma) at summit (except in E. glandulosum var. ecomosum ); capsule slender, its separated valves recurving; stamens 8; petals white, pink, or purple (yellow only in E. luteum): leaves opposite or alternate or both Epitobium 3 Seeds naked, lacking a coma; leaves nearly always alternate. 4 Capsule less than twice as long as broad, 4-angled, many-seeded, less than 1 cm long; sepals persistent; hypanthium not prolonged above the ovary; stamens 4; stems to over 1 m long, erect to depressed, creeping, or floating; perennials of aquatic, marshy, or muddy habitats Ludwigia 4 Capsule usually several times as long as broad, seldom 4-angled, often over 1 cm long; hypanthium usually prolonged as a tube above the ovary (and capsule), but usually deciduous as the fruit matures; stamens 8 (but 4 of the anthers reduced and non-functional in Clarkia pulchella). 5 Ovary (and capsule) 2-locular, the capsule dehiscing by 4 valves, linear to linear-clavale, its seeds 1 -rowed in each locule; petals white to pinkish, at most 1 mm ong; stigma capitate; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, entire; annuals; (S B.C. and sw Alta.) Gayophytum 5 Ovary (and capsule) 4-locuiar; petals usually conspicuous, 6 Petals mostly yellow, sometimes white (frequently aging reddish or purplish); anthers usually versatile (attached near the middle to the filaments); annuals or perennials Oenothera 6 Petals pink to lavender, rose-purple, or purple; anthers erect, attached near the base; leaves linear to lanceolate (those subtending the flowers often broader), entire or denticulate. 7 Flowers axillary, sessile or subsessile; calyx-lobes erect; (B.C. to sw Sask.) Boisduvalia 7 Flowers pedicelled or, if sessile, the calyx-lobes either reflexed or connate and turned to one side; (s B.C.) Clarkia BOISDUVALIA Spach [5798] 1 Petals to over 8 mm long; capsules slenderly fusiform, straight, very short-beaked, to 1 cm long, the internal partitioning septa completely free from the valves, almost entirely adherent to the seed-bearing placentae, these persisting as a central core until the seeds (usually less than 6 in each locule) are shed; flowers crowded but the inflorescence elongating in fruit; leaves to 5 cm long, lanceolate to ovate, entire or remotely denticulate; plant usually densely ashy-strigose to softly pilose and also often glandular; (s B.C. and s Alta.) B. densiflora 1128 Circaea 1 Petals at most 4 mm long; capsules narrower in outline, their internal septa adherent to the valves, the seed-bearing placentae usually disintegrating as the seeds (usually 6 or more in each locule) are shed. 2 Plant viltous-pilose, usually ashy; flowers usually not crowded; leaves to 4 cm long, linear to narrowly lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate; capsules to about 1 cm long, short-beaked, usually somewhat curved and constricted between the seeds, these at most 8 in each locule; (sw B.C,) B. stricta 2 Plant strigose to glabrate, greenish; flowers usually crowded; leaves less than 2 cm long, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, denticulate; capsules averaging about 7 mm long, pointed but not beaked, nearly straight, with often more than 8 seeds in each locule; (B.C. to sw Sask.) B. glabella B. densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. /T/W/ (T) Moist ground from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is., where first taken by Dawson in 1876; CAN) and s Alta. (Lethbridge; CAN) to Baja Calif., Nev., Idaho, and Mont. [Oenothera Lindl.; O. (B.) s alicina Nutt.; B. douglasii Spach). map: P.H, Raven and D.M. Moore, Brittonia 17(3): fig. 14, p. 248. 1965. B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. /T/WW/ (T) Moist ground from sw B.C. (Douglas L., Vancouver Is.), s Alta. (Milk River and near Medicine Hat; CAN), and Sask. (Cypress Hills; Mortiach; Bracken) to s Calif., Utah, and S.Dak [Oenothera Nutt.], map: Raven and Moore, loc. cit., fig. 15, p. 252, B. stricta (Gray) Greene /t/W/ (T) Moist ground from sw B.C. (Douglas L., Vancouver Is.; Herb, V) to cent. Calif, and Idaho. [Gayophytum Gray], map; Raven and Moore, loc. cit., fig. 12, p. 248. CIRCAEA L. [5828] Enchanter’s Nightshade 1 Fruit longitudinally furrowed, to 5 mm long, equally 2-locular and 2-seeded; calyx-lobes to 2.5 mm broad: leaves usually more than twice as long as broad, firm, dark green above, rounded or at most subcordate at base; stem firm; (Man, to N.S.) C. quadrisulcata 1 Fruit not furrowed, at most about 3 mm long; calyx-lobes less than 2 mm broad; leaves usually less than twice as long as broad, pale green and more or less flaccid, cordate or subcordate at base; stem weak. 2 Fruit 1 -locular and 1 -seeded; anthers less than 0,5 mm long; leaves mostly not over 5 cm long; stem usually less than 3 dm tall; (transcontinental) C. alpina 2 Fruit unequally 3-locular but often only 1 -seeded; anthers at least 0.5 mm long; leaves to over 8 cm long; stem to about 4.5 dm tall; (Que. to N.S.) C. canadensis C. alpina L. /ST/X/EA/ (Grh) Cool moist woods and clearings from the e Aleutian Is., cent. Alaska, and sw Dist. Mackenzie (not known from the Yukon but very close to it along the Alaska-B.C. boundary) to B. C. -Alta., Sask. (n to Windrum L. at ca. 56°N), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (N to Sandy L. at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 54°N, L. St. John, and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I.. and N.S., s to s Calif., Utah, Colo., S.Dak., Mich., Tenn., and Ga.; Eurasia. [Incl. var, pacifica (Aschers. & Magnus) Jones (C. pac. A. & M.), the leaves less deeply toothed and less deeply cordate at base than in the typical form], map; Hultbn 1968b:693. C. canadensis Hill /T/E/ (Grh) Rich or alluvial woods from Que. (n to L. St. John and the Gaspe Pen.; reports from Man. and Ont. require confirmation), N.B., and N.S. to W.Va. and Va. [C. intermedia of Canadian reports, not Ehrh.]. map: Hulten 1958: map 58. p. 77. Concerning the probable origin of this taxon through hybridization between C. alpina and C. quadrisulcata (var. ? canadensis ), see T.S. Cooperrider (Rhodora 64(757): 63-67. 1962). 1129 Onagraceae C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. /T/EE/A/ (Grh) Rich woods, thickets, and ravines from se ?Man. (Lowe 1943; near the Ont. boundary) to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dish). Que. (n to the S Gaspe Pen.; see Que. map by Doyon and Lavoie 1966: fig. 25 (C. lut. var. can.), p. 821), ?Nfld. (Boivin 1966b; not known from P.E.I.), N.B., and N.S., s to Okla., Mo., Tenn., and Ga.; Asia. [C. lutetiana var. quad. Maxim.], map: Hulten 1958: map 57, p. 77. The N. American plant is referable to var. canadensis (L.) Hara (C. lut. var. can. L.; C. tatifolia Hill; petals white rather than roseate; sepals mostly greenish, sparingly glandular-pilose or glabrate, rather than brownish red and copiously glandular-pilose). CLARKIA Pursh [5799] (Ref.: Lewis and Lewis 1955) 1 Petals distinctly clawed, the claw usually with a pair of opposite short blunt teeth near base; flowers slightly irregular, not closing at night; flower-buds nodding; hypanthium to 3 mm long; plants finely strigose; (s B.C.). 2 Petals 3-lobed to about the middle, the central lobe the broadest; fertile stamens 4, the anthers coiling after dehiscence, the other 4 stamens reduced and sterile; stigmas white; capsule about 2 cm long; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, entire or denticulate, to 7 cm long and 1 cm broad; (s B.G.) C. puichella 2 Petals with a narrow entire rhomboidal blade; fertile stamens 8; stigma-lobes white or purple; capsule to over 3 cm long; leaves mostly subopposite, lanceolate to elliptic, to 7 cm long and 2 cm broad; (s ?B.C.) [C. rhomboidea] 1 Petals neither clawed nor lobed; flowers regular, tending to close at night. 3 Calyx-lobes usually distinct and sharply reflexed (sometimes partly united); petals to 1.5 cm long, with or without a carmine or purplish central spot; hypanthium to 7 mm long; stigma-lobes about 1 mm long, purplish; capsule nearly or quite sessile, to 2.5 cm long and rather uniformly 2 or 3 mm thick, often becoming somewhat 4-angled; leaves to 5 cm long and 7 mm broad; (introd. in sw B.C.) [C. quadrivulnera] 3 Calyx-lobes usually united and turned to one side under the flower; stigma-lobes creamy or yellow; capsules on pedicels to 1 cm long, linear to somewhat clavate, to 5 cm long; leaves to 7 cm long and 6 mm broad. 4 Flower-buds and tip of inflorescence reflexed, becoming erect only as flowering progresses; hypanthium to 3 mm long; petals to 2 cm long, usually not spotted; style shorter than the stamens, the stigma-lobes creamy, to 1.5 mm long; capsules attenuate to a distinct slender beak; (sw ?B.C.) [C. gracilis ] 4 Flower-buds and tip of inflorescence erect; hypanthium to 1 cm long; petals to 4 cm long, usually carmine-spotted at the centre; style usually surpassing the stamens, the stigma-lobes yellow, to over 5 mm long; capsules beakless or with a beak to several mm long; (sw B.C.) C. amoena C. amoena (Lehm.) Nets. & Macbr, /t/W/ (T) Valleys and lower montane slopes from sw B.C. (Mt. Finlayson, Vancouver Is.; Mayne Is.; CAN) to cent, Calif. The species is reported as introd. in Que. by C. Rousseau (Nat. can. (Que.) 98(4):71 5. 1971 ; Ste-Foy, near Quebec City, as Godetia amoena). map and synonymy: see below. 1 Stigma linear, usually well over 2 mm long and surpassing the stamens; petals mostly over 2 cm long. 2 Plant often sprawling, usually less than 1 m tall; [Oenothera Lehm.; Godetia Don; G. epilobioides Wats.; Calif, only, B.C. reports referring to the following varieties; MAP: Lewis and Lewis 1955: fig. 2, p. 266] [var. amoena] 2 Plant erect, to over 2 m tall; [Oenothera lindleyi Dougl.; Vancouver Is.; map: on the above-noted map] var. lindleyi (Dougl.) Hitchc. 1 Stigma oval, usually less than 2 mm long and not surpassing the stamens; petals mostly less than 2 cm long; [Godetia caurina Abrams; G. epilobioides of B.C. reports, not Wats.; Vancouver Is.; map: on the above-noted map] var. caurina (Abrams) Hitchc. 1130 Epilobium [C. gracilis (Piper) Nels. & Macbr.] [A report of this species of the w U.S.A. (s Oreg. and n Calif.) from Vancouver Is., B.C., by Piper (see Eastham 1947) requires confirmation. The map by Lewis and Lewis (1955: fig. 6, p. 281) indicates no Canadian stations. ( Godetia Piper).] C. pulchella Pursh /t/W/ (T) Valleys and shores from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. to Creston, s of 50°N) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont. [Oenothera Levi.], map: Lewis and Lewis 1955: fig. 27, p. 357. [C. quadrivulnera (Dougl.) Nels. & Macbr.] [Native in the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Baja Calif.); known in Canada only from sw B.C. (Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., where taken by John Macoun on wharf-ballast in 1887 but not noted since that date and thus scarcely established; CAN). (Oenothera Dougl.; Godetia Spach; G. hispidula sensu Macoun 1890, not Wats,, the relevant collection being the above-noted one in CAN). The map by Lewis and Lewis (1955: fig. 13, p. 302) indicates the northernmost stations as being along the Juan de Fuca Strait in n Wash., just s of the s tip of Vancouver Is.] [C. rhomboidea Dougl.] [This species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to s Calif., Utah, and Ariz.) is noted by Eastham (1947) as having been collected near the B.C. boundary and the map by Lewis and Lewis (1955: fig. 25, p. 349) indicates stations either in or very close to s B.C. The authors, however, do not cite any B.C. localities and its occurrence there requires confirmation. ( Oenothera Levi.; Phaeostoma Nels.).] EPILOBIUM L. [5795] Willow-herb 1 Stigma deeply 4-lobed, the lobes usually at least about 2 mm long; capsules to 8 cm long; leaves subsessile. 2 Petals yellow, shallowly obcordate, to 18 mm long; flowers 2-10 in the axils of the somewhat reduced upper leaves, the ovaries and usually the pedicels glandular- puberulent; corolla regular; stamens and style erect or ascending, the style usually considerably surpassing the petals and stamens; stigma-lobes about 2 mm long; free part of hypanthium 1 or 2 mm long; leaves mostly opposite, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, rounded to acuminate at apex, glandular-toothed, glabrous except for the usually puberulent margins; (B.C. and Alta.) £ iuteum 2 Petals roseate to purplish; flowers in racemes. 3 Petals obcordate, purple, to 2 cm long, the corolla regular; stamens and style erect or ascending, the former in 2 or more series; free part of hypanthium about 2 mm long; leaves lanceolate to oblong, partly clasping at base, soft and hairy, sharply serrulate; plant long-villous with spreading hairs, from stout rope-like rhizomes; (introd.) E. hirsutum 3 Petals rounded at summit, roseate to purplish, to 3 cm long, the corolla slightly irregular; stamens and style successively declined, the former in a single series; free hypanthium lacking (the calyx cleft to the top of the ovary); plants glabrous or finely strigillose-puberulent; (transcontinental). 4 Stems depressed and densely matted, upwardly arching, commonly several from a caespitose rootstock; leaves mostly opposite, thick and fleshy, whitish or strongly glaucous, not veiny, less than 8 cm long; racemes usually not more than 15-flowered, their bracts not much reduced; style shorter than the stamens, glabrous; stigma-lobes short and thick E. latifolium 4 Stems erect, usually solitary, to about 2 m tall, from rhizome-like roots; leaves mostly alternate, relatively thin, green above, pale and reticulate-veiny be- neath, commonly over 8 cm long; racemes usually at least 15-flowered, their bracts greatly reduced; style surpassing the stamens, hairy at base; stigma- lobes slender, soon recurved E. angustifolium 1 Stigma entire or only obscurely 4-lobed (the lobes coalescing); petals 2-lobed at summit, at most 1 cm long, whitish, pink, roseate, purplish, or violet, the corolla regular; stamens and style erect or ascending, the former in 2 or more series; hypanthium more or less 1131 Onagraceae prolonged between the summit of the ovary and the base of the calyx; flowers corymbed, panicled, or few in the upper leaf-axils; plants glabrous or short-pubescent. 5 Plants annual, with a taproot, the pale dry epidermal cortex soon exfoliating from the lower part of the stem; leaves short-petioled, entire to somewhat denticulate; capsules linear-clavate, to 2.5 cm long; seeds beakless, their pale-yellow comas soon deciduous; petals white to roseate. 6 Leaves chiefly opposite (at least below), the blades mostly oblong-lanceolate, to 2.5 cm long; petals seldom over 4 mm long; free part of hypanthium scarcely 1 mm long; seeds less than 1 mm long; stems soft-pubescent, mostly less than 4 dm tall; (B.G.) E. minutum 6 Leaves chiefly alternate (except the uppermost), linear to narrowly lanceolate, those of the main stem to 7 cm long but those of the axillary clusters and branches usually much shorter; free part of hypanthium 2-12 mm long; seeds at least 1 mm long; plant glabrous except sometimes in the inflorescence, to 1 (2) m tall; (B.C. to Man; introd. eastwards) E. paniculatum 5 Perennials (or biennials), often with bulblet-like offsets (turions), stolons, or autumnal rosettes, the epidermis of the stem usually not exfoliating; seeds often tapering above to a short collar or beak, their comas more persistent. 7 Stem-leaves linear, lanceolate, or narrowly oblong, often revolute-margined, mostly entire or merely undulate, without decurrent lines running from their bases down the terete stem. 8 Plant with short horizontally spreading pubescence; (Qnt, to N.S.) E. strictum 8 Plant glabrous or with fine incurved pubescence; (transcontinental) E. palustre 7 Stem-leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, flat, with lines running down from their bases along the usually distinctly 4-angled stem. 9 Leaves entire or merely denticulate, to about 5 cm long; stems tufted or matted, from slender creeping basal offshoots, often sending out slender elongate stolons but not producing turions. 10 Plant glabrous throughout or minutely pubescent in the inflorescence or on the ovary, usually distinctly glaucous, to 5 dm tall; seeds minutely papillate, with a white coma; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) E. glaberrimum 10 Plant usually pubescent and not glaucous, the stem seldom over 3 dm tall, usually glabrous toward base and crisp-puberulent in lines above; seeds smooth or inconspicuously papillate, the coma dingy-white; (transcontinental) E alpinum 9 Leaves mostly distinctly toothed; stems usually solitary, lacking elongate basal offshoots, finally usually bearing sessile or short-stalked leafy rosettes or fleshy and scaly bulb-like offsets (turions), 1 1 Stem-leaves grey-green, distinctly petioled, rugose-veiny; seeds blackish, with a cinnamon-coloured coma; (Ont. to N.S.) E. coloratura 1 1 Stem-leaves not greyish, scarcely rugose-veiny; seeds tawny, with a white or whitish coma; (transcontinental). 12 Turions (bulblet-like offsets) terminating the slender rhizomes E glandulosum 12 Turions wanting E watsonii E alpinum L. /aST/iD/GEA/ (Hpr) Moist banks, rocky slopes, and meadows (often above timberline), the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. , cent. Alaska-Yukon, and Great Bear L. through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, to s Calif, and Colo., with a disjunct area in the East from northernmost Ungava-Labrador to E Que, (Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; not known from the Maritime Provinces), Nfld., and the mts. of N.H. and Maine; w and e Greenland n to ca. 7CPN; Iceland; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Stems erect, glabrous or sparingly glandular above, not puberulent in lines; leaves sessile, linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, usually nearly erect, mostly rather crowded on the lower part of the stem; seeds smooth; [E oregonense Haussk. and its var. grac. Trel.; Vancouver Is.] var. gracillimum (Trel.) Hitchc. 1132 Epilobium 1 Stems usually decumbent at base, generally crisp-puberulent in lines decurrent from the leaf-bases; leaves mostly short-petioled, lanceolate to ovate or ovate-oblong, spreading, generally rather uniformly distributed along the stem. 2 Petals white or creamy to pale pinkish, to 5 mm long; seeds smooth; leaves to 5 cm long; stems usually not matted, to about 3 dm tall; [E. iactiflorum Haussk,; trans- continental; maps (E. lact. ): Hulten 19686:692, and 1958: map 176, p. 195; Raup 1947: pi, 31] var. Iactiflorum (Haussk.) Hitchc. 2 Petals usually either pink or over 5 mm long; seeds often papillate; leaves often less than 2 cm long; stems usually matted, 3 Seeds smooth; capsules linear, about 1 mm thick; petals to 6 mm long; leaves mostly ovate, 1 or 2 cm long; stems mostly less than 1.5 dm tall; [E, anagalli- difolium Lam.; incl E. behringianum and E. pseudoscaposum Haussk.; E. roseum of Alaskan reports in part, not Schreb.; transcontinental; maps (E. anag.): Hulten 1958: map 221, p. 241 ; Porsild 1957: map 259, p. 193; Raup 1947: pi. 31; combine the maps by Hultdn 19686:689 (E. anag.) and 691 (E. behr.)] var. alpinum 3 Seeds papillate. 4 Capsules subclavate, to 2 mm thick above the middle; petals to 6 mm long; leaves mostly ovate, 1 or 2 cm long; stems mostly less than 1.5 dm tall; [E. clavatum Trel., the type, as first collection cited, from along the Kicking Horse R., B.C.; mts. of B.C.-Alta.] var. clavatum (Trel.) Hitchc. 4 Capsules linear, about 1 mm thick; leaves lanceolate to ovate, to 5 cm long; stems to about 3 dm tall; [E. nutans Hornem,, not Schmidt; E. alsinifolium VilL; E. bongardii and E. sertulatum Haussk.; E. hornemannii Rchb.; E. treleasi- anum Levi.; E. origanifolium sensu John Maeoun 1883, at least in large part, not Lam.; transcontinental; maps: combine the maps by Hulten 19686:692 (E. horn.) and 693 (E. serf.}] var. nutans (Hornem.) Hook. E, angustifolium L. Fireweed, Great Willow-herb. Bouquets rouges /aST/X/GEA/ (Hp (Gr)) Open woods, recent clearings (particularly burns), fields, and river gravels, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin (floral emblem of the Yukon) to Baffin Is. (N to near the Arctic Circle) and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to Calif., Ariz., N.Mex., S.Dak., Ohio, and N.C.; w Greenland n to ca. 70°N, E Greenland n to ca. 66°N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves rarely over 1.5 dm long and at most 3 cm broad, their midribs beneath always glabrous; (pollen-grains usually 3-pored and less than 85 microns in diameter) ssp. angustifolium 2 Petals roseate to purplish; [Chamaenerion Scop.; C. exaltatum Rydb.; E. intermedium Wormskj. (E. ang. var. int. (Wormskj.) Fern.; E. (C.) spicatum Lam.; E. pauciflorum Schrank; transcontinental; maps: Hulten 19686:686; Porsild 1957: map 256, p. 192 (aggregate species); Raup 1947: pi. 31 (aggregate species); Theodore Mosquin, Brittonia 18(2): fig. 1 (aggregate species), p, 168, and fig. 4 (ssp. ang. ; solid dots), p. 1 76, 1 966] f . angustifolium 2 Petals white or whitish; [essentially transcontinental; one or both of the following forms may eventually be referred to ssp. circumvagum], 3 Sepals white or whitish; [E. spicatum var. alb. Dum.] f. albiflorum (Dum.) Haussk. 3 Sepals red; [Cham. ang. var. spect. Simmons] f. spectabile (Simmons) Fern. 1 Leaves to over 2 dm long and as much as 4 cm broad, their midribs beneath glabrous to very pubescent; (pollen usually a mixture of 3-pored and 4-pored grains, commonly over 85 microns in diameter); [vars. macrophyllum (Haussk.) Fern. (E. ang. f. mac. Haussk.) and platyphyllum (Daniels) Fern. (Cham. ang. plat. Daniels); C. (E.) ang. var. canes- cens Wood; E. danielsii D. Love; transcontinental; maps: Mosquin, Joe. cit., fig. 4 (open rings), p. 176; Hulten 19686:686 (ssp. macrophyllum }] ssp. circumvagum Mosquin E. coloratum Biehler /T/EE/ (Hp) Low ground and springy slopes from S.Dak. to Minn., Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ; Gillett 1958; reported n to the Kaministikwia R. w of Thunder Bay by John Maeoun, Can. J., n,s. 15(94, 95). 1877), Que. (n to near Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.; DAO; reported n to 1133 Onagraceae Cacouna, Kamouraska Co., by Penhallow 1891), N.B. (Kent and Victoria counties), and N.S. (Digby, Kings, and Colchester counties; reports from P.E.I. require confirmation), s to Kans., Ark., Tenn., Ala., and Ga. E. glaberrimum Barbey /T/W/ (Hp) Moist valleys and slopes from s B.C. (Skagit and Chilliwack valleys; CAN; reported from Rossland by Eastham 1947) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to s Calif, and Utah. [E. affine var. fastigiatum Nutt.; £ platyphytlum Rydb.]. E. gfandulosum Lehm. /sT/X/eA/ (Hpr) Moist places at low to moderate elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and s Alaska-Yukon to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to about 175 mi ne of The Pas at ca. 55°30'N, 97°30'W; GH, detd. Fernald, as var. macounii), Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to the ?C6te-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., and N.S. (Antigonish and Inverness counties; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), S to S Calif., Colo., Minn,, N.Y., and Vt.; E Asia; introd. in Europe {Hulten 1958). (Through past confusion with E. watsonii (incl. E. gi var. adenocaulon), the above statement of range should be considered as merely tentative), maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Seed-coma rudimentary or wanting; seeds closely covered with prominent ridges of pale papillae; [E. ecomosum {Fassett) Fern.; E. ciliatum var. ecom. (Fassett) Boivin; fresh to brackish tidal flats of the St. Lawrence R., Que., in Portneuf, Quebec, Lotbiniere, Levis, Bellechasse (type from St-Vallier), and Montmagny counties] var. ecomosum Fassett 1 Seed-coma well developed; seeds mostly less prominently papillate. 2 Median stem-leaves distinctly cordate-based; [E. boreate of Nfld. reports, not Haussk.; transcontinental; type from Tabletop Mt, Gaspe Pen., E Que.] var. cardiophyllum Fern. 2 Stem -leaves narrowed to base or barely subcordate. 3 Petals at most 5 mm long. 4 Capsules glandular-pilose; leaves sessile or petioled; stems not pubescent in lines; [E delicatum Trel. and its var. fence Trel.; E brevistylum Barbey; E pringleanum Haussk.; Alaska-B.C.] var. tenue (Trel.) Hitchc. 4 Capsules minutely strigose, nonglandular; leaves usually petioled; stems pubescent in lines; [E halleanum Haussk.; E leptocarpum Haussk. and its var. macounii Trel. (type from L. Athabasca); transcontinental; map (E /epf.): Hulten 19680:690] var. macounii (Trel.) Hitchc. 3 Petals mostly over 6 mm long; capsules glandular-puberulent; leaves sessile; stems glabrous below but crisp-puberulent above (usually in lines decurrent from the leaf-bases); [E drummondii and E. saximontanum Haussk.; E ?affine Bong.; incl. the glabrous extremes, E ?scalare and E ?steckerianum Fern.; transconti- nental; map: Hulten 1968b: 690] var. glandulosum E. hirsutum L. Great Hairy Willow-herb Eurasian; introd. in meadows, roadside thickets, and waste places in N. America, as in Ont, (N to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que. (n to the Montreal dist), and N.S. (Yarmouth and Halifax counties). E latifolium L. River-beauty /AST/X/GEA/ (Hp (Ch)) River-gravels, streambanks, and damp slopes at low to alpine elevations from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to northernmost Ellesmere Is. and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to Oreg., Idaho, Colo., S.Dak., n Man. (s to the Nelson R. at Gillam Is., about 165 mi s of Churchill; CAN; not known from Sask.), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay s to ca. 53°N), Que. (s to e James Bay at ca. 53°N, Bic Mt., Rimouski Co., the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.; not known from the Maritime Provinces), and Nfld.; circumgreenlandic; Iceland; Spitsbergen; Eurasia. [Chamaenerion Spach; C. subdentatum Rydb.; incl. f. angustifolium , f. arcticum, and f. longifolium Haussk., based chiefly upon minor variations in the shape and size of the leaves], maps: Hulten 1968b:687; Porsild 1957: map 257, p. 193; Raup 1947: p|. 31 ; Fernald 1929: map 18, p. 1496, and 1925: map 64, p. 337. 1134 Epilobium Forma leucanthum (Ulke) Fern. (f. ?albiflorum Nath. ; sepals and petals white or whitish rather than roseate or purplish) is known from s-cent. Alaska, B.C. (type of ssp. leuc. Ulke from Horsethief Creek in the Purcell Range), and n Que. (Chimo, Ungava Bay). Forma munzii Lepage (petals white or whitish but the sepals roseate or purplish as in the typical form) occurs nearly throughout the range. E. luteum Pursh /sT/W/ (Hp) Moist places at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (see Hulten 1947: map 876, p. 1197) through B.C. and sw Alta. (Athabasca R. near Jasper; CAN) to Oreg, map: Hultdn 19686:687. E. minutum Llndl. /T/W/ (T) Usually on gravelly or dry soil at low to fairly high elevations from B.C. (n to Queen Charlotte Is.; DAO; reported from L. Athabasca, Alta., by John Macoun 1883, where perhaps introd. at Fort Chipewyan) and Mont, to Calif. [E. pubescens sensu Macoun 1883, not Roth, the relevant collection in CAN]. E. palustre L. /aST/X/GEA/ (Hpr) Damp or wet places, the aggregate species from n Alaska-Yukon and the coasts of Dist. Maekenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Southampton Is., n Ungava (Akpatok Is., Ungava Bay), Labrador (n to Hebron, 58*1 3' N), Nfld.. N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Oreg.. Colo., S.Dak., Minn., N.Y., and Mass ; w Greenland n to ca. 70°N, e Greenland n to ca. 77 N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to four closely related species (?“microspecies’’)): see below. 1 Median and upper leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, at most about 2 cm long; calyx-lobes round-tipped; seeds with a long slender neck (beak); [s Nfld., the type from Port-aux-Basques] E. pylaieanum Fern. 1 Median and upper leaves linear to lanceolate, to 1 dm long; calyx-lobes acute or subacute; seeds with a short thick neck. 2 Leaves closely and evenly pubescent above; tips of stem and pedicels before flowering erect or arching. 3 Calyx less than 5 mm long; petals less than 7 mm long; seeds with an evident collar or neck; plant nonstoloniferous; [incl. f. umbrosum (Haussk.) Fern.; transcontinental; maps: Hulten 19686:688; Porsild 1966: map 11 1, p. 80] E. leptophyllum Raf. 3 Calyx to 7 mm long; petals to 1 cm long; seeds with a less evident collar; plant finally stoloniferous E. nesophilum Fern. 4 Leaves linear to lanceolate, attenuate; fruiting pedicels to 4 cm long; [incl. var. lupulinum Hodgdon & Pike; E. densum var. neso. Fern., the type from Grindstone, Magdalen Is., e Que.; e Que.. Nfld., and N.S.] ......... var. nesophilum 4 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, blunt or merely acutish; longest fruiting pedicels at most about 1.5 cm long; [E. molle var. sab. Fern., the type from Sable Is., N.S.] var. sabulonense Fern. 2 Leaves glabrous above or nearly so; tips of stem and pedicels before flowering nodding. 5 Calyx glabrous; petals whitish; leaves with flat, ciliate, finely serrulate margins, broadly rounded at apex; [incl. var. arcticum (Sam.) Pol unin (E. arcticum Sam.); transcontinental; maps: Porsild 1957: map 258 (E, arct.), p. 193; Hulten 1958: map 10 (E. arct.), p. 29, and 19686:689; Raup 1947: pi. 31] E. davuricum Fisch. 5 Calyx sparingly pubescent; petals white, pink, lilac, or violet; leaves with entire to shallowly undulate, often revolute margins E. palustre 6 Principal leaves lanceolate, to 1 .5 cm broad; fruiting pedicels mostly surpassed by the subtending leaves. 7 Stem simple, or branching above; [incl. var. albiflora Lehm.; transconti- nental; maps (aggregate species): Porsild 1957 (1964 revision); map 340, p. 203; Hulten 19686:688] var. palustre 1135 Onagraceae 7 Stem branching from the lowest internodes, the strongly ascending floriferous branches nearly equalling the main stem; [e James Bay, Que., to Labrador (n to Turnavik, ca. 55°15'N); type from Blanc Sablon, Cote-Nord, e Que.] var. longirameum Fern. & Wieg. 6 Principal leaves linear to narrowly oblong, less than 1 cm broad; fruiting pedicels often or mostly equalling or overtopping the subtending leaves. 8 Leaves to about 7 cm long and 8 mm broad, flaccid; stem to 8 dm tall, simple or with axillary fascicles or many usually erect branches; [var. mandjuricum of Canadian reports, not Haussk.; E. wyomingense in part of reports from Nfld. and e Que., not Nels.; transcontinental] var. grammadophyllum Haussk. 8 Leaves at most about 3.5 cm long and 5 mm broad, strongly ascending; stem less than 6 dm tall, rarely with axillary fascicles. 9 Pairs of lower and median leaves strongly overlapping; stem to about 2 dm tall; [w James Bay, Ont., to Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°13'N; type from Nain), and Nfld.] var. labradoricum Haussk. 9 Pairs of lower and median leaves scarcely overlapping. 10 Stem to 5.5 dm tall, its upper and median leaves mostly longer than the internodes; petals white or pink; capsules to 6 cm long; [var. monticola of Canadian reports, not Haussk,; E. oliganthum Michx., the type from L. Mistassini, Que.; E. lineare var. olig. (Michx.) Trel.; transcontinental] var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. 10 Stem rarely over 3 dm tall, its upper and median leaves mostly shorter than the internodes; petals deep lilac or purple; capsules rarely as much as 4 cm long; [E. wyomingense in part of reports from e Que. and Nfld., not Nels.; essentially transcontinental, the type from Labrador; map (e Canada): Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1953: fig. 16, p, 80] var. lapponicum Wahl E. paniculatum Nutt. /T/WW/ (T) Open woods, clearings, prairies, and rocky slopes from B.C. (n to Kamloops; CAN), s Alta, (n to Medicine Hat), s Sask. (n to Saskatoon), and s Man. (near Virden and Winnipeg) to s Calif., N.Mex., and S.Dak.; introd. eastwards, as in Ont. (Bruce, Frontenac, and Renfrew counties) and sw Que. (Pontiac Co.; MT). The Sask. plant is referred to f. adenocladon Haussk. by Breitung (1957a; capsules and pedicels glandular-puberulent rather than glabrous). Other material from our area is partly referable to f. subulatum Haussk. (petals less than 6 mm long rather than to 8 mm, the fruiting pedicels to 2 cm long rather than at most about 5 mm long). E. strictum Muhl. /sT/EE/ (Hpr) Damp or wet places from Minn, to Ont. (n to Moosonee, s of James Bay at 51°17'N), Que. (n to e James Bay at ca. 52°15'N and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to III., Ohio, and Va. [E. densum Rab; E. molle Torr., not Lam.]. E. watsonii Barbey /ST/X/ (Hp) Moist or wet places from N-cent. Alaska-Yukon to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (w to w Hudson Bay at ca. 56°50'N), Que. (n to the George R.. Ungava Bay, at ca. 58°30'N), Labrador (n to the type locality of E. steckerianum at Ramah, 58054'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., N.Mex., Mo., Ohio, and Md.; introd. in Europe (Hulten 1958; E. aden.). [E. franciscanum Barbey]. map: the map for E. adenocaulon by Hulten (19686:691) applies here. The plant of our area is largely or wholly referable to var. occidentale (Trel.) Hitchc. (E. adenocaulon var. occ. Trel.; E. occ. (Trel.) Rydb.; E. aden. and E. americanum Haussk.; E. giandulosum vars. aden. (Haussk.) Fern., brionense Fern., and occ. and perplexans (Trel.) Fern.; E. ciliatum Raf.; E. perplexans (Trel.) Nels.; E. ?scalare and E. ?steckerianum Fern.; petals commonly less than 6 mm long, often pale, rather than to 1 cm long and deep purplish). 1136 Gayophytum GAURA L. [5819] Gaura 1 Stem-leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, remotely sinuate-denticulate, to over 1 dm long; rosette-leaves oblanceolate, to about 3 dm long; petals white, becoming pink or reddish; capsule finely pubescent with spreading hairs, obtusely angled to base; villous and downy winter-annual or biennial; (s Ont. and sw Que.) G. biennis 1 Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblong, entire or commonly with up to 4 sinuate teeth on each margin, usually less than 3 cm long; petals white to brick-red, becoming scarlet; capsule canescent with minute incurved hairs, terete at base; canescent or glabrate perennial; (B.C. to s Man.; introd. in s Ont.) G. coccinea G. biennis L. Biennial Gaura /t/EE/ (Hs (bien. or T)) Damp shores and meadows from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Lincoln, Welland, and York counties; reported from the Montreal dist., Que., by John Macoun 1883, where perhaps introd., as in New Eng.), s to Mo.. Tenn., N.C., and Va. G. coccinea Nutt. Scarlet Gaura /T/WW/ (Hp) Dry prairies, roadsides, and waste places from se B.C. (a large roadside patch at Windermere, Columbia Valley, where perhaps introd.; dry cliffs, Crowsnest Pass, on the B.C. -Alta, boundary; CAN) to Alta, (n to Edmonton), Sask. (n to Saskatoon), and s Man. (n to Millwood, about 85 mi nw of Brandon), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Mo.; introd. along roadsides and railways eastwards, as in s Ont. (Sturgeon Bay., L. Huron, Simcoe Co., and Sharbot L., Frontenac Co.; TRT) and N.Y. [Incl. G. glabra and G. marginata Lehm,]. GAYOPHYTUM Juss. [5818] Groundsmoke 1 Capsules sessile or subsessile. not at all constricted between the seeds, to 1 .5 cm long; petals barely 1 mm long; leaves to about 3 cm long and 2 mm broad, commonly much longer than the internodes; plant low and diffusely branched basally, from nearly or quite glabrous to greyish-puberulent; (sw Alta.) G. humi/e 1 Capsules on filiform pedicels 2-8 mm long, usually constricted between the seeds; plants commonly diffusely branched especially above, the internodes often longer than the leaves; (s B.C.}. 2 Capsules rarely over 6 mm long, shorter than the usually sharply reflexed pedicels; seeds about 0.5 mm long; sepals and petals usually less than 1 mm long; leaves to about 3.5 cm long and 2.5 mm broad; plant glabrous [G. ramosissimum ] 2 Capsules to 12 mm long, longer than the erect to spreading (sometimes reflexed) pedicels; seeds to 1.5 mm long; sepals to 3 mm long; petals to 5 mm long; leaves to 5 cm long and 2 (or even up to 7) mm broad; plant glabrous to minutely strigose or densely puberulent with soft spreading hairs G. nuttallii G. humiie Juss. /T/W/ (T) Usually along the drying margins of meadows, streams, lakes, and pools at low to moderate elevations from Wash, and sw Alta. (G. racemosum reported from Mt. Glendowan, Waterton Lakes, as new to Canada by Breitung 1957b, this locality accepted by Harlan Lewis and Jerzy Szweykowski, Brittonia 16(4);366. 1964, in their monograph of the genus) to s Calif, and Colo. [Incl. G. racemosum T. & G.]. G. nuttallii T. & G. /t/WW/ (T) Open woods, sagebrush slopes, and dry margins of meadows from s B.C. (Kleena Kleena; near Tatla L. at ca. 5145'N; Anarchist Mt.. near Osoyoos; Marysville, ne of Cranbrook; these localities cited by Lewis and Szweykowski, loc. cit. , p. 387) to Mont, and w S.Dak., s to Baja Calif, and N.Mex. [G. diffusum T. & G. and its var. parviflorum Lewis & Szweykowski; G. intermedium Rydb.; Oenothera micrantha Nutt., not Hornem. nor Presl], 1137 Onagraceae [G. ramosissimum Nutt.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Mont) from B.C. by Henry (1915; Penticton) requires confirmation, probably being based upon a very scrappy collection in CAN reported from Dog L., Okanagan Valley, by J.M, Maeoun (1895). Another collection in CAN is the basis of the above citation of G. nuttallii from Anarchist Mt., near Osoyoos.] LUDWIGIA L. [5793] False Loosestrife 1 Leaves opposite, lanceolate to ovate, usually less than 3 cm long, on petioles up to about the length of the blade; flowers sessile in the leaf-axils; petals minute or none; flowering- stems prostrate, creeping, or floating; (B.C.; Ont. to N.S.) . . L. palustris 1 Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, to about 1 dm long, sessile or obscurely petioled; flowering-stems erect or ascending; (S Ont.). 2 Flowers (and capsules) on pedicels at least 3 mm long; petals yellow or reddish, about equalling the calyx-lobes; capsule sharply 4-angled or narrowly winged, opening by terminal pores L. alternifolia 2 Flowers (and capsules) sessile; petals minute or none; capsule roundly 4-sided or shallowly grooved, opening by valves L. polycarpa L. alternifolia L. /t/EE/ (Hp) Swamps, wet meadows, and pastures from Kans. to s Mich., s Ont. (Sandwich, Essex Co., where taken by John Maeoun in 1892 and 1893; CAN; reported from Windsor, Essex Co., by J.M. Maeoun 1894; reported from Point Edward and the delta of the St. Clair R., Lambton Co., by Dodge 1915), and Mass., S to E Tex. and Fla. [Isnardia DC.]. L palustris (L.) Ell. Water-purslane /T/X/EA/ (Hpr) Wet ground, shores, and shallow water, the aggregate species from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and Chilliwack; not known from Alta.-Sask.-Man.) to Minn., Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ), sw Que. (n to St-Maurice and Nicolet counties), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; S. America; Eurasia; n Africa. 1 Hypanthium with 4 green longitudinal bands terminating well below the sinuses between the calyx-lobes; [Isnardia L.; Eurasia-Africa] [var. palustris] 1 Hypanthium with 4 green longitudinal bands reaching or nearly reaching the sinuses. 2 Leaf-blades usually less than twice as long as broad; [Isnardia pal. var. amer. DC.; I. nitida Michx.; Ont, to N.B. and N.S.] var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. 2 Leaf-blades usually more than twice as long as broad; [B.C., the type from Sproat L,, Vancouver Is.] var. pacifica Fern. & Grisc. L polycarpa Short & Peter /t/EE/ (Hpr) Wet ground and shores from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, and Welland counties; CAN; TRT) and Ohio, and from sw Maine to Conn, map: Fernald 1918b: map 6, pi. 12. OENOTHERA L. [5804] Evening-Primrose. Onagre 1 Plants nearly or quite stemless, the mostly oblanceolate, coarsely dentate to deeply pinnatifid leaves all in a basal rosette, the flowers solitary on basal peduncles; capsules linear- to fusiform-lanceolate, sharply 4-angled or narrowly 4-winged. 2 Stigma capitate-globose, very slightly lobed; petals permanently yellow, less than 1 cm Jong; free part of hypanthium (that part of the floral-tube projecting above the ovary) to 2.5 cm long; capsules to about 3 cm long; leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; (B.C. to sw Sask.) O. breviflora 2 Stigmas with 4 linear-cyclindric lobes; free part of hypanthium to over 1 dm long; (s Alta, to s Man.). 3 Petals yellow, aging to purple, 1 or 2 cm long; anthers to 8 mm long; capsules distinctly wing-margined, rarely over 2 cm long; leaves to 1.5 cm broad, deeply runcinate or runcinate-pinnatifid on the lower third, the terminal lobe entire to undulate-dentate O. flava 1138 Oenothera 3 Petals white, aging to purple, usually at least 2.5 cm long (up to 4.5 cm); anthers to 13 mm long; capsules not wing-margined, to 4 cm long; leaves to 2.5 cm broad, from nearly entire to remotely toothed, runcinate, or pinnatifid O. caespitosa 1 Plants leafy-stemmed; flowers usually several in bracted or leafy spikes or racemes. 4 Stigma capitate-globose or discoid; capsules linear to linear- or fusiform-lanceolate; stamens often in 2 series of markedly unequal length. 5 Petals to over 8 mm long, yellow, usually more than twice as long as the stamens; capsules 4-angled, to about 3 cm long; principal leaves narrowly oblanceolate; stems to over 6 dm tall. 6 Free part of hypanthium to 1.5 cm long, flared almost immediately above the ovary; capsule straight or slightly curved; petals to 2.5 cm long; leaves remotely serrulate to serrate; semishrubby perennial, usually many-stemmed from the base; (s Alta, to s Man.) O. serruiata 6 Free part of hypanthium at most 5 mm long; capsule curved to spirally coiled; petals to about 1.5 cm long; leaves subentire to denticulate; plant usually annual, with commonly several prostrate to ascending stems; (introd in swB.C.) [O. bistorta] 5 Petals to 5 mm long; stems commonly less than 3 dm tall (but up to about 5 dm); annuals. 7 Petals white (or drying pinkish), to 5 mm long, distinctly shorter than the stamens; anthers about 1.5 mm long; free part of hypanthium to 7 mm long; capsules to 2.5 cm long, usually slightly coiled to conspicuously contorted; principal leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, remotely serrate [O. alyssoides] 7 Petals yellow (often drying greenish or reddish); free part of hypanthium at most about 2 mm long; anthers about 0.5 mm long. 8 Capsules 4-angled, curved or contorted, to 4 cm long; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, subentire, to about 2 cm broad; (introd. in sw B.C.) [O. micrantha] 8 Capsules terete in cross-section; leaves usually linear-oblong and less than 5 mm broad. 9 Capsules almost straight, less than 1 cm long; stems largely naked, the linear to linear-spatulate, entire leaves mostly located in the inflores- cence; (s B.C. and s Alta.) G. andina 9 Capsules straight to curved, to 3.5 cm long; stems leafy from the base; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to remotely denticu- late; (Vancouver Is.) O. contorta 4 Stigma with 4 linear-cylindric lobes; petals usually showy; stamens subequal. 10 Capsules obclavate to ovoid or obovoid (usually broadest near or above the middle), at most about 1 cm long, usually not much more than twice as long as thick, sharply 4-angled or 4-winged; petals yellow; stamens alternately unequal; leaves entire or minutely toothed; perennials. 1 1 Inflorescence at first nodding, the buds drooping, the scattered erect flowers opening singly; calyx-tube, calyx-lobes, and petals each less than 1 cm long; anthers less than 3 mm long; capsule broadest above the middle, its stipe to 4 mm long; leaves to about 6 cm long, obtuse; stem to about 6 dm tall; (se Man. to Nfld. and N.S.; introd. in B.C.) O. perennis 1 1 Inflorescence more compact, it and the buds erect from the first, 2 or more flowers often open simultaneously; calyx-tube, calyx-lobes, and petals each to over 2 cm long; anthers usually over 4 mm long; stem to about 1 m tall. 12 Capsule more or less stipitate-glandular, otherwise glabrous, usually broadest near the middle, sessile or short-stipitate; hypanthium sparsely to densely puberulent with minute spreading gland-tipped hairs, the tube above the ovary less than 1.5 cm long; leaves to about 1 dm long; (introd. in s Ont. and N.S.) O. tetragona 12 Capsule and hypanthium pubescent with nonglandular hairs (or glabrescent in age), the capsule usually broadest above the middle; leaves to about 13 cm long. 1139 Onagraceae 13 Capsule ihick-clavate, usually sessile or short-stipitate, spreading- villous with hairs 1 or 2 mm long; hypanthium-tube above ovary at least 1 .5 cm long; free tips of sepals distinctly hirsute, to 4 mm long; anthers to 8(10) mm long; stem spreading-hirsute, especially above; (Ont. and S Que.) O. pilosella 13 Capsule oblanceolate to broadly obovoid, on a slender stipe to 1 .5 cm long; hypanthium-tube above ovary less than 1.5 cm long; free tips of sepals at most about 1 mm long; anthers to 6 mm long; stem usually appressed-strigose; (?Man.) [O. fruticosa] 10 Capsules cylindric (usually somewhat broadest toward base), to over 4 cm long and usually more than 3 times as long as thick, not prominently winged; flowers commonly opening toward evening. 14 Leaves prominently sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid (lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate in outline); petals whitish or yellow (aging reddish); free part of hypanthium to 3.5 cm long; capsules linear-cylindric, to 3 cm long, their strongly pitted seeds 2-rowed, not sharply angled; annual; (introd. in s Ont.) . . O. laciniata 14 Leaves entire or merely shallowly toothed (occasionally with 1 or more prominent tooth-like basal lobes). 15 Petals white (aging pinkish to reddish purple); flower-buds nodding; capsules to about 3.5 cm long and 3 mm thick at base, their 1 -rowed seeds not sharply angled; leaves linear to lanceolate; stems with whitish exfoliating epidermal cortex, rhizomatous, commonly rather freely branched. 16 Hypanthium and sepals minutely glandular-pubescent; petals to 2.5 cm long, the stamens about 2/3 as long; basal leaves to over 1 dm long and 1 cm broad, strigillose; stems glabrous, to about 1 m tall; {s ?B.C. to s Man.; introd. in w Ont.) O. nuttallii 16 Hypanthium and sepals glabrous or strigose but not glandular; petals to 3 cm long, about equalled by the stamens; basal leaves mostly not over 6 cm long and 6 or 7 mm broad; plant nearly or quite glabrous, the stems to about 5 dm tall; (s B.C.) 0. pallida 15 Petals yellow (often aging orange or reddish); flower-buds erect; seeds commonly 2-rowed and rather sharply angled; leaves lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate; stem usually simple. 17 Tips of reflexed calyx-lobes neither bent nor appendaged at base, the tips in the bud closely connivent into a tube; anthers to over 1 cm long; free part of hypanthium to 5 cm long; capsules to 5 cm long; (trans- continental) O. biennis 17 Tips of reflexed calyx-lobes slightly deflected outwards from the direction of the main body and subtended by an evident auricle, the tips in the bud not connivent into a tube; anthers to about 7.5 mm long. 18 Petals linear, at most 12 mm long and 3 mm broad; free part of hypanthium to 3.5 cm long; floral-bracts deciduous, the fruiting spike naked; capsules loosely villous, to 3.5 cm long; leaves thin, minutely pilose beneath, spreading-ascending to reflexed; (s Ont. to N.S.) O. cruciata 18 Petals obovate, to 2 cm long; free part of hypanthium to 3 cm long; bracts persistent on the fruiting spike; capsules to 4 cm long; leaves firm, mostly ascending; (transcontinental) O. parviflora [O. alyssoides H. & A.J [The inclusion of Canada in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Oreg. and Idaho) by Jepson (1951) requires confirmation. ( Sphaerostigma Walp.).] O. andina Nutt. /T/W/ (T) Dry fields and sagebrush slopes from s B.C, (s Okanagan Valley at L. Osoyoos, S 1140 Oenothera of Penticton, where taken by J.M, Macoun in 1905; CAN) and s Alta, (near Milk River and Medicine Hat, where taken by John Macoun in 1895 and 1894, respectively; CAN; the report from Sask. by Rydberg 1922, requires confirmation) to Calif., Utah, and Wyo. [Camissonia Raven; Sphaerostigma Walp.J. O. biennis L. Common Evening-Primrose /T/X/ (Hs (bien.)) Dry open soil, meadows, and roadsides, the aggregate species from B.C. (N to Shuswap L., about 40 mi e of Kamloops) to Alta, (n to Calgary; CAN), Sask. (N to Prince Albert), Man. (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill; ?introd.), Ont, (n to the sw James Bay watershed at 51 c 1 5'N), Que. (n to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Wash., Mont,, Idaho, Tex., and n Fla.; introd. in Eurasia. 1 Flowers very pale yellow (usually aging to orange or reddish purple), the petals to 4 cm long; calyx red; anthers to 1 cm long; leaves crinkled; blades of the stem-leaves and floral bracts to over 1 /2 as broad as long; [O. hookeri T. & G. ; sw B.C, : Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; CAN] var. hookeri (T. & G.) Boivin 1 Flowers yellow to orange; calyx often not reddish; leaves not crinkled, their blades usually less than 1 /3 as broad as long. 2 Surface of calyx-lobes, ovaries, and capsules hidden beneath the dense pubes- cence; leaves firm, strongly ascending. 3 Capsule and calyx closely appressed-short-strigose; [O, eriensis and O, repan- dodentata Gates; se Alta, to N.B,] var, canescens T. & G. 3 Capsule and calyx pubescent with long, white, loosely ascending to spreading hairs; [O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush; B.C. to N.S.] var. hirsutissima Gray 2 Surface of calyx-lobes, ovaries, and capsules clearly visible beneath the loose- villous pubescence; leaves relatively soft, spreading or loosely ascending. 4 Floral bracts persisting on the mature fruiting spike; [O. pycnocarpa Atkinson & Bartlett; s Man. (Love and Bernard 1959) and Ont. (im to Ottawa)] var. pycnocarpa (Atkinson & Bartlett) Wieg. 4 Floral-bracts finally deciduous, the mature fruiting spike essentially naked . var. biennis 5 Petals 3-6 cm long; calyx-lobes 2.2-5 cm long; styles mostly at least 1.8 cm long. 6 Ovaries and capsules villous, ascending; petals to 6 cm long; [O. grandifiora Ait.; incl. O. erythrosepaia Borbas (O. lamarckiana De Vries, not Ser.); introd. in s B.C. (Vancouver; New Westminster), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que., N.B., and N.S.] f, grandifiora (Ait.) Carpenter 6 Ovaries and capsules glabrous or nearly so, their bases divergent from the axis of the spike; petals to 4 cm long; [O. argillicofa Mack.; ?Que, : Boivin 1966b] f. argillicola (Mack.) Boivin 5 Petals (and calyx-lobes) 1-2.5 cm long; styles mostly not over 1.5 cm long; [transcontinental]. This is a remarkably plastic, freely hybridizing species that has been the subject of many years of experimental genetical studies by the English Oenothera specialist, R.R. Gates. The following species and varieties (a few of them, perhaps, more closely related to O. parviflora) are noted from our area by R.R. Gates in two of his most recent papers ( A conspectus of the genus Oenothera in eastern North America, Rhodora 59(697):9-1 7. 1957; Taxonomy and genetics of Oenothera, Junk, The Hague, 115 pp., 1958); in addition, O. canovirens Steele is reported from Berwyn, Alta., by Groh and Frankton (1949b): O. ammophiloides Gates & Catchside (type from Guysborough, Guysborough Co., N.S.; also known from Charlevoix and Bellechasse counties, Que.); var. flecticaulis Gates (type from Lunenburg Co., N.S.); var, laurensis Gates (type from Westmorland Co., N.B.); var. parva Gates (type from Que.). O. apicaborta Gates (type from Les-Piles, Champlain Co., Que.). O. biformifiora Gates (type from Que.); var. cruciata Gates (type from Que.). O. comosa Gates (type from Wilmot, Annapolis Co., N.S.). O. deftexa Gates (type from Wentworth Co., S Ont.; also known from Que.); var. bracteata Gates (type from Essex Co., s Ont.). 1141 Onagraceae O. grandifolia Gates (type from N.S.; also known from N.B.). O. hazelae Gates (type from N.S.); var. parviflora Gates (type from N.S.; not O. parviflora L.); var. subterminalis Gates (type from N.S.). O. insignis Bartl. (reported from Sask. and Que.). O. laevigata Barti. var. rubipunctata Gates (type from Que.); var. similis Gates (type from St-Vallier, Bellechasse Co., Que.). O. leucophylla Gates (type from Que.). O. magdalena Gates (type from Magdalen Is., e Que.). O. novae-scotiae Gates (type from N.S.); var. intermedia Gates (type from N.S.); var. distantifolia Gates (type from N.S.); var. serratifolia Gates (type from N.S.). O. perangusta Gates (type from the Bruce Pen., s Ont.); var. rubricalyx Gates (type from the nw shore of L. Superior, Ont.). O. sackviliensis Gates (type from Sackville, Westmorland Co., N.B.); var. albibiridis Gates (type from Sackville, N.B.); var. royfraseri Gates (type from Sackville, N.B.). O. victorinii Gates & Catchside (type from Que.); var. intermedia Gates (type from Que.); var. parviflora Gates (type from Que.; also known from Lincoln Co., s Ont.); var. undulata Gates (type from Ont.; also known from Que.) f. biennis [O. bistorta Nutt.] [This Californian species is known in Canada only through a collection in CAN by John Macoun in 1893 on ballast heaps at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., sw B.C., where apparently not established. Its identity has been confirmed by P.H. Raven under the name Camissonia bistorta (Nutt.) Raven.] O. brevi flora T. & G. /T/W/ (Hr) Drier meadowlands and streambanks from B.C. (reported n to Chilco, near Vanderhoof, at ca. 53°30'N, by Eastham 1947, who also reports it from Chilcotin, ne of Lillooet), Alta. (Milk River, Hand Hill L., and Etzikom, sw of Medicine Hat; CAN), and sw Sask. (Sidewood; Breitung 1957a) to ne Calif, and Wyo. [Taraxia Nutt.]. O. caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Evening-Primrose /T/WW/ (Hr) Dry prairies, rocky slopes, and roadsides, the aggregate species from Wash, to Alta. (Milk River and Lethbridge) and s Sask. (n to Moose Jaw; reports from Man. require confirmation), s to Calif, and Colo. 1 Leaves minutely strigose or villous at least on the veins; capsules not tuberculate, usually glabrous; [O. (Pachyiophus) montana Nutt.; ?Sask., this included in the range by Rydberg 1922] var. montana (Nutt.) Durand 1 Leaves nearly or quite glabrous. 2 Capsules not at all tuberculate, to well over 2 cm long; stem evident; [Pachyiophus psamm. Nels. & Macbr.; Cardston, sw Alta.: Boivin 1966b] var. psammophila (Nels. & Macbr.) Munz 2 Capsules tuberculate on the angles, to about 2 cm long; plant stemless; [Pachyiophus Raim.; s Alta.-Sask.] var. caespitosa O. contorta Dougl. /t/W/ (T) Sandy soil along the coast from sw B.C. (near Victoria, Vancouver Is., where first taken by John Macoun in 1875 and again in 1942 by Eastham, noting it as plentiful; CAN) to Baja Calif. [Camissonia Raven; Sphaerostigma Walp.; S. filiforme Nels,; S. pubens (Wats.) Rydb.; S. strigulosum F. & M.]. O. cruciata Nutt. /T/EE/ (T) Dry open soil from Mich, to s Ont. (Waterloo Co.; OAC), sw Que. (Bromptonville; DAO), N.B. (Moncton; DAO), P.E.I. (Charlottetown, Brackley Point, and Fortune Bridge; D.S. Erskine I960), and N.S. (Lunenburg Co.; E.C. Smith and J.S. Erskine, Rhodora 56(671 ):249. 1954; type of var. sabulonensis from Sable Is.), s to New Eng. and Mass. [Incl. vars. sabulonensis Fern, and stenopetala (Bickn.) Fern.]. O. flava (Nels.) Garrett Yellow Evening-Primrose /T/WW/ (Hr) Usually in hard-packed mud in the plains and lower foothills from Wash, to s Alta. 1142 Oenothera (Milk River, Calgary, and Hand Hills; CAN), s Sask. (n to Saskatoon), and sw ?Man. (reports of O. triloba and its var. ecristata by Lowe 1943, require confirmation), s to Calif., Mexico, Colo., and Nebr. [Lavauxia Nels.; O. triloba var. ecristata Jones] [O. fruticosa L.] Common Sundrops [This species of the e U.S.A. (n to Mo. and New Eng.) is reported from se Man. by Lowe (1943; Victoria Beach, about 55 mi ne of Winnipeg) and a collection in CAN from Birds Hill, near Winnipeg, may belong here but requires further study. Gleason (1958) includes N.S. in the range, presumably on the basis of the report by Lindsay (1878; repeated by John Macoun 1883), but a relevant collection in CAN from Lucyfield is referable to O. tetragona. The Grand Lake, N.S., citation also requires clarification. Macoun’s report from Montreal, Que,, is based upon O. perennis, the relevant collection in CAN. ( Kneiffia Raim.; incl. O. linearis Michx.).] O. laciniata Hill Cutleaf Evening-Primrose Native in the e U.S.A. (n to N.Dak. and N.J.); introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (field near Simcoe, Norfolk Co., where taken by Landon in 1951 ; OAC). [Raimannia Rose]. [O. micrantha Hornem.] [This Californian species is known in Canada only through an 1893 collection by John Macoun on ballast heaps at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., sw B.C., the identity confirmed by Raven under the name Camissonia micrantha (Hornem.) Raven. However, it is a rather meagre collection and may finally prove referable to O. bistorta, taken by Macoun at the same locality on the same day.] O. nuttallii Sweet White Evening-Primrose /T/WW/ (Hp) Dry plains and prairies (often on dunes) from s ?B.C. (the report of O. albicaulis n to Spences Bridge by John Macoun 1883, may be based upon O. pallida) to s Alta, (n to Lethbridge; CAN), s Sask. (n to Saskatoon and Asquith; CAN), and s Man. (n to St. Lazare, about 75 mi nw of Brandon; introd. in w Ont. along railway ballast at Peninsula and Heron Bay, n shore of L. Superior; CAN), s to Colo., Nebr., Minn., and Wise. [Anogra Nels.; O. albicaulis Nutt.]. O. pallida Lindl. White Evening-Primrose /t/W/ (Hp) Dry plains and prairies (often on dunes), cliffs, and talus from s B.C. (Dry Interior in the Okanagan Valley from Kelowna s to Keremeos and Osoyoos; CAN; the report of O. albicaulis from near Spences Bridge in the Thompson Valley by John Macoun 1883, may be referable here) to Oreg., Ariz., and New Eng. [Anogra Britt.]. O. parviflora L. /T/X/ (Hs) Gravelly shores, sands, talus, and waste places, the aggregate species from s B.C. (n to Vernon; CAN) to Alta, (n to Edson, about 120 mi w of Edmonton; CAN), s Sask. (Indian Head; CAN; not listed by Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to the Minago R. n of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the James Bay watershed at ca. 52°N), Que. (N to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 52°15'N, L. St. John, and the Cote-Nord), Nfld,, N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mont., III., and N.J. 1 Plant essentially glabrous; [O. angustissima Gates; Que.: Fernald in Gray 1950] var. angustissima (Gates) Wieg. 1 Plant copiously pubescent. 2 Pubescence consisting almost entirely of close minute appressed hairs; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate; [O. oakesiana Robbins]. According to Fernald in Gray (1950), this taxon ranges from Mass, to Va. It is cited from s Ont. (London, Middlesex Co.; Port Colborne, Welland Co.; Southampton, Bruce Co.) and from e Que. (Gaspe Pen.) by J.M. Macoun (1903:215; the probable basis of the listing for s Ont. by Soper 1949), but the relevant collections in CAN from London, Port Colborne, and the Gaspe Pen. are apparently referable to the typical form. The Southampton collection was not located var. oakesiana (Robbins) Fern. 2 Pubescence consisting partly of long spreading hairs with reddish pustular bases; leaves narrowly lanceolate; [O. muricata L.; O. biennis f. mur. (L.) Boivin; O. angustissima var. quebecensis Gates; transcontinental] f. parviflora 1143 Onagraceae O. perennis L. /T/EE/ (Hs) Dry to moist open places from se Man. (Winnipeg dist. and Lake of the Woods; the report from Killarney, sw Man,, by Lowe 1943, is based upon O. serrulata , the relevant collection In CAN) to Ont. (n to the Nipigon R. n of L. Superior), Que. (n to the Bell R. at 50°52'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mo., Ind., Ohio, and Ga.; introd. in s B.C. (between Princeton and Penticton; CAN; reported from New Westminster by J.M. Macoun 1898). [Kneiffia Pennell; O. chrysanfha Michx.; O. pumila L ; O. ?riparia Nutt.). Some of our material from Ont. eastwards is referable to var. rectipilis Blake (hairs of the stem and branches spreading rather than appressed or incurved). O. pilosella Raf. /T/EE/ (Hs) Open woods, moist prairies, and meadows from III. to Mich., Ont. (collections in OAC and TRT from Lambton, Frontenac, and Waterloo counties; collection in CAN from Kemptville, Carleton Co., as also one from Sioux Lookout, about 175 mi nw of Thunder Bay, where probably introd.), and sw Que. (Chambly, Huntingdon, and St. John counties; ?introd.), s to Ark., III.. Ohio, and Pa.; introd. e to New Eng., Pa., and Va. [ Kneiffia Heller; O. fruticosa var. hirsuta Nutt.; 0. pratensis (Small) Robins.; O. ?canadensis Goldie). O. serrulata Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hp (Ch)) Prairies, dry fields, dunes, and roadsides from Mont, to s Alta, (n to Medicine Hat), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), and s Man. (n to Rossburn, about 65 mi nw of Brandon), s to Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Mo., and Wise.; introd. in sandy ground along a railway in s Ont. (Dodge 1915; Lambton Co.) and reported from Thunder Bay, nw shore of L. Superior, Ont, by Hartley (1970). O. tetragona Roth Native in the e U.S.A.; introd. elsewhere, as in se ?Man. (the Birds Hill plant reported under 0. fruticosa may belong here), s Ont. (Boivin 1966b), and N.S. (Hants, Digby, and Halifax counties; CAN; GH; NS AC). [O. fruticosa sensu Lindsay 1878, and John Macoun 1883, at least in part as to the N.S. plant, not L., a relevant collection in CAN; O. hybrids sensu M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 24(285): 177. 1922, not Michx,, relevant collections in CAN and GH). 1144 HALORAGACEAE (Water-Milfoil Family) Aquatic or subaquatic herbs with alternate or whorled leaves, these commonly deeply 1 -pinnatifid into filiform segments (emersed leaves or bracts sometimes merely serrate), Flowers inconspicu- ous, regular, perfect or unisexual, epigynous, sessile, 1, 2, or 3 in the upper leaf-axils. Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 3, 4, or 8. Ovary inferior, Fruit nut-like, deeply 4-lobed. (Haloragidaceae). 1 Leaves whorled or alternate, the emersed ones greatly reduced; petals sometimes present; stamens 4 or 8; fruit separating into 4 distinct nutlets Myriophyllum 1 Leaves alternate, the emersed ones not greatly reduced; petals none; stamens 3; fruit indehiscent, 3-locular and 3-angled Proserpinaca MYRIOPHYLLUM L [5834] Water-Milfoil 1 Stem appearing leafless and scape-like, the leaves wanting or reduced to minute remote alternate scales; bracts ovate, blunt, entire, to 4 mm long, remotely alternate; stamens 4; fruit truncately ovoid, smooth or nearly so, about 1 mm long; (Ont. to Nfld, and N.S.) M. tenellum 1 Stems leafy. 2 Flowers in the axils of submersed or emersed foliage-leaves, not in a terminal spike-like inflorescence; stamens 4; leaves commonly alternate, subopposite, or whorled on the same plant, 3 Fruit about 1 mm long, its carpels smooth or merely scabrous; leaves commonly about 1 cm long (to about 3.5 cm long in submersed forms), entire or pinnatifid, alternate (or subverticillate in submersed forms); (Ont. to N.S,) M. humile 3 Fruit to 2.5 mm long, each carpel bearing 2 or 3 tuberculate dorsal ridges; submersed leaves commonly 2 or 3 cm long. 4 Plant entirely submersed, the floral-leaves similar to the foliage-leaves, the leaves all very delicate, dissected into filiform segments; fruit to 2.5 cm long, each carpel with 3 vertical ridges of low, often hooked tubercles; (Ont, to N.S.) ...... M. farwellii 4 Plant with its terminal (flowering) portion emersed; floral-leaves linear to oblanceolate, chiefly whorled, 1 or 2 cm long, the blade to 1 mm broad, each side with up to 5 ascending teeth commonly 1 or 2 mm long; fruit less than 2 mm long, each carpel with 2 vertical tuberculate ridges; (se Sask.) ..... M, pinnatum 2 Flowers in a terminal spike-like inflorescence, this commonly wholly or partly emersed, the subtending bracts entire, toothed, or pectinate. 5 Floral bracts chiefly alternate, the upper often entire, the lower pectinate or pinnatifid; submersed leaves whorled, commonly about 1 cm long, with up to 7 pairs of stiffish capillary divisions; stamens 8; fruit to 2 mm long, its carpels granular-roughened with minute reddish tubercles; stem usually whitened on drying; (transcontinental) M. alterniflorum 5 Floral bracts opposite or whorled; submersed leaves with up to 1 1 pairs of capillary, flaccid or slightly stiffish segments; fruits normally smooth or minutely papillate. 6 Stamens normally 8; fruits commonly about 2.5 mm long, smooth or atypically more or less rugose, neither dorsally ridged nor prominently beaked; floral bracts entire to serrate or pectinate, from shorter than the flowers (or fruits) to 6 times as long; stems commonly whitened on drying; (transcontinental) M. spicatum 6 Stamens 4; carpels with 2 smooth dorsal ridges; floral bracts entire or merely serrate, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or linear-oblong, several or many times longer than the flowers (or fruits); stems not noticeably whitened on drying. 7 Fruits rarely over 1.5 mm long, minutely papillate, prominently beaked; leaves in 4’s and 6's, the emersed ones and the bracts to 5 mm broad, the submersed ones to 5 cm long; (Ont. and sw Que.) M. heterophyllum 1145 Haloragaceae 7 Fruits about 2 mm long, nearly or quite smooth and not evidently beaked; leaves in 4 s or 5's, the emersed ones and the bracts 1 or 2 mm broad, the submersed ones to 3 cm long; (s B.C.) M. hippuroides M. alterniflorum DC. /aST/X/GE/ (HH) Lakes, ponds, and streams from Nw-cent. ?Alaska (see Hulten 1947:1158. and his map 881, p. 1197; not listed by Hulten 1968b) and Dist. Mackenzie (Eskimo Lake Basin and Great Bear L.; CAN) to ?B.C. (collections in CAN n to Prince George are tentatively referred here by Porsild; not known from Alta.), Sask. (known only from L. Athabasca; CAN), Man. (n to Reindeer L. at 57°54'N), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 52°N), Que. (N to Knob Lake, 54;,48JN1 Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to n Minn,, N Mich., N.Y., and Conn.; w Greenland n to ca. 65N; Iceland; Europe, map: Hulten 1958: map 234, p. 253. M. farwellii Morong /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and streams from Ont. (n to the n shore of L Superior at Peninsula and Timmins, 48 28'N) to Que. (N to E. Abitibi and L, St, John counties, Anticosti Is., and Tabletop Mt. , Gaspe Pen.), N.B. (Boivin 1966b; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S, (Digby, Lunenburg, Colchester and Pictou counties), s to n Minn., n Mich., N.Y., and New Eng. M, heterophyllum Michx. /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and streams from N.Dak. to Ont. (n to the Timagami Forest Reserve and the Ottawa dist) and sw Que. (Fernald in Gray 1950), S to N.Mex., Tex., and Fla. M. hippuroides Nutt. /T/D/ (HH) Ponds and slow streams: B.C. (n to Kamloops and Revelstoke; CAN) to Calif, and Mexico; Wise, to N Y. M. humile (Raf.) Morong /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and sandy, peaty, or muddy shores from Ont. (Boivin 1966b) to Que. (reported from the Richelieu R. e of Montreal by Marcel Raymond, Ann. ACFAS 8:94. 1942, and from the Laurentide Provincial Park n of Quebec City by Y. Desmarais, Nat. can. (Que.) 80(6/7): 173. 1953), N.B. (Miramichi R. in Northumberland Co.; CAN; not known from P.E.f.), and N. S., s to Pa. and Md. [Burshia Raf.]. Some of our material is referable to phases in which the inflorescence (as well as the foliage) is completely submersed. These include f. capillaceum (Torr.) Fern, (leaves abnormally large, to 3.5 cm long and 3 cm broad, with up to 8 pairs of capillary divisions; N.S.) and f. natans (DC.) Fern, (the leaves as in the typical form, to 1 cm long and about 4 mm broad, with up to 4 pairs of short divisions; Richelieu R., Que., and N.S,). M. pinnatum (Walt.) BSP. /T/EE/ (HH) Peaty or muddy shores and shallow water from s Sask. (Mortlach, near Moose Jaw; Wordsworth, about 120 mi se of Regina; CAN; DAO; Breitung 1957a) to Iowa, Ky., and New Eng., s to Tex. and Fla. [M. scabratum Michx.J. M. spicatum L. /aST/X/GEA/ (HH) Ponds and quiet streams (often brackish or calcareous) from N-cent. Alaska-Yukon and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Bear L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Mosquito Point, n of Churchill), Ont. (n to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, ca. 56°N), w Baffin Is. (an isolated station near the Arctic Circle), Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Goose Bay, Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., Ariz., Kans., Minn., Ohio, and Md.; w Greenland between ca. 66° and 71 °N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 1968b:694; A. Love, Sven. Bot, Tidskr. 48(1): fig. 4, p. 227. 1954; B.C. Patten, Rhodora 56(670): fig. 1, p. 221. 1954. Most of our material (particularly northwards) appears referable to var. exaibescens (Fern.) Jeps. (M, exal. Fern., the type from the York R., Gaspe Pen., e Que.; M. mage/a/enense Fern.; M. 1146 Proserpinaea verticillatum L; bracteal leaves shorter than or about equalling the fruits, minutely serrate to entire, rather than usually surpassing the fruits and serrate to pectinate). M. tenellum Bigel. /T/EE/ (HH) Shallow pools and shores (chiefly acidic) from Ont. (n to the nw shore of L. Superior; TRT) to Que. (n to Charlevoix Co.; MT ; reported n to Tadoussac, Saguenay Co., by A.T. Drummond. Can. Naturalist 4 (Ser. ii):265. 1869), Nfld., N.B.. and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Minn,, Mich., N.Y., and NJ. PROSERPINACA L. [5835] Mermaid-weed. Proserpinie 1 Upper (bracteal) leaves finely serrate; submersed leaves (if present) deeply pinnatifid into linear or filiform divisions; fruit to 4 mm broad; (Ont. to N.S.) P. palustris 1 Leaves nearly uniform, all pinnatifid or pinnatisect; (N.S,). 2 Bracteal (emersed) leaves pectinately pinnatifid. with up to 12 pairs of strongly ascending divisions less than 4 mm long, the rachis (median portion) to 4 mm broad P. intermedia 2 Bracteal (emersed) leaves deeply pinnatisect into less than 10 spreading-ascending divisions up to 7.5 mm long, the rachis scarcely broader than the divisions — P. pectinate P. intermedia Mackenz. /T/E/ (HH) Shallow water and shores: sw N.S. (Butler’s L.r Gavelton, Yarmouth Co.; CAN; GH); E Mass, to se Va. (Suggesting a hybrid between P. palustris and P. pectinata but often isolated or growing with only one of these species). P palustris L. /T/EE/ (HH) Shallow water and shores from Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.) to sw Que. (N to Gatineau Co. and the Montreal dist.), N.B. (St. Patrick, Charlotte Co,; CAN), and N.S. (not known from P.E.I. ), s to Tex. and Ga.; Mexico; Central America; W.J. [Incl. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc.] Some of our material from s Ont. is referable to var. amblyogona Fern, (angles of fruit rounded or nearly obsolete rather than subacute to more or less winged), P, pectinata Lam. /T/EE/ (HH) Shallow water and sandy bogs from N.S. (Yarmouth, Annapolis, Shelburne, Queens, Lunenburg, and Cumberland counties; see N.S. map by Roland 1947: map 341, p 471) and sw Maine s (chiefly on the Coastal Plain) to Tenn., Fla., and Tex. 1147 HIPPURIDACEAE (Mare's-tail Family) HIPPURIS L. [5837] Mare's-tail, Hrppuride Aquatic or subaquatic herbs with erect unbranched flowering-stems bearing whorls of entire leaves at nearly regular intervals. Flowers minute, perfect or mixed perfect and unisexual, epigynous, sessile in whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamens, pistils, and styles each 1 (when present). Ovary inferior. Fruit nut-like, 1 -locular, 1 -seeded. 1 Leaves at most about 1 cm long and 1 mm broad, in whorls of 5-8; flowers nearly all unisexual, the staminate mostly in whorls below the pistillate (but both types often intermixed); fruit about 1 mm long; flowering-stems to about 1 dm tall, scarcely 0.5 mm thick; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.) . H. montana 1 Leaves and flowering-stems commonly larger; flowers mostly perfect; fruits usually about 2 mm long; (transcontinental), 2 Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, obtuse, to about 1 .5 cm long, in whorls of 3-6 (mostly 4); stems rarely over 4 dm tall H. tetraphylla 2 Leaves linear-attenuate, to about 3.5 cm long (or flaccid submersed ones to over 6 cm long), mostly in whorls of 6 or more; stems to over 8 dm tall H. vulgaris H montana Ledeb, /ST/W/ (Hel (Grh)) Shallow streams, mossy banks, and wet or boggy meadows from the Aleutian Is. and Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 62°N; type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.) locally through B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland E to Griffin L., Kamloops dist.) to nw Wash, maps: Hulten 19686:696; Raup 1947: pi. 31 . H, tetraphylla L. f. /aST/X/EA/ (Hel (Grh)) Saline or brackish marshes and shallow water from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) to s-cent. B.C. (tidal flats at Bella Coola, E of Ocean Falls at ca. 52°20'N; CAN), then along the coasts of Hudson Bay in E Dist. Keewatin, me Man., Ont, and Que. to s James Bay, and from northernmost Ungava-Labrador s along the Atlantic coast to E Que. (Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; reported from lle-aux-Coudres, about 60 mi ne of Quebec City, by J. Rousseau, Ann. ACFAS 8:92. 1942, as H maritima) and Nfld. (not known from the Maritime Provinces); Eurasia. [H. lanceolata Retz.; H. maritima Hellen.]. map: Hulten 19686:695, Forma lacunarum Dutilly & Lepage (leaves relatively flaccid, to 2.5 cm long rather than at most about 1.5 cm) is known from the type locality, the mouth of the Attawapiskat R., sw of James Bay, Ont., at 52B57'N. H. vulgaris L. Mare’s-tail. Queue de cheval /AST/X/GEA/ (Hel (Grh)) Shallow pools and margins of streams and lakes from the Aleutian Is, and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Victoria Is., n Baffin Is. (an isolated station in Ellesmere Is. at ca. 80°N), and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to Calif., N.Mex., Nebr., Ind., and New Eng.; Chile and Argentina; nearly circumgreenlandic; Iceland; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 19686 95; Porsild 1957: map 261. p. 193. Forma fluviatilis (Coss. & Germ.) Gluck, the completely submersed phase with flaccid leaves to 6 cm long, occurs throughout the range. Forma litoralis Lindb. f, (leaves at most 8 in a whorl, less than 2 cm long, rather than up to 12 in a whorl and to about 3.5 cm long) is reported from the James Bay shores of Ont. and Que. by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman (1954; 1958), 1148 ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) (Ref.: L.C. Smith. N. Am Flora 28B:3-11. 1944) Unarmed herbs or bristly or spiny shrubs or semishrubs with alternate, whorled, or basal leaves. Flowers small, regular, perfect or unisexual, epigynous, white or green, in simple or corymbose, racemose, or panicled umbels. Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens each 5 (or the calyx-lobes obsolete), the stamens inserted on a disk within the calyx. Styles 2 or more. Ovary inferior. Fruit a yellowish, red, or blackish drupe. 1 Leaves compound. 2 Umbel solitary; fruit red or yellow; leaves in a single whorl at the top of the stem, subtending the terminal peduncle, 2-ternate or ternate-quinate; (Ont. eastwards) ... Panax 2 Umbels 2 or more; fruit blackish; leaves alternate or basal, the principal ones 2-3-compound, their major divisions pinnate Aralia 1 Leaves simple, alternate; inflorescence a terminal raceme of usually several globose umbels; berries to 8 or 9 cm long. 3 Stems creeping or climbing by aerial roots, to over 30 m long; leaves ovate, evergreen and coriaceous, glabrous, often with paler markings, entire to fairly deeply 3-5-lobed. to about 1 dm long; berries deep bluish-black; (introd. in sw B.C,) Hedera 3 Stems erect, thick and rather punky, to about 3 m tall, they, the petioles, and the leaf-veins copiously armed with yellowish spines to 1 cm long; leaves roundish- cordate, deciduous, palmately 7-9-lobed and irregularly doubly serrate, to about 3.5 dm long and broad; berries bright red; (B.C. and Alta.; L. Superior, Ont.) Oplopanax ARALIA L. [5881] Sarsaparilla 1 Umbels in a corymb, their rays arising from the same terminal point or from the upper leaf-axils, 2 Stem leafy throughout, to about 9 dm tall, bristly at the woody base; leaves 2-pinnate or ternate-pinnate. the terminal leaflet long-stalked; (Sask. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) ...... A. hispida 2 Stem scarcely rising above the ground, not bristly, bearing a single long-petioled ternate- pinnate Jeaf and a shorter naked scape with commonly about 3 (up to 7) umbels; leaflets subsessile, usually 5 on each of the 3 major divisions; (transcontinental) A. nudicaulis 1 Umbels numerous in a large raceme or panicle. 3 Stem and branches (and often the petioles and leaf-rachises) armed with stout thorns; leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets ovate, tapering or rounded at base; umbels in a large broad panicle; shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall; (introd, in s Ont.) A. spinosa 3 Plant an unarmed herb at most about 3 m tall; leaves ternate-pinnate; leaflets cordate-ovate; umbels in a raceme-like panicle; (s Man. to N.S.) A. racemosa A. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Salsepareille /T/EE/ (Ch) Rocky or sandy sterile soil from ?Alta. (Boivin 1966b; not listed by Moss 1959) to Sask. (n to Windrum L. at ca. 56°N; CAN), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to Sandy L. at ca. 53°N, 93°W), Que. (n to the Opinaca R. se of James Bay at 52°33'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Goose Bay, 53°18'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Minn., III., Ohio, and N.C. A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Salsepareille /sT/X/ (Hpr (Grh)) Moist or dry woods and clearings (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Wash., Mont.. Colo., Nebr., Mo., Tenn., and Ga. 1 At least one of the umbels sessile or subsessile; [s Man. (near Otterburne) and s Que. (the type, as first collection cited, from St-Maurice Co.)] f. abortiva Dansereau 1 All of the umbels long-peduncled. 2 Leaves ternate, often inequilateral; [type from Longueuil, near Montreal, Que.] f. depauperata Viet. 2 Leaves ternate-pinnate (the 3 primary divisions divided into mostly 5 distinct leaflets). 1149 Araliaceae 3 Flowers with 5 stamens but the carpels modified into reduced simple leaves; [Gue.: type from He Ste-Therese in the Richelieu R.; also known from Montreal] f. virescens Viet. & Rousseau 3 Flowers perfect; [“Azalea" nud., orthographic error, in Richardson 1823; n B.C. and sw Dist Mackenzie to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Reindeer L at 57°23'N), Ont. (N to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°40'N, 89CW), Que. (n to the Opinaca R. e of James Bay at 52°40'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord; reports from Labrador may refer to the Cote-Nord, E Gue.), and Nfld., throughout s Canada from B.C. to N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] f. nudicaulis A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Grande Salsepareille or Anis sauvage /T/EE/ (Hpr) Rich woods and thickets from s Man. (n to Victoria Beach, about 50 mi ne of Winnipeg; Gimli; Camp Morton; Waugh) to Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to L. St. John and the Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia and near Carleton), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to e Kans., Mo., Ala., and Ga. Forma foliosa (Viet, & Rousseau) Scoggan (the inflorescence leafy rather than essentially leafless; type of van foliosa V. & R, from L. St. John, Que.) is known from s Ont., Que., and N.S. A. spinosa L. Hercules’-club, Devil’s-walking-stick, Angelica-tree Native in the E U.S.A. (n to Iowa and N.J.); introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (Norfolk, Waterloo, Welland, and York counties) The native area is shown in maps by Preston (1961:322) and Hough (1947:355). HEDERA L. [5855] H. helix L. English Ivy Eurasian; commonly cult, in N. America and escaping to open woods, as in sw B.C. (moist wooded ravines at Victoria, Vancouver Is., Mayne Is.; CAN; V). OPLOPANAX (T. & G.) Miq. [5850] O. horridus (Sm.) Miq. Devil s-club /sT/D/eA/ (N (Me)) Moist woods and rocky thickets from sw Alaska-w Yukon through B.C. and Alta. (Lesser Slave L.; CAN) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont.; a disjunct area on L. Superior (near Thunder Bay, Ont.; Isle Royale and adjacent islands, n Mich.); ssp. japonicus (Nakai) Hult. in Japan. [Panax (Echinopanax; Fatsia; Ricinophyllum) horridum Sm., the type from Nootka Sound, Vancouver Is., B.C.; Aralia erinacea Hook.], maps: Hulten 19685:696 ( Echinopanax) ; Fernald 1925: map 22, p. 257. PANAX L. [5883] Ginseng. Ginseng 1 Leaflets long-stalked, acuminate, commonly 5, to about 1.5 dm long; styles usually 2; berries bright white, about 1 cm thick; plant to about 3 dm tall; (Ont. and Que.) P. quinquefolius 1 Leaflets sessile, obtuse or subacute, 3 or 5 (sometimes 4), less than 1 dm long; styles usually 3; berries yellow, about 5 mm thick; stem usually not over 1 .5 dm tall; (Ont. to N.S.) P. trifolius P. quinquefolius L. Ginseng, Sang /T/EE/ (Grt) Rich moist woods from Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; reports from Man. require confirmation) and sw Que. (n to Cap-Tourmente, about 30 mi ne of Quebec City; Raymond 19505) to Okla., La., Ala., and n Fla. [Aralia Dene. & Planch.; Ginseng Wood]. P. trifolius L. Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut. Petit Ginseng /T/EE/ (Grt) Rich moist woods and clearings from Ont. (n to Georgian Bay, L. Huron, and the Ottawa dist.) to Que. (n to Charlesbourgh, near Quebec City; John Macoun 1883), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Nebr., Iowa, Ohio, and n Ga. [Aralia Dene. & Planch.; Ginseng Wood]. 1150 UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley Family) (Ref.: M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B:43-397. 1944-1945) Herbs with compound (rarely simple), chiefly alternate or basal (rarely opposite) leaves on sheathing-based petioles. Stems usually hollow. Flowers small, usually regular and perfect, commonly white, greenish, or yellowish, epigynous, in usually compound umbels (these simple only in Hydrocotyte and Lilaeopsis; flowers in heads in Eryngium). Umbels with or without a subtending involucre of bracts. Umbellets (the small secondary umbels) with or without a subtending involucel of bractlets. Calyx-teeth, petals, and stamens each 5, or the calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals and stamens inserted on a disk crowning the inferior ovary and surrounding the usually thickened base (stylopodium) of the 2 styles. Fruit a pair of dry 1 -seeded seed-like carpels (mericarps), these separating at maturity along their adjoining surfaces (the commissure) and commonly suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the common axis, the intervals between their ribs usually with internal longitudinal oil-tubes. (Ammiaceae). 1 Leaves all simple (sometimes deeply parted but not into separate leaflets); fruit nearly terete or flattened laterally (at right angles to the adjoining surfaces or commissure), wingless, broadly oblong to oval or orbicular in outline, to about 4 mm long: plants glabrous. 2 Fruit covered with stout hooked prickles, the stylopodium flattened and disk-like or wanting; flowers mostly greenish-white or -yellow to yellow (sometimes purple-tinged; purplish red in S. bipinnatifida ) Sanicula 2 Fruit smooth or merely covered with scales. 3 Inflorescence a dense spiny-bracted head of greenish, bluish, or purplish flowers: fruit densely covered with linear to lanceolate white scales to 1 or 2 mm long, the ribs obsolete and the stylopodium wanting; leaves spiny-toothed, green or slightly glaucous; (introd.) Eryngium 3 Inflorescence an umbel; lateral ribs of fruit usually more or less corky-thickened. 4 Umbel compound, with or without an involucre of bracts; flowers yellowish or purplish; fruit smooth, the stylopodium depressed-conic; leaves entire, more or less glaucous Bupleurum 4 Umbel simple; flowers white or whitish; stylopodium of fruit depressed or obsolete; involucre a few small bracts or wanting; leaves (and peduncles) mostly arising from the rooting nodes of the creeping or floating stems. 5 Leaves reduced to a tuft of long narrow hollow septate phyllodia; fruit nearly terete or only slightly flattened laterally; (sw B.C.; N.S.) Lilaeopsis 5 Leaves with broad orbicular to reniform blades, crenate or shallowly to deeply lobed, sometimes peltate, long-petioled, solitary at the nodes; fruit strongly flattened laterally Hydrocotyle 1 At least some of the leaves compound; umbel compound. 6 Leaves all or nearly all basal or low-cauline ( Cnidium may be sought here), the more or less scapose flowering stem from a thickened taproot; (western species). 7 Fruit tipped by a conic stylopodium, oval or oval-oblong, slightly flattened laterally, prominently ribbed, to 5 mm long and 3 mm broad; rays of umbel to 2 cm long; umbellets subcapitate, the pedicels 2 or 3 mm long; leaves mostly 1 -pinnate (or the lowest ternate-pinnate), minutely scabrous on the veins and margins, otherwise glabrous; root bearing a crown of dark reddish-brown fibrous sheaths; stem to 1.5 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon) Podistera 7 Fruit lacking a stylopodium. 8 Leaflets broadly elliptic to obovate (or some of them broader and deeply 3-lobed), with cartilaginous, minutely crenate-serrate margins, the whole leaf 2-ternate or ternate-pinnate, spreading, often prostrate, thick and firm, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; umbel with up to 13 woolly rays to 4.5 cm long, the involucre wanting or of a few narrow bracts; umbellets capitate (pedicels obsolete), the involucels of several well-developed lance-attenuate bractlets; petals white; fruit ovate-oblong to subglobose, somewhat com- 1151 Umbelliferae 6 pressed dorsally (parallel with the commissure), glabrous or with a few long hairs toward tip. to 13 mm long, the ribs all broadly corky-winged; (S Alaska-B.C.) Glehnia 8 Leaflets mostly finely dissected into narrow segments (except in Lomatium nudicaule) and often more or less “fern”-like. 9 Fruit slightly flattened laterally, to 6 mm long, scabrous-tuberculate, none of the coarse ribs prominently winged; flowers bright yellow; involucre usually wanting; involucels of a few linear-lanceolate bractlets up to 4 mm long; leaves ternate-pinnate-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate-pinnatifid; plant short- stemmed, minutely puberulent or glabrate, commonly about 1 dm tall; (s Alta, to s Man.) Musineon 9 Fruit flattened dorsally, at least the lateral ribs winged; flowers white, yellow, or purplish. 10 Fruit strongly flattened, the dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral ribs more or less broadly winged; bracts of involucre wanting or inconspicuous; bractlets of involucels usually numerous and conspicuous, often connate at base (sometimes wanting) Lomatium 10 Fruit only slightly flattened, to about 12 mm long, the lateral ribs strongly winged (as also usually some of the dorsal ribs); leaflets 2-pinmate or 2-pinnate-pinnatifid; plants glabrous or nearly so Cymopteris Leaves distinctly cauline (as well as often basal), 1 1 Fruit bristly or prickly, or at least warty-tuberculate; petals white or greenish white (sometimes yellowish in Daucus and Sanicula or pinkish in Daucus). 12 Bristles of the linear-cylindric to narrowly clavate fruit strongly appressed and directed toward apex, not hooked at tip; involucre present or none; leaves 2-3-ternate, the large ultimate divisions lanceolate to ovate, coarsely toothed or moderately lobed; plants more or less pubescent Osmorhiza 1 2 Bristles of the ovoid-lanceolate to oblong or subglobose fruit spreading and usually hooked or barbed at tip. 13 Leaves mostly palmately 3-5-foliolate (pinnately divided in S. bipinnatifida and S. graveolens), the large obovate to elliptic leaflets coarsely toothed or the lateral ones deeply 1 -cleft; umbels dense or almost capitate; involucre and involucels foliaceous; plants glabrous Sanicula 13 Leaves pinnately or ternate-pinnately parted ( Sanicula bipinnatifida and S. graveolens may be sought here), the divisions of the leaflets linear or deeply serrate or lobed, the whole leaf more or less '‘fern”-like in appearance; umbels open; plants usually more or less pubescent. 14 Involucre consisting of large leaf-like bracts, the involucels of several linear or pinnate bractlets; bristles of fruit in straight rows correspond- ing to the ribs; leaves pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments linear to lanceolate; plants more or less pubescent. 15 Fruit somewhat dorsally compressed, the bristles barbed at tip; rays of umbel numerous; plant to about 1 m tall Daucus 1 5 Fruit laterally compressed, to 7 mm long, the bristles hooked at tip, those of alternate rows larger and tending to be confluent at base; rays of umbel less than 10, very unequal, ascending, to 8 cm long, all of the flowers white; plant to about 4 dm tall, more or less spreading-hirsute throughout; (sw B.C.) Caucalis 14 Involucre consisting of a few small simple or pinnate bracts, or wanting; bristles of fruit not in regular rows; leaflets composed of broad incised segments; (introd.). 16 Sheaths of the upper leaves villous-ciliate; rays of umbel glabrous; fruit lance-ovoid, short-beaked, covered with sharp warty tubercles; bractlets of involucels ovate-lanceolate; leaves minutely hispid beneath; stem glabrous; (A. neglecta) Anthriscus 1152 Key to Umbelliferae 16 Sheaths entire; rays of umbel pubescent; fruit ovoid, obscurely beaked; bractlets linear; plants hispid throughout Torilis 1 1 Fruit not bristly. 17 Axils of upper leaves bearing clusters of bulblets, normal fruit rarely maturing; leaves 2-3-pinnate (the lower often ternate), the linear segments entire or remotely toothed; plant glabrous; (C. bulbifera ; transcontinental) Cicuta 17 Leaf-axils lacking bulblets. 18 Larger divisions of at least the stem-leaves finely dissected into filiform, linear, or deeply incised segments, the whole leaf often more or less 'fern”-like in appearance, 2-4-pinnate or ternate-pinnate. 19 Fruit with a beak to 7 cm long, the linear body hispid or scabrous, commonly about 1 cm long; petals white, the marginal ones commonly enlarged; umbel simple or with 2 stout rays; involucre none or a single small bract; involucels consisting of foliaceous lobed bractlets; leaves 3-4-pinnate; leaflets composed entirely of linear segments; minutely hispid annual; (introd.) Scandix 19 Fruit beakless or short-beaked, usually nearly or quite glabrous. 20 Petals white (rarely pink or purplish). 21 Fruits broader than long, laterally flattened, about 5 mm broad, emarginate at summit, the ribs evident but low and obtuse; umbel sessile, solitary, with 2-4 umbellets of comparatively large flowers, subtended by a single reduced foliage-leaf; involucels consisting of spatulate foliaceous bractlets; leaves 3-ternate-pinnate; leaflets composed entirely of narrowly spatu- late segments; glabrous perennial from a subglobose tuber; (S Ont. ) Erigenia 21 Fruits longer than broad GROUP A (p. 1154) 20 Petals yellow or greenish yellow; plants glabrous (or more or less puberulent or granular-scaberulous in Lomatlum). 22 Fruit 5 mm long or more, beakless, dorsally flattened and with more or less well-developed corky marginal wings; petals yellow; (western species) Lomatium 22 Fruit rarely as much as 5 mm long, beakless or beaked; (introd.). 23 Leaves 2-3-ternate-pinnate; divisions of leaflets linear and entire to ovate and toothed or incised; involucre consisting of 2 or 3 entire or 3-lobed bracts with sheathing base; involucels consisting of about 5 lanceolate bractlets; fruit ovate, 2 or 3 mm long, laterally compressed, tipped by a cushion-like stylopodium [Petroselinum] 23 Leaves 3-4-pinnate; leaflets composed entirely of filiform or narrowly linear segments; bracts and bractlets usually none; fruit at least 3 mm long, the short stylopodium conic; stem more or less glaucous. 24 Annual; petiolar sheaths of larger leaves at most about 3 cm long; fruit somewhat compressed dorsally, the lateral ribs distinctly winged Anethum 24 Perennial; petiolar sheaths to about 1 dm long; fruit scarcely compressed, the prominent slender ribs merely acute Foeniculum 18 Larger divisions of leaves entire or only moderately toothed or lobed, not incised and ‘ fern '-like; ( Pimpinella , with much reduced upper leaves with linear segments, is included here). 25 Leaflets or leaf-segments entire or nearly so; plants glabrous. 26 Petals yellow; fruit oblong, 3 or 4 mm long, somewhat compressed laterally, the low ribs wingless; bracts and bractlets none; leaves 2-3-ternate or ternate-bipinnate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, at 1153 Umbelliferae most about 2.5 cm long; plant glaucous, from a taproot; (s Ont. and sw Que.) Taenidia 26 Petals white; involucre wanting or consisting of a few linear bracts; involucels a few linear bractlets to 4 or 5 mm long; leaflets to about 1.5 dm long; plants from fascicled tubers. 27 Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, to 7 mm long, rather strongly com- pressed dorsally, the lateral ribs broadly winged, the dorsal ribs filiform; leaves 1 -pinnate, the leaflets narrowly linear to oblanceolate {the broader ones coarsely toothed); (s Ont.) [Oxy poll's] 27 Fruit oblong-ovate to orbicular, to 4 mm long, somewhat flattened laterally, wingless, the ribs filiform; leaves 1 -pinnate (the upper ones simple), the leaflets themselves occasionally pinnately cleft, filiform to linear or rarely narrowly lanceolate, all entire; (B.C. to sw Sask.) Perideridia 25 Leaflets or leaf-segments toothed or lobed. 28 Principal leaves with only 3 leaflets, 29 Petals white (sometimes purplish). 30 Fruit linear-oblong, often curved, pointed at both ends, glabrous, to 8 mm long including the slender-subulate stylopodium, slightly flattened laterally, with low obtuse equal ribs; umbel-rays few, very unequal; involucre none or a single small bract; involucels none or at most 3 minute bractlets; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, broadly cuneate at base, doubly serrate and often moderately lobed, to 1.5 dm long; plant glabrous; (s Man. to Que. and N.B.) .... Cryptotaenia 30 Fruit obovate, about 1 cm long, often pubescent, strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs broadly winged, the dorsal ribs separated from below middle to apex by dark lines (oil-tubes); umbel regular, several-rayed, flat-topped; bracts of involucre deciduous; involucels consisting of several linear bractlets; leaflets broadly ovate to suborbicular, coarsely serrate and deeply lobed, to 4 dm long; plant woolly; ( H . lanatum ; transcontinental) Heracleum 29 Petals yellow (rarely purplish); fruit ovate to oblong, to 6 mm long, beakless; umbels regular; involucre none; involucels consisting of a few short bractlets; leaflets firm, simply serrate. 31 Central flower and fruit of each umbellet sessile; fruit somewhat compressed laterally, its filiform ribs wingless; plant glabrous or nearly so; (Z. aptera; B.C. to s Ont.; introd. eastwards) Zizia 31 Central flower and fruit of each umbellet pedicelled; fruit nearly terete or slightly compressed dorsally, some or all of the ribs prominently winged; (s Ont.) Thaspium 28 Principal leaves with more than 3 leaflets. 32 Petals yellow or greenish yellow; plants essentially glabrous (stems of Thaspium barbinode hairy at the nodes) GROUP B (p. 1155) 32 Petals white or greenish white (sometimes pinkish) GROUP C (p. 1 1 56) GROUP A (see p. 1153) 1 Fruit to about 2.5 cm long, oblong-linear, strongly and sharply ridged, beaked; involucre deciduous; involucels consisting of several lanceolate bractlets; leaves 2-3 pinnate; leaflets consisting of broad incised segments; finely pubescent perennial; (introd.) .... [Myrrhis] 1 Fruit rarely over 1 cm long, beakless or short-beaked. 1154 Key to Umbelliferae 2 Fruits flattened dorsally, at least the lateral ribs broadly winged; involucre a few bracts or none; invoiucels consisting of linear bractlets; petioles sheathing, dilated and scarious-margined. 3 Bractlets of the invoiucels scarious and awn-tipped; lateral ribs of the fruit about as broad as the dorsal ribs or only slightly broader; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie) Cnidium 3 Bractlets of the invoiucels at most only scarious-margined, not awn-tipped; lateral ribs of the fruit broadly winged, the corky other ribs usually narrowly winged; {Alaska-B.C.; Ont to s Labrador, Nfld,, and N.S.) Conioselirrum 2 Fruits nearly terete or somewhat flattened laterally, wingless or narrowly winged. 4 Fruit with prominent pale-brown undulate ribs, broadly ovoid, about 3 mm long; bracts and bractlets lanceolate to ovate, conspicuous; leaves commonly ternate- tripinnate, their leaflets composed of broad incised segments; stem purple-spotted; plant glabrous; (introd.) Conium 4 Fruit with straight ribs; involucre none or consisting of 1 or few subulate bracts (these numerous only in Carum bulbocastanum). 5 Fruits linear or lanceolate, about 6 mm long, nearly ribless, the beak to 3 mm long; invoiucels consisting of narrowly to broadly lanceolate bractlets to 6 mm long; leaves commonly ternate-bipinnate; leaflets composed of broad incised segments; (introd.) Anthriscus 5 Fruits linear-oblong to subglobose, usually prominently ribbed, nearly or quite beakless. 6 Ribs of fruit broader than the intervals; bractlets of invoiucels conspicuous; leaves mostly ternate-bipinnate; leaflets consisting of broad, deeply incised segments; (introd.). 7 Fruit broadly ovoid, nearly terete, about 3 mm long; bractlets linear; plant glabrous Aethusa 7 Fruit linear-oblong, somewhat flattened laterally, to 7 mm long; bractlets ovate-lanceolate; plant minutely hirsute; (C. temulum ) Chaerophyllum 6 Ribs of fruit narrower than the intervals. 8 Fruit reddish brown, subglobose, to 5 mm long, hard, the carpels scarcely separable; invoiucels consisting of 3 small linear-lanceolate bractlets; leaves 1-3-pinnate, the lowest ones simple or with obovate incised divisions, the upper ones 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear segments; plant glabrous; (introd.) Coriandrum 8 Fruit elliptic to oblong, somewhat flattened laterally. 9 Umbel 1 -3-rayed; invoiucels consisting of several elliptic to narrowly obovate villous-margined bractlets; fruit elliptic or oblong, at least 4 mm long; leaves mostly ternate-bipinnate, glabrous or sparingly hispid on the margins and nerves; leaflets composed of broad deeply incised segments; stem glabrous or sparingly hispid, especially at the nodes; (C. procumbens \ introd.) [Chaerophyllum] 9 Umbel with at least 5 rays; invoiucels consisting of 1 or more linear bractlets; fruit oval-oblong; leaves and stem nearly or quite glabrous. 10 Fruit evidently ribbed but not winged, 3 or 4 mm long, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure; leaves 2-3-pinnate into linear to linear-lanceolate or spatulate ultimate segments; root-crown not fibrous; (introd.) Carum 10 Fruit about 5 or 6 mm long, the ribs narrowly winged, the oil-tubes up to 6 in the intervals and 8 on the commissure; leaves ternate, then pinnate-pinnatifid into relatively broad ultimate segments; root-crown coarsely fibrous Ligusticum GROUP B {see p. 1 1 54) 1 Leaves pinnate; fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs winged; (introd ). 1155 Umbelliferae 2 Leaves 1 -pinnate; leaflets finely serrate to near base and irregularly lobed or incised; involucre and involucels usually wanting Pastinaca 2 Leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets coarsely toothed near apex, entire at the cuneate base; involucre and involucels present Levisticum 1 Leaves (at least the cauline) ternate; leaflets finely to coarsely serrate. 3 Fruit linear-oblong, over 1 cm long, its narrow ribs wingless; involucels usualfy absent; stem often villous at the nodes; (O. occidentalism s B.C. and sw Alta.) Osmorhiza 3 Fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, at most 7 mm long. 4 Fruit strongly compressed dorsally, the lateral wings about half as broad to nearly as broad as the body, the dorsal wings narrower; involucre consisting of several foliaceous toothed bracts sometimes as long as the rays; involucels consisting of well-developed, entire or irregularly few-toothed bractlets; (A. dawsonii; s B.C. and sw Alta.) Angelica 4 Fruit nearly terete or only slightly compressed; involucre wanting; involucels consisting of a few short narrow bractlets. 5 Central flower and fruit of each umbellet sessile; fruit somewhat compressed laterally, its filiform ribs wingless Zizia 5 Central flower and fruit of each umbellet pedicelled; fruit nearly terete or slightly compressed dorsally, some or all of the ribs prominently winged; (s Ont) Thaspium GROUP C {see p. 1154) 1 Leaves 1 -pinnate ( Angelica pinnate may key out here). 2 Fruits strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs broadly winged, the dorsal ribs filiform; bracts of involucre deciduous or none. 3 Fruit obovate, about 1 cm long, often somewhat pubescent, its dorsal ribs separated from below middle to apex by dark lines (oil-tubes); bractlets several, setaceous; leaflets 3-7, ovate to suborbicular. deeply lobed, scabrous; plant spreading-pubescent; (H. sphondyliumm introd, from s Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) Heracleum 3 Fruit oblong, about 5 mm long, glabrous, its ribs not separated by dark lines; involucel a few linear bractlets or none; leaflets 5-9, linear and entire to elliptic and coarsely 3-several-toothed, they and the stem glabrous; (s Ont.) Oxypolis 2 Fruits moderately flattened laterally, wingless, oval to subglobose, not more than 3 mm long. 4 Umbels sessile or very short-peduncled, subtended by reduced foliage-leaves; bracts and bractlets none; leaflets of principal leaves 5-9, usually deeply 3-lobed into serrate or incised segments; plant glabrous; (introd. in N.S.) [Apium] 4 Umbels long-peduncled, naked at base or subtended by an involucre of linear bracts. 5 Involucre and involucels usually none; leaves strongly dimorphic, the few small upper ones linear or deeply pinnately dissected, the basal ones with 9-17 ovate to suborbicular, coarsely toothed or lobed leaflets; plant glabrous to puberulent or somewhat villous; (introd.) Pimpinella 5 Involucre and involucels consisting of several conspicuous linear and lanceolate bracts and bractlets, respectively; plants glabrous. 6 Fruit subglobose, barely 2 mm long, the corky-thickened wall obscuring the very slender ribs; bracts and bractlets foliaceous, often 3-lobed; leaflets 9-23, lanceolate to ovate, those of the lower leaves crenate or lobed (but submersed filiform-dissected leaves also sometimes present), those of the upper leaves commonly laciniate-ineised or subpinnatifid; plant stolonifer- ous; (B.C.; s Ont. and sw ?Que.) Berula 6 Fruit oval, 2 or 3 mm long, strongly corky-ribbed; leaflets 5-17, linear to ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate (submersed ones, if present, biprnnately dissected into linear segments); plants nonstoloniferous; (transcontinental) Siam 1156 Anethum 1 Leaves 2-3-ternate or ternate-pinnate; bracts of involucre few or none. 7 Fruit strongly flattened dorsally and with the lateral ribs broadly winged (except in Angelica lucida ); sheaths of upper leaves often greatly dilated; stem coarse. 8 Larger leaves 2-ternate, the usually 9 leaflets or segments oblong or obovate, sharply and irregularly serrate (often doubly so) and commonly 2-3-lobed; fruit 4 or 5 mm long; bractlets of involucre setaceous, deciduous; plant puberulent to glabrate; (introd.) Imperatoria 8 Larger leaves commonly ternate-bipinnate, the many lanceolate to ovate leaflets or segments sharply serrate (often doubly so); fruit to about 1 cm long; bractlets several, linear; summit of stem and rays of inflorescence more or less densely puberulent, the plant otherwise glabrous Angelica 7 Fruit only slightly flattened, wingless or very narrowly winged ( Angelica lucida may key out here). 9 Leaves 2-3-pinnate or ternate-bipinnate; fruit with broad rounded corky ribs; styles much longer than the depressed stylopodium. 10 Primary lateral veins of leaflets directed to the marginal teeth; leaves 2-3-pinnate. the leaflets irregularly toothed; fruit oblong, truncate, to 3.5 mm long; stem fibrous-rooted, soft and weak, generally reclining, often rooting at the nodes; (se Alaska and w B.C.) Oenanthe 10 Primary lateral veins of leaflets tending to be directed to the sinuses (with a branch continuing to the teeth); fruit ovoid, to 4 mm long; base of stem tuberous-thickened and hollow, commonly with well-developed transverse partitions; roots fascicled, some usually tuberous-thickened Cicuta 9 Leaves 1 -2-ternate, their lateral veins ending in the teeth. 1 1 Fruit 3 or 4 mm long, oblong-ovoid, slenderly ribbed; styles much longer than the conical stylopodium; bracts and bractlets usually none; petals with prolonged incurved tips; leaflets ovate to oblong, membranaceous, sharply serrate almost to base; plant loosely stoloniferous; (introd.) Aegopodium 1 1 Fruit about 1 cm long, narrowly oblong, with prominent acute to narrowly winged ribs; styles about equalling the low-conical stylopodium; bracts 1-5, subulate; bractlets several, linear; leaflets obovate to rhombic, fleshy, coarsely serrate above the middle; plant from a large aromatic root Ligusticum AEGOPODIUM L. [6034] A. podagraria L. Goutweed. Herbe aux goutteux Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places of N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver), s Man. (Morden; DAO), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Amqui, Matapddia Co.), Nfld. , N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. Var. variegatum Bailey (leaves with broad white margins) is known as a garden-escape in e Que. (Amqui), N.B., and N.S. AETHUSA L. [6048] A. cynapium L. Fool’s-parsley Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste or cult, ground in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.), Ont. (Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co.; OAC; reported from Hastings and Northumberland counties by John Macoun 1883), Que. (Boivin 1966b), St-Pierre and Miquelon (Rouleau 1956), N.B. (Macoun 1883), and N.S. (Shelburne and Halifax counties). ANETHUM L. [6063] A. graveolens L. Dill Asiatic; a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Carter and Newcombe 1921 ; Vancouver Is.), Alta. (Boivin 1966b), s Man. (Stony Mountain; Morden), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), and Que. (Montreal dist.). 1157 Umbelliferae ANGELICA L, [6082] Angelica. Angelique (Ref.: M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B: 192-202, 1945) 1 Fruit only slightly flattened, to about 9 mm long and 5 mm broad, the subequal ribs prominently corky-thickened and raised to a thin edge but scarcely winged; oil-tubes numerous, continuous about the seed, this loose within the pericarp at maturity; involucres deciduous; involucels of several conspicuous lanceolate to oblong bractlets; larger leaves commonly ternate-bipinnate. the ultimate segments ovate, irregularly incised-serrate and often 3-lobed; (Pacific and Atlantic coastal rocks and sands) A. lucida 1 Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs broadly winged; (plants mostly not essentially coastal). 2 Involucre present at base of umbel, consisting of about 10 toothed to laciniate, oblanceolate, leafy bracts to about 2.5 cm long and nearly equalling the umbel-rays; involucels similar, to 8 mm long, surpassing the flowers (these distinctly yellowish when dried but reported to be pale greenish-yellow in life); ovaries glabrous; fruit to 7 mm long; oil-tubes few; umbel usually solitary; leaves deltoid in general outline, 1 -3-ternate or 1-2-ternate-pinnate; leaflets to about 6 cm long and 3 cm broad, closely serrate or doubly-serrate; (se B.C. and sw Alta.) A. dawsonii 2 Involucre wanting (or occasionally a few sheaths or small deciduous bracts); flowers white or greenish white (rarely pinkish). 3 Involucels subtending umbellets wanting (or occasionally a few small narrow bractlets); fruit to 6 or 7 mm long, the oil-tubes few (solitary in the intervals), the seed adhering to the pericarp. 4 Leaves deltoid in general outline, the principal ones ternate, then 1 -2-pinnate, their leaflets to about 1.5 dm long and 5 cm broad, coarsely serrate or doubly serrate and often irregularly few-cleft; ovaries glabrous; stout plant to 2 m tall; (s B.C. and s Alta.) A, arguta 4 Leaves elliptic to oblong in general outline, pinnate to incompletely 2-pinnate, their leaflets to about 9 cm long and 3 cm broad, low-serrate; ovaries obscurely scabrous or minutely hispidulous; plant to 1 m tall; (?Alta.) [A. pinnata] 3 Involucels consisting of conspicuous bractlets. 5 Leaves 2-ternate or ternate-pinnate, the main divisions frequently reflexed (not directed forward as in other species), the rachis bent outwards at the point of insertion of the first pair of pinnae and commonly also at those of successive pairs; leaflets to 1 dm long and 6 cm broad, coarsely serrate to incised; ovaries minutely hispidulous; fruit to 4 mm long, the oil-tubes few; seed adhering to the pericarp; stout plant to about 12 dm tall; (s Alaska-B.C.-Alta.) A. genuflexa 5 Leaves with the main divisions directed forward; rachis straight. 6 Upper leaf-sheaths scarcely inflated, not prominently veined; central umbel not more than 1 .5 dm broad; oil-tubes few; seed adhering to the pericarp; (introd.) A. sylvestris 6 Upper sheaths strongly inflated and coarsely veined; central umbel to 3 dm broad; oil-tubes at least 25, continuous around the seed, this free in the pericarp at maturity. 7 Lateral ribs of fruit barely overtopping the stylopodium (enlarged base of styles), the wire-like dorsal ribs much lower; (Ont. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) A. atropurpurea 7 Lateral and dorsal ribs of fruit subequal and distinctly overtopping the stylopodium; (E Que., Labrador, and Nfld.) A. archangelica A. archangelica L. /aST/E/GEwA/ (Hs) Rocky thickets and shores of E Que. (Ste-Anne-de-Beaupre, near Quebec City, and s Saguenay Co. of the Cote-Nord; CAN; GH; MT), Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°10'N; CAN), and Nfld. (GH); w Greenland n to ca. 70°N, E Greenland n to ca. 66°30'N; Europe; w Asia. [A. laurentiana Fern.; Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.J. map; Hulten 1958: map 92, p. 101. Hulten also reports this species as introd. in the Montreal dist., Que., noting, "Distribution very 1158 Anthriscus uncertain on account of taxonomical difficulties and of cultivation.' His map indicates no native area in N. America but the plant described as A. laurentiana Fern. (Rhodora 28(335):222. 1926) appears to justify the native range as outlined above. A. arguta Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Wet meadows, marshes, and bottomlands from s B.C. (N to Kamloops; CAN) and Alta. (Crowsnest Forest Reserve on the B.C. -Alta, boundary; Waterton Lakes; A. lyallii reported from near Lesser Slave L. by Raup 1934) to N Calif. [A. lyallii Wats.]. A. atropurpurea L. Alexanders /sT/EE/ (Hs) Moist thickets and wet ground from Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at ca 53°N), James Bay (Charlton Is.). Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 54°30'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°05'N; an early report from Nachvak, 59^07^), Nfld. (GH), N.B. (Madawaska, Carleton, and Restigouche counties; ACAD CAN; GH), P E I. (Tignish; West Prince), and N.S. (Shelburne, Inverness, and Victoria counties) to III., Ohio, and Md, [Archangelica Hoffm.], A, dawsonii Wats. /T/W/ (Hs) Moist or wet montane slopes from se B.C. (Crowsnest Pass; Fernie; Flathead; 20 mi n of Coleman) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to Idaho and w Mont. A. genuflexa Nutt ZsT/W/eA/ (Hs) Moist places and swamps from the e Aleutian Is. and s Alaska ( see Hulten 1947: map 899, p. 1199) through B.C. and w Alta, to n Calif.; E Asia, map: Hulten 19686:705. A. lucida L. /ST/D/eA/ (Hs) Moist meadows, thickets, and coastal rocks and gravels: Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to Cape Lisburne at ca. 69°N), and the Yukon (n to on or near the Dist. Mackenzie boundary at ca. 54° N) through coastal B.C. to n Calif.; Ont. (sw James Bay watershed at 51°15'N); Charlton Is.. James Bay; e Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Jean-Port-Joli, L Islet Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.) to Labrador (n to Hopedale, 55°27'N), Nfld., N.B. (St. John; CAN), P.E.I. (Wood Is.. Queens Co.), N.S.. and s N.Y.; e Asia; according to Joergensen. Soerensen. and Westergaard 1958. reports from S Greenland are based upon A. archangelica. [Coelopleurum Fern.; Archangelica ( C Pieurosperrmim) gmelinii DC.; C. longipes C. & R.; Ferula canadensis L. ; Ligusticum { C .; Thaspium) actaeifolium Michx.]. maps: Hulten 19686:705; Porsild 1966: map 112 (C. luc. ; indicating C. gmel. as a distinct western species), p. 80. [A. pinnata Wats.] [The inclusion of Alta, in the range of this species of the w USA (n to Mont, and Wyo.) by Rydberg (1922) requires confirmation.] A. sylvestris L, Eurasian; definitely known in N. America only from old fields and roadsides of ne N.S. (Louisbourg, Cape Breton Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1898 and again by J.S. Erskine in 1951; CAN; also reported as common around Sydney by Roland 1947). A collection in MT from Bonaventure, Gaspe Pen., e Que.. has also been placed here but requires verification. ANTHRISCUS Bernh. [5938] Beak-Chervil 1 Fruit covered with sharp warty tubercles, lance-ovoid, short-beaked, 3 or 4 mm long; umbels short-peduncled, their rays glabrous; bractlets of involucels several, lance-ovate, about 2 mm long; leaves minutely hispid beneath; stem glabrous A. caucalis 1 Fruit smooth; leaves glabrous or sparingly short-villous. 2 Lateral umbels sessile or subsessile in the leaf-axils, their rays pubescent; fruit linear, the body 5 or 6 mm long, the beak about 3 mm long; bractlets of involucels narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 mm long; stem uniformly pubescent below A. cerefolium 1159 Umbelliferae 2 Umbels all peduncled, their rays glabrous; fruit lanceolate, the body about 6 mm long, the beak about 1 mm long; bractlets of involucels lance-ovate, to 6 mm long; stem pubescent above the nodes A, sylvestris A. caucalis Bieb. Eurasian; introd. in waste places of N. America, as in sw B.C. (Eastham 1947; A. vulgaris , “Very abundant in Nanaimo and the surrounding district and apparently extending."), N.S. (Gleason 1958; not listed by Roland 1947), and SE Va. (Fernald in Gray 1950; A. scand.). [A. negiecta Boiss. & Reut.; A. scandicina (Web.) Mansf.; Scandix (A.; Chaerophyllum; Myrrhis) anthriscus L; A. vulgaris Pers., not Bernh.]. A. cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Niagara, Lincoln Co.; TRT) and Que. (near the mouth of the Matane R., Gaspe Pen., where taken by Forbes in 1904, and Cap-a-I Aigle, Charlevoix Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1905; GH; reported from St, Helen's Is., Montreal, by Groh 1944a). [Scandix (Cerefolium; Chaerophyllum; Selinum) cerefolium L, ; Chaer. sativum Lam.]. A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Cow-parsley Eurasian; a garden-escape to fields and waste places in N. America, as in Ont. (Simcoe, Grey, Middlesex, Leeds, and Carleton counties), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Capucins, Matane Co.), Nfld., N.B. (Rothesay and St. John), and N.S. (near Sydney and Louisbourg, Cape Breton Co.; ACAD). [Chaerophyllum L.]. [APIUM L.] [6004] [A. graveolens L.] Celery [Eurasian; a casual garden-escape to waste places in N. America, as in N.S. (waste places on a farm at Black Duck L., Kings Co.; NSPM), where, however, scarcely established.] BERULA Hoffm. [6038] B. erecta (Huds.) Cov. /T/X/E/ (Hs) Wet ground and shallow water from s B.C. (collection in CAN from L. Okanagan, where taken by John Macoun in 1889; collection in V from Oliver, S of Penticton; reported from Kamloops by Macoun 1890, and from Popkum, near Yale, by Eastham 1947) and Wash, to Minn., s Ont. (near Port Colborne, Welland Co., where taken by Day in 1882 and apparently now extinct; Zenkert 1934), sw ?Gue. (Huntingdon, near Montreal; R. Campbell, Can. Rec. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895), and N.Y., s to Baja Calif., N.Mex., Okla., and Fla.; Europe. [Sium Huds.; S. (B.) an - g us ti folium L.]. Our material appears wholly referable to var. incisa (Torr.) Cronq. ( Sium incisum Torr.; S. (B.) pusillum Nutt; leaves more or less dimorphic (rather than not markedly so), the lower ones with up to 21 elliptic to ovate, crenate to occasionally serrate or laciniate leaflets, the upper ones with smaller and relatively narrower, more sharply toothed or often irregularly incised to subpinnatifid leaflets; filiform-dissected submersed basal leaves also sometimes present). BUPLEURUM L. [5994] Thoroughwax 1 Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, to about 1 .5 dm long, acute, mostly clustered at the base of the stem and tapering to an obscure petiole, the few stem -leaves clasping by a rounded base; involucre consisting of up to 6 lanceolate to ovate, acute, foliaceous bracts to 1.5 cm long and 7 mm broad; bractlets of involucels to 5 mm long, acute, shorter than the yellow or purplish flowers; oil-tubes continuous about the seed and in each rib; perennial with a branching caudex surmounting a taproot; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mac- kenzie-B.C.-sw Alta.) B. ranunculoides 1 Leaves ovate to oblong or obovate, the basal and lower cauline ones to 8 cm long and 5 1160 Chaerophyllum cm broad, rounded at apex, subpetiolate or perfoliate at base, the numerous upper cauline leaves perfoliate; involucre wanting; bractlets of involucel to 12 mm long and 10 mm broad, acuminate, 2 or 3 times as long as the yellow flowers; oil-tubes of seed obscure or wanting; (introd.) B. rotundifolium B. ranuculoides L. /aST/W/EA/ (Hs (Ch)) Wet places or shallow water at low to fairly high elevations from the coasts of Alaska, the Yukon (Herschel Is.), and w Dist. Mackenzie to S Alaska-Yukon and from se B.C. {South Kootenay Pass, on the B.C.-Alta. boundary) and sw Alta. {Waterton Lakes and Cardston; CAN) to Idaho and Wyo.; Eurasia. [Incl. var. arcticum Regel, B. americanum C. & R., B. angulosum C. & S. (not L.), and B. triradiatum Adams], map: Hulten 19686:698 (B. tri. ssp. arct.). B. rotundifolium L. Hare’s-ear Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is., where 1 introduced in bird seed’ ; V), Ont. (Ottawa; John Macoun 1886; not listed by Gillett 1958), Que. (Rouleau 1947), and N.B. (St. John, where taken on wharf-ballast by G.U. Hay in 1883; CAN). CARUM L. [6020] Caraway. Anis or Carvi 1 Umbels to 8 cm broad, flat-topped, with up to about 20 rays, the umbels and umbellets subtended by numerous linear to linear-lanceolate small bracts or bractlets; fruit with slender oil-tubes; ultimate leaf-segments to about 1 .5 cm long; stem solid; perennial from a black globose tuber; (introd. in St-Pierre and Miquelon) [C. bulbocastanum] 1 Umbels mostly less than 4 cm broad, with usually less than 10 unequal rays, the umbels and umbellets naked at base or subtended by a solitary setaceous bract or bractlet; fruit with broad oil-tubes; ultimate leaf-segments much smaller and more crowded; biennial with a hollow stem from a fusiform taproot; (introd., transcontinental) C. carvi [C. bulbocastanum Koch] Earth-nut [European; reported from St-Pierre and Miquelon by Rouleau (1956; ?established), the only apparent record of its occurrence in N. America. ( Bunium L.).] C. carvi L. Caraway. Anis canadien Eurasian; introd. in neglected fields and waste places of N. America (particularly northwards), as in B.C. (n to Cariboo, ca. 53°N; CAN), Alta, (n to Lac la Biche, 54°46’N), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to York Factory, Hudson Bay, 57°N), Ont. (n to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, ca. 56°N), Que. (n to the E James Bay watershed at ca. 51°30'N, L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; also known from Akimiski Is., James Bay, ca. 53°N), Nfld, , N.B., P.E.J., N.S., and sw Greenland. Forma rhodanthum Moore (petals pinkish rather than white) is known from e Que. (Rimouski, Rimouski Co.; type from St-Louis, Temiscouata Co.) and N.S. (Parrsboro, Cumberland Co.; A.E. Roland and W.G. Dore, Rhodora 44(525):337. 1942). CAUCALIS L. [5950] C. microcarpa H. & A. False Carrot /t/W/ (T) Open moist slopes and streambanks from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN) to Baja Calif, and Mexico. [CHAEROPHYLLUM L.] [5935] Chervil 1 Fruit oblong-ovoid, its slender ribs narrower than the intervals; umbel with not more than 3 primary rays; bractlets of hvolucels subtending the umbellets elliptic to narrowly obovate, villous on the margins; leaflets glabrous or sparingly hispid on the nerves and margins; stem glabrous or sparingly hispid (particularly at the nodes); (s Ont.) [C. procumbens] 1161 Umbelliterae 1 Fruit linear-oblong, its rounded ribs broader than the intervals; umbels with at least 6 pubescent primary rays; bractlets of involucels narrowly ovate, acuminate; leaflets villous-hirsute on both sides; stem densely pubescent with short stiffish hairs [C. temulum ] [C. procumbens (L.) Crantz] [Moist woods and alluvial soil from Iowa to s Ont. (Seymour, Northumberland Co,, and White Is. in the Detroit R. opposite Amherstburg, Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1873 and 1882, respectively; CAN; apparently not taken since the latter date and extinct) and N.Y., s to Kans., Ark., Miss., and Ala. (Scandix L,).] [C. temulum L.J [Eurasian; the report from Stanbridge Station, Missisquoi Co., sw Gue., by Frere Marie-Victorin (Ann, ACFAS 3:102. 1937; taken up by Raymond 1950b) is based upon Anthriscus sylvestris, relevant collections in CAN and MT.J CICUTA L. [6011] Water-Hemlock. Cicutaire (Ref : M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance 1942, and N. Am. Flora 28B:1 54-57. 1944) 1 Axils of upper leaves bearing dusters of bulblets; leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate, rarely over 4 mm broad, entire or sparingly salient-toothed; fruit about 2 mm long, the ribs broader than the narrow intervals; (transcontinental) C. bulbifera 1 Axils of leaves lacking bulblets. 2 Fruits not noticeably narrowed to the commissure (the area of contact of their inner faces), to 4 mm long; lateral ribs of fruit much broader than the dorsal ribs; leaflets of the stem-leaves commonly at least 1 cm broad; (transcontinental) C. maculata 2 Fruits distinctly narrowed to the commissure; lateral ribs of fruit about equalling the dorsal ribs, all of the ribs broader than the reddish- or purplish-brown intervals; pith of base of stem and of usually several of the tuberous-thickened roots separated by prominent cross-walls. 3 Fruit oval to orbicular, at least as long as broad (to 4 mm long and 3 mm broad); umbels with up to 20 rays to 6 cm long; pedicels to 8 mm long; leaflets relatively broad, to 3.5 cm broad; (Alaska-B.C.-Alta.) C. douglasii 3 Fruit elliptical, broader than long (to 2,2 mm long and 3 mm broad); umbels with at most about 14 rays to 8 cm long; pedicels to 12 mm long; leaflets of at least the stem-leaves linear to very narrowly lanceolate, commonly less than 3 mm broad; (Alaska-B,C. to James Bay) C, mackenzieana C. bulbifera L. /ST/X/ (Hs) Swamps and wet thickets from cent. Dist. Mackenzie (an isolated station at Norman Wells, 65°17'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Fiefd-Nat. 74(2):92. 1960) and B.C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to L. Athabasca), Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to the Winisk R. at ca. 55°N; see Hudson Bay-James Bay watershed map by Lepage 1966; map 15, p. 232), Que. (N to e James Bay at ca. 54°30'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld,, N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., Nebr., Ohio, and Va. map: Hulten 19686:699. C. douglasii (DC.) C. & R. /ST/W/ (Hs) Marshes, streambanks, and ditches from Alaska (n to Fort Yukon, ca. 67°N; V.L. Harms, Can. Field-Nat. 83(3):254. 1969) and sw Dist. Mackenzie (J.W. Thieret, Can, Field-Nat. 75(3): 118. 1961) through B.C. and w Alta, (reports from Sask. by Breitung 1957a, require confirmation) to s Calif.. Mexico. N.Mex,, and Colo. [Sium DC.; C. califomica Gray; C. occidentalis and C. vagans Greene], map: Hulten 19686:699 (the extension into Sask. should presumably be deleted). C. mackenzieana Raup /ST/(X)/ (Hs) Marshes and swampy ground from the e Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to ca. 67°N) to s-cent. Yukon, the Mackenzie R. Delta, Great Slave L., Sask. (n to the type locality at L 1162 Conium Athabasca), Man. (n to Churchill), and James Bay (Ont. and Que.. n to 54°22'N; see James Bay watershed map by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954: fig. 13, p. 99), s to B.C.-Alta.-Sask., s-cent. Man. (s to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), and s James Bay, [C. ?occidentalis sensu Groentved 1937, not Greene; C. virosa of Canadian reports in part, not L]. maps: Hulten 19685:700; WJ, Cody. Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 16, p. 149. 1971. C. maculata L, Spotted Cowbane, Musquash-root. Carotte a Moreau /sT/X/ (Hs) Meadows, swampy ground, low thickets, and moist prairies from Alaska (an isolated station at Circle Hot Springs, ca. 66°N; CAN), the ?Yukon (Botvin 19666), and Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Providence, w of Great Slave L.; CAN) to B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to the Nelson R. about 30 mi sw of York Factory, Hudson Bay), Ont. (n to Sandy L. at ca. 53°N, 93°W), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; concerning James Bay material, see Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958:140), N.B., P E L, and N.S., s to Tex., Mo., Tenn.. and N.C. [Inch vars. angustifolia Hook, and victorinii Fern.; C. virosa of Canadian reports in part, not L.; C. vir. var. mac. (L.) C. & R.]. CNIDIUM Cusson [6069] 1 Basal leaves 2{3)-pinnate, with linear to ovate-lanceolate ultimate segments; fruits to 3 mm long, the lateral ribs of the carpels slightly more winged than the dorsal ribs; (Alaska) C. ajanense 1 Basal leaves 2-3-pinnate, their ovate ultimate segments themselves deeply divided; fruits to 5 mm long, the carpels with 5 subequally-winged ribs; (Alaska-Yukon-Nw Dist. Mackenzie) C. cnidiifolium C. ajanense (Regel & Tiling) Drude /ST/W/A/ (Hs) Meadows in alpine or subalpine regions of N-cent, Alaska (a single station at Old Man Creek, ca, 66°N, 152°W; see Hulten 1947: map 896, p. 1199); Asia. [Ligusticum K.-Pol.; Tilingia Regel & Tiling], map: Hulten 19686:701. C. cnidiifolium (Turcz.) Schischk, /aS/W/eA/ (Hs) Wet meadows, gravelly slopes, and streambanks of Ataska-Yukon (n to ca, 70°1 5'N; see Hulten 1947: map 898 ( Conio . cnid. ), p. 1199) and the coast of nw Dist. Mackenzie; E Asia. [Selinum Turcz.; Conioselinum Porsild; S. (Conio.) dawsonii C. & R.; Laserpitium hirsutum sensu Hooker 1832, perhaps not Lam.; Conio. fischeri sensu Hooker 1832, not Wimm. & Grab.]. map: Huften 19686:702. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. [6081] C. chinense (L.) BSP. Hemlock-parsley /ST/D/eA/ (Hs) Thickets, open slopes, meadows, sandy shores, and wet woods: Aleutian Is. and coastal Alaska (N to Cape Lisburne, ca. 68°N; see Hulten 1947: map 897 (C. benthamii ), p. 1199) through coastal B.C. to Calif.; Ont. (n to sw James Bay at 5ri6'N) to Que. (St. Lawrence R, estuary from St-Jean-Port-Joii, L lslet Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; L. St. John), Labrador (n to Indian Harbour, 54°25'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Mo., Ohio, and N.C.; E Asia. [Athamanta L.; Cnidium Spreng.; Selinum (Conio.) benthamii and S. (Conio.) pacificum Wats.; S. hookeri Wats.; Conio. pumilum Rose; Ligusticum (Conio.) gmelinii C. & S., not Conio. gmel. (Bray) Steud. nor Coelopleurum gmel. (DC.) Ledeb.; included in C. vaginatum (Spreng.) Thell. by Polunin 1959]. map: Hulten 19686:704. CONIUM L. [5970] C. macuiatum L. Poison Hemlock, Cigue Eurasian; introd. in waste places of N. America, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Lulu Is.; Langley; Salmon Arm), Sask. (McLean, near Regina; Breitung 1957a), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to Grand Bay on the Saguenay R.), N.B. (Tracey Mills, Carleton Co.; ACAD), and N.S. 1163 Umbelliferae CORIANDRUM L. [5953] C. sativum L. Coriander European; introd. in waste places of N, America, as in Alaska (Boivin 1966 b, not listed by Hulten 1947 and 1968b), Ont (n to Ottawa), sw Que. (N to the Montreal dist.), and N.S. (Lunenburg and Guysborough counties; ACAD). CRVPTOTAENIA DC. [6015] C. canadensis (L.) DC. Wild Chervil, Honewort /T/EE/eA/ (Hs) Rich woods and thickets from se Man. (known only from Morden, about 55 mi s of Winnipeg, where apparently first taken by John Macoun in 1896 and as late as 1953 by the present writer; CAN; WIN) to Ont. (n to Ottawa), Oue. (n to Kamouraska Co.), and N.B. (Carleton and Kings counties; NBM; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Tex., Ark., Ala., and Ga.; var. japonica (Hassk.) Makino in E Asia. [Sison L.; Sium Lam.; Chaerophyllum Crantz; Conopodium Koch; Myrrhis Gaertn.]. CYMOPTERIS Raf. [6089] (Ref.: M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B: 170-85. 1945) 1 Flowers yellow; bractlets narrow, to 6 mm long; primary rays of umbel elongating unequally, the longer ones to over 7 cm long; involucre wanting; lateral wings of fruit about equalling or broader than the body; stems to 6 dm tall, subacaulescent or leafy near base; (s ?B.C.) [C. terebinthinus] 1 Flowers white or purplish; primary rays of umbel at most about 2 cm long; scapes to about 3 dm tall. 2 Bractlets subtending umbellets usually linear, entire, often membranaceous, equalling or surpassing the white florets; umbel compact, the primary rays rarely over 1 cm long, the pedicels of the umbellets about 1 mm long; involucre of primary umbel usually wanting, sometimes rudimentary; wings of fruit narrower than or about equalling the width of the body, narrowed toward base and sometimes acuminate at apex; (Alta, to sw Man.) C. acaulis 2 Bractlets subtending umbellets ovate-oblong, white with a conspicuous green midnerve, often rather deeply cleft at apex, usually shorter than the white or purplish florets; umbel relatively open, the primary rays to about 2 cm long, the pedicels of the umbellets to about 1.5 cm long; involucre of primary umbel consisting of a low inconspicuous sheath or of conspicuous linear-oblong bracts, or wanting; wings of fruit about twice as broad as the body, conspicuously enlarged at base, narrowed toward the apex; (?Man.) [C. montanus] C. acaulis (Pursh) Raf. /T/WW/ (Grt) Dry plains and valleys from Mont, to s Alta. (N to Lethbridge and Medicine Hat), Sask. (N to Carlton, about 40 mi sw of Prince Albert), sw Man. (N to Routledge, Brandon, and Carberry), and w Minn., s to Oreg., Colo., and Okla. [Selinum Pursh; incl. C. glomeratus Raf.; Ferula ?palmella Hook.], map: M.E. Mathias, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17(3/4): fig. 4 (the occurrence in s Man. should be indicated), p. 235. 1 930. [C. montanus (Nutt.) T. & G.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (s S.Dak. to Colo, and Okla.) from s Man. by Lowe (1943; Phell. mont. ) is probably based upon a 1909 Criddle collection from Aweme, SE of Brandon, referred to Lomatium orientate by Boivin (1968). The map by M.E. Mathias (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17(3/4): fig. 6, p. 239. 1930) indicates no Canadian stations. { Phellopterus Nutt.).] [C. terebinthinus (Hook.) T. & G.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Mont.) from se B.C. by John Macoun (1883; Kootenay Pass; this taken up by Henry 1915) requires clarification. The map by M.E. Mathias 1164 Eryngium (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17(3/4J: fig. 8, p. 242. 1930) indicates no Canadian stations. ( Selinum Hook.; Laserpitium Dougl.; Pteryxia C. & R.; C. foeniculaceus T. & G.).] DAUCUS L. [6142] Carrot. Carotte 1 Invotucral bracts scarious-margined below, the firm elongate segments filiform-subulate; primary rays of umbel to 7 cm long, the longer outer ones arching inwards to produce a concave mature umbel; umbellets usually with at least 20 flowers, the central flower often roseate or purple; fruit 3 or 4 mm long, broadest at the middle; relatively coarse biennial to about 1 2 dm tall, from a well-developed taproot, more or less spreading-hirsute throughout to subglabrous; (introd.) D. carota 1 Involueral bracts not scarious-margined, the segments linear or lanceolate, scarcely elongate; primary rays of umbel rarely over 4 cm long, ascending but straightish at maturity; umbellets with usually not more than 12 flowers, the flowers all white or sometimes purplish; fruit to 5 mm long, usually broadest below the middle; retrorsely pubescent annual to about 8 dm tall, from a slender taproot; (s B.C.) D. pusiflus D. carota L. Wild Carrot, Queen Annes-lace. Carotte sauvage Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in dry fields and waste places of N. America, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is., and adjacent islands and mainland), Sask. (Boivin 1966b; not listed by Breitung 1957a), Man. (known only from Brandon, where taken by John Macoun in 1896; CAN), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at York), Labrador (Goose Bay, 53°18'N; DAO), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. The typical form has a solitary roseate to purple flower near the centre of the umbel of otherwise white or whitish flowers, this resembling a small insect and presumably an adaptation to attract insects for pollination. Forma epurpuratus Farw., lacking this coloured flower, is reported from s Ont. by Landon (1960; Norfolk Co.). Forma roseus Millsp. (flowers all roseate or purplish) is reported from s Ont. by Gaiser and Moore (1966; Lambton Co.). D. pusillus Michx. /t/X/ (T) Dry hills, prairies, and rocks from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland) to Kans., Mo., and S.C.. s to Baja Calif, and Fla. [D. microphyllus Presl]. ERIGENIA Nutt. [5960] E bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger-of-spring /t/EE/ (Gst (Grt)) Rich deciduous woods from Wise, to s Ont. (Lambton, Elgin, Middlesex, Oxford. Perth, Waterloo, Wellington, Peel, and York counties; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 20, p, 33) and N.Y., s to Mo., Miss., and Ala. ERYNGIUM L. [5923] Eryngo 1 Petals greenish; fruit less than 3 mm long; spinose involueral bracts to about 5 cm long, much surpassing the heads; lower leaves deltoid, deeply pinnately or ternate-pinnately divided to near the winged rachis, to about 2.5 dm long; upper leaves deeply ternately divided; (introd.) [E campestre] 1 Petals blue or bluish; spinose involueral bracts rarely over 3 cm long, shorter than or not much surpassing the head. 2 Blades of the basal leaves almost equalling or longer than their petioles, crenate to spinulose-serrate, oblong-oval, rounded or cordate at base, to about 1.5 dm long; upper leaves palmately lobed or divided; fruit 3 or 4 mm long; (introd.) £ planum 2 Blades of the basal leaves much shorter than their septate-nodose petioles, spinulose-toothed or remotely spinufose-ciliate, more or less elliptic (or the blades often obsolete); upper leaves similar but sessile and reduced, often laciniate at base; fruit 2 or 3 mm long; (?B.C.) [E articulatum ] 1165 Umbelliferae [E. articulatum Hook.} [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Calif.) from B.C. by Howell (noted by Henry 1915) requires confirmation.] [E. campestre L] [European; reported as introd. in sw Que. by Rouleau (1947:61), where, however, scarcely established.] E. planum L. Eurasian; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in Ont. (collection in TRT from rocky ground at Lome Park, Peel Co., where taken by Coventry in 1958; collection in CAN from Ottawa, where spreading on a hillside at the Central Experimental Farm and taken by Malte in 1915; reported from Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co., by Montgomery 1957). Reported from Que. and from B.C. to Sask. by Boivrn (1968). FOENICULUM Mill. [6062] Fennel F. vulgare Mill. Sweet Fennel European; a garden-escape to roadsides and dry fields in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; CAN), ?Alta. (Colinton; Groh 1947), s Ont. (Lambton, Waterloo, and Welland counties), and sw Que. (garden at Chambly, near Montreal; MT; ?escaped). GLEHNIA Schmidt [6085] G. littoralis Schmidt /sT/W/eA/ (Grt) Coastal dunes and sandy beaches from s Alaska (see Hultdn 1947: map 901, p. 1199) and w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is.) to Calif.; e Asia. [Pheliopterus Benth.]. map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:706, The N. American plant is referable to ssp, leiocarpa (Mathias) Hult. (G. lei. Mathias; fruits glabrous or with a few long hairs toward the tip rather than copiously hairy). HERACLEUM L. [6122] 1 Principal leaves 1-ternate; plant more or less woolly; (transcontinental) H. lanatum 1 Principal leaves 1 -pinnate (leaflets 3, 5, or 7); plant spreading-pubescent and somewhat scabrous; (introd.) H. sphondylium H. lanatum Michx. Cow -pars nip. Berce /ST/X/eA/ (Grt) Rich thickets, moist ground, and shores from the Aleutian Is, and cent. Alaska-Yukon to Great Slave L., Sask. (N to Prince Albert), Man. (N to about 10 mi S of Churchill), Ont, (n to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, ca, 56°N), Que, (n to SE Hudson Bay at ca. 56°N, L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen ), Labrador (n to Attikamagen L, at ca. 55°N, 67°W, and Sandwich Bay, ca. 53°30'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., N.Mex,, Kans., Ohio, and Ga.; e Asia. [H. maximum Bartr.]. maps: Hulten 19686:707; Raup 1947; pi. 31; Marcel Raymond, Ann. ACFAS 15:118. 1949. H. sphondylium L. Hogweed Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Grey. Wentworth, York, and Perth counties), Que. (Quebec City; Arrsqui, sw Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (near St. John's; GH), N.S, (Truro, Colchester Co.; ACAD; reported from Cape Breton Is. by Fernald in Gray 1950), and ?Labrador (Boivin 19666). HYDROCOTYLE L. [5893] Water-Pennywort (Ref.: M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B:51-58. 1944) 1 Leaves centrally peltate (lacking a sinus extending to the junction with the petiole), suborbicular to reniform, crenate or shallowly lobed; inflorescence long-peduncled. 1166 Ligusticum 2 Inflorescence usually a simple open many-flowered subglobose umbel to 3 cm broad, commonly surpassing the leaves; pedicels filiform; fruits deeply notched at base, to 2 mm tong and 3 mm broad, the dorsal ribs obtuse; (sw N.S.) H. umbellata 2 Inflorescence a simple or branching "spike ’ commonly shorter than the leaves, bearing usually 2 or more few-flowered whorls of sessile or subsessile flowers; fruits subtruncate to rounded or barely notched at base, to 2.5 mm long and 4 mm broad, the ribs acute; (sw B.C.) H. verticillata 1 Leaves not peltate (a deep sinus extending to the junction with the petiole, the petiole thus marginally attached); flowers whitish. 3 Umbels sessile or nearly so in the leaf-axils; fruits about 1.5 mm broad, on pedicels less than 1 mm long; leaves shallowly 6-10-lobed; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) . . . H. americana 3 Umbels on well-developed peduncles much shorter than the subtending petioles; fruits to 3 mm broad, on pedicels to 3 mm long; leaves 5-6-lobed nearly or quite to the middle; (introd. on Vancouver Is.) [H. ranunculoides ] H. americana L. /T/EE/ (Hrr) Moist meadows and woods from Minn, to Ont. (n to Batchawana Bay at the se end of L. Superior and the Ottawa dist), Que. (n to Grosse-lle, about 30 mi ne of Quebec City), sw Nfld. (reported as abundant at the mouth of Barachoix Brook, near Stephenville, by R.B. Kennedy, Rhodora 32(373):4. 1930; GH; MT), N.B., P.E.J., and N.S., S to Tenn. and N.C. [H. ranunculoides L. f.] [Native in marshes, ponds, and wet ground of the U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Pa,); known in Canada only through an 1887 collection in CAN by John Macoun on wharf-ballast at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., sw B.C., where probably introd. but apparently not established. ( H . umbellata sensu Macoun 1890, not l., the report based upon the above-noted Nanaimo plant).] H umbellata L. /T/(X)/ (Hrr) Wet ground, ditches, and margins of ponds from Oreg. to Minn., Mich., Ohio, N.Y., and sw N.S. (St. John L., Yarmouth Co., where taken by Fernald et al. in 1921; GH; CAN), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; tropical America, H. verticillata Thunb. /t/X/ (Hrr) Swamps, shores, and wet ground from sw B.C. (Coquitlam, near Vancouver; Henry 1915, this report accepted by Boivin 1966b) and ?Oreg. (Fernald in Gray 1950; not listed by Hitchcock et al. 1961) to Utah, Okla., Mo., and Mass., s to Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; tropical America. [H. vulgaris sensu Henry 1915, not L.]. IMPERATORIA L [6116] I. ostruthium L. Masterwort European; locally introd. in waste places of N. America, as in Mich., s Ont. (Blair, Waterloo Co.; GH), St-Pierre and Miquelon (Rouleau 1956), and ?Nfld. (Hooker 1832; not listed by Rouleau 1956). LEVISTICUM Hill [6083] L. officinale Koch Lovage. Liveche European; a local garden-escape in N. America, as in Sask. (Langham, nw of Saskatoon), Ont. (L. Nipigon and Lambton, Elgin, Grey, Durham, Ontario, and Lanark counties), Que. (Montreal dist. and Montmagny and Charlevoix counties), and N.S. (L. Annis, Yarmouth Co.; GH). [Ligusticum (Lev.) levisticum L.]. LIGUSTICUM L. [6071] Lovage (Ref.: M E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B: 143-48. 1944) 1 Leaves 2-ternate into broad, crenate to coarsely serrate or occasionally incised leaflets; 1167 Umbelliferae fruits to 8 mm long, with 1-3 oil-tubes in the intervals between the ribs; (B.C.; James Bay to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) L. scothicum 1 Leaves 1-ternate, then pinnate-pinnatifid; fruits to 6 mm long, with 3 or more oil-tubes in the intervals; (B.C.). 2 Plants to about 7 dm tall, scapose or with 1 or 2 much reduced stem-leaves; terminal umbel with less than 15 rays; ribs of fruit narrowly winged, 3 Plant glabrous throughout; ultimate segments of leaflets rather broadly oblong [*~ grayii ] 3 Plant puberulent and minutely scabrous in the inflorescence; leaves more finely dissected, the ultimate segments generally rather narrowly lanceolate, their margins sometimes minutely scabrous; (Queen Charlotte Is., B.C.) L. catderi 2 Plants to over 1 m tall, with 1 or more well-developed stem-leaves, these glabrous or minutely scabrous; terminal umbel with usually more than 15 rays. 4 Ribs of fruit wingless; leaflets irregularly toothed to deeply incised into broadly lanceolate to ovate ultimate segments [L apiifolium] 4 Ribs of fruit narrowly winged; leaflets more regularly pinnatifid into linear to lanceolate ultimate segments; (s B.C.) L canbyi [L. apiifolium (Nutt.) Gray] [Reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) from B.C. by John Macoun (1886; taken up by Henry 1915} are based upon L canbyi. relevant collections in CAN. ( Cynapium Nutt.).] L. catderi Mathias & Constance /T/W/ (Hs) Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia, rocky cliffs, open slopes, and edge of coniferous forests, from near sea level to 3400 feet elevation,” (M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 86(6);374. 1959; type from Tasu Sound, Moresby Is., Queen Charlotte Is.), [Perhaps finally to be merged with L. canbyi], L canbyi C, & R. /T/W/ (Hs) Moist or wet meadows, streambanks, and boggy montane slopes from s B.C. (n to Griffin L., near Kamloops, and Glacier, in Rogers Pass; CAN) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont. [L. apiifolium of B.C. reports (see above); L, grayii sensu John Macoun 1890, J.M. Macoun 1895, and Henry 1915, not C. & R., and L. scopulorum sensu J.M. Macoun 1895, not Gray, the relevant collections in CAN], [L. grayii C. & R.] [Concerning reports of this species of the w U S A. (n to Wash., Idaho, and Mont) from B.C., see L. canbyi .] L. scothicum L. Scotch or Beach Lovage /ST/D (coastal)/GEeA/ (Hs) Coastal rocks and salt marshes (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below; known in the U.S.A. only along the Atlantic coast s to s N.Y. and Conn.); Greenland (see below); Iceland; coasts of n Europe and e Asia, maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Primary umbels mostly less than 6 cm broad, convex-topped; mericarps of fruit to 2.5 mm broad; leaflets of the lower leaves relatively small, their teeth blunt to broadly rounded; ultimate veins of the leaflets mostly confluent and forming a closed reticulum; [L. hultenii Fern., the type from Atka, Aleutian Is.; Aleutian Is. -Alaska (n to the Seward Pen.; see Hulten 1947: map 894, p. 1199 (L hult. )) and coastal B.C. (s to Queen Charlotte Is. and Prince Rupert, ca. 54°20'N); coastal e Asia; maps: Hulten 19686:702, and 1958: map 276, p. 295] ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder and Taylor 1 Primary umbels to 1 dm broad, flat-topped; mericarps of fruit to 4 mm broad; leaflets of the lower leaves relatively large, their teeth commonly acute to acuminate; ultimate veins of the leaflets free in large part; [cent. Ont. (w James Bay n to ca. 53CN), Que. (E James Bay n to se Hudson Bay at ca. 56°10'N; St. Lawrence R. estuary from Berthier-en-Bas, Montmagny Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is.. Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.), Labrador (n to Tikkoatokok Bay at ca. 57°N), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S.; w Greenland n to ca. 1168 Lomatium 65°45'N, e Greenland n to 60°35fN; Iceland; n Europe; maps: on the above-noted maps by Hulten] ssp. scothicum LILAEOPSIS Greene [6047] 1 Peduncles to 6 cm long, equalling or surpassing the 3-6-jointed leaves, these to 6 cm long and 3 mm broad; umbel with at most 9 flowers; dorsal ribs of fruit acute; (w N.S.) ................ L chinensis 1 Peduncles to 4.5 cm long, weak, shorter than the 5-1 1 -jointed leaves, these to 1 .5 dm long and 4 mm broad; umbel with up to 12 flowers; dorsal ribs of fruit obscure, the lateral ones broad; (sw B.C.) L occidentalis L. chinensis (L) Ktze. /T/EE/ (Hrr) Brackish coastal marshes and tidal shores from sw N.S. (Tusket FL, Yarmouth Co., and near Port Medway, Queens Co.; ACAD; CAN; GH) to Fla. and Miss. [Hydrocotyle L.; H. (Crantzia; Lil.) lineata Michx.]. map: Fassett 1928: fig. 1, pi. 12. L. occidentalis C. & R. /t/W/ (Hrr (Hel)) Coastal marshes and sandy or muddy beaches and shores from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland; CAN; reports from s Alaska require confirmation) to cent. Calif. [L lineata var. occ, (C. & R.) Jeps.; Crantzia lineata sensu John Macoun 1890, not (Michx.) Nutt., relevant collections in CAN]. LOMATIUM Raf. [6117] Desert Parsley, Biscuit-root (Ref.: Mathias 1938; M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B:222-58. 1945) 1 Leaves either all cauline or both cauline and basal (L brandegei and perhaps certain other species may sometimes key out here); flowers yellow; (S B.C. and sw Alta ). 2 Fruits broadly elliptic (each lateral wing nearly as broad as the seed-bearing body), usually glabrous at maturity; leaves glabrous or puberulent, dissected into linear segments; stems to over 6 dm tall. 3 Leaves very finely ternate-pinnately dissected, the ultimate rather crowded segments usually less than 5 mm long and 1 mm broad; petioles to 1 dm long, all except those of some of the basal leaves sheathing the stem; bractiets of involucels well developed, subherbaceous to subscarious, obovate to elliptic or suborbicular, to 5 mm long, the tip often shallowly toothed or cleft; fruit to 1 1 mm long and 6 mm broad; plant glabrous or short-pubescent; (s B.C.) L utriculatum 3 Leaves somewhat more regularly 2-ternately dissected, the ultimate, relatively few and remote segments to over 1 dm long; petioles to about 2 dm long, sheathing only below the middle or near the base of the stem; bractiets of involucels filiform, about equalling the pedicels; plant usually hirtellous-puberulent; (ssp. platycar- pum ; s B.C.) L. triternatum 2 Fruit relatively narrow, the wing seldom more than half the width of the body. 4 Leaves small (the blade at most 7 cm long), granular-scaberulous to subglabrous, ternate-pinnately dissected into small narrow segments usually not over 4 mm long; fruit to 8 mm long, granular-scaberulous; stem usually less than 3 dm tall; (S B.C. and sw Alta.) L sandbergii 4 Leaves larger, the linear segments remote, to over 8 cm long; fruits usually glabrous; stem to 8 dm tall. 5 Fruits at most 12 mm long; involucels wanting; plant glabrous; (s B.C.) L. ambiguum 5 Fruits to over 1 .5 cm long; involucels consisting of several filiform bractiets about equalling the pedicels; leaves usually finely hirtellous-puberulent; (s B.C, and sw Alta.) L triternatum 1 Leaves all basal or low-cauline. 6 Flowers purple; lateral wings of fruit narrow and more or less corky-thickened; leaves 1169 Umbelliferae ternate-pinnately dissected into rather crowded linear segments commonly not over 1 cm long and 1.5 mm broad; stems glabrous; (s B.C. to sw Sask.) L dissectum 6 Flowers yellow or white (sometimes purple-white in L macrocarpum ; rarely purple in L. gormanii)', lateral wings of fruit not corky-thickened. 7 Leaves firm, glabrous and strongly blue-glaucous, 1-2-ternate, then pinnate, the ultimate well-defined leaflets veiny, often stalked, lanceolate or oblong to ovate or subrotund, entire or often dentate toward tip, to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad; flowers yellow; peduncles often conspicuously swollen at apex; invofucels wanting; fruit oblong or elliptic, to 1 .5 cm long, the wings to about half as broad as the body; plant to 9 dm tall; (s B.C.) L nudicaule 7 Leaves more copiously dissected and rather ,1fern"-like, the ultimate segments seldom over 5 mm broad. 8 Flowers usually white (or yellowish white in L. martindalei ; sometimes purple-tinged in L macrocarpum ; rarely purple in L gormanii). 9 Leaves more or less densely soft-hairy (hence greyish rather than shining green), 1-2-ternate, then 2-pinnate-pinnatifid. 10 Bractlets subtending umbellets linear-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, about equalling the flowers, glabrous or sometimes slightly cifiate toward base; fruit oblong-ovate, at most 1 cm long, the wings narrower than the body; ultimate leaf-segments linear, to 12 mm long; plant soft-puberulent; (s Sask. and s Man.) L. orientate 10 Bractlets subtending umbellets linear-lanceolate, equalling to much surpassing the flowers, more or less tomentose or villous; fruit narrowly oblong, to 2 cm long, the wings often broader than the body; ultimate leaf-segments linear or narrowly oblong, rarely over 7 mm long; plant densely tomentose or villous, or glabrate; (s B.C. to s Man.) L macrocarpum 9 Leaves glabrous or only slightly puberulent; fruit glabrous or merely granular-roughened; (s B.C.). 1 1 Involucels subtending the umbellets consisting of a few inconspicuous narrow bractlets or wanting. 12 Scapes to about 1.5 dm tall, from a short globose-thickened taproot to 2 cm thick; flowers white, with purple anthers (rarely wholly purple); pedicels seldom as much as 3 mm long at maturity; rays of umbel unequal, to 4 cm long; fruits to 7 mm long, their wings up to half the total width; leaves variously dissected, sometimes into crowded ultimate segments less than 5 mm long, sometimes into less-crowded segments often over 1 cm long; (?B.C.) [L gormanii] 1 2 Scapes to about 2 dm tall, from an elongate, less-thickened taproot, or the taproot with a deep-seated thickening; flowers white or ochroleucous; pedicels to over 1 cm long; rays of umbel equal or unequal, to 6 cm long; fruits to about 1.5 cm long, their wings equalling or narrower than the body; (B.C.) L martindalei 1 1 Involucels present and more conspicuous; oil-tubes usually more numerous; leaf-blades to about 1 dm long, 1-2-ternate, then 1-2- pinnate-pinnatifid into linear segments to 3 mm broad. 13 Pedicels to about 2 cm long in fruit; fruit to 6.5 mm long; bractlets of involucels to 5 mm long, often connate at base, sometimes 2-cleft; ultimate linear segments of leaves to 1 dm long; (?B.C.) [L farinosum] 13 Pedicels at most 4 or 5 mm long in fruit; fruit to about 12 mm Jong; bractlets of involucels mostly 2 or 3 mm long; ultimate linear segments of leaves usually less than 5 cm long; (s B.C.) L. geyeri 8 Flowers yellow (occasionally white in L ieptocarpum). 14 Lateral wings of the fruit thick and corky, about 1 mm broad, much narrower than the seed-bearing body, this to 18 mm long, the oil-tubes obscure; 1170 Lomatium some of the flowers always sterile; leaves temate into 2-3-pinnate-pinnatifid primary divisions; plants to over 1.5 m tall; (s B.C. to sw Sask.) . . . . L dissectum 14 Lateral wings of fruit not corky-thickened, usually broader; oil-tubes usually more evident; flowers usually all fertile; plants at most about 8 dm tall. 15 Leaves sparingly to more usually rather densely hirteflous-puberulent throughout; bractlets of involucels usually conspicuous. 16 Fruit to 1 cm long, distinctly hirtellous-puberulent. the wings to half the width of the seed-bearing body, several oil-tubes usually present in the intervals and on the commissure; leaves temate. then 2-3- pinnate-pinnatifid into small crowded segments mostly not over 3 mm long; scapes to about 3 dm tall; (B.C. to s Man.) L foeniculaceum 16 Fruit to over 1 .5 cm long, nearly or quite glabrous, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure; leaves 1-2-ternate or 5-ternate. then 1-2-pinnate into remote linear segments to over 1 dm long; scapes to about 8 dm tall; (s B.C. and s Alta.) L triternatum 15 Leaves (and fruit) usually nearly or quite glabrous (sometimes minutely granular-roughened). 1 7 Fruits usually about 4 times as long as broad, very narrowly or scarcely winged (wings to about 0.5 mm broad), to 13 mm long and 2 or 3 mm broad, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, up to 4 on the commissure; pedicels mostly 1 or 2 mm long at maturity; bractlets of involucel linear-attenuate, to over 7 mm long; leaf-blades to about 1.5 dm long, primarily 1-2-ternate, then 2-3-pinnate-pinnatifid into filiform to linear, very unequal segments to 5 cm long and 2 mm broad; (?B.C.) [L leptocarpum] 17 Fruits broader in outline, the wing narrower than to about equalling the seed-bearing body; ultimate leaf-segments relatively short and broad. 18 Fruit to about 16 mm long, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure, the pedicels over 1 cm long; bractlets of involucel few and inconspicuous or wanting; leaf-blades to about 5 cm long. 1 -2-pinnate-pinnatifid (the primary separation some- times ternate); scapes to about 2 dm tall; root elongate and not much thickened or with a deep-seated thickening; (s B.C.) L martindalei 18 Fruit to about 12 mm long, the inconspicuous oil-tubes up to 3 or 4 in the intervals and 5 or 6 on the commissure, the pedicels commonly not over 3 or 4 mm long; umbellets subtended by involucels; scapes to over 6 dm tall. 19 Scapes from a usually strongly tuberous-thickened root; rays of umbel to 1 dm long; fruits erect or spreading (or the lowermost ones somewhat deflexed), rather broadly elliptic to oblong, on pedicels mostly not over 3 mm long; leaves pinnately or ternate-pinnately dissected, highly variable as to the crowding and width of the ultimate segments; (sw Sask.) L. cous 19 Scapes from a long stout taproot crowned by a compactly branched woody caudex; rays of umbel to 5 cm long; fruits mostly deflexed, rather narrowly elliptic-oblong, on pedicels to 4(5) mm long; leaves ternate-pinnately dissected into ultimate segments to 5 cm long and 8 mm broad; (S B.C.) .... L brandegei L. ambiguum (Nutt,) C. & FL /T/W/ (Grt) Rocky flats and slopes up to moderate elevations from s B.C. (chiefly valleys of the Dry Interior n to Kamloops, Chase, and Sicamous) to Oreg., Utah, and Wyo. [Eulophus and Peucedanum Nutt.; Cogswellla Jones]. 1171 Umbelliferae L brandegei {C. & R.) Macbr. /T/W/ (Hs) Open or wooded slopes from the foothills to fairly high elevations from s B.C. (Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope; Ashnola Range, sw of Penticton; CAN; V) to Wash. [Peucedanum C. & R.]. L. cous (Wats.) C. & R. /T/WW/ (Grt) Prairies, sagebrush plains, and rocky slopes from Wash, to Mont, and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a), s to Oreg., Wyo., and S.Dak. [Peucedanum Wats.; Cogswellia Jones; L. (C,; P.) montanum C. & R.j, L. dissectum (Nutt.) Math. & Const. /T/W/ (Grt) Dry prairies and meadows, rocky slopes, and talus at low to moderate elevations from B.C. (n to Quesnel, ca. 53°N; V) to sw Alta, (n to Banff) and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a), s to s Calif, and Colo. [ Leptotaenia Nutt.; Ferula dissoluta Wats.]. Some of our material is referable to var. multlfidum (Nutt.) Math. & Const. (Lept. (Fer.) mult. Nutt.; Lept. purpurea sensu Rydberg 1922, at least in part, not (Wats.) C, & R.. which is Lom. columbianum Math. & Const, of the w U.S.A.; fruits mostly on pedicels at least 4 mm long (to 2 cm) rather than sessile or short-pedicelled; ultimate leaf-segments averaging somewhat narrower than those of the typical form). [L. farinosum (Hook.) C. & R.] [This species of the w U.S.A (Wash., Idaho, and Mont.) is noted by Henry (1915) as ‘‘Attributed to B.C. by Howell.” No supporting voucher-specimens have been located. ( Peucedanum Hook.; Cogswellia Jones).] L. foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. & R. /T/WW/ (Hr) Dry plains and valleys at low to moderate (occasionally fairly high) elevations from E-cent. B.C. (Fort St. John, ca. 56°10'N), Alta. (N to the Peace River dist.; Herb. V), s Sask. (Cypress Hills; Fort Qu’Appelle; Moose Mountain; Maple Creek; Old Wives Creek), and s Man. (n to Miniota, about 50 mi nw of Brandon) to Nev., Ariz., Tex., and Mo. [Ferula and Peucedanum Nutt.; Cogswellia C. & R.; Pastinaca Spreng.; L (C.; Peuc.) viltosum Raf.J. map: W.L. Theobald, Brittonia 18(1): fig. 5, p. 12. 1966. Var. macdougalii (C. & R.) Cronquist (L. mac. C. & R. ; L. (C.) jonesii C. & R.; plant usually fairly densely puberulent throughout rather than only moderately so; bractlets of the involucels less markedly connate than those of the typical form) is accredited to Alta, by Rydberg (1922). L. geyeri (Wats.) C. & R. /t/W/ (Grt) Plains, foothills, and valleys at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Merritt and Vernon, e to Creston) to Wash, and Idaho. [Peucedanum Wats.; Cogswellia Jones; P. bicolor sensu J.M. Macoun 1894, not Wats., the relevant collection in CAN]. [L. gormanii (Howell) C. & R.J [A collection of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Idaho) in the herbarium of Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope, B.C., has been placed here but requires confirmation. ( Peucedanum Howell).] [L. leptocarpum (T. & G.) C. & R.] [A species of the w U.S.A. (N to Wash, and Idaho) which, according to Henry (1915; L. amb. var. lept), should be searched for in B.C. (L. ambiguum var. lept. (T. & G.) Jeps.).] L. macrocarpum (Nutt.) C. & R. /T/WW/ (Grt) Rocky hills and plains from B.C. (N to Cariboo, 52°51'N; CAN) to Alta, (n to Grande Prairie, 55*1 O N), Sask. (n to Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), and Man, (n to Steeprock, about 100 mi n of Portage la Prairie), s to Calif., Utah, Colo., and S.Dak. [Peucedanum Nutt; Cogswellia Jones]. 1172 Musineon L. martindafei C. & R. /T/W/ (Grt) Usually at fairly high elevations in dry meadows and rocky slopes from sw B.C. (Mt. Arrowsmith and Castlecrag Mt., Vancouver Is.; Mt. Cheam, near Agassiz; CAN; V) to Wash, and Oreg. [Peucedanum C. & R.; Cogsweilia Jones]. The typical form (flowers white or ochroleucous; fruits averaging less than twice as long as broad) is apparently restricted to the w U S A., most of our material being referable to var. angustatum C. & R. (flowers as in the typical form but fruits averaging 2 or 3 times as long as broad). Var. fiavum (Jones) Cronquist (fruits as in var. angustatum but the flowers yellow) is reported from B.C. by Hitchcock et al. (1961). L. nudicauie (Pursh) C. & R. /t/W/ (Hr) Dry open or slightly wooded places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland n to Spences Bridge, e to Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope; the report from sw Alta, by Hitchcock et al. 1961, requires confirmation) to Calif, and Utah. [Smymium Pursh; Cogsweilia Jones; Peucedanum Nutt.; P. latifolium Nutt.; Seseli (P.) leiocarpum Hook.]. L orientate C. & R. /T/WW/ (Grt) Dry prairies and open rocky slopes from Mont, to Sask. (Bienfait, about 120 mi se of Regina; Breitung 1957a) and s Man. (Minto, about 20 mi s of Brandon; Aweme. about 20 mi se of Brandon), s to Ariz., N.Mex., Kans., and Iowa. [Cogsweilia Jones; Peucedanum Blank.]. L. sandbergii C. & R. /T/W/ (Grt) Rocky slopes and ridges at moderate to high elevations from SE B.C. ( 'Passes of the Rockies. Kootenay"; Henry 1915) and sw Alta. (Waterloo Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to Idaho and w Mont. [Cogsweilia Jones; Peucedanum C. & R.], L. triternatum (Pursh) C. & R. /T/W/ (Hs) Dry to fairly moist open slopes and meadows at low to moderate elevations from S B.C. (n to Lillooet, about 70 mi w of Kamloops) and sw Alta. (N to Banff; CAN) to Calif., Utah, and Colo. [Seseli Pursh; Cogsweilia Jones; Eulophus and Peucedanum Nutt.; L. simplex var. leptophyllum (Hook.) Math.]. A collection in CAN from Penticton, Okanagan Valley, B.C., has been referred by Rydberg to ssp. platycarpum (Torr.) Cronquist (L plat. Torr.; Peucedanum (L,; Cogsweilia) simplex Nutt.; fruit relatively broad, each wing nearly equalling or broader than the seed-bearing body rather than seldom over half the width; secondary separation of the leaf commonly resulting in only 3(5) linear ultimate segments on each of the primary divisions rather than in a more or less pinnate primary division). L utriculatum (Nutt.) C. & R. /t/W/ (Hs) Prairies and open rocky places from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland E to the lower Fraser Valley near Yale; CAN; V) to s Calif. [Peucedanum Nutt.; Cogsweilia Jones]. MUSINEON Raf. [5972] M. divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. /T/WW/ (Grt) Plains, valleys, and foothills from Mont, to s Alta, (n to Lethbridge; CAN), Sask. (N to Langham, about 20 mi nw of Saskatoon; reported from Carlton House, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert, by John Macoun 1883), and s Man. (n to The Narrows of L. Manitoba, ca. 51°N; Macoun 1883), S to Nev. and Nebr. [Sese// Pursh; incl, the more or less scabrous var. hooked T. & G . (M. angustifolium and M. trachyspermum Nutt.)], map: M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17(3/4): fig. 5 (the occurrence in s Man. should be indicated), p. 237. 1930. 1173 Umbelliferae [MYRRHIS Mrll.] [5942] [M, odorata (L.) Scop.] Myrrh [European; a garden-escape in s Ont. (St. Thomas, Elgin Co.) and N.S. (Wotfville, Kings Co.; ACAD), where, however, scarcely established, (Scandix L,).] OENANTHE L [6046] Water Dropwort O. sarmentosa Presl /T/W/ (Hsr) Damp thickets and low wet places from SE Alaska (see Hultan 1947: map 893, p. 1198) through w B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to the Chilliwack Valley; CAN; V; reported e to the lower Fraser Valley by Henry 1915; type from Nootka Sound, Vancouver Is.) to cent. Calif. OSMORHIZA Raf. [5941] Sweet Cicely. Osmorhize (Ref.: Constance and Shan 1948; M E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B: 105-09. 1944) 1 Fruit smooth, obtuse at base, to 2 cm long, the stylopodium (including the barely differentiated styles) to 1.2 mm long; flowers yellow; involucels usually wanting; stems clustered, often villous at the nodes; (B.C. and sw Alta.) O. occidentalis 1 Fruit bristly, attenuate at base; flowers greenish white (sometimes pink or purple); stems mostly solitary. 2 Umbellets subtended by an involucel of narrow bractlets (these often deciduous at maturity); styles (including the barely differentiated stylopodium) to 4 mm long, nearly straight and parallel. 3 Styles (with stylopodium) at most 1 .5 mm long; stipules glabrous except for ciliate margins; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) O. claytonii 3 Styles (with stylopodium) at least 2 mm long; stipules densely long-hairy near the margins; (s Alta, to N.S.) O. tongistylis 2 Umbellets mostly lacking subtending bractlets; styles (including the abruptly differen- tiated stylopodium) minute, at most about 1 mm long, finally strongly outward- curved; (transcontinental). 4 Fruit convexly narrowed to summit, the body at most 12 mm long; stylopodium broader than long, with the style not more than 0.5 mm long; pedicels and rays of umbel generally widely spreading O. depauperafa 4 Fruit concavely narrowed at summit; pedicels and rays of umbel mostly spreading-ascending O. chilensis O. chilensis H. & A. /sT/(X)/ (Hs) Woodlands at low to moderate elevations from the e Aleutian Is, and s Alaska to B.C., sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; near Pincher Creek; Cypress Hills), sw Sask, (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a), s ?Man. (Hulten's below-noted map indicates an area near the s end of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n shore of L. Superior; Manitoulin Is. and Bruce Pen,, L. Huron), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (St. John Bay; GH), N.B, (Charlotte and Restigouche counties; CAN; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (Annapolis, Kings, Victoria, and Inverness counties), S to S Calif., Colo., S.Dak., Wise., Mich., and Maine; S. America. [ Washingtonia ( O Uraspermum) brevipes C. & R.; O. (Scandix; W.; U.) divaricata Nutt.; W. (O.) intermedia Rydb.; O. (S.; W.) nuda Torr.J. maps: Hulten 19685:697; Constance and Shan 1948: fig. 5, p. 136; Lincoln Constance, Quart. Rev. Biol. 38: fig. 1, p. 113, 1963; Fernald 1925: map 21 (O. divar .), p. 255. Some of the Alaska-B.C.-Alta. material is referable to var, purpurea (C. & R.) Boivin (O. (Washingtonia) purp. C. & R., the type from Sitka, Alaska; flowers usually pink to purple rather than greenish white; fruits to 13 mm long rather than up to 2 cm. the depressed stylopodium generally broader than long rather than usually at least as long as broad), maps: (O. purp ): Hulten 19685:697; on the above-noted map by Constance and Shan. 1174 Perideridia O. claytonii {Michx.) Clarke /T/EE/ (Hs) Moist woods and clearings from e S.Dak. and Minn, to Ont. (n to L. Kapuskasing at 48°32'N; CAN), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (Boivin 1966b; not listed by Rouleau 1956), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Ark., Ala., and N.C. [Myrrhis Michx.; Chaerophytlum Pers.; Washingtonia Britt.; 0. brevistylis DC.], map: Constance and Shan 1948: fig. 4, p. 132. The reports from Crane L, Sask., by Constance and Shan, and from Winnipeg, Man., by Lowe (1943) are based upon O. longistylis (relevant collections in CAN and WIN, respectively), as also, probably, the report from Riding Mt.. Man., by Scoggan (1957). O. depauperata Phil. /sT/X/ (Hs) Moist woods and clearings from se Alaska, sw Dist. Mackenzie (Mt. Coty, 60°18'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Fieid-Nat. 77(2):120. 1963), and B.C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to McKague, 52°37'N), s Man. (n to L. Winnipeg at ca. 52°N), Ont. (n to Longlac, n of L. Superior, 49°47'N), Que. (n to Rupert House, James Bay, ca. 51o30'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), s Labrador (Forteau, 51°28'N; Capitan Is.), Nfld., N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., N.Mex., S.Dak., Minn., Mich., and Vt; S. America. [Washingtonia ( 0 .) obtusa C. & R.; O. chiiensis var. cupressimontana Boivin]. MAPS: Hulten 19685:698; Constance and Shan 1948: fig. 5 (O. o5. ; the occurrence in s Labrador should be indicated), p. 136; Lincoln Constance, Quart. Rev. Biol. 38; fig. 1, p. 113. 1963. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Anise-root /T/(X)/ (Hs) Moist woods and clearings from s Alta. (Medicine Hat; GH) to Sask. (n to Pike L., near Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (n to Fort Ellice, about 75 mi nw of Brandon; CAN), Ont. (n to the Nipigon R. n of L. Superior; CAN), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia; GH), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to N.Mex., Tex., and Ga. [Myrrhis Torr.; Washingtonia Britt.; O. aristata var. long. (Torr.) Boivin]. map: Constance and Shan 1948: fig. 4 (the above Alta, and Ont. stations should be indicated), p. 132. Some of the collections from s Ont., N.B., and N.S. are referable to var. brachycoma Blake (petioles, stem (except for the nodes), and at least the bases of the branches densely spreading-puberulent rather than glabrous). O. occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. /T/W/ (Hs) Thickets and open slopes at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (n to Kaslo, Kootenay L., about 35 mi ne of Nelson) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Waterton Lakes; near Pincher Creek) to Calif, and Colo, [Glycosma Nutt.; Myrrhis B. & H.]. maps: Constance and Shan 1948: fig. 1, p. 1 18; Lincoln Constance, Quart. Rev. Biol. 38: fig. 1, p. 113. 1963. [OXYPOLIS Raf.] [6107] Hog-fennel [O. rigidior (L.) C. & R.] Cowbane, Water-Dropworl [This species of the e U.S.A. (bogs, swamps, wet woods, and damp rocks from Minn, to N.Y., s to La. and Fla.) is known from Canada through several collections between 1886 and 1901 in s Ont. (Essex and Welland counties; DAO; TRT ; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 29, p. 45), where, however, apparently not taken since that time and almost certainly extinct. ( Sium L.; Archemora (Tiedemannia) rigida DC.).] PASTINACA L. [6120] P. sativa L. Parsnip, Panais European; introd. in fields, thickets, and waste places of N. America, as in Alaska (Manly Hot Springs), the Yukon (Boivin 19665), B.C. (n to Spences Bridge), s Alta, (Belly R,; CAN), Sask. (N to McKague, 52°37'N), Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53°45'N, 90°W), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B , P.E.I., and N.S, [Peucedanum Benth.]. map: Hulten 19685:706. PERIDERIDIA Reichenb. [6036] 1 Fruit suborbicular, 2. 5-3, 5 mm long and nearly or quite as broad; involucre wanting or of 1 1175 Umbelliferae or 2 (occasionally 6-8) setaceous bracts; basal leaves simply pinnate with 2-5 pairs of pinnae (or the lower ones again pinnate); plant to over 12 dm tall, the root solitary or occasionally fascicled; (s B.C. to sw Sask.) P. gairdneri 1 Fruit oblong-ovate, to 6 mm long and 2 mm broad; involucre usually of 6-10 linear- lanceolate bracts (or sometimes only 1 or 2 setaceous bracts, or wanting); basal leaves ternate-pinnately compound (bipinnate to tripinnate or ternate-pinnate); plant mostly less than 6 dm tall, the roots more often fascicled [P. oregana] P. gairdneri (H & A.) Mathias Yampah, Squaw-root /T/WW/ (Grt) Dry or wet meadows and woods at low to moderate elevations from B.C. (n to the mouth of the Dean R., ca. 51°20rN; CAN), s Alta, (n to Macleod, w of Lethbridge), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills, where first taken by John Macoun in 1880; CAN) to s Calif., ?N.Mex., Colo., and S.Dak. [Atenia H. & A,; Carum Gray], map: Tsan-lng Chuang and Lincoln Constance, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 55: fig. 25, p. 60. 1969. According to the above-noted map, the typical form is confined to the southern two-thirds of Calif., the northern plant being ssp. borealis Chuang & Constance ( Endosmia (Aienia) montana Nutt.; differing from the typical form in its stricter habit, its 2 or 3 tubers (rather than 1), and its 5-7-veined (rather than single-veined) petals). [P. oregana (Wats.) Mathias] Eppaw [Reports of this species of the w U S A. (s Wash, to Calif.) from sw B.C. and s Alta, by John Macoun (1890) are based upon P. gairdneri , relevant collections in CAN. The map by Chuang and Constance (loc. cit., fig. 18, p. 46) indicates no Canadian stations. ( Carum Wats.).] [PETROSELINUM Hoffm.] [6006] [P. crispum (Mill.) Mansf.] Common Parsley [European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Lulu Is.; New Westminster). Ont, (Kemptville, about 35 mi s of Ottawa; Groh 1946), and Nfld. (near St. John's; GH), but scarcely established in our area. ( Apium Mill.; A. petroselinum L.; P, hortense Hoffm.).] PIMPINELLA L. [6033] P. saxifraga L. Burnet-Saxifrage Eurasian; introd. in fields and along roadsides and shores in N. America, as in Ont. (taken by Frankton in 1952 at Ottawa from a large colony on a grassy railway embankment; DAO), Nfld. (Quiddy Viddy; GH), N.B. (York, Carleton, and Gloucester counties), and N.S. (Pubnico, Yarmouth Co.; NSAC). [Incl, var. dissecta Wallr.]. PODISTERA Wats. [6059] 1 Fruit to 5 mm long and 3 mm broad, with 2 or 3 oil-tubes in the intervals between the ribs; flowers purplish; involucre consisting of numerous linear-lanceolate bracts to 1 cm long, the involucels similar to the involucre, surpassing the pedicels but shorter than the fruits; leaflets ovate to orbicular, to 1.5 cm long and broad, coarsely lobed or incised; (Alaska) P. macounii 1 Fruit to about 3 mm long and 1 .5 mm broad, with a solitary oil-tube below each filiform rib; flowers unknown; involucre consisting of 1 or more small linear entire bracts, or perhaps sometimes wanting; involucels consisting of about 5 linear-acuminate entire purplish bractlets to 5 mm long, these connate at base, about equalling the fruit; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to orbicular, apiculate, entire; (the Yukon) P. yukonens/s P. macounii (C. & R.) Math. & Const. /Ss/W/EA/ (Hr) Dry tundra and stony slopes at low to moderate elevations: Alaska (n to ca. 66°N: see Hulten 1947: map 895 (L mut, alp. ), p. 1199): mts. of Europe; Asia. [Ugusticum mac. C. & R., the type from Cape Vancouver, Alaska; Ugusticella Math. & Const,; Orumbella C. & R.; Ugusticum mutellinoides ssp. afpinum (Ledeb.) Thell.], map: Hulten 19686:703 (L mut.). 1176 Sanicuta P. yukonensis Math. & Const. /S/W/ (Hr) Stony montane slopes in w-cent. Yukon (type from the Little Klondike R. between 63c and 64°N; CAN; see M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 77(2):136-38, 1950). map: Hulten 1968b:703 (also indicating a possible occurrence on or near the Yukon boundary in E-cent. Alaska). SANICULA L. [5918] Sanicle, Black Snakeroot, Sanicle (Ref.: Shan and Constance 1951 ; M.E. Mathias and Lincoln Constance, N. Am. Flora 28B;63-71. 1944) 1 Basal leaves pinnately or ternate-pinnately cleft or divided; umbels with 3-5 rays; plants to 5 or 6 dm tall; (B.C.). 2 Principal leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, the rachis-wing toothed, the blade to about 13 cm long and 12 cm broad, its segments toothed or cleft; rays of umbel to about 1 .5 dm long; umbellets about 20-flowered, the bractlets of their involucels to 2.5 mm long, slightly united at base; petals purplish red to dark purple; styles twice as long as the calyx, divergent; fruits up to 10 (the umbellets with about equal numbers of staminate and perfect flowers) S. bipinnafifida 2 Principal leaves ternate-pinnately decompound, the blade to about 4 cm long and 3.5 cm broad, its primary divisions tending to be pinnatifid, the lowest pair separated from the terminal segment or segments by a narrow entire rachis; rays of umbel to 8 cm long; umbellets mostly 10-15-flowered, the bractlets of their involucels about 1 mm long, strongly united at base; petals yellow; styles about 3 times as long as the calyx, recurved; fruits rarely more than 5 (the umbellets with more staminate than perfect flowers) S. graveolens 1 Basal leaves ternately or palmately cleft or divided. 3 Bractlets subtending umbellets bright yellow and mostly much longer than the umbellets; basal leaves palmately 3-parted (the divisions coarsely dentate to laciniate, with unequal mucronate teeth or lanceolate lobes), somewhat succulent, triangular- ovate to orbicular, to 6.5 cm long and 9 cm broad, spreading to form a prostrate rosette; plants bright yellowish-green, the very short stem many-branched from near the base into scapose branches to 3 dm long; (sw B.C.) S. arctopoides 3 Bractlets subtending umbellets minute and inconspicuous. 4 Leaves simple, the basal ones deltoid to rotund-cordate or -reniform in outline, to 13 cm long and 18 cm broad, deeply palmately 3-5-lobed, their segments singly or doubly serrate; umbels with usually 3 or 4 rays; petals yellow or greenish yellow; styles shorter than the bristles of the short-stalked fruit, this to 5 mm long; umbellets mostly 8-1 3-f I owe red, commonly with more perfect than staminate flowers; involucels consisting of 5 bractlets 1 or 2 mm long; stem solitary from a thickened taproot; (w B.C.) S. crassicaulis 4 Basal leaves palmately compound, with 3-5 leaflets; umbels with rarely more than 3 rays; involucels minute; stems solitary or few together from a rootstock. 5 Styles much surpassing the bristles of the fruit, recurved-spreading; staminate florets in separate umbellets or mixed with the perfect ones; branches of inflorescence strongly ascending; leaves usually 5-foliolate. 6 Fruit short-stalked, less than 5 mm long; sepals of staminate florets soft, deltoid, at most 1 mm long; petals yellowish green; branches of inflo- rescence capillary; (Ont. to N.S.) S. gregaria 6 Fruit sessile, at least 5 mm long at maturity; sepals of staminate florets rigid, lance-subulate, to 2 mm long; petals whitish green; branches of inflores- cence relatively stout; (transcontinental) S. marilandica 5 Styles shorter than the bristles of the fruit and hidden by them; staminate florets mixed with the pistillate; petals white; branches of the inflorescence divergent; leaves 3-foliolate (but the lateral leaflets often deeply cleft). 7 Fruit short-stalked, its connivent sepals hidden by the bristles; pedicels of staminate florets only slightly longer than the calyx; (s Ont.) S. canadensis 1177 Umbelliferae 7 Fruit sessile, its beak of connivent sepals prolonged beyond the bristles; pedicels of staminate florets 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx; (s Ont. to N.B.) S. trifoliata S. arctopoides H. & A. /t/W/ (Hs) Open coastal bluffs and headlands from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V; the Dawson collection from Queen Charlotte Is. noted by John Macoun 1883, probably relates to S. crassicaulis, the only species listed by Calder and Taylor 1968) to Calif, (S. howellii C. & R.J. map: Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 51, p. 66. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. /t/W/ (Hs) Open or sparsely wooded slopes and drier meadows from sw B.C. (between Victoria and Nanaimo. Vancouver Is.; CAN) to Baja Calif, map; Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 51. p. 66. S. canadensis L. /T/EE/ (Hs) Dry open woods from Nebr. to Minn., s Ont. (n to Waterloo. Middlesex, and Peterborough counties; CAN; OAC; TRT; reported n to Ottawa by John Macoun 1883, but not listed by Gillett 1958), N.H.. and Mass., s to Tex. and Fla. [Incl. var. grandis Fern.; S. marilandica var. can. (L.) Torr.j. map: Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 45. p. 44. S crassicaulis Poepp. /t/W/ (Hs) Moist or dry woods from w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is.) to Baja Calif.; Chile. [S. mcnzicsii H. & A.], maps: Shan and Constance 1951: fig. 50, p. 60; Lincoln Constance, Quart. Rev, Biol, 38: fig. 2. p. 114. 1963. S. graveolens Poepp. /T/W/ (Hs) Open or lightly wooded places at low to moderate elevations from B.C. (n to Ootsa Lake, about 150 mi w of Prince George at ca. 53°15'N; CAN) and Mont, to s Calif.; S. America. [S. nevadensis Wats.; S. septentrionalis Greene], maps: Shan and Constance 1951: fig. 51, p. 66; Lincoln Constance, Quart, Rev. Biol. 38: fig. 2, p, 114. 1963. S. gregaria Bickn. /T/EE/ (Hs) Rich woods and thickets from Minn, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (N to I’Ange-Gardien, ne of Quebec City; see Que, map by Doyon and Lavoie 1966: fig. 5, p. 816). w N.B. (near Woodstock, Carleton Co,; CAN; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (Hants and Kings counties), s to Kans., Mo., Ala., and Fla. map: Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 45, p. 44. S. marilandica L. /T/X/ (Hs) Woods, thickets, meadows, and shores from B.C. (n to Hazelton, ca. 55°3G'N; an isolated station at Liard Hot Springs, ca. 59°23'N) to Alta, (n to Peace River, 56°14'N), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (N to Cross L., ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (N to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N), Que. (N to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to N.Mex., Colo., Mo., and Fla. map: Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 45 (somewhat incomplete northwards), p. 44. S. trifoliata Bickn. /T/EE/ (Hs) Rich woods from Minn, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist; type from Amherstburg, Essex Co,), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Gaspe Basin; CAN), and w N.B. (Hampton, Kings Co.; NBM; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Tenn., Va., and New Eng. map: Shan and Constance 1951 : fig. 45 (the occurrence in N.B. should be indicated), p. 44, SCANDIX L. [5939] S. pecten-veneris L. Shepherd’s-needle, Lady's-comb European; locally introd. along roadsides and in waste places of N. America, as in s B.C. (Victoria and Kootenay L.; Eastham 1947), Sask. (Golburn; Breitung 1957a), and s Ont. (an 1893 collection near Kingston by McMorine; Montgomery 1957). 1178 Torilis SIUM L. [6038] S. suave Walt. Water-parsnip. Berfe /ST/X/A/ (Hs (Hel)) Swamps, wet thickets, shores, and shallow water from Alaska (N to ca. 67°N; not known from the Yukon) to Great Bear L.. Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Wan. (n to the Cochrane R. at ca, 59°N; CAN), Ont. (N to the Shamattawa R. at 54°24'N), Que. (N to e James Bay at 53*50'^ L. Mistassini, and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Kans.. Ohio, and Fla,; Asia. [S. cicutaefolium Schrank; S. { Apium ) lineare Michx.; S. latifolium and Ammi ?majus sensu Hooker 1832, not l,]. map: Hulten 19685:700. TAENIDIA Drude [6031] 7. integerrima (L.) Drude Yellow Pimpernel /T/EE/ (Hp) Dry woods, thickets, and rocky hillsides from Minn, to s Ont. (N to Huron, Wellington, Peel, York, and Ontario counties) and sw Que. (n to Anticosti Is.; Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain 1969), S to Tex., La., Miss.. Ala., and Ga. [Smyrnium L.; Pimpinella Gray; Zizia DC.]. THASPIUM Nutt. [6076] Meadow-parsnip 1 Stem pubescent around the upper nodes with minute stiffish hairs, to 12 dm tall; basal and principal stem-leaves 2-pinnate or ternate-pinnate, the lanceolate to ovate leaflets coarsely toothed to deeply incised (var. angustifolium) into linear or oblong segments; (S Ont.) T. barbinode 1 Stem glabrous or nearly so, to 8 dm tall; basal leaves mostly simple (occasionally ternate like the stem-leaves), finely crenate. broadly ovate, usually cordate at base; principal stem-leaves usually pinnate with 3 or 5 lanceolate to ovate, crenate leaflets (rarely the lateral leaflets themselves 2-3-lobed) [T. trifoliatum ] T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. /t/EE/ (Hs) Rich woods, thickets, and rocky hillsides from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Welland, Lincoln, and Wellington counties; reports from Man. are probably based upon Zizia aurea) and N.Y., s to Okla., Ark., and Ga. [Ugusticum Michx.; Thapsia Prov.]. Var. angustifolium C. & R. (leaflets deeply incised into linear or oblanceolate segments rather than merely coarsely toothed or cleft) is known from s Ont. (Pelee Is., Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1892; GH). [T. trifoliatum (L.) Gray] [Reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Minn, and N.Y.) from Canada require confirmation, most or all of them apparently being based upon the habitally very similar Zizia aptera. (Thapsia L. ; Thaspium aureum var. atropurpureum (Desv.) C. & R.).] TORILIS Adans, [5945] Hedge-parsley 1 Umbels congested and head-Jike. on peduncles at most 1 cm long arising opposite the leaves, the 2 or 3 rays very short; involucre wanting; bractlets of the involucel surpassing the flowers, these about 1 mm broad, pinkish, their petals subequal; fruit 2 or 3 mm thick, the outer carpels with straight (rarely hooked) prickles, the inner carpels merely tuberculate; leaves 1 -2-pinnate, the ultimate lobes linear-lanceolate; stems to 3.5 dm long, commonly prostrate; (introd. in N.B.) [T. nodosa] 1 Umbels long-peduncled, with usually more numerous rays; flowers commonly 2 or 3 mm broad, their petals unequal; stems erect, usually longer. 2 Umbels to 4 cm thick, wilh up to 12 rays, subtended by 4 or more unequal bracts up to nearly as long as the rays; bractlets about equalling the pedicels of the flowers composing the umbellets; flowers 2 or 3 mm broad, pinkish- or purplish-white; fruit 3 or 1179 Umbelliferae 4 mm thick, armed with hooked prickles; styles glabrous, recurved in fruit; leaves 1-3-pinnate, their lanceolate to ovate primary segments to 2 cm long, pinnatifid and serrate; (introd. in Ont.) . T. japonica 2 Umbels to 2.5 cm thick, with usually less than 8 rays, bractless or subtended by a solitary bract; bractlets densely hispid, about equalling the umbellets; flowers about 2 mm broad, white or pinkish; fruit 4 or 5 mm thick, its prickles curved but not hooked, thickened at tip; styles more or less hairy, spreading in fruit; leaves 1-2-pinnate, their lanceolate primary segments to 3 cm long, pinnatifid or coarsely serrate; (introd. in swB.C.) [T. arvensis] [T. arvensis (Huds.) Link] [Eurasian; locally introd. in the w U.S.A. but scarcely established (Hitchcock et al. 1961:522). Known in Canada only from sw B.C. (Agassiz, where taken by Glendenning in 1950; Herb. V). ( Caucalis Huds.).] T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. Eurasian; introd. in open woods and waste places of N. America, as in Ont. (near Mt. Hope, Wentworth Co.; TRT; reported from near Niagara Falls, Welland Co., by Montgomery 1957, and from the Ottawa dist. by Gillett 1958). [Caucafe Houtt.; Tordylium (C.; Torilis) anthriscus L.]. [T. nodosa (L.) Gaertn.] [Eurasian; locally introd. in waste places of N. America, as in sw N.B. (known only from an 1882 collection by Vroom at St. Stephen, Charlotte Co., where scarcely established; CAN; NBM). (Tordylium L.; Caucalis Scop.).] ZIZIA Koch [6008] 1 Basal leaves mostly simple, ovate to rotund, deeply cordate at base, finely crenate; median and upper leaves with 3 or 5 lanceolate to ovate, finely serrate, coriaceous leaflets; (B.C. to Gue.) Z. aptera 1 Leaves (except the uppermost) 2-3-ternate, membranaceous; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, sharply serrate; (Sask. to N.S.) Z. aurea Z. apfera (Gray) Fern. /sT/X/ (Hs) Moist low ground (often alkaline) from sw Yukon (Boivin 19665) and B.C. to Alta, (n to Fort Vermilion, 58°24'N), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to Clearwater L,, about 25 mi nw of The Pas), Ont. (probably native in Essex, Lambton, Huron, and Bruce counties; introd. along railways along the n shore of L. Superior and at Kapuskasing; also probably introd. in the Laurentide region nw of Montreal in Labelle and Montcalm counties, Que.), and R.I., s to Oreg., Nev,, Colo., Mo., Ala., and Ga. [Thaspium trifoliatum var. apt Gray; Z. cordata of Canadian reports, not Smyrnium ( Z .) cordatum Walt., which is Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray]. Z, aurea (L.) Koch Golden Alexanders /T/EE/ (Hs) Damp thickets, meadows, and shores from Sask. (Strongfield, about 55 mi s of Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a) to Man. (n to Fairford, about 1 10 mi n of Portage la Prairie), Ont. (n to Russell Co.; TRT; also introd. along a railway near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to Montmagny, Quebec, and Temiscouata counties), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Tex., Mo., Tenn., and Ga. [Smyrnium L.; Thaspium Nutt.], Forma obtusifolia (Bisselt) Fern, (leaflets obovate to subrotund and obtuse rather than lanceolate to ovate and acuminate) is reported from se Man. by Love and Bernard (1959; Otterbume, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg). 1180 CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) CORNUS L. [6159] Dogwood, Cornel. Cornouiller Herbs or more commonly shrubs or small trees with entire, simple, exstipulate, usually opposite leaves. Flowers small, regular, perfect, epigynous, in dense or open cymes (these sometimes subtended by a usually 4-bracted petaloid involucre). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals and stamens each 4. Style 1 . Ovary inferior. Fruit a 2-seeded drupe. (Ref : H.W. Rickett, N. Am. Flora 28B:299-31 1. 1945) 1 Flowers in dense head-like clusters subtended by 4 or more large, white or pink, petaloid bracts; mature drupes bright red. 2 Shrub or tree to over 10 m tall; petaloid bracts to 6 cm long; flowers (and the hard ellipsoid drupes) sessile. 3 Petaloid bracts often more than 4, short-acuminate at apex; flowers yellowish green or red, up to about 75 in a cfuster to 2 cm broad, usually at least 20 drupes maturing in a cluster to 3 cm broad; (s B.C.) C. nuttallii 3 Petaloid bracts 4. obcordate, the refuse summit indurated and blackish; flowers yellowish, at most about 30 in a cluster to 1 .5 cm broad, usually not more than 6 drupes maturing; (s Ont.) C. florida 2 Herbs at most about 2 dm tall, from slender cord-like rhizomes; flowers short- pedicelled; drupes soft; petaloid bracts acute or acuminate. 4 Leaves sessile, elliptic, obtuse, to 5 cm long, in several distant pairs along the stem, with usually 2 pairs of lateral veins from near the base; petaloid bracts about 1 cm long; petals uniformly dark purple; ovary sparsely strigose; drupes ellipsoid; (Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.; Que., Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) . C. suecica 4 Leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong to rhombic, acute or acutish, to 9 cm long, the principal ones pseudo-verticillate at the top of the stem, subpinnately veined, the lower leaves much reduced or scale-like; petaloid bracts to 2 cm Jong; petals never entirely dark purple; ovary copiously strigose; drupes globose; (trans- continental) C canadensis 1 Flowers white or creamy, in open cymes; bracts minute or none; mature drupes blue or white. 5 Leaves alternate (sometimes obscurely so through crowding at the ends of the branches), elliptic- to rhombic-ovate, pale beneath, on slender petioles to 6 cm long; cyme flattish-topped; drupes bluish black, with a bloom; plant with a characteristic "pagoda”-like appearance, the branches often in irregular horizontal layers; pith white; (s Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) C. alternifolia 5 Leaves opposite, their petioles rarely over 2 cm long. 6 Drupes blue or bluish; cymes flatfish or somewhat round-topped. 7 Pith of younger branches white; leaves with 7-9 pairs of veins, broadly ovate to rotund, woolly beneath; (se Man. to N.S.) .............. ........... C, rugosa 7 Pith of younger branches brown; leaves with at most 6 pairs of veins, minutely pubescent beneath; (Ont, to w N.B.) C. amomum 6 Drupes white or lead-coloured. 8 Leaves with 5-7 pairs of veins, broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate; cymes flattish-topped; younger branches deep red; pith white; (transcontinental) C. stolonifera 8 Leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of veins; branches greyish. 9 Leaves elliptic to ovate, spreading-pilose beneath, usually scabrous above; branches with brown pith; cymes round-topped, broader than high; (s Ont.) ...... C. drummondii 9 Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic or narrowly ovate, appressed- pubescent beneath, glabrous above; branches with pale-brown pith (or pith of younger branches often white); cymes higher than broad, panicle-like, with bright-red pedicels; (Man. to $w Que.) C. racemosa 1181 Cornaceae C. alternifolia L. f. Pagoda-Dogwood, Green Osier /T/EE/ (Me) Dry woods and rocky slopes from S Man. (N to Riding Mt.; DAO) to Ont. (N to the Kaministikwia R. w of Thunder Bay), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I.. and N.S,, s to Mo.. Ala,, and Ga. [Swda Small; C. riparia Raf.j, maps: Hough 1947:359 (the occurrence in Man. should be indicated); Hosie 1969:298. C. amomum Mill. Silky Dogwood /T/EE/ (N (Me)) Damp thickets and swamps from N.Dak. to Ont. (n to Renfrew and Carleton counties), Que. (n to the Montreal dist.), and w N.B. (St. John R. system in Carleton Co.; ACAD; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Okla., Ark., Ala., and Ga. [Svida Small, in part; C. lanuginosa Michx.; C. sericea L., in part). Most of our material appears referable to var. schuetzeana (Mey.) Riekett (C. obliqua Raf. ; C. purpusii Koehne; leaves relatively narrow, cuneate at base rather than rounded, glaucous and minutely white-papillate beneath rather than green and minutely rusty-pubescent beneath). C. canadensis L Bunchberry, Dwarf Cornel. Quatre-temps or Rougets /aST/X/GeA/ (Hpr (Ch)) Woods and damp openings from the e Aleutian Is., Alaska {n to ca. 70DN), and s-cent. Yukon to Great Bear L, Great Slave L. L, Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), northernmost Man, -Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Okak, 57°40'N), Nfld., N.B., PEI,, and N.S., s to Calif., N.Mex., S.Dak., Ohio, Pa., and N.J.; southernmost Greenland; E Asia, maps and synonymy: see below (citations of minor forms largely based upon those by Ernest Lepage (Nat. can (Que.) 73 (1946), 77 (1950), 78 (1951), 82 (1955), and 85 (1958)). A hybrid with C. suecica (C. canadensis var. intermedia Farr, (C. int. (Farr) Calder & Taylor); C. (Chamaepericlymenum) unalaschkensis Ledeb.) occurs locally nearly throughout the N. American area, being known from Alaska-Yukon-B.C., ?Ont. (tentatively reported from the se shore of L. Superior by Hosie 1938), Que. (se Hudson Bay; Knob Lake, 54°48'N; Cote-Nord; Bic, Rrmouski Co.; Cacouna, Temiscouata Co.; Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspb Pen.), Labrador (n to Cutthroat Harbour, ca. 57°30'N), Nfld., and N.S. (Yarmouth Co. and St. Paul Is.; ACAD). MAPS: Hulten 1968b:709; J.A. Calder and R.L. Taylor, Can. J. Bot. 43(11): fig. 1, p, 1396. 1965. 1 At least some of the involucral bracts green and foliaceous (rather than white or roseate). 2 Involucral bracts all foliaceous and about twice as large as in the typical form; [type from Alaska; also known from E James Bay] f. virescens Lepage 2 Involucre with normal petaloid bracts in addition to numerous foliaceous ones; [type from Nominingue, Labe.te Co., Que.) f. foliolosa Lepage 1 Involucral bracts all petaloid. 3 Involucral bracts roseate to rose-purple; [f. rosea Fern.; transcontinental; map: Raup 1947: pi. 31] f. purpurascens (Miyabe & Tatewaki) Hara 3 Involucral bracts white or greenish white. 4 Stem and base of leaves pubescent with short crisped hairs; [type from Chimo, s Ungava Bay. Que.; also known from Alaska, e James Bay, and Labrador] f. dutillyi Lepage 4 Stem (at least the nodes) and base of leaves appressed-pubescent. 5 Stem bearing 2 or 3 inflorescences on distinct peduncles; [Que.: e James Bay and Pointe-au-Pere, Rimouski Co.] f. florulenta Lakela 5 Stem bearing a solitary inflorescence. 6 Fertile stems lacking leaves; [type from Nominingue, Labelle Co., Que.] f. aphylla Lepage 6 Fertile stems bearing leaves. 7 Leaves not whorled. 8 Plant-axis conspicuously prolonged beyond the uppermost leaves; [Ont. to s Labrador and N.S.] f. elongata Peck 8 Plant-axis not conspicuously prolonged. 9 Leaves opposite; [type from a branch of the Roggan R., Ungava; also known from e James Bay] f. bifoliata Lepage 9 Leaves more or less 1 -sided on the stem; [type from L. Manik. 1182 Cornus Ungava; also known from w and e James Bay and Rimouski Co., Que. ] f. secunda Lepage 7 Leaves whorled (or apparently so). 1 0 Leaves of the whorl unequal, 2 or 4 of them smaller and narrower than the remaining pair; [var. alpestris House; Que.] f. alpestris (House) Lepage 10 Leaves of the whorl subequal. 1 1 Foliage-whorls 2, one consisting of larger leaves than the other. 12 Small-leaved whorl the uppermost: [type from Goose Bay, Labrador; also known from N.S.] f. medeoloides Lepage 12 Small-leaved whorl the lowermost; [type from Oka, Que.; also known from Ont. and N.S.] f. infraverticillata Lepage 1 1 Foltage-whorl solitary. 13 Stem branched; [type from Goose Bay, Labrador; also known from Ont., Que., and N.S.] f, ramosa Lepage 13 Stem simple. 14 Leaves white-tipped; [type from near Nominingue, Labelie Co., Que ] f. albomacula Lepage 14 Leaves uniformly green. 15 Involucral bracts 6-30; [type from Nominingue, Labelie Co., Que.] f. ornata Lepage 1 5 Involucral bracts 4. 16 Peduncle bearing (above the whorl of stem- leaves) a pair of connate leaves forming a cup- like structure; [type from near Nominingue, Labelie Co., Que.; also known from N.B.] f. connatifolia Lepage 16 Peduncle naked; [Chamaepericlymenum Aschers. & Graebn.; Cornelia Rydb.; Cynoxylon Schaffn.; transcontinental; maps: Hulten 1968b:709; Raup 1947: pi. 31; Meusel 1943: fig. 3b (incomplete)] f. canadensis C. drummondii Meyer /t/EE/ (Ms) Damp woods, thickets, and shores from Nebr. to III., Ohio, and s Ont. (Essex, Kent, and Norfolk counties; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:28), S to e Tex. and Miss. [C. asperifoiia of auth,, not Michx.] maps: H.W. Rickett, Am. Midi. Nat. 27(1): fig. 1, p. 260. 1942; the northern part of the range in the map for C. asperifoiia by Hough 1947:361 , evidently applies here. C. florida L. Eastern Flowering Dogwood /t/EE/ (Ms) Acidic woods from Kans. to Ohio, s Ont. (N to n Lambton and Halton counties; see s Ont. maps by Fox and Soper 1952: map 10, p. 83, and Soper and Heimburger 1961:29), and Maine, s to Mexico, Tex., and Fla. [Cynoxylon Raf.]. maps: Atlas of Canada 1957: map 12, sheet 38; Hosie 1969:294; Fowells 1965:162; Preston 1961:330; Hough 1947:357; Munns 1938: map 159, p. 163; Little 1971: map 124-N. C. nuttallii Audubon Pacific or Western Flowering Dogwood /t/W/ (Ms) Moist woods and streambanks from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland ne to Vernon; CAN; provincial floral emblem) to s Calif, and Idaho. [Cynoxylon Shafer], maps: Hosie 1969:296; Preston 1961:330. C. racemosa Lam. /T/EE/ (N (Me)) Thickets and streambanks from se Man. (Dufferin; Roseisle; Otterburne; Emerson) to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:31), sw Que. (N to Pontiac and Nicolet counties and the Montreal dist.), and Maine, S to Okla., Mo., Ky., and Md. [Thelycrania Love & Bernard; C. paniculate L Her.]. 1183 Cornaceae C. rugosa Lam. Round-leaved Dogwood. Bois de Calumel /T/EE/ (N (Me)) Dry woods and rocky slopes from se Man. (n to Victoria Beach, about 55 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont, (n to near Thunder Bay and New Liskeard, 47°31'N), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), N.B,( and N.S. (reports from P.E.I. require confirmation), s to Iowa, Ohio, and Va. [Svida Rydb.; Thelycrania Pojark.; C. circinata L’Her.; C. tomentulosa Michx.]. Forma eucycla Fern, (leaves scarcely pointed rather than abruptly apiculate) is known from the type locality, Iona, Victoria Co.. N.S. Collections in MT and TRT from Carp, near Ottawa. Ont., have been referred to x C. slavinii Rehd. (C. rugosa x C. stolonifera). C. stolonifera Michx. Red Osier. Hart rouge /ST/X/ (Me) Moist woods, thickets, and shores, the aggregate species from N-cent. Alaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (N to the Fawn R. at ca. 55°30'N, 88‘'W), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 54rN and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I. . and N.S., s to Calif,, Mexico, N.Mex., Nebr., Ohio, W.Va., and New Eng. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Stone grooved lengthwise; petals often over 3 mm long; styles 2 or 3 mm long; pubescence various, but often conspicuously spreading or the hairs curled; [s B.C.] var, occidental is (T. & G.) Hitchc, 2 Plant copiously pubescent, the inflorescence characteristically spreading-hairy; [C. sericea var. occid. T. & G.; C. occid. (T. & G.) Cov,; C. (Svida) puhescens Nutt.; maps (both as C. occid.): Preston 1947:254; H.W. Rickett, Brittonia 5(2): fig. 1, p. 150. 1944] f. occidentalis 2 Plant subglabrous to sparingly appressed- or spreading-hairy, the inflorescence characteristically appressed-hairy; [C. calif. Meyer; C. stol . (pub.) var. calif , (Mey.) McMinn] f. californica (Mey.) Hitchc. 1 Stone smooth; petals usually 2 or 3 mm long; styles 1 or 2 mm long; pubescence usually entirely appressed-strigose var. stolonifera 3 Drupes blue, drying reddish; [w and e James Bay, the type from Attawapiskat, w James Bay, Ont.] f. azurea Lepage 3 Drupes white or lead-colour (rarely with a bluish flush). 4 Drupe oblong, the nutlets about twice as long as broad; [type from along the Albany R . w James Bay, Ont.; s ?Man : see Love and Bernard 1959:416, under Thelycrania ?alba] f. dolichocarpa Lepage 4 Drupe globose or subglobose, the nutlets as broad as or broader than long. 5 Lower leaf-surfaces densely soft-pilose with spreading or woolly hairs; [C. baileyi Coult. & Evans, the type from Nipigon, Ont.; essentially transcontinental; map: Rickett, loc. dt., fig. 1 (very incomplete northwards), p. 150] — t baileyi (C. & E.) Rickett 5 Lower leaf-surfaces appressed-pubescent to glabrate. 6 Pubescence of inflorescence and twigs consisting of a dense tomentum; [Svida (C.) interior Rydb.; Alaska-B.C. to w James Bay, Ont.; map: Rickett, loc. cit, fig. 1, p. 150] f. interior (Rydb.) Rickett 6 Pubescence of inflorescence and twigs minute and mostly appressed. 7 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; [type from the Harricanaw R., Que., s of James Bay; also known from James Bay, Ont., and the Cypress Hills of sw Sask.] f. angustior Lepage 7 Leaves ovate. 8 Stems repent, forming large clones; leaves thin; inflorescence few-flowered; [type from Hemmingford, Huntingdon Co., Que.] f. repens Viet. 8 Stems erect; leaves relatively firm; flowers numerous; [var. riparia (Rydb.) Visher, not C. riparia Raf.; Svida Rydb.; Thelycrania Pojark.; C. alba of Canadian reports, not L.; C. alba ssp. stol. (Michx.) Wang.; (the report of C. ?alba f. argento-marginata (Rehd.) Pojark., the leaves with broad white margins, from s Man. by Love 1184 Cornus and Bernard 1959, may eventually prove referable to C. stol.); C. sericea L. in part; C. instoloneus Nets.; C, stricta of Canadian reports, not Lam.; C. sanguinea Marsh., not l.; transcontinental; maps: Rickett, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 150; Raup 1947: pi. 31 ; Hulten 1968b: 708] f. stolonifera C . suecica L. /aST/(X)/GEA/ (Hpr (Ch)) Woods, marshes, and bogs: Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 64C’N; see Hulten 1947: map 905, p. 1200), and coastal B.C. (an early report from Vancouver Is.; a confirmatory collection in 1927 by Hardy along the Douglas Channel, ca. 53DN); cent. Dist. Mackenzie (Munn L., n of Great Slave L. at 63°35’N, 110°02'W; Porsild and Cody 1968; DAO); Que. (Hudson Bay-Ungava Bay watershed between ca. 57° and 60°N; St. Lawrence R. estuary from Kamouraska, Kamouraska Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.) to Labrador (n to ca. 59^). Nfld., and N.S. (St. Paul Is.; Canso, Guysborough Co.; Scatari Is., Cape Breton Co.); w Greenland n to ca. 68°45’N, e Greenland m to 61°37'N; Iceland; n Europe; ne Asia, maps: Hulten 19685:708, and 1958: map 238, p. 257; Meusel 1943: fig. 3b (incomplete for N. America); Tolmatchev 1932: fig. 3 (incomplete for N. America), p. 20. Forma semivirescens Viet, (some of the flowers transformed into green leaves longer than the petaloid bracts) is known from the type locality, Cacouna, Temiscouata Co., E Gue. 1185 CLETHRACEAE (White Alder Family) CLETHRA L. [6165] Shrub to 3 m tall. Leaves obovate-oblong, to about 1 dm long, obtuse or subacute, finely and sharply serrate above the middle, gradually tapering to a petiole to about 12 mm long. Flowers perfect, 5-merous, polypetalous, hypogynous, in erect, densely short-pubescent racemes to about 2 dm long. Petals 5. white, obovate. about 8 mm long. Stamens 10, the anthers sagittate, becoming inverted, opening by a pair of pores at the apparent apex (morphological base). Fruit a pubescent capsule to 3 mm thick. C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush /T/EE/ (N) Swamps and moist woods, mostly near the coast, from sw N.S. (reported by Pierre Taschereau, Can, Field-Nat. 83(2): 166. 1969. from the shore of Belliveau L.. Belliveau Cove. Digby Co.. N.S., where taken by him in 1968 to add a new family to the flora of Canada; ACAD; DAO; NSPM) to Fla. and E Tex. Because of the very recent addition of this family to our flora, it has not been keyed out in the key to families except for placing it to key out along with Ericaceae. It differs from most genera of that family in its polypetalous flowers (petals distinct rather than united). From the polypetalous Cladothamnus and Ledum, it differs in its finely and sharply serrate leaves (rather than entire), its flowers being in racemes rather than solitary ( Cladothamnus ) or In umbel-like clusters (Ledum). 1186 PYROLACEAE (Wintergreen Family) (Ref. : Szczawinski 1962; P.A. Rydberg, N. Am. Flora 29:1 1-18; 21-32, 1914) Low herbaceous or slightly shrubby plants with simple, entire or shallowly toothed, alternate, subverticillate, or basal, exstipulate leaves {or these reduced to scales or bracts). Flowers white, pink, or roseate, regular or nearly so, hypogynous. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens usually 10 (8 in Hemitomes and often in Hypopitys), the anthers mostly inverted or deflexed on their filaments and opening by a pair of pores at the apparent apex (the morphological base) or nearly their full length by longitudinal slits, awniess (except in Pterospora). Ovary superior. Fruit a usually 5-!ocular capsule. (Incl. Monotropaceae; often included in the Ericaceae). 1 Plant evergreen, with broad green leaves (except Pyrola picta f. aphy!la)\ petals 5, distinct; anthers awnless, opening by a pair of pores at the apparent apex (morphological base). 2 Flower solitary, waxy-white, 1 or 2 cm broad, on a 1 -2-bracted scape usually less than 1 dm tall; anthers 2-horned; leaves all basal, subrotund, finely serrate, to 3 cm long; (transcontinental) Moneses 2 Flowers several in terminal racemes or corymbs. 3 Stem uniformly leafy; flowers corymbose, their styles nearly obsolete; anther- filaments dilated, hairy ChimaphiJa 3 Stems leafy only near the base; flowers racemose, with definite styles; anther- filaments slender, glabrous Pyrola 1 Plants lacking green leaves (these reduced to often coloured scales or bracts), fleshy stemmed, saprophytic or root-parasitic. 4 Corolla none; anthers awnless, inverted and opening by a pair of pores or a continuous slit at the apparent apex; inflorescence a terminal elongate spike-like raceme to 2 dm long, the bracts surpassing the flowers; stems striped longitudinally with white and pink, to 4 dm tall and 1 cm thick, bearing linear-lanceolate, pinkish to yellow-brown, scale-like leaves; (B.C.) Allotropa 4 Corolla present; anthers opening nearly their full length by longitudinal slits; flowers usually surpassing their subtending bracts; stems not striped. 5 Corolla gamopetalous, the petals united tor more than half their length from base; flowers several to many in terminal racemes. 6 Flowers on slender recurved pedicels in an elongate and open raceme; corolla globose-urn-shaped (strongly constricted below the 5 short spreading lobes), glabrous, to 8 mm long, pale yellow; sepals 5; stamens 10, the anthers with a pair of slender deflexed awns on the back; plant clammy-pubescent, to 1 m tall; (B.C. to P.E.I.) Pterospora 6 Flowers short-pedicelled in a congested head- or spike-like raceme; corolla cup-shaped or open-campanulate, pink or flesh-colour, larger; anthers awnless; stems to about 2 dm tall, not clammy. 7 Sepals 5; corolla 5-lobed, about 1 cm long; stamens 10; stems to about 12 cm tall [ Monotropsis ] 7 Sepals 2-4; corolla usually 4-lobed, to 2 cm long ; stamens usually 8; stems to about 2 dm tall; (sw B.C.) Hemitomes 5 Corolla polypetalous, consisting of usually 4 or 5 (sometimes 3 or 6) separate petals. 8 Flower solitary, waxy-white, curved to one side or even drooping; sepals often wanting; petals commonly 5; entire plant waxy-white (sometimes pinkish), aging or drying black, essentially glabrous, the clustered stems to about 2.5 dm tall; (transcontinental) Monotropa 8 Flowers several in terminal bracted racemes, not waxy-white; sepals and petals commonly each 4 (or 5 in the terminal flower), 9 Corolla not densely hairy within, it and the sepals fimbriate-pectinate; anthers linear, 2 or 3 mm long, their filaments glabrous or minutely puberulent; capsule subglobose, essentially glabrous, the placentation axile 1187 Pyrolaceae (seeds borne along the central column); stems commonly not over about 1 dm tall [ Pleuricospora ] 9 Corolla usually densely hairy within, it and the sepals erose to lacerate- fimbriate; anthers oval, about 1 mm long, their filaments hairy; capsule oblong-ovoid, hairy, its placentation parietal (seeds borne on the inner wail); stems to 2.5 dm tall; (transcontinental) Hypopitys ALLOTROPA T, & G. [6168] A. virgata T. & G. Candystick, Sugarstick /t/W/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Deep humus of coniferous forests from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland E to Chilliwack L.; CAN; V; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:19; the report from Klondike, the Yukon, by John Macoun, Ottawa Naturalist 13{9):214, 1899, requires confirmation) to coastal Calif. CHIMAPHILA Pursh [6166] Prince’s Pine, Pipsissewa 1 Upper surface of leaves strongly variegated with white along the veins, the blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or rounded at base, sharply but remotely serrate; flowers not more than 5 (sometimes solitary), to 18 mm broad; (s Ont.) C. maculata 1 Upper surface of leaves not variegated; flowers somewhat smaller. 2 Flowers rarely more than 3 (sometimes solitary); anther-filaments hairy over the entire swollen portion of the base; leaves narrowly to broadly elliptic (generally broadest near the middle), entire to sharply serrate, to 6 cm long; (s B.C.) C. menziesii 2 Flowers usually more than 3; anther-filaments merely ciliate on the swollen base; leaves narrowly to broadly oblanceolate (broadest above the middle), finely and closely serrate; (transcontinental) C. umbellata C. maculata (L.) Pursh Spotted Wintergreen /t/EE/ (Hpr (Ch; evergreen)) Dry woods from III. to Mich., s Ont (Kent, Norfolk, Welland, Lincoln, Middlesex, Wentworth, and York counties and Baysville, e of L. Muskoka; CAN; TRT; John Macoun 1884 arid 1890), and N.H., s to Tenn,, Ala., and Ga. [Pyrola L.]. C. menziesii (R. Br.) Spreng. /t/W/ (Hpr (Ch; evergreen)) Moist coniferous woods from s B.C. (n to Kimsquit, about 45 mi ne of Ocean Falls at ca. 52°30'N; CAN; e to Kootenay L.; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:53) to s Calif., ?ldaho, and ?Mont. [Pyrola R. Br.]. C. umbellata (L.) Barton Prince’s Pine, Pipsissewa. Herbe a cle /sT/X/EA/ (Hpr (Ch; evergreen)) Coniferous woods, the aggregate species from se Alaska and B. C. -Alta, to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask,), Man. (n to Flin Flon, 54D46'N), Ont, (n to Sandy L. at ca. 53DN, 93°W), Que. (n to Ville-Marie, 47°20'N, and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (Boivin 1966b, confirming a report by Reeks 1873; not listed by Rouleau 1956), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., N.Mex., Colo., Minn., Mich., Ohio, and Ga.; Eurasia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves blunt-toothed, mostly less than 4 cm long; inflorescence subumbellate; calyx- lobes longer than broad; [Pyrola umb. L.; Eurasia only; map (aggregate species): Hulten 1968b:710] [var. umbellata] 1 Leaves sharp-toothed, to over 7 cm long; inflorescence racemose. 2 Leaves very obscurely veined beneath; calyx-lobes longer than broad; capsules to 7,5 mm thick; peduncles often ascending; [C, occ. Rydb.; Alaska-B.C. to w James Bay, Ont.] var. occidentals (Rydb.) Blake 2 Leaves conspicuously veined beneath; calyx-lobes usually broader than long; capsules to 6 mm thick; peduncles commonly recurved; [C. (Pyrola) corymbosa Pursh; e Man. to Nfld. and N.S., the type from Bathurst, N.B.] var. cisatlantica Blake 1188 Pterospora HEMITOMES Gray [6173] H. congestum Gray Gnome-plant /t/W/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Deep humus of coastal coniferous forests from sw B.C. (Vancouver is. and adjacent islands; Grouse ML, Vancouver; New Denver, Kootenay Valley; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:73) to Calif. [Newberry a Torr.]. HYPOPITYS Hill [6169] H. monotropa Crantz Pinesap, False Beech-drops /sT /X/EA/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Humus of chiefly coniferous forests from the Alaska Panhandle and B.C, to sw Alta. (Crowsnest Forest Reserve; Waterton), sw Sask, (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a; not known from Man ), Ont. (N to near Timmins, 48°28'N), Que, (n to the e James Bay watershed at 52°15'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen,), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N S,, s to Calif., Mexico, and Fla.; Eurasia, [H, brevis Small; Monotropa (H.) fimbriata Gray; M. (H.) hypopitys L.; M. (H.) lanuginosa Michx.; H. (M.) lattsquama Rydb.]. map: Hulten 19686:715 (Mon. hyp.). MONESES Salisb. [6167] M. uniflora (L.) Gray One-flowered Pyrola /ST/X/EA/ (Hr (evergreen)) Cool mossy woods from n Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 65°N) and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Bear L., Great Slave L, L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to 7 mi n of Churchill), northernmost Ont.. Que. (n to E Hudson Bay at ca SS^O N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to near Nain, 56°33'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., N.Mex., Minn., Mich., Pa., and New Eng.; Eurasia. [Pyrola L.; M. grandiflora Gray; M. reticulata Nutt.], maps: Hulten 19686:714; Raup 1947: pi, 31. MONOTROPA L. [6169] M. uniflora L. Indian-pipe /sT/X/A/ (Gp (root-parasite)) In humus of deep shaded woods from the southernmost Alaska Panhandle and B.C. to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (N to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Sandy L. at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 52°15'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (Goose Bay, 53°18'N), Nfld., N. B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif,, Mexico, and Fla.; Cent. America; Asia, map: Hulten 19686:715. [MONOTROPSIS Schwein.] [6172] [M. odorata Ell.] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to W.Va. and Md.) from the Don Valley, near Toronto, Ont., by C.W. Armstrong (Biol. Rev. Ont. 1(2):43. 1894) is probably referable to the habitally similar Hypopitys monotropa.] [PLEURICOSPORA Gray] [6174] [P. fimbriolata Gray] Fringed Pinesap [According to Szczawinski (1962), the report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to nw Calif.) from sw B.C. by J.K. Henry (Ottawa Naturalist 31(5-6):55, 1917; Beaufort Range, near Horn L., Vancouver Is.; this taken up by Carter and Newcombe 1921, and Eastham 1947) is based upon Hemitomes congestum , the relevant collection having been examined by him.] PTEROSPORA Nutt. [6170] P. andromedea Nutt. Pine-drops /T/X/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Deep humus in coniferous forests from B.C. (n to ca. 55°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:1 15; concerning a report from s Alaska, see Hulten 1948:1215) to s Alta. 1189 Pyrolaceae (Waterfon Lakes; Pincher Creek; Cypress Hills), sw Sask, (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a; not known from Man.), Qnt. (n to the Ottawa disf. ; type from Niagara Falls, Welland Co.), Que. (n to Quebec City; DAO), and P.E.I. (?extinct; collection in CAN from Prospect Creek, where taken by John Macoun in 1888; not known from N.B. or N.S.), s to s Calif., Mexico, Mich,, N.Y., and Vt. PYROLA L. [6167] Pyrola, Wintergreen 1 Racemes 1 -sided; corolla campanulate, usually longer than broad; style straight, to 9 mm long, surpassing the capsule and surrounded by the connivent stamens; leaves elliptic to ovate or suborbicular, longer than their petioles; (transcontinental) P. secunda 1 Racemes spiral; corolla broader than long. 2 Style 1 or 2 mm long, straight or nearly so, lacking a collar or ring below the broad peltate 5-lobed stigma, surrounded by the connivent stamens; anthers lacking a pair of horn-like terminal tubes; corolla subglobose (the tips of the white, pink, or roseate petals incurving and nearly meeting), less than 1 cm broad; leaves dull, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, to about 4 cm long, shorter than to about equalling their petioles; (transcontinental) P. minor 2 Style 3 mm long or more, deflexed at base and upwardly arched, with a distinct collar or ring below the stigma; stamens not connivent; anthers terminated by a pair of horn-like, oblique or bent tubes produced beyond the pores at the apex (morphological base, the anthers in Pyrola inverted on their filaments); petals spreading or loosely converging. 3 Leaves deep green but greyish-mottled along the main veins above, ovate to elliptic-rotund, to 7 cm long (lacking in f. aphylla ); petals greenish white or yellowish to purplish; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) P. picta 3 Leaves not mottled, 4 Leaves mostly spatulate or oblanceolate to rhombic-elliptic, tapering to an acute base, the blade to 6 cm long and not much more than half as broad as long (seldom over 2.5 cm broad), pale green or bluish green; petals cream to greenish white; (s B.C.) P. dentata 4 Leaves broadly elliptic to orbicular, the blades mostly well over half as broad as long, often rounded at base. 5 Calyx-lobes rounded or obtuse, not over 2 mm long; corolla greenish white, the petals converging; anthers terminated by tubes up to 0.8 mm long; leaf-blade usually shorter than the petiole; (transcontinental) P. virens 5 Calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, acutish; petals loosely spreading; tubes terminating the anthers very short or obsolete; leaf-blade about equalling or longer than the petiole. 6 Leaf-blades elliptic to obovate, thin, commonly longer than the petioles; petals white or creamy, more than 4 times as long as the calyx-lobes; bracts of raceme linear-subulate; (transcontinental) P. elliptica 6 Leaf-blades firm and more or less coriaceous, often shorter than the petioles; petals not more than 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; bracts of raceme lanceolate to ovate. 7 Anthers bright lemon-yellow, at most 2.3 mm long, rounded at base, their locules barely constricted above, their filaments almost filiform at summit; petals to 1 1 mm long, creamy white or pinkish, thin, translucent, strongly veined, with a pale whitish margin on drying; (transcontinental) P. grandiflora 7 Anthers to about 3.5 mm long, mostly with a short pointed tip at base, their locules definitely constricted above into a neck, their filaments flat; petals less strongly veined, lacking a pale whitish margin on drying. 8 Anthers deep golden-yellow; petals milk-white or creamy, thick and leathery; calyx-lobes firm, 3-5-nerved nearly to tip; leaf- blades lustrous, not cordate at base; (Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) P. rotundifolia 1190 Pyrola 8 Anthers deep purplish-red; petals deep pink or crimson, rather thin, about 7 mm long; calyx-lobes thin, essentially nerveless; (transcontinental) P. asarifolia P. asarifolia Michx. Pink Pyrola or Wintergreen /ST/X/A/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Moist woods from the Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 68°N), and cent. Yukon to the Mackenzie R. Delta, Great Bear L, Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (N to York Factory, Hudson Bay, 57°N; reports N to Churchill require confirmation), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., N.Mex., S.Dak., Minn., Ind. , and New Eng.; Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves obovate to orbicular, rounded to subcuneate at base, lustreless or dull; [ P . rotundifolia vars. incarnata (Fisch.) DC. (P. inc. Fisch.), purpurea Bunge, and uliginosa (Torr.) Gray (P. ulig. Torr); P. bracteata var. hillii Henry; transcontinental, largely replacing the typical form northwards; maps: Hulten 1958: map 124, p. 143, and 19680:71 1 ; Raup 1947: pi. 32 (var. incarnata ; a dot should be added for Chimo, s Ungava Bay, n Que.)] var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. 1 Leaves reniform, cordate-based, lustrous; [P. rotundifolia var. asar. (Michx.) Hook.; P. bracteata Hook. (P. rot. var, br. (Hook.) Gray); P. elata Nutt.; transcontinental but less northern than var. purpurea : map: on the above-noted 1958 map by Hulten; Hulten 1 968b:71 1 ] var, asarifolia P. dentata Sm. /t/W/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Coniferous forest from sw B.C. (type probably from Nootka. Vancouver Is., according to Hitchcock et al. 1959; known on the adjacent mainland n to Lytton, ca. 50°15'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:125) to Calif, and Wyo. [P, picta ssp. dent. (Sm.) Piper; P. chimophiloides Greene]. P, elliptica Nutt. Shin leaf /sT/X/eA/ (Hrr (Ch; evergreen)) Dry or moist woods from B.C. (n to ca. 54°15'N; see B.C map by Szczawinski 1962:127) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to about 25 mi n of The Pas), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca 51°30'N), Que. (n to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to ?ldaho, N.Mex., S.Dak., Ohio, Pa., and New Eng.; Japan. [ Thelaia Alef .]. P. grandiflora Radius Arctic Pyrola or Wintergreen /AST/X/GEA/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Tundra and peaty slopes, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., s Ellesmere Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador (type from Labrador), s to n B.C. (s to ca. 56°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:130) and the mts. of sw Alta., Sask. (L. Athabasca), Man. (s to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (s to nw James Bay at ca. 55°N), Que. (S to e James Bay at ca 52C30'N, Knob Lake. 54°48’N, and the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), s Labrador, and Nfld.; w Greenland n to ca. 80°N, e Greenland n to ca. 75°N; Iceland; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Sepals lanceolate, acute, entire; [P. gormanii Rydb., the type from Dry Gulch, the Yukon] var. gormanii (Rydb.) Porsild 1 Sepals elliptic, usually obtuse or rounded at summit, crenulate, 2 Leaf-blade shorter than the petiole; flowers numerous, rarely over 1 .5 cm broad, the deltoid sepals entire; [P. canadensis Andres; Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie (type from the Slave R.), L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask,), and N Man. (Nueltin L.)] var. canadensis (Andres) Porsild 2 Leaf-blade equalling the petiole; flowers few, at least 2 cm broad, the lanceolate sepals erose at apex; fP. borealis Rydb ; P. chlorantha var. ?occidentalis (R. Br.) Gray (P. occ. R. Br.); P. groenlandica and P. pumila Hornem.; P. rotundifolia var. pumila Hornem.; transcontinental; maps (aggregate species): Young 1971 : fig. 14, p. 88; Eric Hulten 1968b:712, 1958: map 124, p. 142, and Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 43(2-3): fig. 2, p. 394. 1949; Porsild 1957: map 263, p. 193: Bocher 1954: fig. 43. p. 167], A 1191 Pyrolaceae hybrid with P, minor (x P. media Sw.) is known from two localities on s Disko Is., w Greenland var. grandiflora P. minor L. /aST/X/GEA/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Cool woods and thickets from the Aleutian Is., cent. Alaska-Yukon, and the Mackenzie Ft. Delta to Great Bear L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), s Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man.-Ont, Que. (n to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (N to Okak, 57°40'N), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., N.Mex., Minn., and New Eng.; w and e Greenland n to ca. 70°N; Iceland; Eurasia. [Braxilia House; Erxlebenia Rydb.; incl. vars. conferta C. & S. (P. con . (C. & S.) Fisch.) and parvifoiia Boivin], maps: Hulten 19685:713; Porsild 1957: map 264, p. 193, and 19515: fig. 3, p. 142; Raup 1947: pi. 32. P. picta Sm. /T/W/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Coniferous forests from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland n to ca. 52°N; see B.C, map by Szczawinski 1962:135) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19575) to s Calif, and Colo. [Incl. var. integra Gray], Some of the S B.C. material (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:119) is referable to f. aphylia (Sm.) Camp (P. aphylia Sm.; flowering stems lacking green leaves, the sterile branches occa- sionally with 1 or 2 leaves in addition to numerous scales). P. rotundifolia L, Muguet des Bois /T/EE/EA/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Damp woods, thickets, bogs, and barrens (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Minn., Ky., and N.C.; Eurasia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Sepals to 3 mm long; petals less than 8 mm long; anthers less than 3 mm long; [var. arenaria Mert. & Koch; e Que. (Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.; Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., and N.S.; E Greenland (CAN); Eurasia; map: Hulten 1958: map 123, p. 142] var. rotundifolia 1 Sepals at least 3 mm long; petals commonly about 8 mm long; anthers at least 3 mm long; [P. americana Sweet; s Man. (Sandilands Forest Reserve, se of Winnipeg; DAO; reported from the Spruce Woods Forest Reserve, SE of Brandon, by R.D. Bird, Ecology 8(2);207-20. 1927; reports from farther north are probably based upon P. grandiflora ), Ont, (n to the Algoma Dist, n of L. Huron), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (Quarry Brook; DAO), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; map: on the above-noted map by Hulten] var. americana (Sweet) Fern. P. secunda L. One-sided Pyrola or Wintergreen /aST/X/GEA/ (Hrr (Ch; evergreen)) Dry or moist woods, the aggregate species from n Alaska-Yukon and the coasts of Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Man. (n to Nueltin L.), Ont. (n to s Hudson Bay at ca. 55°N), Que. (n to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°1 3'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., Mexico, S.Dak., Ohio, and Va.; w Greenland; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Racemes with at most about 10 flowers; petals creamy white; style to 6 mm long; basal bracts ovate to oblong, only slightly involute; leaves ovate to orbicular, often rounded at summit, scarcely lustrous; [var. minor Gray; var. pumila Paine; essentially the range of the typical form but gradually replacing it northwards and known from w Greenland (between ca. 67° and 70°N) and Iceland; Asia (apparently absent from Europe); maps: Hulten 19685:714; Porsild 1957: map 262, p. 193] var. obtusata Turcz, 1 Racemes with up to about 20 flowers; petals greenish yellow; style to 9 mm long; basal bracts of scape lanceolate, strongly involute; leaves elliptic to ovate, lustrous .... var. secunda 2 Leaves rounded at summit; [w and e James Bay and Nfld.] f. eucycla Fern. 2 Leaves mucronate at summit; [Ramischia Garcke; Orthiiia House; somewhat more southern than var. obtusata and merging with it northwards, the aggregate species ranging throughout our area from B.C. to Nfld. and N.S., n to the coasts of Alaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-NW Victoria Is.-n Ungava-N Labrador; maps: Raup 1947: pi. 32 (aggregate species); Hulten 19685:713] f. secunda 1192 Pyrola P. virens Schweigger /ST/X/EA/ (Hrr (evergreen)) Chiefly coniferous forests, the aggregate species from Alaska- Yukon (n to ca. 64°N) and Dist. Mackenzie (N to Campbell L at 68Q14'N) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Reindeer L. at 57°37'N), Ont. (N to Big Trout L. at ca. 53*45'^ 90°W), Que. (n to se Hudson Bay at ca. 56°1G'N, the Cote*Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin; reports from farther north probably refer to P. grandiflora), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Ariz., S.Dak., and Pa.; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Anthers 3 or 4 mm long; petals to 9 mm long; mature style to 1 cm long; [P. convoluta Bart.; s Ont.: Fernald in Gray 1950] . var. convoluta (Bart.) Fern, 1 Anthers 2 or 3 mm long; petals and mature style at most 7 mm long var, virens 2 Leaves mostly cuneate at base, rounded to truncate at summit, to 2.5 cm broad, few or even wanting; [Ont., Que., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] f. paucifolia Fern. 2 Leaves rounded to subcordate at base, rounded at summit, to 3.5 cm broad; [P. chlorantha Sw.; transcontinental; maps (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:712 (P. chlor. ); Raup 1947: pi. 32] f. virens 1193 ERICACEAE (Heath Family) (Ref.: Szczawinski 1962; J.K, Small, N, Am, Flora 29:33-102. 1914) Low to medium-sized shrubs with simple, entire or shallowly toothed leaves, these opposite or alternate (rarely whorled). Flowers regular or nearly so, perfect, 4-5-merous, hypogynous or sometimes epigynous, commonly gamopetalous (petals distinct in Cladothamnus and Ledum). Stamens the same number as the petals or corolla-lobes or twice as many, free from the corolla or borne at its base on a hypogynous disk, the anthers mostly upright and opening by terminal pores, often appendaged on the back with a pair of single or double, slender, recurved, horn-like awns. Style 1. Ovary superior or inferior. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. (Including Vacciniaceae). 1 Fruit a fleshy, mealy, or juicy berry or drupe. 2 Ovary superior, not adnate to the calyx-tube, the calyx remaining dry and subtending the base of the fruit; flowers pink or white. 3 Tree or tall shrub commonly 5 or 6 m tall (to 30 m); bark smooth, the older portions dark brownish-red, exfoliating, the younger bark chartreuse, aging to deep red; leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, coriaceous, glabrous and shining, entire or serrate, to about 1.5 dm long; flowers white, in large compound terminal racemes; corolla urn-shaped, to 7 mm long; anthers opening by a pair of slit-like terminal pores, with a pair of short recurved horn-like awns on the back; berries orange to red, about 1 cm thick; (s B.C.) Arbutus 3 Low. commonly trailing shrubs ( Arctostaphylos Columbiana sometimes over 1 m tall). 4 Fruit a white-pulpy berry with numerous seeds; corolla salverform, the slender tube to 1.5 cm long, the ovate lobes to 8 mm long; anthers opening by longitudinal slits, unappendaged; leaves oval to suborbicular, entire, to 1 dm long, rounded or cordate at base, on petioles about half as long as the blade; (s Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) Epigaea 4 Fruit a red to purplish-black fleshy or mealy drupe with 1-5 nutlets; corolla urn-shaped or subglobose, at most 6 mm long, the lobes very short; anthers deflexed on their filaments, opening by a pair of terminal (morphologically basal) pores, with a pair of short recurved horn-like awns on the back; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic or ovate Arctostaphylos 2 Ovary inferior, mostly adnate throughout to the calyx-tube (only basally adnate in Gaultheria hispidula ), the fruit, with this exception, crowned by the calyx-teeth; anthers opening by a pair of terminal pores. 5 Fruit a dark-blue to black drupe with 10 seed-like nutlets; corolla white or pink, tubular or conic, the short lobes erect or outwardly curved; anthers unappendaged; leaves oblanceolate to obovate, entire, to about 5 cm long, resin-dotted at least beneath; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) .... Gaylussacia 5 Fruit a berry with numerous small seeds; leaves not resin-dotted. 6 Ovary technically superior, but the many-seeded capsule surrounded at least basally by the pulpy calyx and forming a fleshy, white, red, or purplish to bluish-black false berry (ovary partly truly inferior in G. hispidula ); corolla urceolate to urceolate-campanulate, white or pinkish; anthers with or without dorsal appendages; leaves evergreen, leathery and shining, entire or sharply serrulate Gaultheria 6 Ovary truly inferior, the fruit a true berry. 7 Corolla 4-cleft nearly to base, pink or roseate, the linear lobes reflexed; flowers solitary on slender, recurving or nodding, terminal or axillary, commonly 2-bracted pedicels; anthers exserted, unappendaged, with very long terminal tubes; berries pink or red, acid; leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong, entire, at most about 17 mm long, leathery, evergreen; stems filiform and creeping Oxycoccus 7 Corolla usually urceolate or globose, its 4 or 5 lobes mostly much shorter than the tube (about equalling it only in V. stamineum and V, vi tis-idaea)] 1194 Key to Ericaceae flowers solitary or in racemes; anthers included or only slightly exserted, with or without dorsal appendages; leaves often longer, entire or toothed, deciduous or evergreen; stems prostrate to erect Vaccinium 1 Fruit a dry capsule; leaves entire or nearly so. 8 Leaves at most about 1 cm long, subulate or scale-like to linear, narrowly elliptic, or lance-oblong, entire, glabrous or puberulent to minutely tomentose beneath or merely ciliate, evergreen, usually crowded and overlapping. 9 Sepals usually 4, brightly coloured and petaloid, scarious, much longer than the tubular, deeply 4-lobed corolla, closely subtended by 2 or 3 pairs of opposite bracts simulating a calyx; flowers roseate (sometimes white), sessile or subsessile in the axils of the upper opposite leaves, forming an elongate spike-like terminal inflorescence; stamens usually 8, each anther bearing a pair of deflexed horn-like appendages on the back, each locule opening by a long slit; capsule 4-valved, enclosed by the finally scarious, persistent perianth; leaves lance-oblong, opposite or often 4-ranked, 2-4 mm long, sessile, the larger ones auricled at base; tufted shrub to 1 m tall; (introd. in sandy coastal soils} Calluna 9 Sepals 5. green, much shorter than the commonly 5-lobed corolla; inflorescence not spike-like; (arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions). 10 Leaves at most 5 mm long, subulate or linear-oblong (then alternate) or scale-like (then opposite and often 4-ranked), mostly sessile (short-petioled in C. stelleriana): flowers white (sometimes pink), solitary and usually nodding on erect, axillary or terminal pedicels; corolla urceolate or campanulate: stamens 10, each anther opening by a pair of terminal pores and bearing a pair of slender recurved horn-like awns on the back; capsule 5-locular. loculicidal Cassiope 10 Leaves mostly over 5 mm long, coriaceous and revolute-margined; flowers pedicelled in the axils of crowded upper leaves, forming few-flowered, terminal, umbel-like clusters; anthers unappendaged; capsules septicidal. 1 1 Leaves all or mostly opposite, narrowly elliptic, entire, to 8 mm long, minutely tomentose beneath along the midvein and margins, their petioles 1 or 2 mm long; flowers short-pedicelled, erect; corolla white or pink, broadly campanulate, 3 or 4 mm long, the lobes about equalling the tube; stamens 5, the anthers opening lengthwise; capsules 2-3-locular; diffusely bushy-branched shrub rarely over 1 dm tall; (transcontinental) ....... Loiseleuria 1 1 Leaves alternate, linear, minutely serrulate, to about 1 .5 cm long, their short petioles leaving a raised peg-like scar; flowers slender-pedicelled, spread- ing or nodding; corolla 5-8 mm long, shallowly lobed; stamens usually 10, the anthers opening by a pair of terminal pores; matted shrubs to 3 or 4 dm tall Phyllodoce 8 Leaves mostly longer and less crowded and often with relatively broader blades. 12 Petals distinct, (4)5(6), the more or less rotate corolla lacking a basal tube; anthers unappendaged on the back; capsules septicidal; leaves alternate, entire. 13 Flowers salmon-pink to copper-colour, to about 3 cm broad, solitary at the ends of short leafy shoots; anthers opening by longitudinal slits; style recurved; leaves pale green, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, oblanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, mucronate, subsessile, to about 5 cm long; (s Alaska- w B.C.) Cladothamnus 13 Flowers white. 1o about 1.5 cm broad, in terminal umbel-like clusters; anthers opening by terminal pores; style nearly straight; leaves felted or woolly beneath . Ledum 12 Petals united at least toward base; flowers in terminal (sometimes also lateral) racemes, umbels, or corymbs. 14 Capsules loculicidal; flowers white or pinkish, to 7 or 8 mm long; anthers opening by a pair of terminal pores; leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, to about 5 cm long. 15 Leaves plane, densely scurfy (especially beneath) with minute brown 1195 Ericaceae scales; flowers in elongate, 1 -sided, leafy-bracted racemes, on pedicels to 4 mm long; corolla white, cylindrie-urceolate; anthers unappendaged but each locule prolonged into a slender awn-like tube; (transcontinental) Chamaedaphne 15 Leaves strongly revolute-margined, glaucous or white-puberulent beneath, not scurfy; flowers in short racemes or umbel-like clusters; corolla white or pink, ovoid-urceolate; anthers with a pair of recurved horn-like awns on the back Andromeda 14 Capsules septicidal; anthers unappendaged. 16 Leaves minutely but closely serrulate with bristle-tipped teeth, thin, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-obovate, alternate, to about 6 cm long; flowers in umbel-like clusters on shoots of the previous year, appearing with the leaves; corolla urceolate, 4-lobed, yellowish red, to 8 mm long; anthers opening by a pair of terminal pores; capsule 4-Jocular; (Alaska-Yukon- B.C.-sw Alta.) . . Menziesia 16 Leaves entire, often coriaceous; corolla 5-lobed, commonly pink to deep rose-purple (sometimes white or ochroleucous); capsule 5-locular. 17 Corolla rotate, saucer-shaped, to about 2.5 cm broad, deeply parted, each lobe with a pair of basal pouches into which the longitudinally dehiscent anthers fit in the bud: leaves opposite or alternate Kalmia 17 Corolla broadly campanulate to tubular-campanulate, often larger and very showy; anthers opening by a pair of terminal pores; leaves alternate Rhododendron ANDROMEDA L. [6199] Andromeda 1 Leaves to about 5 cm long, whitened beneath with a close minute puberulence; flowers at most 6 mm long, they and the capsules in rather dense nodding clusters on curved branchlets; pedicels mostly less than 1 cm long; (Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) ...... A. glaucophylla 1 Leaves mostly less than 3 cm long, whitened beneath with a glaucous varnish-like coating; flowers to 7 mm long, they and the capsules in erect lax clusters on erect or ascending branchiets; pedicels to 2 cm long; (transcontinental) A. polifolia A. glaucophylla Link Bog-Rosemary /aST/EE/G/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Peaty or wet places from Man. (N to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill) to Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°35'N), Que. (N to s Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Windy Tickle, ca. 55Q45'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Minn., Ind.. and N.J.; SW Greenland. [A. canescens Small; A, polifolia vars. gl. (Link) DC. and latifolia Ait.]. Var. iodandra Fern, (corolla broader than long, the anthers purple or purplish brown rather than pale brown) is known from the type locality, Table ML, w Nfld. A purported hybrid with A. polifolia (x A. jamesiana Lepage: A. pol, var. jam. (Lepage) Boivin) is known from the type locality, Lake R., w James Bay watershed, Ont., and from the E James Bay watershed, Que. A. polifolia L. /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (N; evergreen)) Acid peat bogs and margins of poofs from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Que. (n to Wofstenholme, w Hudson Strait) and Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°13'N), s to ?Wash., s B.C. (the B.C. map by Szczawinski extending the range southwards beyond that indicated in Raup’s map), Alta, (s to Nestow, 54°14'N; CAN), Sask. (S to McKague, 52£>37'N), Man. (s to Cowan, ne of Duck Mt.; CAN), Ont. (s to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay. ca. 56°N; the report from Wellington Co., s Ont., by Stroud 1941, the presumed basis of the listing of the species by Soper 1949. is probably based upon A. glaucophylla ), Que. (S to S James Bay), and S Labrador (not known from the Atlantic Provinces); w Greenland N to ca. 68CN; Eurasia. maps: Hulten 19686:727; Raup 1947: pi. 32. A form with the leaves green beneath, rather than glaucous, has been named var. concolor Boivin (Can. Field-Nat. 65(1 ):1 6. 1951; type from Kodiak Is., Alaska). 1196 Arctostaphylos ARBUTUS L [6211] A. menziesii Pursh Arbutus, Madrona /t/W/ (Ms (evergreen)) West of the Cascades, chiefly in drier areas, from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Vancouver dist. and Skagit R., e of Chilliwack; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:26) to Baja Calif. [A. procera Dougl.]. maps: Hosie 1969:300; Canada Depart- ment of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:270; Fowells 1965:90; Preston 1961:332; Little 1971: map 100-W. According to M.L. Fernald (Rhodora 28{328):51. 1926), the report of the European A. unedo L., Strawberry-tree, from Nfld. by Cormack (1856; near Bonaventure, Trinity Bay) is possibly based upon Viburnum cassinoides. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. [6212] Bearberry, Manzanita 1 Erect or spreading shrub commonly over 1 m tall; leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, entire, evergreen, finely greyish-puberulent especially beneath, to about 5 cm long, rounded or abruptly tapering to petioles to about 5 mm long; twigs and petioles greyish-puberulent to tomentose and usually distinctly bristly with glandular or eglandular hairs; (sw B.C.) A. Columbiana 1 Prostrate shrubs, often rooting along the branches; leaves mostly oblanceolate to cuneate-obovate, to about 3 cm long, gradually tapering to winged petioles; (trans- continental). 2 Leaves entire, obscurely veined, leathery, evergreen; branchlets pubescent; fruit dry and mealy, dull red A. uva-ursi 2 Leaves crenate-serrate, plane to deeply veiny-rugose, less leathery, deciduous to highly marceseent; branchlets glabrous; fruit fleshy A. alpina A. alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch) Rocky or gravelly tundra and barrens from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to n Banks Is,, s Victoria Is., cent, Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to B.C. (s to Yoho National Park at ca. 52°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:30), Alta, (s to Columbia Icefield, Jasper National Park), Sask. (known only from L. Athabasca). Man. (s to near The Pas). Ont. (s to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N), Que. (s to se James Bay, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord. Anticosti Is., and Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.; not known from the Maritime Provinces), Nfld., and the mts. of Maine and N.H.; w Greenland n to ca, 70°N, e Greenland n to ca. 75°N; Eurasia. [Arbutus L,; Arctous Nied.; Mairania Desv.]. maps: Hulten 1968b; 730; Porsild 1957: map 271, p. 194; Meusel 1943: fig. 7d (incomplete for N. America). Ssp. rubra (Rehd. & Wils.) Hult. (A. rubra (ruber) (Rehd. & Wils.) Fern.; Arctous erythrocarpa Small; leaves not ciliate rather than bristly-ciliate toward base and on the petioles; drupes scarlet rather than purple to purplish black) occurs essentially throughout the range of the typical form but is somewhat more southern, being known in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago only from sw Victoria Is. and w Baffin Is. near the Arctic Circle, and absent in Greenland and Europe, maps (A, rubra): Hulten 1968b;73Q; Porsild 1957; map 272, p. 194; Raup 1947: pi. 33, A purported hybrid between A. alpina and A. rubra has been named x A. victorinii Rolland-Germain (see Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain 1969). A. columbiana Piper Hairy Manzanita /t/W/ (N (Me)) Along the Pacific coast from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland n to ca. 50°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:32) to Calif. [A. tomentosa of auth., not (Pursh) Lind).]. A hybrid with A. uva-ursi (x A. media Greene) is reported from sw B.C. by J.M. Macoun (1898; Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.). A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Common Bearberry, Sandberry, Kinnikinnick. Bousserole or Raisin d'ours /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Exposed rocks and sands from the e Aleutian Is. and 1197 Ericaceae Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 69^30' N) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), sw Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man.-Ont., Que. (n to e James Bay at 53°43'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R, basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to n Calif., N.Mex.. S.Dak., III., Minn., Va.. and New Eng.; w Greenland at ca. 68°N: Iceland; n Eurasia. [Arbutus L.; Uva-ursi Britt; incl. var. pacifica Hull], maps (aggregate species): Hu (ten 19685:729; Bocher 1954: fig. 58, p. 218. The typical form has the young branchlets finely viscid-tomentose, becoming glabrate. Var adenotricha Fern. & Macbr. (young branchlets finely viscid-tomentose but also bearing long viscid hairs intermixed with black stipitate glands; type from Golden. B.C.) occurs essentially throughout the N. American area, as shown in maps by Hulten (19685:729) and Raup (1947: pi. 33). Var. coactilis Fern, & Macbr. (young branchlets minutely and permanently white-tomentose but not viscid) also occurs essentially throughout the N, American area. (See J.G. Packer, Can. J. Bot. 45(9): 1768. 1967). CALLUNA Salisb. [6236] C. vulgaris (L.) Hull Scotch Heather, Ling European; a very local garden-escape to peaty or damp sandy places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Lulu Is.; Eastham 1947), sw Que. (Ste-Marguerite; MT), Nfld. (CAN; GH), St-Pierre and Miquelon (Rouleau 1956), and N.S. (Yarmouth, Kings, Pictou, Halifax, and Inverness counties and Sable Is.), [Erica L.; C. atiantica Seem.] map: Hulten 1958: map 117, p. 137. CASSIOPE D. Don [6197] White or Mountain Heather 1 Corolla-lobes about equalling or longer than the tube; style ovoid or conic; flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; leaves alternate. 2 Sepals acute; corolla to 5 mm long, its lobes about equalling the tube; stamens to 1.5 mm long; pedicels capillary, to about 2 cm long, the flowers nodding; leaves subulate, sharp-pointed, appressed; (sw Dist. Mackenzie to s Baffin Is., Labrador, Nfld., and mts. of e Que.) C. hypnoides 2 Sepals obtuse; corolla 5 or 6 mm long, its lobes commonly longer than the tube; stamens to 3 mm long; pedicels stout, at most about 1 cm long, the flowers erect; leaves linear-oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish, spreading, short-petioled; (Alaska-Yukon and mts. of B.C.) C. stelleriana 1 Corolla-lobes not over half the length of the tube; style slender, scarcely thickened at base; flowers usually several on each branch, solitary on usually subterminal capillary pedicels to over 2.5 cm long; leaves thick and scale-like, opposite, appressed, sessile. 3 Leaves prominently grooved for nearly the entire length of the lower (outer and rounded) surface, lanceolate, markedly puberulent and ciliolate at least near the base; (transcontinental in arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions) C. tetragona 3 Leaves grooved only at the extreme base of the lower surface, glabrous (or merely ciliolate, or minutely puberulent only at the extreme base); (western species). 4 Leaves 2 or 3 mm long (stem, with leaves, about 2 mm thick), scarious-margined, neither ciliolate nor distinctly 4-ranked; (S Alaska-w B.C.) C, lycopodioides 4 Leaves to 5 mm long (stem, with leaves, about 4 mm thick), not scarious- margined, distinctly 4-ranked, the young ones ciliolate near tip; (SE Alaska-B.C.- sw Alta.) C. mertensiana C. hypnoides (L.) Don Moss-Heather /aST/EE/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Rocky tundra and alpine or subalpine slopes from SE-cent. Dist. Mackenzie (Maguse L., E of Great Slave L.; CAN) and se Dist. Keewatin (Thelon Game Sanctuary; CAN) to cent. Baffin Is. and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to Que. (s to E Hudson Bay at ca. 59°30 N and the Knob Lake dist. at ca. 55°N; isolated in the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen ), Labrador (s to ca. 54°N), Nfld,, and the mts. of ?N,Y., Maine, and N.H.; w and e Greenland n to ca. 74°N; Iceland; Spitsbergen; Scandinavia; nw Siberia. [Andromeda L.; Harrimaneila Cov.]. maps: Hulten 1958: map 15, p. 35 (noting, also, a 1914 total-area map by Rikli); 1198 Cladothamnus Porsild 1957: map 267, p. 194; Love and Love 1956b: fig. 8. p. 146 ( Harrimanella ): Bocher 1954: fig. 28 (top), p. Ill; Raymond 1950f>: fig. 7. p. 16. C. lycopodioides (Palf.) Don /sT/W/eA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Montane slopes of the Aleutian Is., s Alaska {n to ca. 61 °N; see Hulten 1948: map 927. p. 1335), and w B.C. (s to Smithers, ca, 54°30'N; see B.C, map by Szczawinski 1962:39); e Asia. [Andromeda Pall.; incl. ssp. cristapilosa Calder & Taylor], C. mertensiana (Bong.) Don /sT/W/ (Ch (evergreen)) Montane slopes, usually above timberline, from the Alaska Panhandle (n to ca. 60QN; see Hulten 1948: map 928, p. 1335; type from Sitka) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to 53°54'N; CAN) to Calif., Nev., and Mont, [Andromeda Bonq,: A. cupressina Hook.], map: Hulten 1968b: 725. C, stelleriana (Pall.) DC. Moss-Heather /ST/W/eA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Alpine heaths, meadows, and bogs from the e Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to the Seward Pen. at ca. 65°N), and sw Yukon through B.C. to Mt. Rainier, Wash.; e Siberia and Japan. [Andromeda Pall.], map: Hulten 1968b:726. C. tetragona (L.) Don Arctic White Heather /AST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Dry heaths, rocky tundra, and montane slopes from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist, Keewatin to northernmost Ellesmere Is, and Baffin Is., s in the West through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to near Obed, about 70 mi ne of Jasper; CAN) to Wash, and Mont, farther eastwards s to s Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin. n Que. (s to s Ungava Bay), and n Labrador (s to ca, 58°N; CAN; reported s to Hopedale, 55°27'N, by Delabarre 1902); w and e Greenland n of 65°N; Spitsbergen; n Scandinavia; n Asia. [Andromeda L.]. maps: Hulten 1968b:724; Porsild 1957: map 268. p, 194; Bocher 1954; fig. 43. p. 167; Raup 1947: pi. 32. Some of the western material is referable to var. saximontana (Small) Hitchc. (C. sax. Small, the type from Banff, Alta.; flowers usually not over 5 mm long, on pedicels seldom over twice the length of the subtending leaves, rather than to 7 mm long and on proportionately longer pedicels), map: Hulten 1968b: 725. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench [6200] C. calyculata (L.) Moench Leather-leaf, Cassandra. Faux Bluets or Petit-Daphne /ST/X/EA/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Peat bogs and margins of acidic ponds from n Alaska-Yukon- Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 69°30’N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask,), s Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man.-Ont., Que. (N to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Hopedale, 55P27'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to ne B.C. (s to ca. 56°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:50), Alta, (s to Smith, se of Lesser Slave L.; CAN), Sask. (s to Crooked River, 52°51'N; Breitung 1957a), s Man., Iowa, Ohio, and Ga.; Eurasia. [Andromeda L.; Cassandra Don], map: Hulten 19686:727. According to Fernald in Gray (1950), the N, American plant differs from the typical form of Eurasia according to the following characters: 1 Calyx-lobes acuminate, up to half as long as the urceolate corolla; leaves averaging about 3 times as long as broad; [Eurasia] [var. calyculata] 1 Calyx-lobes blunt to acute; [N. America; var. ang. also in e Asia]. 2 Calyx-lobes blunt to acute or acutish, about 1 /3 as long as the subcylindric corolla; leaves to 4 times as long as broad; [A. ang. (Ait.) Pursh] var. angustifolia (Ait.) Rehd, 2 Calyx-lobes blunt, up to half as long as the urceolate-cylindric corolla; leaves averaging about twice as long as broad; [Andromeda cal. var. lat. Ait., the type from Nfld.] var. lati folia (Ait.) Fern, CLADOTHAMNUS Bong. [6181] C. pyrolaeflorus Bong. Copper-flower /sT/W/ (N (Me)) Moist forests .and along streams near the coast from s Alaska (N to ca. 61°N; 1199 Ericaceae type from Sitka) through w B.C. (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:59) to nw Oreg. [Tolmiea occidentalis Hook.], map: Hulten 19686:717, EPIGAEA L. [6205] Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel E. repens L. Mayflower. Fleur de Mai /T/EE/ (Ch (evergreen)) Sandy or peaty woods and clearings from s Man. (n to near Dauphin, n of Riding ML; WIN: reports from Sask. require confirmation) to Ont. (n to Sioux Lookout, about 175 mi nw of Thunder Bay; OAC), Gue. (n to the E James Bay watershed at ca. 54°N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; reports from Labrador may refer to the Cote-Nord, Que.), Nfld. . N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. (provincial floral emblem), s to Iowa, III., Miss., and Fla. All of our material may evidently be referred to var. glabrifoiia Fern, (leaves glabrous or soon so on both surfaces (except sometimes along the nerves beneath), rather than scabrous and persistently setose or pilose on both surfaces; type from Middleton, Annapolis Co.. N.S.). GAULTHERIA L. [6206] Wintergreen 1 Leaves mostly less than 1 cm long, elliptic to obovate, entire, bristly beneath, their margins revolute; flowers 4-merous, less than 3 mm long, solitary in the leaf-axils of the slender, trailing and creeping, matted stems; anthers awnless; fruit white; (transcontinental) G. hispidula 1 Leaves usually more than 1 cm long, their margins not revolute; flowers usually 5-merous and at least 3 mm long, borne on aerial branches; fruit red to purplish or bluish-black. 2 Leaves clustered near the summit of the flowering-branches (these to 1.5 dm tall), elliptic to narrowly obovate, to 5 cm long, commonly minutely serrate with bristle-tipped teeth; flowers solitary in the upper axils or in short racemes; corolla urn-shaped or barrel-shaped (the lobes short), to 1 cm long; anthers with 2 double horns; fruit bright rod; (se Man, to Nfld. and N.S.) G. procumbens 2 Leaves regularly distributed along the stems and branches; (B.C. ; G. humifusa also in Alta.). 3 Flowers rather numerous in elongate, terminal and subterminal, axillary, bracted racemes (rachises puberulent and glandular-hirsute); corolla campanulate- urceolate (the very short lobes spreading or reflexed), glandular-puberulent, to 1 cm long; calyx glandular-pilose; anthers with 4 slender apical awns; fruit purplish, to 1 cm thick; leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, to about 9 cm long, sharply serrulate; stems pilose or hirsute; (Alaska-B.C.) G. shallon 3 Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, short-pedicelled: corolla campanulate. prominently lobed, glabrous, at most 5 mm long; anthers awnless; fruit red or reddish, to 8 mm thick. 4 Calyx glabrous, about equalling the corolla-tube; leaves generally oval, rounded or obtuse at apex, averaging less than 2 cm long, entire or inconspicuously serrulate; stems glabrous or finely puberulent (sometimes with longer reddish pilosity); (B.C, and sw Alta.) G. humifusa 4 Calyx copiously brownish-reddish-pilose, about half the length of the corolla- tube; leaves more ovate in outline, acute, averaging about 3 cm long, usually conspicuously serrulate; stems puberulent and copiously brownish-pilose; (s B.C.) G. ovatifolia G. hispidula (L.) Muhl. Creeping Snowberry, Moxieplum. Oeufs de perdrix /sT/X/ (Ch (evergreen)) Moist coniferous forests from BC (n to ca. SB^N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:62) to Alta, (n to Lesser Slave L.; CAN), Sask. (n to Windrum L. at ca. 56°N; CAN), Man. (n to Flin Flon. 54°46'N), Ont. (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53°45'N, 90°W; CAN), Que. (n to the Swampy R. at 56°34'N and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Rigolet, 54°11'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to n Idaho, Minn., Mich., Pa., and N.C. [ Vaccinium L.; Chiogenes T. & G.; Oxycoccus Pers.; G, (C.) serpyllifolia Pursh], 1200 Gaylussacia G. humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Alpine or Matted Wintergreen /T/W/ (Ch (evergreen)) Moist or wet subalpine to alpine meadows and slopes from s B.C. (N to ca. 52°N; Leena Hamet-Ahti, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2(2):158. 1965) and sw Alta. (N to L. Agnes, 51°25'N; CAN) to n Calif, and Colo. [ Vaccinium Graham; G. myrsinites Hook.]. G. ovati folia Gray Oregon Wintergreen /T/W/ {Ch (evergreen)) Coniferous forests to alpine bogs from s B.C. (N to ca. 51°30'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:67) to n Calif., Idaho, and ?Mont. G. procumbens L. Checkerberry, Teaberry. The des bois /T/EE/ (Hpr (evergreen)) Dry or moist woods (chiefly coniferous) from se Man. (N to Victoria Beach, about 55 mi ne of Winnipeg; CAN) to Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior; MT), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen. at Nouvelle, Bonaventure Co ), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Minn., Wise., Ala., and Ga. G. shallon Pursh Salal /T/W/ (N (evergreen)) Coniferous forests (chiefly coastal) from se Alaska (see Hulten 1948: map 934, p. 1335) and B.C. (n to Queen Charlotte Is. and Prince Rupert; isolated stations in the s Kootenay Valley; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:70) to s Calif.; introd. in England, map: Hulten 1 9680:728, The similar G. miqueliana Takeda of e Asia is known from the westernmost Aleutian Is. (Kiska Is.; see Hulten 1948: map 933, p. 1335): 1 Racemes many-flowered; flowers to 8 mm long; fruit purplish black; leaves to 9 cm long, acute; creeping to erect shrub to 12 dm tall G. shallon 1 Racemes with rarely over 6 flowers, these to about 5 mm long; fruit white; leaves to about 3.5 cm long, obtuse; decumbent dwarf shrub; [w Aleutian Is. and e Asia; map: Hulten 19686:728] G. miqueliana Takeda GAYLUSSACIA HBK. [6215] Huckleberry 1 Plant pubescent and copiously stipitate-glandular, the sepals also glandular-ciliate; leaves thick and rather firm, dark green and shining above, glandular beneath; bracts of raceme leaf-like and persistent; (Atlantic Provinces) G. dumosa 1 Plant essentially glabrous, more or less beset with sessile resin-dots; sepals not ciliate; leaves relatively thin and pale, dull; bracts small and deciduous. 2 Leaves resin-dotted on both surfaces; flowers usually longer than their pedicels, in short conspicuously glandular racemes; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) G. baccafa 2 Leaves resin-dotted only beneath; flowers usually shorter than their pedicels, in open sparingly glandular racemes [G. frondosa] G. baccata (Wang.) Koch Black Huckleberry. Gueules noires /T/EE/ (N (Ch)) Dry to moist woods, thickets, and clearings from Ont. (N to Manitoulin Is., N L. Huron, and Renfrew, Russell, and Carleton counties; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:91; reports from Sask. and Man. require confirmation) to Que. {n to Riviere-du-Loup, Temiscouata Co,, and Cap-Jaseux, Chicoutimi Co.. 48D26'N), Nfld., St-Pierre and Miquelon, N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to La. and Ga. [Andromeda Wang.; Vaccinium (G.) resinosum Ait.; G. frondosa of Ont. reports, not (L.) T. & G.. relevant collections in CAN; V. corymbosum sensu Fowler 1885, as to the Grand Lake, N.B., plant, not L., the relevant collection in NBM; A. ( Lyonia ) ?Iigustricina sensu Hooker 1834, not V. lig. L.; A. ?paniculata sensu Pursh 1814, not L.; A. (Leucothoe) racemosa sensu Pursh 1814, Hooker 1834. and John Macoun 1884, not LJ. G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry /T/E/ (N) Dry barrens, sphagnous bogs, and pinelands from Nfld,, St-Pierre and Miquelon, N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. to Miss, and Fla. [Vaccinium Andr.]. Our material is referable to var. bigeloviana Fern. (V. (G.) hirtellum of Canadian reports, not Ait.; leaves and bracts more generally and persistently glandular above (as well as beneath) than those of the typical form). 1201 Ericaceae [G. frondosa (L.) T. & G.] Dangleberry, Blue-tangle [Reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to N.Y., N.H.. and Mass.) from s Ont. by J.M. Macoun (1903). Zenkert (1934). and Soper (1949) are probably all based upon G. baccata, relevant collections in CAN. (Vaccinium L.; V. glaucum Young).] KALMIA L. [6192] Laurel 1 Corymbs lateral; calyces and pedicels glandular-puberulent; corolla to 12 mm broad, deep rose-pink or crimson; capsules at most 5 mm thick; leaves flat, thin, short-petioled, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, mostly opposite (or whorled in 3’s). glabrate, to about 5 cm long; branchlets terete; (Ont. to Labrador. Nfld., and N.S.) K. angustifolia 1 Corymbs terminal; capsules to 8 mm thick; leaves coriaceous. 2 Leaves mostly alternate, petioled, narrowly to broadly elliptic, to about 8 cm long, flat, branchlets terete; corolla to 3 cm broad, normally pink; calyces and pedicels viscid-pilose; capsules glandular; seeds oblong [K. iatifolia] 2 Leaves opposite (rarely in 3's), subsessile, linear to lanceolate, usually less than 3 cm long, white-puberulent beneath, their margins often revolute; branchlets 2-edged; corolla at most 2 cm broad, deep pink to crimson; calyces, pedicels, and capsules glabrous; seeds linear; (transcontinental) K. potifolia K. angustifolia L. Lambkill, Sheep-Laurel. Crevard de moutons /sT/EE/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Sterile soil, old pastures, and barrens from Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at ca. 51°30'N) to Que. (n to the E James Bay watershed at 53°47'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to Mich., Va., and Ga. The report from e Man. by Lowe (1943) requires confirmation. Forma Candida Fern, (flowers white rather than crimson to deep rose-pink; type, as first collection cited, from St. John s, Nfld.) is known from Nfld. and Mass. [K. Iatifolia L,] Mountain-Laurel, Calico-bush [This species of the e U.S.A. (n to Ind. and New Eng.) is reported from Canada by A. Michaux (1803) and Pursh (1814), possibly a result of the somewhat flexible use of that geographical designation in their day. However, Gleason (1958) ascribes it to "N.B. to Ont." and an 1863 collection by Kennedy in GH from Napierville, se of Montreal, Que., has been placed here. The supposed occurrence in Ont. and N.B. is indicated in maps by Preston (1961:334) and Munns (1938: map 161, p. 165) but no Canadian stations are indicated in the map by E.A. Kurmes (Am. Midi. Nat, 77(2): fig. 1, p. 525. 1967). If once a member of our flora, it is apparently now extinct. Reports from Saguenay Co., e Que., by Saint-Cyr (1887), from Anticosti Is., E Que., by B. Billings (Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. 1:59. 1861), and from S Labrador by Billings, Stearns (1884), and Waghorne (1898) probably refer to K. angustifolia .] K. polifolia Wang. Pale, Bog-, or Swamp-Laurel /ST/X/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Peat bogs and wet acidic meadows, the aggregate species from se Alaska and the Yukon (n to ca, 64CN) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L, L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask,), s Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man. -Ont.), Que. (n to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Nachvak, SSDT'N), Nfld. (the type material, according to Hitchcock et al. 1959, being "Garden specimens from plants introduced by Banks from Newt. ", presumably grown at Berlin), N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to Oreg., Colo., Minn., Pa., and N.J. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves mostly not over 2 cm long, up to half as broad as long; flowers mostly not over about 1 cm long; plant usually not over 1 dm tall; [K, glauca var. mic. Hook.; K. mic. (Hook.) Heller; southernmost Yukon-SE Alaska (see Huiten 1948: map 921, p. 1334) and mts. of B.C, and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b); s Dist. Keewatin at Baralzon L., 6CHM; perhaps throughout the range of the typical form; map: Huiten 1968b;721] var. microphylla (Hook.) Rehd, 1 Leaves to 4 cm long, less than half as broad as long, strongly revolute; flowers to 18 mm broad; plant usually over 2 dm tall var. polifolia 1202 Ledum 2 Flowers white; [type from Trinity South, Nfld.J f. leucantha Schofield & Smith 2 Flowers deep pink to crimson; [K. glauca I'Her. and its var. rosmarinifolia Pursh; K, occidentalis Small; transcontinental; map: Hulten 19686:721] f. polifolia LEDUM L. [6183] Labrador-tea. Ledon 1 Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate or ovate, to about 6 cm long, on petioles to over 1 cm long, the lower surface greenish or greyish, finely felted and copiously sprinkled with minute shining resin-granules; anther-filaments densely hairy on the lower half; (B.C.-Alta.) L. glandulosum 1 Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or short-petioled, normally densely rust-woolly beneath; (transcontinental). 2 Leaves linear to linear-oblong, less than 1.5 cm long; stamens usually 10, their filaments pubescent below the middle; capsules 3 or 4 mm long and nearly as thick; (arctic and subarctic regions) L. palustre 2 Leaves linear-oblong to oblong, to about 6 cm long; stamens usually 5, 6, or 7, their filaments mostly glabrous; capsules at least 5 mm long, usually about twice as long as thick L. groenlandicum L. glandulosum Nutt. Trapper's-tea /T/W/ (N (evergreen)) Wet montane meadows and open woods (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif, and nw Wyo. According to D.B. Savile (Can. J. Bot. 47(7): B.C.-Alta. maps, fig. 1, p, 1093, and fig. 2, p. 1094. 1969), only the southernmost B.C.-Alta. material is referable to typical L. glandulosum. the more northern records representing a hybrid with L groenlandicum. 1 Leaves plane or slightly revolute, usually averaging about twice as long as broad; capsules to 3(4.5) mm long, subglobose; [L groenlandicum ssp. gl. (Nutt.) Love & Love; mts of B.C. (n to ca. 52°15'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:86) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN)] var. glandulosum 1 Leaves strongly revolute, averaging less than 1 cm broad, to over 4 times as long as broad; capsules ovoid, to 5.5 mm long; [L col. Piper; Vancouver Is.: Szczawinski 1962] var. columbianum (Piper) Hitcho. L. groenlandicum Oeder Labrador-tea /aST/X/G/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Peat bogs and acid soils from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 68°N) and the coast of w Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L , Great Slave L., cent. Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Ont.. Que. (n to Ungava Bay at ca. 59°30N), Labrador (N to Hebron, 58°12'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., Minn., Pa., and N.J.; s Greenland n to near the Arctic Circle (type locality). [L palustre ssp. gr. (Oeder) Hult.; L. pal. vars. dilatatum Gray and latifolium (Ait.) Michx. ( L . lat. Ait.); L canadense Lodd.; L. pacificum Small], maps: Hulten 19686:718 { L . pal. ssp. gr. ); Raup 1947: pi. 32. Forma denudatum Viet. & Rousseau (L pat var. lat f. den. (V. & R.) Boivin; leaves relatively soft, glabrous beneath except for long hairs along the veins rather than white- or rusty-woolly beneath) is known from the type locality, a cedar swamp N of Bic ML, St-Fabien, Rimouski Co., e Que. The map by D.B. Savile (Can. J. Bot. 47(7): fig. 3, p. 1095. 1969) indicates the location of hybrids with L. palustre (ssp. decumbens ) in Alaska and nw Canada. L. palustre L. /aST/X/GEA/ (N (Ch; evergreen)) Heaths, barrens, and dry rocky places at low to fairly high elevations from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Victoria Is. , cent. Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to n B.C. (s to ca. 59°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:83). Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (s to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (s to nw James Bay at ca. 55°N), Que. (s to ne James Bay at 54°25'N and L. Marymac at ca. 57°N, 53°45'W), and Labrador (s to ca. 53°N); w Greenland n to ca, 74°N; Eurasia. [Incl. vars. angustifolium Hook, and decumbens Ait. ( L . dec. (Ait.) Lodd.)]. maps: Hulten 19686:717: Porsild 1957: map 265 ( L . dec.), p. 194; Meusel 1943: fig, 20b (incomplete for N. America). 1203 Ericaceae A possible hybrid with Rhododendron lapponicum (R. vanhoeffenii Abrom.; flowers pink, with 10 stamens rather than 5) is reported from w Greenland by Bocher, Holmen, and Jacobsen (1966). LOISELEURIA Desv. [6189] L procumbens (L.) Desv. Alpine Azalea /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Peaty or rocky tundra and slopes at low to high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and the coasts of Aiaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Baffin Is. (n to the Arctic Circle) and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to Wash., B.C, (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:720), ?AJta. (Fernald in Gray 1950; not listed by Moss 1959), northernmost Sask. (near Hasbala L. and Patterson L. at 59°55'N, where taken by Argus in 1963; not listed by Breiitung 1957a), NE Man. (s to Churchill; CAN; reported s to GiJIam, about 165 mi s of Churchill, by Lowe 1943; not known from Ont.), islands in James Bay S to ca. 52°N, Gue. (s to e James Bay at ca. 54QN, the Cote-Nord, and Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.; reported from Anticosti Is. by Verrill 1865, and from Cap-a-l’Aigle, Charlevoix Co., by Ft. Campbell, Can. Rec. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895), s Labrador, Nfld. , N.S. (Kingsport, Kings Co.; GH; not known from N.B. or P.E.L), and the mts. of Maine and N.H.; w Greenland n to ca. 74°N, e Greenland n to ca. 68eN; Iceland; Eurasia, [Azalea L] maps: Hulten 19686:720, and 1958: map 182, p. 201 (noting, also, a 1947 total-area map by Firbas); Porsild 1957; map 266, p, 194; Meusel 1943: fig. 2d (incomplete for N. America). MENZ1ESIA Sm. [6185] * M, ferruginea Sm. Fool's-Huckleberry, False Azalea /sT/W/ (N) Moist woods and streambanks at low to fairly high elevations from Alaska (n to ca, 64°N; see Hulten 1948: map 919. p. 134) and southernmost Yukon through B.C. (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:94) and w Alta, (n to the Smoky R. at ca. 56°N) to n Calif, and Wyo. [Var. glabella (Gray) Peck (M. glabella Gray; see J.C. Hickman and M.P. Johnson, Madrono 20(1 ): 1 -1 1 . 1969); M. globularis Hook.], maps (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:720; Hickman and Johnson, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 2. OXYCOCCUS Adans [6216] Cranberry. Atocas (Ref.: A.E. Porsild, Can. Field-Nat. 52(8): 11 6-1 7. 1938) 1 Pedicels essentially glabrous; leaves ovate, broadest toward base. 2 Pedicels red, bearing a pair of red scaly bracts below the middle; berry about 6 mm thick, pale pink; leaves at most about 6 mm long and 2 mm broad, strongly revolute, pointed; stem filiform, red or reddish brown; (transcontinental) O. microcarpus 2 Pedicels 1-8, often lateral; berry to 12 mm thick, with a bloom; leaves to 8 mm long and 3 mm broad, flat or but slightly revolute; stem stouter, dark brown or black; (B.C.; Sask.; s Ont. to Nfld.) O. ovalifolius 1 Pedicels pubescent; leaves elliptic, broadest near the middle. 3 Berry to 2 cm thick; pedicels 1-10, lateral, becoming evenly curved, bearing 1 or 2 leaf-like green bracts; leaves to 17 mm long and 8 mm broad, flat or very slightly revolute, rounded at apex, evenly and symmetrically arranged; stems relatively stout, extensively trailing; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) O. macrocarpus 3 Berry at most 12 mm thick; pedicels terminal, abruptly curved toward tip, bearing a pair of scaly bracts; leaves smaller, pointed; stems slender, creeping, brown or black; (B.C. to N.S.) O. quadripetalus O. macrocarpus (Ait ) Pers. Large or American Cranberry. Gros Atocas /T/EE/ (Ch (evergreen)) Peat bogs and acid swamps from Minn, to Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior; reports from Sask. and Man. require confirmation), Que. (n to L, St, John, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.; not known from the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S,, s to Ark., Ill,, Ohio, and N.C. [Vaccinium Ait.J. 1204 Phyllodoce 0. microcarpus Turcz. /ST/X/EA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Sphagnous bogs from the e Aleutian Is., n Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 69°N), and the Mackenzie R Delta to Great Bear L, Great Slave L, L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), S-cent. Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), and Labrador (n to ca. 55°N; not known from the Atlantic Provinces), S to B.C. (s to Queen Charlotte Is. and the mainland to ca. 54°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:104), Alta, (s to near Coalspur, 53°1T'N; CAN), Sask. (s to near Windrum L. at ca. 56°N; CAN), Man. (s to L. Winnipegosis at ca. 53°N), Ont. (S to the w James Bay watershed at 53°10'N), James Bay (Charlton Is., ca. 52QN), Que. (s to the Cote-Nord), and s Labrador; Iceland; Eurasia. [Vaccinium Hook, f.; V. (O.) oxycoccus of American auth. in part; O. vulgaris Pursh in part], maps: Hulten 19686:735; Raup 1947: pi 33. O. ovalifolius (Michx.) Porsild /sT/(X)/eA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Sphagnous bogs from ?Alaska (Rydberg 1922; not listed by Hulten 1948 and 19686) and B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to the Skagit R.; CAN; not known from Alta.) to Sask. (Breitung 1957a; not known from Man ), Ont. (Bruce Pen., L. Huron; Krotkov 1940), Que. (Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.; GH), Nfld. (GH), and N.S. (St. Paul Is.; GH; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to Oreg., Minn., Mich., and N.C.; E Asia. [Vaccinium oxycoccus vars. ovalifolius Michx. and intermedius Gray (O. int. (Gray) Rydb.); V. ox. of Canadian reports in small part, not L.]. The above-noted range is subject to much revision as further studies are made of the distribution of O. microcarpus, O. ovalifolius , and O. quadripetalus, these included in most N. American reports in the Vaccinium oxycoccus complex. O. quadripetalus Gilib, /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Sphagnous bogs (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s in the U.S.A. to an uncertain limit through general inclusion in the Vaccinium oxycoccus complex; w Greenland; Eurasia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves to 1 cm long and 5 mm broad, flat or slightly revolute; pedicels 1-4; [Vaccinium (O.) oxycoccus L. in part; B.C, (n to ca. 56°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:106) and sw Dist. Mackenzie to N-cent. Sask, (n to lle-a-la Crosse), cent. Man. (n to Oxford L. at ca. 55°N), Ont. (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53°45'N, 90°W), Que, (n to e James Bay at ca. 54°N, L. Chibougamau at ca. 49°45'N, 74°W. and the Gaspe Pen,), N.B,, and N.S,; reported from Copper and Bering Is., e Asia; map (aggregate species, as O. palustris ): Hulten 19686:736] var. quadripetalus 1 Leaves at most about 5 mm long and 3 mm broad, strongly revolute, somewhat 1 -sided along the stem; pedicels 1 or 2; [0. palustris (Vaccinium oxycoccus) Pers. f. microphylla Lange, the type from Greenland; cent. Ont. (Swan L. at ca. 53°45'N, 91°30'W), South Twin Is., James Bay, ca. 53°N, Que. (e James Bay N to se Hudson Bay at ca. 56°10'N; Ungava Bay; Arntfieid, 48°12'N; Taschereau, 48^40^; Montmorency Falls, near Quebec City; St-Fabien, Rimouskt Co,; Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is,; Gaspe Pen.; Magdalen Is.), Labrador (n to Rigolet, 54°25'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; w Greenland n to 64°10'N] • ■ * - var. microphyllus (Lange) M.P, Porsild PHYLLODOCE Salisb. [6193] Mountain-Heather 1 Corolla bright yellow, ovoid, glabrous or glandular externally; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.-Alta.) P. aleutica ^ Corolla roseate or purplish (or blue when dried), glabrous externally, 2 Corolla companulate, roseate; sepals narrowly to rather broadly ovate, blunt, glab- rous except for the minutely ciliate margins; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.- Alta.) P. empetriformis 2 Corolla urceolate, purplish; sepals lanceolate, acutish, glandular-puberulent; (trans- continental) P. caerulea P. aleutica (Spreng.) Heller Yellow Mountain-Heather /ST/W/eA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Dry tundra and rocky places up to high elevations (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Oreg. and Wyo.; e Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1205 Ericaceae 1 Corolla and anther-filaments glabrous; [Menziesia al. Spreng., the type from the Aleutian Is.; Bryanthus Gray; Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (N to ca. 63°N); e Asia; map; Hulten 19686:723] ssp. aleutica 1 Corolla glandular externally; anther-filaments more or less pubescent toward base; [Menziesia (Bryanthus; P) gl. Hook., the type from "mountains north of the Smoking River, lat. 56°”. Alta.; Aleutian Is., s Alaska, sw Yukon, sw Dist. Mackenzie (n to Brintnell L, at ca. 62 ’N; CAN), and mts. of B.C. (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:112) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN); maps: PorsiJd 1966: map 1 13 (P. gi.). p. 81 ; Raup 1947: pi. 32 (P. gl ); Hulten 1968b: 724. A hybrid with P. empetriformis (x P. intermedia (Hook.) Camp; Menziesia int. Hook.) is known from SE B.C. (Skagit R., Field, and L. O'Hara; CAN)] ssp. gfanduliflora (Hook,) Hu It. P. caerulea (L.) Bab. Purple Mountain-Heather /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Rocky tundra and slopes at low to high elevations from Alaska (n to the Seward Pen.; not known from the Yukon) and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie at Coronation Gulf to SE Dist. Keewatin, cent. Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, S to S Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin, n Man. (MacLeod L. at ca. 59 '11'N; Seal R., w of Churchill; CAN), Que. (S to se Hudson Bay at ca. 55,J10'N, Knob Lake, 54L48'N, the Cote-Nord, and Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is.), s Labrador, Nfld., N.S. (Victoria Co.; E.C. Smith and J.S. Erskine, Rhodora 56(671 ):249. 1954; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), and mts. of Maine and N.H.; w and e Greenland n to ca. 75 N; Iceland; Eurasia. [Andromeda L. ; Menziesia Sw.; Bryanthus taxifolius Gray], maps: Hulten 1968fc»:723, and 1958: map 209, p.229; Porsild 1957: map 269, p. 194; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 67(3): fig. 1, p. 131. 1953; Cain 1944: fig. 19, p. 162. P. empetriformis (Sw.) Don Pink Mountain-Heather /ST/W/ (Ch (evergreen)) Mountains at moderate to high elevations from se Alaska, the Yukon (n to ca. 65 N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie (Macmillan Pass; Brintnell L.) through the mts. of B.C. (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:109) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to Calif.. Idaho, and Mont. [Menziesia Sw.; Bryanthus Gray; M. (P.) grahamii Hook.], map: Hulten 1968b: 722. RHODODENDRON L. [6184] Rhododendron, Rosebay. Rhodora 1 Leaves thick and leathery, evergreen; corolla campanulate, nearly regular. 2 Stems depressed and mat-forming; leaves elliptic, 1 or 2 cm long, strongly scurfy beneath; clusters few-flowered; corolla bright purple, about 1 .5 cm broad; capsules less than 1 cm long, scurfy; (transcontinental in arctic and alpine regions) , . . ft lapponicum 2 Stems to over 5 m tall; leaves oblong-elliptic to -obovate, to about 2 dm long, glabrous or obscurely scurfy beneath; clusters many-flowered; corolla pale pink to deep rose-purplish, usually at least 2.5 cm broad; capsules 1 or 2 cm long. 3 Pedicels glabrous; calyx minute, its lobes less than 1 mm long; corolla-lobes crisped-undulate; ovary hairy; leaves oblong-elliptic, broadest near the middle; (S B.C.) R. macrophylium 3 Pedicels (and ovary) stipitate-glandular; calyx-lobes to 4 mm long; corolla-lobes entire or somewhat wavy-undulate; leaves oblong-obovate, broadest above the middle [R. maximum ] 1 Leaves rather thin, mostly deciduous, more or less pubescent (at least on the veins beneath or when young), elliptic to oblong or obovate. 4 Calyx-lobes to over 1 cm long, oblong, foliaceous; corolla rotate-campanulate, nearly regular; stamens 10; capsules about 1 cm long. 5 Corolla white or ochroleucous, glabrous externally, at most 2 cm long, not divided to base on the lower (outer) side; calyx-lobes to 12 mm long; flowers solitary or few together in axillary or lateral clusters; capsules thick-walled; leaves to 9 cm long, acutish, broadest at or only slightly above the middle; shrub to 2 m tall; (B.C.- sw Alta.) R. albiflorum 5 Corolla rose-purple, pubescent externally, to about 2.5 cm long, divided to base on the lower side; calyx-lobes to about 2 cm long; flowers solitary or in pairs (rarely 3) 1206 Rhododendron terminating leafy shoots; capsules thin-walled; leaves to about 5 cm long, broadest well above the middle; shrub usually less than 2 dm tall; (Alaska) . . . . R camtschaticum 4 Calyx-lobes very small or obsolete, at most 1 or 2 mm long; capsules to over 1.5 cm long. 6 Corolla pale to deep rose-purple, glabrous externally, to 3 cm long, with a very short tube, 2-lipped nearly to base (upper lip 3-lobed; lower lip of 2 oblong-linear, nearly distinct, recurving petals); stamens 10, about equalling the style and corolla; capsules to 1.5 cm long, glaucous-puberulent; shrub to 1 m tall; (Que. to Nfld. and N.S.) R canadense 6 Corolla whitish to bright pink (or drying pinkish blue), pubescent externally, the tube to over 2 cm long, the lobes shorter than or about equalling the tube; stamens 5, much shorter than the style, this to 5 cm long; capsules to 2.5 cm long, setose or glandular-setose; shrub to about 3 m tall [R. roseum] R albiflorum Hook. White Rhododendron /T/W/ (N) Chiefly montane in wet places and along streams from B.C. (N to Fairy L. at ca. 57°N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:145) and sw Alta, (n to 53°54'N; CAN) to Oreg. and w Mont. [Azalea Ktze.; Azaliastrum Rydb.; Cladothamnus campanulatus Greene; incl. f. poikiton Henry, the three anterior petals dotted with orange or yellow rather than uniformly white, the type from B.C.]. R camtschaticum Pallas Kamchatka Rhododendron /Ss/W/eA/ (N) Alpine meadows (occasionally in subalpine woods) of the Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to the Seward Pen.}; ne Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Petals ciliate, pubescent on the back; leaves of the sterile basal shoots not glandular- ciliate (those of the flowering shoots often so); [Therorhodion Small; maps; Hulten 19686:719, and 1948: map 917a, p. 1334] ssp. camtschaticum 1 Petals not ciliate, glabrous on the back; leaves of the sterile shoots glandular-ciliate; [Ther. gl. Standi., the type from Imuruk Bay, Alaska; maps: Hulten 19686:719, and 1948: map 917b, p. 1334] ssp, glandulosum (Standi.) Hult. R. canadense (L.) Torr. Rhodora /T/E/ (N) Bogs, damp thickets, and acidic barrens and rocky slopes from Que. (N to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen ), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. to ne Pa. and n N.J. [Rhodora L. ; Rhododendron rhodora Don; Azalea (Rhododendron) ?viscosa sensu Pursh 1814, as to the Canadian plant, and McSwain and Bain 1891, not L.; A. (Rhododendron) ?nudiflorum (A. periclymenoides Michx.) of Canadian reports, not L.]. The report from Hebron. Labrador, 58°12'N, by A.P. Coleman (Geol. Surv. Can. Mem. 124:55. 1921) is undoubtedly erroneous. Forma albiflora (Rand & Redf.) Rehd. (flowers white rather than pale to deep rose-purple) is known from Que. (Boivin 19666) and N.S. (Lindsay 1878). Forma viridifolium Fern, (leaves dark green and shining above, barely pilose beneath, rather than grey-green or glaucous and more or less pilose on both surfaces) is known from the type locality, Arcadia, Yarmouth Co.. N.S. R. lapponicum (L.) Wahl. Lapland Rosebay /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Rocky barrens and subalpine woods from the coasts of Alaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., E Devon Is., Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to n B.C. (s to ca. 58°45'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:148), Great Slave L, n Man. (s to Churchill; the report from Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill, by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation), Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay s to 54°22'N), Que. (S to S James Bay, L. Mistassini, and the serpentine plateau of Mt. Albert, Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., and the mts. of N.Y., Maine, and N.H.; isolated in the mts. of sw Alta. (Opabin Creek, 52°15'N, near Banff; CAN); w Greenland n to ca. 79°N, E Greenland n to ca. 75“N; Scandinavia; N Asia. [Azalea L.]. maps: Hulten 19686:718, and 1958: map 181, p. 201; Porsild 1957: map 270, p. 194; Gjaerevoll 1963: fig. 2, p. 263. R. macrophyllum Don California Rhododendron /t/W/ (Me (evergreen)) Rocky places from sw B.C, (Vancouver Is,; Skagit R.; Manning 1207 Ericaceae Provincial Park and vicinity, about 30 mi se of Hope) to n Calif. [R. californicum Hook.], map: the Canadian area is shown in the B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:150. [The similar R. chrysanthum Pall. (ft aureum Georgi) of E Asia has been reported from Sitka. Alaska (Huften 1948), this requiring confirmation. However, there are collections in CAN from the Commander Is. and Bering Is., U.S.S.R., the western continuation of the Aleutian Is., lending credence to the Sitka report ] [R. maximum L] Great Laurel, Rosebay [This species of the E U.S.A. (swampy ground and damp woods from Ohio to N.Y., New Eng., and Va.) is accredited to s Ont. by Fernald in Gray (1950; perhaps on the basis of its tentative report from Norfolk Co. by John Macoun 1884), who also cites N.S. as a former locality. Neither Soper (1949) nor Landon (1960) list it for s Ont. However, it is reported from Sheet Harbour, Halifax Co.. N.S,, by Lindsay (1878) and George Lawson (Proc. & Trans. N.S. Inst. Sci. 4:172-78. 1878), where believed by Lawson to be native. There is a collection in DAO from Highlands National Park, South IngonisH, Cape Breton Is. , where perhaps introd. According to H.W, Vogelmann and L A. Charette (Rhodora 65(761 ):22. 1963), it has been found in n Vt. within 8 miles of the Que. boundary, maps (the s Ont. area indicated on the last three should apparently be deleted): H.H. litis, Castanea 21:118. 1956; Preston 1961:334; Hough 1947:369; Munns 1938: map 160, p. 164.] [R. roseum (Loisel.) Rehd.] Early Azalea, Election-pink [The inclusion of sw Que. in the range of this species of the e U.S.A. (Maine to Mo., Tenn., and Va.) by Fernald in Gray (1950) requires confirmation. It is not listed by Marie- Victorin (1935). ( Azalea Loisel.).] VACCINIUM L. [6216] Blueberry, Bilberry, Huckleberry, Cranberry. Airelle or Atocas 1 Anthers awnless. 2 Leaves leathery and evergreen, glossy green above, paler beneath; corolla pink or reddish. 3 Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, entire, subsessile, less than 2 cm long, sparsely dotted with erect black glands beneath; flowers few in small terminal clusters; calyx-lobes glandular-ciliate; corolla 4-lobed nearly to the middle; berries red; stems slender and creeping; (transcontinental) . V, vitis-idaea 3 Leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, acute, short-petioled, their thickened margins sharply serrulate; flowers in axillary clusters; calyx-lobes glabrous; corolla shallowly 5-lobed: berries deep purplish-black and glaucous, or blackish and shining; shrub to 4 m tall; (S B.C.) V. ovatum 2 Leaves thinner and deciduous; flowers in dense terminal racemes; corolla with 5 very short lobes; berries blue or black; branching shrubs. 4 Leaves entire (V. angustifolium var. integrifolium and typical V. corymbosum will key out here). 5 Leaves at most about 4 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate to oval; stems less than 1 m tall; berries blue, glaucous. 6 Branchlets and lower leaf-surfaces copiously velvety-pilose; leaves at most about 3 cm long and half as broad; corolla at most 6 mm long, white or pink-tinged; (transcontinental) V. myrtilloides 6 Branchlets and leaves glabrous (pubescent in var. crinitum), the leaves glaucous beneath, to 5 cm long and 1 Z2-2/3 as broad; corolla to 8 mm long, greenish or purplish; (s Ont. and w N.S.) V. vaciiians 5 Leaves to over 7 cm long: stems usually over 1 m tall; berries blue to black. 7 Leaves heavily downy or woolly beneath, unexpanded at anthesis, to 6 cm long and 3 cm broad; corolla yellowish or greenish-white tinged with purple, to 8 mm long; berries shining black, without bloom; (s Ont. and s Que.) V. atrococcum 7 Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, half-grown at anthesis, to 8 cm long and 4 cm broad; corolla white or pinkish, to 12 mm long; berries blue to blue-black, with a bloom; (Ont. to N.S.) V. corymbosum 1208 Vaccimum 4 Leaves normally serrulate, spinulose-serrulate, or ciltate -serrulate (entire only in V. angustifolium var. integrifolium and typical V. corymbosum). 8 Leaves of fertile branches to 8 cm long and 4 cm broad, essentially glabrous; stems to 4 m tall; corolla to 12 mm long, white or pinkish; berries to 12 mm thick; (Ont to N.S.) V. corymbosum 8 Leaves of fertile branches at most about 5 cm long; stems less than 1 m tall. 9 Leaves to 5 cm long and 3.5 cm broad; stem to 9 dm tall; corolla greenish or purplish, to 8 mm long; berries dark blue, with bloom; (s Ont. and w N.S.) V, vacillans 9 Leaves to about 3.5 cm long and 1 .5 cm broad; stem to about 6 dm tall; corolla white or pink-tinged; (Man. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) V . angustifolium 1 Anthers bearing a pair of long horn-like awns on the back at the base of the terminal tubules; leaves deciduous. 10 Flowers pendulous on filiform leafy-bracted jointed pedicels in loose racemes or small panicles on specialized branches (bracts much smaller than the foliage-leaves); corolla open-campanufate, greenish or purplish, 5-lobed nearly to middle; anthers and style long-exserted; branchlets and at least the lower surfaces of the entire-margined leaves more or less pubescent; berry commonly yellowish or greenish; (S Ont.) V. stamineum 1 0 Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils or in clusters of up to 4 from scaly buds; corolla urceolate to subglobose, the lobes very short; stamens and style included or the style slightly exserted. 1 1 Flowers in clusters of up to 4 from scaly buds; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, as long as or longer than broad, persistent on the mature berry; corolla pinkish, or white with pink lobes, to about 6 mm long; berries glaucous-blue; leaves oblanceolate to obovate, entire, typically firm and strongly reticulafe-veiny beneath, to 3 cm long; twigs not angled; (transcontinental) V. uliginosum 1 1 Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, normally 5-merous; calyx-lobes usually rudimen- tary and deciduous (or nearly as long as broad in V. parvifolium), the calyx-tube forming a crowning ring on the berry; leaves relatively thin; twigs often angled. 12 Leaves entire or only obscurely serrulate below the middle, glabrous or somewhat puberulent (especially when young). 13 Berry bright red, to 9 mm thick; corolla pale, waxy, yellowish pink, about 4 mm long; leaves oblong-elliptic to oval, to 2.5 cm long, entire (sometimes serrulate on juvenile growth); twigs green, sharply angled; (se Alaska- B.C.) V. parvifolium 13 Berry bluish- or purplish-black, to 1 cm thick; corolla about 7 mm long; leaves ovate-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, to over 4 cm long; young twigs yellowish green, more or less angied, 14 Fruiting pedicels often over 1 cm long, nearly straight, somewhat enlarged immediately below the ovary; corolla bronzy-pink, usually broader than Jong; style slightly exserted; leaves usually puberulent beneath and sparsely glandular-hirsute on the midvein beneath, the lateral veins not prominent; (Alaska-B.C.) V. alaskaense 14 Fruiting pedicels mostly much less than 1 cm long, rather strongly curved but not enlarged immediately below the ovary; corolla pink, usually longer than broad; style usually included; leaves glabrous, not glandular along the midvein, the lateral veins prominent; (trans- continental) V. ovalifolium 12 Leaves distinctly serrulate at least above the middle. 15 Berry bright (but not deep) red, to 5 mm thick; corolla pinkish, about 4 mm long; pedicels less than 3 mm long; leaves usually less than 1.5 cm long, narrowly to broadly lanceolate; twigs bright green or yellow-green, sharply angled, very numerous; plant usually more or less matted, to about 2.5 dm tall; (B.C. and Alta.) V. scoparium 15 Berry blue to deep bluish- or purplish-black (sometimes dark red in V. 1209 Ericaceae myrtillus), to 8 or 9 mm thick; corolla commonly over 5 mm long; leaves commonly at least 2 cm long: plants often taller. 16 Leaves oblanceolate to obovate (broadest above the middle; V. membranaceum var. rigidum may key out here), cuneate-based, more or less serrulate along the upper half (the margins of the lower half entire or indistinctly serrulate); corolla whitish or pink, to 6 or 7 mm long; berries glaucous-blue; twigs inconspicuously angled or terete. 17 Corolla narrowly urn-shaped, twice as long as thick; filaments longer than the anthers (including the tubules); leaves oblanceolate. averaging not over about 2 cm long, strongly reticulate beneath, not glaucous; (transcontinental) V. caespitosum 17 Corolla subglobose, less than twice as long as thick; filaments shorter than the anthers; leaves relatively broader, averaging about 3 cm long, glaucous beneath; (sw B.C.) . . 17 deliciosum 16 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic or ovate (commonly broadest below the middle), their margins serrulate nearly throughout or at least along the lower half. 18 Pedicels 2 or 3 mm long; corolla pinkish; berries dark red to bluish: leaves mostly less than 3 cm long; twigs greenish and strongly angled, usually puberulent; (B.C. and Alta.) V. myrtillus 1 8 Pedicels to over 5 mm long; leaves often longer; twigs not strongly angled, glabrous or slightly puberulent, 19 Branches terete; leaves elliptic, to about 3.5 cm long, slightly lustrous, strongly veiny beneath; berry blue-black; pedicels to 5 mm long; (e Que. and Nfld) V. nubigenum 19 Branches 4-angled; leaves ovate, to 7 cm long, bright green; berry purplish to black; pedicels to 12 mm long; (s Dist. Mackenzie, B.C., and Alta.; Ont) V. membranaceum V. alaskaense Howell /sT/W/ (N) Coastal woods from s Alaska (see Hulten 1948: map 938, p. 1336) through w B.C. (see B.C. map by Szezawinski 1962:156; chiefly coastal but isolated stations inland to ca. 126°W) to nw Oreg. [Alternative spellings: alaskaensis and alaskensisi V , ovalifolium Bong., not Sm,; V. oblatum Henry], map: Hulten 19686:734. V. angustifolium Ait. Low or Late Sweet Blueberry. Bluets /ST/X/ (N (Ch)) Peat bogs and open barrens, the aggregate species from Man. (n to Bear L. at ca. 55°N, 97°W; WIN) to Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to the Larch R. at 57°35'N and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Attikamagan L at ca. 55°N; reported n to Nain, 56°32'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Iowa, Ohio, and Va. 1 Leaves entire; [Que. (n to the Larch R. at ca. 57°N; type from Fort George, James Bay) and w Labrador] var. integrifolium Lepage 1 Leaves serrulate. 2 Leaves spreading-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves; berries blue, with a bloom; [Que. to Nfld. and N.S.] var, hypolasium Fern. 2 Leaves glabrous or merely minutely pilose beneath at base of midrib. 3 Leaves blue-green, glaucous beneath; berries usually black and without a bloom; [V. pensilvanicum var. nigrum Wood; V. nigrum (Wood) Britt.; V. brittonii Porter; se Man. to Nfld. and N.S.] var, nigrum (Wood) Dole 3 Leaves bright green on both sides; berries blue, with bloom. 4 Leaves lanceolate to oblong, to 3 or 4 cm long; corolla to 1 cm long; [\/. (Cyanococcus) pen. Lam.; V. lamarckii Camp; Man. (reports from Sask. require confirmation) to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.] var. laevifolium House 4 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly less than 2 cm long; corolla 5 or 6 mm long; [ Cyanococcus Rydb.; \7 pen. var. angust. (Ait.) Gray; incl. V. 6orea/e Hall & Aalders; Ont. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.; type from Nfld. -Labrador] var. angustifolium 1210 Vaccinium V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller Black Highbush-Blueberry /T/EE/ (N) Swamps, moist woods, and barrens from Ind. to Ont. (n to the Mer Bleue, near Ottawa), sw Que, (n to the Montreal dist.; MT), and New Eng., s to Ark. and n Fla. [V. corymbosum var. atro . Gray]. V. caespitosum Michx. Dwarf Bilberry or Huckleberry /ST/X/ (Ch) Moist tundra, gravelly or rocky shores, woods, and clearings at low to high elevations from cent. Alaska-Yukon (N to ca. 64°30'N) and sw Dist. Mackenzie to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Medstead, 53°19'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (u to Duck Mt.; CAN), Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at 51°34'N), Que, (n to Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Anatolik, 56°39'N), Nfld., N.B. (upper St. John R. system), and N.S. (Kings, Victoria, and Inverness counties; not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., Colo., Minn., and New Eng, [Incl. vars. angustifolium Gray and cuneifolium Nutt, and V. paiudicoia Camp], maps; Hulten 19686:732; Porsild 1966: map 1 14, p. 81. V. corymbosum L. Highbush-Blueberry /T/EE/ {N (Me)) Swamps and moist woods from Wise, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:96), Que. (n to near Quebec City; Raymond 19506), N.B. (Tower Hill, Charlotte Co.; NSPM; the report from Grand Lake, Queens Co., by Fowler 1885, is based upon Gaylussacia baccata. the relevant collection in NBM; not known from P.E.L), and N.S., s to Ind., Ohio, Pa., and N.J. 1 Leaves entire, green on both sides; [range of the species] f. corymbosum 1 Leaves finely serrulate or ciliate-serrulate; [s Ont., sw Que.. and N.S.]. 2 Leaves green on both sides; [var. amoenum sensu Gray, not V. am. Ait,, basionym; V. aibiflorum Hook.] f, albiflorum (Hook.) Camp 2 Leaves glaucous beneath; [var. pallidum sensu Gray, not V. pal. Ait,, basionym] f. glabrum (Gray) Camp V. delictosum Piper Blue Huckleberry, Cascade Bilberry /T/W/ (Ch) Montane forests and slopes at moderate to high elevations from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland e to Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:161) to n Oreg. V. membranaceum Dougl. Mountain-Huckleberry /sT/D/ (N) Thickets and montane slopes (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to n Calif,, Idaho, and Wyo. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves mostly ovate or ovate-oblong, gradually acute to acuminate at apex, to 5 cm long; corolla longer than broad; [V. myrtilloides var. macrophylfum Hook.; V. mac. (Hook.) Piper; s Dist. Mackenzie, B.C. (see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962; 166), and Alta. (N to ca. 55°N); Ont. (Bruce Pen., L, Huron; a collection in GH from Little Pigeon R. near Thunder Bay may also belong here); maps; Fernald 1935: map 7, p. 21 1 ; Hulten 19686:732 (aggregate species)] var. membranaceum 1 Leaves oblong-obovate. abruptly acute to rounded at apex, usually somewhat shorter; corolla as broad as long; [V. myrtilloides var. rig. Hook.; V. globulare Rydb.; se B.C. (N to ca. 52° N; see B.C. map for V. globulare by Szczawinski 1962:163) and Alta. (Waterton Lakes: Silver City; Lesser Slave L. at ca, 55C20'N): map: on the above-noted map by Fernald] var, rigidum (Hook.) Fern. V. myrtilloides Michx. Sour-tcp- or Velvet-leaf-Blueberry, Bluets /sT/X/ (N (Ch)) Peat bogs, moist woods, and clearings from s Dist. Mackenzie (near Fort Smith, ca. 6Q°N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 70(3): 121. 1956; reported N to Great Bear L. by Hooker 1834) and B.C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to L. Athabasca), Man. (N to Nueltin L. at 59^43^), Ont. (N to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°N, 88^), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 53°45'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; type probably from near L. Mistassini). Labrador (n to Rigolet, 54°11'N; CAN; GH), Nfld.. N.B,, P.E.L, and N.S., s to Mont., Iowa, and Va. [V. angustifolium var. myrt. (Michx.) House; V. (Cyanococcus) canadense Kalm]. 1211 Ericaceae Forma chiococcum (Deane) Fern, (berries whitish rather than blue) is tentatively reported from N.B. by Boivin (1966b; as V. angustifolium var, myrt. f. chio, ). V. myrtillus L. Dwarf Bilberry /aST/W/GEA/ (N (Me)) Moist slopes at moderate to high elevations from se B.C. (Kootenay and Columbia valleys n to ca. 5r30'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:171) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN) to Wash, and N.Mex.; sw Greenland; Eurasia. [V. oreophilum Rydb.]. V. nubigenum Fern, /T/E/ (N) Rocky or peaty slopes and barrens of e Que. (Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.; type from Tabletop Mt.) and n Nfld. [Perhaps a hybrid between V. membranaceum and some other species], map: Fernald 1933: map 23. p, 279. V. ovalifotium Sm. Tall Huckleberry /sT/(X)/eA/ (N) Peats, thickets, and open woods from the Aleutian Is,, s Alaska (n to ca. 62°30'N), and southernmost Yukon (Bennett L.) through B.C. (w to near the sw Alta, boundary but not yet reported from Alta.) to Oreg. and Mont., with isolated areas on L. Superior (Ont. and Mich.) and from Gue. (Laurentide Provincial Park in Charlevoix Co.; Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.) to se Labrador (n to Chateau, ca. 52°N), Nfld.. and N.S. (Victoria Co.. Cape Breton Is.; ACAD; CAN; MT); E Asia. [V. chamissonis Bong.], maps: Hulten 1968b;733; Raymond 1950b: fig. 4, p. 12; Wynne-Edwards 1937: map 2, p. 24; Fernald 1925: map 10, p. 253. A hybrid with V. parvifolium is reported from sw B.C. by J.M. Macoun (1913; Strathcona Park, Vancouver Is.; CAN). V. ovatum Pursh Evergreen Huckleberry /t/W/ (N (Me; evergreen)) Woods and rocky slopes near the coast from sw B.C. (Prince Rupert dist. at ca. 54°N; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:179) to s Calif. [Metagcnia Nutt.]. V. parvifolium Sm. Red Bilberry or Huckleberry /T/W/ (N (Me)) Woods and slopes from se Alaska (see Hulten 1948: map 941, p. 1336) through B.C. (chiefly coastal but an isolated station in the Kootenay Valley; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:181) to cent. Calif, map; Hulten 1968b:733. V. scoparium Leiberg Grouseberry, Whortleberry /T/WW/ (N) Mountains usually at rather high elevations from SE B.C. (Lillooet and Manning Provincial Park eastwards; n to ca. 52°30'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:184) and sw Alta. (n to Jasper; CAN) to n Calif., Colo., and S.Dak. [V, erythrocarpum Rydb.]. V. stamineum L. Deerberry, Squaw-Huckleberry /t/EE/ (N) Dry woods, thickets, and clearings from Mo. to Ohio, s Ont. (Welland, Lincoln, and Leeds counties; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:92), N.Y., and Mass., s to La. and Fla. [Polycodium Greene; V, album sensu Pursh 1814, not L., which is Symphoricarpos albus ]. V. uliginosum L. Alpine Bilberry, Bog-Blueberry /AST/X/GEA/ (Ch (N)) Peat bogs and rocky barrens and tundra at low to high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Baffin Is., Ellesmere Is, (N to ca. 80°N), northernmost Ungava-Labrador, Nfld., N.B. (Bald Mt., Nipisiquit R. in ?Gloueester Co.; NBM), P E L (Waterford, Prince Co.; MT), and N.S. (Cape Breton Is. and St. Paul Is.), s along the Pacific coast through B.C. to n Calif., farther eastwards s to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), n Man. (s to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay; n shore of L. Superior), n Mich., N.Y., and Vt.; nearly circumgreenlandic; Iceland; Spitsbergen; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below (the treatment based upon that by S.B. Young, Rhodora 72(792):439-59. 1970): 1 Leaves pubescent; shrub diffuse, spreading and stoloniferous; [V. pubescens Wormsk.; V. (Myrtillus) ulig. var. pub. (Wormsk.) Hornem.; V. ulig. vars. alpinum Bigel. and lange- anum Malte; essentially the range of the species; maps: Young, loc. cit. , fig. 2, p. 449; 1212 Vaccinium Raup 1947: pi. 33 (var. alp.): Hulten 19686:734 (ssp. alp.); Porsild 1957: map 273 (var. alp.), p. 195] ssp. pubescens (Wormsk.) Young 1 Leaves glabrous or only sparsely puberulent, 2 Shrub dwarf, prostrate or matted; leaves mostly less than 1 cm long, the dead ones often persistent for several years; [V. gaultherioides Bigel., in part; V . uiig. microphyllum Lange; V. microphyllum (Lange) Hagerup; n part of the N. American- European range; maps: Young, loc. cit., fig. 3, p. 451 ; Hulten 19686:735 (ssp. micro.); A. Love 1950: fig. 15 (V. micro.), p. 48] ssp. gaultherioides (Bigef. ) Young 2 Shrubs usually taller and more robust. 3 Stomata present on both leaf-surfaces; [w N. America] ssp. occidental 4 Plant of low, creeping habit; leaves mucronate or cuspidate at apex; [V. salicinum Cham.; Aleutian Is. and coast of s Alaska; map: Young, loc. cit, fig. 6 (triangles), p. 454] var. salicinum (Cham.) Hulten 4 Plant usually erect; leaves merely mucronulate at the obtuse or rounded apex; [V. occidentaie Gray; se Alaska through coastal B.C. to Calif., Ariz., and ?N.Mex.; map: Young, loc. cit, fig. 6 (dots), p. 454] .... var. occidentaie (Gray) Hara 3 Stomata present only on the lower leaf-surfaces. 5 Fruit variable in shape (often subcylindrical), highly palatable; [Alaska, nw Dist. Mackenzie, and e Asia; map: Young, loc. cit, fig. 4, p. 452] ssp. pedris (Harshberger) Young 5 Fruit spherical, relatively insipid and tasteless; [sw Greenland; Iceland; nw Europe; e ?N. America; map: Young, loc. cit., fig. 5, p. 453; the map by Raup 1947: pi. 33, refers chiefly to the above taxa] ssp. uliginosum V. vacillans Torr. Low Blueberry, Sugar-Huckleberry /T/EE/ (N) Dry open woods, thickets, and clearings from Iowa to Ohio, s Ont. (Essex, Norfolk, Lincoln, Welland, Wentworth, and York counties; see s Ont map by Soper and Heimburger 1961 :94; also reported from London, Middlesex Co., by John Macoun 1884, and a collection in TRT from Wellington Co. has been placed here), N.Y., N.S. (Butlers L., Yarmouth Co.; Fernald 1921; GH; CAN), and Maine, s to Mo. and Ga. [V. torreyanum Camp], Collections in CAN and GH from near Leamington, Essex Co., s Ont., are referable to var. crinitum Fern, (young branchlets and lower leaf-surfaces pubescent rather than the plant essentially glabrous). V, vitis-idaea L. Rock-Cranberry, Mountain-Cranberry. Berris, Graines rouges, or Pommes de terre /aST/X/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Rocky tundra and peaty or rocky barrens from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist Keewatin to Victoria Is,, Baffin Is, (n to near the Arctic Circle), and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to B.C. (s to ca. 52°15'N; see B.C. map by Szczawinski 1962:189), Alta, (s to the Elbow R. and Banff; CAN), Sask. (s to McKague, 52°37'N; CAN), s Man., n Minn., Ont. (S to the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (s to near Quebec City), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., N.S., and New Eng.; w Greenland n to ca. 78°N; Iceland; n Eurasia. [Vitis-idaea Britt.; incl. var. minus Lodd. and its f. pyricarpum Lepage], maps: Eric Hulten 19686:731. and Sven. Bot. Tidskr, 43(2-3): fig. 5, p. 397. 1949; Porsild 1957; map 274. p. 195; Raup 1947: pi. 33; Meusel 1943: fig. 20c. 1213 DIAPENSIACEAE (Diapensia Family) DIAPENSIA L. [6273] Dwarf matted evergreen shrub with crowded, cartilaginous, narrowly spatulate, entire, mostly opposite leaves less than 1.5 cm long. Flowers white, regular, perfect, gamopetalous, 5-merous, hypogynous. about 1 cm long, solitary on terminal peduncles. Stamens 5. alternating with the 5 corolla-lobes, their filaments adnate to the corolla-tube nearly as far as the sinuses. Style 1. Ovary superior. Fruit a subglobose capsule about 5 mm long. D. lapponica L. /AST/EE/GEA/ (Ch (evergreen)) Tundra, rocks, and gravels at low to high elevations (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s in the East to the mts. of New Eng.; Greenland; Iceland; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy see below. 1 Leaves narrowly spatulate, to 1 .5 cm long, rather weakly reticulate, merging into obscure petioles; [coast of Dist. Mackenzie at Coronation Gulf to Baffin Is. at ca, 70°N (an isolated station on Ellesmere Is. at ca. 80°10'N) and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to se Dist. Mackenzie, S Dist. Keewatin, n Man. (Baralzon L. at 60°N; not known from Sask. or Ont.), Que. (s to E James Bay at Cape Jones, 54°37'N, Knob Lake. 54°48'N, the Cote-Nord, and the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), S Labrador, Nfld., and N.S. (Upper Salmon R.. Victoria Co.. Cape Breton Is ); w Greenland N to ca. 76°N( e Greenland Nto ca. 71 aN; Iceland; n Europe; nw Siberia; maps: Hulten 19680:736, and 1958: map 204, p. 223; Porsild 1957: map 275, p. 195, and 1955: fig. 16, p. 51; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 5, sheet 38] ssp. lapponica 1 Leaves mostly obovate. generally shorter, more strongly reticulate, and with a deeper furrow along the median vein than in the typical form ssp. obovata (Schm.) Hult. 2 Corolla white; [D. obovata (Schm.) Nakai; Alaska-Yukon (see Hulten 1948: map 944, p. 1336) and nw Dist. Mackenzie (Richardson Mts. w of the Mackenzie R. Delta; CAN); E Asia; maps; on the above-noted maps by Hulten] var. obovata 2 Corolla roseate; [type from Hatcher Pass in the Talkeetna Mts. n of Anchorage, Alaska] var. rosea Hult. 1214 PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) Herbs with simple, entire or shallowly toothed leaves, these variously disposed on the stem or all basal. Flowers regular, perfect, hypogynous (somewhat epigynous in Samolus), gamopetalous. Calyx-lobes, corolla-lobes, and stamens commonly 5, sometimes 3, 4, or 6 (rarely 8; the corolla wanting in Glaux ). Style and stigma each 1. Ovary superior. Fruit a longitudinally dehiscent or circumscissile capsule. 1 Caespitose, matted to cushion-forming perennials at most 1 .5 dm tall; stems prostrate or ascending, dichotomously branched, ending in rosettes of small, entire, minutely scabrous-ciliolate or shallowly few-toothed leaves, the leaves persisting after withering; flowers rose-pink to bright red or magenta-purple, solitary or in umbels terminating leafless peduncles; (western species) Douglasia 1 Plants not caespitose or, if so, the corollas white or the flowering-stems leafy. 2 Plant aquatic, the submersed leaves dissected into linear segments, scattered on the floating and rooting hollow stems and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncles bearing 3-10 small whitish flowers at the nodes, the internodes strongly inflated [Hottonia] 2 Plants terrestrial; leaves entire or merely shallowly toothed. 3 Plants scapose, the leaves in a basal rosette; flowers in terminal umbels. 4 Corolla deep purple to rose or almost white, its lobes to 2 cm long, reflexed from the base; anthers forming an exserted cone, the very short filaments free or more or less united into a short tube; leaves linear-oblanceolate to obovate, entire, glabrous; (B.C, to s Man.) Dodecatheon 4 Corolla with spreading or ascending lobes; stamens distinct, included; leaves entire or very shallowly toothed. 5 Corolla white or creamy, constricted at the throat, its tube shorter than the calyx; style very short; leaves subsessile Androsace 5 Corolla usually lilac or bluish purple, open at the throat, its tube equalling or surpassing the calyx; style filiform, elongate; leaves wing- petioled; perennials Primula 3 Plants with leafy stems; flowers axillary or racemose. 6 Stem with scale-like alternate leaves below and a single terminal whorl of large, lanceolate, entire or minutely crenulate ones; corolla white, mostly 7-parted; flowers slender-peduncled in the axils of the upper leaves Trientalis 6 Stem leafy throughout, the leaves entire; corolla 4-6-parted (wanting in Glaux, with a petaloid 5-parted calyx). 7 Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate. 8 Flowers pink, mostly 4-merous, about 1 mm broad, nearly sessile in the axils of the subsessile leaves, these at most about 1 cm long; capsule free from the calyx-tube, subglobose, about 2 mm thick, circumscissile, often bearing the withered corolla on the deciduous top; low annual commonly less than 1 dm tall; (B.C. to Sask,; 7Man.; N.S.) Centunculus 8 Flowers white, 5-merous, 2 or 3 mm broad, on slender pedicels 1 or 2 cm long in lax terminal racemes; leaves to over 5 cm long, the basal ones in a rosette; capsule fused below to the calyx-tube, globose, to about 5 mm long, dehiscent near the summit by 5 valves; perennial to about 6 dm tall (?B.C.; Ont. to N.S.) Samolus 7 Leaves opposite or whorled. 9 Plant fleshy; leaves opposite, to 1 .5 cm long, bearing solitary, subsessile, white to crimson flowers about 4 mm long in their axils; petals none, the 5 calyx-lobes petaloid; capsule 5-valved; (transconti- nental in saline and alkaline habitats) Glaux 9 Plants scarcely fleshy, chiefly of fresh habitats; petals present. 10 Flowers usually scarlet to brick-red, varying to white, 5-merous, 1215 Primulaceae solitary on long slender pedicels in the leaf-axils; sepals 3 or 4 mm long, the petals about the same length or somewhat longer; capsule subglobose, circumscissile near the middle; leaves elliptic to ovate, sessile, opposite. 1 or 2 cm long; annual with 4-angled stems to about 3 dm tall; (introd.) Anagallis 10 Flowers yellow, larger; capsule globose or ovoid, dehiscent by longitudinal valves. 1 1 Corolla-lobes entire (or merely minutely glandular-ciliate in L punctata ), neither cuspidate nor rolled about their stamens, often dark-dotted or -streaked; anthers oblong or oval, all fertile, their filaments commonly united at base; flowers on ascending or divergent peduncles or pedicels; leaves often punctate Lysimachia 1 1 Corolla-lobes erose and cuspidate-tipped, each separately rolled around its stamen, neither dotted nor streaked; anthers linear, 5 fertile ones alternating with 5 staminodia, their fila- ments distinct to base; flowers nodding; leaves not punctate Steironema ANAGALLIS L. [6338] Pimpernel 1 Stem squarish, gland-dotted, not rooting at the nodes, to about 3 dm tall; leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile, to about 3 cm long; corolla scarlet to brick-red (varying to white), rotate, less than twice as long as the calyx; pedicels about equalling the leaves; capsule about 5 mm thick, (introd., transcontinental) A arvensis 1 Stem roundish, rooting at the nodes, to about 1.5 dm tall; leaves ovate to suborbicuiar. short -petioled, about 5 mm long; corolla pink, funnelform, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx; pedicels much surpassing the leaves; capsule about 3 mm thick; (introd. in St-Pierre and Miquelon) [A. fene//a] A. arvensis L. Scarlet Pimpernel Eurasian; a garden-escape to waste sandy fields in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Vancouver). Alta. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. (n to the Ottawa disk), Que. (n to near Quebec City), Nfld., St-Pierre and Miquelon, N.B., P.E.I.. and N.S.; sw Greenland. Forma caerulea (Schreb.) Baumg. (flowers blue rather than scarlet to brick-red) is reported from Ont. by Boivin (1966b). [A. tenella L.] Bog Pimpernel [European; reported from St-Pierre and Miquelon by Rouleau (1956), where presumably introd. but not established. ( Lysimachia L.). map: Hulten 1958: map 130. p. 149 (noting other earlier total-area maps).] ANDROSACE L. [6321] (Ref.: Robbins 1944) 1 Stoloniferous perennial, forming mats to 1 dm broad, the nodes and tips of the stolons producing globular rosettes of narrowly to broadly oblanceolate entire leaves to 1 .5 cm long, these stiffly ciliate, otherwise glabrous or loosely villous; scapes single from each rosette, to 12 cm tall, villous with curly jointed hairs, each terminated by a compact umbel bearing at most 8 flowers, the pedicels usually shorter than the flowers; calyx about 3 mm long; corolla to 12 mm broad, white or creamy with a yellow eye (often aging pink); (Alaska and w Canada) .A, chamaejasme 1 Annuals or biennials with a taproot; leaves linear-lanceolate to obianceolate, oblong, or oblong-obovate, to over 3 cm long; flowers white, relatively numerous; corolla at most 4 mm broad, only slightly surpassing the calyx, this to 4 or 5 mm long. 2 Bracts subtending umbel broad and foliaceous, oblanceolate to oblong, to 1 cm long, 1216 Androsace less than 4 times as long as broad; calyx-lobes about equalling the tube; corolla about 2.5 mm broad, nearly included in the calyx-tube; scapes minutely stellate-pubescent, rarely over 7 cm tall; (B.C. to w Ont.) . ... A. occidentalis 2 Bracts subulate to narrowly lanceolate, commonly less than 5 mm long and at least 4 times as long as broad; calyx-lobes about half the length of the tube; corolla to 4 mm broad, slightly surpassing the calyx; (transcontinental) A. septentrionalis A. chamaejasme Host /aST/W/EA/ {Ch (Hrr)) Tundra and rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (E to Coronation Gulf) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to Mont.; Eurasia. [Incl. var. arctica Knuth, ssp, andersonii Hult., ssp. lehmartniana (Spreng.) Hult. [A. lehm. Spreng,), A. (Drosace) albertina Rydb., and A. (D.) carinata Torr.]. maps: Porsild 1957: map 278 (var. arct.), p. 195; combine the maps by Hulten 1968b:745 (ssp. and. ) and p. 744 (ssp. lehm.). A. occidentalis Pursh /T/WW/ (T) Dry sands, gravels, prairies, and rocky woods from s B.C. (Dry Interior n to Lytton, Spences Bridge, and Kamloops; CAN; Eastham 1947) to s Afta. (Banff and Belly R.: CAN), s Sask. (Mortlach, about 65 mi w of Regina, and Radville, about 70 mi s of Regina; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (N to Roblin, s of Duck Mt.). and w Ont. (island in Lake of the Woods, where taken by John Macoun in 1872; CAN, detd. St. John), s to N Calif., N.Mex., Tex., Ark., and Ind. [A. simplex Rydb.]. A. septentrionalis L. /AST/X/GEA/ (T) Dry rocky, sandy, or gravelly places at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to n Ellesmere Is. (an isolated station at ca. 79°30'N) and n Baffin Is., s through B.C.-Alta.-Sask.-Man. to Calif., Ariz., N.Mex., and S.Dak., farther eastwards s to Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay), Que. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay; Chimo, s Ungava Bay; Bic, Rimouski Co.; Cote-Nord; Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is. or the Maritime Provinces), and w Nfld.; an isolated station in w Greenland at ca. 78°N; Eurasia, maps and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to the scarcely separable A. alaskana ): see below. 1 Umbels 1 (2, 3)-flowered; [s Alaska, the type from Popof Is.; maps; Hulten 1948: map 957, p. 1337. and 19685:746] A. alaskana Cov, & Standi, 1 Umbels many-flowered A. septentrionalis 2 Scape usually solitary, strongly developed, strictly erect, to about 2.5 dm tall; pedicels slender, numerous, the central ones straight and ascending, the lateral ones arched-ascending. 3 Pedicels not glandular; [A. gormanii Greene; transcontinental; maps (aggregate species); Hulten 19685:745; Porsild 1957; map 277. p. 195: Fernald 1933: map 5, p, 82; Wynne-Edwards 1937; map 2, p. 24] var. septentrionalis 3 Pedicels bearing dark stipitate glands; [w U.S. A ] [var. glandulosa (Woot. & Standi.) St. John] 2 Scapes commonly several, many of them of nearly equal development; pedicels often coarser and less numerous, many of them divergent. 4 Scapes at least 5 times longer than the pedicels; [essentially transcontinental; type from the Mingan Is., e Que.] var. robusta St. John 4 Scapes shorter than the pedicels or at most 3 times their length. 5 Scapes over 1 dm tall, about twice the length of the slender, flexuous, widely spreading, often very numerous pedicels; [A. subulifera (Gray) Rydb.; A. pinetorum Greene; the Yukon-B.C. to Man.] var. subulifera Gray 5 Scapes less than 1 dm tall; plants dark green or reddish. 6 Scapes 2 or 3 cm tall; pedicels rarely more than 6, short and stout; [A. arguta Greene; A. subumbellata {Nels.) Small; mts. of B.C. and Alta ] var. subumbellata Nels. 6 Scapes mostly over 4 cm tall; pedicels numerous. 7 Calyx-lobes and base of calyx-tube essentially glabrous; [A. diffusa Small; Alaska. B.C., Alta., and Sask.] var. diffusa (Small) Knuth 1217 Primulaceae 7 Calyx-lobes and base of calyx-tube densely short-stellate; [A. puber - ulenta Rydb.; B.C. to Man.] van puberulenta (Rydb.) Knuth CENTUNCULUS L. [6339] C. minimus L. Chaffweed /T/X/EA/ (T) Fresh or brackish shores from s B.C. (n to Kamloops; Henry 1915) to SE Alta. (Empress), Sask. (Mortlach; Reed L; Long L.; near Johnston L. at ca. 54°30'N; Cory, near Saskatoon; Bad Hills, ca. 51'30'N), ?Man. (Rossburn; Lowe 1943; not known from Ont. or Que.), and N,S. (Sable Is.; CAN; not known from N.B.; reports from P.E.I. refer to Tiilaoa aquatica, according to D.S. Erskine I960), s to Baja Calif., Mexico, and Fla.; S. America; Europe; India; n Africa, map; Hulten 1958: map 255, p. 275. DODECATHEON L. [6341] Shooting Star, American Cowslip 1 Corolla to 2 cm long, the lobes creamy white; sepals 3 or 4 mm long; capsules to 1 cm long, dehiscent to the tip by valves, protruding beyond the dried and persistent stamens and corolla; anther-filaments less than 1 mm long, deep reddish-purple; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong or ovate, sinuate to sharply dentate or undulate-dentate, broadly rounded or truncate to cordate at base, glabrous, abruptly contracted to petioles of about the same length; scapes glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy in the inflor- escence; (s B.C.) D. dentatum 1 Corolla-lobes commonly magenta to various shades of violet, red, or purple; corolla deciduous with the stamens as the enlarging capsule forces them off, 2 Leaf-blades more or less spatulate to deltoid-elliptic or ovate, usually less than twice as long as broad, commonly rounded or truncate at base and abruptly narrowed to the petioles; filaments deep reddish-purple; capsules to about 12 mm long, operculate (the extreme style-bearing tip coming off like a lid); inflorescence glandular. 3 Filament-tube 2-4 mm long; plant from a cluster of more or less tuberous- thickened roots, lacking rhizomes but with numerous “rice-grain” bulblets at anthesis; (S B.C.) ...... D, hendersonii 3 Filament-tube very short or almost obsolete; plants from a commonly (?always) horizontal rhizome (this erect, when present in other species); (Alaska-Yukon- Dist. Mackenzie-N B.C.) D. frigidum 2 Leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate (sometimes even obovate, but usually at least 3 times as long as broad), gradually narrowed to the winged petiole; bulblets wanting. 4 Stigma conspicuously capitate (about twice the width of the middle part of the style); anther-filaments scarcely 1 mm long, free nearly or quite to base, deep reddish-purple; capsules to 1 1 mm long, opening from the top by valves (but the tip operculate); inflorescence (and leaves) often more or less densely glandular- hairy; (Alaska- B.C.) D. jeffreyi 4 Stigma only slightly enlarged or only slightly thicker than the style; anther- filaments usually yellow. 5 Capsule to 12 mm long, the tip operculate (the extreme style-bearing tip coming off like a lid); anther-filaments usually not over 1 mm long, free or united, their connectives transversely wrinkled; (B.C. to Sask.) D. conjugens 5 Capsule to 1.5 cm long, dehiscent to the tip by valves; anther-filaments united into a tube to 3 mm long, their connectives smooth or only somewhat longitudinally wrinkled when dried; (Alaska-B.C. to Man.) D. pauciflorum D. conjugens Greene /T/W/ (Hr) Seepage areas in sagebrush plains up to alpine meadows from se B.C. (n to Natal, near the sw Alta, boundary), Alta, (n to ca. 53“N), and sw Sask, (Cypress Hills, Robsart, and Simmie; Breitung 1957a) to n Calif, and Wyo. [D, cylindrocarpum Rydb.; incl. var. viscidum (Piper) Mason (D. vise. Piper; D. con. var. ?beamishii Boivin and its f. iacteum Boivin), the pubescent or 1218 Dodecatheon glandular-pubescent extreme to which most or all of our material appears referable], maps: Katherine Beamish, Bull, Torrey Bot. Club. 82(5): map 1, p, 360, 1955; H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 9a, p. 101. 1953. D. dentatum Hook. /T/W/ (Hr) Streambanks and shaded moist slopes from s B.C, (Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi SE of Hope; Princeton; Penticton) to Oreg, and Idaho. [D, meadia vars. dentatum (Hook ) Gray and fatitobum Gray], map: H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 13, p. 122. 1953. D. frig id um C. & S. /aSs/W/eA/ (Hr) Meadows and heaths at low to high elevations from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon (see Hulten 1948: map 961, p. 1338) and the Mackenzie R. Delta to northernmost B.C. (s to Dease L. at ca, 58°30'N; CAN) and sw Dist. Mackenzie. [D. meadia var. fr. (C & S.) Gray], maps: Hulten 19686:749; H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 9b, p. 101. 1953; W.J. Cody, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 9, p. 149. 1971. D. hendersonii Gray /t/W/ (Hr) Moist prairies and open woods from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and Yale, lower Fraser Valley; CAN) to s Calif. [0, meadia var. hend. (Gray) Brandg.; D. integrifolium var. latifolium Hook.], map: H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 3a, p. 85. 1953. D. jeffreyi van Houtte /sT/W/ (Hrr) Wet meadows and streambanks from s Alaska (n to ca. 60°30'N; see Hulten 1948: map 964 (0. viv, ), p. 1338) through coastal B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Prince Rupert; Vancouver Is.; Mittlenatch Is.) to Calif., Idaho, and Mont. [D. meadia var. lancifolium Gray; D. viviparum Greene], maps: Hulten 19686:749; H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 10, p, 108. 1953. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene /ST/WW/ (Hr) Open woods, meadows, prairies, moist slopes, and saline places along the coast from cent Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 65°N) and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Slave L., B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to near Prince Albert), and s Man. (n to Ertksdale, about 60 mi n of Portage la Prairie), s to n Calif., Mexico, and Tex. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Plants usually not over 5 cm tall, bearing only 1 or 2 flowers: [D. watsonii Tidestr. ; 0. putchellum (radicatum) var. wat. (Tidestr.) Boivin; D. uniflorum Rydb.; sw B.C,; Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Is.; map: H.J. Thompson, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(5): fig. 12a, p. 117. 1953] var. watsonii (Tidestr.) Hitchc. 1 Plants taller and usually with more flowers. 2 Plant glandular-pubescent throughout; [0. cusickii Greene and its var. album Suksd,; D. pulchellum var. album (Suksd.) Boivin; D. puberulentum Heller; B.C. (n to Queen Charlotte Is. and Kamloops) and Alta. (Seebe); maps: Thompson, loc. cit, fig. 14, p. 123; Katherine Beamish, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 82(5): map 1, p. 360. 1955] var. cusickii (Greene) Mason 2 Plant glabrous to sparingly pubescent. 3 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, rather abruptly narrowed to the petioles: [D. macrocarpum (pulchellum) var. at. Hult., the type from Port Hobron, Alaska; D. meadia (radicatum) var. mac. Gray [D. mac. (Gray) Knuth) in large part: incl. 0, superbum Pennell & Stair; Alaska-B.C.; maps: Beamish, loc. cit., map 2 (D. rad. ssp. mac.), p. 360; combine the maps by Hulten 19686:747 (D. pul. ssp. sup.) and p. 748 (D. pul. ssp. al. )] var. alaskanum (Hult.) Hitchc. 3 Leaves mostly oblanceolate to spatulate, narrowed gradually to the petioles; [D. meadia (pulchellum; salinum) vars. pauciflora Dur. and puberula Nutt. (D. puberulum (Nutt.) Piper); D. ?radicatum Greene and its var. sinuatum Rydb.; D. integrifolium var. vulgare Hook.; Alaska-Yukon-B.C. to s Man.; maps: Hulten 19686:748 (, D . pul. ssp. pauc. ); Porsifd 1966: map 116, p. 81; Thompson, loc. cit,, fig. 12b ( 0 . rad ), p. 117; Beamish, loc. cit., map 2 (D. rad.), p. 360; N.C. Fassett, Am. Midi. Nat. 31(2): map 1, p. 460. 1944] var. pauciflorum 1219 Primulaceae DOUGLASIA Lindl. [6318] 1 Flowers usually at least 3 in umbels terminating peduncles to 7 cm long, each umbel subtended by a whorl of at least 4 (up to 10) lanceolate to ovate bracts to 8 mm long; pedicels from very short to 1 or 2 cm long; leaves to 2 cm long and 6 mm broad; plants mat-forming; (B.C. and sw Alta.) D. laevigata 1 Flowers usually solitary, subtended by 1 or 2 bracts; leaves rarely over 1 cm long and 2 mm broad. 2 Leaves linear-subulate to linear-oblong (broadest below the middle); plant to 1 dm tall; (sw Alta.) D. montana 2 Leaves oblanceolate (broadest above the middle); plant to 5 cm tall; (Alaska-Yukon- w Dist. Mackenzie). 3 Upper leaf-surface pubescent with simple hairs D. ochotensis 3 Upper leaf-surface glabrous or pubescent with forked and branched hairs . ... D. arctica D. arctica Hook. /aSs/W/ (Ch) Tundra and rocky places at low to fairly high elevations: Alaska (n to ca. 65°30'N), the Yukon (n to Herschel Is.), and nw Dist. Mackenzie (type from between the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers), maps: Hulten 19686:743; Porsild 1966: map 117B. p. 81. Some of our material is referable to var. gormanii (Const.) Botvin ( D . gor. Const., the type from near Fort Selkirk, the Yukon; leaves pubescent above with forked and branched hairs rather than glabrous above), maps (D. gor.): Hulten 19686:743; Porsild 1966: map 117A, p. 81 D. laevigata Gray /T/W/ (Ch) Moist coastal bluffs to alpine talus and ridges from sw B.C. (Strathcona Park. Vancouver Is.; Herb. V, detd. Constance) and sw Alta, to Oreg. [Incl. var. ciliolata Const.; D. nivalis Lindl., the type from the Rock/ Mts. of sw Alta., the basis of the above Alta, report], D. montana Gray /T/W/ (Ch) Foothills to alpine talus and ridges from sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19576) to n Wyo. D. ochotensis (Willd.) Hult. /aS/W/eA/ (Ch) Stony montane slopes of n Alaska and nw Dist. Mackenzie (between ca. 65° and 69°30'N); me Siberia. [Androsace Willd.]. map: Hulten 19686:742. GLAUX L. [6337] G. maritima L. Saltwort, Sea-Milkwort /sT/(X)/EA/ (Hpr) Saline or brackish coastal marshes and sands and alkaline regions of the interior from s Alaska-Yukon (N to ca. 61 °N; see Hulten 1948: map 967, p. 1338) and Great Slave L. to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert). Man. (n to Dawson Bay, L. Winnipegosis, ca. 53°N), Ont. (sw James Bay watershed n to ca. 53°N), James Bay (Charlton and Manawanan islands), Que. ($e James Bay watershed N to ca. 53°N; St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Jean-Port-Joli, [Islet Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s in the West to Calif, and N.Mex. and along the Atlantic coast to Va ; Eurasia. [Incl. vars. angustifolia and macrophylla Boivin], map: Hulten 19686:752. Some of our material is referable to var. obtusifolia Fern, (leaves round-tipped and relatively broad; capsules to 4 mm thick rather than at most about 2.5 mm; branches usually strongly ascending rather than often prostrate), map: Potter 1932: map 4 (incomplete), p. 72. [HOTTONIA L] [6327] [H. inflata Ell ] Featherfoil, Water-Violet [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Mo., Ohio, and New Eng.) from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain (1891) may relate to a casual introduction or to some other aquatic with finely dissected leaves.] 1220 Lysimachia LYSIMACHIA L. [6330] Loosestrife (Ref.; J.D. Ray 1956) 1 Stems creeping; leaves opposite, short-petioled, suborbicular, to about 3 cm long; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, the petals dotted with dark red; (introd.) L nummularia 1 Stems erect or ascending. 2 Flowers white, in a slender terminal spike, the bracts longer than the pedicels; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, their margins revolute; (introd.) [L dethrones] 2 Flowers yellow or orangish; leaves mostly opposite or whorled. 3 Corolla uniformly yellow; (introd ). 4 Calyx-segments at most about 5 mm long, dark-margined; flowers in leafy-bracted panicles; corolla-lobes entire; leaves opposite or whorled L vulgaris 4 Calyx-segments to 1 cm long, green throughout; flowers whorled in the upper leaf-axils or on short branches; corolla-lobes glandular-ciliolate; leaves chiefly in whorls of 3 or 4 L punctata 3 Corolla usually dark-dotted or -streaked. 5 Flowers borne in racemes; leaves opposite (rarely some alternate). 6 Racemes borne on short peduncles from the axils of the 2 or 3 pairs of longer leaves near midstem; flowers crowded, subsessile; corolla-lobes linear, much shorter than the stamens, these with free filaments; (B.C. to N.S.) L thyrsi flora 6 Racemes terminal, relatively loose, the flowers slender-pedicelled; corolla- lobes lance-oblong, at least as long as the stamens, these with filaments connate at base; (Man. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) L terrestris 5 Flowers borne in the axils of normal foliage-leaves; leaves mostly in whorls of 4 or 5; (Ont. to N.B.) L quadrifolia [L. clethroides Duby] [Asiatic; introd, in Que, (Sillery, near Quebec City), where probably a casual garden-escape but not established] L. nummularia L, Moneywort. Creeping Jenny. Monnayere European; introd. in grasslands and along shores and moist roadsides, in N. America, as in sw B.C, (Vancouver Is.; Miss M.C. Melburn, personal communication, Sept. 26, 1967), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (N to near Quebec City). Nfld. (cemetery at St. John's; GH), N.B. (St. Andrews, Charlotte Co.; GH), P.E.I. (Charlottetown; MT), and N.S. map: J.D. Ray 1956; map 6, p. 116. L. punctata L. Garden-Loosestrife Eurasian; introd. along damp roadsides and in swampy places . in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; CAN), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Matane), Nfld. (Birchy Cove, Bay of Islands; GH), N.B., P E L, and N.S. [Incl. var. verticillata (Bieb.) Boiss.j. MAP: J, D. Ray 1 956 : map 7, p. 1 1 7. L. quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife /T/EE/ (Hpr) Woods, thickets, and shores from Ont. (N to Chalk River, Renfrew Co.; OAC) to sw Que. (n to Kazabazua, Gatineau Co.; OAC, detd, Calder) and s N.B. (Kings and St. John counties and Grand Manan Is.: NBM; not known from P.E.I. or N.S,), s to III., Tenn., Ala., and Ga. [L racemosa Lam ; L stricta Ait ], map; J.D. Ray 1956: map 8 (the occurrence in s N.B. should be indicated), p, 118. x L. producta (Gray) Fern. {L. stricta var. pro. Gray; L foliosa Small), a widely distributed and often abundant hybrid between L. quadrifolia and L. terrestris (leaves opposite, as in L. terr., or in whorls of 4 or 5, as in L. quad.; lower flowers subtended by normal foliage-leaves, as in L quad ., these gradually reduced to bracts above, as in L terr.), is known from Que. (n to gravel flats at the mouth of the Matapedia R., sw Gaspe Pen.: MT; J. Rousseau 1931) and is reported from s Ont. by Soper (1949). map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 9 (incomplete northwards), p. 119. 1221 Primulaceae L terrestris (L.) BSP. Yellow or Swamp-Loosestrife, Swamp-candles /T/EE/ (Hpr) Bogs, swamps, and shores from se Man. (n to Sasaginnigak L., about 125 mi ne of Winnipeg; reports from Sask. require confirmation) to Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 53°50'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Iowa, Ky., and Ga.; introd. in sw B.C. (Eastham 1947; Ucleulet, Vancouver Is., where brought in with cranberry plants from the East). [V/scum L.]. map: J.D, Ray 1956: map 10 (the occurrence in Man. and s Labrador should be indicated), p. 120, The typical form has long sterile shoots that are often bulblet-bearing in their leaf-axils. The form lacking bulblets has been named f. florifera Boivin (type from the shores of the Kaministikwia R. w of Thunder Bay, Ont.; general throughout the range), x L commixta Fern., a frequent hybrid combining in various degrees the characters of L terrestris and L. thyrsiflora, is known from Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at ca. 51°30'N), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord), N.B. (Shediac, Westmorland Co.; GH), P.E.I. (North L., Kings Co.; CAN; GH), and N.S. (Baddeck, Victoria Co.; MT). map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 9 (incomplete northwards), p. 1 19. L. thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife /ST/X/EA/ (Hel) Swamps, marshes, and bogs from the w Aleutian Is. (Attu Is.) and Alaska (N to ca. 66°30'N; not known from the Yukon) to the Mackenzie R. Delta (CAN), Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Churchill; Schofield 1959), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54° N, 89°W), Que. (n to E James Bay at ca. 54°N and the Gaspe Pen.; reported from Anticosti Is. by Schmitt 1904), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Colo,, Mo., and W.Va.; Eurasia. [Naumburgia Duby]. maps: Hulten 19680:750; J.D. Ray 1956: map 11, p. 121. L. vulgaris L. Garden-Loosestrife Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides and wet places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Kent, Northumberland, and York counties), sw Que. (n to near Quebec City; MT), N.B. (Kings and Restigouche counties; NBM), P.E.I. (Charlottetown; CAN), and N.S. map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 7 (the occurrence in N.B. should be indicated), p. 117. PRIMULA L. [6315] Primrose, Cowslip. Primevere 1 Corolla yellow (rarely pink); calyx to over 1 .5 cm long; leaves obovate-spatulate to ovate-oblong, irregularly crenate or serrate, to over 1.5 dm long; (introd.). 2 Scape to 3 dm tall, puberulent, bearing up to 30 long-pedicelled flowers; leaves abruptly narrowed or rounded to long winged petioles, more or less puberulent on both sides; calyx finely pubescent, its teeth to 3 mm long; corolla-limb to 1.5 cm broad P. veris 2 Scape none or very small, the flowers solitary on long shaggy-hairy pedicels, to 3 cm broad; leaves gradually narrowed to a sessile or very short-petioled base, pubescent beneath, glabrous above except on the veins; calyx shaggy-hairy, its teeth to 6 mm long; corolla-limb to 3 cm broad [P. vulgaris] 1 Corolla pale pink or lilac (sometimes white or nearly so) to bluish purple. 3 Lobes of corolla entire or only slightly emarginate; corolla violet with a lavender eye, its limb to 2 cm broad; leaves to over 1 ,5 dm long and up to 2.5 cm broad, commonly acutish, efarinose, entire or rather irregularly and obscurely toothed, rather fleshy, their lateral nerves inconspicuous; scapes stoutish and to about 2.5 dm tall, often farinose in the inflorescence; (Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie) P. tschuktschorum 3 Lobes of corolla distinctly emarginate or 2-lobed, obcordate. 4 Leaves with up to over 9 large teeth above the middle of the blade, cuneate- obovate, gradually narrowed to petioles equalling or up to 3 times as long as their efarinose blades, these to about 3 cm long and 2.5 cm broad; calyx cleft up to 2/3 to base; corolla to 2.5 cm broad, its lobes deeply 2-lobed; capsule ovoid to globose, slightly shorter than the calyx; bracts subulate: plant to about 3 dm tall, glabrous or faintly puberulent but scarcely farinose; (Alaska- n B.C.) P. cuneifolia 4 Leaves entire or only shallowly toothed; calyx rarely cleft more than midway to base; corolla-lobes usually relatively less deeply lobed. 1222 Primula 5 Bracts of involucre oblong or narrowly obovate, obtuse or abruptly contracted at tip, their bases often prolonged into narrow auricles to 1 .5 mm long; calyx to 8 mm long; corolla-limb lilac, to 2 cm broad; capsules to 1.5 mm thick, to twice the length of the calyx; leaf-blades elliptic, ovate, or suborbicular, entire or with scattered small teeth, to 2 cm broad, shorter than to about equalling their slender petioles; plant efarinose; (Alaska- Yukon-N B.C.) P. sibirica 5 Bracts of involucre lance-subulate to lanceolate or lance-oblong, their bases at most merely gibbous-saccate. 6 Corolla-limb to 2 cm broad (P. mistassinica may sometimes be sought here), whitish to bright violet; calyx to 6 mm long, the lobes about equalling the tube; capsule usually half again as long as the calyx; leaves to 4.5 cm long (including the margined petiole) and 1 cm broad, their blades linear- oblanceolate to cuneate-obovate, entire to coarsely serrate; scapes to 1.5 dm tall; plants glabrous (or the lower leaf-surfaces and the upper part of the scape sometimes slightly farinose); (Alaska to Dist. Mackenzie) P. borealis 6 Corolla-limb at most about 1 .5 cm broad. 7 Leaves entire or obscurely undulate-dentate, efarinose, the blades spatulate to oblong or obovate, to 1 .5 cm broad, equalling or shorter than their slender petioles; calyx to 6 mm long, cleft to 1 /3 its length; corolla-limb white to deep lilac or purplish, to 9 mm broad; capsules to about 2 mm thick, 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx; plant efarinose; (transcontinental) P. egaliksensis 7 Leaves mostly distinctly toothed, the blades commonly longer than their margined petioles; mature capsules generally broader. 8 Scape comparatively slender; involucral bracts at most 6 mm long, rarely saccate or gibbous at base; calyx-lobes about equalling the tube; stigma or tips of anthers exserted from the shrivelled corolla; capsule 2 or 3 mm thick; seeds nearly smooth; leaves very rarely farinose; (transcontinental) P. mistassinica 8 Scape comparatively stout; involucral bracts to 14 mm long; anthers and stigma not exserted from the shrivelled lilac or violet corolla; capsule to 5 mm thick; seeds roughened or reticulate. 9 Involucral bracts lanceolate to linear-oblong, flat, broadly gibbous at base; leaves strongly farinose beneath; calyx and summit of scape strongly farinose; calyx-lobes about half as long as the tube; (B.C. to Hudson Bay and James Bay) P. incana 9 Involucral bracts subulate or involute above the dilated, commonly saccate base. 10 Leaves green beneath, rarely a little farinose, subentire or obscurely undulate-dentate, to about 4 cm long; calyx at most 6 mm long, green or lightly farinose, the lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla-limb at most 8 mm broad, the lobes to 3 mm broad, their terminal segments not over 1 mm long; (essentially transcontinental) P. stricta 10 Leaves commonly strongly farinose beneath, mostly den- tate, to about 13 cm long; calyx to 1 1 mm long, usually strongly farinose, the lobes about equalling the tube; corolla-limb at least 9 mm broad, the lobes over 3 mm broad, their terminal segments over 1.5 mm long; (Ont. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) P. laurentiana P. borealis Du by /aSs/W/eA/ (Hr) Saline shores of Alaska-Yukon-NW Dist. Mackenzie, with isolated stations in sw Yukon (Porsild 1966), ?Banks Is. ( see M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 30(353):95. 1928), and se ?B.C. (Emerald L., near Field; see Hulten 1948:1269); ne Siberia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1223 Primulaceae 1 L saves densely yellow-farinose beneath, to about 2 cm long, narrowed to short wing-margined petioles; [P. ajanensis Busch; islands, coasts, and riverbanks of w Alaska; map; Hu I ten 1948: map 945b, p, 1336] var. ajanensis (Busch) Hu It. 1 Leaves efarinose or only sparingly farinose, to 4 cm long, the blade usually shorter than the petiole var. borealis 2 Flowers white; [P. parviflora Duby; type from the delta of the Anderson R., nw Dist. Mackenzie] f. albiflora Cody 2 Flowers lilac; [P. chamissonis Busch; P, tenuis Small; coasts and islands of w and n Alaska (type from the Seward Pen.) and Herschel Is., the Yukon ( see Hult6n 1948: map 945a, p. 1336), with additional stations in sw Yukon and along the coast of nw Dist. Mackenzie, and reported from Banks Is.; maps (aggregate species): Porsild 1966; map 118, p. 81 ; Hulten 1968b: 742] f. borealis P. cuneifolia Ledeb. /Ss/W/eA/ (Hr) Wet meadows of the Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 66°30 N; see Hulten 1948: maps 946a and 946b, p. 1336), and n B.C. (White Pass, near the Alaska boundary; Herb. V; reported from Mt. Rapho, se^lS'N, by J.M. Macoun 1895); ne Asia. [Inci. the reduced extreme, ssp. saxifragifolia (Lehm.) Sm. & Forrest (P. sax. Lehm., the type from Unalaska Is.. Aleutian Is.), to which most of our material has been referred], map: combine the maps by Hulten 1968b :739 (ssp. cun and ssp. sax. ), P. egaliksensis Wormsk. Greenland Primrose /aST/X/G/ (Hr) Meadows and wet calcareous shores from the E Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (E to Bernard Harbour, sw of Victoria Is.) to Great Bear L., se Dist. Keewatin, n Man. (Churchill s to the Nelson R.), Ont. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay). Que. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay; S Ungava Bay; Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Mugford. 57*48'N; not known from the Maritime Provinces), and n Nfld., s in the West to se B.C. (Kicking Horse Pass; CAN) and the mts, of sw Alta. (Columbia Icefield, about 60 mi SE of Jasper; CAN); w Greenland (type locality) n to ca. 68°N; ne ?Siberia (Hulten 1948). map: Hulten 1968b:741. Forma violacea Fern. (P. groenlandica (Warming) Sm. & Forrest; corolla deep lilac to violet rather than white) occurs throughout the range. P. incana Jones /ST/{X)/ (Hr) Meadows, bogs, and damp places from NE-cent. Alaska (n to ca. 66°30’N), sw Yukon, and cent. Dist. Mackenzie (n to Norman Wells, 65°17'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 74(2):94. 1960) to Great Slave L., Sask (N to Prince Albert), and Man, (N to York Factory, Hudson Bay, 57°N), s in the West through B.C. -Alta, to Idaho, Utah, and Colo., farther eastwards with isolated stations along the James Bay-Hudson Bay coasts of Ont. and on Charlton Is., James Bay (CAN), map: Hulten 1968b;741. P. laurentiana Fern. Bird's-eye-Primrose /ST/EE/ (Hr) Meadows, ledges, and cliffs (chiefly calcareous) from n Ont, (James Bay-Hudson Bay watershed n to ca. 55°N; see e Canada map by Lepage 1966: map 16, p. 236) to Que. (James Bay n to ca. 53DN; Ungava Bay watershed N to ca. 57°50'N; St. Lawrence R. estuary from Kamouraska Co. to the Cote-Nord. Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; type from Bic, Rimouski Co.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin). Nfld., N.S. (Yarmouth. Digby. Annapolis, and Kings counties; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), and Maine. [P. farinosa of most or all e Canada reports, not L., and its var. macropoda Fern., not P, mac. Craib; P. scof/ca Hook,, in part]. Forma chlorophylla Fern, (leaves green rather than whitish- or yellowish-farinose beneath; type from Nfld.) occurs essentially throughout the range. P. mistassinica Michx. /ST/X/ (Hr) Calcareous or clayey shores, meadows, and ledges from w-cent. Yukon (n to ca. 65°30'N; near the Alaska boundary here but not yet known from Alaska) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57°20'N), Ont. (n to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, ca. 56°N), Que. (n to the E James Bay watershed at 53°35'N, the type locality near L. Mistassini, and the St. Lawrence R estuary from near Quebec City to the Cote-Nord, 1224 Primula Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; reported from Beauceville, Beauce Co., sw Gue., by Raymond 19506), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin). Nfld., N.B. {St. John and Restigouche River systems), and N.S. (St. Paul Is. and Colchester, Inverness, and Victoria counties; not known from P.E.I.), s to s B.C.-Alta., Iowa, s Ont., and Maine, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Corolla-limb at most 1 cm broad, lacking a conspicuous yellow eye; [Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co., s Ont,; M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 30(353):91. 1928] var. noveboracensis Fern. 1 Corolla-limb to 2 cm broad, with a conspicuous yellow eye var. mistassinica 2 Corolla milk-white; [e Que., Nfld. (type locality), and N.S.] f, leucantha Fern. 2 Corolla lilac or pale pink to bluish-purple; [P. intercedens Fern.; P. hornemanniana Hook.; P. maccalliana Wieg.; P. pusilla Goldie; transcontinental; map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:740] . . , . f, mistassinica P. sibirica Jacq. /ST/W/EA/ (Hr) Wet meadows of Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), sw Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), and northernmost B.C. (Atlin, ca. 59°35'N; Herb. V; the report from Bernard Harbour, Dist. Mackenzie, by Macoun and Holm 1921, is based upon P, egaliksensis, the relevant collection in CAN); n Europe; Asia, maps: Hulten 19686:738; Porsild 1966: map 119, p. 81. P. stricta Hornem. /aST/X/GEA/ (Hr) Shores and moist places (often saline) from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon- Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to n Banks Is., Victoria Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to N B.C. (Haines Road at ca. 59°30fN; Herb. V; isolated in the mts. of sw Alta, according to M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 30(352):67. 1928; reports from Sask. require confirmation). Great Slave L., ne Man. (Gillam to Churchill), s James Bay (Ont. and Que.), and s Labrador; w and E Greenland n to ca. 73°N; Iceland; Scandinavia; nw Asia, maps: Hulten 19686:740, and 1958: map 171, p. 191; Porsild 1957: map 276, p. 195. P. tschuktschorum Kjellm. /Ss/W/eA/ (Hr) Wet meadows and streambanks (ranges of N. American taxa outlined below); E Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Plants dwarf, the scapes not greatly elongating in fruit; leaves linear to lance-linear, entire; umbels usually 2-3-flowered ssp. tschuktschorum 2 Corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse; [Little Diomede Is., Alaska; A.E, Porsild, Can. Field-Nat. 79(2):87. 1965; map (incl. var. 6er. ); Hulten 19686:737] var. tschuktschorum 2 Corolla-lobes linear-cuneate, distinctly notched (or rarely cleft to base); [type from St. Lawrence Is., Alaska] var. beringensis Porsild 1 Plants mostly over 2 dm tall, the scapes much elongated in fruit; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate to oblong, entire to distinctly toothed: [P. arctica Koidz.; map: Hulten 19686:738]. 3 Umbels with up to over 10 flowers; calyx cleft halfway to base; leaves to 2 cm broad; scapes to 4 dm tall and 6 mm thick; [P. eximia and P. macounii Greene; P. nivalis sensu Hulten 1948, not Pall.; Alaska (Little Diomede Is ; type of P. eximia from St. Paul Is.) and the Yukon (at ca. 63°50'N)] ssp. eximia (Greene) Porsild 3 Umbels with rarely more than 5 flowers; calyx cleft nearly to base; leaves to 1 cm broad; scapes to 2 dm tall and 4 mm thick; [cent. Alaska (type from the White Mts.) to w Dist. Mackenzie (Richardson Mts.)] ssp. cairnesiana Porsild P. veris L. English Cowslip Eurasian; a garden-escape to meadows and waste places and locally established in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is,; John Macoun 1884), s Ont. (Point Clark, Bruce Co.; OAC, “established ”), Gue. (Brandy Pot Is., near Cacouna; CAN; Ulverton, Richmond Co.), Nfld. and St-Pierre and Miquelon (Rouleau 1956; ?established), N.B. (Boivin 19666), and N.S. (North Sydney, Cape Breton Is., where Well established in meadows”; Macoun 1884; CAN). [Incl. P, officinalis Jacq.]. A collection in ACAD from West Gore, Hants Co., N.S., has been referred to P. polyantha Mill., this, according to Bailey (1949a), being probably a hybrid of P. elatior, P. veris, and P. vulgaris parentage. 1225 Primulaeeae [P. vulgaris Huds.] Primrose [Eurasian; reported from sw B.C, by John Macoun (1884; "Well established in meadows in the vicinity of Victoria, Vancouver Island.") but there are apparently no other records of its occurrence in Canada since that time.] SAMOLUS L. [6328] S. parviflorus Raf. Water-Pimpernel, Brookweed /T/X/ (Hs) Wet soils and shallow water from se ?Aiaska (Hulten 1948) and ?B.C. (Fernald in Gray 1950; not known from Alta.-Sask.-Man.) to III., Mich., Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist. ; TRT; Gillett 1958), sw Que. (n to the Montreal dist.; Raymond 1950b, as S. valerandii), N.B. (Kent, Westmorland, and Northumberland counties; GH; S.F. Blake, Rhodora 20(234):106. 1918), P.E.I. (Selkirk, Kings Co.; CAN; D.S. Erskine 1960), and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, and Fla.; tropical America. [S. floribundus HBK.; S valerandii of Canadian reports, not L.; S. val. var. americanus Gray], map (ne area); Fassett 1928: fig. 1, pi. 11. STEIRONEMA Raf. [6631 and 6630 (Lysimachia)] 1 Stem-leaves firm, linear, sessile or nearly so, obscurely veined, their often somewhat revolute margins smooth or sparingly ciliate at the very base; lowest leaves oblong or spatulate; fruiting calyx to 7 mm long, the lobes to 5 mm long; corolla-lobes conspicu- ously pointed; stems 4-angled from a thickish caudex; (se Man. and s Ont.) S. quadrifiorum 1 Stem-leaves softer, linear to ovate, their pinnate veins evident; corolla-lobes erose and cuspidate. 2 Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, usually over 3 cm broad, broadly rounded to subcordate at base, all on long ciliate-f ringed petioles; calyx-lobes to 9 mm long; capsule shorter than to equalling the mature calyx; (B.C. to N.S.) ......... S. ciliatum 2 Stem-leaves (at least the middle and upper ones) linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, attenuate, bristly-ciliate at the sessile base, the relatively broader basal leaves often forming a rosette; calyx-lobes to 7 mm long; capsule shorter than the calyx; (s Alta, to Que.) S. lanceolatum S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife /T/X/ (Hpr) Moist soils, thickets, and shores from s B.C. (n to Kamloops; CAN) to Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan; CAN), Sask. (n to near Prince Albert; CAN), Man. (n to Hill L., n of L. Winnipeg; CAN), Ont. (n to Moose Factory, sw James Bay, 5ri6'N), Que. (n to L, St. John and the sw Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia; reported from the Gote-Nord by Saint-Cyr 1887), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., Colo., Tex., and Fla. [Lysimachia L. ; S. pumilum Greene], map: J.D. Ray 1956; map 1 (L. cil. ), p. ill. Forma elongata Love and Bernard (leaves relatively narrow, truncate at base rather than rounded or cordate) is known from the type locality, near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, Man. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray /T/X/ (Hp(r)) Thickets, swamps, shores, and dry or moist open woods (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Wash., Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., La., Miss., and Fla. maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Flowering stems usually less than 4 mm thick at base, often 4-angled above, arising from slender cord-like stolons and rhizomes; middle and upper leaves sessile or subsessile, paler beneath, bristly-ciliate at base; lower leaves usually persistent; sepals essentially nerveless; [Lysimachia Walt.; L. (S.) heterophylla Michx.; e U.S.A. only, the reports from Missisquoi Co., sw Que., by C.H. Knowlton, Rhodora 35(41 5):251 . 1933, referring to the following taxon (relevant collection in GH) and from s Qnt. by John Macoun 1884, referring to S. quadrifiorum (relevant collection in Herb. US); map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 3 {L. lane .), p. 113] [var. lanceolatum] 1226 Trigntalfs 1 Flowering stems usually over 4 mm thick at base, not 4-angled above, lacking basal stolons; middle and upper leaves distinctly petioled, scarcely paler beneath, rarely ciliate; lower leaves not persistent; sepals distinctly nerved; [Lysimachia (S.) hybrida Michx.; L lane. ssp. hyb. (Michx.) Ray; sw Alta. (Camrose), Sask. (n to Saskatoon and Humboldt), s Man. (Portage la Prairie; Macgregor; 10 mi n of Brandon), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), and Que. (n to Montreal and Duparquet, 48°30'N); map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 4 (L lane. ssp, hybr.), p. 114] var. hybridum (Michx.) Gray S. quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Calcareous swamps, wet meadows, and shores from se Man. (reported from the Winnipeg Valley by J.D. Ray 1956, on the basis of an 1859 Bourgeau collection in GH, and from Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, by Love and Bernard 1959; the report from Foxwarren, Man., by Lowe 1943, is based upon Gratiola neglecta. the relevant collection in WIN) to Ont. (N to Bruce, Wellington, and York counties), N.Y., and Mass., s to Mo,, III., Ky., and Va. [Lysimachia Sims; L (Steironema) longifolia Pursh; S. (L.) revoluta Raf.]. map: J.D. Ray 1956: map 5 (L quad.), p. 115. TR1ENTALIS L, [6333] Star-flower 1 Leaves of the terminal cluster to about 1 dm long, the others all reduced to minute scaly bracts; rhizome tuberous at apex, the tuber 1 or 2 cm long and up to 6 mm thick at apex, usually erect; flowers white, pink, or roseate; (transcontinental) 7. borealis 1 Leaves of the terminal cluster usually less than 5 cm long, the lower ones greatly reduced but more or less foliaceous; rhizome horizontal, slightly thickened toward apex but not tuberous; flowers white; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.-Alta.) 7. europaea T. borealis Raf. American Star-flower /ST/X/ (Gst) Woods, prairies, and peaty slopes, the aggregate species from s-cent. Yukon (Keno, near Mayo, ca. 64°N; Porsild 1951a) and B.C. to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Reindeer L. at 57°37'N; CAN), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°N, 89°W), Que. (n to Ungava Bay at ca. 58°N and the Cote-Nord). Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°12'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif.. Idaho, Minn., n Ga.. and Va. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate, acute or abruptly acuminate; flowers pinkish or roseate; [7. lat Hook.; 7. europaea var. !at. (Hook.) Torn; the Yukon-w B.C.; map: Hulten 1968b:750] ssp. iatifolia (Hook.) Hult. 1 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; flowers white ssp. borealis var. borealis 2 Stem with up to 5 leafy branches, these each with up to 3 whorls of reduced leaves; [Que., the type from St-Paulin, Maskinonge Co.; also known from the E James Bay watershed at 52°37'N and the Gaspe Pen,), s Labrador (Goose Bay; RIM), Nfld. (Rouleau 1956), and P.E.I. (Charlottetown; D.S. Erskine I960)] f. ramosa Viet. 2 Stem unbranched. 3 Stem with 2 or 3 whorls of somewhat reduced leaves in addition to the normal terminal whorl; [Man. (Herb Lake, about 80 mi ne of The Pas; CAN), S Labrador (Goose Bay; CAN), and Que. (type from Lac Desmarais, about 220 mi nw of Montreal; also known from the e James Bay watershed)] f. pluriverticiliata Viet. & Rolland 3 Stem bearing a single whorl of foliage-leaves at summit. 4 Leaves narrowly lanceolate; [var. fen. House; Que.: s Ungava Bay and the E James Bay watershed; RIM] f, tenuifolia (House) Lepage 4 Leaves broadly lanceolate; [7. europaea var. americana Pers.; 7, amer . (Pers.) Pursh; transcontinental; maps: Meusel 1943; fig. 20d (incomplete); Hulten 19686:750] 1 borealis 7. europaea L. European Star-Flower /ST/W/EA/ (Hpr) Woods and subalpine meadows from the Aleutian Is., Alaska (N to ca. 68°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie (N to Great Slave L.) through B.C. -Alta, to s Oreg. and n Idaho; Eurasia, map: Hulten 19686:751. 1227 Primufaceae Most of our material is referable to ssp. arctica (Fisch,) Hull. (7- arctica Fisch., the type material from Alaska and Kamchatka; 7, aleutica Tatew ). maps; Hulten 19686:751; Porsild 1966: map 120, p. 81 ; Raup 1930: map 23 (7. arct.), p. 203. 1228 PLUMBAGINACEAE (Leadwort or Plumbago Family) Scapose herbs with entire basal leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, hypogynous. Calyx-lobes, petals (distinct or united only at base), and stamens each 5. the stamens inserted on the corolla-tube or at its base and opposite the corolla-lobes. Styles 5. Ovary superior. Fruit dry, 1 -seeded, indehiscent or circumscissile. 1 Flowers pink to purple, in dense terminal hemispheric clusters to 2.5 cm broad; leaves linear, greyish green, to about 8 cm long; scapes to about 3 dm tall; (essentially trans- continental) Armeria 1 Flowers lavender, solitary or in pairs along one side of a spike, the spikes in an open panicle; leaves spatulate to lance-obovate; scapes to about 6 dm tall; (e Que. to Nfld. and N.S.) .................................................... Limonium ARMERIA Willd. [6350] Thrift A. maritima (Mill.) Willd. /AST/X/GEA/ (Ch (Hr)) Cliffs, tundra, gravelly barrens, and shores (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s in the West to s Calif, (an isolated station in Colo.), farther eastwards s to L. Athabasca, s Dist. Keewatin, James Bay, E Que., and Nfld.; circumgreenlandic; Iceland; Eurasia. maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Outer involucral bracts usually not more than half as long as the obtuse inner ones; leaves flat, rarely over 6 cm long; [A. (Statice) sib. Turcz.; A. (S.) vulgaris var. sib. (Turcz.) Rosenv.; S. maritima var, sib. (Turcz.) Simmons; n Alaska; s Ellesmere Is. to Chesterfield Inlet and s Baffin Is.; map: G.H. Lawrence, Am. Midi. Nat. 37: fig. 1 , p. 758. 1947] var, sibirica (Turcz.) Lawrence 1 Outer involucral bracts more than half as long as the inner ones; leaves to over 1.5 dm long. 2 Calyx-tube glabrous; leaves relatively broad, at most about 5 cm long but usually at least 2 mm broad (to 3.5 mm); [Statice interior Raup; type from L. Athabasca, Sask.] var. interior (Raup) Lawrence 2 Calyx-tube pubescent at least on the vertical ribs; leaves usually over 5 cm long (if shorter, then less than 2 mm broad). 3 Inner involucral bracts obtuse, the sheath formed by the two outer, reflexed, connate bracts shorter than the diameter of the head; calyx with pubescent cross-ribs, the spaces between the vertical ribs also usually pubescent; scapes rarely over 2 dm tall; [A. (Statice) lab. Wailr,; A. scabra ssp. lab. (Wallr.) Inversen; St. (A.) lab. vars. genuina and submutica Blake and f. glabriscapa and pubiscapa Blake of the latter taxon; Banks Is. and Great Bear L. to Ellesmere is., Labrador (presumed type locality), Nfld., and the serpentine plateau of Mt. Albert, Gaspe Pen., e Que.; maps: Lawrence, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 758; Porsild 1957: map 279, p. 195, and 1955; fig. 22, p. 173; Hulten 1958: map 88, p. 107; H.G. Baker, Evolution 7:126. 1953] var, fabradorica (Wallr.) Lawrence 3 Inner involucral bracts acute, mucronate, or obtuse (but if obtuse, the spaces between the ribs glabrous); scapes often over 2 dm tall, the terminal sheath usually longer than the diameter of the head. 4 Leaves mostly not over 1 mm broad; outer (and often the inner) involucral bracts usually mucronate; spaces between the calyx-ribs glabrous or pubescent; [ Statice Mill.; A. vulgaris var. mar. (Mill.) Rosenv.; A, elongata var. mar. (Mill.) Skottsb.; s Greenland; maps; Lawrence, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 758; Porsild 1955: fig. 22, p. 173; Hultdn 1958: map 88, p. 107] var. maritima 4 Leaves mostly at least 1 .5 mm broad; spaces between the calyx-ribs glabrous. 5 Outer involucral bracts lance-attenuate, acute or cuspidate, surpassing the inner ones; leaves glabrous; [A. andina var. cal. Boiss.; A. macloviana ssp. cal. (Boiss.) Iversen; Statice arctica var. cal . (Boiss.) Blake; 1229 Plumbaginaceae Vancouver Is., B.C.; maps: Lawrence, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 758; Porsiid 1955: fig. 22, p. 173; Hulten 1958: map 88. p. 107] var. californica (Boiss.) Lawrence 5 Outer involucral bracts ovate to obovate, obtuse, usually shorter than the inner ones; leaves often minutely ciliate below the middle; [A vulgaris Willd, and its var, purp. Mert. & Koch f. arctica Cham, in part, and ssp. arct. (Cham.) Hull.; A. arctica (Cham.) Wallr. in part; A. scabra ssp, arct. (Cham.) Iversen; A. campestris var. chamissoi Wallr.; Statice arct var. genuina Blake; Alaska and NW Dist. Mackenzie; ?Vancouver Is.; maps: Lawrence, loc. cit., fig. 1, p, 758; Hulten 19686:752, and 1958: map 88 (ssp. arct.}, p. 107; Porsiid 1955: fig. 22 (ssp. arct. ; the Vancouver Is. plant being referred entirely to ssp. californica), p. 173] var. purpurea (Mert, & Koch) Lawrence LIMONIUM Mill. [6351] L. carolinianum (Walt.) Britt. Sea-Lavender, Marsh-Rosemary /T/EE/ (Hs) Coastal salt marshes from e Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Jean-Port-Joli, I’lslet Co., to Charlevoix and Rimouski counties and the Gasp6 Pen.) to Nfld. . N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to Fla. and Tex. [Statice Walt.; S. limonium var. car. (Walt.) Gray; incl. L nashii Small and L. trichogonum Blake], map: Hulten 1958: map 272, p. 291. Reports of the European S. limonium L. (L vulgare Mill.) from Canada are mostly referable here, it being known only from cent. Sask. (Big Muddy) and s Ont. (in a weedy section of a cemetery at Lansing, York Co., where growing without cultivation’’; TRT), 1230 OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Shrubs with simple entire leaves or trees with pinnately compound leaves (the 5-11 leaflets subenfire or shallowly toothed). Flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, hypogynous. Calyx-lobes small or wanting. Corolla wanting or well developed and 4*lobed. Stamens 2. Style 1 , the stigma 2-cleft. Ovary superior. Fruit a berry, capsule, or samara. 1 Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets entire or shallowly serrate; flowers very small, usually unisexual, in racemes or panicles in the axils of the leaf-scars; corolla none; fruit a dry winged narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate samara; trees Fraxinus ^ Leaves simple; flowers conspicuous, with well-developed 4-lobed corollas, perfect; shrubs; (introd.). 2 Fruit a blackish drupe like hard berry with 1 or 2 seeds; corolla white, narrowly campanulate; leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, firm, obtusish, entire, tapering to a short petiole Ugustrum 2 Fruit a 2-locular capsule with winged seeds. 3 Flowers 1-3 in the leaf-axils to 2.5 cm long, bright yellow with a slight greenish tinge, the revolute corolla-lobes much longer than the tube; seeds numerous: leaves generally lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, cuneate at base, usually serrate only above the middle (sometimes entire), their petioles to 12 mm long [ Forsythia ] 3 Flowers numerous in panicles, less than 1 .5 cm long, usually lilac (sometimes white), the horizontally spreading corolla-lobes no longer than the tube; seeds 4; leaves ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, entire, long-petioled Syringa (FORSYTHIA Vahl] [6421] [F. viridissima Lindl.] Golden-bells [Asiatic; spreading slightly or persisting about old places in N. America but scarcely established, as in s Ont, (near London, Middlesex Co., where growing along the borders of a woods.)] FRAXINUS L. [6420] Ash. Frene Calyx a mere ring or none: fruits linear-oblong to oblong, winged nearly to the bluntish base; leaflets 7-11(13). serrate. 2 Twigs 4-angled or narrowly winged; lateral leaflets short-stalked, green on both sides; calyx minute, deciduous; (s Ont.) F. quadranguiata 2 Twigs terete; leaflets sessile; calyx none. 3 Base of leaflets rusty-tomentose along the midrib; flowers dioecious; (se Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) F. nigra 3 Base of leaflets not tomentose; flowers polygamous; (introd.) F. excelsior Calyx present, persisting at the base of the fruit; fruits tapering below, only the upper half winged; leaflets 5-9 4 Wing extending only along the upper third of the fruit, the free part of the wing (above the tip of the fruit) longer than the seed-containing body; leaflets distinctly whitened beneath, undulate or serrate, the stalks of all but the terminal one nearly wingless; (Ont. to N.S.) F. americana 4 Wing extending to the middle of the fruit, the free part above the tip about equalling the seed-containing body; lateral leaflets sessile or on short winged stalks. 5 Leaflets more or less whitened beneath, entire or crenate-serrate, short-acute to acuminate; samaras oblanceolate. to 5 cm long and 9 mm broad; (sw B.C.; ?extinct) [F. latifolia] 5 Leaflets scarcely whitened beneath, taper-pointed; samaras linear-oblanceolate, to over 6 cm long but rarely over 6 mm broad; (Sask. to N.S.) F. pennsyivanica F. americana L. White Ash. Frene Plane or Franc-frene /T/EE/ (Mg) Rich woods from Minn, to Ont. (N to the se shore of L. Superior and the Ottawa dist,), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Mont-St-Pierre; MT), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., S to Tex. and Fla. 1231 Oleaceae I F. canadensis Gaertn,; F. epiptera Michx,], maps: Hosie 1969:304; Fowells 1965:191; Gleason and Cronquist 1964: fig. 14.7, p. 161; Preston 1961:346; Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:274; Hough 1947:391; Munns 1938: map 165, p. 169; Little 1971: map 126-N. Forma iodocarpa Fern, (fruits purple rather than brownish yellow) is known from Ont. (Boivin 1966b) and sw Que, (N to the Montreal disf.; GH; MT). Var. microcarpa Gray (the small-fruited extreme with fruits at most about 2.5 cm long at maturity) is reported from s Canada by Fernald in Gray (1950), F. excelsior L. European Ash Eurasian; occasionally spreading to roadsides, railway-embankments, and waste ground and becoming established in N. America, as in Nfld, (sandy and gravelly banks of the Waterford R., near St. John's: CAN; GH) and N.S. (Wolfville, Kings Co.; ACAD; reported from Pictou, Dartmouth, and Bridgewater by M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 50(596):214. 1948). [F. latifolia Benth.] [This species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) is known from Canada only through early collections in sw B.C. (Cloverdale, near Vancouver; Victoria, Vancouver Is.), where taken by John Macoun in 1887 and 1893 and apparently now extinct. (F. oregona Nutt.), map: Preston 1961:352 (indicating the occurrence on the sw B.C, mainland, where perhaps once native),] F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Frene noir or Frene gras /T/EE/ (Ms) Swamps and shores from se Man. (n to Sasaginnigak L., about 125 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N; Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to N.Dak., Iowa, Ohio, and Del. [F. sambucifoiia Lam.], maps: Little 1971: map 129-N; Hosie 1969:310; Fowells 1965:182; Preston 1961:350; Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:276; Hough 1947:385; Munns 1938: map 164. p. 168. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. Frene rouge /T/(X)/ (Ms) Low grounds and shores, the aggregate species from Mont, and se ?Alta. to s Sask. (n to near Moose Jaw), Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to White River, n of L. Superior, 48°35N). Que. (n to L. St. John and Cabano, Temiscouata Co.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to E Tex. and n Fla. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant essentially glabrous; leaflets serrate; fruits to about 4.5 cm long var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. 2 Fruits green or yellowish green; [var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.; F. lanceolata Borkh.; F. juglandifolia var. subint. Vahl; F. viridis Michx. f.; Sask. to Que.; planted in P.E.L and N.S, where possibly spreading; maps (all as var. lanceolata or F. lanceolata and apparently erroneously indicating an occurrence in se Alta.): Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:282; Munns 1938: map 168, p. 172; Preston 1961:348; Hough 1947:394] f. subintegerrima 2 Fruits purplish; [type from Ottawa, Ont.; TRT; DAO; Boivin 19665] ........ f. scotia Boivin 1 Petioles, panicles, twigs, and lower leaf-surfaces conspicuously pubescent. 3 Leaflets serrate; fruit usually less than 4 cm long var. austinii Fern. 4 Fruits green or yellowish green; [Incl. f. megaphylla Viet. & Rousseau; Man. to N.B. and N.S.] t austinii 4 Fruits purplish; [type from Grand L., Queens Co,, N.B.; DAO; Boivin 19665] f. colorata Boivin 3 Leaflets entire or merely undulate; fruit to over 7 cm long ....... var. Pennsylvania 5 Fruits green or yellowish green; [F. campestris Britt.; F. pubescens Lam.; s Ont. and sw Que., reports from elsewhere in Canada referring to the above varieties; maps (some for the aggregate species, the others excluding var. subint. ): Fowells 1965:185; Hosie 1969:306; Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 1956:280; Preston 1961:348; Munns 1938: map 167, p. 171 ; Hough 1947:396; Little 1971: map 130-N] f. Pennsylvania 1232 Syringa 5 Fruits purplish; [type from Longueuil, near Montreal, Que,; MT] f, erythrocarpa Viet. & Rousseau F. quadrangufata Michx. Blue Ash /t/EE/ (Ms) Dry or moist rich woods from Wise, and Mich, to s Ont. (Peiee Point and islands of the Erie Archipelago, Essex Co.; reported from Middlesex Co. by Fox and Soper 1953 (see their s Ont. map. fig. 24, p. 27), and from Lambton Co. by Gaiser and Moore 1966), s to Okla,, Ark., and Ala. maps: Preston 1961:352; Hough 1947:389; Munns 1938: map 163, p. 167; Little 1971: map 128*E; Hosie 1969:308. LIGUSTRUM L. [6436] L. vulgare L. Privet, Prim European; spreading to thickets and open woods in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Elk L., Vancouver Is., where growing along a roadside ditch; Herb. V), s Ont. (Lambton. Welland. Lincoln, and Wellington counties), Nfld. (Rouleau 1956; ?established), and N.S. (border of a woods near Curry's Corner, Hants Co.; ACAD). SYRINGA L [6423] S. vulgaris L. Lilac. Lilas European; often persisting or well established as an escape to roadsides and waste places in N, America, as in Sask. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (Marie-Victorin 1935), Nfld. (Rouleau 1956), ?N.B. (Boivin 1966b). P.E.I, (Herbert Groh. Sci. Agric. 7(10):392. 1927), and N.S. (Yarmouth; CAN). 1233 GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) (Ref.: Gillett 19636) Smooth herbs with leaves commonly simple, sessile, and entire (but leaves 3-foliolate in Menyanthes. shallowly crenate in Nymphoides, and long-petioled in Menyanthes, Fauria, and Nymphoides: species of other genera sometimes with petioled basal leaves). Flowers regular, perfect, gamopetalous, commonly 4-5*merous (5-12-merous in Sa6af/a). Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternating with them, inserted on the corolla-tube. Style 1, bearing 2 stigmas. Ovary superior or partially inferior, Fruit a 1 -locular, usually 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. (Including Menyanthaceae). 1 1 Leaves reduced to minute subulate opposite or alternate scales; flowers white, yellowish, or purplish, 4-merous, at most 7 mm Jong, in slender terminal panicles; (eastern species) Bartonia Leaves with normal blades. 2 Leaves either compound or floating, alternate along thick creeping rootstocks; flowers 5-merous; aquatic or marshland perennials. 3 Leaves 3-foliolate, long-petioled, the elliptic to obovate leaflets sessile or nearly so; flowers racemose, to over 1.5 cm broad; corolla white to roseate, its lobes conspicuously fringed on the upper surface; ovary partially inferior; (trans- continental) Menyanthes 3 Leaves simple, floating, cordate-ovate, shallowly crenate. on long petiole-like stems bearing near the summit and beneath the solitary leaf umbel-like clusters of white or creamy flowers, these at most about 1 cm broad; corolla-lobes naked or merely ciliate; ovary superior; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S,) Nymphoides 2 Leaves simple, entire, not floating. 4 Corolla rotate, the lobes longer than the tube. 5 Leaves all basal, the blades cordate-ovate to broadly reniform, to 12 cm broad (usually considerably broader than long), finely to coarsely crenate, on petioles to 3 dm long; scapes to 5 dm tall, naked, the terminal cyme loosely flowered; corolla white, the tube to 4 mm long, the lobes to 6 mm long (their midnerve and usually their margins with erect toothed flanges running lengthwise); ovary partially inferior; perennial with thick fleshy rhizomes; (s Alaska-w B.C.) *. . . . Fauria 5 Leaves opposite on the stem (whorled in Frasera caroliniensis: basal tufts also often present), longer than broad, sessile; ovary superior. 6 Corolla-lobes bearing 2 fringed crown-scales near base within, typically blue or bluish purple; stigma none or short and thick; flowers long- pedicelled; leaves opposite; plants glabrous. 7 Leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate or spatulate. to 3 cm long, the 4 or 5 (rarely 6 or 7) acute lobes to 1 .5 cm long; style none, the stigmas decurrent down the upper half of the ovary; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils and at the tip of the stem; slender annuals or biennials to 2.5 dm tall; (transcontinental) Lomatogonium 7 Leaves mostly basal, oblong-elliptic to obovate, to over 1 dm long, the basal ones narrowed to winged petioles about as long as the blade; corolla bluish purple, spotted with green or white, the 5 broadly rounded, often erose lobes about t cm long; style less than 1 mm long; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils or the inflorescence sometimes thyrsoid; rather stout perennials from short thick rhizomes; (Alaska- B.C.) Swertia 6 Corolla-lobes with only 1 or no crown-scales at base; style slender (sometimes deciduous). 8 Corolla 4-lobed, dark blue to purplish or greenish yellow dotted with purple: inflorescence thyrsoid or paniculate; leaves opposite or whorled; (s Ont.) Frasera 1234 Bartonia 8 Corolla 5-1 2-lobed. typically roseate with a yellowish eye; inflores- cence cymose, the flowers mostly solitary on alternate or opposite upper branches; leaves opposite; (N.S,) Sabatia 4 Corolla salverform to tubular or campanulate, the tube equalling or longer than the lobes; flowers solitary or cymose; leaves opposite. 9 Corolla usually 4-spurred at base, 4-cleft, purplish green, to 1 .5 cm long; lower leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, the upper ones lanceolate to ovate; (transcontinental) Halenia 9 Corolla spurless, whitish or yellowish to blue, violet-blue, or reddish purple; flowers 4-5-merous. 10 Corolla salverform, the tube at most about 2 mm thick and about 12 mm long, the abruptly horizontally divergent lobes to 6 mm long; style filiform; anthers spirally twisted after flowering; flowers yellowish to deep pink-red Centaurium 10 Corolla tubular, funnelform, or nearly campanulate, the tube usually over 3 mm thick, its lobes erect to horizontally spreading; style short or none; anthers remaining straight; flowers solitary or cymose. 1 1 Corolla-lobes firm, mostly erect to spreading-ascending (or finally horizontally spreading in G. nivalis), entire, alternating with thin, commonly toothed, cleft, or fringed plaits in the sinuses (the fringed sinus-plaits much larger than the corolla-lobes in G. andrewsii and not to be confused with them); nectar-glands in a whorl at the base of the ovary, not inserted on the base of the corolla-tube; capsules stipitate; seeds often winged; flowers usually 5-merous (those of G. aquatica, G. nivalis, and G. prostrata often 4-merous), sessile or very short- pedicelled at the summit of the stem or in the upper axils, each subtended by 1 or 2 basal bracts; chiefly perennials, often with clustered stems Gentiana 1 1 Corolla-lobes more or less spreading, shallowly to deeply fringed at least on the lower lateral margins, lacking plaits in the sinuses; nectar-glands located in a whorl on the base of the corolla-tube, alternating with the stamens; capsules sessile or stipitate; seeds wingless; flowers 4-5-merous. usually distinctly pedicelled, lacking basal bracts; annuals or biennials Gentianella BARTONIA Muhl. [6501] 1 Scale-leaves chiefly alternate below the inflorescence, the lower stem-nodes only slightly reduced; corolla white, to 7 mm long, its lanceolate lobes entire, acute, non-apiculate; capsule dehiscing by terminal separation of the short style; (Nfld., St-Pierre and Miquelon, N.B., and N.S.) B. paniculata 1 Scale-leaves chiefly opposite below the inflorescence, progressively crowded toward the purple base; corolla greenish yellow, usually less than 4 mm long, its oblong lobes apiculate at the erose or entire apex; capsule dehiscing below the usually elongate style; (s Ont. to St-Pierre and Miquelon and N.S.) 0. virginica B. paniculata (Michx.) Muhl, Screw-stem /T/EE/ (Hp) Wet peat and sand from St-Pierre and Miquelon and Nfld. to s N.B. (Grand Manan Is., Charlotte Co.; GH; not known from P.E.i.) and N.S., s to E Tex. and Fla. [Centaurelfa Michx.; B lanceolata Small; 0. virginica var. pan. (Michx.) Boivin; incl. vars. intermedia and sabulonensis Fern.]. MAPS: J.M. Gillett, Rhodora 61(722): map 2, p. 51. 1959; Atlas of Canada 1957; map 14, sheet 38; Braun 1937: fig. 12, p. 197; Fernald 1933: map 24, p. 281. All our material is referred by Gillett to the northern phase, ssp. iodandra (Robins.) Gillett (0. iodandra Rob., the type from Nfld.; plant relatively stout, the stem purple throughout rather than green or essentially so; anthers usually purple rather than yellow (if yellow, the filaments often purple), sometimes apiculate rather than always rounded at apex, to 1 mm long rather than at most about 0.5 mm). 1235 Gentianaceae B. virginica (L.) BSP. /T/EE/ (Hp) Sphagnous bogs, peaty and sandy shores, and dry thickets from Minn, to Ohio, s Ont. (Norfoik Co.; OAC; reported from Lambton Co. by Dodge 1915), sw Que. (Montreal dist.), St-Pierre and Miquelon, and sw N.S. (not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to La. and Fla. [Sagina L.; B. tenella Muh!.]. maps; J.M. Gilfett 1963b: fig. 34, p. 81, and Rhodora 61(722); map 1, p. 51. 1959. CENTAURIUM Hill [6496] Centaury {Ref.: Gillett 1963b) 1 Basal leaves several, often forming a tuft or rosette, rather strongly veined from the base; flowers nearly sessile, usually numerous in compact terminal cymes of the cymose inflorescence; calyx membranous in the sinuses; corolla yellowish to pinkish-red; anthers to 2 mm long; plants to 5 dm tall; (introd.) C. erythraea 1 Basal leaves usually well spaced and not forming rosettes, only the main vein conspicuous; flowers often pediceiled, usually few, white to deep pink or pink-red; anthers usually less than 1.5 mm long; plants rarely over 3 dm tall. 2 Calyx membranous in the sinuses; (introd.) C. pulchellum 2 Calyx not membranous in the sinuses; {sw B.C.). 3 Pedicels usually over 2 cm long and longer than the central flowers C. exaltatum 3 Pedicels all less than 2 cm long and usually much shorter than the flowers C. muhlenbergii C. erythraea Raf. Eurasian; introd. in meadows, fields, ditches, and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is, and adjacent islands; V; Carter and Newcombe 1921), s Ont. {Norfolk and Welland counties), sw Que. (Owl’s Head Mt., Brome Co.; CAN), and N.S. (Sable Is.; GH). [Gentiana (Erythraea) centaurium of auth., not L,; C, minus of auth., not Moench; C. umbellatum of auth., not Gilib.]. map: Gillett 1963b: fig. 33, p. 78. C. exaltatum (Griseb.) Wight /t/WW/ (T) Moist places (often around hot springs and alkaline lakes) from southernmost B.C. {margins of a saline pond at Osoyoos, near the U.S.A. boundary about 30 mi $ of Penticton; V) to Nebr., s to Calif, and Colo. [Cicendia Griseb.]. C, muhlenbergii (Griseb.) Wight /t/W/ (T) Moist soil from sw B.C. (Stanley Park, Vancouver; Henry 1915; Gillett 1963b) to Calif, and Nev. [Erythraea Griseb.]. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce Eurasian; introd. in fields and waste places of N. America, as in se N.B. (Cape Tourmentine, where taken by Soeur Ste-Marie in 1947 and noted as common in a field; QFA). [Gentiana Sw.]. FAURIA Franchet [6542] F. crista -galli (Menzies) Makino Deer-Cabbage /sT/W/eA/ (Grh (He!)) Sphagnous bogs, swamps, and wet ground from s Alaska ( see Hulten 1948: map 984, p. 1340) through coastal B.C. to n Wash.; Japan. [/Wenyanrbes cr. Menzies, the type from Prince William Sound, s Alaska; Nephrophyllidium Gilg; Villarsia Griseb.]. maps; Hulten 1968b: 762; Gillett 1963b: fig. 37, p. 87. FRASERA Walt. [6512] 1 Stem-leaves opposite, linear, prominently 3-nerved from the base, commonly with thickened narrow white margins, the upper ones reduced (principal leaves in a basal tuft, to 3 dm long and 2 cm broad, linear-oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate); inflorescence a narrow, open or congested, mostly interrupted thyrse; calyx-lobes dark blue or purplish; 1236 Gentiana corolla pale to fairly dark bluish or purplish, the lobes about 1 cm long; perennial to about 7 dm tall, from a branching caudex; (s ?B.C.) [F. albicaulis] 1 Stem-leaves mostly in whorls of 4, lance-oblong (the lowest ones spatulate), to 4 dm long and about 1 dm broad, not white-margined, the midrib prominent, the rest of the venation reticulate; inflorescence a loose pyramidal panicle, the lower branches to 1.5 dm long; calyx green; corolla greenish yellow dotted with purple, the lobes to about 1.5 cm long; glabrous biennial or triennial to about 3 m tall; (S Ont.) F. caroliniensis [F. albicaulis Dougl.] [The inclusion of s B.C. in the range of this species of w N. America {Wash, and Mont, to Calif, and Nev.) by Hitchcock et al. (1959) requires confirmation. (F. nitida var, alb. (Dougl.) Card; Leucocraspedum Rydb.; Swertia Ktze,). map: H.H. Card, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18(2): fig. 2, p.252. 1931 (indicating no Canadian stations).] F. caroliniensis Walt. Columbo /t/EE/ (Hs) Rich woods and dryish meadows (often calcareous) from Wise, to Mich., s Ont. (Lambton, Brant, Lincoln, Oxford, Waterloo, and Wentworth counties; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 21, p. 34). and N.Y., s to La. and Ga. [Swerf/a Ktze.]. map: Gillett 1963b: fig. 16, p. 43. GENTIANA L. [6509] Gentian. Gentiane (Ref.: Gillett 1963b; Pringle 1967). 1 Annuals, the stem usually branched from the base or throughout (rarely simple), at most about 2.5 dm tall, often with basal rosettes of leaves; stem-leaves rarely over 1.5 cm long; flowers 4-5-merous (evidently only 5-merous in G, douglasiana), less than 2 cm long, the tube greenish below, becoming blue or purple above and on the lobes; seeds wingless. 2 Flowers terminal and solitary, 4-5-merous; stem branched from the base. 3 Leaves green-margined, recurving; ovary-stalk extremely elongate (the capsule often completely exseded from the marcescent corolla); calyx to 12 mm long; corolla to 18 mm long; stems to 2.5 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie- B.C.-Alta.) G. prostrata 3 Leaves white-margined, scarcely recurving; ovary-stalk very short (the subsessile capsule included in the corolla); calyx to 8 mm long; corolla to 10 mm long; stems less than 1 dm tall; (sw Alta, and S Sask.) G. aquatica 2 Flowers mostly in terminal simple cymes, the stem usually branched throughout (rarely simple); ovary-stalk short or none (the sessile or subsessile capsule included in the corolla). 4 Corolla about 1 cm long, its lobes 1 /3 as long as the tube; calyx campanulate, its lobes 1 /2 as long as the tube; seeds light tan, smooth; (Alaska-B.C.) G. douglasiana 4 Corolla to 2.5 cm long, its lobes about 1/5 as Jong as the tube; calyx tubular, its lobes 1/4 as long as the tube; seeds dark brown, reticulate; (Labrador and Greenland) G. nivalis 1 Perennials, the 1 -several usually simple stems arising from a stout rootstock or from horizontal rhizomes, often taller; stem-leaves mostly longer (but the lower ones usually becoming smaller and somewhat scale-like, basal rosettes present only in G. aigida and G. glauca ); flowers 5-merous, usually at least 3 cm long (at most 2 cm long in G. giauca ); seeds often winged. 5 Corolla yellowish green (rarely white; G. glauca f. chlorantha will key out here), to 5 cm long, the tube flecked with purple; seeds with irregular hyaline wings; leaves linear to limear-oblanceolate, the basal ones forming a loose rosette; stem to 2 dm fall, from a vertical rootstock; (Alaska-Yukon) G. aigida 5 Corolla blue, purple, or white (sometimes greenish-mottled). 6 Calyx consisting of two roseate spathes about half as long as the corolla-tube, its lobes being mere teeth 1 or 2 mm long (2 teeth on one spathe, 3 on the other); corolla to about 3.5 cm long, its lobes reniform; seeds wingless; leaves elliptic to 1237 Gentianaceae ovate, the lower ones progressively reduced; stem to 3 dm tall, from a horizontal rhizome; (Alaska-B.C.) G. platypetala 6 Calyx tubular, its lobes usually well developed. 7 Stem-leaves at most about 1 cm long, not reduced down the stem, the basal leaves to 2 cm long and forming rosettes (separate winter rosettes also arising from the slender horizontal rhizome); corolla to 2 cm Jong; seeds irregularly wavy-winged; stem to 1.5 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie- B.C.- w Alta.) G. glauca 7 Stem-leaves longer, the lower ones reduced and more or less scale-lrke, not forming rosettes; corolla usually at least 3 cm long; seeds wingless or with a flat wing; stems commonly taller. 8 Flowers mostly solitary and terminal or 3 in a terminal cyme, to 4 cm long; sinus-plaits between the corolla-lobes deeply 2-toothed to somewhat lacerate; capsule sessile; seeds wingless; leaves ovate to obovate or ovate-rotund, mostly semicordate and sheathing at base, commonly not over 2.5 cm long, rarely as much as twice as long as broad; (B.C. and Alta.) G. calycosa 8 Flowers commonly more numerous, or also axillary; capsule stipitate; leaves mostly narrowly to broadly lanceolate and at least twice as long as broad. 9 Sinus-plaits between the corolla-lobes nearly or quite entire; corolla to 4.5 cm long; seeds fusiform, wingless; leaves mostly oblong- lanceolate, to 6 cm long and about 2 cm broad; stems to over 1 m tall; (w B.C.) G. sceptrum 9 Sinus-plaits variously toothed or fringed; seeds flattened and wing- margined. 10 Anthers free or promptly separating; corolla-lobes often more or less spreading at maturity; seeds mostly restricted to the region of the sutures of the capsule; leaves firm, to about 5 cm long; stems to 5 dm tall. 1 1 Leaves not more than 13 pairs below the inflorescence; calyx-tube to 7 mm long, the lobes unequal (the shortest ones often minute) and not over half the length of the tube; corolla to 3 cm long, its lobes not much surpassing the laciniate appendages; (B.C. to Man.) G. affinis 1 1 Leaves up to 19 pairs below the inflorescence; calyx-tube about 1 cm long, its subulate to linear-lanceolate lobes subequal and about equalling the tube; corolla to 4.5 cm long, its lobes at least twice as long as the 2-cleft appendages; (s Man. and s Ont.) G. puberulenta 10 Anthers at anthesis cohering in a tube or cone around the style; corolla-lobes erect or ascending; seeds covering the inner walls of the capsule; leaves mostly softer and longer. 12 Calyx-lobes smooth or at most scabrous-margined; corolla to over 4 cm long, its lobes 1 or 2 mm longer than the 1 -3-toothed sinus-plaits; (s Man. to s Labrador and N.B.) G. linearis 12 Calyx-lobes distinctly ciliate; sinus-plaits of the corolla 2-3-cleft or fringed. 13 Calyx-lobes oblanceolate; corolla slightly open, to 5 cm long, its lobes to over 7 mm long; leaves obtuse to acute but usually not acuminate; (?Ont) [G. saponaria] 1 3 Calyx-lobes lanceolate to obovate or orbicular; corolla completely closed, rarely over 4.5 cm long; involucral and upper leaves acuminate. 14 Corolla-lobes reduced to a minute projection much surpassed by the fringed sinus-plaits; (Sask to Que.) G. andrewsii 1238 Gentiana 14 Corolla-lobes larger, rounded and up to 2 or 3 mm long. 15 Calyx-lobes lanceolate; sinus-plaits fringed; (var. dakotica ; Sask. and Man.) G. andrewsii 15 Calyx-lobes obovate to orbicular; sinus-plaits 2-3- cleft; (sw Que.) G. clausa G. affinis Griseb. /T/WW/ (Hp) Meadows and damp places at low to fairly high elevations from se B.C. (Cranbrook; South Kootenay Pass and Crowsnest Pass; there is an 1856 McTavish collection in CAN, purportedly from Fort Good Hope, s Dist Mackenzie, but more likely wrongly labelled) to s Alta. (N to Red Deer; CAN), s Sask. (N to near Battleford; CAN), and S Man. (im to near Grandview, s of Duck Mt.; a collection in WIN from Churchill perhaps reflects a casual introduction there). S to Calif., Ariz., Colo., and S.Dak. [ Dasystephana Ftydb.. Pneumonanthe Greene; G. (D.) interrupts Greene; G. (D.) oregana EngeJm.; incl. G, (D.; P.) forwoodii Gray, with calyx-lobes nearly or quite lacking], map: Gillett 1963b: fig. 9, p. 28. G, algida Pallas /ST/W/A/ (Hs) Meadows and stony slopes at low to fairly high elevations in the Aleutian Is., Alaska (N to the Seward Pen.), and w Yukon (n to ca. 65°N; see Hultbn 1948: map 971, p. 1339), with a disjunct southern area from Mont, to Utah and Colo.; Asia. [G. (Dasystephana) romanzovii Ledeb.; G. frigida of auth., not Haenke]. maps: Hultbn 19686:754: Gillett 1963b: fig. 1, p. 11. G. andrewsii Griseb, Closed Gentian /T/EE/ (Hp) Moist places and shaded woods, the aggregate species from se Sask. (Zeneta, about 35 mi se of Yorkton; Breitung 1957a) to Man. (n to Dauphin), Ont. {n to Sioux Lookout, about 170 mi nw of Thunder Bay), and Que. (N to Hull and Montreal; see Que. map by Raymond 1950b: fig. 26, p. 67; reported n to Quebec City by John Macoun 1884; reports from the Maritime Provinces probably refer chiefly to G. linearis, from Nfld. possibly to a species of Gentianella), s to S.Dak., Iowa, III., and Va. maps and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to G. alba, reported from Canada); see below. 1 Calyx-lobes with bracket-shaped keels decurrent on the tube, their margins minutely denticulate but not ciliate; corolla slightly open, to 5.5 cm long, basically white (the veins and some of the veinlets green, the outer edges of the lobes sometimes tinged with red-violet, the inside base of the tube streaked with grey-green to purple); [G. (Dasystephana; Pneumonanthe) flavida Gray; reported from Northumberland Co., s Ont.. by Pringle 1967 (perhaps on the basis of the report from Heely Falls by John Macoun 1884) but Macoun's other Ont. citations are chiefly or wholly based upon G. linearis and its ssp. rubricaulis (relevant collections in CAN) and the Northumberland plant (MTMG; taken by Macoun in 1891) may be the white-flowered G. andrewsii f. albiflora; map: Pringle 1967: fig. 15, p. 20] [G. alba Muhl.] 1 Calyx-lobes not keeled, their margins ciliate; corolla completely closed, to 4.5 cm long, typically blue (becoming blue-violet) above a whitish base (the tube blue-striped within) G. andrewsii 2 Corolla-lobes to 3 mm long, triangular to rounded, often mucronate; [Sask. and Man,; Pringle 1967] var. dakotica Nels. 2 Corolla-lobes reduced to minute projections less than 1 mm long var. andrewsii 3 Corolla white or roseate. 4 Corolla white; [s Man. (Winnipeg) and S Ont, (Norfolk, Waterloo, and Carleton counties)] f. albiflora Britt. 4 Corolla roseate; [type from lle-Bizard, near Montreal, Que.] f. rhodantha Rouleau & Kucyniak 3 Corolla predominantly blue or blue-violet; [Dasysrepbana Small; range of the species; maps: Pringle 1967: fig. 14, p. 16; Gillett 1963b: fig. 5, p. 20]. Pringle notes that G. billingtonii Farw. (type from Lambton Co., s Ont.) may be, as suggested by Farwell, a hybrid between G. andrewsii and G. puberuienta f. andrewsii 1239 Gentianaceae G. aquatica L. /T/W/A/ (T) Bogs, sandy flats, and meadows at low to fairly high elevations from sw Alta, (n to the Banff dist.; reports from Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. by Boivin 1966b, result from his inclusion of G. prostrata in this taxon) and s Sask, (G. fremontii reported from Mortlach, nw of Moose Jaw, by Breitung 1957a) to Colo.; Asia. [G. fremontii Torn; G. humilis Stev., not Salisb.]. map: Gillett 1963b: fig. 11, p. 32. G. calycosa Griseb. /T/W/ (Hp) Alpine and subalpine slopes and meadows from se B.C. (King Edward Peak, Kootenay dist.; DAO) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; DAO; Breitung 1957b) to Calif. [Dasystephana Rydb.]. Our material is referable to var. obfus//oba (Rydb.) Hitchc. ( Dasystephana ob. Rydb.; calyx-lobes similar to the tube in texture rather than thick and fleshy; flowers commonly confined to the terminal cluster rather than additional flowers often present on peduncles to 3 cm long from the upper 1 or 2 nodes). G. clausa Raf. Closed Gentian /T/EE/ (Hp) Meadows, thickets, and borders of rich woods from Minn, to sw Que. (Shefford, about 50 mi e of Montreal; MT; Pringle 1967) and New Eng., s to Mo., Tenn., and N.C. [Dasystephana Heller; Pneumonanthe Greene], map: Pringle 1967: fig. 15, p. 20. G. douglasiana Bong. /sT/W/ (T) Bogs and wet meadows from s Alaska (n to ca. 62°N; type from Sitka) through coastal B.C. to Wash. [Incl. f. maculata Boivin]. maps: Hulten 1968b: 757; Gillett 1963b: fig. 12, p. 35. G. glauca Pallas /aST/W/eA/ (Grh) Tundra and alpine meadows from northernmost Alaska, n Yukon, and nw Dist. Mackenzie through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to Mont.; e Asia. [Dasystephana Rydb.]. maps: Hulten 1968b:757; Gillett 1963b: fig. 2, p. 13; Raup 1947; pi. 33. Forma chlorantha Jordal (flowers greenish yellow rather than blue or blue-green) is known from the type locality in the Brooks Range, Alaska. G. linearis Froel. Closed Gentian /T/EE/ (Hp) Damp or wet places from Man. (N to Riding Mt.) to Ont, (n to the n shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay and the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 53°50'N, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin), and N.B. (York, Kings, Kent, and Charlotte counties; not known from P.E.L or N.S.), s to Nebr., Minn., Pa , and W.Va. [Dasysfepbana ( Pneumonanthe ) Britt.; G. saponaria var. lin. (Froel.) Griseb.; G. ?ochroleuca sensu Hooker 1838, not Froel.; G. ?pneumonanthe sensu A. Michaux 1803, and Pursh 1814, not L]. maps: Gillett 1963b: fig. 6, p. 23; Pringle 1967: fig. 15, p. 20. Some of our material is referable to var. rubricaulis (Schw.) Gillett (G. rub . Schw.; incl. G, lin. vars. lanceolata and latifolia Gray; leaves pale green rather than dark green, the involucral ones relatively broad and enveloping the calyces rather than spreading; calyx-lobes hyaline except at the tip rather than not hyaline). G. nivalis L. Snow Gentian ZaST/E/GEwA/ (Hs) Dry to moist turf, gravels, and ledges: Labrador (between ca. 55°N and Komaktorvik Bay at 59°22'N; w and e Greenland n to ca. 73°N; Iceland; Europe; Asia Minor. [G. propinqua sensu Delabarre 1902, as to the Saglek Bay plant, the relevant collection in GH], maps: Hulten 1958: map 97, p. 1 17; Porsild 1951b: fig. 8, p. 143; Gillett 1963b: fig. 13, p. 36. Forma albiflora (Lange) Gillett (var. alb. Lange, the type from Greenland; flowers white rather than predominantly blue) is known from Greenland. G. platypetala Griseb. /sT/W/ (Hp) Grassy slopes at low to moderate elevations from s Alaska (n to ca. 61°30'N; type from Sitka) to w-cent. B.C. [s to Queen Charlotte Is. and the adjacent mainland). [Pneumonanthe 1240 Gentianella Greene; G. coviltei Nels. & Macbr.; G. gormanii Howell], maps: Hulten 1968b: 754; Gillett 1963b: fig. 3, p. 15, and fig. 4, p. 17. G. prostrata Haenke Moss Gentian /ST/W/EA/ (T) Damp soils and ledges from the e Aleutian Is., n Alaska-Vukon (n to ca. 69a30'N), and w Dist. Mackenzie (Nahanni Butte, ca. 63°N. 127°W; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 77(4):227. 1963) through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to n Calif., Utah, and Colo.; Eurasia. [ Chondrophylla And.; C. americana (Engelm.) Nels.]. maps: Hulten 1968b: 758; Gillett 1963b: fig. 10, p. 31. G, puberulenta Pringle /T/EE/ (Hp) Damp soils from s Man. (n to McCreary, e of Riding Mt.; reports of G. (Dasystephana) puberula from Sask. by Rydberg 1922 and 1932, require confirmation with respect to the present species) and s Ont. (Toronto; CAN; G, puberula reported from Squirrel Is., Lambton Co., by Dodge 1915) to N.Y., s to Nebr., La,, Ky., and Md, [G. (Dasystephana) puberula of Canadian reports, not Michx.]. maps: Pringle 1967: fig. 14, p. 16; Gillett 1963b: fig. 8 (as D. puberula), p. 26. [G. saponaria L.] Soapwort-Gentian [Reports of this species of the E U.S.A. (N to Minn, and N.Y.) from s Ont. by John Macoun (1884), Dodge (1915), and Soper (1949) are probably based upon G. andrewsii or G. puberulenta, neither Gillett (1963b) nor Pringle (1967; map, fig. 14, p. 16) recording it for Canada. {Dasystephana Small; G. puberula Michx., not sensu most Canadian auth.).] G. sceptrum Griseb. /T/W/ (Hp) Bogs and wet places (chiefly near the coast) from w B.C. (n to Prince Rupert, ca. 54°N; Herb. V, detd. Gillett) to nw Calif. [Pneumonanthe Greene], maps: Gillett 1963b: fig, 3, p, 15, and fig. 4, p, 1 7. GENTIANELLA Moench [6509] Gentian. Gentiane (Ref. : Gillett 1 957 and 1 963b) 1 Flowers 4-merous, commonly over 2.5 cm long: corolla normally blue or blue-violet, its lobes more or less deeply ciliate-fringed marginally at least near the base; calyx-lobes with thin hyaline margins, the sinuses with a small inner membrane at base; anthers distinctly longer than broad, attached in the upper third to the filaments; seeds papillate, borne over the entire inner surface of the capsule. 2 Base of calyx and the glossy purple calyx-heels smooth or wrinkled but not papillate; corolla-lobes shallowly fringed in the lower half, the apex merely erose or dentate; upper leaves usually obtuse; (essentially transcontinental) G. detonsa 2 Base of calyx near top of pedicel and usually at least one pair of green or purple calyx-heels minutely papillate, the lobe-margins also occasionally papillate; upper leaves acute; (B.C. to Que.) G. crinita 1 Flowers 4-5-merous, rarely over 2,5 cm long; corolla-lobes not marginally fringed; calyx-lobes with green margins, the sinuses lacking an inner membrane; anthers slightly longer than broad, attached at about the middle to the filaments; seeds smooth, chiefly in 2 rows along the margin of each suture. 3 Pedicels surpassing the adjacent internodes; corolla blue to white, 4-5-merous, about 1 cm long, the lobes each bearing a pair of minute fringed scales within at base; calyx to 1 cm long, the tube nearly obsolete; median and upper leaves elliptic-ovate to ovate, obtuse; (essentially transcontinental) G. tenella 3 Pedicels shorter than the adjacent internodes; corolla to 2 cm long, 4 Lobes of corolla each subtended within at base by a rather densely ciliate-fringed hyaline scale; corolla 4-5-lobed, the tips of the lobes obtuse to acute (but not mucronate or bristle-tipped). 5 Calyx-tube shorter than or at most equalling the acute to obtuse lobes; scales at base of corolla-lobes free at base; corolla lilac to pale blue (atypicatly 1241 Gentianaceae cream-coJour); terminal flowers about equalling the lateral ones; (trans- continental) G. amarella 5 Calyx-tube longer than the rounded, often auricled lobes; scales at base of corolla-lobes united at base; corolla blue; terminal flowers larger than the lateral ones; (Aleutian Is.) G, auriculata 4 Lobes of corolla naked within at base (lacking a ciliate-fringed scale), mucronate or bristle-tipped; corolla lilac to blue or blue-violet (atypically greenish white). 6 Stems to 8 dm tall, with up to 1 5 pairs of rather crowded ovate-lanceolate leaves to over 5 cm long and 3 cm broad, these rounded to cordate-clasping at base; flowers 4-5-merous, to 2 cm long, those of the branches scarcely reduced; calyx-lobes subequal; pedicels usually shorter than the flowers; (s Ont.) G, quinquefolia 6 Stems mostly not over 3 dm tall, simple or branched from the base, rarely bearing more than 5 pairs of rather remote, elliptic to spatulate, non-clasping leaves to about 3.5 cm long and 13 mm broad; flowers of the ascending basal branches often reduced; calyx-lobes usually distinctly unequal in length or shape. 7 Corolla to 2 cm long, it and the calyx 4-lobed; outer calyx-lobes relatively broad and foliaceous; flowers solitary and axillary or in loose simple cymes (the cymes occasionally aggregated), rarely subtended by a pair of bract-like leaves; (essentially transcontinental) G. propinqua 7 Corolla to 1 1 mm long, it and the calyx usually 5-lobed; calyx-lobes irregular but scarcely foliaceous; flowers in compact terminal aggregate cymes or in a compact head, subtended by the upper pair or pairs of bract-like leaves; (w Greenland) G, aurea G. amarella (L.) Borner Felwort /ST/X/EA/ (T) Meadows, beaches, and moist places from the Aleutian Is. and cent, Alaska~Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 65°30'N) to Great Bear L,, Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57°15'N), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to ca. 54°N), Nfld., N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., Mexico, N.Mex., S.Dak., and Vt.; southernmost ?Greenland; Iceland; n Eurasia. [Gentiana L.], maps (aggregate species): Hulten 19685:759; Gillett 19635: fig. 29, p. 70, and 1957: fig. 7, p. 252. Our plant has been separated, chiefly on the basts of its somewhat smaller flowers, as ssp. acuta (Michx.) Gillett ( Gentiana (Amarella) acuta Michx., the type from near Tadoussac, Saguenay Co., E Que., and its f. albescens Lepage and vars. nana Engelm., stricta Griseb.. and strictiflora Rydb. (Gentiana strictiflora (Rydb.) Nels.); Gentiana anisosepala Greene, G. plebeja Cham., and G. tenuis Griseb.; Amarella anisosepala, A. conferta, and A. macounii Greene). M.L. Fernald (Rhodora 19(224): 150. 1917) notes that Michaux’s type material from Tadoussac consists of plants with ochroleueous (rather than lilac or violet) flowers, distinguishing this colour-phase as Gentiana amarella f. michauxiana Fern. In conformity with the present treatment, it may be known as Gentianeiia amarella f. michauxiana (Fern.) Scoggan. G. aurea (L.) Sm. Golden Gentian /aSs/-/GE/ (T) Coasts of w Greenland N to ca. 70°30'N, of e Greenland n to ca. 65°N; Iceland; n Scandinavia. [Genf/ana L.; Gentiana involucrata Rottb.] map: Hulten 1958: map 67. p. 87. G. auriculata (Pallas) Gillett /s/W/eA/ (T) Known in N. America only from subalpine meadows of the westernmost Aleutian Is. (Attu Is.; see Hulten 1948; map 973, p. 1339); E Asia. [Gentiana Pallas; Amarella Greene], map: Hulten 19685:758. G. crinita (Froel.) Don Fringed Gentian /sT/X/ (T) Moist places, the aggregate species from s Yukon (Mackintosh; CAN) and sw Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Providence, sw of Great Slave L.; J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat. 75(3):1 18. 1961) to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (N to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L, Winnipeg), 1242 Gentianella Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 52°N and the Gaspe Pen.}, N.Y., and Maine, s to Mont., N.Dak., Iowa, Ohio, and N.C. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Corolla to 6 cm long, the upper half of its lobes with a fringe to 5 mm long, the summit also often short-ciliate; calyx-lobes prominently keeled. 2 Median leaves mostly lanceolate-ovate to ovate, rounded to subcordate at base; [Gentiana crinita Froel.; Man. to sw Que.; maps: Gillett 1957: fig. 1A, p. 214, and 1963b: fig. 21 , p. 55, fig. 22, p. 57, fig. 23, p. 59, and fig. 24, p. 61] ssp. crinita 2 Median leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; [Gentiana (Anthopogon) procera Holm, the type from near Sarnia, Lambton Co., s Ont.; Gentiana barbata (crinita) var. browniana Hook.; s Man. and s Ont.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett] ssp. procera (Holm) Gillett 1 Corolla at most about 4 cm long, the lobes short-fringed, the summit rarely ciliate; calyx-lobes lacking prominent keels. 3 Corolla-lobes orbicular; stigmas flabelliform, on styles to 1.5 mm long; [Gentiana vict. Fern., the type from near Quebec City, Que., from where it extends in the intercotidal zone of the St. Lawrence R. estuary to Portneuf, Deschambault, and I'lsJet counties; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett] ssp. victorinii (Fern.) Gillett 3 Corolla-lobes usually oblong; stigmas reniform, sessile or nearly so; [Gentiana (Anthopogon) mac. Holm, the type from Cardston, sw Alta.; Gentiana gaspensis Vict. and G. tonsa (Lunell) Vict. ( Gentiana detonsa var. tonsa Lunell); A. tonsum (Lunell) Rydb.; the Yukon-s Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to e Que.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett] ssp. macounii (Holm) Gillett G. detonsa (Rottb.) Don Fringed Gentian /aST/X/GEA/ (T) Meadows, bogs, and moist ground, the aggregate species from Alaska (N to near the Arctic Circle), the Yukon (n to ca. 63°), and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) to N Alta, (Wood Buffalo National Park; not known from B.C., Sask., or Man.), NOnt. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay N to Winisk, SS^IB'N), Que. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay n to ca. 56°N; Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.), and w Nfld., s in the West to Calif., Ariz,, and Mexico; w Greenland n to ca. 66°N, e Greenland at ca. 72CN; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Seeds with rounded ends, the elongate, inflated or collapsed and scale-like whitish papillae restricted to the ends (occasionally absent); calyx-tube attenuate to the pedicel; corolla less than 1 cm broad at the constricted or scarcely expanded orifice. 2 Stems to over 1 .5 dm tall, simple or branched from the base; basal rosette poorly developed or reduced to a single pair of leaves; [Genf/ana (Anthopogon) detonsa Rottb. and its vars. barbata (Froel.) Griseb. and groenlandicum Vict.; Gentiana barbata Froel., G. richardsonii Porsild, and G. serrata Gunn.; nw Alaska and nw Dist. Mackenzie; Greenland; maps: Hulten 1968b:755 (Gentiana del): Gillett 1957; fig. 1A, p. 214, and 1963b; fig. 18, p 49, fig. 19, p. 51, and fig. 20, p. 52; Porsild 1966: map 121, p. 82] ssp, detonsa 2 Stems less than 1 dm tall, simple or the branches arising from the axils of stem-leaves (rarely from the base); basal rosette well developed; [Alaska-Yukon, the type from s Alaska; maps; on the above-noted maps by Gillett and Porsild] ..... ssp, yukonensis Gillett 1 Seeds irregularly angled, the rounded, inflated, light-brown papillae distributed over most of the surface; calyx-tube abruptly constricted to the pedicel. 3 Flowers to 7 cm long and about 1 .5 cm broad at the orifice, the keels of the calyx prominent, especially at the base of the tube; [Gentiana elegans Nets.; Gentiana (Anthopogon) thermalis Ktze.; reported from Field, B.C., by Eastham 1947, who, however, also includes Dist. Mackenzie in the general range; the map given by Gillett 1957: fig. 1A, p. 214, indicates an occurrence in the w USA. only; the above B.C. citation is probably based upon Gentianella crinita ssp. macounii] [ssp. elegans (Nets.) Gillett] 3 Flowers rarely over 4 cm long and 12 mm broad at the orifice, the keels of the calyx not prominent; leaves elliptic to spatulate. 4 Stems usually less than 2 dm tall, profusely branched from the base; corolla-lobes at most about half the length of the tube; [Gentiana nesophila Holm, the type from Anticosti Is., e Que.; Ont. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay n to Fort Severn, ca. 1243 Gentianaceae 56°N), Que., and w Nfld.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett] ssp. nesophila (Holm) Gillett 4 Stems mostly 3-6 dm tall and branched above, the branches commonly purplish; corolla-lobes about equalling the tube; [Gentiana raupii Porsild; s Alaska-Yukon- Dist. Mackenzie (type from the Mackenzie R.) to Wood Buffalo National Park, n Alta.; s Hudson Bay-James Bay, Ont.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett and Porsild; Hulten 19685:756 ( Gentiana raupii ); WJ. Cody, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 27 ( Gentiana raup/7), p. 155. 1971 ssp. raupii (Porsild) Gillett G. propinqua (Richards.) Gillett /aST /X/e A/ (T) Moist turfy, gravelly, or rocky places, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) to Banks Is. and Victoria Is., s in the West through B.C.-Alta. to Mont., farther eastwards known from the coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay (n to Churchill, Man ), se Labrador (GH; Fernald in Gray 1950), E Que. (Gaspe Pen. at Anse- Pleureuse, near Mont-Louis; GH; MT), and nw Nfld.; ne Siberia (Chukch Pen.), maps and synonymy: see below. Concerning ssp. aieutica, Hulten (1968a) believes that the merging of G. aieutica with G. propinqua is untenable, it being more closely related to G. aurea. 1 Terminal flowers about 1 cm long, not much larger than the lateral ones; corolla-lobes obtuse and somewhat denticulate, white to pale violet; [ Gentiana aieutica C. & S., the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; Aleutian Is.-S Alaska; maps: Hulten 19685:760, and 1948: map 970 (G. aleut. ), p. 1339; Gillett 1957: fig. 4, p. 241. and 19635: fig. 25, p. 63] ssp. aieutica (C. & S.) Gillett 1 Terminal flowers to 2 cm long, conspicuously larger than the lateral ones; corolla-lobes sharp-pointed ssp. propinqua var. propinqua 2 Plant green; flowers white (drying ochroleucous); (B.C.: type from about 9 mi ne of Skeena Crossing, ca. 55°10'N; also known from Mi 250 of the Richardson Highway] ....... f. acyanea Gillett 2 Plant markedly purple-tinged; flowers blue; [Gentiana Rich.; Amarella Greene; Gentiana arctophila Griseb.; transcontinental; maps: on the above-noted maps by Gillett: Hulten 19685:760; the maps for G. arctophila by Hulten 19685:761, Porsild 1957: map 280, p. 195, and Raup 1947: pi. 33, are also applicable here] f. propinqua G. quinquefolia (L.) Small Stiff Gentian, Gall-of-the-earth /t/EE/ (T) Moist soils from s Ont. (n to Toronto, York Co.; Gillett 1957: reported n to Frontenac Co. by John Macoun 1884) to N.Y, and Maine, s to Tenn. and n Fla. [Genf/ana L.; Gentiana quinqueflora Lam.; incl. G. occidental is (Gray) Small], maps: Gillett 19635: fig. 27, p. 67, and fig. 28, p. 68; 1957: fig. 5, p. 244. G. tenella (Rottb.) Borner /aST/X/GEA/ (T) Moist tundra and meadows at low to fairly high elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), sw Yukon, and the coasts of Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Southampton Is. and N Que. (Hudson Bay coast at ca. 60°N; w Ungava Bay), with a disjunct area in the w U.S.A. from Calif, and Wyo. to n Mexico; w Greenland n to 68°21'N. e Greenland n to ca. 77°N; Iceland; Spitsbergen; Eurasia. [Amarelta Cock.; Gentiana Rottb, and its var. occidentalis Rousseau & Raymond; Lomatogonium Love & Love; incl. ssp. pribilofii Gillett], maps: Hulten 19685:756, and 1958: map 224, p. 243; Gillett 19635: fig. 30, p. 73, and 1957: fig. 9, p. 263; Porsild 1966: map 122, p. 82, and 1957 (1964 revision): map 341, p. 203. HALENIA Borkh. [6513] H. deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred Gentian /sT/X/ (T) Damp woods, thickets, and open places, the aggregate species from B.C. (n to Cariboo, 52°51'N; CAN) to Alta. (N to Valleyview. 55D04'N; CAN), Sask. (n to Cumberland House, ca. 54°N), Man. (n to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55°40'N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 52°37'N and the Cote-Nord), se Labrador (n to Battle Harbour, 52°16'N), 1244 Menyanthes Nfld.. N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Mont., S.Dak,, Mich., N.Y., and New Eng, and the mts of Mexico, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Flowers rarely over 1 cm long; upper leaves ovate or cordate -ovate; stems usually less than 2 dm tall, the principal internodes rarely to 5 cm long; [H. brentoniana Griseb.; E Gue. (Cote-Nord and Magdalen Is.), se Labrador (N to Cartwright, 53°42'M), Nfld,, and N.S. (Cape Breton Is,); map: Caroline Alien, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20(1): fig. 2, facing p. 1 32. 1 933] var. brentoniana (Griseb.) Gray 1 Flowers to 1 .5 cm long; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate; stems to about 9 dm tall, the principal internodes to 1 dm long . . , var. deflexa 2 Corollas spurless (or the earliest ones sometimes spurred); [H heterantha Griseb.; Caribou Is., se Labrador, at 53° 13' N] f. heterantha (Griseb.) Fern. 2 Corollas all spurred; [Tetragonanthus Ktze.; Swertia Sm,; S. cornicuiata sensu A. Michaux 1803, and Pursh 1814. not L.; transcontinental; maps: on the above-noted map by Allen (somewhat incomplete northwards); Gillett 1963b: fig. 17, p. 45] .... f. deflexa LOMATOGONIUM A. Br. [6117] L rotatum (L.) Fries Marsh Felwort /aST/X/GEA/ (T) Wet meadows and shores from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to Victoria Is., se Dist. Keewatin, ne Man. (Churchill and York Factory; an isolated station ' along drainage ditch from sewage treatment lagoon*' near Gilbert Plains, n of Riding Mt., where taken by James Parker in 1970 and probably introd. by waterfowl), James Bay (Ont. and Gue. coasts n to ca. 55"N), s Ungava Bay, e Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Roch-des-Aulnets, l isle! Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.), Labrador (n to 58°Q5'N), Nfld., ?N.B. (Boivin 1966b; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), and SE Maine, S in the West through B.C.-Alta. to Idaho. Wyo., and N.Mex.; isolated on alkaline flats in Sask. (Sutherland, Mortlach, Chaplin, Little Arm Creek, and Vonda L.; Breitung 1957a); w Greenland n to ca. 70°N; Iceland; ne Europe; Asia. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Flowers white; [essentially the range of the species; type from Greenland] f. albiflorum Polunin 1 Flowers porcelain -blue. 2 Middle and upper leaves linear; flowers relatively small and numerous, with linear calyx-lobes; [Pleurogyne rotata var. ten. Griseb.; P. fontana Nets.; N-cent. Alaska- cent. Yukon-sw Dist. Mackenzie-N B.C.-Alta. -s Sask.; e Que, (Anticosti Is.); map: Porsild 1966: map 123, p. 82] f. tenuifolium (Griseb.) Fern. 2 Middle and upper leaves relatively broad; flowers generally larger and fewer, with lanceolate calyx-lobes. 3 Leaves mostly obtuse 4 Leaves oblong-lanceolate; [E Gue.: Cote-Nord and Anticosti Is.] f. americanum (Griseb.) Fern. 4 Leaves oval; [type from Amherst Is., Magdalen Is., e Que.; M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 21 (251 ): 197. 1919] f. ovalifolium Fern. 3 Leaves lance-acuminate; [Swertia L.; Pleurogyne Griseb.; S. pusilla Pursh; P. carinthiaca var, pus . (Pursh) Gray; transcontinental; maps: Hulten 1968b:761; Porsild 1957: map 281, p. 196, and 1966: map 123, p. 82; Fernald 1925: map 67, p. 339, and 1929: map 19, p. 1497 (both incomplete northwards)] f. rotatum MENYANTHES L. [6543] M. trifoliata L. Buckbean, Bogbean. Herbe a canards /aST/X/GEA/ (Grh (Hel)} Bogs and shallow ponds from the Aleutian Is. and n Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 70°N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), cent. Dist. Keewatin, Man. (n to Churchill), northernmost Ont., Que. (N to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord). Labrador (n to Cape Harrigan, 55°51'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Colo., Mo., and Del.; w Greenland n to 68°44’N; Iceland; Eurasia, map: Hulten 1968b:763. Most of our material is referable to var. minor Raf. (M. vema Raf. ; corolla uniformly white over 1245 Gentian aceae the inner surface or roseate at the tips of the lobes, the relatively short beard most abundant on the lower half of the lobes, rather than corolla often pink or roseate over most of the inner surface, this nearly covered by the long beard). NYMPHOIDES Hill [6545] N. cordata (Ell.) Fern. Floating ‘heart. Faux-Nymphea /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and slow streams from Ont. (n to Whitewater L.. near Sudbury, and Chalk River, Renfrew Co.) to Que. (n to Lac Desmarais, labelle Co., about 220 mi nw of Montreal), Nfld.. N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), $ to La. and Fla. [Vlllarsia Ell.; N. (Limnanthemum) lacunosum of Canadian reports, not V. lac. Vent., basionym]. map: Gillett 1963b: fig. 38, p. 89. SABATIA Adans [6494] Sabatia 1 Calyx- and corolla-lobes commonly 5, the latter 1 or 2 cm long; middle and upper leaves narrowly to broadly cordate-ovate, clasping; lower leaves broadly oblong to rotund; biennial with a strongly 4-angfed stem and mostly opposite flowering-branches [S. angularis] 1 Calyx- and corolla-lobes 8 or more, the latter to 3 cm long; stem-leaves lance-acuminate, mucronate, at most subclasping, obscurely 1-3-nerved; rosette-leaves oblanceolate, acuminate; perennial with stem less strongly angled and flowering-branches mostly alternate; (N.S.) S. kennedyana [S. angularis (L.) Pursh] Rose-pink, Bitter-bloom [ Open woods, clearings, prairies and fields, Fla. to La. and Okla., n. to se. N.Y., s. Ont., Mich., Wise, and Mo.; casually adv. in Mass.' (Fernald in Gray 1950). The inclusion of s Ont. may be based upon an early report by Gray noted by John Macoun (1884; This species as a Canadian plant is unknown to me."). The map by R.L. Wilbur (Rhodora 57(673): map 3, p. 21. 1955) indicates a northward extension to the s shore of L. Erie in Ohio and N.Y. It may once have occurred on the Ont. side of the lake but, if so, is now probably extinct.] S. kennedyana Fern. Plymouth Gentian /T/E/ (Hsr) Sandy or peaty margins of ponds: sw N.S. (several localities in Yarmouth Co.; GH; CAN; ACAD); Mass.; R.l. map: R.L Wilbur, Rhodora 57(673): map 14, p. 98. 1955. The typical form has roseate, narrowly cuneate-obovate corolla-lobes, their margins not overlapping. Forma eucycla Fern, (corolla-lobes roseate but broadly obovate, their margins overlapping) is known from the shores of Tusket L., Gavelton, Yarmouth Co., N.S., the type locality. Forma Candida Fern, (corolla-lobes white) is known from the same locality. SWERTIA L. [6512] S. perennis L. /sT/W/EA/ (Hs) Subalpine or alpine meadows and moist places from the e Aleutian Is. and Alaska (im to ca. 63DN) through B.C. to Calif, and N.Mex.; Eurasia. [S. obtusa Ledeb.]. maps: Hulten 19685:762; Gillett 19635: fig. 15, p. 41. 1246 APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family) Herbs with milky jurce and simple opposite entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, hypogynous, gamopetalous, solitary or in cymes. Calyx-lobes, corolla-lobes, and stamens each 5, the stamens inserted on the corolla-tube and alternating with its lobes. Style or stigma 1 . Ovaries 2, superior. Fruit a pair of slender many-seeded follicles. 1 Flowers numerous in terminal and axillary cymes, the white to pink, relatively short-lobed corollas not over 1 cm broad; anthers slightly adherent to the sessile stigma and prolonged into a cone beyond it; seeds with a coma or tuft of silky hairs at apex; stems erect or depressed; (transcontinental species) . Apocynum 1 Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, white to mauve or blue-purple, mostly 2 cm broad or more; anthers separate; style slender; seeds naked; leaves evergreen; stems trailing or sprawling and mat -forming; (introd.) Vinca APOCYNUM L. [6684] Dogbane, Indian Hemp. Apocyn (Ref.: R E. Woodson 1930, and N. Am. Flora 29:188-92. 1938; Boivin 1966a) 1 Corolla greenish white or white, tubular or ovoid, less than 5 mm long and usually less than twice as long as the calyx, its lobes erect or but slightly spreading; seeds commonly 4 or 5 mm long; leaves ascending A. cannabinum 1 Corolla pink or white with pink stripes, campanulate, usually over 5 mm long, often more than twice as long as the calyx, the lobes spreading or reflexed; seeds 3 or 4 mm long, their comas 1 or 2 cm long. 2 Calyx usually less than half as long as the corolla, its lobes lanceolate to deltoid or ovate, often obtuse; corolla-lobes soon recurving; cymes both terminal and lateral, flowering simultaneously, the flowers to 9 mm long, soon nodding; leaves mostly spreading or drooping A. androsaemifolium 2 Calyx usually at least half as long as the corolla, its narrowly lanceolate lobes acute to acuminate; corolla-lobes not recurving; cymes terminal, the central one flowering first, the flowers at most 7 mm long, not nodding; leaves often ascending A. medium A. androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Herbe a la puce /ST/X/ (Grh Rydb.; transcontinental] f. glabrata (Benth.) Stewart M. cardiaca Baker European; introd. along shores and in wet meadows and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Chilliwack and Kootenay; Herb. V), S Ont. (Point Edward, Lambton Co.; OAC), Que. (Boivin 1966b), Nfld. (Bay of Islands; GH), N.B. (McAdam, York Co.; Groh and Frankton 1949b), P.E.I. (Queens and Prince counties; CAN; GH), and N.S. (Digby. Kings, and Lunenburg counties and Boularderie Is.. Cape Breton Is.; CAN; GH). This species is included in M. gentilis by Clapham, Tutin, and Warburg (1962), which they consider to be a hybrid between M. arvensis and M. spicata. Boivin (1966b) distinguishes it as the phenotype (outward morphological expression), nm. cardiaca (Baker) Boivin, of that species. M. citrata Ehrh. Lemon-scented Mint European; introd. along shores and in wet meadows and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver; Belrose), s Ont, (Lambton, Middlesex, and Grey counties), Que. (Boivin 1966b), and N.S. (North Sydney, Cape Breton Is.; GH). [x M. piperita var, cit. (Ehrh.) Briq.; x M. pip. nm. cit (Ehrh.) Boivin], M. gentilis L. Red Mint European; introd. into rich soil in N. America, as in Ont. (Toronto, where taken by Scott in 1897; CAN; reported from Ottawa by Groh and Frankton 1949b), Que. (N to Argenteuil Co. and the Montreal dist.; MT; CAN), P.E.I. (Charlottetown and Royalty Junction, Queens Co.; CAN; GH), and N. S. (Shelburne and Digby counties). [M. rubra sensu J.R. Churchill, Rhodora 4(38);34. 1902, and John Adams, Can. Field-Nat. 51 (7); 107. 1937, not Sm. (which is x M. smithiana Graham), the relevant P.E.I. collection in GH; M. ?sativa sensu Lindsay 1878, John Macoun 1884, and Fowler 1885, perhaps not L.]. This species is considered by Clapham, Tutin, and Warburg (1962) to be a hybrid between M. arvensis and M. spicata. They also merge M. sativa L. with x M. verticillata L, which they consider to be a hybrid between M. aquatica and M. arvensis. The N.S. plant (Digby, in CAN; Harper L., Shelburne Co., in GH and CAN) is referable to f. variegata Moldenke (leaves strongly variegated, blotched with white bands along the veins). 1310 Moldavica M. longifofia (L.) Huds. Horse-Mint Eurasian; introd. in thickets and along roadsides and damp shores in N, America, as in sw B.C. (reported by Eastham 1947, as forming large beds in fields and along railway tracks at Pemberton, about 70 mi ne of Vancouver), Ont. -Que, (Boivin 1966b), and N.S. {Tannery Pond, Wolfville, Kings Co.; ACAD and NSPM, distributed as M. aquatica, rev. D. Erskine), [M. spicata var. long. L.; M. sylvestris L; incl. var. mollissima (Borkh.) Rouy], M, piperita L. Peppermint. Menthe poivree European; introd. into wet meadows and along streams in N. America, as in se Alaska (Hulten 1949), sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland at Sardis}, Ont. (n to near Kenora; TRT), Que. (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.; QSA), St-Pierre and Miquelon (Boivin 1966b), ?N.B. (John Macoun 1884; Fowler 1885), P.E.I. (Bothwell, Kings Co.; GH), and N.S. This species is considered by Clapham, Tutin and Warburg (1962) to be a hybrid between M. aquatica and M. spicata. M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Apple-scented Mint European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (near London, Middlesex Co., where taken by J. Dearness in 1901; CAN; reported from Norfolk Co. by Landon 1960, and from Walkerton, Bruce Co,, by Groh and Frankton 1949b). [M. spicata var. rot. Li M. spicata L. Spearmint. Baume Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in meadows and waste places in N, America, as in cent. Alaska (Tanana Hot Springs; Hulten 1949), B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Chilliwack; Keremeos; Revelstoke), Sask, (Bjorkdale, 52°43fN), s Man. (Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist), Que, (N to the Gaspe Pen.; the report of M. viridis from Nfld. by Reeks 1873, may refer here or to M. cardiaca), N.B. (Restigouche; NBM), P.E.I. (Charlottetown; GH), and N.S. [M. viridis of auth., not L.]. map: Hultdn 1968b:791. MOLDAVICA Adans. [7250] Dragonhead 1 Whorls of flowers crowded in a dense terminal head, the bracts spinose-tipped; calyx about 1 cm long, the tube and spinose-tipped lobes subequal; (transcontinental) ......... M. parviflora 1 Whorls of flowers in loose, elongate, interrupted racemes, the bracts entire or merely ciliate; calyx to about 8 mm long, the lobes distinctly shorter than the tube; (introd.) M. thymiflora M. parviflora (Nutt.) Britt. /ST/X/ (Hs) Rocky or gravelly places (often in disturbed areas and other waste places) from N-cent. Alaska (n to near the Arctic Circle), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°30'N)t and w Dist. Mackenzie (n to Norman Wells, ca. 655N) to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Windrum L. at ca. 56°N; CAN), Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°N, 90°W; CAN), and Que. (Timiskaming; Montebello, Papineau Co.; St. Simeon and lle-aux-Coudres, Charlevoix Co.; Grosse-l!e, Montmagny Co.: Bic, Rimouski Co.; Roberval, L. St. John), s to Oreg., Ariz., M.Mex., Nebr., Mo., and w N.Y.; introd. elsewhere (and probably in some of the above stations), as in N.S. (gravelly roadside 10 mi e of Amherst. Cumberland Co,; CAN). [Dracocephalum Nutt., not Physostegia parv. Nutt,, which is D nuttallii Britt.], map: Hulten 1968b:787 ( D . parv.). M. thymiflora (L.) Rydb. Eurasian; introd. into open woods, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in the Yukon (Boivin 1966b), s B.C. (Tulameen Valley, e of Hope; CAN), Alta. (N to Fort Vermilion, 58°24'N; Groh and Frankton 1948), Sask. (Lebret and Katepwa, both ne of Regina), s Man. (Brandon; Forrest; Portage la Prairie), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; Gillett 1958), and Que. (Lionel Cinq-Mars et ah, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): 196, 1971 ; field at St-Jerome, Lac St-Jean Co.). [Dracocephalum L.]. 1311 Labtatae MONARDA L. [7296] Monarda, Horsemint (Ref.: McClintock and Epling 1942) 1 Flower-clusters normally borne in the upper 2-4 axils as well as at the tip of the stem; stamens not surpassing the strongly arched upper corolla-lip; expanded part (throat) of the corolla-tube shorter than the cylindrical part; principal leaves lanceolate; stems closely retrorse-pubescent. 2 Calyx densely villous in the throat, its narrowly triangular teeth about 1.5 mm long; corolla cream-colour to yellowish with purple spots; leaves closely greyish-pilose to -tomentulose beneath, those subtending the flower-clusters pointed but not awn- tipped; perennial with tough crowns; (introd.) M. punctata 2 Calyx densely hirsute in the throat, its setaceous awn-like teeth to 7 or 8 mm long; corolla white or pink, dotted with purple; principal leaves thinly and evenly puberulent on both surfaces, glabrate, those subtending the flower-clusters oblong, densely pubescent ending in long slender awns; annual without a strong crown-base; (?B.C.) [M. citriodora] 1 Flower-clusters normally solitary and terminal (or sometimes also in the upper 1 or 2 axils); stamens surpassing the straightish upper corolla-lip; expanded part of corolla-tube as long as or longer than the cylindrical part; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate. 3 Corolla dull white, yellowish white, or flesh-colour, dark-spotted, at most 3 cm long, the upper lip glabrous or nearly so; calyx usualfy heavily long-bearded in the throat; bracteal leaves green or whitish-tinged; stems glabrous or sparingly pubescent; (introd.) [M. clinopodia] 3 Corolla lilac, roseate, purplish, or crimson; bracteal leaves pinkish to red or purple. 4 Corolla to 4.5 cm long, vermilion to nearly scarlet, glabrous or nearly so, the upper lip about half as long as the tube; calyx glabrous or nearly so; bracteal leaves red (at least at base), eciliate or short-ciliate: stem glabrous or sparingly pilose especially at the nodes; (introd.) M, didyma 4 Corolla 2 or 3 cm long, incurved-pubescent, the upper lip much shorter than the tube. 5 Corolla roseate to reddish purple, the upper lip thinly pubescent at apex; calyx glabrate to villous in the throat; bracteal leaves purplish red to dark purple, stiffly pectinate-ciliate; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent; (s ?Ont.) [M. media] 5 Corolla lilac or pink, the upper lip densely villous at apex; calyx densely hirsute-bearded in the throat; bracteal leaves green or pink tinged; stem usually more or less pubescent above; (B.C. to sw Gue., probably partly introd.) M, fistulosa [M. citriodora Cerv.] Lemon-Mint [The report of this species of the cent. U.S.A, (n to Kans. and Mo.; adv. eastwards to Mich., Tenn., and Ga.; see map by McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 16, p. 188) from se B.C. by Ulke (1935; Wilmer, near Windermere) requires confirmation. If correctly identified, it was probably introd. at that locality. {M. dispersa Small).] [M. clinopodia L.] [Native in the e U.S.A. (n to III. and N.Y.; see the map by McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 16, p. 188) and a garden-escape in New Eng. and s Ont. (Montgomery 1945; Huron Co., where probably not established).] M. didyma L. Gswego-tea. Bee-balm Native in the e U.S.A. (n to Mich, and N.Y.; see the map by McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 12, p. 175) and a garden-escape elsewhere, as in s Ont. (n to Grey and York counties) and sw Que. (n to near Shawinigan, St. Maurice Co.; MT). M. fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot /sT/X/ (Hpr) Dry thickets, clearings, and borders of woods (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined 1312 Nepeta below; the report from Dist. Mackenzie by Fernald in Gray 1950, requires confirmation), s to N Mexico, N.Mex., Ariz., Tex., La., Ala., and Ga, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves with petioles to 1 .5 cm long; stem often branched above. 2 Stem-pubescence consisting of spreading hairs; leaves spreading-villous on the nerves beneath var. fistulosa 3 Corolla lilac or pink; [M. rugosa Ait.; reported from sw Que. by Fernald in Gray 1950; map: McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 8 (triangles: "spreading pilr only”), p. 1 66J , f. fistulosa 3 Corolla white; [s Ont,: Elgin, Lambton, Norfolk, and Stormont counties] f. albescens Farw. 2 Stem-pubescence consisting of decurved hairs; leaves minutely pubescent, short- pilose, or glabrate beneath; [incl. vars. longipetiolata and maheuxii Boivin; M. mollis L.; Origanum fistulosum Icanadense Cornuti; Sask. (Fernald in Gray 1950), s Man. (N to Brandon and Winnipeg), s Ont. (n to Wellington Co.), and sw Que. (Boivin 1966b); map: on the above-noted map with M. fistulosa (but solid dots, "short curled pubescence”), M. mollis being cited in the synonymy of M. fistulosa] var. mollis (L.) Benth. 1 Leaves subsessile or with petioles rarely over 5 mm long; stem decurved-pubescent, usually simple var. menthaefolia (Graham) Fern. 4 Corolla lilac or pink; [M. menthaefolia Graham, the type from Norway House, off the ime end of L. Winnipeg, Man.; B.C. (n to Bear Flats, ca. 56°N), Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°07'N), Sask. (n to McKague, 52°37'N), and Man.; introd. along a railway embankment near Peninsula, n shore of L. Superior, Ont.; map: McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 9 (M. menfh. ; incomplete northwards), p. 170] f. menthaefolia 4 Corolla white; [Alta. (Waterloo; Lacombe) and sw Man. (type from Waldheim)] f. russellii Boivin [M. media Wilfd.] [The reports of this species of the E U.S.A. (Ind. to N.Y., s to Tenn. and N.C.; a garden-escape eastwards to New Eng.; map: McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 11, p. 174) from s Ont. by J.M. Macoun (1897; Wingham, Huron Co., as M. fist. var. rubra) and Dodge (1915; Kettle Point, Lambton Co.) require confirmation, as does the identity of a collection in MT from near Kingston, Frontenac Co. {M. fistulosa var. rubra Gray).] M. punctata L. Dotted Monarda, Horsemint Native in the U S A. (n to Kans., Minn., and Vt.; introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (collections in OAC from along a railway at Point Edward, Lambton Co.; in TRT from a dry field near Cornwall, Stormont Co.), these referable to var. villicaulis Pennell (stem densely villous with relatively long spreading hairs rather than with short recurved hairs; leaves densely hairy beneath, the hairs concealing the glands, rather than minutely pubescent or glabrous beneath, the glands not concealed), map: McClintock and Epling 1942: fig. 14, p. 181. [MONARDELLA Benth.] [7316] [M. odoratissima Benth.] [A species of open, wet or dry, often rocky places at low to moderate elevations in the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to s Calif, and N.Mex.), apparently not yet known from Canada but to be searched for in s B.C. -Alta. {Madronella Greene).] NEPETA L. [7247] Catmint 1 Stem and lower leaf-surfaces rather copiously white-downy; principal leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, coarsely dentate; calyx very pubescent; (introd., transcontinental) N. cataria 1 Plant essentially glabrous; principal leaves oblong, finely crenate; (introd. in s Que.) N. g ran di flora 1313 Labiatae N. cataria L. Catnip. Herbe a chats or Chataire Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in dooryards and waste places in N. America, as in SE Alaska (Sitka; Hulten 1949), s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Kootenay L), Alta, (n to the Peace River dist,; Raup 1934), s Sask, (Carnduff and Gainsborough; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Coulter; Morden; Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior and L Timiskaming at ca, 47°30'N). Que, (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P E. I,, and N.S. N. grandiflora Bieb. Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in sw Que. (summit of Mt. Royal, Montreal, where taken by Bissell in 1914; GH). ORIGANUM L. [7315] O. vulgare L. Marjoram. Origan Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides, old fields, and open woods in N, America, as in sw B.C. (Henry 1915; Elgin, e of Vancouver), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que, (n to the Montreal dist), P. E.I. (New Glasgow and Rusticoville, Queens Co.; D.S. Erskine 1960), and N.S. (Hants and Pictou counties; ACAD; CAN). PRUNELLA L. [7254] Selfheal P. vulgaris L. Heal-all, Carpenter-weed. Herbe au charpentier /ST/X/EA/ (Hsr) Grasslands, fields, roadsides, and waste places (partly introd.), the aggregate species from the e Aleutian Is. and Alaska (N to ca. 65°N) to B.C. -Alta., Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg; not known from Sask.), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°40'N), Que. (n to the E James Bay watershed at 53°19'N, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), s Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P E L, and N.S., s to Calif., N.Mex,, Kans,, and N.C.; Eurasia. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Principal stem-leaves ovate or ovate-oblong (averaging 1/2 as broad as long), broadly cuneate or rounded at base; [Eurasian]. 2 Plant sparingly hairy var. vulgaris 3 Corolla lavender, violet, or bluish; [Brunella L.; introd., transcontinental] f, vulgaris 3 Corolla white; [introd. at Brookline, Mass.; not yet known from Canada but to be searched for] [f. atbiflora (Bogenh.) Britt.] 2 Plant densely white-villous-hispid on the stem, petioles, and often the lower leaf- surfaces; [introd. in the e U.S.A.; not yet known from Canada] [var. hispida Benth.] 1 Principal stem-leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong (averaging 1/3 as broad as long), more narrowly cuneate to an acutish base; [apparently native]. 4 Floral bracts with glabrous or sparingly short-ciliate margins. 5 Leaves and stem nearly or quite glabrous; bracts green or at most purple-tinged; corolla violet; [B.C., the type from Vancouver Is.; also known from Howser Station in the Selkirk Mts.] var. calvescens Fern. 5 Leaves pilose beneath; stem pilose; bracts mostly deep purple; corolla dark purple or blackish purple; [known only from Calif.] [var, atropurpurea Fern.] 4 Floral bracts with margins copiously bristly-ciliate with long white hairs. 6 Bracts densely tomentose or lanate on the back, they and the calyces dark purple; [Aleutian Is., the type from Unalaska] var. aleutica Fern. 6 Bracts glabrous or sparingly pilose on the back, 7 Ribs and margins of the calyx-lobes glabrous or very short-ciliate; [known only from fresh tidal shores of the St. Lawrence R. estuary in Lotbiniere, Levis, and Quebec counties, Que., the type from near Lauzon, Lbvis Co.] var. rouleauiana Viet. 7 Ribs and margins of calyx-lobes long-bristly-ciliate var. lanceolata (Bart.) Fern. 8 Calyx purple. 9 Corolla pink; [s Ont, and sw Que ] f. rhodantha Fern. 9 Corolla lavender, violet, or bluish; [transcontinental; type from Port-a- Port, Nfld.] f. iodocalyx Fern. 1314 Pycnanthemum 8 Calyx green or at most with purple-tinged margins. 10 Corolla white; [B.C. (Vancouver Is.), e Que. (Gaspe Pen.), N.B. (Bathurst), and N.S.] f. Candida Fern. 10 Corolla lavender, violet, or bluish; [transcontinental; map: Hulten 19686:787] f. lanceolata PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. [7317] Mountain-mint, Basil (Ref,: Grant and Epling 1943) 1 Calyx 2-lipped, the 2 teeth of the lower lip to 1 .5 mm long, distinctly longer than the 3 teeth of the upper lip, the teeth often with long flexuous bristle-like hairs near the apex; heads loosely flowered, to 3.5 cm broad; leaves ovate-lanceolate to -oblong, whitened beneath with a fine pubescence, remotely serrate, to 5.5 cm broad, on petioles to 1.5 cm long; stem minutely incurved-pubescent, the upper internodes also with long straight hairs; (s Ont.) P. incanum 1 Calyx regular, its 5 teeth subequal and lacking bristle-like hairs; heads densely flowered, not over 2 cm broad; petioles at most 3 mm long. 2 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, to 4 cm broad, subsessile or short-petioled, shallowly serrate, nearly glabrous; stem pubescent at least on the upper internodes; calyx minutely but densely pubescent, its teeth less than 1 mm long; heads to 1.5 cm broad; bracts whitened with minute pubescence [P. muticum] 2 Leaves linear to lanceolate, not over 2 cm broad. 3 Sides of stem glabrous; leaves entire, sessile; heads less than 1 cm broad; outermost bracts essentially glabrous above; (Ont. and sw Que.). 4 Calyx-teeth 1 or 2 mm long, with firm sharp tips; leaves mostly less than 5 mm broad, with only 1 or 2 pairs of lateral veins, essentially glabrous . . . . P. tenuifolium 4 Calyx-teeth less than 1 mm long, scarcely sharp-tipped; leaves to about 1 cm broad, with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath P. virginianum 3 Sides of upper half of stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire or obscurely toothed, short-petioled. to 2 cm broad and with up to 7 pairs of lateral veins; calyx-teeth barely 1 mm long; heads to 2 cm broad; outermost bracts densely velvety above. 5 Upper internodes of stem minutely pilose on the sides and angles; leaves acute, glabrous or short-pilose on the larger veins beneath; inner bracts thinly pubescent, densely short-ciliate, the midvein conspicuous; (s Ont. and sw Que.) P. verticillatum 5 Upper internodes densely hoary-villous on the sides and angles; leaves obtuse or subacute, finely and densely pubescent beneath; inner bracts densely canescent, the midvein concealed; (s Ont.) P. pilosum P. incanum (L.) Michx. /t/EE/ (Hpr) Dry woods and thickets from III. to s Ont, (near Hamilton, Wentworth Co., where taken by Dickson in 1895 and 1897 and by Scott in 1900; CAN; TRT) and N.Y., s to Ala. and Fla. [Clinopodium L; Origanum Walt.; P. muticum sensu J.M. Macoun 1896, not (Michx.) Pers.]. maps: Grant and Epling 1943: map 1, p. 199, and map 4, p. 207. [P. muticum (Michx.) Pers,] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to III., Mich., and Maine) from s Ont. by J.M. Macoun (1896; near Hamilton) is based upon P. incanum, the above-noted Dickson collections in CAN. [Brachystemum Michx.]. map: Grant and Epling 1943: map 12, p. 228.] P. pilosum Nutt. /t/EE/ (Hpr) Dry to moist woods, thickets, and clearings from Iowa to Mich, and s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, and Kent counties; CAN; TRT), $ to Okla., Ark., and Tenn.; introd. elsewhere, as from Mass, to Pa. and in E Que. (Perce, Gaspe Co., where taken by F.E. Boys in 1955). maps: Grant and Epling 1943: map 2, p. 201, and map 7, p. 217. 1315 Labiatae P. tenuifolium Sc h rad. /t/EE/ (Hpr) Dry to moist or boggy ground and woods from Minn, to Mich., Ohio, s Ont. (apparently native in Essex, Lambton, Grey, and Welland counties; apparently introd. in waste ground of a churchyard near Prescott, Grenville Co.; CAN; TRT), sw ?Que. (the report by Boivin 1966b. may be based upon introd. plants), and New Eng., s to Tex. and Ga. [P. flexuosum ( P . linifolium Pursh) of Canadian reports, not Origanum flex. Walt., basionym]. maps: Grant and Epling 1943: map 2, p. 201, and map 1 1, p. 225. P. verticillatum (Michx.) Pers, /T/EE/ (Hpr) Dry to moist meadows, thickets, and clearings from Mich, to s Ont (Elgin and Middlesex counties; OAC; TRT) and sw Que. (Oka, Deux-Montagnes Co., and Rouville, Rougemont Co.; TRT), s to N.C. [Brachystemum Michx.; P. virginianum var. vert. (Michx.) Boivin]. The map by Grant and Epling (1943: map 9, p. 220) indicates no Canadian stations. P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson /T/EE/ (Hpr) Dry to wet thickets, gravelly shores, and meadows from N.Dak. to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ; Giilett 1958) and sw Que. (n to the shores of the Ottawa R. in Pontiac Co. and of the St. Lawrence R. around Montreal), s to Kans., Mo., and N.C. [Satureja L.; P. lanceolatum Pursh; Thymus virginicus Pursh], map: Grant and Epling 1943: map 10, p. 222. SALVIA L. [7290] Sage 1 Calyx 3-lobed, the upper lip entire; corolla at most about 1 cm long, only slightly surpassing the calyx; flowers 1-3 at each node; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire or with a few low teeth, to about 5 cm long; bracteal leaves linear-lanceolate; annual with minutely recurved-pubescent stem; (introd.) S. reflexa 1 Calyx 5-lobed, the upper lip 3-toothed (at least minutely so); flowers usually more numerous; leaves usually larger; bracteal leaves ovate; perennials; (introd.). 2 Flowers 12 or more at each node, to 1,5 cm long; calyx about 6 mm long; leaves broadly ovate to deltoid, coarsely and irregularly toothed, often lyrate at base, minutely hirsute on both sides; stem hispid S. verticillata 2 Flowers usually less than 8 at each node. 3 Corolla at most 12 mm long, only slightly surpassing the calyx; middle tooth of upper calyx-lip minute; flowers up to 4 at each node; leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate, rugose, canescent beneath, finally glabrous above; stem softly villous S. sylvestris 3 Corolla to over 2 cm long, 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx; flowers up to 8 at each node. 4 Leaves chiefly basal; upper calyx-lip shorter than the lower one, 5 Teeth of the upper calyx-lip minute and close together; corolla blue, to 2 cm long, the upper lip arched into a half-circle and laterally flattened, longer than the tube; lower anther-locule wanting or rudimentary; leaves irregularly serrate or crenate, acutish, blistery-rugose above, pubescent along the nerves beneath, to 12 cm long; (introd. in s Ont.) [S. pratensis] 5 Teeth of the upper calyx-lip conspicuous and widely separated; corolla violet, to 3 cm long, its straight upper lip much shorter than the broad lower one, this shorter than the tube; both anther-locules polleniferous; basal leaves commonly deeply lyrate-pinnatifid into rounded segments, rounded at summit, glabrous or sparingly strigose-hirsute, to 2 dm long (S. lyrata ] 4 Leaves chiefly cauline; upper calyx-lip about equalling the lower one, the calyx-teeth all short-awned. 6 Bracteal leaves ovate-lanceolate, not much surpassing the calyces; racemes interrupted; lower corolla-lip longer than the upper one; leaves lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, finely crenate, tapering to base, canescent on both sides; (introd. in s Ont. and sw Que) [S. officinalis ] 6 Bracteal leaves round-ovate, often coloured; racemes more compact, 1316 Satureja usually branching to form a panicle; lower corolla-lip shorter than the upper one; leaves ovate, coarsely and irregularly toothed, truncate to subcordate at base, pubescent on both sides; (introd. in s Ont.) [S. sc/area] [S. lyrata L] [This species of the U.S.A. (Colo, to Mo., III., Pa., and Conn., s to Tex. and Fla.) is not yet known from Canada but should be searched for.] [S. officinalis L.J Common Sage [Eurasian; an occasional garden-escape to dumps and waste places in N. America but scarcely established, as in s Ont. (Cartwright, Ontario Co., where taken by Scott in 1890; TRT) and sw Que. (Boivin 1966b).] [S. pratensis L] [European; a garden-escape to fields, pastures, and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (fields near Conestoga, Waterloo Co., where taken by Stone in 1936 but probably not established; OAC; F.H. Montgomery, Can. Field-Nat. 62(2):88. 1948),] S. reflexa Hornem. Native in dry open soils of the U.S.A. (n to Mont, and Wise.); introd, elsewhere, as in s Sask. (Moosomin, about 130 mi e of Regina; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (along a railway at Winnipeg; DAO), s Ont. (Peterborough, Prince Edward, Hastings, Wellington, and Grenville counties; CAN; MT; TRT), and sw Que. (Montebello, Papineau Co.). [S. sclarea L.J [European; a local garden-escape in N. America, as in S Ont. (Grey Co.; OAC; reported from Wellington Co. by Stroud 1941), where scarcely established.] S. sylvestris L. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in sw B,C, (collection in CAN from Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., where taken on ballast heaps by John Macoun in 1893 and distributed as Hyptis verticillata Jacq.; collection in V from Oliver, about 25 mi s of Penticton), Alta. (Moss 1959), s Man. (Ninette, about 30 mi se of Brandon; CAN), and s Ont. (n to Frontenac Co. near the Renfrew Co. boundary). [S. nemorosa L.J. S. verticillata L. Lilac Sage Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (near Flesherton, Grey Co., where established for some time and spreading, according to Montgomery 1957; Harttington, Frontenac Co,; OAC). SATUREJA L. [7305] Savory, Calamint. Sariette 1 Leaves of flowering-stems linear to linear-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, 1 or 2 cm long; calyx nearly regular; stems to about 4 dm tall. 2 Stem essentially glabrous (except near the nodes); calyx bearded in the throat, otherwise glabrous, its teeth about half as long as the tube; corolla at least 8 mm long; stoloniferous perennial; (Ont.) S, glabella 2 Stem finely pubescent; calyx naked in the throat, its ciiiate teeth about equalling the tube; corolla at most 7 mm long; annual; (introd.) . ... S. hortensis 1 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to subrotund; stems more or less pubescent. 3 Calyx about 5 mm long, with short subequal broadly deltoid teeth; corolla white or purple-tinged, to 1 cm long, minutely pubescent outside; flowers paired at the nodes (solitary in the axils) on pedicels to 1.5 cm long; leaves ovate to subrotund, to 3.5 cm long, generally with a few blunt teeth; stems from a woody rhizome, prostrate and freely rooting, often with short ascending branches; (B.C.) S. douglasii 3 Calyx-teeth unequal, the calyx thus more or less 2-lipped; leaves ovate-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate; stems erect or decumbent-based. 1317 Labiatae 4 Flowers in dense terminal clusters (often, also, in the uppermost axils), subtended by elongate linear-subulate long-ciliate bracts; calyx hirsute throughout, scarcely bearded in the throat, about 1 cm long, its subequal teeth all subulate, its lower lip cleft to base; stems to about 6 dm tall; (B.C.; Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) S. vulgaris 4 Flowers few to several in the axils of many or most of the foliage-leaves, subtended by minute bracts; calyx bearded in the throat, the 2 teeth of its lower lip subulate and much longer than the 3 triangular teeth of the upper lip ; (introd.). 5 Cymes sessile and overtopped by the subtending bracteal leaves, rarely with more than 3 flowers; calyx 5 or 6 mm long, bristly-eiliate on the nerves, gibbous at base; corolla at most 1 cm long; leaves elliptic to oblong, to about 12 mm long, entire or obscurely and remotely serrulate, scabrous; stem decumbent at base, nonstoloniferous, with reflexed soft pubescence, to about 4 dm tall , . . , S. acinos 5 Cymes peduncled and surpassing the subtending bracteal leaves, commonly with 5 or more flowers; calyx scarcely gibbous at base; stem stoloniferous, to about 1 m tall [S. calamintha] S. acinos (L) Scheele Mother-of -Thyme Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in old fields and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. {n to Manitoulin Is., n L Huron, and the Ottawa dist), Que. (N to Cap-a-l'Aigle, Charlevoix Co.; Groh and Frankton 19496), and P.E.I. (Prince Co.; ACAD). [Thymus L; Calamintha Clairv. ; Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy; A. thymoides Moench]. [S. calamintha (L.) Scheele] [Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America and reported from sw Que. by R. Campbell (Can. Rec, Sci, 6(6):342-51. 1895; Mt. Royal, Montreal), where scarcely established, if correctly identified. (Incl. vars. nepeta (L.) Briq. [Calamintha nep. (L.) Scheele) and sylvatica Briq.).] S. douglasii (Benth.) Briq. /t/W/ (Ch) In coniferous woods from s B.C. (Vancouver Is, and adjacent islands and mainland n to Salmon Arm, about 45 mi e of Kamloops; V; Hulten 19686, notes a report from Juneau, SE Alaska, where probably introd. if correctly identified) and Idaho to S Calif. [Thymus Benth.; Micromeria Benth.; T. (M.) chamissonis Benth.]. map: Hulten 19686:790. S. glabella (Michx.) Briq. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Damp calcareous cliffs, gravels, and silts from Minn, to Ont. (n to Cobden, Renfrew Co.; OAC) and N.Y., s to Tex., Ark., III., and Ohio. [Cunila Michx.; Calamintha Benth.]. Our material is referable to var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson [Calamintha (S.) arkansana Nutt.; C. nuttallii Benth.; S. (Clinopodium) glabra of auth., not Hedeoma glabra Nutt., basionym; differing from the typical form in having creeping leafy stolons, beardless or nearly beardless stem-nodes, relatively narrow leaves, and smaller flowers). Its f. albiflora Boivin (flowers white rather than blue-purple) is known from s Ont., the type locality. S. hortensis L. Summer-Savory European; a garden-escape in N. America, as in s Ont. (n to Wellington, York, Peel, and Hastings counties), Que. (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.; DAO), N.B. (Kouchibouguac, Kent Co., and near St. Andrews, Charlotte Co.; CAN; NBM), and St-Pierre and Miquelon-Nfld. (Rouleau 1956). S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch Basil, Dogmint /T/(X)/EA/ (Hpr) Woods, thickets, shores, and waste places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below, var. neogaea perhaps native in N. America), s to Colo., ?N,Mex,, Minn., Ind., Tenn., and N.C.; Eurasia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves essentially glabrous except for long hairs on the nerves beneath; corolla whitish to pinkish; [s B.C. (New Westminster and Aldershot, where perhaps introd.); ?Man. (the 1318 Scutellaria report from Norway House by John Macoun 1884, requires confirmation); perhaps both native and introd. from Ont, (n to near Thunder Bay) to Que. (type from Perce, Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , and N.S.; map: Hulten 1958: map 56, p. 75] var. neogaea Fern. 1 Leaves densely villous or almost velvety beneath, copiously strigose-villous above; corolla purple-red, to 1.5 cm long. 2 Cymes longer than or only slightly surpassed by their subtending bracts; [Clinopo- dium vulgare var. dim. Simon; reported by Montgomery 1957, as introd. in a dense stand near Harriston, Wellington Co., s Ont.] var. diminuta (Simon) Fern, & Wieg. 2 Cymes (except sometimes the upper ones) commonly much surpassed by their subtending bracts; [Clinopodium L.; Calamintha clinopodium Benth.; Eurasia only; map: on the above-noted map by Hulten] Jvar. vulgaris ] SCUTELLARIA L. [7234] Skullcap 1 Flowers in axillary racemes. 2 Corolla to 2 cm long, curved upward from the calyx; leaf-petioles at most 1 cm long; lower bracteal leaves not much reduced; internodes of racemes to 2.5 cm long; (Ont. to N.B. and N.S.) S. churchiiliana 2 Corolla less than 1 cm Jong, nearly straight; leaf-petioles to 3 cm long; bracteal leaves much smaller than the foliage-leaves; internodes of racemes mostly less than 1 cm long; (transcontinental) S. lateriflora 1 Flowers solitary in the axils of ordinary foliage-leaves; leaf-petioles at most 4 mm long. 3 Corolla at most 1 cm long; calyx to 3.5 mm long; leaves mostly ovate, rarely over twice as long as broad, subsessile or very short-petioled, 4 Calyx copiously stipifate-glandular or glandular-viscid; leaves usually not over 1 .5 cm long, entire or sparingly shallow-crenate, distinctly hirsute on the whole upper surface; stem to 3 dm tall, the sides more or less stipitate-glandular or becoming glabrate, the angles also with minute retrorse eglandular hairs; rhizomes producing a chain of elongate whitish tubers to 2 cm long; (Ont. and Que.) S. parvula 4 Calyx minutely hirsute on the veins, otherwise glabrous; leaves to 5 cm long, very thin, remotely crenate-dentate, essentially glabrous above; stem to 5 dm tall, glabrous except at base; rhizomes filiform, not tuberiferous; (s Ont.) S. nervosa 3 Corolla usually over 1 cm long; rhizomes or stolons filiform or slightly thickened but not tuberiferous. 5 Stems to 1 m tall, minutely pilose especially along the angles above with descending hairs; leaves to 8 cm long and 3 cm broad, sessile or on thick petioles at most 4 mm long, incurved-puberulent beneath; corolla to 2.5 cm long, the palate papillate, not hairy; (transcontinental) . S. epilobiifolia 5 Stems minutely pilose or strigose especially along the angles above with incurved-ascending hairs. 6 Corolla commonly less than 1 .5 cm long; leaves to 8 cm long and 3.5 cm broad, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, coarsely toothed, minutely and sparsely pilose on the veins beneath, pinnately veined, on slender petioles to 9 mm long; (Ont. to N.B. and N.S,) S. churchiiliana 6 Corolla commonly 2 or 3 cm long, the palate with at least a few long flattened white hairs; leaves commonly about 2 or 3 cm long and 1 cm broad, lance- elliptic to oblong or nearly ovate, obtuse or rounded at apex, tapering or somewhat rounded at base, entire or the lower ones often obscurely toothed, minutely but densely puberulent on both surfaces, often 3-5-nerved from near the base, subsessile or short-petioled; (sB.C.) S. an gusti folia S. angustifolia Pursh /t/W/ (Gst (Hpr)) Moist or dry meadows and rocky places from s B.C. (near Victoria, Vancouver 1319 Labiatae Is., where taken by James Fletcher in 1885; Pend-d Oreille R., near the U.S.A. boundary s of Trail, where taken by J.M, Macoun in 1902; CAN) to s Calif. [S. veronicifolia Rydb.]. map: Epling 1942: map 10, p. 37. S. churchilliana Fern. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Sandy, gravelly, or alluvial shores and thickets from s Ont. (Lambton Co.; Gaiser and Moore 1966) to Que. (Rouville, Laprairie, Kamouraska, and Rimouski counties), w N.B. (St. John R. system; not known from P.E.I.j, and N.S. (Lunenburg Co.; E.C. Smith and J.S. Erskine, Rhodora 56(671 ):250. 1954), s to s Maine, map: Epling 1942: map 2, p. 5, S. epilobiifolia Hamilton Common Skullcap /ST/X/ (Hpr) Meadows, thickets, and shores from Alaska (im to ca. 67°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), and Great Bear L. to Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (N to about 10 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°40'N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 52°37'N and the Cote-Nord), S Labrador {N to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Ariz., N.Mex., Mo., and Del. [S. galericulata vars. epil. (Hamilt.) Jord, and pubescens Benth.]. maps: Epling 1942: map 2, p. 5; the N. American area in the map by Hulten 19686, for S. gal. var. pub. applies here. (The very closely related S. galericulata L. of Eurasia differs chiefly in the consistently deeper and sharper pebbling of the nutlets). Forma alhiflora (Millsp.) Fern, (corolla white rather than blue, marked with white) is known from swQue. (Iberville Co.; DAO) and Nfld. (Rouleau 1956). Formarosea (Rand. & Redf.) Fern, (corolla pink) is reported from s Ont. by Boivin (19666). S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap /sT/X/ (Hpr) Alluvial thickets and swampy ground from ?Alaska (see Hulten 1968a) and B C. (n to Quesnel; V) to ?Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (near Trossachs, about 60 mi s of Regina; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont, (N to the sw James Bay watershed at 52°11'N), Que. (n to the E James Bay watershed at 52°16'N and the Gaspe Pen.; reported from Anticosti Is. by John Macoun 1884), Nfld,, N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif, and Ga. [Incl. the small-flowered extreme, var. grohii Boivin; S. ?canescens (S. incana Biehler of the e U.S.A.) sensu Macoun 1884, not Nutt.], map: Epling 1942: map 2, p. 5. Forma albiflora (Farw.) Fern, (corolla white rather than blue) is reported from sw Que. by Boivin (19666). Forma rhodantha Fern, (corolla pink) is known from the type locality near the mouth of the Dartmouth R., Gaspe Pen., E Que. S. nervosa Pursh /t/EE/ (Hpr) Moist woods and thickets from III. to s Ont. (near Kingsville, Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1901; CAN; TRT) and N.J., s to La., Tenn., and N.C. map: Epling 1942: map 3, p. 14. Our plant is referable to var. calvifolia Fern, (leaves glabrous above rather than copiously strigose). S. parvula Michx. /T/EE/ (Gst (Hpr)) Dry or moist sands and gravels (chiefly calcareous) from Iowa to Wise., Ont. (n to Georgian Bay, L. Huron, and the Ottawa dist. ; reports from Sask. and N.S. by John Macoun 1884, probably refer to S. lateriflora), Que. (n to Portneuf, Montmagny, and L'lslet counties; type from near Montreal, according to Ernest Rouleau, Rhodora 47(561 ):272, 1945), and Maine, s to Tex,, Ala., and Ga. [Incl. the glabrescent extreme, var. leonardii (Epling) Fern. (S. leonardii Epling)]. map: Epling 1942: map 3, p. 14. STACHYS L. [7281] Hedge-Nettle. Epiaire 1 Plants densely white-woolly or tomentose; upper leaves sessile; (introd.). 2 Leaves conspicuously toothed, silky-pilose above, tomentose beneath, the larger ones rounded or cordate at base; calyx-teeth visible; stem relatively slender, pilose-tomentose; biennial S. germanica 1320 Stachys 2 Leaves heavily woolly, narrowed at base, their teeth hidden; calyx-teeth hidden in wool; stem coarse, densely felted; matted perennial S. Olympics 1 Plants not white-woolly, 3 Rather small annual with fibrous roots and no stolons, the long-hirsute stem diffuse or decumbent, often branching from the base; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, cordate at base, obtuse or rounded at summit, strongly crenate, to about 4 cm long, the larger ones with petioles up to half as long as the blade; corolla pink, spotted with purple, only slightly surpassing the long-hirsute calyx; (introd,) S. arvensis 3 Rather tall perennials with creeping rhizomes and tuberiferous stolons; corolla much surpassing the calyx. 4 Leaves all petioled, the middle cauline ones with petioles mostly at least 1.5 cm long (to 4.5 cm); (B.C,). 5 Corolla deep red-purple, the tube to 2.5 cm long; calyx to over 1 1 mm long, glandular-villous; plant to 1.5 m tall, inland as well as coastal S. cooleyae 5 Corolla pink or pink-purple, the tube less than 1 .5 cm long; calyx to 9 mm long, fong-spreading-pubescent and sometimes also glandular; plant to 8 dm tall, chiefly near the coast [S. mexicana] 4 Middle and upper stem-leaves sessile or on petioles rarely over 1 cm long. 6 Middle and upper internodes of stem nearly or quite glabrous on the sides; surface of calyx glabrous, only the nerves commonly bristly-hairy, the teeth soon outwardly curving; {s Man. to Que.) S. tenuifolia 6 Middle and upper internodes of stem pubescent on both the sides and the angles (rarely almost glabrous); surface of calyx pubescent; leaves normally sessile or short-petioled, mostly pubescent beneath; (transcontinental) S. palustris S. arvensis L. European; introd. in grasslands and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 19666), N,S. (Kings, Hants, Lunenburg, and Halifax counties), and ?P,E,I. (Hurst 1952). S. cooleyae Heller /T/W/ (Gst) Swamps and moist low ground from w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is. ; Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland N to Prince Rupert; CAN; type from Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; the report of S. emersonii (S. mexicana Benth.) from se Alaska by Hulten (1949; 19686} is considered referable to S. cooleyae by Calder and Taylor 1968) to s Oreg. [S. ciliata ssp. macrantha Piper]. S, germanica L. European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in Ont. (Guelph, Wellington Co.; Snelgrove, Peel Co.; Pembroke, Renfrew Co.), [fncl. S. italica Mill.]. [S. mexicana Benth.] [According to Calder and Taylor (1968), reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) from B.C. all probably refer to S. cooleyae, most such reports being based upon the recognition of S. ciliata var. pubens Gray (S. pub. (Gray) Heller) as identical with S. mexicana. They note Cronquist’s opinion, however, that the variety (type from the Fraser R,, B.C.) appears to be a hybrid between either S. cooleyae or S, mexicana and S. palustris, concluding that, at least in the case of the B,C. plant, S. cooleyae is the parent with S, palustris .] S. olympica Poir. Woolly Hedge-Nettle, Lamb’s-ears Native in the Caucasus; introd. along roadsides and in pastures in N. America, as in s Ont. (York, Bruce, and Grey counties) and sw Que. (Berthier, Berthier Co.; Groh and Frankton 19496). [S. lanata Jacq.]. S. palustris L. Woundwort. Crapaudine /ST/X/EA/ (Gst) Meadows, streambanks, and other moist places, the aggregate species from cent. Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to near Prince Albert), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57°N), Ont, (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55D30fN), Que. (n to the e James Bay 1321 Labiatae watershed at ea. 52°N, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Ariz., N.Mex,, Nebr., Ohio, and New Eng,; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Calyx closely viscid-pilose; (introd,). 2 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. 3 Leaves sessile or subsessile. 4 Angles of stem retrorse-hirsute with hairs much longer than the appressed hairs of the sides; [S Man. (Love and Bernard 1959) to Nfld. and N.S.] var. palustris 4 Angles and sides of stem subequally densely long-retrorse-hirsute; [S. segetum Mutel; introd. in N.B. (Bathurst; Grand Manan Is.) and N.S. (Pictou, Pictou Co.)] var. segetum (Mutel) Grogn. 3 Principal leaves slender-petioled; pubescence of stem as in the typical form; [introd. in s ?Man. (Love and Bernard 1959), s Ont. (Fernaid in Gray 1950), Que., Nfld., N.B., and P.E.I.] var. petioiata Clos 2 Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute; [introd. in s ?Man, (Love and Bernard 1959), s Ont, (St. Thomas, Elgin Co.), e Que, (York, Gaspe Co,), and P.E.I, (Charlottetown)] var. elliptica Clos 1 Calyx scarcely viscid, short-pilose below a long-hirsute pubescence of hairs to 3 mm long; leaves sessile or very short- petioled; (native). 5 Principal leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, blunt or subacute; [S. pilosa Nutt.; S. borealis and S. leibergii Rydb.; S. scopulorum Greene; transcontinental; map: Hulten 19680:789] var, pilosa (Nutt.) Fern. 5 Principal leaves narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acuminate. 6 Angles of stem with few or no long hairs, the sides minutely and retrorsely appressed-pubescent; [type from Sioux Lookout, Ont., about 170 mi nw of Thunder Bay] var, macrocalyx Jennings 6 Angles of stem abundantly long-retrorse-hirsute. 7 Sides of stem with dense long pubescence similar to that of the angles; [$. homotricha (Fern.) Rydb.; S. velutina of Canadian reports, not Willd. ; S. ambigua of Canadian reports, not Sm.; essentially transcontinental; map (e area): M.L. Fernaid, Rhodora 45(539): map 5, p. 467. 1943] var. homotricha Fern. 7 Sides of stem short-pilose; [transcontinental; type from L. Nipigon, Ont.] var. nipigonensis Jennings S. tenuifolia Willd. /T/EE/ (Gst (Hpr)) Moist meadows, thickets, and shores, the aggregate species from s Man. (n to Inwood, near the s end of L. Winnipeg) to Ont, (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Montmorency and Montmagny counties), N.Y., and N.H., S to E Tex,, La., and S.C. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Calyx glabrous throughout; angles of upper internodes of stem glabrous, scabrous, or shortly retrorse-hispid; leaves glabrous, their petioles to 3 cm long; bracts subtending floral-whorls usually not ciliate; [reported from Otterburne, s Man., by Love and Bernard 1959; the map by M.L. Fernaid, Rhodora 45(539): map 1. p. 467. 1943, indicates no Canadian stations] var. tenuifoiia 1 Calyx often bristly on the angles; angles of upper rnternodes conspicuously retrorse- hispid with bristles to 2 mm long; leaves often strigose above and hispid on the veins beneath, sessile or the lower ones short-petioled; bracts bristly-ciliate. 2 Principal leaves narrowly ovate to broadly oblong; [var. aspera of auth,, not S. aspera Michx,; s Man. (Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (n to Ottawa; Fernaid, loc. cit.), and Que. (n to Montmorency and Montmagny counties); map: M.L. Fernaid, Rhodora 45(539): map 3 (the s Man. station should be indicated), p. 467. 1943] var. platyphylla Fern. 2 Principal leaves narrowly lanceolate to narrowly lance-oblong; [S. hispida Pursh (S. palustris var. hisp. (Pursh) Boivin and its f. cleoniquei Boivin); s Man. to sw Que.; the map by M.L. Fernaid, Rhodora 45(539): map 4, p. 467. 1943, indicates no Canadian stations] var. hispida (Pursh) Fern. 1322 Thymus TEUCRIUM L. [7212] Germander, Wood-Sage. Germandree 1 Leaves to 2 cm long, deeply divided into linear or oblong segments, on petioles to 1 cm long; calyx strongly saccate at base, its subequal short teeth deltoid; flowers in axillary whorls, reddish purple, on pedicels to 8 mm long; much branched, copiously short-glandular-villous annual; (introd.) [7. 6of/ys] 1 Leaves merely shallowly toothed; calyx not saccate; flowers in terminal racemes; stoloniferous perennials. 2 Flowers pale yellow, 1 or 2 at each node of the slender loose 1 -sided raceme; calyx glabrous or glabrate, 5 or 6 mm long, the upper tooth broadly depressed-ovate and recurved, the other 4 teeth triangular and erect, subulate-tipped; leaves deltoid- lanceolate to -ovate, crenate, rugose, cordate or truncate at base, to 5 or 6 cm long, on petioles to about 1 cm long; plant short-pubescent; (introd.) 7. scorodonia 2 Flowers pink-purple, several at each node of the dense raceme; calyx to 9 mm long; petioles to 1,5 cm long. 3 Stem villous; leaves white-villous beneath with spreading hairs; calyx viscid-villous with spreading hairs, its teeth all acute and subequal; (B.C.; Sask. to sw Que.) i T. occidentale 3 Stem and lower leaf-surfaces appressed-pubescent with eglandular hairs; calyx hoary with short incurved hairs, the 3 teeth of its upper lip obtuse (or the middle one acutish) and shorter than the other 2 teeth; (Ont. to N.B. and N.S.) T. canadense [T. botrys L,] [European; locally introd. and abundant in dry calcareous pastures in N. America, as in s Ont (near London, Middlesex Co., where taken by John Dearness in 1888 and 1889 but evidently not found since that time; CAN).] 7. canac/errse L. Wood-Sage, American Germander /T/EE/ (Hpr) Shores, thickets, and woods from Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.) to Que. (N to near Quebec City; MT; John Macoun 1884), N.B., and N.S. (the report from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain 1891, requires confirmation), s to Tex. and Fla. [T. littorale Bickn.]. Some of our material is referable to var. virginicum (L.) Eat. (7. virg. L.; leaves relatively thin and broad, neither rugose nor markedly papillate above as in the typical form). 7. occidentale Gray /T/X/ (Hpr) Alluvial soils and wet places from s B.C. (n to Kamloops; CAN; not known from Alta.) to Sask. (Cypress Hills; Eagle Creek; Yorkton; Lumsden), Man. (n to Eriksdale, about 70 mi nw of Winnipeg; CAN), Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que. (n to Berthier, Berthier Co.), and Maine, s to Calif., Mexico, N.Mex., Kans., Ohio, and Pa. [7. canadense var. occ. (Gray) McCI. & Epling], Some of our material is referable to var. boreale (Bickn.) Fern. (7, bor. Bickn.; calyces and floral bracts with few or no short-stipitate glands, the typical form with these in addition to the longer villosity). T. scorodonia L. Wood-Sage, Germander-Sage European; locally established in Ont. (Fernald in Gray 1950), sw Que. (Ste-Cecile-de-Whitton, Frontenac Co., where taken by James Fletcher in 1903; CAN), and Ohio. THYMUS L. [7319] Thyme. Thym 1 Stem below the inflorescence sharply 4-angled, only the angles long-hairy (2 opposite sides narrow and short-pubescent, the other 2 sides broader and glabrous); leaves ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous, their lateral veins slender and not prominent beneath when dried, their margins more or less upturned; inflorescence usually elongated and interrupted at base; plant tufted, the branches ascending; (garden-escape) T. pulegioides 1323 Labiatae 1 Stem obscurely angled; plants with long creeping branches, forming a mat; lateral leaf-veins prominent beneath when dried; inflorescence usually capitate; leaves flat, ciliale and also often somewhat pubescent above. 2 Flowering stems equally short-pubescent on all sides; (introd.) 7. serpyllum 2 Flowering stems densely hairy on 2 opposite sides with hairs of varying length, the other 2 sides less hairy or glabrous; (Greenland) 7. arcticus 7. arcticus (Durand) Ronniger /aST/-/GE/ (Ch) Dry open places at low to fairly high elevations in w and e Greenland, n to ca. 69°N; Iceland; Europe. [7. praecox ssp. arct. (Dur.) Jalas.; incl. 7. drucei Ronn.]. maps (7. drucei ): Hulten 1958: map 76, p. 95; Love & Love 1956b: fig. 25, p. 230. T, pulegioides L. European: a garden-escape in sw B.C. (Stanley Park, Vancouver; J.M. Macoun 1895, as 7 cham), sw Gue. (Hemmingford, Huntingdon Co.; CAN; MT), and P.E.I. (Prince Co.; D.S. Erskine 1960). [7. chamaedrys Fries; 7. serpyllum ssp. cham. (Fr.) V oilman], T. serpyllum L. Creeping Thyme. Serpolet Eurasian; a garden-escape in N. America, as in B.C. (n to Terrace, ca. 54°30'N), Ont. (n to Carleton Co.; OAC; not listed by Gillett 1958), Que, (n to the Gaspe Pen. at the mouth of the Dartmouth R., where abundant when taken by the writer in 1940; CAN), and N.S. (Cumberland and Pictou counties; CAN; ACAD). Var. albus Hort., a cult, form with white (rather than purplish) flowers, is reported from P.E.I. by D.S. Erskine (1960; ‘ white-flowered form ’). NOTE In addition to the above genera of Labiatae, species of two other genera (apparently restricted to the E U.S.A. and not keyed out above) are reported from Canada by Hooker (1838), this stated to be on the authority of Pursh (1814). These are common dittany, Cunila mariana L. (C. origanoides (L.) Britt.), and bastard pennyroyal, Trichostema dichotomum L. The area actually given by Pursh for the former is New York to Carolina ’ and for the latter ‘Pennsylvania to Carolina". The only explanation for Hooker s report appears to be a hasty reading of ‘'Canada" for "Carolina". 1324 SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) Chiefly herbs ( Lycium and Solanum dulcamara woody twiners) with alternate, commonly simple, entire to deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, hypogynous, gamopetalous, 5-merous. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube and alternating with its lobes. Style 1. Ovary superior. Fruit a commonly 2-locular capsule or berry. 1 Stems woody, sometimes climbing; leaves entire; flowers in axillary clusters of up to 8; calyx not enlarged in fruit; berry orange-red or scarlet; (introd.) Lycium 1 Stems herbaceous (or somewhat woody only at the base). 2 Fruit a capsule; corolla campanulate, tubular, or funnelform; (introd.). 3 Flowers and circumscissile capsules (enclosed in calyces) sessile and solitary in the leaf-axils, forming 1 -sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellow, strongly reticulate with purple veins, about 3 cm long and broad, purple in the throat; leaves oblong-ovate, to 2 dm long, very coarsely toothed or shallowly pinnate-lobed, the upper sessile, the lower short-petioled Hyoscyamus 3 Flowers and capsules pedicelled; leaves entire to coarsely sinuate-toothed or undulate, more generally petioled. 4 Capsule thorny or prickly, subtended by a flaring collar consisting of the base of the mature circumscissile tubular calyx; flowers solitary in the upper axils; corolla-lobes abruptly acuminate-toothed; leaves ovate, to 2 dm long Datura 4 Capsule unarmed. 5 Capsule circumscissile (the top coming off like a lid); flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, glossy brown outside, dull olive-green within, to about 2.5 cm long; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, to over 1 .5 dm long and about 8 cm broad; (introd.) [Scopolia] 5 Capsule dehiscing longitudinally. 6 Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles; corolla whitish to greenish- yellow (often turning purplish), regular, cylindrical; stamens equal Nicotiana 6 Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils; corolla white or pink, slightly oblique and 2-lipped, funnelform; one of the stamens much smaller than the others [Petunia] 2 Fruit a berry. 7 Mature calyx not enlarged and not enclosing the berry; corolla rotate or nearly so; anthers forming a tube around the style. 8 Leaves mostly simple .(com pound only in S. dulcamara and S, tuberosum)-, anthers opening by terminal pores or short terminal clefts; fruit pulpy, at most 2.5 cm thick Solanum 8 Leaves pinnate, with up to 9 ovate to oblong irregularly toothed leaflets; anthers tapering to a long sterile tip and opening by longitudinal slits; fruit juicy, thicker; (garden-escape) [Lycoperslcum] 7 Mature calyx inflated and wholly or partly enclosing the berry. 9 Anthers forming a tube around the style, opening by terminal pores or clefts; corolla rotate; flowers cymose or umbellate, rarely solitary; (introd.) ...... Solanum 9 Anthers separate, longitudinally dehiscent; flowers mostly solitary in or above the axils near the tip of the stem. 10 Calyx consisting of nearly distinct sagittate-auricled sepals; corolla open-campanulate, pale blue, to 2.5 cm long and broad; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, coarsely and unevenly toothed or lobed; plant glabrous; (introd.) Nicandra 10 Calyx lobed only at summit, otherwise united, not auricled at base; plants glabrous or pubescent and often viscid-glandular. 1 1 Corolla rotate, white or blue-tinged, with a yellow eye, to 4 cm broad; flowers commonly 2 or more from the upper nodes; calyx scarcely angled, ribless, in fruit closely investing the berry; leaves ovate- 1325 Solanaceae lanceolate to ovate, entire or nearly so; plant thinly villous and more or less viscid; (Sask. to Que., partly or wholly introd.) Chamaesarach'a 1 1 Corolla rotate-campanulate, greenish, yellowish white, yellow, or scarlet, usually with a darker centre; flowers solitary in or above the axils; calyx 5-angled and often 10-ribbed, in fruit inflated and loosely covering the berry Physalis CHAMAESARACHA Gray [7397J C, grandiflora (Hook.) Fern. Large White-flowered Ground-cherry /T/EE/ (T) Rocky or sandy fields, open woods, recent clearings, and shores from cent Sask. (Saskatchewan R. and Churchill R. systems between ca. 53°N and lle-a-la-Crosse, 55°27'N; Breitung 1957a) to Man. (n to Minatonas, n of Duck Mt.; DAO), Ont (n to Sioux Lookout, about 170 mi nw of Thunder Bay), and Que. (n to Cap-a-l’Aigle and La Malbaie, Charlevoix Co., and Cap-a-l’Orignal, near Bio, Rimouski Co.), s to Minn., Wise., s Ont. -Que., and Vt; closely related species in S. America and China. [Physalis gr. Hook., the type locality, as first area cited by Hooker 1838, being ‘ Sandy banks of the Saskatchawan"; Leucophysalis Rydb.]. Because of the very weedy nature of this species, its actual native area is very difficult to delimit. Its apparent restriction in Sask. to the old fur-trade routes points to its introduction there in the days of canoe-freighting, as may be the case with the n Ont. stations. The Que. stations also have a weedy aspect and our material may be entirely introd. from the U.S.A., with the possible exception of the s Ont.-Que. plant, DATURA L. [7415] Jimsonweed, Thorn-apple. Pomme bpineuse or Herbe aux sorciers 1 Capsule erect, dehiscent by 4 valves, to about 6 cm long; calyx-tube strongly prismatic and narrowly 5-winged; corolla to 1 dm long, its margins 5-toothed; leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed or angled; glabrous annual D. stramonium 1 Capsule inclined or nodding, opening irregularly; calyx-tube scarcely angled; leaves entire to slightly angled or sinuate-toothed; soft-puberulent and somewhat glaucous-whitened perennials. 2 Corolla white, to 1.5 dm long, its limb with 5 attenuate-tipped lobes alternating with 5 shorter lobes; capsule covered with very short spines or tubercles [D. metel ] 2 Corolla white, suffused with lavender or violet, to 2 dm long, its limb 10-toothed; capsule covered with slender spines D. meteloides [D. metel L,] [Tropical America; introd. along roadsides and in waste places of s Ont. (Kingston, Frontenac Co., where taken by Fowler and McMorine in 1900 but probably not established; Montgomery 1957) and sw Que. (Boivin 19666). (D. innoxia of auth., not Mill.)] D. meteloides Dunal Tropical America; introd. along roadsides and in waste places of s Ont. (Norfolk, Wellington, and Ontario counties; OAC; TRT). D. stramonium L. Stramonium Asiatic; introd. into waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is., Saltspring Is., and the Dry Interior; Herb. V), Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Melfort, Senlac, and Shellbrook, about 25 mi w of Prince Albert; Breitung 1957a), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; John Macoun 1884), Que. (n to Kamouraska Co.), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. Some of our material is referable to var. tatula (L.) Torr. (D. tatula L.; corolla pale violet rather than white or nearly so; stem purplish rather than green). HYOSCYAMUS L. [7396] Henbane H. niger L. Black Henbane. Jusquiame European; introd. along roadsides and in waste places of N. America, as in s B.C. {Agassiz, sw of 1326 Nicotiana Chilliwack; Herb. V; reported from Vernon and Salmon Arm by Eastham 1947), Alta. (Fort Saskatchewan, Fort Macleod, and Banff; CAN), Sask, (n to Cudworth, 52°30'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (N to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.). Que. (n to L, St. John and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I. (Summerside, Prince Co.; GH), and N.S. LYCIUM L. [7379] L, halimifolium Mill. Matrimony-vine Eurasian; spreading from cult, to roadsides, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Keremeos, sw of Penticton; CAN; reported from Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., and Kamloops by Groh and Frankton 1948), Alta. (Edmonton; CAN), s Sask. (Indian Head; CAN), Ont. (n to Durham and Frontenac counties), and N.S. [L vulgare (Ait.) Dunal; incl. L. chinense Mill.]. [LYCOPERSICUM Mill.] [7407] [L. esculentum Mill.] Tomato [Tropical America; occasionally spontaneous on rubbish-heaps in N. America but not becoming established, as in sw B.C. (Ocean Park, near New Westminster; V), Ont. (Ottawa and the shores of the Nation R. near Ottawa; CAN; reported from Lambton Co. by Gaiser and Moore 1966), sw Que. (St. Helen's Is., Montreal; Rouleau 1945), and N.S. (Lindsay 1878). ( Solanum (Lycop.) lycopersicon L.).] NICANDRA Adans. [7377] N. physalodes (L.) Pers. Apple-of-Peru Peruvian; introd. near dwellings and in old gardens and waste places in N. America, as in Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist ), Que. (n to wharf-ballast at Rimouski, Rimouski Co.; MT; RIM), P.E.I. (Charlottetown; DAO), and N.S (Hants and Kings Counties; ACAD). [Atropa L.; Physalodes Britt.]. NICOTIANA L. [7434] Tobacco 1 Corolla funneifornn, greenish, woolly outside, to 8 cm long, its throat somewhat swollen, its reniform acute spreading lobes becoming reddish; (the cultivated tobacco) ... .[A/, tabacum ] 1 Corolla salverform (with a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb). 2 Corolla to about 1 dm long, white or greenish white (becoming purplish), the limb 2 or 3 cm broad, its lobes ovate-lanceolate to ovate; capsule to 1.5 cm long; leaf-blades to 2.5 dm long, the lower ones spatulate to elliptic, the upper ones linear to lanceolate; (introd. in s Ont. and s Que.) [A/, longiflora ] 2 Corolla shorter, the limb to about 1 .5 cm broad, its broadly rounded lobes apiculate; capsule to about 1 cm long. 3 Corolla to 2 cm long, greenish-white or -yellow; principal leaf-blades ovate, to 2 dm long; (introd. in S Ont.) [A/, rustica] 3 Corolla to 3.5 cm long, dingy white; principal leaf-blades elliptic to lance-ovate, to about 12 cm long; (s B.C.) N, attenuata N. attenuata Torr. Coyote -Tobacco /t/WW/ (T) Dry sandy open places from $ B.C. (Dry Interior between Lytton and Spences Bridge; CAN; John Macoun 1884) and Idaho to Baja Calif, and Tex. map: T.H. Goodspeed, Chronica Botanica 16; fig. 12, p. 40, 1954. [N. longiflora Cav.] [Tropical America; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in s Ont. (Hamilton, Wentworth Co.; TRT) and sw Que. (Montreal; CAN; J.M. Macoun 1907).] [N. rustica L.] Wild Tobacco [Peruvian; formerly cult, by the Indians of N. America (and still apparently so, there being an interesting 1949 collection by Marius Barbeau in CAN. ‘Southern Ontario. In cultivation by 1327 Solanaceae Indians”), and occasionally found in waste places, as in s Ont. (Belleville, Hastings Co., "Spontaneous in gardens”, where taken by John Macoun in 1878; CAN; reported from Fort Erie, Welland Co., by Macoun 1884. and from Wellington Co, by F.H. Montgomery, Can. Field-Nat. 62{2):93. 1948), where scarcely established ] IN. tabacum L] Tobacco [Tropical America; occasionally escaped from cult, to waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Belleville, Hastings Co.; Boivin 1966b).] [N. alata Link & Otto.] [Var. grandiflora Comes of this South American species (not keyed out above) is reported from Que. as an ephemeral by C. Rousseau (Nat. can. (Gue. 98(4):720. 1971; Ste-Foy, near Quebec City), where probably a garden -escape. It has very large, fragrant, villous flowers, the yellowish-green corolla-tube much dilated, the limb yellowish outside. A hybrid between it and N. forgetiana Sander (x N. sanderae Sander; corolla-tube greenish yellow tinged with rose, the limb with carmine-rose lobes) is also reported from the same locality by Rousseau.] [PETUNIA Juss.] [7436] Petunia 1 Corolla less than 1 cm long and broad, blue or purple (the tube yellow), not much surpassing the foliaceous sepals; leaves fleshy, narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, 1 or 2 cm long and mostly less than 5 mm broad [P. parvi flora] 1 Corolla larger; principal leaves broadly elliptic to oblong or ovate, to over 8 cm long. 2 Corolla dull white, to 6 or 7 cm long and about as broad, its cylindric tube 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx [P. axillaris] 2 Corolla white or variously coloured, the funnel-shaped tube relatively short and broad. 3 Stems stout; flowers white to deep red-purple, variously striped and barred, to about 9 cm long and nearly as broad [P hybrida] 3 Stems very slender; flowers rose-red or violet, to about 4 cm long and broad [P. violacea] [P, axillaris (Lam.) BSP.) Large White Petunia [Argentinian; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in s Ont. (Toronto; Boivin 1966b).] [P. hybrida Vilm] Common Garden Petunia [Apparently a series of hybrids between P. axillaris and P. violacea; reported from sw Que. by Rouleau (1945; St. Helen’s Is., Montreal; MT) where, however, scarcely established.] [P. parviflora Juss.] Seaside-Petunia [Tropical America; introd. along sea-beaches and in waste and cult, ground in N, America; known in Canada only through an 1883 collection in CAN by John Macoun from wharf-ballast at Pictou, N.S.] [P. violacea Lindl.J [See P. hybrida.] PHYSALIS L. [7401] Ground -cherry. Coqueret (Ref.: Waterfall 1958) 1 Corolla whitish, about 2.5 cm broad, shallowly but distinctly lobed; fruiting calyx firm, to 5 cm long, bright red to scarlet, drooping on peduncles 2 or 3 cm long; leaves ovate-rhombic; essentially glabrous perennial; (introd.) P. alkekengi 1 Corolla yellow or greenish yellow, with merely angulate margins; fruiting calyx green or brown. 2 Plant densely pubescent with fine branching hairs; leaves elliptic, ovai, or oblong, blunt, entire or somewhat undulate; corolla about 2 cm broad; anthers yellow, about 1328 Physafis 2 3 mm long; fruiting calyx 2 or 3 cm long; berry yellow or orange; perennial; (introd.) [P. viscosa] Plant glabrous or with simple or sparingly branched hairs. 3 Annuals, lacking rhizomes; anthers blue, on slender filaments; (introd.). 4 Plant glabrous or glabrate; corolla to 2.5 cm broad; fruiting calyx purple- veined, obscurely angled, rounded at base, with blunt triangular teeth, nearly filled by the viscid purplish berry; anthers about 3 mm Jong; leaves ovate or rhombic, cuneate or tapering at base, subentire to sinuate-toothed or prominently dentate P. ixocarpa 4 Plant copiously pubescent; corolla at most 1 cm broad; fruiting calyx strongly angled, rounded or subcordate at base, with long narrow teeth, not filled by the yellow berry; anthers commonly less than 2 mm long; leaves broadly ovate, broadly rounded or cordate at base, entire or unevenly sinuate-dentate P. pubescens 3 Perennials with stout rhizomes; calyx-teeth narrowly triangular, often acuminate; berry usually yellow. 5 Anthers deep blue-purple, about 3 mm tong, on slender filaments; fruiting pedicels not over t cm long; leaves rounded or cordate at base, long-acuminate; plant densely and finely villous [R peruviana] 5 Anthers yellow or light blue, their filaments at least 1 /3 as broad as the anthers; fruiting pedicels to 3 cm long; leaves not long-acuminate. 6 Anthers averaging about 2.5 mm long, their filaments not clavate; (s Man. to sw Que.) P. virginiana 6 Anthers averaging about 4 mm long, their filaments often clavate; (Man. to N.S.) P. heterophylia P. alkekengi L. Chinese Lantern, Winter-cherry Asiatic; a local garden-escape in N. America, as in Ont, (Ottawa. Smiths Falls, and Aultsvilfe, Stormont Co.; DAO; TRT; Montgomery 1957). P. heterophylia Nees Cerise de terre sauvage /T/EE/ (Grh) Fields and open woods from Man. (Boivin 1966b; reports from Sask. require confirmation) to Ont. (n to Timiskaming, ca. 47°3Q'N), Que. (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.; QSA), ?N.B. (a Deam report noted by Groh and Frankton 1949b; early P.E.I. reports require confirmation), and N.S. (Kings Co.; ACAD), s to e Tex., Okla., Ky., and Ga. [Incl. vars. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. and nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb. and P. lanceolata Michx.]. P. ixocarpa Brotero Tomatillo A native of Mexico and the sw U.S.A.; a garden-escape elsewhere, as in Man. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. (Perth, Dundas, Renfrew, and Carleton counties), and sw Que. (lle-aux-Alumettes, Pontiac Co.; GH, as P. peruviana, revised by Fernald). [P. peruviana L.] Cape-Gooseberry (A native of S. America; the report from Ottawa, Ont., by John Macoun (1884) is based upon P. ixocarpa, the relevant collection in CAN.] P. pubescens L, Native in tropical America and the s U.S.A.; introd. elsewhere, as in ?B.C. (Cache Creek, about 45 mi w of Kamloops; John Macoun 1884), Man. (Winnipeg; DAO), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (Wakefield, Gatineau Co.; Chambly; St. Helen's Is., Montreal), and N.B. (Bass River, Kent Co.; NBM). Some or all of our material is referable to var. grisea Waterfall (R pruinosa sensu J.M. Macoun 1906, and later Canadian auth., not L., the relevant collection in CAN; leaves greyish rather than green, often with “mealy" or sessile granular glands). P. virginiana Mill. /T/(X)/ (Grh) Dry sandy or rocky woods, clearings, meadows, and waste places from s Man. (n 1329 Solanaceae to Makinak, about 80 mi n of Brandon, and Victoria Beach, about 55 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont, (n to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que. (Montreal dist), and N.J., s to N Mexico, N.Mex,, Tex., Ala., and Ga. Some of our material is referable to var. subgiabrata (Mack. & Bush) Waterfall ( P . sub. M. & B.; P. longifolia var. sub. (M. & B.) Cronq.; P. ?philadelphica Lam.; plant nearly glabrous or with a few short ascending hairs rather than more or less villous with long multicellular hairs (if short-pubescent, the hairs directed downward)). [P. viscosa L.] [Tropical America; a collection in TRT from Toronto, Ont., requires confirmation, as do reports from Ont. by John Bell (Geol. Surv, Can., appendix to the reports for 1866-1869. 1870; Manitoulin Is., n L. Huron) and GiJIett (1958; Ottawa dist).] [SCOPOLIA Schreb.) [7393] [S. carniolica Jacq.] [European; apparently known from N. America only through a 1935 collection from sw Que. (Mt. Royal, Montreal; MT), where taken by Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain in 1935, the plant noted as naturalized in woods but apparently not found since that time. ( Hyoscyamus scopolia L.),] SOLAN UM L. [7407] Nightshade. Morelle 1 Stem, branches, pedicels, and principal leaf-veins prickly or spiny, they and the leaves more or less stellate-pubescent with branched hairs. 2 Calyx-tube stellate-pubescent, unarmed, not wholly covering the yellow berry; corolla normally pale violet; leaves sinuate-lobed; perennial from a deep creeping rhizome; (s Ont.; introd. northwards) S. caroiinense 2 Calyx-tube spiny or prickly and covering the berry; leaves deeply pinnate-lobed, the segments themselves lobed or coarsely toothed; annuals; (introd.). 3 Corolla yellow; one anther much larger and longer than the others, with an incurved beak; fruiting pedicels erect; calyx closely investing the berry; seeds coarsely rugose; pubescence consisting entirely of branched hairs S. rostratum 3 Corolla violet or blue; anthers equal; fruiting pedicels spreading: calyx loosely covering the red berry; seeds minutely reticulate; pubescence consisting partly of simple gland-tipped hairs [S. sisymbriifolium] 1 Stem unarmed; berries naked, not wholly covered by the calyx (except at maturity in S. sarrachoides ); plants glabrous, or pubescent with simple hairs; (chiefly introd.; S. nigrum and S. triflorum perhaps partly native). 4 Stem woody below, tending to climb or scramble, from a rhizome; corolla violet or purple; berries red; leaves ovate, entire or with 1 or 2 basal divergent lobes S. dulcamara 4 Stem herbaceous, not climbing; corolla white or purple-tinged. 5 Leaves pinnately compound, the larger ovate stalked leaflets irregularly alternat- ing with much smaller sessile ones; berries green or yellowish, rarely produced; plant tuberiferous; (garden-escape) [S. tuberosum ] 5 Leaves simple; annuals, without tubers. 6 Leaves oblong, deeply pinnate-lobed, with rounded sinuses; berry green S, triflorum 6 Leaves ovate, entire or merely sinuate (rarely bluntly lobed at base). 7 Stem and leaves essentially glabrous; berries black. 8 Berries dull black, to 13 mm thick; stone-cell concretions lacking or very small and not more than 1 or 2 per berry; inflorescence always subracemose; anthers mostly over 2 mm long; leaves thickish, opaque S. nigrum 8 Berries lustrous black, to about 9 mm thick, with usually at least 4 stone-cell concretions; inflorescence mostly umbelliform; anthers at most 2 mm long; leaves thin and translucent S. americanum 1330 Solarium 7 Stem and leaves copiously pubescent. 9 Stem and leaves ashy with a dense appressed villosity or pifosity; flowers at most about 5 in an umbel-like inflorescence; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, the yellow to red berry standing above it [S. villosum] 9 Stem and leaves hirsute with spreading hairs; flowers up to 9 in a racemose-corymbose inflorescence; calyx greatly enlarged in fruit and covering much of the green berry S. sarrachoides S. americanum Mill. Native in the e U S A. (n to N.Dak. and Maine); introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (n to Georgian Bay. L. Huron, and Grenville Co.; TRT) and sw Que. (Mont-St-Hilaire, about 20 mi ne of Montreal; Maycock 1961). [Scarcely separable from S. nigrum and perhaps better treated as its var. amen (Mill.) Schulz]. S. carolinense L Horse-nettle, Ball-nettle /t/EE/ (Grh (Gr)) Sandy openings, fields, and waste places from Nebr, to Ohio, s Ont. (probably native in counties along L Erie and in Grey Co., Bruce Pen., L. Huron; probably introd. farther northwards, as at Ottawa), N.Y., and New Eng., s to Tex, and Fla. S. dulcamara L. Bittersweet, Nightshade. Morelle douce-amere Eurasian; introd. into thickets and clearings near dwellings in N. America, as in B.C. (n to Cariboo, ca. 51°10'N), Alta. (Moss 1959). Man. (Winnipeg), Ont. (N to Ottawa), Que. (n to near Portneuf, Portneuf Co.; see Que, map by Robert Joyal, Nat. can, (Que.) 97(5): map G, fig. 2, p. 564. 1970), Nfld. (near St. John's; GH), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. Forma albiflorum House (flowers white rather than violet to purple) is reported from s Ont. by Boivin (1966b; Sparta, Elgin Co.). Var. villosissimum Desv. (plant copiously pubescent rather than essentially glabrous) occurs throughout the area. S. nigrum L. Black Nightshade. Tue-chien Eurasian (but probably native in the e U.S.A. if S. americanum is merged with it); introd. along roadsides and in thickets and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. {Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Agassiz, near Chilliwack), Alta, (n to Fort Vermilion, 58°24JN; Groh 1949), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ), Que. (n to Buckingham and the Montreal dist.), Nfld. (St. John’s and Humber Valley; GH; MT). N B (Kent Co.; NBM). P.E.I. (Charlottetown; Herbert Groh, Sci. Agric. 7(1Q):394. 1927), and N.S. [Inc!. S, interius Rydb. and S. nodiflorum Jacq.]. map: Hult6n 1968b:792 (exclude the Alaskan stations; seeS. sarrachoides). S. rostratum Dunal Buffalo-bur, Kansas-thistle A native of the Great Plains of the U.S.A. ; introd. elsewhere, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Lulu Is.; Armstrong; Salmon Arm; Newgate, s of Fernie), sw Alta. (Fort Macleod; Groh and Frankton 1948), Sask. (Swift Current; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Cormorant, about 45 mi ne of The Pas; DAO), Ont. (n to Ottawa, where taken by James Fletcher in 1884), and 7P.E.L (Charlottetown; Hurst 1952). [Androcera Rydb.]. S. sarrachoides Sendtner A native of S. America; introd. elsewhere, as in cent. Alaska (Circle Hot Springs, the collection in CAN distributed as S. nigrum var. guineense L,, rev. I.J. Bassett; the Sitka, se Alaska, collection reported as S. alatum Moench by Hultdn 1949, also probably belongs here), s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and the mainland n to Kamloops, where taken by John Macoun in 1899). Alta. (Taber and Fort Saskatchewan, both as S. nigrum, rev. Bassett), s Man. (Helston, near Brandon; WIN), and e Que. (Rimouski, Rimouski Co.; CAN; RIM). [S. sisymbriifolium Lam.] [Tropical America; introd, elsewhere, as in S Ont. (an orchard in Lincoln Co.; OAC), where scarcely established).] 1331 Solanaceae S. triflorum Nutt. Native in the w U.S.A. from the Cascades to the Great Plains (Hitchcock et al. 1959); introd. elsewhere, as in s B.C, (n to Savona, w of Kamloops, and Salmon Arm; Herb. V)t Alta. (N to Fort Saskatchewan; CAN), Sask. (n to near Prince Albert, where taken by John Macoun in 1886; CAN), Man. (n to Dropmore, about 100 mi nw of Brandon), Ont. (N to Thunder Bay and Hawkesbury, Prescott Co.), and Que. (N to Taschereau, Abitibi Co., 48°40'N, e to L St. Peter in Yamaska Co.). [S. tuberosum L.J Potato. Patate [A native of S. America; an occasional garden-escape to dumps and waste places elsewhere but never established, as in n B.C. (Liard Hot Springs, 59°25'N; CAN), s Man. (Morden, sw of Winnipeg; CAN), s Ont. (Wellington Co.; F.H. Montgomery, Can. Field-Nat. 62(2):94. 1948), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Ste-Flavie), Nfld. (Rouleau 1956), N.B. (Sussex, Kings Co.; CAN), P.E.I, (near Grand Tracadie, Queens Co.; ACAD), and N.S. (Sable Is.; CAN). See D.S. Correll, The Potato and its Wild Relatives, Texas Research Foundation, 1962, 606 pp.J (S. villosum (L.) Mill.] [Eurasian; reports from our area appear largely or wholly referable to S. sarrachoides. (S. nigrum var. vill. L. ).] 1332 SCROPHULARIACEAE {Figwort Famify) (Ref.: Pennell 1935) Herbs with simple (some of the lower leaves 3-foliolate in Tonella ), opposite or alternate (rarely whorled), exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, gamopetalous, hypogynous, typically 5-merous and more or less irregular or 2-lipped (the lower lip usually 3-lobed, the upper lip either 2-lobed or the lobes nearly or quite united to form a usually laterally compressed “helmet" or galea). Stamens sometimes 2 (5 in Verbascum) but more commonly 4 and didynamous (2 long. 2 short; a fifth sterile filament sometimes present), inserted on the corolla-tube and alternating with its lobes. Style 1. Ovary superior. Fruit a 2-locular, usually many-seeded capsule. 1 Stem-leaves mostly alternate (the lower ones sometimes opposite or whorled; leaves usually all basal in Limosella). 2 Corolla spurred at base, strongly 2-lipped, the throat largely or entirely closed by a prominent palate on the lower lip; calyx 5-lobed, regular; stamens 4; stigmas wholly united; (chiefly introd.). 3 Leaves palmately veined and 5-9-lobed, reniform-orbicular, long-petioled; corolla about 8 mm long, pale violet with a yellow palate; capsule opening by 2 pores; stem filiform, trailing or twining, the flowers solitary in its axils Cymbalaria 3 Leaves pinnately veined, entire or with a few obscure teeth. 4 Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, to 3 cm long; corolla about 1 cm long, yellow, the upper lip purple within; capsule opening by 2 pores; stem prostrate at base, the flowers solitary in its axils Kickxia 4 Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate; stem erect. 5 Flowers axillary, on pedicels to about 1.5 cm long; corolla 5 or 6 mm long, blue-purple, with yellow on the depressed palate; capsule asymmetrical, opening by 2 pores: leaves linear, to about 2 cm long; plant glandular- pubescent Chaenorrhinum 5 Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in terminal bracted racemes; capsule symmetrical, dehiscent by valves; plants glabrous Unaria 2 Corolla not spurred. 6 Leaves all basal or those of the stem much reduced, at least the middle and upper ones sessile and bract-like, the principal ones long-petioled in basal clusters. 7 Leaves entire, usually all basal and forming dense clusters at the rooting nodes of the slender runners, their fleshy elliptic blades usually less than 2 cm long and 7 mm broad, much shorter than the slender petioles; flowers solitary on naked scape-like pedicels to about 3 cm tall (or sometimes short-pedicelled in a cluster subtended by a whorl of leaves); calyx regular, 2 or 3 mm long, its 5 triangular lobes less than half as long as the tube; corolla nearly regular, its tube about equalling the calyx, its lobes spreading; stamens 4; glabrous annuals of fresh or brackish shores and wet sands Umoselia 7 Leaves mostly distinctly toothed; flowers racemose; calyx 2-4-lobed; stamens 2, 8 Plants glabrous (except for the more or less ciliate calyx-lobes), to about 4 dm tall, from fleshy, often creeping rhizomes; leaves subentire to shallowly toothed; flowers bluish, to about 8 mm long; calyx 2-lobed, to 8 mm long; capsules 2-seeded; (Alaska to Dist. Mackenzie) ..................... Lagotis 8 Plants more or less pubescent (or Sesseya rubra often nearly or quite glabrate in age); capsules several- or many-seeded. 9 Stems to about 1.5 dm tall, copiously woolly with brownish hairs; principal leaf-blades mostly as broad as or broader than long, truncate to cordate at base, rather coarsely doubly-serrate or incised-serrate, woolly especially along the margins; calyx 4-lobed. the sepals distinct nearly to base; corolla pink to blue (sometimes wanting); (Alaska- Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie) Synthyris 9 Stems to over 4 dm tall, they and the leaves usually more or less whitish-pubescent (but not brownish-woolly); principal leaves tapering 1333 Scrophulariaceae to broadly rounded at base (rarely subcordate); corolla none; (s Alta. and sw Sask.) Besseya 6 Leaves more gradually reduced upwardly in comparison with the basal leaves (or the middle and upper ones sometimes the largest). 10 Stamens 5; corolla normally yellow, nearly regular, rotate, the tube much shorter than the lobes; stigmas wholly united; calyx regular, deeply 5-lobed; flowers in elongate simple or panicled spikes or racemes: leaves lanceolate to lance-ovate; stem to about 2 m tall; (introd.) Verbascum 10 Stamens 2 or 4, 1 1 Stamens 2; stigmas wholly united; corolla-limb rotate, much longer than the very short tube, 4-lobed and weakly 2-lipped (the upper lip of 2 fused lobes); flowers whitish to purplish-blue; calyx 4-lobed. the lobes equal or the upper pair the shortest Veronica 1 1 Stamens 4; corolla tubular to campanulate. 12 Corolla weakly 2-lipped (the 5 lobes all directed forward), white, yellow, or purple; calyx deeply 5-lobed, its lobes distinctly unequal; stigmas 2-lobed; flowers pedicelled in long 1 -sided racemes; (introd.) Digitalis 12 Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; stigmas wholly united. 13 Corolla with throat closed by a prominent palate, distinctly saccate at base, the 2 large lobes of the upper lip erect or reflexed; calyx deeply 5-lobed; capsule asymmetrical; leaves entire; (introd.) [Antirrhinum] 13 Corolla with open throat, galeate (its mostly subentire upper lip laterally compressed or keeled, more or less arching and helmet-shaped). 14 Calyx mostly 5-lobed (sometimes 2-lobed or merely split in front, or subentire at the oblique summit); pollen-sacs similar in size and position: leaves toothed to dissected, often basal as well as cauline; chiefly perennials Pedicularis 14 Calyx 4-cleft or lateral pairs of its 4 lobes often partly or wholly connate; pollen-sacs unequally set, one fixed by the middle and appearing terminal on the filament, the other (sometimes reduced or obsolete) attached by its apex and pendulous or reflexed along the filament; leaves wholly cauline. entire to deeply few-cleft but rarely distinctly pinnatifid or marginally toothed, 15 Galea (hood or beak of the 2-lipped corolla) distinctly surpassing the lower lip; perennials, the erect or ascending stems commonly clustered from a woody caudex Castilleja 15 Galea only slightly or not at all surpassing the lower lip; annuals, the slender stems simple or branched above , Orthocarpus 1 Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled (or the upper bracteal ones often alternate); corolla spurless, 16 Leaves (at least some of them) whorled, lanceolate to lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, petioled; corolla nearly regular, the limb 4-lobed; flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes; stigmas wholly united; stamens 2; stem to about 2 m tall. 17 Corolla tubular, white, pink, or purplish, about 8 mm long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; calyx usually deeply 5-parted, the 2 lobes of the lower lip the longest; capsule narrowly ovoid, 4 or 5 mm long, much longer than broad, the acute apex not emarginate; leaves in whorls of up to 7; (s Man. to w Ont.) Veronicastrum 17 Corolla rotate, blue-violet, the lobes at most about 5 mm long, much longer than the tube; calyx deeply 4-parted; capsule broadly oblong, only slightly longer than broad, rounded or slightly emarginate at summit; leaves mostly opposite, but some in whorls of 3 or rarely 4 Veronica 16 Leaves mostly opposite. 1334 Key to Scrophulariaceae 18 Calyx 4-lobed (or Veronica latifolia with a fifth very small sepal; or calyx essentially entire to variously lobed in Pedicuiaris)-, stigmas wholly united, 19 Stamens 2; plants not root-parasitic. 20 Corolla pale yellow, strongly 2-lipped, the small ascending upper lip more or less saccate, the obovate lower lip inflated and slipper-like; flowers numerous, about 12 mm broad; leaves pinnately parted or divided into 2 or 3 pairs of broadly lanceolate to ovate, toothed or pinnatifid segments; pilose annual; (introd.) [ Calceolaria ] 20 Corolla with a spreading, 4-lobed and weakly 2-lipped limb; flowers whitish to purplish blue Veronica 19 Stamens 4; corolla strongly 2-lipped, with a well-developed tube, galeate (the upper lip usually subentire and laterally compressed, arching and more or less helmet-shaped); plants frequently root-parasitic, often darkening in drying. 21 Leaves palmately veined, coarsely serrate, ovate, seldom more than twice as long as broad; flowers sessile or subsessile; corolla whitish, bluish, or purplish, with darker bluish or purplish veins, not over 1 cm long; calyx nearly regular; annuals with slender stems Euphrasia 21 Leaves pinnately veined or pinnatifid, relatively longer. 22 Capsule oblique at summit, opening along the longer margin. 23 Leaves entire or the upper ones coarsely toothed to lacerate near base; flowers at most about 12 mm long, solitary in the remote axils; corolla whitish with a yellow palate; calyx-lobes subulate, the upper pair slightly the longer; seeds not more than 4; (transconti- nental) Melampyrum 23 Leaves shallowly to deeply pinnatifid; flowers larger, yellow, pink, red, or purple, in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx subentire and oblique or variously lobed; seeds numerous Pedicuiaris 22 Capsule symmetrical or nearly so, opening along 2 margins; flowers in spike -like racemes; leaves sessile or subsessile. 24 Corolla yellow or bronze-tinged, to about 2 cm long; fibrous-rooted annuals. 25 Calyx conspicuously inflated in fruit, strongly flattened; seeds flat, broadly winged; leaves triangular-lanceolate to oblong, serrate or crenate-serrate, to about 6 cm long and 1 .5 cm broad; plant not glandular-hairy Rhinanthus 25 Calyx scarcely inflated in fruit, not markedly flattened; seeds turgid, wingless; leaves lanceolate to ovate, crenate-dentate. to 4 cm long and 2 cm broad; plant glandular-hairy; (introd. in sw B.C.) Parentucellia 24 Corolla purplish ; seeds not winged. 26 Annual with fibrous roots; corolla rose-red to red-purple, pubescent, about 1 cm long; capsule elliptic; leaves oblong- lanceolate, to 3 cm long, coarsely few-toothed; stem scabrous-pubescent, to about 4 dm tall; (introd.) Odontites 26 Perennial from a somewhat woody rhizome; corolla rich dark purple, densely glandular-pubescent, to over 1.5 cm long; calyx purple; capsule ovoid; leaves ovate or oval, crenate-serrate, less than 3 cm long; stem viscid-villous, to about 2 dm tall; (ne Man. to Baffin Is. and Nfld.) Bartsia 18 Calyx 5-lobed. 27 Leaves deeply pinnatifid or cleft to base; stamens 4. 28 Some of the long-petioled lower leaves 3-foliolately compound, others deeply 3-parted (all of the leaves small, the blade not over 2 cm long; middle and upper leaves with progressively narrower segments; upper- most leaves sessile and almost entire; lowermost long-petioled leaves often merely toothed); corolla blue and white, subrotate, with a short tube and spreading, somewhat 2-lipped limb to 4 mm broad; stamens equal; 1335 Scrophulariaceae stems to 2.5 dm tall, slender and weak, often branched, glabrous throughout, or the pedicels sparingly stipitate-glandular below the flowers [Tonella] 28 Leaves more or less deeply pinnatifid but neither 3-foliolate nor pinnately dissected to base into distinct leaflets; stamens didynamous (2 long, 2 short). 29 Capsule oblique at summit; corolla yellow or purple-tinged, strongly 2-lipped and galeate Pedicularis 29 Capsule symmetrical; (s Ont.). 30 Corolla pale lavender or greenish white, weakly 2-lipped, usually less than 5 mm long, not much surpassing the linear-lobed calyx; stigma 2-lobed; flowers axillary, on slender pedicels to about 1 cm long; leaves triangular-ovate in outline, to about 3 cm long; stem often decumbent at base, diffusely branched, to about 2 dm tall Conobea 30 Corolla yeliow or purple-tinged, somewhat irregular, at least 3 cm long, much surpassing the calyx; stigma unlobed; flowers in terminal racemes; leaves lanceolate to lance-ovate in outline; stem erect, to about 2 m tall Aureolaria 27 Leaves entire or toothed, not pinnatifid (but lower leaves of Aureolaria virgirrica often with 1 or 2 pairs of large obtuse lobes near base), 31 Fertile stamens 2 (a second pair of rudimentary or well-developed sterile filaments also often present); stigmas 2-lobed; flowers pedicelled in the leaf-axils; corolla more or less 2-lipped; leaves entire or only obscurely toothed, sessile or subsessile; stem to about 4 dm tall. 32 Sepals connate below into a 2-lipped, somewhat 5-grooved calyx 5 or 6 mm long at anthesis, the upper 3-toothed lobe the longest; corolla yellow, often with some maroon dots, to 9 mm long; fruit rather finely short-stipitate-glandular; leaves broadly linear to elliptic or oblong (the lower ones mostly oblanceolate), to 5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, they and the calyx glandular-pubescent [Mimetanthe] 32 Sepals free nearly or quile to base. 33 Calyx subtended at its immediate base by a pair of sepal-like bracts; sepals lanceolate; corolla white to golden yellow; stem glabrous or glandular-puberulent above Gratiola 33 Calyx naked at base; sepals linear; corolla white to pale lavender; glabrous annuals Lindernia 31 Fertile stamens 4, a fifth sterile filament sometimes present. 34 Leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, entire, sessile or subsessile, 1 -nerved; stigmas wholly united; annuals. 35 Corolla weakly 2-lipped, pink, roseate, or purple, to over 3 cm long; sterile stamen none; flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx regular; leaves usually scabrous above Gerardia 35 Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, about 5 mm long, deft nearly to base between the lips, conspicuously gibbous on the upper side near base, the lips blue-violet (upper lip sometimes white); a sterile gland-like rudimentary stamen present; flowers axillary and in a terminal umbel-like group Collinsia 34 Leaves broader, mostly pinnately several-veined. 36 Corolla nearly regular or weakly 2-lipped, 37 Flowers yellow or blue, solitary on long pedicels in the axils of ordinary finely to coarsely toothed foliage-leaves; sterile filaments none; stigma 2-lobed Mimulus 37 Flowers sessile or pedicelled in the axils of bracts, these much smaller than the foliage-leaves, the whole inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; stigma entire. 1336 Key to Scrophulariaceae 38 Corolla yellow, to over 3 cm Jong, glabrous outside; calyx finely pubescent; sterile filaments none; capsule to 1.5 cm long, densely rusty-pubescent; flowers sessile or on stout pedicels not over 3 mm long, the inflorescence spike-like; leaves petioled, lance-ovate, the larger ones often with 1 or 2 pairs of large obtuse lobes near base; (A. virginica ; s Ont.) Aureolaria 38 Corolla white to bluish-violet or purple; leaves not lobed, 39 Flowers sessile, the inflorescence a terminal spike; corolla dark purple, pubescent, about 2 cm long; calyx pubescent, about 7 mm long; sterile filament none; capsule barely surpassing the calyx; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, coarsely sinuate-dentate, very scabrous; stem short-hirsute; (s Ont.) Buchnera 39 Flowers subsessile to slender-pedicelled, the inflores- cence racemose or paniculate; a long slender filament present in addition to the perfect stamens; capsule distinctly surpassing the calyx; leaves entire or shal- lowly toothed, those of the basal rosette petioled, those of the stem sessile and sometimes clasping .... Penstemon 36 Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 40 Flowers yellow or blue, solitary on long pedicels in the axils of ordinary finely to coarsely toothed foliage-leaves; sterile filament none; stigma 2-lobed; calyx regular or irregular, its lobes usually shorter than the tube Mimutus 40 Flowers in a spicate or paniculate terminal inflorescence (if axillary in Collinsia verna, chiefly in 1-3 subterminal whorls of about 5 flowers each, forming an umbel-like duster); a sterile filament present. 41 Flowers sessile in a terminal spike; corolla over 2 cm long, white or partly greenish-yellow, often tinged with pink or purple; calyx regular, of separate obtuse or rounded, broadly elliptic and overlapping sepals; leaves shallowly serrate, subsessile or on short winged petioles; stem to about 2 m tall; (SE Man, to Nfld. and N.S.) Chelone 41 Flowers smaller, slender-pedicelled. 42 Flowers chiefly in 1 -3 subterminal whorls of about 5 flowers each, forming an umbel-like cluster; corolla commonly at least 1 cm long, conspicuously gibbous on the upper side at base, the lower lip bright blue, the upper lip white varying to pale blue; calyx about half as long as the corolla, somewhat irregular, its narrowly triangular lobes longer than the tube; leaves to about 5 cm long, oblong-ovate or triangular-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, the lower ones petioled, the others sessile; annuals to about 4 dm tall, finely glandular- puberulent above Collinsia 42 Flowers irregularly paniculate; corolla rarely over 1 cm long, reddish brown or the lower lobe yellowish green, the median lobe of the lower lip deflexed; calyx regular, about 1 /3 as long as the corolla, its broadly ovate or broadly triangular lobes about as long as the tube; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, petioled, serrate or incised, to about 2 dm long; stem to over 3 m tall, square in cross-section; rhizomatous perennials Scrophularia 1337 Scrophulariaceae [ANTIRRHINUM L.J [7482] Snapdragon 1 Calyx-lobes ovate, to 5 mm long; corolla 3 or 4 cm long, of various colours (often red-purple, rarely yellowish white); capsule about 1.5 cm long; seeds not cup-shaped; perennial [A. majus ] 1 Calyx-lobes linear, to 2 cm long; corolla less than 1.5 cm long, pink-purple; capsule about 1 cm long; seeds appearing cup-shaped because of the broad incurved wing; annual [A, orontium ] [A. majus L ] Common Snapdragon [European; an occasional garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, but scarcely persistent, as in s Ont. (Wellington Co.; F.H. Montgomery, Can. Field-Nat. 62(2):92. 1948) and ?N.S, (Roland 1947).] [A. orontium L.] Lesser Snapdragon [European; an occasional garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America but scarcely established, as in s Alaska (Hulten 1968b), sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.; John Macoun 1884), s Ont. (gratnfield in Perth Co.; OAC; reported from Niagara Falls, Welland Co., by J.M. Macoun 1897). and P.E.I. (Pennell 1935). map: Hulten 1968b:793.] AUREOLARIA Raf. [7604] False Foxglove 1 Calyces, pedicels, and capsules strongly stipitate-glandular; corolla yellow and commonly purple-tinged, glandular-pubescent outside; seeds wingless; leaves sessile or subsessile, rather finely 2-pinnatifid, minutely pubescent; annual; (s Ont.) A. pedicularia 1 Plant nonglandular; corolla uniformly yellow, glabrous outside; seeds winged; leaves petioled, at least the lower ones coarsely lobed; perennials; (s Ont.). 2 Plant finely pubescent throughout; pedicels at most about 6 mm long; lower leaves coarsely sinuate or pinnatifid. the upper ones less deeply lobed or entire A. virginica 2 Plant essentially glabrous or leaves puberulent; pedicels to about 1 .5 cm long; lower leaves deeply pinnate-lobed, the upper ones dentate or entire A. flava A. flava (L.) Farw. /t/EE/ (Hp) Deciduous woods from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Waterloo, York, Welland, and Lincoln counties) and sw Maine, s to Ala. and Ga. [Gerardia L,; G. quercifolia Pursh; Agalinis Boivin], map: Pennell 1935: map 100, p. 393. A. pedicularia (L.) Raf. /t/EE/ (T) Dry deciduous woods and clearings from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Huron, Norfolk, Waterloo, Wellington, Brant, Lincoln, Welland, Wentworth, and York counties) and sw Maine, S to III., Ohio, and N.C. [Gerardia L.; Agalinis Blake; Dasystoma Benth,]. map: Pennell 1935: map 101, p. 398, Some of our material is referable to ssp. ambigens (Fern.) Farw. (incl. ssp. intercedens Pennell; stem more or less copiously stipitate-glandular above rather than nonglandular). A. virginica (L.) Pennell Downy Foxglove /t/EE/ (Hp) Dry deciduous woods from Minn, to s Ont, (Norfolk, Waterloo, Welland, and Lincoln counties; CAN; TRT; Zenkert 1934) and N.H., s to La., Ala., and Fla. [Rhinanthus L.; Agalinis Blake; Gerardia BSP.; Dasystoma Britt.; D. pubescens Benth.]. BARTSIA L. [7645] B. alpina L. Velvet-bells, Alpine Bartsia /aST/EE/GEA/ (Hp) Moist turfy slopes (chiefly calcareous) from Man. (known only from Churchill) to Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay s to 53°25'N), Que. (coasts of Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay-James Bay s to 53°50'N; Knob Lake dist. at ca. 54°45'N), s Baffin Is. (n to ca. 1338 Castilteja 56°N), the coast of Labrador, and nw Nfld.; w Greenland n to ca. 76°N, e Greenland n to 68°44'N; Iceland; Europe; Asia Minor, maps: Hulten 1958: map 21, p. 41; Porsild 1957: map 290, p. 197. BESSEYA Rydb. [7583] Kitten-tails 1 Calyx 4(3)-lobed, the base cup-shaped and surrounding the ovary and stamens; inflorescence much elongate at maturity, the lower fruits becoming remote, the bracts distinctly narrowed toward base; basal leaves to 12 cm long, often subcordate at base; stem to 6 dm tall; (s ?B.C.) [B. rubra] 1 Calyx 2(3}-lobed; inflorescence remaining rather compact, its bracts seldom much narrowed below; basal leaves to about 7 cm long, seldom at all cordate; stem to 4 dm tall; (s Alta, and sw Sask.) B. wyomingensis [B. rubra (Dougl.) Rydb,] Red Kitten-tails [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash., Mont., and Oreg.) from se B.C. by Henry (1915; Flathead R., se of Fernie) requires confirmation, perhaps being based upon B, wyomingensis. The report from sw Sask. by John Macoun (1884; Fort Walsh, Cypress Hills) is based upon this latter species, the relevant collection in CAN. (Gymnandra Dougl.; Synthyris Benth.).] B. wyomingensis (Nels.) Rydb. /T/WW/ (Hs) Open slopes and dry meadows in the lowlands and foothills from s ?B.C. (see B . rubra), s Alta. (Crowsnest Pass, on the B.C. -Alta, boundary; Waterton Lakes; Milk River Ridge), and sw Sask. (DAO; Breitung 1957a) to Utah, Colo., and Nebr, [Wulfenia Nels.; Synthyris Heller; W. (B.; S.) gymnocarpa Nels,; B. cinerea sensu Breitung 1957a, not Veronica cin. Raf., basionym]. BUCHNERA L. [7622] B. americana L, Blue-hearts /t/EE/ (Gp) Moist sandy soil, prairies, and open woods (doubtless parasitic on the roots of various plants) from e Kans. to Mo., Mich., s Ont. (Squirrel Is., Ipperwash Beach, and Port Franks, Lambton Co.; CAN; TRT; see s Ont, map by Soper 1962: map 24, fig. 22, p. 36), N.Y., and N.J., s to Tex. and Fla. map: Pennell 1935: map 141 (the dot indicating a station at the s end ot the Bruce Pen., L. Huron, should be deleted; see Soper 1962), p, 478. [CALCEOLARIA L] [7474] [C. scabiosifolia R. & S.] Slipperwort [A native of S. America; reported from Ont. by Boivin (1966b; Ottawa), where probably a garden-escape but scarcely established.] CASTILLEJA Mutis [7631] Indian Paint-brush, Painted-cup 1 Root annual; stems usually solitary, erect, to 8 dm tall; leaves and bracts entire, linear-lanceolate, the bracts much longer than the flowers, the uppermost ones tipped with red or scarlet; corolla yellowish, to 2.5 cm long; calyx to 2 cm long; plant glandular-villous, of alkaline marshes and meadows; (B.C.) C. exiiis 1 Root perennial, usually woody; stems clustered, often decumbent and sometimes rooting at the base; bracts usually 3-9-lobed or divided (rf entire, relatively broad). 2 Leaves mostly entire {or the upper ones below the floral bracts sometimes with 1(2) pairs of lateral lobes (other species, particularly C. applegatei and C. hispida , may often key out here); perennials with usually clustered stems on a woody caudex, the leaves all cauline. 3 Inflorescence predominantly various shades of rose, red, or scarlet (atypically whitish or yellow). 4 Galea short, at most about 6 mm long and 1/3 the length of the corolla-tube; lower corolla-lip to 3 mm long; corolla to 18 mm long; calyx to 16 mm long; 1339 Scrophulariaceae bracts mostly oval (the lowest ones lanceolate and with a pair of short linear lateral lobes); stems to about 5 dm tall; (B.C. to James Bay) C. raupii 4 Galea longer, commonly at least half the length of the corolla-tube and usually at least 4 times as long as the dark-green, thickened, lower corolla-lip. 5 Calyx much more deeply cleft ventrally (the side away from the floral axis) than dorsally, usually more showy than the mostly 3-lobed bracts (inflorescence bright red or scarlet, occasionally yellow); corolla to over 4 cm long; leaves linear, usually glabrous; stems to over 7 dm tall, usually more or less hispid below but otherwise glabrous; (s ?B.C.) .... [C. linariaefolia] 5 Calyx about equally cleft on both sides (or more deeply so dorsally); bracts more showy than the calyx. 6 Bracts mostly more or less toothed or cleft into acute terminal lobes (rarely entire); inflorescence scarlet (rarely crimson); corolla to 4 cm long; leaves glabrous to puberulent or finely villous; stem to 8 dm tall, often branched, glabrous or short-pubescent; (Alaska-B.C, to w Ont.) C. miniata 6 Bracts or their segments mostly obtuse or rounded at summit; inflorescence crimson (rarely purple; drying scarlet). 7 Bracts mostly with 1 or 2 pairs of short lateral lobes; corolla to 3.5 cm long; plant to 3(4) dm tall, commonly glabrate or only obscurely viscid-villous in the inflorescence; (B.C. and Alta.) C. rhexifolia 7 Bracts mostly entire (or the upper ones sometimes lobed); corolla to 3 cm long. 8 Stems to 3 dm tall, viscid-villous; leaves viscid-puberulent or -villous; (?B.C.) [C. elmeri] 8 Stems to 6 dm tall, glabrous or only slightly pilose below the inflorescence; leaves usually glabrous or glabrate (sometimes finely pubescent); (Alaska-B.C.) C. hyetophila 3 Inflorescence predominantly greenish white to yellow (sometimes varying to orange, red, or purple). 9 Lower corolla-lip at most 1 /5 the length of the galea (C. lutescens may sometimes key out here); leaves distinctly 3-ribbed; stems to about 6 dm tall; (B.C.). 10 Bracts acute to attenuate; corolla to 2 cm long; leaves finely pubescent; stems finely pilose (villous-hirsute through the inflorescence); (n B.C.) C. fulva 10 Bracts mostly obtuse or rounded at summit. 1 1 Inflorescence elongate, predominantly yellow but varying to pink, orange, or even red; leaves villous-puberulent to glabrate; (B.C. -Alta.) C. gracillima 1 1 Inflorescence relatively compact and more consistently yellowish; leaves roughish-appressed-pubescent; (Alaska-Yukon-B.C.) C. unalaschcensis 9 Lower corolla-lip commonly at least 1 /4 the length of the galea; bracts mostly obtuse or rounded at summit; leaves often less distinctly ribbed. 12 Plant strongly viscid-villous nearly throughout, rarely over 1 or 2 dm tall; corolla to 2.5 cm long (varying from yellow to red or purple); leaves mostly linear-lanceolate; (B.C. and sw Alta.) C. occidentals 12 Plants more or less pubescent but not strongly viscid-villous throughout, commonly to 5 or 6 dm tall. 13 Bracts commonly 3-7-lobed; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent; stems puberulent to obscurely villous or hispid; (B.C. and sw Alta.) C. lutescens 13 Bracts commonly entire (or some of them with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral lobes); (essentially transcontinental) C. pallida 2 Leaves (at feast a relatively large number of the upper ones below the inflorescence) with 1 or more pairs of lateral lobes. 1340 Castiiteja 14 Inflorescence predominantly various shades of rose, red, crimson, or scarlet (occasionally whitish or yellow). 15 Plants annual or biennial, with clustered, mostly entire, oblong or obovate rosette-leaves; stem-leaves soft-pubescent, commonly with 1 or 2 pairs of linear or narrowly oblong lobes; bracts commonly deeply 3-lobed, bright scarlet toward summit (yellow in f. lutescens ); calyx deeply divided into 2 lateral halves, each half gradually widened to a broadly rounded, truncate, or barely emarginate (otherwise entire) summit; galea much less than half the length of the corolla-tube; stems to about 6 dm tall, more or less villous; (sw Sask. to Ont.) C. coccinea 15 Plants perennial, the stems clustered on a woody eaudex, the leaves all cauline; lateral halves of the calyx themselves deeply cleft; galea at least half the length of the corolla-tube (mostly about equalling it or even slightly longer). 16 Pubescence consisting partly of long hispid multicellular hairs; (s B.C. and sw Alta.). 17 Mid-blade (undivided portion) of leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, the pair of divergent elongate lobes not much narrower and arising from near or below its middle; corolla to 2.5 cm long; calyx to 2.5 cm long, its lobes rounded; inflorescence pale or deep rose to crimson; stems to 4 dm tall — C. angustifolia 17 Mid-blade of upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, most of the leaves entire but at least the uppermost ones with a subapical pair of short ascending lobes much narrower than the mid-blade; corolla to 4 cm long; calyx to 3 cm long; inflorescence bright red or scarlet; stems to 6 dm tall C. hispida 1 6 Pubescence (when present) more villous than hispid, the sparse hairs slender and entangled (C. hispida may key out here). 18 Stems and leaves more or less strongly glandular-viscid; corolla to 3.5 cm long; bracts 3-5-parted, mostly equalling or surpassing the subtended flowers, bright red, scarlet, or occasionally yellow; stems to 5 dm tall; (s ?B.C.) fC. appiegatei) 18 Stems and leaves scarcely or not at all glandular-viscid. 19 Leaves finely villous, most of them with 1 or 2(3) pairs of relatively elongate lobes not much narrower than the mid-blade; bracts mostly 5-parted, much shorter than the subtended flowers at anthesis; inflorescence bright scarlet or crimson; corolla to over 3.5 cm long; (s B.C.) C. rupicola 1 9 Leaves somewhat villous or glabrate, most of them with 1 (2) pairs of rather short lateral lobes usually much narrower than the mid-blade; bracts 3-5-parted, about as long as the subtended flowers; corolla to 2.5 cm long; plants commonly blackening on drying; (Alaska-B.C. and sw Alta.) C. parviflora 14 Inflorescence usually predominantly yellow or yellowish (bracts green in C. sessiiiflora; often purplish in C. pallescens ; occasionally pinkish to reddish, crimson, or purplish in C. angustifolia, C. cusickii, C. flava, and C. rustics; bracts red-tipped in C. suksdorfii): perennials with stems usually clustered on a woody eaudex (except C. suksdorfii), the leaves all cauline. 20 Corolla-tube greatly elongated, 3 or 4 cm long, strongly curved, the galea about 1 cm long, the whole corolla greenish yellow, pinkish, or purplish; calyx to 4 cm long, yellowish; bracts green, leaf-like; leaves densely puberulent, the lower ones linear and entire, the upper ones broader but with linear lobes; stems to 4 dm tall, villous-tomentose; (s Sask. and s Man.) C. sessiiiflora 20 Corolla-tube usually less than 2 cm long and not strongly curved; bracts more or less petaloid, 21 Plants of n B.C. near the Yukon boundary; corolla to 22 mm long, the galea to 8 mm Jong, about twice as long as the lower lip; leaves lance-linear, attenuate, the upper ones with 1 or 2 pairs of slender lateral 1341 lobes mostly at least 1 /3 the length of the leaf; stems to about 12 cm tall, appressed-pubescent or glabrate below, often spreading pubescent above and yellowish-hairy in the inflorescence; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie- n B.C.) C. hyperborea Plants chiefly of s B.C. (C. cusickii and C. pallescens also in s Alta.). 22 Lower corolla-lip prominent, commonly at least 2/3 as long as the galea. 23 Calyx-lobes broad and usually rounded at apex; bracts mostly obtuse and entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of short lateral lobes, viscid-villous or puberulent; stems to 6 dm tall, they and the leaves viscid-villous (rarely hispidulous); (B.C. and sw Alta.) C. cusickii 23 Calyx-lobes usually acute; bracts mostly with 1 or 2 pairs of narrow lateral lobes, puberulent and ciliate. 24 Lower corolla-lip distinctly pouched and pubescent; leaves densely puberulent; stems commonly not over 2 dm tall, densely puberulent with retrorse hairs or somewhat hispidu- lous; (B.C. and sw Alta.) C. pallescens 24 Lower corolla-lip scarcely pouched, usually not puberulent or only obscurely so; leaves hispid or villous and sometimes glandular; stems to 4 dm tall, hispid or villous; (?B.C.) [C. thompsonii] 22 Lower corolla-lip not prominent, at most about 1 /2 as long as the galea; stems to 5 or 6 dm tall; (B.C.), 25 Corolla to 5 cm long, its galea about equalling the tube; inflorescence at first compact, later elongating; bracts red-tipped above a yellow band; leaves densely puberulent; stems usually solitary, from a slender creeping base, obscurely villous or sometimes hispid or glabrate; (?B.C.) [C. suksdorfii ] 25 Corolla at most 2.5 cm long, the galea much shcrter than the tube; flowers rather remote; stems clustered on a woody caudex. 26 Primary lobes of calyx cleft into 2 linear obtuse lobes; leaves hispidulous to viscid-villous, the lower entire ones linear- lanceolate, the upper ones oblong-ovate or -obovate, with mostly 1-3 pairs of very short tooth-like lobes near apex; bracts golden yellow, similar to the upper leaves, oblong, obtuse, puberulent and more or less viscid-vitlous, nearly hiding the flowers; stems softly viscid-villous; (sw B.C.) C. levisecta 26 Primary lobes of calyx cleft into 2 linear acute lobes; leaves puberulent, the lower ones linear, the upper ones commonly with a single pair of long linear lobes near or below the middle; bracts broader than the leaves but their blades commonly more deeply dissected (1 or 2 pairs of slender acute or acutish lobes) and not hiding the flowers. 27 Calyx subequally deft dorsally and ventrally; bracts puberu- lent or villous; leaves densely puberulent; stems appressed-puberulent to hispidulous or finely villous; (?B.C.) - . [C. rusf/ca] 27 Calyx less deeply cleft dorsally than ventrally; leaves crisp-puberulent; (s B.C.). 28 Plant green, the crisp puberuience minute; bracts yellowish, crisp-puberulent; stem often nearly or quite glabrous C. cervina 28 Plant greyish, the dense crisp puberuience usually longer; bracts yellowish or occasionally reddish, villous or hispid; stem finely pubescent with soft, often retrorse, crisped hairs . ... C. f lava Castilleja C, angustifolia (Nutt.) Don /T/W/ (Hp) Dry hills and sagebrush plains from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland n to Lillooet and Salmon Arm; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; CAN) to Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo. [Euchroma Nutt.; E. bradburyi Nutt.; C. bennittii Nets. & Macbr,], [C, applegatei Fern.] [Dry slopes at moderate to high elevations from Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo. to Calif, and Nev. A collection in Herb. V from Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi SE of Hope, has been placed here but requires confirmation.] C. cervina Greenm. /T/W/ (Hp) Grasslands and open coniferous woods from s B.C. (n to Cache Creek, about 45 mi w of Kamloops, and Canal Flats, about 45 mi n of Cranbrook; CAN; type from Lower Arrow L., n of Trail) to n Wash, and n Idaho. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup /T/EE/ (T (Hs, bien.)) Peaty meadows, prairies, thickets, and damp sands and gravels from se Sask. (Buchanan, about 120 mi ne of Regina; Breitung 1957a) to s Man. ( n to Steeprock, about 100 mi n of Portage la Prairie), Ont. (n to Finland, about 70 mi s of Kenora, the Sault Ste. Marie dist. , and the Bruce Pen., L, Huron), and s N.H., s to Okla., La., and Fla. [Bartsia L.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 155, p. 536. Forma alba Farw. (floral bracts white rather than bright scarlet) is known from S Man. (Vivian, E of Winnipeg; DAO). Forma lutescens Farw. (floral bracts yellow) is known from Man. (n to Moosehorn, about 1 10 mi nw of Winnipeg) and s Ont. (Ferndale, Bruce Co.; TRT). C. cusickii Greenm. /T/W/ (Hp) Meadows and slopes at low to high elevations from s B.C. (n to Kamloops; V) and sw Alta, (between Waterton Lakes and Pincher Creek; Sweet Grass Hills, nw of Calgary; CAN; V) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont. [C. pallida var. camporum Greenm. (C. camp . (Greenm.) Howell)]. [C. elmeri Fern.] [According to Eastham (1947), a collection from Mt Brent, near Penticton, has been placed here by Pennell. The genus is so critical, however, that further collections are desirable before accepting this species as a member of our flora ] C. exilis Nels. /t/W/ (T) Alkaline marshes and meadows from s-cent. B.C. {Boivin 19665) and Mont, to Calif, and N.Mex, C. flava Wats, /t/W/ (Hp) Dry soils and sagebrush plains from s B.C. (Osoyoos L.. where taken by Dawson in 1877, and Kamloops, where taken by John Macoun in 1889; CAN), Idaho, and Mont, to Nev, and Colo. [C. brachyantha Rydb.; C. breviflora Gray, not Benth.; Orthocarpus tenuifolius sensu John Macoun 1884, as to the Osoyoos L. plant, not (Pursh) Benth., the above relevant Dawson collection in CAN], C. fulva Pennell /sT/W/ (Hp) Known only from ne B.C. (between Sifton Pass, ca. 57D45'N. and Mt. Selwyn and the type locality, Hudson Hope, both ca. 56°N; CAN; Pennell 1934). C. gracillima Rydb. T/W/ (Hp) Wet meadows of Mont., Idaho, and Wyo. Collections in Herb. V from s B.C. (Kinbasket, about 60 mi n of Revelstoke, and Fairmont Hot Springs) have been referred to C. ardifera and Alta, is included in the range by Rydberg (1922). (C. ardifera Macbr. & Pays.). C. hispid a Benth. /T/W/ (Hp) Grassy slopes and forest openings at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. 1343 Scrophulariaceae (Vancouver Is., Vancouver. Tulameen Valley near Princeton, Tranquille L. near Kamloops, Mt. Brent w of Penticton, Rossland, Trail, and Columbia Valley; CAN; V) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Waterton Lakes; Three Hills, ne of Calgary: Okotoks, s of Calgary; CAN) to Oreg. and Idaho. [C. angustifolia var, hisp, (Benth,) Fern.; C. rernota Greene; incl. ssp. acuta Pennell]. C. hyetophila Pennell /sT/W/ (Hp) Moist places along the coasts of Alaska (n to ca. 61°30'N; type from Windham Bay) and B.C, (s to s Vancouver Is.), maps: Hulten 19686:808; Pennell 1934: map 6 (incomplete), p. 538. The scarcely separable C. chrymactis Pennell of se Alaska (type from Glacier Bay) differs in its generally longer corollas, 3-lobed rather than entire floral bracts, and more compact inflorescence. map: Hulten 19686:808. C. hyperborea Pennell /Ss/W/eA/ (Hp) Dry places at low to fairly high elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 69°30'N; type from the Sheenjek Valley), the Yukon (n to ca. 67°N), and the Mackenzie R, Delta to northernmost B.C. (Haines Road at ca. 59D30'N; CAN); ne Siberia. [C. ?kuschei Eastw.]. maps: Hulten 19686:812; Pennell 1934: map 3 (somewhat incomplete), p. 531. Three Yukon endemics (?microspecies) described by Pennell (1934) may be rather arbitrarily separated from C. hyperborea as follows: 1 Corolla to 1 3 mm tong, the lower lip about 3/4 the length of the stout galea, this only slightly exserted beyond the calyx; [sw Yukon], 2 Leaves linear; stems finely pubescent below, more coarsely pubescent in the inflorescence; [type from near Kluane L.; maps: Hulten 1949: map 1040, p. 1470; Pennell 1934: map 3, p. 531] [C. muelleri Pennell] 2 Leaves lanceolate; stems densely villous; [type from Bear Creek; C, ?annua Pennell; maps: Hulten 1968b:811, and 1949: map 1045, p. 1471; Pennell 1934: map 3, p. 531] [C. villosissima Pennell] 1 Corolla to 2 cm long, the lower lip about 2/3 the length of the galea, this well exserted beyond the calyx. 3 Leaves linear, entire or the upper ones with short lateral lobes; stems to 3.5 dm tall, they and the leaves canescent-pubescent; [the Yukon, the type from the Lewes R., probably near Fort Selkirk; maps: Hulten 19686:810, and 1949: map 1046, p. 1471; Pennell 1934: map 3, p. 531] [C. yukonis Pennell] 3 Leaves lance-linear, at least the upper ones with long spreading lobes; stems shorter, finely pubescent to glabrate; [Alaska to w Dist. Mackenzie and n B.C.] C. hyperborea C. levisecta Greenm. /t/W/ (Hp) Meadows and prairies from sw B.C. (collections in CAN and V from Vancouver Is. and Trial Is.; collection in CAN from Queen Charlotte Is., detd. Pennell, but not listed by Calder and Taylor 1968) to Oreg. [C. Itnariaefolia Benth.] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont.) by Rydberg (1922) is probably based upon collections in CAN from Cascade and the Kettle R., both e of Grand Forks, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1902, these referred to C. lutescens by Porsild ] C. lutescens (Greenm.) Rydb. /t/W/ (Hp) Grasslands and open coniferous woods from s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Osoyoos; near Kamloops; Elko; Cascade, e of Grand Forks; Flathead) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19576) to Oreg. and Mont. [C. pallida var. lut. Greenm,; C. tinariaefoUa sensu Rydberg 1922, as to the B.C, part of the range, not Benth., relevant collections in CAN]. C. miniata Dougl. /T/WW/ (Hp) Meadows and slopes at low to moderate elevations from the s Alaska Panhandle and B.C. to Alta. (N to Spirit River, 55°47'N), Sask. (n to ca. 54°N), Man. (n to 18 mi n of The Pas), and w Ont. (Boivin 19666), s to Calif, and N.Mex. [C. confusa Greene; C. dixonii Fern.; incl. the 1344 Castifleja glabrous or glabrate 0. lanceifolia and C. magna Rydb. and the pubescent extremes, C. crispula Piper and C. tweedyi Rydb.; C. rhexi folia of most or all reports from Sask. and Man., not Rydb.]. maps: Hulten 19686:807; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 70(3): fig. 1, p. 124. 1956. C, occidentalis Torr. /T/W/ (Hp) Slopes and meadows at high elevations from s B.C. (collection in CAN from Rogers Pass through the Selkirks between Revelstoke and Golden; reported from Yoho and Windermere by Ulke 1935) and sw Alta. (N to Jasper; CAN) to Utah and Colo. C. pallescens (Gray) Greenm. /t/W/ (Hp) Dry hills and sagebrush plains from se B.C. (L. Osoyoos, near the U.S.A. boundary s of Penticton; Sidley, e of L. Osoyoos; Lower Arrow L,, N of Trail; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Three Hills, ne of Calgary; Cardston; CAN) to Idaho, Mont., and Wyo. [Orthocarpus Gray]. C. pallida (L.) Spreng. /aST/X/eA/ (Hp) Rocky, gravelly, or peaty places at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to n Banks Is., Victoria Is., s Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s in the West through se B.C. (Kicking Horse L.; CAN) and sw Alta. (Banff; CAN) to Utah. Colo., and the Black Hills of S.Dak., farther eastwards s to cent. Man, (Hayes R. from 100 mi sw of York Factory to York Factory; not known from Sask.), n Minn., cent. Ont. (n shore of L. Superior; coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay), Que. (s to se James Bay, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B. (Victoria, Madawaska, and Restigouche counties; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), and New Eng.; e Asia, maps and synonymy: see below, 1 Floral bracts violet or reddish (sometimes with yellowish tips), moderately to copiously white-villous; corollas with purple margins; stems usually several in a tuft, rarely over 3 dm tall, pubescent throughout or glabrate near base; [C. elegans Malte, the type from the mouth of the Tree R., Coronation Gulf, coast of Dist. Mackenzie; incl. C, mexiae Eastw,; C, unalaschcensis sensu M.O. Malte, Rhodora 36(425): 187. 1934, as to the Herschel Is., the Yukon, plant, not C. pall. unal. C. & S., according to Pennell 1934; nw part of the area; maps: Hulten 19686:811 (C. el. ); Porsild 1957: map 288, p. 196; Pennell 1934: map 1, p. 523] ssp. elegans (Malte) Pennell 1 Floral bracts yellow or ochroleucous; stems often taller. 2 Floral bracts copiously villous with yellowish hairs; stems several, to 2 dm tall; [Alaska: type from the valley of the Chandalar R., n Alaska; a collection from Circle, E-cent. Alaska, may also belong here] ssp. auricoma Pennell 2 Floral bracts glabrous to hirsute or white-villous; stems single or few, taller. 3 Leaves glabrous; floral bracts glabrous or sparingly ciliate on the nerves and margins; stems essentially glabrous except in the inflorescence; [C, sept. LindL, the type a single specimen developed from turf brought to England from Labrador; incl. C. sept. var. micmacorum Rousseau; C. acuminata of E N. America reports, not Spreng.; C. ?sulphurea Rydb.; Great Bear L. eastwards; map: Porsild 1957: map 287 (C. sept. ), p. 196] ssp. septenfrionalis (LindL) Scoggan 3 Leaves and floral bracts usually distinctly pubescent; stems usually pubescent above the base. 4 Pubescence relatively short and sparse, the stem usually appressed- pubescent, the leaves often glabrate; [C. caud. (Pennell) Rebr.; C. pallida sensu Hulten 1949, not (L.) Spreng.; Bartsia ?acuminata Pursh; Alaska (type from Port Clarence), the Yukon, and w Dist. Mackenzie; ne Asia; maps: Hulten 19686:809 (C. caud. ); Penell 1934: map 1 , p. 523] ......... ssp. caudata Pennell 4 Pubescence denser and consisting of longer and more spreading hairs; [Bartsia pallida L.; Asia only] [ssp. pallida] C. parviflora Bong. /sT/W/ (Hp) Gravels, turfs, talus slopes, and subalpine and alpine meadows from s Alaska (n to ca. 61°N; type from Sitka) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to Oreg. [Incl. C. henryae Pennell and C. oreopola Greenm.]. maps: Pennell 1934: map 4 (incl. C. henryae; incomplete), p. 535; combine the maps by Hulten 19686:812 and 813 (C. hen.). 1345 Scrophulariaceae Var. albida (Penned) Ownbey (floral bracts whitish or pinkish rather than deep rose to crimson) is known from s B.C. (Tranquille L, sw of Kamloops; CAN). C. raupii Pennell /aSs/(X)/ (Hp) Meadows and tundra from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 64°30fN) and the coast of w Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.; type from the Caribou Mts. of n Alta, at 58°55'N), and cent. Dist. Keewatin (Aberdeen L, ca. 64°27'N, 99°W; CAN), s to northernmost B.C. (Liard Hot Springs, ca. 59°N), n Alta. (S to the Athabasca R. at 57°25fN; CAN), ne Man. (between York Factory and Churchill), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay s to 51°15'N), islands in James Bay, and w-cent, Que. (e James Bay coast between ca. 52° and 54°12'N). [incl. ssp. ursina Pennell], maps: Hulten 19686:809; Pennell 1934: map 2, p. 530. C. rhexifotia Rydb. /T/W/ (Hp) Subalpine and alpine meadows and slopes from s B.C. (n to Lillooet and Kamloops; Herb. V; probably extending farther northwards but the area uncertain through confusion with other species, particularly C. miniata ) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to Oreg., Utah, and Colo. [C. lauta Nels.; C. purpurascens Greenm.; C. purpurascens and C, subpurpurascens Rydb.]. C. rupicola Piper /T/W/ (Hp) Cliffs and rocky slopes at moderate to high elevations from s B.C. (along the Skagit and Chilliwack rivers, where taken by J.M. Macoun between 1901 and 1906; CAN) to Oreg. [C. rustica Piper] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Oreg., Idaho, and Mont.) from se B.C. by Eastham (1947; Windermere, Columbia Valley, as C. subcinerea) requires confirmation, perhaps being referable to the closely related C. cervina, known from the same locality. (C. subcinerea Rydb.).] C. sessiliflora Pursh Downy Painted-cup /T/WW/ (Hp) Dry prairies and plains from Mont, to s Sask. (N to Indian Head, about 40 mi E of Regina) and s Man. (n to Birtle, about 60 mi nw of Brandon), s to Ariz., Tex., Mo., III., and Wise. map: Pennell 1935: map 150, p. 524. Forma purpurina Pennell (corolla purplish rather than yellowish white) is reported from sw Man. by Boivin (1966b). [C. suksdorfii Gray] [The report of this species of Wash, and Oreg. from s B.C. by J.M. Macoun (1906; Chilliwack Valley; this taken up by Henry 1915, and the probable basis of the inclusion of B.C. in the range by Rydberg 1922) is based upon C. miniata , relevant collections in CAN.] [C. thompsonii Pennell] [The inclusion of s B.C. in the range of this species of Wash, by Hitchcock et al. (1959) requires clarification.] C. unalaschcensis (C. & S.) Malte /Ss/W/ (Hp) Grassy places near the coast and subalpine meadows in the Aleutian Is., S Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 62°N; the report from Herschel Is., the Yukon, by M.O. Malte, Rhodora 36(425): 187. 1934, is referable to C, paifida ssp. elegans according to Pennell 1934), and coastal B.C. (s to Queen Charlotte Is.; CAN; DAO; V). [C. pallida unal. C. & S., the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; C. ?eximia Eastw. ; incl. ssp. transnivalis Pennell], maps: Hulten 19686:807; Pennell 1934: map 5, p, 536. CHAENORRHINUM Reichenb. [7484] C. minus (L.) Lange Dwarf Snapdragon Eurasian; introd. along roadsides, railways (particularly common in cindery ballast), and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Agassiz; EJko), s Alta. (N to Edmonton), Sask. (N 1346 Collinsia to Prud'homme, s of Prince Albert), Man. (fst to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n to Moosonee, sw James Bay, 51°16'N), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia), N.B., P.EJ., and N.S. [Antirrhinum L. ; Unaria Desf.]. CHELONE L. [7507] C, glabra L Turtlehead, Balmony. Tete de Tortue or Galane /T/EE/ (Hp) Wet thickets, streambanks, and marshy places, the aggregate species from SE Man. (Sandilands Forest Reserve and Shoal L.; WIN) to Ont. (n to Moose Factory, sw James Bay, 51°1 6'N), Que. (N to SE James Bay at ca. 51°30'N. L. St. John, and the Gaspe Pen.; reported from the Cote-Nord by Saint-Cyr 1887; not known from Anticosti Is.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mo., Ala., and Ga. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Corolla deep roseate or purple at summit and in throat; leaves broadly lanceolate to narrowly oval, relatively thin and long-petioled, to 6 cm broad; [C. glabra f. rosea Fern.; C, montana (Raf.) Pennell & Wherry; reported as frequent in Norfolk Co., s Ont,, by Landon 1960; map: Pennell 1935: map 39 (the occurrence in s Ont. should be indicated), p. 1 85] var. elatior Raf. 1 Corolla whitish except for the pinkish summit or greenish-yellow lobes. 2 Upper leaves scarcely reduced, rounded or subcordate at base; corolla whitish outside, the lips purplish within; [Ont. (n to James Bay) to Nfld. (type locality) and N.S.; map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] . var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. 2 Upper leaves distinctly reduced, tapering to narrow bases. 3 Corolla greenish yellow ai summit, whitish within; leaves linear-lanceolate var. linifolia Coleman 4 Lower leaf-surfaces minutely pubescent; [range of f. linifolia ] f, velutina Pennell & Wherry 4 Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous; [C. linifolia (Coleman) Pennell; e Man. (Sandilands Forest Reserve; Shoal L.) and Ont. (n to Thunder Bay); map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] f, linifolia 3 Corolla creamy white to pinkish at summit or within the lobes; leaves lanceolate to ovate var. glabra 5 Lower leaf-surfaces minutely pubescent; [Chlonanthes tom. Raf.; apparently throughout the range] f. tomentosa (Raf.) Penned 5 Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous; [incl. var. elongata Pennell & Wherry; Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.; map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] f. glabra COLLINSIA Nutt. [7503] Blue-eyed Mary 1 Leaves relatively broad, the principal ones triangular- or oblong-ovate, widest immediately above the truncate or cordate-clasping base, entire or serrate with a few teeth; corolla to 12 mm long, the very gibbous throat much shorter than the lips, the upper lip white (varying to pale blue), the lower lip bright blue; upper pair of anther-filaments bearded at base; (s Ont.) C. verna 1 Leaves narrower, the principal ones nearly linear to narrowly elliptic or oblong, widest near or just below the middle; corolla-lips more uniformly blue; filaments all glabrous or nearly so. 2 Corolla commonly less than 7 mm long, the tube bent at an oblique angle to the calyx and strongly gibbous on the upper side at the bend, longer than the lips; flowers on slender pedicels to 1.5 cm long, the lowest ones solitary; leaves commonly entire, the upper ones often whorled, the lowermost ones small, spatulate to rotund, commonly deciduous; (B.C. to Ont.) C. parviflora 2 Corolla to over 1 .5 cm long, the tube bent at about a right angle to the calyx and shortly spur-pouched at the bend, about equalling the lips; flowers rather short-pedicelled, the inflorescence often somewhat interrupted-thyrsoid; leaves often more distinctly toothed, the lowermost ones often better developed (with blades to 1.5 cm long); (s B.C.) C. grandiflora 1347 Scrophufariaceae C. grandiflora LindL Blue-eyed Mary /t/W/ (T) Moist or dryish open flats and slopes at low to moderate elevations from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland; CAN) to Calif. C. parviflora Lindl. Blue-lips /sT/X/ (T) Moist places at low to fairly high elevations from the n Alaska Panhandle and s Yukon through B.C. and sw Alta, (N to Banff) to s Calif., Colo., and S.Dak., farther eastwards known from s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Carlyle, and Little Birch L; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (High L., about 80 mi e of Winnipeg; WIN), n Mich., Ont. (near Thunder Bay; Kenora; Elgin and Hastings counties), and w Vt. [C. grandiflora var. pusilla Gray; C. "pauciflora” sensu Hooker 1838, orthographic error; C. tenella (Pursh) Piper, notBenth.]. map: Hulten 19685:794. C. verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary /t/EE/ (T) Rich woods and thickets from E Iowa to Wise., S Ont. (Middlesex, Oxford, and Welland counties; CAN; TRT), and N.Y., s to E Kans., Ark., Ky., and Va. map: Pennell 1935; map 81. p. 295. CONOBEA Aubl. [7545] C. multifida (Michx.) Benth. /t/EE/ (T) Wet sandy, gravelly, or loamy shores from Kans. to Iowa and southernmost Ont. (Pelee Is., Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1892; CAN; ?extinct), s to Tex., La., Ala., and Ga. [Capraria Michx.; Leucospora Nutt,], map ( Leuc . mult.): Pennell 1935: map 20, p. 105. CYMBALARIA Hill [7478] C. muralis Baumg. Coliseum-Ivy, Ivy-leaved Toadflax European; a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.), Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist), sw Que. (Marie-Victorin 1935), N.B. (wharf-ballast at St. John; NBM), and N.S. (Yarmouth; ACAD). [ Antirrhinum (Unaria) cymbalaria L.]. DIGITALIS L. [7593] Foxglove 1 Corolla normally purple (sometimes white), with deeper purple spots on a white background within the lower part of the tube, to 5 cm long, essentially glabrous outside except for the ciliate lobes; calyx-lobes broadly ovate; leaf-blades ovate, crenate-dentate, pubescent beneath, all but the uppermost ones long-petioled; (introd.) D. purpurea 1 Corolla predominantly creamy-white or yellow, lined or spotted with brown, violet, or purple, more or less glandular-pubescent on both faces; calyx-lobes linear to narrowly lanceolate; leaves narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, entire or serrulate, all sessile or the lowermost ones short-petioled; (introd.). 2 Corolla to 5 cm long (about 3 cm broad when pressed); calyx-lobes, floral-axis, and pedicels copiously glandular-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to lance-ovate, with several strong pairs of lateral veins beneath D. ambigua 2 Corolla at most 2 cm long (less than 1 .5 cm broad when pressed); lateral veins of leaves less distinct. 3 Raceme rather open, its axis and pedicels glabrous or minutely glandular- puberulent, its bracts greatly reduced upwardly; calyx-lobes minutely glandular- ciliate, otherwise essentially glabrous; corolla to about 1.5 cm long, its lobes subequal; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate (mostly broadest near or above the middle), sparsely pubescent along the veins beneath or glabrate D. lutea 3 Raceme dense, its axis and pedicels copiously woolly, its bracts only gradually reduced upwardly; calyx-lobes woolly; corolla to about 2.5 cm long, the lower half strongly reticulated with purple or purple-brown, the middle lobe of the lower lip nearly white and about twice as long as the lateral ones; leaves lance-attenuate (broadest below the middle), glabrous beneath D. lanata 1348 Euphrasia D. ambigua Murray Yellow Foxglove Eurasian; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Aldergrove, near Vancouver; V) and s Ont. (near Aurora, York Co.; CAN; TRT). [D. grandiflora Lam.J. D. lanata Ehrh. Grecian Foxglove European; an occasional garden-escape to roadsides, open woods, and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Sooke, Vancouver Is.; Herb. V). D. lutea L. Straw Foxglove European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in sw Que. (at the foot of cliffs below Mt. Royal, Montreal, where taken by Frere Cleonique-Joseph in 1942; MT). D. purpurea L. Common Foxglove European; a garden-escape (sometimes locally abundant) to roadsides, old fields, and waste places in N. America, as in se Alaska (Hulten 1949), w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi SE of Hope), Ont. (n to the Muskoka Dist. , Georgian Bay, L. Huron), sw Que. (Rouleau 1947), w Nfld. (a large colony in St. Georges Bay; CAN; GH), and N.S. (Sydney, Cape Breton Is.; CAN), map; Hulten 19685:806. EUPHRASIA L [7638] Eyebright (Ref.: Fernald and Wiegand 1915; Fernald 1933; Sell and Yeo 1962; Clapham, Tutin, and Warburg 1962. This is an extremely critical genus, accorded widely different treatments by North American and British authors. The following survey of the genus in Canada can only be regarded as tentative.) 1 Floral bracts averaging over twice as long as broad, with distant, acute to awn-tipped teeth; capsules glabrous (very rarely with a few weak marginal bristles); corolla white, to 7 mm long; (in trod, in Nfld.) ...[£. salisburgensis] 1 Floral bracts averaging less than twice as Jong as broad; capsules ciliate with long straight hairs. 2 Corolla rarely over 4 mm long, the 2 terminal lobes of the upper lip very short, rounded, entire, usually revolute-margined, the lower lip scarcely surpassing the upper one, only obscurely fan-shaped; calyx-lobes at most 2 mm long; seeds less than 1.5 mm long; (Que. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) E . oakesii 2 Corolla usually at least 4 mm long, the 2 terminal lobes of the upper lip prominent, undulate-truncate, commonly reflexed from near base, the lower lip often fan-shaped, much larger than the upper one; calyx-lobes commonly over 2 mm long; seeds to 2 mm long. 3 Teeth of floral bracts obtuse to acute but not bristle-tipped; lower corolla-lip white with lilac, violet, or purplish veins, the upper lip often bluish-tinged. 4 Inflorescence subcapitate, only the lower 1 -3 pairs of bracts more or less remote in maturity; teeth of bracts obtuse; leaves very pubescent; corolla to about 7 mm long; (Alaska- Yukon-N ?B.C.) E. mollis 4 Inflorescence spicate, becoming loose and elongate; teeth of bracts obtusish to acute; (transcontinental) £ arctica 3 Teeth of floral bracts subulate or bristle-tipped; upper corolla-lip purple-tinged, the lower lip whitish with lilac to dark-purple veins. 5 Flowers borne only along the upper half of the stem and branches; corolla to 1 cm long, the lower lip veined with dark purple, fan-shaped, its lateral lobes wide-spreading; (e Que. to Nfld. and N.S.) E. americana 5 Flowers commonly borne nearly to the base of the stem and branches. 6 Corolla to 1 cm long, its fan-shaped tower lip with dark-purple veins and wide-spreading lateral lobes; (introd.). 7 Bracts glabrous, all ascending, tapering at base, their teeth bristle- tipped; calyx glabrous, its sharp lobes surpassing the capsule; corolla at most about 8 mm long E. rigidula 7 Bracts copiously pubescent, the lower ones spreading-ascending, 1349 Scrophulariaceae rounded at base, the teeth subulate-tipped; calyx densely pubescent, its sharp lobes about equalling the capsule; corolla to 1 cm long £ tatarica 6 Corolla averaging less than 8 mm long, with paler veins; lower corolla-lip only weakly fan-shaped, its lateral lobes not wide-spreading. 8 Bracts broadly oval to ovate or rotund, the blade about as broad as long, glabrous; corolla to 7 mm long, the upper lip violet-tinged, the lower lip white with lilac veins; branches arched-ascending; (Que. to N.S.) E. canadensis 8 Bracts narrower, distinctly longer than broad; branches commonly more strongly ascending. 9 Bracts and leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, the latter with up to 5 pairs of sharp teeth; corolla to 8 mm long; (introd.) [f. condensata] 9 Bracts and leaves pubescent, the latter with a few pairs of coarse acute teeth; corolla at most about 6 mm long; (?Alta.; Man. to e Que.) £. hudsoniana E. americana Wettst. /T/E/ (T) Fields, pastures, sea-cliffs, and roadsides and waste places from e Que. (Gaspe Pen. and Magdalen Is.) to Nfld., St-Pierre and Miquelon, N.B., P.E.I., N.S., and coastal Maine; introd. in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Langley Prairie), [E. officinalis of Canadian reports in large part, not L.]. Hybrids with E. arctica (x E. villosa Callen), E. canadensis (x E. aequalis Callen), and E. pennellii (x E. vestita Callen; E. pennellii here included in E. arctica var. submollis) are reported by E.O. Callen (J. Bot. 78:215-16. 1940) from their type localities in the Gasp6 Pen., e Que., at Cloridorme, Cap-des-Rosiers, and Douglastown, respectively Sell and Yeo (1962) have referred most of our material of this species and of £. canadensis, perhaps all collections that they have seen, to the Old World E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli, E. nemorosa (Pers.) Mart., and E. tetraquetra (Breb.) Arrond. Fernald and Wiegand (1915) had already noted, “It is possible, then, that E. canadensis and E. americana are derivatives of E. nemorosa and of E. stricta (doubtfully indigenous in America) or of closely related European species introduced into eastern Canada and eastern Maine by the earliest European colonists, in the 16th and 17th centuries; and, being annuals, the plants have, during hundreds of generations, departed sufficiently from their ancestors now to stand as true American species.” E. arctica Lange /aST/X/GEA/ (T) Open ground from Alaska (n to near the Arctic Circle) to s-cent. Yukon, Great Bear L.. Great Slave L., nw Sask. (L. Athabasca), s Dist. Keewatin (Porsild and Cody 1968), ne Man. (s to Churchill), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay), Baffin Is. (n to near the Arctic Circle), Que. (coasts of Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay-James Bay; Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.; Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (type locality), and Nfld. (reports from N.B. require confirmation; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s through B.C, -Alta, to Mont., n Minn., in Mich., and Maine; w Greenland n to 71°25'N, e Greenland n to ca. 74a30'N; Iceland; Scandinavia; nw Siberia. [Inel. vars. inundata and obtusata (Joerg,) Callen, E. disjuncta Fern. & Wieg. and its var. dolosa Boivin, E frigida Pugsl., and E. subarctica Raup; E, mollis var. ?laurentiana Boivin; £ latifolia Pursh in part, not L. nor Schur]. maps; Porsild 1957: map 2B9, p 197 (incomplete westwards according to the present concept; the map by Porsild 1966: map 126, p. 82, for E. subarctica also applies here); Hulten 1968b:814 (N. American range, as E disjuncta), and 1958, map 32 (E. frigida ; incomplete for w N. America), p. 51 . A hybrid with E. canadensis (x E aspera Callen, J. Bot. 78:216. 1940) is known from several localities in the Gaspe Pen., e Que. (type from Riviere-Marsouri). Many collections from e Que., Labrador, and Nfld. distributed as E. arctica have been referred by Sell and Yeo (1962) to the Old World E. curta (Fries) Wettst., a few to E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli, £. suborbicularis Sell & Yeo, and E. vinacea Sell & Yeo. E.O. Callen (Rhodora 54(642): 153. 1952) refers collections from Baffin Is. and northernmost Ungava to var. submollis (Joerg.) Callen (var. minutissima Polunin; E. frigida var. pusilla Pugsl.; E. ? pennellii Callen; leaves and calyces with an admixture of short-stalked glands in addition to the strong white bristles). 1350 Euphrasia £ canadensis Townsend /T/E/ (T) Open sterile fields and roadsides from Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.; type from near Quebec City) to P.E.t. (Malpeque, Prince Co.; Fernald and Wiegand 1915), N.S., Maine, N.H., and Mass. [E americana var. can. (Townsend) Rob.; E. officinalis of Canadian reports in part, not L.; see note under £. americana ]. [E. condensaia Jord.] [European; according to Pennell (1935), this species is identical with E. stricta Host (not HBK.) and has been introd. in N. America from Nfld. to N.Y. and Maine. Fernald in Gray (1950) includes E. stricta Host in the synonymy of E. rigidula Jord. but Pennell notes Pugsley s opinion that the latter is a distinct species. For the present, reports of E. condensata and E. stricta from N. America are here included in the treatment of E rigidula. ] E hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. /ST/(X)/ (T) Open ground and shores from ?Alta. (Fernald in Gray 1950) to Man. (between Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg, and Churchill; not known from Sask.), Ont. (n shore of L. Superior; Cochrane, 50°N; shores of James Bay-Hudson Bay n to ca. 56°N), Que. (Chimo, s Ungava Bay; coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay; Gasp6 Pen.; Anticosti Is.; type from the Koksoak R. S of Ungava Bay, where taken by Spreadborough in 1896), and n Labrador (Ryan's Bay at 59°37'N; E.C. Abbe, Rhodora 38(448): 158. 1936). The above statement of range of this critical species is based largely upon collections in CAN and GH, many of them determined or verified by Sell and Yeo (1962). its range is included in that of E. (arctica varj disjuncta by Hulten (19686:814), E. mollis (Ledeb.) Wettst. /Ss/W/eA/ (T) Subalpine meadows of the Aleutian Is., s Alaska (n to ca. 61°N), sw Yukon (St. Elias Mts.; CAN, detd. A.E. Porsild), and n ?B.C. (Rydberg 1922); e Asia. [E officinalis var. mollis Ledeb.]. map: Hulten 19686:814. E oakesii Wettst. /sT/E/ (T) Turfy or gravelly slopes, calcareous cliffs, and brackish shores from Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from near Quebec City to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.) to Labrador (N to Indian Harbour, 54°27’N), Nfld,, N.B., P.E.I., N.S., Maine, and N.H. [Incl. E randii Rob. and its vars. farlowii Rob. and reeksii Fern. (E purpurea Reeks, not Desf.) and E williamsii Rob. and its var. vestita Fern. & Wieg.]. Forma lilacina Fern. & Wieg. (corolla-lobes deep lilac rather than whitish with violet lines) is known from the type locality, Blanc-Sablon, Cote-Nord, e Que. E. rigidula Jord. European; introd. into dry fields and sterile grasslands in E N. America, as in Que. (Montreal dist; Gaspe Pen.; Magdalen Is.), Nfld. (GH; MT), ?N.B. (a collection in CAN from Salt Springs, 15 mi sw of Sussex, Kings Co., has been referred by Yeo to a possible hybrid between E nemorosa and E. stricta ), and N.S. [E ?sfr/cfa Host, not HBK. (see E condensata ); E. borealis sensu M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 9(105):163. 1907, not Wettst.]. [E. salisburgensis Funck] [European; the only record of this species in N. America is a collection in CAN (var. hibernia Pugsl.; detd. Yeo) from Daniels Harbour, w Nfld., about 100 mi n of Cornerbrook, where taken by James Richardson in 1861 .] E. tatarica Fisch. European; known in N. America from calcareous cliffs and gravels of E Que. (Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is,, and Gaspe Pen.) and Labrador (near Nain, 56°32'N; CAN, detd. as E curta by Yeo). [E sMcfa var. tat. (Fisch.) F. & W.; E ?curta (Fries) Wettst.]. Concerning the possibility of this species being native in e N. America (as proposed by Fernald in Gray 1950), see note under Luzula campestris. 1351 Scrophulariaceae GERARDIA L. [7604] Gerardia 1 Calyx-tube distinctly reticulate-veiny; corolla pink, less than 2 cm long, its lobes widely spreading; seeds yellowish; plants yellow-green, rarely darkening in drying. 2 Teeth of catyx-tube subulate, thickened, minute, the sinuses between them nearly flat; stem smoothish, with spreading branches; leaves commonly linear-oblanceolate; (s ?Ont.) [G. obtusifolia] 2 Teeth of calyx-tube triangular, thin, the sinuses between them deeply concave; leaves linear, acuminate; (s Ont). 3 Stem smoothish, scarcely angled, very abundantly branched, most of the spreading branches bearing a single apparently terminal flower, a terminal raceme scarcely developed on the main axis; calyx-teeth to nearly 2 mm long; stigmas to 3 mm long [G. gattingeri] 3 Stem usually somewhat scabrous on the 4 narrow wings, simple or with short ascending branches, the main axis terminating in a normal raceme; calyx-teeth less than 1 mm long; stigmas at most 2 mm long G. skinneriana 1 Calyx-tube scarcely reticulate-veiny; corolla pink or roseate to rose-purple, to over 3.5 cm long; seeds blackish or dark brown; plants deep green to purple-tinged, mostly blackening on drying. 4 Leaves linear, sharp-tipped, harshly scabrous above, with axillary clusters of smaller leaves; stem scabrous; calyx-teeth lanceolate, at least 1.5 mm long; corolla to 2.5 cm long, its 2 upper lobes ascending; capsule distinctly longer than thick; (s Man.) G. aspera 4 Leaves and stem glabrous or somewhat scabrous; capsule subglobose. 5 Corolla glabrous within, at most 1.5 cm long, the upper lobes arching forward; pedicels spreading, to over 2.5 cm long, mostly longer than the flowers; (s Man. to sw Que.) G. tenuifolia 5 Corolla pubescent on both surfaces, the lobes all spreading; pedicels ascending, shorter than the flowers; leaves linear. 6 Leaves obtuse or subacute, rather fleshy; calyx-teeth obtuse; pedicels to 1 2 mm long; (coastal saline marshes of N.B, and N.S.) G. maritima 6 Leaves acute, not fleshy; calyx-teeth acute; pedicels at most about 5 mm long, (se Man. to N.B. and N.S.) G. purpurea G. aspera Dougl. /T/EE/ (T) Dry prairies and sandy or -rocky slopes from s Man. (type from the Red R.; also known from Portage la Prairie, Morden, Emerson, and Stony Mountain; reports from Sask, require confirmation) to Minn., Wise., and III., s to N.Dak. and Okla. [Agalinis Britt.], map: Pennell 1935: map 112, p. 429. [G. gattingeri Small] [This species of the e U.S.A. (n to Nebr., Minn., and Mich.) is reported from s Ont. by Pennell (1935; near L. St. Clair, presumably in Kent Co., this station indicated on his map 140, p. 474). The relevant collection has not been seen and the species is probably now extinct in Canada. ( Agalinis Small; G. tenuifolia var. asperula Gray, the report of which from w Ont. by John Macoun (1886; Lonely L.) is based upon G. tenuifolia var. parviflora Nutt., the relevant collection in CAN (Macoun's report from Stony Mountain, s Man., is referable to G. aspera )).] G. maritima Raf. /T/EE/ (T) Coastal salt marshes from e N.B. (Kent Co., where taken by Fowler in 1865; MTMG; not known from PEI.) and sw N.S. (Argyle Head* and Wedgeport, Yarmouth Co.; ACAD; CAN; GH; NSPM) to Fla. and Tex. [Agalinis Raf.]. maps: Pennell 1935: map 113, p. 429, and 1929: map 21, p. 153. Forma alba Erskine (A. mar. f. Candida Boivin; flowers white rather than purplish) is known from sw N.S. (type from Wedgeport, Yarmouth Co.). 1352 Gratiola [G. obtusifolia (Raf.) Penned] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A, (Coastal Plain from Md, and Del. to Fla. and La.) from s Ont. by Dodge (1915; Squirrel Is., Lambton Co.) requires confirmation, perhaps being based upon G. skinneriana (see Gaiser and Moore 1966:106). ( Agalinis Raf.; G. parvifolia (Hook.) Chapm.). The map by Pennell (1935: map 137, p. 472) indicates no Canadian stations.] G. purpurea L, /T/EE/ (T) Damp open ground, shores, and bogs, the aggregate species from se Man. (Stony Mountain, near Winnipeg, and Lake of the Woods; DAO; MTMG) to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to I’lslet, about 45 mi ne of Quebec City; MT), N.B. (St. John R. mouth; not known from P E L), and N.S,, s to E Tex. and Fla. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Corolla at least 2 cm long; calyx-teeth at most 2 mm long; [Agalinis Pennell; reported from Niagara, S Ont., by Boivin 1966b; map: Pennell 1935: map 117, p. 438] . . . . var. purpurea 1 Corolla not over 2 cm long. 2 Calyx-teeth to 8 mm long; [G. (Agalinis) neoscotica Greene; N.S. (Annapolis (type from Middleton), Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne, and Queens counties and Sable Is.); maps: Roland 1947: map 399, p. 535; Pennell 1929: map 23, p. 161] var. neoscotica (Greene) Gleason 2 Calyx-teeth at most 3.5 mm long var. parviflora Benth. 3 Corolla white; [G. paupercula var. borealis f. albiflora Viet. & Rousseau, the type from Cap-Rouge, near Quebec City, Que.; Agalinis purp. var. parv. f. kucyniakii Boivin] f. albiflora (Viet. & Rousseau) Scoggan 3 Corolla pink to rose-purple; [var. paupercula Gray; G. (Agalinis) paupercula (Gray) Britt, and its var. borealis (Pennell) Deam; se Man. to N.B.; maps: Pennell 1935: map 114, p. 434, and 1929: map 22, p. 157; McLaughlin 1932: fig. 9, p. 345] f. parviflora G. skinneriana Wood /t/EE/ (T) Dry sandy prairies, hillsides, and dunes from s Wise, to s Ont. (Squirrel Is., Lambton Co.; OAC; reported from Kent Co. by Pennell 1935), s to Okla., Ark., and Ohio. [Agalinis Britt,]. map: Pennell 1935: map 135, p. 469. G. tenuifotia Vahl /T/EE/ (T) Prairies and open woods, the aggregate species from SE Man. (Winnipeg dist.) to Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to near Oka and Montreal), Vt., and Conn., s to Wyo,, Colo., Tex., Ala., and Ga. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Calyx-teeth subulate, at most 1 mm long; capsule at most 5 mm long; anthers densely villous; leaves linear, to 3.5 mm broad; [Agalinis Raf.; s Ont. and sw Que.; map: Pennell 1935: map 131 , p. 459] var. tenuifolia 1 Calyx-teeth broadly triangular, to 2 mm long; capsule at least 5 mm long. 2 Anthers sparsely pilose to nearly glabrous; leaves linear, at most 3.5 mm broad, often with conspicuous axillary fascicles of smaller leaves; [Aga//n/s ten. var. parv. (Nutt.) Pennell; SE Man. (near Winnipeg) to Sw Que. (n to near Oka and Montreal); map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] var. parviflora Nutt. 2 Anthers densely villous; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, to 6 mm broad, sometimes with axillary fascicles; [G. besseyana Britt.; s Ont. (Essex, Kent, Elgin, and Norfolk counties) and sw Que.; map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] var. macrophylla Benth. GRATIOLA L [7542] Hedge-hyssop 1 Corolla golden yellow, to 18 mm long; a pair of filiform capitate-tipped anther-filaments present; fruit about 3 mm long, shorter than the calyx-lobes; leaves linear to ovate, mostly less than 3 cm long; perennial with fleshy rhizomes and purplish stolons; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) G. aurea 1 Corolla at most about 1 cm long; sterile filaments minute or none; leaves to about 5 cm long; fibrous-rooted annuals. 1353 Scrophulariaceae 2 Pedicels lacking bracteoles (minute bracts) at the summit, the sepals evidently 5, elongate and pointed, often well over 1 cm long; corolla to 7 mm long; capsule subglobose, not pointed, 4 or 5 mm long; plants glabrous or only obscurely glandular above; (s B.C.) G. ebracteata 2 Pedicels bearing a pair of bracteoles below the calyx, the sepals thus apparently 7, less pointed, to 7 mm long; corolla to 1 cm long; capsule broadly ovoid, pointed, to 7 mm long; plant typically more or less glandular-viscid; (B.C. to N.S.) G. neglecta G. aurea Muhl. Golden-pert /T/EE/ (Hpr) Open swamps and sandy, gravelly, or peaty shores from E N.Dak. to Ont. (n to Mattawa, Renfrew Co., and the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to L. St. Peter in St-Maurice Co.; MT), Nfld. (Whitbourne, near St. John’s; GH), and N.S. (not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to III., N.Y., and Fla. [G. lutea of auth. in part, perhaps not Raf.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 9 (G. lutea ), p. 70. Forma leucantha Bartlett (corolla milk-white rather than golden yellow) is known from N.S. (Queens Co.; CAN; NSPM). Forma pusilla Fassett (the dwarf submersed sterile phase with leaves mostly less than 5 mm long rather than to 3 cm long) is known from Ont. (L. Nipissing and Mattawa) and Que. (Rupert R. se of James Bay at ca. 51o20'N). G, ebracteata Benth. /t/W/ (T) Wet meadows, muddy shores, and shallow water from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; the report from Kamloops by John Macoun 1890, taken up by Henry 1915, is based upon G. neglecta, the relevant collection in CAN) and w Mont, to Calif. G. neglecta Torr. /T/X/ (T) Wet places, muddy shores, and shallow water from s B.C. (n to Kamloops and Sicamous; CAN) to s Alta, (near Hanna, about 100 mi ne of Calgary; CAN), s Sask. (Battleford, Yorkton, and Moose Jaw; CAN), s Man. (N to Foxwarren, about 70 mi nw of Brandon), Ont. (n to Horton, Renfrew Co., and the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Beauport, near Quebec City), and N.S. (Middle Stewiacke, Colchester Co.; ACAD; CAN; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to Calif., Tex., and Ga. [G. virginiana of auth., not L.; G. lutea Raf. in part, the name of doubtful application; Steironema quadriflorum sensu Lowe 1943, not (Sims) Hitchc., the relevant Foxwarren collection in WIN), map: Pennell 1935: map 12, facing p. 80. Var, glaberrima Fern, (leaves rounded at base rather than tapering at both ends, they and the upper stem-internodes glabrous rather than more or less viscid-pubescent; corolla milk-white except at base rather than creamy white and with a yellowish tube) is known from Que, (type from Anse-St-Vallier, Bellechasse Co.). KICKXIA Dumort. [7479] Fluellin 1 Leaves broadly triangular-ovate, the middle ones hastate at base, the upper ones sagittate; pedicels to 3 cm long, glabrous throughout or minutely villous near the base and summit only; corolla to 9 mm long, the spur straight; (introd. in s B.C.) K. elatine 1 Leaves ovate or suborbicular, rounded or subcordate at base; pedicels to 2 cm long, villous throughout; corolla to 1 1 mm long, the spur curved; (introd. in s B.C. and s Ont.) K. spuria K. elatine (L.) Dumort. Canker-root European; occasionally introd. in N. America, particularly on wharf-ballast. Reported from sw B.C. by Eastham (1947; Saanich, Vancouver Is.) and there is a collection in CAN from Victoria, where taken on a street by Miss M.C. Melburn in 1967. [Antirrhinum L.; Unaria Mill.]. K. spuria (L.) Dumort. European; introd. along roadsides and gravelly shores and in dry fields in N. America, as in SE B.C. (Duncan, Vancouver Is.; Eastham 1947) and s Ont. (Walkerton, Bruce Co., and Woodville, Victoria Co.; OAC), [Antirrhinum L. ; Elatinoides Wettst,; Linaria Mill.]. 1354 Linaria LAGOTIS Gaertn. [7581J L. glauca Gaertn. /aSs/W/EA/ (Hs) Rocky tundra of the Aleutian Is., Alaska-Yukon (n to the arctic coast; see Hulten 1949: map 1033b. p. 1470), and nw Dist. Mackenzie; ne Europe; m Asia. [Bartsia Poir.; B. gymnarrdra L. f.; Gymnandra gmelinii C. & S.J. maps (aggregate species): combine the maps by Hulten 19686:804 and 805 (ssp. minor ; see map by W.J. Cody, Nat Can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 6, p. 148. 1971). Forma Candida Lepage (flowers white rather than bluish, the floral bracts relatively pale) is known from the type locality in the Talkeetna Mts., Alaska. Most of our material is referable to ssp. minor (Willd.) Hult. ( Gymnandra minor Willd. ; G. (L.) stelieri C. & S.; L. ?huitenii Polunin; stems relatively erect, the basal leaves tending to be lanceolate and serrate rather than ovate to suborbicular and with blunt or rounded teeth, the stamens mostly with relatively long filaments and short anthers); maps: Hulten 19686:805; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 6 (L. stell. ), sheet 38. LIMOSELLA L. [7558] Mudwort 1 Leaves with elliptic to oblong blades; corolla pink; calyx regular; capsule-valves not thickened at the margins; pedicels not strongly arching; (transcontinental) L aquatica 1 Leaves filiform or subterete to tip; corolla white; calyx regular or the sepals somewhat united in pairs; capsule-valves thickened at the margins; pedicels soon recurving; (Que. eastwards) L subulata L aquatica L. /aST/X/GEA/ (T) Fresh to brackish shores and wet sands from the w Aleutian Is. and Alaska (N to the Seward Pen.) to s-cent. Yukon, Great Bear L., n Alta. (L. Athabasca), Sask. (n to Leacross, 53°03'N; Breitung 1957a). Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55°50'N), Que. (n to Chimo, s Ungava Bay, and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin), and Nfld. (not known from the Maritime Provinces), s to Calif., N.Mex., Minn., and s James Bay; w Greenland n to ca. 71 °N, e Greenland n to 63°35'N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 19686:797, and 1958: map 187, p. 207; Pennell 1935: map 32 (incomplete northwards), p. 165; Meusel 1943: fig. 28c (incomplete for N. America). L subulata Ives /T/EE/ (I) Brackish or saline coastal sands and muds from Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from near Quebec City to the Cote-Nord, Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.; Chicoutimi, near L St. John; not known from Anticosti Is.) to Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s along the Atlantic coast to Va. [L. aquatica of reports from the Maritime Provinces, not L., relevant collections in several herbaria; L. aquat var. tenuifolia of most or all Canadian reports, not L tenuifolia Wolf], maps: Hulten 1958: map 187, p. 207; Pennell 1935: map 34, p. 168. Collections in CAN from sw B.C. (Alberni, Vancouver Is.) and Alta. (Oliver, near Edmonton) have been placed here but probably belong to the bladeless form of L aquatica, (var. tenuifolia (Wolf) Schubler & Martens; see M.L. Fernald Rhodora 20(237) :1 60-64. 1918, and Pennell 1935:631). LINARIA Mill, [7480] Toadflax 1 Stem-leaves lance-ovate to broadly ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, clasping at the cordate-auriculate base; corolla yellow, to over 4 cm long (including the spur); seeds wingless; perennial; (introd.) L. dalmatica 1 Stem-leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; flowers mostly smaller. 2 Corolla bright yellow with an orange palate, the body to about 1.5 cm long, the spur about 1 cm long; capsules about 1 cm long, the seeds with a circular wing; perennial; (introd.) L vulgaris 2 Corolla various shades of blue, violet, or purple (if yellowish, striped with violet lines); capsules shorter. 3 Corolla pale blue, whitish, or creamy, striped with violet lines, with a prominent 1355 Scrophulariaceae palate closing the throat, the spur much shorter than the body; stem relatively leafy; perennials; (introd. ). 4 Corolla not much over 1 cm long, creamy to bluish, with a conical spur to 5 mm long; seeds wingless L repens 4 Corolla to 2 cm long, usually deeper yellow, the compressed spur to 7 mm long x L. sepium 3 Corolla violet, blue-violet, or purple, the slender spur sometimes longer than the corolla-body; leaves usually more remote. 5 Perennial to 9 dm tall glabrous and glaucous, the stems branched above; flowers numerous in dense terminal racemes, violet (rarely bright pink), about 8 mm long, the incurved spur more than half as long as the corolla; seeds wingless; (introd.) [L purpurea] 5 Annuals or biennials, more or less viscid or glandular in the inflorescence. 6 Spur to 9 mm long, strongly curved, placed transversely or obliquely; corolla (including spur) to nearly 2.5 cm long, the lower lip with merely a pair of whitish rounded ridges at base rather than a well-formed palate; seeds wingless; leaves to 3 cm long; plants with short trailing basal offshoots (with opposite leaves) forming winter rosettes; stems to 6 dm tall; (S B.C.; Sask.; s Ont. to N.B. and N.S.) L. canadensis 6 Spur nearly straight, vertical; lower corolla-lip with a full yellow or orange palate; leaves to about 4 cm long; plants lacking basal offshoots; (introd.). 7 Corolla (including spur) about 3.5 cm long, violet-purple with a small whitish or paler yellow patch on the yellow palate; seeds with up to 6 ring-like wings; stems to 5 dm tall [L maroccana] 7 Corolla (including spur) usually less than 2 cm long, purple, the yellow palate reticulate with purple veins; seeds minutely rugose, wingless; stems to over 1 m tall [L pini folia] L. canadensis (L.) Dumont Old-field-Toadflax /T/X/ (T (Hs, bien.)) Dry sandy or sterile soil (often weedy in sandy loam) from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland; CAN; V; not known from Alta.) to Sask. (Alsask, about 125 mi nw of Swift Current: Breitung 1957a; not known from Man.), Ont. (Durham and Welland counties; OAC; TRT), Que. (n to Papineau Co. and the Montreal dist.; reported from Rivibre-du-Loup, Temiscouata Co., by Saint-Cyr 1887), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla. [Antirrhinum L], map (aggregate species): combine the maps by Pennell 1935: map 83, p, 307, and map 82 (L fexana), p. 303. The plant of B.C. and Sask. is referable to var. texana (Scheele) Pennell (1. fex, Scheele; corolla-body to about 1.5 cm long rather than usually less than 1 cm, the spur to 9 mm long rather than at most 6 mm, the seeds densely tuberculate rather than smooth or nearly so; see the above-noted map by Pennell). L. dalmatica (L.) Mill. European; introd. or a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (n to Fort St. John, ca. 56o10'N), Alta, (n to near Edmonton), Sask. (n to near Prince Albert), Man. (n to near The Pas), Ont. (n to the n shore of L Superior at Thunder Bay and Michipicoten), Que. (n to St-Fidele, Charlevoix Co.), and N.S. (Halifax and Victoria counties; ACAD; GH). [Antirrhinum LJ. MAP: J.F. Alex, Can. J. Bot. 40(2): fig. 5, p. 305. 1962. Some of our material is referable to var. macedonica (Griseb.) Vandas (L mac. Griseb.; floral bracts much reduced, at most about half the length of the pedicels rather than equalling or surpassing them, these to 3 cm long rather than mostly less than 1.5 cm; calyx-segments much shorter than the corolla-tube rather than subequal to it; spur about equalling the corolla-body rather than often shorter than it). [L. maroccana Hook, f.] [A native of North Africa; reported as a casual introduction into a garden in P.E.I. by D.S. Erskine (1960; Brackley Beach, Queens Co., a 1927 collection being the basis of the report of L. reticulata from there by Groh and Frankton 1949b).] 1356 Lindernia [L. pinifolia (Poir.) TheH.] [European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in E-cent. B.C. (Fort St. John, ca. 56°1G'N) and w-cent. Alta. (Beaverlodge, 55°13'N), these reports by Groh and Frankton (1949b; as L. reticulata). ( Antirrhinum Poir.;L reticulata (Sm.) Desf,).] [L. purpurea (L.) Mill.] Purple Toadflax [European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established; reported from sw B.C. by Boivin (1966b). ( Antirrhinum L,).] L. repens (L.) Mill. Striped Toadflax European; introd. along roadsides and in thickets, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in Nfld. (CAN; GH), N.B, (near Chatham and Newcastle, Northumberland Co.), and N.S. (Wolfville, Kings Co.; ACAD). [Antirrhinum L.; L striata DC.]. A probable hybrid between L. repens and L. vulgaris (x L. sepium Allman; keyed out above) is known from Nfld. (roadsides and railway embankments between St. John's and Waterford Bridge; GH; CAN). L. vulgaris Hill Butter-and-eggs, Common Toadflax. Gueule de lion Eurasian; a common weed of fields, roadsides, and waste places in N. America, as in Alaska (Fairbanks; Hulten 1949), s Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Smith, ca. 60°N), and all the provinces (in Man., n to Churchill); sw Greenland. [Antirrhinum (Unaria) linaria L], map; Hulten 1968b:793. Forma leucantha Fern, (corolla whitish rather than bright yellow) is known from Ont. (Boivin 1966b), sw Que. (Napierville Co. and St. Helen's Is., Montreal), and N.S. (Cumberland and Colchester counties; type from Amherst, Cumberland Co.). Forma peloria (L.) Rouleau ( Peloria peloria L, the floral characters so different from those of the typical form that Linnaeus placed the plant in a separate genus; the corolla regular, spurless or with 3 or 5 spurs at base, the flowers usually sterile, rather than corolla very irregular (as in the snapdragon), 1 -spurred at base) is known from Ont. (Ottawa, where taken by James Fletcher in 1879; CAN; reported from Toronto by Pennell 1935), Que. (St. Helen's Is.. Montreal; Rouleau 1945), and N.S. (John Macoun 1884). LINDERNIA All. [7562] False Pimpernel 1 Leaves mostly rounded at base, to about 2 cm long, usually distinctly shorter than the subtended stem-internodes; pedicels usually conspicuously surpassing their subtending leaves; seeds brownish yellow; (s B.C. and s ?Ont.) L. anagallidea 1 Leaves mostly cuneate at base, to about 3 cm long, usually equalling or longer than the subtended internodes; pedicels shorter than or only slightly surpassing their subtending leaves; seeds very pale yellow; (Ont. to N.S.) L. dubia L. anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell /t/X/ (T) Moist shores, sands, and banks from s B.C. (Boivin 1966b; collections in OAC from Norfolk and Waterloo counties, s Ont., have also been placed here but require confirmation) and Wash, to N.Dak., Wise., N.Y., and N.H., s to Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; S. America. [Gratiola Michx.; liysanthes Raf,]. map: Pennell 1935: map 31 (indicating no Canadian stations), facing p. 160. L. dubia (L.) Pennell /T/(X)/ (T) Shores, damp ground, and disturbed soil, the main area of the aggregate species from Ont. to N.B. and N.S., s to E Tex., La., Ala., and Ga., with isolated stations (?introd.) in s B.C., Wash., Oreg., n Calif., and n Mexico; S. America, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Bracteal leaves rounded at tip, little reduced; flowers all cleistogamous; [E Que, : fresh tidal shores of the St, Lawrence R. estuary at St-Vallier, Bellechasse Co., and Beauport, Quebec Co.] var. inundata Pennell 1 Bracteal leaves blunt to acutish; pedicels to 2 cm long. 2 Bracts conspicuously smaller than the foliage-leaves, the upper ones at most 6 mm broad; later flowers often cleistogamous; [liysanthes rip. Raf,; s Ont. (Welland. Peel, and Waterloo counties) and Que. (Venise, Missisquoi Co.; Batiscan, Champlain Co.)] var. riparia (Raf.) Fern. 1357 Scrophulariaceae 2 Bracts about equalling the foliage-leaves, the upper ones to 1 cm broad; corollas all expanding; [ssp. major Pennell; Gratiola L. ; llysanthes Barn.; /. gratioloides Benth.; s B.C. (New Westminster and South Kootenay, where probably introd.); Ont, (n to Carleton and Russell counties), Que. (n to 71 mi nw of Mont-Laurier and Batiscan, Champlain Co.), N.B., and N.S. ; map: Pennell 1935: map 27, p. 143] var. dubia MELAMPYRUM L. [7635] M. lineare Desr. Cow- wheat /sT/X/ (T) Mossy coniferous forest, bogs, heaths, and peaty or rocky barrens, the aggregate species from B.C. (n to Kispiox, about 125 mi ne of Prince Rupert at ca. 55°N; Eastham 1947) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53°45'N, 90°W), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 53°45'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; the report from s Labrador by Fernald in Gray 1950, may refer to the e Que. side of the Blanc-Sablon R.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to n Wash.-ldaho-Mont., Minn., Wise., Ind.. Tenn., Ga., and S.C map and synonymy: see below. 1 Bracteal leaves essentially entire or the uppermost ones with a few short basal teeth. 2 Foliage-leaves generally linear and rarely over 5 mm broad; stem simple or loosely few-branched; [M. pratense of Canadian reports, not L; M. sylvaticum sensu Hooker 1838, not L. ; transcontinental; map: Pennell 1935: map 148, p, 508] var, lineare 2 Foliage-leaves lanceolate to ovate, to over 1 cm broad; stem commonly bu shy- branched; [Ont. to N.B., P.E.L , and N.S.; map: on the above-noted map by Penneli] var. tatifolium Bart. 1 Bracteal leaves with several sharp slender teeth; leaves linear to lanceolate; stem commonly bushy-branched. 3 Leaves to 1 cm broad; blade of bracts (excluding teeth) to 2 cm broad, the lower bracts to 6 cm long; teeth of middle and upper bracts shorter than the blade-width; [M, americanum Michx.; Ont. to N.B., P.E.L, and N.S.] var. americanum (Michx.) Beauverd 3 Leaves (and blades of bracts, excluding the teeth) less than 1 cm broad, the lower bracts usually not over 3.5 cm long; teeth of middle and upper bracts about as long as the blade-width; [JW. lineare pectinaium Pennell; e U.S.A. only, but to be searched for, particularly in s Ont. ; map: on the above-noted map by Pennell] [var, pectinatum (Pennell) Fern.] [MIMETANTHE Greene] [7547] [M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Idaho) from sw B.C, by J.M, Macoun (1913; Swan L., Vancouver Is., as Mimulus pH.) is probably based upon a heretofore unnamed collection in CAN taken at that locality by John Macoun in 1908, referable to Mimulus guttatus. [Herpestes Benth.; Mimulus Wats.).] MIMULUS L. [7524] Monkey-flower. Mimule (Ref : A.L Grant 1924) 1 Corolla various shades of pink, red, blue-violet, or purple (often marked with yellow). 2 Low slender copiously glandular-stipitate annual to about 1 .5 dm tall; corolla reddish to light purple, at most 1 cm long; calyx to 6 mm long, regular, the short teeth nearly equal; leaves linear to linear-elliptic or linear-oblanceolate, sessile, entire, to 2 cm long and 4 mm broad, obscurely 3-nerved; (s B.C.) M. breweri 2 Taller, stouter, rhizomatous perennials to over 1 m tall; corolla commonly at least 2 cm long; calyx at least 1 cm long; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to ovate or obovate, entire or more commonly serrate. 3 Leaves palmately veined from near the base, sessile, entire or irregularly callous-dentate, viscid-villous; corolla pink-purple, commonly over 3 cm long; calyx to 2.5 cm long; (B.C. and Alta.) M. lewisii 1358 Mimulus 3 Leaves pinnately veined; corolla violet-purple; calyx to 1 .5 cm long. 4 Leaves petioled, coarsely toothed; corolla to 2.5 cm long; calyx-lobes to 2 mm long, bristle-tipped; pedicels mostly less than 2 cm long; angles of stem slightly winged; (s Ont.; ?extinct) [M, alatus ] 4 Leaves sessile, strongly rounded to cordate-clasping at base, very shallowly toothed; corolla to 4 cm long; calyx-lobes to 8 mm long; pedicels to over 6 cm long; stem not winged; (Sask, to N.S.) M. ringens 1 Corolla yellow, commonly lined, dotted, or blotched with maroon or red-brown. 5 Annuals, lacking rhizomes or stolons; leaves palmately or subpalmately veined from near the base (or often subpinnately veined in M. floribundus). 6 Corolla strongly 2-lipped (the lower lip longer than the upper one and deflexed from it). 7 Upper calyx-tooth much the largest; calyx to over 1 .5 cm long in anthesis, accrescent, the 2 small lower teeth tending to fold upwards in fruit; corolla to 4 cm long; leaves ovate to rotund or reniform-cordate, 3-7-nerved, the uppermost ones sessile and tending to be connate; plant soft and often somewhat succulent, glabrous or pubescent, very variable in stature; (B.C. to sw Sask.) M. guttatus 7 Upper calyx-tooth the same size and shape as the two lateral acute upper teeth (the lower pair of teeth rounded and slightly longer); calyx to 7 mm long; corolla to about 1 .5 cm long; leaves elliptic to deltoid or subrhombic, 3-5-nerved, the blade to 2 cm long; plant glandular-pubescent to partly glabrous, to 3 dm tall; (s B.C.) M. alsinoides 6 Corolla only slightly 2-lipped (the lower lip only slightly longer than the upper one and not much deflexed); calyx-teeth subequal, short. 8 Leaves abruptly contracted to the petiole, the blades to 3 cm long, mostly deltoid-ovate to subcordate, callous-toothed; calyx to 8 mm long, its teeth acute; corolla to 14 mm long, the tube much surpassing the calyx; stems to over 2.5 dm long; plant erect to subprostrate, conspicuously to sometimes obscurely viscid-pubescent and glandular (often tending to be clammy); (B.C. and ?Alta.) M. floribundus 8 Leaves tapering to the short-petioled or sessile base, the blades mostly not over 2 cm long, entire or minutely toothed; calyx to 5 mm long at anthesis; corolla to 8 mm long, the tube slightly surpassing the calyx; plants finely glandular-puberulent. 9 Leaves linear to narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, sessile or the lowest ones short-petioled; calyx-teeth mostly rounded and mucronate-tipped; fruiting pedicels tending to be widely spreading but with suberect tips; stems to about 1 dm long; (?B.C.) [M. suksdorfii] 9 Leaves mostly relatively broader, narrowly elliptic to rhombic-elliptic, commonly short-petioled; calyx-teeth more or less acute; fruiting pedicels generally more ascending; stems to about 2 dm long; (s B.C.) . . . M. breviflorus 5 Perennials with rhizomes; leaves lance-ovate to rotund or reniform-cordate, sessile or short-petioled. 10 Leaves pinnately veined, the blade lance* to elliptic-ovate or ovate, remotely and sometimes obscurely callous-dentate; calyx to 13 mm long, the upper tooth often a little larger than the others; corolla obscurely 2-lipped, to 3 cm long; plant clammy-villous, the stem often prostrate at base and rooting at the nodes; (s B.C.; introd. eastwards) . M. moschatus 10 Leaves palmately (longitudinally) veined from near the base, the blade elliptic to ovate, rotund, or reniform-cordate, entire or irregularly toothed; upper calyx-tooth conspicuously larger than the others; corolla strongly 2-lipped; plants glabrous or sparingly pubescent but not at all clammy-villous, 1 1 Corolla mostly 1 or 2 cm long, sparingly if at all red-dotted, its throat open; lateral and lower pairs of calyx-teeth blunt and mostly very short; plant glabrous or inconspicuously hairy, the weak stems decumbent to creeping and rooting at the nodes (sometimes floating); (s Sask. to Que.) M. glabratus 1359 Scrophulariaceae 1 1 Corolla to 4 cm long, strongly dotted or blotched with red-brown on or about the prominent palate (which nearly closes the throat); lateral and lower calyx-teeth more or less acute, the lower ones tending to fold upwards in fruit. 12 Stems very variable in size, from dwarf to robust and up to nearly 1 m tall, with stolons but only rarely with definite creeping rhizomes; flowers often more than 5 (when few, commonly less than 2 cm long); (B.C. to sw Sask.) . . — . M. guttatus 12 Stems rarely over 2 dm tall, from well-developed (often sod-forming) creeping rhizomes, and also often stoloniferous; flowers often over 2 cm long, solitary or commonly not more than 5; (mts. of s B.C. and sw Alta.) M, tilingii [M. alatus Ait] [This species of the e US. A. (n to Nebr., Mich., and Conn.) is apparently known from Canada only through two collections in CAN and TRT from Rondeau Harbour. Kent Co., s Ont (an 1897 collection by A.J. Stevenson and an undated collection by Stevenson and J. Dearness, both verified by Pennell). The plant may have been introduced, the Stevenson label indicating the habitat as "wet places in a ditch”. If once native in s Ont., it can now be considered extinct, no later collections having been reported.] M. alslnoides Doug I /t/W/ (T) Moist shady places and mossy cliffs from S B.C. (Vancouver Is, and adjacent islands and mainland n to Yale, e to Similkameen, s of Penticton) to n Calif. M, breviflorus Piper /t/W/ (T) Moist open places in the valleys and plains from s B.C. (Adams Lake, about 35 mi ne of Kamloops, and Newgate, about 40 mi se of Cranbrook; Herb. V, both detd. J.A. Calder) and Idaho to n Calif. M. brewer i (Greene) Rydb. /T/W/ (T) Moist to dryish meadows and slopes at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (near Rossland; Sproat, se of Revelstoke; CAN, verified by Calder) to s Calif, [Eunam/$ Greene; M. rubellus var. br. (Greene) Jeps.]. M. floribundus Lindl. /T/W/ (T) Moist open places at low to fairly high elevations from s B.C. (N to Chilcotin, Lytton, and Armstrong) and sw ?Alta. (Moss 1959) to Calif, and n Mexico. \M. peduncularis Doug).]. M. glabratus HBK. /T/(X}/ (Hpr) Swampy places, shores, and shallow water from Mont, to s Sask. (Whitewood, about 100 mi e of Regina; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Aweme, about 20 mi se of Brandon; CAN; reported from Notre Dame de Lourdes, about 60 mi SE of Brandon, by Lowe 1943), Ont. (n to Matheson, 48°32'N; CAN), and Que. (62 mi n of Amos, Abitibi-East Co.; C. Rousseau, S. Payette, and A. Asselin, Nat. can. (Que.) 97(2):177. 1970), s to Nev., Ariz., Mexico, Tex., III., Mich., and s Ont.; S. America. [Incl. var. fremontii (Benth.) Gray (M. jamesii var, ire. Benth., not M. fre. (Benth.) Gray); M. geyeri Torr.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 23, p. 117. M. guttatus DC. /ST/WW/ (Hpr (T)) Wet places at low to moderate elevations from the Aleutian Is. (type material grown from seeds collected at Unalaska). Alaska (n to ca. 65°N), and s Yukon to B.C., Alta. (Crowsnest Pass and Waterton Lakes; CAN), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; CAN), s to Calif., N. Mex., and n Mexico; introd. elsewhere, as in the E U.S.A. and Europe. [M. grandiflorus Howell; M. langsdorfii Donn; M, rivularis Nutt.; M. luteus of auth., not L.; incl. the reduced extreme, generally lacking stolons, var. depauperatus (Gray) Grant (M. lang. var. dep. Gray; M. microphyitus Benth.; M. minimus Henry; M. nasutus Greene)], map: Hulten 1968b: 796. Ssp. haidensis Calder & Taylor (peduncles puberulent but nonglandular rather than glandular- 1360 Odontites pubescent; leaves acute rather than blunt-tipped) is known from the type locality on Mt, Moresby, Moresby Is,, Queen Charlotte Is.. B.C. M. lewisii Pursh /T/W/ (Hpr) Wet places at moderate to high elevations from the southernmost Alaska Panhandle (Hyder; see Hulten 1949: map 1024, p 1469) through B.C, and w Alta, (n to the Smoky R. at ca. 55CN; John Macoun 1884) to Calif., Utah, and Wyo. [M. roseus Dougl.; Penstemon ?frutescens sensu Hooker 1838, and Macoun 1884, not Lamb.], map: Hulten 19686:796. Forma alba (Henry) Boivin (corolla white rather than pink-purple) is known from sw B.C. (Mt. Cheam, near Chilliwack (type locality of var. alb . Henry, 1915, as the first place cited) and North Vancouver), M. moschatus Dougl. Muskflower /T/W/ (Hpr) Moist places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (n to Revelstoke; CAN) to Calif, and Colo.; perhaps introd. elsewhere in e N. America, as in Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Grindstone Is., Magdalen Is.; CAN; GH), Nfld.. N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; introd. in S. America and Europe. [Inci. var. sessilifolius Gray, with relatively large sessile leaves]. According to Pennell (1935) and Fernald in Gray (1950), this species is apparently native in Nfld., Magdalen Is., and parts of the e U.S.A. (See note under Luzula campestris). The closely related M. dentatus Nutt, is reported as possibly occurring in sw B.C. by Boivin (1967a). It should be searched for there, having a presently accepted range from Wash, to n Calif. It differs from M. moschatus in being somewhat hirsute but scarcely viscid (even slimy), the calyx-tube hirsute only along the 5 ribs rather than viscid-villous over the surface as well as along the ribs, the usually longer corolla more strongly 2-lipped and with a more expanded throat. M. ringens L. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Shores, meadows, and wet places from e Sask. (near Hudson Bay Junction, 52°52'N; CAN) to Man. (N to Hill L., N of L. Winnipeg; CAN), Ont. (N to the sw James Bay watershed at 52°11'N), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to ne Tex. (an isolated station in Colo.), La., and Ga. [Incl. the reduced extreme, var. colpophilus Fern.], map: Pennell 1935: map 24, p. 125. Forma peckii House (flowers white rather than pinkish to blue-violet) is known from s Ont. (Seymour, Northumberland Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1877; CAN). [M. suksdorfii Gray] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif, and Colo.) by Rydberg (1922) requires clarification.] M. tilingii Regel /T/W/ (Hpr) Wet places at moderate to high elevations from B.C. (collections in CAN and V from Vancouver Is., Garibaldi, n of Vancouver, mts. along the Skagit and Chilliwack rivers, Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope, Kokanee, near Nelson, Flathead, South Kootenay Pass, the Selkirks at Rogers Pass between Revelstoke and Golden, Chilcotin. Terrace, e of Prince Rupert, and the junction of the Dease and Liard rivers at ca. 59C40'N; reports from Alaska are probably erroneous) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19576) to Baja Calif, and N.Mex. [M. alpinus (Gray) Piper; incl. M. caespitosus Greene]. ODONTITES Ludwig [7644] O. verna (Bell.) Dum. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields in N. America, as in Alta, (Edson, about 120 mi w of Edmonton; Groh 1947), Man. (near Gimli, about 50 mi n of Winnipeg), Ont. (near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to Magdalen Is. and the Gaspe Pen. at Grande-Riviere; QSA; CAN), ?Nfld. (Boivin 19666), N.B. (Westmorland Co. and Grand Manan Is.; CAN; MT), P.E.I. (Prince and Queens counties; CAN; GH), and N.S. [Euphrasia (Bartsia) odontites L.; O. rubra Gilib., incl. O, serotina (Wettst.) Dum.]. 1361 Scrophulariaceae ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. [7633] Owl-clover 1 Anthers 1 -locular; leaves pinnately divided to near the midrib into linear or filiform segments; (s B.C.). 2 Corolla red-purple (sometimes yellow), at most 6 mm long and scarcely surpassing the calyx; stamens in anthesis exserted from the galea (hooded upper corolla-lip); leaves to 3 cm long, minutely spreading-hispid; plant to 2 dm tall, very slender, the spike elongate and often extending to near the base of the stem, the lower flowers remote O. pusiltus 2 Corolla predominantly sulphur-yellow, to 2.5 cm long, the filiform tube at least twice as long as the calyx; stamens in anthesis not exserted from the galea; leaves glabrous, or puberulent above; (introd. on Vancouver Is.). 3 Galea dark purple; leaves more or less purplish . ... O. erianthus 3 Galea pure white; leaves greenish O. faucibarbatus 1 Anthers 2-locular. 4 Corolla crimson or pink-purple, the galea hooked at apex; (Vancouver Is.). 5 Lower lip of corolla (to 2 cm long) simply saccate or nearly so; leaves short-pubescent with spreading or appressed hairs, the lower ones entire, the upper ones 3-cleft and passing into the divergently 3-lobed bracts 0. bracteosus 5 Lower lip of corolla (to about 3 cm long) more or less trisaccate; leaves and bracts villous-pubescent, pinnately parted into many filiform or narrowly linear lobes; (introd.) [O. purpurascens] 4 Corolla commonly yellow (sometimes whitish or pinkish); lower leaves mostly entire, the upper ones commonly 3-cleft (sometimes 5-cleft). 6 Lower lip of the yellow corolla simply saccate or nearly so; galea incurved or hooked at tip; plants to 3 or 4 dm tall. 7 Bracts and calyces glandular-pubescent, the bracts gradually differentiated from the leaves; corolla yellow, less than 1.5 cm long, the galea and lower lip subequal; leaves or their lobes linear; stem spreading-hairy (or finally glabrate below); (B.C. to w Ont.) O. luteus 7 Bracts and calyces scarcely or not at all glandular, the broad bracts abruptly differentiated from the leaves, entire or the lower ones with a pair of slender, commonly hispid-ciliate, lateral lobes; upper bracts with conspicuous pink- purple petaloid tips; corolla yellow (or purplish at tip), to about 2 cm long, the galea about 1 mm longer than the lower lip; leaves or their lobes narrowly linear; stem puberulent; (s B.C.) ........... O. tenuifolius 6 Lower lip of corolla more or less trisaccate; galea nearly straight, relatively slender. 8 Bracts green throughout (rarely slightly purple-tinged but not at all showy); corolla to 2 cm long, white or light yellow, the teeth of the lower lip inconspicuous; leaves and their lobes linear; plant spreading-hairy throughout; (S B.C.) O. hispidus 8 Upper bracts with white, yellow, or purplish, more or less petaloid tips or lobes; corolla to 2.5 cm long, the lower lip with slender terminal teeth to 3 mm long; plants short-spreading-pubescent throughout; (sw B.C.}. 9 Corolla linear (lower lip scarcely expanded), whitish or pink-tinged, the lower tip more or less yellowish and with some purple spots; bracts petaloid only at the tip, the slender spike scarcely showy; leaves and their segments lance-linear, long-acuminate O, attenuatus 9 Corolla clavate (lower lip somewhat inflated), yellow with some purple markings; bracts and their lobes more evidently petaloid, the stout spike rather showy; leaves and their segments lanceolate to ovate or oblong O, castillejoides O. attenuatus Gray Valley-tassels /t/W/ (T) Meadows, pastures, and grassy slopes from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and Saltspring Is.; CAN; V) to Calif. 1362 Pedicularis O. bracteosus Benth. Pink Owl’s-clover /t/W/ (T) Meadows at low elevations from sw B.C. (several localities on Vancouver Is. ; CAN) to n Calif. O. castillejoides Benth. Johnny-nip /t/W/ (T) Salt marshes and other saline soils along the coast from sw B.C. (several localities on S Vancouver Is. ; CAN ; V) to Calif. O. erianthus Benth. Johnny-tuck A native of California; introd. in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is,, where taken by John Macoun in 1908; CAN). O. faucibarbatus Gray Native in the w U.S.A. from Oreg. to Calif.; known in Canada only from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Carter and Newcombe 1921; collection in CAN from Ten Mile Point, Victoria, where taken by Eastham in 1942). The Vancouver Is. plant is referable to ssp. albidus Keck (lower corolla-lip pure white rather than yellow, often fading to pink). Of this, D.O. Keck (Madrono 5:165. 1940) notes, “This is the subspecies that was introduced toward the end of the last century on Vancouver Island near Victoria.” O. hispidus Benth. /t/W/ (T) Moist places at low to moderate elevations from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and L. Osoyoos, near the U.S.A. boundary s of Penticton; CAN; introd. at Skagway, se Alaska), Idaho, and Mont, to S Calif. [Triphysaria Rydb.]. map: Hulten 19686:813. O. luteus Nutt. /T/WW/ (T) Dry prairies and plains from B.C. (n to Endako, ca. 54°N; Eastham 1947) to Alta, (n to Peace Point. 59°07’N; CAN), Sask. (^ to N of Prince Albert; CAN), Man. (n to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg), and w-cent, Ont. (probably introd.; collections in CAN from the n shore of L, Superior at Silver Islet, near Thunder Bay, where taken in a gravelly field, and from Peninsula, near Marathon, where taken in a sandy burn near the railway), s to Calif., N.Mex., Nebr., and Minn. [O. strictus Benth.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 149 (not indicating any Ontario stations), p. 517, [O. purpurascens Benth ] [The report of this Californian species from sw B.C. by Eastham (1947; Mt, Finlayson, Vancouver Is.) requires confirmation ] O. pusillus Benth. /t/W/ (T) Moist places near the sea from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is., Saltspring Is., and the adjacent mainland at Douglas; CAN; V) to Calif. O. tenuifolius (Pursh) Benth. /t/W/ (T) Moist or dry plains and valleys at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (Carson, sw of Grand Forks; CAN; reported from Cranbrook, Fort Steele, and Flagstone by Eastham 1947, and from 1. Osoyoos, s of Penticton, by John Macoun 1884) to Oreg. and Mont. [Barfs/a Pursh]. PARENTUCELUA Viviani [7642] P. viscosa (L.) Car. European; a weed in low moist ground of w N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland at New Westminster; V). [Sarts/a L.]. PEDICULARIS L. [7648] Lousewort, Wood-betony 1 Stem-leaves opposite or whorled or the plant scapose and the leaves all or chiefly basal; perennials. 1363 Scrophulariaceae 2 Stems leafy, the leaves opposite or whorled, their teeth forming a whitish-cartilaginous margin; galea (the upper helmet-shaped corolla-lip) lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth. 3 Stem-leaves opposite, coarsely lobed or more or less pinnatifid to about halfway to the midrib, to about 1 dm long; basal leaves somewhat reduced, not forming a rosette; calyx 2-lobed, otherwise entire except for an ovate or oblong, foliaceous, toothed appendage on each lateral half; corolla pale yellow, to 2.5 cm long; stem glabrous, to about 9 dm tall; (s Man. and s Ont.) P. lanceolata 3 Stem-leaves mostly in whorls of 3 or more, the principal ones pinnately parted nearly or quite to the midrib; calyx shortly 5-toothed; corolla reddish- or bluish-purple. 4 Corolla to 2.5 cm long, the galea acuminate-beaked; stem-leaves to about 1 dm long; rosette- leaves few or none, smaller than the stem-leaves; plant glabrous (or very sparingly pubescent in the inflorescence), to 6 dm tall; (Aleutian Is, and Alaska) P. chamissonis 4 Corolla about 1 cm long, the galea truncate at apex; stem-leaves mostly more or less reduced and short-petioled, the principal leaves long-petioled in a basal rosette; plant copiously pubescent; (Alaska to Disk Mackenzie and n B.C.) P. verticillata 2 Stem scapose (lacking leaves or with only 1 or 2 reduced ones), the very deeply lobed slender-petioled leaves all or nearly all in a basal rosette; calyx unevenly 5-toothed or 5-lobed. 5 Galea with a straight horizontally spreading beak to 4 mm Jong, lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth; corolla purple, to about 1.5 cm long; inflorescence capitate (1 or 2 small lower clusters sometimes present); plant to 3 dm tall, glabrous below the more or less villous inflorescence; (se Alaska-B.C.) . . P. ornithorhyncha 5 Galea nearly or quite beakless; (transcontinental). 6 Corolla creamy yellow, often reddish-tinged, to about 4 cm long, the 2-4(6) flowers in a capitate cluster; galea essentially entire at apex, lacking an obvious pair of subapical marginal teeth; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes up to about the length of the tube; capsule scarcely surpassing the calyx; stem glabrous or short-pubescent, at most about 1 .5 dm tall P. capitate 6 Corolla dark reddish-purple, less than 2,5 cm long; inflorescence at first subcapitate, elongating in fruit; galea typically with a pair of broadly deltoid subapical marginal teeth; calyx with 5 lanceolate serrulate teeth; capsule somewhat surpassing the calyx; stem densely woolly above and into the inflorescence, to about 5 dm tall P. sudetica 1 Stem-leaves alternate. 7 Inflorescence copiously white-woolly: galea beakless; perennials. 8 Corolla predominantly yellow but the galea deep purple; (B.C. and sw Alta.) P. oederi 8 Corolla more uniformly coloured, pale or bright pink to rose-purple; (arctic and subarctic regions). 9 Corolla bright pink to rose-purple, about 2 cm long; galea lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth; capsule about 2 cm long; seeds reticulate; stem and inflorescence densely woolly; taproot stout, bright lemon-yellow; (transconti- nental) P. lanata 9 Corolla pale pink, about 1.5 cm long; galea sometimes with a pair of low blunt teeth near the apex; capsule rarely over 1.5 cm long; seeds smooth; stem and inflorescence rather sparingly woolly; taproot pale and more slender; (eastern arctic and subarctic regions) P. hirsuta 7 Inflorescence essentially glabrous or rather sparingly short-pubescent (moderately woolly in P. langsdorfii). 10 Corolla typically pink to reddish or purple (at least as to the galea; partly or even wholly white or yellow in varieties). 1364 Pedicularis 1 1 Galea with a long slender curving beak, lacking subapical marginal teeth; corolla to 1 .5 cm long, typically pink to purplish (white or ochrofeucous in P. racemosa var, alba); essentially glabrous perennials. 12 Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the largest ones (to about 2 dm long) in a basal rosette; calyx with 5 short entire subequal lobes; beak of galea upcurved after an initial downcurving at base; inflorescence elongate but fairly dense, the bracts mostly much shorter than the flowers; (transcontinental) P. groenlandica 12 Leaves merely doubly serrate (the secondary teeth often inconspicuous), commonly not over 1 dm long and 1.5 cm broad, the lower ones much reduced; calyx deeply cleft on the lower (outer) side into 2 broad-based oblique acuminate segments; beak of galea downcurved; inflorescence mostly lax and elongate, the flowers or peduncled flower-clusters subtended and surpassed by scarcely reduced leaves; (B.C,) P. racemosa 1 1 Galea nearly or quite beakless. 13 Perennials with simple stems, these commonly subtended by a rosette of long-petioled leaves: calyx 5-lobed. 14 Bracts sharply differentiated from the leaves, mostly shorter than the flowers; leaf-blades to over 1.5 dm long, their narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblong segments to 7 cm long; corolla red or purple (occasion- ally yellow), to about 2 cm long, the galea lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth; plant pubescent below the inflorescence, to about 1 m tall, coarsely fibrous-rooted, some of the roots tuberous-thickened; (B.C. and Alta.) P. bracteosa 14 Bracts scarcely differentiated from the leaves, longer than the flowers; leaf-blades to about 7 cm long, their ovate segments commonly 3 or 4 mm long; corolla bright pink, to 2.5 cm long, the galea with a pair of subapical marginal teeth; plant moderately woolly-villous {particularly in the inflorescence), the tufted stems to 3 dm tall, from a taproot; (B.C. and sw Alta.) P. langsdorfii 13 Mostly low-branching annuals or biennials lacking a rosette of basal long-petioled leaves; flowers in capitate dusters terminating the branches. 15 Corolla less than 1.5 cm long, purple; galea usually lacking prominent subapical marginal teeth but with a pair of short blunt glandular- margined appendages less than 1 mm long 3 or 4 mm below the apex; calyx with 2 irregularly lacerate lobes; plant glabrous except for the cili ate -fringed lower corolla-lip; (Alaska-B.C. to e James Bay) P. parviflora 15 Corolla usually 2 or 3 cm long; galea with a pair of slender subapical marginal teeth; plants sparingly pubescent at least in the inflorescence. 16 Corolla rose-purple, its violet galea with a pair of short blunt glandular-margined appendages about 1 mm long 5 or 6 mm below the apex in addition to the pair of subapical marginal teeth; calyx with 2 low broad crested-toothed lobes, much surpassed by the capsule; central raceme less than half the height of the plant; stem to over 8 dm tall, with stiffly ascending branches; (Gue. to Nfld. and N.S.) P. palustris 16 Corolla flesh-pink; galea lacking appendages other than the pair of subapical marginal teeth; calyx with 4 or 5 subequal foliaceous teeth, these equalling or surpassing the capsule; central raceme often more than half the height of the plant; stem at most about 2 dm tall, simple or diffusely branched; (introd. in Nfld.) ...... P. sylvatica 10 Corolla white, ochroleucous. or yellow; plants perennial (or P. labradorica perhaps biennial), commonly with a basal rosette of long-petioled leaves. 17 Galea distinctly beaked, lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth. 1365 Scrophiflariaceae 18 Corolla usually uniformly pale yellow, the galea-beak short-conical, about 2 mm long; inflorescence subcapitate; calyx split in front, otherwise merely shallowly undulate at summit; leaf-segments rather crowded, lanceolate to ovate, commonly less than 5 mm long; plant more or less puberulent, to 2,5 dm tall; (transcontinental) P. lapponica 18 Corolla white or ochroleucous (often finely marked with purple), the elongate beak lunately downcurved and usually hidden within the lower lip; calyx tipped with 5 narrow teeth, the upper tooth the shortest; leaf-segments relatively narrow and remote, to over 1 cm long; plant glabrous throughout, to 6 dm tall; (mts, of B.C. and Alta.) P. contorta 17 Galea nearly or quite beakless. 19 Calyx split in front, otherwise subentire or merely shallowly undulate at summit; galea with a pair of slender subapica! marginal teeth; capsule usually at least twice as long as the mature calyx. 20 Stem freely branched from near base; corolla about 1 .5 cm long, the galea purplish or purple-tipped; fruiting spike less than 1 dm long; leaves with only the tips of the teeth white and cartilaginous; (transcontinental) P. labradorica 20 Stem simple; corolla about 2 cm long, usually uniformly yellow; fruiting spike to 2 dm long; leaves with white cartilaginous margins; (Man. to Que. ) P. canadensis 19 Calyx distinctly 5-lobed, the lobes subequal. 21 Corolla commonly about 1 cm long, the galea strongly tipped with brownish red or reddish purple, lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth; pedicels to over 8 mm long; capsule about twice as long as the ovate-lobed mature calyx; roots fusiform or tapering; plant essentially glabrous, commonly less than 1.5 dm tall; (transcontinental) . , . P. flammea 21 Corolla to over 2 cm long, the galea not strongly purple-tipped; pedicels relatively short. 22 Galea with a pair of slender subapical marginal teeth; capsule little surpassing the linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong calyx-teeth; principal leaves 2-pinnatifid; roots fibrous; plant to over 9 dm tall, pubescent at least in the inflorescence or glabrate; (N.B.) P. furbishiae 22 Galea lacking a pair of subapical marginal teeth, its tip commonly purple-tinged; capsule much surpassing the ovate calyx-teeth; leaves 1-pinnatifid, their narrowly triangular to ovate segments crenate-dentate; roots fusiform; pfants usually sparingly woolly at least in the inflorescence; (B.C, and sw Alta.) P. oederi P. bracteosa Be nth. /T/W/ (Grt) Woods, meadows, and moist open montane slopes from B.C. (n to Mt. Selwyn, ca. 56°N) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; the type was collected by Drummond in the Rocky Mountains, probably in Alta.) to n Calif, and Colo. [P. montanensis Rydb.; P. recutita Pursh], Material from the Marble Range, nw of Clinton, B.C., is referable to var. latifolia (Pennell) Cronq. (P. lat. Pennell; free tips of the lateral sepals mostly shorter than the connate portion above the dorsal sinus rather than very slender and elongate, very finely, if at all, glandular rather than evidently glandular). P. canadensis L, Wood-betony, Common Lousewort H /EE/ (Hs) Sandy or loamy soil of open woods and clearings, the aggregate species from Man. (n to Moosehorn, about 90 mi n of Portage la Prairie) to Ont. (N to Chalk River, Ottawa, and Kapuskasing), Que. (n to Quebec City; John Macoun 1886), and Maine, s to n Mexico, Tex., and Fla. map (aggregate species): Pennell 1935: map 147, p. 499. The report from Matane, Gaspe Pen., e Que., by d'Urban (in R. Bell, Geol. Surv. Can., Report of Progress for the year 1858, pages 243-63. 1859) may be based upon P. palustris, as, also, the 1366 Pedicularis reports from Nfld. by Reeks (1873) and from N.S. by Lindsay (1878) and John Macoun (1884). The report from N.B. by Fowler (1885; Grand Falls, Victoria Co.) is probably based upon P. furbishiae . known from that locality; a collection in NBM from near Fredericton may also prove to be that species. Var. dobbsii Fern, (stems mostly solitary, scarcely clustered, the basal offsets prolonged, often creeping and rooting) is known from se Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959) and s Ont. (Tobermory, Bruce Co.; GH, detd. Fernald). The typical form has uniformly yellow or yellowish corollas. Forma bicolor Farw. {corolla crimson on the back, otherwise yellow or yellowish) is known from s Ont. (Lambton Co.; OAC), Forma praeclara Moore (the corolla crimson throughout) is known from s Ont. (Lambton Co.; OAC) and sw Que. (Boivin 19666). P. capitata Adams /AST/X/GA/ (Grh) Calcareous tundra and rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Melville Is., and Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 81 N), s in the West to the mts. of B.C. (s to Mt. Selwyn, ca. 56"N; CAN) and sw Alta. (Jasper dist. ; CAN), farther eastwards s to Great Bear L., Southampton Is., and s Baffin Is.; nw Greenland between ca. 76 and 8130'N; n Asia. [P. nelsonii R, Br,; P. verticiliata Pursh, not L.]. maps: Hulten 19686:825; Porsild 1957: map 293, p. 197; Raup 1947; pi. 34; Fernald 1925: map 59, p. 325; Tolmachev 1932; map 7, p. 53. P. chamissonis Stev. /s/W/eA/ (Hs) Subalpine meadows of the Aleutian Is, and sw Alaska (Pavlov Bay and St. Paul Is : described from material from Unalaska Is. and Siberia); e Asia, maps: Hulten 19686:817, and 1949: map 1051, p. 1472. P. contorta Benth. /T/W/ (Hs) Wooded or open slopes and drier meadows at moderate to high elevations from SE B.C. (n to near the Alta, boundary w of Banff; CAN) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN) to n Calif, and Wyo. P. flammea L. /aST/(X)/nE/ (Hs) Moist peats, gravels, and tundra from Great Bear L, (the n Alaska map by Wiggins and Thomas 1962:403, indicates an isolated station in N-cent, Alaska but P, oederi may be the species involved, an early Yukon report being referred to it by Porsild 1951a) and the coasts of Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to E Devon Is.. Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to ne Man. (Churchill), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay s to ca. 55°N), Que. (coasts of Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay-James Bay s to ca. 53 °N; Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), and Nfld.; Iceland; n Norway, maps: Eric Hulten 19686:826; 1958: map 163, p. 183; and Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 55(1): fig. 1, p, 194. 1961; Porsild 1957: map 294, p. 197; Gjaerevoll 1963: fig, 3, p. 264. Porsild’s map indicates an isolated station in the mts. on the s B.C.-Alta. boundary, this based upon old reports considered erroneous by Hulten. Forma flavescens Polunin (corolla uniformly yellow rather than with a purple-tipped galea) is known from the type locality, Lake Harbour, s Baffin Is. P. furbishiae Wats. /T/E/ (Hs) Known only from banks of the St. John R. system in N.B. (between Andover and Grand Falls, Victoria Co.; CAN; GH; NBM) and n Maine. P. groenlandica Retz. Elephant’s-head, Little Red Elephants /aST/X/G/ (Hs) Wet meadows from southernmost e Yukon (about 130 mi e of Teslin at ca. 60°N; CAN) and the mts. of B.C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to Turtleford, about 130 mi nw of Saskatoon at 53°23'N; Breitung 1957a), n Man. (Hayes and Nelson rivers from about 160 mi s of Churchill to York Factory and Churchill), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay and watershed s to sw James Bay), n Que. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay n to ca. 58°30'N; Timiskaming R. at Sril'N; Knob Lake dist. at ca. 55CJN; s Ungava Bay), and Labrador (s to the Hamilton R. basin), s in the West to Calif, and N.Mex.; w Greenland (a 1941 collection in CAN by Porsild at ca. 64°N confirming the occurrence in w Greenland, the presumed type locality, following a long period of 1367 Scrophulariaceae search for it there since publication of the species by Retzius in 1 795). [Elephantella Rydb, ; inch the slender narrow-leaved extreme, f, gracilis Lepage, and var, surrecta (Benth.) Gray (P. sur. Benth.), with a relatively long-beaked galea], map: Hulten 19686:818. Forma pallida Lepage (corolla predominantly white, drying yellowish, purplish only at base, rather than uniformly pink-purple to almost red) is known from the type locality, Fort George, e James Bay, Que. P. hirsuta L. Hairy Lousewort /AS/EE/GEA/ (Hs) Moist rocky or sandy tundra and shores from the coast of w Dist. Keewatin to Bathurst Is., Axel Heiberg Is., and Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 80N), s to SE Dist. Keewatin, n Que. (s to s Ungava Bay), and n Labrador (Crater L, ca. 58'N; DAO; the report from Ford Harbour, 56°27'N, by John Macoun 1886, is based upon P. labradorica, the relevant collection in CAN); w and E Greenland s to ca. 65*N; Spitsbergen; n Norway; arctic Asia, maps: Hulten 1958: map 9, p. 29 (dots indicating stations in ne Man. require confirmation); Porsild 1957: map 297 (a dot should be added for the 58°N station in Labrador), p. 198. Forma albiflora Abrom. (flowers white rather than pale pink) is known from Greenland, the type locality, P. labradorica Wirsing /aST/X/GEA/ (Hs) Dryish peaty or rocky tundra and slopes from the coasts of Aiaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to s Baffin Is. and northernmost Ungava-Labrador (type from Labrador), s to n B.C. (s to Mt. Selwyn, ca. 56'N; CAN), Alta, (s to Jasper and near Edmonton; CAN), northernmost Sask. (s to McKeever L. at ca. 59°55'N; G.W, Argus, Can. Field-Nat. 80(3): 139. 1966), n Man. (s to Churchill), n Ont. (Hudson Bay-James Bay watershed s to 54g22'N), islands in James Bay, Que. (s to e James Bay at ca, 54gN, Knob Lake, 54'48'N, and the Cote-Nord at St-Augustin), and s Labrador; w Greenland n to ca. 68*N; ne Europe; n Asia. (P. euphrasioides Steph. and its var. simplex Hult.]. maps: Hulten 19686:820; Porsild 1957: map 292, p, 197; Bocher 1954: fig. 70, p. 268; Raup 1947: pi. 34. Var. sulphurea Hult. (the corolla uniformly sulphur-yellow and relatively long) is reported from the type locality along the Blackstone R., the Yukon, by Hultdn (1968a). P. larrata C. & S. Woolly Lousewort /ASs/X/GEA/ (Hs) Stony or gravelly tundra and slopes at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to n Banks Is., Ellesmere Is, (N to ca. 80°N), and Baffin Is., s to B.C. (s to Queen Charlotte Is. and Smithers, ca. 54*40' N; Herb. V; reports from Alta, require confirmation), s-cent. Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin, and northernmost Que. (Hudson Strait and Akpatok Is., Ungava Bay); w Greenland between ca. 65Q and 80* N; Spitsbergen; ne Europe; n Asia. [P. langsdorfii var. Ian. (C. & S.) Gray; incl. P. adamsii Hult. and P. karrei Durand], maps: Hulten 19686:827 (P. kanei): Porsild 1957: map 296, p. 197; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 2, sheet 38; Bocher 1954: fig. 32 (map 2). p. 134; Raup 1947: pi. 34. Forma alba Cody (flowers white rather than bright pink to rose-purple) is reported from nw Dist. Mackenzie by Boivin (19666) and from the type locality, Southampton Is., n Hudson Bay, by W.J. Cody (Can, Field-Nat. 65(4): 143. 1951). According to Hulten (1968a), P. kanei Dur. is the correct name for the species, P. lanata C. & S. being a later name than P. lanata Pallas. P. lanceolata Michx. /T/EE/ (Hs) Moist meadows and shores (often calcareous) from s Man. (n to Ochre River, about 85 mi n of Brandon; CAN; reports from Sask. require confirmation) to s Ont. (Bruce and York counties; collection in TRT from near Thunder Bay. where perhaps introd,; not known from Que, or the Atlantic Provinces) and Mass., s to Nebr., Mo., Tenn.. and N.C. map: Pennell 1935: map 146, p. 495. P. langsdorfii Fisch. /AST/X/GA/ (Hs) Meadows, rocky ridges, and slopes at moderate to high elevations from the Aleutian Is. and n coast of Alaska (type material from Unalaska and St. Lawrence Is.) to N Banks Is,, Ellesmere Is. (N to ca. 81°N), and Baffin Is., s in the West to B.C. (s to Rainbow Mt., near Bella Coola, Mt. McLean, nw of Lillooet, and the Marble Range, nw of Clinton; CAN; V) and sw Alta. 1368 Pedrcularis (Jasper), farther eastwards s to the coasts of the Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist, Keewatin and s Baffin Is.; nw Greenland between ca. 76° and 80°N; n Asia. [P. purpurascens Cham.], map (aggregate species): combine the maps by Hulten 1968b:822 (ssp. langs. and ssp. arctica). According to Hulten’s map, the typical form is confined in N. America to the Aleutian Is. and the Seward Pen., Alaska, the rest of our material being referable to ssp. arctica (R. Br.) Pennell ( P . arctica R. Br., the type from Melville Is.; P. hians Eastw.; galea shorter than or at most about equalling the lower corolla-lip and often toothless rather than distinctly surpassing the lower lip and commonly with a slender tooth on each side of the lower margins just below the summit), maps: on the above-noted map by Hulten; Porsild 1957: map 295 ( P . arct. ), p. 197. P lapponica L. /aSs/X/GEA/ (Hs) Tundra and meadows at low to moderate elevations from n Alaska-Yukon and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie to Baffin Is. (n to near the Arctic Circle) and northernmost Ungava-labrador, s to Great Bear L., se Dist. Keewatin, n Man. (from 65 mi s of Churchill to Churchill), n Ont. (coast of Hudson Bay), n Que, (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay to s Ungava Bay), and n Labrador (s to ca. 57°N); w Greenland n to ca. 72°30'N, e Greenland between ca. 68° and 74°30'N; N Eurasia, maps: Hulten 1968b:819; Porsild 1957: map 291, p. 197. P, oederi Vahl /ST/W/EA/ (Hs) Meadows and rocky slopes at moderate to high elevations from the E Aleutian Is., n Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 69°N), and nw Dist. Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to ca. 51U30'N) to the Beartooth Mts. of Wyo.; Eurasia. [P. versicolor Wahl.; P. flammea of Alaska-Yukon reports, not L ], maps: Hulten 1968b:826; Porsild 1966: map 127, p. 82. Material from Snow Creek Pass, about 65 mi nw of Banff, Alta., is referable to var. albertae (Hult.) Boivin (P. alb. Hult., the type from that locality; inflorescence copiously white-woolly rather than merely more or less villous), map; Eric Hulten, Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 55: fig. 1, p. 194. 1961. P. ornithorhyncha Benth. /T/W/ (Hs) Subalpine and alpine meadows and open slopes from se Alaska (n to ca. 58°N) and w B.C. (n to Tuya L. at ca. 59°N; V) to Mt. Rainier, Wash. [P. nasuta Bong.; P. pedicellata Bunge; P. subnuda Benth.]. map: Hulten 1968b 819. P. palustris L. Swamp-Louse wort /T/E/E/ (T) Marshes and wet meadows from Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from near Quebec City to Anticosti Is., the Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.; the report from Holton Harbour, Labrador, by Waghorne 1898, is based upon P. labradorica, the relevant collection in CAN) to Nfld. and ne N S. (St. Lawrence Bay, Victoria Co,; ACAD; CAN; not known from N.B., P.E.I., or the U.S.A.); Europe, map: Hulten 1958: map 141, p, 161. Forma faurentiana Viet. & Rousseau, the relatively pubescent extreme, is known from Que. (type from St-Tite, Charlevoix Co.). P. parviflora Sm. /ST/(X)/A/ (T) Marshes and wet meadows from the e Aleutian Is, and Alaska (n to ca. 70°15'N; the type is a Menzies collection from the coast of w N. America, probably in s Alaska or n B.C.) to southernmost Yukon (Porsild 1951a; L. Nares), L. Athabasca (Sask.; not known from Dist. Mackenzie), and se Dist. Keewatin (mouth of the McConnell R. at ca. 60“50'N; CAN), s to s-cent. B.C. (s to Barkervtlle, about 75 mi se of Prince George; Hitchcock et al. 1959, noting a report from Oreg,), Alta, (s to Ma-Me-O Beach, s of Edmonton at ca. 54°N; CAN), Sask. (s to McKague, 52°37'N), cent. Man. (s to Kettle Rapids on the Nelson R about 160 mi s of Churchill), n Ont. (James Bay-Hudson Bay n to ca. 56°N), and w-cent Que. (e James Bay n to ca. 54°N; see Que. map by Dutilly and Lepage 1947: fig. 12, p. 258; a report from L. Mistassini noted by Hitchcock et al. 1959); n Asia. [P. penneliii spp. insularis Calder & Taylor; incl. P. macrodonta Richards., with relatively deeply lobed floral bracts], map: combine the maps by Hulten 1968b:821 (ssp. parv. and ssp. penn.) and p. 820 (P. macro.). Some of the Alaskan material is referable to ssp. penneliii Hult. (P. penn. Hult., the type from King Cove, Alaska; galea with a pair of long marginal teeth near the apex rather than lacking these), map: Hulten 1968b:821. 1369 Scrophulariaceae P. racemosa Dougl. /T/W/ (Hp) Coniferous montane woods, dry meadows, and open slopes from’ s B.C. (Mt. Mark, Vancouver Is., and the mainland n to Sicamous and Revelstoke, e to Kicking Horse Pass and the Flathead R. near the Alta, boundary reports from sw Alta, require confirmation, possibly being based upon se B.C. material) to Calif, and N.Mex. Much of our material is referable to var. alba (Pennell) Cronq. (corolla white or ochroleucous rather than pink to purplish; leaves averaging narrower than those of the typical form). P. sudetica Willd. /ASs/X/EA/ (Hs (Hr)) Meadows, tundra, and rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist, Keewatin to Banks Is., Melville Is., Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 80°N), and Baffin Is., s to B.C. (s to mts. at 52°43'N; V), Great Bear L., ne Man. (s to Warkworth Creek, s of Churchill), n Ont. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson Bay n to ca. 56C50'N), islands in James Bay, and w-cent. Que. (e James Bay); Eurasia, maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Bracts not markedly dilated at base, commonly uniobed (or the basal ones sometimes lobed); flowers purplish. 2 Inflorescence fiat-topped at anthesis; corolla-tube relatively short; leaves with a broad rachis; [Europe only; maps: Eric Hulten, Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 55(1): fig. 4. p. 199. 1961; Porsild 1957: map 298 (aggregate species), p. 198; Raup 1947; pi. 34 (aggregate species)] [ssp. sudetica] 2 Inflorescence pyramidal at anthesis, often already prolonged; corolla-tube relatively long; leaves with a narrow rachis; [P. scopulorum sensu J.M. Macoun 1896, and Henry 1915, not Gray; Alaska and the Yukon (type from Whitehorse) to S B.C. ; maps: Hu!t£n, loc. cit., fig. 4, p. 199, and 19686:823] ssp. interior Hult. 1 Bracts strongly dilated (often hyaline) at base, the basal ones with apical or lateral lobes. 3 Flowers comparatively small, purple; lower bracts with small basal lobes, the middle and upper ones entire; [Alaska to E Hudson Bay-James Bay; n Asia; maps: Hulten, loc. cit., fig. 4, p. 199, and 19686:824] ssp. interiorioides Hult. 3 Flowers larger, with a thick galea; middle (as well as lower) bracts usually lobed. 4 Spike copiously lanate; all except the lowest bracts short and lacking a prolonged apical lobe; flowers with a purple-tipped pink galea and a white or pinkish, spotted lip; [P. sud. f. ?alba Cody; Victoria Is. (type locality) to Ellesmere Is. and Baffin Is.; E Asia; maps: Hulten, loc. cit., fig. 5, p. 200, and 19686:824] ..... ssp. alboiabiata Hult. 4 Spike less pubescent; bracts with prolonged apical lobes; flowers relatively large, purplish; [Aleutian Is. and Alaska (type from St. Paul Is.); E Asia; maps; Hulten, loc. cit,, fig, 5, p. 200, and 19686:825] ssp. pacifica Hult. P. sylvatica L. Small Lousewort European: known in N. America only in moist ground of the Avalon Pen., se Nfld. (CAN; DAO; GH), where considered native by Fernald in Gray (1950) but more likely introd. (see D.B. Savile, Can. J. Bot. 45(7): 11 01. 1967, and note under Luzula campestris ). maps; Hulten 1958: map 134, p. 153; Fernald 1929: map 27, p. 1502. P. verticillata L. /aST/W/EA/ (Hs) Meadows, tundra, and rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is., the coasts of Alaska-Yukon, and nw Dist. Mackenzie to northernmost B.C, (Dease Lake, ca. 58°30'N; CAN), map: Hulten 19686:817. PENSTEMON Mitchell [7508] Beard-tongue (Ref.: Keck 1945) 1 Anthers more or less densely long-woolly with tangled hairs; corolla lavender to pink-purple or purple-violet, the tube flaring; inflorescence glandular, generally somewhat paniculate; leaves glabrous (or occasionally rough-puberulent in P. lyallii); (B.C. and Alta.). 1370 Penstemon 2 Staminode (sterile anther-filament) not bearded; corolla lavender, to 4.5 cm long, glabrous externally, conspicuously woolly-villous along the prominent ventral ridges within; leaves all cauline, entire or remotely serrulate, nearly or quite sessile, the lower ones reduced, the others narrow and elongate, to over 1 dm long; stems to 8 dm tall, glabrous below the inflorescence or hairy in lines; (B.C. and Alta,) P. lyallii 2 Staminode bearded. 3 Inflorescence generally more or less paniculate; corolla pink-purple, less than 3.5 cm long, glandular-hairy outside, glabrous inside; leaves all cauline, the lower ones reduced, the others distinctly petioled, conspicuously serrate, lanceolate to ovate, the blades to about 1 dm long and 4 cm broad; stems to 8 dm tall, glabrous or finely puberulent, herbaceous nearly or quite to base; (s B.C.) P. nemorosus 3 Inflorescence generally simple and essentially racemose; corolla glabrous outside, more or less pubescent inside toward the base of the lower lip; stems usually more or less distinctly woody toward base, at most 4 dm tall, the subsessile or short-petioled leaves tending to be clustered near its base, usually on short sterile shoots; (B.C. and Alta.). 4 Stems to 4 dm tall, essentially glabrous below the inflorescence or those of the season often finely puberulent, erect or more or less ascending, commonly bushy-branched above the base (the clusters of basal leaves not forming mats); corolla blue-lavender to light purplish P. fruticosus 4 Stems at most about 1 .5 dm tall, minutely strigose or short-spreading hairy, the lower portions creeping and forming dense mats on the ground P, davidsonii 1 Anthers glabrous or more or less short-hairy, but not at all woolly; staminode more or less bearded at least near tip (usually glabrous in P. deustus). 5 Corolla predominantly white to ochroleucus or yellow (pale violet in P. laevigatas ); pollen-sacs opening throughout their length (or remaining indehiscent at apex), horizontally spreading after dehiscence; leaves of the flowering stems sessile or short-petioled; basal tufts of petioled leaves commonly present in addition to the stem-leaves (sometimes poorly developed in P. confertus). 6 Plants distinctly woody toward the much-branched shrubby base, the flowering stems erect, glabrous below the inflorescence to finely puberulent or somewhat glandular, to 6 dm tall; leaves essentially glabrous, usually more or less sharply toothed, to about 6 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, those of the flowering stems mostly ovate and sessile or subsessile, those of the sterile shoots mostly elliptic to obovate and short-petioled; corolla commonly dull whitish with some purplish lines within (or sometimes faintly ochroleucous or washed with lavender), to 2 cm long, glandular-hairy inside and out, the tube cylindrical; calyx to 6 mm long; inflorescence usually more or less glandular, consisting of several simple whorls (the lower whorls sometimes remote); (s ?B.C.) [P. deustus] 6 Plants herbaceous nearly or quite to base; leaves entire or with a few scattered low teeth, 7 Corolla ochroleucous to sulphur-yellow, rarely over 12 mm long, often declined, glabrous outside, bearded on the palate within, the slender tube cylindrical, the limb not strongly 2-lipped; calyx to about 5 mm long; inflorescence nonglandular, consisting of a group of simple compact whorls (the lower ones usually remote), its bracts (as also the calyx segments) with broad scarious erose margins; leaves glabrous, to 1 dm long and 2.5 cm broad; stem glabrous, or minutely puberulent in the inflorescence, to about 6 dm tall; (B.C. and Alta.; introd. in Sask.) . . . . P. confertus 7 Corolla predominantly white (often violet tinged; rather uniformly pale violet in P. laevigatus ); inflorescence glandular, often markedly paniculate (usually of simple whorls in P. atbidus). 8 Corolla copiously glandular-puberulent within near summit (as well as short-stipitate-glandular outside), white or violet-tinged. 9 Stem to about 4 dm tall, its internodes densely puberulent; leaves finely cinereous-puberulent or glabrate, linear to lance-oblong, to about 1371 Scrophulariaceae 8 cm long; corolla to 2.5 cm long, rather abruptly enlarged above base; calyx at anthesls about 1 cm long, very densely glandular, its lobes narrowly triangular; {s Alta, to s Man.) P. albidus 9 Stem to about 1 m tall, its internodes glabrous; leaves glabrous, oblong to oblong-ovate, to over 1 dm long; corolla to 2 cm long, gradually dilated from base to summit; calyx at anthesis 3 or 4 mm long, glabrous or sparingly glandular, its lobes ovate; (introd. in s Ont.) P. tubaeflorus 8 Corolla not glandular within; (introd.). 10 Leaves soft -pubescent on both surfaces, firm and coriaceous, pale, entire or remotely toothed, lanceolate to lance-oblong, the principal ones to about 1 dm long and rarely as much as 2 cm broad; corolla white outside, lined with purple inside, to about 2 cm long, the throat not strongly inflated; inflorescence copiously glandular; staminode densely long-bearded above the middle; stem to about 1 m tall, copiously and evenly short-pubescent throughout; (s ?Ont.) . . . . [P. pallidus] 10 Leaves glabrous, somewhat leathery in texture, to about 1.5 dm long and 4 cm broad; corolla-throat strongly inflated beyond the tubular part; inflorescence rather sparingly glandular; beard of staminode relatively sparse and short; stem sometimes glabrous below the inflorescence, more commonly minutely puberulent (usually in lines); (introd.). 1 1 Corolla pale violet externally, usually less than 2 cm long; anthers usually glabrous; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong; stem dull, to 12 dm tall [P. laevigatus] 1 1 Corolla white or very faintly violet-tinged (usually marked with purple lines within), to 3 cm long; anthers usually with a few stiff hairs along the back; leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong or narrowly triangular; stem sublustrous, slightly glaucous, to 1.5 m tall P. digitalis 5 Corolla pale lavender or violet [P. laevigatus may be sought here; see contrasting lead) to deep blue or various shades of blue or purple. 12 Pollen-sacs opening across their confluent apices, their free indehiscent tips remaining vertically reflexed and nearly parallel, the anther permanently horseshoe-shaped; corolla-throat flaring; leaves all cauline (the lower ones reduced), sessile or short-petioled, the principal ones coarsely serrate to laciniate-pinnatifid; stems to 7 or 8 dm tall; (B.C.). 13 Plants not at all glandular (even in the inflorescence); corolla glabrous outside as well as inside (except for ciliate-margined lobes in P, venustus)\ leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate or oblong, glabrous, sharply serrate; stems glabrous or puberulent. 14 Corolla bright lavender to purple-violet or purple, to over 3.5 cm long, its lobes ciliate; calyx to 6.5 mm long, its lobes sometimes ciliolate, otherwise glabrous; inflorescence commonly forming a narrow thyrsoid panicle; fertile filaments more or less pubescent; leaves to over 1 dm long but commonly less than 3 cm broad [P. venustus] 14 Corolla deep blue to dark purple, usually not over 2.5 cm long, its lobes not ciliate; calyx to 9 mm long, its lobes ciliolate and sometimes short-hairy on the back; inflorescence often a single rather compact terminal whorl, sometimes several whorls (these occasionally open and branched to form a more paniculate inflorescence); fertile filaments glabrous; leaves commonly not over 8 cm long but up to 3.5 cm broad P. serrulatus 13 Plant distinctly glandular in the inflorescence, the stem commonly puberulent below the inflorescence; leaves glabrous or puberulent; corolla glandular- puberulent outside, glabrous inside (or with a few long hairs); fertile filaments glabrous; inflorescence commonly loosely paniculate; (B.C,). 1 5 Corolla to about 3 cm long, bright lavender (the lower lip striped within). 1372 Penstemon the upper lip cleft less than half its length; calyx to 8 mm long; leaves sharply toothed to laciniate-pinnatifid, to 7 cm long and 3 cm broad P. richardsonii 15 Corolla less than 2 cm long, blue-lavender to light purple-violet, the upper lip cleft more than half its length; calyx to 6 mm long; leaves rather sharply toothed, to 5 cm long and 1 cm broad, sometimes in whorls of 3 or even 4 . [P. triphyllus] 12 Pollen-sacs opening their whole length (or remaining indehiscent at apex), horizontally spreading after dehiscence. 16 Plants (including inflorescence and corolla) not glandular (sometimes glutinous in P. acuminatus ); inflorescence consisting of usually several more or less remote dense whorls; leaves entire or sometimes remotely low- toothed, glabrous, the basal ones tufted (sometimes poorly developed or wanting in P. procerus): plants rarely over 6 dm tall, usually glabrous throughout (except for the staminode-beard; corolla-palate bearded and the calyx sometimes puberulent in P. procerus). 17 Corolla rarely over 1 cm long, often more or less deflexed, the tube scarcely flaring, the palate bearded; pollen-sacs at most 0.7 mm long; capsule 4 or 5 mm long, the seeds about 1 mm long; basal leaves (when present) to about 1 dm long and 1.5 cm broad; (B.C. to w Man.) . ... P. procerus 17 Corolla bright blue, to about 2 cm long, mostly spreading-ascending, the tube gradually flaring toward the mouth, the palate glabrous; calyx to 9 mm long; pollen-sacs commonly about 1 mm long; capsule to 12 mm long (excluding beak), the seeds commonly about 3 mm long; leaves thick and very coriaceous, they and the stem very glaucous; stem -leaves lanceolate to ovate, the bracteal leaves relatively broader, 18 Bearded portion of the staminode at least 2 mm long, the hairs often well over 0.5 mm long (sometimes more than 1 mm long); basal leaves to about 1 dm long and 2.5 cm broad; plant commonly not over 3 dm tall; (s B.C. to sw Man.) P. nitidus 18 Bearded portion of staminode usually less than 1 .5 mm long, the hairs rarely over 0.5 mm long; basal leaves to 1.5 dm long and 2 cm broad; plant to 6 dm tall [P. acuminatus] 16 Plants more or less glandular in the inflorescence (and on the outside of the corolla); corolla distinctly flaring toward mouth (except in P. hirsutus), the palate bearded; basal tufts of leaves commonly present (often poorly developed or soon withering in P. eriantherus, P. gracilis, and P. hirsutus ). 19 Principal stem-leaves relatively coarsely toothed; whorls rather loose and often few-flowered. 20 Principal stem-leaves relatively narrow (mostly at least 3 times as long as broad), at first pubescent, becoming glabrate; calyx to 7 or 8 mm long; corolla scarcely flaring, dull violet or purplish with white lobes, to about 2.5 cm long, the base of the lower lip arched upwards and nearly or quite closing the throat; anther-sacs as broad as long, saucer-like at maturity; capsules to 9 mm long; stem to about 9 dm tall, copiously spreading-pubescent; (Ont. and Que.) P. hirsutus 20 Principal stem-leaves relatively broad (mostly elliptic to ovate, deltoid-ovate, or subcordate and commonly less than 3 times as long as broad); calyx to 6 mm long; corolla distinctly flaring, blue (or the tube purplish), the lower lip much surpassing the upper one and downwardly arched; anther-sacs longer than broad, cup-like at maturity; capsules to 7 mm long, the seeds to 1.5 mm long; (B.C.). 21 Corolla commonly not over 1.5 cm long; leaves and stems glandular-hirsute to merely puberulent or even essentially gla- brous, the stems commonly less than 4 dm tall, the leaves mostly not over 2 cm broad P. pruinosus 1373 Scrophulariaceae 21 Corolla to over 2 cm long; stems and leaves (at least on the midrib beneath) spreading-hirsute to essentially glabrous, the stems to about 1 m tall, the leaves to about 5 cm broad P. ovatus 1 9 Principal stem-leaves mostly entire or with only a few low teeth, relatively narrow (mostly at least 3 times as long as broad); corolla flaring toward mouth. 22 Ovary and capsule (to 1 2 mm long) glandular-puberulent near the summit; calyx to 13 mm long, with herbaceous and entire lobes; corolla pale lavender to red-purple or deep blue-purple, to 4 cm long, the staminode somewhat exserted from its orifice; seeds 2 or 3 mm long; stem to 4 dm tall, it and the leaves cinereous-puberulent to villous-hirsute or partly glabrate, the basal leaves often poorly developed; (B.C. tos Sask.) P. eriantherus 22 Ovary and capsule (at most 8 or 9 mm long) glabrous; calyx to 7 mm long; seeds less than 2 mm long; leaves glabrous; stems commonly more or less pubescent (often in lines) below the inflorescence, or glabrate. 23 Staminode bearded with long yellow hairs for more than half its length; corolla to 2.5 cm long. 24 Corolla blue-purple, the staminode somewhat exserted; leaves entire or sometimes shallowly serrulate toward the apex; stems to 3 dm tall; (Alaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-N B.C.) . . . . P. gormanii 24 Corolla pale lilac or pale violet, its lower lip violet-blue, the staminode not exserted; leaves mostly with minute sharp teeth; stems to 5 dm tall; (s B.C. to w Ont.) P. gracilis 23 Staminode bearded for at most about 1 /3 of its length, not exserted beyond the orifice of the corolla; corolla rarely over 2 cm long. 25 Corolla various shades of lavender, blue, or purple (sometimes pale yellow or nearly white), neither paler within nor obviously marked with deeper coloured lines; calyx to 7 mm long; stems to 9 dm tall [P. attenuates] 25 Corolla blue, with paler throat and evident lines of deeper colour inside; calyx to 5 mm long; stems rarely over 4 dm tall. 26 Corolla light blue (sometimes pink), to 2 cm long; (s B.C, and s Alta.) P. albertinus 26 Corolla bright blue with purplish or violet throat, at most 1 8 mm long [P. virens] [P. acuminatus Dougl.J [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Oreg.) from Austin, sw Man., by Lowe (1943; also Rossburn, but the collection not seen) is based upon P. albidus, the relevant collection in WIN. The reports from Man., Sask., and Alta, by John Macoun (1884; 1886) are chiefly or wholly referable to P. nitidus, most of the relevant collections in CAN.] P. albertinus Greene /T/W/ (Hs (Ch)) Dry open rocky places from the foothills to fairly high elevations from s B.C. (n to Kinbasket L.. about 65 mi n of Revelstoke; Keck 1945) and sw Alta. (Coleman and the type locality, Sheep Mt., Waterton Lakes; CAN) to Idaho and Mont. [P. glaucus sensu John Macoun 1884, as to the B.C. plant, not Graham, the relevant collection in CAN. his Fort Selkirk, the Yukon, citation probably referring to the type locality of P. gormanii: P. ?humilis sensu Macoun 1884. and Henry 1915, not Nutt.; P. ?pseudohumilis sensu Rydberg 1922, as to the B.C. -Alta, area, not as to type, which is P. attenuatus var. pseudoprocerus; P. ?virens sensu Rydberg 1922 (as to the Alta, plant, this taken up by Moss 1959), Ulke 1935, and Eastham 1947, not Pennell], map: Keck 1945: fig. 16, p. 193. P. albidus Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hs) Open plains, prairies, and hillsides from Mont, and s Alta, (n to Carmangay, about 1374 Penstemon 35 mi nw of Lethbridge; CAN) to s Sask. (N to Swift Current; Breitung 1957a) and s Man. (n to Duck Mt.; DAO; collection in TRT from a fencerow at Oriole, York Co., s Ont., where presumably introd.), S to N.Mex. and Tex. map: Pennell 1935: map 65, p. 254. [P. attenuatus Dougl.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Mont, to Oreg. and Wyo.) from B.C.-Alta. by Rydberg (1922; P. pseudohumilis) may be partly based upon a so-named collection in CAN from Crowsnest L., near the B.C.-Alta. boundary, where taken by John Macoun in 1897, referable to P, albertinus. The map by Keck (1945: fig. 11, p. 170) indicates no Canadian stations. (Inch var. pseudoprocerus (Rydb.) Cronq, (P. pseud. Rydb.;P. pseudohumilis Rydb., not Jones)).] P. confertus Dougl. /T/W/ (Hs (Ch)) Meadows and fairly moist open or wooded places at low to moderate elevations from se B.C. (Keremeos, about 20 mi sw of Penticton, to the Alta, boundary, n to Canal Flats, about 45 mi n of Cranbrook; the report from Fort Selkirk, the Yukon, by John Macoun 1884, is referable to P. procerus according to Hulten 1949) and sw Alta. (N to Banff; CAN; reported from along railway tracks at Swift Current, Sask., by Breitung 1957a, noting it as probably introd.) to Oreg. and Mont. map: Keck 1945: fig. 12, p. 175. P. davidsonii Greene /T /W/ (Ch) Ledges and talus slopes at moderate to high elevations, the aggregate species from s B.C. (n to near Kamloops and Revelstoke) and sw Alta. (n to Jasper) to Calif. 1 Leaves of the erect flowering-stems relatively well developed and not greatly reduced upward, rarely less than 1 cm long; calyx to 1 .5 cm long; corolla deep lavender, to 4 cm long; [P. ellipticus C. & F.;s B.C. (n to Griffin L., near Kamloops, and Revelstoke) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper National Park)] var. ellipticus (CouJt, & Fisch.) Boivin 1 Leaves of the erect flowering-stems small and often bract-like, commonly less than 1 cm long; calyx to 1 cm long; corolla blue-lavender to purple-violet, to 3.5 cm long. 2 Leaves often distinctly serrulate, tending to be broadest near, or even below, the middle, sometimes acutish at apex; [P. menziesii Keck, the type from Nootka, w Vancouver Is ; w B.C.: n to Mt. Waddington, ca. 51°20'N, and Bella Coola, ca. 52°20'N; reports from e B.C. and sw Alta, probably refer to var. ellipticus ] var. menziesii (Keck) Cronq. 2 Leaves entire, tending to be broadest above the middle, usually obtuse or rounded at apex; [sw B.C. : Vancouver Is.; Chilliwack; Hope; Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope; Lillooet, about 70 mi w of Kamloops] var. davidsonii [P. deustus Dougl.] [The rather ambiguous reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (tsi to Wash, and Mont.) from the B.C. ’U.S.A. boundary by John Macoun (1884), Rydberg (1922), and Henry (1915) require confirmation. The map by D.D. Keck (Am. Midi. Nat. 23; fig. 1, p. 601. 1940) indicates no Canadian stations.] P. digitalis Nutt. Originally native largely in the Mississippi Basin of the E U.S.A. but now spread to fields and clearings over a large area outside that region and known in Canada from Ont. (N to the Ottawa disk), Que. (n to L. Nominingue, about 80 mi nw of Montreal; Frere Lucien Levesque, Ann. ACFAS 13:90. 1947), N.B. (Charlotte and Carleton counties; CAN), and N.S. (Cape Blomidon, Kings Co.; D.S. Erskine 1951). [P. laevigatus var. dig. (Nutt.) Gray], map: Pennell 1935: map 41, p. 207, P. eriantherus Pursh /T/WW/ (Hs (Ch)) Dry open places at low to moderate elevations from se B.C. (Cranbrook, Newgate, Waldo, Fairmont Hot Springs, Briscoe, Windermere, and Fort Steele; CAN; V), sw Alta, (n to Castle Mt., nw of Banff), and s Sask. (Estevan, about 80 mi se of Regina; Breitung 1957a; reports of P. cristatus from Sask. and Man. by John Macoun 1884, are otherwise based upon P. albidus (corolla-mouth copiously glandular-puberulent within rather than glabrous) according to relevant collections in CAN) to Oreg., Colo., and Nebr. [P. cristatus Nutt,; P. saliens Rydb.]. 1375 Scrophulariaceae P. fruticosus (Pursh) Greene /T/W/ (N (Ch» Rocky, open or wooded places from the foothills to rather high elevations from s B.C, and sw Alta, to Oreg., Mont., and Wyo. 1 Leaves entire or more or less toothed, to 5 or 6 cm long. 2 Leaves mostly elliptic or oblanceolate, to 1 .5 cm broad; corolla to 4 cm long; [Gerardia Pursh; U S A. ?only, reports from B.C. and Alta, all probably referable to var. scou/en] [var. fruticosus ] 2 Leaves relatively very narrow, linear-elliptic or -oblanceolate, mostly not over 5 mm broad; corolla to 5 cm long; [P. scouleri Lindt.; P. menziesii var. scouleri (Lindl.) Gray; s B.C. (n to Kamloops) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper}] ... var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronq. 1 Leaves prominently toothed, relatively small, the blade mostly not over 2.5 cm long; corolla to 4 cm long; [ssp. serratus Keck; $ B.C.: collection from Manning Park, se of Hope, in the herbarium of the Manning Provincial Park museum] .... var. serratus (Keck) Cronq. P. gormanii Greene /Ss/W/ (Hs) Dry slopes at moderate elevations in Alaska {n to ca. 68°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N; type from near Fort Selkirk), sw-cent. Dist. Mackenzie (Tsichu R. at 63°20'N; CAN), and northernmost B.C. (Liard Crossing and near Cassiar, both at ca. 59" IO N, CAN; V). [P, glaucus of the Yukon reports by Watson, Science 3:253. 1884, and John Macoun 1884, not Graham; P. cristatus sensu John Macoun, Ottawa Naturalist 13(9}:215. 1899, not Nutt.], map: Hulten 19685:794 Forma albiflora Porsild (corolla white rather than deep blue, fading to light purple) is known from s Yukon (Alsek L.; type from along the Lapie R,), P. gracilis Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry prairies and sandy or rocky places from ?B.C. (Boivin 1966b) to Alta. (N to Peace River, 56°14'N; CAN), Sask. (n to n of Prince Albert; CAN), Man. (N to Steeprock, about 100 mi n of Portage la Prairie; CAN), and w Ont, (Kenora; WIN), s to N.Mex., S.Dak., Iowa, and Wise. map: Pennell 1935: map 56, p. 235. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. /T/EE/ (Hs) Dry or rocky ground from Wise, to Ont. (n to Renfrew, Frontenac, Leeds, and Stormont counties), sw Que. (n to Maniwaki, about 65 mi n of Hull; MT; CAN; reports from P.E.I. require confirmation), and s New Eng., s to Tenn., Ky., and Va. [Chelone L. ; P. pubescens Ait.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 59, p. 240. [P. laevigatus Ait] [This species of the E U.S.A. (n to Pa. and N.J.; very similar to P. digitalis but noted by Fernald in Gray 1950, as lacking the weedy and aggressive nature of that species) is reported from s Ont. by Montgomery (1945; Waterloo Co.) and from ML Royal, Montreal, Que., by Frere Cleonique-Joseph (Contrib. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal 27:39. 1936), and collections in MT from Jacques-Cartier and Iberville counties, sw Que., have been referred to it. However, a so-named collection in GH from Brighton, Northumberland Co., s Ont., has been referred to P. digitalis by Shumovich and further studies are necessary to confirm the above reports and collections. The map by Pennell (1935: map 44, p. 211} indicates no Canadian stations.] P. lyallii Gray /T/W/ (Hp (Ch)) Gravel bars, rocky slopes, and cliffs from the foothills to moderate elevations from se B.C. (Okanagan, Fernie, Elko, and Flathead; CAN; V) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Pass and Waterton Lakes; CAN) to n Idaho and Oreg [P. venustus sensu John Macoun 1884, as to the Crowsnest Pass report, not Dougl., the relevant collection in CAN], P. nemorosus (Dougl.) Trautv. /T/W/ (Hp) Woodlands and moist rocky slopes at low to high elevations from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and South Kootenay Pass, on the B.C.-Alta. boundary, where taken by Dawson in 1881; CAN) to nw Calif. [Chelone Dougl.; Nothochelone Straw]. 1376 Penstemon P. nitidus Dougl. /T/WW/ (Hs) Grassy hillsides, prairies, and plains at low to moderate elevations from SE B.C. (Crowsnest Pass, on the B.C. -Alta, boundary) to s Sask. (n to Moose Jaw and part of the type locality along the Saskatchewan R., this including the Saskatchewan, Assiniboine, and Red rivers) and s Man. {n to St. Lazare, about 75 mi nw of Brandon), s to Wash., Wyo., and N.Dak. [P. acuminatus var. minor Hook.J. P. ovatus Dougl. /T/W/ (Hs) Open woods at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland N to Bella Coola, ca. 52°2Q'N, and the Big Bend, a northern route between Revelstoke and Golden) to Oreg,, Idaho, and Mont, map: Keck 1945: fig. 15, p. 187. Much of the B.C. material appears referable to the glabrous extreme, var. pinetorum Piper (P. pinetorum Piper; P, wiicoxii Rydb.) but the map for P. wilcoxii by Keck (1945: fig. 16, p. 193) indicates no Canadian stations, (P. pallidus Small] [‘ Sandy or loamy woods and openings, taking to fields and roadsides, N.E. to Mich, and la., s to Ga., Tenn., Ark. and Kans., eastw. as a natzd. plant only.” (Fernald in Gray 1950). The report from S Ont, by Landon (1960; Middleton Township, Norfolk Co.) requires confirmation, being undoubtedly based upon an introd. plant if correctly identified. The map by Pennell (1935: map 49, p, 226) indicates no Canadian stations.] P. procerus Dougl. /sT/WW/ (Hs (Ch)) Dry plains, prairies, and open or wooded slopes at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from s Yukon (n to ca. 61°30'N; the report from Nome, Alaska, by Hulten 1949 (indicated on his map 1022, p. 1469) is not included in his 1968b map) and B.C. to Alta. (N to the Peace River dist, at ca. 56°N; John Macoun 1884), Sask. (n to Scott and Saskatoon), and sw Man. (n to Fort Ellice, about 75 mi nw of Brandon), s to Calif, and Colo. [P. micranthus Nutt.; P. confertus var. caeruleopurpureus Gray], maps (aggregate species): Keck 1945: fig. 6, p. 145; Hulten 19686:795. Var. formosus (Nels.) Cronq. (P. form. Nets.; P. pulchelius Greene; the dwarf alpine extreme with obtuse to short-cuspidate calyces at most 3 mm long rather than to 6 mm, the inflorescence commonly reduced to a single whorl) is known from s B.C, (Tamihy Mts,, near Chilliwack; CAN), where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1901. Some of our B.C. material is referable to another reduced alpine phase (but the calyces more or less strongly caudate-tipped and to 6 mm long), var. tolmiei (Hook.) Cronq. (P. to/. Hook.; differing from the typical form in having well-developed rosettes of basal leaves). The typical form has deep blue-purple flowers. Forma albescens Boivin (flowers white) is known from the type locality, Watson L., the Yukon. Forma jenkensii Boivin (flowers pink) is known from the type locality, Hoosier, Sask. P. pruinosus Dougl. /T/W/ (Hs (Ch)) Open rocky places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (between Princeton and 18 mi wot Cranbrook; CAN) to Wash, map; Keck 1945: fig. 15, p. 187. P. richardsonii Dougl. /t/W/ (Hp) Dry rocky places and crevices at lower elevations from s B.C. (Dry Interior in the Okanagan Valley n to Kelowna; Eastham 1947; the inclusion of Afta. in the range by Rydberg 1922, requires clarification) to Oreg. P. serrulatus Menzies /T/W/ (Hp (Ch)) Moist or wet places at low to high elevations from the southernmost Alaska Panhandle (near Hyder; Hulten 1949, and his map 1020 for P. diffusus, p. 1469) through B.C. (E to Revelstoke; Eastham 1947) to Oreg. [P. diffusus Dougl.]. map: Hulten 1968b:795. [P. triphyllus Dougl.] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of Wash., Idaho, and Oreg. by Rydberg (1922) is 1377 Scrophulariaceae probably based upon the report by Gray noted by John Macoun (1884; ‘‘On rocks from Oregon to British Columbia.”), this requiring clarification.] P. tubaeflorus Nutt. Native in the E U.S.A. ( “Open woods, fields and roadsides, Neb. to e. Tex., e. to Miss., Tenn., fnd. and Wise., partly adv, eastw,; adv. locally to Atl. states.”; Fernald in Gray 1950). It is reported from s Ont. by Pennell (1935; Forest, Lambton Co.), where probably introd. [Incl. var. achoreus Fern., this reported from Ont. by Fernald (in Gray 1950), probably on the basis of Pennell’s citation], map: Pennell 1935: map 60, p. 244. [P. venustus Dougl.] [The report of this species of Wash., Idaho, and Oreg. from Crowsnest Pass, on the B.C-Alta. boundary, by John Macoun (1884) is based upon P. lyallii, the relevant collection in CAN. Macoun (1886) also refers his South Kootenay Pass and Wigwam R. citations to P. lyallii and his Kicking Horse Pass citation to P. (davidsonii var.) menziesii. (P. ?dasyphyllus Gray).] [P. virens Pennell] [See P. albertinus. The map by Keck (1945: fig. 14, p. 183) indicates no Canadian stations.] RHINANTHUS L. [7647] Yellow Rattle 1 Floral bracts with at least the lower teeth lance-attenuate and ending in slender bristle-tips; (transcontinental, introd.) R. crista-galli 1 Floral bracts with the deltoid teeth blunt or merely acute, lacking bristle-tips. 2 Stem green; leaves oblong, crenate-dentate; corolla uniformly yellow; (transcon- tinental) R. borealis 2 Stem bronze-tinged, marked with black lines above; leaves lanceolate, serrate-dentate; corolla mostly yellow but the lower lip mottled with brown; (introd. in E Canada) R. stenophyllus R. borealis (Sterneck) Druce /aST/X/GEeA/ (T) Meadows and shores from the Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 62°N), the Yukon (n to Whitehorse; CAN), and Dist. Mackenzie (Nto Fort Norman, ca. 65 °N; CAN) to s Dist, Keewatin, Man. (N to Churchill; not known from Sask.), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay. L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°12fN), Nfld., and N.S. (Cape Breton Is. and St. Paul Is,; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to an uncertain limit in the U S A. through confusion with R. crista-galli ; w Greenland n to 65D10’N, e Greenland n to near the Arctic Circle; Iceland; Europe; Copper Is., ne Asia. [Alectorolophus bor. Stern., the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; R. minor ssp. bor. (Stern.) Love; A. pacificus Stern.; A. (R.) arcticus Stern.; incl. R. groenlandicus Chab. and R. oblongifolius Fern.], maps: Hulten 1958: map 172 (R. groenl.), p. 191, and 19680:815 (R. minor ssp. bor.; w N. America and Copper Is. only, excluding the eastern R. groenl. from the complex, the treatment tentative). Some of our material is referable to ssp. kyrollae (Chab.) Pennell (R. kry. Chab., the type from "Annapolis, evidently not "United States” but likely Nova Scotia” (Abrams 1951); R. rigidus Chab.; fruiting calyces essentially glabrous rather than finely pubescent). R. crista-galli L. Common Yellow Rattle. Claquette or Sonnette Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in old fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Dist. Mackenzie (Great Slave L.) and all the provinces. [Incl. var. fallax (Wimm. & Grab.) Druce; R. minor L.]. map: Hult6n 1958: map 119, p. 139. Fernald in Gray (1950) believes the species to be native southwards in N. America and introd. northwards. Both Hulten (1958) and Pennell (1935), however, consider it native only in the Old World. See note under Luzula campestris. R. stenophyllus (Schur) Druce European; apparently known in N. America only from boggy meadows and shores of e Que. 1378 Scrophularia (Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., P.E.I. (Souris, Kings Co.; CAN), and N.S. [Alectorolophus Schur; ft minor ssp. sten. (Schur) Schwarz]. This species is considered by Fernald in Gray (1950) to be native in e Que. (and presumably elsewhere in e N. America as noted above). See note under Luzula campestris. SCROPHULARtA L, [7505] Figwort. Scrophulaire 1 Rudimentary stamen greenish yellow, flabellate to subreniform, to 1 .8 mm broad, mostly broader than long; corolla greenish brown (or greenish yellow with a light-maroon overcast especially above), lustrous, to 14 mm long; fruit dull, to 9 mm long, slenderly ovoid, acuminate; panicle rather strict, rarely over 8 cm thick; leaves cuneate to broadly rounded at base, sharply serrate cr incised (or doubly serrate), mostly more than 3 times as long as their narrowly wing-margined petioles; stem with rounded angles and flat sides; (essentially transcontinental) S. lanceolata 1 Rudimentary stamen brown to dull purple, spatulate to obovate, at most 1 mm broad, commonly slightly longer than broad; corolla more distinctly brown; leaves mostly rather coarsely simply or doubly serrate or incised, their petioles scarcely winged. 2 Principal leaves commonly more than 4 times as long as their petioles (these mostly averaging not over 2 or 3 cm long), scarcely attenuate at tip; corolla to about 8 mm long; panicle rather strict, its short branches stiffly ascending; leaves rather finely to coarsely (but mostly simply) serrate; stem glabrous below the inflorescence, with acute angles and flat sides; (introd. in Que. and Nfld.) S. nodosa 2 Principal leaves commonly 2 or 3 times as long as their slender petioles; leaves com- monly more coarsely (often doubly) serrate or incised; stems with more rounded angles. 3 Panicle loose and irregular (with spreading-ascending branches), to about 1 .5 dm thick; corolla rarely over 8 mm long; leaves acuminate; stem glabrous below the inflorescence; (Ont. and Que.) S. marilandica 3 Panicle strict (the ascending or erect-ascending branches relatively short), commonly not over 5 or 6 cm thick; corolla to about 1 2 mm long; leaves scarcely acuminate; stem commonly glandular-pubescent nearly or quite to base; (sw B.C.) S. californica S. californica C. & S. /t/W/ (Hp) Moist low ground from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and Triangle Is.; CAN; reported from Moodyville and Griffin L, Kamloops dist, by Henry 1915, Moodyville perhaps being the present-day Port Moody, near New Westminster) to Calif, and Nev. [S. oregana Pennell]. S, lanceolata Pursh /T/X/ (Hp) Open woods, thickets, and clearings from s B.C. (n to Kamloops and Revelstoke; not known from Alta.) to s Sask. (Mortlach, about 50 mi w of Regina; Breitung 1957a; reports from Man. require confirmation), Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay; TRT), Que. (n to St-Leon, Rimouski Co., and the Gaspe Pen. at Port Daniel, Bonaventure Co.; not known from PEL), N.B., and N.S., s to n Calif., n N.Mex., Okla., III., and S.C. [S. leporella Bickn.; S. occidentalis (Rydb.) Bickn.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 78 (somewhat incomplete northwards), p. 278. Some of our B.C. material (Griffin L. and Revelstoke; CAN) is referable to the apparently commoner western phase, f. velutina Pennell (leaves soft-pubescent beneath rather than essentially glabrous). S. marilandica L. Carpenter’s-square /T/EE/ (Hp) Rich woods, thickets, and clearings from Minn, to Ont. (n to Middlesex, York, and s Grenville counties; the report from Casselman, near Ottawa, by John Macoun 1884. is based upon S. lanceolata, the relevant collection in CAN; the report from se Man. by Lowe 1943, may also refer to S. lanceolata, whose occurrence there, however, requires confirmation), sw Que. (Philipsburg, Missisquoi Co.; GH; reports farther northwards as far as Quebec City by John Macoun 1884, may refer to S. lanceolata; the report from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain 1891, may also refer to S. lanceolata, now evidently extinct there), and sw Maine, s to Okla., La., Ala., and Ga. [S. glauca Raf.]. map: Pennell 1935: map 79, p. 285. 1379 Scrophufariaceae S. nodosa L. Eurasian; known in N. America from ballast and waste places in New Eng., N.J., and sw Que. (Montreal; MT) and rocky or gravelly woods and thickets of Nfld. (where considered native by Fernald in Gray 1950, but more likely introd. ; see note under Luzula campestris). [S. marilandica sensu Waghorne 1898, not L, the relevant collection in GH]. map: Hulten 1958: map 143, p. 163. SYNTHYRIS Benth. [7583] S. borealis Pennell /Ss/W/ (Hs) Ridges and solifluction areas in Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 65°N; type from Double Mt., McKinley Park, Alaska) and nw Dist. Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968). maps (the occurrence in wwDist. Mackenzie should be indicated): Hulten 19685:805, and 1949: map 1034, p. 1470. [TONELLA Nutt.] [7504] [T. tenella (Benth.) Heller] [Native in the w U.S.A. from Wash, to Calif, and to be searched for in s B.C. ( Collinsia tenella Benth., not (Pursh) Piper, the report of which from sw B.C. by J.M, Macoun (1913; as “ Collinsia tenella, (Pursh)’ ) is based upon Collinsia parviflora, the relevant collection in CAN).] VERBASCUM L. [7460] Mullein. MolSne 1 Plants green and glabrous or somewhat glandular-pubescent above with simple hairs; anther-filaments all violet-villous; fruit subglobose, glandular-pubescent; (introd,). 2 Pedicels solitary at the nodes, mostly at least 1 cm long, longer than the subglobose fruits; pubescence wholly of simple glandular hairs V. blattaria 2 Pedicels up to 5 per node, usually less than 5 mm long and shorter than the fruits; simple and branched glandless hairs present in addition to glandular hairs — V, virgatum 1 Plants with simple or branched eglandular pubescence; leaves tomentose at least beneath, entire or very shallowly toothed; flowers sessile or short-pedicelled; fruit ovoid or cylindric, densely tomentose; (introd.). 3 Hairs on the anther-filaments violet or purple; flowers to about 2 cm broad; sepals linear, acute; leaves thinly pubescent and dark green above, pale and more conspicuously stellate-pubescent beneath V. nigrum 3 Hairs on the anther-filaments whitish or yellowish. 4 Leaves green above, ashy-pubescent beneath; flowers at most 2 cm broad, in numerous loose open racemes of a freely branching panicle; sepals linear, acute; pedicels to about 1 cm long; fruit 4 or 5 mm long [V. lychnitis ] 4 Leaves drab-tomentose on both surfaces; flowers broader, subsessile in a spike-like raceme; sepals triangular-ovate, acuminate; fruit to 1 cm long. 5 Raceme loose, often branching at base; flowers to 4 cm broad; leaves sessile, not decurrent on the stem or only slightly so; plant loosely tomentose .... V. phlomoides 5 Raceme dense, simple, flowers rarely over 2.5 cm broad; leaves decurrent to the next leaf below, the lower ones petioled; plant densely woolly throughout V. thapsus V. blattaria L. Moth-Mullein Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in old fields in N. America, as in s B.C. (n to Armstrong, about 15 mi n of Vernon, and Revelstoke; CAN; V), Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que. (n to Trois-Rivieres, St-Maurice Co.; MT), and N.B. (Woodstock, Carleton Co.; CAN; reported from St. Andrews, Charlotte Co., by Fowler 1885; the report from N.S. by Cochran 1829, may refer to V. virgatum). The typical form has uniformly yellow corollas. Forma albiflora (Don) House (corolla whitish, with a purplish base) is known from s Ont (Pelee Is,, Essex Co., and Port Ryerse, Norfolk Co.; DAO; TRT). Forma erubescens Brug. (corolla uniformly reddish) is reported from Ont. and N.B. by Boivin (19665). 1380 Veronica [V. lychnitis L ] White Mullein [Eurasian; locally introd, along roadsides and in old fields in N. America but apparently known from Canada only through an early collection near 'Lake Erie ”, s Ont, (MTMG; Boivin, personal communication). The report from Prescott, Ont., by Montgomery (1957) requires confirmation. The citations from West Augusta, Ont., by John Macoun (1884) and from Sandwich, Essex Co., by J.M. Macoun (1906; taken up by Dodge 1914) are based upon V . nigrum and V. virgatum, respectively, the relevant collections in CAN, revised by Boivin.] V. nigrum L, Black Mullein Eurasian; apparently known in N. America only from Alta. (Fort Saskatchewan; DAO) and s Ont. (Augusta, Grenville Co., where taken by P. Byrne in 1861; CAN; Boivin 1966b). [V. lychnitis sensu John Macoun 1884, not L.]. V. phlomoides L. Clasping Mullein Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Fort Langley, near Vancouver; V), Alta. (Fort Saskatchewan; Groh 1946), Ont. (Lambton, Norfolk, York, and Glengarry counties; OAC; TRT), Que. (Oka; MT), and P.E.I. (Boivin 1966b). V, thapsus L. Common Mullein, Flannel-plant. Tabac du diable or Bouillon blanc Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in old fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Alaska (Hulten 1949; Juneau, where “unable to maintain itself’), B.C. (N to Revelstoke; CAN). Alta. (Fort Saskatchewan and Crowsnest Pass; not known from Sask.), Man. (n to Bowsman. m of Duck Mt.). Ont. (N to Kapuskasing, 49°24'N), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I. , and N.S. V. virgatum Stokes European; locally introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Sandwich, Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1901; CAN) and N.S. (Kings and Cape Breton counties; ACAD; CAN). [V. lychnitis sensu J.M. Macoun 1906, not L, the relevant collection in CAN]. VERONICA L. [7579] Speedwell. VSronique 1 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, entire or obscurely toothed; racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves; corolla lilac or pale violet; sepals ovate-oblong, much shorter than the capsule; capsule strongly flattened, broadly notched at summit, much broader than long; style about as long as the capsule; pedicels filiform, reflexed in fruit, much longer than the flower or fruit; perennial with filiform rhizomes; (transcontinental) V. scutellata 1 Leaves broader. 2 Flowers iong-pedicelled in the axils of scarcely reduced, mostly alternate foliage- leaves (lower leaves often opposite); capsule pubescent, broader than long, somewhat flattened, deeply notched; seeds cup-shaped, rugose, to 3 mm long; leaves ovate to reniform, serrate or dentate, their petioles to 5 mm long; stem weak, decumbent and often creeping at base; pubescent annuals; (introd.). 3 Corolla about 1 cm broad, much surpassing the calyx; fruiting pedicels to over 3 cm long; style much surpassing the calyx-lobes. 4 Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse; stems scarcely matted V. persica 4 Leaves reniform; stems densely matted V. filiformis 3 Corolla smaller, only slightly surpassing the calyx; fruiting pedicels at most 1 cm long; style shorter; leaves ovate to suborbicular. 5 Sepals acute, slightly surpassing the sparingly pubescent capsule; style not much surpassing the capsule- lobes; corolla pale blue, the lower 1 or 3 lobes white or very pale . . V. agrestis 5 Sepals blunt, equalling or barely surpassing the densely pubescent capsule; style distinctly surpassing the capsule-lobes; corolla usually bright blue, rarely the lower lobe paler V. polita 2 Flowers sessile or on pedicels at most about twice as long as their subtending bracts or much reduced foliage-leaves. 1381 Scrophulariaceae 6 Flowers sessile or subsessile in the axils of much reduced alternate upper leaves; lower leaves opposite; seeds flat, rarely over 1 mm long; stem ascending; annuals. 7 Corolla whitish; sepals obfanceolate, subequal; capsule broader than long, shallowly notched, the minute style shorter than the capsule-lobes; leaves narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, rather fleshy, entire or obscurely toothed; (B.C. to N.S.) V. peregrina 7 Corolla violet-blue; lower pair of sepals longer than the upper pair; capsule about as broad as long, more deeply notched, pilose; style longer; leaves relatively broad, the lower ones oval to suborbicular, scarcely fleshy; plants more or less pilose; (introd.). 8 Leaves entire or low-toothed; style equalling or surpassing the capsule- lobes V. arvensis 8 Median leaves deeply deft into linear lobes; style much shorter than the capsule-lobes V. verna 6 Flowers short-pedicelled in the axils of small narrow alternate bracts, the inflorescence loosely or densely subspicate or racemose; foliage-leaves all opposite; perennials. 9 Racemes solitary and terminal on the main axis or forming the branches of a terminal panicle. 10 Leaves coarsely toothed, relatively long-petioled, the upper ones some- times in 3’s; racemes dense; corolla blue-violet; style 2 or 3 times surpassing the plump barely notched capsule, this longer than broad; stem stoutish, to about 1.5 m tall, from a woody base; (introd.). 1 1 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, tapering or rounded at base, to 1.5 dm long, very sharply and doubly serrate; raceme attenuate; fruiting pedicels nearly as long as the calyx; sepals ciliate, otherwise essentially glabrous; plant minutely tomentose V. longifolia 1 1 Leaves cordate-ovate, blunt, to about 6 cm long, coarsely and simply or somewhat doubly crenate-dentate; fruiting pedicels shorter than the calyx; raceme scarcely attenuate: whole plant (including sepals) minutely glandular-cinereous V. grandis 10 Leaves entire to shallowly crenate, sessile or short-petioled, none in 3 s; stem relatively slender, rarely over 5 or 6 dm tall. 12 Leaves to about 8 cm long, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, shallowly crenate; corolla blue or blue-violet; style much surpassing the plump barely notched capsule; raceme dense, attenuate; stem woody at base, to 6 or 7 dm tall; (introd.). 13 Plant copiously white-woolly, with many sterile matted basal offshoots [y. /ncana] 13 Plant minutely glandular-cinereous and with an admixture of long slender multicellular hairs U. spicata 12 Leaves mostly not over 3 cm long, elliptic to suborbicular, entire or only obscurely toothed; stem from a slender creeping base. 14 Capsule obcordate, broader than long, deeply notched; sepals (and leaves) eciliate; raceme narrow and elongate, loosely flowered; sterile leafy basal offshoots present and mat-forming; (transcontinental) V. serpyllifolia 14 Capsule broadly ovoid, tending to be slightly longer than broad, shallowly notched; corolla deep-blue to blue-violet; sterile leafy offshoots few or none. 15 Style elongate, commonly at least 6 mm long and usually longer than the glandular-pubescent capsule; anther-filaments to 8 mm long; sepals glandular-pubescent on the back but not conspicuously ciliate; leaves completely glabrous, entire; (mts. of S B.C.) V. cusickii 15 Style less than 4 mm long, shorter than the capsule; anther-filaments at most 4 mm long; sepals and upper leaves 1382 Veronica conspicuously ciliate with long white multicellular hairs; (trans- continental) V. alpina 9 Racemes lateral, borne in the axils of opposite foliage-leaves (the main axis sometimes little developed at anthesis, the inflorescence thus pseudo- terminal). 16 Stem and at least the young leaves pilose; capsule pubescent. 17 Leaves subentire or only obscurely serrate, copiously long-pilose at least when young with reddish flattened multicellular hairs, the stems similarly pilose, less than 1 dm tall; (Aleutian Is.) V. grandiflora 17 Leaves rather coarsely toothed; (introd.). 18 Pedicels shorter than the subequal obtuse sepals, these 2 or 3 mm long; leaves obovate-elliptic or cuneate-oblong, short-petioled; corolla about 5 mm broad; capsule glandular-pubescent, obcor- date, as broad as or slightly broader than long, much surpassing the calyx; stem extensively creeping, it and the branches mat-forming V. officinalis 18 Pedicels about equalling to much surpassing the acutish sepals; corolla about 1 cm broad; pubescence of capsule nonglandular; stems not mat-forming; (introd.). 19 Leaves sessile or nearly so, oblong; sepals 5, narrowly lanceolate, a short one about 1 mm long, 2 about 2.5 mm long, and 2 about 3.5 mm long; capsule obovoid, slightly surpassing the calyx; style about 7 mm long; stem stiff and erect V. latifolia 19 Leaves short-petioled, ovate or cordate; sepals 4, broadly lanceolate, only slightly unequal; capsule obcordate, broader than long, shorter than or slightly surpassing the calyx; style 4 or 5 mm long; stem weak, from a creeping base . ... V. chamaedrys 16 Stem glabrous or minutely glandular, decumbent or creeping at base; capsule glabrous or glandular, reniform or suborbicular, turgid, shorter than or slightly surpassing the calyx; style to 3 mm long. 20 Leaves distinctly petioled and toothed; capsule very shallowly notched. 21 Leaves mostly lance-ovate, broadest toward base, acute or acutish, shallowly serrate; style about 3 mm long; lower fruiting pedicels to over 1 cm long; stem decumbent or short-creeping; (transcontinental) V. americana 21 Leaves elliptic to obovate, broadest near or above the middle, rounded -at tip, shallowly crenate; style about 2 mm long; fruiting pedicels mostly 4 or 5 mm long; stem strongly creeping; (introd.) V. beccabunga 20 Leaves sessile, at least the upper ones cordate-clasping. 22 Capsule ovate to subglobose, barely notched, about as long as broad or a little longer, not surpassing the acute or acuminate sepals, on a usually rather strongly ascending pedicel; corolla pale lavender-violet, 4 or 5 mm broad; principal leaves lance- to obovate-oblong, commonly less than 3 times as long as broad; (introd.) V. anagallis-aquatica 22 Capsule broadly obcordate to round-reniform, deeply notched, mostly a little broader than long, longer than the obtuse or short-pointed sepals, on a usually widely spreading pedicel; corolla whitish or pale pink to roseate, smaller; principal leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, to about 5 times as long as broad; (B.C. to sw Que.) V, catena fa V. agrestis L. Field-Speedwell Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in cult, and waste ground in N. America, as in se B.C. (Okanagan; Henry 1915), Alta, (n to Beaverlodge, 55°13'N), Ont. (reported n to Ottawa by Groh and Frankton 1949b, but not listed by Gillett 1958), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. near 1383 Scrophulariaceae Grande-Riviere; GH), Nfld., N.B., 7P.E.I. (the report from Charlottetown by Herbert Groh, Sci. Agric. 7(10):394. 1927, is considered by D.S. Erskine I960, perhaps referable to V. persica), and N.S, V. atpina L. Alpine Speedwell /aST/X/GEA/ (Hpr) Moist meadows, bogs, and open slopes at moderate to high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is.. Alaska (n to ca. 67°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), Great Bear L., s Dist. Keewatin, s Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s in the West through B.C.-Alta. (not known from Sask., Man., or Ont.) to Calif, and N.Mex. and in the East to Gue. (s to se James Bay, Mollie T Lake at ca. 55°N, and the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), nw Nfld. (not known from the Maritime Provinces), and the mts. of Maine and N.H.; w and E Greenland n to ca. 72°N; Iceland; Europe; widely disjunct stations in Asia, maps and synonymy (together with distinguishing keys to the closely related V. fruticans of Greenland and V. stelleri of Alaska): see below. 1 Stems slightly woody, much branched, decumbent-based and often somewhat matted, to 2 dm tall; inflorescence short, downy with curled, eglandular, short hairs; corolla-lobes mostly broader than long; [s half of Greenland; maps: Hulten 1958: map 70, p. 89; Bocher 1938: fig. 100, p. 178] V. fruticans Jacq. 1 Stems from a slender creeping base, simple, erect or barely decumbent-based, often taller; inflorescence sparsely to densely villous or pilose with spreading or incurved (also often viscid or glandular) hairs; corolla-lobes mostly distinctly longer than broad. 2 Fruiting pedicels to 1 1 mm long; leaves sharply serrate; [incl. the glabrescent ex- treme, var. gfabrescens Hull.; Aleutian Is. and s Alaska; map: Hulten 19686:803] 17 stelleri Pallas 2 Fruiting pedicels rarely over 5 mm long; leaves entire or shallowly crenate V. alpina 3 Backs of sepals essentially glabrous except for marginal ciliation; capsules glabrous; fruiting raceme dense, most of the fruits overlapping; stems to about 2 dm tall; [northernmost Ungava-Labrador and s Baffin Is.; maps: Hulten 1958: map 35, p. 55; Meusel 1943: fig. 13b (aggregate species)] var. alpina 3 Backs of sepals and the capsules more or less pubescent. 4 Fruiting raceme dense, to about 6.5 cm long and 1 .5 cm thick, the fruits moderately crowded to strongly overlapping {except sometimes the lowermost ones), villous with multicellular hairs, their styles less than 2 mm long. 5 Sepals and blackish capsules long-villous with gland-tipped hairs; leaves blackened on drying; stems to 3 dm tall, spreading-villous above a shorter glandular pubescence var. unalaschcensis C. & S. 6 Corolla deep blue-violet; [incl. vars. australis Wahl., lasiocarpa Hartm., villosa (Wormskj.) Lange (V. vill. Wormskj.), and wormskjoldii (R. & S.) Hook. (V. worm. R. &S.); V. nutans Bong. (V. worm, nutans (Bong.) Pennell); V. pumila All.; transcontinental, the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; maps: Hulten 19686:802, and 1958: map 36 (\7 worm. and its var. nutans), p. 55; Porsild 1957: map 286, p. 196; Raup 1947: pi. 34] f. unalaschcensis 6 Corolla white; [se Yukon, the type from the upper Rose R.] f. albiflora Porsild 5 Sepals and pale-brown capsules sparingly villous; leaves at most only sightly blackening; stems to 2 dm tall, incurved-villous above, scarcely glandular; [type from the Highlands of St. John, nw Nfld.; map: Hulten 1958: map 35, p. 55] var. terra-novae Fern. 4 Fruiting raceme lax, to 1.5 dm long, the distinctly pedicelled fruits or pairs of fruits mostly becoming distant; [western varieties]. 7 Upper leaves alternate, with blunt or rounded tips, commonly drying green; flowers and fruits mostly alternate; lower bracts mostly linear to lanceolate, the upper ones inconspicuous; stems to about 3.5 dm tall; [V. wormskjoldii ssp. alt. (Fern.) Pennell] var. alterniflora Fern. 8 Corolla deep blue-violet; [Alaska-S Yukon-sw Dist, Mackenzie-B.C.; map: Hulten 19686:803] f. alterniflora 1384 Veronica 8 Corolla white; [se Yukon, the type from Rose-Lapie Pass] f. albiflora Porsild 7 Leaves, flowers, and fruits mostly opposite, the leaves drying black. 9 Stem-leaves (excluding floral bracts) up to 8 pairs, the upper ones ovate and acutish; lower floral bracts mostly lanceolate to ovate, the upper ones similar but narrower and shorter; calyx to 7 mm long; style to 1 .5 mm long; stems to 4 dm tall; [mts. of s B.C. and sw Alta. (Lake Louise)] . . var. geminiflora Fern. 9 Stem-leaves at most 6 pairs, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, with blunt or rounded tips; lower floral bracts mostly linear to lanceolate, the upper ones inconspicuous; calyx to 4 mm long; style to 3 mm long; stems usually less than 3 dm tall; [s Alaska (near Juneau) and mts. of B.C.; map: Hulten 1958: map 36 (V. worm. var. cas. ), p. 55] var. cascadensis Fern. V. americana Schwein. American Brooklime /ST/X/eA/ (Ch) Swampy ground and shallow water from the Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 65°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 6303Q'N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54°N), Man. (n to Riding Mt.), Ont. (m to the sw James Bay watershed at 52°1 1’N), Que. (n to se James Bay at 51°29'N, L. Mistassini, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif.. Mexico, Nebr„ and N.C.; e Asia. [V. beccabunga var. amer. Raf ]. maps: Hulten 19685:798, and 1958: map 126, p. 145; Porsild 1966: map 128, p, 82; Pennell 1935: map 88 (somewhat incomplete northwards), p. 254. Forma rosea Henry (corolla pink rather than blue) is known from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; type, as first collection cited, from Alberni, Vancouver Is.). Concerning the authorship of the species, see Hulten (1 968a ). V, anagallis-aquatica L. Water-Speedwell, Brook-Pimpernel Eurasian; wet places, ditches, and shores of the U.S.A. (where considered apparently both native and introd. by Fernald in Gray 1950). Introd. in se Alaska (Craig; ?Sitka), s Yukon (Whitehorse: CAN), B.C. (n to Prince Rupert, ca. 54C,20'N; CAN), and Ont. (Boivin 19665; area uncertain through confusion with V. catenata). maps. Hulten 19685:798, and 1958: map 126, p. 145. See Pennell (1935:363) concerning the probability that the N. American plant is entirely introd. Reports and so-named collections from Que and the Maritime Provinces require further study, perhaps being referable largely to V. catenata, as also the report from Alta, by John Macoun (1884; as V. anagallis, omitting the terminating inverted-triangle symbol indicating aquatica used by Linnaeus). An 1894 collection in CAN by Macoun from the Cypress Hills of sw Sask. has been referred to V. catenata by Pennell. A collection in TRT from Bradford, York Co., S Ont., has been referred to f. anagaliiformis (Boreau) Beck (stem and axis of inflorescence more or less glandular rather than glabrous) but may prove referable to V. catenata ssp. glandulosa. V. arvensis L. Corn-Speedwell Eurasian; introd. in pastures, open woods, and waste places in N. America, as in s Alaska (Sitka and Juneau; Hulten 1949), B.C. (n to Prince Rupert and Queen Charlotte Is,), Ont. (n to the se shore of L. Superior and the Ottawa dist.), Que (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co., and Magdalen Is.), ?Labrador (Boivin 19665), Nfld., N.B. (the report from P.E.I. by Hurst 1952, requires confirmation), and N.S.; sw Greenland, map: Hulten 19685:800. V. beccabunga L. Brooklime Eurasian; introd. in wet ditches and shallow water in N. America, as in ?Ont. (tentatively reported from Stormont Co. by Dore and Gillett 1955) and Que. (N to La Malbaie, about 80 mi ne of Quebec City; Groh and Frankton 19495; the report from N.S. by Cochran 1829, requires clarification). V. catenata Pennell /T/X/ (HH (Hpr)) Ditches and slow-flowing streams from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland e to Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope; CAN; V) to Alta. {Waterloo Lakes; Breitung 19575), Sask. (N to Hudson Bay Junction, 52052'N; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (n to Dropmore, about 1385 Scrophulariaceae 100 mi nw of Brandon}, Ont. (n lo the Ottawa dist), sw Que. (N to the Montreal dist.), and Vt., s to Calif., N.Mex., Okla., Mo., Ohio, and Pa. [V. connata (comosa) var. glaberrima Pennell; V. aquatics (salina) f. laevipes Beck], map: Pennell 1935: map 89 (V. connata and its ssp. glaberrima), p. 366. Some of our material is referable to ssp. glandulosa (Farw.) Pennell (V. anagallis-aquatica (comosa) ssp. gland. Farw.; V. connata Raf.; V. salina Schur; leaf-rachises, pedicels, and upper part of stem finely stipitate-glandular rather than glabrous). V. chamaedrys L Bird's-eye Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and borders of woods and in fields in N. America, as in s Alaska (Sitka; Hulten 1949), B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Abbotsford), Ont. (n to Ottawa and the Timagami Forest Reserve n of Sudbury), Que. (n to Kenogami, near L. St. John), Nfld. , N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. map: Hulten 19686:799. V. cusickii Gray /T/W/ (Hpr) Moist meadows and rocky slopes at rather high elevations from sw B.C. (collections in CAN and in the park herbarium from Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope) and w Mont, to Calif. V. filiformis Sm. Asiatic; introd. in lawns and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; New Westminster), Ont. (Ottawa; Grimsby, Lincoln Co. ; OAC), and sw Que. V. fruticans Jacq. /aST/-/GE/ (Ch) Calcareous rocks and slopes in w and e Greenland n to ca. 71°N; Iceland; Europe. ( V . saxatilis Scop.), maps: Hulten 1958: map 70, p. 89; Bocher 1938: fig. 100 (Greenland map), p. 178. (Keyed out under V. alpina). V. gran diflora Gaertn. /s/W/eA/ (Ch) Rocky places in the Aleutian Is. ( see Hulten 1949: map 1027, p. 1469); E Asia. [Var. minor Hult.; V. kamtschatica L. f.J. map: Hulten 19686:804. V. grandis Fisch. Eurasian; reported by Fernaid in Gray (1950) as spreading locally to roadsides in Que. (Grondines, about 35 mi sw of Quebec City; GH). [V. bachofenii Heuff.]. [V. incana L.] Woolly Speedwell [Eurasian; reported from s Ont. by Boivin (19666; Grimsby Beach, Lincoln Co.), where probably a casual garden-escape and scarcely established.] V, latifolia L. Asiatic; a garden-escape in N. America, as in Sask, (Boivin 19666), Ont. (n to Frontenac, Hastings, and Grenville counties), and Nfld. (Rouleau 1956). [ V . teucrium L.]. V. longifolia L. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in thickets and fields in N. America, as in Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Raymore, about 60 mi u of Regina; Breitung 1957a), s Ont. (n to Bruce and Leeds counties), Que. (n to Cacouna, Temiscouata Co., and Magdalen Is.), Nfld. (Pennell 1935), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [V. maritima L.; Verbena hastata sensu Fowler 1885, as to the Kouchibouguac, N.B., plant, not L., the relevant collection in NBM]. Forma glabra (Schrad.) Aschers. & Graebn. (plant essentially glabrous rather than ashy- puberulent) is known from N.B (Rothesay, Kings Co., and Perth, Victoria Co.; CAN) and P.E.I. (Summerside, Prince Co,; CAN; GH). V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell, Gypsyweed. The d'Europe Eurasian; a common weed of fields, waste places, and open woods in N. America (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below). 1 Leaves usually not over 3 cm long and about 1 .5 cm broad, mostly much shorter than the filiform peduncles; racemes lax and flexuous; corolla blue-violet; capsules often broader 1386 Veronica than long; [V. toumefortii VIII., not Gmel.; Nftd, P.E.I., and N.S.] var. toumefortii (Vill.) Reichenb. 1 Leaves to about 6 cm long and 3 cm broad, longer or shorter than the stoutish peduncles; racemes densely many-f lowered; corolla lilac-blue or lavender; capsules about as broad as long var. officinalis 2 Corolla white; [sw Que.: Philipsburg, Missisquoi Co.; MT] f. albiflora (Don) House 2 Corolla lavender to lilac-blue; [s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Hope; Rossland; Ainsworth, ne of Nelson), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld„ N.B., P.E.I,, and N.S.; map (aggregate species): Hulten 1958: map 120, p. 139], Fernald in Gray (1950) believes that this species is both native and introd. in N. America f. officinalis V. peregrina L. Neckweed, Purslane-Speedwell /T/X/ (T) Marshes, estuaries, and other damp or wet places (introd. northwards; ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Baja Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; introd. in Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant glabrous; [sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; ?introd.); s Ont. (n to Huron, Wellington, Peel, York, and Frontenac counties), Que. (N to Sorel, Richelieu Co.), N.B. (Fowler 1885; F.W. Pennell, Rhodora 23(265):18. 1921), and P.E.I. (in disturbed soil in a nursery at Bunbury, Queens Co., where doubtless introd.; ACAD); map: Pennell 1935: map 87, p. 338] . . var peregrina 1 Capsules and upper part of stem more or less short-stipitate-glandular; [incl. var. laurentiana Viet. & Rousseau; V. xalapensis HBK.; cent. Alaska-Yukon (introd.); Great Slave L. (?introd.) and B.C. to Alta-Sask. (n to L. Athabasca), Man. (n to York Factory, Hudson Bay, ca. 57°10'N), Ont. (n to Ingolf, near the Manitoba boundary at ca. 49°50'N, and the Nipigon R. n of L. Superior), Que. (n to Montmagny Co.), N.B., and N.S.; maps: on the above-noted map by Pennell; Hulten 19686:801] var, xalapensis (HBK,) St. John & Warren V. persica Poir, Bird's-eye Eurasian; introd along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in se Alaska (Hulten 1949; Juneau), S B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland e to Nelson), Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan), Sask. (Swift Current; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.), Ont. (N to Sault Ste. Marie and Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Gaspe Basin; GH), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I. , and N.S. [V. buxbaumii Tenore, not Schmidt; V. toumefortii of auth., not Gmel. nor Vill.]. map: Hulten 19686:800. According to Boivin (19666), most of our material is referable to var. aschersoniana (Lehm.) Boivin (V. tournifortii ssp. asch. Lehm.; lower corolla-lip white rather than pale blue, the other lobes deep blue; see Bernard Boivin, Nat. can. (Que.) 79:174. 1952). He also reports var. corrensiana (Lehm.) Boivin (V. tourn . corr. Lehm; all the corolla-lobes uniformly deep blue) from Ont., Que., Nfld., N.B,, and N.S. V. polita Fries Wayside Speedwell Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in lawns and waste places in N. America, as in s Man. (Cartwright, about 75 mi sw of Portage la Prairie; DAO, detd. Boivin) and s Ont. (Vineland, Lincoln Co.; DAO). [V didyma Tenore 1830, not 1811]. V. scutellata L. Marsh-Speedwell /ST/X/EA/ (Hpr) Swamps, shores, and wet places from Alaska (n to ca. 65°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 63°N), Great Slave L., s Dist. Keewatin, and B.C. -Alta. -Sask. -Man. to Ont. (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55°40'N), Que. (n to s Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Tikkoatokok Bay at ca. 57°N; CAN), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Colo., Iowa, and Va.; Iceland; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 19686:799, and 1958: map 45, p. 65; Porsild 1966: map 129, p. 83; Pennell 1935: map 90, p. 371 . Forma a/6a Boivin (flowers white rather than lilac or bluish) is known from the type locality, Sasaginnigak L., about 125 mi ne of Winnipeg, Man. Forma villosa (Schum.) Pennell (var. pilosa Vahl; var. pubescens Macoun; leaves and at least the upper part of the stem more or less villous rather than glabrous) occurs throughout the range. 1387 Scrophulariaceae V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell /sT/X/EA/ (Hpr) Grasslands, clearings, roadsides, and waste places (the typical form introd. in N. America, var, humifusa native; ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., Mexico, Minn., Mich., N.Y., and New Eng.; s Greenland (introd.); Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Rachis and pedicels incurved-puberulent, nonglandular; corolla at most 5 mm broad, whitish or pale blue, the veins darker blue; anther-filaments less than 3 mm long; [introd. in se Alaska (Hyder and Haines; see Hulten 1949: map 1028, p. 1469), the Yukon (Boivin 1966b), E B.C. (Glacier and Yoho National Parks), ?Man. (the report from Warren Landing, near the ME end of L. Winnipeg, by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation), Ont. (n to Schreiber, n shore of L. Superior), Gue. (M to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.), ?Labrador (Boivin 1966b), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld,, N.B., P.E.J., and N.S.; map: Hulten 1968b:801] var. serpyllifolia 1 Rachis and pedicels pubescent with spreading glandular hairs; corolla to 8 mm broad, pale blue to deep blue-violet; anther-filaments to 4 mm long; [var, borealis Laest.; var. decipiens Boivin; V. humifusa Dickson; V. tenella All.; Aleutian Is.-s Alaska (see Hulten 1949: map 1031 ( V . tenella), p. 1470) and B.C. -Alta, to Sask. (Cypress Hills; not known from Man.), Ont. (N to the Nipigon R. n of L. Superior), Que. (n to e James Bay at 52°37'N, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (m to Melville, Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., and N.S.; map: Hulten 1968b:802] var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl V. spicata L. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in rocky places in N, America, as in s Ont, (Maple, York Co.; TRT) and sw Que. (Missisquoi, Chambly, Vaudreuil, and Terrebonne counties; MT). V. verna L. Eurasian; introd. in waste ground in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 1966b) and s Ont. (Stokes Bay, L. Huron, Bruce Co.; GH; TRT). VERONICASTRUM Fabricius [7579] V. virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's-root /T/EE/?eA/ (Grh (Hpr)) Open woods and meadows from se Man. (n to Arnaud, about 40 mi s of Winnipeg; DAO; reports n to Winnipeg require confirmation) to Ont. (n to Savanne, about 45 mi nw of Thunder Bay; CAN; not known from Que. or the Atlantic Provinces, reports from N.S. possibly referring to V. longifolia), Vt. , and Mass., s to e Tex. and Fla.; the scarcely separable V. sibiricum (L.) Pennell in e Asia. [Veronica L,; Leptandra Nutt.], map: Pennell 1935: map 86, p, 324. Forma villosum (Raf.) Pennell (plant copiously villous rather than glabrous or minutely pubescent) is known from s Ont. (Walpole Is., Lambton Co.; TRT, detd. Pennell). [NEMESIA Vent.] [7476] [N. strumosa Benth.] [This South African species (not keyed out above) is reported as an ephemeral from Que. by C. Rousseau (Nat. can. (Que.) 98(4):721. 1971; Ste-Foy, near Quebec City), where probably a garden-escape. It is an annual to about 6 dm tall with linear to lanceolate, dentate, sessile, opposite leaves, the flowers to about 2,5 cm broad, in terminal racemes, white or variously yellow or purplish, the bearded throat with a pouch at the base.] 1388 BIGNONIACEAE (Bignonia Family) Woody vines or trees with opposite, simple or pinnately compound leaves. Flowers large and showy, perfect, gamosepalous and gamopetalous, hypogynous, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, the lower corolla- lobe slightly larger than the other 4 lobes. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, the other 3 or 1 sterile and rudimentary. Style 1. the stigma 2-lipped. Ovary superior. Fruit an elongate 2-locular capsule, the flat seeds broadly 2-winged. 1 Leaves pinnate with usually 9 or 1 1 ovate, sharply and coarsely serrate, acuminate leaflets to 8 cm long; calyx 5-toothed; flowers in corymbs; corolla tubular-funnelform, orange and scarlet, to 8 cm long; fertile stamens 4, didynamous (2 long, 2 short); capsule flattened, oblaneeolate, to about 2 dm long; wings of seeds merely erose; woody vine trailing or climbing by aerial rootlets; (s Ont.) Campsis 1 Leaves simple, entire or shallowly tobed, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, to about 3 dm long; flowers in panicles; calyx commonly splitting at anthesis into 2 unequal lobes; fertile stamens commonly 2; flowers in panicles; capsule linear-cylindric, terete, to over 5 dm long; wings of seeds hairy-fringed at tip; trees; (introd. in Ont.) [Catalpa] CAMPSJS Lour. [7714] Trumpet-flower C. radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpet-creeper, Cow-itch /t/EE/ (MM (vine)) Moist woods and thickets from Iowa to lit., southernmost Ont. (shores of L. Erie at Amherstburg, Pelee Point, and Pelee Is. and other islands of the Erie Archipelago in Essex Co.; formerly near Chatham, Kent Co.; see s Ont. map by Soper and Heimburger 1961:34), and N.J., s to Tex. and Fla. [Bignonia L.; Tecoma Juss,]. According to Fernald in Gray (1950), the plant is natzd. n to Mich, and Conn. John Macoun (1884) writes that, ‘This species is either indigenous on Pelee Island and Pelee Point, or it has become so naturalized as to run wild, and appear to be native. It is quite hardy eastward as far as Belleville and Prince Edward Co., and bears the winter cold without being taken off the trellis.” Soper and Heimburger believe that it is native in s Essex (and, formerly, Kent) Co., noting that it is Frequently planted as an ornamental vine as far north as Georgian Bay but barely hardy in the Ottawa District.” Dodge (1915) notes that it is cult, but not spreading in Lambton Co., adjacent to Kent Co. [CATALPA Scop.] [7727] Catalpa, Catawba, Indian-bean 1 Leaves glabrous or soon glabrate beneath, often with sharp lobes; corolla yellow, orange-striped and purple-spotted, the limb 1 or 2 cm broad; capsule at most 8 mm thick [C. ovata] 1 Leaves soft-pubesceot beneath; corolla white, more or less spotted with yellow and purple-brown; capsules at least 8 mm thick. 2 Leaves long-acuminate; corolla-limb to 6 cm broad, it and the tube inconspicuously spotted, its lower lobe notched at apex [C. speciosa] 2 Leaves abruptly short-acuminate; corolla-limb to about 4 cm broad, it and the tube conspicuously spotted, its lower lobe entire [C. bignonioides] [C. bignonioides Walt.] Common Catalpa [Native in the s U.S.A. from Miss, to Ga ; cult, elsewhere (n to the Montreal dist, Gue.) and reported by Dodge (1914) as planted and escaping along the L. Erie shore in Essex Co., s Ont., but (1915), in Lambton Co., “Cult, as a street and lawn tree but not spreading.” (Bignonia ( C ,) catalpa L.). map (native area): Hough 1947:405.] [C. ovata Don] Chinese Catalpa [Asiatic; cult, in N. America and, according to Fernald in Gray (1950), escaped and natzd. n to s Ont. (collection in CAN from Ottawa, lacking information as to whether or not escaped).] 1389 Bignoniaceae [C. speciosa Warder] Catawba-tree, Cigar-tree [Native in damp woods and swamps of the e USA. from Iowa and ind, to Tex. and Tenn. and escaped and often natzd. elsewhere. Dodge (1914) reports it as often planted and apparently spreading near Kingsville. Essex Co., s Ont., but (1915) not spreading in Lambton Co., somewhat farther north. A collection in OAC from Guelph, Wellington Co., lacks information as to whether or not escaped, maps (native area): Preston 1961:360: Hough 1947:407.] 1390 MARTYNIACEAE (Martynia Family) PROBOSCIDEA Schmidel [7785] Unicorn-plant Clammy-pubescent annual with large round-cordate, entire or somewhat undulate, long-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite, the upper ones alternate. Flowers perfect, gamopetalous, hypogynous, in racemes. Calyx unequally 5-cleft. Corolla to 5 cm long, gibbous, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped, dull whitish or yellowish, mottled with various shades of purple. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous (2 long, 2 short), with an additional sterile one (staminodium). Style 1. Ovary superior. Fruit drupaceous, the flesh folding away in 2 valves, the upper part woody and terminating in 2 long upwardly curved hooked horns. Seeds several, with a thick roughish coat, wingless. (Introd. in s Ont.). P. louisianica (Mill,) Thell. Ram's-horn, Proboscis-flower Native in the U.S.A. from Minn, to Va., s to n Mexico and Ga.; cult, for pickles elsewhere and occasionally escaping to streambanks and waste places, as in Sask. (Boivin 1966b) and s Ont. (collection in OAC from a poultry-yard at Guelph, Wellington Co.; collections in CAN from Niagara Falls, Welland Co., and Hamilton, Wentworth Co., lacking information as to whether or not escaped; reported from the Ottawa dist. by Gillett 1958). [Martynia Mill.; M. proboscidea Gloxin]. 1391 OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape Family) Root-parasitic, yellowish to brownish or purplish low herbs with scales in place of green leaves. Flowers irregular, gamopetalous, hypogynous, solitary or in spikes. Calyx variously lobed. Corolla 2-lipped, the limb oblique, the upper lip notched or 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous {2 long, 2 short), inserted on the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate or 2-lobed, terminating an elongate style. Ovary superior. Fruit a I -locular, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. 1 Stem slender, usually abundantly branched, the subsessile flowers scattered along the branches; corollas of upper sterile flowers white, commonly with 2 brown-purple stripes, about 1 cm long; lower cleistogamous fertile flowers about 5 mm long; plant parasitic on roots of the beech (Fagus grandifolia ); (Ont. to N.S.) Epifagus 1 Stem stouter, rarely forking; flowers all fertile, in dense or loose spikes or racemes. 2 Corolla to 2.5 cm long; calyx with 5 subequal lobes; stamens included; flowers either in spikes or solitary on long naked pedicels Orobanche 2 Corolla rarely over 1 .5 cm long; stamens more or less exserted; flowers numerous in dense spikes, subtended by 1 or 2 minute bractlets in addition to the floral bract, the calyx deeply cleft on the lower side only. 3 Plant pale brown or yellowish throughout, essentially glabrous, to about 2 dm tall; scale-leaves to about 2 cm long, ovate; (Man to N.S.) Conopholis 3 Plant yellowish, brownish red, or purple throughout; lower scale-leaves triangular and sharp-pointed, the floral bracts blunter and broadest above the middle; (Alaska, the Yukon, Dist. Mackenzie, and B.C.) Boschniakia BOSCHNIAK1A C.A. Meyer [7796] 1 Stems commonly not more than about 1 dm tall; bracts all essentially glabrous, their margins eciliate; orifice of corolla with short-ciliate margins; (Vancouver Is.) B. hooked 1 Stems to about 4 dm tall; at least the upper bracts copiously ciliate; orifice of corolla more densely ciliate; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-N B.C.) B. rossica B. hookeri Wa I pers Ground-cone /t/W/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Parasitic on salal ( Gaultheria shalfon) on or near the coast from sw B.C. (s Vancouver Is.; Herb. V) to n Calif. According to Henry (1915), “Eaten by the Indians, who called it Poque.” [Orobanche (B; Kopsiopsis) tuberosa Hook., not Veil.; B. strobilacea of auth., not Gray]. B. rossica (C. & S.) Fedtsch. /Ss/W/A/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Parasitic chiefly on Alnus and Picea in Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (N to ca. 69°30'N, e to Great Slave L) and northernmost B.C. (Mucho L. at ca. 58 JN; CAN); Asia. [Orobanche C. & S.; O. (B.) glabra Hook.], maps: Hulten 19686:828; Porsild 1966: map 130, p. 83: Raup 1947: pi. 34. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. (7790] C. americana (L.) Wallr. Squawroot /T/EE/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Rich woods (often hidden by fallen leaves) from Man. (Boivin 1966b, also reporting it from Alaska; not listed by Hulten 1949 and 1968b) to Ont, (n to Carp L., near Sault Ste. Marie, and Ottawa), sw Que. (St-Cesaire and Wakefield, Gatineau Co.; Rougemont and Mt-St-Hilaire, ne of Montreal; the reports from Nfld. by Reeks 1873, and Waghorne 1898, require confirmation), and N.S. (Annapolis, Kings, Queens, and Lunenburg counties; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to Ala. and Fla, [Orobanche L.] EPIFAGUS Nutt. [7792] E. virginiana (L.)Bart, Beech-drops /T/EE/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Parasitic or saprophytic on beech { Fagus grandifolia) from Ont. (n to 1392 Orobanche the Muskoka Lakes e of Georgian Bay and Ottawa) to Que. (n to Kamouraska Co.; CAN), N.B.. P.E.L, and N.S., s to La., Miss., Ala., and Fla. [Orobanche L.; E. americana Nutt.]. OROBANCHE L. [7791] Broom-rape 1 Flowers solitary on long naked pedicels much longer than the calyces, these not subtended by bracts; corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading, subequally 5-lobed and scarcely 2-lipped limb; calyx 5-lobed. 2 Pedicels mostly at least 4, to about 2 dm long, about equalling the more or less elongate stem, the lower ones often longer than the upper, resulting in a loose, flat-topped corymb; corolla purple (sometimes yellowish); calyx-lobes rather narrowly triangular, shorter than to equalling the tube; scale-leaves pubescent, at least the upper ones acuminate; (B.C. to s Ont.) O. fasciculata 2 Pedicels rarely more than 3, much longer than the usually very short stem; corolla creamy-white to lilac; scale-leaves glabrous, blunt or short-pointed; (transcontinental) O. uniflora 1 Flowers several to many, sessile or on pedicels to about 3 cm long, the calyces subtended by a large bract and usually a pair of smaller ones; corolla rather distinctly 2-lipped. 3 Calyx 4-lobed, the lanceolate acute lobes usually shorter than the tube; corolla to 3 cm long, dull bluish-purple, suffused with yellow at base; inflorescence a lax spike; (introd.) [O. purpurea] 3 Calyx 5-lobed. 4 Calyx less than 1 cm long, the triangular lobes about equalling or a little shorter than the tube; inflorescence loosely paniculate; corolla to 2 cm long, yellowish, marked with purplish brown, the lobes acute; (s B.C.) .0. pinorum 4 Calyx over 1 cm long, the linear lobes much longer than the tube; corolla pink or purplish, its lobes rounded or somewhat pointed. 5 Inflorescence spicate, the flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx-lobes less than twice as long as the well-developed tube; corolla to about 2 cm long; anthers glabrous; (B.C. to Man.) O. ludoviciana 5 Inflorescence corymbose, the flowers (especially the lower ones) distinctly pedicelled, the pedicels to about 3 cm long; calyx-lobes several times longer than the short tube; corolla to 3 cm long; anthers woolly; (s B.C.). 6 Lower lip of corolla continuous with the line of the tube (or slightly arched toward tip), at most 6 mm long . . [O. californica] 6 Lower lip of corolla strongly spreading, to 1.5 cm long O, grayana [O. californica C. & S ] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Mont, to s Calif, and Utah) from B.C. by Rydberg (1922; taken up by Hitchcock et al. 1959) requires confirmation. ( Myzorrhiza (O.) corymbosa Rydb.).] O. fasciculata Nutt. Clustered Broom -rape /sT/(X)/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Parasitic on a variety of hosts (particularly Artemisia and Eriogonum) in dry plains and prairies from s Alaska, s-cent, Yukon (n to ca. 62°30'N), and B C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to Saskatoon), s Man. (n to Neepawa, about 30 mi ne of Brandon), and s Ont. (Cloche Is., N L. Huron; OAC), s to Calif., n Mexico, Nebr., and Ind. [Aphylion Gray; Anoplanthus Walp.; Thalesia Britt.; 7. lutea (Parry) Rydb.]. map: Hultbn 1968b:828; (Hultbn (1949) also notes a map in Pflanzenareale 1 ;7. 1927). Forma lutea (Parry) Beck (the flowers, and whole plant, yellowish rather than purplish) is reported from sw Alta, by D.M. Achey (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60(6):449. 1933; Banff and Rosedale). O. grayana Beck /t/W/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Meadows and open slopes, parasitic chiefly on various species of Compositae, from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland) to Baja Calif, and Nev. [O. (Aphylion) comosa Hook.]. 1393 Orobanehaceae O. ludoviciana Nutt. /T/WW/ (Gp (root-parasite}) Dry prairies and plains, parasitic on Compositae (particularly Ambrosia and Artemisia ), from s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Okanagan; Yoho) to s Alta. (Milk River; Hand Hills; Medicine Hat), s Sask. (n to Wakaw, about 50 mi ne of Saskatoon), and sw Man. (n to St. Lazare, about 75 mi nw of Brandon), s to s Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Ind. [Aphylion Gray; Myzorrhiza Rydb.]. Forma albinea Boivin (flowers whitish rather than purplish) is known from the type locality, Val Marie, Sask. 0. pinorum Geyer /t/W/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Mostly in coniferous woods, where parasitic on various conifers, from s B.C. (Cowichan, Vancouver Is.; V; reported from Okanagan by Henry 1915) to nw Calif, and Idaho. [O. purpurea Jacq.] [Eurasian; locally introd. into grasslands in N. America, as in s Ont. (Wingham, Huron Co., where taken by J.A. Morton in 1895 but apparently not established, no later collections being known; TRT).] 0. uniflora L. One-flowered Cancer-root /T/X/ (Gp (root-parasite)) Parasitic on various plants in damp woods and thickets, the aggregate species from s B.C. (evidently confined to s of 50°N; reports from Alaska (and probably the Yukon) are based upon O. fasciculata, according to Hulten 1968a) to sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Banff), Sask. (Boivin 1966b; not known from Man ), Ont. (n to Georgian Bay, L. Huron, and Ottawa), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and MS., s to s Calif., Tex., and Fla. (See D.M. Achey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60(6):442-47. 1933). 1 Calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, tapering gradually from base to apex, only slightly longer than the tube; [Anoplanthus Endl.; Aphylion Gray; Thalesia Britt.; O. (Anoplon; Phelipaea) biflora Nutt,; incl. O. terrae-novae Fern.; Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.] var. uniflora 1 Calyx-lobes narrowly subulate from a broad base, to about twice as long as the tube; [western taxa]. 2 Anthers usually more or less woolly; corolla purple, to 3.5 cm long, the throat strongly flaring, to 8 mm broad at the throat; [Thalesia purp. Heller, not O, purp. Jacq.; s B.C.: Jardo; Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope] var. purpurea (Heller) Achey 2 Anthers glabrous; corolla to about 2.5 cm long, the tube at most about 5 mm broad at the throat. 3 Corolla purple; [Aphylion (Thalesia) min. Suksd.; s B.C. (Vancouver Is., Selkirk Mts., and Trail; Achey, loc. cit. , noting it as parasitic on Saxifragaceae) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Banff)] var. minuta (Suksd.) Beck 3 Corolla yellow or tinged with lavender; [ Aphylion (O.; Thalesia) sedi Suksd.; s B.C. (Mt. Finlayson, Vancouver Is., and Sproat, s of Revelstoke; Achey, loc. cit., noting it as parasitic on Sedum and Compositae)] var. sedi (Suksd.) Achey 1394 LENTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort Family) Small herbs with entire or filiform-dissected leaves, the plants insectivorous by greasy-viscid leaves in Pinguicula or bladder-traps in Utricularia. Flowers zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), gamopetalous, perfect, hypogynous, solitary on naked scapes or in bracted racemes. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lower 3-lobed lip with a prominent (usually bearded) palate and spurred at base. Stamens 2. Ovary superior. Fruit a 1 -locular capsule. 1 Flowers violet, solitary on naked scapes; upper lip of calyx deeply 3-cleft, the lower lip 2-cleft; corolla open at throat, the lobes spreading; leaves elliptic to ovate, entire, greasy-viscid (thus trapping insects), borne in a basal rosette; (transcontinental) .... Pinguicula 1 Flowers yellow (sometimes purple), commonly racemose on bracted scapes; calyx parted to base into 2 entire segments (upper segment often the broader); corolla-throat closed by the palate, the upper lip usually ascending; leaves linear-filiform and simple or (more commonly) finely dissected into linear bladder-bearing segments, submersed or buried in mud Utricularia PINGUICULA L. [7898] Butterwort. Grassette 1 Scapes densely hairy, commonly about 2 or 3 cm tall; corolla pale violet, about 1 cm long P. v/7/osa 1 Scapes glabrous, commonly 1 dm tall or more; corolla violet-purple, to 2 cm long P. vulgaris P, villosa L. /aST/X/EA/ (Hr) Damp mossy tundra and peats (often on or between hummocks) from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 68°N), and the coast of nw Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L., Great Slave l., s-cent. Dist. Keewatin, Ont. (N to w Hudson Bay at ca. 56°N), Gue. (n to s Ungava Bay; not known from e Que. or the Atlantic Provinces), and Labrador (n to Hebron, 58D12'N; Hustich and Pettersson 1943), s to B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; CAN; a sterile collection in CAN from Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Is., may also belong here), L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (s to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), cent. Gue. (L. Mistassini), and Labrador (s to Indian Harbour, 54°27'N; CAN); Eurasia. [P. acutifolia Michx.; P involuta Schrank; P. ?alpina sensu Gray 1886, not L.]. maps: Hultbn 1960b:83O; Raup 1947: pi. 34 (the occurrence in N Man. -Ont. should be indicated). P. vulgaris L, Common Butterwort /aST /X/GEA/ (Hr) Wet rocks and moist places (chiefly in calcareous areas) from the Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 69 N), the Yukon (n to ca. 68' N), and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie to s Baffin Is. and n Ungava-Labrador (n to ca. 60 30'N), s through B.C. and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to Oreg., Mont., Sask. (Hasbala l., ca. 59C30'N; Prince Albert; Indian Head), Man. (s to Gilbert Plains, n of Riding Mt.; J.L. Parker, Can. Field-Nat. 76(2):125. 1962; CAN), Ont., N Minn,, N Mich., Que. (s to S James Bay, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., n N.B. (Restigouche Co.; not known from P.E.I.), N.S. (Inverness Co., Cape Breton Is., and St. Paul Is.), N.Y., and Vt.; w and e Greenland n to ca. 74°N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 1968b:829, and 1958: map 211, p. 231;Porsild 1957: map 299, p. 198. Some of our western material is referable to var. macroceras (Link) Herder (P. mac. Link; P. arctica Eastw.; P. microceras Cham.; flowers relatively large, the corolla-lobes often overlapping, the relatively long spur blunt rather than acute). UTRICULARIA L. [7901] Bladderwort 1 Leaves simple or slightly forking, they and the minute bladder-traps mostly hidden beneath the surface of the moist soil on slender basal branches; scapes filiform. 2 Bract at base of pedicel centrally peltate; traps borne on separate branches; flowers long-pedicelled, whitish, yellow, or purplish, the blunt spur appressed; capsule much surpassing the calyx; (N.S.) U . subulata 2 Bract at base of pedicel basally attached; traps borne on leafy branches; flowers with a divergent spur. 1395 Lentibulariaceae 3 Flowers purple, solitary, with a short curved spur, the erect pedicel subtended by a truncate or notched cup-like bract; sepals all obtuse; capsule exserted; (Ont. to N.S.) — U. resupinata 3 Flowers often 3 or more, with a subulate spur, subsessile or very short-pedicelled, each subtended by a free bract and 2 smaller bractlets; longer sepal acuminate; capsule not exserted; (Ont. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) U. comuta 1 Leaves more or less copiously dissected into elongate segments; plants aquatic or amphibious. 4 Leaves all whorled and uniform, long-petioled, the beakless non-flagellate traps borne at the tips of the segments; corolla purple, the lower lip about twice as long as the appressed spur; (Ont. to N.S.) U. purpurea 4 Leaves mostly alternate, sessile or short-petioled, the beaked traps borne laterally on the segments or on separate branches, with long flagellae projecting from the orifice; flowers yellow or yellowish. 5 Scape bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles; submersed leaves 4-6-forked into capillary segments; (N.S.) U. inflata 5 Scape naked or merely with small scarious bracts; submersed leaves less divided. 6 Leaf-segments flat; (transcontinental). 7 Traps borne on the leaves; terminal leaf-segments with entire margins U. minor 7 T raps borne on separate elongate branches; terminal leaf-segments minutely serrulate. 8 Traps borne on leafless branches U. intermedia 8 T raps borne on branches with small leaves subtending many of the pedicels [U. ochroleuca ] 6 Leaf-segments terete or capillary; traps not on separate branches. 9 Plant bearing small apetalous cleistogamous flowers in addition to the normal ones; lower lip of corolla somewhat longer than the thick blunt spur; (Que., Nfld., N.B., and N.S.) U. geminiscapa 9 Plants lacking cleistogamous flowers. 10 Stems at least 0.5 mm thick, free-floating; scape stout, usually with at least 6 flowers; spur slightly longer than the lower lip of the corolla; fruiting pedicels arched-recurving; (transcontinental) I/, vulgaris 10 Stems less than 0.5 mm thick, creeping; scape filiform, 1 -6-flowered; fruiting pedicels erect 1 1 Mature leaves mostly with only 2 segments; corolla at most 1 2 mm long, its spur shorter than the lower lip; (s Ont. to N.B. and N.S.) U. gibba 1 1 Mature leaves with at least 3 segments; corolla to 1 7 mm long, its spur one -half to nearly as long as the lower lip; (s ?Ont.) [U. bi flora] [U. biflora Lam.] [The listing of this U.S.A. species (N to Okla. and s New Eng.) for s Ont. by Soper (1949) is probably based upon a collection in OAC from Puslinch, Wellington Co., referable, according to Bernard Boivin (personal communication) to U. intermedia .] U. cornuta Michx. /sT/EE/ (Hel (HH)) Bogs and muddy or sandy shores from ?Man. (the report from Riding Mt. by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation) to Ont. (n to the Attawapiskat R, at 53°44'N), Que. (N to the E James Bay watershed at 53°40'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (N to Goose Bay, 53°20'N; DAO; RIM), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to E Tex., Minn., Ohio, Pa., Del, and Fla. [Stomoisia Raf.]. map: McLaughlin 1932; fig. 18 (incomplete northwards), p. 349. U. geminiscapa Benj. /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and sluggish streams from Wise, and Mich, to Que. (Pontiac, Missisquoi, and Kamouraska counties and Magdalen Is.; not known from Ont.), Nfld. (CAN; GH), N.B. (Kent 1396 Ulricularia Co. and Grand Manan Is.; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S., s to N.Y. and Va. [U. clandestina Nutt.], map: Fernald 1933: map 6 (somewhat incomplete northwards), p. 85. U. gibba L. /T/X/ (HH) Shallow ponds and quaking bogs from Minn, to Ont. (collections in CAN from the Muskoka Lakes dist e of Georgian Bay, L. Huron; the report from Man. noted by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation), Que. (m to St-Tite, about 30 mi me of Quebec City; MT), N.B. (Grand Manan Is.; GH; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., Okla., and Fla.; W.I.; Central America. U. inflata Walt. /T/EE/ (HH) Ditches, ponds, and sluggish streams from Ind. to Pa. and N.S. (Yarmouth, Queens, Lunenburg, and Halifax counties; ACAD; CAN; GH), s to Tex, and Fla.; S. America. The N.S. plant is referable to var. minor Chapm. ( U . radiata Small; the whole plant reduced and few-flowered, the flowers smaller and the pedicels shorter than those of the typical form). U. intermedia Hayne /aST/X/GEA/ (HH) Shallow ponds and sluggish streams from N Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Macken- zie. (N to ca. 69°N) to Great Bear L, Great Slave L,, s Dist. Keewatin. northernmost Man. -Ont, Que. (M to e James Bay at 54C,25'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (Goose Bay, 53°20'N), Nfld., N.B. (not known from P.E.I.), and N.S., s to Calif., Iowa, Ohio, and Del.; w Greenland at ca. 66°N; Iceland; Eurasia, map: Hulten 19686:831. U. minor L. /aST/X/GEA/ (HH) Shallow pools, wet meadows, bogs, and shores from the e Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to ca. 68°30'N) to the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L, Athabasca (Sask.), Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to Hawley L., 54°34'N), Que. (n to Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°05'N; Hustich and Pettersson 1943), Nfld., P.E.I. (Mt. Stewart and Watervale, Queens Co.; CAN; PEI; not known from N.B.), and N.S., s to Calif., Colo., N.Dak., Pa., and N.J.; w Greenland n to ca. 71°N; Iceland; Eurasia, map: Hulten 19686:831. [U. ochroleuca Hartm.] [Usually regarded as a hybrid between U. intermedia and U. minor and occurring essentially throughout the range of those species ] U. purpurea Walt. /T/EE/ (HH) Ponds and sluggish streams from Wise, and Mich, to Ont. (n to the Sudbury dist.; TRT), Que. (N to Mont-Laurier, about 80 mi n of Hull), n Nfld. (near Colinet, Avalon Pen,; Hilda Smith, Can. Field-Nat. 80(3): 182. 1966), N.B. (Grand Manan Is. and near St. Andrews, Charlotte Co.; CAN; GH; not known from P.E.I. ). and N.S., s to La. and Fla.; W.I.; Central America. [Vesiculina Raf.j. U. resupinata Greene /T/EE/ (HH (Net)) Local in shallow waters and along shores from Wise, to Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay and Sault Ste. Marie), Que. (n to Timiskaming and Nominingue), N.B, (Phipps L., Kings Co., where taken by Livingstone in 1886; CAN; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S., s to III., Pa., and Fla. [Lenticula Barnh.]. map: McLaughlin 1932: fig. 17 (incomplete northwards), p. 349. U. subulata L. /T/EE/ (Hel) Wet peats, sands, and shores from w N.S. (Annapolis, Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne, and Queens counties; the listing for s Ont. by Soper 1949, presumably based upon a collection in TRT from Long Point, Norfolk Co., requires confirmation) to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; W.L [Sef/scape//a Barnh.]. maps: Fernald 1921: map 4, pi. 130, facing p. 120, and 1929: map 25, p. 1499. Forma cleistogama (Gray) Fern, (flowers usually whitish and only 1 or 2 mm long rather than yellow and up to 12 mm long) is known from N.S. (Fernald 1921). 1397 Lentibulariaceae U. vulgaris L. Common Bladderwort /ST/X/EA/ (HH) Deep or shallow quiet waters from Alaska (n to ca. 7Q°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°30'N), and nw Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Churchill), Gnt. (n to Hawley L, 54°34'N), Que. (n to the Wiachouan R. at 56°10'N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld. , N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., Mo., and Va.; Eurasia. [Incl. var. americana Gray {U. macrorhiza Le Conte), the corolla-spur somewhat more slender and pointed than that of the typical form, to which the N. American plant is sometimes referred], map: Hulten 1968b;830 ( U . vulg. ssp. mac.). 1398 ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family) JUSTICIA L. [8094] Water-willow. Dianthere Subaquatic glabrous perennial herb from a stout base with numerous cord-like stolons and rhizomes, the usually simple stem to about 1 m tall. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong, simple, entire, opposite, to about 1.5 dm long and 2.5 cm broad, tapering about equally to the blunt apex and the sessile or short-petioled cuneate base. Flowers gamopetalous, perfect, hypogynous, opposite in dense axillary long-peduncled short spikes or heads. Calyx nearly regular, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped (the upper lip erect or ascending, concave, entire or emarginate, the lower lip deflexed or spreading, 3-lobed), the lips about equalling the tube, pale violet to nearly white, marked with purple at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2, the terminal anther-sac horizontal. Style 1. Ovary superior. Fruit a short-stalked capsule with usually 4 warty-rugose seeds. J. americana (L.) Vahl Water-willow /T/EE/ (Hel) Shallow water and muddy shores from Kans. to Wo., Wise., s Ont. (Pelee Point, Essex Co., and Dufferin Is., Niagara Falls, Welland Co.), sw Que. (Montreal dist.; see s Que. map by Robert Joyal, Nat. can. (Que.) 97(5): map H, fig. 2, p. 564. 1970), N.Y., and Vt., s to Tex. and Ga. [Dianthera L.; Dicliptera Wood; J. pedunculosa Michx.]. 1399 PHRYMACEAE (Lopseed Family) PHRYMA L. [8115] Lopseed Perennial glabrous or slightly pubescent herb to about 1 m tall. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate, coarsely serrate, to about 1.5 dm long, the lower ones on petioles to 5 cm long, the upper ones commonly sessile. Flowers gamopetalous, perfect, hypogynous, white to pale purple, about 8 mm long, opposite and horizontal in long-peduncled, interrupted, terminal and axillary spike-like racemes. Calyx zygomorphie, the 3 upper subulate lobes about equalling the tube, hooked at tip, the 2 lower broadly triangular lobes very short. Corolla cylindric, the upper lip erect and emarginate, the lower lip much longer, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous (2 long, 2 short), inserted on the corolla-tube. Style 1 . Ovary superior. Fruit a dry 1 -seeded achene. R leptostachya L. Lopseed /T/EE/ (Hp (Hpr)) Rich woods and thickets from s Man. (Portage la Prairie, Graysville, Carman, and Morden, sw of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to I'Ange-Gardien, about 10 mi ne of Quebec City; see Que. map by Doyon and Lavoie 1966: fig. 13, p. 818), and N.B. (St. John R. system; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to e Tex. and Fla. 1400 PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family) Herbs with entire or subentire leaves, these commonly in a basal rosette. Flowers small, whitish or pale, gamopetaious, hypogynous, commonly regular and 4-merous. Stamens usually 4 (sometimes 2). Ovary superior. Fruit a usually circumscissile capsule (the top falling off like a lid) or an achene. 1 Flowers unisexual, the staminate ones solitary at the top of naked or 1 -bracted scapes to about 4 cm long; pistillate flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape; fruit a single blackish achene about 2 mm long; leaves linear-subulate, arching, to about 6 cm long, in a basal rosette; plant abundantly stoloniferous and forming turf in shallow water; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) Littorefla 1 Flowers mostly perfect, several or many in a spike at the top of the scape (or terminating numerous peduncles in the leafy-stemmed P. psyllium): fruit a usually circumscissile capsule with at least 2 seeds; plants terrestrial, nonstoloniferous Plantago LITTORELLA Bergius [8117] L uniflora (L)Aschers. Shore- weed /T /EE/E/ (Hel) Sandy, gravelly, or muddy shores and margins of ponds and lakes from n Minn, to Ont. (Gull L., Peterborough Co. ; L, Niprssing; shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is.), Nfld., N.B. (L. Utopia, Charlotte Co.; not known from P.E.I.), N.S., N.Y., Maine, and Vt.; Europe. [L lacustris var. uni. L], The N. American plant may be distinguished as var. americana (Fern.) Gl. (L amer. Fern.; achenes blackish, smooth or barely rugulose, rather than pale brown and coarsely rugose; cafyees at most 4 mm long rather than to 7 mm, their lobes oblong rather than lanceolate; anthers relatively small, their filaments at most 12 mm long rather than to 4 cm; peduncles of staminate flowers at most about 4 cm long rather than to 6 cm; leaves flattish, to about 6 cm long, rather than subterete and to 1.5 dm long). PLANTAGO L. [8116] Plantain, Ribgrass, Ribwort. Plantain or Queue de rat 1 Stems elongate, leafy; leaves opposite, linear-attenuate, chartaceous, to about 1 dm long, the lower ones with short very leafy shoots in their axils, the upper ones subtending stiff peduncles to about 8 cm long; spikes 1 or 2 cm long, ellipsoid or subglobose, their lower bracts with prolonged green tips; annual; (introd.) P. psyllium 1 Stems very short, the leaves forming a basal rosette. 2 Leaves mostly deeply pinnatifid and 1 -nerved, linear, to about 6 cm long ; bracts ovate, often long-acuminate and with spreading tips, sometimes obtuse and appressed; biennial, usually pubescent; (introd.) P. coronopus 2 Leaves entire to shallowly lobed but scarcely pinnatifid. 3 Leaves narrowly to broadly linear, the blade obscurely differentiated from the petiole. 4 Bracts of spike very conspicuous, awn-tipped and much exserted from the spike; corolla-tube glabrous; stamens 4; seeds normally 2; leaves glabrous or loosely villous; annual; (B.C. to s Man.) P. patagonica 4 Bracts shorter than the flowers or the lower ones somewhat exserted from the spike. 5 Plants perennial from a deep root and 1 to many crowns; leaves thick and fleshy, obscurely ribbed; corolla-tube pilose, its lobes to 1.5 mm long; stamens 4; seeds 2-6, plump; plants of alkaline or saline flats, brackish shores, and coastal rocks; (transcontinental) P. maritime 5 Plants annual, from a slender well-developed taproot; corolla-tube glabrous. 6 Leaves and spikes more or less densely white-woolly (becoming tawny); flowers uniformly fertile; corolla-lobes to 2 mm long; stamens 4; seeds 2; (B.C. to s Man.) P. patagonica 6 Leaves and spikes glabrous or the leaves merely rough-puberulent; 1401 Plantaginaceae flowers both fertile and sterile, some with reduced stamens, others with reduced pistils; corolla-lobes to 1 mm long; stamens 2; seeds mostly at least 4. 7 Corolla-lobes mostly erect in age and forming a beak; seeds 4, to 1 .8 mm long , [P. pusilla ] 7 Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in age, rarely forming a beak; seeds often more numerous. 8 Scape and leaves mostly erect, the plants to 1 .5 dm tall; seeds commonly 4 or 5, rugose -pitted, dark brown, to 2.5 mm long; (s B.C. to sw Man.) P. elongata 8 Scapes and leaves mostly decumbent to semierect, less than 1 dm tall; seeds up to 9 or more, irregularly and coarsely pitted, dark brown to black, to 2 mm long; (sw B.C.) P. bigeiovii 3 Leaves broader, the blade lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic or ovate, well differentiated from the petiole; corolla-tube glabrous; stamens 4. 9 Flowers both fertile and sterile, the fertile ones with anthers included and with the corolla closed over the maturing capsule and forming a beak, the sterile ones with exserted anthers and spreading corolla-lobes; seeds 2; plant annual or biennial, permanently hoary-villous throughout with a pubescence of long multicellular hairs; (introd.) P. virginica 9 Flowers uniformly fertile, the corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed; plants commonly perennial (sometimes also annual), the pubescence less obvious (plants sometimes villous at base). 10 Leaves relatively narrow, the blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate, elfiptic, or oblanceolate, mostly at least 5 times as long as broad, entire or remotely denticulate. 1 1 Capsules 6 or 7 mm long, indehiseent and falling entire; seeds 2 in number, 4 or 5 mm long; corolla-lobes to 2 mm long; leaves (including petiole) to 4.5 dm long and 3.5 cm broad; plant essentially glabrous throughout; (s Alaska-w B.C.) P. macrocarpa 1 1 Capsules at most 3 or 4 mm long, circumscissile below the middle; seeds about 2 mm long. 12 Outer sepals (the two adjacent to the bract) united; bracts acuminate or caudate-acuminate, their tips often exserted; corolla- lobes 2 or 3 mm long; seeds commonly 2; leaves to about 4 dm long, villous to glabrate; crown (base of plant) more or less densely tan-woolly; (introd.) P. lanceolata 12 Sepals all free; bracts obtuse to acute; seeds commonly 3 or 4; leaves at most about 2 dm long; crown less conspicuously woolly; (Alaska to w Dist. Mackenzie; mts. of sw Alta.) P. canescens 10 Leaves relatively broad, mostly narrowly to broadly ovate, entire to undulate or coarsely dentate. 13 Seeds commonly more than 4 (up to 30), smooth, plump; corolla-lobes at most 1 mm long; scape solid, not brown-woolly at base. 14 Capsule circumscissile near base; seeds less than 10; leaves thin; (Qnt. to N.S.) P. rugelii 14 Capsule circumscissile near middle, with up to 30 reticulate seeds, these le§s than 2 mm long; (transcontinental, partly or wholly introd.) P. major 13 Seeds at most 4 in number; corolla-lobes over 1 mm long. 15 Scape hollow; spike loosely flowered; capsule commonly 5 or 6 mm long, circumscissile near the middle; seeds plump; (s Ont. and s ?Que.) P. cordata 15 Scape solid; capsule commonly 3 or 4 mm long. 16 Capsule circumscissile near middle; seeds flat or slightly concave on the inner face; spike dense, to about 1 dm long; plant not brown-woolly at base; (introd.) P. media 1402 Plantago 16 Capsule circumscissiJe near base; seeds plump, shining, reddish brown; spike interrupted toward base, to about 2 dm long; plant copiously and generally conspicuously brown-woolly at base; (B.C. to Man.; e Que.) P. eriopoda P. bigelovii Gray /t/W/ (T) Wet rocky coastal bluffs and brackish shores from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands) to Baja Calif., nw Mexico, and Ariz. [P. elongata of B.C. reports in part, not Pursh]. map: I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 44(4): fig. 3, p, 473. 1966. P. canescens Adams /aST/W/A/ (Hr) Grassy or gravelly slopes at low to moderate elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 67°N), and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie to s Banks Is. and n Victoria Is.; isolated in the mts. of sw Alta, (w of Pincher Creek; near Jasper) and Mont.; Asia. [Incl, vars. cylindrica (J.M. Macoun) Boivin (P. eriopoda var. cyi. Macoun) and gfabrata Pilger; P. richardsonii Dene.; P. sepfafa Morris], maps: Hulten 19686:833; I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 45(5): fig. 6, p. 572, 1967; Porsild 1957: map 301 (P, sept ), p. 198. P. cordata Lam. /t/EE/ (Hr) Swampy woods, margins of streams, and ditches from Mo, to Wise.. Mich., s Ont. (collections in CAN from near Amherstburg, Essex Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1882; near Lucan, Middlesex Co., where taken by Dearness in 1894; and near Thedford, Lambton Co., where taken by Voss in 1967; collection in TRT from Chatham, Kent Co,; the report from Beauharnois, near Montreal, Que., by R. Campbell, Can. Rec. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895, requires confirmation), and N.Y., s to La., Ala., and n Fla. map: I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 45(5): fig. I. p. 568. 1967, P. coronopus L, Buck s-horn Plantain, Crowfoot Eurasian; locally introd. in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Ladysmith, Vancouver Is.; Herb. V) and s Man. (Brandon; G.A. Stevenson, Can. Field-Nat. 79(3): 1 76. 1965); w-cent. Greenland. P. elongata Pursh /T/WW/ (T) Dry to moist alkaline places from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland n to Tranquille and Kamloops) to s Alta, (n to near Red Deer), s Sask. (N to Nokomis, 51D30'N), and sw Man. (Melita; Miniota; Brenda), s to Calif, and Tex. map: I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 44(4): fig. 1, p. 469.1966. Some of the material from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands) is referable to ssp. pentasperma Bassett (capsules mostly 5-seeded rather than 4-seeded, one of the seeds smaller than the others and irregular in shape; spikes relatively densely flowered; leaves and scapes usually essentially glabrous rather than pubescent with long multicellular hairs), map: Bassett, loc. cit., fig. 2, p. 473. P. eriopoda Torr, /aST/(X)/ (Hr) Saline or alkaline soils from e Alaska (n to ca. 63DN), s Yukon, and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie to B.C.-Alta.-Sask, and Man. (n to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg), s to Calif., Mexico, and Nebr., with an isolated area in e Que. (St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Roch-des-Aulnets, I’lslet Co., to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.). [P. ?tweedyi of Alta, -Sask. reports, not Gray], maps: Hulten 19686:834; I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 45(5): fig. 3, p. 568. 1967; Porsild 1966: map 131, p. 83. P. lanceolate L. Ribgrass, Ripplegrass, Buckhorn, English plantain Eurasian; a common weed of grasslands, fields, and waste places in N. America, known from s Alaska (n to ca, 61 °N) and all the provinces (in Sask,, n to Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54°N), map: Hulten 19686:835. Forma composita Farw. (a common monstrosity, the spike very compound, much branched and lobed) probably occurs throughout the area and has been taken in Que. (Montreal and Quebec City districts; MT). Plants with strongly villous leaves may be distinguished as var. angustifolia Poir, Some of our material may also be separated as var. sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch (spikes ovoid or 1403 Plantaginaceae subglobose, less than 2.5 cm long, rather than cylindric in fruit and up to over 8 cm long; perhaps merely the reflection of a sterile habitat). Of this phase, f. eriophora (Hoffmgg. & Link) Beck (upper leaf-surface copiously greyish-pubescent rather than glabrous or only sparingly pubescent) is known from Que., Nfld., and N.S. and f. vernalis Beguinot (leaves essentially glabrous as in the typical form but elliptic rather than lanceolate) is known from Que. and Nfld. P. macrocarpa C. & S. /sT/W/eA/ (Hr) Sphagnum bogs and wet places near the coast from the Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska) and s Alaska (n to ca. 60°30'N) through w B.C. to Oreg.; e Asia (Commander Is.; ?Karaginsk Is ), maps; Hulten 1968b:832; I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 45(5); fig. 5, p. 572. 1967. P. major L. Common Plantain, Whileman’s-foot. Grand Plantain Eurasian; a very common weed of roadsides, dooryards, and other waste places in N. America (some taxa considered native by Fernald in Gray 1950), as in Alaska (n to ca. 68°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), Dist. Mackenzie (n to Norman Wells, 65°17'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 74(2):96. 1960), and all the provinces (in Sask.. n to L. Athabasca; in Man., n to Churchill); w Greenland. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves relatively thin, essentially glabrous, tapering to slender ascending petioles; capsules conic above, circumscissile near the tips of the sepals; [var. asiatica of American auth., not P. asiatica L.; incl. var. dumanii Lepage; native, according to Fernald in Gray 1950, on "River-gravels, damp ledges, etc., Nfld. to n, B.C., s. to N.B , n. N.E., L. Sup., Ont., N.D. and Ariz. (Eu)M; map: Hulten 19685:836] var. pilgeri Domin 1 Leaves relatively thick, more or less pubescent, tapering or broadly rounded to a relatively short broad petiole. 2 Leaves decumbent or slightly ascending; scape arched-ascending; capsules with rather broadly rounded summits; [incl. var, ungavensis Lepage; ssp. pleiosperma Pilger; P. halophila Bickn.; native, according to Fernald in Gray 1950, on "Brackish shores, rarely inland, P.E.I. and C.B. to Del.; James Bay; Wash, to Calif. . . . (Eu.)’] var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg 2 Leaves and scape ascending to erect; capsules broadly conic at summit; [transcontinental, introd.] var. major 3 Summit of scape below inflorescence bearing a rosette of small broad-bladed leaves; [monstr. bracteata (Moench) Pilger (P. bracteata Moench); s Ont. (Pelee Point, Essex Co.; Kaladar, Lennox-Addington Co.) and sw Que. (Missisquoi, Chambly, Labelle, and Charlevoix counties)] f. rosea (Dene.) Prahl 3 Summit of scape naked. 4 Spike branching and panicie-like; [f. ?ramosa Beckh.; se Man. (Love and Bernard 1959) and s Ont. (Stamford, Welland Co.)] f. paniculata Domin 4 Spike normal, unbranched. 5 Spike at most 3 cm long; leaf-blades at most 4 cm long; [var. vulgaris subvar. mic. (Hayne) Pilger; var. ?minima Dene.; se Man.: Love and Bernard 1959] f. microstachya (Hayne) Pilger 5 Spike to 5 dm long; leaf -blades mostly longer. 6 Leaves essentially glabrous, smooth to the touch; [var. ?pachyphylla Pilger (P. nitrophila Nels.); ssp. eumajor var. intermedia (Gilib.) Dene.; SE Man. (Love and Bernard 1959), E Que. (Gaspe Pen.; Anticosti Is.; Magdalen Is.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] . . . . , f, intermedia (Gilib.) Pilger 6 Leaves roughish on one or both surfaces with minute hairs; (transcon- tinental, introd,; map: Hulten 19685:835] f. major P. maritima L. Seaside -Plantain /aST/X/GEA/ (Hr) Salt marshes and coastal sands and ledges (inland around salt springs or saline marshes): Pacific coast from the Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to ca. 65°N; isolated stations in the Mackenzie R. Delta and at Great Bear L.) through coastal B.C. to Calif, (isolated stations in saline soil along the Red Deer R., Alta., where taken by John Macoun in 1881, and in Wood Buffalo National Park, n Alta.; CAN; reported from Great Salt L., Utah); Man. (coast of Hudson Bay n to Churchill; salt springs at Dawson Bay, n L. Winnipegosis) to n Ont. (coasts of James Bay-Hudson 1404 Plantago Bay N to ca, 56°50'N)t Quo. (coasts of James Bay~Hudson Bay n to ca. 55°N; Ungava Bay; St. Lawrence R. estuary from near Quebec City to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gasp6 Pen.), s Baffin Is., northernmost Labrador, Nfld., N.B., PET, N.S., and N.J.; S. America; w Greenland n to ca. 71°W, e Greenland n to ca. 65°30'N; Iceland; Eurasia. [P. juncoides Lam. and its var. californica Fern., var. decipiens (Barn.) Fern. (P. dec. Barn ), var, gtauca (Hornem.) Fern. (P. borealis Lange and its f. pygmaea Lange), and var. laurentiana Fern.; incl. P. oligosanthes R. & S. (P. ?pauciflora Pursh) and its var. fallax Fern.; see M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 27(31 8):93-1 04. 1925], maps: Hulten 19686:833; Porsild 1957: map 300 (E area; as P. junc . var. gl. ), p. 198; Potter 1932: map 8 (e area; as P junc. var. dec. ), p. 75. Forma vivipara (Viet. & Rousseau) Boivin (most or all of the flowers replaced by bulblets) is known from the type locality, Berthier-en-Bas, Montmagny Co., Que. P. media L. Hoary Plantain. Plantain batard Eurasian; introd. into lawns, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Chilliwack; Revelstoke), S Man. (Brandon), Ont (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Gaspe Basin; GH), N.B. (Bathurst; DAO), and ?N.S. (Cochran 1829). [P. ?cucullata Lam.], map: I.J. Bassett. Can. J. Bot. 45(5): fig. 7, p. 572. 1967. P. patagonica Jacq, Patagonia Indian-wheat /T/(X)/ (T) Dry open places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., Tex., La., and Ind. (natzd. eastwards to New Eng. and the Atlantic states and probably in part of the Canadian area, particularly at Halifax. N.S., where taken by Mackay in 1896 but apparently not since that date; CAN). 1 Bracts of the spike short, hidden by or barely projecting from the dense silky-villous pubescence; [var. gnaphaloides (Nutt.) Gray (P. gnaph. Nutt.); P. purshii R. & S.; apparently native in B.C. (N to Lillooet and Kamloops), s Alta. (Red Deer Lakes; Wood Mt.; Three Buttes; Cypress Hills), s Sask. (Cypress Hills; Skull Creek; Clearwater; Elbow; Saskatchewan Landing), and s Man. (Emerson, about 55 mi s of Winnipeg)] . . . var. patagonica 1 Bracts very conspicuous, awn-tipped and much exserted. 2 Bracts smooth or sparingly pilose, the longer ones several times longer than the flowers (at least in larger plants), their short-pilose linear-attenuate awns to 5 cm long; [P. aristata Michx.; P. purshii var. ar. (Michx.) Jones; apparently introd. in the Yukon (Dawson; Porsild 1951a); B.C. (Nto Revelstoke) and Alta. (Walsh; Manyberries); introd. eastwards, as in s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Middlesex, Waterloo, Lincoln, and Carleton counties) and N.S. (Halifax); map (P. aristata ); Hulten 19686:834] ... ■ . - — - var. aristata (Michx.) Gray 2 Bracts long-villous at base, less than 1 .5 cm long, at most 4 times longer than the flowers, their stiff bristleform long-villous awns at most 1 cm long; [P. spinulosa Dene.; P. aristata of Sask. reports, not Michx.; apparently native in s B.C., s Alta., and s Sask. (n to Saskatoon)] var. spinulosa (Dene.) Gray P. psyllium L. Flaxseed Plantain Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Locarno Park, Vancouver, and Sicamous, about 60 mi e of Kamloops; Eastham 1947), s Man, (Brandon; I.J. Bassett and C.W. Crompton, Can. J, Bot. 46(4) :351. 1968), Ont. (n to Ottawa), sw Que. (Cowansville; Quebec City; Montreal dist.), and N.S. (Halifax; D.S. Erskine 1951). [P. arenaria Waldst, & Kit.; P. indica L. (see Hitchcock et al. 1959:443); P. ramosa Asch.]. [P. pusilla Nutt.] [The Sask. citations of this species of the e U.S.A. (see map by I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 44(4): fig. 5, p. 476. 1966) by John Macoun (18841) are based upon P. elongata. the relevant collections in CAN, revised by E.L. Morris.] P. rugelii Dene. /T/EE/ (Hr) Damp shores, roadsides, and waste places (perhaps largely or possibly wholly introd. in our area) from Ont. (n to Ottawa; the report from Winnipeg, Man., by Lowe 1943. requires confirmation) to Que. (n to Cap-Rouge, near Quebec City, according to Groh 1946; reported from 1405 Plantaginaceae Anticosti Is. by John Adams, Can. Field-Nat. 48(4):65. 1934). N.B. (Woodstock and St. John; CAN), 7P.E.I. (see D.S. Erskine 1960), and N.S., s to Tex. and Fla. P. virginica L. Hoary or Pale-seed-Plantarn Native in the U.S.A. (n to Oreg, and Maine); probably introd. in s Canada, as in s Ont. (reported by Dodge 1915, as occasional in poor and dry open ground in Lambton Co.; personal communication by Roland Beschel, noting its occurrence in 1968 near Kaladar, about 40 mi nw of Kingston) and N.B. (St. John, where taken on wharf-ballast by G.U. Hay in 1877; ACAD). 1406 RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Herbs (Cephalanthus a shrub) with square or terete stems and simple entire leaves, these either in whorls and lacking evident stipules or opposite and connected by interposed stipules, Flowers regular, gamopetalous, epigynous, commonly 4-merous (sometimes 3-merous in Galium). Stamens 4 (sometimes 3 in Galium). Style 1 . Ovary inferior. Fruit various, 1 Leaves in whorls; fruit a pair of dry or leathery 1 -seeded carpels separating at maturity. 2 Corolla rotate, commonly 4-parted (sometimes 3-parted), white, greenish white, yellow, or purple; calyx-teeth obsolete; inflorescence cymose; leaves in whorls of 4-8; stem square in cross-section Galium 2 Corolla funnelform to campanulate, with a slender tube, the limb usually 4-lobed; leaves mostly in whorls of 8; (introd.). 3 Calyx-teeth lanceolate; corolla pink or blue, about 3 mm long, commonly 4-lobed (sometimes 5-lobed); fruit pubescent, about 2 mm long; flowers in terminal heads subtended by an involucre of lanceolate ciliate leaves connate at base; stem square, more or less pubescent Sherardia 3 Calyx-teeth obsolete; corolla white, blue, purple, or red, 4-lobed; stem square or terete [Asperula] 1 Leaves opposite (occasionally in whorls of 3 or 4 in Cephalanthus)-, corollas funnelform or campanulate, usually 4-lobed. 4 Shrub to over 3 m tall; leaves lance- to ovate-oblong, tapering at both ends, to about 1 ,5 dm long; flowers white, they and the obconic fruits densely crowded in globose heads to 3 cm thick; (Ont. to N.B. and N.S.) Cephalanthus 4 Herbs at most about 3 dm tall; flowers solitary, twinned, or in cymose clusters. 5 Stem trailing; leaves round-ovate, shining, petioled, evergreen, often variegated with whitish lines, 1 or 2 cm long; flowers twinned, white, mostly terminal, producing a scarlet berry-like double drupe; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) Mitchella 5 Stem erect; leaves broadly linear to narrowly oblong, deciduous, to about 3 cm long; flowers solitary or in cymose clusters; fruit a 2-locular capsule with several or many seeds .. Houstonia [ASPERULA L] [8485] Woodruff 1 Flowers blue, purple, or red, subsessile in terminal heads subtended by a whorl of leaves; fruit glabrous or pubescent; leaves ciliate, in whorls of 4-8, the upper ones linear to lanceolate, blunt; stem to 3 dm tall, retrorse-scabrous on the angles (at least below) [A. arvensis] 1 Flowers white, in peduncled branching cymes; leaves mucronate, mostly in 8's, 2 or 3 cm long. 2 Leaves linear, erect or ascending; peduncles terminal and from the upper axils, 2-ternate; flowers 2 or 3 mm long; fruit glabrous, about 2 mm long; stem terete, to 8 dm tall [A. glauca] 2 Leaves oblanceolate, spreading; peduncles 1-3, terminal, each bearing an umbel-like cluster of flowers, these to 5 mm long; fruit densely covered with hooked bristles, 3 or 4 mm long; stem square, to about 2 dm tall; (plant strongly resembling Galium asprellum and G. triflorum in habit) [A. odorata] [A. arvensis L.] [Eurasian; occasionally introd. into N. America but not established, as in sw B.C. (Essondale, near Vancouver; Groh and Frankton 1949b), s Ont. (near Hamilton, where taken along the edge of a marsh by Dickson in 1895; CAN), and s N.Y.] [A. glauca (L.) Bess.] [Eurasian; locally introd. info waste places or a garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in Ont. (Ottawa disl. ; Gillett 1958), Que. (St-Adrien, Megantic Co.; Montreal; Rivi£re-du-Loup, Temiscouata Co.; MT), New Eng., and N.J. ( Galium L,; A. galioides Bieb.),] 1407 Rubraceae [A. odorata L.] Sweet Woodruff [Eurasian; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.; Eastham 1947), s Ont. (Dorcas Bay, Bruce Co.; TRT), and sw Que. (Rouleau 1947; ?escaped).] CEPHALANTHUS L. [8230] C. occidentalis L. Buttonbush. Bois noir /T/(X)/ (N (Me)) Swamps and margins of ponds and streams from cent. Calif., s N.Mex., Tex., Nebr., and Minn, to Ont. (n to Renfrew, Carleton, and Russell counties), sw Que. (n to L. St. Peter in St-Maurice Co.; John Macoun 1884; MT), N.B., 7P.E.I. (McSwain and Bain 1891; probably now extinct), and N.S., s to Baja Calif., Mexico, and Fla.; W.l. maps: Preston 1 961 : 362, and 1947:274; Hough 1947:409. Var. pubescens Raf. (twigs and at least the lower leaf-surfaces soft-pubescent rather than glabrous, the upper leaf-surfaces relatively pale) is reported from sw Que. by Raymond (1950b; L. Champlain, Missisquoi Co., where growing with the typical form but in separate colonies). GALIUM L. [8486] Bedstraw, Cleavers. Gaillet 1 Fruit (or ovary) bristly, hairy, or tuberculate. 2 Fruits tuberculate, 3 or 4 mm long, on strongly recurved pedicels, the pedicels, peduncles, and stem harshly retrorse-scabrous on the angles; peduncles mostly 3-flowered, the inflorescences scarcely surpassing the linear-lanceolate mucronate leaves, these mostly glabrous above except for the ciliate margins; annual; (introd.) [G. tricornutum] 2 Fruits bristly or hairy. 3 Stem harsh with downward-pointing bristles on the angles; principal leaves mostly 8 in a whorl, narrowly oblanceolate, retrorsely hispid above and on the margins and midvein beneath, bristle-tipped; fruit to 4 mm long; annual; (transcontinental) G. aparine 3 Stem smooth (or sparingly retrorse-scabrous in G. triflorum). 4 Principal leaves mostly 6 in a whorl, narrowly elliptic, cuspidate, their margins minutely upwardly ciliate; fruit about 2 mm long; stem usually retrorse- scabrous on the angles at least below; perennial; (transcontinental) G. triflorum 4 Principal leaves in whorls of 4. 5 Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils; peduncles at first short, later elongating to as much as 3 cm; corolla white, 3-lobed; fruit nodding, pubescent with short hooked hairs; leaves linear-elliptic or a little broader, mostly 1 or 2 cm long (one pair often smaller than the other), they and the erect, simple or moderately branched stem glabrous; annual; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) .......... G. bifolium 5 Flowers commonly numerous in terminal cymose panicles; perennials. 6 At least some of the flowers sessile or subsessile along the branches of the inflorescence; leaves 3-5-nerved; (Ont. and sw Que.). 7 Middle and upper leaves lance-acuminate, to 8 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, glabrous or sparsely short-hispid on the nerves; corolla glabrous, yellowish, turning dull purple G. lanceolatum 7 Middle and upper leaves ovate-oblong to oval, blunt, at most about 5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, upwardly ciliate; corolla greenish, its lobes usually hairy outside G. circaezans 6 Flowers all pedicelied; leaves 3-nerved. 8 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, broadest near the base, to 5 cm long and 8 mm broad, nearly uniform in size except for the lowermost reduced ones; flowers numerous in dense ascending panicles, bright white; stems commonly short-bearded just below the nodes, otherwise glabrous or minutely scabrous; (trans- continental) G. boreale 1408 Galium 1 8 Leaves broader, elliptic to broadly oval or obovate, broadest near or slightly above the middle, the upper ones gradually reduced; flowers greenish* to yellowish-white or purplish, relatively few. 9 Leaves firm, dull, subequal, more or less spreading-pilose at least beneath, oval, mostly more than twice as long as broad, in numerous whorls, their lateral nerves obscure; stem hirsute to glabrate; (s Ont.) G. pilosum 9 Leaves thin, lustrous, essentially glabrous except for the upwardly ciliate margins (or the veins sparingly hairy), broadly elliptic to obovate, less than twice as long as broad, distinctly 3-nerved and increasing in size toward the top of the stem, the latter glabrous or nearly so. 10 Stem with at most 4 or 5 whorls of leaves; leaves more or less cuneate at base; inflorescence few-flowered (flowers commonly 2 or 3 on each of the 1-3 terminal peduncles); (widespread but localized) G. kamtschaticum 10 Stem with up to 8 (sometimes 9) whorls of leaves; leaf-margins tending to be convexly rounded; flowers relatively numerous, each primary peduncle tending to be cymosely branched and several-flowered; (?Vancouver Is.) . . . , . [G. oreganum] Fruit (or ovary) typically smooth and glabrous; perennials. 1 1 Stems relatively short, erect or ascending, smooth or merely more or less pubescent; flowers numerous in panicles. 12 Principal leaves in whorls of 4, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; flowers purple, in loose simple or compound cymes [G. latifolium] 12 Principal leaves in whorls of 6-8; flowers white or yellow; (introd.). 13 Flowers yellow, the whole panicle elongate; leaves linear-acicular; stems pubescent, at least in the inflorescence. 14 Lower branches of panicle much surpassing the adjacent internodes, the panicle thus rather dense; flowers less than 3 mm broad G, verum 1 4 Lower branches of panicle at anthesis shorter than or barely surpassing the adjacent internodes, the panicle slender and interrupted; flowers about 3 mm broad; (introd. in Que.) G. wirtgenii 13 Flowers white, in loose leafy panicles; leaves flat; stems glabrous throughout. 15 Leaves lanceolate, thin, to 5 cm long, broadest near the middle, pale beneath; (introd. in s Ont.) G. sylvaticum 1 5 Leaves firm, narrowly oblanceolate, rarely up to 2.5 cm long; (introd. , transcontinental) G. mollugo 1 1 Stems weak, matted, reclining or loosely ascending. 1 6 Leaves sharply cuspidate or mucronate, the principal ones in whorls of 6-8; corollas 4-lobed, white. 17 Leaves retrorse-scabrous on the margins, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, the principal ones in whorls of 6; stems retrorse-scabrous on the angles. 18 Leaves oval-lanceolate; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) G. asprellum 18 Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate; (introd. in w Greenland) G. uliginosum 1 7 Leaves smooth or minutely upwardly spinulose on the margins. 1 9 Principal leaves in 6’s, linear to linear-lanceolate, at most minutely upwardly scabrous on the margins; branches and stem smooth or minutely scabrous, the stem lacking conspicuous leafy basal offshoots; panicles very lax; (s Ont.) G. concinnum 19 Principal leaves 6-8 in a whorl, spatulate to narrowly obovate, upwardly spinulose-margined; branches smooth; stem producing prostrate leafy basal offshoots; panicle open-cylindric; (introd. in Que., St-Pierre and Miquelon, and s Nfld.) G. saxatile 1 6 Leaves blunt or rounded at tip. 1409 Rubiaceae 20 Flowers numerous in terminal cymes, the pedicels widely divergent; corollas 4-parted; leaves chiefly in whorls of 4-6; (transcontinental) G. palustre 20 Flowers solitary or in mostly simple few-flowered cymes (if numerous, with ascending pedicels). 21 Corollas white, to 2.5 mm broad, with 4 acutish lobes; stems erect or ascending, lacking matted basal offshoots; principal leaves in 4 s. 22 Leaves soon reflexed; fruits less than 2 mm thick; (transcontinental) G. labradoricum 22 Leaves spreading or ascending; fruits at least 2.5 mm thick; (Ont. to N.S.) . . G. obtusum 21 Corollas greenish white, not over 1.5 mm broad, mostly with 3 obtuse lobes; stems reclining, developing matted basal autumnal offshoots. 23 Corolla commonly 2 or 3 rnm broad; inflorescence irregularly cymose and several-flowered; leaves to about 2.5 cm long; (s ?B.C.) [G cymosum] 23 Corolla rarely over 1.5 mm broad; flowers 2 or 3 at the ends of terminal or axillary peduncles which may themselves be borne in 2 s or 3’s; leaves mostly not over 2 cm long; (transcontinental) G. trifidum G. aparine L. Cleavers, Goose grass /sT/X/EA/ (T) Woods, thickets, shores, and waste places (probably both native and introd.) from the Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (n to ca. 61°N) to B.C., Alta, (n to Athabasca, 54°43'N; introd. at Kelvington, Sask., according to Fraser and Russell 1944), Man. (n to The Pas; ?introd.), Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at ca. 52°10'N), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 51°29'N, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen ), Nfld. (Boivin 1966b; not known from P E L), N.B., and N.S., s to Calif., Tex., and Fla.; introd. in s Greenland; Eurasia; introd. in S. America, Africa, Australia, and s Asia, [Incl. vars. intermedium (Merat) Briq. (G. ?s purium L.) and minor Hook ), map: Hulten 19685:838. Some of our material, at least from B.C.-Alta., appears referable to the small-fruited extreme, var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Farw. (G. vaillantii DC.; G, ?micranthum Pursh; fruits at most 3 mm long rather than to 4 or 5 mm). G. asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw /T/EE/ (Hp) Damp woods, thickets, and low ground from Ont. (nw to the Kaministikwia R. about 20 mi w of Thunder Bay, n to the Moose R. s of James Bay at ca. 51 °N) to Que. (n to the se James Bay watershed at 52'37'N, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to Nebr., Ohio, and N.C. G. bifolium Wats. /T/W/ (T) Moist or dryish places from the foothills to high elevations from s B.C. (collection in CAN from the Dewdney Trail, sw of Rossland, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1902; collections in V from Nelson and the Columbia Valley) and sw Alta. (Jasper; Herb. V) to s Calif, and Colo. G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw /aST/X/GEA/ (Hpr) Meadows, prairies, open woods, and shores, the aggregate species from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to Churchill), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to Bagotville, Chicoutimi Co,, and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., and N.S. (reports from Nfld. by Reeks 1873, and from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain 1891, require confirmation), s to Calif., Tex., Mo., Ohio, and Del.; Greenland; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Ovary and fruit glabrous; [G. hyssopifoiium Hoffm.; Ont. (n to Bruce, York, and Glengarry counties), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), and N.B. (Restigouche and Charlotte counties)] var. hyssopifoiium (Hoffm.) DC. 1 Ovary and fruit bristly-hairy. 2 Fruit thinly to densely pubescent with short, strongly incurved bristles; [Ont. (n to Kenora, Thunder Bay, and w James Bay at 54°12'N), Que. (n to Bagotville, Chicoutimi Co.), N.B., and N.S.] var. intermedium DC. 1410 Galium 2 Fruit densely hirsute with straight, spreading or ascending bristles; [var. linearifolium Rydb.; G. septentrionale R. & S G. rubioides s ensu John Macoun 1884, not L., as to the Belleville, Ont., plant (relevant collection in CAN) and perhaps as to his reports from Alaska-B.C.; transcontinental; maps (aggregate species): Hultdn 1968b:837, and 1958: map 86, p. 105; A. Love and D. Love, Am. Midi. Nat 52(1): fig. 1, p. 95. 1954} var, boreale G. circaezans Michx. Wild Licorice /T/EE/ (Hp (Hpr)) Rich woods from Minn, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.) and sw Que. (n to Chelsea and Kingsmere, n of Hull, and the Montreal dist.; MT; the report from near Quebec City by John Macoun 1884. requires confirmation), s to Tex., Mo., Ky,, and N.C. [Var. glabrum Britt.; incl. the coarser and more densely pubescent extreme, var. hypomalacum Fern.]. G. concinnum T. & G. /t/EE/ (Hp) Woods and thickets from Minn, to s Ont. (tentatively admitted to our flora on the basis of the report from Pelee Is., Essex Co., by Core 1948, and so-named collections in TRT from Summerville, Peel Co., and Vineland. Lincoln Co.), s to Kans., Ark., Ky., and Va. [G. cymosum Wieg.] [Reported from sw B.C. by Henry (1915; South Westminster) and otherwise known from ?Mont. and Oreg. Scarcely separable from G. trifidum .] G. kamtschaticum Steller ZsT/D/eA/ (Hpr) Moist woods and mossy places from the Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (n to ca. 59°N) through coastal B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Alice Arm, ca. 55°20 N; reported from Vancouver Is. by Carter and Newcombe 1921) to n Wash.; isolated stations in nw Dist, Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968) and on e L. Superior, Ont. (Mamainse Point, about 40 mi nw of Sault Ste- Marie; CAN); Que. (Brome, Portneuf, Quebec, and Temiscouata counties; Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B. (Summit Depot, Restigouche Co,; ACAD; CAN; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (Cape Breton Is.: Inverness and Victoria counties) to the mts. of n N.Y. and n New Eng,; £ Asia, maps: Hulten 1968b:839; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 18. sheet 38; Fernald 1933: map 25, p. 309. G. labradoricum Wieg, /sT/X/ (Hp) Mossy woods, thickets, and bogs from s Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin (n to ca. 61 °N; CAN; not known from B.C.) to Alta.-Sask.-Man., northernmost Ont.. Que. (N to e Hudson Bay at ca, 56T0'N. Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B. (St. John; St. Andrews), P.E.I., and N.S. (Bay St. Lawrence, Victoria Co.; ACAD; not listed by Roland 1947), s to Minn., III., Ohio, Pa., and N.J. G, lanceolatum Torr. Wild Licorice /T/EE/ (Hp) Dry woods from Minn, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; CAN), sw Que. (n to L. St, Peter in St-Maurice Co.; MT; the report from near Quebec City. Que., by John Macoun 1884. requires confirmation), and Maine, s to Tenn. and N.C. [G. latifolium Michx.] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to W.Va. and Pa.) from s Ont. by Soper (1949) may be based upon a collection in OAC from Kitchener, Waterloo Co., this perhaps referable to G. lanceolatum. The report from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain (1891) also requires confirmation.] G. mollugo L. White Bedstraw. Gaillet mollugine Eurasian; introd. in fields and along roadsides in N. America, as in B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland; Eastham 1947), Ont. (n to Manitouiin Is., n L. Huron, and Renfrew Co.), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I. , and N.S.; sw Greenland. Material from e Que. (Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia), P.E.I. (Southport and Charlottetown), and N.S. (Windsor, Hants Co.) is referable to ssp. erectum (Huds.) Syme (G. erectum Huds., not Don nor Hoffm.; stem and branches relatively erect; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate rather than oblanceolate 1411 Rubiaceae or obovate; flowers to 4 mm broad rather than 3 mm; fruits to 2 mm thick rather than 1 mm; panicle-branches ascending rather than spreading). G. obtusum Bigel. /T/(X)/ (Hp) Swampy places and wet shores from Nebr. to Minn., Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; Gillett 1958), sw Gue. (n to Oka and the Montreal dist.; MT; n to Montmagny and Kamouraska counties if so-named collections in MT prove to be correctly identified), N.B. (Youghall, Gloucester Co.; CAN; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (Queens and Yarmouth counties), S to Ariz. and Fla. Var. ramosum Gl. (leaves relatively thin, hispid-ciliate, mostly about 4 times as long as broad, rather than scabrous-margined and to about 7 times as long as broad; stems diffusely-branched throughout rather than branched chiefly from the base) is reported from sw Que. by Gleason (1958). fG. oreganum Britt] [The report of this species of Wash, and Oreg. from sw BC. by J,M. Macoun (1913; Vancouver Is.) requires confirmation. (G. kamt. ssp. oreg. (Britt.) Piper).] G. palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw /T/EE/EA/ (Hp) Wet meadows, thickets, and shores from Ont. (n to Cochrane, 49°04'N; introd. in s Yukon; so-named collections from Alta, and Man. require further study) to Que. (n to the Rupert R, s of James Bay at ca. 51*25 'N and the Cote-Nord), Nfld.. N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Wise., Mich., Pa., and New Eng.; Eurasia, maps: Hultdn 19686:839, and 1958: map 151, p. 171; Fernald 1925: map 48, p. 319. (Hulten’s maps indicate a station near Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, and Fernald’s map indicates stations in s Greenland, these perhaps referable to G. brandegei, included below in the G. trifidum complex). G. pilosum Ait. /t/EE/ (Hp) Dry woods and thickets from Mich, to s Ont. (n to Huron and Lincoln counties; the report from Montreal, Que., by R. Campbell, Can. Rec. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895, requires con* firmation) and s N.H., sto Tex. and Fla. G. saxatile L. Heath-Bedstraw European; apparently known in N. America only from Que. (St-Flavien, Lotbiniere Co.) and St-Pierre and Miquelon (Boivin 19666) and from along a roadside and the borders of a woods in peaty barrens in se Nfld. (M L. Fernald, Rhodora 28(347):236. 1926; Trepassey, where considered native by Fernald but more likely introd.; see discussion under Luzula campestris ). [G. hercynium Weigel], map: Hulten 1958: map 133, p. 153. G. sylvaticum L. Scotch-mist, Babys-breath European; a garden-escape to fields and roadsides in N. America, as in s Ont. (Lambton, Lincoln, and York counties; OAC; TRT). [G. tricornutum Dandy] [European; occasionally introd. into waste and cult, ground in N. America, Reported by John Macoun (1886) from gardens at London, Middlesex Co,, s Ont., where scarcely established, apparently no other collections having been made since that date. The report from Anticosti Is., e Que., by John Adams (Can. Field-Nat. 50(7): 117. 1936) is based upon G. trifidum, the relevant collection in DAO. (G. tricorne Stokes in part).] G. trifidum L. /aST/X/GEA/ (Hpr) Moist places at low to high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and n Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 69 30'N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L,, L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), s Dist. Keewatin (60;16'N; CAN), northernmost Man. -Ont., Que. (n to s Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to ca. 58*N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Ga.; w Greenland n to 64 20'N, E Greenland N to 65°37'N; Iceland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves, pedicels, and usually the stem smooth, the leaves mostly 4 in a whorl; [var. halophilum Fern. & Wieg.; incl. G. brandegei Gray (G, palustre var. minus Lange); 1412 Houstonia transcontinental; waps (G. brand, ); HultPn 19686:841 ; A. Love 1950: fig. 19, p. 53] var. pusillum Gray 1 Leaves with backwardly-scabrous margins and midvein; upper internodes of stem often retrorse-scabrous. 2 Principal leaves 5 or 6 in a whorl, oblanceolate to oblong-spatuiate; pedicels smooth, relatively stiff and straight. 3 Pedicels mostly 3 terminating a peduncle; [var. latifolium Torr.; G. claytonii Michx.; G. tinctorium L.; Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.] var. tinctorium (L.) T, & G. 3 Pedicels usually single, at most 2 terminating a peduncle; [var. subbiflorum Wieg.; G. claytonii (tinctorium) var. sub. Wieg,; G, sub. (Wieg.) Rydb.; G. columbianum Rydb.; the map for G. tri. ssp. columb. by Hulten 19686:840, indicates a restriction in N. America to the West in spite of the fact that he includes the transcontinental G. tinct. var. sub. in the synonymy; see Hiroshi Hara, Rhodora 41 (489): 387-88. 1939] var. pacificum Wieg. 2 Principal leaves 4 in a whorl, linear to linear-oblanceolate; pedicels scabrous, arching, single or 2 or 3 terminating a peduncle; [incl. G. brevipes Fern. & Wieg.; transcon- tinental; map: Hulten 19686:840] var. trifidum G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bed straw /aST/X/GEA/ (Hp) Woods and thickets from the E Aleutian Is., Alaska (N to ca. 68°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 63°N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask ), Man. (n to Wekusko L, about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont, (n to Big Trout L at ca. 53°45'N, 90°W), Que. (n to e Hudson Bay at ca. 56°2Q'N and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, and Fla.; w Greenland n to 64°10'N, e Greenland n to 62°40JN; Eurasia, maps: Hulten 19686:838. and 1958: map 241, p. 261; Porsild 1966: map 132, p. 83. Forma rollandii Viet., the leaves nearly reduced to merely the ciliate midrib, is known from the type locality, Longueuil, near Montreal, Gue. Some of the Ont. and Que. material is referable to var. asprelfiforme Fern, (inflorescence a diffuse many-flowered panicle rather than essentially simple, the peduncles freely forking and bearing whorls of reduced leaves at their nodes subtending lateral flowering branches). G. uliginosum L. European; reported by J. Groentved (Bot. Tidsskr. 44(2):253, 1937) as apparently well established in two localities in w Greenland (CAN). G. verum L. Yellow or Our Lady's Bedstraw Eurasian; introd. in dry fields and along roadsides in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.; Eastham 1947), Alta. (Calgary), s Man. (Holland; High Bluff; Altamont), Ont. (N to Moose Factory, near sw James Bay), Que. W; CAN), Que. (n to e James Bay at 51°21'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B. (reports from P.E.I. require 1440 Lobelia confirmation; if once there, now evidently extinct), and N.S., s to Wash., Mont., Colo., S.Dak., Ohio, and NJ. [L. strictiflora (Rydb.) Lunnell]. map: McVaugh 1936: fig. 29 (somewhat incomplete northwards), p. 357, Forma ieucantha Rouleau (flowers white rather than blue; type from New Liverpool, Levis Co., Que.) is known from Ont., Que., Nfld., and N.B. and probably occurs throughout the range. [L. puberula Michx.] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to III. and Pa.) from Montreal, Que., by R. Campbell (Can. Rec. Sci, 6(6):342-56. 1895) requires confirmation. The maps by McVaugh (1936; combine his fig. 12, p. 294, and fig. 13, p. 296) indicate no Canadian stations.] L. siphilitica L. Great Lobelia, Blue Cardinal-flower /T/EE/ (Hs) Rich moist woods and swamps, the aggregate species from sw Man. to s Ont. and Maine, s to Tex., La., and N.C. maps: see below. 1 Leaves lanceolate, subgfabrous and often subentire; calyx subglabrous; flowers rarely more than 20; [s Man. : near Turtle Mt., about 50 mi s of Brandon, where taken by Burgess in 1874; TRT ; map: McVaugh 1936: fig. 6, p. 283] var. ludoviciana DC. 1 Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, strigose above, irregularly serrate; calyx hirsute; flowers often more than 20 var. siphilitica 2 Flowers white; [Ont.; Boivin 1966b] f. albiflora Britt. 2 Flowers blue; [s Ont.: n to Grey, York, Leeds, and Stormont counties; map: McVaugh 1936: fig. 5, p. 280] f. siphilitica L. spicata Lam. Pale-spike-Lobelia /T/(X)/ (Hs) Moist meadows, fields, and thickets, the aggregate species from s Alta. (Craigmyle, about 50 mi ne of Calgary; McVaugh 1936) to Sask. (n to near the South Saskatchewan R., where taken by John Macoun in 1872, the exact locality uncertain but perhaps represented by the dot near Prince Albert on McVaugh s below-noted map), Man. (im to Eriksdale, about 60 mi n of Portage la Prairie), Ont. (n to Thunder Bay, the Timagami Provincial Forest ne of Sudbury, and Ottawa), Que. (n to the e Gaspe Pen. at the mouth of the Grande-Riviere), N.B. (Charlotte and Westmorland counties; CAN), P.E.I. (Charlottetown; DAO), and N.S. (Yarmouth, Kings, and Cumberland counties), s to Kans., Ark., and Ga. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant bristly pubescent nearly throughout; [Canadian range as outlined above; map: McVaugh 1936: fig. 16, p. 314] var. hirtella Gray 1 Plant essentially glabrous except toward base var, spicata 2 Anthers white; flowers dark purplish-blue, at most about 30 in a raceme; capsules globose, often somewhat inflated; [var. camp. McVaugh; s Man. (Brandon; DAO), s Ont. (Branchton, Waterloo Co.; OAC), and Que. (Boivin 1966b); the map by McVaugh 1 936: fig. 17, p. 317, indicates no Canadian stations] . f. campanulata (McVaugh) Bowden 2 Anthers blue; flowers light blue; racemes densely many-flowered; capsules short- hemispheric; [L claytoniana Michx.; Ont. to the Maritime Provinces, somewhat more southern than var. hirtella ; map: McVaugh 1936: fig. 15 (var. originalis), p. 309] f, spicata 1441 COMPOSITAE (Composite Family) (Ref.: P.A. Rydberg, N. Am. Flora 33(pt. 1):1-46. 1922; 34(pts. 1-4): 1-360. 1914-1927; H.A. Gleason, N. Am. Flora 33(pt. 1):47-110. 1922; E.E. Sherff, N, Am. Flora, Ser. M(pt. 2):1-149, 1955) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (only a few Canadian species with more or less woody stems) with watery or milky juice. Leaves usually simple (sometimes compound), exstipulate, variously arranged. Flowers small, epigynous, in compact heads, these solitary or in spikes, racemes, corymbs, or panicles. Calyx-tube united with the 1 -locular ovary, the limb (when present) cup-shaped or consisting of a pappus of bristles, awns, scales, or teeth. Corolla either strap-shaped (ligulate) or tubular and typically 5-lobed, the heads either entirely ligulate, discoid (corollas all tubular), or radiate (central disk-florets tubular, marginal ray-florets with ligulate corollas). Stamens typically 5, inserted on the corolla, their anthers united into a tube. Style usually 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Fruit a dry seed-like achene. (Including Ambrosiaceae, Carduaceae, and Cichoriaceae). KEY TO GROUPS 1 Heads discoid (composed entirely of tubular florets, as in the thistle, Cirsium , or the marginal florets with inconspicuous ligules scarcely surpassing the plane of the disk; marginal florets sometimes enlarged and ray-like in Centaurea). 2 Leaves all or chiefly alternate. 3 Leaves entire or nearly so GROUP 1 3 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed — GROUP 2 (p. 1444) 2 Leaves all or chiefly opposite or basal (sometimes whorled in Eupatorium) GROUP 3 (p. 1446) 1 Heads normally radiate or entirely ligulate (but discoid forms sometimes occur). 4 Heads radiate (central disk-florets tubular, marginal ray-florets with ligulate corollas, as in the ox-eye daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). 5 Leaves all or chiefly alternate. 6 Leaves entire or nearly so GROUP 4 (p. 1448) 6 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed GROUP 5 (p. 1449) 5 Leaves all or chiefly opposite or basal (sometimes whorled in Actinomeris and Silphium) GROUP 6 (p. 1452) 4 Heads entirely ligulate (composed entirely of strap-shaped ligulate florets, as in the dandelion, Taraxacum ); receptacle almost invariably naked (chaffy in Hypochaeris): pappus usually consisting of capillary bristles (minute scales in Cichorium; wanting in Amoseris and Lapsana)-, juice often milky, 7 Leaves all or chiefly alternate. 8 Leaves entire or nearly so GROUP 7 (p. 1455) 8 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed GROUP 8 (p. 1456) 7 Leaves all or chiefly basal, stem-leaves, when present, much reduced GROUP 9 (p. 1456} KEY TO GENERA GROUP 1 (Heads discoid; leaves all or mostly alternate, entire or nearly so) 1 Phyllaries with spreading, subulate, inwardly hooked tips in several unequal rows (forming the characteristic bur of the burdock); heads pink or purplish; receptacle bristly; achenes with a short pappus of numerous somewhat chaffy rough deciduous bristles; coarse biennial weeds with large ovate to roundish, mostly cordate leaves, these more or less floccose-tomentose beneath; (introd.) Arctium 1 Phyllaries lacking hooked tips. 2 Shrubs with linear or narrowly oblanceolate to oblong leaves; heads in terminal cymose clusters; involucres narrow, with commonly not more than 4 or 5 yellow flowers; receptacle naked; pappus of capillary bristles. 3 Phyllaries (and flowers) 4. equal; primary leaves to 3 cm long and 4 mm broad 1442 Key to Compositae (their axils sometimes bearing fascicles of shorter and proportionately broader leaves); plant finely and densely white-tomentose; (s B.C.) Tetradymia 3 Phyllaries commonly at least 15, in several series of unequal length; (B.C. to sw Sask.) Chrysothamnus 2 Herbs (at most somewhat woody-based). 4 Receptacle bristly or chaffy (sometimes so only near the marginal florets; sometimes naked or nearly so in Saussurea). 5 Pappus present at the summit of the achenes. 6 Pappus of elongate plumose bristles; heads violet-purple, few in corymbiform or capitate clusters; (western arctic and alpine regions) Saussurea 6 Pappus of simple bristles or scales (sometimes none in Centaurea): (introd.). 7 Florets small, yellowish, in heads 4 or 5 mm high, these in small clusters of 2 or more; phyllaries linear, blunt, spreading like a star when mature, with woolly hairs extending to the tip; achenes about 0.6 mm long, basally attached; leaves linear-oblanceolate, commonly about 1 cm long, they and the stem (commonly simple below but with short ascending lateral branches above) copiously white-woolly; (introd.) Filago 7 Florets often showy, white, pink, blue, or purplish (rarely yellow), the marginal ones often enlarged and ray-like; phyllaries with a membra- nous or scarious terminal appendage which is usually toothed, pectinate, or spiny, rarely entire; achenes longer, obliquely or laterally attached near base to the receptacle Centaurea 5 Pappus none or rudimentary. 8 Heads completely discoid; receptacle chaffy throughout; phyllaries few, roundish; anthers nearly separate; leaves at most about 3 cm long; (/. axillaris ; s B.C. to s Man.) Iva 8 Heads with short yellow marginal ray-florets; receptacle chaffy only near the margin; phyllaries elongate; anthers united nearly their whole length; leaves often longer Madia 4 Receptacle naked; pappus present, of capillary bristles; phyllaries in several series of unequal length (except in Luina and sometimes in Aster and Erigeron). 9 Phyllaries equal, the thinly tomentose involucre to 7 (sometimes 8) mm high; heads dull yellowish, slender-peduncled in a short corymbiform (sometimes umbelliform) inflorescence; leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, sessile, green and thinly tomentose or glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, to about 6 cm long and 3.5 cm broad, the lower ones reduced to mere bracts; stems to about 4 dm tall, from a stout branched woody caudex; (s B.C.) Luina 9 Phyllaries in several series of markedly unequal length (except sometimes in Aster and Erigeron). 10 Flowers all perfect 1 1 Heads large, in spikes or racemes; pappus single, plumose or barbeilate; leaves more or less punctate, at least the lower ones petioled; stems mostly from a corm-like base; (s Alta, to s Ont.) Liatris 1 1 Heads terminating the branches or subcorymbosely clustered; leaves sessile or subsessile, not punctate; stem not from a corm-like base. 12 Heads relatively small (involucres less than 1 cm high, their phyllaries mostly blunt to merely mucronate, shorter than the florets), subcorymbosely clustered, purple or rose-purple; pappus in 2 unequal series, the outer row of short bristles or scales, the inner of capillary bristles; plants to 2 m tall; {se Sask, to s Ont.) Vernonia 12 Heads relatively large (involucres commonly more than 1 cm high, strongly striate, their acute or acuminate phyllaries equalling the florets), terminating the branches or subcorymbosely clustered, 1443 Compositae white or creamy to pink-purple; pappus-bristles 1 -rowed; plants glandular-puberulent, to about 6 dm tall, generally with many stems from a woody caudex; ( B . oblongifolia\ s B.C.) Brickellia 10 Outer flowers (or all the flowers of some heads) pistillate. 13 Plants glabrous or more or less pubescent, but not white-woolly; leaves narrowly linear to oblanceolate. 14 Heads on leafy-bracted peduncles; phyllaries subequal but in more than 1 series, their tips green; hairy tips of the style-branches acutish Aster 14 Heads on naked or scaly-bracted peduncles; phyllaries in essen- tially 1 series, their tips not green; hairy tips of the style-branches obtuse Erigeron 13 Plants more or less white-woolly, at least on the lower leaf -surfaces; leaves linear to broadly obovate. 15 Plants bisexual, the outer (pistillate) florets of each head thread- like to summit, the central (perfect) florets coarser and distinctly flaring at summit; phyllaries whitish to brown or purplish, often with a dark spot near tip Gnaphalium 15 Plants unisexual (or female plants of Anaphalis commonly with a few central hermaphrodite sterile florets in the heads). 16 Basal leaves conspicuous, tufted, persistent, the stem-leaves usually few and much reduced; inflorescence relatively small; phyllaries white to yellow-tinged or roseate Antennaria 16 Basal leaves soon deciduous, the stem-leaves scarcely reduced; inflorescence many-headed and relatively large; phyllaries pearly-white; (transcontinental) Anaphalis GROUP 2 (see p. 1442) (Heads discoid; leaves all or mostly alternate, toothed to deeply lobed) 1 At least some of the phyllaries spine-tipped (except in Cirsium muticum and some species of Centaurea ); receptacle distinctly bristly or chaffy (except in Onopordum ); leaves often spiny- or prickly-toothed. 2 Heads unisexual, the phyllaries of the pistillate ones united into a tubercled or prickly bur (this often only obscurely tuberculate in Ambrosia psilostachya ); pappus none 3 Burs armed with numerous hooked prickles, 2-flowered, 2-seeded; phyllaries of staminate involucres distinct; heads 1-few in the leaf-axils; leaves at most moderately deeply lobed, the lobes broad Xanthium 3 Burs armed with 1 -several series of tubercles or straight spines; phyllaries of staminate involucres united; staminate heads in spikes or racemes; leaves normally deeply lobed or dissected. 4 Bur with several series of flat lance-attenuate spines, 1 -4-flowered and 1-4-seeded; principal leaves 2-pinnatifid and petioled; (B.C. to sw Man.) Franseria 4 Bur with a single row of tubercles near summit (except sometimes in A. psilostachya). 1 -flowered, 1 -seeded; (essentially transcontinental species) Ambrosia 2 Heads normally composed of many perfect florets, their phyllaries distinct; pappus usually present (sometimes wanting in Centaurea). 5 Leaves not prickly or spiny; (introd.). 6 Phyllaries hooked at the spiny tip; achenes basally attached Arctium 6 Phyllaries not hooked, either terminated by a straight spine or more commonly by a broad, erose to lacerate or pectinate appendage; achenes obliquely or laterally attached Centaurea 5 Leaves prickly or spiny on the margins. 7 Heads 1 -flowered, whitish to blue, very numerous in a terminal globose cluster 1444 Key io Compositae to about 6 cm thick; pappus of short narrow scales or awns; leaves white-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid into lanceolate to oblong-triangular lobes, to about 4 dm long and 2 dm broad, at least the middle and upper ones clasping; (introd.) Echinops 7 Heads many-flowered, simple, hemispheric to campanulate or cylindrical. 8 Heads yellow, 3 or 4 cm high; phyllaries broad, the spines of the inner ones pinnatisect; pappus double, consisting of 10 outer smooth long awns and 10 much shorter sparsely pectinate inner ones, the obliquely attached achene also with a crown of 10 short horny teeth; plant spreading-short- villous; (introd.) Cnicus 8 Heads white to violet or purple (creamy in some species of Cirsium ); achenes basally attached; pappus single, consisting of naked or plumose capillary bristles. 9 Stem wingless or essentially so (except in Cirsium palustre and C. vulgare). 10 Phyllaries broad-based, sharply serrate, at least the outer ones considerably surpassing the disk; pappus-bristles not plumose; leaves glabrous or slightly tomentose, more or less white-mottled along the main veins; (introd.) Silybum 10 Phyllaries narrower, mostly entire, shorter than the disk; pappus- bristles plumose to the middle; leaves mostly not white-mottled Cirsium 9 Stem conspicuously spiny-winged by the decurrent leaf-bases; heads usually red-purple (sometimes white in Carduus)\ pappus not plumose; (introd.). 1 1 Receptacle densely bristly; wings of stem toothed to base .... Carduus 1 1 Receptacle deeply honeycomb-pitted, often with short bristles on the intervening ridges but not densely bristly; wings of stem with a fairly broad uncut portion adjoining the white-woolly stem, this to about 1.5 m tall Onopordum 1 Phyllaries not spine-tipped; receptacle naked or nearly so (hairy in Artemisia absinthium and A. frigida and chaffy in some species of Saussurea ); leaves scarcely spiny-toothed. 12 Pappus consisting of elongate bristles. 13 Pappus-bristles plumose; heads violet-purple, few in corymbiform or capitate clusters; (western arctic and alpine regions) Saussurea 13 Pappus-bristles capillary, naked or merely barbed. 14 At least the lower and middle leaves narrowly to broadly deltoid or subcordate, the blades to about 2 dm long and about as broad at base. 15 Phyllaries in several series of unequal length, striate; heads greenish white or creamy; plant pubescent; (B. grandiflora , B.C. and Alta.) Brickeltia 15 Phyllaries in a single series; heads white or flesh-colour; plant minutely puberulent or glabrous, often glaucous Cacalia 14 Leaves mostly narrower in outline. 16 Heads purple; pappus purplish (often tawny in V. missurica), double, the inner of long bristles, the outer of very short bristles; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; leaves sessile or subsessile, finely to coarsely serrate; (SE Sask. to s Ont.) Vernonia 16 Heads whitish, yellow, or orange-yellow; pappus white. 17 Phyllaries in 4 or 5 series of unequal length, puberulent; heads yellow; (H. cart/jamo/des and H. nuttallii ; s B.C. to s Sask.) Haplopappus 17 Phyllaries subequal (in Senecio, occasionally subtended by a row of short brackets), 18 Heads whitish; achenes with 10-12 pale ribs, the intervening brown furrows usually strigose; leaves coarsely and irregularly serrate with callous-tipped teeth; stems grooved, to over 3 m tall; (Ont. to N.S.) Erechtites 1445 Compositae 18 Heads yellow or orange-yellow; achenes 5-10-nerved, glabrous or strigose; leaves often deeply lobed, their teeth not callous-tipped; stems not grooved, rarely over 1 m tall Senecio 1 2 Pappus none or rudimentary, or consisting of small scales. 19 Leaves triangular-subcordate, undulate-toothed, sub-basal, on winged petioles; heads whitish; phyllaries green, subequal, only about 2 mm long, finally deciduous, they, the branches of the inflorescence, and the achenes more or less stipitate-glandular; (s B.C. and sw Alta.; s Ont.) Adenocaulon 19 Leaves narrower or deeply dissected, more uniformly distributed on the stem. 20 Phyllaries subequal, herbaceous or subherbaceous, to about 1 .5 cm long, stipitate-glandular or viscous; heads creamy white to sometimes pink, usually several in a corymbiform flat-topped inflorescence (or the lateral branches overtopping the main stem); leaves 1 -3-pinnatifid, to 12 cm long, their thickish segments characteristically curled; plant sparingly to densely tomentose or arachnoid, to 6 dm tall; (s B.C.) Chaenactis 20 Phyllaries usually in 2 or more series of unequal length, commonly more or less scarious-margined, they and the inflorescence not stipitate-glandular; heads yellow. 21 Inflorescence spike-like, racemose, or paniculate; neads relatively small and numerous Artemisia 21 Inflorescence corymbiform or heads solitary at the ends of the branches. 22 Leaves merely crenate to coarsely incised; (introd.). 23 Heads numerous in a corymbiform inflorescence; achenes 10-ribbed. sessile; plant fragrant; (C. balsamita) Chrysanthemum 23 Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; achenes of the outer flowers broadly winged, long-stipitate, the others merely 2-nerved, short-stipitate; plant not fragrant; (C. coronopifoiia ) Cotuia 22 Leaves deeply cut-toothed to finely pinnate or dissected ( Cotuia australis may key out here), 24 Leaves pinnately divided to midrib into remote linear-filiform segments (these either entire or themselves pinnate), the actual leaf-surface relatively small; phyllaries obovate-oblong, tomentose; achenes densely villous, the long hairs hiding the short pappus; leaves, branches, and stem more or less tomentose, the stem to about 3.5 dm tall; (s Alta, to s Sask.) Hymenopappus 24 Leaves deeply cut-toothed or compoundly dissected into closer segments, the total leaf-surface much larger; achenes glabrous or merely glandular. 25 Mature receptacle strongly conical; achenes glabrous; leaves deeply dissected into narrow segments; bruised plant with odour of pineapple; {M. matricarioides \ introd.) Matricaria 25 Mature receptacle flat or merely somewhat convex; achenes commonly glandular; leaves 1 -3-pinnatifid; plant with a charac- teristic strong scent Tanacetum GROUP 3 ( see p, 1442) (Heads discoid (or disciform, inconspicuous rays sometimes present); leaves all or mostly opposite or basal) 1 Leaves basal, toothed or lobed; receptacle naked or nearly so; pappus consisting of capillary bristles. 2 Leaves dissected into 3-5 deeply cleft small divisions, the few reduced stem-leaves linear and mostly uncleft; heads yellow, solitary on the scapes, these less than 1.5 dm tall; (E compositus ) ....... Erigeron 2 Leaves merely dentate to deeply once 5-7-lobed, the reduced stem-leaves subentire; heads creamy white, racemose or corymbose; plants more or less white-woolly Petasite s 1446 Key to Compositae 1 Leaves opposite on the stem (sometimes whorled in Eupatorium and Psilocarphus). 3 Leaves entire or obscurely serrate; receptacle bristly or chaffy. 4 Pappus consisting of elongate awns, these and the angles of the aehenes usually minutely barbed; disk commonly more than 5 mm broad; rays yellow or orange, minute; plant glabrous or more or less hispid Bidens 4 Pappus none or an obscure toothed crown; disk rarely over 5 mm broad; erect to prostrate and often matted low annuals. 5 Aehenes rugose-warty, slightly hairy at the summit; receptacle flat; phyllaries in 2 rows; rays present but minute, whitish; leaves lance-linear to oblong, acute at each end, sessile or short-petioled, entire or remotely serrulate, to 1 dm long and 2.5 cm broad; plant strigose; (introd. in s Ont.) [Eclipta] 5 Aehenes smooth; receptacle truncately obovoid to subglobose; true involucre none, but the heads commonly subtended by several foliage-leaves; each pistillate flower loosely enclosed by a hood-shaped woolly receptacular bract bearing a hyaline appendage laterally (at the top of the open side); plants copiously white-woolly; (B.C. and Alta.) Psilocarphus 3 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed (stem-leaves divided into separate leaflets in Eupatorium cannabinum). 6 Receptacle bristly or chaffy. 7 Pappus present, consisting of elongate awns, these and the angles of the aehenes usually minutely barbed; disk yellow to orange, usually about 1 or 2 cm broad Bidens 7 Pappus none or rudimentary. 8 Phyllaries united, at least at base. 9 Heads unisexual, numerous and small; mature phyllaries usually with a single series of tubercles or short erect spines near the pointed apex Ambrosia 9 Heads perfect, at most 3, to 9 mm long; phyllaries unarmed; leaves crowded near base, irregularly pinnatifid to nearly 2-pinnatifid into relatively few lobes (these to 5 cm long and 3 mm broad), the upper ones reduced to simple (often alternate) bracts; essentially glabrous plant to about 2 dm tall, from a creeping rootstock; (s Alta.) . . . Thelesperma 8 Phyllaries free to base, unarmed IQ Heads heterogamous, the few marginal florets pistillate, the many central florets staminate; anthers only slightly united !va 10 Heads essentially homogamous, all but the obscurely ligulate pistillate marginal florets perfect; rays whitish, usually minute; anthers united nearly their whole length; (s Ont.). 1 1 Leaves commonly about 1 dm long, lance-linear to oblong, acute at each end, sessile or short-petioled, obscurely serrate; aehenes rugose-warty; strigose annual, often rooting at the lower stem- nodes; (introd. in s Ont.) [Eclipta] 1 1 Leaves to over 3 dm long, broadly ovate to oblong in outline, pinnately few-lobed and also toothed, petioled; aehenes 3-ribbed, not roughened; clammy-pubescent perennial Polymnia 6 Receptacle naked or nearly so (short -bristly in Dyssodia)’, pappus present. 12 Stem climbing by twining; leaves broadly triangular-cordate, acuminate or caudate-tipped, long-petioled; heads white or pinkish, small and numerous in corymbiform clusters on long axillary peduncles; pappus consisting of capillary bristles; principal phyllaries 4, subequal, occasionally a few short outer ones present; (s ?Ont.) [Mikania] 12 Stem not climbing. 13 Leaves at most about 5 cm long, 1 -2-pinnatifid info linear or filiform, bristly-toothed segments, they and the phyllaries dotted with large translucent glands; rays few, yellow or orange, scarcely surpassing the disk; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into rough bristles; ill-scented annual; (introd. in s Ont,) [Dyssod/a] 1447 Compositae 13 Leaves longer, merely serrate, perfoliate or subsessile to distinctly petioled, sometimes whorled; rays none; pappus a row of slender capillary bristles; perennials Eupatorium GROUP 4 {see p. 1442} (Heads radiate, with a central disk of tubular florets and marginal ligulate florets; leaves all or mostly alternate, entire or nearly so) 1 Receptacle bristly or chaffy. 2 Receptacle with a single series of chaff-like bracts near the margin (between the ray- and disk-florets), otherwise naked; phyllaries essentially 1 -rowed and equal, enfolding and usually completely enclosing the ray-achenes (the involucre thus usually appearing deeply grooved); pappus none or a short crown or a few scales; rays yellow, broad and 3-cleft; leaves linear to linear-oblong; more or less glandular and typically tar-scented annuals Madia 2 Receptacle chaffy throughout; phyllaries not enfolding the achenes. 3 Leaves linear, to 2.5 cm long and 1 .5 mm broad; involucre to 7 mm high, glandular and sometimes hairy, the phyllaries in 2 subequal series; rays broad, 3-lobed, to 1 cm long, they and the disk-flowers white; achenes silky-villous; pappus of narrow fringed scales or sometimes reduced or wanting; slender, scabrous-puberulent and often spreading-hairy annual to 3 dm tall; (s ?B.C.) [Blepharipappus] 3 Leaves relatively broader; involucre usually considerably larger; rays commonly longer and entire (sometimes shallowly toothed at apex); plants taller, chiefly perennial (sometimes biennial). 4 Receptacle flat or merely convex; rays yellow. 5 Stem-leaves all alternate; pappus a crown of short scales; taprooted perennials; (s ?B.C.) [Wyethia] 5 Lower stem-leaves often opposite; pappus consisting of 2 readily deciduous awned scales (rarely with some additional short scales); perennials from rhizomes or tuberous roots (rarely annuals) Helianthus 4 Receptacle conical. 6 Receptacular bracts with firm spiny tips conspicuously surpassing the disk-corollas; rays pink or purple Echinacea 6 Receptacular bracts not spine-tipped but sometimes shortly awn-pointed; rays yellow to orange, sometimes purplish at base Rudbeckia 1 Receptacle naked or nearly so. 7 Rays white, pink, blue, or purple (yellowish in Aster ptarmicoides var. lutescens). 8 Pappus consisting of several minute bristles and usually 2-4 awns up to 2 mm long; achenes glabrous, very flat, rather broadly callous-winged; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; heads in leafy-bracted corymbs; rays white to lilac; disk yellow; leaves firm, broadly linear to lance-elliptic, to about 1.5 dm long, barely narrowed at the subsessile base; plant to 1.5 m tall; (s Sask. and s Man.) Boltonia 8 Pappus consisting of capillary bristles; achenes glabrous or pubescent. 9 Peduncles commonly leafy or bracteate; rays commonly broad and relatively few; achenes several-nerved in most species, glabrous or pubescent; pappus copious and firm, double only in A, linariifolius and A umbeliatus ; hairy tips of the style-branches relatively long, generally acute or acuminate; phyllaries relatively broad (the usually expanded tip commonly remaining green), commonly in 2 or more series of unequal length, sometimes subequal and then usually green throughout or some of the outer ones expanded and somewhat foliaceous; plants mostly tall and leafy, mostly flowering in late summer and fall Aster 9 Peduncles commonly naked or with few and much reduced leaves; rays mostly narrow and numerous; achenes usually 2-nerved, commonly more or less pubescent; pappus usually scanty and fragile, usually double (with an 1448 Key to Compositae outer series of small bristles); hairy tips of the style-branches short, mostly obtuse or merely acutish; phyllaries usually relatively long and narrow, mostly equal or subequal and without green tips; plants commonly low and with relatively narrow, chiefly basal leaves, mostly beginning to flower in spring and early summer Erigeron 7 Rays cream-colour to yellow or deep orange. 10 Pappus none; heads solitary on terminal peduncles, to over 5 cm broad; phyllaries subequal, 1-3-seriate; (introd.). 1 1 Leaves linear-oblong, tapering to base; achenes of two kinds, those of the ray-florets 3-angled, those of the disk-florets compressed and with thickened or winged borders [Dimorphotheca] 1 1 Leaves thickish, oblong to oblong-obovate, more or less clasping; achenes uniform, produced only by the ray-florets [Calendula] 10 Pappus present; heads few to many, much smaller; phyllaries usually in several series of unequal length. 12 Pappus consisting of several awns or scales; heads crowded in small dusters, cylindrical; ray- and disk-florets each 3 or 4; phyllaries coriaceous, with green tips; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, to about 3 cm long; stems woody at base, to about 3 dm tali, from a taproot; plants glabrous and often glutinous; (s Alta, to S Man.) Gutierrezia 12 Pappus (at least an inner senes) consisting of capillary bristles. 13 Disk rarely over 5 or 6 mm broad; heads numerous, in racemes, corymbs, panicles, or axillary clusters Solidago 1 3 Disk to 2.5 cm broad; heads solitary to few. 14 Leaves white-woolly beneath, to 3 or 4 dm long, the cauline ones cordate-clasping; stems erect; pappus simple; ( I . britannica ; introd. in s Ont.) Inula 14 Leaves not woolly or felted, mostly much smaller, scarcely clasping; stems usually several from a branched caudex, commonly arched- ascending; (western species). 15 Pappus double {the outer series much shorter than the inner) Chrysopsis 15 Pappus simple (the bristles generally unequal but not divided into 2 series) . Haplopappus GROUP 5 { see p. 1442) (Heads radiate, with a central disk of tubular florets and marginal ligulate florets; leaves all or mostly alternate, distinctly toothed to deeply lobed) 1 Receptacle more or less chaffy (or merely bristly in Gai/lardla); pappus consisting of chaff, scales, or awns, a minute crown, or none. 2 Rays normally white. 3 Lower leaves toothed to rather irregularly and coarsely pinnatifid. to 6 cm long and about 1.5 cm broad, the upper leaves commonly entire; rays broad and 3-cleft, to 1.5 cm long; receptacular chaff confined to a ring between the ray- and disk-flowers; ray-achenes lacking a pappus; disk-achenes usually with a pappus of slender scales; phyllaries herbaceous, with abruptly dilated thin margins enfolding the achene; spreading-hairy and more or less stipitate-glandular branching annual; (s ?B.C.) [Layia] 3 Leaves mostly finely dissected and fern"-like (merely finely serrate in Achillea ptarmica and closely pectinate in A. sibirica ); receptacle usually chaffy throughout (only toward the middle in Anthemis cotula ); pappus none or a minute crown; phyllaries dry, papery and searious-margined. 4 Heads relatively large, solitary at the ends of the branches, the disk to 1 2 mm broad, the rays to about 13 mm long; receptacle hemispherical to conical; achenes quadrangular or subterete; (introd.) Anthemis 1449 Compositae 1 4 Heads small, several to numerous in a terminal corymb; disk to about 5 mm broad; rays to about 5 mm long; receptacle flatfish; achenes strongly-flattened, callous-margined Achillea 2 Rays yellow to orange {sometimes partly or wholly purple in Helenium, Gaillardia, and Rati bid a ). 5 Phyllaries dry, papery and scarious-margined; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, the disk about 1 .5 cm broad, the rays to 1 .5 cm long; receptacle hemispherical; pappus none or a minute crown; leaves deeply pinnately divided into narrow toothed or pinnatifid segments; {/l. tinctoria ; introd.) Anthemis 5 Phyllaries not papery; leaves less divided. 6 Stem distinctly square in cross-section, the angles usually more or less winged; leaves lanceolate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate to subentire, to about 2.5 dm long; heads corymbed, the 2-8 irregular rays to about 3 cm long; achenes spreading in all directions (forming a globose head), mostly broadly winged, the pappus consisting of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns; (S Ont.) Actinomeris 6 Stems terete or sublerete; fruiting head not globose, the achenes uniformly disposed. 7 Disk-florets sterile, with undivided style, producing sterile stalk-like achenes; ray-achenes strongly flattened and overlapping in 2 or 3 marginal series; pappus none or consisting of 2 awns confluent with the broad achene-wings; receptacle flat; tall, coarse perennials with few large corymbed heads and copious resinous juice; (s Ont.) Silphium 7 Disk-florets fertile, with divided styles; ray-florets either fertile or sterile. 8 Receptacle merely bristly-hairy, convex to hemispheric; achenes partly or wholly covered with long ascending hairs; pappus consisting of up to about 10 awned scales; rays purple-brown at base or sometimes purplish throughout; disk-corollas purple-tipped, woolly-villous near summit; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, reflexed in fruit; (B.C. to Man.; introd. eastwards) Gaillardia 8 Receptacle chaffy; achenes commonly glabrous except for the sometimes ciliate margins; phyllaries not reflexed. 9 Receptacle flat to merely convex; pappus consisting of 2 or 4 deciduous scales Helianthus 9 Receptacle conical or columnar; pappus none or a short crown, with or without 1 or 2 awn-teeth, 10 Receptacle columnar, its truncate chaff bearded at tip; rays often tinged with brown-purple at base, subtended by recep- tacular chaff; achenes flat, margined; (s B.C. to s Ont.) — Ratibida 10 Receptacle hemispheric or ovoid-conical, its chaff short and subtending only disk-florets; achenes 4-angled, not margined Rudbeckia Receptacle naked or merely short-hairy around the achene-pits. 1 1 Rays white, pink, bluish, or purplish (yellowish in Aster ptarmicoides var. lutescens). 12 Pappus a short crown or none; phyllaries dry, papery and scarious-margined; rays white. 13 Leaves deeply pinnately dissected into narrow segments; mature receptacle conical Matricaria 13 Leaves coarsely toothed to deeply broad-lobed; receptacle flat or merely convex Chrysanthemum 12 Pappus consisting of capillary bristles; phyllaries not papery; leaves merely toothed. 14 Peduncles commonly leafy or bracteate; rays commonly broad and relatively few; achenes several-nerved in most species, glabrous or pubescent; pappus copious and firm, simple; hairy tips of the style-branches relatively long, generally acute or acuminate; phyllaries relatively broad (the usually expanded 1450 Key to Compositae tip commonly remaining green), usually in 2 or more series of unequal length, sometimes subequal and then usually green throughout, or some of the outer ones expanded and leafy; plants mostly tall, flowering in late summer and fall Aster 14 Peduncles commonly naked or with few and much reduced leaves; rays mostly relatively narrow and numerous; achenes usually 2-nerved; pappus usually scanty and fragile, commonly double (with an outer series of short setae); hairy tips of the style-branches short, commonly obtuse or merely acutish; phyllaries usually relatively long and narrow, equal or subequal and lacking green tips; plants mostly low and with relatively narrow, chiefly basal leaves, beginning to flower in spring and early summer Erigeron ^ 1 Rays yellow to orange. 15 Plant very glutinous with resinous glands; leaves linear- to ovate- or narrowly obovate-oblong, serrate or crenate, to about 7 cm long; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series of unequal length, their tips strongly recurving; (w Canada) Grindefia 15 Plant rarely strongly glutinous (glandular-viscid in a few species of Serrecio, with subequal principal phyllaries). 16 Pappus consisting of scales, a short crown, or wanting. 17 Achenes of 2 kinds, those of the ray-florets 3-angled, those of the disk-florets compressed and with thickened or winged borders; leaves linear-oblong, tapering to base, to about 9 cm long; (introd.) 17 [Dimorphotheca] Achenes uniform. 18 Phyllaries dotted with resinous particles, firm, in 2 series of unequal length, those of the lower series united to middle; involucre commonly about 8 mm high, woolly; achenes densely hirsute with ascending hairs; pappus consisting of 5 hyaline scales; leaves to about 1 dm long, pinnatifid into linear divisions; stem to about 3 dm tall; ( H . richardsomr, s Alta, and Sask.) Hymenoxys 18 Phyllaries not resinous -dotted, distinct. 19 Phyllaries not papery, subequal; pappus of chaffy scales. 20 Leaves shallowly toothed, glandular-punctate; phyllaries mostly at least 20, herbaceous or subherbaceous, not individually subtending the ray-achenes, they and the rays deflexed; minutely pubemlent to glabrate perennials to over 1 m tall Helenium 20 Leaves mostly ternate or coarsely pinnatifid (the upper ones often entire), to 8 cm long; phyllaries usually less than 15, firm, partly embracing the ray-achenes, they and the rays not deflexed; tomentose perennial to 6 dm tall; (S B.C.) .... Eriophyllum 19 Phyllaries dry and papery, scarious-margined, in 2 or more series of unequal length; pappus a crown of short scales or wanting. 21 Principal leaves merely coarsely toothed to moderately deeply lobed; (C. segetum; introd.) Chrysanthemum 21 Principal leaves 1-2-pinnate-pinnatifid. 22 Ray-achenes narrowly 3-winged; annual; (C. coronarium; introd.) Chrysanthemum 22 Achenes 5-ribbed or 5-angled; rhizomatous perennials Tanacetum 16 Pappus of capillary bristles. 23 Phyllaries subequal and essentially 1 -rowed (sometimes with a series of bractlets at base); heads solitary or in corymbs Senecio 23 Phyllaries in 2 or more series of unequal length. 24 At least the upper ovate stem-leaves cordate-clasping; lower leaves long-petioled; (introd.). 25 Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, the lower ones elliptic; (/. helenium } Inula 1451 Compositae 25 Leaves more or less pubescent but not woolly, the lower ones deeply cordate Doronicum 24 None of the leaves cordate-clasping. 26 Leaves (or their teeth or lobes) tipped with a short whitish spine; achenes copiously appressed-villous. 27 Upper leaves entire, the lower ones toothed or sometimes pinnatifid, to about 8 cm long; phyllaries broadly ovate, with whitish margins; annual or biennial to over 1 m tall; (introd. in s Ont.) . [ Xanthisma ] 27 Leaves all conspicuously toothed or lobed, rarely over 6 cm long; phyllaries lanceolate; perennials from branching woody caudices; ( H . nuttallii and H. spinulosus ; w Canada) Haplopappus 26 Leaves (or their teeth or lobes) not spinulose-tipped. 28 Heads relatively large, solitary or in corymbs; pappus double, the outer series much shorter than the inner; stems several from a heavy crown, mostly arched-ascending; (B.C, to s Ont.) Chrysopsis 28 Heads small and numerous, in racemes, corymbs, panicles, or axillary clusters; pappus single; stems mostly solitary and erect Soli dago GROUP 6 (see p. 1442) (Heads radiate, with a central disk of tubular florets and marginal ligulate florets; leaves all or mostly opposite or basal, rarely whorled) 1 Leaves all or mostly basal (stem-leaves, when present, much reduced). 2 Leaves entire to obscurely undulate-crenate. 3 Pappus consisting of capillary bristles; achenes densely appressed-hirsute; receptacle naked; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, at most about 8 cm long, tapering to obscure margined petioles; low plants with woody branching caudices; (s B.C. to s Man). 4 Heads sessile among the leaves, these silky-strigose, mostly less than 5 cm long, not evidently nerved; rays pinkish or purplish; phyllaries narrowly lanceolate Townsendia 4 Heads solitary or occasionally in pairs at the top of a scape to about 1 .5 dm tall bearing 1 or 2 leafy bracts; leaves rather strongly triple-nerved; rays yellow; phyllaries lanceolate to oval or oblong Haplopappus 3 Pappus consisting of hyaline scales or lacking; rays yellow, with darker veins; heads solitary on naked or leafy-bracted scapes. 5 Receptacle chaffy throughout; pappus usually none; achenes usually glabrous or nearly so; rays to over 4 cm long; leaf-blades to about 2 dm long, long-petioled; scapes to about 1 m tall; (s B.C. and s Alta.) Balsamorhiza 5 Receptacle naked; pappus consisting of about 5 hyaline scales; achenes densely hairy; rays about 1.5 cm long; leaves linear-oblanceolate, more or less appressed-silky, resinous-dotted, less than 1 dm long, tapering to an obscure petiole; scapes commonly less than 1.5 dm tall; (H. acaulis ; s Alta., s Sask., and s Ont.) Hymenoxys 2 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed (sometimes entire in Crocidium ); phyllaries subequal, 6 Heads white or purplish, numerous in a corymb or racemose panicle terminating a scape bearing broad sheathing scaly bracts; receptacle naked; pappus consisting of capillary bristles Petasites 6 Head solitary at the top of the scape or scapose stem. 7 Receptacle chaffy throughout; rays yellow, to 4.5 cm long; leaves to 4 dm long, long-petioled, deeply parted nearly or quite to the midrib into narrow, 1452 Key to Compositae toothed to deeply lobed segments up to 1 dm long; plant with a carrot-like taproot and simple crown; ( B . hirsuta; s ?B.C.) Balsamorhiza 7 Receptacle naked. 8 Scape naked; receptacle conical; rays white to pink or purple; pappus none; leaves elliptic to obovate, narrowed to margined petioles; (introd.) Beilis 8 Scape abundantly scaly- or leafy-bracted ; rays yellow; pappus consisting of capillary bristles. 9 Basal leaves cordate-rotund, with a deep narrow sinus, callous- denticulate and shallowly lobed, glabrous above, persistently white- tomentose beneath, to about 2 dm long and broad, long-petioled; receptacle flat; stems thinly tomentose, to about 5 dm tall, from creeping rhizomes; (introd.) Tussilago 9 Basal leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, often coarsely few-toothed (sometimes entire), slightly fleshy, to about 2.5 cm long (including the petiolar base); receptacle strongly conic; delicate annual rarely over 2 dm tall, bearing loose tufts of wool in the leaf-axils, otherwise glabrous; (Vancouver Is,) . Crocidium 1 Leaves opposite on the stem (sometimes also in basal tufts or the upper leaves alternate). 10 Leaves entire or nearly so; rays mostly yellow (white to roseate in Coreopsis rosea). 1 1 Pappus of capillary barbed (rarely subplumose) bristles; receptacle merely minutely fringed around the pits; heads solitary or few in a corymb Arnica 1 1 Pappus none or of teeth, scales, or awns. 12 Receptacle naked, conic; heads mostly solitary; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; rays at most 5 mm long; pappus none; leaves linear- oblanceolate to narrowly oblong, to 6 cm long and 6 mm broad; succulent lax glabrous rhizomatous perennial to about 3 dm tall; {Vancouver Is.) Jaumea 12 Receptacle chaffy. 13 Achenes laterally compressed at right angles to the phyllaries, embraced by the receptacular chaff; phyllaries usually green and more or less herbaceous, subequal or in 2 or more series of unequal length; leaves simple. 14 Achenes strongly compressed, thin-edged, their persistent pappus consisting of several confluent fringed short scales and commonly 2 slender awns; leaves lanceolate to elliptic (or the lowermost ones oblanceolate and smaller), to 1.5 dm long and 5 cm broad, scabrous; stems harshly puberulent to spreading-hirsute (or glabrous below), to 1 m tall, clustered from a branching caudex; (s B.C.) Heliantheila 14 Achenes 4-sided and only slightly or moderately compressed, their readily deciduous pappus consisting of 2 large awned or awnless scales, rarely with some additional short scales Helianthus 13 Achenes compressed parallel to the phyllaries, free from the receptacular chaff; phyllaries dimorphic, 2-rowed, the outer series more or less herbaceous; leaves simple or compound. 15 Pappus consisting of up to 6 mostly downwardly-barbed (rarely smooth) awns; achenes not wing-margined Bidens 15 Pappus none or consisting of 2 short upwardly-barbed teeth or a few minute bristles or both; achenes narrowly to broadly winged Coreopsis 10 Leaves mostly distinctly toothed to deeply lobed. 16 Receptacle naked ( Baeria and Bahia) or the pits merely minutely fringed (Arnica); rays yellow or orange-yellow. 17 Leaves deeply ternate or 5-lobed into linear to oblong segments (or the upper ones entire), to about 5 cm long, impressed-punctate and minutely strigose; receptacle flat or nearly so; rays 3 or 4 mm long; pappus a crown of 8 lanceolate to ovate scales; achenes glandular; stems to 2.5 dm tall, from a creeping rhizome; (introd. in s Alta, and $ Sask.) Bahia 1453 Compositae 1 7 Leaves merely serrate or dentate. 18 Lax, somewhat succulent annual to about 5 dm tall, more or less woolly-villous above when young; leaves narrowly oblong, to 5 cm long; involucre to 6 mm high; phyllaries few; receptacle conic, with a broad stalk-like base for each flower; pappus consisting of up to 5 awns and about as many alternating fringed shorter scales; (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands) Baeria 18 Lax to erect perennials from a rhizome or caudex; leaves and involucres commonly longer; phyllaries rather numerous; receptacle convex; pappus consisting of barbed or subplumose capillary bristles Arnica 16 Receptacle chaffy; pappus none or consisting of scales, teeth, or barbed awns. 19 Stem square in cross-section, to over 2.5 m tall; achenes winged; rays yellow. 20 Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed at both ends; stem usually winged above, somewhat hairy; rays 2-8, irregular, to about 3 cm long; achenes spreading in all directions, forming a globose head, the pappus consisting of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns; (s Ont.) Actinomeris 20 Leaves ovate, scabrous, the upper ones united into a cup-shaped connate base; stem wingless, glabrous; rays numerous, to 3.5 cm long; achenes in a hemispheric head, the pappus wanting or consisting of 2 awns confluent with the achene-wings; (S. perfoliatum ; s Ont.) .......... Siiphium 19 Stem terete, subterete, or only obscurely 4-angled. 21 Rays white to lilac or roseate. 22 Leaves at most rather coarsely toothed, lance-ovate to ovate, petioled; rays 4 or 5, white, small, roundish; disk 3 or 4 mm broad; receptacle conical; pappus consisting of fringed scales; annual; (introd.) .... Galinsoga 22 Leaves deeply lobed; rays mostly longer; disk at least 6 mm broad; receptacle flat. 23 Leaves pinnately dissected into entire linear or linear-filiform segments; rays lilac to roseate; achenes with a beak 1-6 mm long tipped by a pappus of 2 or 3 short barbed awns, or the pappus wanting; glabrous or minutely scabrous annual; (garden-escape) [Cosmos] 23 Upper leaves more or less deeply 3-5-lobed, the lower ones deeply 1-pinnatifid, all of them also irregularly dentate and glandular-punctate; rays whitish; achenes 3-ribbed and 3-angled, beakless, lacking a pappus; clammy-hairy perennial to about 1.5 m tall; (s Ont, ) Polymnia 21 Rays yellow to orange-yellow. 24 Rays remaining attached to the 4-sided marginal achenes and becoming papery; receptacle conical; phyllaries in 2 or 3 subequal series; pappus none or a small crown; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled; perennial to about 1.5 m tall; (B.C, to Ont; introd. eastwards) Heliopsis 24 Rays soft, deciduous from the achenes at maturity. 25 Rays few and inconspicuous, not much surpassing the disk; involucre a single row of phyllaries united into a firm cup, with a few loose bracts at base; pappus consisting of numerous scales (each divided to near base into 5 or more bristles); leaves dotted with large pellucid glands, 1-2-pinnatifid into filiform or linear segments, at most about 5 cm long; strong-scented, diffusely branched, essentially glabrous annual to about 5 dm tall; (introd. in s Ont.) • - [Dyssodia] 25 Rays commonly numerous and showy (often more or less reduced in Bidens ); phyllaries in 2 or more subequal or unequal series. 26 Disk-florets sterile, with undivided style, producing sterile stalk-like achenes; ray-achenes strongly flattened and overlap- 1454 Key to Compositae ping in 2 or 3 marginal series; receptacle flat; pappus none or consisting of 2 awns confluent with the achene- wings; tall perennials; (s Ont.) Silphium 26 Disk-florets fertile, with divided styles; ray-florets either fertile or sterile . 27 Phyllaries mostly in 2 or more series of unequal length, not dimorphic; receptacular chaff concave, partly enclosing the achenes, these slightly compressed at right angles to the phyllaries; pappus readily deciduous, consisting of 2 thin scales on the principal aehene-angles Helianthus 27 Phyllaries 2-rowed and dimorphic, the outer ones more or less herbaceous; receptacular chaff flattish, scarcely en- veloping the achenes, these flattened parallel to the phyllaries. 28 Pappus consisting of up to 6 mostly downwardly-barbed (rarely smooth) awns; achenes wingless; leaves simple and subentire to coarsely toothed or deeply lobed, or ternately or pinnately compound with serrate leaflets (submersed leaves filiform-dissected in B . becM) . . , Bidens 28 Pappus consisting of 2 short smooth or upwardly- barbed teeth, or a few minute bristles, or both, or pappus none; achenes usually narrowly to broadly winged (wingless in C. tinctoria) Coreopsis GROUP 7 (see p. 1 442) (Heads ligulate; leaves all or mostly alternate, entire or nearly so; juice often milky) 1 Pappus double, consisting of an inner row of numerous fragile capillary bristles subtended by a row of short scales; heads 2-7, orange; phyllaries 1 -rowed; stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping; roots fibrous; (K. biflora : s Man. and s Ont.) Krigia 1 Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. 2 Pappus-bristles densely plumose; achenes all or mostly long-beaked. 3 Plants glabrous; leaves somewhat grass-like, clasping; heads solitary, large, yellow or purple; involucre a single row of subequal phyllaries; (introd.) .... Tragopogon 3 Plants more or less spiny-hispid; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, the lower ones petroled, the upper ones somewhat clasping; heads usually at least 2, yellow; involucre consisting of subequal spine-tipped phyllaries in 2 rows; (P. echioides ; introd.) Picris 2 Pappus not plumose; heads smaller. 4 Achenes flat or flattish, beaked or tapering to summit; heads blue, purple, or yellow; phyllaries in 2 or more series of unequal length Lactuca 4 Achenes terete or nearly so. 5 Branches rush-like; heads pink to reddish-purple; involucre of usually 5-9 linear phyllaries subtended by a ring of small bractlets; achenes linear-filiform; (s B C. to s Man.) Lygodesmia 5 Branches not rush-like; heads yellow or orange (white or cream-colour in Hieracium albiflorum ; sometimes pink in Crepis ); achenes narrowed at base. 6 Head solitary on the scape. 7 Achenes distinctly beaked; pappus white; head yellow to orange (often drying pinkish or purplish); plant from a taproot Agoseris 7 Achenes beakless; pappus more or less sordid or tawny; head yellow; plant abundantly stoloniferous, lacking a taproot Hieracium 6 Heads few to numerous; achenes beakless or nearly so. 8 Plants with short to elongate rhizomes and fibrous roots; phyllaries in more or less distinct series of unequal length (or at least with a basal series of smaller bractlets); pappus more or less sordid or tawny , . . Hieracium 1455 Compositae 8 Plants from a taproot or several strong roots, lacking rhizomes; phyllaries commonly 1 -rowed; pappus white or nearly so Crepis GROUP 8 ( see p. 1442) (Heads ligulate; leaves all or mostly alternate, distinctly toothed to deeply lobed; juice often milky) 1 1 Heads pink or blue (occasionally white); pappus present. 2 Heads mostly pink, terminating the branches, mostly 5-flowered; involucre to about 1 1 mm long, with mostly 5 principal phyllaries; pappus consisting of plumose bristles; achenes to 6 mm long; leaves filiform or linear, entire or sparingly toothed, to 8 cm long and 3 mm broad, the upper ones often scale-like; plant glabrous or puberulent, with several or many stems from a stout taproot and branching caudex; (s B.C. to sw Sask.) Stephanomeria 2 Heads mostly blue. 3 Heads to over 3 cm broad, sessile or short-peduncled; achenes obscurely 5-angled; pappus consisting of minute scales; phyllaries 2-rowed, the outer ones at most half as long as the inner; (introd.) Cichorium 3 Heads smaller, panicled; achenes flat or flatfish; pappus consisting of capillary bristles; phyllaries in 2 or more series of unequal length Lactuca Heads yellow to orange (rarely whitish, pinkish, or purplish); pappus (wanting in Lapsana) consisting of capillary bristles. 4 Pappus-bristles plumose ( Picris ) or pappus wanting (Lapsana). 5 Pappus none; heads corymbed or panicled; phyllaries subequal, with a subtending series of minute bractlets; leaves ovate to subrotund; plant hirsute to subglabrous; (introd.) ...... Lapsana 5 Pappus-bristles plumose (or the outer short ones merely barbed); heads terminating leafy stems; outer phyllaries loose and spreading; leaves lanceolate or somewhat broader; (introd.) Picris 4 Pappus-bristles not plumose. 6 Pappus double, an inner row of numerous fragile capillary bristles subtended by a row of short scales; roots fibrous; (se Man. and s Ont.) Krigia 6 Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. 7 Achenes more or less strongly flattened, beakless; pappus white; phyllaries in 2 or more series of unequal length; (introd.) Sonchus 7 Achenes terete or nearly so. 8 Head solitary, yellow or orange (often drying pinkish or purplish); achenes usually distinctly beaked; pappus white Agoseris 8 Heads usually 2 or more; achenes beakless. 9 Phyllaries in a single series; heads yellow or orange; pappus white or whitish; plant from a taproot or several strong roots, lacking rhizomes Crepis 9 Phyllaries in 2 or more series. 10 Inflorescence a branching raceme or panicle of slender, drooping, whitish, creamy, or pink heads; pappus white to reddish brown; lower leaves often deeply cleft; root tuberous Prenanthes 10 Inflorescence a corymb or panicle of erect or ascending, yellow (often white in H. albiflorum), broad heads; pappus more or less sordid or tawny; leaves merely toothed; root not tuberous .... Hieracium GROUP 9 (see p. 1 442) (Heads ligulate; leaves all or mostly basal, stem-leaves, when present, much reduced; juice often milky) 1 Leaves entire or essentially so (sometimes remotely runcinate-toothed); receptacle naked. 2 Heads few to numerous; achenes beakless or nearly so. 1456 Achillea 3 Plants with short to elongate rhizomes and fibrous roots; phyllaries weakly to strongly overlapping, or at least with a basal series of bractlets; pappus-bristles more or less sordid or tawny Hieracium 3 Plants from a taproot or several strong roots, lacking rhizomes; involucre commonly a single row of equal phyllaries; pappus-bristles white or whitish Crepis 2 Head usually solitary on the scape (except in robust individuals of Microseris nutans). 4 Achenes typically more or less strongly beaked; pappus-bristles white; heads yellow or orange (often drying pinkish or purplish) Agoseris 4 Achenes beakless or nearly so; heads yellow. 5 Plants fibrous-rooted and with short to elongate rhizomes; pappus-bristles usually more or less sordid or tawny; involucre not calculate Hieracium 5 Plants with a taproot; involucre often calculate (subtended by bractlets). 6 Pappus consisting of brownish barbed capillary bristles more or less united at base and tending to fall in a ring; plant essentially glabrous; (B.C.) . Apargidium 6 Pappus various, the segments distinct and falling separately; (B.C. to Man.) Microseris 1 Leaves distinctly toothed to deeply lobed; heads yellow (sometimes pink or red-orange). 7 Pappus none; achenes strongly ribbed, shining; heads 1-few, on conspicuously upwardly-thickened peduncles; receptacle naked; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate; plant glabrous or minutely puberulent; (Introd.) Arnoseris 7 Pappus present. 8 Pappus double, an inner row of numerous fragile capillary bristles subtended by a row of short scales; phyllaries subequal; receptacle naked; roots fibrous; (Man. and s Ont.) Krigia 8 Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. 9 Pappus-bristles plumose; (introd,). 10 Inner achenes slender-beaked; receptacle chaffy; leaves hirsute Hypochaeris 10 Achenes not slender-beaked; receptacle naked Leontodon 9 Pappus-bristles not plumose; receptacle naked. 1 1 Heads few to numerous; achenes beakless or nearly so. 12 Plants with short to elongate rhizomes and fibrous roots; phyllaries weakly to strongly overlapping, or at least with a basal series of small bractlets; pappus more or less sordid or tawny Hieracium 12 Plants from a taproot or several strong roots, lacking rhizomes; involucre commonly a single row of subequal phyllaries; pappus white or whitish Crepis 1 1 Head solitary on the scape. 13 Achenes strongly tuberculate at least above, long-beaked; head yellow to orange-yellow; scapes hollow, weak Taraxacum 13 Achenes not tuberculate; scapes usually solid and firm, 14 Achenes typically more or less strongly beaked; pappus white; heads yellow or orange, often drying pinkish or purplish; plants with a taproot (except A. heterophyila) Agoseris 14 Achenes beakless; pappus more or less sordid or tawny; heads yellow; plants with short to elongate rhizomes and fibrous roots Hieracium ACHILLEA L. [9332] Yarrow. Achillee 1 Flowers yellow, the heads in dense convex compound corymbs; leaves pinnate-pinnatifid; (introd.) [A. filipendulina] 1 Flowers white (atypically pink to purplish). 2 Leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate in outline, much dissected and ‘fern -like in appearance (2-pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate); (transcontinental) A. millefolium 2 Leaves lance-linear, not 2-pinnately dissected. 1457 Compositae 3 Leaves merely appressed-serrulate; rays surpassing the involucre by about 4 or 5 mm; stems glabrous or slightly pubescent; (introd.) A. ptarmica 3 Leaves pectinately divided to about 3/4 their width into numerous serrulate segments about 1 mm broad; rays surpassing the involucre by about 1 mm; stems villous or becoming glabrate; (B.C. to e Que.) A, sibirica [A. filipendulina Lam.J Fernleaf Yarrow [Asiatic; apparently recorded for N. America only from Ont. (Galetta, Carleton Co.; Boivin 1966b; presumably a garden-escape but lacking information as to whether or not established). Description: Bailey (1949a:991).] A. millefolium L. Common Yarrow, Milfoil. Herbe & dindes /aST/X/EA/ (Hsr) Meadows and gravelly or sandy slopes and shores at low to moderate elevations (the typical Eurasian form introd. along roadsides and in waste places in the s part of the N. American area), the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is, and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to n Sask. (L. Athabasca), Man. (n to Churchill), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to e Hudson Bay at ca, 59°N, Ungava Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°12'N), Nfld., ?P.E,I. (not known from N.B.), and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; introd. in s Greenland; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Phyllarres with dark-brown to blackish margins; rays surpassing the involucre by 3 or 4 mm; stem more or less lanate; [transcontinental] var. borealis (Bong.) Farw. 2 Ray-ligules white; [var. nigrescens Mey. (A. nig. (Mey.) Ftydb.); ssp. and var. atrotegula Boivin; A. borealis Bong., the type from Sitka, Alaska; the common form northwards; maps: Hultbn 19685:888; the map by G. A. Mulligan and I.J. Bassett, Can. J. Bot. 37: fig. 4 (solid dots), p. 77. 1959, for plants with "hexaploid size pollen" is presumably largely referable here] f. borealis 2 Ray-ligules pink or reddish; [ssp. and var. atrotegula f, rhodantha Lepage, the type from Cape Henrietta Maria, nw James Bay, Ont.; other pink-flowered forms have been named ssp, atrotegula vars. parvula f. discolor Boivin and fulva f. roseiflora Boivin, var. parvula Boivin being the small-rayed extreme and var. fulva Boivin the plant with rust-tinged pubescence] f. rhodantha (Lepage) Scoggan 1 Leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate in outline, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate. 3 Corymb more or less round-topped, usually less than 1 dm broad; leaf-lobes generally rather strongly incurved; stem densely lanate; [transcontinental] var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper 4 Ray-ligules white; [ssp. and var. pallidotegula Boivin; var. russeolata Boivin; var. occidentalis DC. (A. occidentals (DC.) Raf.); A, lanulosa Nutt.; A. alpicola Rydb.; A. megacephala Raup; A. subalpina Greene; A. tomentosa Pursh, not L,; maps: HultPn 19685:889 (A. Ian ): the maps by Mulligan and Bassett, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 76, and fig. 4 (open rings), p. 77, are largely applicable here] f. lanulosa 4 Ray-ligules pink or reddish f. roseoides Breitung 3 Corymb flattish-topped, to 3 dm broad; leaf-lobes horizontally spreading; stem sparingly cobwebby to essentially glabrous; [introd., transcontinental] var. millefolium 5 Ray-ligules white; [A. arenicola Heller; A. dentifera DC.; A. ligustica All.; A. pannonica Scheele; A. sefaeea Waldst. & Kit.; common throughout the southern part of the area; map: Hulten 19685:888] f, millefolium 5 Ray-ligules pink or purple. 6 Ray-ligules pink; [more or less throughout the range of f. millefolium] f. rosea Rand & Redf. 6 Ray-ligules deep rose-purple; [A. ?asplenifolia Vent.; Man. to N.B, and N.S.] f. purpureum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. A. ptarmica L. Sneezeweed. Herbe a eternuer Eurasian; originally cult, in N. America, where now found along roadsides and in fields, thickets, clearings, and ditches, as in se Alaska (Petersburg and Juneau; Hulten 1950), s B.C. (Langley Prairie, near Vancouver; V), Alta, (n to High Prairie, w of Lesser Slave L.; Groh and Frankton 1458 Agoseris 1949b), se Man, (Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (n to w James Bay at 51 15'N), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), Nffd., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; sw Greenland. [Ptarmica vulgaris DC.], map: Hulten 1968b 887 Forma multiplex (Reynier) Heimerl {A. mult. Reynier; the commonly cult, “pearls" or bachelors’-buttons, the florets of the head all ligulate) is the common form in our area. A sibirica Ledeb, /ST/D/eA/ (Hsr) Damp open woods, thickets, and shores from Alaska (n to ca. 68JN), the Yukon (n to ca. 65aN), and nw Dist. Mackenzie to Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta.), Sask. (n to Newnham L. at 59 06'N), and Man. (n to the Hayes R. at Knee L., ca. 55- N), s to cent. B.C. (Clayhurst, near the Alta, boundary at ca. 55°30'N; Herb. V), s-cent, Alta.-Sask., s Man., and N.Dak., with isolated stations in cent. Ont. (near Thunder Bay, where probably introd. along the railway; TRT) and e Que. (a meadow in the valley of the Ste-Anne-des-Monts R., Gaspe Pen., where taken by K.P. Jansson in 1928 and apparently native; see M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 31(370):219-20. 1929); e Asia. [A. multiflora Hook.; A. ptarmica sensu Richardson 1823, not L.]. map: Hulten 1968b:887. ACTINOMERIS Nutt. [9215] A. alterni folia (L.) DC. Wing -stem /t/ EE/ (Hp) Rich woods and borders of thickets from Iowa to s Ont. (Essex and Kent counties; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 32, p. 49) and N Y., s to La. and Fla. [Coreops/s L.; Verbesina Britt.; A. squarrosa Nutt.]. ADENOCAULON Hook. [9082] A. bicolor Hook. Trail-plant, Silver-green /T/(X)/ (Hs) Moist shady woods from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; mainland n to near Hope and Nelson) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitling 1957b) to Calif, and Mont.; Black Hills of S.Dak.; n Minn., n Mich., and s Ont. (Cape Croker, Bruce Pen., L. Huron, where taken by Massey in 1895 and apparently new extinct; CAN), map: Fernald 1935: map 9, p. 213. AGOSERIS Raf. [9601] False Dandelion, Mountain-dandelion 1 Slender crisp-hairy to subglabrate annual to 4 dm tall, the scapes commonly several; leaves oblanceolate, to 1.5 dm long and 1.5 cm broad, entire to toothed or pinnatifid; uppermost internodes sometimes developed, the leaves then not all strictly basal; body of achene to 5 mm long, the beak 2 or 3 times as long as the body; (s B.C.) A. heterophylla 1 Perennials from a taproot; achene-body often over 5 mm long; leaves to over 2.5 dm long and 3 cm broad; plants glabrous or somewhat villous. 2 Achene-beak stout and more or less striate, commonly to about half as long as the body (sometimes longer in var. laciniata; sometimes wanting in var. dasycephala); flowers yellow, often drying pinkish; outer phyllaries not strongly ciliate; leaves to 3 cm broad; (B.C. to Ont.) A. glauca 2 Achene-beak long and slender, scarcely or not at all striate, over half as long as the achene-body; outer phyllaries usually strongly ciliate. 3 Achene-beak at least twice the length of the body; flowers yellow, often drying pinkish; leaves entire to deeply pinnatifid; (B.C. and Alta.) A. grandiflora 3 Achene-beak not much longer than the body of the achene. 4 Flowers burnt-orange, often drying purplish; leaves to 3 cm broad, entire or with a few divergent teeth or small lobes; (B.C. and Alta.; Que.) . .... A. aurantiaca 4 Flowers yellow, sometimes drying pinkish; leaves to 7 cm broad, entire or more or less pinnatifid; (s ?B,C.) [A. elata] A. aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene /sT/D/ (Hr) Meadows and woodlands at moderate to high elevations: se Alaska and the Yukon 1459 Compositae {n to ca. 62°30'N) through B.C. and sw Alta. (N to Jasper) to Calif, and N.Mex.; isolated in Que. (Otish Mts., cent. Que., 52°20'N, 7CP35'W, the type locality of A. naskapensis ; Tabletop Mt. and Mt. McNab of the Shickshock Mts., Gaspe Pen., the type of A, gaspensis from Mt. McNab; CAN; GH; MT). [Troximon Hook.; 7 (A.) gracilens Gray; A. carnea Rydb.; A. gaspensis Fern.; A. gracilenta and A. graminifoiia Greene; A. greenei (Gray) Rydb.; A. naskapensis Rousseau & Raymond], maps (w N. America; Fernald’s map also indicates the occurrence in e Que.): Hulten 19686:953; Porsild 1966: map 136, p. 83; Fernald 1925: map 12 {A. gracilens and A. gaspensis), p. 253. According to Henry (1915), var. purpurea (Gray) Cronq. {A. purp. (Gray) Greene; phyllaries relatively broad and blunt, conspicuously imbricate, strongly mottled or blotched with purple) may occur in s B.C. [A. elata (Nutt.) Greene] [Collections from s B.C. (Herb. V and Herb. Manning Provincial Park) have been referred to this species of the w U.S,A. (Wash, to Calif.) but require confirmation. ( Styiopappus Nutt.).] A. glauca (Pursh) Raf. /ST/(X)/ (Hr) Prairies and meadows, the aggregate species from se Alaska, southernmost Yukon, and nw Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 69°30'N) to Great Slave L., Sask. (n to Tisdale, 52°51'N; CAN), Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg), and n Ont, (between the Ekwan R. at 53°27'N and the coast of Hudson Bay at ca. SB'AO'N), s through B.C. -Alta, to Calif., Ariz., Colo., S.Dak., and Minn, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant glabrous, or merely sparingly ciliate at the base of the leaf-margins and on the petioles; leaves acute or acuminate, entire or sometimes with a few irregular teeth; [Troximon Pursh; Macrorhynchus Eat.; A. lapathifoiia and A. procera Greene; Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C, to Ont. (n to w Hudson Bay at ca. 56°40'N; see n Ont. map by Lepage 1966: map 17, p. 236); map: Hulten 19686:953] var. glauca 1 Plant more or less pubescent at least on the involucre or just below it. 2 Leaves mostly oblanceolate and more or less obtuse, entire or sometimes weakly laciniate toward base; plant seldom over 2.5 dm tall, tending to be rather densely pubescent; achenes sometimes beakless; [Troximon (A.) glaucum var. dasy. T. & G.; T. (A.) pumilum Nutt.; A. aspera and A. villosa Rydb.; A. leontodon vars. aspera and pygmaea Rydb.; A. eisenhoweri Boivin; Ammogeton (Agos.) scorzoneraefolius Schrad.; B.C. (n to the Halfway R. at ca, 56°30'N), Alta., and s Man,] var. dasycephala (T. & G.) Jeps. 2 Leaves mostly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually laciniate, often nearly or quite glabrous. 3 Plant usually over 2.5 dm tall; outer phyllaries tending to be partly pinkish; [A. agrestis Osterh.; A. altissima and A. ?turbinata Rydb.; Alta, and s Sask.] var. agrestis (Osterh.) Jones 3 Plant usually less than 2.5 dm tall; phyllaries generally not pinkish; [incl. var. monticola (Nutt) Greene (A. ?laciniata (Nutt.) Greene); A. ?tenuifolia (Gray) Rydb.; Macrorhynchus (Troximon) glaucus var. lac. Eat.; Troximon (A.) parviflorum and T. taraxacifolium Nutt.; 7. (A.) glaucum var. parviflorum Gray; A. ?pubescens Rydb.; B.C.] var. laciniata (Eat.) Smiley A. grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene /T/W/ (Hr) Meadows and open ground at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; mainland n to Spences Bridge, about 45 mi sw of Kamloops; CAN; V; also reported from w-cent. Alta, by Boivin 19666) to Calif, and Utah. [Styiopappus Nutt.; Troximon Gray]. A. heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene /t/W/ (T) Dry open places in the lowlands and foothills from s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Osoyoos; Armstrong; Trail; Creston) to Calif, and Ariz. ( Macrorhynchus Nutt.; Troximon Greene; 7. humile sensu John Macoun 1884, perhaps not Gray, the relevant collection in CAN), map: K.L. Chambers, Quart. Rev. Biol, 38(2): fig. 1b, p. 126. 1963. 1460 Ambrosia AMBROSIA L. [9146] Ragweed 1 Leaves mostly long-petioled, palmately 3-5-lobed or undivided, serrate, all opposite; staminate involucres 3-ribbed on the outer side; fruit (including beak) to about 1 2 mm long, the beak to 4 mm long; annual; (B.C. to N.S.) A. trifida 1 Leaves sessile or relatively short-petioled, pinnately lobed, the lower ones opposite, the upper ones alternate; staminate involucres indistinctly radiate-veined; fruit 4 or 5 mm long. 2 Staminate involucres strigose-hispid; fruit nearly beakless, unarmed or with about 4 short blunt tubercles; leaves scabrous above and somewhat hoary with stiffish short hairs, mostly 1-pinnatifid; perennial from a creeping rhizome; (B.C. to N.S.) A. psilostachya 2 Staminate involucres glabrous or pilose; fruit with usually 4-7 sharp tubercles encircling the base of the subulate beak, this 1 or 2 mm long; leaves smoothish above and relatively thin; annual; (B.C. to Nfld. and N.S.) A. artemisiifolia A. artemisiifolia L. Common Ragweed. Petite herbe a poux /T/X/ (T) Beaches, roadsides, dooryards, and waste or cult, land (the native area uncertain because of its extremely weedy nature) from southernmost Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Smith, ca. 60 N, where undoubtedly introd) and s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Fernie) to Alta, (n to High Prairie, w of Lesser Slave L.), Sask. (n to ca. 55°N), Man. (n to Dawson Bay, L Winnipegosis), Ont. (n to Kenora and the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (N to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen ), Nfld., N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., S to Mexico, Tex., and Fla. map: I.J. Bassett and J. Terasmae, Can. J. Bot. 40(1): fig. 1, p. 143. 1962. The typical form (leaves simple or 1-pinnatifid (or the lower ones 2-pinnatifid); staminate involucres to 7 mm broad) is reported from Nfld. and e Que. (Magdalen Is.) by Fernald in Gray (1950). Most of our material is referable to var. eiatior (L.) Desc. (A. elatior L.; A. diversifolia (Piper) Rydb.; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid; staminate involucres at most 5 mm broad) and its spreading-villous extreme, f. villosa Fern. & Grisc. A hybrid with A. trifida (x A. helenae Rouleau) is known from the type locality, St Helen's Is., Montreal, Que. A. psilostachya DC. Perennial Ragweed. Herbe a poux vivace /T/X/ (Grh (Hpr)) Dry prairies, roadsides, and waste places (the native area uncertain because of its weedy nature) from s B.C. (Matsqui, near Vancouver; Nakusp, about 50 mi se of Revelstoke) to Alta. (N to ca. 51°N), Sask. (n to ca. 54°N), Man. (u to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.), Ont. (n to Kenora and the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), P.E.L, and N.S. (not known from N.B.), s to Calif.. Mexico, Tex., and La. map: I.J. Bassett and J. Terasmae. Can. J. Bot. 40(1); fig. 3 (A. cor.), p. 144. 1962. Our material is referable to var. coronopifofia (T. & G.) Farw. (A, cor. T. & G.; staminate involucres strigose-hispid to pilose with long slender hairs rather than merely minutely scabrous-hirtellous or puberulent). A. trifida L. Giant or Great Ragweed. Grande herbe a poux /T/X/ (T) Moist soil and waste places (the native area uncertain because of its weedy nature) from s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Revelstoke) to Alta, (n to Peace River, 56'14’N), Sask. (N to ca. 54°N), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to Kenora and the n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to L. St, John, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to n Mexico and Fla,; introd, in Europe. [A. striata Rydb,]. map: I.J. Bassett and J. Terasmae, Can. J, Bot. 40(1); fig. 2, p. 143. 1962. Forma integrifolia (Muhl.) Fern. (A. integrifolia Muhl.; leaves unlobed rather than deeply and palmately 3(5)-cleft into ovate-lanceolate serrate lobes) occurs essentially throughout the range. ANAPHALIS DC. [8983] A. margaritacea (L.) Clarke Pearly Everlasting. Immortelle /sT/X/A/ (Hpr) Meadows, dry fields, roadsides, open woods, and thickets at low to moderate elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is., s Alaska (n to ca. 61°30'N; not known from 1461 Compositae the Yukon), and sw Dist. Mackenzie to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Cut Knife, S£ of Prince Albert), Man. (n to Bissett. about 110 mi ne of Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53°45'N, 9CTW), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 53'N, L. St. John, and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to s Calif., N.Mex., S.Dak., and New Eng.; introd. in Europe; Asia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves broadly linear to narrowly oblong, bluntish to slightly attenuate, scarcely reduced above. 2 Leaves bright green and soon glabrate above, the upper ones to 12 cm long and 2 cm broad; [var. occidentalis Greene (A. occ. (Greene) Heller); A. angustifolia Rydb.; Gnaphalium L.; Antennaria R. Br.; this and the following varieties all transcontinental; map (aggregate species): Hult6n 19685:882] var. margaritacea 2 Leaves ashy-tomentose above, the upper ones rarely over 7 cm long and 1 .5 cm broad; [A. subalpina (Gray) Rydb.] var. subalpina Gray 1 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, attenuate, the upper ones usually much reduced. 3 Leaves bright green and essentially glabrous above; [var. revoluta Suksd.; f. anochlora Fern.; Antennaria cinnamomea var. ang Miquel] var. angustior (Miquel) Nakai 3 Leaves tomentose or cobwebby above var. intercedens Hara ANTENNARIA Gaertn. [8978] Pussy-toes, Everlasting, Ladies -tobacco. Immortelle (Ref.: Porsild 1950, 1965) 1 Basal leaves erect, linear to lanceolate or obianceolate, acute or short-acuminate, commonly over 8 times as long as broad, similar to the stem-leaves, not rosette-forming; plants lacking stolons, scarcely mat-forming (but often with several or many stems from a branched rhizome or caudex); achenes glabrous; plants persistently more or less silky-tomentose; (chiefly western species; A. pulcherrima transcontinental) GROUP 1 1 Basal leaves spreading and forming depressed rosettes, distinctly broader in outline than the stem-leaves (these often terminated by a scarious appendage), obtuse or rounded at summit, with or without a terminal mucro; plants mat-forming, usually with numerous leafy stolons but sometimes densely tufted and lacking stolons. 2 Rosette-leaves (at least some of them) over 5 mm broad; heads commonly 2 or more (A. spathulata and A. appendiculata sometimes with solitary heads); achenes usually more or less papillate at least when young GROUP 2 (p. 1463) 2 Rosette-leaves rarely over 5 mm broad; heads solitary to several .... GROUP 3 (p. 1464) GROUP 1 1 Involucres glabrous and scarious to the base, to 5 or 6 mm high; leaves to about 8 cm long. 2 Involucres dark brownish; inflorescence very compact, usually not over 1 ,5 cm broad; leaves linear, mostly 1 or 2 mm broad, commonly only the midrib prominent; (?B.C.) [A. stenophytla] 2 Involucres pale or nearly white; inflorescence commonly corymbiform and often much more than 1 .5 cm broad; basal leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, to 8 mm broad, often several-nerved; ($ B.C. and sw Alta.) A. luzuloides 1 Involucres densely pubescent toward the non-scarious base; leaves commonly 3-nerved, 3 Involucre white or whitish, to 8 mm high; phyllaries obtuse or acutish, in 3 or 4 unequal series, with or without a dark spot at base; stems to about 5 dm tall; (B.C. to sw Sask.) ....... A. anaphaloides 3 Involucre deep brown to blackish; phyflaries in up to 7 series, at least the inner ones acuminate. 4 Involucres to 8 mm high, the phyllaries in 5 or 6 series; leaves to 1 dm long and 1 cm broad; plants commonly 1 or 2 dm tall; (B.C. and Alta.) A. lanata 4 Involucres to 1 cm high, the phyllaries in 6 or 7 series; leaves to over 1 .5 dm long and nearly 2 cm broad; plants to about 5 dm tall; (transcontinental) .... A. pulcherrima 1462 Anterinaria GROUP 2 ( see p. 1462) 1 Rosette-leaves to over 4 cm broad, with 3 or 5(7) nerves more or less prominent and prolonged beneath; middle and upper stem-leaves tapering to a dark subulate tip. 2 Inflorescence loose and open, becoming very elongate (to about half the height of the plant), the peduncles commonly to over 4 cm long; basal leaves to 8 cm long and 5 cm broad, persistently cottony-tomentose beneath, green and glabrous or subgla- brous above; (B.C. and Alta.) , . , A, racemosa 2 Inflorescence a crowded or even subcapitate cyme, the peduncles relatively short. 3 Pistillate involucres at most 7 mm high; central corollas less than 4.5 mm long; achenes to 1.5 mm long; pappus to 5.5 mm long; rosette-leaves obovate to suborbicular, minutely canescent above, to 4 cm broad, their rounded summits with a minute terminal mucro; (se Man. to N.S.) A. plantaginifolia 3 Pistillate involucres commonly 7 mm long or more; central corollas 4.5 mm long or more; achenes mostly over 1.5 mm long; pappus to 9 mm long. 4 Rosette-leaves mostly subtruncate, ashy-tomentose above, to about 2 cm broad, concave-arching from above the middle to the slenderly cuneate base; pappus to 6 mm long; (s Ont.) A. farwellii 4 Rosette-leaves acutish or gradually rounded at summit, more gradually narrowed to base; mature pappus at least 6 mm long. 5 Blades of rosette-leaves to about 3.5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, loosely tomentose above; stems stipitate-glandular above and in the corymb; involucres to 8.5 mm high; corollas to 5.5 mm long; pappus to 7 mm long; (transcontinental) A. neglecta 5 Blades of rosette-leaves to 8 cm long and 5 cm broad, densely ashy-tomentose above; stem glandless; involucres to 1 1 mm high; corollas to 7 mm long; pappus to 9 mm long; (Ont. and ?Que.) A. munda 1 Rosette-leaves at most about 2 cm broad, only the midrib prominent to tip, the lateral nerves short and obscure. 6 Middle and upper stem-leaves of pistillate plants with a terminal flattish or twisted scarious tip, 7 Rosette-leaves more or less persistently tomentose above; (transcontinental) — A. neglecta 7 Rosette-leaves bright green and essentially glabrous above from the first. 8 Rosette-leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, acutish and tipped with a mucro at least 0.5 mm long; heads often more than 10; (transcontinental) A. neglecta 8 Rosette-leaves spatulate to cuneate-oblanceolate, the terminal mucro less than 0.5 mm long; heads solitary or at most 6; (chiefly Que. and Nfld.). 9 Rosette-leaves broadly rounded at summit; lower and median stem-leaves obtuse and merely mucronate-tipped, only usually the upper 1-3 with scarious appendages A. spathulata 9 Rosette-leaves subacute to round-tipped; all but the very lowermost stem-leaves scarious-appendaged A. appendiculata 6 Middle and upper stem-leaves merely mucronate or subulate-tipped (only the leaves of the corymb sometimes appendaged) 10 Stolons slender and elongate, cord-like, tardily developing terminal rosettes; rosette-leaves cuneate-oblanceolate to spatulate-obovate, canescent above when young; middle and upper stem-leaves with a coloured awn-like tip; pistillate involucres to 1 1 mm high; (transcontinental) A. neglecta 10 Stolons and basal offshoots short, their ascending tips terminated by rosette- leaves, these relatively broader and often evidently petioled. 1 1 Stem-leaves all or nearly all blunt ; rosette-leaves rounded to an obscure point, densely grey-tomentose, at most about 1 cm broad; pistillate involucres to 1 cm high, their phyllaries whitish; (B.C. to Ont.) A. parviflora 1463 Composilae 1 1 Stem-leaves and rosette-leaves subulate-tipped, the latter to 2 cm broad; pistillate involucres to 9 mm high, their phyllaries tinged with green, red, purple, or brown; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) A. neodioica GROUP 3 ( see p. 1462) 1 Heads usually solitary (additional lateral ones, when present, smaller and long- peduncled). 2 Pappus-bristles of staminate florets upwardly barbellate but scarcely clavate; staminate involucres to about 7 mm high, the phyllaries colourless and hyaline at the margins and apex, otherwise dingy blackish green or brownish; pistillate involucres to 1 .5 cm high, their narrow slenderly pointed phyllaries at least partly tinged with brown or reddish brown; achenes puberulent; leaves numerous, persistently silky-tomentose, linear or oblanceolate, to about 3 cm long; dwarf plant commonly less than 5 cm tall; (s B.C. to s Sask.) A. dimorpha 2 Pappus-bristles of staminate florets with clavate or scarious-dilated tips; achenes glabrous; (arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions). 3 Inner phyllaries with prominent broad creamy or straw-coloured tips; stem-leaves lacking brown scarious tips, not much reduced, they and the rosette- leaves usually thinly but persistently tomentose beneath, glabrous or glabrate and fresh green above; (the Yukon to Labrador) A . pygmaea 3 Inner phyllaries olivaceous or light brown, their long-attenuate tips more or less erose, 4 Plant fresh green, the leaves glabrous or nearly so; (Baffin Is. and Greenland) A. glabrata 4 Plant grey-green, thinly tomentose, the basal leaves commonly green and glabrate above; (transcontinental) A. angustata 1 Heads commonly 2 or more. 5 Inner phyllaries dark rose or pink, fading in age; involucres 4 or 5 mm high, their phyllaries 3-seriate; stems to about 3 dm tall, with up to 10 leaves, these lacking terminal appendages; rosette-leaves densely appressed-tomentose, from strongly developed freely branching stolons; (transcontinental) A. rosea 5 Phyllaries white to pale brown or blackish. 6 Young flowering heads nodding; pistillate involucres 5-7 mm high, white to pale sulphur-yellow, the staminate ones more deeply sulphur-yellow; achenes glabrous; upper stem-leaves with attenuate brownish scarious tips; rosette-leaves silky-tomentose and more or less silvery-lustrous on both surfaces; (var. nitida\ transcontinental) A. rosea 6 Young flowering heads scarcely nodding; involucres whitish to straw-coloured or light brown, sometimes greenish or pink-tinged, but not sulphur-yellow. 7 Involucre 4 or 5 mm high, the phyllaries with a large dark-brown or blackish spot at base; leaves thinly but persistently tomentose, those of the short ascending basal offshoots narrowly oblanceolate, mucronate, tapering gradu- ally to base; flowering-stems slender, to about 3 dm tall, thinly tomentose, the several heads short-peduncled in a compact cluster; (se B.C. to Sask.) A. corymbosa 7 Plants with not all of the above characters. 8 Inner phyllaries with blunt and entire, light straw- or cream-coloured to pink tips. 9 Stolons procumbent, the stems branching below and more or less mat-forming; phyllaries normally obtuse or rounded at tip; achenes papillate; (Ungava-Labrador) A. rousseauii 9 Stolons mostly ascending, the stems often more or less tufted; phyllaries erose at tip; achenes glabrous; (transcontinental) A. umbrinella 8 Inner phyllaries with attenuate, more or less erose tips; at least the 1464 Antennaria uppermost stem-leaves with prominent brownish scarious tips; achenes glabrous (or minutely papillate below the middle in A. friesiana). 10 Plants tufted or caespitose, not mat-forming (the crowded, sessile or subsessile rosettes from a rhizomatous base); (transcontinental) A, friesiana 10 Plants mat-forming, with prostrate or ascending leafy stolons. 1 1 Plant thinly tomentose, green and completely glabrous (or at least the upper surface of the basal leaves glabrate); (mts. of w Alta.; Dist. Keewatin-Ungava-Labrador) A. ungavensis 1 1 Plant densely white-tomentose; (sw Dist. Mackenzie; B.C. -Alta.) A. media NOTE The present treatment of Antennaria is tentative. The genus includes several clear-cut species but, also, several species-complexes many of whose entities have been separated as distinct species in spite of the apomictic type of reproduction that characterizes them. An attempt has been made to steer a middle course between extreme lumping” info relatively few species or species-complexes and extreme “splitting" into numerous, scarcely separable “microspecies”. Antennaria is a top-priority candidate for a thorough study based upon the “Species-standard Method” advocated by Rollins (see Introduction, p. 4). A. anaphaloides Rydb. /T/W/ (Hs) Open woods and grassy foothills up to moderate elevations in the mts. from s B.C. (n to Chilcotin and Kamloops; CAN; V), sw Alta, (n to near Jasper; CAN), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a) to Oreg., Nev., and Colo. [Incl. var. straminea Boivin]. A. angustata Greene /aST/X/G/ (Ch) Gravelly or rocky places from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie- Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. StTN), Baffin Is. , and northernmost Ungava-Labrador (type from Cape Chidley), s in the West to the mts. of s B,C, (Skagit R. and Columbia R.; CAN) and SwAlta. (Lake Louise; CAN), farther eastwards s to Great Bear L., cent. Dist, Keewatin, Labrador (s to ca. 55 '30'N), and Nfld.; w Greenland between ca. 67c and 79"30'N. [A. monocephaia ssp. ang. (Greene) Hult.; incl. A. nitens Greene, A. burweliensis, A. congesta, and A, hudsonica Malte, and A, fernaldiana and A. tansleyi Polunin; A. ?columnaris Fern.], maps; Hulten 1968b:875 [A. mono. ssp. ang.); Porsild 1950: map 6, p. 8. 1957: map 312, p. 199, and 1965: map 2, p. 54. A. appendiculata Fern. /sT/E/ (Ch) Peaty or calcareous soil from James Bay (Charlton Is.; Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958) to Que. (Cdte-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; type from banks of the Grande-Riviere, Gaspe Pen.) and Nfld. A. corymbosa Nels. /T/W/ (Ch) Meadows and moist open woods up to fairly high elevations from Mont, to s B.C. (Glacier National Park; CAN), Alta. (Boivin 1966b), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; CAN; Breitung 1957a), s to n Calif, and Colo. A. di morph a (Nutt.) T, & G. /T/WW/ (Ch) Dry open places from s B.C. (N to Cache Creek, about 40 mi nw of Kamloops), s Alta. (Medicine Hat; J.M. Macoun 1895), and s Sask. (Climax and Divide; DAO; not listed by Breitung 1957a) to s Calif., Colo., and Nebr. [Gnaphalium Nutt,]. A. farweliii Greene /T/EE/ (Ch) Dry gravelly banks and rocky bluffs from n Mich. (Keweenaw Co.) to s Ont. (Jordan Harbour, Lincoln Co.; OAC; reported from the Bruce Pen., L. Huron, by Krotkov 1940, and from fields at Ottawa by M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 1(8):152. 1899). [A. parlinii var. far. (Greene) Boivin]. 1465 Compositae A. friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman /ASs/(X)/GeA/ (Ch) Meadows and dry slopes up to fairly high elevations from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 79 30'N) and Baffin Is., s to s Alaska-Yukon, cent. Dist. Keewatin, and n Ungava-Labrador (s to Cape Mugford, 57 48'N); w Greenland between ca. 67° and 79°30'N, e Greenland at ca, 73°N; n Siberia, maps and synonymy (together with distinguishing keys to several closely related taxa (?microspecies)): see below. 1 Head solitary [A. monocephala DC.] 2 Plant with horizontal stolons; stem slender; [A. phiionipha Porsild, the type from the arctic coast of nw Dist. Mackenzie; incl. var. latisquamea Hull; Alaska-Yukon-NW Dist. Mackenzie; maps: Porsild 1950: map 16 (A. phil), p. 9; Hulten 19686:874] ssp. phiionipha (Porsild) Hult. 2 Plant caespitose, forming dense tufts, lacking horizontal stolons; stem relatively stout ssp. monocephala 3 Leaves pubescent above; [A. exilis Greene, the type from St. Paul Is., Alaska; e Aleutian Is. and s Alaska-Yukon; map: Hulten 19686:874] .... var. exilis (Greene) Hult. 3 Leaves glabrous above; [A. alpina var. mon. (DC.) T. & G,; A. shumaginensis Porsild; Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska), Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie, and ne B.C. (s to Mi. Selwyn and Redfern L., both ca. 56°N; the report from Waterloo Lakes, sw Alta . by Breitung 1957a, requires confirmation); ne Siberia; maps: Hulten 19686:873; Porsild 1950: map 12, p. 9; Raup 1947: pi. 36] ... var. monocephala 1 Heads normally 2-4 (sometimes very densely condensed and simulating a single head). 4 Plants with more or less horizontal stolons, forming mats; leaves pubescent on both sides at least when young. 5 Inner phyllaries obtuse, brownish green to brown; [Aleutian Is.. Alaska (type from Disenchantment Bay), and n B.C. (s to ca. 57°N); maps: Hulten 19686:875; Porsild 1950: map 14 p. 9, and 1966: map 140, p. 84] [A. pallida Nels] 5 Inner phyllaries acute, dark brown to blackish. 6 Basal shoots slender, their oblanceolate glabrescent leaves acute; [s Alaska, Great Slave l., and N B.C. (type from Mt. Selwyn, ca. 56rjN); maps: Hulten 19686:878; Porsild 1950: map 7, p. 8] .[A. atriceps Fern.] 6 Basal shoots with dense, blunt, ligulate, densely tomentose leaves; [Alaska- Yukon n to ca. 643Q'N, the type from the MacMillan R., the Yukon; maps: Hulten 19686:879; Porsild 1950: map 17, p. 9] [A. stolonifera Porsild] 4 Plants caespitose, lacking horizontal stolons A. friesiana 7 Basal leaves short, densely crowded, oblanceolate to obovate, permanently tomentose on both sides; [A. compacta Malte, the type from Bernard Harbour, coast of Dist. Mackenzie; A. crymophila, A. densifolia , and A. ?neoalaskana Porsild; A. alpina f. latifolia Ekm,; essentially the N. American range of the species; maps: Hulten 19686:877; Porsild 1965: map 5 (A. comp. ), p. 54; Savile 1961 : map L, p. 929] ssp. compacta (Malte) Hult. 7 Basal leaves petioled, averaging narrower. 8 Basal leaves more or less rounded and mucronate at apex, often glabrescent above; both staminate and pistillate plants known; [A. aiaskana Malte, the type from near Port Clarence. Alaska; incl. var. beringensis Hull.; Alaska-N Yukon; maps: Hulten 19686:877; Porsild 1950: map 5 (A. alask.), p. 8] ... ssp. aiaskana (Malte) Hult. 8 Basal leaves relatively narrow and acute, permanently tomentose on both sides; staminate plant unknown; [A. alpina var. fr. Trautv.; A. megacephala Fern.; A. ekmaniana and A. ?pedunculata Porsild; A. ?subcanescens Ostenf.; A. angustifolia Ekm., not Rydb.; A. /a6ra6or/ca of auth., not Nutt.; range of the species; maps: Hulten 19686:876; Porsild 1965: map 6, p. 54, 1957: map 313, p 200, and 1950: map 10, p. 8 (all as A. ekm. ); Bocher 1954: fig. 33 (map 3; A. ekm. ), p. 135] , ........... ssp. friesiana A. glabrata (Vahl) Greene /a/E/G/ (Ch) Grassy tundra and snowbeds on calcareous soil: e Baffin Is. near the Arctic 1466 Antennaria Circle; w Greenland between ca. 65° and 73°N. [A. alpina var. glab, Vahl, the type from nw Greenland; incl. f. ramosa Porsild and the pubescent extreme, f. tomentosa Ekm,]. map: Porsild 1957: map 31 1, p. 199. A. lanata (Hook.) Greene /T/W/ (Hs) Ledges and cliffs at subalpine to alpine elevations from s B.C. (N to Rogers Pass and Revelstoke; a collection in V from Atlin, ca. 59DN, may also belong here) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo. [A. carpathica var. Ian. Hook., the type a Drummond collection in the Rocky Mountains of B.C. -Alta, at ca. 52°NJ. A. luzuloides T. & G. /T/W/ (Hs) Moist or dryish gravels and ledges in the foothills and at moderate elevations in the mts. from s B.C. (n to Kamloops; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to n Calif, and Colo. (A. oblanceolata Rydb], A. media Greene /sT/W/ (Ch) Dryish meadows and slopes up to high elevations from sw Dist. Mackenzie (Colonel ML. ca. 62 N; Raup 1947) through the mts. of B.C. -Alta, to Calif, and Colo. [A. acuta Rydb.; A. Candida , A. chlorantha. A. macounii, A. modesta, and A. pu/vinata Greene; A. reflexa Nels.; A. alpina var. media (Greene) Jeps.; A. cana (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. (A. alpina var. cana F. & W.), in part], map: Hultdn 19686:878. A. munda Fern. /T/EE/ (Ch) Dry sands, gravels, and rocks from w Ont, (n to near Thunder Bay; CAN; TRT) and ?Que. (collections in CAN and GH from Bic, Rimouski Co., have been referred to A. occidentalis by Fernald and Collins but Que. is not included in the range of A. munda by Fernald in Gray 1950) to Ind. and Va. [A. occidentalis of Canadian reports, not Greene]. A. neglecta Greene /sT/X/ (Ch) Sterile fields, pastures, rocky barrens, and open woods from s Yukon and Great Slave L, to B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to L. Athabasca), Man. (im to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n to Swan L at ca. 54 30 N, 91°W), Que. (n to e Hudson Bay at ca. 56 IO N and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif.. Ariz., and Va. [A very plastic complex, here taken to include A. campestris and A. ?solitaria Rydb., A. denikeana Boivin, A. obovafa Nels., A. manicouagana Landry, A. brainerdii , A. gaspensis, A. g la bri folia, A. petaloidea, and A. rupicola Fern., and A. athabascensis, A. catlilepis, A. canadensis, A. eximia, A. howellii, A. lunellii, A. ?petasites, and A. stenolepis Greene; A racemosa sensu Fraser and Russell 1944, not Hook.]. map: Hu lien 19686:881. A. neodioica Greene /T/EE/ (Ch) Dry fields, pastures, rocky barrens, and open woods from Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior) to Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld.. N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., S to Minn., Ind., and Va. [Incl. vars. chlorophylla, grandis, and interjecta Fern.; scarcely separable from A. neglecta, with whose var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq. it is merged by Arthur Cronquist, Rhodora 47(557):184. 1949]. A. parvifolia Nutt. /sT/WW/ (Ch) Dry open places from s B.C. (N to Clinton, Chilcotin, and Cariboo; CAN) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.) and Man. (n to Hill L., n of L. Winnipeg; CAN; reports from Alaska, Dist. Keewatin, and Ont. by Boivin 1966b, require clarification), s to Wash., Nev,, and Ariz. [A, aprica Greene; A. bracteosa Rydb.; A. minuscula Boivin], The typical form has white phyllaries. Forma brunnea (Boivin) Breitung (phyllaries brownish* tipped) is known from sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; type from Swift Current). Forma roseoides (Boivin) Breitung (phyllaries pink-tipped) is known from 8.C., Alta., arid Sask. (type from Swift Current). A. plantaginifolia (L.) Hook. /T/EE/ (Ch) Fields, clearings, and open woods from se Man. (n to the Winnipeg dist.) to Ont. (n 1467 Compositae to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Aylmer, Buckingham, and Montreal), and N.S. (reports from N.B. and P.E.I. require confirmation), s to e Tex., Tenn., and Va. [Incl. A. arnoglossa and A. fallax Greene and A. parlinii Fern.]. A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene /ST/(X)/ (Hs) Moist places at low to high elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 68°N) to the Yukon (n to ca. 62°N), the Mackenzie R. Delta, Great Bear L., northernmost Alta.-Sask.-Man.-Ont., Que. (N to e Hudson Bay at ca. 56 IO N; also known from Anticosti Is ), and Nfld. (not known from the Maritime Provinces), s in the West to Wash., Utah, and Colo., farther eastwards s to s-cent. Sask., n Man., and James Bay (Ont. and Que.). [A. carpathica var. pulch. Hook., the type a Drummond collection from the Rocky Mountains, probably of Alta.; A. carp. var. humilis Hook.; A. eucosma Fern. & Wieg.; incl. vars. angustisquamata Porsild and sordida Boivin]. maps: Hulten 1968b: 872; Porsild 1950: map 3, p. 8, and 1965. map 1, p. 54; Marie-Victorin 1938: fig. 64 (requiring considerable expansion), p. 551. A. pygmaea Fern. /aS/(X)/ (Ch) Gravels, turfs, and mossy ledges of the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N; CAN), Dist. Mackenzie (Mackenzie R, Delta; Great Bear L), sw-cent. Dist, Keewatin, Southampton Is., s Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador (s to ca. 56°N; type from Okak, Labrador, 57°33'N). [Incl. A. tweedsmuirii Polunin]. maps: Porsild 1950: map 29, p. 20, and 1965: map 17, p. 55. A. racemosa Hook, /T/W/ (Ch) Cool montane woods from B.C. (n to Hazelton, Stuart Lake. Prince George, Clinton, and Revelstoke; CAN) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo. [A. oblancifolia Nels.]. A. rosea Greene /ST/X/ (Ch) Prairies, meadows, and open woods at low to moderate elevations from Alaska (N to ca. 69°N) to cent. Yukon, the Mackenzie R. Delta, Great Bear L,, s Dist. Keewatin, Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (Neaka, w James Bay, 53°16'N; reported from Fort William (Thunder Bay) by P.A, Hyypio, Rhodora 54(647):291. 1952, where taken by McMorine in 1879), James Bay (Manawanan Is., ca. 53°N), n Que. (Hudson Bay-James Bay s to ca. 52°N), and n Labrador (s to ca. 56 N; not known from the Atlantic Provinces), s in the West to Calif, and N.Mex. [A. dioica var. rosea (Greene) Eat,; A. arida, A. concinna , and A. imbricata Nets.; A. acuminata, A. erigeroides, and A. oxyphylla Greene; A. breitungii, A elegans „ and A. incarnata Porsild, A leontopodioides Cody). maps and key to var. nitida and three closely related species (?microspecies) of w N. America: see below, 1 At least the inner phyllaries paper-white or brownish (except for the green base; in A. leuchippi, with purple spots visible under a lens). 2 Upper stem-leaves with broad flat brownish scarious tips; [se Yukon, the type from Whitehorse; maps: Hult6n 19685 :881 ; Porsild 1950: map 26, p. 20] [A. ieuchippii M.P. Porsild] 2 Upper stem-leaves with subulate tips; [A. nitida Greene, the type from Charlton Is., James Bay; A. laingii Porsild; A. visciduia Neils.; A. microphylla Rydb., not Gand.; A. ?iso!epis Greene; A. subviscosa of w N. America reports, not Fern.; some of the synonyms under A. rosea should probably be placed here; maps: Raup 1947: pi. 35 (A. isolepis ); combine the maps by Porsild 1950: map 27 (A. nitida) and map 24 (A. isolepis), p. 20, and 1965: map 16 (A. isolepis), p. 55; Hulten 19685:876 (A. isolepis )] A. rosea var. nitida (Greene) Breitung 1 Inner phyllaries pink to roseate. 3 Leaves obovate, rounded (often mucronate) at apex, glabrous above, 4 Stem thinly lanate, distinctly glandular; [cent. Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie to northernmost B.C.; isolated in sw B.C.; type from the Pelly Range, the Yukon; maps: Hulten 19685:880; Porsild 1950: map 19, p. 9, and 1966: map 137, p. 84] [A. a/5orosea A.E. Porsild] 4 Stem densely lanate, not glandular; [Gnaphalium L A. insularis Greene; Aleutian Is.; Eurasia; map: Hulten 19685:879] A. dioica (L.) Gaertn. 1468 Antennaria 3 Leaves oblanceolate, acutish, pubescent above; [maps: Porsfld 1950: map 30, p. 20; Hulten 19680:880] A, rosea A. rousseauii Porsild /Ss/E/ (Ch) An endemic of n Ungava-Labrador in gravelly and rocky places between ca. 52° and 60°N; type from the Payne R. w of Ungava Bay at 59 17'N; map: Porsild 1965: map 18, p. 55. Keyed out below are three closely related taxa (?microspecies) endemic to Greenland. 1 Achenes smooth; [known only from Greenland, the type locality]. 2 Phyllaries with olive-brown tips, becoming cream- or straw-coloured in age; [A. alpina var. intermedia Rosenv.; maps: Porsild 1965: map 15, p. 55; T.W. Bdcher, Medd. Greenland 148(3): fig. 35, p. 48. 1963] [A. intermedia (Rosenv.) M.P. Porsild] 2 Phyllaries with pink tips, becoming cream-white in age, the outer ones with prominent dark spots near the base; [A, dioica var. hyperborea Lange; A. groenlandica M.P. Porsild; maps: Porsild 1965: map 14, p. 55; Bdcher, loc. cit., fig. 29, p. 47] [A. hansii Kerner] 1 Achenes strongly papillate even when immature, 3 Plant dwarf, densely whrte-tomentose; [known only from w Greenland, the type locality; maps: Porsild 1965: map 13, p. 55; Bdcher, loc. cit., fig. 42, p. 51] [A. affinis Fern.] 3 Plant taller (the flowering stems to 2.5 dm tall), thinly tomentose A. rousseauii A. spathulata Fern. /T/E/ (Ch) Turfy and peaty places in e Que. (L. Mistassini; Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.), St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Nfld. (type from Rushy Pond; GH). [A. canadensis var. spath. Fern.; incl. var, continents Fern. & St. John and A. ?wiegandii Fern.; scarcely separable from the A, negiecta complex]. [A. stenophylla Gray] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Nev. and Idaho) from se B.C. by Eastham (1947; collection in V from Creston) requires confirmation, perhaps being based upon A. luzuloides , with which it probably intergrades.] A. umbrinetla Rydb. /ST/X/ (Ch) Gravels, ledges, and turfs from the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), sw Dist. Mackenzie, and n Sask. (L Athabasca) through B C.-Alta. to Calif., Ariz.. and Colo.; isolated in cent. Ont. (n shore of L. Superior) and e Gue. (Bic and St-Donat, Rimouski Co. ; calcareous cliffs and talus, n Gaspd Pen.). [A very plastic species, here taken to include A. albescens and A. flavescens Rydb., A. peasei and A. subviscosa Fern, (e Que. endemics), A. albicans, A. bayardii, A. brunnescens, A. confusa, A. foggii, A. longii, and A. straminea Fern, (these last seven Nfld. endemics), A. mucronata Nels., and A. aizoides, A. lanulosa, A. maculata, A. sansonii, and A. sedoides Greene]. maps (A. subviscosa): Porsild 1950: map 31, p. 20, and 1966: map 141, p. 84. A. ungavensis (Fern.) Malte /ST/(X)/ (Ch) Moist sandy places, tundra, and wooded slopes: mts. of sw Alta. (Porsild s map); s-cent. Dist. Keewatin (Chesterfield Inlet; CAN); n Gue. (coasts of Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay; Ungava Bay and watershed; Knob Lake dist. at ca. 54 45'N) and northernmost Labrador (s to Saglek, 58°35'N). [A. alpina var. ung. Fern., the type from the Stillwater R., n Que.; A. arenicola Malte], map: Porsild 1965: map 1 1, p. 55. Keyed out below are four closely related taxa (?microspecies): 1 Plants densely white-tomentose. 2 Plant densely matted, with creeping and spreading leafy stolons; flowering stems to 2 dm tall, weak and flexuous: style much exserted in anthesis, distinctly bifid; [A. alpina var. canescens Lange and var. cana Fern, & Wieg., in part; A. vexillifera Fern; Great Slave L. to s Baffin Is., Labrador, and Greenland; Iceland; maps: Porsild 1957: map 310, p. 199, and 1965: map 4, p. 54] [A. canescens (Lange) Malte] 2 Plant rhizomatous, with short leafy branches; flowering stems rarely over 12 cm tall, stiffly erect; styles at most only slightly exserted in anthesis; [A, brevistyla Fern.; n 1469 Compositae Ungava, N Labrador (type from Ramah), s Baffin Is., and Greenland; maps: Porsild 1957 (1964 revision): map 342, p. 203, and 1965; map 9, p. 54] [A. somborgeri Fern.] 1 Plants glabrous to thinly tomentose (at least the upper surface of the basal leaves glabrous and green in age). 3 Plant glabrous and green; basal leaves oblanceolate; flowering stems to 1 dm tall, stiff; [incl. f. roseola Ekm,; w and E Greenland and n Scandinavia; maps: Hulten 1958: map 165. p. 185; Bocher 1938: fig. 105 (Greenland), p. 188: Porsild 1965: map 8 (Greenland), p. 54] [A. porsildii Ekman] 3 Basal leaves glabrous only on the upper surface. 4 Flowering stems 5 or 6 cm tall, stiff; basal leaves oblanceolate, glabrous or only glabrate in age; [A. canescens var, pseudoporsildii Bocher, basionym, the type from Greenland; also known from s Baffin Is. and n Ungava; map: Porsild 1965: map 3, p. 54] [A. boecheriana Porsild] 4 Flowering stems to 2.5 dm tall, weak and flexuous; basal leaves obovate, distinctly mucronate A. ungavensis ANTHEMIS L. [9330] Dogfennel, Chamomile. Camomille 1 Rays yellow; disk to 2 cm broad, its corolla-tubes compressed; receptacle chaffy throughout; achenes striate; leaves 1-pinnatifid, the segments toothed; whitish-pubescent stoloniferous perennial; (introd.) A. tinctoria 1 Rays white; disk to 12 mm broad, its corolla-tubes cylindric; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid; annuals; (introd.). 2 Receptacle chaffy only toward the middle; ray-florets sterile; achenes ribbed and rough-tuberculate; leaves essentially glabrous; plant ill-scented A. cotula 2 Receptacle chaffy throughout; ray-florets fertile; achenes smooth except for the 10 nerves; leaves hairy or even somewhat woolly beneath; plants lacking a distinctive odour A. arvensis A. arvensis L. Corn-Chamomille Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (St. John's; DAO), N.B., P.E.I., and N S.; sw Greenland. Most or all of our material appears referable to var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. {A. agr. Wallr.; receptacular chaff shorter than the disk-florets rather than surpassing them), A. cotula L. Mayweed, Dog-Fennel. Maroute or Camomille des chiens Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in Alaska-Yukon (n to ca, 65;N) and B.C., Alta, (n to McMurray, 56C44'N), Sask. (Troy, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1883; CAN), Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at York; GH), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Maruta DC.], map: Hulten 19685:886, A. tinctoria L. Yellow Chamomille Eurasian; introd. or a garden-escape to roadsides and fields in N. America, as in se Alaska (Sitka) and B.C., Alta, (n to Peace River, 56°14'N), Sask. (near Moose Jaw), Man. (Winnipeg), Ont. (N to Kapuskasing and Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Tourelle, Matane Co.), Nfld. (St. John's; DAO), N.B., and N.S. map: Hulten 19685:885. APARGIDIUM T. & G. [9597] A boreale (Bong.) T, & G. /sT /W/ (Hr) Sphagnous bogs and wet meadows at low to fairly high elevations from s Alaska (n to ca. 60°30'N) and coastal B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; DAO; V) to nw Calif. [Apargia borealis Bong., the type from Sitka, Alaska; Leontodon DC.; Microseris and Scorzonella Greene], map: Hulten 19685:943. 1470 Arnica ARCTIUM L. [9452] Burdock. Bardane 1 Heads more or less corymbosely arranged, mostly long-peduncled; larger leaf-blades rounded at apex; petioles strongly angled; (introd,). 2 Petioles mostly solid; heads commonly at least 3 cm broad; involucre glabrous, its middle and upper phyllaries subequal and surpassing the corollas A. lappa 2 Petioles usually hollow; heads less than 3 cm broad; involucre cobwebby, its middle and upper phyllaries successively longer, mostly shorter than the corollas A. tomentosum 1 Heads racemose or racemosely clustered, sessile to long-peduncled; involucre glabrous or somewhat tomentose; larger leaf-blades tapering at apex; petioles usually hollow, only slightly angled; (introd,). 3 Heads at most 2.5 cm broad; achenes to 6 mm long; phyllaries shorter than the corollas A. minus 3 Heads to 4 cm broad; achenes to 1 cm long; some phyllaries equalling or surpassing the corollas A. nemorosum A. lappa L. Great Burdock, Grande Bardane, Artichaut, etc. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in thickets, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in sw B. C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland), Man. (N to Warren Landing, near the ne end of L. Winnipeg; CAN), Ont. (N to Moosonee, sw James Bay, 51°17'N), Gue. (n to La-Malbaie, Charlevoix Co., reported from Anticosti Is. by Schmitt 1904), N.B., and N.S. [A. majus Bernh.]. A hybrid with A. minus (x A. nothum (Ruhm.) Weiss) is reported from sw Que. by Boivin (1966b; Buckingham). A. minus (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. Bardane, Tabac du Diable. etc. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in thickets, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (n to Queen Charlotte Is. and Williams Lake, ca. 52°N), Alta, (n to Edmonton), Sask. (n to Tisdale, 52°51'N), Man. (n to Brandon and Winnipeg), Ont. (N to Cochrane and Ottawa), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Lappa Hill; A, lappa var. minus (Hilt) Gray]. The typical form has entire to shallowly toothed leaves and pale-pink to roseate flowers. Forma laciniatum Clute (leaves laciniate or reduced to narrow blades, the flowers sterile) is known from s Ont. (Simcoe, Norfolk Co.; OAC), Que. (Montreal and Quebec City; MT; OAC), and P.E.I. (Charlottetown and Kensington; ACAD). Forma pallidum Farw, (corolla white) is known from P.E.I. (near Kensington, Prince Co.; MT). Forma purpureum (Blytt) Evans (corolla deep purple) is known from se Man. (Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959). A. nemorosum Lej. European; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in B.C. -Alta. (Boivin 1966b), Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (n to the Timagami Forest Reserve, ne of Sudbury), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen. at Mont-Louis; GH), Nfld., P.E.I,, and N.S. [A. minus var, corymbosum Wieg. and ssp. nem. (Lej.) Syme; A. vulgare sensu Evans, not Lappa vulgaris Hill], A. tomentosum Mill. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in Alta. (Edmonton; Groh and Frankton 1948), Sask, (Rosthern, about 40 mi ne of Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Pine River, e of Duck ML), Ont. (Simcoe Co.; Montgomery 1957), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Tourelle, Matane Co.; CAN), Nfld. (St. John’s; CAN), N.B., P.E.I. (Bonshaw, Queens Co.; NSPM), and N.S, [A. lappa var. tom. (Mill.) Gray]. ARNICA L. [9396] Arnica (Ref.; Maguire 1943; P.A. Rydberg, N. Am. Flora 34:321-57. 1927) 1 Well-developed stem-leaves mostly 5-12 pairs, the upper ones not greatly reduced; heads generally several to rather numerous; anthers yellow. 2 Phyllaries obtuse or merely acutish, bearing a tuft of long white hairs at apex; leaves 1471 Composrtae lanceolate to oblanceolate. entire or slightly toothed, to 2 or 3 dm long; stems solitary, from long rhizomes; plants variously hairy to subtomentose; (B.C. to Que.) A. chamissonis 2 Phyllaries more sharply acute, their tips not markedly long-hairy; leaves rarely much over 1 dm long; (B.C. and Alta,). 3 Leaves narrowly lanceolate to lance-elliptic, entire or nearly so; plants more or less scabrid-puberulent at least above, densely tufted (the rhizome commonly shortened into a branching caudex), no well-developed basal leaves present either on the stem or on the separate short sterile leafy shoots; pappus stramineous to tawny, barbed or subplumose A longifolia 3 Leaves narrowly lance-elliptic to ovate, at least the basal ones usually rather coarsely toothed; plants more or less hairy especially above, or subglabrous, seldom much tufted (the rhizome mostly more elongate): tufted basal leaves commonly present; pappus tawny, subplumose A. amplexicaulis 1 Well-developed stem-leaves rarely more than 3 or 4 (sometimes none in A. lessingii and A. louiseana ), at least the upper 1 or 2 pairs usually greatly reduced; rhizomes mostly well developed (except in A. alpina, the solitary stems from a short, mostly ascending rhizome or mere caudex) 4 Heads typically discoid and usually lacking rays (but the marginal corollas sometimes enlarged), nodding in youth, commonly several (rarely solitary); pappus tawny; anthers yellow; principal leaves mostly lanceolate to ovate, to 2 dm long and 5 cm broad, entire or denticulate; stems solitary from freely rooting to nearly naked rhizomes; (B.C. and Alta.) A. parryi 4 Heads typically radiate. 5 Anthers purple; heads solitary; pappus tawny; stems commonly not over 2.5 dm tall. 6 Head usually nodding; rays to 2 cm long and 8 mm broad; pappus barbed (rarely subplumose); phyllaries purplish, they and the peduncle densely pilose with multicellular hairs with purple cross-walls; leaves mostly basal, entire or denticulate (rarely sharply dentate); rhizome naked; (Alaska to Dist. Macken- zie; n B.C.) A. lessingii 6 Head erect; rays to 17 mm long and 7 mm broad; pappus subplumose; phyllaries greenish, they and the peduncle clothed with moniliform (necklace- like) hairs with whitish-translucent cross-walls; stems with up to 4 or 5 pairs of serrulate to coarsely serrate leaves; rhizome densely clothed with fibrous leaf-bases; (Aleutian Is.) A. unalaschcensis 5 Anthers yellow; heads solitary to several. 7 Pappus plumose or subplumose, more or less tawny; phyllaries acute or acuminate; flowering stems rarely with evident tufts of basal leaves, solitary or in loose tufts from freely rooting rhizomes. 8 Involucres hemispheric-campanulate or broader, the disk-flowers relatively numerous; heads few or solitary; stem -leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic, ovate, or obovate, entire or irregularly denticulate (or dentate); (B.C. and Alta; E Que. and N.B.) A. mollis 8 Involucres narrower, more or less top-shaped, the disk-flowers fewer; heads generally several; stem-leaves narrowly or broadly elliptic to deltoid or ovate, irregularly low-dentate; (B.C. and Alta.) A. diversifolia 7 Pappus merely barbellate, usually white or nearly so (sometimes somewhat tawny In A. fuigens ); basal leaves often conspicuous (sometimes small or wanting). 9 Leaf-blades narrowly to broadly ovate, commonly not over twice as long as broad, usually more or less coarsely toothed, distinctly pinnate-veined; basal leaves frequently present but mostly on separate short shoots. 10 Achenes generally glabrous at least toward base; heads solitary to several; basal leaves sometimes present on short shoots, rarely cordate, the stem-leaves even more rarely cordate, the middle ones commonly larger than those below; (B.C. and Alta.) A. iatifolia 1472 Arnica 10 Achenes mostly uniformly short-hairy or glandular (or both); heads solitary or 2 or 3; basal leaves commonly present on short shoots, they and the lower stem-leaves usually strongly cordate and larger than the middle ones; (B.C. to w Sask.; introd. in Man.) A. cordifolia 9 Leaf-blades mostly distinctly narrower in outline (commonly 3 or 4 times as long as broad), tapering or rounded to base (never cordate), entire or denticulate (rarely dentate). 1 1 Stems rarely over 2 or 3 (commonly about 1 or 1 .5) dm tall, often subscapose; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic or oblanceolate, the lower ones regularly denticulate or dentate, their faint lateral veins joining the midrib well above the leaf-base; heads solitary (rarely 2 or 3); achenes glabrous below the middle or sometimes throughout; (B.C. and Alta.; e Que. and Nfld.) A. louiseana 1 1 Stems commonly taller and more leafy; lateral veins of leaves generally very conspicuous and extending nearly or quite to base; achenes uniformly short-hairy throughout. 12 Lower leaves mostly rather abundantly denticulate or dentate, lanceolate to lance-elliptic (sometimes ovate); heads commonly 4 or 5 (up to 10 or 1 1); phyllaries lanceolate; (essentially transconti- nental) A. lonchophylla 12 Lower (and upper) leaves entire or obscurely denticulate; heads 1 to few, 13 Base of stem with conspicuous dense tufts of long brown wool in the axils of the old leaves; leaves lanceolate; phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-oblong; (B.C. to Man.) A. fulgens 13 Base of stem lacking conspicuous tufts of brown wool (or the wool scanty and white when present in A. sororia). 14 Plants more or less densely long-villous-tomentose; leaves lanceolate, the stem-leaves rarely more than 2 or 3 pairs; heads solitary to few; phyllaries lanceolate; (trans- continental) A. alpina 14 Plants not tomentose; stem-leaves commonly 3 or 4 pairs. 15 Phyllaries oblanceolate, their tips short or only acutish; leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblanceolate (sometimes broader); (Ungava-Labrador) A. plantaginea 15 Phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute or acutish; (mts. of B.C. and Alta.). 16 Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate or spatulate (sometimes broader), the lower stem-leaves tending to be sessile; involucre turbinate-campanulate; rays mostly about 8 A. rydbergii 16 Leaves lanceolate, the lower stem-leaves generally petioled; involucre nearly hemispheric; rays usually more than 10 A. sororia A. alpina (L.) Olin /AST/X/GEA/ (Hs) Open rocky slopes up to high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 82°N), Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s in the West through the mts. of B.C. and sw Alta. (N to Jasper} to Mont., farther eastwards s to L. Athabasca (Sask.), n Man. (s to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), n Ont. (Hudson Bay-James Bay watershed s to the Missinaibi R. at 50°03'N), Que. (s to E Hudson Bay at ca. 56°10N; isolated at Knob Lake, ca. 54°48'N, 68°W), and Nfld.; w and e Greenland n to ca. 78°N; Spitsbergen; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Pilosity on the peduncles and at the base of the involucres with little or no admixture of stipitate glands; stem-leaves 2 or 3 pairs; plant commonly less than 3 dm tall. 2 Teeth of the ray-ligules mostly 2.5-4 mm long; stipitate glands lacking or very short and 1473 Compositae obscure; [A. montana var. alpina L.; n Scandinavia; maps: Eric Hulten 1958: map 183, p. 203, and Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 43(2/3): fig. 11, p. 405. 1949; Maguire 1943: fig. 1, p. 409] . . . [ssp. alpina] 2 Teeth of ray-ligules 0, 5-2(2. 5) mm long; peduncles and base of involucres more or less evidently stipitate-glandular: [A. angust. Vahl; A. alp. f. inudata M.P. Porsild; transcontinental; maps: Porsild 1957: map 323. p. 201 : also on the above-noted maps by Hulten and Maguire; Hulten 19686:923] ssp. angustifolia (Vahl) Maguire 1 Pilosity on the peduncles and at the base of the involucres with an obvious admixture of long-stipitate glands; stem-leaves commonly 4 or 5 pairs. 3 Leaves and stem conspicuously villous-tomentose; achenes often over 6 mm long; plants to about 2 dm tail; [A. tomentosa J.M. Macoun, the type from Waterloo Lakes, Alta.; A. pulchella Fern.; A. alpina ssp. attenuata var. ?vestita Hult.; se Alaska-s Yukon-w Dist, Mackenzie and mts. of B.C, and Alta.; Table Mt., Nfld. ; maps: on the above-noted maps by Hulten (1958) and Maguire (only Hulten's 1958 map indicating the Nfld. locality but this reported by Maguire); Hulten 19686:924] ssp. tomentosa (J.M. Macoun) Maguire 3 Leaves and stem inconspicuously pilose; achenes at most about 6 mm long. 4 Heads solitary or 2 or 3 (rarely more) on a stem; disk-corollas to 1 cm long; [A. sornborgeri and A. terrae-novae Fern.; A. sorn. var. ungavensis Boivin; A. plantaginea sensu Fernald 1933, not Pursh, the relevant collections in GH; n Que. (between e Hudson Bay at ca. 56°10'N and Ungava Bay), N Labrador (s to ca. 54°30'N; type from Ramah), and Nfld.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Hulten and Maguire] ssp. sornborgeri (Fern.) Maguire 4 Heads mostly 3 or more; disk-corollas at most about 8.5 mm long ssp. attenuata (Greene) Maguire 5 Radical leaves linear, little broader than the stem-leaves; [Alaska, the type from Fort Yukon] var. linearis Hult. 5 Radical leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, to about 18 mm broad and distinctly broader than the stem-leaves; [var. ?vahliana Boivin; A. attenuata Greene; A. lowii Holm; transcontinental; maps: on the above-noted maps by Hulten (1958) and Maguire; Hulten -19686:923] var. attenuata A. amplexicauiis Nutt. /ST/W/ (Hpr) Streambanks and moist woods from Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 63CN) through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to n Calif, and w Mont. [A. amplexifolia, A. 6orea//$. and A. elongata Rydb,; A. aspera, A. filipes. and A. macounii Greene], maps: Hultdn 19686:919; Porsild 1966: map 142, p. 84; Maguire 1943: fig. 16, p. 469. Some of the more northern material is referable to ssp. prima Maguire (stem -leaves at most 7 pairs, the lower 2 or 3 pairs distinctly petioled, rather than up to 12 pairs and usually all sessile, less conspicuously toothed than those of the typical form), maps: Hulten 19686:91 9; on the above-noted map (squares) by Maguire. A. chamissonis Less. /ST/(X)/ (Hpr) Mostly in meadows and wet places, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska) and Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 63°N) to Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta.), Sask. (n to Meadow Lake, 54 08'N), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57"15 N). northernmost Ont., and w-cent. Que. (e James Bay at ca. 52 N; Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958), s in the West through B.C. -Alta, to Calif, and N.Mex., farther eastwards s to s Sask.-Man. and cent. Ont. (w James Bay watershed at ca. 51 °N; a collection in DAO from Thunder Bay (?introd.) has also been placed here), maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Pappus tawny, subplumose; hairs at base of involucre with very prominent cross-walls; leaves usually distinctly toothed; [var. interior Maguire; A. kodiakensis Rydb.; Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska), Alaska, B.C., and Alta.; maps; Maguire 1943: fig. 14, p. 462 (ssp. genuina \ the report from Man. by Maguire, not indicated on his map, relates to ssp. foliosa)-, Porsild 1966: map 143, p. 84; Hulten 19686:920] ssp. chamissonis 1474 Arnica 1 Pappus whitish to stramineous, merely barbed; hairs at base of involucre with less prominent cross-walls; leaves commonly entire or remotely denticulate ssp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire 2 Leaves conspicuously silvery-tomentose; [A. fo//osa var. incana Gray (A. incana (Gray) Greene); A. cana Greene; s Yukon-sw Dist. Mackenzie; maps: on the above-noted maps by Maguire and Porsild, a B.C. report by Maguire not indicated on either map] var. incana (Gray) Hult. 2 Leaves less densely hairy and scarcely silvery; [var. angustifolia Herder; A. foliosa Nutt.; A. Columbiana Greene, not Nets.; A, maguirei and A. rhizomata Nels.; A. rubricaulis Greene; A wilsonii Rydb.; s Alaska-B.C. to s James Bay, Ont.; reported from James Bay, Que., by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958; maps: on the above-noted maps by Maguire and Porsild; Hulten 1968b: 921] var. foliosa A. cordi folia Hook. /ST/D/ (Hsr) Woods and meadows at low to high elevations from SE ?A!aska (according to Boivin, personal communication, the Muir Glacier report by Hulten 1950, is based upon A. latifolia ; the other collections by Krause, being Berlin war casualties, cannot be confirmed), the Yukon (n to ca. 64 N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie (between Fort Liard and Fort Simpson; CAN) to B.C., w Alta, (n to Dunvegan, ca. 56' N), and w Sask. (Cypress Hills and Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54"N; Breitung 1957a; an isolated station on Riding Mt., Man., where taken by D.A. Blood in 1962, evidently introd., being annotated “roadside weed, common in patches"), s to Calif., N.Mex., and S.Dak.; ssp. whitneyi (Fern.) Maguire (A. whitneyi Fern.; leaves relatively broad, the basal sinus deep and narrow) isolated in Keweenaw Co., Mich. [A. andersonii Piper; A. evermannii and A, subcordata Greene; A. humilis and A, pumila Rydb.]. maps: Hulten 19680:918; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 9, sheet 38; Maguire 1943: fig. TO, p. 450. Var. eradiata Gray {A. discoidea Benth. and its var. erad. (Gray) Cronq.; A. grayii Heller; ray-ligules wanting, the heads discoid) is reported from B.C. by Henry (1915; A. disc., "East of the Cascades") and collections in Herb. V from Little Shuswap L., e of Kamloops, and Deer Park, about 30 mi nw of Trail, have been referred to it. The maps by Maguire (1943: fig. 1 1 (A. grayii ) and fig. 13 {A. disc.), p. 447, indicate no Canadian stations. A. divers/ folia Greene /sT/W/ (Hsr) Rocky places at moderate to high elevations from se Alaska (Copper R. region at ca, 6130'N; the report from s Yukon by P.A. Rydberg, N. Am. Flora 34:355, 1927, requires confirmation) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN: V) to Calif, and Utah. [A. latifolia var. viscidula Gray], maps: Hulten 1968b:921; Maguire 1943: fig. 15. p. 469. A. fulgens Pursh /T/WW/ (Hsr) Meadows and slopes up to moderate elevations from se B.C. (n to Kamloops; V; collections in V from farther north at Chezacut, Cariboo, and Sifton Pass. ca. 58"N, require confirmation) to Alta, (n to Fairview, ca. 56 N; CAN), s Sask, (n to Tramping Lake, 52°08'N; CAN), and s Man. (n to Wheatland, about 20 mi nw of Brandon; CAN), s to Calif, and Coio. [A. pedunculata Rydb.; A, alpina sensu John Macoun 1884, as to the Man. plant, not (L.) Olin, relevant collections in CAN], map: Maguire 1943: fig. 4. p, 424. A. latifolia Bong. /ST/W/ (Hsr) Moist woods, meadows, and moist open places at moderate to high elevations, the aggregate species from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 63°N; type from Sitka, Alaska) and w Dist. Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968) through B.C. and sw Aita. (n to Jasper; CAN) to Calif, and Colo, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Stems slender and mostly not over 3 dm tall, usually several from a rhizome that is commonly shortened into a slender, loosely branched, scaly caudex; leaves seldom over 2.5 cm broad; heads 3-9, the involucres to 13 mm high; [A, gracilis , A. leptocaulis, and A. puberula Rydb.; A. betonicaefolia and A. lactucina Greene; A. Columbiana Nels., not Greene; s B.C. (N to Revelstoke) and sw Alta. (N to Jasper); map: Maguire 1943: fig. 7 (A. gracilis), p. 440] var. gracilis (Rydb.) Cronq. 1475 Compositae 1 Stems to about 6 dm tall, solitary or few together from elongate, mostly naked rhizomes; leaves to about 8 cm broad; heads mostly 1-3, the involucres to over 15 mm high; [A aprica, A. grandifolia , A, laevigata, and A. ventorum Greene; A. granulifera and A. oligolepis Rydb.; A. menziesii Hook.; range of the species; maps; Hulten 19686:918 (aggregate species); on the above-noted map by Maguire] var. latifolia A. lessingii Greene /Ss/W/eA/ (Hsr) Alpine and subalpine meadows in the e Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 70°N; type from “Alaskan shores and islands”), the Yukon (N to ca. 67°N), w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 68°N), and N B.C. (s to Robb L. at ca. 56°30'N); Kamchatka. [A. montana var. angustifotia Hook, in part; A. obtusifolia var. acuta Raup; A. porsildiorum Boivin; not A. angustifotia lessingii T. & G.; incl. the relatively leafy high-grown extreme, ssp. norbergii Hult. & Maguire], maps: Hulten 19686:916; Raup 1947: pi. 36; Maguire 1943: fig. 20, p, 487. A. lonchophylla Greene /ST/(X)/ (Hsr) Dry open places and calcareous gravels, ledges, and cliffs (ranges of taxa in the two disjunct areas outlined below, the species confined to Alaska-Canada except for isolated stations in the Black Hills of S.Dak. and in ne Minn.), maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves 3-5-nerved, to about 1 .5 cm broad, subentire or inconspicuously dentate; [Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 65°30'N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Sask.), s Dist Keewatin, and northernmost Ont., sto sw Alta, (type from the Athabasca R., probably near Jasper), cent. Sask. (Meridian l., 54°32'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (s to The Pas), and cent. Ont. (Fawn R. at ca. 54rj15'N; CAN); maps: Hulten 19686:922; Maguire 1943: fig 6 (ssp. genuina), p. 429] ssp. lonchophylla 1 Leaves mostly 5-7-nerved, to about 3.5 cm broad, more strongly dentate; [A. chionopappa Fern., the type from the banks of the Grand R., Gaspe Pen,, e Que.; A. gaspensis Fern.; A. femaldii Rydb.; A. amoglossa of Canadian reports, not Greene; e Que. (Anticosti Is.; Gaspe Pen.) and w Nflcf. ; maps: Fernald 1933: map 29 (A. chion.), p. 367; on the above-noted maps by Hulten and Maguire] .... ssp. chionopappa (Fern.) Maguire A. longifolia Eat. /T/W/ (Hp) Open ground and cliffs at moderate to high elevations from w-cent. B.C. (collection in V from Prince George, ca. 54 N; collection in CAN from near Pine Pass, ca. 55°20'N) and sw Alta, (Waterton Lakes; Banff) to Calif, and Colo. [A. myriadena Piper], map: Maguire 1943: fig. 15, p. 469. A, louiseana Farr /aST/D/eA/ (Hsr) Rock slides, slopes, and ridges up to high elevations (ranges of taxa in the western and eastern disjunct areas outlined below, the species confined in N. America to Alaska-Canada); ne Siberia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Phyllaries uniformly short-stipitate-glandular; achenes mostly glandular as well as sparingly hirsute toward summit; [A. frigida var. Iglandulosa Boivin; mts. of Alta, near L. Louise, the type locality; maps (both as ssp. genuina ): Maguire 1943: fig. 2, p. 418: Porsild 1966: map 144, p. 84] ssp. louiseana 1 Phyllaries becoming glabrate above, they and the achenes scarcely glandular. 2 Base of involucre densely yellowish-lanate-pilose; [A. frigida Mey. and its var. pilosa Maguire; A. brevifolia, A. illiamnae, A. mendenhallii, and A. nutans Rydb.; coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) and northernmost B.C. (s to Summit Pass, 58°31'N); e Asia; maps: on the above-noted maps by Maguire and Porsild; Hulten 19686:917 (A. frigida)] ssp. frigida (Mey.) Maguire 2 Base of involucre whitish-pilose (sometimes scantily so); [A. grtscomii Fern.; e Que. (type from Mt. Mattaouisse, Gaspe Pen.) and Nfld.; maps: on the above-noted maps by Maguire and Porsild] ssp. griscomii (Fern.) Maguire A, mollis Hook. /ST/D/ (Hsr) Ledges or gravelly shores and wet cliffs at low to high elevations: s-cent. Alaska (a single station at ca. 63°N indicated in Hulten's map), s Yukon (upper Rose R,; CAN), and sw Dist. 1476 Artemsia Mackenzie (Brintneil L., ca. 62aN; CAN) through B.C, and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to Calif, and Colo : Gue. (Megantic and Rimouski counties and Gaspe Pen.) and nN.B. (Aroostook R., Victoria Co.; Bathurst and the Nepisiguit R . Gloucester Co.; MTMG; GH; Fowler 1879; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.) to the mts. of Maine and N.H. [A. con finis, A. crocea, A. crocina, and A. rivularis Greene; A tanceolata Nutt.], maps; Hulten 19686:920; combine the maps by Maguire 1943: fig. 18 (w area; A. mollis ). p. 478, and fig. 17 (e area; A. lane. ). p. 469. Some of our eastern material is referable to var. petiolaris Fern. (A. pet. (Fern.) Rydb.; all but the upper pairs of leaves narrowed to slender petioles rather than only the lowest leaves petioled). A. parryi Gray /sT/W/ (Hsr) Open woods, meadows, and moist slopes at low to moderate elevations from s Yukon (two stations at ca. 62°N; CAN) through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta. (N to Jasper; CAN) to Calif, and Colo. [A angustifolia var. eradiata Gray (A. erad. (Gray) Heller), not A. cordifolia var. erad. Gray], maps: Hulten 19686:922; Maguire 1943: fig. 15 (incomplete northwards), p. 469. A. plantaginea Pursh /Ss/E/ (Hs) Brooksides and cool slopes of n Que. (Ungava Bay watershed s to L. Marymac at ca. 57°N; CAN) and n Labrador {s to Indian Harbour. 54°27'N; type from Labrador; according to Maguire 1943, the citations from Nfld. by Fernald 1933, are based upon A. alpina ssp. sornborgeri). [A. alpina var. lessingii sensu Fernald and Sornborger 1899, not T. & G.. the relevant Ramah, Labrador, collection in GH], map: Maguire 1943: fig. 3, p. 418. A. rydbergii Greene /T/W/ (Hsr) Dry meadows and open slopes, mostly at high elevations, from B.C. (n to Hazelton, ca. 55°1 5'N; Herb. V) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to N Calif, and Colo. [A. aurantiaca Greene; A. cascadensis St. John; A. ovalis Rydb.]. map: Maguire 1943: fig. 3 (solid dots), p. 418, A. sororia Greene /T/W/ (Hsr) Open dryish places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (n to Cariboo, Chilcotin, and Kamloops; CAN; V: type from Cascade, near the U.S.A. boundary s of Grand Forks) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN) to Calif, and Utah. [A. stricta Greene, not Nels.; A. trinervata Rydb.]. map: Maguire 1943: fig. 5, p. 424. A. unalaschcensis Less. ZsT/W/eA/ (Hsr) Meadows in the Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska); s Kamchatka, the Kuril Is., and N Japan. MAPS: Hulten 19686:917, and 1950; map 1189, p. 1682; Maguire 1943: fig. 20 (crosses), p. 487. ARNOSERIS Gaertn, [9564] A. minima (L.) Schweig. & Koerte Lamb-Succory Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in dry fields in N. America, as in ?Ont. (an early report by Britton and Brown noted by Groh and Frankton 19496), ?N.B. (Boivin 19666), P.E.I. (wharf-ballast at Charlottetown, where taken by Hurst in 1936), and N.S, (railway ballast at Belleville, Yarmouth Co.; CAN; GH). [Hyoseris L .; A. pusilla Gaertn.]. ARTEMISIA L. [9358] Sagebrush, Wormwood. Armoise (Ref. : P.A. Rydberg, N. Am. Flora 34:244-85. 1916) 1 Principal leaves entire to coarsely toothed or with relatively few and shallow entire lobes (the lower, generally deciduous leaves of A. dracunculus often with 1 or 2 elongate linear lobes: some varieties of A. ludoviciana with much dissected blades), usually all cauline (basal tufts wanting or poorly developed), 2 Shrubs with woody stems and branches; leaves to 5 cm long, finely and closely canescent; involucres to 5 mm high; flowers all perfect. 3 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, usually acute, entire or sometimes with 1 or 2 1477 f Compositae teeth or lobes (or the lower ones sometimes rather deeply 3-parted near apex); plant to about t m tall; (B.C. to sw Man.) A cana 3 Leaves narrowly cuneate, the principal ones 3-toothed at apex; plant to over 2 m tall; (s B.C. and s ?Alta.) A. tridentata 2 Herbs (or the stem sometimes distinctly woody at base); marginal flowers pistillate, the disk-flowers perfect. 4 Leaves glabrous to silky-canescent or villous-puberulent (but not at all tomen- lose), linear, commonly 3 or 4 cm long and 2 or 3 mm broad (but up to 8 cm long and 1 cm broad), the basal ones often deeply 3-cleft; involucres to 4 mm high; disk-flowers sterile, the ovary abortive; (B.C. to Ont.) A, dracunculus 4 Leaves wMte-tomentose beneath, lanceolate to elliptic or sometimes broader; disk-flowers fertile, with normal ovary. 5 Principal leaves relatively narrow, commonly not over 1 cm broad (exclusive of the Jobes, when present); plants rarely over 1 m tall. 6 Stems more or less woody at base (not dying back entirely to the ground each year), tending to be taprooted and lacking well-developed rhizomes; leaves usually green and glabrous or glabrate above, to about 5 cm long but rarely as much as 1 cm broad, commonly with axillary fascicles which may develop into short shoots; involucre about 3 mm high; inflorescence narrow, consisting of short axillary few-headed spikes; (s ?B,C.; plants evidently confined to the shores of lakes and rivers below the high-water mark) [A. lindleyana] 6 Stems herbaceous to base, not taprooted, often with well-developed rhizomes; leaves often thinly tomentose above (as well as more densely so beneath), to over 1 dm long. 7 Stems clustered from stout woody crowns to 2 cm thick, lacking stolons; leaves linear-attenuate, entire or the lowest ones rarely toothed, revolute-margmed; inflorescence usually narrow and compact; (Alta, to s Man.) A. (ongifoiia 7 Stems scattered or few together from slender cord-like rhizomes, soon producing slender elongate stolons; leaves mostly lanceolate or lance-elliptic, entire or with a few coarse teeth or entire forward- directed lobes, flat-margined; inflorescence narrow to ample; (B.C. to Man. ; introd. eastwards) A. ludoviciana 5 Principal leaves commonly over 1 .5 cm broad (exclusive of the lobes, when present), usually green and glabrous or glabrate above, the larger ones often with a few forward-directed teeth or small lobes; inflorescence ample and paniculate; plants often well over 1 m tall. 8 Involucres nearly or quite glabrous, yellow-green and shining, subcylindric or oblong, less than 2 mm broad, with at most 15 flowers; heads erect or nearly so in anthesis; (s B.C.) A. suksdorfii 8 Involucres persistently more or less tomentose (usually densely so). 9 Involucres oblong or subcylindric. to 3 mm broad, with at most 15 flowers; heads erect or nearly so at anthesis; leaves to 1 .5 cm broad, exclusive of the lobes [A, herriottii] 9 Involucres broad-campanulate, with up to about 35 flowers; heads nodding at anthesis; leaves to 5 cm broad, exclusive of the lobes [A. douglasiana ] 1 Principal leaves deeply dissected and often 'fern ’-like in appearance, the primary segments themselves often lobed. 10 Heads mostly in a dense terminal globular cluster (or sometimes also in smaller peduncled lateral clusters); marginal flowers pistillate, the disk-flowers perfect; leaves chiefly in a dense basal tuft, those of the stem wanting or few and reduced and mostly entire; plants densely tufted or cushion-forming, the stems terminating the branches of a woody caudex, rarely over 1 dm tall. 1 1 Corolla more or less pilose; involucres 5 or 6 mm broad; principal leaves 2-3-ternate, silky-canescent; (Alaska-Yukon) A. glomerate 1478 Artemsia 1 1 Corolla glabrous, or merely glandular-granuliferous; leaves rarely twice ternate; (Alaska). 1 2 Plant densely long-hirsute; involucres 4 or 5 mm broad A. serrjavinensis 12 Plant sparingly silky; involucres to 7 mm broad A globularia 10 Heads in spikes, racemes, or panicles; stems mostly relatively leafy and usually taller. 13 Shrubs with more or less woody stems and branches; receptacle naked. 14 Inflorescence narrow, spicate-racemose, the subsessile heads erect; in- volucres canescent, campanulate, about 3.5 mm high and 2 mm broad, with not more than 8 flowers, these all perfect; leaves canescent, the principal ones divided nearly to base into linear or linear-oblaneeolate segments that are themselves commonly deeply 3-cleft; shrub to about 6 dm tall; (s B.C.) A. tripartita 14 Inflorescence ample, open paniculate, the short-stalked heads nodding; involucres subgiabrous or thinly cobwebby, hemispheric, to 3 mm high and 5 mm broad, with up to 20 perfect disk-flowers and about 10 pistillate marginal flowers; leaves glabrous above, usually thinly tomentose beneath, 2-pinnately dissected into linear-filiform divisions with revolute margins; plant to about 2 m tall; (introd. from Alta, to Que. and Nfld.) A. abrotanum 13 Herbs (or the stem sometimes distinctly woody at base); marginal flowers pistillate, the disk-flowers perfect (but sterile in A. campestris ). 1 5 Leaves persistently more or less white-tomentose (sometimes grey- fomentose) beneath; disk-flowers fertile; receptacle naked; perennials with tough, often somewhat woody bases or crowns. 16 Leaf-lobes lanceolate to ovate (relatively broad and mostly over 2 mm broad), directed forward. 17 Involucre 6 or 7 mm high and up to 9 mm broad; inflorescence narrow and often dense, elongate; leaves 1 -pinnatifid into oblong, obtuse, entire or few-toothed lobes, tomentose above; plant densely white- woolly, the decumbent stems matted from extensively creeping and forking stout rhizomes; (introd. on sandy beaches and dunes in B.C. (Boivin 1966b), s Ont. (L. Erie), e Que., and the Maritime Provinces) A. stelleriana 17 Involucres at most 5 mm high, narrower; stems to about 1 .5 m tall. 18 Leaves ordinarily lacking stipule-like lobes at base, the principal ones moderately to deeply divided into a few lanceolate, often acuminate, entire segments; inflorescence narrow and almost thyrsoid to more often narrowly but rather openly panicle-like; (Alaska-B.C. to n Man. and w James Bay, Ont.) A. titesii 18 Leaves ordinarily with 1 or 2 pairs of stipule-like lobes at base; divisions of the principal leaves again toothed, cleft, or lobed; inflorescence an ample leafy panicle with ascending spike-like branches; stem to 1.5 m tall; (introd., transcontinental) A. vulgaris 16 Leaf-lobes relatively narrow (mostly less than 2 mm broad), the blade commonly more copiously and finely dissected and often “fern -like in appearance, usually more or less tomentose above, the lobes generally more spreading than forward-directed. 19 Upper (as well as lower) leaves mostly 2-pinnatifid into linear, often narrow-toothed blunt segments; leaves to 3 cm long, often with a pair of stipule-like lobes at base; involucre densely pubescent, to 3 mm high and 4 mm broad, the slender-pedicelled nodding heads scattered along the racemes or racemose slender branches of the panicle; (introd. from Man. to Que. and N.S.) A. pontica 19 Upper (commonly bracteal) leaves markedly Jess dissected than the lower leaves; involucre to about 4.5 mm high. 20 Leaves typically bright green and glabrous above, bipinnately parted into narrow, often saliently toothed segments; inflorescence commonly spike-like or thyrsoid; (B.C. and Alta.) A. michauxiana 1479 Compositae 20 Leaves commonly more or less tomentose above; inflorescence narrow or ample; (B.C. to Man.; introd. eastwards) A ludoviciana 1 5 Leaves glabrous or variously pubescent but not tomentose. 21 Receptacle long-hairy between the flowers, these all fertile; involucres 3 or 4 mm high; leaves silvery-silky. 22 Ultimate segments of the 2-3-pinnatifid leaves mostly oblong and obtuse, to 4 mm broad, the stem-leaves to over 8 cm long; stems coarse, herbaceous, erect, to about 1 .5 m tall; (introd., trans- continental) A. absinthium 22 Ultimate segments of the 2-3-ternate leaves linear-filiform, at most about 1 mm broad, the stem-leaves to about 12 mm long; stems slender, often decumbent, from a branching woody base, to about 5 dm tall; (B.C. to Man. ; introd. eastwards) A. frigida 21 Receptacle naked. 23 Glabrous annuals or biennials from a taproot; stems leafy, to 3 m tall; (introd). 24 Involucres 2 or 3 mm high; inflorescence dense and strict, leafy, the erect heads obscurely peduncled; leaves deeply pinnatifid, their narrow lobes usually sharply toothed, or the lower leaves 2-pinnatifid; achenes 4-5-nerved; plant not sweet-scented; (introd., transcontinental) A. biennis 24 Involucres 1 or 2 mm high; inflorescence paniculate, the nodding heads distinctly peduncled; leaves mostly 2-3-pinnatifid; achenes obscurely or scarcely nerved; plant sweet-scented; (introd. from Ont. to the Maritime Provinces) A. annua 23 Perennials (rarely biennials) with tough, more or less woody bases or crowns, the principal leaves in a basal tuft, mostly 2-3-pinnately parted, the upper stem-leaves often entire. 25 Plant glabrous; inflorescence narrow, racemose-spicate; disk- flowers fertile; involucres to 1 cm broad; stems to 3 dm tall, reddish and striate; (Alta.) [A. laevigata ] 25 Plants usually more or less pubescent. 26 Involucres to 7 mm high and over 1 cm broad, their prominently dark-margined phyllaries glabrous or moderately woolly-villous; disk-flowers fertile; achenes commonly glabrous; inflorescence spike-like to narrowly spicate-racemose; leaves loosely and copiously villous to essentially glabrous; stems to 6 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.-Alta.) A. arctica 26 Involucre less than 5 mm high. 27 Disk-flowers fertile, the ovary developing into an achene; inflorescence commonly spicate (sometimes spicate- racemose); phyllaries more or less dark-margined; leaves canescent- or silvery-silky, the principal ones pinnateiy divided, their segments again mostly deeply 3-cleft; stems to about 3 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon-B.G.) A. furcata 27 Disk-flowers sterile, the ovary abortive; leaves silky or villous to glabrous, 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate; (transcontinen- tal) A, campestris A. abrotanum L. Southernwood, Lad’s Love European; locally introd. or a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in Alta. (Medicine Hat and Grande Prairie; CAN), Sask. (McKague, 52°37'N; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Portage la Prairie; Macgregor; Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Carfeton and Russell counties), Que. (n to L. Timiskaming at ca. 47°30'N), and Nftd. (Rouleau 1956). A. absinthium L. Absinthe, Absinthium, Common Wormwood. Armoise Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in pastures and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (n to 1480 Artemsia near Quesnel, ca. 53°N; Herb. V), Alta, (n to Grande Prairie, 55°10'N; CAN), Sask. (n to Montreal Lake, 54°03'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Wekusko L, about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to Moose Factory, sw James Bay, 51°16'N), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Incl. var. insipida StechmannJ. A. annua L. Sweet Wormwood Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in Ont. (n to North Bay and Ottawa), Que. (Roberval, L. St. John; Iberville, se of Montreal; DAO; MT), N.B. (Chatham, Northumberland Co.; Groh and Frankton 1949b), and P.E.I. (Charlottetown; CAN; GH). A. arctica Less. /aST/W/eA/ (Hs) Meadows and rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon to the Richardson Mts. of nw Dist. Mackenzie, s through B.C. and w Alta, (n to Sheep Creek, ca. 54°N; CAN; see A. laevigata) to Calif, and Colo.; e Asia, maps and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to the Eurasian A. norvegica Fries, from which it is scarcely separable): see below. 1 Heads 1.3-1 .5(2) cm broad when pressed, all long-peduncled, relatively few in a corymbose-racemose inflorescence; leaves mostly more or less subpalmately divided; [Eurasia only; map: Eric Hulten, Nytt Mag. Bot. (Oslo) 3: fig. 8, p. 78. 1954] [A. norvegica Fries] 1 Heads averaging about 1 cm broad when pressed, mostly short-peduncled or sessile and more numerous in an erect, simple or compound raceme; leaves distinctly pinnate A. arctica 2 Inflorescence dense, thick and spike-like, the heads normally all short-peduncled or sessile; plant low-grown. 3 Pubescence of the raceme cinnamon-colour or brown; leaves permanently villous, their rachises narrow; [var. villosa Hult. , not (Koidz.) Tatew.; Aleutian Is, and islands in the Bering Sea, the type from St. Paul Is., Alaska; maps: on the above-noted 1954 map by Hulten, and Hulten 1950: map 1162b, p. 1978, and 19686:906] . ssp. beringensis Hult. 3 Pubescence of the raceme greyish; leaves long-hairy, glabrate in age, their rachises broad; [A, comata Rydb,; coasts of Alaska (type of A. comata from Collison Point), the Yukon, and w Dist. Mackenzie; Mt. Selwyn, B.C.; cent. Alta.; map: on the above-noted 1954 map by Hulten, and Hulten 1950: map 1162c, p. 1679, and 19686:907] ssp. comata (Rydb.) Hult. 2 Inflorescence open, at least the lower peduncles or raceme-branches elongate; plant relatively tall; [A. chamissoniana Bess, and its var. saxatilis Bess.; A. ?laciniatiformis Kom.; A. laciniata of American auth., perhaps not Willd.; A. ?macrobotrys Ledeb.; A. norvegica var. pacifica Gray; A. saxicola Rydb.; Aleutian Is. (type from Unalaska), Alaska, the Yukon, and w Dist. Mackenzie, and mts. of B.C. and sw Alta.; maps: on the above-noted 1954 map by Hulten, and Hulten 19686:906; Raup 1947: pi. 36 (aggregate species)] ssp. arctica A. biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood Apparently native in the w U.S.A. but described from New Zealand material; introd. in Europe and elsewhere outside its uncertain native limits, as in Alaska (n to Fairbanks, ca. 65°N), w Dist. Mackenzie (n to Norman Wells, 65°17'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 74(2):98. 1960), and all the provinces except Nfld. (in Man., n to Churchill), map: Hulten 19686:909. A. campestris L. Sagewort Wormwood /aST/X/GEA/ (Hs (Ch)) Open sandy soil and dry slopes at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin (in the Yukon, n to ca. 65°N) to Victoria Is., s Baffin Is. (N to near the Arctic Circle), northernmost Ungava-Labrador, and Nfld., s through all the provinces (probably extinct in P.E.I.) to n ?Calif., Ariz., Colo., Mich., s Ont., Vt, and Maine; w Greenland between ca. 64° and 74°N; ne Europe; Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1481 Compositae 1 Heads orange or reddish; disk-corollas to 3 mm long; involucres to 4 mm high and 6 mm broad, green or purplish, with up to over 45 florets, the phyllaries with narrow scarious whitish margins; panicle commonly narrow and spicate-thyrsoid; perennial, usually not over 3 dm tall, with well-developed basal rosettes, commonly with several decumbent- based stems from a short branching caudex; [the aggregate subspecies, as indicated by the following maps for A. borealis, transcontinental in chiefly arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions; maps: Hulten 19685:910; Porsild 1957; map 318, p. 200; Bocher 1954: fig. 51 (top), p. 189; Fernald 1925: map 66, p. 339] ssp. borealis (Pall.) Hall & Clements 2 Leaves, stems, and involucres minutely silky to glabrate or glabrous. 3 Basal leaves with narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate ultimate segments mostly not over 2 mm broad; [A. borealis Pall, and its f. adamsii Bess,; range of the subspecies] var. borealis 3 Basal leaves relatively thick and with oblanceolate or oblong ultimate segments often 3 or 4 mm broad; [e Que. (Anticosti Is ), Labrador, and w Nfld.; Fernald in Gray 1950] var. latisecta Fern. 2 Leaves and stems densely and more or less permanently silky; involucres and floral-axis usually villous; [A. borealis vars. purshii and wormskioldii Bess, and besseri T. & G,; A, aieutica Hult.; A, groenlandica Wormsk.; A. spithamaea Pursh; A. desertorum var. hookeriana Bess, in part (not A. hookeriana Bess.); range of the subspecies] var. purshii (Bess.) Cronq, 1 Heads yellow; involucres glabrous, their green phyllaries with whitish scarious margins; panicle more open, with strongly ascending elongate branches; basal leaves glabrous or sparsely silky and glabrate; stems usually taller. 4 Involucres hemispheric, 3 or 4 mm high and up to 5 mm broad, with up to over 45 florets, the phyllaries with a narrow green centre and broad white scarious margins; disk-corollas to 3 mm long; perennial, commonly with several decumbent-based stems from a short branching caudex, well-developed basal rosettes usually present, the leaves of these with ultimate segments to about 2 mm broad; [A. canadensis Michx. (type from "Hudson Bay”, probably from near L. Mistassini, Que., according to Dutilly and Lepage 1945) and its f. dutillyanus Rousseau, f. pumila and f. rupestris Viet. & Rousseau, and f. peucedanifolia (Juss.) Viet. & Rousseau; A. caudata vars. ?majuscula Viet. & Rousseau, richardsoniana (Bess.) Boivin {A. desertorum var. rich. Bess., not A. rich. Bess.), and rydbergiana Boivin; A. maccalliae Rydb.; essentially transcontinental but not yet known from Labrador, P.E.I., or N.S.; map (A. can.): Hult6n 19685:909] ssp. canadensis (Michx.) Scoggan 4 Involucres subglobose, to 3 mm high and broad, with up to about 25 florets, their green phyllaries with narrow whitish scarious margins; disk-corollas to 2 mm long; biennial or short-lived perennial, the stems commonly solitary and lacking well- developed basal rosettes, the ultimate leaf-segments about 0.5 mm broad; [A. caudata Michx. and its vars. calvens Lunell and douglasiana (Bess.) Boivin (A. desertorum var. doug. Bess., not A. douglasiana Bess.); A. bourgeauana and A. camporum Rydb.; A. forwoodii Wats, and its var. calvens Lunell; A. pacifica Nutt; A. scouleriana Bess.; A. desertorum var. hookeriana Bess, in part (not A. hookeriana Bess.); apparently essentially the range of ssp. canadensis but more southern] ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clements A. cana Pursh Silvery Sagebrush /T/WW/ (N) Plains, prairies, and slopes at low to fairly high elevations from Wash, to s Alta, (n to Castor, 52°13'N; CAN; reports from B.C. require confirmation; an isolated station in sw Yukon on a sandy flat at the s end of Kfuane L, ca. 61QN, where taken by J.P. Anderson in 1944 and probably introd., the collection distributed as A. bigelovii), s Sask. (n to Whiteshore Lake, 52 08'N; CAN), and sw Man. (n to Millwood, about 85 mi nw of Brandon; also known from Melita, Oak Lake, and St. Lazare), s to n Calif., Utah, N.Mex., and Kans. [A. columbiensis Nutt.; A. bigelovii sensu Hulten 1950, not Gray, according to Hulten 19685, the relevant above-noted Kluane L., the Yukon, collection in CAN], maps: Hulten 19685:900; G.H. Ward, Contrib Dudley Herb. 4(6): fig. 9 (incomplete northwards), p. 190. 1953. 1482 Artemsia [A. douglasiana Bess.] [The reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) from B.C. by John Macoun (1884; Vancouver Is., as A. vulgaris var. californica) and J.M. Macoun (1897), taken up by Henry (1915; A. heterophylla), are based upon A. suksdorfii, relevant collections in CAN. The report from s of Battleford, Sask., by John Macoun (1884; A. lud. var. dougl.) is based upon A. herriotii according to a revision by Rydberg of the collection in CAN, this species, however, perhaps best merged with A. tilesii, [A. ludoviciana (vulgaris) var. dougl. (Bess.) Eat. (not A. desertorum var. dougl. Bess., which is A. campestris ssp. caudata of the present treatment); A. heterophylla Nutt., not Bess, (which is A. furcata Bieb.)]. The map by Keck (1946: fig. 17, p. 455) indicates no Canadian stations.] A. dracunculus L. Tarragon /sT/WW/ (Hp) Prairies, plains, and rocky slopes at low to moderate elevations from s Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 61°30'N; ?introd.) and B.C. to Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59“07'N), Sask. (n to Saskatoon), and Man. (n to Dawson Bay, n L. Winnipegosis; an isolated station near Toronto, Ont., indicated on Hulten’s map, where perhaps introd.), s to Baja Calif., n Mexico, Tex., and Mo.; introd. eastwards to New Eng. [A. aromatica Nels.; A. dracunculoides Pursh; A. glauca Pall, and its var. megacephala Boivin; A. nuttalliana Bess.], maps: Hulten 19686:899; Porsild 1966: map 146, p. 85. A. frigida Willd. Prairie -Sage wort /aST/WW/EA/ (Ch) Dry plains, prairies, foothills, and roadsides from Alaska (N to ca. 69°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), and the coast of nw Dist. Mackenzie (Richards Is. and Liverpool Bay; CAN) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.) and Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), s to Ariz,, Tex., Kans., Minn., and Wise.; introd. eastwards, as in Ont. (n to Ingolf, near the Man. boundary w of Kenora), Que. (Aylmer. Gatineau Co.; Sacre-Coeur and Rimouski, Rimouski Co.; Gaspe Pen. at Metis, Mechins, Cap-Chat, Mont-St-Pierre, and Mont-Louis), and N.B, (Fairville, St. John Co.; GH); cent, e Europe; Asia, map: Hulten 19686:904. A. rupestris L. of Eurasia, habitally similar to depauperate individuals of A. frigida (and keying out to it by reason of its long-hairy involucres and filiform-dissected leaves; differing in its dark-green rather than silvery-silky leaves, these merely glandular-punctate or with a few long hairs along the midrib, the stem-leaves 1 -pinnate rather than mostly 2-3-ternate, the inflorescence racemose rather than paniculate, the whole plant markedly viscid-glandular), is reported from sw Yukon by J.A. Neilson (Can. Field-Nat. 82{2):116. 1968, with map, fig. 1, p. 115; Sheep Mt., near Kluane L., ca. 61°N; CAN), map: Hulten 19686:908 (ssp. woodii Neilson). A. furcata Bieb. /ST/W/A/ (Hs) Ledges and rocky or sandy slopes at low to high elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N), sw Yukon (N to ca. 61CN), the coast of Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf), and w Victoria Is. through B.C. to Wash.; Asia. [A. alaskana, A. hyperborea, A. minuta, and A. iyrrellii Rydb.; A. trifurcata Steph.; A. kruhsiana Bess.; A. ?caespitosa sensu Hooker 1833, not Ledeb.; incl. var. 6eferop6y//a (Bess.) Hull. (A. het. Bess., not Nutt., which is A. douglasiana Bess.), the form with leaves more dissected but the segments relatively short], maps (all but Hulten’s as A. hyperborea): Hulten 19686:910; Porsild 1966: map 147, p. 85, and 1957: map 317, p, 200; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 17, sheet 38. A. globularia Bess. /Ss/W/eA/ (Ch) Rocky slopes of the Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to ca. 69°30'N); ne Siberia (Chukch Pen.). MAPS: Hulten 19686:897, and 1950: map 1168, p. 1679. Forma lutea (Hult.) Boivin (var. lutea Hult.; flowers yellow rather than white) is known from the type locality, Hall Is., Alaska. A. glomerata Ledeb. /aST/W/eA/ (Ch) Sandy slopes of Alaska (n to the n coast) and n Yukon (a single station at ca. 69°N); e Asia, maps: Hulten 19686:898, and 1950: map 1169, p. 1679. The glabrous extreme may be distinguished as var. subglabra Hult. (type from Alaska). 1483 Compositae [A. herriotii Rydb.] [This obscure species is reported from the type locality, Edmonton, Alta., and from Sask. by P.A. Rydberg (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37(9):455. 1910). However, Keck (1946) believes that it is merely a large-leaved form of A. ludoviciana whereas Breitung (1957a) merges it with A. tilesii ssp. unalaschcensis .] [A. laevigata StandL] [Known only from the type locality along the Smoky R., cent Alta,, at ca. 56°10'N (P.C. Standiey, Smithson. Misc. Collect. 56:2. 1912). The type has not been seen but may be merely the glabrous extreme of A. arctica .] [A. lindleyana Bess.] [This species of the w U.S.A. (Wash., Idaho, and Mont ) is tentatively reported from B.C. by John Macoun (1884; Chilcotin R.) and a collection from “New Westminster: Fort Hope” is placed here by Keck (1946; also, doubtfully, a collection from Sicamous, about 35 mi sw of Revelstoke). There are other so-named B.C. collections in Herb. V from Hell's Gate in the Fraser Canyon and from Fort Steele, near Cranbrook, but it is felt that further confirmation is required, mar: Keck 1946: fig. 17, p. 455.] A. longifolia Nutt, /T/WW/ (Ch (Hp)) Dry open places (often alkaline) from Mont, to s Alta, (n to ca. 50°N; CAN), s Sask. (n to Yellow Grass, ca. 50°N; Breitung 1957a), and s Man. (n to Miniota, 50°10N; CAN; doubtfully reported from w Ont. by Boivin 1966b, where possibly introd.), s to Wyo., Colo., and S.Dak. [A. vulgaris ssp. long. (Nutt.) Hall & Clements; A. falcata Rydb.; A. integrifolia sensu Pursh 1814, not L.]. map: Keck 1946: fig. 12 (incomplete northwards), p. 436. A. ludoviciana Nutt. Western Mugwort, White Sage /T/WW/ (Hpr) Dry open places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., III., ?Mich., and s ?0nt, (possibly native; introd. northwards); introd. eastwards, as in Que., N.B., and P.E.I. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Principal leaves entire or at most coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed. 2 Leaves becoming glabrate and bright green at least above, entire or some of the lower ones falcate-lobed; [A. vulgaris ssp. lud. (Nutt.) Hall & Clements; reported by Keck 1946, from se B.C. (Kootenay dist.), Alta, (n to Peace River and Grande Prairie), Sask. (Indian Head: Moose Jaw), and w Ont. (near Fort William); map: Keck 1946: fig. 14, p. 441] var. ludoviciana 2 Leaves permanently tomentose or lanate on both sides. 3 Principal leaves broadly oblong (at most 4 times as long as broad), with a few coarse teeth around the summit, firm and thick; axillary branches short and suppressed; [A. brittonii Rydb,; s Ont.: Lambton Co.; Gaiser and Moore 1966] var. brittonii (Rydb.) Fern. 3 Principal leaves narrower in outline (many times longer than broad) and softer, entire or with marginal falcate teeth. 4 Leaves mostly folded lengthwise, widely spreading or recurving, often twisted; stem or its erect basal branches with suppressed axillary fascicles; [A. rhizomata var. pab. Nels. (A. pab. (Nels.) Rydb ); s B.C. (near Fairmont Hot Springs) to Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (n to North Battleford, Saskatoon, and Hudson Bay Junction), and Man. (n to Grand Beach); introd. in Ont. (Quetico Park; Thunder Bay) and sw Que. (Buckingham, Papineau Co.)] var. pabularis (Nels.) Fern. 4 Leaves flat, mostly straight, ascending or spreading. 5 Leaves lanceolate, acute or attenuate, ascending; stems commonly simple except for short axillary branches; [A. gnaphalodes Nutt ; A. purshiana Bess.; B.C. (n to Kamloops; CAN; introd. at Bennett, near the Yukon boundary, and in sw Dist. Mackenzie sw of Great Slave L.) to Alta., Sask. (N to Prince Albert and Rosthern), and Man. (apparently native n to Porcupine ML; introd. at Churchill); apparently introd. in Ont. (N to Quetico 1484 Artemsia Park, Thunder Bay, Sioux Lookout Haileybury, and Ottawa), Que. {n to L. St. John, Baie-St-Paul, Charlevoix Co., Bic, Rimouski Co., and Matane, Matane Co.), N.B. (Bathurst; Sackville; Fredericton), and P.E.I. (Montague, Queens Co.); map: Hulten 19685:899] var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) T. & G. 5 Leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, blunt or merely acutish, loosely ascending or spreading; stems often with loosely spreading elongate branches; [A. purshiana vars. ?angustifolia and latifolia Bess.; B.C. (Kootenay Valley; John Macoun 1884), ?Alta., ?Sask. {reported from several localities by Macoun 1884; not listed by Breitung 1957a), and Man. (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill, where apparently introd. along a railway); introd. in Que. (Lac Deschenes, near Hull; I’Annonciation, Labelle Co.; near Montreal; L. St. John) and in N.B. (railway yard at Fairville, St. John Co.; GH)] var. latifolia (Bess.) T. & G. 1 Principal leaves more or less parted or divided; [B.C, and Alta.]. 6 Heads relatively large, the involucre 4 or 5 mm high and up to 7 mm broad; leaves white-tomentose on both sides; [ssp. candicans (Rydb.) Keck (A. candicans Rydb.); A. latiloba (Nutt.) Rydb.; A. diversifolia Rydb.; B.C. (Trail; Lytton; Spences Bridge) and Alta. (Coalhurst, near Calgary)] var. latiloba Nutt. 6 Heads smaller, the involucre to about 3.5 mm high and broad. 7 Panicle spike-like or racemose; disk with up to 45 florets; leaves green above or sometimes tomentose on both sides; [A. atomifera Piper; A. incompta Nutt.; A. potens NeJs.; B.C. (Kootenay L.; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b); map: Keck 1946: fig. 16 (ssp. candicans and ssp. incompta: not indicating any Canadian stations), p. 448] var. incompta (Nutt.) Cronq. 7 Panicle broader, branching and leafy; disk with at most about 18 florets; leaves green above; [A. mexicana Willd.; A. indica var. mex. (Willd.) Bess.; A. under- woodii Rydb.. this reported from B.C. by Rydberg 1922] var. mexicana (Willd.) Fern, A. michauxiana Bess. /sT/W/ (Ch) Rocky places, usually at rather high elevations, from s Yukon (Little Atlin L., near the B.C. boundary at ca. 6CT22'N; CAN) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to the Athabasca R. me of Jasper at ca. 53^30'N; Keck 1946; there is a collection in CAN from Saskatoon, Sask., where reputedly taken by Malte in 1917 and probably introd., unless a confusion of labels is involved) to Calif., Utah, and Wyo. [A. discolor Dougl.; A. graveolens Rydb.]. maps: Hulten 19685:905; Keck 1946: fig. 11, p. 434. A. pontica L. Roman Wormwood European; introd. along roadsides and in old pastures and waste places in N. America, as in s Man. (Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.; DAO), S Ont. (N to Bruce, Simcoe, and Frontenac counties), sw Que. (N to the Montreal dist. ), and N.S. (Dartmouth; Sydney). A. senjavinensis Bess. /S/W/eA/ (Ch) Coastal rocks of the Seward Pen., w Alaska; ne Siberia. [A. androsacea Seem.], maps: Hulten 19685:898, and 1950: map 1173, p. 1680. A. stelleriana Bess. Dusty Miller. Beach-Wormwood Asiatic (but probably native at Shemya Is., w Aleutian Is.; see Hulten 1968a); according to Fernald in Gray (1950), originally spread from cult, in N. America about 1880. It occurs along sandy shores of the Great Lakes in s Ont. (inclined to escape and persist in Lambton Co.; Dodge 1915), Minn., and N.Y., and of the Atlantic Seaboard from E Que. (St Lawrence R. estuary from St-Roch-des-Aulnets, I'lslet Co., to the Gaspe Pen. and Magdalen Is.), N.B., P.E.L, and N.S. to Va. Boivin (19665) also reports it from B.C. map: Hulten 19685:901. A. suksdorfii Piper /t/W/ (Hp) Bluffs and rocky or sandy beaches from sw B.C. (collections in CAN, verified by Rydberg, from Vancouver Is. and the adjacent mainland 6 to the Chilliwack R.) to Calif. [A. vulgaris 1485 Compositae var. litoralis Suksd.; A. vulgaris var. califomica sensu John Macoun 1884, not Bess., which is A. douglasiana Bess,, not definitely known from B.C.; A. heterophylia Nutt, in part, not Bess., which is A. furcata]. MAP: Keck 1946: fig. 17, p. 455. A. tilesii Ledeb. /aST/(X)/EA/ (Hpr) Open rocky or gravelly places at low to rather high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to n Banks Is., Dist. Keewatin (n to ca. 67 N; CAN), ne Man. (Nelson Ft. about 20 mi sw of York Factory to Churchill; CAN), and ne Ont. (James Bay coast n to ca. 53°N; Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954; collection in CAN, verified by Rydberg, from the mouth of the Moose R. at ca. 51C20'N, where taken by Spreadborough in 1904; the report from w-cent. Que. by Boivin 19666, may be based upon the report by John Macoun 1884, of a collection by Bell on the "East coast of Hudson Bay", the relevant 1879 collection in CAN. however, bearing the annotation by Malte, Dr. Bell was on the West coast of Hudson Bay in 1879."), s in the West through B.C. and n Alta, (near Carcajou, ca. 57°50'N; Athabasca R. at ca. 56 N; not known from Sask.) to Oreg. and Mont.; ne Europe; N Asia. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Upper leaves lobed; [var. arctica Bess.; A. vulgaris var, til. Ledeb.; A. gormanii Rydb.; n part of the N. American area; map: combine the maps by Hulten 19686:901 and 902 (ssp. gormanii )] var. tilesii 1 Upper leaves entire; [A. el. (T & G.) Rydb.; A. obtusa and A. unalaskensis Rydb. (the latter not based on var. unalaschcensis Bess.); A. unalaskensis var. aleutica Hult., not A. aleutica Hult.; A. hookeriana Bess.; A. ludoviciana var. americana (Bess.) Fern,, at least as to the type of A. vulgaris var, amer. Bess. ; A. ?diversifolia sensu Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958, not Rydb.; essentially the N. American area of the typical form but slightly less northern; maps: combine the maps by Hulten 19686:902 (ssp. elatior ) and 903; Keck 1946: fig. 18; W.J. Cody, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 15, p. 149. 1971] var. elatior T, & G. A. tridentata Nutt. Common Sagebrush /t/WW/ (N) Dry plains and hills from s B.C, (Dry Interior n to Kamloops and Alkali L., about 110 mi nw of Kamloops, e to the Flathead R. near the Alta, boundary) and sw ?Alta. (the report by Moss 1959, requires confirmation) to Baja Calif,, N.Mex,, and N.Dak. [Var, angustifolia Gray; A. angusta Rydb.]. map; G.H. Ward, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(6): fig. 6, p. 173. 1953. Most of the B.C. material extending above the 4,00G-ft elevation is referred by L.S. Marchand, Alastair McLean, and E.W. Tisdale (Can. J. Bot. 44(12): fig. 1, p. 1625. 1966) to the montane ecotype, ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Vasey (A. vas. Rydb.: involucres to 5 mm high and 4 mm broad rather than at most about 4 mm high and 2 mm broad, with about 12 phyllaries rather than about 15. the plant with a spreading-decumbent rather than erect growth-form and flowering relatively early). The species "has appeared casually in an old field in e. Mass." (Fernald in Gray 1950). A. tripartita Rydb. /t/W/ (N) Dry plains and hills, often in somewhat moister or more favourable sites than the similar A. tridentata, from s B.C. (chiefly in the Dry Interior n to Lillooet and Cache Creek, w of Kamloops) and Mont, to Calif, and Colo. [A. trifida Nutt., not Turcz.]. A. vulgaris L. Common Mugwort Herbe Saint-Jean Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in thickets and waste places in N. America, as in B.C, (N to Smithers, ca. 54:30'N), Alta. (Waterloo Lakes; Groh 1944a), Sask. (Hoosier, about 120 mi n of Swift Current; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Brandon, where taken by John Macoun in 1896), Ont. (n to Matheson, 48’42'N). Que. (n to Anticosti Is, and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; sw Greenland, Var. glabra Ledeb. (the narrowly lance-acuminate divisions of the principal leaves entire rather than cut-toothed or lacerate) is known from Ont. (Ottawa dist.) and N.S. (Amherst, Cumberland Co.). Var. latiloba Ledeb. (leaves relatively thin, with a broadly obovate or rhombic terminal segment and oblong or oblanceolate lateral ones, the segments and their few teeth blunt or merely acutish, the leaves of the typical form cleft nearly to midrib into lance-acuminate segments) is reported from Que. by Fernald in Gray (1950). 1486 Aster ASTER L. [8900] Aster 1 At least the basal or lower stem-leaves cordate or subcordate and distinctly petioled; perennials with strong caudices, crowns, or creeping rhizomes. 2 Involucres and peduncles copiously glandular; inflorescence a roundish-topped corymb with relatively few bracts, these large and leaf-like; phyllaries greenish, firm, well imbricated, the outer ones to 2,5 mm broad; rays violet or pale blue; achenes linear, scarcely compressed; rhizomes elongate; (s Man. to N S.) A, macrophyltus 2 Plants nonglandular. 3 Inflorescence corymbiform, roundish-topped, with relatively few bracts, these large and leaf-like; phyllaries in several unequal series; achenes linear, scarcely compressed; rays white; rhizomes commonly elongate. 4 Large tufted basal leaves abundant on separate short shoots, tending to have broad, more or less rectangular sinuses; involucre slenderly cylindric, to 1 cm high, its phyllaries loosely ascending, the inner ones much prolonged; (s ?Ont.) [A, schrebeh] 4 Large tufted basal leaves on separate shoots rarely produced; leaf-sinuses narrower; involucre ovoid-campanulate, to about 8 mm high, its phyllaries appressed and more gradually increasing in length from row to row; (S Ont.) A. divaricatus 3 Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, its bracts often more numerous but either narrow or very small or both; achenes flattened, linear to obovate-oblong; rays often coloured; plants rarely colonial (except A. ciliofatus ), 5 Principal leaves cordate-clasping or with downwardly-dilated clasping petioles, entire or low-toothed, loosely pilose beneath; rays commonly lilac or blue; achenes minutely pubescent at least above; plant pale with dense minute pubescence; (s Ont. to N.S.) A. undulatus 5 Leaves not clasping; achenes nearly or quite glabrous. 6 Leaves entire or occasionally very shallowly serrate, the basal ones much longer than broad; phyllaries with short broad green tips; (s Ont.). 7 Phyllaries glabrous or merely ciliate; rays commonly deep blue; leaves strongly scabrous on both surfaces, only the lowermost ones definitely cordate A. azureus 7 Phyllaries minutely pubescent on the back; rays commonly pale violet or sometimes roseate; leaves smooth or slightly scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath, nearly all of the principal ones cordate ..... A. shortii 6 Principal leaves distinctly toothed. 8 Inflorescence with relatively few heads, the very unequal peduncles naked or with only 1 or 2 bracts; phyllaries with long narrow green tips; rays commonly pale blue; leaves glabrous, the lower ones broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, on winged petioles; (transcontinental) A. ciliolatus 8 Inflorescence often with more than 100 heads, each well-deveioped peduncle commonly with several bracts; rays white or pinkish to pale blue-violet. 9 Phyllaries loosely ascending, linear-attenuate or subulate, about 0.5 mm broad, with an obscure slender green median line; leaves commonly scabrous above, otherwise glabrous, the lower ones lance-ovate, on winged petioles; (se ?Man. and Ont.) .... A. sagittifolius 9 Phyllaries closely appressed, the outermost ones linear-oblong and up to 1 mm broad, blunt or short-tipped, with a distinct dilated green median band. 10 Leaves narrowly ovate, very smooth, rather fleshy, very shallowly toothed, pale beneath when fresh, the principal ones on broadly winged petioles; (Ont. and Que.) A. lowrieanus 1487 Compositae 10 Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, sharply serrate, on wingless petioles; (Man. to N.S.) A. cordifolius 1 None of the leaves both cordate and distinctly petioled. 1 1 Head usually solitary on the stem. 12 Leaves (at least the principal ones) usually distinctly toothed, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate. nearly or quite sessile (or the lowermost ones short-petioled): stems from slender creeping rhizomes and stolons. 13 Phyllaries (and top of peduncle) more or less white-villous or -woolly, loose, acute or acuminate, chartaceous below, commonly purple-tinged; rays to about 12 mm long; achenes pubescent; stems commonly 1 or 2 dm tall (to about 4 dm); (mts. of B.C. and Alta.) A sibiricus 13 Phyllaries puberulent or subglabrous (or their margins ciliate) but neither villous nor woolly; stems commonly taller; (Que. eastwards). 14 Phyllaries firm obtuse, with a broad green band at the summit above a pale coriaceous base; rays about 1 cm long; achenes glabrous A. radula 14 Phyllaries thin and flexible, acute or acuminate, often purple-tinged; rays to over 1.5 cm long; achenes glandular-puberufent A. blakei 12 Leaves nearly or quite entire {A. sibiricus may key out here); achenes pubescent. 15 Stems arising singly from the tips of long slender rhizomes and stolons, slender and very leafy, to about 9 dm tall; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, their scabrous margins revolute; phyllaries very narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, often purple-tinged, in several series of unequal length; rays lilac-purple; achenes glandular-puberulent; (Ont. to s Labrador. Nfld., and N.S.) A. nemoralis 15 Stems arising from a woody caudex or short rhizome, usually less than 5 dm tall; achenes hairy but not glandular; (B.C. and Alta.). 16 Principal leaves long-petioled in basal tufts, the sessile stem-leaves much reduced; phyllaries oblong-linear, in subequal series; rays commonly white (sometimes lavender or violet); achenes flattened, 2-nerved; stems to about 3 dm tall; (mts. of B.C. and Alta.) A. alpirrus 16 Leaves all or chiefly cauline; phyllaries linear or lance-linear; achenes mostly several-nerved; (s B.C.). 17 Rays white; phyllaries in subequal series; pappus simple or with some short outer bristles; leaves pinnately veined, to 4 cm long and 13 mm broad; plant rather copiously glandular-puberulent, to about 5 dm tall; (sw B.C.) . . A. paucicapitatus 17 Rays lilac to violet or blue; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; pappus distinctly double (with an outer series of very short bristles); leaves with a prominent midrib, otherwise nerveless, scabrous-puberuient. 18 Leaves very firm, commonly not over 1 .5 cm long and 3 mm broad; achenes densely silky; stems usually not over about 1 dm tall; (?B.C.) [A. scoputorum] 1 8 Leaves to about 4 cm long and 4 mm broad, laxer; achenes less densely silky; stems to about 3 dm tall; (s B.C.) ........ A. stertomeres 1 1 Heads usually 2 or more on each stem. 19 Heads more or less discoid in appearance, the white or pinkish rays at most 3 mm long; achenes pubescent; plants essentially glabrous except for the commonly ciliate leaf-margins. 20 Perennial from slender creeping rhizomes, the stem (to about 3 dm tall) usually simple and unbranched up to the compact terminal cluster of heads; rays white, to 3 mm long, rarely more than 3 in each head; leaves oblanceolate, to 3.5 cm long and 9 mm broad; (sw B.C.) A. curtus 20 Annuals or biennials with fibrous roots; inflorescence commonly open and ample; rays to 2 mm long, white or pinkish, more numerous than the disk-florets. 1488 Aster 21 Rays about 2 mm long, surpassing the short style; phyllaries obtuse or acutish; leaves seldom over 6 cm long, the upper ones linear and sessile, the lower ones oblanceolate and short-petioled; stems to over 1 m tall; (s ?B.C.) [A. frondosus] 21 Rays less than 1 mm long or wanting, the tubular corolla of the marginal flowers shorter than the style; stems usually less than 7 dm tall; (transcontinental) A. laurentianus 19 Heads distinctly radiate, the rays usually at least 4 mm long, the ray-florets mostly fewer than the disk-florets. 22 Annuals or biennials (sometimes short-lived perennials) with a short taproot or an erect taproot-like caudex, lacking rhizomes or numerous fibrous roots; rays blue or purplish; puberulent appendages terminating the style-branches equalling or longer than the stigmatic portion. 23 Leaves pinnately incised to 3-pinnatifid, glandular and hairy; heads terminating leafy branches, the disk relatively large (at least 1 or 2 cm broad); (s Alta.) A. tanacetifolius 23 Leaves entire or remotely salient-toothed, spatulate-oblanceolate or the upper ones linear. 24 Plant glabrous; phyllaries subequal, linear-subulate or attenuate, thin and scarious-margined, the outer ones herbaceous; rays 4 or 5 mm long, rolled outwards; leaves entire, to 1.5 dm long; stem to 1 m tall; (s Ont.; ne N.B.) A. subulatus 24 Plant cinereous-puberulent; phyllaries in 5 or 6 unequal series, lanceolate, obtuse to short-acuminate, canescent or glandular (var. viscosus), thick and firm, their green tips spreading or reflexed; rays to t cm long; leaves entire to remotely salient-toothed (the teeth spinulose-tipped), commonly not over 3 cm long; stem usually less than 5 dm tall; (s B.C. to s Sask.) A. canescens 22 Perennials, fibrous-rooted and often with creeping rhizomes or branching caudices; puberulent style-appendages in most species shorter than the stigmatic portion. 25 Involucres and peduncles glandular; achenes pubescent; inflorescence corymbtform, roundish-topped. 26 Rays white (or fading to pinkish), commonly not more than 13 in each head; phyllaries tending to be keeled; lower leaves reduced and bract-like; plants fibrous -rooted from a caudex or stout rhizome, lacking well-developed creeping rhizomes. 27 Leaves to over 1 dm long, up to 6 times as long as broad; rays to about 2.5 cm long; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; heads often rather numerous; plant to about 1 .5 m tall; (B.C. and Alta.) A. engelmannii 27 Leaves mostly less than 5 cm long and 1.5 cm broad; rays to 1.5 cm long; phyllaries in subequal series; heads few (or solitary); plants to about 5 dm tall; (sw B.C.) A. paucicapitatus 26 Rays normally violet to blue-purple, commonly at least 15; phyllaries scarcely keeled; lower leaves, if reduced, scarcely bract-like and often deciduous; stems commonly from creeping rhizomes. 28 Leaves coarsely and sharply serrate, thick and firm, elliptic to ovate (or the lower ones obovate), to over 1 .5 dm long and about 8 cm broad; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; heads few to many in an open-corymbiform inflorescence; plants to about 1 m tall; (B.C. to Sask.) A. conspicuus 28 Leaves entire (or sometimes remotely serrulate in A, modestus). 29 Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, to about 1 dm long and commonly not over 5 or 6 mm broad; involucre to 8 mm high, its phyllaries in 2 or 3 series of more or less unequal length. 1489 Compositae 30 Leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, rather fleshy, the upper ones greatly reduced; rays blue or whitish, to about 6 mm long: heads few; plant glabrous; (saline or alkaline soils from s Dist. Mackenzie and Alta, to Man.) A. pauciflorus 30 Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, firm, the upper ones only gradually reduced; rays violet or purplish, to 12 mm long; heads commonly rather numerous; plants usually copiously but minutely glandular-scabrous; (s B.C, and s Alta.) A. campestris 29 Leaves mostly lanceolate to oblong or oval, commonly cordate-clasping; involucre often over 8 mm high, 31 Phyllaries in several series of markedly unequal length, firm, scarious, with a conspicuous green mid-band; heads on elongate leafy-bracted peduncles; leaves thick and firm, oblong to oval, blunt or merely mueronate-tipped, scabrous-puberulent; (s ?Ont.; ?N.B.) [A. patens] 31 Phyllaries in subequal (or at least not strongly unequal) series; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 32 Leaves strongly cordate-auriculate-clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous or stiffly appressed-hairy above, more softly hairy beneath, dryish in texture; heads on short naked or few-bracted peduncles; stems spreading-hirsute; (s Man. to N.S.) A. novae-angliae 32 Leaves only half-clasping; heads on relatively long leafy-bracted peduncles. 33 Leaves thin, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, acumi- nate, essentially glabrous, the lower ones often remotely but sharply low-serrate; stem villous to glabrate; (B.C. to Ont.) A. modestus 33 Leaves hard and harshly scabrous, nearly linear to oblong, entire; stems commonly bushy-branched, cinereous-pilose or -hispid; (s Ont; ?introd.) A. oblongifolius 25 Involucres and peduncles (as well as the rest of the plant) lacking obvious glands. 34 Phyllaries firm, most of them (and most of the firm leaves) tipped with a short whitish spine distinctly differentiated from the blade in colour and texture. 35 Leaves silvery-silky on both surfaces, hard, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong (the oblanceolate basal ones soon deciduous), entire, sessile to about 4 cm long and 1 cm broad; involucre to 1 cm high, its lance-acuminate silky phyllaries subequal, passing insensibly into the reduced upper leaves; heads several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, often clustered at the ends of the branches; rays purple-violet, becoming blue, to 1.5 cm long; achenes glabrous; pappus tawny, becoming reddish brown; (se Man. to w Ont.) A. sericeus 35 Leaves not silvery-silky, usually relatively narrower, many of them commonly subtending reduced tufts or reduced sterile branches; involucres to 8 mm high (often not over 4 or 5 mm); rays rarely over 1 cm long; achenes more or less pubescent, 36 Phyllaries (at least the outer) and leaves bristly-ciliate and commonly with copiously hispid surfaces; primary leaves scarcely narrowed to the sessile base; stems copiously hirsute to hoary-puberulent; plant often slenderly stoloniferous; (B.C. to qU6 ) A. ericoides 1490 Aster 36 Phyllaries glabrous, acute, subequal (or with an outer much shorter series); primary and upper leaves gradually tapering to a petiofar base; stem glabrous or merely pilose; plants nonstoloniferous. 37 Involucre commonly about 4 mm high and 3 mm broad; disk-flowers rarely more than 12; rays white, 4 or 5 mm long; plant pilose; (s Ont.; introd. in N.S.) A. parviceps 37 Involucre to about 8 mm high and 6 or 7 mm broad; disk-flowers commonly at least 20; rays white, sometimes purple, to 1 cm long; (s Ont to N.S.) A. pilosus 34 Phyllaries and leaves sometimes subulate-tipped but lacking a distinctly differentiated whitish short terminal spine. 38 Phyllaries hard or firm, usually pale-coriaceous at base, mostly green-tipped and often with a broad green median band, usually in several markedly unequal series; inflorescence commonly corym- biform; leaves usually firm. 39 Phyllaries (and tops of peduncles) more or less white-villous or -woolly, loose, acute or acuminate, chartaceous below, com- monly purple-margined; rays purple, to 12 mm long; leaves to about 8 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, entire or serrate; stems usually less than 3 dm tall; (mts. of B.C. and Alta.) A. sibiricus 39 Phyllaries puberulent or subglabrous (but their margins ciliate or erose-fimbriate), usually not purple-margined (except com- monly in A. linariifolius and A. radulinus). 40 Leaves linear to narrowly oblong (the lower ones slightly broader), entire; stems commonly less than 5 dm tall. 41 Achenes glabrous; pappus bright white; involucre to 7 mm high, its lance-subulate to lance-oblong coriaceous acutish phyllaries with a relatively long green area on the back of the thickened midrib; rays white or yellowish, to 8 mm long; peduncles naked or with 1 or 2 scale-like bracts; (S Sask. to N.B.) A. ptarmicoides 41 Achenes copiously appressed-silky; leaves linear or the lowest ones very narrowly oblanceolate. 42 Phyllaries cartilaginous, rather broadly oblong, yel- lowish except for a small green spot at the rounded erose-fringed tip; involucre to 7 mm high; rays white, to 1 cm long, not more than 6; pappus white, a single series of capillary bristles; heads numer- ous, mostly clustered at the ends of the floral- branches, the leaves of these reduced to more or less scale-like bracts; leaves moderately scabrous-margined; (sw ?Que.) [A. solidagineus] 42 Phyllaries firm, with a relatively long green area on the back of the thickened midrib, ciliate-fringed on the commonly purplish margins; rays normally blue-violet, to 1.5 cm long, numerous; pappus tawny, double, the outer series of bristles about 1 mm long; heads solitary or few on leafy-bracted peduncles; leaves minutely scabrous and strongly scabrous-margined, nerveless except for the promi- nent midrib; (s Que. and N.B.) A. linariifolius 40 Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, ovate, or oblong, entire or serrate; rays commonly at least 1 cm long; pappus usually tawny and becoming reddish brown; stems com- monly taller. 43 Achenes nearly or quite glabrous. 1491 Composiiae 44 Leaves thick and rigid, tending to be glaucous, entire or obscurely and remotely serrate, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, their margins smooth or scabrous, the middle and upper leaves auriculate- clasping, the lower ones on long winged petioles; phyllaries acute or acuminate, closely appressed; plant nearly or quite glabrous, from a short stout rhizome or branching caudex, occasionally also with short creeping red rhizomes; (transcontinental) A. laevis 44 Leaves green, firm but relatively thin, sharply serrate or crenate in the middle, scabrous on both faces, rugose-veiny, scabrous-margined, oblong- lanceoiate, acute, ail sessile but scarcely clasping, the lower ones commonly deciduous; tips of phyl- laries often spreading; plant more or less minutely hispid, from a cord-like rhizome, producing long subterranean stolons; (Que. eastwards) A. radula 43 Achenes copiously hairy. 45 Phyllaries tending to be keeled, their tips purple- margined around a narrow green mid-band; rays white (or fading pinkish), commonly less than 15, to 2,5 cm long; leaves entire or nearly so, not clasping, subglabrous, the lower ones usually reduced and bract-like; stems from a fibrous-rooted caudex or a stout rhizome; (B.C. and Alta,) .A. engetmannii 45 Phyllaries green or with a broad green mid-band near summit; rays commonly more than 15; lower leaves not bract-like; stems usually from slender creeping rhizomes. 46 Leaves mostly strongly serrate, firm, not clasp- ing, sparsely to copiously hispid-puberulent; phyllaries often strongly purple-tinged, with a prominent midrib, in several unequal series; rays white to purple, to 1 2 mm long ... [A. radulinus] 46 Leaves entire or remotely low-serrate, relatively thin, the upper ones usually more or less clasping; phyllaries less commonly purple- tinged; rays rose-purple to blue or violet. 47 Phyllaries narrow or broad, often in strongly unequal series, the outer ones scarious- margined near the chartaceous yellowish or brownish base; rays to about 2 cm long; leaves glabrous or pubescent, commonly low-serrate; (transcontinental) . ... A. subspicatus 47 Phyllaries linear or oblong, in scarcely to evidently unequal series, often green nearly throughout, the outer ones scarcely scarious-margined; leaves mostly glabrous and entire; (Dist. Mackenzie, B.C.. and w Alta.) A. occidentafis 38 Phyllaries thin and scarious or foliaceous, pliable and not markedly coriaceous toward base; leaves mostly relatively thin and soft. 48 Involucres copiously white-villous or -woolly, to about 1 cm high, the loose purplish phyllaries broadly linear, acute or acuminate; rays lilac, blue, or purple; leaves rather firm; stem 1492 Aster spreading-pubescent, from a creeping rhizome; (western subarctic, arctic, and alpine regions) A. sibiricus 48 Involucres glabrous or only sparingly pubescent, not at all woolly, the phyllaries normally not markedly purplish (margins and tips often purplish in A. borealis). 49 Inflorescence distinctly corymbiform (roundish- or flattish- topped; or the head sometimes solitary); phyllaries lacking herbaceous tips GROUP 1 49 Inflorescence paniculate or corymbiform-paniculate, not distinctly corymbiform; achenes glabrous or more or less pubescent but not glandular; pappus a single series of capillary bristles GROUP 2 GROUP 1 1 Pappus double, the inner series consisting of capillary bristles, the outer series short; achenes more or less pubescent but not glandular; heads numerous; rays normally white, to about 8 mm long; leaves pinnate-veined, narrowly to broadly elliptic or elliptic-ovate, to over 1 .5 dm long; stem to about 2 m tall; (Alta, to Nffd. and N.S.) A. umbellatus 1 Pappus a single series of capillary bristles; achenes minutely glandular, otherwise glabrous; stem to about 1 m tall. 2 Leaves entire, linear to narrowly lanceolate, blunt or acutish, very numerous, to about 6 cm long and 1 cm broad, their margins commonly revolute; heads solitary or several; rays lilac-purple; (Ont, to s Labrador, Nfld. , and N.S.) A. nemoralis 2 Leaves more or less toothed. 3 Rays lilac-purple; leaves lanceolate to oblong, acute or short-acuminate, low-serrate, to about 2.5 cm broad; (Que., Nfld., N.B., and N.S.) A. blakei 3 Rays white or purple-tinged; leaves oblong-lanceolate to -oblanceolate or broadly oval, coarsely serrate, to about 6 cm broad; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) .... A. acuminatus GROUP 2 1 Principal stem-leaves (or their petioles) more or less auriculate-clasping at base; inflorescence corymbiform-paniculate; rays normally blue-violet. 2 Leaves tapering or gradually rounded to the auriculate-clasping base, not abruptly contracted below; (Dist. Mackenzie and Alta, to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) .... A. puniceus 2 At least the lower leaves abruptly contracted below the middle info a winged clasping petiole; achenes usually pubescent. 3 Leaves only half-clasping, entire or low-serrate; (transcontinental) A, subspicatus 3 Leaves strongly auriculate-clasping, appearing almost perfoliate at base, the blade sharply and deeply serrate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, long-acuminate, scabrous above, smooth beneath; heads corymbose; rays blue-violet or white; (s Ont.) A, prenanthoides 1 Principal stem-leaves scarcely or not at all auriculate-clasping (if half-clasping, not abruptly contracted to a winged petiole). 4 Rays normally white; involucres less than 7 mm high, their phyllaries in several unequal series. 5 Leaves pubescent beneath at least along the midrib, linear-lanceolate to subrhombic; lobes of disk-corollas about half (or more) the length of the free limb; rays to 7.5 mm long; (se Man. to N.S.) A. lateriflorus 5 Leaves glabrous beneath; lobes of disk-corollas less than half as long as the free limb. 6 Heads numerous and often on 1 -sided racemose branches; rays to 6 mm long. 7 Leaves of branches rarely over 1 .5 cm long; involucres mostly less than 4 mm high; (Ont. and sw Que.) A. vimineus 1493 Compositae 7 Leaves of branches often over 1 .5 cm long; involucres mostly over 4 mm high; (Sask. to Nfld. and N.S.) A. simplex 6 Heads seldom in a 1 -sided arrangement. 8 Rays to 8 mm long; stems rarely over 6 dm tall; (Ont. to s Nfld. and N.S.) A. tradescantii 8 Rays to 6 mm long; stems to about 1.5 m tall; (Sask. to Nfld. and N.S.) A. simplex 4 Rays normally violet bluish, or purple (usually pink or white in A. eatonii and sometimes so in A, hesperius and A. borealis). 9 Phyllaries commonly subequal (the outer ones. If noticeably shorter, with more or less recurving tips), 10 Outer phyllaries broadly foliaceous, to 5 mm broad, usually minutely reticulate like the foliage-leaves, equalling or surpassing the inner ones. 1 1 Inflorescence long and narrow, leafy, with many heads; leaves mostly more than 7 times as long as broad; rays usually pink or white; (s B.C. to sw Sask.) A. eatonii 1 1 Inflorescence either few-flowered or shorter and more open, its leaves commonly reduced; middle leaves mostly less than 7 times as long as broad; rays normally blue or violet; (transcontinental) A. subspicatus 10 Outer phyllaries narrower, only obscurely reticulate; (Ont. to s Labrador and the Atlantic Provinces) A. novi-belgii 9 Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series of unequal length (sometimes subequa! in A. hesperius)] involucres to 8 mm high. 12 Stems stout, to over 2 m tall; leaves typically lanceolate to lance-elliptic, entire; (Man. to Que.) A. praealtus 12 Stems slender, less than 1 m tall; leaves linear to lance-linear. 13 Branchlets with several to many crowded, firm, much reduced small leaves; primary leaves spreading or reflexed, bfuntish or abruptly mucronate; heads terminating copiously small-bracted branchlets or peduncles; rays pale lavender or bluish; (s Ont.) A. dumosus 13 Branchlets bearing few and scarcely reduced leaves; rays blue, pink, or white. 14 Plants very slender, chiefly of cold bogs; principal leaves linear- attenuate, entire or subentire, harshly scabrous on the margins, usually slightly clasping, mostly less than 5 mm broad; inner phyllaries linear-attenuate, with a slender green midrib; stem commonly less than 8 dm tall, glabrous below, puberulent in lines above, solitary from very slender elongate stolons seldom over 2 mm thick; (Alaska-B.C. to N.S.) A. borealis 14 Plants stouter; leaves broader and blunter, to over 2 cm broad; phyllaries broader and with broader green midribs; stolons thicker. 15 Stem (to about 1.5 m tall) and branches pubescent in lines decurrent from the leaf-bases; leaves glabrous or merely scabrous, entire or toothed, linear to broadly lanceolate, to 2.5 cm broad; phyllaries subequal or more or less imbricate; (sw Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to Sask.) A. hesperius 15 Stem (to about 1 m tall) pubescent at least above, the pubescence more uniformly distributed; leaves commonly more or less pubescent, mostly entire, the principal ones linear, mostly less than 1 cm broad; phyllaries in distinctly unequal series; (Alta, and Sask.; introd. ?eastwards) A. chilensis A. acuminatus Michx, /T/EE/ (Hpr) Dry or moist woods and clearings from Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.) to Que. (n to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), s Nfld. (GH), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to e Tenn. and Ga. maps; Dansereau 1957: map 5A, p. 35; R.B. Pike, Rhodora 72(792): fig. 8, p. 424. 1970. 1494 Aster Forma discoideus Ktze. (f. virescens Viet. & Rousseau, a presumed pathological phase with the florets modified into tufts of chaff rather than normal, the receptacle naked) is known from se Que. (Sully, Temiscouata Co.; CAN; MT) and sw N.B. (Wolf Is., Charlotte Co.). Forma subverticillatus Fern, (upper leaves much reduced and crowded near the top of the stem rather than only gradually reduced and not crowded) is known from E Que. (Tadoussac, Saguenay Co.) and the Maritime Provinces. Var. magdalenensis Fern, (leaves nearly half as broad as long, acute or short-acuminate, rather than usually over twice as long as broad and Jong-acuminate) is known from the type locality, Grindstone Is., Magdalen Is., e Que. A. alpinus L. /ST/W/EA/ (Hs (Ch)) Grassy or rocky slopes and summits from Alaska (a station on the nw coast at ca. 67°N indicated in the map by Johnson and Viereck 1962:30; also known from ca, 62°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 62rj30'N), and Great Bear L. through B,C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN; the puzzling report from Anticosti Is., e Que., by Saint-Cyr 1887, requires clarification) to Colo.; Eurasia. [Incl. the pubescent but intergrading extreme, ssp, vierhapperi Onno, to which the N. American plant is often referred], maps: Hulten 19686:856; Porsild 1966: map 148, p. 85. A. azureus Lindt. /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dry prairies, thickets, and open woods from Minn, to s Ont. (n to York and Hastings counties; collection in TRT from along railway ballast at North Bay, L. Niprssing, where doubtless introd.) and N.Y., s to E Tex., La., Ala., and Ga. [A. shortii ssp. az. (Lindl.) Avers; incl. var, scabrior Engelm,]. A. blakei (Porter) House /T/E/ (Hpr) Damp thickets and woods, shores, and bogs from Que. (n to Abitibi and Portneuf counties) to Nfld. (GH), N.B., N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), N.J., and New Eng. [A. nemoralis vars. blakei Porter and major Peck]. As illustrated in the key to species (GROUP 7 ), this taxon is more or less intermediate between A. acuminatus and A, nemoralis and is considered by some authors to be a hybrid of this parentage. Fernald in Gray (1950), however, notes that it is, "rarely associated with either or both, very fertile and uniform and unknown from much of their coincident area." See R.B, Pike (Rhodora 72(792):401-36. 1970, the shaded area on his map, fig. 8, p. 424, indicating the area of x A. blakei), A borealis (T. & G.) Provancher /ST/X/ (Hpr) Calcareous bogs, swamps, wet gravels, and shores from Alaska (N to near the Arctic Circle), the Yukon (n to ca. 62°30'N), and Great Bear L. to Great Slave L., L. Athabasca, Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 54°30'N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 54*25'N, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen,; not known from Nfld.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Idaho, Colo., S.Dak,. Minn., and N.J. [A. iaxifolius var. bor. T. & G.; A. frankltnianus and A, junciformis Rydb.; A. junceus of Canadian auth., not Ait.; A. salicifolius Rich., not Lam.; A. ?longulus Sheld.]. maps (A. junciformis): Hulten 19686:859; Porsild 1966: map 149, p. 85. A. campestris Nutt. /T/W/ (Hpr) Open places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (n to the Marble Range, nw of Clinton, and Canal Flats, about 30 mi n of Kimberley; CAN; V) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Forest Reserve and Blairmore) to Calif, and Utah. The habitally very similar A. yukonensis Cronq. is known from sw Yukon (severai collections in CAN from the St. Elias Mts. and the mouth of Slim’s R., s end of Kluane L., ca. 61 °N, the type locality; map: Hulten 19686:859). The type collection cited by A. A. Cronquist (Madrono 8:99. 1945) is No. 9384 of J.P. Anderson, taken July 23, 1944. An isotype sheet of this same collection in CAN, however, is the habitally very similar (but nonglandular) Erigeron yukonensis Rydb. ( E . glabellus ssp. pubescens var. yuk. (Rydb.) Hult.), also known from the Yukon. It seems likely that the collection is a mixture of both species. A. yukonensis may be distinguished from A. campestris, according to Cronquist, “in its lax, herbaceous, equal phyllaries, as contrasted to the firm, chartaceous-based, more or less imbricate phyllaries of A. campestris. It also differs in its short 1495 Compositae simple caudex, instead of creeping rhizomes, as well as in several other features. Its true affinities, as suggested by the involucre, and by the auriculate-dasping bases of the upper leaves, are with A. modestus Lindl. and A. novae-angliae L." Collections in CAN also show an abundant admixture of long flattened villous hairs in the glandularity of the involucre and upper part of stem, the pubescence of A. campestris , at least of collections in CAN, appearing to be entirely short-glandular. A. canescens Pursh Hoary Aster /T/W/ (Hs) Dry open places at low to fairly high elevations from s B.C. (n to Summerland, about 10 mi nw of Penticton, and Cranbrook; CAN; V), s Alta, (n to Red Deer; CAN), and sw Sask. (n to Swift Current; Breitung 1957a) to s Calif., Ariz., and Colo, [Dieteria Nutt.; Machaeranthera Gray]. Var. viscosus (Nutt.) Gray (D. (M.) viscosa and D. (M.) puberulenta Nutt.; phyllaries glandular rather than merely canescent) is known from sw Sask. (Crichton and Val Marie; Breitung 1957a). A. chitensis Nees /T/W/ (Hpr) In a wide variety of habitats and elevations from sw ?B.C. (Victoria and Crescent, Vancouver Is,; Henry 1915), Alta. (N to Edmonton; John Macoun 1884), and Sask. (Nto Warman, about 10 mi n of Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a) to Calif, and N.Mex, [A. adscendens and A. menziesii Lindl,; A. subgriseus Rydb,]. Hitchcock et al. (1955) report this species as introd. eastwards, probably on the basis of its report from s Ont. (Manitoulin dist,, N L. Huron), w Nfld., and the Gaspe Pen., E Gue., by Fernald in Gray (1950). Further confirmation of these e Canadian reports are required. They may prove referable to the very plastic A. novi-beigii complex or to A. foliaceus (see A. subspicatus), under which names most of the relevant collections in CAN and GH were originally distributed. A. cilioiatus Lindl, /sT/X/ (Hpr) Woodlands and clearings from northernmost B.C. (Liard Hot Springs, 59°25JN) and Great Bear L. to Great Slave L. (type locality), L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask,), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ime of The Pas; a Gardner collection in CAN purportedly from Churchill was probably taken at Flin Flon), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to e James Bay at 52°17'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), N.B., and N.S. (not known from Nfld. or P.E.I.), S to Mont., Wyo., S.Dak., Minn., and New Eng. [A. lindleyanus T. & G. and its var. cil. (Lindl.) Gray; A. maccallai and A. wilsonii Rydb.; inch the reduced northern extreme, var. borealis (Rousseau) Dutilly & Lepage], map: A.E. Porsild and H. Crum, Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 171 : fig. 2, p. 146. 1961. Forma comatus Fern, (petioles, lower leaf-surfaces, and the upper part of the stem pilose rather than glabrous) occurs essentially throughout the range. A. conspicuus Lindl, Showy Aster /sT/W/ (Hpr) Open woods and clearings from B.C. (n to Fort St. John, ca. 5610'N; reports from the Yukon require confirmation), Alta, (n to the Caribou Mts. at 58C54'N; CAN), and Sask. (n to Carlton, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert; the type locality was given as ‘Carlton House on the Saskatchewan River to the Rocky Mountains"; the report from St. Lazare, sw Man., in the undated supplement to Lowe's 1943 checklist requires confirmation; there is a collection in TRT from Niagara Falls, Welland Co., s Ont., where taken by Scott in 1900 and probably introd., unless a misidentification or confusion of labels is involved) to Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo. A. cordifolius L. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Open woods, thickets, and clearings, the aggregate species from Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to Renison, near James Bay at ca. 51°N; Hustich 1955), Gue. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mo. and Ga. A hybrid with A. paniculatus is reported from sw Que. by Frere Marie-Victorin (Contrib. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal 8:466. 1926; Longueuil, near Montreal). One with A. simplex var. ramosissima is reported from sw Que. by Pere Louis-Marie (Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 34:4. 1960; La Trappe, Deux-Montagnes Co.). According to Louis-Marie, this is the plant commonly passing as A. tardiflorus L., this, however, considered by A.S. Pease (Rhodora 19(221 ):88-90. 1917) to be a hybrid between A. cordifolius and A. puniceus. It is apparently common throughout the range of A. cordifolius. 1496 Aster 1 Primary panicle-branches 1 -several times forked; involucres at most 5 mm high. 2 Upper stem-leaves cordate; [Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg) to N.B. and N.S.] ......... var. cordifolius 2 Upper stem-leaves truncate or tapering at base; [Que.] var. polycephalus Porter 1 Primary panicle-branches simple or short-forking; involucres to 6.5 mm high; leaves all cordate. 3 Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so; [Que., N.B., P.E.I. (type from Malpeque), and N.S.] var. racemiflorus Fern, 3 Stem and petioles densely white-pubescent; lower leaf-surfaces sparingly pilose; |e Que. and N.B.] var. furbishiae Fern. A. curtus Cronquist /t/W/ (Hpr) Plains and rocky hillsides from sw B.C. (collections in CAN from Vancouver Is., where taken by John Macoun in 1887 and 1893; collection in V from Wellington, near Vancouver) to Oreg. [Ser/ocarpus rigidus Lindl., not A. rigidus L.]. A. divaricatus L. White Wood-Aster /T/EE/ (Hsr) Dry woods and clearings from Ohio and s Ont. (n to Toronto; TRT; reports from elsewhere in our area, as from Man. by Lowe 1943, from cent. Ont. by John Macoun 1884. and from N.S. by Cochran 1829, probably refer to other species) to Maine, S to Tenn., Ala., and Ga. [A. (Eurybia) corymbosus Ait.]. A. dumosus L. Bushy Aster /T/EE/ (Hpr) Open ground, thickets, and shores from Mich, to s Ont. (n to Simcoe and York counties), N.Y., and Maine, s to e Tex. and Fla. [Inc!, var. strictior T. & G.]. Var. dodgei Fern, (stem densely ashy-hispidulous rather than glabrous or more or less puberulent; leaves harshly scabrous rather than smooth or smoothish) is reported from s Ont. by Soper (1949). A. eatonii (Gray) Howell /T/W/ (Hpr) Streambanks and other moist places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (N to Armstrong, about 15 mi n of Vernon; CAN), sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Breitung 1957a) to Calif, and N.Mex. [A. fotiaceus var. eaf. Gray; A. mearnsii Rydb.; A. microlonchus Greene]. A. engelmannii (Eat.) Gray /T/W/ (Hpr) Open woods and clearings at moderate to high elevations from s B.C. (n to Lillooet, about 95 mi w of Kamloops) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN; reported n to Brazeau, about 100 mi sw of Edmonton, by J.M. Macoun 1899) to Nev. and Colo. [A. elegans var. eng. Eat.; Eucephalus Greene; A. ?macounii Rydb.J. A. ericoides L. Heath Aster /ST/X/ (Hpr (Hsr)) Dry or moist open places, the aggregate species from Alaska (n to near the Arctic Circle), the Yukon (n to ca. 62°30'N), and nw Dist. Mackenzie to Great Bear L., n Alta. (L. Athabasca), Sask. (n to Cumberland House, ca. 54°N), Man. (n to The Pas), s Ont. (n to York and Prince Edward counties; farther northwards, probably introd.), and Que. (?introd.), s to Calif., N.Mex., Tex., III., N.J., and Mass, map and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to the closely related (?hybrid) A. amethystinus); see below. 1 Phyllaries acute, in several unequal series, loosely ascending, their tips scarcely out-curving; rays usually blue or purplish, to 1 cm long; [plant of moist habitats; possibly a recurrent hybrid between A. ericoides and A. novae-angliae ; reported from Essex and Lambton counties, s Ont., by Dodge 1914 and 1915] [A. amethystinus Nutt.] 1 Phyllaries obtuse to broadly rounded at summit, abruptly spinulose-tipped, more or less spreading or their tips recurved; rays commonly white, 5 or 6 mm long; [plant of dry habitats] A. ericoides 2 Plants scarcely stoloniferous, the stems clustered from a short rootstock or caudex; involucres commonly 4 or 5 mm high, the phyllaries in 3 or 4 unequal series; heads 1497 Compositae numerous in dense, commonly 1 -sided racemes; [A. multiflorus var, pansus Blake; A. pansus (Blake) Cronq.; B.C. (Osoyoos and Keremeos; Bernard Boivin, Nat. can. (Que.) 89(2):70. 1962); reports from farther east all probably relate to the following varieties] var. pansus (Blake) Boivin 2 Plants strongly slender-stoloniferous or rhizomatous, the stems not clustered. 3 Involucre to over 8 mm high, its phyllaries subequal; heads few or solitary at the ends of the branches; [var. ? vilfosus T. & G.; A. mult. vars. commutatus T. & G. (A comm . (T. & G.) Gray) and stricticaulis T. & G. (A. str. (T. & G.) Rydb.); A. falcatus and A. ramulosus Lindl.; A. incanopilosus Sheld.; A. crassulus and A. polycephalus Rydb.; A. adsurgens Greene; A. elegantulus Porsild; the Yukon- Alta. to Man.; reported by Boivin, loc. cit., as probably introd. near Thunder Bay and in Renfrew Co., Ont., and by Boivin 1966b, from Que., where undoubtedly also introd.; map (A comm.): Hulten 1968b:860] var. commutatus (T. & G.) Boivin 3 Involucre at most 5 mm high, its phyllaries in 3 or 4 unequal series; heads numerous in dense, commonly 1 -sided racemes; [var. prosfrafi/s (Ktze.) Blake; A. multiflorus Ait.; A. microlonchus Greene; s Ont. (Kent, Lambton, Elgin, Middlesex, Wentworth, York, and Prince Edward counties)] var. ericoides [A. frondosus (Nutt.) T. & G.] [This species of the w U.S.A. {Wash, to Calif., Utah, and Wyo.) is reported as locally abundant in wet soil in s B.C. by Eastham (1947; Penticton and Osoyoos). However, it is so similar to the transcontinental A. laurentianus Fern. (A. brachyactis Blake) that further material is desirable before the species can be admitted with certainty to our flora. The report from P.E.I. by M.L. Fernald and K.M. Wiegand (Rhodora 12(144):227. 1910) is based upon A. laurentianus, relevant collections in CAN and GH. The map by Fernald (1925: map 30 (solid dots, not circled), p. 259) indicates no Canadian stations. ( Tripolium Nutt.).] A. hesperius Gray /sT/WW/ (Hpr) Streambanks, ditches, and moist ground at low to moderate elevations from sw Dist. Mackenzie (J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat. 75(3):120. 1961) through B.C. -Alta. -Sask. to s Calif., N.Mex., Mo., and Wise. [A. coeruiescens DC.]. The report eastwards to Gue. by Boivin (1966b) is probably based upon a broader concept of the species. Some of our material is referable to var. laetevirens (Greene) Cronq. (A. faet. Greene; A. osterhoutii and A. tweedyi Rydb.; A. franklinianus sensu Fraser and Russell 1944, not Rydb.; A. longifolius, A. paniculatus, and A. salicifolius of w Canadian reports in part; ray-ligules white or pink rather than blue). A. laevis L. /sT/X/ (Hs) Open places at low to moderate elevations from southernmost Yukon (on or near the B.C. boundary; see Hulten 1950: map 1103, p. 1673) and B.C. to Alta, (n to L. Athabasca), Sask. (N to McKague, 52°37'N), Man. (n to Hill L.. n of L, Winnipeg), and Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay; reported as introd. at three localities near L St. John, Que., by R. Cayouette, Nat. can. (Que.) 96(5):743. 1969), s to Oreg., Utah, N.Mex,, and Ga. [Var. cyaneus (Hoffm.) Gray; A. ruhricaulis Lam.; A. laevigatus of auth., not Willd.]. The above statement of the Canadian range is tentative. The Yukon plant may have been introd. (or possibly misidentified), as also the Que. plant. The reports from Labrador by Hulten (1950), Nfld. by Waghorne (1898), and N.S. by Lindsay (1878; Halifax) require clarification. The w N. America plant is usually referred to var. geyeri Gray (A. gey. (Gray) Howell; intergrading with the typical phase but the involucral phyllaries less strongly imbricate and with shorter, diamond-shaped rather than narrow and elongate, green tips). Forma latifolius (Porter) Shinners of the typical phase (the relatively broad upper stem-leaves scarcely reduced) is reported from se Man. by Love and Bernard (1959; near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg). A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Calico Aster /T/EE/ (Hsr) Fields, thickets, and clearings from se Man. (n to Victoria Beach, about 55 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 51°15'N), Que. (n to Cabano, 1498 Aster Temiscouata Co., and Magdalen Is.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Tex. and Fla. [Solidago L.; A. diffusus, A. divergens, and A. pendulus Ait.; A. hirsuticaulis LindL; A. miser Nutt.]. A collection in CAN from near Charlottetown, P.E.I., has been named a hybrid with A. novi-beigii by Malte. Some of our material is referable to var. tenuipes Wieg. (A. ten. (Wieg.) Shinners; A. acadiensis Shinners; heads on peduncles up to 4 times the length of the involucre rather than subsessile or short-peduncled; leaf-midribs usually glabrous rather than pilose beneath; type from Dundee, Kings Co., P.E.I.). A. iaurentianus Fern. /sT/X/ (T) Saline or brackish soil from s Yukon (ca. 60°30'N) and sw Dist. Mackenzie (w of Great Slave L.; CAN) to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to Wabowden, about 135 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to w James Bay at 53°14'N), Que. (n to Cacouna and lle-Verte, Temiscouata Co., and Magdalen Is ), and P.E.I. (type from Brackley Point, Queens Co.; not known from N.B. or N.S.), S to Wash., Wyo., ?Utah, S.Dak., Mo., Minn., and N.Y.; the closely related A. ciliatus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. in Asia. [A. brachyactis Blake; Crinitaria humilis Hook.; Tripolium (A.: Brachyactis) angustum LindL, not A. ang. Nees; A. frondosus sensu M.L. Fernald and K.M. Wiegand, Rhodora 12(1 44):227 (footnote). 1910, not (Nutt.) T. & G.]. maps: Hulten 19686:860 (A. br.)\ Fernald 1925: map 30 (treating A. angustus as a distinct species; incomplete), p. 259. Depauperate forms with the outer involucral phyllaries barely elongate, the stems less than 1.5 dm tall, may be referred to var. contiguus Fern, (outer phyllaries 1 or 2 mm broad, acute or acutish; type from near Tracadie, Gloucester Co., N.B.) and var. magdalenensis Fern, (outer phyllaries to 4 mm broad, mostly obtuse; type from Coffin Is.. Magdalen Is., E Que ). A. linariifolius L. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Dry soil, ledges, and rocky banks from s Minn, to s Que. (shores of L. St. Peter and the St. Lawrence R. in St-Maurice and Portneuf counties) and N.B. (Nepisiguit and Miramichi valleys; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.; the report from Nfld. by Waghorne 1898, requires confirmation), s to e Tex., Miss., and n Fla. [Diplopappus Hook . Jonactis Greene]. Some or all of the Que. material may be referred to var. victorinii Fern, (leaves round-tipped rather than subulate-tipped, commonly less than 2 cm long rather than to over 4 cm; type from St-Raymond, Portneuf Co., Que.). A lowrieanus Porter /T/EE/ (Hsr) Open woods and thickets from s Mich, to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; Gillett 1958; the report from w James Bay at ca. 52°10'N by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman requires confirmation, perhaps referring to A. ciliolatus ) and sw Que. (Mt. Johnson, about 20 mi se of Montreal; Raymond 1950b), s to Ga. and w N.C. [Incl. var. lanceolatus Porter], A. macrophyllus L. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Open woods, thickets, and clearings, the aggregate species from s Man. (n to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg; John Macoun 1884) to Ont. (n to Longlac, n of L. Superior at 49°47'N), Que. (N to L. St. John and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to III., Ala., and N.C. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Glands of the pedicels minute, rarely stipitate; leaves thinnish, smooth or smoothish above; [A. ianthinus Burgess; Ont. (region n of L. Huron) and Que. (n to rile d'Orleans, near Quebec City)] var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fern. 1 Glands of the pedicels elongate or stipitate; leaves firm. 2 Stems and petioles villous; leaves pilose beneath. 3 Most of the stem-leaves truncate to tapering at base; [Ont. to N.B. and N.S.] var. velutinus Burgess 3 Most of the stem -leaves rounded or cordate at base; [Ont. and Que ] var. sejunctus Burgess 2 Summit of stem glabrous or only minutely pubescent. 4 At least some of the basal leaves smooth or smoothish; pedicels more or less glandular; [Ont. (near Thunder Bay) to Que. (L. St. John) and N.S. (Partridge Is., Cumberland Co.)] var. excelsior Burgess 1499 Compositae 4 Leaves harshly scabrous; pedicels copiously glandular; [ Biotia DC. ; Eurybia Cass.; s Man. (the report as far n as Norway House by John Maeoun 1884, requires confirmation) to N.B. and N.S.; map (aggregate species; somewhat incomplete northwards): M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 13: map 11, pi. 90 (facing p. 140). 1911] , . var. macrophyllus A. modestus Lindl. /ST/(X)/ (Hpr) Moist open or wooded places from se Alaska and the Yukon (n to ca. 63°N; see Hulten 1950: map 1104, p. 1673) to B.C., Alta, (type from the mouth of the Smoky R. near Peace River at ca. 56°N), Sask. (n to lle-a-la-Crosse, 55°27'N), se Man. (Marchand and Sandilands Forest Reserve, se of Winnipeg), and Ont. (n to w James Bay at 54°12'N; see cent. Ont. map by Lepage 1966: map 19, p. 240), s to Oreg., Idaho, and n Mich. [A. mutatus T. & G.; A. sayianus Nutt.; A. sayii Gray; A. unalaschkensis var. major Hook. (A. major (Hook.) Porter)], map: Hulten 19686:858. A. nemoralis Ait. Bog- Aster /T/EE/ (Hpr) Sphagnous bogs and peaty places from Ont. (N to Schreiber, n shore of L. Superior) to Que. (n to Sims L, at 54°05'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), s Labrador (n to Goose Bay, Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. (type locality), s to Mich, and N.J. [Galetta Nees]. maps: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 22(257): map 3, p. 94. 1920; R.B. Pike, Rhodora 72(792): fig. 8. p. 424. 1970. Forma albiflorus Fern, (ray-ligules white rather than purple) is known from N.S. (Lawson L., Lunenburg Co.; ACAD). A. novae-angliae L. New England Aster /T/EE/ (Hpr) Rich damp ground from s Man. (probably native southwards; perhaps introd. at The Pas) to Ont. (n to L. Nipigon), Que. (n to Cacouna, Temiscouata Co ), and N.S. (probably introd.; not known from N.B. or P.EJ.), S to Colo. (?introd ), Kans., Ark., and Ky. [A. amplexicaulis Lam.]. Being much cult, and a garden-escape outside of its native area, its limits as a native member of our flora are impossible to define precisely. The report from Saskatoon, Sask., by Fraser and Russell (1944) is thought by Breitung (1957a) to be probably based upon an introd. plant, as may be the case with the more northern Ont. and Que. material. Forma geneseensis House (ray-ligules white rather than violet-purple) is known from Ont. (Steen Is., Stormont Co.; Ottawa). Forma roseus (Desf.) Britt, (ray-ligules pinkish) is known from Ont. (Norfolk Co.; Ottawa) and Que. Boivin (19666) reports a hybrid with A. simplex from sw Oue. A. novi-belgii L. /sT/EE/ (Hpr) Damp ground and shores (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s along the Atlantic Seaboard to Ga. 1 Stems densely white-villous; leaves densely villous along the midrib beneath var. villicaulis (Gray) Boivin 2 Ray-ligules white; [A. gaspensis f. alb. Viet., the type from along the Bonaventure R., Gaspe Pen., e Que ] f. albiflorus (Viet.) Boivin 2 Ray-ligules blue-violet; [A. lorrgifolius (johannensis) var. vill. Gray; Ont, to s Labrador and Nfld ] f. villicaulis 1 Stems glabrous or only sparingly pubescent; leaves subglabrous. 3 Phyllaries relatively broad and straight; [incl. var. elodes (T. & G.) Gray (A. e/odes T. & G.); e Que. (Gaspe Pen.), N.B., and N.S.] var. litoreus Gray 3 Phyllaries with loosely spreading to recurving (squarrose) tips; [incl. var. rosaceus Rousseau; A. anticostensis and A. johannensis Fern.; A. gaspensis Viet.; A. rolandii Shinners; A. laevigatas Lam., not Willd.; A. longifolius, A. paniculatus, and A. salicifolius of e Canadian reports in part; Ont. (n to sw James Bay at ca. 52°N), Que, (N to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Goose Bay), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S ] var. belgii A. oblongifolius Nutt. Native in the e U.S.A. (n to N.Dak., Minn., and Pa.); reported from near Windsor, Essex Co., s Ont., 1500 Aster by Dodge (1914) and a collection in TRT from Toronto has been referred to it by Soper and Rao. Boivin (1966b) considers the OnL plant to be introd. A. occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G. /ST/W/ (Hpr) Meadows and slopes at low to fairly high elevations from Great Bear L. (type locality of A. spathulatus Lindl.; a report from Alaska requires confirmation) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to 13 mi n of the Saskatchewan R. Trading Post nw of Banff; CAN) to Calif, and Colo. [Tripolium Nutt.; A. adscendens var. fremontii T. & G. (A. ire. (T. & G.) Gray); A. spathulatus Lindl., not Lag.; A. ?ptarmicoides sensu A.E. Porsild, Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 101:34. 1945, not (Nees) T. & G., the relevant collection in CAN; incl. the robust extreme, var. intermedius Gray], A. parviceps (Burgess) Mackenz. & Bush /t/EE/ (Hpr) “Dry open woods and prairies, III., la. and Mo.1’ (Fernald in Gray 1950). There is a collection in Herb. MICH, detd. K.K. Mackenzie, from Point Edward, Lambton Co., s Ont, where taken by Dodge in 1913 and probably at the n limit of its native range. Bernard Boivin (ACFAS, Programme of the 29th Congress 1961:39) reports it as introd. at Windsor, N.S. [A. ericoides var. parv. Burgess]. [A, patens Ait.] Skydrop Aster [The tentative reports of this species of the E U.S.A. (Nto Minn, and Maine) from s Ont. and N.B. by John Macoun (1884) require clarification.] A. paucicapitaius Rob. /T/W/ (Hp) Open slopes at moderate to high elevations: sw B.C. (Mt. Arrowsmith, s Vancouver Is.; Herb. V) and nw Wash. (Olympic Mts.). [A. engelmannii var. pauc. Rob.]. A. paucif torus Nutt. /sT/WW/ (Hsr) Salt marshes and alkaline flats from southernmost Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Smith, near the Alta, boundary) and northernmost Alta. (Wood Buffalo National Park) to Sask. (n to Fort Pitt, 53°39'N; Breitung 1957a) and Man. (n to Dawson Bay, N L. Winnipegosis; CAN), s to Ariz. and Tex. [Tripolium Nees], A. pilosus Willd. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Dry thickets, fields, roadsides, and clearings (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Ark. and Ga. 1 Stem, branches, and often the leaves pilose or villous. 2 Plant pilose-hirsute; principal leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; [A. ericoides var. pit. (Willd.) Porter; s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Kent, Elgin, Norfolk, and Haldimand counties) and sw Que. (St-Jean, St-Jean Co., and Rougemont, Rouville Co.; MT)] var. pilosus 2 Stem densely white-villous; principal leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong; [A. ericoides var. plat. T. & G.; s Ont.: Norfolk Co.; OAC] var. platyphyllus (T. & G.) Blake 1 Stem, branches, and leaves essentially glabrous. 3 Branches of inflorescence loosely ascending to widely divergent; involucres mostly not over 6 mm high; [A. ericoides of auth., not L.; s Ont. (Toronto), sw Que. (Philipsburg, Missisquoi Co.; MT), and ?N,S. (Windsor, Hants Co.; E.C. Smith and J.S. Erskine, Rhodora 56(671 ):251 . 1954; this collection referred to var. pilosus by Boivin)] var. demotus Blake 3 Branches of inflorescence rather short and stiffly ascending; involucres to 8 mm high; [E. ericoides var. pr. Gray; incl. A. faxonii Porter, A. kentuckiensis and A. priceae Britt., and A. polyphyllus Willd., not Moench.; Ont. (n to the region n of L, Huron) and sw Que. (n to the Montreal dist.)] ........ var. pringlei (Gray) Blake A. praealtus Poir. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Meadows and thickets from Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 56°10'N; CAN) to Ont. (n to Sioux Lookout, about 175 mi nw of Thunder Bay; CAN) and s Que. (Fernald in Gray 1501 Compositae 1950; var. angustior Wieg., the narrow-leaved extreme), s to Tex., Ky., and Md. [A salicifolius Ait., not Lam,]. A. prenanthoides Muhl. /t/EE/ (Hpr (Hsr)) Damp thickets, rich woods, and shores from Minn, to s Ont. (St. Thomas and Yarmouth Twp., Elgin Co.; TRT) and Mass., s to Iowa, Ky., Va., and Del. A. ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. White Upland Aster /T/(X)/ (Hsr) Dry prairies and sandy or rocky places from Wyo. to s Sask. (Indian Head; Boulder L.; Souris Plain; Touchwood Hills), Man. (n to the Red Deer R. w of L. Winnipegosis at ca. 53°N and 40 mi s of The Pas), Ont. (n to L. Nipigon and the Fawn R. at ca. 55°N, 88°W), Que. (L. Timiskaming at ca. 47°30'N, Senneterre, 48rj24'N, and the Bell R. at 49°43'N; CAN; RIM), and N.B. (near Woodstock, Carleton Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1899; CAN; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Colo., Mo., and N.Y. [Doellingeria Nees; Solidago Boivin; Chrysopsis (Diplopappus; Unamia ) alba Nutt.]. The tentative report from Normal Welts, w Dist, Mackenzie, by A.E, Porsild (Nat. Mus, Can. Bull. 101:34. 1945) is based upon A. occidentalis , the relevant collection in CAN. A hybrid with Solidago ohioensis (x S. krotkovii Boivin) is known from s Ont. (Bruce Pen., L. Huron; type from Stokes Bay; see map by J.P. Bernard, Nat. can. (Que.) 96(2): fig. 1 (bottom map), p. 173. 1969). Var. lutescens (Lindl.) Gray {A. (Solidago; Unamia) lut. Lindl.; ray-ligules yellowish rather than white) is known from s Sask. (Indian Head; Touchwood Hills) and s Man. (n to the Red Deer R. w of L. Winnipegosis at ca. 53°N). Love and Bernard (1959) present evidence that this taxon may be of hybrid origin between the typical form and either Solidago riddellii or S. parvirigida {S. rigida var. humiiis of the present treatment; see J.R. Beaudry and D.L. Chabot. Can. J. Bot. 37(2):224. 1959). They report the S. riddellii hybrid from s Man. (Kleefeld, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, its type locality under the name x S. bernardii Boivin), S. riddellii also being known from the same locality. The distribution of var. lutescens is indicated in maps by Bernard, loc. cit, fig. 1 (middle map, A. ptarm. x S. ridd.; top map, A. ptarm. x S. parv.), p. 173. A. puniceus L, /sT/(X)/ (Hpr) Damp thickets, meadows, and shores, the aggregate species from Dist. ?Mackenzie and Alta, {n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°31 N) to Sask. (n to McKague, 52°37'N), Man. (n to Churchill), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca, 54°40'N), Que. (N to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°05'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to N.Dak,, III., Ala., and Ga. 1 Disk-flowers yellow; inflorescence with at most 6 heads; peduncles to 6 cm long; [incl. f. brachyphyllus Lepage; A. calderi Boivin, the type from Fort Chimo, s Ungava Bay, Que.; also reported from w and E James Bay by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954 and 1958] . . var. calderi (Boivin) Lepage 1 Disk-flowers red or purple; heads more numerous; peduncles mostly shorter. 2 Outer phyllaries to 3 mm broad, mostly hiding the inner ones. 3 Leaves harshly scabrous above; inflorescence compact; [Dist. Mackenzie-Sask.; Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 53°N) to Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°05’N; type from Red Bay), Nfld., and e Que.] var. oligocephalus Fern. 3 Leaves glabrous and shining; inflorescence open; [known only from wet spots in the coniferous forest at the base of Tabletop ML, Gaspe Pen., e Que., the type locality] var. perlongus Fern. 2 Outer phyllaries less than 1 mm broad; leaves scabrous above. 4 Stem entirely glabrous or sparsely hispid above; leaves glabrous beneath; (note the 3-parted division of lead 5) var, firmus (Nees) T. & G. 5 Ray-ligules white; [near Otterburne, Man.; Love and Bernard 1959] f. etiamaibus Venard 5 Ray-ligules reddish; [sw Que.: Beauceville, Beauce Co.; Raymond 1950b] f. rufescens Fassett 5 Ray-ligules blue-violet; [incl. vars. laevicaulis and lucidulus Gray; Ont. to Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin; Abbe 1955), Nfld., and N.S.] ....... f, firmus 1502 Aster 4 Stem hirsute with often tuberculate-based hairs; leaves harshly scabrous above, minutely hispid on the midrib beneath var. puniceus 6 Ray-ligules white; [s Man.; Boivin 1966b] f. Candidas Fern. 6 Ray-ligules blue-violet. 7 Pedicels and branches of the inflorescence densely hairy with incurved or entangled soft hairs; [A. blandus Pursh; e Que. (Gaspe Pen.), N.B., and N.S.] f. blandus (Pursh) Fern. 7 Pedicels and branches of the inflorescence with loosely spreading stiffish hairs. 8 Panicle narrow and thyrsiform, its branches much shorter than the subtending leafy bracts; [var. demissus Lindl.; reported from Churchill, Man., by Gardner 1937, and also known from the Gaspe Pen., e QueJ f. demissus (Lindl.) Fern. 8 Panicle relatively broad, its branches mostly longer than the sub- tending leafy bracts; [Alta, (n to the Slave R. at 59°31' N) to Labrador (n to ca. 55°N), Nfld., and N.S.] f. puniceus A, radula Ait. /sT/E/ (Hpr) Low woods, swamps, and bogs from Que. (m to the Great Whale R., se Hudson Bay, ca. 55C’20’N, L. Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.) to Labrador (n to Nain, 56°32'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. (type locality), s to W.Va. and Va. Much of the material from, the northern part of our area is referable to var. strictus (Pursh) Gray (A. strictus Pursh, the type from Labrador; A. biflorus Michx.; heads relatively few, the phyllaries subequal, acute or acutish, not markedly scarious-margined, rather than in several unequal series, obtuse, and scarious-margined). [A. radulinus Gray] [The tentative report of this species of the w U S A. (Wash, to Calif.) from s B.C. by John Macoun (1884; taken up by J.M. Macoun 1901, as Eucephafus macounii ) is based upon A. conspicuus, relevant collections in CAN. A so-named collection in CAN from Laggan, Alta., is referable to A. sibiricus. (Eucephalus macounii Greene).] A. sagittifolius Wedemeyer /T/EE/ (Hsr) Dry open woods, thickets, and clearings from N.Dak. and SE ?Man. (Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, somewhat atypical; Love and Bernard 1959) to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.; Gillett 1958) and Vt., s to Mo., Tenn., Ala., and Ga. The above Man. citation may prove referable to A. ciliolatus, the specimen illustrated by Love and Bernard lacking the numerous small bracts on the peduncles characteristic of A. sagittifolius. Much or all of our material appears referable to var. drummondii (Lindl.) Shinners (A. dr. Lindl.), the lower leaf-surfaces and at least the upper part of the stem closely ashy-puberulent rather than essentially glabrous or the stem merely pubescent in lines. Forma hirtelfa (Lindl,) Shinners (leaves markedly scabrous above rather than smooth) is known from s Ont. (Elgin and Kent counties). [A. schreberi Nees] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to III. and New Eng.) from s Ont. by Soper (1949) is probably based upon a collection in TRT from Brighton, York Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1900, this, however, proving referable to A. macrophyllus.] [A, scopulorum Gray] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (N to Oreg. and Mont.) from se B.C. by Eastham (1947; L. McArthur, Yoho) requires confirmation. (Chrysopsis (lonactis) alpina Nutt.).] A. sericeus Vent. /T/EE/ (Hp (Hs)) Dry open woods and prairies from se Man. (Winnipeg; Arnaud; Birds Hill; Stony Mountain) to w Ont. (mouth of the Rainy R. and islands in Lake of the Woods; CAN; John Macoun 1884) and N Mich., s to Tex., Mo., and Tenn. 1503 Compositae A. shortii Lindl. /t/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Open woods, thickets, and rocky slopes from e Iowa and Wise, to s Ont. (Pelee Point and islands of the Erie Archipelago, Essex Co.; TRT; MICH; Core 1948), s to Tenn,, Ala., and Ga. A. sibiricus L. /aST/W/EA/ (Hpr) Open rocky places and meadows at low to high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) to sw Victoria Is., s through the mts. of B,C. and Alta, to Oreg., Idaho, and Wyo.; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Phyllaries rather distinctly imbricate in several series of more or less unequal length, relatively firm and straight; [A. meritus Nels.; se B.C. (Kootenay dist.; Ulke 1935) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b)] — var. meritus (Nels.) Raup 1 Phyllaries less distinctly imbricate, rather herbaceous and sometimes a little squarrose. 2 Heads solitary; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, glabrous (or woolly along the margins), to about 2.5 cm long, all sessile and commonly more or less clasping; stems mostly not over 1 dm tall; [A. pygmaeus Lindl.; s Banks Is., sw Victoria Is., the coast of Dist. Mackenzie between ca. 107° and 117°W, and n Great Bear L.; maps (A. pyg .): Porsild 1957: map 305, p. 199; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 15, sheet 38] var. pygmaeus (Lindl.) Cody 2 Heads commonly several; leaves oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic, entire or distinctly low-serrate, glabrous above, often somewhat pubescent beneath, to about 7 cm long, the lower ones short-petioled, the upper ones sessile but scarcely clasping; stems to about 4 dm tall var. sibiricus 3 Ray-ligules white; phyllaries and stem not purple-tinged; [Alaska (type from 20 mi s of Fairbanks) and Alta. (Boivin 1966b)] f. albinus Lepage 3 Ray-ligules violet or purple; phyllaries and stem more or less purplish; [A. arcticus Eastw. ; A. richardsonii Spreng.; A ( Erigeron ) salsuginosus Rich.; A. montanus Rich., not Nutt.; Aleutian Is.-Alaska-Yukon (see Hulten 1950: map 1105, p. 1673) and nw Dist. Mackenzie-B.C.-Alta.; maps (aggregate species): Hulten 1968b:857; Raup 1947:35] f. sibiricus A. simplex Willd. /ST/EE/ (Hsr) Damp thickets, meadows, and shores, the aggregate species from Sask. (n to Prince Albert; CAN; not listed by Breitung 1957a) to Man. (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n to the Severn R., Hudson Bay, at ca. 56,:,N), Gue. (n to Rupert House, se James Bay, Sl^g'N, and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld,, N.B. (reports from P.E.I. require confirmation), and N.S., $ to Kans., Mo., and N.C. 1 Involucres averaging less than 4 mm high; [incl. var. estuarinus Boivin; A. interior Wieg.; Ont. (n to New Liskeard, 47°31'N) and Que. (n to L. Timiskaming at ca. 47'30'N and St. Augustin, Portneuf Co.)] var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. 1 Involucres averaging over 4 mm high. 2 Leaves averaging not much over 1 cm broad, mostly over 10 times as long as broad; [A. tenuifolius vars, bellidiflorus (Willd.) T. & G. and ramosissimus T. & G.; A. famarckianus Nees; A. iongifolius of Canadian reports in part, not Lam.; A. paniculatus Lam. (not Mill.) and its var. acutidens Burgess; s Man. (Love and Bernard 1959) to N.B. and N.S.] var. ramosissimus (T. &. G.) Cronq. 2 Leaves to about 3.5 cm broad, mostly less than 10 times as long as broad; [A. panic , var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess; A. ?bellidiflorus Willd. (not Nees nor Steud.) in part; Sask. (N to Prince Albert) to Nfld. and N.S.] var. simplex [A. solidagineus Michx.] [Hooker (1834) reports a Cleghorn collection of this species of the e U.S.A. (Ohio to N.H., s to La. and Ga.) from near Montreal, Que., but John Macoun (1884) writes, ,lWe have no other record of this species and consider its occurrence within our limits very doubtful.” The Montreal report may possibly be based upon the habitally similar Solidago graminifolia . (Seriocarpus Nees; Aster (S.) linifolius L.).] 1504 Aster A. stenomeres Gray /t/W/ (Hp (Ch)) Open hillsides and clearings at low to moderate elevations from se B.C. (Dry Interior in the Columbia and Kootenay valleys n to Sproat, s of Revelstoke; CAN) to Wash., Idaho, and Mont. [ lonactis Greene), A. subspicatus Nees /sT/(X)/ (Hpr) Moist open or wooded places from the e Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (n to ca, 61 °N; type from Yakutat Bay) to B.C., Alta, (n to Jasper), Sask. (Boivin 1966b; not known from Man.), Ont. (Kenora dist. ; CAN), Gue. (n to the C6te-Nord, Gaspe Pen., and Anticosti Is.), Labrador (w to Makkovik, 55Q05'N), Nfld., N.B. (not known from P.E.t.), and N.S., s in the West to Calif., N.Mex., Idaho, and Mont., and in the East to New Eng. [This is an extremely plastic species, the range still uncertain, the present treatment including the following taxa in the complex: A. amplus, A. douglasii, and A. foliaceus Lindl.; A. burkei (Gray) Howell; A. butleri, A. ciliomarginatus, and A. subcaudafus Rydb.; A. carteriana Henry; A. cusickii Gray; A , oregonus (Nutt.) T. & G.; A. robynsianus Rousseau; A. adscendens ( fol .) var, parryi Eat.; A, foliaceus vars. arcuans , crenifolius, subgeminatus, and subpetiolatus Fern, and vars. burkei and frondeus Gray; A. elegans (A. perelegans Nels. & Macbr.) sensu John Macoun 1884. not (Nutt.) T, & G., according to Macoun 1886]. map: Hulten 19680:857 (conservative treatment). Some of the B.C. -Alta, material is referable to var. apricus (Gray) Boivin (A. foliaceus var. ap. Gray; heads lacking the broad fohaceous phyllaries characteristic of the typical form). A. subulatus Michx. /T/EE/ (T) Fresh to brackish or saline marshes, borders of woods, and clearings from s Mich, to s Ont. (Windsor, Essex Co.; Boivin 1967a), N.Y., and N.B. (Bathurst and Tetagouche R., Gloucester Co.; CAN; GH; not known from N S,; the report from P.E.I. by John Macoun 1890. is based upon A. laurentianus, the relevant collection in CAN), s along the coast to Fla. and La. [Tripolium Nees]. The above Bathurst, N.B., collection is the type of var. obtusifolius Fern., differing from the typical form in its relatively broad, obtuse or round-tipped rather than long-attenuate leaves, its subequal rather than distinctly imbricated phyllaries, and its 1 -rowed ray-ligules much surpassing the pappus rather than 2-rowed and only slightly surpassing it. A. tanacetifolius HBK. /T/WW/ (T) Plains, open hillsides, and disturbed ground from Mont, and s Alta, (near the U.S.A. boundary along the Belly R, and Milk R.; CAN; John Macoun 1884) to Ariz., Mexico, Tex., and Nebr. [Machaeranthera Nees]. A. tradescantii L. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Damp ground and rocky or gravelly shores from Ont. (n to the Rainy R., Lake of the Woods) to Gue. (n to L. St. John), s Nfld. (Murray's Pond, near St. John s; GH), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I.), s to s Ont., N.Y., and New Eng. [A. parviflorus Nees; A. vimineus var. saxatilis (Blanch.) Fern, (A. sax. Blanch.); A, ontarionis Wieg.; A. diffusus var. ?thyr$oideus Gray]. A. umbellatus Mill. /T/(X)/ (Hpr) Thickets, meadows, and swampy places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Nebr., Iowa, Mich., Ky., and Ga, 1 Involucre puberulent, slightly turbinate, with up to about 22 florets (4-7 of these being ray-florets), the relatively few phyllaries acutish; leaves sparingly to usually rather densely tomentulose-puberulent beneath, usually scabrous above; stem puberulent; [Doellingeria pubens (Gray) Rydb.; A. pubentior Cronq.; Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Spy Hill, about 125 mi e of Regina; A.J. Breitung, Am. Midi. Nat. 61(2):512. 1959), Man. (n to Swan River, n of Duck ML), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54 40 N, 88°W), and Gue. (n to se James Bay at 51°2TN)j var. pubens Gray 1 Involucre glabrous, campanulate, with up to over 50 florets var. umbellatus 2 Heads discoid, ray -florets wanting; [type from the Rupert R. system s of James Bay, Que.] f. discoideus Viet. 2 Heads radiate, with 7-14 ray-florets. 3 Leaves more or less pilose over the surface (or at least along the midrib) beneath; 1505 Compositae [Que., Nfld. (type from Bonne Bay), N.B. (Wolf Is., Charlotte Co.), and N.S. (Cape Breton Is. and St. Paul Is.)] , . . . f. intercedens Fern. 3 Leaves glabrous; [incl. var. latifolius (Gray) T. & G.; Doellingeria Nees; Diplopappus T. & G.; A (Chrysopsis; Diplostephium; Diplopappus; DoelL ) amygdalinus Lam.; A humilis Willd. ; Ont. (n to the region n of L. Huron and the Ottawa dist. ; collections in CAN from the n shore of L. Superior and Cochrane, ca. 49°N, appear intermediate between this and var. pubens), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and the Marten R. s of James Bay), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] f. umbellatus A. undulatus L. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Dry open woods, thickets, and clearings from Minn, to s Ont. (n to Middlesex, York, and Hastings counties), ?Gue. (Rouleau 1947), and w N.S. (Queens, Kings, and Lunenburg counties; not known from P.E.I.; reports from N.B. by John Macoun 1884, and Fowler 1885, require confirmation, perhaps being based upon A. macrophylius , as is an 1861 Fowler collection in NBM from Kouchibouguac, Kent Co.), s to Ark., La., and Fla. A. vimineus Lam. /T/EE/ (Hsr) Fields, meadows, and shores from Mich, to Ont. (n to Casselman, about 30 mi e of Ottawa; John Macoun 1886), sw Que. (near Lacolle, St-Jean Co.; MT), and Maine, s to e Tex. and Ga. Some or all of our material is referable to var. subdumosus Wieg. {A. ?foliolosus Ait.; inflorescence relatively open, the scattered heads on diffuse branchlets or pedicels to 3 cm long rather than mostly less than 7 mm long). BAERIA F. & M. [9279] B. maritima Gray Goldfields /t/W/ (T) Along the coast from sw B.C. (s Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V) to Calif. [Burrielia Gray], BAHIA Lag. [9301] B. oppositifolia (Nutt.) DC. Native in the w U.S.A. from Mont, to N.Dak., s to ?Ariz., N.Mex., and Tex.; introd. in alkaline flats of s Alta. (Coaldale, ne of Lethbridge; CAN) and sw Sask. (Pambrum, se of Swift Current; CAN; Breitung 1957a). [Trichophyllum Nutt.; Picradeniopsis Rydb.; Helenium Spreng.]. BALSAMORHIZA Nutt. [9188] Balsam-root 1 Leaves pinnatefy divided to the midrib into numerous narrow segments to about 1 dm long, these mostly themselves few-cleft into narrow, sometimes further cleft segments, the whole leaf '‘fern”-like in appearance; a pair of reduced but still fairly well-developed pinnatifid leaves borne several cm above the base of the otherwise scapose stem; tips of middle and lower phyllaries reflexed; taproot carrot-like, bearing a simple caudex; (s ?B.C.) [B. hirsuta] 1 Leaves entire or shallowly crenate, rather broadly triangular-hastate or -caudate, several strongly reduced or bract-like ones usually borne along the otherwise scapose stem; tips of phyllaries erect; taproot large and woody, bearing a branched caudex. 2 Leaves silvery beneath when young with a fine felt-like tomentum, green and often glabrate in age; involucre usually woolly-tomentose; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) B. sagittata 2 Leaves green, relatively sparsely hairy with coarser hairs and sometimes also glandular; involucre only slightly or scarcely woolly. 3 Ray-ligules tending to persist on the achenes and become somewhat papery on drying; (s ?B.C.) [B. careyana ] 3 Ray-ligules soon deciduous, not becoming papery; (sw B.C.) B. deltoidea 1506 Bidens [B. careyana Gray] [Hitchcock et al. (1959) report this species of Wash, and Oreg. from s B.C., referring their northern material to var. intermedia Cronq., "which differs sharply in its glabrous achenes, and which approaches the more w. B. deitoidea in having usually a larger central head, some evidently enlarged and foliaceous outer involucral bracts, and often some crenate teeth on the leaves." They note that it is difficult to distinguish in herbarium specimens from B. deitoidea apart from the tendency of the ray-ligules to persist on the achenes rather than being soon deciduous. The species should be searched for in B.C. in an effort to validate the above report ] B. deitoidea Nutt. /t/W/ (Grt) Open places and grassy slopes from sw B.C. (6 collections in CAN from the Victoria dist., Vancouver Is., where taken by John Macoun between 1875 and 1913, and one from Drew Harbour, Valdez Is., where taken by G.M. Dawson in 1876) to s Calif. [B. hirsuta Nutt,] [The reports of this species of Wash., Oreg., and Nev. from B.C. by John Macoun (1886; "Utah to British Columbia", on the authority of Gray; taken up by Rydberg 1922) and by Henry (1915; South Kootenay) require confirmation.] B, sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. /T/WW/ (Grt) Flats and open hillsides at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (chiefly valleys of the Dry Interior n to Quesnel, ca. 53°N) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Waterton Lakes; Cardston; reports from Sask. require confirmation) to s Calif., Colo., and S.Dak. [Buphthalum Pursh]. BELLIS L. [8879] B. perennis L. English Daisy Eurasian; introd. or a garden-escape (particularly to lawns) in N. America, as in the e Aleutian Is. (Unalaska), B.C. (N to Queen Charlotte Is. and Prince Rupert), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (N to La-Malbaie, Charlevoix Co.; Groh 1946), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld., N.B., and N.S. map: Huiten 19680:855. BIDENS L. [9237] Bur-Marigold, Beggar-ticks. Bident (Ref.: E.E. Sherff 1937, and N. Am. Flora, Ser. II (pt. 2):70-129. 1955) 1 Principal leaves compound (with up to 7 leaflets; or filiform -dissected in B. beckii). 2 Plants aquatic, the submersed leaves filiform-dissected into numerous capillary segments, the emersed ones merely serrate; achenes nearly terete; (s B.C.; Sask. to N.S.) B. beckii 2 Plants terrestrial or merely subaquatic; achenes flattened parallel to the phyllaries or slender and 4-sided (rarely subterete). 3 Ray-ligules none or less than 5 mm long and shorter than the outer phyllaries; leaves with at most 5 merely serrate leaflets. 4 Outer phyllaries eciliate, at most 5; achenes thickish, less than 7 mm long, their awns less than 2.5 mm long, upwardly barbed; lower and primary leaves 3-foliolate, the upper ones often simple; (Ont., Que., and N.S.) B. discoidea 4 Outer phyllaries ciliate; achenes flat, to 17 mm long, their awns to about 9 mm long, normally downwardly barbed; principal leaves 3-5-foliolate; (essentially transcontinental). 5 Outer involucre consisting of at least 10 copiously hispid-ciliate phyllaries; inner achenes to 17 mm long B. vulgata 5 Outer involucre consisting of at most 8 sparingly ciliate phyllaries; inner achenes at most 1 cm long B. frondosa 3 Ray-ligules well developed, to over 1 cm long, longer than the outer phyllaries; (s Ont.). 1507 Compositae 6 Rays white to pate yellow or purplish; achene-awns upwardly barbed; leaves long-petioled. with 3-5 ovate, serrate leaflets; (introd. in s Ont.) [6. pilosa] 6 Rays golden yellow; leaves with 3-7 linear to lanceolate, entire to coarsely serrate leaflets. 7 Achenes at most 2.5 mm broad, marginless, merely strigose-ciliolate, the outer ones cuneate-oblong, to 6 mm long, the inner ones cuneate-linear, to 9 mm long; achene-awns upwardly barbed; petioles at most about 1.5 cm long; (s Ont.) B. coronata 7 Achenes to about 5 mm broad, with a thin friable hispid-ciliate margin, the outer ones to 7 mm long, the inner to about 8 mm long; achene-awns to 4 mm long, upwardly or downwardly barbed; petioles to 3 cm long; (introd. in S Ont.) [B. aristosa] 1 Principal leaves simple (at most deeply cleft into 3-5 coarse segments). 8 Achenes with a convex cartilaginous summit, their awns typically downwardly barbed; rays usually present; leaves linear to oblanceolate, sessile or occasionally on short winged petioles, subentire or serrate. 9 Heads campanulate; disk-corollas 4-toothed; rays pale yellow; anthers included, rather pale; achenes coarsely striate, olive-brown to drab; outer phyllaries erect or ascending; (plants of estuarine habitats from Ont. to N.S.) B, hyperborea 9 Heads hemispheric; disk-corollas 5-toothed; anthers exserted, purple-black; achenes delicately or obscurely striate; outer phyllaries reflexed or scarcely ascending; plants only incidentally estuarine, 10 Achenes straight, wingless, not strongly keeled, deep-brown to purplish, the outer to 8 mm long, with awns to 4,5 mm long, the central to 9.5 mm long; leaves appressed-serrate; stem firm, usually smooth; receptacular chaff reddish-tipped; rays golden yellow, to 3 cm long; (s ?Ont.) [S. laevis] 10 Achenes curved, with pale margins and keels, olivaceous, the outer not much over 6 mm long, with awns less than 3 mm long, the central less than 8 mm long; stem soft, usually hispid; receptacular chaff yellow-tipped; rays (when present) bright yellow, rarely more than 1 .5 cm long; (B.C. to N.S.) B. cernua 8 Achenes truncate or concave at summit (if convex in B. infirma , not cartilaginous); heads often discoid. 1 1 Mature central achenes strongly 4-angled, usually retrorsely barbed; heads usually discoid; outer phyllaries at most 6, smooth-margined or slightly ciliate; anthers blackish; principal leaves unlobed or merely with up to about 4 broad basal lobes, coarsely sharp-serrate or dentate, sometimes incised; (Ont. to N.S.) 6. connata 1 1 Mature central achenes flat or flattish, with slender midribs; outer phyllaries up to 10 in number. 12 Leaves sessile or broadly wing-petioled; central achenes often over 2 mm broad, their awns normally downwardly barbed. 13 Leaves sessile (or the lowermost ones on short, very broadly wing- margined petioles), the principal ones deeply 3-parted, the divisions coarsely toothed or incised; outer phyllaries rather closely short-ciliate. the inner ones to 12 mm long; heads radiate (but the rays short and inconspicuous); (sw B.C. and s Man.) B. amplissima 13 Leaves more distinctly wing-petioled, incised-serrate, cleft, or 3-5-lobed; (introd.) B. tripartita 12 Leaves slender-petioled (at least the principal ones), usually only coarsely serrate but sometimes deeply cleft toward base; central achenes at most about 2 mm broad: outer phyllaries smooth-margined or sparingly ciliate. 14 Achenes convex at summit, the outer ones at least 6 mm long, awnless, the central ones to 8 mm long, awnless or with upwardly barbed divergent awns less than 1 mm long; outer phyllaries usually not more than 4; (Que.) B. infirma 14 Achenes truncate, with erect or ascending awns at least 2 mm long; outer phyllaries usually more numerous. 1508 Bidens 15 Heads about as broad as long; outer phyllaries up to 7; inner phyllaries less than 1 cm long; outer achenes 4 or 5 mm long, the central ones to 8 mm long; anthers blackish; (e Que. and P.E.I.) B. heterodoxa 15 Heads distinctly longer than broad; outer phyllaries at most 5; inner phyllaries to 13 mm long; outer achenes over 5 mm long, the central ones to 1 1 mm long; (Que.) B. eatonii B. amplissima Greene /T/WW/ (T) Wet places of sw B.C. (several localities on $ Vancouver Is., the type from the Somass ("Lomas") R. near Alberni) and S Man. (Boivin 1966b). [8. cernua var. elata T. & G. (8. elata (T. & G.) Sherff); 8. bullata sensu John Macoun 1890, not L.j. Concerning the possibility of the origin of this species through hybridization between B. cernua and B. frondosa (or possibly 8. comosa (B. tripartita of the present treatment) or 8. vulgata ), see Sherff (1937, and loc. cit., 1955, p, 94). [B. aristosa (Michx.) Britt.] [This species of the e U.S.A. (n to Minn, and Del.) is reported as introd. in s Ont. by Soper (1949; an 1893 collection by ?Scott in TRT from Sandwich, Essex Co., has been placed here), where, however, scarcely established.] B. beckii Torr. Water-Marigold /sT/X/ (HH) Ponds and slow streams from se B.C. (Duck L,, Kootenay Flats, near Creston, where taken by J.A. Munro in 1947 and 1949; CAN; V; not known from Alta.) to Sask. (known only from Cumberland House, ca. 54'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the w James Bay watershed at ca, 53°N; Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954), Que. (n to Duparquet, ca. 48^30'N, in W. Abitibi Co., and between Riviere-du-Loup and Trois-Pistoles, Temiscouata Co.), N.B., and NS, (not known from P.E.I. ), s to Oreg. (probably introd. in s B.C., Wash., and Oreg., according to Hitchcock et al. 1959), Mo., Pa., and N.J. [Megalodonta Greene]. 8. cernua L. Stick-tight /sT/X/EA/ (T) Shores, shallow pools, and wet places, the aggregate species from B.C. (N to Quesnel, ca. 53QN; CAN; introd. in Alaska between ca. 65 and 67°N) to Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59*36' N; CAN), Sask. (n to Prince Albert; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Wabowden, about 135 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at 52° 1 1’N), Que. (n to the se James Bay watershed at ca. 52r:,10'N, L. St. John, and the Gaspd Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Idaho, S.Dak., Mo., and N.C.; Eurasia, maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Stem capillary, simple or only slightly forking; leaves petioled; outer involucre with at most 6 phyllaries; [8. minima Huds.; Man. (Fernald in Gray 1950), Ont. (n to Cochrane), Que. (n to Magdalen Is.), N.B., and N.S.] var. minima (Huds.) Pursh 1 Stem stoutish, commonly branching; leaves sessile or nearly so; outer involucre with up to 10 phyllaries. 2 Leaves mostly blunt or round-tipped, entire or remotely toothed; outer phyllaries oblong to spatulate, obtuse; heads discoid, lacking ray-ligules; [Que. (n to Magdalen Is., the type locality) and P.E.I.] var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John 2 Leaves long-acuminate; outer phyllaries linear to lanceolate, acutish; heads mostly radiate, the bright-yellow rays to over 1.5 cm long. 3 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, conspicuously narrowed to base, coarsely toothed; [Que. (n to Rimouski, Rimouski Co.), N.B. (near Sussex, Kings Co.), and P.E.I. (Southport, Queens Co.)] var. eliiptica Wieg 3 Larger leaves with broad sessile or subconnate bases. 4 Leaves relatively broad, finely toothed; [Alta., Sask,, Man. (Bernard Boivin, Nat. can. (Que.) 87(2):28. 1960), Ont. (n to sw James Bay at 51°46'N and L. St, John), and P.E.I. (Brackley Point, Queens Co.)] var. integra Wieg. 4 Leaves linear to oblanceolate, coarsely toothed var. cernua 5 Heads discoid, lacking ray-ligules; [N.B. (Grand Manan Is.), P.E.I. 1509 Compositae (Dundee, Kings Co,), and N.S. (Cape Breton Is.)] f. discoidea (Wimm. & Grab.) Briq. & Cavill. 5 Heads radiate; [B. dentata (Nutt.) Wieg.; B. glaucescens, B. leptopoda, and B. macounii Greene; range of the species; maps (aggregate species): Hulten 1958: map 260, p. 279, and 19686:884] f. cemua B. connata Muhl. /T/EE/ (T) Wet shores and swamps (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Kans., Tenn., and Va. 1 Principal leaves with up to 4 decurrent or confluent broad basal lobes. 2 Petioles short, broad-margined. 3 Middle leaves and terminal lobes of the divided ones rather closely and sharply serrate; [often merged with B. tripartita; Ont. (N to near Ottawa), Que. (n to near Quebec City), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] var. connata 3 Blades or terminal lobes of middle leaves coarsely dentate; [B. tripartita var. fallax Warns!.; Ont. (L. Nipissing) and Que. (tidal flats near Quebec City)] var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff 2 Petioles long and slender; [N.S., the type from Sand Beach, Yarmouth Co.] var. inundata Fern. 1 Leaves nearly all unlobed, tapering to slender or narrowly margined petioles. 4 Achenes awnless or with awns at most 1 mm long; [type from near North Bay, L. Nipissing, Ont.] var. submutica Fassett 4 Achenes with awns to nearly 5 mm long. 5 Awns downwardly barbed; [£?. petiolata Nutt. ; Ont. (n to Thunder Bay and Ottawa), Que, (n to Hull), N.B., and N.S.] var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw, 5 Awns upwardly barbed; [B. tripartita f. anom. (Farw.) Boivin, this tentatively reported from N.S. by Boivin 19666] var. anomala Farw. B. coronata (L.) Britt. /t/EE/ (T) Rich moist ground and prairies from Minn, to s Ont. (Essex, Kent, Lambton, Huron, and Norfolk counties) and Conn., s to Nebr., III., and Va. [ Coreopsis L.; incl. var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff and B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britt.]. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britt. /T/EE/ (T) Swampy ground and peaty or sandy shores from Minn, to Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the Montreal dist.), and N.S. (beaches at Pictou; Sherff 1937; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.), s to Tex. and Ala. [Coreopsis T, & G.]. B. eatonii Fern. /T/E/ (T) Tidal shores of Que., N.Y., Maine, Mass., and Conn, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Awns downwardly barbed. 2 Heads slenderly cylindric; [treated by Boivin 19666, as identical with B. tripartita var. heterodoxa f. orthodoxa (Fern. & St. John) Boivin {B. het. var, orth. Fern. & St. John), this known from e Que. (Magdalen Is.; GH); map (aggregate species): Fassett 1928: map 3, pi. 12] var. eatonii 2 Heads thick-cylindric to campanulate; [6, heterodoxa var. interstes Fassett; tidal shores of the St. Lawrence FL, Que., in Quebec, Levis, and Bellechasse counties] var. interstes Fassett 1 Awns upwardly barbed; heads slenderly cylindric; [tidal flats of the St. Lawrence R., Que., near Quebec City] var. fallax Fern. B. frondosa L. /T/(X)/ (T) Damp open places (often a weed in cult or waste ground; introd. in se Alaska at ca. 55*N and probably in s B.C.; ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., La., and Va.; introd. in Europe, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Teeth of leaflets broadly triangular; outer phyllaries rarely more than twice as long as the inner ones var. frondosa 1510 Bidens 2 Awns of achenes downwardly barbed; [incl. var. pallida Wieg., stated by Fernald in Gray 1950, to be probably a hybrid between B. frondosa and a form of B. connata; B.C. (New Westminster and Field, where probably introd.); Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to near North Bay and Ottawa), Que. (N to L St. John, the Gaspe Pen., and Magdalen Is.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; (introd. in Europe; Hult6n 1958); map: Hulten 1 968b:884] f. frondosa 2 Awns of achenes upwardly barbed; [Ont., Que., N.B., and N.S.] . . . f. anomala (Porter) Fern. 1 Teeth of leaflets lance-attenuate; outer phylfaries up to 4 times as long as the inner ones; [e Que, (Magdalen Is.), Nfld. (type from Whitbourne), and P.E.I.] — — var. stenodonta Fern. & St. John B. heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John /T/E/ (T) Fresh, brackish, or saline marshes and borders of brackish ponds in e Que. (Magdalen Is.), P.E.I. (type from Bunbury, Queens Co ), and Conn. [Scarcely separable from B. tripartita , of which it is probably better treated as var. heterodoxa Fern.]. Some of the Magdalen Is.. E Que., material is referable to var. orthodoxa Fern. & St. John (awns of the achenes retrorsely barbed rather than upwardly barbed; see B. eatonii). B. hyperborea Greene /sT/EE/ (T) River estuaries of e Canada (ranges of taxa outlined below), s to Maine, Mass., and N,J. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Outer achenes 4 or 5 mm long; inner achenes at most 7 mm long, their awns at most 3 mm long. 2 Stem simple; leaves blunt, subentire, to 4 cm long; outer phyllaries about 1.5 cm long; [incl, vars. laurentiana and svensonii Fassett; Ont. (Boivin 1966b) and Que. (s James Bay, the type from the mouth of the Rupert R.; Montmagny Co. to the Gaspe Pen.); maps (aggregate species): Potter 1932: map 1 1, p. 77; Fernald 1929: map 26 (not indicating the James Bay station), p. 1499] var. hyperborea 2 Stem simple or branching; leaves long-acuminate, sharply toothed; outer phyllaries to 4 cm long; [B. colpophila Fern. & St. John; N.B, and N.S.] var. colpophila (Fern. & St. John) Fern. 1 Outer achenes to 8.5 mm long; inner achenes to 10 mm long, their awns to 5 mm long. 3 Leaves thinnish, long-acuminate, with a prominent midrib, the larger ones to over 1.5 dm long and with up to about 12 pairs of sharp teeth; outer phyllaries up to 9 in number, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; [type from the estuary of the Miramichi R. near Newcastle, N.B.] var arcuans Fern. 3 Leaves rather fleshy, obtusish, with the midrib less evident, mostly not over 1 dm long, entire or with a few mostly blunt teeth; outer phyllaries at most 6, obtuse to subacute. 4 Leaves very fleshy, obtuse, at most about 5 cm long, entire or with mostly not more than a single pair of teeth; [Que. (near Quebec City; St. John and Dartmouth rivers, Gaspe Co., the type from the mouth of the Dartmouth R,)J var. gaspensis Fern. 4 Leaves slightly fleshy, subattenuate, to over 1 dm long, with up to 5 pairs of teeth; (see the first lead 2, above) var. hyperborea B. infirma Fern. /T/E/ (T) Known only from tidal flats of the St. Lawrence R. estuary, Que., in Lotbiniere, Quebec, Montmorency, and Bellechasse counties; type from St-Vallier, Bellechasse Co. [Scarcely separable from S. tripartita and probably better treated as its var. heterodoxa f. infirma (Fern.) Boivin]. [B. laevis (L.) BSP.] [Reports of this species of the U S A. (Ind. to N.H., s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.) from s Ont. by Dodge (1914: Point Pelee, Essex Co.; 1915: Lambton Co.) and so-named collections in TRT from Cambridge (Galt) and Kitchener, Waterloo Co., require confirmation. (B. chrysanthemoides Michx.).] 1511 Compositae [B. pilosa L] [A native of tropical America; reported as introd. in s Ont. by Bofvin (1966b, as var. radiata Sch. Bip.; Point Pelee, Essex Co.), where probably not established.) B. tripartita L. Eurasian; locally introd. in swampy thickets and waste places, sometimes about ports, in N. America, as in ?B.C.-Alta. (Boivin 1966b) and Que. (Montreal dist. ; Napierville; Perce, Gaspe Pen.). (Incl. B. comosa (Gray) Wieg.]. The scarcely separable B. connata MuhL B. eatonii and B. infirma Fern., and B. heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John should probably be merged with it, in which event the species would have a presumably native area in E N. America. B, vulgata Greene Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight /T/X/ (T) Moist ground, ditches, roadsides, thickets, and waste places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., Mo., and Ga. 1 Principal leaves 1 -pinnate var, vulgata 2 Stem glabrous; [B.C. (Kootenay; Henry 1915), s Alta. (Medicine Hat; Seven Persons), Sask. (n to Nokomis, about 80 mi se of Saskatoon), s Man. (N to Delta), Ont. (N to Thunder Bay, Timmins, and Ottawa), Que, (n to Ste-Anne-de-ia-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.), N.B., and N.S.] f. vulgata 2 Stem crisp-puberulent; [B. frondosa var. pub. Wieg.; B. pub. (Wieg.) Rydb.; Sask., Man., Ont., and Que.] f. puberula (Wieg.) Fern. 1 Principal leaves 2-pinnafe, the leaflets themselves sometimes deeply incised; [Sask. (Fernald in Gray 1950; not listed by Breitung 1957a) and w Ont. (near Thunder Bay (Fort William); Sherff 1937)] var. schizantha Lunell [BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook.] [9248] [B. scaber Hook.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Calif, and Nev.) from se B.C. by Henry (1915; Kootenay) requires confirmation. ( Ptilonella Nutt.).] BOLTON I A L'Her. [8892] B. astoroidcs (L.) L'Her. White Boitonia /T/EE/ (Hpr) Shores and wet ground from s Sask. -Man, to n Ohio, N.Y., and N.J., s to Okla., Mo., and N.C. 1 Disk less than 1 cm broad; achenes at most 2 mm long, their awns wanting or rarely over 1 mm long; ligules usually lilac or purplish; phyllaries linear, at most 1 mm broad; [Matricaria L.; B. glastifolia I’Her.; e U.S.A. only, reports from Canada being referable chiefly or wholly to var. recognita) [var. asteroides ] 1 Disk to 1,5 cm broad; achenes about 2.5 mm long, their awns 1 or 2 mm long; ligules white to lilac. 2 Phyllaries spatulate-oblong, 1 or 2 mm broad, rounded-obtuse below a short tip; [B. latisquama Gray; an escape in the e U.S.A.; collections have been seen from gardens in Simcoe, Norfolk, and Durham counties, s Ont.; probably never taken in the wild state in Canada] [var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq.] 2 Phyllaries mostly linear and acute, at most 1 .3 mm broad; [var. occidentaiis sensu Boivin 1966b, perhaps not Gray; B. latisquama var. recog. F. & G.; S Sask. (S. asteroides reported from Weyburn and Torquay by Breitung 1957a) and s Man. (n to Aweme and near Winnipeg)] var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq. BRICKELLIA Ell. [8823] 1 Leaf-blades narrowly to broadly deltoid or subcordate, to 1 1 cm Jong and 7 cm broad, rather coarsely serrate, on petioles to 7 cm long; heads terminating the branches of a 1512 Cacalia corymbiform or subumbelliform inflorescence, this naked except for the leaves subtending a few of the main branches; involucres to 12 mm high, their outer phyllaries tipped with a well-developed slender awn; plant more or less finely puberulent or short-hairy throughout; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) ... B. grandiflora 1 Leaf-blades mostly oblong or elliptic-oblong, to 4 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, entire or nearly so, sessile or subsessile; heads terminating leafy-bracted branches of a corymbiform inflorescence; involucres to 2 cm high, their phyllaries acute or acuminate; plant glandular-puberulent; (s B.C.) B. oblongifolia B. grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tassel-flower Brickellia /T/WW/ (Grt) Moist or dryish slopes and ledges at low to fairly high elevations from se B.C, (South Kootenay Pass, near the Alta, boundary; V) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; CAN) to Baja Calif.. N.Mex., and Ark. [Eupatorium Hook.; Coleosanthus Ktze.; C. (B.) umbeilatus Greene]. B. oblongifolia Nutt. /t/W/ (Ch (Hp)> Dry, often rocky places, in the lowlands and foothills from s B.C. (collection in CAN from the Skagit R., se of Hope, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1905; collection in V, verified by Calder, from Hedley, about 20 mi se of Princeton) and Mont, to Calif, and N.Mex. [Coleosanthus Ktze.; B. linifolia Eat.]. CACALIA L, [9409] Indian-plantain 1 Heads many-flowered, their involucres with up to about 15 phyllaries. 2 Leaves triangular, acute, rather coarsely and doubly serrate, hastate at base but otherwise unlobed; involucre subtended by several linear-attenuate calculate brackets, with up to 30 flowers [C. suaveolens] 2 Leaves cordate-rotund to reniform, palmately cleft, their segments again coarsely toothed or lobed (resembling those of Petasites palmatus but lacking divergent callus-tipped teeth); involucre not subtended by calculate bractlets, with over 30 flowers; (sw B.C.) C. nardosmia 1 Heads with 5 or 6 florets, 4 or 5 phyllaries, and no calculate bractlets, 3 Principal leaves broadly cordate-reniform, to about twice as broad as long, very coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed, their petioles conspicuously auriculate- clasping; receptacle plane; (Aleutian Is.) C. auriculata 3 Principal leaves rarely noticeably broader than long, their petioles not auricled; receptacle commonly with a thickish fringe-like protuberance in the centre. 4 Leaves green, lance-ovate or oval, entire or shallowly toothed, strongly 5-7-nerved longitudinally; stem angled and grooved; (s Ont.) C. tuberosa 4 Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, pinnately veined, the larger ones triangular- ovate to cordate; stem terete; (?Ont) [C. atriplicifolia] [C. atriplicifolia L.] Pale Indian-plantain [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Minn, and N.Y.) from Canada by Hooker (1834; this perhaps the basis of the w Ont. report by Torrey and Gray noted by John Macoun 1884) is probably based upon some habitally similar species such as Prenanthes altissima. ( Mesadenia Raf,; Senecio Hook.).] C. auriculata DC. /sT/W/eA/ (Hp) Thickets and subalpine meadows of the westernmost Aleutian Is. ( see Hulten 1950: map 1190, p. 1682); e Asia. [Inch var. kamtschatica (Maxim.) Matsum.]. map: Hulten 1968b:924. C. nardosmia Gray /T/W/ (Grh (Hs)) Meadows and open woods at moderate to high elevations from sw B.C. (Cascade Mts.; Boivin 1966b) to Calif. [Luina Cronq.; Cacaliopsis Gray; incl. var. glabrata (Piper) Boivin]. 1513 Compositae [C, suaveolens L.] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Iowa and Conn.) from N.S. by Lindsay (1878; Windsor, Hants Co.) is based upon Erechtites hieracifolia var. intermedia, the relevant collection in NSPM. (Synosma Raf.).j C. tuberosa Nutt. /t/EE/ (Grt (Gst)) Damp fields, prairies, and marly bogs from Minn, to s Ont. (Lambton, Huron, and Bruce counties; CAN; TRT), s to Tex. and Ala. [Mesadenia Britt.]. [CALENDULA L.] [9423] 1 Fruiting heads drooping; outer achenes narrow and not greatly curved, the middle ones boat-shaped, the innermost ones curved into a complete ring; leaves all oblong- lanceolate [C. arvensis] 1 Fruiting heads erect; achenes all or mostly incurved and boat-shaped; lower leaves oblong-ovate [C. officinalis] [C. arvensis L.] [European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in sw B.C. (Carter and Newcombe 1921; Victoria, Vancouver Is.), Man. (Boivin 1966b), and N B. (St. John, where taken by G.U. Hay in 1882; CAN).] [C. officinalis L] Pot-Marigold [European1 an occasional garden-escape in N. America but scarcely established, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Herb. V), Ont. (Boivin 19666), Que. (Rawdon, about 50 mi n of Montreal; Ste-Flavie. sw Gaspd Pen ), Nfld (Rouleau 1956), and N.S. (Annapolis; CAN, detd. Boivin).] CARDUUS L. [9461] Plumeless Thistle 1 Heads mostly solitary and nodding; involucre to 5 cm thick, its phyllaries to 8 or 9 mm broad, the outer ones abruptly contracted to the strong-spined spreading or reflexed tip; stems usually lacking spiny wings for some distance below the red-purple heads . ... C. nutans 1 Heads often clustered, not nodding; phyllaries less than 2 mm broad, tapering into a weak spine; heads usually red-purple (sometimes white or yellowish). 2 Involucre hemispherical, to 2.5 cm thick, its outer phyllaries somewhat herbaceous and spreading; leaves slightly hairy beneath (chiefly along the main veins); plant very strongly spiny, the tough stem spiny-winged to the heads C. acanthoides 2 Involucre ovoid, less than 1 ,5 cm thick, its rigid outer phyllaries scarcely spreading; leaves tomentose beneath; plant weakly spiny; stem brittle, spiny-winged to just below the heads C. crispus C. acanthoides L. European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ; Gillett 1958), Que. (St-Armand, Missisquoi Co,; Dundee, Huntingdon Co.), and N.S. (Yarmouth, Yarmouth Co ), map: G.A. Mulligan and C. Frankton, Can. Field-Nat. 68(1 ):33. 1954. The typical form has purple flowers. Forma albiflora (L.) Gross (flowers white) is known from Grey Co., s Ont. Forma ochranthus Wallr. (flowers creamy yellow) is known from near Wiarton, Bruce Co., s Ont. A hybrid with C. nutans (x C. orthocephalus Wallr.) is reported from Grey Co., s Ont., by R.J. Moore and G.A. Mulligan (Can. J. Bot. 34(1 );72. 1955) and a white-flowered phase of this purported parentage, f. mulliganii Boivin, is reported from the type locality, Flesherton, Grey Co., s Ont, by Boivin (1967a). C. crispus L. Welted Thistle Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Inglewood and Sneigrove, Peel Co.; Mulligan and Frankton, loc. cit.), N.B. (near St. John; John Macoun 1884), and N.S. (Cumberland, Pictou, and Cape Breton counties), map: Mulligan and Frankton, loc. cit., p. 33. 1514 Centaurea C. nutans L. Musk-Thistle Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. {Chilcotin; CAN, detd. Frankton), Sask, (n to Wilkie, about 30 mi sw of North Battleford; Breitung 1957a), Man. (Haywood, about 20 mi s of Portage la Prairie; DAO), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist. ; Gillett 1958), Que. (n to L. St. John), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld. (Avalon Pen.; DAO), N.B. (Kent and Northumberland counties), and N.S. [Incl. C. leiophyllus var. vestitus Hal. (C. nutans var. ?petrovicii Arenes) and C. macrocephalus Desf.]. map: Mulligan and Frankton, loc. cit., p. 33. Some of our material is referable to the glabrous extreme, var. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Arenes (C. leiophyllus Petr.), map: Mulligan and Frankton, loc. cit., p. 33. CENTAUREA L. [9476] Star-Thistle, Knapweed. Centauree 1 At least the middle and outer phyliaries tipped with a rigid spine, this spinose-ciliate along the lower margins; marginal flowers not enlarged; annuals or biennials; (star-thistles; introd.). 2 Stem and branches narrowly winged by the decurrent bases of the progressively reduced leaves, the larger (lower) leaves to about 2 dm long and 5 cm broad, some of them usually deeply lyrate-pinnatifid (middle leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceo- late and remotely dentate, the upper ones linear or linear-oblong and entire); involucres subglobose, to over 1.5 cm high, not leafy at base; flowers yellow, at least the central ones with a pappus. 3 Larger spines of the phyliaries mostly 1 or 2 cm long; inner phyliaries tipped with a small dilated hyaline appendage; marginal flowers lacking a pappus, that of the inner flowers mostly 3-5 mm long; leaves persistently tomentose (as also the involucres), the basal and lower cauline ones deeply lyrate-pinnatifid; (introd. from Sask. to S Ont.) C. solstitialis 3 Larger spines of the phyliaries at most 9 mm long; inner phyliaries weakly spinose or merely tapering, not at all enlarged apically, generally purple-tinged; flowers all with a pappus, this mostly 1,5-3 mm long; leaves lightly cobwebby when young (not tomentose), the basal and lower cauline ones dentate to lyrate-pinnatifid; (introd. in s B.C.) C. melitensis 2 Stem merely angled (not winged); leaves mostly smaller, the principal ones all deeply pinnatifid, only the upper ones becoming irregularly dentate or entire; involucres ovoid, to about 1 cm long; flowers lacking a pappus. 4 Phyllary-spine slender, rarely as much as 5 mm long; involucres not leafy at base; flowers creamy or sometimes purplish; (introd. in s B.C. and s Alta.) C. diffusa 4 Phyllary-spine very stout, to over 3 cm long, 3 or 4 mm broad at the base; involucre subtended by a whorl of entire or irregularly dentate reduced leaves; flowers purple; (introd. on Vancouver Is. and in s Ont.) C. calcitrapa 1 Phyliaries not spiny, the terminal appendage at most minutely prickly; (knapweeds; introd.). 5 Principal stem-leaves pinnately divided into linear to lanceolate, entire to pinnatifid segments; flowers purplish, the marginal ones enlarged and falsely radiate; pappus to 2 or 3 mm long. 6 Involucre to 2.5 cm high, its cobwebby middle and outer phyliaries with dark pectinate horseshoe-shaped strongly decurrent tips to about 6 mm long; pappus mostly at least 3 mm long; more or less hirsute perennial from a stout taproot, the summit of the caudex clothed with the elongate fibrous remnants of previous years' leaves; (introd. in sw B.C. and from s Ont. to Nfld. and N.B.) C, scabiosa 6 Involucre to about 1.5 cm high, its smooth, strongly ribbed, middle and outer phyliaries with only slightly decurrent dark pectinate tips 1 or 2 mm long; pappus to 2 mm long, or rarely wanting; canescent and more or less glandular-punctate biennial with bushy-branched wiry stems; (introd. in s B.C. and from Ont. to N.S.) ...... C. maculosa 5 Principal stem-leaves simple or at most coarsely toothed or lyrate-based. 7 Flowers yellow, the outer ones not enlarged; heads large, to about 1 dm broad; 1515 Compositae 7 leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrate, scabrous; (introd. in sw Que.) [C. macrocephala] Flowers not yellow; heads smaller. 8 Involucre pale green, to 1 .5 cm high, the middle and outer phyllaries with subentire broad unappendaged silvery-hyaline tips, the inner with narrower plumose-hairy tips; flowers roseate or purplish, the marginal ones not enlarged; pappus to over 1 cm long, deciduous; leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire, dentate, or slightly pinnatifid, cobwebby to glabrate; coarse bushy-branched perennial from a deep, blackish rhizome, rooting at the creeping base; (introd, from B.C. to s Ont.) C. repens 8 Involucre brownish to nearly black at least at the tips of the phyllaries (or pale green in C. cyanus) \ pappus none or at most about 3 mm long. 9 White-flocculent annual with linear to narrowly lanceolate, essentially entire leaves less than 1 cm broad; involucre to about 1.5 cm high; middle phyllaries terminated by a white or silvery (often darkened), lacerate or pectinate, relatively narrow horseshoe-shaped appendage; flowers blue, violet, pink, or white, the outer ones enlarged and falsely radiate; pappus usually 2 or 3 mm long; (introd.. transcontinental) C. cyanus 9 Green perennials or biennials with lanceolate to elliptic, entire to toothed stem-leaves and lanceolate to broadly oblanceolate or oval, entire to sinuate or more or less pinnatifid rosette-leaves. 10 Leaves entire or merely toothed, broadly lanceolate to obovate- oblanceolate. toothed, silvery-white when young, their bases decurrent on the stem; flowers blue, the marginal ones enlarged and falsely radiate; phyllaries with black, fringed margins; perennial, often stoloniferous; (introd. in s B.C. and from Ont. to Nfld. and N,B.) C. montana 10 At least the basal or rosette-leaves usually sinuate to more or less lobed or pinnatifid; flowers roseate to rose-purple; at least the middle phyllaries tipped with a conspicuous ovate to orbicular scarious appendage. 1 1 Phyllary-appendages entire, erose, or irregularly lacerate (not regularly toothed or pectinate), tan to dark brown, the inner ones often strongly 2-cleft; involucre to 2.5 cm high; stem-leaves hard, usually with a pair of short narrow lobes at base; rosette-leaves entire or more or less pinnatifid; marginal flowers enlarged and falsely radiate; pappus none; plant glabrous or somewhat cob- webby; (introd. on Vancouver Is. and in Ont. and Que.) C. jacea 1 1 Phyllary-appendages (of at least the middle and lower phyllaries) regularly pectinate or toothed, seldom obviously 2-cleft; plants usually more or less rough-puberulent. 12 Middle and outer phyllaries with conspicuous greenish blades and blackish pectinate appendages mostly not over 3 mm long; pressed involucre at least as high as broad; pappus usually none; marginal flowers enlarged and falsely radiate; lower leaves mostly oblanceolate, often coarsely and irregularly few-lobed; (introd. on Vancouver Is. and in S Ont.) C. dubia 12 Middle and outer phyllaries with tawny to blackish, pectinate or fringed appendages to 6 mm long and hiding the blades; pressed involucre usually broader than high; pappus usually evident; lower leaves usually merely more or less sinuate. 13 Marginal flowers not enlarged; involucre deep brown to blackish. 14 Stem-leaves elliptic to oblong, the uppermost ones blunt; fringe of appendages only about as long as the breadth of the blade; (introd. in St-Pierre and Miquelon and N.S.) C. nigrescens 1516 Centaurea 14 Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost reduced ones pointed; fringe of median appendages 2 or 3 times as long as the breadth of the blade; (introd. in s B.C, and from Ont. to the Atlantic Provinces) C. nigra 13 Marginal flowers enlarged and falsely radiate; involucre tawny, rarely blackish; (var. radiata; introd. in s Ont., Nfld., and N.S.) C. nigra C. calcitrapa L. Star-Thistle, Caltrops Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria and Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; CAN; V) and s Ont. (Middlesex, Waterloo, York, Grey, and Perth counties; CAN; OAC; TRT). C. cyanus L. Bachelor's-button, Bluebottle, Cornflower. Bleuet European; a garden-escape to roadsides, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in B.C, (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Kootenay L.), Alta, (n to near Notikewin, ca. 57°N; Groh 1949), Man. (n to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to North Bay and Ottawa), Que. (n to the s Gaspe Pen. at Carleton; GH), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; s Greenland. C. diffusa Lam. Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America and rapidly spreading, as in s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Cache Creek, Kamloops, and Vernon; particularly abundant near Grand Forks, near the U.S.A. boundary w of Trail) and s Alta. (Boivin 1966b). C. dubia Suter Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.; Herb. V) and s Ont. (Norfolk, Middlesex, Bruce, Waterloo, Wellington, and Carleton counties). At least our Ont. material is referable to ssp. vochinensis (Bernh.) Hayek (C. voch. Bernh.; upper stem-leaves rather abruptly reduced rather than passing gradually into the branch-leaves; the short dark tips of the involucral phyllaries contrasting strongly with the pale body rather than not conspicuously contrasting). C. jacea L. European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.: Henry 1915), Ont. (N to North Bay and Ottawa), Que. (n to Val-d’Or, 48°06'N; Baldwin 1958); s Greenland. jlncl. var. iacera Koch]. A hybrid with C. nigra is reported by Gaiser and Moore (1966) as occupying large stands near Sarnia, Lambton Co., s Ont. [C. macrocephala Puschk.] [A native of Armenia; cult, as an ornamental in N. America and reported from sw Que. by Boivin (1966b; Hull), where presumably a garden-escape but scarcely established.] C. maculosa Lam. European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America and rapidly spreading, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland n to Kamloops and Revelstoke; CAN; V), Ont. (n to the se shore of L. Superior at Pancake Bay), Que, (n to Montebello and the Montreal dist.), N.B. (Boivin 1966b), and N.S. (Kings Co.; CAN; ACAD), [C. paniculata Bieb., not L.J. C. melitensis L. European; occasionally introd, in waste places and on ballast in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Nanaimo and Esquimault, Vancouver Is.; Henry 1915). 1517 Compositae C. montana L. Mountain-Bluet European; a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in sw B,C. (Vancouver Is. and Chilliwack; Herb. V), s Ont. (Guelph, Wellington Co.; OAC), Que. (n to near Quebec City; Marcel Raymond and James Kucyntak, Rhodora 50(595); 179. 1948), Nfld. (St. John's; GH), and N.B. (Fredericton and Dalhousie; CAN). C. nigra L. Knapweed, Spanish-buttons European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Vancouver; Nakusp, about 50 mi se of Revelstoke; Westwold, about 25 mi se of Kamloops), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld,, N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. Var. radiata DC. (marginal florets enlarged, the heads falsely radiate rather than discoid and usually paler than in the typical form) is known from s Ont. (Lambton Co.; OAC), Nfld. (GH), and NS. (Kings and Hants counties). The typical form has rose-purple flowers. Forma pallens Spenn (flowers whitish) is reported from e Que., St-Pierre and Miquelon, and N.S. by Boivin (1966b). C. nigrescens Willd. European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in St-Pierre and Miquelon (Fernald in Gray 1950) and N.S. (Middleton, Annapolis Co.; CAN; GH), C. repens L. Russian Knapweed, Turkestan Thistle Asiatic; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America and rapidly spreading as a noxious weed, as in B.C, (N to Vanderhoof, w of Prince George at ca, 54°N), Alta. (Lacombe and Blackfalds; Groh 1944b), Sask. (n to near Landis and Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), sw Man. (Hartney; Melita; Boissevain), and s Ont. (Brant, York, Simcoe, and Frontenac counties). [C, (Acroptiton) picris Pall.]. C. scabiosa L. Knapweed Eurasian; introd. or a garden-escape to roadsides, fields, and pastures in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Herb. V), s Ont. (Wellington and Peel counties), Que. (Farnham, Missisquoi Co.; Carleton and St-Omer, s Gaspe Pen,), Nfld. (Rouleau 1956), and N.B. (Boivin 1966b). C. solstitialis L. Yellow Star-Thistle, Barnaby s Thistle Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in Sask. (Scott, about 30 mi sw of North Battleford; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Shellmouth, about 100 mi nw of Brandon; DAO), and s Ont. (Huron, Middlesex, and Wellington counties). CHAENACTIS DC. [9299] C. douglasii (Hook.) H. & A. /T/W/ (Hs) Dry, often sandy or rocky places at low to fairly high elevations from s B.C. (chiefly valleys of the Dry Interior n to near Lillooet, Spences Bridge, Nicola, and Vernon, e to Cascade, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Trail; the report from the Belly R., s Alta., by John Macoun 1884, may refer to some habitally similar species such as Aster tanacetifolius or Hymenopappus filifolius, these both known from that locality; Macoun s report from Wood Mountain, s Sask., also requires clarification) and Mont, to Calif., Ariz., and Colo. [Hymenopappus Hook.; incl. the reduced alpine extremes, var. alpina Gray (C, alpina (Gray) Jones) and var. montana Jones], map: Palmer Stockwell, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 3(4): pi. 41, p, 163. 1940. CHRYSANTHEMUM L [9341] Chrysanthemum. Chrysantheme 1 Heads discoid or nearly so (rayless or with minute white rays), the disk to 7 mm broad; pappus with a minute crown; leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate, closely crenate, often with a pair of small lobes at base, the radical ones long-petioled, the cauline ones sessile or nearly so; coarse fragrant perennial; (introd,) C. balsamita 1 Heads radiate; plant not fragrant (but sometimes with a pungent odour). 2 Rays yellow; annuals; (introd.). 1518 Chrysanthemum 3 Principal leaves rather shallowly pinnatifid; ray-achenes narrowly 2-winged; rays golden yellow C. segetum 3 Principal leaves pinnate-pinnatifid; ray-achenes narrowly 3-winged; rays yellow or yellowish white C, coronarium 2 Rays white; perennials, 4 Leaves linear, entire, to about 2 cm long, villous, chiefly basal or sub-basal, the cauline ones mostly bract-like; stem usually less than 1 dm tall, 1 -flowered, woolly above, branching at base; (Alaska and n B.C. to Baffin Is. and n Gue.) C. integrifolium 4 Leaves broader in outline, more or less toothed or lobed; stem usually taller. 5 Leaves 2-pinnatifid into ovate, irregularly cut divisions, finely puberulent at least beneath; heads small, several to many in a corymbiform inflorescence; disk not over 1 cm broad; rays less than 1 cm long; plant bushy-branched; (introd.) C. parthenium 5 Leaves serrate to deeply lobed or 1 -pinnatifid; heads larger. 6 Stem not over 5 dm tall, with usually a solitary flower to 4 cm broad {including rays); leaves glabrous, rather fleshy, the upper ones linear, the lower ones cuneate-spatulate and with triangular lobes; {Alaska and n B.C. to N Que.) C. arcticum 6 Stem to over 1 m tall; heads often broader; (introd.). 7 Stem-leaves acute to acuminate, deeply and sharply serrate with forward-pointing teeth; heads numerous; stem much branched, to 2 m tall C. uliginosum 7 Stem-leaves obtuse or subacute, not deeply toothed. 8 Heads relatively small; leaves remotely toothed or notched; stem simple or little branched, rarely as much as 1 m tall; (trans- continental) C. leucanthemum 8 Heads large and showy, often “doubled”; leaves shallowly and closely toothed; stem branched toward the top [C. lacustre] [C. alpinum L.] [European; according to Polunin (1959), this species (not keyed out above) “has been reported to grow in West Greenland, presumably as an ephemerophyte.’’] C. arcticum L. /aSs/(X)/EA/ (Hsr) Coastal salt-marshes and muddy, gravelly, or rocky shores from nw B.C. (Larcom Is., Observatory Inlet, near the s tip of the Alaska Panhandle at ca. SS^N, where taken by McEvoy in 1893; CAN), the Aleutian Is., and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to ne Man. (York Factory and Churchill), n Ont. (Hudson Bay-James Bay s to ca. 52°N), islands in James Bay, and nw Que. (Hudson Strait s to se James Bay at ca. 51°45'N); ne Europe; ne Asia. [Leucanthemum DC.], maps: Eric Hulten 19686:893 (combine the maps for ssp. arct. and ssp. poL), and Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 43(2/3): fig. 10, p. 404. 1949. Our more northern material is referable to the reduced extreme, ssp. polare Hult. ( Leucan- themum (Dendranthema) hultenii Love & Love; Cakile edentula sensu Lowe 1943, not (Bigel.) Hook., the relevant collection in Herb. Man. Prov. Mus., Winnipeg), map: Hulten 19686:893. C. balsamita L, Costmary, Mint-geranium Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Fort Langley; Groh 1946), Sask. (Boivin 19666), Ont. (n to the e shore of L. Superior at Batchawana Bay; Hosie 1938), Que. (N to gravelly shores at Port Daniel, S Gaspe Pen.; MT; GH), and N.S. (Granville, Annapolis Co.; GH). [Balsamita Rydb.; Tanacetum L,; incl. the completely rayless extreme, var. tanacetoides Boiss., to which much of our material appears referable], C. coronarium L. Garland-Chrysanthemum European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in s Ont. (Tillsonburg, Oxford Co., where taken by John Macoun in 1901 ; CAN) and N.B. (ballast at St. John; Fowler 1885). 1519 Compositae C. integrifolium Richards. /aSs/X/eA/ (Ch (Hr)) Gravelly or rocky calcareous barrens and solrfluction areas from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Devon Is., and Baffin Is., s to northernmost B.C. (s to Summit Pass at 58°31'N; CAN), Great Bear L., Southampton Is., and northernmost Que. (Akpatok Is., Ungava Bay; Nicholas Polunin, J. Bot. 72:204. 1934); n Kamchatka and ne Siberia. [Leucanthemum DC.], maps: Hulten 19686:895; Porsild 1957: map 316. p. 200; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 7, sheet 38; Fernald 1925: map 60 (incomplete northwards), p. 325. The type locality was given as ‘On the Copper Mountains ’, probably near Coronation Gulf on the Coppermine R., n Dist. Mackenzie. [C. lacustre Brot] Portuguese Daisy [European; cult, as an ornamental in N. America and reported by Boivin (1966b) as introd. at Ottawa, Ont., where, however, probably not established,] C. leucanthemum L. Ox-eye-Daisy. Marguerite Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields, meadows, pastures, and waste places in N. America, as in the e Aleutian Is., Alaska (n to ca. 61°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N), B.C., Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°34fN), Sask. (n to Montreal Lake, 54°03'N), Man. (N to Churchill), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to e James Bay at ca. 51°30'N and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; sw Greenland. [Leucanthemum Rydb.;L. vulgare Lam.; incl. var. subpinnatifidum Fern.], map: Hulten 19686:894. Our material includes diploid (2n = 18) and tetraploid (2n = 36) taxa, separated by T.W. Bocher and K. Larsen (Watsonia 4(1);11-16. 1957) as follows: 1 Lower leaves often subpinnatifid, with irregular alternating lobes or teeth; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, with pinnatifid bases but not very regularly toothed; [diploid, the pollen-grains averaging slightly smaller than those of the tetraploid race; "Frequent in north-west Europe”] C. leucanthemum 1 Lower leaves regularly toothed but not lobed; upper leaves averaging somewhat broader, regularly and mostly closely toothed, not or only slightly pinnatifid at base; [tetraploid; the more widespread Eurasian phase; C. leuc. var. ?boecheri Boivin] ....... C. ircutianum Turcz. C. leucanthemum as interpreted above is evidently the widespread N. American plant separated as var. pinnatifidum Lee. & Lam. (var. laciniatum Vis.; Leucanthemum ircutianum var. pinn. (Lee. & Lam.) Love & Bernard). The tetraploid plant, on the other hand, although the common Eurasian phase, is relatively localized in its N. American distribution. For further discussion, see M.L. Fernald (Rhodora 5(55):177-81 , 1903), Love and Bernard (1959), and G.A. Mulligan (Rhodora 60(71 3): 122-25. 1958). C. parthenium (L.) Bernh. Feverfew Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent mainland; CAN; V), s Ont. (n to Victoria and Stormont counties), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at York), N.B. (Fowler 1879), P.E.I. (Herbert Groh, Sci. Agric. 7(10):390. 1927), and N.S. (Mill Brook, Pictou Co.; ACAD; CAN). [Matricaria L.; Leucanthemum Godr.]. C. segetum L. Corn-Marigold Eurasian; a garden-escape to roadsides, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in the w Aleutian Is. (Kiska), s Ont. (Lambton, Norfolk, and Wellington counties), ?Que. (Boivin 19666), Nfld. (St. Anthony; GH), N.B. (wharf-ballast at St. John and Carleton; CAN), P.E.I. (Hurst 1952), and N.S. (Truro; MT). map: Hulten 19686:894. C. uliginosum Pers. High Daisy European; a local garden-escape in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 19666), Ont. (Ottawa dist.; Morrtsburg, Dundas Co.), and sw Que. (Lachine, near Montreal, where first taken by Kucyniak in 1939; GH; MT; reported by James Kucyniak, Rhodora 47(563):389-90. 1945, as still well established at this later date in a moist depression in a pasture). [Pyrethrum Waldst. & Kit.]. 1520 Chrysothamnus CHRYSOPSIS Ell. [8844] Golden Aster t Leaves linear-attenuate to -oblong, silvery-pubescent, often arching or falcate, with nearly parallel nerves or ribs; involucres campanulate; achenes compressed-fusiform; (introd. in s Ont.) C. falcata 1 Leaves typically oblanceolate to oblong, not parallel-nerved; involucres hemispherical; achenes obovate, more or less flattened; (B.C. to Man.) C. viilosa C. falcata (Pursh) Ell. Native in dry sandy soil of the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Mass, to N.J. There is a collection in DAO from along railway tracks w of Toronto, Ont., where taken by Sharp in 1949. According to W.J. Cody (Rhodora 54(648);308. 1952), "The plant had what appeared to be good fruit and, since it is a perennial, it is quite possible that the species may persist and spread as a weed." C. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hp) Dry prairies, dunes, and roadsides from B.C. (n to Hudson Hope, ca. 56°N; Raup 1934), Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan; CAN), Sask. {n to Carlton, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert), and Man. (n to Bield, about 120 mi nw of Brandon), s to Calif., N.Mex., Okla., Mo., III., and w Ind. [Amelias Pursh; Diplopappus Hook.; C. bakeri and C. hirsutissima Greene; C. ballardii Rydb.; incl. the narrow-leaved extreme, var. angustifolia (Rydb.) Cronq. (C. ang. Rydb.)]. Some of our material is referable to var, hispida (Hook.) Gray (Diplopappus (C.) hispidus Hook.; C. arida Nels.; C. barbata and C. butleri Rydb.; C. columbiana Greene; pubescence of leaves and involucre consisting of spreading hairs (these sometimes glandular) rather than appressed and seldom glandular). CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. [8855] Rabbit-brush, Rabbit-bush 1 Plant more or less felted-tomentose; leaves not much twisted, at most 3 mm broad and with 3 nerves; involucres to 13 mm high, with usually at least 20 phyllaries; disk-corollas to about 1 cm long; (B.C. to Sask.) C. nauseosus 1 Plant glabrous or minutely spreading-puberulent, not at all tomentose; leaves often twisted, to 1 cm broad and with up to 5 nerves; involucres Jo 8 mm high, with about 15 phyllaries; disk-corollas to 7 mm long; (s B.C.) C. viscidiflorus C. nauseosus (Pall.) Britt. /T/WW/ (N) Dry valleys, plains, and foothills (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., n Mexico, and Tex. 1 Plant woody only at base and seldom over 6 dm tall; [Chrysocoma Pall.; Chrysothamnus frigidus and C. plattensis Greene; C. pulcherrimus Nels.; s B.C. (n to Kamloops), s Alta. (Moss 1959), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Cadillac; Val Marie)] var. nauseosus 1 Plant more woody, to about 2 m tall. 2 Phyllaries (at least the outer ones) more or less tomentose-puberulent; tomentum of leaves and twigs relatively dense and persistent, greyish or sometimes white; [C. speciosus var. alb. Nutt.; C. macounii Greene; s B.C.] var. albicaulis (Nutt.) Rydb. 2 Phyllaries nearly or quite glabrous; tomentum of leaves thin and less persistent, that of the twigs close and usually light yellowish-green; [var. graveolens (Nutt.) Hall; C. (Bigelowia; Chrysocoma) graveolens (Nutt.) Greene; B. grav. vars. glab. and hololeuca Gray; S B.C. (Boivin 19666) and se Sask. (Estevan; Breitung 1957a)] var. glabratus (Gray) Cronq. C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. /t/WW/ (N) Dry valleys, plains, and foothills from s B.C. (apparently n to Cache Creek, w of Kamloops; see below) to N.Dak., s to Calif, and N.Mex. 1 Leaves to 4 mm broad, 1-3-nerved, they and the twigs glabrous or the leaves merely with marginal dilation; [Crinitaria Hook.; Bigelowia DC.; B. dougiasii Gray; reports from s B.C. apparently refer chiefly to var. lanceolatus] [var. viscidiflorus ] 1 Leaves and twigs more or less densely puberulent especially in the inflorescence. 1521 Composttae 2 Leaves to 1 cm broad, 3-5-nerved, seldom much twisted; [C. lanceolatus Nutt.; s B.C, (the reports of Bigelowia douglasii from Cache Creek, w of Kamloops, and from the upper valley of the Columbia R. within B.C. by John Macoun 1884, probably belong here] var. lanceolatus (Nutt.) Greene 2 Leaves mostly about 1 mm broad and 1 (3)-nerved, more or less twisted; [Linosyris vise . var, pub. Eat. (C. pub. (Eat.) Greene); reported from B.C. by Rydberg 1922, and a collection in CAN from L. Osoyoos appears referable here] . . . var. puberutus (Eat.) Jeps. CICHORIUM L. [9553] Chicory, Succory. Chicoree 1 Leaves glabrous, the basal ones merely sinuate-toothed to more or less deeply lobed; heads purple, the stalk of the terminal one conspicuously thickened; phyllaries glabrous; pappus up to 1/2 as long as the achenes; bracts commonly surpassing the heads; annual or biennial; (garden-escape in Alta.) [C. endivia] 1 Lower and basal leaves bristly-hairy at least on the midrib beneath, toothed to runcinate-pinnatifid; heads blue, pink, or white, the stalk of the terminal one less thickened; phyllaries glandular-bristly; pappus at most 1/8 as long as the achenes; bracts commonly shorter than the heads; stout deep-rooted perennial; (introd. , transcontinental) ...... C. intybus [C. endivia L.] Endive [Asiatic; cult, in N. America and reported as introd. in Alta, by Boivin (1966b: Lethbridge), where undoubtedly not established.] C. intybus L. Blue Sailors Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, often locally abundant, as in B.C. (n to Kamloops and Sicamous), Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan), Sask., Man. (n to Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Thunder Bay and Cochrane, ca. 49TM), Gue. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (Boivin 1966b), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. Forma album Neum. (flowers white rather than bright blue (or pink in f. roseum Neum.)) is known from s Ont. (Ajax, Ontario Co.; OAC) and sw Que. (Montreal; MT). CIRSIUM Mill. [9462] Common or Plumed Thistle, Chardon 1 Flowering stems arising from extensively creeping and freely sprouting perennial roots; heads unisexual, the pappus of the pistillate heads surpassing the pink-purple (sometimes white) corollas, that of the staminate heads shorter than the corollas; involucre 1 or 2 cm high; outer phyllaries tipped with a weak prickle about 1 mm long; (introd.) C. arvense 1 Flowering stems arising from the centre of the previous year’s basal rosette, the root biennial or perennial; flowers perfect in all heads; involucre mostly higher. 2 Upper half of stem and branches with prickly elongate wings decurrent from the leaf-bases nearly or quite to the node below; flowers purple; (introd.). 3 Involucre to over 3 cm high, nearly all of its linear to lanceolate phyllaries tipped with long spreading prickles; heads mostly scattered; leaves scabrous-hispid and green above, thinly white-woolly beneath; stem to about 2 m tall C. vulgare 3 Involucre to about 1 .5 cm high, the ovate-lanceolate outer phyllaries tipped with a prickle about 1 mm long, the inner phyllaries with soft purple linear tips; heads clustered; leaves green and hirsute above, paler and pubescent beneath; stem rarely over 1 2 dm tall C. palustre 2 Stem and branches not long-winged, the leaves not at all or only slightly decurrent, more or less cobwebby-villous, lanate, or tomentose (or glabrous, especially above). 4 Flowers white or creamy (or often pale purple in C. foliosum): outer and middle phyllaries prickle-tipped. 5 Leaves with a very narrowly winged rachis and remote, linear, entire or basally few-toothed segments commonly 3 or 4 cm long, densely and persistently 1522 Cirsium white-tomentose beneath (less so above), the stem also densely white- tomentose; involucre to 3 cm high, the outer ovate phyllaries tipped with prickles to about 2 mm long, the inner ones with a slender weak bristle; (sandy shores of the Great Lakes in s Ont.) C. pitcher! 5 Leaves with a very broadly winged rachis, the ovate segments commonly less than twice as long as basally broad. 6 Stem and lower leaf-surfaces densely and persistently white-tomentose, not at all cobwebby, the leaves soon green and subglabrate above; involucre commonly about 2 cm high, the outer and middle phyllaries with short spine-tips and some of them with a dark thickened glutinous dorsal ridge; inflorescence open, the heads terminating the main branches; plant tending to spread by short creeping roots; (?Sask.) [C. brevifolium] 6 Stem more or less cobwebby; leaves thinly tomentose or subglabrous beneath, cobwebby or subglabrate above; involucre commonly higher, its phyllaries nearly or quite lacking a thickened glutinous dorsal ridge; inflorescence compact, the heads commonly sessile or short-peduncled in a terminal cluster; creeping roots nearly or quite wanting; (B.C. and Alta.; C. foliosum also in e Que.). 7 Phyllaries relatively broad (middle and outer ones mostly lanceolate to narrowly ovate) and more or less distinctly overlapping below, generally glabrous or nearly so, the outer ones with short spine-tips, some of the inner ones often with dilated fringed tips; stem thick and succulent to summit; (B.C. and Alta.; e Que.) C. foliosum 7 Phyllaries of involucre relatively narrow and gradually tapering, mostly narrowly lance-linear, more or less strongly cobwebby (especially along the margins), rarely any of them with dilated fringed tips; stem tapering and becoming slender above. 8 Plant very strongly spiny; corollas usually less than 2 cm long; phyllaries with terminal spines to about 1 cm long; (?Alta.) [C. poly phy Hum] 8 Plant only moderately spiny; corollas usually over 2 cm long; phyllaries with short spine-tips; (B.C. and Alta.) C. hookerianum 4 Flowers normally pink-purple to purplish red. 9 Leaves densely and persistently white-tomentose beneath; phyllaries rather narrowly lanceolate or lance-ovate, commonly not over 3 or 4 mm broad, the outer and middle ones spine-tipped and often with a dark thickened glutinous dorsal ridge; inflorescence loose, the head or heads terminating long branches. 10 Upper leaf-surfaces green and glabrous or merely minutely hirsute; involucre 2 or 3 cm high. 1 1 Principal stem-leaves divided nearly to midrib into linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, remote, simple or forking lobes, the spines strongly developed; inner phyllaries with long-attenuate tips; (se Man. to Que.) C. discolor 1 1 Principal stem-leaves undivided, the narrowly oblanceolate to oblong- ovate blade merely sinuate-toothed or undulate-pinnatifid, with weakly developed spines; some of the inner phyllaries with a lanceolate or deltoid, usually serrulate, dilated tip [C, altissimum] 1 0 Upper leaf-surfaces persistently more or Jess grey-tomentose, 12 Involucre rarely over 2.5 cm high; principal stem-leaves deeply pinnatifid to near midrib into narrowly lanceolate divisions mostly 3-7 mm broad; achenes mostly 3 or 4 mm long; relatively slender plants with a tendency to spread by slender short-lived creeping roots, the individual plants producing deep taproots; (B.C. to w Ont.; introd. eastwards) C. flodmanii 12 Involucre usually at least 4 cm high; principal leaves rather shallowly 1523 Compositae lobed into broader divisions; achenes to 7 mm long; stouter plants with creeping roots poorly or scarcely developed; (B.C. to sw ?Man.) C. undulatum 9 Leaves not densely white-tomentose beneath; phyllaries mostly lacking a distinct thickened glutinous dorsal ridge (except sometimes in C. pumilum). 13 Outer phyllaries blunt or merely with a sharp-toothed tip; heads commonly several or many; involucre to 3.5 cm high; (Sask. to s Labrador, Nfld. , and N.S.) ......... C. muticum 13 Outer phyllaries distinctly spine-tipped; heads solitary or few in terminal clusters. 14 Outer phyllaries chartaceous, ovate, to about 7 mm broad; involucre to 4 or 5 cm high; leaves deeply lobed to at least half their breadth, the upper stem-leaves surpassing the heads (plants sometimes nearly or quite stemless); (B.C. to w Ont.) C. drummondii 14 Outer phyllaries lanceolate to lance-ovate, commonly less than 4 mm broad; involucre to 3 or 4 cm high. 15 Involucre subglabrous or only sparsely cobwebby, its inner phyllaries dilated below the slender tip into a narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, scarious and crisped appendage; (s Ont.) * C. pumilum 15 Involucre more or less strongly cobwebby, its inner phyllaries tapering uniformly and not dilated below the slender tip; (B.C.). 16 Corolla-tube less than 12 mm long, mostly less than twice as long as the dilated throat, the lobes to 1 cm long; style exserted at least 3 mm beyond the corolla-lobes C, edule 16 Corolla-tube at least 12 mm long, more than twice as long as the throat, the lobes to 4 mm long; style included or exserted at most 1 mm beyond the corolla-lobes C, brevistylum [C. altissimum (L.) Spreng.] [Reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (N.Dak. and Minn, to N.Y., s to Tex. and Fla.) from Canada are all apparently based upon the closely related C. discolor. See R A. Davidson (Brittonia 15(3):222-41 . 1963) and C. Frankton and R.J. Moore (Can. J. Bot. 41 {1 ): 73-84. 1963). The closely related C. heterophyllum (L.) Hill is reported by J. Groentved (Bot. Tidsskr. 44(2):253. 1937) as introd. in one place in w Greenland, where probably not established.] C. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle (but not native). Chadron or Chaudron Eurasian; a common weed of roadsides, cult, fields, pastures, and waste places in N. America, as in Alaska {Nto ca. 61°30'N), Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, ca. 62°N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 75(2); 68. 1961), and all the provinces (in Man., n to Churchill; in Ont.-Que., n to s James Bay); sw Greenland, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves strongly sinuate-pinnatifid and prickly-margined, glabrate in age var. arvense 2 Flowers pink-purple. 3 Phyllaries and stem greenish; [Serratula L.; Carduus Robs.; Cnicus Hoffm.; introd., transcontinental; map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:939] f. arvense 3 Phyllaries and stem purplish; [known from the type locality, Pagwa, Ont., and adjacent Moose Factory, s James Bay] f. rubricate Lepage 2 Flowers white; [frequent throughout the range of f. arvense] 4 Stem and lower surface of the entire or merely undulate, nearly prickleless leaves densely white-tomentose; [Sask. (near Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Love and Bernard 1959), and s Ont (Soper 1949)] var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab. 4 Stem and leaves green. 5 Leaves entire or shallowly crenate, nearly prickleless; [Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), s Man. (Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (Kent, Oxford, and Wellington counties), and Que. (near Montreal)] var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab. 1524 Cirsium 5 Leaves undulate-lobed and with a few fine short prickles; [B.C. (Vancouver Is.), Alta. (Fort Saskatchewan), s Man. (Elkhorn; Virden; Methven; Winnipeg), and Ont. (n to Ottawa)] var. mite Wimm. & Grab. [C. brevifolium Nutt.] [The inclusion of Sask. in the range of this species of the w U S. A. (Wash., Idaho, and Oreg.) by Rydberg (1922) requires clarification, possibly being based upon the white-flowered form of either C. flodmanii or C. undulatum, See R.J. Moore and C. Frankton (Can. J. Bot. 41 (1 1 ): 1 559. 1963).] C. brevistylum Cronq. /t/W/ (Hs) Meadows and other moist open places at low to moderate elevations from B.C. (s Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; mainland n to Sicamous, about 35 mi sw of Revelstoke) and Mont, to Calif, map: R.J, Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 40(9): fig. 10, p. 1194. 1962. A hybrid with C. edule (x C. vancouverense Moore & Frankton) is known from several localities on s Vancouver Is. (type from Nanaimo), these indicated on the above-noted map. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. /T/EE/ (Hs) Moist open places and thickets from SE Man. (Winnipeg; Emerson, about 55 mi s of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to Stormont Co.; Dore and Gillett 1955), Que, (n to the Montreal dist.), and Maine, s to Mo., Tenn., and Ga. [Cnicus and Carduus Muhl.; Cnicus altissimus var. dis. (Muhl,) Gray], map: C. Frankton and R.J. Moore, Can. J. Bot. 41(1): fig. 6, p. 82. 1963, C. drummondii T. & G. /ST/WW/ (Hs) Moist open places from w-cent. Dist. Mackenzie (n to the type locality at Fort Franklin, sw end of Great Bear L. at ca. 65*N) and B.C. -Alta, to Sask. (n to Prince Albert; CAN), Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg; CAN), and w Ont. (Severn R. at ca. 55°N; nw shore of L. Superior), s to Calif., Ariz., and N.Mex. [Cnicus Gray; Carduus pumilus sensu Hooker 1833, not Nutt, ; incl. the nearly or quite stemless Cnicus dr. var. acaulescens Gray], maps: R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 42(4): fig. 10, p. 459. 1964, and 45(9): fig. 2, p. 1748. 1967. C. edule Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Wet meadows and moist open woods at low to rather high elevations from se Alaska (Hyder, ca. 55°N) through B.C. to Oreg. [Cnicus Gray; Carduus (Cirsium) macounii Greene], maps: Hulten 1968b 940; R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot, 40(9): fig. 9, p. 1193. 1962. The closely related C. kamtschaticum Ledeb. of e Asia is known from the westernmost Aleutian Is. (see Hulten 1950: map 1212, p, 1684). It may be distinguished from C. edule as follows: 1 Leaves narrowly to rather broadly oblong, more or less pinnatifid to coarsely toothed, sparsely arachnoid-villous on both surfaces C. edule 1 Leaves oval to oblong-ovate, deeply pinnatifid into broad lobes, nearly glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves beneath; [Cn/cus Maxim.; w Aleutian Is. and ne Asia; map: Hulten 19685:941] C. kamtschaticum Ledeb. C. flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur /T/WW/ (Gr) Moist prairies, fields, and clearings from Alta, (n to Fort Vermilion, 58°24fN) to Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to The Pas), and w Ont. (perhaps native at Malachi, about 35 mi nw of Kenora; probably introd. farther eastwards, as near Thunder Bay, the Timagami Provincial Forest, and Port Sydney, e of Georgian Bay, L. Huron), s to Mont, Colo., Iowa, and Minn.; introd. in Vt. and probably so in N.Y. and Que, (St-Jovite, Terrebonne Co.; Nominingue, Labelle Co.). [Carduus Rydb.; Cirsium canescens of auth., not Nutt.], maps: C. Frankton and R.J. Moore, Can. J, Bot. 39(1): fig. 9, p. 24, and fig. 11, p. 26. 1961. Concerning the sporadic eastern distribution, Frankton and Moore write, Whether these eastern sites are native stations or represent recent migration eastward through human agency is not clear .... The Ontario and Quebec specimens extend in an arc that suggests that they may be relicts of a more continuous distribution of early postglacial time.’1 Forma albiflorum D. Love 1525 Compositae (flowers white rather than purple) is known from Alta. (Boivin 19666), Sask. (Swift Current; Tyvan), and s Man. (Letellier, about 50 mi s of Winnipeg; type from near Langruth, about 80 mi nw of Winnipeg). Forma oblanceolatum (Rydb.) Love and Bernard ( Carduus (Cirsium) obi. Rydb.; not only the basal but also the cauline leaves entire or nearly so) is reported from se Man. by Love and Bernard (1959; near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg). C. foliosum (Hook.) DC. /sT/D/ (Hs) Meadows and other moist places at low to rather high elevations, the main area from the Yukon (N to ca. 62C30'N), sw Dist Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968), and n Alta. (L. Athabasca) through B.C. -Alta. to Calif., Ariz., and Colo.; isolated along calcareous shores of the Mingan Is., Cote-Nord, e Que., the type locality of C. minganense Viet. (var. ming. (Viet.) Boivin, this scarcely separable from the typical form). [Carduus Hook.; Cnicus Gray; incl. Cirsium minganense Viet.; C. ?scariosum Nutt.; C. drummondii of auth., not T. & G.J. maps: Hultdn 19686:968; Porsild 1966: map 150, p. 85; R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 42(4): map 9, p. 459. 1964, and 45(9): fig. 2, p. 1748. 1967 (expressing the opinion that the e Que. station of “C. minganense " resulted from a chance introduction). C. hookerianum Nutt. /T /W/ (Hs) Moist meadows, fields, and open rocky slopes at low to fairly high elevations from s B. C. (n to Cariboo and Williams Lake, ca. 52°N) and sw Alta. (N to Jasper) to n Wash. -Idaho and nw Mont. [Cn/ct/s Gray; Carduus Heller; Cnicus ?eriocephalus Gray], map: R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 43(5): fig. 5, p. 602. 1965. According to Hitchcock et at. (1955), “The Canadian specimens seem well characterized, but most of the specimens from s. of the border vary in the direction of C. foliosum, as if contaminated by introgression.'’ A hybrid with C. undulatum is reported from Merritt, s B.C., by Boivin (1967a). C. muticum Michx. Swamp-Thistle /T/EE/ (Hs) Swampy ground, thickets, and wet woods (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Tenn., La., and N.C. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Stem mostly less than 1 m tall; heads approximate or crowded; involucre often glabrous from the first; phyllaries glabrous or nearly so, glutinous; [Cnicus muticus var, mont. Fern.; Ont. (n to the Ekwan R. at 53044’N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 52°37'N; type from Mt. Albert, Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), and Nfld.] f. monticota (Fern.) Boivin 1 Stem to 3 m tall; heads remote or clustered; phyllaries cobwebby. 2 Flowers whitish, [Sask, (McKague, 52°37'N; Breitung 1957a), Que., and Nfld,] f. lactiflorum Fern. 2 Flowers purple. 3 Leaf-margins merely undulate-lobed and with a few short coarse lobes; [e Que, (Anticosti Is.; GH), Nfld., and N.S. (St. Paul Is,; GH)] f. subpinnatifidum (Britt.) Fern. 3 Principal leaves deeply pinnatifid at least 2/3 to the midrib into lanceolate to oblong, often toothed or forking, slightly prickly-margined lobes; [Cnicus Pursh; Carduus Pers.; Sask. (n to Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54°N) to Man. (n to Cross L., ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Renison, s of James Bay at ca. 5TN; Hustich 1955), Que. (n to L. Mistassini and the Cote-Nord), s Labrador, Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; map (aggregate species): C. Frankton and R.J. Moore, Can. J. Bot. 41(1): fig. 6, p 81 . 1963] f. muticum C . palustre (L.) Scop. Eurasian; introd. into damp clearings and thickets in N. America, as in B.C. (R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 40(2):288. 1962), ?Ont. (Boivin 19666), Nfld. (Humber Valley; CAN; GH), St-Pierre and Miquelon (Rouleau 1956), and N.S. (Annapolis and Halifax counties; ACAD; DAO). [Carduus L.]. map: Hulten 1958: map 144, p. 163. The Nfld. plant is considered apparently native by Fernald but is more likely introd. (see note under Luzula campestris). 1526 Cnicus C. pitcheri (Eat.) T. & G. /T/EE/ (Hs) Sandy shores and dunes of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior in Wise., III., Ind., Mich., and s Ont. (Lambton, Huron, Bruce, and Simeoe counties and Cockburn Is. and Manitoulin Is., n L. Huron; the report from Fort William (Thunder Bay) by John Macoun 1884, requires confirmation). [Cnicus Eat.], [C. polyphyllum (Rydb.) Petr.] [The inclusion of Alta, in the range of this species of the w U S A. (Mont., Idaho, and Wyo.) by Rydberg (1922) requires clarification. ( Carduus Rydb.; Cirsium tweedyi Rydb., the correct name through priority according to Hitchcock et al. 1969).] C. pumilum (Nutt,) Spreng. Pasture- or Bull-Thistle /T/EE/ (Hs) Dry, often sandy soil from Minn, to Mich., Ohio, s Ont. (Bruce and Simeoe counties; Manitoulin Is., Drummond Is., and Fishing Is., L. Huron; CAN; TRT; John Macoun 1886), Pa., and Maine, s to III. and N.C. map and synonymy: see below. t Spines of outer phyllaries stout, to 6 mm long; leaves usually deeply lobed nearly to the midvein, bearing strong marginal spines to 7 mm long; plant usually with several long branches; root rarely (and then only slightly) tuberous; [Carduus Nutt.; Cnicus Torr.; E U.S.A. only, reports from Canada referring to var. hiliii ; map: R.J. Moore and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 44(5): fig. 2, p. 590. 1966, and 45(9): fig. 2, p. 1748. 1967] [var. pumilum] 1 Spines of outer phyllaries slender, to 3 mm long; leaves usually shallowly lobed and with fine marginal spines to 6 mm long; plant unbranched or with few and short upper branches; root usually strongly tuberous var. hiliii (Canby) Boivin 2 Flowers purple; [Cnicus (Carduus; Cirsium) hiliii Canby; s Ont. (n to Manitoulin Is.; the report from Man. by Lowe 1943, probably refers to C. drummondii); map: on the above-noted map by Moore and Frankton] f, hiliii 2 Flowers white; [f, candidum Boivin, the type from the shores of L. Huron, s Ont, where taken by John Macoun in 1874; MTMG; Boivin 1967a] f. albiflorum Scoggan C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry open places from s B.C. (N to near Williams Lake, ca. 52°N), s Alta, (n to near Howie, ca. 51 °N; the report from Fort Vermilion, 58 24’N, by Groh 1949, is probably based upon C. flodmanii), and Sask. (n to near the Alta, boundary at ca. 52'30'N; reports from Man. and s Ont. (Stroud 1941; Wellington Co.) refer chiefly to C. flodmanii but C. undulatum is reported from sw Man. by Boivin 1966b) to Oreg., Nev., Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., and Mo. [Carduus Nutt.; Cnicus Gray; Cirsium engelmannii Rydb.; incl. the large-headed extreme, var. megacephalum (Gray) Fern. (C. meg. (Gray) Cock.), the accrediting of which to Man. by Fernald in Gray 1950, requires clarification], maps: C. Frankton and R.J. Moore, Can. J. Bot. 39(1): fig. 10, p. 25, and fig. 11, p. 26. 1961. Forma album Farw. (flowers white rather than deep purple) is reported from sw Sask. by Boivin (1966b). C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore Bull-Thistle. Piqueux or Gros Chardon Eurasian; an aggressive weed along roadsides and in pastures and clearings in N. America, as in SE Alaska (Hyder and Sitka; Hulten 1950), B.C. (n to the Cassiar dist. at ca. 59°15'N; V), Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Waterton Lakes). Sask. (Cypress Hills, Dana, and Tompkins; Breitung 1957a), Man. (Winnipeg Beach, about 40 mi n of Winnipeg; CAN; reported from Winnipeg and Elm Creek by Lowe 1943), Ont. (n to the nw shore of L. Superior near Port Arthur (Thunder Bay); CAN), Que. (n to L. St. John, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfid. (GH), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Carduus (Cirsium; Cnicus) lanceolatus L.]. map: Hulten 1968b:939. CNICUS L. [9479] C. benedictus L. Blessed Thistle Eurasian; a garden-escape or introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Port Angelus; Groh and Frankton 1949b), N.B. (Bass River, Kent Co., where taken by Fowler in 1870; GH). and N.S. (West Point R ; John Macoun 1884). [Centaurea L]. 1527 Compositae COREOPSIS L. [9227] Coreopsis, Tickseed (Ref.: E.E. Sherff, N. Am. Flora, Ser. II (pt. 2):4-40. 1955) 1 Leaves mostly entire (sometimes irregularly lobed); rays distinctly toothed or lobed at summit; perennials. 2 Leaves chiefly sub-basal, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, to 2 dm long (including the petiole) and over 1 .5 cm broad, glabrous to villous or hirsute; rays yellow, to 3 cm long and often over 1 cm broad; style-branches cuspidate; achenes broadly thin-winged, orbicular, to 3 mm long; pappus consisting of 2 short chaffy teeth; stem spreading- villous (especially near base) or glabrous, from a short woody caudex; (s Ont.) C. lanceolata 2 Leaves uniformly disposed on the stem, linear, to about 5 cm long and 3 mm broad, glabrous; rays white to pink or deep roseate, to 13 mm long; style-branches abruptly and bluntly conic-tipped; achenes wingless, oblong, to 2 mm long; pappus nearly obsolete or a minute crown; stems glabrous, from well-developed creeping rhizomes; (N.S.) . . C. rosea 1 Leaves (at least some of them) deeply parted nearly or quite to the midrib into narrow segments or distinct leaflets; stems rather uniformly leafy; rays yellow or orange-yellow, sometimes with a reddish-brown base. 3 Achenes wingless, linear-oblong, to about 4 mm long, the pappus obsolete; rays 3-lobed at summit, to 1,5 cm long; style-branches obtusely conic-tipped; principal leaves once or twice pinnately divided into linear or narrowly lanceolate segments, subsessile or short-petioled; glabrous annual; (B.C. to s Man.; introd. eastwards) C. tinctoria 3 Achenes wing-margined. 4 Principal leaves once ternately parted or divided into mostly lanceolate to narrowly oblong divisions; rays to about 2.5 cm long, entire or slightly toothed at summit; style-branches acute; achenes to 6 or 7 mm long; perennials with rhizomes and stolons. 5 Leaves sessile, the principal ones with 3 linear-oblong elongate lobes arising from near or slightly below the middle (appearing broadly wing-petioied by the undivided basal portion); heads rarely more than 3 (up to 5 or 6); achenes elliptic-oblong; (?Man.) . [C. palmata] 5 Leaves (except the upper entire ones) on petioles to about 3 cm long, divided into 3 (sometimes 5) linear to oblong-lanceolate separate leaflets; heads often more numerous; achenes cuneate-oblong or -obovate; (s Ont.; introd. in sw Que.) C. tripteris 4 Principal leaves once or twice pinnately or pinnate-ternately divided into linear-filiform to narrowly lanceolate segments; plants normally glabrous. 6 Heads usually rather numerous; rays to 18 mm long, distinctly toothed or short-lobed at summit; style-branches abruptly subtruncate; achenes oblong- oblanceolate to oblong, to 2.8 mm long; annual or biennial; (s B.C.) C. af/r/nson/ana 6 Heads solitary or few; rays to 2.5 cm long; style-branches acute or cuspidate; (introd.). 7 Achenes orbicular, to about 2.5 mm long, the inner face often with large callosities at top and bottom; leaves divided into linear-filiform to narrowly lanceolate segments, more or less petioled; perennial (rarely annual), lacking rhizomes or stolons C. grandiflora 7 Achenes oblong-obovate, to 5 mm long, lacking callosities; leaves divided into linear-filiform segments (the basal segments simulating stipules), sessile; perennials with rhizomes and stolons C. verticillata C. atkinsoniana Dougl. /t/W/ (T (Hs)) Moist banks of rivers and streams from s B.C. (collection in CAN from Waneta, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Trail, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1902; collection in V from L. 1528 Cosmos Osoyoos, near the U.S.A. boundary s of Penticton; the citation of an early Bourgeau collection from Sask, by E.E. Sherff, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Bot. Ser. 1 1(6);429. 1936, is referred to C. tinctoria by Breitung 1957a) and Mont, to Oreg. and S.Dak,; introd. eastwards. [ Cailiopsis Hook.]. C. grandiflora Hogg Native in the U.S.A. (n to Kans., Mo., and Ga.); introd. elsewhere, as in Ont. (n to Wilberforce, Renfrew Co., and the Ottawa dist. ), sw Que. (Farnham, Missisquoi Co.; CAN), and N.B. (Boivin 1966b). C. lanceolata L. /t/EE/ (Hs) Dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky places from Mo. to Wise., Mich., s Ont. (apparently native in Norfolk and Bruce counties; probably introd. along roadsides and railways in Wellington and York counties and at Gros Cap, w of Sault Ste. Marie), and Va., s to N.Mex., La., and Fla.; a garden-escape eastwards to N.J. and New Eng. and in sw B.C. (near Langley Prairie, e of Vancouver; Herb. V). Some of our material is referable to var. villosa Michx. (stem and leaves pubescent rather than glabrous). [C. palmata Nutt.] [Reports of this U.S.A. species (Wise, to Okla., Mo., III., and Ind.) from Man. by Fernald in Gray (1950), Jackson et al. (1922), and Lowe (1943) are perhaps based upon a report by Gray from “Winnipeg to Wisconsin” noted by John Macoun (1886), who states, however, “We have never seen Canadian specimens of this.”] C. rosea Nutt. /T/E/ (Hsr) Damp shores and peaty depressions: N.S. (several localities by lakes in Yarmouth Co., where first taken by Fernald et al. in 1920; CAN; GH); se Pa. and s N.J. to e Md., e Mass., Long Is., and R.l. C. tinctoria Nutt. /T/WW/ (T) Moist ground and roadsides from B.C. (Rydberg 1922) to S Alta, (n to near Lethbridge and Medicine Hat), s Sask. (n to Wilcox, about 30 mi s of Regina), and s Man. (Deloraine, about 50 mi s of Brandon; CAN), s to Calif., Tex., and La.; much cult, and a common garden-escape elsewhere (and probably in some of the above Canadian area), as in s Ont, (Lambton Co.; Dodge 1915) and sw Que. (near Aylmer, Gatineau Co.; Chambfy, near Montreal; near Trois-Rivieres). C. tripteris L. Tall Coreopsis /t/EE/ (Hsr) Damp thickets and swampy places from Wise, to s Ont. (La Salle, Puce, Sandwich, and Windsor, Essex Co.; islands in the Detroit R., Kent Co.; CAN; TRT; John Macoun 1884), s to Kans., La., and Ga.; cult, and a garden-escape elsewhere, as in sw Que. (ditches and pathways at Coteau Landing, Soulanges Co.; Lionel Cinq-Mars, Ann. ACFAS 18:80. 1952). C. verticillata L. Native in the e U.S.A. from D.C. and Md. to Ark., Ala., and Fla.; there are Ontario collections in CAN from Rondeau, Kent Co. (where taken by John Macoun in 1885) and from Port Dover, Norfolk Co. (where taken by Macoun in 1890), and in OAC from wet ground at York, Haldimand Co. It may have been introd. in these localities. [COSMOS Cav.] [9238] [C. bipinnatus Cav.] Cosmos [A native of Mexico; a garden-escape to roadsides and waste places in N. America and becoming established in the s U.S.A. There are collections in CAN and MT from sandy flats of the Causapscal R. near a stable at St-Tharsicius, Matapedia Co., Gaspe Pen,, e Que., where taken by Bernard Boivin in 1938 but probably not established.] 1529 Compositae COTULA L. [9351] Brass-buttons 1 Leaves 1 -2-pinnate!y dissected into linear lobes, with scattered soft spreading hairs; heads usually less than 4 mm broad; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows; slender branching annual; (introd. on Vancouver Is.) [C. australis] 1 Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblong, entire or with a few coarse teeth or narrow lobes, essentially glabrous and somewhat succulent, dilated at base into a short clasping sheath; heads to over 1 cm broad; pistillate flowers in a single row; perennial with usually many clustered decumbent stems; (introd. in Alaska-B.C. and from e Que. to N.S.) C. coronopifolia [C. australis (Sieb.) Hook, f.] [A native of Australia and N.Z.; introd., chiefly on wharf-ballast, in Oreg. and Calif, and reported from sw B.C. by J.M, Macoun (1895; ballast-heaps at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.), where scarcely established. ( Anacyclus Sieb.; Lancisia Rydb.).] C. coronopifolia L. A native of South Africa; now thoroughly established in brackish mud of tidal flats in N. America, as in se Alaska (Wrangell and Gravina Is.; Hulten 1950), B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland), e Que. (Maria, St-Simon, and Bonaventure, Bonaventure Co., s Gaspe Pen.), N.B. (Charlotte, Gloucester, and St. John counties), P.E.I. (Summerside, Prince Co.), and N.S. (Eastern Passage, Halifax Co.; ACAD; not listed by Roland 1947), [Lancisia Rydb.], map: Hulten 19686:895. CREPIS L. [9605] Hawk's-beard (Ref.: Babcock 1947; Babcock and Stebbins 1938) 1 Low glabrous perennials of arctic, subarctic, and arctic-alpine regions; leaves mostly basal, slender-petioled, oblanceolate to obovate, entire or sinuately lyrate-pinnatifid with a few lateral lobes, the blade to about 2.5 cm long; involucre cylindric; midrib of phyllaries scarcely thickened; achenes with an apical disk below the pappus; pappus-bristles promptly deciduous (usually falling together). 2 Stems to about 2.5 dm tall, the caudex relatively thick and never stoloniferous; involucre to 1 cm long; achenes fusiform, attenuate into a delicate beak about 1 /4 as long as the body, the ribs narrow and finely tuberculate; (mts. of B.C. and sw Alta.) C. elegans 2 Stems tufted, commonly less than 1 dm tall, the slender caudex often stoloniferous; involucre to 13 mm long; achenes columnar, at most very short-beaked, the broad ribs smooth or slightly roughened; (transcontinental) C. nana 1 Taller plants of warmer regions, rarely (if ever) completely glabrous; leaves larger, the principal ones lanceolate or oblanceolate, often strongly toothed or pinnatifid; midrib of phyllaries commonly somewhat keeled or thickened near the base; achenes scarcely beaked (except in C. vesicaria), lacking an apical disk; pappus-bristles tardily falling separately. 3 Achenes (to 5 mm long) all gradually narrowed into a beak about as long as the body; involucres to 12 mm high, tomentose and often glandular; leaves finely pubescent on both sides, the stem-leaves sessile or short-petioled, subentire to pinnatifid (the middle ones clasping), the basal leaves petioled, commonly lyrate- or runcinate- pinnatifid, the lobes very variable in length and width; stems to 8 dm tall, hispid and purplish toward base; plant commonly biennial; (introd. in sw B.C.) C. vesicaria 3 Achenes scarcely beaked. 4 Annuals (occasionally biennials) with leafy stems, the leaves glabrous or minutely hispid; phyllaries and peduncles commonly beset with gland-tipped bristly hairs; (introd.). 5 Inner phyllaries pubescent within; receptacle ciliate-fringed between the achene-pits; stem-leaves linear to lanceolate; basal leaves minutely toothed to pinnately parted. 1530 Crepts 6 Achenes dark purplish-brown, 10-ribbed, less than 5 mm long; involucre less than 1 cm high, its inner phyllaries strigose or puberulent within; stem-leaves sagittate-clasping at base C. tectorum 6 Achenes reddish brown, 13-ribbed, 7 mm long or more; involucre at least t cm high, its inner phyllaries downy within; stem-leaves semi-clasping but not or scarcely sagittate at base C. biennis 5 Inner phyllaries glabrous within; achenes 10-ribbed; stem-leaves lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, the lower ones and the basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, 7 Achenes brownish yellow to dark brown, to 2.5 mm long, their ribs narrow; receptacle glabrous; involucres at most 8 mm high, to 4 mm broad at the middle C. capillaris 7 Achenes golden brown, to 3.8 mm long, their ribs broader; receptacle ciliate-fringed between the achene-pits; involucres to 1 cm high, to 6 mm broad at the middle C. nicaeensis 4 Perennials from a taproot and often a simple or branched caudex; involucres to over 1 .5 cm high. 8 Stem scapose, merely bracted or with 1 or 2 much-reduced leaves; principal leaves in a basal rosette, entire or remotely dentate to runcinate-dentate; involucre rather broadly campanulate; plant usually more or less hispid but not at all canescent or tomentose; (B.C. to Man.) C. runcinata 8 Stem distinctly leafy, with generally 2 or 3 well -developed leaves; involucre cylindric to narrowly campanulate; leaves commonly deeply runcinate- pinnatifid halfway or more to the midrib; plants more or less tomentose or canescent-puberulent with appressed crinkled greyish hairs at least when young, 9 Principal leaves with a very narrow rachis and linear of lance-linear, mostly entire segments; heads up to 30 {rarely 40), with up to 30 or more flowers; involucres to 1.5 cm high, with up to 15 inner phyllaries, these usually minutely greyish-tomentose and often with some glandless black setae (rarely glabrous); achenes usually greenish, mostly attenuate at summit; stems to 7 dm tall; (s B.C, to s Sask.) C. atrabarba 9 Principal leaves mostly with a broad rachis and relatively broad entire or toothed segments. 10 Inner phyllaries glabrous or occasionally minutely tomentose, rarely more than 7; heads up to 100 or more, very narrow (with rarely more than 10 flowers); stem to 7 dm tall, sparingly or not at all setose; (Alta.) C. acuminata 10 Inner phyllaries commonly beset with setae, otherwise glabrous or minutely tomentose, commonly 10 or more; heads at most about 25. broader (commoniy with more than 10 flowers); stems to 3 or 4 dm tall. 1 1 Involucres to 16 mm high, their setae (and those of the peduncles, when present) glandless; heads less than 10, with up to 60 flowers; achenes greenish black to deep reddish-brown; at least the lower part of the stem conspicuously setose with glandless hairs; (?B.C.) ..... [C. modocensis] 1 1 Involucres to about 2 cm high, with up to 40 flowers, their setae (and those of the peduncles, when present) normally gland-tipped (except in ssp. conjuncta); heads up to 25, with up to 40 flowers; achenes light to dark brown; (s B.C. to s Sask.) C. occidental is C. acuminata Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Mostly in open places in the foothills from Wash, and Alta. (Waterton Lakes and Crowsnest Lake; CAN, detd. Porsild) to Calif, and N.Mex. [C. angustata Rydb.J. map: combine the maps by Babcock and Stebbins 1938: fig. 31, p. 169, and fig. 33 (C. intermedia), p. 180. The Alta, material has been referred to var. intermedia (Gray) Jeps. (C. ( Hieraciodes ) int. Gray) by Porsild. According to Hitchcock et al. (1955), this appears to be a group of polyploid apomicts 1531 Compositae involving the features of C. acuminata and C. occidentalis, as well as sometimes C. atrabarba and C. modocensis. Reports from B.C. by John Macoun (1884 and 1886), Henry (1915), and Rydberg (1922) are based upon C. atrabarba, relevant collections in CAN. C. atrabarba Heller /T/W/ (Hs) Dry open places at low to moderate elevations from s B.C. (Dry Interior n to Cariboo and the Marble Mts, nw of Clinton; CAN; V), s Alta. (Waterloo Lakes; Bailey Valley), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; CAN) to Nev. and Colo. [C. exilis Osterh.; C. occidentalis (intermedia) var. gracilis Eat. (C. gr, (Eat.) Rydb.)]. map (C. exilis ): Babcock and Stebbins 1938: fig. 29. p. 160. C. biennis L. European; locally introd. on wharf-ballast and in waste places in N. America, as in Nfld. (GH; R.B. Kennedy, Rhodora 32(373):3. 1930). Reports from elsewhere in Canada apparently refer to the closely related C. capilfaris, C. nicaeensis , and C. tectorum. C. capillaris (L.) Wallr, European; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in E-cent. Alaska (near Fairbanks, ca. 64C30'N), B.C. (n to Queen Charlotte Is.. Cariboo, and Dawson Creek), Ont. (n to Ottawa; Groh 1946), Que. (Montreal dist; MT), N.B. (Boivin 1966b), and N.S. (Shelburne Co.; ACAD; CAN). [Lapsana L.; C. virens L.J. map: Hulten 1968b:955. C. elegans Hook, /ST/W/ (Hs) Dry plains, bluffs, riverbanks, and sandbars from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 68°N) to Great Bear L. and Great Slave L., s through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; the report from Sask. by Rydberg 1922, requires confirmation) to Mont, and Wyo. [Youngia Rydb.; Barkhausia Nutt.; Hieraciodes Ktze.]. map: Hulten 1968b: 956. The type is a Drummond collection purportedly taken on "Battures of the Assisaboyne R." According to John Macoun (1884), “This must be a misprint for Battures' of the Athabasca, as the former river has no ’Battures" (gravel beds extending into the river) while the latter has, near Jasper House where Drummond was collecting.” [C. modocensis Greene] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Mont, to Calif, and Colo.) from B.C. by Hitchcock et al. (1955) requires confirmation. (See C. acuminata). (Incl. C. rostrata Cov.). The map by Babcock and Stebbins (1938: fig. 24. p. 143) indicates no Canadian stations.] C. nana Richards. /aST/X/A/ (Hs) Sandy or gravelly banks, talus slopes, and cliffs, chiefly at subalpine and alpine levels, from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (type from the head of the Coppermine R. N of Great Slave L.) to Prince Patrick Is. and n Baffin Is., S in the West through B.C. and the mts. of sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN) to Calif, and Utah, farther eastwards s to w-cent. Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Que. (Port Burwell, Hudson Strait), and n Labrador (s to Cape Mugford, 57°48'N; GH); isolated along the Strait of Belle Isle at Pistolet Bay, nw Nfld. (GH); according to M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 49(588):299. 1947, the report from the Gaspe Pen., e Que.. by Babcock 1947, is the result of an erroneous interpretation of the discussion by Fernald 1925:252); Asia. [Barkhausia DC.; Hieraciodes Ktze.; Youngia Rydb.]. maps: Hulten 1968b:955; Porsild 1957: map 332, p. 202; Raup 1947: pi. 36; Toimatchev 1932: fig, 10, p, 56; Fernald 1929: map 14, p, 1492, and 1925; map 14. p. 253. Var. lyrati folia (Turcz.) Hult. ( Youngia americana Babcock; leaves more or less pinnatifid or dissected rather than entire or only slightly toothed) is known from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N). map: Hulten 1968b: 956. C. nicaeensis Balbis European; sparingly introd. into waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (s Vancouver Is., where taken in the Sidney-Victoria dist. by John Macoun in 1887 and 1913; CAN, distributed as C. biennis, revised by Boivin). 1532 Crocidium C. occidentalis Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry open places (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to s Calif., N.Mex,, and S.Dak, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Involucre with at least some gland-tipped hairs. 2 Largest heads with at least 18 flowers and 10 inner phyllaries; [var. glandulosa Torr. ; var. crinita sensu John Macoun 1884. not Gray; s B.C. (n to Kamloops) and sw Alta. (near Pincher Creek); map: Babcock and Stebbins 1938: fig. 18, p, 120] ssp. occidentalis 2 Largest heads with at most 14 flowers and 9 inner phyllaries; [var. costata Gray; Cypress Hills of sw Sask.; map: on the above-noted map] ssp. costata (Gray) Babcock & Stebbins 1 Involucre completely lacking glandular pubescence; [var. nevadensis Kellogg; B.C. (n to Kamloops); map: on the above-noted map] ssp. conjuncta Babcock & Stebbins C. runcinata (James) T. & G. /T/WW/ (Hr) Moist, often alkaline meadows and prairies at low to fairly high elevations from B.C. (N to Revelstoke; CAN} to Alta, (n to Jasper and near Edmonton; CAN), Sask. (n to Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54°N), and Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg; CAN), s to Calif., N.Mex., Nebr., and Minn, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Plant distinctly pubescent, the involucre and often the leaves more or less glandular-hairy; basal bractlets up to half as long as the principal phyllaries of the heads. 2 Involucres sparingly short-pubescent; peduncles and stem usually glabrous; [. Hieracium James; H. venosum sensu Dawson 1875, not L.; C. glaucelia and C. perplexans Rydb. ; B.C. to s Man.; map: Babcock and Stebbins 1938: fig. 6, p. 91] ssp. runcinata 2 Involucres, peduncles, and usually also the stem copiously glandular-hairy; [var. hispidulosa Howell; C. p aliens, C. platyphylla, and C. obtusissima Greene; Cypress Hills of se Alta, and sw Sask.; map: on the above-noted map] ssp. hispidulosa (Howell) Babcock & Stebbins 1 Plant very sparingly pubescent, not at all glandular; basal bractlets not over 1 /4 as long as the principal phyllaries; [Crepidium (Crepis) giaucum Nutt ; Alta. (Boivin 1966b) to Man.; map: on the above-noted map, but incomplete] ssp. glauca (Nutt.) Babcock & Stebbins C. tectorum L. Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in E-cent. Alaska (near Fairbanks, ca. 65°N), sw Yukon (Mackintosh, ca. 61 °N; CAN), sw Dist. Mackenzie (J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat, 75{3):120. 1961), B.C. -Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to Flin Flon), Ont. (n to Thunder Bay), Que. (n to Ste-Ftavie, Rimouski Co.), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S.; sw Greenland. map: Hulten 19685:954. C. vesicaria L. European; there is a collection in Herb. V from Mayne Is., near Vancouver Is., sw B.C., that has been referred to ssp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. by Piper and this taxon is reported as "Abundant on roadsides, waste ground, hay-fields, etc., in the Nanaimo district of V.I.; Mayne Is.” by Eastham (1947). It differs from the typical form in its relatively narrow non-imbricate involucral phyllaries. [Incl. C. taraxacifolia Thuill.]. CROCIDIUM Hook, [9398] C. multicaule Hook. /t/W/ (T) Sand flats, ledges, and other dry open places at low elevations from sw B.C. (several localities on Vancouver Is.; CAN; V; a collection in V from Queen Charlotte Is. requires confirmation, the species not being listed by Calder and Taylor 1968) to Calif. 1533 Compositae [DiMORPHOTHECA Vaill ] [9425] [D. sinuaia DC ] Blue-eyed Cape-marigold [A native of S. Africa; D. aurantiaca is reported from Nfld. by Rouleau (1956), where perhaps a garden-escape but certainly not established. ( D . aurantiaca Hort., not DC.).] DORONICUM L [9400] Leopards-bane 1 Heads solitary on nearly naked peduncles; leaves coarsely dentate D. caucasicum 1 Heads usually several, the stem leafy to the top; leaves toothed or entire D. pardalianches D. caucasicum Bieb. European; reported from sw B.C. by Boivin {1967a; Moresby Is., Queen Charlotte Is.; not listed by Calder and Taylor 1968) and there is a collection in GH from Murray s Pond, Nfld., where taken as a garden-escape by Agnes Ayre in 1932. D. pardalianches L Great Leopard-bane European; there is a collection in Herb V from a grassy roadside in the Agassiz dist. e of Vancouver, where taken by Paris in 1954 from apparently well-established clumps. [DYSSODIA Cav.] [9312] [D. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc.J Fetid Marigold [Native in the U.S.A. (n to Mont., Minn., and Ohio). D. chrysanthemoides is noted by John Macoun (1884) as having been taken by Day as a '‘railroad weed" at Fort Erie. Welland Co., s Ont., where evidently not established. (D. chrysanthemoides Lag.; Boebera Rydb.; Tagetes Vent.).] ECHINACEA Moench [9178] Purple Coneflower 1 Leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate, entire, 3-nerved, gradually tapering to the petiole; receptacular chaff relatively broad and rigid-tipped; (Sask. and Man.; introd. in s Ont.) E. pallida 1 Leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, rounded at base, often toothed, the lowest ones 5-nerved; receptacular chaff linear to narrowly lanceolate, soft-tipped; rays to 8 cm long; (introd. in s Ont.) E. purpurea E. pallida Nutt. /T/(X)/ (Hs) Dry plains and prairies from Mont, to se Sask. (Carnduff and Estevan; Breitung 1957a), s Man. (n to Brandon and Winnipeg), and Mich., s to Tex., La., and Ala.; introd. elsewhere, as in the Atlantic states and s Ont. (Aylmer and Churchville, Elgin Co.; TRT). [Brauneria Britt.]. The native plant of Sask. -Man, is referable to var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronq;. (£. (Brauneria) ang. DC.; ray-ligules spreading, rarely over 4 cm long, rather than strongly reflexed and to 9 cm long; plant rarely over 6 dm tall, with tuberculate-based hairs, rather than to over 1 m tall, the pubescence consisting of slender hairs). E. purpurea (L.) Moench Native in the e U.S.A. from Iowa to Va., s to La. and Ga.; introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (dry meadow near St. Thomas, Elgin Co., where taken by L.E. James in 1952; TRT). [Rudbeckia L.; Brauneria Britt], ECH INOPS L. [9442] Globe-Thistle 1 Plant non-viscid; inner phyllaries glabrous on the back; heads bluish; leaves pinnatifid into lanceolate segments E. exaltatus 1 Plant glandular-viscid as well as grey-woolly; inner phyllaries pubescent on the back; heads whitish to blue; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid into oblong-triangular segments E sphaerocephalus 1534 Erjgeron E. exaltatus Schrad. Russian Globe-Thistle A native of Siberia; introd,, presumably as a garden-escape, in sw B.C. (Boivin 19666; probably Vancouver Is.), Ont. (Ottawa dist; Giilett 1958), and sw Que. (Boivin 19666). E. sphaerocephalus L. Common Globe-Thistle Eurasian; a garden-escape to fields and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is.; Groh and Frankton 19496), Sask. (Regina and Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a), se Man. (Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), sw Que. (n to Val-Morin, about 35 mi nw of Montreal), and N.B. (Grand Manan, Charlotte Co.; Weatherby and Adams 1945). [ECLIPTA L.] [9166] [E. alba (L.) Hassk.] Yerba-de-Tago [Native in the e U.S.A. (n to Nebr. and Ind.); introd. elsewhere, as in Mass, and s Ont. (Pelee Point, Essex Co., where taken by Klugh near a tobacco field in 1905 but scarcely established; CAN). {Verbesina L.)] ERECHTITES Raf. [9389] £ hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed. Creve-a-yeux /T/EE/ (T) Damp thickets, clearings, and shores (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Tex., La., and Fla. 1 Upper leaves relatively broad at the sessile base. 2 Upper leaves scarcely reduced; [Senecio L. ; Eriophthalmia Prov.; Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to L. St. John), and N.S. (Caledonia, Queens Co.); map: Fernald 19186: map 19 (aggregate species; incomplete northwards), pi. 14] var. hieracifolia 2 Upper leaves reduced to bracts below the inflorescence; [Cacalia suaveolens sensu Lindsay 1878, not L.; Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to I'lsle-Verte, Temiscouata Co.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S,] var. intermedia Fern. 1 Upper leaves tapering to a more or less distinctly petioled base; [E. praealta Raf. ; s Ont. (Lambton Co.) and sw Que. (Oka)] var, praealta (Raf.) Fern. ERIGERON L. [8901] Fleabane. Vergerette (Ref.: Cronquist 1947) 1 Stems scapose or subscapose, from a branching woody caudex, well-developed leaves all or mostly in a basal cluster (depauperate individuals of some other species may key out here); heads often solitary; involucres to 7 or 8 mm high. 2 Ray-ligules yellow; plants copiously and finely pubescent. 3 Involucre sparsely to densely woolly-villous (the hairs sometimes with purple cross-walls), its phyllaries sometimes purple-tipped; head solitary; disk to 16 mm broad; rays to 9 mm long; leaf-blades elliptic to obovate or subrotund, to 13 mm broad; plant spreading-pubescent, to 1.5 dm tall; (mts. of B.C.-Alta.) E. aureus 3 Involucre strigose or strigose-villous and sometimes finely glandular; heads solitary or few; disk to 13 mm broad; rays to 11 mm long; leaves linear, to 9 cm long and 3 mm broad; plant appressed-greyish-strigose, to about 3 dm tall; (s B.C.) E. linearis 2 Ray-ligules white, pink, or blue. 4 Basal leaves deeply temately lobed or dissected, more or less glandular, the few upper reduced leaves mostly entire; head solitary, the disk to 2 cm broad; rays to 12 mm long (sometimes wanting); (Alaska-B.C. to s Sask.; e Que. and Nfld.) E. compositus 4 Basal (and upper) leaves entire or merely toothed (or some of them apically 3-lobed in £ lanatus and £ pattens or a few of the earliest ones apically 3-toothed in £ purpuratus), with linear-oblanceolate to oblaneeolate or spatulate 1535 Compositae blades; {mts. of B.C. and Alta.; E. pumilus and E. radicatus also in sw Sask.). 5 Plants with long trailing sparsely leafy stolons; heads mostly solitary; involucres to about 5 mm high, finely glandular and sparsely to moderately hirsute with usually appressed short hairs; disk to 13 mm broad; rays to 1 cm long and 1 mm broad; leaves entire, the basal ones oblanceolate, to 5 cm long (including the petiole) and 8 mm broad; plants sparsely or moderately appressed-hairy, to about 4 dm tall; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) E. flagetlaris 5 Plants lacking stolons, the scapes arising from a branching caudex; involucre commonly higher (at most about 5 mm high only in E. radicatus). 6 Involucre to 13 mm high, woolly-villous (the hairs often with purple cross-walls); heads solitary; disk to 23 mm broad; rays to 1 1 mm long and 2 mm broad; leaves to 3 cm long and 5 mm broad, often apically 3-toothed; plants loosely long-woolly-villous, usually not over 5 cm tall; (the Yukon-B.C. and sw Alta.) E. lanatus 6 Involucre rarely over 1 cm high (but usually at least 5 mm high), variously pubescent or glandular but not woolly-villous; plants often taller. 7 Leaves (at least some) apically 3-lobed, to 2.5 cm long and 4 mm broad, they and the scapes (rarely over 3 cm tall) sparsely to moderately villous and obscurely viscid; head solitary; disk to 13 mm broad; involucres to 8 mm high; rays to about 5 mm long and 0.5 mm broad; (se B.C. and sw Alta.) E. pallens 7 Leaves entire, they and the scapes usually spreading-pubescent (or the pubescence often appressed or the leaves sometimes merely ciliate in E. radicatus). 8 Leaves finely ciliate, otherwise glabrous or sparsely short- pubescent, commonly not over 2 cm long and 2.5 mm broad; scapes commonly less than 1 dm tall, finely pubescent with spreading or sometimes appressed hairs; head solitary; involucre turbinate, to about 5 mm high; disk to 1 cm broad; rays to 8 mm long and 2 mm broad; (sw Alta, and s Sask.) E. radicatus 8 Leaves and scapes more or less spreading-hairy (or the leaves finally more or less glabrate in E. purpuratus ); involucre hemi- spheric, to over 7 mm high; disk to over 1.5 cm broad. 9 Involucre viscid-villous (especially near the base) with long multicellular hairs, some of these usually with purplish cross- walls; disk to 1.5 cm broad; rays to 6 mm long and 0.9 mm broad; leaves usually not over 3 cm long and 5 mm broad, villous at least when young; head solitary; scapes to about 1 dm tall; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-N B.C.) E. purpuratus 9 Involucre more or less spreading-hairy and obscurely to conspicuously glandular, but the hairs lacking purplish cross- walls; heads solitary to several; rays to about 1.5 cm long; leaves to about 8 cm long, permanently more or less spreading-hairy; scapes often taller. 10 Achenes very densely long-silky; rays usually over 1.5 mm broad; disk to 2 cm broad; plant more or less spreading- hairy; (se B.C.) E. poliospermus 10 Achenes not very densely hairy; rays usually less than 1 .5 mm broad; disk to 1.5 cm broad; plant copiously spreading-hairy; (s B.C. to s Sask.) E. pumilus 1 Stems distinctly leafy (but the upper leaves often considerably reduced; well-developed individuals of some of the foregoing species, particularly E. linearis, E. poliospermus, E. pumilus, and E. radicatus, may key out here); rays white, pink, blue, or purplish. 1 1 Ray-ligules minute or wanting or at most 6 mm long (barely longer than the breadth of the disk) and 1 mm broad, erect, usually very numerous, white or pinkish (sometimes purplish in £. acris and E. uniflorus ); leaves entire or the lowest ones sparingly toothed. 1536 Erigeron 12 Involucres slenderly campanulate, to about 5 mm high; heads few-flowered; leaves with conspicuously bristly-ciliate margins, linear to obianceolate; stem to 1 or 2 m tall (but often lower in dryish places), remotely spreading-hirsute to summit; annual; (transcontinental) E. canadensis 12 Involucres hemispheric; heads many-flowered. 13 Involucres to about 5 mm high; pappus double, the inner series consisting of long capillary bristles, the outer of shorter scales or bristles; rays to 6 mm long and 1 mm broad; plant mostly annual; (transcontinental) E. strigosus 13 Involucres to over 1 cm high; pappus a single series of capillary bristles (or sometimes with a few short outer setae). 1 4 Involucres and summit of peduncles more or less densely woolly-villous with long multicellular hairs; principal leaves chiefly in a basal cluster; perennial; (transcontinental in arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions) E. uniflorus 14 Involucres not woolly-villous; stems abundantly leafy; biennials or short-lived perennials; (transcontinental). 15 Inflorescence racemiform, the peduncles erect or nearly so (or the head solitary); involucres and summit of peduncles copiously hispid or villous, not glandular-powdery; stem-leaves erect, narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate E. lonchophyllus 15 Inflorescence corymbiform, the peduncles arcuate or obliquely ascend- ing (or the head solitary); involucres glabrous or very sparsely hispid at base, they and the peduncles glandular-powdery and viscid; stem- leaves spreading-ascending, lanceolate to linear-oblong or obianceo- late, the ciliation not bristly E. acris 1 1 Ray-ligules conspicuous, commonly at least 1 cm long and often much longer than the breadth of the disk, spreading. 16 Leaves very numerous, linear to linear-oblanceolate, entire, acute, short-ciliate, to about 3 cm long, commonly less than 4 mm broad, not in basal dusters and scarcely reduced up the stem, often with sterile leafy branches in their axils; heads usually solitary on elongate scape-like peduncles terminating a slender stem, the peduncles naked or with 1 or 2 bracts; involucres to 6 mm high; rays to 8 mm long and about 1 5 mm broad; (transcontinental on wet rocks and gravels) E. hyssopifolius 16 Leaves less crowded on the stem (the internodes usually less numerous and more remote), the larger ones sub-basal and in basal clusters, the cauline ones more or less reduced; plants of drier, sometimes desert-like habitats. 17 Involucres more or less densely white-woolly-villous with soft wavy hairs; head solitary; entire-leaved perennials to about 2.5 dm tall. 18 Ray-ligules yellow, to 9 mm long and 2.5 mm broad; involucre to 8 mm high, sparsely to densely woolly-villous with multicellular hairs (these sometimes with purple cross-walls); leaf-blades elliptic to obovate or subrotund, to 13 mm broad; plant spreading-pubescent; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) ........ E. aureus 18 Ray-ligules white, pink, or blue. 19 Leaves (and stem) densely lanate with slender entangled hairs, their blades to 3 cm long and 7 mm broad, acute or obtuse; (ssp. muirii ; n Alaska-Yukon) E. grandiflorus 19 Leaves ciliate, otherwise more or less hirsute or hirsute-pilose (but not lanate). 20 Hairs of the involucre with black or purplish-black cross-walls at least near their bases, the involucre to 8 or 9 mm high; rays to about 12 mm long and 2 mm broad. 21 Leaves hirsute, acute or sometimes obtuse, the basal ones to about 5 cm long and 4 mm broad; disk-corollas to 4.5 mm long; pappus double, the outer series consisting of a few inconspicu- ous bristles; (Alaska and w Dist. Mackenzie) ....... E. hyperboreus 1537 Compositae 21 Leaves glabrous or only slightly hirsute, the basal ones rounded or even retuse at the apex, to 6 cm long and nearly 1 cm broad; disk-corollas less than 3.5 mm long; pappus lacking a well-defined outer series; (mts. of se ?B.C.) [£. melanocephalus] 20 Hairs of the involucre with clear cross-walls (or occasionally the basal cross-walls bright reddish-purple), the involucre to about t cm high; leaves ciliate, otherwise glabrous or sparingly hirsute. 22 Pappus-bristles usually less than 15; outer pappus conspicu- ous; leaves ciliate, otherwise glabrous or sparingly hirsute, the basal ones to 8 cm long and 13 mm broad, obtuse or rounded at apex; (sw ?Alta.) [E. simplex] 22 Pappus bristles 15-20; basal leaves more or less hairy, often acute. 23 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; outer pappus conspicuous; rays usually not more than 75; (the Yukon) yukonensis] 23 Stem-leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute; outer pappus obscure; rays at least 100; (Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie-Victoria Is. and mts. of B.C.-Alta.) E. grandiflorus 17 Involucres pubescent with relatively stiff straight hairs; heads solitary to numerous. 24 Leaves relatively narrow, linear-filiform to rather narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate. 25 Stems and leaves appressed-strigose (or sometimes subglabrous); perennials, the stems from a taproot and crown or a branching woody caudex. 26 Basal leaves to 8 cm long and 3 mm broad, their bases neither enlarged nor of different texture than the blades; involucre to 6 mm high; rays to 13 mm long and 2 mm broad; (s B.C.) E. filifolius 26 Basal leaves to 12 cm long and 5 mm broad, their bases more or less enlarged, whitish or purplish and somewhat membranous; involucre to 8 mm high; rays to 12 mm long and 2.4 mm broad; (Alta, to sw ?Sask.) £ ochroleucus 25 Stem spreading-pubescent, the hairs commonly about 0.5 mm long; leaves linear-oblanceolate to oblanceolate or spatulate, their pubes- cence usually more or less spreading. 27 Taprooted biennial or short-lived perennial, the freely branching stems to about 7 dm tall; leaves 1 -nerved, the basal ones often deciduous, their blades to 2.5 cm long and 1 cm broad, their petioles to 5 cm long; rays to 1 cm long and 1.2 mm broad; disk-corollas 2 or 3 mm long; (S B.C.) E. divergens 27 Perennials, the simple or sparingly branched stems terminating the branches of a woody caudex; leaves distinctly 3-nerved; rays to over 13 mm long, about 2 mm broad; disk-corollas over 3 mm long. 28 Phyllaries noticeably thickened on the back; basal leaves usually rounded or obtuse at tip, to 12 cm long and 1.5 cm broad; stems rarely purplish at base, to 3 dm tall; (B.C. to Man.) E. caespitosus 28 Phyllaries only slightly or obscurely thickened on the back; leaves all acute or acuminate, the basal ones to 2.5 dm long and 1 cm broad; stems usually purplish at base; (s B.C. and w ?Alta.) E. corymbosus 24 Leaves relatively broad, the basal ones rather broadly oblanceolate or spatulate to elliptic, oval, or obovate, to over 2 cm broad; stems relatively stout, commonly taller. 1538 Erigeron 29 Involucre to 5 mm high; disk-corollas less than 3 mm long; rays white to lavender, to 1 cm long and 1 mm broad, about as long as the disk; pappus of the ray- and disk-florets dissimilar, that of the ray-florets composed only of some very short setae or scales less than 1 mm long, an inner series of bristles also present in that of the disk-florets; achenes hairy; principal leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; stem sparingly long-spreading-hispid; annual or rarely biennial; (transconti- nental) E. annuus 29 Involucre usually over 5 mm high; disk-corollas at least 3.5 mm long; pappus of ray- and disk-florets similar (of bristles, sometimes also with short outer setae or scales). 30 Stems soft and easily compressed (often hollow), copiously long-spreading-villous; leaves villous, those of the stem cordate- clasping, the lower ones and the basal leaves commonly coarsely toothed; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent; biennials or short-lived perennials from a short simple or subsimple caudex. 31 Slender whip-like superficial stolons present; heads usually not more than 5, commonly at least 2.5 cm broad and with at least 50 broad, whitish to bluish-purple rays; disk-florets to 4,5 mm long; (s Ont., s Que., and ?N.S.) E. pulchellus 31 Slender stolons wanting; heads few to many, not over 2.5 cm broad, with about 100 or more narrow, whitish to pinkish or roseate rays; disk-florets to 3.5 mm long; (transcontinental) E. philadelphicus 30 Stems firmer, often decumbent-based; stem-leaves sessile or only half-clasping, they and the basal leaves usually entire or rarely slightly toothed; achenes more or less densely hairy; perennials with a short rhizome or a simple or branched somewhat woody caudex. 32 Rays at least 2 mm broad, to 2.5 cm long, whitish or pale blue to rich rose-purple or darker; phyllaries glandular or more or less villous (sometimes merely ciliate on the margins and glutinous on the back); pappus mostly simple, of capillary bristles (occasionally with a few short outer setae); leaves soft-pubescent to essentially glabrous; stems moderately villous below to glabrous; (B.C. and Alta.) E. peregrinus 32 Rays mostly to about 1 mm broad; pappus mostly distinctly double, an outer series of short setae usually present. 33 Upper stem-leaves only gradually reduced (the stem appearing rather uniformly leafy), the middle leaves often as large as or larger than the often deciduous basal ones; (B.C. and Alta.) E. speciosus 33 Upper stem-leaves strongly reduced, the middle leaves commonly smaller than the mostly persistent ones of the basal cluster. 34 Stem and involucre glandular or viscid and often also hirsute; heads rarely more than 5 or 6; (sw Alta.) E. formosissimus 34 Stem and involucre more or less hairy, scarcely glandular or viscid; (Alaska-B.C. to Man.). 35 Stem strict; rays usually white, commonly not over 1 cm long; plant rather copiously short-hirsute £ asper 35 Stem curved or decumbent at base; rays pink, blue, or purple, rarefy white, to 1 .5 cm long E. glabellus 1539 Compositae E. acris L /ST/X/EA/ (Hs) Damp thickets, clearings, and shores, the aggregate species from Alaska (n to ca. 69°N) to the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), the Mackenzie R. Delta, Great Bear L., Great Slave L., se Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man.-Ont, Que, (N to Ungava Bay), Labrador (n to Okak, 57°33'N), Nfld., and N.B. (Madawaska, Restigouche, and Kings counties; not known from P.E.I. or N,S,), s to Calif., Utah, Colo., Minn., Mich., and Maine; Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Peduncles and involucres nearly or quite glabrous; [vars, arcuans Fern, and oligocephalus Fern. & Wieg.; E. alpinus var. eiatus Hook., the type a Drummond collection from the Rocky Mts., presumably of Alta.; E. eiatus (Hook.) Greene and its var. oligocephalus (F. & W.) Fern.; transcontinental; map: Raup 1947: pi. 35 (E. eiatus )] var. eiatus (Hook.) Cronq. 1 Peduncles and involucres more or less glandular. 2 Plant commonly over 3 dm tall and bearing several to many heads; ray-ligules relatively narrow and only slightly if at all surpassing the pappus; [var. droebachensis (Muell.) Blytt (E. droe. Muell.); E. asteroides Andrz.; E. elongatus Ledeb,, not Moench; E. kamtschaticus DC. (E. angulosus var. kamt. (DC.) Hara); E. politus Fries; E. lapiluteus and E. ye//owsfone/?s/s Nels,; transcontinental; maps: Hulten 19686:866 (ssp. politus) and 867 (ssp. kamt.)\ Raup 1947: pi. 35 (E. ang. var. kamt.)]. A hybrid with E. aureus is reported from swAlta. by Boivin 19666, who also reports a hybrid with E. uniflorus var. unalaschkensis from se B.C. and sw Alta var. asteroides (Andrz.) DC. 2 Plant rarely as much as 3 dm tall, with few or solitary heads; rays relatively broad and more evidently surpassing the pappus; [E. debilis (Gray) Rydb,; E. jucundus Greene; E. nivalis Nutt.; se Yukon (Porsild 1951a), s Dist. Mackenzie (Eend of Great Slave L.), B.C., and SW Alta.; MAPS: Hulten 19686:867; Raup 1947: pi. 35 (E. jucundus )J . var. debilis Gray E. annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy-Fleabane. Vergerette anuelle /T/X/ (T) Pastures, fields, thickets, and waste places from s B.C. (several collections in V from between Vancouver and Hope) to Alta. (Moss 1959), ?Sask.-Man. (Boivin 19666; not listed for Sask. by Breitung 1957a; reports from Man. by Lowe 1943, require confirmation, perhaps being based upon E. strigosus), Ont. (n to Matheson, 48°32'N), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), s Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s through much of the U.S.A.; introd. and thoroughly natzd. in Europe. [Aster L.]. Forma discoideus Viet. & Rousseau (the heads discoid, lacking ray-ligules) is known from the type locality, Ste-Famille, about 20 mi ne of Quebec City, Que. E. asper Nutt. /sT/WW/ (Hs) Meadows and moist open places, the range very uncertain through confusion with E. glabellus, with which it is merged by Cronquist (1947). Boivin (19666) reports it from Alaska-Yukon-B.C. but Hulten (19686) lists only E. glabellus. In Sask., it ranges N to Prince Albert and in Man., n to Gypsumville, about 125 mi n of Portage la Prairie. [E. glabellus of Canadian reports in part, not Nutt.[. In its erect (rather than decumbent) habit and white (rather than pink to purple) ray-ligules, the taxon seems fairly distinct from E, glabellus. Observations by the writer "in the field" also indicate that it flowers at a considerably earlier date. E. aureus Greene /T/W/ (Hs) Rocky places at high elevations from B.C. (n to Redfern L.f Penticton, and Kicking Horse Pass, Yoho National Park) and sw Alta, (n to Jasper) to the Cascade Mts. of Wash. [Haplopappus brandegei Gray, not E. brand. Gray], Var. acutifolius Raup (basal leaves acute rather than obtuse or rounded, somewhat narrower than those of the typical form) is known from the type locality, Redfern L., in the Peace River dist. of e B.C. at ca. 56°N. An apparent hybrid between E. aureus and E. humilis (E. uniflorus var. unalaschkensis of the present treatment) is reported from the' Selkirk Mts. of B.C. by Cronquist (1947). E caespitosus Nutt. /ST/WW/ (Hs) Dry, open, often rocky places at low to moderate elevations from Alaska (n to 1540 Ertgeron ca. 67°30'N) and the Yukon (n to ca. 63°N) to B.C.-Alta., Sask, (n to Humboldt, about 55 mi E of Saskatoon), and Man. (n to Victor, about 80 mi nw of Brandon; the report from York Factory, Hudson Bay, 57°N, by Jackson et al. 1922, taken up by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation), s to Wash., Utah, Ariz., N.Mex., and Mebr. [Var. grandiflorus (Hook.) T. & G. ( Diplopappus gr. Hook., not E. gr. Hook.); D. ( E .) canescens Hook., not £. canescens H. & A.; E. subcanescens Rydb.; £. condensates of Sask, reports, not Mels.], map: Hultdn 19685:870. £. canadensis L. Horse-weed. Vergerette du Canada /sT/X/ (T) Disturbed ground, cult, fields, waste places, etc. (probably largely or wholly introd. northwards), from s Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Smith, ca. 6Q,:,N) and B.C.-Alta. to Sask. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 56°N; CAN), Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (N to the w James Bay watershed at ca. 53JN), Que. (N to L. St. John and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; tropical America; widely introd. in Eurasia (and probably in a large part of the N. American range, particularly northwards and westwards, the native area very uncertain because of its weedy nature). [Conyza Cronq. ; Leptilon Britt.]. E. composites Pursh /AST/(X)/GeA/ (Ch) Dry calcareous rocks, sands, gravels, and ledges, the aggregate species from Alaska (n to ca. 69 N) and the coasts of the Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to Banks Is., Melville Is., and Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 79 N), s in the West through B.C.-Alta. and dry hills in the prairie region of S Sask. (Cypress Hills, Elrose, Biggar, Mortlach, Southey, and Moose Mountain Creek; Breitung 1957a) to Calif., Ariz., and S.Dak., farther eastwards s to Great Slave L. and Baffin Is. (s to ca. 70°N; the report of £. trifidus from Churchill, Man., by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation); an isolated small eastern area in e Que. (Bic Ml., near St-Fabien, Rimouski Co.; coastal ledges and cliffs of the Gaspe Pen.) and Nfld.; drcumgreenlandic (but large gaps); ne Asia (a station on Wrangel Is., off the coast of ne Siberia, indicated in Hulten s below-noted 1968 map, this not Wrangell Is., Alaska), maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Leaves mostly 1-ternate; [the Yukon-B.C. to Sask. (the report of £. trifidus from Churchill, Man., by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation); isolated in e Que. (Bic, Rimouski Co.; Gaspe Pen.) and Nfld. ; see discussion of the range of var. composites ] var. discoideus Gray 2 Ray-ligules wanting; [£. multifidus var. disc. (Gray) Rydb.; £. trifidus var. disc. (Gray) Nels ] . . . f. discoideus 2 Ftay-figules about 1 cm long; [the more usual form; £. trifidus Hook.; £. gormanii Greene; Cineraria lewisii Rich.] f. trididus (Hook.) Fern. 1 Leaves mostly 2-4-ternate 3 Best developed leaves mostly regularly 2-3-times ternate, the divisions usually not very long; [var. multifidus (Rydb.) Macbr. & Pays. (£. multifidus Rydb.); essentially the range of the species] var. glabratus Macoun 3 Best developed leaves mostly 3-4 times ternate (often irregularly so), with very long linear divisions; [the range of the aggregate species, as indicated in the following maps, is transcontinental in arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions; there is, however, some doubt as to whether this form with extreme leaf-dissection occurs in N. America other than in the U.S.A , maps of the Alaska-Canada area probably being referable to the above varieties; maps (aggregate species): Hulten 19685:862; Porsild 1957: map 306, p. 199; Dansereau 1957: map 2C, p. 33: Marie-Victorin 1938: fig. 32, p. 524, and Contrib. Inst. Bot, Univ. Montreal 5: fig. 3, p. 90. 1925 (both somewhat incomplete); Fernald 1929: map 13, p. 1492, and 1925: map 54, p. 323 (both somewhat incomplete)] var. composites E. corymbosus Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Open dry places (often with sagebrush) from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland n to Kamloops, Armstrong, and Windermere; CAN; V) and w-cent. ?A!ta. (Grande Prairie, 55*1 0'N; Herb. V; if correctly identified, the plant was probably introd. there) to Oreg., Wyo., and Mont. £. divergens T. & G. /t/WW/ (Hs) Dry and waste places, often sandy, in the valleys and foothills from s B.C. (Grand 1541 Compositae Forks, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Trail; V; reported from Kelowna, L. Okanagan, by Eastham 1947) to Calif., Mexico, and Okla. £. filifolius Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Dry plains and foothills, often with sagebrush, from s B.C. (chiefly valleys of the Dry Interior n to the Marble Mts. (nw of Clinton), Kamloops, and Invermere; CAN; V) and Mont, to n Calif, and Nev. [Diplopappus Hook.]. E Magellan's Gray /T/WW/ (Hsr) Dry open or partly shaded places: s B.C. (Dry Interior n to Chilcotin, the Marble Mts. nw of Clinton, Williams Lake, Kamloops, and Armstrong; CAN; V) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b); the main area from Wyo. and S.Dak. to Nev., Ariz., and Tex. £ formosissimus Greene /T/WW/ (Hs) Meadows and open ground in the mts., often at high elevations: sw Alta, (w of Pincher Creek, sw of Lethbridge; Cronquist 1947) and Red Lodge, Mont.; the main area from Utah, Wyo., and S.Dak. to Ariz. and N.Mex, E. glabellus Nutt. /ST/WW/ (Hs) Meadows and moist open ground (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Idaho, Utah, Colo., S.Dak., and Wise, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Pubescence of stem appressed or closely ascending; [Tessenia Lunnell;£. speciosus sensu Fraser and Russell 1944, not DC.; Sask. (n to Prince Albert) and Man. (n to Gypsumville, about 125 mi N of Portage la Prairie)] var. glabellus 1 Pubescence of stem spreading var. pubescens Hook. 2 Ray-ligules pink or roseate; [Tessenia oligodonta var. ros. Lunnell; E, asper var. pub. f. ros. (Lunell) Breitung; £. drummondii Greene; probably throughout the range of f. pubescens] f. roseafa (Lunell) Scoggan 2 Ray-ligules blue or purple; [£ asper var. pub. (Hook.) Breitung; £ anodontus and £ ollgodontus Lunnell; E. turned Greene; Alaska (n to ca. 67Q3QfN), the Yukon (N to ca, 64 N), Dist. Mackenzie (n to Great Slave L.), B.C. , Alta, (n to L. Athabasca), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), and Man. (n to Rocky Lake, 30 mi n of The Pas); map: Hulten 1 9686:870] ....... f. pubescens E. grandiflorus Hook. /aST/W/ (Hs (Ch)) Dry tundra and in the mts. to high elevations from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie and w Victoria Is. to (following an apparent gap) the Rocky Mts. of se B.C. (North Kootenay Pass; John Macoun 1884) and w Alta, (n to ca. 54°N, s to Crowsnest Pass, 49°38'N; type a Drummond collection from Summits of the Rocky Mountains probably in Alta.), maps: Hulten 19686:865; J.G. Packer, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 6, p. 134. 1971. Some of the n Alaska-Yukon material is referable to ssp. muirii (Gray) Hu it. (£ (Aster) muirii Gray, the type from Cape Thompson, Alaska; leaves and involucres densely lanate rather than the leaves hirsute-pilose, the involucres pilose or long-villous), map: W.J. Cody, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(2): fig. 19, p. 152. 1971, £. hyperboreus Greene /S/W/ (Hs (Ch)) Rocky places and solifluction soils of Alaska (n to ca. 69 N; type from Porcupine River), w ?Yukon (on or very close to the Alaska boundary n of ca. 65°N), and nw Dist. Mackenzie (Tree R.; CAN). [E alaskanus Cronq.]. map: Hulten 19686:865. £. hyssopifollus Michx. /ST/X/ (Hpr) Calcareous ledges, talus, and gravelly shores (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to northernmost ?B.C. (see Hulten's below-noted map), n Alta. (Wood Buffalo National Park), Sask. (s to The Pas; Herb. Walter Krivda), Man. (s to Cowan, ne of Duck Mt.), Ont. (s to Michipicoten, ca. 48°N on the e shore of L. Superior), n Mich., N N.Y., and n Vt. map and synonymy: see below. 1542 Erigeron 1 Plant generally less than. 1.5 dm tall, the peduncles as long as or longer than the leaf -bearing stem, this with relatively crowded leaves var. villicaulis Fern. 2 Stem appressed-pubescent; [var. antico$fens/s Viet. & Rousseau; e Que, (Anticosti Is., the type locality) and nw Nfld. (Straits of Belle Isle; Ha-Ha Mt.)] .... — — f. appressus Cronq. 2 Stem spreading-pubescent; [type from Table Mt, Port-a-Port Bay, Nfld.] f. villicaulis 1 Plant commonly over 1.5 dm tall, the peduncles usually shorter than the leaf-bearing stem var. hyssopifolius 3 Stem spreading-pubescent nearly or quite to the top; [type from ledgy banks of the Restigouche R, at Matapedia, sw Gaspe Pen., e Gue.] f. patens Cronq. 3 Stem appressed-pubescent at least above the middle; [Aster (Galatella) graminifolius Pursh; S Yukon (Hultdn 1968a), nw Dist. Mackenzie, and Great Bear L. to N Alta. (Wood Buffalo National Park), Sask. (The Pas; Amisk L,, near Flin Flon, ca. SS^N; Hasbala L. at ca. 59CN), s Dist. Keewatin, Man. (s to Cowan, near the ne edge of Duck Mt.), Ont. (n to w Hudson Bay at ca. 56°30'N), Que. (n to L. Mistassini (probable type locality), the Cote-Nerd, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen ), Nfld., N.B., and N.S.; map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:862} f. hyssopifolius E. lanatus Hook. /ST/W/ (Hr (Ch)) High mts. of sw Yukon (an isolated station in the Kluane Ranges at 6046'N; J.A. Neilson, Can. Field-Nat. 82(2): 114. 1968), se B.C. (n to Kootenay National Park, ca. 50°30N), sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN; type a Drummond collection from "Summits of the Rocky Mountains between lat. 52* and 56°.”), nw Mont., and Colo. [E grandiflorus var. Ian. (Hook.) Gray], map: Neilson, loc. cit., fig. 1, p. 115. 1968. E linearis (Hook.) Piper /t/W/ (Hs) Dry, often rocky soil from the plains and foothills to moderate elevations from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to the Marble Mts. nw of Clinton, e to Midway, near the U.S.A. boundary about 50 mi se of Penticton; the report of E peucephyllus from the Cypress Hills of sw Sask. (se ?Alta.) by John Macoun 1884, is based upon E radicatus, the relevant collection in CAN. detd. Cronquist) to Oreg. and Nev. [Diplopappus Hook.; E peucephyllus Gray]. E lonchophyllus Hook. /ST/(X)/A/ (Hs) Calcareous meadows, gravels, and shores at low to fairly high elevations, the main area from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 66 3Q'N) and the Mackenzie R Delta to Great Slave L., Sask. (n to Hasbala L., ca. 59°N; type a Drummond collection from ‘Saskatchewan"), and Man. (n to Churchill), s through B.C. -Alta, to s Calif., Utah, n N.Mex., and N.Dak.; isolated areas along the James Bay coasts of Ont. -Gue. (see James Bay watershed map by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1958; fig. 13, p. 167) and in e Que. (Mingan Is. of the Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.); Asia. [E armeriifolius Turcz.; E glabratus var. minor Hook. (E minor (Hook.) Rydb.); E kindbergii Greene; E (Tessenia) racemosus Nutt.; E politus sensu Rydb., not Fries; incl. var. laurentianus Viet.], maps; Hultbn 19686:868; Fernald 1925: map 18 (incomplete northwards), p. 255. [E. melanocephalus Nels.] [The report of this species of Wyo. from the Horsethief Creek-Purcell Range region near Windermere, se B.C., by Ulke (1935) requires confirmation.] E ochroleucus Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry plains and barren places at moderate to high elevations from sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes, Crowsnest Pass, and North Kootenay Pass; the last two on the B.C. -Alta, boundary, the species thus to be expected in se B.C.; reported from the Cypress Hills of sw Sask. by Cronquist 1947, but the actual locality of the 1894 Macoun collection cited may have been on the se Alta, side) to s Wyo. and nw Nebr. [Incl. the reduced alpine phase, var. scribneri (Canby) Cronq. (E scr. Canby; E macounii Greene); see note under E radicatus ]. E. pallens Cronq. /sT/W/ (Ch) Known only from w Dist. Mackenzie (Porsild and Cody 1968) and the mts. of se 1543 Compositae B.C. (known only from the type locality, Glacier, about 35 mi ne of Revelstoke, where taken by Butters and Holway in 1913) and sw Alta. (Lake of the Hanging Glacier, Rocky Mountain National Park, where taken by Sanson in 1928; Shovel Pass and Mt, Whitehorn, Jasper National Park, where taken by Kindle in 1927 and Porsild in 1964, respectively; Waterloo Lakes, where taken by Kuijt in 1970). E peregrinus (Pursh) Greene /ST/W/eA/ (Hs) Moist meadows, streambanks, and boggy places at moderate to high elevations (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), S to Calif., Utah, and N.Mex.; E Asia (Commander Is.; other closely related taxa in Asia), maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Phyllaries villous on the back (or sometimes merely ciliate marginally and glutinous on the back), not at all glandular; rays commonly pale or even white; leaves often toothed and soft-pubescent; stem and peduncles usually loosely villous; [map: Hulten I968b:869] ■. ssp. peregrinus 2 Upper stem -leaves either relatively large or closely set; [Aster peregrinus Pursh, the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; A. unalaschkensis Less., not E. unai. Vierh.; E. salsuginosus var. unal. Less.; Aleutian Is. -5 Alaska-Sw Yukon ( see Hulten 1950: map 118a, p. 1674) and B.C,] var. peregrinus 2 Upper stem-leaves reduced and distant; [s Alaska, B.C. (type from Queen Charlotte Is.), and sw Alta. (Banff)] var. dawsonii Greene 1 Phyllaries densely glandular on the back, rarely also with a few long hairs; rays commonly rich rose-purple or darker; leaves usually entire and glabrous; plant usually essentially glabrous except for the closely villous peduncles; [map: Hulten 1968b:869] ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. 3 Reduced, often subscapose, alpine plant less than 2 dm tall, with relatively large, obtuse or rounded basal leaves and much smaller stem-leaves; [E. acutatus and E obtusatus Greene; Aster salsuginosus var. scaposus T. & G. ; A. glacialis Nutt.; se ?Afaska, B.C., and sw Alta.] var. scaposus (T. & G.) Cronq. 3 Larger, mostly subalpine plants to 7 dm tall (if smaller, then with narrow and acute basal leaves). 4 Basal leaves oblanceolate or narrower, those of the stem linear or lanceolate; [E angustifolius Gray ;E foratus Greene; mts. of s B.C ] var. angustifolius (Gray) Cronq. 4 Basal leaves oblanceolate or broader, those of the stem mostly ovate or not greatly reduced; [var eucallianthemus Cronq.; E callianthemus Greene; S Alaska-B.C.-sw Alta.] var. callianthemus E philadelphicus L. /ST/X/ (Hs (T)) Moist places (often disturbed) from nw Yukon (an isolated station at ca. 67“30'N), w Dist. Mackenzie (n to ca. 64°N), and B.C. (n to Liard Crossing, ca. 59*25^) to Alta, (n to Fort Vermilion, 58 24'N, and L, Mamawi, w of L. Athabasca), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57°20'N), Ont. (n to Sachigo L. at ca. 54N, 92°W), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 52’37'N and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B . P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Tex., and Fla. [ Tessenia Lunnell; E purpureus Ait.; incl. the luxuriant extreme, f. scaturicola (Fern.) Cronq. (E scat. Fern.); E. bellidiastrum sensu John Macoun 1884, not Nutt., the relevant collection in CAN], map: Hulten 1968b:871. Var. glabra Henry (E provancheri Viet. & Rousseau; plant essentially glabrous rather than long-hairy) is known from B.C. (type from Vancouver Is,) and e Que. (type of E prov. from St-Vallier, Bellechasse Co.). Forma angustatus Viet. & Rousseau (basal leaves linear-lanceolate, generally less than 1 cm broad, rather than oblanceolate to narrowly obovate and to about 3 cm broad) is known from the type locality, Flower-Pot Is., L. Huron, Bruce Co., s Ont. E poliospermus Gray /l/WW/ (Hs) Dry plains and foothills (often with sagebrush) from SE B.C. (L. Osoyoos, near the U.S.A. boundary s of Penticton, where taken by John Macoun in 1905, distributed as E concinnus, revised by Cronquist; CAN; reported from North Kootenay Pass, on the B.C. -Alta, boundary, by John Macoun 1886) to Oreg. 1544 Erigeron £ pulchellus Michx. Robin s-plantain /T/EE/ (Hsr) Meadows, thickets, and open woods from Minn, to s Ont. (N to Wellington, Peel, and Ontario counties; CAN; TRT), sw Que. (Stanstead, Richmond, Richelieu, and Terrebonne counties; CAN; MT; reports from N.S. require confirmation), and s Maine, s to Kans., La,, Ala,, and Fla. [£. bellidifolius Muhl.]. There are 3 collections in CAN, detd. Porsild, from the Yukon between ca. 62°30' and 64°N, where almost certainly introd., probably in forage, having been taken in pastures, meadows, and river flats near “Pelly farm” and in a meadowlike spot near the confluence of the Yukon and Pelly rivers. E. pumilus Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry plains, valleys, and foothills (often with sagebrush) from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Kamloops and Armstrong), s Alta, (n to Rosedale and Drumheller), and s Sask. (Souris Plain, s of Moose Mt., where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1883; CAN, verified by Cronquist; the tentative report from Sutherland by Breitung 1957a, is referred by A.J. Breitung, Am. Midi. Nat. 61(2):512, 1959, to E. caespitosus; reports from s Man. by Lowe 1943, require clarification; the indication of a station at Kluane L. in sw Yukon in Hulten’s below-noted map may refer to an introd. plant) to s Calif., N.Mex., and Kans. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Outer pappus relatively inconspicuous, the inner pappus consisting of up to 27 slender, white, obscurely barbed bristles; rays nearly always white; base of disk-corollas glabrous; [Alta, (reported from Rosedale and Medicine Hat (“Sask.”), Alta., by Cronquist 1947; the tentative report of E. uncialis var. conjugans Blake of the w U.S.A. from sw ?Alta. by Boivin 1966b, may possibly be referable here or to E. radicatus) and s Sask.; map (aggregate species): Hulten 19685:863] ssp. pumilus 1 Outer pappus consisting of coarse bristles, the inner pappus of up to 20 rather coarse, yellowish or sordid, evidently barbed bristles; rays usually pink or blue. 2 Base of disk-corollas rather copiously puberulent; rays nearly always pink or blue; [£. concinnus T. & G.; reported from S B.C. by John Macoun 1884 (Kootenay and Nicola valleys) and Eastham 1947 (Tranquille; Okanagan; Grand Forks) but not cited for Canada by Cronquist 1947, who does, however, note a collection from L. Okanagan under ssp. intermedius var. gracilior-, the Kootenay and Nicola Valley collections also refer to this latter taxon, as probably do the others] ssp. concinnoides Cronq. 2 Base of disk-corollas glabrous or slightly puberulent; rays sometimes white . . ssp. intermedius Cronq. 3 Plant robust, the larger stems over 1 .5 mm thick at base and bearing at least 5 heads; [£. strigosus var. hispidissimus Hook.; s B.C. (Fairmont Hot Springs; Anar- chist Mt. near Osoyoos; Midway; Flathead); ?introd. in sw Yukon] ..... var. intermedius 3 Plant slender, the stems at most 1 .5 mm thick at base or bearing less than 5 heads, or both; [s B.C,: Kootenay and Nicola valleys; Kamloops; L. Okanagan; L. Osoyoos; Cascade; Trout Creek] var. gracilior Cronq. £. purpuratus Greene /Ss/W/ (Ch (Hrr)) Sandy or gravelly places at moderate to high elevations from Alaska (n to ca. 69°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N; type from Fort Selkirk), and w Dist, Mackenzie (Canol Road at ca. 63°N ; CAN) to northernmost B.C. (Taku Arm, Tagish L., near Atlin at ca. 59Q30fN; CAN; a collection in V from Chilcotin, sw of Williams Lake, requires confirmation). [£. denalii Nels.]. maps: Hulten 19685:863; Porsild 1966: map 151, p. 85. E. radicatus Hook. /T/W/ (Ch (Hr)) Dry montane slopes and hillsides of sw Alta. (Elbow R. at Moose Mt., se of Banff, where taken by John Macoun in 1897; CAN; type an early Drummond collection from near Jasper; the report from B.C. by Rydberg 1922, requires confirmation; according to Hulten 1950, Alaskan reports are referable to E. purpuratus) and s Sask. (Cypress Hills, where taken by Macoun in 1880 and 1895, and Old Wives Creek and Wood Mountain, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Moose Jaw, where taken by Macoun in 1895; CAN). [£. peucephyllus sensu Macoun 1884, not Gray, the relevant collection in CAN, revised by Cronquist; E. ?leiomeris sensu Rydberg 1922, not Gray]. 1545 Compositae According to Cronquist (1947), “E. radicatus is closely allied to E. ochroleucus var. scribneri, and may intergrade with it. Small forms of the latter may be distinguished by the finer pubescence of their stems, leaves, and involucre, and by usually having at the base a mere stout crown, or only slightly branched caudex, whereas the caudex of E. radicatus is well developed and branched, forming something of a cushion.” [E. simplex Greene] [The report of this species of the w USA. (n to Oreg. and Mont.) from sw Alta, by Moss (1959; Banff) requires clarification, perhaps being based upon E. uniflorus , with which, according to Hitchcock et al. (1955), it has often been confused.] E. speciosus (Lindl.) DC. /T/WW/ (Hs) Open woods and clearings, mostly in the foothills and at moderate elevations, from s B.C. and w Alta, (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below) to Baja Calif., Ariz., N.Mex., and the Black Hills of S.Dak. 1 Leaves, stem, and involucres more or less long-hairy; [E conspicuus and E subtrinervis Rydb.; E. giabeilus var. ?motli$ Gray; s B.C. (Skagit Valley; Anarchist Mt, near Osoyoos; Greenwood, about 50 mi w of Trail; St. Mary R. near Kimberley) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Belly R. near Fort Macleod)] var. conspicuus (Rydb.) Breitung 1 Leaves glabrous or nearly so (except for the ciliate margins); stem glabrous or very sparingly hairy below the inflorescence; involucre with few or no long hairs. 2 Leaves usually glabrous over the surfaces, rarely strongly ciliate, relatively broad (the uppermost ones ovate); stem commonly glabrous except directly below the heads, these with glabrous involucres; [E grandiflorus and E. macranthus Nutt., not E gr. Hook.; s B.C. (N to Kamloops and Lac la Hache) and Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Waterton Lakes; Sweet Grass Hills)) var. macranthus (Nutt.) Cronq. 2 Leaves relatively narrow, the uppermost ones lanceolate and often sparingly hairy, tending to be strongly ciliate; stem often sparsely hairy below the heads; involucres commonly sparingly hairy; [Stenactis Lindl.; B.C. (n to Chilcotin Plains, ca. 52&20'N) and Alta, (n to Grande Prairie in the Peace River dist, at ca. 55°10'N)] var. speciosus E. strigosus Muhl. Daisy-Fleabane, White-top. Vergerette rude /sT/X/ (T) Dry open places (often in waste or disturbed ground and cult, fields; apparently largely introd. northwards) from B.C. (n to the Pine R. in the Peace River dist. at ca. 56°N; V) to Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°31'N and L. Athabasca; CAN), Sask. (N to Hudson Bay Junction, 52°52'N), Man. (n to Steeprock, about 100 mi n of Portage la Prairie), Ont. (N to the sw James Bay watershed at ca. 52N), Que, (n to near L. Waswanipi at ca. 49°30'N and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , N.B., P E I., and N.S.. s to Calif., Idaho. Okla., Tex., and Fla. 1 Larger basal leaves to over 3 cm broad; lower stem-leaves broadly oblanceolate; disks of larger heads to 12 mm broad var. strigosus 2 Rays elongate, usually white; [incl. var. septenfrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern, (type of E. ramosus var. sept. F. & W. from Nfld.) which, as noted by Cronquist 1947, bridges the gap between E, strigosus and E annuus, and may be the result of hybridization between these two species; E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP., not Raf.; transcontinental] f. strigosus 2 Rays very short; [var, discoideus Robbins; se B.C. ; Sproat, Columbia Valley; J.M Macoun 1896] f. discoideus (Robbins) Fern. 1 Larger basal leaves usually not over 1.5 cm broad; lower stem-leaves nearly linear; disks to about 8 mm broad; rays white or purple; [Otterburne, s Man.; Love and Bernard 1959] var. beyrichii (Fisch. & Mey.) T. & G. E. uniflorus L. /AST/X/GEA/ (Hs) Meadows, snow beds, glacial till, and dry slopes (mainly in calcareous soils) at low to high elevations, the ranges of N. American taxa outlined below; circumgreenlandic; n Eurasia, maps and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to the scarcely separable E borealis of Baffin Is. and Greenland): see below. 1546 Eupatorium 1 Hairs of the involucre with dark blackish-purple cross-walls; phyllaries generally blackish purple throughout, usually less than 1 mm broad, attenuate; ray-ligules to 1 mm broad; disk to 2 cm broad; [E pulchellus var. unal. DC., described from plants taken at Unalaska, Aleutian Is., and in e Siberia; E. unal. (DC.) Vierh. ; E. humilis Graham; Aleutian Is. and the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Disf. Mackenzie to Banks Is., Victoria Is., Baffin Is. near the Arctic Circle, and northernmost Ungava-labrador, s to s Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin, ne Man. (known only from Churchill), and the coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay, Gue. (s to e James Bay at 53’ 50'N), and in the mts. through B.C. and sw Alta, to Mont; maps: Hulten 19686:864, and 1958: map 175 {£. hum. ), p. 195; Porsild 1957: map 309 {E. unal.), p. 199; Raup 1947; pi. 35 (E. unal. ); Bocher 1954: fig. 29 (£, unal. ), p. 1 15] var. unalaschkensis (DC.) Boivin 1 Hairs of the involucre with clear or bright reddish-purple cross-walls. 2 Pubescence of the involucre very long and generally very dense, appearing tousled; phyllaries rich reddish-purple, their loose tips somewhat attenuate; disk to 3 cm broad; involucre to 1 1 mm high; ray-ligules to about 0.5 mm broad; [E eriocephalus Vahl, the type from Greenland; coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to northernmost Ellesmere Is. and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s to S Dist Mackenzie, ne B.C., s Dist. Keewatin, and n Ungava-Labrador at ca. 60°N; nearly circumgreenlandic but with extensive gaps; ?lceland; n Europe; Siberia; maps (E erio. }: Hulten 19686:864; Porsild 1957: map 307, p. 199; Raup 1947: pi. 35] var. eriocephalus (Vahl) Boivin 2 Pubescence of the involucre shorter, coarser, and generally less dense, not appearing tousled; phyllaries generally green, their purplish tips appressed and scarcely attenuate; disk to 2 cm broad; involucre to 8 mm high; ray-ligules to 0.8 mm broad; [ Trimorphaea Vierh.; E alpiniformis Cronq.; Baffin Is. (Frobisher Bay); w and E Greenland n to ca. 68 N; Iceland; Europe; maps: Hulten 1958: map 68, p. 87; Porsild 1957 (1964 revision): map 343, p. 203; Love and Love 19566: fig. 16 {£. alpin. ), p. 179] E borealis (Vierh,) Simm. [E. yukonensis Rydb.] [This obscure Yukon species (type from Dawson) is included in E grandiflorus by Pol unin (1959) and, according to Hulten (1950), ‘might as well be regarded as a narrow-leaved race of E glabellus pubescens.". (E glabellus ssp. pubescens var.yuk. (Rydb.) Hull.)] ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. [9295] E. lanatum (Pursh) Forbes /t/W/ (Hp) Dry open places at low to moderate elevations from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Hope and Yale; CAN; V) and Mont, to Calif., Utah, and Wyo. [Ac tin el I a Pursh; Bahia DC.; Helenium Spreng.; Trichophyflum Nutt.; B. leucophylla DC.; E. (H) caespitosum Dougl. and its var. leuc. (DC.) Gray]. Var. achillaeoides (DC.) Jeps. ( Bahia ach. DC.; E. ternatum Greene; E. cusickii Eastw. in herb.; leaves mostly 2-ternate rather than merely deeply pinnatifid or 1-ternate) is reported from B.C. by P.A. Rydberg (N. Am. Flora 34:93. 1915) and Carter and Newcombe (1921; Vancouver Is.) but so-named collections in CAN from Vancouver Is. have been referred to the typical form by Lincoln Constance, his annotation-labels noting that this variety does not occur n of s Oreg. Var. integrifolium (Hook.) Smiley {Trichophyllum int. Hook.; leaves mostly entire or merely 3-lobed at apex, all or nearly all alternate rather than mostly opposite) is reported from sw B.C. by John Macoun (1886; Gulf of Georgia, as E caesp. var. int (Hook.) Gray) but the relevant Dawson collection has not been located. EUPATORIUM L [8816] Thoroughwort 1 Stem-leaves compound, opposite, sessile or very short-petioled, their 3(-5) coarsely serrate leaflets lanceolate to elliptic-acuminate; basal leaves oblanceolate, petioled; branch-leaves lanceolate to ovate; receptacle flat; phyllaries 2-3-ranked; flowers whitish to reddish-mauve; (introd. in ?B.C.) [E cannabinum] 1 Leaves all simple. 1547 Compositae 2 Leaves whorled, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, petioled (or the uppermost ones subsessile); receptacle flat; phyllaries in several series of unequal length; flowers creamy white to pale pink or purple; (transcontinental) E. purpureum 2 Leaves opposite (but often with axillary fascicles of reduced leaves), 3 Leaves sessile (their broad bases united and perfoliate), crenate-serrate, lance-acuminate; receptacle flat; phyllaries 2-3-ranked; flowers whitish or purple-tinged; (se Man. to the Maritime Provinces) E. perfotiatum 3 Leaves mostly long-petioled, ovate; phyllaries subequal. 4 Base of stem with slender, superficial, creeping stolons, these rooting at the nodes; leaves blunt-toothed; receptacle conical; flowers bluish violet; (s Ont.) E. coelestinum 4 Base of stem lacking stolons; leaves coarsely and often sharply toothed; receptacle flat; flowers bright white; (?Sask.-Man.; Ont. to N.S.) £ rugosum (E. cannabinum L.] Hemp-Agrimony [Eurasian; reported as introd. in sw B.C. by Henry (1915; Sullivan and Surrey, near Vancouver), where perhaps not established.] £ coelestinum L. Mistflower /t/EE/ (Hpr) Low woods, damp thickets, clearings, and streambanks from Kans. to Ind., Ohio, s Ont. (known only from Essex Co., where taken by R. Frith in 1965 at "Point Pelee National Park, Tilden subdivision; edge of woods. New to Canada?’’; CAN, detd. A.E. Porsild), Pa., Md., and N.J., S to Tex. and Fla. £ perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort /T/EE/ (Hp (Hpr)) Wet thickets, swampy ground, and shores from se Man. (n to Muskeg Is,, L. Winnipeg, ca. 52°N) to Ont. (n to the Nipigon R. n of L, Superior), Que, (N to near Mont-Laurier, about 80 mi n of Hull, and Montmagny Co.; MT), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Tex. and Fla. 1 Heads purple-tinged; [Ont. (Boivin 1966b), Que. (St-Jean, Richelieu Co.), and N.S. (St-Croix, Hants Co.)] f. purpureum Britt. 1 Heads whitish. 2 Leaves free at their truncate or broadly rounded bases; [var. tr. Gray; Ont. (Curran; Boivin 1966b) and N.S. (Havelock, Digby Co.)] f. truncatum (Gray) Fassett 2 Leaves united around the stem by their broad bases. 3 Leaves mostly in whorls of 3; [Ont., Que., and N.S.] f. trifolium Fassett 3 Leaves in opposite pairs; [incl. var. colpophilum Fern. & Grisc.; £ connatum Michx.; s Man. to N.B. and N.S.] f, perfoliatum £ purpureum L. Joe-Pye-weed /T/X/ (Hp (Hpr)) Damp thickets, meadows, and shores, the aggregate species from s B.C. (several islands adjacent to Vancouver Is.; lower Fraser and Chilliwack valleys) to ?Alta, (reported n to the Clearwater R., ca. 56°45'N, by John Macoun 1884; not listed by Moss 1959), Sask. (iv to near lle-a-la-Crosse, 55°27'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Hill L., n of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (N to the Shamattawa R. at 54°14fN), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at 52°15'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld,, N.B,, P.E.I., and N.S., s to Utah, N.Mex., Iowa, Ohio, and N.C. 1 Inflorescence roundish-topped; flowers rarely more than 8 in a head; stem usually unspotted; [£ dubium Willd.; £ falcatum Michx.; s Ont.: n to Bruce and Hastings counties] var. purpureum 1 Inflorescence flattish -topped; flowers 8 or more in a head; stem deep purple or purple-spotted var. macutatum (L.) Dari, 2 Heads white; [£ mac. f. faxonii Fern.; Sask. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. (se shore of L. Superior), N.B. (near Edmunston), N.S. (Whycocomagh, Cape Breton Is.), and Nfld.] f. faxonii (Fern.) Boivin 2 Heads pale lilac or pink to purple. 3 Inflorescence decompound, comprising about the upper 1 /3 of the plant, the few-headed corymbs mostly surpassed by the numerous bracteal leaves; [£ mac. 1548 Franseria f. anomalum Viet., the type from Rupert House, James Bay, Gue,; also known from w James Bay, Ont., and from Rimouski and Bonaventure counties, E Que.] f. anomalum (Viet.) Boivin 3 Inflorescence relatively short and more regularly branched, the heads usuaily more numerous in corymbs mostly surpassing the bracteal leaves. 4 Floral organs changed into phyllaries; [type from near Otterburne, s Man.] f. tegulosum Boivin 4 Floral organs normal; [E. maculatum L. and its var. foliosum (Fern.) Wieg., and f. erisinatum Lepage of the latter taxon; E. bruneri Gray; E. fistuiosum Barratt; E. rydbergii Britt.; transcontinental] f. maculatum E, rugosum Houtt. White Snakeroot /T/EE/ (Hp) Moist woods, thickets, and clearings from ?Sask.~Man. (see Breitung 1957a:64) to Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (M to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), N.B.. and N.S. {not known from P.E.I.), s to e Tex. and Ga. [E. agerafo/efes L. f.; E. boreale Greene; E urticaefolium Reichard], Forma verticiilatum (Viet.) Scoggan (E urticaefolium f. vert. Viet.; most or all of the leaves in 3's rather in opposite pairs) is known from the type locality, Grosse-lle, about 40 mi ne of Quebec City, Que. FILAGO L. [8969] Fluff-weed 1 Heads 2-7; phyllaries spreading in fruit, blunt F. arvensis 1 Heads 20-40; phyllaries erect, the outer shorter ones cuspidate, the inner longer ones with a shining, yellow, awn-like bristle-tip [F. germanica] F. arvensis L. Eurasian; introd. in the w U S A., where, according to Hitchcock et al. (1955), becoming common on overgrazed ranges; in Canada, known from dry roadsides and fields in s B.C. (Saltspring Is,, near Vancouver Is.; Kootenay dist, at Creston, Erickson, Moyie, Cranbrook, Kitchener, and Elko; CAN; V) and S Ont. (Manitoulin Is., n L. Huron; DAO). [Gnaphalium L.J. [F, germanica (L.) Huds.] Cudweed, Herba Impia [Eurasian; reported from B.C. by T.M.C. Taylor (1966b), otherwise locally introd. into dry fields of the e US. A. ( Gnaphalium L.).] FRANSERIA Cav. [9147] Bur-sage 1 Burs (fruit) glabrous except for minute glands, the spines thin and relatively weak, their tips straight or slightly curved; staminate heads to 4 mm broad; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid; coarsely strigose or scabrous-hispid annual; (S Alta., s Sask.. and s Man.) . ... F. acanthicarpa 1 Burs more or less hairy, the spines somewhat flattened or subterete, stiffer, their tips often curved; staminate heads to about 8 mm broad; leaves toothed to pinnate-pinnatifid, generally appressed-hairy, succulent; perennial, the stems freely branching beneath the surface; (coastaLsands of B.C.) F. chamissonis F. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville Sandbur /T/WW/ (T) Open places and sandy shores from Wash, to s Alta. (Milk River, Medicine Hat, and Manyberries, s of Medicine Hat; CAN), s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Beverley, Piapot, Beaver Creek, Mortlach, and Great Sand Hills, nw of Swift Current; Breitung 1957a), and s Man. (near Bernice, about 35 mi sw of Brandon; DAO; reported from the Red River Valley by Jackson et al. 1922), s to Calif, and Tex.; introd. eastwards. [Ambrosia acan. Hook., the type locality given as “Banks of the Saskatchewan and Red River"; F. hookeriana Nutt,], F. chamissonis Less. /t/W/ (Ch (Grh)) Coastal sands from B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Vancouver; CAN; V) to s Calif. [Ambrosia Greene; Gaertneria Ktze,; F. cuneifoiia Nutt.]. 1549 Compositae Most of the B.C. material is referable to var. bipinnatisecta Less. (F. bip, (Less.) Nutt.; leaves mostly 2-3-pinnatifid and less hairy than the usually densely silvery-pubescent and merely toothed leaves of the typical form). GAILLARDIA Foug. [9306] Gaillardia 1 More or less hirsute perennial with entire to sinuate-pinnatifid leaves to about 2 dm long; heads to 1 dm broad, the yellow rays often with a purple base (or sometimes wholly purple); receptacular chaff surpassing the achenes; (B.C. to Man.; introd. eastwards) G. aristata 1 Soft-pubescent annual usually less than 5 dm tall; leaves to about 1 dm long, entire or the lower ones lyrate-pinnatifid; heads to 5 cm broad, the rays yellow at tip, rose-purple at base; receptacular chaff about equalling the achenes; (introd. in Ont.) [G. pulchella] G. aristata Pursh /T/WW/ (Hs) Prairies, plains, and foothills from B.C. (n to near Cariboo and Lac la Hache) to Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), and Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the NW end of L. Winnipeg), s to Oreg.. Utah, Colo., and S.Dak.; occasionally introd. elsewhere, as in the e U.S.A. and in s Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, ca. 62°N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):67. 1961). [G. pulchella of Canadian reports except those noted under that species; G. bicolor Sims, not Lam.]. Some of our material is referable to f, monochroma Boivin (ray-ligules uniformly yellow or orange-yellow rather than with a purple base; type from Waldheim, Sask.). [G. pulchella Foug.] [Native in the s U.S.A, from Colo, and Ariz. to N.C. and Fla.; introd. or a garden-escape elsewhere, as in Ont. (North Gower, Carleton Co.; DAO; reported from Lambton Co. by Gaiser and Moore 1966), where, however, probably not established.] GALINSOGA R. & P. [9246] Quick-weed 1 Peduncles and upper part of stem more or less densely clothed with spreading flexuous simple hairs (at least 0.5 mm long) and glandular hairs; receptacular chaff simple; at least the longer pappus-scales of the disk-achenes narrowed into distinct awns; pappus-scales of the ray-achenes shorter than the corolla; achenes densely hispid on the inner face; leaves rather coarsely serrate G. ciliata 1 Peduncles with short ascending hairs (less than 0.5 mm long); stem glabrous or sparingly appressed-puberulent and glandular; receptacular chaff 3-toothed at apex; pappus-scales not awned, those of the ray-florets none or rudimentary; achenes hispid only at summit; leaves more finely serrate G. parviflora G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake A native of Cent, and S. America; a weed of gardens, yards, and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C. (Langley and Agassiz, e of Vancouver; New Denver, about 35 mi n of Nelson), Alta. (Boivin 1966b), Sask., s Man. (n to Grand Beach, near the s end of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (N to the N shore of L. Huron and the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Rimouski, Rimouski Co.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Adventina Raf.; G. aristulata Bickn.; G. parviflora var. hispida DC.]. G. parviflora Cav. A native of Mexico and S, America; introd, into N. America in similar habitats as those of G. ciliata (but much less common), as in B.C. (T.M.C. Taylor 1966b), s Ont. (n to Toronto; J.M. Macoun 1906), and sw Que. (n to Montreal; R. Campbell, Can. Rec. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895, and Raymond 1950b). GNAPHALIUM L. [8992] Cudweed, Everlasting 1 Heads clustered (sometimes solitary) at the ends of the branches of a usually ample 1550 Gnaphalium terminal corymb or panicle of corymbs, the individual clusters not conspicuously leafy-bracted; phyllaries uniformly white to yellowish white or tan; pappus-bristles distinct, falling separately; lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, the others linear to lanceolate or linear-oblong (sometimes slightly broader in G. chilense ); stems commonly unbranched below the inflorescence, to over 7 dm tall, 2 Leaves adnate-clasping but their bases not decurrent down the stem; annuals or biennials, 3 Inflorescence compact and often subcapitate (tending to consist of only 1 or a few dense clusters of heads); leaves copiously white-woolly on both sides, not at all glandular; (s B.C.) G. chilense 3 Inflorescence open-corymbiform, the lower branches commonly elongating and branching near the end; leaves green and from glabrous to slightly glandular or slightly woolly above, white-woolly beneath; (?B.C.; Ont. to N.S.) G. obtusifotium 2 Leaves sessile and with decurrent lines running down the stem for an appreciable distance below their bases; heads generally numerous in small clusters, commonly forming a broad open inflorescence; (B.C. and Alta.). 4 Perennial, the several stems from a short-lived taproot; leaves more or less tomentose but not at all glandular; phyllaries acute, woolly only at base or not at all G, microcephalum 4 Annual or biennial, the stems simple or branched at base; leaves more or less glandular-hairy at least above, sometimes also somewhat tomentose, 5 Phyllaries mostly sharply acute, generally yellowish or somewhat dingy; stem usually conspicuously glandular-hairy, becoming tomentose in the inflores- cence (rarely to near the base, as well as glandular); (B.C. ; Ont. to N.S.) G. viscosum 5 Phyllaries mostly obtuse or broadly rounded at summit, tending to be pearly-white; stem usually thinly tomentose and only slightly or scarcely glandular-hairy . . [G. caiifornicum] 1 Heads in terminal leafy-braeted clusters or leafy-bracted spikes (in depauperate individuals, sometimes solitary); mature stems diffusely branched from base. 6 Heads in small capitate sessile clusters; involucres 3 or 4 mm high; pappus-bristles falling separately; copiously white-tomentose or -woolly annuals. 7 Leaves to about 4 cm long, linear to narrowly oblanceolate; mature phyllaries usually discoloured (greenish or brownish) at tip, moderately woolly below; plant appressed-tomentose; (transcontinental; ?introd.) G. uliginosum 7 Leaves 1 or 2 cm long, rather more broadly oblanceolate; phyllaries brown, usually with whitish tips, densely woolly toward base; plant loosely floccose; (s B.C. to S Sask.) G. palustre 6 Heads in distinct spikes (in depauperate individuals, sometimes solitary or capitate); involucre at least 5 mm high; flowering stem simple or sparingly branched at base. 8 Heads solitary and terminal or up to 5 in a spike; leaves linear, mostly crowded in basal tufts; flowering stem at most about 1 dm tall; pappus-bristles distinct, falling separately; dwarf tufted perennial; (Que., Labrador, and Nfld.) G. supinum 8 Heads commonly more numerous in elongate spikes; leaves broader; stems commonly taller; pappus-bristles united at base and deciduous in a ring. 9 Annual or biennial; basal spatulate leaves and oblanceolate or spatulate stem-leaves round-tipped, covered beneath with a white felt-like coat of enmeshed subappressed hairs; phyllaries brown to chestnut or purple; achenes papillate; (sw B.C.; s Ont.) G. purpureum 9 Perennials with a stout caudex bearing tufts of acutish-tipped leaves; achenes sparsely strigose 10 Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 -ribbed, at most about 1 cm broad, spike up to 4/5 of the height of the plant; phyllaries whitish or pale brown, with a dark spot near tip; (Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.) G. sylvaticum 10 Basal leaves oblanceolate, 3-ribbed, to 3 cm broad; spike at most about half the height of the plant; phyllaries with broad dark margins and a narrow pale centre and base; (Que., Labrador, and Nfld.) G. norvegicum 1551 Compositae [G. californicum DC.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Oreg. to Calif.) from B.C. by J.M. Macoun (1896; Revelstoke and Ainsworth) is based upon G. viscosum, the relevant collections in CAN. (G. decurrens var. cal. (DC.) Gray).] G. chilense Spreng. /l/WWy (Hs) Open, usually moist places, often in disturbed soil, from s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Cascade; Yale; Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope; Salmon Arm, about 50 mi E of Kamloops) and Mont, to s Calif, and Tex. [G. sprengelii H. & A.]. G. microcephalum Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Dry open places, often sandy or rocky, from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland n to Lytton; CAN; V) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 1957b) to s Calif, and Colo. [Incl, G. thermale Nels.]. G. norvegicum Gunn. /aST/E/GEA/ (Hp) . Damp humus slopes, grassy depressions, and ledges of Que. (coast of e Hudson Bay between ca. 56 and 60 "N; Ungava Bay; mts. at 55 04'N, 67°12'W; Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (between ca. 55°N and Ramah, 58G52'N), and nw Nfld. ; w Greenland n to ca. 74°N, e Greenland N to 66°20'N; Iceland; Europe; nw Asia; introd. on Sakhalin Is. [G. sylvaticum of Labrador reports, not L. ; G. sylv. vars. brachystachyum Ledeb. and fuscatum Wahl,]. maps: Hulten 1958: map 29, p. 49; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 5, sheet 38. The purported citation by Gmelin from ‘Russian America” (Alaska) noted by John Macoun (1884) is undoubtedly the same as the one noted by Hulten (1950) for G. sylvaticum , the America rossica " report by K.F. von Ledebour ( Flora Rossica pt. 2:610. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. 1844; G. sylvaticum var. macrostachyum Ledeb.) being based upon a misinterpretation by Ledebour of Gmelin's "Nee in America septentrionali deficit." G. obtusi folium L. Catfoot /T/EE/ (T) Fields, thickets, and clearings from Ont. (n to Ottawa) to Que. (n to Berthierville, about 35 mi ne of Montreal), N.B., P.E.I.. and N.S., s to Tex. and Fla.; reported from se B.C. by Ulke (1935; Wilmer. about 65 mi se of Golden), where probably introd. [Incl. var, praecox Fern. (G. polycephalum Michx.)]. G. palustre Nutt. Western Marsh Cudweed /T/W/ (T) Moist places (often alkaline) and dried pool-beds from s B.C. (N to Kamloops), s Alta. (Milk River, Castor, Hand Hills, and Redcliffe; CAN), and s Sask. (n to Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a) to s Calif, and N.Mex. G. purpureum L. Purple Cudweed /T/X/ (T (Hs)) Dry, sandy or clayey, often disturbed soils from sw B.C, (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V) to Kans., III., Ohio, s Ont. (Leamington. Essex Co., and Port Colborne, Welland Co.; CAN), N.Y., and New Eng., s to Calif., Tex., and Fla.; tropical America. [G. ustulatum Nutt.]. G. supinum L. Alpine Cudweed /aST/E/GEA/ (Ch) Damp ravines and exposed rocks and gravels of Que. (Hudson Strait s to ne Hudson Bay at ca. 57°N; Ungava Bay watershed s to ca. 54°45’N; Tabletop Mt,, Gaspe Pen.), n Labrador (s to ca. 54°N), N Nfld., Mt. Katahdin, Maine, and Mt. Washington, N.H.; w and E Greenland n to ca. 70°N; Iceland; Europe; w Asia, maps: Bocher 1954: fig. 28 (top; bottom left), p. Ill; Hulten 1 958 : map 99. p. 119. G. sylvaticum L. /T/EE/EA/ (Hp) Fields, rocky slopes, borders of woods, and clearings from Ont, (collection in OAC from Algonquin Park, w of Pembroke; collections in TRT from the Nipissing and Muskoka districts E of Georgian Bay, L. Huron) to Que. (n to L. St. John, Anticosti Is., and the Gaspe Pen.), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to n New Eng.; Iceland; Europe; w Asia. 1552 Grindelia (Concerning a purported citation from Alaska, see G. norvegicum). map: Hulten 1958: map 118, p. 137 (noting another total-area map by Saxer). G. uliginosum L. Low Cudweed ?Eurasian (considered by some auth., e.g., Fernald in Gray 1950, as native in N. America in spite of its very weedy nature): introd. in gardens, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), Dist. Mackenzie (n shore of Great Slave l,; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat, 77(2): 126, 1963), B.C., Alta, (n to L. Athabasca), Sask. (known only from Loon Lake, 54Q02rN; Breitung 1957a), Man. (known only from Angusville, about 80 mi nw of Brandon), Ont. (n to the nw shore of L. Superior near the Minn, boundary), Que. (N to the Cote-Nord. Anticosti Is., and Gasp6 Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., and in w Greenland at ca. 60° and 70°N. [G. palustre sensu Lowe 1943, not Nutt., the relevant above-noted Angusville collection in WIN], map: Hulten 19680:882, G. viscosum HBK. /T /X/ (Hs (T)) Meadows, pastures, borders of woods, and clearings from s B.C. (n to Salmon Arm and Revelstoke; not known from Alta.-Sask.-Man.) to Ont. (n to Nipigon, n shore of L. Superior), Que, (N to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co., and Bic, Rimouski Co.; MT). N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., Mexico, Tenn., Pa., and New Eng. [G. macounii Greene; G. decurrens Ives, not L.]. GRINDELIA Willd. [8833] Gumweed, Tarweed, Resinweed 1 Heads discoid, usually not over 1 .5 cm broad; leaves scarcely clasping, seldom over 1 dm long and 1.5 cm broad; plant glabrous; biennial or short-lived perennial; (?B.C.) [G, Columbiana] 1 Heads normally radiate, the rays yellow; upper stem-leaves mostly sessile and more or less clasping. 2 Tips of at least the middle and lower phyllaries regularly reflexed; leaves glabrous; biennial or short-lived perennial; (s Dist. Mackenzie-B.C, to Man.; introd. in Ont. and Que.) G. squarrosa 2 Tips of phyllaries loose or spreading but not regularly reflexed; leaves usually more or less villous; taprooted perennial, often with a caudex; (s ?Alaska-w B.C.). . . . .G, integrifolia [G. Columbiana (Piper) Rydb,] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash,, Oreg., and Idaho) from s B.C. by Eastham {1947; Grand Forks, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Trail) requires confirmation. (G. nana ssp. coi. Piper and var. discoidea (Nutt.) Gray; G. disc. Nutt., not H. & A.).] G. integrifolia DC. /t/W/ (Hs) Salt marshes, rocky shores, and various inland habitats from w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is.; Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland; concerning an early report of G. stricta from Alaska, see Hulten 1968a) to n Calif. [G. coilina Henry (G. stricta var. coll. (Henry) Steyerm.); incl. vars. aestivalis and autumnalis Henry and macrophylla Greene; G. aggregata Steyerm.; G. andersonii Piper; G. hendersonii and G. lanata Greene; G. oregana Gray; G. stricta DC. and its var, aestuarina Steyerm.; G. nana sensu Carter and Newcombe 1921, not Nutt.; Donia ?glutinosa sensu Hooker 1834, not R. Br.]. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal /sT/WW/ (Hs) Dry open places, the aggregate species from s Dist. Mackenzie (Wood Buffalo National Park at ca. 60°15'N; CAN) and B.C. (N to Chilcotin, Cariboo, Kamloops, and Glacier, Rogers Pass) to Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park), Sask. ("Common in dried up potholes on prairie"; Breitung 1957a), and Man. (presumably native southwards; introd. n to The Pas, as also in Ont. and Que.), s to Calif., Tex., and Minn. 1 Heads discoid, lacking ray-ligules; leaves copiously serrulate; [G, nuda Wood; reported as introd. in s Ont, by Soper 1 949] var. nuda (Wood) Gray 1 Heads radiate, the ray-ligules yellow. 1553 Compositae 2 Ray-ligules rarely more than 25; achenes typically with 1 or more short marginal knobs at summit; leaves entire to sharply toothed, the teeth not callous-tipped; perennial with a taproot and often a branched caudex; [var. integerrima (Rydb.) Steyerm. (G. integerrima Rydb.); G. nana Nutt, and its var. integrifoiia Nutt.; B.C.: reported from the Dry Interior as far n as Hanceville, ca. 52°N, by Eastham 1947] var. integrifoiia (Nutt.) Boivin 2 Ray-ligules usually more than 25; achenes typically lacking apical knobs; leaves regularly callous-serrulate to sometimes sharply toothed or entire; biennial or short-lived perennial. 3 Leaves entire or remotely serrulate, or the lower ones often coarsely and irregularly toothed or somewhat pinnatrfid; mostly a short-lived perennial; [G. perennis Nels. and its f. pseudopinnatifida Love and Bernard; apparently native from sw Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to s Man. (also introd. in stockyards at The Pas); the plant introd. in Onl. (n to near Thunder Bay; reported from 22 counties by Herbert Groh, Can. Field-Nat. 43(5): 106. 1929), Que. (near Montreal; Mont-St- Pierre, Gaspe Co.), and Nfld. (Rouleau 1956) is probably chiefly or wholly referable here] var. quasiperennis Lunell 3 Leaves closely and evenly serrulate or crenulate-serrulate. 4 Upper and middle leaves mostly linear-oblong or oblanceolate, commonly over 5 times as long as broad; rays to 14 mm long; [G. serrulata Rydb.; s Sask. (Ogema, about 60 mi s of Regina; Breitung 1957a), se Man. (a collection in CAN from Morris, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg, has been placed here by Steyermark), and Ont. (introd.; Fernald in Gray 1950)] var. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyerm. 4 Upper and middle leaves mostly ovate or oblong, commonly not over 4 times as long as broad; rays rarely over 10 mm long; [Donia Pursh; reports from Canada are probably chiefly or wholly referable to the above taxa] [var. squarrosa] GUTIERREZIA Lag. [8835] G. sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby Match-brush, Broom-Snakeroot /T/WW/ (Ch) Dry plains, praines, and foothills (ascending to higher elevations southwards) from se Wash, to Alta, (n to Calgary), Sask. (n to Humboldt, about 60 mi e of Saskatoon), and s Man. (n to Millwood, about 85 mi nw of Brandon), s to Calif., Mexico, and Kans. [Solidago Pursh; G. diversifolia Greene; Brachyris (G.) euthamiae Nutt.], HAPLOPAPPUS {Aplopappus) Cass. [8852] Golden-weed (Ref.: Hall 1928) 1 Plant shrubby and branching, not at all caespitose, to 6(9) dm tall, the branches brittle; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, entire, to about 6 cm long and 4 mm broad, straight or twisted, glandular-glutinous; heads clustered at the ends of the branches but forming a racemose inflorescence in taller plants; ray-ligules mostly 1-5 (or none in some heads), 6-12 mm long; achenes elongate; (s B.C.) H. bloomeri 1 Plants herbaceous (sometimes with a short aerial woody caudex), often densely caespitose. 2 Ray-ligules none (or inconspicuous in H. carthamoides ), the solitary or several heads discoid or apparently so. 3 Basal and lowermost stem-leaves more or less reduced and early deciduous, the others firm, mostly oblong-spatulate, spinulose-toothed, to about 4 cm long and 1 cm broad; involucres to 1 cm high, their phyllaries commonly merely green-tipped, the lower ones the smallest; disk-corollas to 8 mm long; achenes narrowly turbinate (top-shaped), to 3 mm long, densely white-hairy; (s Alta, to s Sask.) H. nuttalfii 3 Basal leaves tufted, to 4 dm long and 4 cm broad, their entire to spiny-toothed oblanceolate blades tapering gradually to a long petiole; stem-leaves generally 1554 Haplopappus more or less reduced and tending to become sessile up the stem; involucres 1.5-3 cm high, their lowest phyllaries often leaf-like; disk-corollas to 14 mm long; achenes elongate, glabrous; (s B.C.) H. carthamoides 2 Ray-ligules present, yellow and conspicuous. 4 Leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid into narrow segments, to about 6 cm long; heads commonly several on each stem; phyllaries spinulose-tipped, in 4 or 5 unequal series; achenes at most 2.5 mm long; plant more or less greyish with a woolly pubescence; (s Alta, to s Man.) H. spinulosus 4 Leaves entire or sharply serrulate; phyllaries not spinulose-tipped; achenes elongate; plants not greyish-woolly. 5 Plants not densely caespitose and not at all mat-forming, the caudex simple or moderately branched, the flowering stems solitary to several, leafy or subscapose, often well over 2 dm tall; basal leaves oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, subglabrous or more or less villous-tomentose. 6 Heads characteristically several to rather numerous; involucres about 1 cm high, their conspicuously green-tipped phyllaries in 3 or 4 series of markedly unequal length; disk-corollas to 7 mm Jong; basal leaves usually sharply serrulate, to 2 dm long and 3.5 cm broad; stems to 5 dm tall; (s Dist. Mackenzie, Alta., and Sask.) H. lanceolatus 6 Heads characteristically solitary (sometimes 1 or 2 smaller short- peduncled heads in the upper axils of robust plants); basal leaves to about 1 .5 dm long. 7 Involucres to nearly 1,5 cm high, their phyllaries either subequal or in unequal series, green throughout or prominently green-tipped; disk- corollas to 1 cm long; leaves entire, to 3 cm broad; stems to 4 dm tall [H. integrifolius] 7 Involucres at most about 1 cm high, their phyllaries mostly subequal and generally green throughout; disk-corollas to 7 mm long; leaves usually sharply serrulate, to about 1.5 cm broad; stems to 3 dm tall; (?Sask.) [H. uniflorus ] 5 Plants more or less densely caespitose and generally mat-forming, with a much-branched caudex, numerous tufted, obscurely petioled basal leaves, and more or less numerous 1 -headed stems rarely over 2 dm tall, the leaves all entire. 8 Stems relatively leafy; leaves strongly glandular-puberulent, oblanceolate to spatulate or oblong, the basal ones the longest but the cauline ones fairly well developed; involucres to 1 1 mm high, their subequal phyllaries relatively loose and herbaceous or somewhat chartaceous; ray-ligules to 11 mm long; creeping rhizomes commonly present; (S B.C. and sw Alta.) H. lyallii 8 Stems scapose or few-leaved; leaves seldom glandular, mostly crowded at the ends of the short woody caudical branches and forming a mat; phyllaries firm, green-tipped; creeping rhizomes wanting. 9 Phyllaries in 2 nearly equal series; leaves narrowly linear (almost filiform), to about 2 cm long and less than 1 mm broad, hispid-ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; plant less than 1 dm tall; (the Yukon) H. macleanii 9 Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, to about 1 dm long and 7 mm broad; plants to over 1 .5 dm tall. 10 Phyllaries oval or oblong, rounded or very obtuse at tip, in 3 or 4 series of markedly unequal length; involucres to 13 mm high; (s Sask.) H. armerioides 10 Phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, less markedly unequal; involucres to 10 mm high [H. acaulis ] [H. acaulis (Nutt.) Gray] [Reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Idaho and Mont, to Calif, and Colo.) from Sask. by J.M. 1555 Compositae Macoun (1894; taken up by Rydberg 1922, Fraser and Russell 1944, and Breitung 1957a) are based upon H. armerioides, most or all of the relevant collections in CAN, DAO. SCS, and SASK, ( Chrysopsis Nutt.; Stenotus Nutt.; S. (H.) faleatus Rydb.; incl. the glabrous extreme, var. glabratus Eat. (C. (S.J caespitosa Nutt.)).] H. armerioides (Nutt.) Gray /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry hills and plains from Mont, and s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Eastend, Elbow, Wood Mountain, Lebret, Estevan, Short Creek, and Moose Mt.. n to Whiteshore L. and Floral, both ca. 52eN; CAN; DAO; SCS; SASK; the report from Man. by Rydberg 1922, taken up by Lowe 1943, requires confirmation) to Ariz,, N.Mex,, and Nebr, [Sfenoft/s Nutt.; as noted above, basis of reports of H. acaulis from Sask.]. H. bloomed Gray /t/W/ (N) Dry rocky slopes and open woods in the foothills and valleys up to moderate elevations from southernmost B,C. (Keremeos, about 20 mi sw of Penticton; V; reported from Westbridge, se of Penticton, by Eastham 1947) to Calif. [Chrysothamnus Greene; Ericameria Macbr.]. H. carthamoides (Hook.) Gray /t/W/ (Grt) Meadows and open hillsides at low to moderate elevations from southernmost B.C. (Keremeos, about 20 mi sw of Penticton; CAN; reported from Summerland, about 10 mi nw of Penticton, by Eastham 1947; reports from Alta, require confirmation) and Mont, to n Calif., Nev., and Wyo. [Pyrrocoma Hook. ; P, rigida Rydb.]. [H. rntegrifolius Porter] [The inclusion of B.C. and Sask. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Idaho, Mont,, and Wyo.) by Rydberg (1922) requires clarification. Breitung (1957a) notes that the Patience L., Sask., citation by Fraser and Russell (1944) refers to H, ianceoiatus var. vaseyi. ( Pyrrocoma Greene).] H. Ianceoiatus (Hook.) T. & G. /sT/WW/ (Hs) Moist alkaline meadows and open slopes (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Calif., Utah, and w Nebr. 1 Heads rarely more than 4 or 5, in a narrow racemiform inflorescence (the lower peduncles relatively short); phyllaries abruptly acute; [Pyrrocoma vaseyi (Parry) Rydb.; P. integrifolia of Sask reports, not Greene, according to Breitung 1957a; reported from Patience L., Sask., by Breitung] var. vaseyi Parry 1 Heads commonly numerous in a corymbiform or subpaniculate inflorescence; phyllaries acuminate. 2 Plant rather copiously lanate, usually single-headed; [reported by W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 70 (3); 126. 1956, from near Fort Smith, s Dist. Mackenzie, at 60°03'N, the type locality, and from near Beaverlodge, Alta., 55°13'NJ . . . , var. sublanatus Cody 2 Plant glabrous or slightly villous, with several to many heads in a corymbiform inflorescence; [Don/a lanceolata Hook., the type from between Carlton House, Sask,, and Edmonton, Alta.; Pyrrocoma Greene; s Alta. (Milk River; MacLeod; Oyen; n of Empress) and s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Bracken, Swift Current, Mortlach, Whiteshore L., and Saskatoon; Breitung 1957a); the apparent report from Man. by John Macoun 1884, requires confirmation, no Manitoba citations being given by Hall 1928] var. Ianceoiatus H. lyallii Gray /T/W/ (Hsr) Cliffs and talus slopes (often above timberline) from s B.C. (n to the Marble Range nw of Clinton; CAN; the type material was taken by Lyall along the B.C. -Wash, boundary, in the Cascade Mts.) and sw Alta, (n to the Banff dist.; CAN) to Oreg., Nev., and Colo. [Sfenofus Howell; Tonestus Nels,]. H. macleanii Brandegee /S/W/ (Ch) Dry rocky slopes up to about 3,000 ft in the Yukon (between ca. 61°30' and 64°N; 1556 Helenium type from near Dawson). (Sfenofus Heller; S. borealis Rydb.J. maps: Hulten 19686:854, and 1950: map 1099, p. 1673. H. nuttallii T. & G. /T/W/ (Ch (Hp)) Dry open places (often on alkaline clays) from Mont, to s Alta. (Lethbridge and the Red Deer R. valley; CAN) and s Sask. (Cypress Hills, Swift Current, Bracken, Mortlach, Elbow, and Moose Jaw; CAN; Breitung 1957a), s to Nev., Ariz., and N.Mex. [Sideranthus (Machaeran- thera) grindelioides (Nutt.) Britt., not H, gr. DC.]. H. spinulosus (Pursh) DC. Iron-plant /T/WW/ (Hp (Ch)) Dry plains, prairies, and foothills from Alta. (N to Vermilion, 53rj22'N; CAN), Sask. (n to Saskatoon; CAN), and sw Man. (n to Millwood, about 85 mi nw of Brandon) to Baja Calif., Mexico, Tex., Okla., and Minn. [Amelias Pursh; Eriocarpum Greene; Sideranthus ?Sweet; S. (Diplopappus) pinnatifidus Nutt.]. [H. uniftorus (Hook.) T. & G,] [The type locality of this species of the w U S. A. (n to Oreg.. Idaho, and Mont.) was given by Hooker (1834; Donia uniflora) as 'Plains of the Saskatchawan and Prairies of the Rocky Mountains." This is the apparent basis of the inclusion of Sask. in the range by Rydberg (1922) and later authors but Breitung excludes it from the flora of that province on the basis of the evidently too broad geographical designation of the type locality. ( Donia Hook. ; Pyrrocoma Greene).] HELENIUM L. [9305] Sneezeweed 1 Disk yellow, to over 2 cm broad; ray-florets yellow throughout, fertile; denuded receptacle depressed-globose; (B.C. to Que.) H. autumnale 1 Disk purple or brownish purple, to about 1 cm broad; rays sometimes tinged with purple at base, the ray -florets sterile; denuded receptacle ovoid; leaves linear to lanceolate; (introd. in Ont. and sw Que.) H. nudiflorum H. autumnale L. Common Sneezeweed /ST/X/ (Hs (Hp)) Rich thickets, meadows, and shores, the aggregate species from w Dist. Mackenzie (n to near Fort Simpson at ca, 62°50'N; CAN) and B.C. -Alta, to Sask. (n to lle-a-la-Crosse, 55°27'N; DAO), Man. (n to Wekusko L,, about 90 mi ne of The Pas), Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Berthier-en-bas, about 25 mi ne of Quebec City), N.Y., and New Eng., s to Ariz., Tex., and Fla. 1 Stem to 1.5 m tall; larger leaves coarsely dentate or serrate, to 5.5 cm broad; rays to 2,5 cm long and 12 mm broad; disk to 2.3 cm broad; plant commonly glabrate; [s Ont. (Tobermory, Bruce Co., where intermixed with var. canaliculatum): M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 45(540):490. 1943] var. autumnale 1 Stem usually lower; leaves to 4 cm broad, entire to shallowly (sometimes coarsely) toothed. 2 Rays to 2.5 cm long; disk to 2 cm broad; plant commonly glabrate, to 1 .2 m tall; [H. grandiflorum Nutt.; H. macranthum Rydb.; s Dist. Mackenzie-B.C, to Sask.] var. grandiflorum (Nutt.) T, & G. 2 Rays to about 2 cm long. 3 Leaves firm and subrigid, linear to lanceolate, entire or shallowly (rarely coarsely) toothed; rays commonly about 2 cm long; plant often glabrate; [var. ?fylesii Boivin; H. canaliculatum Lam.; H. ?pubescens Ait.; Ont. and sw Que.] var. canaliculatum (Lam.) T, & G. 3 Leaves membranaceous, lanceolate to elliptic, the larger ones relatively coarsely toothed; rays mostly about 1 cm long; plant commonly minutely puberulent; [H. montanum Nutt.; B.C. tow Ont.] var. montanum (Nutt.) Fern. H. nudiflorum Nutt. A native of the e U.S.A. (Kans. to N.C., s to Tex. and Ga.); rapidly spreading as a weed northwards, as in Ont. (Lake Superior Provincial Park, e shore of L. Superior; Southampton, Bruce Co.; Long 1557 Compositae Point and near Simcoe, Norfolk Co.; Niagara Falls, Welland Co.; CAN; TRT) and sw Que. (Old Chelsea, about 10 mi nw of Hull; CAN). [H. flexuosum Raf.]. The above Simcoe, s Ont., station is noted by Groh (1947) as probably the colony from which the first Canadian collection was taken by W. Herriot in 1927, described by Landon (1960) as, '‘An isolated station of 100 acres... has persisted for 50 years. Is naturally confined but shows potential weed habits." HELIANTHELLA T. & G. [9212] H. uniflora (Nutt.) T. & G. /t/W/ (Hp) Open woods and hillsides from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to the Marble Mts., nw of Clinton, and near Princeton; CAN; V) and Mont to Oreg., Nev,, and N.Mex. [Helianthus Nutt.], map: W.A. Weber, Am. Midi. Nat. 48(1); map 3, p, 16. 1952. The B.C. plant is referable to var. douglasii (T. & G.) Weber { H . doug. T. & G.; phyllaries conspicuously hirsute-ciliate rather than only slightly so; disk to 2.5 cm broad rather than usually not over 2 cm; ray-ligules mostly 3 or 4 cm long rather than mostly 2 or 3 cm long). HELIANTHUS L. [9200] Sunflower. Sofeil 1 Leaves at once sessile or very short-petioled (petioles at most about 5 mm long) and broadly rounded to truncate at base, triangular-lanceolate, shallowly but rather coarsely toothed, tapering nearly uniformly from near base to apex, triple-nerved, harsh above, commonly paler and pubescent beneath, all opposite, subhorizontally spreading; stem glabrous and often glaucous; disk yellow, to 1 .5 cm broad; phyllaries lance-attenuate, in 2 or 3 loose subequal series; (Ont. and s Que.) . H. divaricatus 1 Leaves not at once sessile or subsessile and broad-based (if broad-based, at least the lower leaves with winged or wingless petioles over 5 mm long). 2 At least the upper leaves (below inflorescence) of the primary axis alternate. 3 Receptacle flat or nearly so; disk brown to purplish brown; annuals with fibrous roots. 4 Phyllaries oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually rather long-ciliate and with some long hairs on the back, chiefly ovate or ovate-oblong, abruptly contracted to the attenuate tip; central bracts of receptacle short-hairy but not bearded at summit; leaves ovate, dentate, to over 3 dm broad, the lower ones often cordate at base H. annuus 4 Phyllaries lanceolate, barely ciliate, closely short-hispid on the back, tapering gradually to the altenuate tip; central bracts of receptacle conspicuously white-bearded at tip; leaves often narrower, entire or undulate-dentate, rarely over 1 dm broad and rarely cordate H. petiolaris 3 Receptacle convex to low-conical; disk yellow; phyllaries lance-attenuate; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; perennials with short or elongate rhizomes. 5 Stems essentially glabrous at least below the inflorescence; leaves commonly triple-nerved at base, minutely pubescent beneath. 6 Heads small, commonly several or numerous, their disks to about 1 cm broad; rays to about 1 .5 cm long; leaves lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to base, taper-pointed, low-toothed except at base; (?Ont.) . . . .[H. mlcrocephalus] 6 Heads larger and usually fewer, the disk to over 2 cm broad; rays to about 3 cm long. 7 Leaves lance-linear to lanceolate, very strongly scabrous above, entire or nearly so, cuneate at base, usually only the ones close to the inflorescence alternate; (transcontinental) H. nuttallii 7 Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, cuneate or rounded at base, only slightly or scarcely scabrous above, coarsely toothed; (introd. in Ont.) H. grosseserratus 5 Stems scabrous-hispid or -hirsute at least above; disks to over 2.5 cm broad. 8 Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, triple-nerved for at least half their length, the blade to 1.5 dm broad, commonly nearly half as broad as long, 1558 Helianthus minutely puberulent beneath, decurrent on the broadly winged upper half of the petiole; phyllaries about equalling the height of the disk; rhizomes freely tuberiferous; (introd. ) , , H. tuberosus 8 Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, commonly at least 3 times as long as broad, gradually tapering to the rather short petiole; rhizome short. 9 Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, flat, commonly triple-nerved at base; stems generally spreading-hirsute; phyllaries conspicuously long-ciliate. not much surpassing the disk; rays to about 3 cm long; (Ont. to N.S.) H. giganteus 9 Leaves lanceolate, often infolded (conduplicate) and with recurving tips, only the midrib prominent beneath; stems finely appressed- pubescent; phyllaries finely appressed-canescent, seldom ciliate, conspicuously surpassing the disk; rays to 4 cm long; (s B.C. to w Ont.; introd. eastwards) H. maximiliani 2 Leaves opposite or subopposite (or the upper leaves sometimes alternate); receptacle convex to low-conical. 10 Disk reddish- to purplish-brown (colour of corolla-lobes); phyllaries firm and tightly appressed in several strongly unequal series, their tips neither attenuate nor foliaceous; leaves entire or the larger ones shallowly serrate. 1 1 Stem subscapose, leafy only at or near the base (the upper leaves abruptly reduced), appressed-pubescent to glabrate above, often densely spreading- hirsute toward base; petioles of lower leaves slender, winged only at summit, to 1.5 dm long; disk at most about 1 .5 cm broad; phyllaries short-acuminate; (introd. in s ?Ont.) [H. occidentalis] 1 1 Stem leafy for about 3/4 of its length, scabrous, its upper leaves more gradually decreasing in size; petioles of lower leaves winged nearly to base, at most about 3 cm long; disk to 2 cm broad; phyllaries acute to blunt; (B.C. to w Ont.; introd. eastwards) H. laetiflorus 10 Disk yellow. 12 Stems clustered on the crown of a thickened, often somewhat turnip-shaped taproot, scabrous to subglabrous; leaves lanceolate or narrower, entire, triple-nerved, rough-hairy or scabrous, subsessile or shortly wing-petioled; phyllaries loose, lance-linear, acuminate or attenuate, generally conspicuously spreading-hirsute, especially marginally; (s ?B.C.) ............. [H. cusickii] 12 Stems from slender to stout creeping rhizomes (these often tuberous- thickened), not taprooted. 13 Phyllaries closely appressed, lanceolate, acute; leaves up to 15 pairs, lanceolate to lance-ovate, long-acuminate, subentire to low-serrate; rays to 5 cm long; (var. laetiflorus; introd. in B.C., s Ont, s Que., and s Nfld.) H. laetiflorus 13 Phyllaries long-attenuate or more or less foliaceous at tip, at least the outer ones spreading. 14 Leaves abruptly narrowed but broadly decurrent to base of petiole (thus appearing sessile), ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acute or acumi- nate, shallowly serrate or the upper ones entire, triple-nerved from somewhat below the middle, soft-tomentose beneath; phyllaries shorter than the disk; rays to 4 cm long [H. doronicoides ] 14 Leaves evidently petioled, triple-nerved from near base; phyllaries about equalling or surpassing the disk, 15 Leaf-petioles mostly at least 1.5 cm long; leaves ovate, at least the larger ones coarsely toothed. 16 Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves relatively smooth and thin, only slightly decurrent on the petioles, green both sides; rhizomes slender, rarely bearing tubers; phyllaries attenuate, often much surpassing the disk; (Ont. to N.B.) H, decapetalus 16 Stem scabrous-hispid; leaves thick and hard, scabrous above, rather densely velvety beneath with loose or spreading hairs, 1559 Compositae broadly decurrent down the upper half of the petiole; rhizome coarse and freely tuberiferous; phyllaries not much surpassing the disk, their tips often recurving; (introd.) H. tuberosus 15 Leaf-petioles mostly less than 1.5 cm long; leaves entire or the larger ones shallowly toothed. 17 Leaves broadly lanceolate, relatively smooth and thin, nearly equally green on both sides, their petioles barely winged at base of blade; phyllaries lance-linear, attenuate, much sur- passing the disk; (introd. in s ?Ont.) [ H . trachelifoiius] 17 Leaves thick and hard, scabrous above, paler beneath, narrowed to short winged petioles; phyllaries about equalling the disk. 18 Stem smooth and glaucous (or merely sparsely hispid above); leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, whitened beneath with relatively soft pubescence, usually merely abruptly narrowed to base and broadest somewhat below the middle; (S Ont. to N.B.) H. strumosus 18 Stem hirsute at least toward base; leaves triangular- lanceolate, usually broadly rounded or subtruncate and broadest near the base, hirsute beneath; (introd. in s Ont.) ...... H. hirsutus H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. Tourne-soleil or Soleil /T/WW/ (T) Plains, bottomlands, and other rich soils of w N. America; cult, and spread to fields, roadsides, and waste places eastwards and northwards but perhaps native in s B.C, (n to Kamloops; CAN), s Alta. (Crowsnest L., Pincher Creek, Fort IVIacleod. Deer Creek, sw of Medicine Hat, and Walsh; CAN), s Sask. (' Common in rich clay soils in the prairie region Breitung 1957a), and s Man. (n to Stony Mountain n of Winnipeg); introd. in cent. Alaska (Tanana Hot Springs, ca. 65N), sw Dist. Mackenzie (near Fort Simpson at ca. 62°51'N; CAN), n Man. (Churchill; Beckett 1959), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist), Gue. (N to Rimouski, Rimouski Co.; RIM), N.B. (Kent and St. John counties; GH; NBM), P.E.I., and N.S.; introd. in Eurasia. [H. macrocarpus DC.; H. aridus Rydb. in part; incl. H. lenticularis Dougl.]. map: Hulten 19685:883. Forma fallax Boivtn (ray-ligules orange rather than yellow) is known from Sask. (type from Forget) and s Man. (Morden; DAO). [H. cusickii Gray] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Calif.) by Rydberg (1922) is possibly based upon a collection in CAN from near Princeton, s B.C., where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1905, this, however, referred by Porsild to Helianthella uniflora .] H. decapetaius L. /T/EE/ (Grh (Hpr)) Open woods, thickets, and streambanks from Nebr. to Minn., Ont. (n to Casselman, near Ottawa; CAN; TRT), Que. (n to near Quebec City; MT), and N.B. (Botvin 19665; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Mo., Ky., and Ga. [H. frondosus L.j. H. divaricatus L. /T/EE/ {Grh (Hpr)) Woods, thickets, and dry clearings from Ont. (n to Renfrew and Carleton counties; reports from Sask. and Man. refer, at least in part, to the habitally very similar Heliopsis helianthoides) to sw Que. (n to Pontiac and Gatineau counties) and Maine, s to Ark., Tenn., and Ga. [H. doronicoides Lam,] [The tentative report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Minn, and N.J.) from Man. by Lowe (1943) is probably based upon H. tuberosus var. subcanescens , an apparently relevant collection from Rosewood in WIN. The report from the Kaministikwia Valley near Thunder Bay, Ont., is perhaps referable to H. tuberosus, known from that locality,] 1560 Helianthus H. giganteus L. /T/EE/ {Hp (Hpr)) Moist ground, rich thickets, and clearings from Ont. (n to Kapuskasing, ca. 49"20'N; CAN; reports from Alta. -Sask. -Man. require clarification, perhaps being largely based upon H, nuttallii; early collections by John Macoun in CAN from s B.C. require further study) to Que, (N to Cap-aTAigle, Charlevoix Co., and the Gaspe Pen. at Price, Matane Co.; CAN), N.B. (Boivin 1966b), and N S. (Yarmouth Co.; ACAD; not known from P.E.I.), s to an uncertain limit in the e USA. largely through confusion with H. nuttallii. H. grosseserratus Martens A native of the e U.S.A. (n to N.Dak. and Ohio); cult, and spreading to rich thickets, roadsides, and waste places elsewhere, as in ?Sask. (the reports by Rydberg 1922 and 1932, require confirmation), ?Man. (the report from MacGregor by Shimek 1927, may be referable to H. nuttallii), and Ont. (Nto Cochrane, 49°04'N). H. hirsutus Raf. A native of the E U S A. (n to Minn and Pa,); introd. elsewhere, as in s Ont. (collection in MICH from near a grain elevator at Point Edward, Lambton Co.; collection in TRT from Toronto). H. laetiflorus Pers. /T/(X)/ (Grh) Dry prairies and plains from B.C. to w Ont,, s to N.Mex., Mo., and Ind.; introd. along roadsides and railways elsewhere, as in the Yukon, Ont., Que., and the Maritime Provinces, and probably the more northern parts of the Prairie Provinces, maps and synonymy; see below. 1 Disk of head yellow (the disk-corollas with yellow lobes); leaves lanceolate to lance-ovate, long-acuminate, to 2.5 dm long, borne at up to 15 nodes; [H. scaberrimus Ell.; introd. in B.C. (Boivin 19666), s Ont. (Lambton, Wentworth, and York counties), Que. (Valois, near Montreal; Lionel Cinq-Mars, Ann. AC FAS 18:80. 1952), and s Nfld. (Topsail Road; GH); map: Sarah Clevenger and C.B Heiser, Jr., Rhodora 65(762): fig. 3 (U.S.A. native area), p. 123. 1963] var, laetiflorus 1 Disk reddish- to purplish-brown. 2 Stem harshly scabrous, to 2.5 m tali, with up to 15 nodes; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lance-ovate, acuminate, to about 3 dm long; phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly ovate; [f. rig . (Cass.) Boivin; Harpalium (Hel.) rig. Cass,; H. atrorubens sense Hooker 1833, not L.; B.C. (n to Dawson Creek, ca. 55 40'N) to Alta. (N to Peace River, 56°14'N), Sask, (collections in CAN from near Battleford and Indian Head appear referable here; not listed by Breitung 1957a), and Man. (n to The Pas, where probably introd.; apparently native southwards); introd. in Ont. (N to Peninsula, n shore of L. Superior), Que. (Gatineau and Laprairie counties), and P.E.I. (Charlottetown); map: Clevenger and Heiser, loc. cit., fig. 2, p. 123] var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern. 2 Stem less harsh above, usually lower and with rarely more than 9 nodes; leaves subrhombic-lanceolate to -ovate, subacute or bluntish, to 1.5 dm long; phyllaries oblong or oblong-oval; [H. sub. Rydb.; the Yukon (Dawson, where perhaps introd.; CAN), Alta, (n to Dunvegan, 55' 54'N; ?introd.), Sask. (n to Tisdale and Hudson Bay Junction), and Man. (n to Bield, s of Duck Mt.); introd. in Ont. (im to Schreiber and Timmins; perhaps native at Ingolf, near the s Man. boundary), Que. (n to Matane Co., Gaspe Pen.), N.B. (Sussex, Kings Co.), and N.S. (Port Williams, Kings Co.); maps: Clevenger and Heiser, loc. cit., fig. 1 { H . sub ), p. 123; Hulten 19686:883] var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern. H. maximiiiani Schrad. /T/WW/ (Grh (Hpr)) Dry prairies and plains (often in disturbed or waste places) from s B.C. (Victoria, Vancouver Is., and Griffin L., near Kamloops; V) to s Alta. (Medicine Hat; CAN), Sask. (n to Tisdale, 52°51'N; CAN). Man. (n to Wekusko L., about 90 mi ne of The Pas; CAN), and w Ont. (probably native at Ingolf, near the s Man. boundary), s to Idaho, Colo., Tex., Ark., and Wise.; introd. elsewhere, as in e Ont., Que, (Nominingue, Labelle Co.; Montreal dist.), and P.E.I. (a garden-escape at Southport, Queens Co.; ACAD), map (together with a discussion of the H. nuttallii complex): R.W. Long, Brittonia 18(1); fig. 3, p. 74. 1966. 1561 Compositae Forma pallidus Schrad, (ray-ligules whitish rather than yellow) is known from SE Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959). [H. microcephalus T. & G.] Small Wood-Sunflower [The Torrey and Gray report of a Goldie collection in Ont noted by John Macoun (1884; H. parviflorus) requires clarification. ( H . parviflorus Bernh,, not HBK.).] H. nuttallii T. & G. /T/X/ (Grt) Meadows and other moist or wet places at low to moderate elevations from B.C. (n to Dawson Creek, ca. 55°35'N) to Alta, (n to near Grande Prairie, 55"12'N), Sask. (n to Tisdale, 52°51'N), Man. (n to Benito, n of Duck ML), Ont. (n to sw James Bay at Fort Hope, 51034'N), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., and N.S. (Boivin 1966b; not known from P.E.I.), s in the West to Calif., N.Mex., Okla,, and Mo. maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Larger basal leaves mostly not over twice as long as broad; [H, rydbergii and H. subtuberosus Britt.; B.C. to Man.; map: R.W. Long, Brittonia 18(1): fig. 5, p. 76. 1966] ssp. rydbergii (Britt.) Long 1 Larger basal leaves to 4 or 5 times as long as broad. 2 Basal leaves with petioles at most about 5 mm long; [range of the species in Canada, the type from Turtle Mt., sw Man.; map: on the above-noted map by Long] ssp. canadensis Long 2 Basal leaves with petioles 1-3 cm long; [H. fascicularis Greene; H. giganieus var. utahensis Eat. ( H . Utah. (Eat,) Nets.); s Alta, to s Man,; map: R.W. Long, Brittonia 18(1): fig. 4, p. 75. 1966] ssp. nuttallii [H. occidentals Riddell] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Minn, and Ohio) from s Ont. by Dodge (1915; introd. along railways and in waste places in Lambton Co.; taken up by Soper 1949) requires confirmation] H. petiolaris Nutt, /T/WW/ (T) Dry prairies, plains, roadsides, and waste places, the native range uncertain because of the weedy nature of the species, but, tentatively, from Mont, to s Alta, (n to the Red Deer R,; CAN), s Sask, (Breitung 1957a), and s Man. (Aweme; Brandon; Glenboro) to Ariz. and Iowa; apparently introd, in s B.C. (John Macoun 1886) and Ont. (n to Cobalt, about 80 mi ne of Sudbury) [H aridus Rydb. in part: H, ?pumilus Nutt., not LJ. H. strumosus L. /T/EE/ (Grh (Hpr)) Open woods, thickets, and clearings from N.Dak. and Minn, to s Ont. (n to Northumberland and Hastings counties), Que. (n to Lotbiniere Co.), and N.B. (Carleton and Northumberland counties; CAN; NBM; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Okla., Ark., Ala,, and Ga. [Incl. var. mollis T, & G,, not H. mollis Lam.]. [H. trachelifolius Mill.] [The reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Nebr. and Minn.) from s Ont. by Dodge (1915; Lambton Co.), Zenkert (1934; Turkey Point, Norfolk Co.), and Soper (1949) require clarification, perhaps being based upon the scarcely separable H. strumosus .] H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Topinambour Perhaps native in the s U.S.A. and tropical America; a garden-escape or persisting from old plantings efsewhere. as in se Sask. (Northgate, about 140 mi SE of Regina; A.J. Breitung, Am. Midi. Nat. 61(2);512. 1959), Man. (n to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.; CAN), Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Bonaventure), N.B, (John Macoun 1884), P.E.I, (Charlottetown; GH), and N.S. map: Sarah Clevenger and C.B. Heiser, Jr., Rhodora 65(762): fig. 4, p. 123. 1963. Much of our material is referable to var. subcanescens Gray (leaves more generally soft-tomentose beneath than those of the typical form, all or nearly all opposite rather than the upper ones alternate). 1562 Hieracium HELIOPSIS Pers. [9157] H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet Ox-eye /T/(X)/ (Hp (Grh)) Dry woodlands, thickets, prairies, and waste places from s B,C. (n to Revelstoke; CAN, ?introd.; not known from Alta.) to Sask. (between Moosomin, SOWN, and Tisdale, 52°51'N; CAN), Man. (n to Birtle, about 60 mi nw of Brandon), Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to Cabano, Temiscouata Co.), and N.B. (St. John R. system; introd. at Summerside, P.E.I., and in Nfld.; the Que. plant may also be introd.), s to N.Mex., Kans., Mo., Ala., and Ga. [Buphthalum L.; Helianthus (Heliopsis) laevis L.]. maps (aggregate species): T.R. Fisher, Ohio J. Sci. 57(3): fig. 6, p. 188. 1957, and 58(2): fig. 1, p. 97. 1958. Apart from the occurrence of the typical form in s Ont. (Ausable R., Lambton Co.; Boivin 1966b; also introd. at Summerside, P.E.I.), our material is referable to var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. (var. occidentalis (Fisher) Steyerm., at least in part; H. scabra Dunal; leaves harshly scabrous above rather than smooth or only slightly scabrous; achenes pubescent on the angles when young rather than glabrous throughout). HIERACIUM L. [9607] Hawkweed. Eperviere 1 Flowers white orpreamy; heads usually numerous, on slender minutely stipitate-glandular peduncles in a compound corymbiform inflorescence; stellate hairs wanting; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, long-hirsute especially on the veins beneath, the lower ones on rather short long-hirsute petioles, commonly very shallowly and remotely toothed, the stem-leaves much reduced, sessile and entire; stem to about 8 dm tall, long-hirsute below, often glabrous above; (B.C. to sw Sask.) H. albiflorum 1 Flowers mostly yellow (orange-red in H . aurantiacum): stellate hairs often present on the involucre (sometimes hidden by the longer setae), often also on the stem and leaves. 2 Stem soft, long-hirsute (commonly glabrous in H. florentinum ), scapose or with 1 or 2 (rarely 3) bracts or small leaves near base; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or minutely toothed; phyllaries subequal, with or without some small bractlets at base; (introd.). 3 Rhizome short, nonstoloniferous; flowers yellow; scape to over 1 m tall. 4 Leaves finely stellale-pubescent beneath; slender sterile branches ascending or spreading from among the basal leaves H. praeattum 4 Leaves essentially glabrous or sparingly setose; sterile branches rarely developed H. florentinum 3 Rhizome cord-like and elongate; plant becoming freely stoloniferous. 5 Heads orange-red; involucre to 8 mm high, dark-villous with gland-tipped hairs; heads 5 to many, crowded; leaves long-setose on both sides or glabrate above; scape to about 7 dm tall H. aurantiacum 5 Heads yellow. 6 Heads commonly several or many, rather crowded; scape to over 1 m tall. 7 Leaves glaucous, essentially glabrous above; plant freely and early stoloniferous H. floribundum 7 Leaves green, abundantly setose on both surfaces; plant tardily stoloniferous H. pratense 6 Heads often solitary (if up to 3 or 4, on finally elongate peduncles); scapes rarely over 5 dm tall. 8 Leaves white-tomentose beneath at least when young, setose on both sides; scape filiform, commonly less than 2.5 dm tall, with usually only 1 well-developed head H. pilosella 8 Leaves green and merely setose on both sides; heads commonly 2. 3, or 4. 9 Involucre usually at least 1 cm high; scape to 4 or 5 dm tall; leaves to over 3 cm broad H. flagellare 9 Involucre less than 1 cm high; scape smaller and more slender; leaves at most about 1 .5 cm broad H. auricula 1563 Compositae 2 Stem firm, leafy or subscapose (scapose in H. murorum and H. triste): phyllaries either more or less imbricated or 1 -rowed and with small bractlets at base; flowers yellow. 10 Phyllaries 1 -rowed but with a row of small bractlets at base; pappus-bristles all of one length; heads at most 2.5 cm broad; leaves subentlre to shallowly undulate-dentate, the basal or lower cauline ones markedly larger than the progressively reduced (and often few) middle and upper ones. 1 1 At least the lower bracts of the inflorescence foliaceous, the stem leafy nearly or quite to the top: (Ont. to N.S.). 12 Stem slender, glabrous above, villous at base; panicle lax and open; heads with at most about 30 flowers, on long filiform glabrous or glandular-stipitate peduncles; leaves lanceolate, thin, glabrous, glaucous beneath H. paniculatum 12 Stem coarse, densely pubescent at least above; corymb stiff and more compact; heads with 40 or more flowers, on stout tomentose (often dark-glandular) peduncles; leaves broader, thick, not glaucous, commonly pubescent at least beneath H. scabrum 1 1 Inflorescence scaly-bracted, the stems leafy mostly below middle or only near base. 13 Heads solitary or few on the finely stellate-pubescent to densely long-hairy stem, this usually less than 3 dm tall, scapose. the leaves all in a basal tuft or sometimes 1 (rarely 2) near the base of the stem; (B.C.-Alta.) H. triste 13 Heads commonly more numerous, the inflorescence corymbiform or paniculiform; stems commonly taller and relatively leafy. 14 Involucre (to 12 mm high), leaves, and stem shaggy-villous with a dense coat of white (becoming yellowish) hairs commonly about 4 or 5 mm long; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; (B.C.-Alta.) H. albertinum 14 Involucre less densely pubescent, 15 Stem densely coated, at least below, with finally rust-coloured hairs 1 or 2 cm long; leaves oblanceolate to spatu late-oblong, long-hairy; involucre to 13 mm high, copiously stipitate-glandular to summit; (s Ont.) H. longipilum 15 Stem lacking the above type of pubescence; involucres usually about 1 cm high. 16 Leaves subglabrous (or merely inconspicuously stellate) and often glaucous above, sparsely or moderately setose below; involucres finely stellate and with few to many short, gland- tipped, mostly blackish bristles; (?B.C.-Alta.) [H. scouleri] 16 At least some of the leaves distinctly long-setose above, scarcely glaucous (except sometimes in H. venosum ). 17 Leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, usually acutish, sparsely to moderately setose (sometimes also stellate) beneath, to about 2.5 dm long (including the petiolar base), commonly extending in gradually reduced size to or slightly above the middle of the stem; involucres finely stellate and more or less stipitate-glandular. often copiously long-setose; (B.C.-Alta.) H. cynoglossoides 17 Leaves broadly oblanceolate to elliptic, ovate, or obovate, usually obtuse or rounded at tip, mostly less than 1 .5 dm long, chiefly basal or sub-basal (stem rarely leafy to middle); involucres glabrous or stipitate-glandular, obscurely or not at all stellate; (Ont.). 18 Inflorescence open-corymbiform, the heads on long, filiform, glabrous or sparingly stipitate-glandular pedun- cles; leaves often purple-veined or mottled, more or less setose beneath, especially along the margins and midrib H. venosum 18 Inflorescence subcylindric, the sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular peduncles relatively short; leaves 1564 Hieracium setose chiefly above, minutely stellate beneath H. gronovii 10 Phyllaries in 3 or more distinctly unequal series; pappus-bristles of different lengths; heads usually over 2.5 cm broad; leaves often relatively coarsely toothed or shallowly fobed. 19 Stem subscapose or with a few scattered leaves rapidly reduced in size upwards. 20 Lowest leaves (elliptic or oval) rounded or cordate at base, their basal teeth divergent or reflexed; involucre densely stipitate-glandular; scape naked or with only 1 or 2 leaves; (introd.) , H. murorum 20 Lower leaves tapering to the petiole; stem with up to 12 scattered leaves. 21 Involucre and pedicels glandular-stipitate, with or without a few long nonglandular hairs; leaves setose on both faces, often mottled with purple or bronze; (introd.) H. vulgatum 21 Involucre and pedicels glandless or only minutely glandular, copiously long-pilose with nonglandular hairs; (Que. to Nfld. and N.S ,) ... H. robinsonii 19 Stem leafy nearly or quite to the inflorescence, the numerous leaves more gradually reduced in size. 22 Leaves with revolute scabrous margins, linear to narrowly lanceolate, the upper ones narrowed or rounded at base; (transcontinental) . . H. scabriusculum 22 Leaves flat, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, smoothish, the upper ones rounded or truncate to subcordate at base. 23 Involucre glandless; phyllaries obtuse, the lowest ones spreading; panicle usually over 1/3 the total height of the plant; hairs of lower internodes and leaf-surfaces bulbous-based; (introd. in sw Que. and N.S.) H. sabaudum 23 Involucre usually more or less stipitate-glandular; phyllaries attenuate, all appressed; panicle usually less than 1 /3 the height of the plant; hairs (when present) slender; (transcontinental) . H. canadense H. albertinum Farr /T/W/ (Hs) Dry open places in the foothills and up to moderate elevations in the mts. from se B.C. (Trail to Cranbrook and Flathead; CAN) and sw Alta, (n to the type locality at Lake Louise, nw of Banff) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont. [Intergrading through H. absonum Macbr. & Pays, with H. cynoglossoides, with which it should perhaps be merged], H. albiflorum Hook. /ST/W/ (Hs) Open woods and hillsides, mostly at moderate elevations, from se Alaska (n to ca. 60 °N) and sw Dist, Mackenzie (Mackenzie Mts. at ca. 62°30'N; CAN; not yet reported from the Yukon) through B.C. and Alta, (type from n of the Smoky R., im of 56°N) to sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; CAN; DAO; reported from Beausejour, ne of Winnipeg, Man., by Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 88(2):49. 1961, where probably introd.), s to Calif, and Colo. [H. ?vancouverianum Arv.-Touv.]. H, aurantiacum L. Devil’s Paint-brush, Orange Hawkweed. Bouquets rouges European; often a troublesome weed in fields and clearings in N. America, as in se Alaska (Juneau), s B.C., Alta, (n to Edmonton), s Man. (Winnipeg), Ont. (n to sw James Bay at 5 1 1 6 ' N ) , Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [H. brunneocroceum Pugsley]. A hybrid with H. floribundum (x H. dorei Lepage) is reported from the type locality, near Moore’s Mills, Charlotte Co., N.B., and from Hunter River, Queens Co., P.E.I., by Ernest Lepage (Nat. can. (Que.) 94(5):618. 1967). A hybrid with H. pilosella (x H. stoloniflorum Waldst. & Kit.) is reported from Que. by Boivin (1966b; St-Foy, near Quebec City). This was later taken as the type of x H. stoloniflorum nm. cayouetteanum Lepage (loc, cit., 1967), who also notes a collection from St-Simon, Rimouski Co., e Que., as the type of nm. laurentianum Lepage. H. auricula L, European; apparently known in N. America only from near Kentville and Waterville, Kings Co., N.S. (ACAD; NSPM; Roland 1947; Fernald in Gray 1950). 1565 Compositae H. canadense Michx. /T/(X)/ (Hp) Thickets, rocky slopes, clearings, and disturbed ground, the aggregate species from n B.C. (Fernald in Gray 1950) to Alta, (n to L. Athabasca), Sask. (Cypress Hills and Meadow Lake, 54rj08'N; Breitung 1957a; reports from Man. require confirmation), Ont, (n to w James Bay at ca. 53 ’N), Que. (n to se Hudson Bay at 55°15'N and the Cote-Nord), s Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Wash. (?Oreg.), Mont., S.Dak., Mich., N.H.. and Maine. There has been much confusion between this species and H. scabriusculum and the above outline of the general range is tentative. The following more detailed outline of the distribution of various taxa in our area is based upon studies by Lepage. According to Ernest Lepage (Nat. can. (Que.) 88:45. 1961), H. canadense var. hirtirameum Fern, (type from Nfld.) is a hybrid between H. canadense and H. scabrum (x H. fernaldii Lepage; styles yellow). A hybrid between H. kalmii (H. can. var. kalmii) and H. scabrum has been named x H. fassettii Lepage; styles brown; sw Que.). Other hybrids reported by Lepage are: H. canadense x H. (lachenalii) vulgatum (x H, grohii Lepage, the type from Riviere-du-Loup, e Que.; also known from L. St, John); H . canadense x H. scabriusculum (x H. dutillyanum Lepage, the type from Pagwa, Ont.; also known in Ont. from Ingolf and Hare Is., L. Superior); and H. kalmii x H. scabriusculum (Ont: Ingolf; near Thunder Bay). 1 Styles brown; phyllaries glabrous or stipitate-glandular; upper leaves rounded or cuneate at base (not triangular in outline). 2 Stem robust, to about 1 cm thick at base; leaves irregularly toothed (some of the teeth longer than the others); inflorescence often much branched; [H. fasc. Pursh; H. kalmii var. fasc. (Pursh) Lepage; reported by Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 87{4):88. 1960, from Ont. (North Bay, L. Nipissing; Mt. McBean, n of L. Huron), Que. (Pontiac. Hull, Terrebonne, Berthier, Champlain, and Quebec counties), N.B. (St. Stephen), and N.S. (Halifax Co.)] var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Fern. 2 Stem more slender; leaves entire, denticulate, or regularly dentate, the teeth of more uniform length. 3 Leaves entire or obscurely denticulate; phyllaries dark brown to blackish, more or less stellate-hairy, the longest ones to over 1 cm long; [H. kalmii var. sub. Lepage, the type from the Nottaway R., Que.] var. subintegrum Lepage 3 Leaves regularly denticulate or dentate; phyllaries yellowish green to dark green, often purple-tinged, generally less than 1 cm long; [H. kalmii L. and its var. magnilacustre Lepage; H. eremocephaium Gand.; H. virgatum Pursh; reported by Lepage, loc. cit., 1960, from s Ont. (French River Harbour), sw Que. (Maskinonge and Huntingdon counties), and N.S. (near Halifax)] var, kalmii (L.) Scoggan 1 Styles yellow; phyllaries stipitate-glandular; upper leaves truncate or subcordate at base (more or less triangular in outline). 4 Leaves horizontally spreading, relatively long, bearing slender attenuate cilia along the margins and the midrib beneath, their teeth deltoid-apicuiate; [Que.: Riviere-du- Loup, l lslet, and Gaspe counties and Grosse-lsle, Magdalen Is.; Lepage, loc. cit., 1 960] var. divaricatum Lepage 4 Leaves mostly more or less strongly ascending, usually less strongly toothed, their hairs mostly stouter var. canadense 5 Hairs of the stem, leaves, and pedicels to 3 mm long, intermixed with shorter hairs; [var. hirtirameum sensu Lepage, loc. cit., 1960, not Fern.; incl. var. hirt. f. rufescens Lepage, the hairs rust-coloured; s Ont, (var. hirt. f. ruf. reported from the Algoma dist. n of L. Huron by Lepage, loc. cit., 1960); f. pilosius reported from the type locality on a cliff near Eskasoni Brook, Cape Breton Co., N.S., by Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 88(2):45. 1961] f. pilosius Lepage 5 Hairs of stem, leaves, and pedicels about 1 mm long; [var. latifolium T. & G.; H. sabaudum (umbelfatum) canadense (Michx.) DC,; H. macrophyllum Pursh; H. oxoacrum Gand.; H. prenanthoides Hook., not VilL; Ont. (n to the Attawapiskat R. at ca. 53"N), Que. (n to se Hudson Bay at ca. 55 15'N and the Cote-Nord; type from L. Mistassini), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] f .canadense In addition to the above taxa. the very similar H. laevigatum Willd. of Eurasia (apparently differing chiefly from H. canadense in its distinctly wing-petioled lower leaves and its very narrow phyllaries) is reported (as H. tridentatum Fries) from Ont. by Lepage (loc. cit., 1960; Perth, Leeds, and 1566 Hieracium Grenville counties) and from sw Gue. (Montreal) and N.B, (Northumberland, York, and St. John counties) by Ernest Lepage (Nat. can. (Que.) 85(4):81-82. 1958). Closely related Old World species or Greenland endemics reported from Greenland include, according to Joergensen, Soerensen, and Westergaard (1958), H. acranthophorum, H. devoldii, H. eugenii, H. musar- tutense, H. nepiocratum, and H. stiptocaule Omang, H. inuloides Tausch. H. rigorosum (Laest.) Almq., and H. strictum Fries. However, the genus is notorious for the “splitting” of species by European authors and most of these should probably be regarded as races or “microspecies‘'. H. cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv. /T/W/ (Hs) Dry foothills up to moderate elevations in the mts. from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Lac la Hache, about 35 mi se of Williams Lake; CAN; V) and s Alta, (n to Banff, e to the Cypress Hills) to Oreg., Utah, and Wyo. [H. griseum Rydb,]. H. flagellare Willd. European; becoming a troublesome weed in e N. America, as in Que. (n to St-Simon, Rimouski Co.), N.B., P.E.I. (Rocky Point, Queens Co.; GH), and N.S. According to Ernest Lepage (Nat. can. (Que.) 94(5):61 1-15. 1967), this species is a hybrid between H. caespitosum Dum. ( H . pratense of the present treatment) and H. pilosella, varying degrees of gene-exchange between the respective parents apparently producing the following recognizable nothomorphs: 1 Plant with an evident dominance of H. pilosella characters, the slender stem to 2(3) dm tall, branches, when present, arising along the lower half, the long superficial stolons sometimes producing new stems from their erect tips, the inflorescence consisting of rarely more than 1 or 2 heads; [Que. (St-Simon, Rimouski Co.), N.B. (Charlotte, York, Albert, and Carleton counties), and N.S. (Annapolis and Victoria counties)] nm. cernuiforme (Naegeli & Peter) Lepage 1 Plant intermediate or with an evident dominance of H. caespitosum (pratense) characters, the robust stem to 4 dm tall, bearing up to 6 heads. 2 Branches rarely over 4 cm long, generally arising high on the stem. 3 Involucre glandular, otherwise with few or no hairs; [not known from Canada] [nm. flagellare] 3 Involucre distinctly hairy as well as glandular; [N.B.: St. Stephen, Charlotte Co.] nm. amauracron (Missbach & Zahn) Lepage 2 Branches generally long; stolons superficial or subterranean. 4 Involucre glandular, otherwise with few or no hairs; [not known from Canada] [nm. glatzense (Naegeli & Peter) Lepage] 4 Involucre abundantly hairy as well as glandular; [e Que.: St-Simon, Rimouski Co.. the type locality, and Cap-aux-Meules, Magdalen Is.] nm. pilosius Lepage H. florentinum All. King Devil. Eperviere des Florentins European; a very aggressive weed in e N. America, as in Ont. (n to Sudbury and Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. (Sf. Andrews; GH), N.B., and N.S. [H. ?piloselloides Vill.]. H. floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Yellow Devil European; introd. into fields and clearings in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 1966b), Ont. (N to Ottawa), Que. (N to Amos, 48C34'N), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I. , and N.S. H. gronovii L. /t/EE/ (Hs) Dry open woods, thickets, and clearings from Kans. to III., Mich., s Gnl (Essex, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Waterloo, and Wentworth counties; CAN; OAC; TRT; there is also a collection in TRT from Algonquin Park, Renfrew Co., where probably introd.; the report from P.E.I. by McSwain and Bain 1891, requires confirmation), N.Y., and Mass., s to Tex. and Fla. [Incl. H. marianum Willd. and H. pensylvanicum Fries]. H. longipiium Torr. /t/EE/ (Hs) Dry prairies and open sands from Minn, to s Ont. (Simcoe, Norfolk Co., and Sarnia, Lambton Co.; CAN; OAC; reported from Wentworth Co. by John Macoun 1884), s to e Tex. and La. 1567 Compositae H. murorum L. Golden Lungwort European; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields, thickets, and open woods in N. America, as in se Alaska {Wrangell; CAN, detd. Ernest Lepage; not listed by Hulten 1950 or 19686), sw B.C. (Agassiz; Eastham 1947), Ont. (n to Arnprior, Renfrew Co.), Gue. (n to St-Vallier. Bellechasse Co.; reported n to Cap-a-l'Aigle, Charlevoix Co., by R. Campbell, Can. J. Sci. 6(6):342-51. 1895), Nfld. , N.B., and N S. Reports from Greenland are referred by Joergensen, Soerensen, and Westergaard (1958) to H. lividorubens Almq. and H. atratum Fries (incl. H. hyparcticum Almq. and H. stelechodes Omang), these, however, perhaps better treated as races or ‘microspecies"; (see note under H. canadense). H. panicu latum L /T/EE/ (Hp) Open woods and thickets from Ont. (n to Ottawa) to Que. (reported n to Chicoutimi, e of L. St. John, by A. Gagnon, G W. Corrivault, and A. Morin, Ann. ACFAS 6:107 1940), N.B. (Fredericton; Groh and Frankton 19496; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S., s to Ala. and Ga. Forma glandulosum Hoffm. (pedicels stipitate-glandular rather than glabrous) is common in our area. A hybrid with H. scabrum is reported from N.S. by M.L. Fernald (Rhodora 24(286):208. 1922; Bridgewater, Lunenburg Co.). H. pilosella L. Mouse-ear. Oreille de sourts Eurasian; a very troublesome weed of sterile fields and pastures in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and Vancouver; Eastham 1947), Ont, (n to Ottawa), Que, (n to Charlevoix and Saguenay counties), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld., N.B., P.E.I,, and N.S. Var. niveum Muell.-Aarg. (leaves permanently white-pannose beneath rather than becoming green) is known from N.S. (Canard, Kings Co.; ACAD). H. alpinum L. (incl. H. angmagssalikense Omang; habitally similar to H. pilosella but larger-flowered) is a Eurasian species reported as native in Greenland (w Greenland n to 62°22'N, e Greenland n to 70°40'N; see Greenland map by Bocher 1938; fig. 109, p. 195). map: Hulten 1958: map 71, p. 91. H. praealtum Gochnat King Devil European; locally abundant in grasslands and pastures in N. America, as in w B.C. (Terrace, near Prince Rupert; V), Ont. (n to the Nipissing dist.), Nfld. (Fernald in Gray 1950), N.B. (York and Sunbury counties; DAO, detd. Frankton), and P.E.I. (near Alberton, Prince Co.; DAO). [Incl. var. decipiens Koch], H. pratense Tausch King Devil, Eperviere des pres European; a very aggressive weed in clearings and pastures in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 19666), Ont. (n to Kapuskasing, 49°24'N), Que. (w to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld.. N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. [H. caespitosum Dum., the correct name through strict priority; H. cladanthum Arv.-Touv.]. H. robinsonii (Zahn) Fern. /ST/E/ (Hs) Ledges and clayey shores from Que. (e James Bay n to ca. 54°20'N; L. Mistassini; L. St, John; Bell R. at ca. 48DN; Mt-Tremblant; Riviere-du-Loup, Temiscouata Co.; Gaspe Pen.), se Nfld.. and N.S. (Seal Is.. Yarmouth Co., and Inverness and Victoria counties, Cape Breton Is.; not known from N.B. or P.E.I.; reports from Labrador probably refer to the H, vulgatum complex) to Maine and N.H. [H, smolandicum ssp. rob. Zahn; H. smol. sensu Fernald 1925, not Almq.; H. ungavense Lepage], map: Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 87(4); fig. 13, p. 104. 1960. H. saubadum L, European; collections in CAN from sw Que. (Montreal, where taken by Hincks in 1848) and N.S. (Chester Basin, Lunenburg Co., where taken by C.A. and U.F. Weatherby in 1941) have been placed here by Ernest Lepage. [Incl. H. vagum Jord.]. H. scabriusculum Schwein. /ST/X/ (Hp) Open woods, thickets, and sandy or rocky shores (ranges of Canadian taxa 1568 Hieracium outlined below), s to Oreg., Idaho, Colo., S.Dak., Mo.. III., Mich., sw Que., and N.B. map and synonymy: see below. 1 Phyllaries bearing some stalked glands. 2 Stem and leaves devoid of long hairs; [B.C. (n to Vanderhoof, ca, 54"N; type from 100-Mile House, about 75 mi nw of Kamloops) and s Alta, (Cypress Hills, Pincher Creek, Chief Mt., and Devil’s Head L; Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 87(3):71 . 1 960)] var. saximontanum Lepage 2 At least the lower part of the stem and the lower leaves more or less pilose var. scabrum (Schwein.) Lepage 3 Styles yellow; [type from Pigeon L., s of Edmonton, Alta.] f. xanthostylum Lepage 3 Styles brown; [H. canadense var. scabrum Schwein., not H. scabrum Michx,; according to Lepage, loc. cit., 1960, this taxon occurs in B.C. n to near Vanderhoof, ca. 54°N, and in Alta, n to Edmonton, reports from elsewhere in our area presumably referring to the other taxa] f. scabrum 1 Phyllaries nonglandular. 4 Upper leaves and the upper part of the stem more or less hirsute. 5 Upper part of stem densely hirsute; [type from Meadow Lake, 54°08'N. Sask.; Ernest Lepage, Nat. can. (Que.) 88 (2):43. 1961] var. perhirsutum Lepage 5 Upper part of stem only moderately hirsute var. columbianum (Rydb.) Lepage 6 Styles brown; [known only from Wash.] [f. phaeostylum Lepage] 6 Styles yellow; [W. col. Rydb.; H. canadense var. col. (Rydb.) St. John; reported by Lepage, loc. cit., I960, from B.C., Alta., Sask., and Man.] ...... f. columbianum 4 Stem and leaves lacking long hairs var. scabriusculum 7 Styles yellow; [reported by Lepage, loc, cit., 1960, from Alta., Sask., Man., OnL, and sw Que. (type from St-Adolphe. Argenteuil Co.)] f. chrysostylum Lepage 7 Styles brown; [H. umbellatum of auth., perhaps not L.; H. manitobense Gand.; H. canadense sensu Porsild 1943, and Raup 1947, not Michx.; H. can. f. lepagei Viet.; H. can. var. angustifolium T. & G. in major part; ?Alaska (Fernald in Gray 1950, as synonym of H. umbellatum) and the Yukon (n to ca 64°N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L,, L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to the Churchill R. at ca. 57"N), Ont. (n to w James Bay at 54°22'N; see James Bay map by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954: fig. 17, p. 121), Que. (n to e James Bay at ca. 52°15'N), N.B.. and P.E.I. (Mt. Vernon, Queens Co.); map (aggregate species): Hulten 1 968b:960] f. scabriusculum H. scabrum Michx. /T/EE/ (Hp) Dry open or wooded places from Minn, to Ont. (n to L. Nipigon, n of L. Superior), Que. (n to the e James Bay watershed at ca. 53°50'N, the Cdte-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.: the report from Nfld. by Waghorne 1898, requires confirmation), N.B., P.E.I. , and N.S., s to Mo., Tenn., and Ga. The typical form has the lower stem-internodes (and the leaf-midribs beneath) densely villous with brownish hairs averaging at least 2 mm long. Var. leucocaule Fern. & St. John (stem densely white-tomentose to base, with an admixture of dark glands; leaves minutely glandular-pilose on both sides) is known from the type locality. Sable Is., N.S. Var. tonsum Fern. & St. John (stem glabrate below or minutely hispid; leaves glabrous on both sides or sparingly setose above; type from Grindstone Is., Magdalen Is.) occurs throughout the Canadian area. [H. scouleri Hook.] [Reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Mont, to Calif.) from B.C. require confirmation, most so-named B.C.-Alta. collections in CAN being referred to H. cynoglossoides by Boivin.] H. triste Willd. /ST/W/eA/ (Hs) Meadows and rocky places at low to fairly high elevations from the Aleutian Is. (type locality), Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 64rjN), and Great Bear L. through B.C.-Alta. to Calif, and n N.Mex.; the Andes of s S. America; Kamchatka. [Incl. var. fulvum Hull, with yellowish-brown indument, and var, tristiforme Zahn, intermediate between var. triste and var. gracile]. map: Hulten 1968b:958. 1569 Connpositae The typical form has relatively large heads, the involucres and upper part of the stem clothed with long greyish-black (exceptionally yellowish-brown) villous hairs, the peduncles not bearing stalked glands. According to Hultbn’s map, it is confined in N. America to Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie. Also in this area but ranging southwards to the w U.S.A. is var. gracile (Hook.) Gray ( H . gracile Hook., the type a Drummond collection “On the more elevated Rocky Mountains ", probably in Alta.; H. hookeri Steud,; H. ?arcticum FroeL; incl. H. gracile vars. alaskanum Zahn, detonsum Gray, and yukonense Porsild), the heads averaging smaller, the involucres and upper part of the stem hirsute with short black hairs, with or without a few long villous hairs, the peduncles often bearing stalked glands, maps ( H . gracile ); Huften 19686:959; Porsild 1966: map 152, p. 85; Raup 1947: pi. 37. H, venosum L. Poor Robin’s Plantain, Rattlesnake-weed /T/EE/ (Hs) Open woods and clearings from Ont. (n to the e shore of L. Superior at Pancake Bay, about 35 mi nw of Sault Ste. Marie; CAN; reports from Man. require confirmation; not known from Que. or the Atlantic Provinces) to s Maine, s to Mo., La,, and Fla. The typical form (at least some of the rosette-leaves remotely long-setose above) is reported from s Ont. by Gaiser and Moore (1966; Lambton Co ). Most of our material is referable to var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw. ( H . gronovii var. nud. Michx.; incl, var. subacaulescens T. & G.), the rosette-leaves, except sometimes the very lowest, glabrous. According to Gleason (1958), H. venosum is a variable species that apparently hybridizes with several others, including H. gronovii, H. paniculatum, and H. scabrum. H. vulgatum Fries European; widely introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (Boivin 19665), Ont. (n to Kapuskasing and Ottawa), Que. (n to se Hudson Bay at ca. 56°10'N, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Ramah, 58°52'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; w Greenland n to ca. 69°35'N, e Greenland n to 66°19'N. [H. ?molle and H. ?pu$illum sensu Pursh 1814, and Hooker 1833, not Jacq. nor Willd., respectively]. This is a very polymorphic species, possibly native in e Canada and Greenland with the inclusion of the following scarcely separable taxa: H. amitsokense (Almq.) Dahlst., H. dovrense Fries, H. groenlandicum Arv.-Touv. (native on Anticosti Is., e Que., and in Labrador and Nfld. according to Fernald in Gray 1950), H. ivigtutense (Almq.) Omang, H. lachenalii Gmel. (incl. H. argilaceum and H. cheriense Jord., H. irriguum Fries, and H. strumosum (Linton) Ley), H. maculatum Smith, H. pticatum Lindeb., and H. scholanderi and H. sylowii Omang. HYMENOPAPPUS L’Her. [9292] H. filifolius Hook. /T /WW/ (Hs) Dry, often sandy or gravelly places in the plains and foothills from cent. Wash, to Mont., s Alta. (Belly R., Milk R., Whitemud R., and Cardston; CAN), and s Sask. (Dirt Hills, Missouri Coteau; CAN; reported by Breitung 1957a, from Rockglen, Ormiston, and Big Muddy Valley), s to Baja Calif., Tex., and N.Dak. map: combine the maps by B.L. Turner, Rhodora 58(692): fig. 28, p. 220, fig. 36, p. 226, and fig. 37, p. 231. 1956. According to Turner's above-noted fig. 37, the Alta. -Sask. plant is var, polycephalus (Osterh.) Turner (H. poly. Osterh.; stem bearing up to 60 heads rather than at most 40, with at most 8 leaves rather than up to 12, the terminal segment of the rosette -leaves at most 3 cm long rather than up to 5 cm). HYMENOXYS Cass. [9304] 1 Leaves entire, essentially all basal, linear to broadly oblanceolate, to about 8 cm long and 1 cm broad; phyllaries subequal, free to base; head solitary on the scape, the rays to 2 cm long; (s Alta, and sw Sask.; s Ont.) H. acaulis 1 Leaves mostly basal but some cauline and alternate, pinnatifid to near the midrib into usually 3 narrowly linear divisions to about 4 cm long and 2 mm broad; phyllaries in 2 1570 Inula series of unequal length, those of the outer series united to about the middle; heads commonly 2 or 3, the rays to 1 .5 cm long; plant puberulent or glabrate; (s Alta, and Sask.) H. richardsonii H, acaulis (Pursh) Parker /T/D/ {Hr (Ch)) Dry places at low to fairly high elevations from Idaho and Mont, to S Alta. (N to Lethbridge; CAN} and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills, where taken by John Macoun in 1894; CAN), s to s Calif., Tex., and Kans. (locally to Ohio); isolated in s Ont. (Georgian Bay and Manitoulin Is., L. Huron; CAN; TRT). [Gaillardia Pursh; Actinea Spreng.; ActineHa Nutt.; Tetraneuris Greene; T. septentrionalis Rydb.], The s Ont. plant is referable to var. glabra (Gray) Parker ( ActineHa glabra (Gray) Nutt.; Tetraneuris (Actinea) herbacea Greene; T. simplex Nels.; leaves green, sparingly appressed-silky, glabrate in age, rather than copiously and permanently appressed-silky). H. richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell /TAN/ (Hs (Ch)) Dry plains and rocky hillsides from s Alta, (n to Lethbridge; CAN) and Sask. (n to near Carlton House, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert) to Ariz. and w Tex. [Picradenia rich. Hook., the type from near Carlton House, Sask.; Actinea Ktze.; ActineHa Nutt.; H. macoun// (Cock.) Rydb.]. HYPOCHAERIS L. [9572] Cat’s-ear 1 Essentially glabrous annual from a taproot; rays scarcely surpassing the involucre, only about twice as long as broad; central achenes slender-beaked, the outer ones usually beakless; leaves to about 1.5 dm long and 3.5 cm broad; (introd. in s B.C. and s Ont.) H. glabra 1 Hispid-leaved perennial from a fibrous-rooted caudex; rays distinctly surpassing the involucre and about 4 times as long as broad; achenes all with beaks shorter than or exceeding the length of the body; leaves to about 3.5 dm long and 7 cm broad; (introd., essentially transcontinental) H. radicata H. glabra L. Eurasian; introd. in disturbed or waste places in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V) and the Pacific states; reported from s Ont. by Stroud (1941 ; Wellington Co.). H. radicata L. Eurasian; introd. in lawns, pastures, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Hope; CAN; V), Sask. (Scott, about 35 mi sw of North Battleford; Breitung 1957a), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (N to the Gaspe Pen. at Gros-Morne and Bonaventure; CAN; GH), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld. (St. John’s; GH), N.B. (Fredericton; DAO), and N.S. (Yarmouth and Victoria counties; ACAD; DAO). INULA L. [9061] 1 Disk of heads rarely over 2 cm broad, the outer phyllaries linear; leaves more or less white-woolly beneath, entire or minutely toothed, rather narrowly lanceolate, less than 1 dm long, the cauline ones subcordate-clasping; (introd. in s Ont.) I. britannica 1 Disk to over 4 cm broad, the outer phyllaries broadly ovate; leaves softly tomentose-felted beneath, rather coarsely and doubly serrate, the elliptical basal ones to 4 dm long, the ovate cauline ones cordate-clasping; (introd. in B.C. and from Ont. to N.S.) /. helenium I. britannica L, Eurasian; apparently known in the wild state in N. America only from a single stand on the banks of the Etobicoke R. in Peel Co., s Ont., w of Toronto, where first taken by J.A. Simon in 1928 and well established, there also being collections in TRT taken in 1935, 1942, and 1950, and in CAN taken by the present writer in 1960. 1571 Compositae I. helenium L. Elecampane Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and fencerows and in rich fields and clearings in N. America, as in SE B.C. (Cloverdale, e of Vancouver; V), Ont, (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the S coast of the Gaspe Pen.), ?Nfld. (Botvin 1966 b; not listed by Rouleau 1956), N.B. (Carleton and Kings counties), and N.S. IVA L. [9141] Marsh-Elder, Sumpweed 1 Annual to over 2 m tall; heads crowded in naked spike-like racemes disposed in axillary and terminal panicles, the involucres 2 or 3 mm long; leaves long-petioled, ovate to rhombic (or the lowest cordate), coarsely and often doubly serrate, rough-hairy above, often finely silky-pubescent beneath; (introd., transcontinental) xanthifotia 1 Woody-based perennials commonly less than 5 dm tall; heads nodding in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, solitary or in spike-like racemes. 2 Leaves essentially sessile, linear to narrowly oblong or narrowly ovate, entire, thick, pubescent or glabrate, at most about 3 cm long; heads 4 or 5 mm broad, the involucres 3 or 4 mm long; (s B.C. to s Man.) /. axillaris 2 Leaves (except the uppermost) distinctly petioled. lanceolate to oval or elliptic, sharply serrate, puberulent or strigose above, often glabrous beneath, somewhat fleshy, to about 1 dm long; heads 5 or 6 mm broad, the involucres to 5 mm long; (N.S.) /. frutescens I. axillaris Pursh Poverty-weed /T/WW/ (Grh) Dry (often alkaline or disturbed) places in the valleys, plains, and foothills from S B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior N to the Nicola R.. sw of Kamloops, and Vernon) to Alta. (N to Grande Prairie, 551 CTN), Sask. (n to near Carlton, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert), and s Man. (n to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.), s to Calif, and Okla. [Incl. var, robustior Hook.], map: I.J. Bassett, G.A. Mulligan, and C. Frankton, Can. J. Bot. 40(9): fig, 1, p. 1245. 1962. I. frutescens L, /T/EE/ (Ch (N)) Saline marshes and shores from w N.S. (Yarmouth, Kings, and Hants counties, where considered native by Fernald in Gray 1950, but introd. by Roland 1947; a stand seen by the writer in 1957 at Avonport, Hants Co., appeared to be native) and the Atlantic and Gulf states to Fla. and Tex. The N.S. plant is the scarcely distinct var. oraria (Bartlett) Fern. & Grisc. (I. or. Bartl.; plant to about 2 m tall rather than 3.5 m; leaves to 5 cm broad rather than 3 cm; heads to 6 mm broad rather than 5 mm; achenes averaging about 3 mm long rather than less than 2.5 mm), I. xanthifolia Nutt. Marsh-Elder, Fausse herbe a poux Native in the w U.S.A. (Wash, to N.Mex. and Tex.; abundantly introd. elsewhere along roadsides and streambanks and in waste places, as in B.C, (N to Dawson Creek, ca, 55 40'N), Alta. (N to Beaverlodge, 55°13'N), Sask. (n to Saskatoon), Man. (n to Churchill; Beckett 1959), Ont. (n to Thunder Bay and Ottawa), Que. (n to L. St. John), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S. [Cyclachaena Fresn.; I. panicufata Nutt.]. JAUMEA Pers, [9262] J. camosa (Less.) Gray /t/W/ (Hpr) Tidal flats and coastal marshes from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V) to s Calif. [Coinogyne Less.]. KRIGIA Schreb. [9560] Dwarf Dandelion 1 Plant with a 1 -3-leaved stem forking above and to about 7 dm tall, its oblong or oval clasping leaves mostly entire; radical leaves wing-petioled, often toothed and sometimes pinnatifid; involucre to about 1,5 cm high; achenes 15-20-ribbed; pappus consisting of numerous fragile bristles and short inconspicuous scales; (s Man. and s Ont.) K. biflora 1572 Lactuca 1 Plant scapose, the several stems leafless or leafy only near base, to about 3 dm tall; leaves (at least the later ones) often pinnatifid; involucre to about 7 mm high; achenes 5-angled; pappus consisting of 5-7 broad scales alternating with scabrous bristles . . [K. virginica] K. biflora (Walt.) Blake /T/(X)/ (Hs) Woodlands, meadows, and fields from se Man. (Teulon, about 30 mi n of Winnipeg; CAN; reported from near L. Winnipeg by John Macoun 1884) to s Ont. (Essex and Lambton counties; CAN; OAC) and s New Eng., s to Ariz., N.Mex., Mo., and Ga. [Hyoseris Walt.; H. (K.) amplexicaulis Michx.; Adopogon (Cynthia) virginicum (L.) Ktze., not Hyoseris virg. L.J. The Teulon, Man., plant is referable to f, glandulifera Fern, (peduncles stipitate-glandular rather than glabrous). [K. virginica (L.) Willd.] [Reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Wise, and Maine) from Ont. by John Macoun (1884; noting a report by Gray) and Soper (1949) are based upon K. biflora (relevant collections in CAN). A collection in Herb. V from Bliss Landing, near Vancouver, sw B.C., has been placed here by J.W. Eastham but requires further study. ( Hyoseris L.).] LACTUCA L. [9596] Lettuce. Laitue 1 Achenes very flat, with a strong median nerve on each face and occasionally an additional pair of very obscure nerves; beak soft and filiform, about equalling or longer than the achene; pappus white; flowers yellow, sometimes drying purplish. 2 Fruiting involucres at most 1 .5 cm high; heads with commonly less than 20 flowers; achenes (including beak) usually less than 7 mm tong; pappus mostly about 6 or 7 mm long; leaves neither prickly-toothed nor strongly glaucous; (Man. to N.S.; introd. westwards) L. canadensis 2 Fruiting involucres at least 1 .5 cm high; heads with up to 40 or more flowers; achenes (including beak) to 1 cm long; pappus to 12 mm long. 3 Leaves strongly glaucous, sinuate or sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-toothed on the margins and more or less prickly on the midrib beneath; (s Sask. and s Man.) L. ludoviciana 3 Leaves green, scarcely prickly-toothed, pinnatisect, the lateral lobes oblong- obovate, commonly broadest above the base; (Ont. to N S.) L hirsuta 1 Achenes flat or moderately compressed, distinctly or prominently several-nerved on each face. 4 Beak filiform, equalling or longer than the body of the achene (3 or 4 mm); pappus white; flowers pale yellow or greenish yellow, often drying purplish; leaves sagittate-clasping, typically pinnately lobed; annuals or biennials; (introd.). 5 Leaves or their lobes entire or nearly so, not prickly-toothed. 6 Stem-leaves ovate to orbicular, cordate-clasping, simple; inflorescence a dense corymbose panicle; flowers often streaked with violet [L. sativa] 6 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, simple or pinnatifid with a few distant narrow lobes, the blades commonly held vertically (with one edge up) and all more or less in one plane; inflorescence a narrow spike-like panicle with short erect branches; flowers often reddish beneath L. saligna 5 Leaves and their lobes prickly-toothed. 7 Ripe achenes olive-grey, short-bristly at apex; bracts with spreading sagittate auricles; stem-leaves sagittate-clasping, usually held vertically (often all in one plane), the lower ones often pinnatifid, with narrow distant lateral lobes L. scariola 7 Ripe achenes blackish, more or less glabrous at apex; bracts with appressed rounded auricles; stem-leaves cordate-clasping, not held vertically, obovate- oblong and essentially unlobed or pinnatifid with broad lobes [L. virosa ] 4 Beak none or at most about 1 mm long; leaves rarely clasping. 8 Pappus light-brown; achenes greyish brown, mottled; flowers typically bluish, up 1573 Compositae 8 to over 35 in a head; fruiting involucre to 14 mm high; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed; annual or biennial; (transcontinental) . . . . L. biennis Pappus white. 9 Flowers typically yellow, only 5 in a head; involucre at most about 1 1 mm high, consisting of 4 or 5 elongate phyllaries and very short calculate ones at base; achenes dark red to blackish; leaves very thin, runcinate-lyrate, the large terminal angulate segment cordate at base; glabrous annual or biennial; (introd. in S B.C., Ont., and S Que.) L. muralis 9 Flowers typically blue, 10 Perennial from a deep-seated rhizome; flowers showy, blue or blue-purple, commonly 20 or more in a head; involucre to 2 cm high, the phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; achenes short-beaked; leaves pale or glaucous, entire or the lower ones commonly more or less pinnatifid; (B.C. to James Bay) . . . L tatarica 10 Biennials with a basal rosette and a taproot; involucre to 1.5 cm high; flowers usually less numerous, blue or bluish; outer achenes often distinctly thick-beaked, the inner ones beakless; leaves often pinnatifid; (s Man. and s Ont.) L floridana L biennis (Moench) Fern. /sT/X/ (Hs) Damp thickets and clearings from se Alaska (n to ca. 60 N) and southernmost Yukon (near the B.C. boundary) to B.C., Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan), Sask. (n to Waskesiu Lake, ca. 54 N), Man. (n to Dawson Bay, n L. Winnipegosis), Ont. (N to Sandy L. at ca. 53QN, 93°W), Que, (n to se James Bay at 51°29'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (N to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., S to Calif,, Colo., and N.C. [Sonchus Moench; S. (Mulgedium) leucophaeus Willd., not L leucophaea Sibth.; L. muitifida Rydb.; L. terrae-novae Fern.; L spicata of auth., not S. spicatus Lam.], map: Hulten 19686:952. Forma integrifolia (T. & G.) Fern, (leaves unlobed rather than irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate) is known from s Ont. (Puslinch, Wellington Co.; TRT) and sw Que. L canadensis L. /T/EE/ (Hs) Thickets and clearings, the aggregate species from e Man. (n to Lac du Bonnet, about 50 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to Nipigon, n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to Cap-^-l’Aigle, Charlevoix Co., L. St. John, and the s Gaspe Pen.), N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S., s to Tex. and Fla.; introd. westwards to s B.C. and Colo. 1 Most of the leaves unlobed; [var, integrifolia (Bigel. ) Gray ( L . integrifolia Bigel., not Nutt.); var. montana Britt; Sonchus ?paifidus Willd.; Ont. to P.EJ. and N.S.; introd. in s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Agassiz; Sicamous)] var. canadensis 1 Most of the leaves deeply lobed; [se Man. to P.E.I. and N.S.; var. longifolia also introd. in S B.C.]. 2 Lobes of the leaves linear-falcate, usually entire; [L longifolia Michx.; L. elongata Muhl.J var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. 2 Lobes of the leaves broadly falcate or obovate and obliquely truncate, entire or toothed var. latifolia Ktze. L floridana (L.) Gaertn. /T/EE / (Hs) Moist woods, thickets, and clearings from Minn, to SE Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Love and Bernard 1959), s Ont. (Essex and Kent counties; John Macoun 1884; Bernard Boivin, Rhodora 55(654):225. 1953; Core 1948), III., Ohio, N.Y., and Mass., stoTex. and Fla. [Sonchus L.; Mulgedium DC.]. Var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq. (L villosa Jacq.; leaves uncleft rather than lyrate or runcinate- pinnatifid; achenes all or nearly all beakless rather than the outer ones often distinctly thick-beaked) is known from s Ont. (Pelee Is., Essex Co.; Core 1 948), L hirsute Mu hi. /T/EE/ (Hs) Dry open woods, thickets, and clearings from Ont. (n to Carfeton Co.; TRT; not 1574 Lactuca listed by Gillett 1958) to Que. (n to Oka, about 20 mi sw of Montreal), P.E.I. (Mt. Stewart, Queens Co.; GH; not known from N.B.), and N.S., s to Tex., La., and Va. The report from s Man. by J.M. Macoun (1897; Killarney) is based upon L ludoviciana, the relevant collection in CAN. The report n to Bic, Rirmouski Co., e Que., by Scoggan (1950) requires confirmation. Our material is chiefly referable to the glabrous extreme, var. sanguines (Bigel.) Fern. (L sang. Bigel. ). However, both it and the typical form are reported from s Ont. by Gaiser and Moore (1966; Lambton Co.). L ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell /T/WW/ (Hs) Prairies, shores, and roadsides from Idaho and Mont, to s Sask. (Regina and Gainsborough; Breitung 1957a) and s Man. (Killarney, ne of Turtle Mt.; Grande Clariere, sw of Brandon; Aweme, SE of Brandon; St. Vital, near Winnipeg; CAN; WIN; the tentative report from Ont. by Boivin 1966b, requires clarification), sto Tex., Ark., Mo., III., and Wise. [ Sonchus Nutt.]. Some of our material may be referable to f. campestris (Greene) Fern. (L camp. Greene; flowers blue or purple from the first rather than yellow, drying purplish; reported from se Man. by Lowe 1943). L. muralis (L.) Fresen. Wall-Lettuce Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N, America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope; CAN; V), Ont. (Hamilton and Ottawa), and sw Que. (Rigaud and Montreal). [Prenanthes L.; Mycelis Reich enb.]. L. saligna L Willow-leaved Lettuce European; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in s Ont. (Essex. Lambton, and York counties) and Que. (Rouleau 1947). Forma ruppiana (Wallr.) Beck (leaves linear to lanceolate and entire rather than oblong and runcinate-pinnatifid) is known from sw Que. (Sherbrooke; CAN). [L. sativa L.] Garden Lettuce [?Asiatic; cult, and occasionally found along roadsides and on waste heaps and garden-refuse in N. America but scarcely established, as in Alta. (Boivin 1966b) and Ont. (Hamilton and Ottawa).] L. scariola L. Prickly Lettuce Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (H to Kamloops; V), Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Winnipeg), Ont. {n to the Algoma dist. n of L. Huron and Ottawa), Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen.; Groh 1944b), N.B. (Moncton; ACAD; CAN), P.E.I, (Charlottetown; ACAD), and N.S. [L. serriola L., the original spelling, later corrected by Linnaeus]. Forma integrifoiia (Bogenh.) Beck (var. int. Bogenh.; L. integrata (Gren, & Godr.) Nels.; L virosa sensu Lowe 1943, not L,, relevant collections in WIN and Herb. Man. Prov. Mus., Winnipeg; leaves unlobed or only the lowest ones pinnatif id rather than nearly all of the leaves pinnatifid) is represented by the above N.B. and P.E.I. (and some of the Man.) collections. L. tatarica (L.) Meyer /ST/(X)/EA/ (Gr) Moist meadows, prairies, thickets, and clearings from cent. Alaska (known only from ca. 65°N; not known from the Yukon), Great Bear L., Great Slave L., and B.C. -Alta, to Sask. (n to Prince Albert and Cumberland House), Man. (n to the n end of L. Winnipeg; introd. at Churchill), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 55°N, 88°W, and sw James Bay), and Que. (known only from se James Bay n to ca. 53°N; introd. in New Eng. and possibly in N.S., Mulgedium puichellum reported from there by Lindsay 1878), s to Calif., N.Mex., Okla., Mo., Wise., and Mich.; Eurasia. [Sonchus L.]. map: Hulten 1968b:952. The N. American plant has been separated as the intergrading and barely distinguishable ssp. pulcheila (Pursh) Stebbins (Sonchus (Mulgedium; Lactuca) pulchellus Pursh; S. (M.) ?acuminatus Willd.; M. heterophyiium Nutt.; S. sibiricus sensu Hooker 1833, not L; stem less branched and averaging slightly taller than that of the typical form, bearing 10-30 entire or remotely and minutely 1575 Compositae denticulate leaves below the inflorescence rather than 3-12 conspicuously spinulose-dentieulate leaves, the phyllaries usually more closely imbricate, their tips tending to be narrower and more attenuate; see G.L. Stebbins, Madrono 5(4): 123-24. 1939). [L. virosa L.] [Eurasian; the tentative report from Tanana Hot Springs, cent. Alaska, by Hulten (1950) and the report from Man. by Lowe (1943) are based upon L scariola f. integrifoiia, relevant collections in CAN and WIN, respectively.] LAPSANA L. [9555] L. communis L. Nipplewort. Herbe aux mamelles Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in waste places in N. America, as in se Alaska (Juneau and Ketchikan; Hulten 1950), B.C. (Nto Queen Charlotte Is. and Revelstoke), se Man. (Winnipeg; Herb. Man. Prov. Mus., Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, and Ottawa), Que. (n to L. St. John and Rimouski, Rimouski Co.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I. (Charlottetown; GH), and N.S., and in w Greenland (Disko, ca. 70°N; CAN), map : Hulten 1968b:941. [LAYIA H. & A.] [9258] Tidy-tips [L. glandulosa (Hook.) H. & A.] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Baja Calif, and Ariz.) from B.C. by John Macoun (1886; noting a report by Gray, “Barren ground, British Columbia to California"), this taken up by Henry (1915), Rydberg (1922), and Hitchcock et al. (1955), requires confirmation. (Blepharipappus Hook.).] LEONTODON L. [9574] Hawkbit 1 Scape commonly forking, scaly-bracted, to about 8 dm tall; heads erect before anthesis; involucre to 13 mm high, its phyllaries in several unequal series; achenes to 7,5 mm long; pappus consisting entirely of plumose chaffy-based bristles; leaves laciniate-toothed to pinnatifid, usually somewhat pubescent; (introd., transcontinental) L autumrralis 1 Scape simple and usually naked, the solitary head nodding before anthesis; leaves subentire to rather shallowly pinnate-lobed. 2 Pappus of some of the outer flowers reduced to a short laciniate crown (the achenes of these flowers commonly less scabrous than those of the inner flowers); achenes commonly Jess than 6 mm long; involucre to 1 1 mm high, its glabrous or hirsute subequal phyllaries subtended by a ring of minute bractlets; leaves hispid; scape filiform, to about 3.5 dm tall; (introd. in B.C.) L. taraxacoides 2 Pappus similar in all flowers, consisting of an inner row of long plumose broad-based bristles and an outer row of much shorter barbed bristles; achenes to over 6 mm long; involucre to 1.5 cm high, its bristly-hispid phyllaries in 2 or 3 unequal series; leaves and scape bristly-hispid, the upwardly thickened scape to about 7 dm tall; (introd. in s Ont.) L. hispidus L. autumnalis L. Fall-Dandelion. Liondent d’automne Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields in N. America (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), map and synonymy: see below. 1 Involucres and peduncles essentially glabrous; [ Apargia Willd.; Oporinia Don; Alaska (Fairbanks; see Hulten 1968a); s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; Langley Prairie, se of Vancouver); Ont. (n to Timmins, 48°28'N), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord), Labrador (Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; sw Greenland; map (aggregate species): Hulten 1968b:942] var. autumnalis 1 Involucres and summits of peduncles densely spreading-pubescent with blackish hairs; [Apargia pratensis Link; e Que. (Gaspe Pen. at Port Daniel, Bonaventure Co.), Labrador (Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; Greenland] var. pratensis (Link) Koch 1576 Liatris L. hispidus L. Eurasian; locally introd. into fields and waste places in N. America, as in s Ont, (Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co., where taken by W. Herriot in 1902; CAN; OAC), [Apargia Willd. ; L hastilis var, vulgaris Koch]. L. taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat European; locally introd. into fields, pastures, and waste places in N. America, as in w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is. and near Victoria, Vancouver Is., where first taken by James Fletcher in 1885; CAN; DAO); the report from s Ont. by F.H. Montgomery (Can. Field-Nat. 62(2):91. 1948; noting a 1910 report of L. nudicaulis from Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co., by W. Herriot) requires confirmation. [Hyoseris Vill.; Thrincia (L.) leysseri Wallr.; Crepis (L; Apargia) nudicaulis of auth., not L.; L. hirtus of auth., not L.]. LIATRIS Schreb. [8826] Button-Snakeroot, Blazing-star (Ref.: Gaiser 1946) 1 Pappus plumose, about 1 cm long; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, firm, punctate; stems to about 8 dm tall. 2 Heads rarely if ever with more than 6 flowers, sessile or nearly so in a spike-like inflorescence; corolla at most 12 mm long, the tube pilose within; phyllaries with long acute or acuminate tips, commonly ciliate; leaves ciliate, otherwise glabrous; stems several from crowns of an elongate (sometimes corm-like) deep vertical subterranean trunk, glabrous; (S Alta, to s Man.) L. punctata 2 Heads with up to 35 or more flowers, sessile or short-peduncled; corolla to 14 mm long, the inner surface of the lobes pubescent; coriaceous phyllaries rounded, mucronate, or abruptly acuminate at summit, they and the leaves sublustrous and eciliate; stems solitary from a roundish corm, glabrous or sparingly hirsute; (s Ont.) L cylindracea 1 Pappus merely finely barbed; phyllaries mostly round-tipped; stems usually solitary from corm-like rhizomes. 3 Heads cylindric-campanulate, with less than 20 flowers, sessile in a usually dense spike; corolla glabrous within; leaves usually glabrous, linear to linear-lanceolate, the lowermost rarely over 2 cm broad; stem usually glabrous, to 2 m tall; (s Ont.) . . . . L spicata 3 Heads becoming hemispheric or subglobose, with up to 50 or more flowers, mostly distinctly peduncled (or sessile in L aspera); stem usually more or less pubescent at least above. 4 Heads becoming hemispheric (the tooth-fringed phyllaries remaining erect and loosely appressed), long-peduncled to occasionally subsessile, to 3 cm thick (or the terminal head often much larger); corolla-tube glabrous within; leaves ciliate, otherwise glabrous to densely scabrous-pubescent on both surfaces, the basal ones to 1 .5 cm broad; stem pubescent at least above; (Alta, to Man.) L ligulistylis 4 Heads becoming subglobose (the phyllaries soon puckered or squarrose- spreading), to 2.5 cm thick; corolla-tube pilose within at base; leaves eciliate. 5 Phyllaries ciliate, with a very narrow or obsolete scarious summit, pubescent to merely scabrous; heads usually peduncled in an open raceme or occasionally a panicle; leaves scabrous to densely pubescent, the basal ones broadly obovate, to 5 cm broad; stem usually rather densely pubescent [L scar/osa] 5 Phyllaries with a broad scarious eciliate coloured summit, glabrous; heads sessile to short-peduncled in a spike or spicate raceme; leaves glabrous or merely scabrous, the basal ones linear-lanceolate, rarely over 2 cm broad; stem glabrous to puberulent or sparingly strigose; (s Ont.) L. aspera L. aspera Michx. /t/EE/ (Gst) Dry, often sandy soil from N.Dak. to Wise., Mich., S Ont. (Essex, Kent, and Lambton counties; CAN; GH; TRT ; US), W.Va., and N.C., s to E Tex. and Fla. [Lacinaria scabra Greene], map: L.H. Shinners, Am. Midi. Nat. 29: map 4, p. 30. 1943. 1577 Compositae The S Ont, plant is referable to var. intermedia {Lunell) Gaiser {Lacinaria scariosa var. int. Lunell; Li. scariosa sensu John Macoun 1884, and Dodge 1914, not (L.) Willd., relevant collections in CAN; L ?squarrosa sensu Macoun 1886, not (L) Michx,; leaves smooth rather than scabrous; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent at summit rather than at least the upper third puberulent or sparingly grey-strigose). Reports of the typical form from Sask. (as by Breitung 1957a) and Man. (as by Lowe 1943) are probably all based upon L. liguiistylis, relevant collections in CAN, DAO. and WIN. x L. sphaeroidea Michx. is apparently the most abundant phase of a hybrid-series involving L. aspera or its var. intermedia and one or more other Liatris species. Gaiser (1946) reports it from Essex and Lambton counties, s Ont. Its area is shown in a map by Shinners (loc. cit. , map 5, p. 30). Another hybrid-complex between x L. sphaeroidea or L. aspera and L. cylindracea (x L. gladewitzii (Farw.) Shinners) is known from Kent and Lambton counties, s Ont. L. cylindracea Michx. /t/EE/ (Gst) Ledges and dry soils from Minn, to s Ont. (n to Manitoulin Is., n L. Huron; GH; N.C. Fassett, Rhodora 35{420):388. 1933), s to Mo., III., Ind., Ohio, and N.Y. [L. squarrosa var. intermedia DC.; L. squarrosa sensu Hooker 1833, not (L.) Michx.]. Forma bartelii Steyerm. (flowers white rather than rose-purple) is reported from s Ont. by Gaiser and Moore (1966; Lambton Co.). L. liguiistylis (Nels.) Schum. /T/WW/ (Gst) Dry to moist, often sterile soil from Alta, (n to Edmonton; CAN) to Sask. (n to n of Prince Albert; CAN). Man. (n to Cranberry Portage, about 20 mi SE of Flin Flon; WIN), and Wise., s to N.Mex. and S.Dak. [Lacinaria Nels.; L. aspera sensu Breitung 1957a, and Lowe 1943, not Michx., relevant collections in CAN, DAO, and WIN], map: L.H, Shinners, Am. Midi. Nat. 29: map 6, p. 30. 1 943. Forma teucantha Shinners (corolla white rather than rose-purple) is known from Sask. (Boivin 1966b) and s Man. (Griswold, about 20 mi w of Brandon; DAO). A hybrid with L. squarrosa var, glabrata (Rydb.) Gaiser (this not known from Canada), x L. creditonensis Gaiser, is reported from s Ont. by Gaiser (1946; type from her test-garden at Crediton, Huron Co,, s Ont., where originating from parent plants brought in from the U.S.A.), L. punctata Hook. /T/WW/ (Gst) Dry prairies and plains, often in sandy soil, from Mont, to Alta, (n to Red Deer; CAN), Sask. (n to 15 mi w of Saskatoon; CAN; type, as first collection cited, a Drummond collection from ‘Plains of the Saskatchewan", either in Sask. or Alta.), and Man. (ni to St. Lazare, about 75 mi nw of Brandon), s to Mexico and Tex. [Lacinaria Ktze.]. map: Atlas of Canada 1957: map 11, sheet 38. Forma albiflora Sheldon (corolla white rather than rose-purple) is known from Sask. (Boivin 1966b) and s Man. (Souris Co.; DAO). [L. scariosa (L.) Willd,] [Reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (W.Va. and Pa. to S.C.) from Sask. and Man. by Hooker (1833) are probably referable to L liguiistylis . Reports from s Ont. by John Macoun (1884) and Dodge (1914) are based upon L. aspera var. intermedia, relevant collections in CAN and WIN.] L. spicata (L.) Willd. /t/EE/ (Gst) Meadows and swampy places from Wise., Mich., and Ohio to s Ont. (Essex and Lambton counties; CAN; GH; QUK; TRT; reported by Lionel Cinq-Mars et al., Nat. can. (Gue.) 98(2):197. 1971, as introd. near an abandoned garden at Oka, near Montreal, Que.), Pa., and N.J., s to La. and Fla. [Serratula L.; L ?pycnostachya sensu C. Rousseau, Nat. can. (Que.) 98(4):727. 1971, perhaps not Michx.]. LUINA Benth. [9403] L hypoleuca Benth, /t/W/ (Hp) Ledges, crevices, and talus slopes from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi SE of Hope; CAN; V) to cent. Calif. 1578 Madia LYGODESMfA D. Don [9598] Skeletonweed 1 Branches spine-tipped, rigidly spreading; stems several from a taproot and branching caudex, bearing tufts of pale or brownish wool at the base; lower leaves to 3 cm long, the others reduced and scale-like; heads commonly short-peduncled and borne laterally on the branches; florets and longer phyllaries mostly 3-5; plant glabrous or minutely scabrous; (s ?B.C.) [L spinosa] t Branches not spine-tipped, terminated by heads; stem solitary (but much-branched from near the base), lacking woolly tufts. 2 Pappus light brown; florets and longer phyllaries usually 5; lower leaves at most about 1 dm long, those of the branches reduced and awl-like; perennial with a deep-seated rootstock; (s B.C. to s Man.) L. juncea 2 Pappus white; florets and longer phyllaries usually 8 or 9; leaves to about 2 dm long, only the uppermost ones strongly reduced; annual; (s Alta, to sw Man.) L. rostrata L. juncea (Pursh) Don /T/WW/ (Gr) Dry prairies and plains, often in sandy soil, from SE B.C. (Similkameen R., sw of Princeton; Wardner, s of Cranbrook; CAN; V) to Alta. (N to Edmonton; CAN), Sask. (n to near Saskatoon; CAN), and s Man. (n to Rossburn, about 70 mi nw of Brandon), s to Ariz., N.Mex., and Ark. [Prenanthes Pursh], L. rostrata Gray /T/WW/ (T) Dry sandy prairies and plains from s Alfa. (Moss 1959), s Sask, (Cypress Hills, Beverly, and Mortlach; CAN; Breitung 1957a), and sw Man. (n to St. Lazare, about 75 mi nw of Brandon) to Colo, and Kans. [L, spinosa Nutt ] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Mont, to Calif, and Ariz.) by Rydberg (1922; Plei, spin.) requires clarification. [Pleiacanthus Rydb.).] MADIA Molina [9253] Tarweed 1 Leaves opposite (except often the uppermost reduced ones); (s B.C.). 2 Leaves to over 1 dm long and 1 cm broad; involucres 4-6 mm high; ray-ligules to 1 cm long; receptacular bracts united into a cup about the sterile disk-florets; pappus consisting of several usually ciliate-fringed scales; heads on elongate bracted peduncles, the lateral peduncles often surpassing the main axis; biennial or short-lived perennial, commonly with a short rhizome, to about 7 dm tall; (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands) M. madioides 2 Leaves to about 2 cm long and 2.5 mm broad; involucres 2-4 mm long; ray-ligules minute; receptacular bracts united about the usually solitary fertile disk-floret; pappus none; heads in the terminal forks of the divaricately branching stem and in small cymose clusters; slender annual rarely to 2 dm tall; (s ?B.C.) [M. minima ] 1 Leaves alternate (except often the lowermost ones); annuals. 3 Involucres less than 5 mm high; ray-ligules very short and inconspicuous; receptacular bracts united about the solitary fertile disk-floret; heads mostly on filiform naked peduncles; leaves to 4 cm long and 2 mm broad; stems to 3 dm tall, branched above; (s B.C.) M. exigua 3 Involucres at least 6 mm long; receptacular bracts distinct, each enveloping an achene; stems to over 8 dm tall. 4 Involucres fusiform, to 9 mm high and 5 mm broad (when pressed); ray-ligules (0)1 -3(5), inconspicuous, about 2 mm long; heads commonly clustered; leaves to 7 cm long and 5 mm broad; (s B.C. to sw Man.; introd. elsewhere) ...... M. glomerata 4 Involucres ovoid or broadly urceolate, to 12 mm long and mostly 6-12 mm broad (when pressed); ray-ligules 5-13, 3-7 mm long, 5 Plant rough-hairy, stipitate-glandular usually only above the middle; leaves to 1 1 cm long and 1 cm broad; heads not clustered; (s B.C.) M. gracilis 1579 Compositae 5 Plant rough-hairy and strongly stipitate-glandular, the glands extending nearly or quite to the base of the stem; leaves to 18 cm long and 12 mm broad; heads often clustered; (introd. in s B.C., Ont., Que., and Nfld.) M. sativa M. exigua (Sm.) Gray /t/W/ (T) Dry grasslands and open woods from the plains and foothills up to moderate elevations in the mts. from s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Lower Arrow L, and Trail; CAN; V) to n Baja Calif, and Nev. [Scterocarpus Sm.; Harpaecarpus Gray; incl. M. fifipes Gray]. M. glomerata Hook. /T/WW/ (T) Dry open places from the valleys and foothills to moderate elevations in the mts. from B.C. (n to Revelstoke) to Alta, (n to McLennan, 53°42'N), Sask. (n to Swift Current and Regina), sw Man. (Portage ia Prairie; DAO), and Minn., s to Calif., Ariz., and Colo.; introd. along roadsides and in waste places elsewhere, as in s Alaska (n to ca. 62°N), the Yukon (near Dawson, ca. 64JN; CAN), Ont. (Earlton, me of Sudbury), and Que. (Longueuil, near Montreal; Trois-Pistoles, Temiscouata Co.; Capucins, Matane Co., nw Gaspe Pen.), map: Huiten 19686:885. M. gracilis (Sm.) Keck /t/W/ (T) Dry open places (often along roadsides or in other disturbed areas) from the valleys to moderate elevations in the mts. from S B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland E to Cascade, sw of Trail; CAN; V) to n Baja Calif, and Utah; Chile. [Sclerocarpus Sm.; Madorella (Madia) dissitiflora Nutt.; Madorella (Madia) racemosa Nutt.]. M. madioides (Nutt.) Greene /t/W/ (Hs) Open woods from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands; CAN; V) to Calif. [Anisocarpus Nutt,; M. nuttallii Gray]. [M. minima (Gray) Keck] (Reports of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Calif.) from B.C. by Henry (1915), Rydberg (1922), and Hitchcock et al. (1955) and a so-named collection in Herb. V from Sooke, Vancouver Is., require confirmation. ( Hemizonia Gray; Hemizonella Gray; Hemizonia (Hemizonella) durandii Gray).] M. sativa Molina Native in the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) and Chile; introd. along roadsides and in waste places elsewhere, as in s B.C. (Vancouver Is. and mainland E to near Creston; CAN; V; possibly native in s B.C,), Ont. (between Blind River and Spanish, n shore of L. Huron; OAC), sw Que. (Chambly and Lotbiniere counties; MT), and Nfld. (Rouleau 1956). Boivin (19666) reports the species only from B.C. and the above reports from other areas in Canada may prove referable to M. glomerata. Some of the B.C. material (and most or all of the material from elsewhere in Canada, if correctly identified) is referable to var. congesfa T. & G. (M. capitata Nutt.; heads crowded in 1-few clusters at the ends of the stem and branches rather than scattered or in scattered clusters), MATRICARIA L. [9339] Wild Chamomile 1 Heads discoid; disk-corollas 4-lobed; receptacle conic, acute; achenes with 4 ribs on the inner side, smooth on the back and between the ribs; pappus an obscure crown or none; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid; bruised plant with fragrance of pineapple; (introd., transcontinental) M. matricarioides 1 Heads with white rays; disk-corollas normally 5-lobed; leaves 2-pinnatifid. 2 Receptacle conic, acute; achenes with 5 slender raised ribs on the inner side, smooth on the back and between the ribs; rays at most 1 cm long; disk to about 1 cm broad; bruised plant with fragrance of pineapple; (introd., transcontinental) M. chamomilla 2 Receptacle convex to hemispheric, obtuse; achenes with 3 strong corky almost 1580 Matricaria wing-like ribs on the inner side, roughened on the back and between the ribs; plants nearly scentless. 3 Phylfaries with dark-brown to blackish margins; pappus-crown usually entire; heads 1 to several; rays at most 1 cm long; stem simple to rather abundantly branched, to about 3 dm tall: (transcontinental in arctic and subarctic regions) M, ambigua 3 Phyllaries with greenish to light-brown margins; pappus-crown distinctly dentate; heads several to numerous; (introd., transcontinental) M. maritima M. ambigua (Ledeb.) Kryl. /aS/X/GEA/ (Hp (Ch)) Moist sandy seashores (sometimes in grassy places near human habitations) from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Macken2ie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., n Baffin Is., and northernmost Que. (Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; reported from Labrador by Boivin 19666), s in the West to sw Alaska (Nunivak Is. at ca. 6QCN), farther eastwards s to ne Man. (s to York Factory, Hudson Bay. 57'N), n Ont. (coast of nw James Bay at ca. 55°N), James Bay (South Twin Is., ca. 53°N), and the coast of E James Bay, Que. (s to ca. 53°45'N); southernmost Greenland and w Greenland between ca. 73° and 74°30’N; Iceland; ne Europe; n Asia. [Pyrethrum Ledeb.; Tripleurospermum Love & Ldve; T. phaeocephalum (Rupr.) Pobed.; Chrysanthemum (M.) grandiflorum Hook.; Chamomilta (M.) hookeri Rydb.; P, inodorum var. nanum Hook.; M. maritima var. nana (Hook.) Boivin; M. inodora var. phaeocephaia Rupr.]. maps: Hulten 19686:890 {Tri. p6aeo. ); Porsild 1957: map 315, p. 200. According to Q.O. Kay (Watsonia 7(3):1 30-41. 1969). this northern element of the M. inodora complex should more correctly be known as Tripleurospermum phaeocephalum {see synonymy). M. chamomilla L. Eurasian; introd. and locally abundant along roadsides and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (mouth of the Fraser R.; V), Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan; CAN), Sask. (n to Crooked River, 52°51'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to The Pas), Ont. (n to Cache L., Algonquin Provincial Park, Renfrew Co.; CAN), Nfld., N.B., and N.S.; Greenland. According to Jan Toman and Frantisdk Stary (Taxon 14(7);224-28, 1965), our plant should be known as M. recutita L.. embracing the concept of M . chamomilla as described by Linnaeus in 1755, his 1753 description, published together with M. recutita , evidently applying to a different plant. Some of our Nfld. and N.B. material is referable to var. coronata (Gay) Coss. & Germ. ( M . cor. Gay; pappus of achenes consisting of a distinct short crown, rather than obsolete). M. maritima L. Eurasian; introd. in fields and waste places in N. America, as in cent. Alaska (Fairbanks, ca. 65°N), Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Providence, w of Great Slave L. at ca. 61520'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):67. 1961; the report from Great Bear L. by John Macoun 1884, is probably referable to M, ambigua), B.C. (Vancouver Is. and North Pine, ca. 55°N), Alta, (n to Fort Saskatchewan), Sask. (n to Emma Lake. 53°34'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Ethelbert, e of Duck Mt ), Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay), Que. (n to the C6te-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (Hamilton R. basin), Nfld... N. B., P E. I., and N.S. map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:890 (Trip, inod . ; incl. the range of the typical form). 1 Stem depressed, its branches horizontal or drooping; leaves to about 4 cm long, their fleshy linear segments to 5 mm long; heads to about 3 cm broad; ray-liguies to about 12 mm long; [Chamomilla Rydb.; M. inodora var. salina Bab.; locally introd, in waste ground near ports in Que. (York and Bonaventure, Gaspe Pen.; GH; RIM) and the e U.S.A.] var. maritima 1 Stem ascending or erect, its branches ascending; leaves larger, their nearly filiform segments to 2 cm long; heads 3 or 4 cm broad; ray-ligules to 2 cm long; [Dibothrospermum agreste Knaf; M. (Chamomilla: Chrysanthemum: Pyrethrum; Tripleurospermum) inodora L.; the common transcontinental form in N. America] var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter Pineapple-weed Eurasian (?Asiatic); introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America and 1581 Compositae rapidly spreading, as in the Aleutian Is., Alaska {n to ca. 69gN), the Yukon (n to ca. 65'30'N), Dist. Mackenzie (n to the Mackenzie R. Delta), B.C., Alta,, Sask, (Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Reindeer L. and Churchill), Ont. (n to Fort Severn, Hudson Bay, ca. 56 N). Que. (n to s Ungava Bay), Labrador (Boivrn 1966b), Nfld,, N.B.. P.E.I., and N.S.; Greenland. [Artemisia mat. Less., the type from Unalaska, Aleutian Is.; M. discoidea DC.; Santofina suaveolens Pursh, not M. suav. L.J. map: Hulten 19686:889. MICROSERIS Don [9559] 1 Plants more or less caulescent, bearing leaves a short distance above the base of the stem, the leaves linear or broader and often laciniate; heads mostly solitary but sometimes several in robust individuals; involucres 1-2 cm high, calculate (subtended by a series of much smaller bractlets); pappus consisting of up to 20 narrow scales tipped with a long, white, distinctly plumose, bristle-like awn; achenes to 8 mm long; glabrous or slightly scurfy perennial to 6 dm tall; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) M. nutans 1 Plants scapose, the leaves all in a basal rosette; head solitary; pappus-awns not plumose. 2 Pappus consisting of 5 lanceolate, glabrous or scabrous, chaffy scales tapering to an awn slightly to considerably longer than the body; involucres to 1.5 cm high, calculate; achenes to 6 mm long; leaves linear and entire or more often with spreading linear lobes; glabrous or scurfy annual to 3.5 dm tall; (Vancouver Is.) M. bigelovii 2 Pappus consisting of 10 or more members; involucres to 2.5 cm high, not calculate, their phyllaries subequal or slightly imbricate; achenes to 1 cm long; leaves linear, long-acuminate, entire, their margins often crisped or wavy and minutely white-ciliate; scapes to about 3 dm tall. 3 Pappus consisting of 40-80 mixed capillary bristles and very slender attenuate scales; phyllaries often speckled; leaves to 2 cm broad, rarely over 15 times as long as broad; scape glabrous or more commonly vitlous-tomentose above; (B.C. to Man.) M. cuspidata 3 Pappus consisting of 10-30 slender, attenuate, bristle-like, white scales; phyllaries generally with a dark midrib and sometimes also finely speckled with blackish- purple; leaves mostly over 20 times as long as broad; scape glabrous or puberulent; (s B.C.) M. troximoides M. bigelovii (Gray) Schultz Bip. /t/W/ (T) Open moist or grassy places from sw B.C. (several localities on s Vancouver Is.; CAN) to Calif. [Calais Gray], map: K.L. Chambers, Contrib. Dudley Herb. 4(7): fig. 21a, p. 305, 1955. M. cuspidata (Pursh) Schultz-Bip. /T/WW/ (Hr) Dry open places, often sandy or gravelly, from Mont, to s Alta, (n to Banff; CAN; the tentative report from the Mackenzie R. Delta by Porsild 1943, requires clarification), s Sask. (Lebret and Lumsden, both se of Moose Jaw; Breitung 1957a), and sw Man. (n to Fort Ellice, about 75 mi nw of Brandon, where taken by John Macoun in 1879; MTMG), s to Colo,, Okla., Mo., and Wise. [Agoser/s Steud.; Nothocalais Greene; Troximon Pursh], M. nutans (Geyer) Schultz-Bip. /T/W/ (Hs) Chiefly in open, rather moist places at low to rather high elevations from s B.C. (n to the Marble Range, nw of Clinton; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19576) to Calif., Utah, and Colo. [Scorzonella Geyer; Calais and Ptilophora Gray; Ptilocalais Greene], M. troximoides Gray /t/W/ (Hr) Dry open places in the lowlands and foothills from southernmost B.C. (collections in CAN, detd. Calder and Porsild, from between L. Osoyoos and Midway, where taken by J.M. Macoun in 1905; collection in V from Penticton) and Mont, to n Utah. [Nothocalais Greene; Scorzonella Jeps.J. 1582 Petasttes [MIKANIA Willd.] [8818] [M. scandens (L.) Willd,] Climbing Hempweed [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (N.Y. and Maine to Tex. and Fla.) from s Ont. by John Macoun (1884; Malden, Essex Co.) requires confirmation, as, also, the T.J, Burgess report from Amherstburg noted by Soper (1962; see his s Ont. map 25, fig. 22, p. 36, indicating published reports). If the reports prove valid upon the location of the relevant voucher-specimens, the species is almost certainly extinct in s Ont., evidently not having been taken since that time. The report from Canada by A. Michaux (1803) also requires clarification, probably resulting from too loose an application of that name with respect to present political boundaries. ( Eupatorium L.).] ONOPORDUM L [7113] O. acanthium L. Scotch Thistle Eurasian; introd. (perhaps sometimes a garden-escape) along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., where taken by John Macoun in 1887 and 1908; CAN), Ont. (n to Bruce, Grey, Frontenac, and Lanark counties; the report from Winnipeg, Man., by Lowe 1943, is based upon Cirsium drummondii, the relevant collection in WIN), N.B., and ?N.S. (John Macoun 1884). PETASITES Mill. [9381] Sweet Coltsfoot 1 Leaves very large (to over 1 m broad), cordate-rotund to round-reniform, sharply sinuate-toothed, becoming glabrate, on stout hollow petioles to 2 m long, these with dilated sheathing bases, 2 Heads whitish; (introd. in s Ont.) P. iaponicus 2 Heads pale reddish-violet; (introd. in B.C, ) P. hybridus 1 Leaves smaller, usually more persistently tomentose at least beneath; petioles shorter, their bases not conspicuously dilated. 3 Leaves coarsely dentate, unlobed or with only 1 or 2 pairs of relatively shallow lobes toward base, floccose above, densely white-tomentose beneath; achenes about 3 mm long. 4 Leaves ovate- or triangular-sagittate, to 2.5 dm long, unlobed and with rarely fewer than 20 teeth on each margin; fruiting heads to 2.5 cm long; (trans- continental) P sagittatus 4 Leaves triangular-cordate to reniform, smaller, evidently lobed and with mostly not more than 1 5 teeth on each margin; fruiting heads about 1 .5 cm long; (western arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions) P. frigidus 3 Leaves deeply lobed, green and essentially glabrous above, cordate-deltoid to reniform. 5 Leaves white-tomentose beneath, cleft about half-way to the midrib; (trans- continental) P vitifolius 5 Leaves glabrous or only thinly tomentose beneath, mostly cleft more than 2/3 to the midrib. 6 Leaves glabrous on both surfaces except for a slight ciliation on the veins beneath and on the margins; rhizome thickish; (the Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie) P. arcticus 6 Leaves thinly tomentose beneath; rhizome slender and cord-like; (trans- continental) P. palmatus P. arcticus A.E, Porsild /aS/W/ (Grh) Known only from open or lightly wooded, clayey or shaly slopes along the coast of the Yukon (between Kay Point and King Point; CAN) and in nw Dist. Mackenzie (type from East Branch, Mackenzie R. Delta; CAN; see Porsild 1943:74). map: W.J. Cody, Nat. can. (Gue.) 98(2): fig. 26. p. 155. 1971. 1583 Compositae P. frig id us (L) Fries /aST/WW/EA/ (Grh) Wet tundra, moist woods, and shores from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie and w Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Prince Patrick Is., and Melville Is., s through the mts. of B.C. and sw Alta. (Waterton Lakes; Breitung 19575) to the Wenatchee Mts. of Wash.; ne Europe; n Asia. [Tussilago L.; Nardosmia Hook.; N. angulosa Cass.; P. alaskanus Rydb.; P. gracilis Britt.], maps: Hulten 19685:913; Porsild 1957: map 321, p. 201; Raup 1947: pi. 36. P. hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb. Butterbur Eurasian; locally introd. into waste places of the e U.S.A. (Mass, to Pa.; Fernald in Gray 1950) and known in Canada from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is, and the lower Fraser Valley at New Westminster, Whannock, Steveston, Ladner, and Abbotsford; Groh 1947, P. vulgaris ; Groh's report of it from Niagara Falls, Welland Co., s Ont, is based upon P. japonicus, the relevant collection in OAC). [Tussilago L.; P. vulgaris Desf.]. Concerning the B.C. plant, Eastham (1947) writes, "An Old World sp[ecies] introd. by the Japanese who use the leaf-stalks as a vegetable. Well-established and spreading by strong creeping rootstocks in the vicinity of former Japanese dwellings; gives indication of becoming a persistent weed." P. japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Schmidt Butterbur Asiatic; apparently known in the wild state in N. America only from Niagara Falls and vicinity, Welland Co., s Ont. (OAC; TRT), where first taken by Beck in 1935. [Nardosmia Sieb. & Zucc.; P. vulgaris sensu Groh 1 947, as to the s Ont. plant, and Soper 1949, not Desf.]. Concerning the s Ont. plant, Montgomery (1957) writes, "It has been known there for about 20 years and now covers a low, wet, wooded river flat to the extent of one-eighth of an acre.” P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray /ST/X/eA/ (Grh) Moist woods and swampy places from the Yukon (n to ca. 68°N) and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), s Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Man -Ont., Que. (n to Ungava Bay), Labrador (n to Hebron, 58°12'N), Nffd., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Calif., Minn., Mich,, and Mass.; E Asia (Hultdn’s map). [Tussilago palmata Ait., the type from Nfld. ; Nardosmia Hook.; N. (P.) hookeriana and speciosa Nutt,; P. frigidus var. palm. (Ait.) Cronq.; P. palm, (spec.) var. frigidus Macoun, not P. frigidus (L.) Fries]. map; Hulten 19685:914. P. sagittatus (Banks) Gray /aST/X/ (Grh) Meadows and bogs from Alaska (n to ca. 66°30'N), the Yukon (n to ca. 68"N), and the coast of Dist. Mackenzie to sw Dist. Keewatin, Man. (n to Churchill), and northernmost Ont.-Que.-Labrador, s to Wash.. Idaho, Mont., Colo., Minn., Wise., cent. Ont. (s to sw James Bay and the shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay), cent. Que. (s to SE James Bay and the Knob Lake dist. at ca. 54C45'N), and Labrador (s to Makkovik, 55rj05'N). [Tussilago sagittata Banks, the type from "Hudson's Bay"; Nardosmia Hook.; P. dentatus Blank.], maps: Hulten 19685:914; Porsild 1957: map 322, p. 201. P. vitifolius Greene /ST/X/ (Grh) Swampy ground and wet woods from Alaska (n to ca. 70°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 67°N), and the Mackenzie R. Delta to L. Athabasca, s Dist. Keewatin, northernmost Ont., Que. (n to Ungava Bay), and Labrador (n to Kangalaksiorvik, 59°25'N; GH), s to n Oreg., Alta, (s to Red Deer; CAN), Sask. (s to the Cypress Hills; DAO), s Man. (type from Emerson), cent. Ont. (s to near Thunder Bay), n Minn., and Que. (s to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.). [Incl. P. hyperboreus Rydb., P. nivalis and P. trigonophyllus Greene, and Nardosmia (P.) corymbosa Hook.; P. frigidus var. hyperboreoides Hult.]. map (warea; P. hyperboreus ): Hulten 19685:913. Concerning P. hyperboreus, Hulten (19685) writes, "Frequently forms hybrid swarms with P. frigidus. Possibly a hybridogen species stabilized from the hybrid P. frigidus x palmatus in a period when the American and eastern Asiatic ranges of P. palmatus were confluent.” The material reported from Alaska-Yukon as P. frigidus x sagittatus by Hulten (1950) is probably based upon 1584 Prenanthes P. vitifolius, A.L. Bogle (Rhodora 70(784}:533-51 , 1968) presenting convincing evidence that this taxon has arisen through hybridization between P. (frigidus van) palmatus and P. sagittatus. P1CRIS L [9575] Ox-tongue 1 Phyllaries in 2 rows of about equal length, the outer ones lance-ovate to ovate, to 8 mm broad, the narrow inner ones thickened below; achenes with a slender fragile beak to about 4 mm long; pappus densely plumose; leaves entire, at least the upper ones and the phyllaries spinulose-tipped; plant bristly-hispid P. echioides 1 Phyllaries all narrow (less than 3 mm broad), in 3 or 4 series of unequal length; achenes beakless or nearly so; pappus sparingly plumose; leaves irregularly toothed; plant subglabrous to spreading-hispid P. hieracioides P. echioides L. Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in Alta. (Grande Prairie, Peace River dist, 55°10’N; Groh 1947), Sask, (Prince Albert; DAO), Ont. (Wellington, Welland, and Prince Edward counties), sw N.B. (St. Stephen, Charlotte Co., where taken by J. Vroom in 1882; NBM), and ?N.S. (Groh and Frankton 1949b). P. hieracioides L. Eurasian; locally introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in s B.C, (reported from near Victoria, Vancouver Is., by Groh 1947; reported from Wilmer, about 65 mi se of Golden, by Ulke 1935) and Ont. (n to Ottawa; Groh 1947); ssp. kamtschatica (Ledeb.) Hult. (P. kamt. Ledeb.) possibly native on Attu Is., w Aleutian Is. map: Hulten 1968b:943. POIYMNIA L. [9122] P. canadensis L. Leafcup /t/EE/ (Hp) Moist calcareous woods, ravines, and bases of cliffs from s Ont. (n to Huron, Halton, and Lincoln counties; see s Ont. map by Soper 1962: fig. 23, p. 38) to Vt,, s to Okla., La., Tenn., and Ga. Forma radiata (Gray) Fassett (ray-ligules whitish, to 1 cm long, rather than minute or abortive) is known from Essex Co., s Ont. (East Sister Is. and Middle Sister Is. of the Erie Archipelago; Core 1948). PRENANTHES L. [9606] Rattlesnake-root 1 Lower leaves tapering into winged petioles, the upper ones partly clasping; pappus creamy to light brown; flowers pink; heads ascending; leaves oval to oblanceolate; (B.C. to N.S.) p. racemosa 1 Lower leaves slender-petioled, with truncate to cordate-hastate bases, usually variously lobed or 3-5-cleft, flowers usually white or creamy; heads drooping or spreading. 2 Involucres and pedicels commonly with at least a few long coarse hairs; principal phyllaries mostly 8, the short outer ones lanceolate; pappus creamy; leaves thickish. variously lobed and often pinnatifid; (s ?Ont.) [P. serpentaria] 2 Involucres and pedicels glabrous or minutely pubescent; outer phyllaries somewhat broader in outline. 3 Pappus reddish- or cinnamon-brown; flowers whitish, 8 or more in a head; primary phyllaries about 7, glabrous; (Sask. to e Que.) P. alba 3 Pappus normally white to sordid or pale brown. 4 Principal phyllaries 5, glabrous; flowers greenish white, 5 or 6 in a head; (Ont. to N.S.) p. aitissima 4 Principal phyllaries about 7 or 8 (rarely about 13); flowers 8 or more in a head. 5 Branches of the inflorescence glabrous; involucres glabrous; lower leaves mostly deeply 3-parted (the divisions occasionally finely dissected); petioles essentially wingless; (Que. eastwards) P. trifoliolata 1585 Composltae 5 Branches of the inflorescence copiously soft-puberulent; involucres glabrous or puberulent; leaves all merely rather remotely undulate-dentate, on broadly winged petioles; {B.C. and Alta.) P. alata P. alata (Hook.) Dietr. /sT/W/ (Hp) Streambanks and other moist, often shaded places from the Aleutian Is. and s Alaska (n to ca. 61°N) through w B.C. and w Alta. (Waterloo Lakes and the Swan Hills, about 110 mi nw of Edmonton; the report from Carberry, sw Man., by R.M. Christy, J. Bot. 25:294. 1887, requires clarification) to Wash, and Oreg. [Nabalus alatus Hook., the type locality given as “Fort Vancouver and Observatory Inlet, on the North-West coast of America”, Fort Vancouver being in Wash., Observatory Inlet in w B.C. at ca. 55°N; Sonchus (7V.; Mulgedium; P.) hastatus Less., not P. hastata Thurib.; P, lessingii Hull.; N. boottii sensu Dawson 1875, not DC.), map: Hulten 19685:957. Our Alta, material is referable to var. sagittate Gray (P. (N.) sag, (Gray) Nels.; inflorescence narrow and spike-like, the branches all short rather than open-corymbiform, the main branches relatively long). P. alba L. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Rich woods and thickets from Sask, (n to Battleford, 52°45'N; Breitung 1957a) to Man. (n to the n end of L. Winnipegosis; CAN), Ont. (n to sw James Bay at 52°11 'N; RIM), Que. (n to L. Mistassini and Riviere-Ouelle, Kamouraska Co.; early reports from the Atlantic Provinces are chiefly based upon P. trifoliolata, relevant collections in several herbaria), and New Eng., s to S.Dak., Mo., Tenn., and Ga. [Nabalus Hook.]. P. altissima L. /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Moist woods from Ont. (n to Ottawa; the report from S Man. by Lowe 1943, taken up by Fernald in Gray 1950, is based upon P. alba, the relevant collection in WIN) to Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.; the report from Nfld. by A.P. de Candolle, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. Part 7, p. 241. 1838, is probably referable to P. trifoliolata), N.B., P.E.I., (Malpeque, Prince Co.; CAN), and N.S., s to Tenn. and Ga. [Nabalus Hook.; N. (P.) ?cordatus Willd.]. The typical form is essentially glabrous, the leaves coarsely toothed to deeply 3-5-parted. Forma hispidula Fern, (leaves hispidulous beneath; stem villous) is known from Que. and N.S. Forma Integra Rousseau (at least the stem-leaves essentially entire and relatively narrow) is known from the type locality, L. Wickenden, Anticosti Is., e Que. P. racemosa Michx. /sT/X/ (Hs) Moist thickets, meadows, and shores, the aggregate species from e B.C. (Pouce Coupe in the Peace River dist. at ca. 55°45'N; V) to Alta, (m to Ma-Me-0 Beach, ca. 54°N), Sask. (N to Carlton, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert), Man. (n to the Hayes R. about 40 mi sw of York Factory), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 53°25'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord; not known from P.E.I.; reports from Nfld. require confirmation), N.B., and N.S., s to Mont., Colo., S.Dak., Mo.. Ohio, and New Eng. An apparent hybrid with P. trifoliolata (x P. mainensis Gray) is known from e Que. (near Riviere*du-Loup. Temiscouata Co.), N.B. (St. John R. system), N.S. (Sandy Cove, Digby Co.; NSPM), and n Maine. 1 Phyllaries at most 10; flowers commonly not more than 15 ssp. racemosa 2 Leaves merely minutely dentate var. racemosa 3 Flowers pink; [Nabalus rac. Hook.; range of the species] f. racemosa 3 Flowers whitish; [known only from the type locality, Longueuil, near Montreal, Que ] f. rollandii Viet. & Rousseau 2 Leaves more or less lyrate-pinnatifid; [S Ont.: Windsor, Essex Co.; Walpole Is., Lambton Co.] var. pinnatifida Gray 1 Phyllaries 10 or more; flowers up to 25 or more; [reported by Arthur Cronquist, Rhodora 50(590):30. 1948, from Alta, (type from Beaver Hill L.), ?Sask. (Cronquist citing an old Bourgeau collection), Man. (the cited Macoun collection from Morris), and Que. (the cited Marie-Victorin collection from L. St. John), and reported from James Bay (Ont. and Que.) by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954 and 1958] ssp. multiflora Cronq. 1586 Ratibida [P. serpentaria L] Gall-of-the-earth [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. [n to Ohio and Mass.) from s Ont. by Soper (1949) requires confirmation. Reports from Que. and the Atlantic Provinces are chiefly based upon P. trifoliolata, relevant collections in several herbaria. ( Nabalus Hook.).] P. trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Gall-of-the-earth /T/E/ (Hs (Hsr)) Thickets, clearings, and dry slopes from Que. (N to L. St. John, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.) to s Labrador (Forteau, 51°28'N; GH), Nfld. , N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Tenn. and N.C. 1 Pappus cinnamon-brown; phyllaries lead-colour or blackish, the outer ones ovate- lanceolate to ovate; plant rarely over 7 dm tall; [P. (Nabalus) nana (Bigel.) Torr.; e Que. (Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.), s Labrador (Forteau, 51D28'N; GH), Nfld., and N.S.] var. nana (Bigel.) Fern. 1 Pappus straw-coloured or light brown; phyllaries green or purple-tinged, the lower ones lance-deltoid; plant to over 1.5 m tall var. trifoliolata 2 Leaves marginally ciliate with reddish hairs to 1 mm long, lightly pubescent beneath; [e Que.: type from Mt-St-Pierre, Gaspe Pen.; Brion Is., Magdalen Is.] f. ciliata Viet. & Rousseau 2 Leaves glabrous; [Nabalus Cass.; essentially the range of the species but less northern than var. nana] f. trifoliolata PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. [8965] 1 Receptacular bracts averaging about 3 mm long (up to 3.8 mm) at maturity; achenes to 1 .7 mm long; leaves mostly linear-oblong, to about 3.5 cm long and 6 mm broad, up to 9 times as long as broad; plant more or less silky-tomentose, the pubescence moderately loose and not very dense; (Vancouver Is. and s Alta.) P. elatior 1 Receptacular bracts averaging about 2 mm long (at most 2,7 mm) at maturity; achenes to 1 .2 mm long. 2 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm long and 3 mm broad, up to 12 times as long as broad; achenes narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, broadest near the middle; tomentum usually fine, short and close or occasionally somewhat loose, silvery, generally persistent [P. oregonus] 2 Leaves spatulate, oblanceolate, or oblong, to 1 .5 cm long and 5 mm broad, mostly not over 6 times as long as broad; achenes broadly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, broadest above the middle; tomentum generally thin and rather loose, often partly deciduous; (sw B.C.) P. tenellus P. elatior Gray /T/W/ (T) Open moist places and dried beds of vernal pools from sw B.C. (s Vancouver Is.; several localities, first taken by John Macoun in 1887; CAN) and SE Alta. (Redcliff, near Medicine Hat; CAN) to Oreg. and Idaho. [P. oregonus var. el. Gray], map: Arthur Cronquist, Res. Stud. Wash. State Univ. 18(2): map 2, p. 82. 1950 (the se Alta, station should be indicated). [P. oregonus Nutt,] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Idaho to Calif.) from s Vancouver Is., B.C., by Carter and Newcombe (1921 ; laken up by Eastham 1947) is probably based upon P. elatior .] P. tenellus Nutt. /t/W/ (T) Open moist places and dried beds of vernal pools from sw B.C. (S Vancouver Is.; several localities, first taken by John Macoun in 1887; CAN) to n Baja Calif, map: Arthur Cronquist, Res. Stud. Wash. State Univ. 18(2): map 4. p. 87. 1950. RATIBIDA Raf. [9178] Prairie-Coneflower 1 Disk columnar, to 4 cm long, often longer than the yellow or partly or wholly purplish- brown rays; pappus an awn-tooth at the summit of the inner angle of the ciliate achene 1587 Composrtae (often also a smaller tooth on the outerangle); leaf-segments linear to lanceolate, essentially entire; perennial from a taproot and a short caudex; (B.C. to s Man,; introd. in s Ont.) R, columnifera 1 Disk ellipsoid, at most 2 cm long, much shorter than the uniformly pale-yellow rays; achenes smooth, lacking a pappus; leaf -segments lanceolate, entire to coarsely serrate; perennial from a stout woody rhizome or sometimes a short caudex; (s Ont.) R. pirmata R. columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standi. /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry plains, prairies, and ravines from se B.C. (Keremeos; Kootenay; between Cranbrook and Wardner; Fairmont Hof Springs) to s Alta, (n to Red Deer), Sask. (n to Saskatoon), and s Man. (n to Millwood, about 85 mi nw of Brandon; occasionally introd. eastwards, as in Ont.; Essex, Lambton, York, Lennox-Addington, and Carlefon counties), S to Calif., Mexico, Tex., Ark., Mo,, III., and Minn. [ Rudbeckia Nutt.; Lepachys Macbr.; Rud. columnaris Pursh]. map: E.L. Richards, Rhodora 70(783); fig. 9, p. 389. 1968. Forma denudata Boivin (ray-ligules wanting) is known from Medicine Hat. Alta., and the type locality, Val Marie, sw Sask Forma pulcherrima (DC.) Fern, (the ray-ligules partly or wholly purplish-brown rather than uniformly yellow) is found essentially throughout the area. R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. /t/EE/ (Hs) Prairies, thickets, and dry open woods from Nebr. to Mjnn., s Ont. (Essex, Kent, and Lambton counties; CAN; OAC), and N.Y., s to Okla., Ark., and Ga. [Rudbeckia Vent.; Lepachys T. & G.J. map: E.L. Richards, Rhodora 70(783): fig. 10, p. 390. 1968. RUDBECKIA L. [9178] Coneflower 1 Leaves entire or only shallowly toothed, coarsely hirsute; disk purple or brown-purple, its corollas with spreading lobes; (introd.). 2 Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly 3-ribbed; pappus none; stigmas slender-subulate; receptacular chaff more or less hispid near the acute summit; (introd., transcontinental) R. hirta 2 Leaves oval or ovate, 3-5-ribbed; pappus a short crown; stigmas short and blunt; receptacular chaff minutely pubescent near the blunt summit; (introd. in s Ont,) [ft grandiflora ] 1 Leaves (at least the lower ones) deeply lobed; disk-corollas with ascending lobes; pappus a short crown; stigmas short and blunt. 3 Leaves pinnately 5-7-cut or 3-lobed, nearly glabrous on both faces or more or less strigose or hirsute beneath; disk dull greenish-yellow or greyish; receptacular chaff viscid-puberulent near the blunt summit; stem glabrous; (Man, to N.S.) R. laciniata 3 Leaves (at least the lower) 3-lobed or -parted, sometimes pinnately 5-7-parted, subglabrous or sparingly strigose; disk black-purple; receptacular chaff glabrous, abruptly mucronate; stem subglabrous or somewhat hirsute; (introd. in Ont. and sw Que.) R. triloba [R. grandiflora (Sweet) DC.] [Native in the e U.S.A. from Iowa and Mo. to Tex. and Okla.; introd in s Ont, (woods, Norfolk Co.; TRT), where, however, probably not established, ( Centrocarpha Sweet).] R. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Marguerite jaune Apparently native in the Great Plains area of the cent. U.S.A. and in open woods and thickets of the e U.S.A.; introd. elsewhere, as in B.C. (n to Golden), Alta, (n to Chip L., about 60 mi w of Edmonton), Sask, (n to Hudson Bay Junction, 52°52'N), Man. (n to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg). Ont. (n to Cochrane, ca. 49' N), Que. (n to L. St. John and Anticosti Is.). Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. Our material is chiefly or wholly referable to var. pulcherrima Farw. (ft lanceolata Bisch.; R. serotina Nutt,; leaves entire or finely serrate rather than coarsely toothed, the blades of the basal ones commonly 4 or 5 (rather than about twice) as long as broad, the stem-leaves also relatively narrow; see R.E. Perdue, Jr,, Rhodora 59(708):293-96. 1957). Forma homochroma Steyerm. (disk greenish yellow rather than dark purple or brown; ray-florets greenish yellow rather than orange) is 1588 Saussurea reported from Cap Jaseux, on the Saguenay R., Que., by R. Cayouette {Oue. Minis!. Agric. Serv. Rech. Enseignment Contrib, 107. 1970.). R. laciniata L. /T/X/ {(Hpr (Hs)) Streambanks and moist places from Mont, to s Man. (n to Dauphin, n of Riding Mt.; CAN; reports of R. ampla from Sask. by Rydberg 1922 and 1932, require confirmation), Ont. (n to an uncertain limit; introd. at Kapuskasing and Ottawa), Que. (n to the Montreal dist.; perhaps introd, n to the Quebec City dist), and N.S. (apparently native at the edge of a thicket along the Black R., Kings Co., the type locality of the pubescent but probably completely intergrading extreme, var. gaspereauensis Fern.; a garden-escape at Barrington, Shelburne Co., as also near Grand Fails and St John, N.B., and Inverness, Prince Co., P.E.I.), s to Ariz., Tex., and Fla. [Incl. var. gaspereauensis Fern, and R. ampla Nels.]. The “double-flowered" var. hortensis Bailey (“golden glow”; most or all of the disk-florets with long yellow rays, the head ligulate rather than radiate) is reported as a garden-escape in s Ont by Gaiserand Moore (1966; Lambton Co.) and from Que., N.B., and 7P.E.I. by Boivin (1966b). R. triloba L. Brown-eyed Susan Native in the e U.S.A. from Minn, to N.Y., s to Okla., Tenn., and Ga.; introd. or a garden-escape elsewhere, as in Ont (n to Ottawa) and sw Que. (Chambly, near Montreal; MT). SAUSSUREA L [9457] 1 Phyllaries in 3 or 4 series of markedly unequal length, the lowest ones ovate, the upper ones lanceolate; upper leaves rarely surpassing the corymbiform inflorescence. 2 Lower leaves triangular-ovate to -cordate, sharply toothed, the blade to about 1.5 dm long and half as broad (upper leaves more lanceolate and becoming sessile), their lower surfaces sometimes persistently cobwebby-woolly; receptacle naked or more commonly with a few long bristly hairs toward the centre; coarse fibrous-rooted perennial, the usually several stems to over 1 m tall; (se Alaska-B.C.) S. americana 2 Leaves all alike, from linear and entire to lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate and prominently though remotely toothed, they and the involucres densely hairy to glabrate; receptacle bristly; stems to 4 or 5 dm tall, the plant perennial by a dark elongated rhizome; (western arctic and subarctic regions) S. angustifolia 1 Phyllaries subequal or in at most 2 or 3 series of less markedly unequal length, nearly all lance-acuminate. 3 Receptacle naked or merely with a few bristly hairs toward centre; plants thinly arachnoid-villous especially about the inflorescence, sometimes becoming more or less glabrate; (Alaska and mts. of B.C. and Alta.) S. nuda 3 Receptacle copiously beset with long hyaline bristly hairs. 4 Plant long-villous with entangled, multicellular, viscid-glandular hairs, commonly not over 1 dm tall, the crowded heads often surpassed by the upper leaves; (Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie) S. viscida 4 Plant copiously arachnoid-tomentose but not viscid, commonly over 2 dm tall, the upper leaves rarely surpassing the inflorescence [S. f/Ves/7] S. americana Eat. /sT/W/ (Hp) Moist meadows and rocky slopes at moderate to high elevations from se Alaska (n to ca. 60°N; probably also in s Yukon, Hulten's map indicating a station on the Yukon-B.C. boundary) through B.C. (collections in CAN, detd. Porsild and Cronquist, from the Haines Road at ca. 59°30'N and Columbia L., sw of Creston) to Oreg. and Idaho, map: Hulten 1968b:936. S. angustifolia (Willd.) DC. /aSs/WW/eA/ (Hs) Dry tundra and mts. up to high elevations from the coasts of Alaska- Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) to Dist. Keewatin (n to near the Arctic Circle), s to s Alaska-Yukon-Dist, Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin; E Siberia, [Serratula Willd.; Sau. monticola and S. ?multiflora Richards., not Sau. mult. DC.], maps Hulten 1968b:936; Porsild 1966: map 154 (solid dots only), p. 86; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 6, sheet 38. 1589 Compositae The high-grown robust extreme may be distinguished as f. ramosa Jord. (type from Fairbanks, Alaska). S. nuda Ledeb. /ST/W/eA/ (Hs) Seashores, alpine meadows, and rocky slopes in the mts. (confined in N. America to Alaska-B.C.-Alta., the ranges of taxa outlined below): e Asia, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Heads generally long-peduncled, rarely surpassed by the leaves, these usually rather obscurely toothed; stems to 4 dm tall; [S, alpina vars. ledebourii (Herder) Gray (S. led. Herder) and remotifolia Hook, (S. “ remotif lora” (Hook.) Rydb., a puzzling report of this from Sask. by Rydberg 1922); S. led. vars. nuda and subsinuata (Ledeb.) Herder (S. sub. Ledeb.); Alaska (N to ca 69 N); map (aggregate species): Hulten 19686:938] var. nuda 1 Heads usually all crowded in a capitate cluster, often surpassed by the upper leaves; leaves generally more strongly toothed; stems commonly less than 2 dm tall; [S. alpina var. densa Hook. (S. densa (Hook.) Rydb.); mts. of s B.C. (Mt. Benson. Vancouver Is.; Paradise Mt., near Windermere; Mt. Assiniboine, near Field; Kicking Horse L.) and sw Alta. (Crowsnest Pass; Banff, Canmore, near Banff; L. Louise; Jasper); the type is a Drummond collection from "Elevated parts of the Rocky Mountains”, presumably in Alta.]. S. amara (L.) DC. (S. glomerata Poir.; a Siberian species habitally similar to S. nuda but the inner phyllaries terminated by a broad scarious appendage rather than unappen- daged) is reported as introd. at Debold, near Grande Prairie, Alta., by Groh (19446), where, however, probably not established var. densa Hook. [S. tilesii Ledeb.] [This n Asiatic species extends as far eastwards as Bering Strait and Bering Is., w of the w Aleutian Is., but has not as yet been found in N. America, map: Hulten 19686:938.] S. viscida Hult. /aSs/W/eA/ (Hs) Dry tundra and up to fairly high elevations in the mts. from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon to s-cent. Alaska, s Yukon, and w-cent. Dist. Mackenzie (between ca. 63rj15' and 65 N); ne Siberia, map: combine the maps by Hulten 19686:937 (var. vise, and var. yuk.). All our material except for a single collection from the w tip of the Seward Pen., Alaska, is referred by Hulten (19686) to var. yukonensis (Porsild) Hult. (S. angustifolia var. yuk. Porsild, the type from Bolstead Creek, w-cent. Dist. Mackenzie; S. densa sensu Anderson Bakewell, Rhodora 45(536):316. 1943, not (Hook.) Rydb.; leaves sparingly floccose and viscid-pubescent rather than copiously so), this considered as possibly a hybrid between S. angustifolia and S. viscida by Hulten. SENECIO L. [9411] Groundsel, Ragwort. Squaw-weed. Senepon (Ref.: Greenman 1916) 1 Stems more or less equally leafy throughout, the upper leaves only gradually reduced, no well-developed tuft of basal leaves present. 2 Leaves entire or merely coarsely toothed to shallowly 1 -pinnatifid; ray-ligules normally conspicuous. 3 Stems commonly about 1 dm tall (or sometimes longer and sprawling), from a branching woody caudex surmounting a taproot; leaves thickish, spatulate or oblanceolate to obovate, irregularly few-toothed, to about 4 cm long and 2 cm broad, tapering to short wing-margined petioles; involucre to 12 mm high, with about 13 phyllaries; rays to 1 cm long: achenes puberulent; (mts. of s B.C. and sw Alta.) S. fremontii 3 Stems taller; leaves mostly over 4 cm long; achenes glabrous. 4 Heads very large (the disk to 4 cm broad, the involucre to about 1 .5 cm high), usually not more than 5; rays to 2 cm long; leaves oblanceolate to obovate, subentire to coarsely toothed, fleshy, lustrous-green above, white-felted beneath, the lower ones early deciduous; stem more or less white-woolly; 1590 Senecio perennial from a deep vertical rhizome; (sandy and gravelly Pacific and Atlantic coasts) S. pseudo-arnica 4 Heads smaller (the disk less than 1.5 cm broad, the involucre and rays commonly not over 1 cm long), several; leaves not white-felted beneath. 5 Plant pubescent at least in the inflorescence; leaves thickish, undulate or rather irregularly dentate to shallowly pinnatifid, the radical ones petioled and commonly early deciduous, all except sometimes the lowermost of the stem-leaves sessile by a more or less clasping base; stems stout, soft and easily flattened, rarely over 8 dm tall; annual or biennial; (transcontinental in aquatic or marshy habitats) S. congestus 5 Plants nearly or quite glabrous; leaves thinner and shining, more regularly and shallowly toothed, only the upper ones sessile and more or less clasping; rhizomatous perennials. 6 Phyllaries not dark-tipped; heads several to many; leaves narrowly to broadly triangular (commonly with nearly straight lateral margins), broadly truncate to sagittate-cordate at base, rather coarsely toothed; stems to over 1 .5 m tall; (s Alaska, s Yukon, Dist. Mackenzie, and mts. of B.C. and Alta.) S. triangularis 6 Phyllaries conspicuously dark-tipped; heads 3 or 4; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate (with distinctly convex margins), gradually tapering to a cuneate base, more shallowly toothed: stems to about 4 dm tall; (mts. of s Yukon and n B.C.) S. shetdonensis 2 Leaves (at least the principal ones) deeply 1-3-pinnatifid. 7 Ray-ligules none or inconspicuous; annuals; (introd.). 8 Bractlets at base of involucre about half as long as the glandular-hispid phyllaries; achenes glabrous; rays minute, recurving; whole plant heavily glandular and strong-smelling S. viscosus 8 Bractlets minute; achenes short-strigose, particularly on the angles, 9 Bractlets and tips of glabrous phyllaries (about 20) blackish; rays none; plant not viscid S. vulgaris 9 Bractlets and minutely pubescent phyllaries (about 12) not black-tipped; rays minute, recurving; plant more or less glandular-viscid ....... S. sylvaticus 7 Ray-ligules conspicuous. 10 Leaves deeply and rather uniformly 2-3-pinnatifid, cobwebby beneath when young (soon glabrate); branches of inflorescence cobwebby; phyllaries rhombic-oblanceolate. broadest above the middle; marginal achenes glabrous, those of the disk minutely pubescent; stems tough, to about 12 dm tail; (introd, in B.C. and from Qnt. to Nfld. and N.S.) S. jacobaea 10 Leaves 1 -pinnatifid into relatively broad lobes, the lobes themselves toothed to incised; phyllaries mostly lanceolate, broadest at or below the middle; plants glabrous or sparingly and minutely pubescent. 1 1 Principal leaves subpalmately divided to near the base into 3 sharply and doubly serrate broad segments; achenes glabrous; (Aleutian Is.) S. cannabifolius 1 1 Principal leaves pinnately lobed. 12 Rays shallowly 3-lobed at apex; achenes glabrous or sparingly and minutely pubescent; perennial with an erect stem to over 8 dm tall; (B.C. to w Ont.) S. eremophilus 12 Rays entire; achenes minutely pubescent on the ribs; annual (rarely biennial or perennial) with a flexuous stem to about 3 dm tall, decumbent at base; (introd. in N.B. and N.S.) S. squalidus 1 Stems abundantly leafy only toward base, the upper leaves greatly reduced; perennials. 13 Plants usually distinctly pubescent at anthesis; heads usually radiate and conspicuous (often essentially discoid in S. yukonensis and S. werneriaefoiius and atypically so in other species). 14 Involucres copiously pilose or woolly; heads often solitary, at most 5 or 6, relatively large, the involucres to 16 mm high, the disks to over 1.5 cm broad 1591 Compositae (except in S. yukonensis); leaves entire to minutely callous-denticulate or shallowly undulate. 15 Phyllaries and summit of peduncle moderately pilose with multicellular hairs with purple cross-walls; achenes glabrous; heads often solitary; leaves rarely over 4 cm long (including the petiole); stems to about 2 dm tall; (western arctic and subarctic regions) S. atropurpureus 15 Phyllaries and summit of peduncle usually rather copiously floccose-lannate with whitish or yellowish entangled hairs; stems commonly taller. 16 Achenes strigose-hirsute, about 3 mm long; rays to 2.5 cm long; phyllaries white-lanate; heads 1-5; leaves floccose on both surfaces, to about 1.5 dm long (including petiole) and 2 cm broad; (Alaska to Oist, Mackenzie) ........ S. lindstroemii 16 Achenes glabrous; leaves commonly green and glabrate above, whitish- tomentose or floccose beneath. 17 Pubescence of involucre and summit of peduncle white; heads commonly solitary, large (the disk to 2.5 cm broad, the involucre to 16 mm high), the usually showy rays to 2 cm long; leaves to 2 dm long (including the petiole) and 3 cm broad; (mts. of s B.C. and s Alta.) . — S. megacephalus 17 Pubescence of involucre and summit of peduncle distinctly yellowish; heads commonly 2 or more, somewhat smaller (the pale-yellow rays small or the head essentially discoid); leaves to about 1 dm long (including the petiole) and 1.5 cm broad; (Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie) S. yukonensis 14 Involucres glabrous or merely more or less puberulent (but usually then glabrate); heads commonly more numerous and smaller (involucre to about 1 cm high, disk to about 1 cm broad); achenes nearly or quite glabrous. 18 Pubescence loosely crisp-villous or cobwebby (sometimes very sparse by anthesis); leaves entire to irregularly dentate, to 2.5 dm long (including the petiole) and 6 cm broad; rays 6-15 mm long; stem stout, fibrous-rooted from a very short erect crown, to about 7 dm tall; (B.C. to Man.) S. integerrimus 18 Pubescence finer, more tomentose or floccose (or at first cobwebby in S. elmeri but thinly so or even wanting at anthesis), 19 Leaves callous-denticulate to sharply dentate (the teeth nearly horizontally divergent), narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, to about 2 dm long. 20 Involucre to 8 mm high, the conspicuously blackened tips of the phyllaries glabrous; stems to 5 dm tall, mostly solitary from a short rhizome, thinly tomentulose when young, generally subglabrate by anthesis: (var. lugens; mts. of B.C. and Alta., chiefly in wet alpine meadows) S. integerrimus 20 Involucre to 1 2 mm high, the often dark or blackish tips of the phyllaries minutely villous; stems to 3 dm tall, terminating the branches of a well-developed woody caudex, more or less cobwebby when young but thinly so or even glabrate at anthesis; (s B.C.) S. elmeri 19 Leaves entire to crenate or crenate-serrate (the teeth directed forward), or more or less lobed or pinnatifid. 21 Plants usually less than 1 .5 dm tall, thinly tomentulose (becoming more or less glabrate), the several lax scapose stems terminating a branching woody caudex; leaves spatulate to elliptic or rotund- obovate, to 2.5 cm long and 1 ,5 cm broad; heads 1-6, commonly rather long-peduncled, radiate or discoid; (s ?B.C.) . . . . [S. werneriaefolius] 21 Plants otherwise. 22 Plant usually less than 4 dm tall, more or less strongly white-tomentose (often less so in age); leaves narrowly oblanceo- late to broadly elliptic or narrowly ovate, the blades less than 5 cm long; (B.C. to Man.) S. canus 1592 Senecio 22 Plant to 7 dm tall, the tomentum relatively thin and obscure, the leaves generally narrower; (s B.C.) S. macounii 13 Plants mostly glabrous from the first (if more or less tomentose when young, glabrate by anthesis except for sparse inconspicuous tomentum at the base of the stem and in the leaf -axils; S. elmeri, S. integerrimus, and S. werneriaefolius may key out here); achenes usually nearly or quite glabrous (copiously strigose in S. tridenticulatus). 23 Leaves entire or dentately toothed or lobed (the teeth or lobes nearly horizontally divergent), 24 Leaves coarsely dentate or lobed to rather deeply pinnatifid, their blades usually less than 1 dm long, commonly cordate-rotund to reniform and up to 1.5 times as broad as long; phyllaries not conspicuously black-tipped; rays usually relatively numerous. 25 Heads solitary; leaves to about 1,5 cm long and 2 cm broad, deeply 3-7-lobed to about 1/3 of their width; stems to about 2 dm tall; (Queen Charlotte Is., B.C.) S. newcombei 25 Heads commonly rather numerous; leaves to about 1 dm long, merely more or less deeply dentate; stems to about 8 dm tall; (Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) S. aureus 24 Leaves entire to sharply salient-dentate, the basal ones elliptic or oblanceo- late, cuneate-based (gradually tapering to a long winged petiole), the blade to over 2 dm long and about 7 cm broad, none of the leaves at all pinnatifid; phyllaries commonly distinctly black-tipped; rays few or wanting; (B.C. and Alta.). 26 Leaves generally entire (occasionally irregularly denticulate); plant more or less glaucous, the robust stem to about 2 m tall; (s B.C.) ....... S. hydrophilus 26 Leaves generally dentate (rarely subentire); plants scarcely glaucous, to about 1 m tall; (s B.C. and sw Alta.) S. foetidus 23 Leaves crenately or serrately toothed or lobed (the teeth directed forward; species of the preceding contrasting lead 23 may key out here when the teeth are few and chiefly apical), at least the middle and lower stem-leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid, 27 Basal leaves mostly distinctly subcordate to cordate at base; inflorescence corymbiform; rays typically present; achenes glabrous, 28 Basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate, commonly 2 or 3 times as long as broad, acutish at summit; rays generally pale yellow; (Que. to the Maritime Provinces) S. robbinsii 28 Basal leaves mostly broadly ovate to rotund or reniform, about as broad as or broader than long, obtusish or rounded at summit. 29 Rhizomes slender and horizontally creeping, to about 3 dm long, sending up scattered flowering stems or tufts of leaves; basal leaves ovate to rotund, deeply cordate, on slender petioles to 2.5 dm long; heads deep yellow, on peduncles to over 1 cm long; (Man. to Nfld. and N.S.) S. aureus 29 Rhizomes stout and relatively short, usually forking into a tuft of crowded crowns; basal leaves commonly oblong-ovate in outline, cuneate to somewhat cordate at base, on thiekish petioles commonly not much over 1 dm long; heads pale yellow, on peduncles usually not over 6 or 7 mm long; (B.C. to Man.) S. pseudaureus 27 Basal leaves cuneate to rounded or truncate at base (rarely subcordate to reniform). 30 Achenes pubescent; inflorescence corymbiform; rays pale yellow; leaves narrowly oblanceolate in outline (some of the basal ones occasionally entire); stems several from a caespitose branching caudex; (sw Dist Mackenzie to s Sask.-Man.) S. tridenticulatus 30 Achenes typically glabrous; stems often solitary. 31 Heads solitary (rarely 2); leaves thiekish, the blades to about 2.5 cm 1593 Compositae long and broad (or broader); stems to about 3 dm tall; (Alaska to w Dist. Mackenzie and the mts. of B.C. and Alta.; e Gue. and Nfld.) S. resedifolius 31 Heads normally 2 or more in a usually corymbiform inflorescence; stems often taller. 32 Heads typically discoid, the rays wanting or inconspicuous; basal leaves elliptic to rotund or somewhat reniform; (essentially transcontinental). 33 Phyllaries narrowly linear, at most 1 mm broad, green or with purple tips; disk pale yellow or lemon-colour; heads commonly more than 6; achenes drab or grey-brown; denuded receptacle jagged or fringed around the achene-pits; leaves relatively thin, the basal ones mostly elliptic to broadly ovate, cuneate to subtruncate at base, dentate or their bases often lacerate S. indecorus 33 Phyllaries linear-oblong, to 2 mm broad, usually purplish at least toward the tips; disk deep orange to orange-red; heads rarely more than 5; achenes red to dark red-brown; denuded receptacle smooth; leaves firm and rather fleshy, the basal ones mostly ovate or obovate to cordate or reniform, coarsely dentate S. pauciflorus 32 Heads typically radiate, the rays conspicuous. 34 Leaves rather fleshy; phyllaries linear-lanceolate or -oblong, to 2 mm broad; denuded receptacle jagged or fringed around the pits of the reddish-brown achenes; basal leaves obovate or cuneate-obovate; (Alaska-B.C. to Sask.) S, streptanthifolius 34 Leaves relatively thin; phyllaries linear, at most 1 mm broad; denuded receptacle smooth. 35 Petioles of basal leaves broadened upwardly and gradually merging with the obovate to subrotund, often euneate- based crenate blade; phyllaries abruptly narrowed above middle; filiform elongate stolons early developed, these terminated by new rosettes; (s Ont.) S. obovatus 35 Petioles slender to near summit and merging abruptly with the lanceolate to oblanceolate or obovate blade; phyllaries gradually tapering to apex; filiform stolons not developed; (transcontinental) S. pauperculus S , atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. /aSs/WW/A/ (Hsr) Moist tundra and in the mts. up to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to n Banks Is. and se Victoria Is., s to s Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie; Asia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Rootstock elongate and filiform; rosette -leaves wanting; phyllaries usually green (but their pubescence often purplish); [Cineraria frigida Richards., the type from “Barren grounds from Point Lake to the Arctic Sea "; S. frigidus (Richards.) Less, and its f. schraderi Greenm. and var. ulmeri Steffen; N. American range of the species; map: Hulten 19686:928] ssp. frigidus (Richards.) Hult. 1 Rootstock stout; basal rosette well developed; phyllaries purplish (as also the purplish indument). 2 At least the basal leaves remotely but distinctly sharp-toothed ssp. tomentosus (Kjellm.) Hult. 3 Involucre densely tomentose; [C/nerar/a frigida f. tomentosa Kjellm., the type from St. Lawrence Is., Alaska; S. kjellmanii Porsild; Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie; maps; Hulten 1950: map 1192b, p. 1682, and 19686:928] var. tomentosus 3 Involucre rather thinly tomentose; [S. frigidus var. dent. Gray; Alaska-sw Yukon; map: Hulten 1950: map 1192c, p. 1682] var. dentatus (Gray) Hult. 1594 Senecio 2 Leaves entire or nearly so; [Cineraria atrop. Ledeb.; C. (S.) ?integrifolia sensu Richardson 1823, and Hooker 1834, not L.; nw Alaska, reports from elsewhere in N. America referring to the above taxa; maps (the first two of the aggregate species); Porsild 1957: map 324, p. 201; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 6, sheet 38; Hulten 19686:927] ssp. atropurpureus S. aureus L. /sT/EE/ (Hsr) Damp thickets and woods, meadows, swampy places, and shores (often in calcareous soils; ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to S.Dak,, Mo., Ark., Ala., and Fla. 1 Basal leaves mostly sharply toothed or shallowly lacerate, at least toward base var. aquilonius Fern. 2 Ray-iigules present; [Man. (Love and Bernard 1959) to Ont, (n to Big Trout L. at ca. 53 '45‘N), Que. (N to E James Bay at 54°25'N and the Cote-Nord; type from below Tabletop ML, Gaspe Co.). Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] — f. aquilonius 2 Ray-ligules wanting, the heads discoid; [S. pseudaureus f. ecor. Fern., the type from along the Madeleine R., Gaspd Co., E Que.] f. ecoronatus Fern. 1 Basal leaves blunt-toothed. 3 Basal leaves oblong-oval, rounded to base or some of them barely subcordate; [S. semicordatus M. & B.; Onl. (Fernald in Gray 1950) to Que. (N to E James Bay at ca. SrSO'N. L. Mistassini, and Anticosti Is.), Nfld., N.B., and N.S.] var. semicordatus (Mackenz. & Bush) Greenm. 3 Basal leaves broadly ovate to rotund, distinctly cordate-based. 4 Plant essentially glabrous from the first or only sparsely short -tome ntose and becoming glabrate; involucres commonly not over 8 mm high; basal offshoots rarely purple, at most 5 mm thick. 5 Stems slender, mostly solitary; basal leaves thinnish, less than 4 cm long; phyllaries at most 7 mm long; [S. gracilis Pursh; s Man. (Love and Bernard 1959), s Ont, and Que. (n to the Nottaway R. at 51°18'N and L. Mistassini)] var. gracilis (Pursh) Wood 5 Stems stouter, often 2 or more; basal leaves firm, to 1 .5 dm long; phyllaries to 9 mm long; [Ont. (N to s James Bay at 51 16'N) to Que. (n to e James Bay at 53J54'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), N.B., P E L, and N.S.] var. intercursus Fern. 4 Plant copiously long-floccose when young; involucres to 1 1 mm high; basal offshoots purplish, to 1 cm thick at anthesis; [U.S.A. only, reports from Canada referring to the above taxa] [var. aureus] S. cannabifolius Less, /sT/W/eA/ (Hp) Meadows on Attu Is., w Aleutian Is. (a report from Sitka, se Alaska, is considered erroneous by Hulten 1950); e Asia. [S. paimatus (Pall.) Ledeb., not Less, nor La Peyr.]. map: Hulten 19686:932. S. canus Hook. Silvery Groundsel /T/WW/ (Hs) Dry, often rocky places from the plains and foothills to fairly high elevations in the mts. from B.C. (n to Lac la Hache. about 35 mi se of Williams Lake) to Alta, (n to Banff; CAN), Sask. (n to n of Prince Albert; CAN), and Man. (n to Grand Rapids, near the nw end of L. Winnipeg), s to Calif., Colo., and Nebr. The type is a Drummond collection from ’Banks of the Saskatchewan", [fncl. var, acraeus Greene; S. purshianus Nutt.], map: G.L. Stebbins, Madrono 6(8): fig. 2, p. 247. 1942. The tentative report from Ont. by Boivin (19666) is probably based upon that by F.H, Montgomery (Can. Field-Nat. 62(2):91. 1948; Cambridge (Galt), Waterloo Co.), the relevant collections in CAN, however, taken by W. Herriot in 1905, 1907, and 1920, being referred to S. pauperculus var. thompsoniensis by Bernard Boivin. S. congestus (R. Bn) DC. Marsh-Fleabane /AST/X/EA/ (Hs) Fresh, saline, or alkaline marshes, shores, and margins of ponds, the aggregate species from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Prince 1595 Compositae Patrick Is., Melville Is., n Baffin Is., and northernmost Que., s to s B.C. -Alta. -Sask. -Man., N.Dak., Iowa, Wise., Ont. {s to the n shore of L. Superior and sw James Bay). Que. (s to se James Bay, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord; not known from the Maritime Provinces), and s Labrador (n to Indian Harbour. 54J27'N; CAN); Eurasia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Inflorescence more or less villous-lanate. 2 Corymb dense, copiously woolly with long multicellular hairs; stem rarely over 3 dm tall; [Cineraria congesta R. Br.. the type from Melville Is.; S. palustris var. congestus (R. Br.) Hook, and its f. poiycricos Polunin; transcontinental; maps {aggregate species): Porsild 1957: map 325, p. 201; HultOn 19686:926] var. congestus 2 Corymb more open and less villous; stem to about 8 dm tall; [Cineraria palustris L.; S. palustris (L.) Hook., not Velloso; S, ?kalmii (Cineraria ?canadensis L.) sensu Hooker 1834, not Nutt; the common representative southwards] var. palustris (L.) Fern. 1 Inflorescence merely short-pubescent or with only a few long hairs, relatively open; [B.C. (Vancouver Is.), Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°31 'N), and Man. (n to Churchill)] var. tonsus Fern. S. elmeri Piper /T/W/ (Hs) Cliffs and talus slopes from sw B.C. (valleys of the Chilliwack, Skagit, Fraser, and Thompson rivers n to the Marble Range, nw of Clinton, and Tranquille L.t near Kamloops; CAN; V) to Wash. [S. crepidineus Greene], S. eremophilus Richards. /T/WW/ (Hp) Moist or wet ground, open woods, and thickets from B.C. (N to Prince George and Dawson Creek, ca. 55r40'N; introd. along roadsides n to Muncho L. at ca. 58"N) to Alta, (native southwards; probably introd. n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°31'N), Sask. (n to 12 mi n of Prince Albert; CAN), Man. (n to The Pas; type from Cedar L., n of L. Winnipegosis at ca. 53°20'N), and w-cent. Ont. (Pigeon L., sw of Thunder Bay; F.K. Butters and E C. Abbe, Rhodora 55(653);2Q0. 1953), s to Ariz., N.Mex, and Nebr. map: Hulten 19686:933. The report from SE-cent. Alaska by Hulten (19686; Tok) is said by him to represent an introd. plant. The report n to Fort Franklin, Dist. Mackenzie, ca. 6510'N, by Hooker (1834) requires confirmation but may also be based upon an introd. specimen, it being reported as evidently introd. in s Dist. Mackenzie by both W.J. Cody (Can. Field-Nat, 70(3): 128. 1956; Salt River, 60 06'N, where taken along a roadside in an old burn) and J.W. Thieret (Can. Field-Nat. 75(3):120. 1961; disturbed soil along a roadside sw of Great Slave L.). S. foetidus Howell /T/W/ (Hs) Wet meadows in the foothills and mts. from s B.C. (Rossland, near the U.S.A, boundary sw of Trail; CAN) and sw Alta. (Waterloo Lakes and Milk River Ridge; CAN; Breitung 19576) to Oreg., Idaho, and Mont. [Incl. S. hydrophiloides Rydb.]. S. fremontii T. & G. /T/W/ (Hs) Cliffs and talus slopes at high elevations from s B.C. (n to the Marble Range nw of Clinton and mts. near the Alta, boundary w of Banff; CAN) and sw Alta, (n to Banff; CAN) to Calif, and Colo. [Incl. the robust extreme, var. blitoides (Greene) Cronq,]. S. hydrophilus Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Fresh or alkaline swampy places in the valleys and foothills from B.C. (mouth of the Dean (Salmon) R. sw of Bella Coola at ca. 52°10'N and Kootenay Flats, w of Creston; CAN) and Mont, to Calif., Colo., and S.Dak. [S. pacificus (Greene) Rydb.]. S. indecorus Greene /ST/X/ (Hs) Damp ground and calcareous rocks and slopes from cent. Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 65°N; see Hulten 1950; map 1 198, p. 1683) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), sw Dist. ?Keewatin (CAN), ne Man. (known only from Churchill), Ont. (n to the Shamattawa R. at 54°47'N and w James Bay n to 52°11'N), Que. (n to e James Bay at 52^37'N and the Koksoak R. s of Ungava Bay at 57°42'N), and Labrador (between ca. 54*30' and 58’15'N), s to n Calif., Idaho, Mont., N Mich., cent. Ont. (s to near Thunder Bay and Cochrane), and Que. (s 1596 Senecio to L. Mistassini, L St. John, Bic, Rtmouski Co., and the Gaspe Pen.). [S. idahoensis Rydb.; S. pauciflorus var, failax Greenm. and f. ?ornatus Botvin; S, discoideus of auth., not (Hook.) Britt.]. maps: Raup 1947; pi, 36; the ne Canadian limits are indicated in a map by Lepage 1966: map 20, p. 244. S. integerrimus Nutt. /aST/WW/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dryish to moist open places and woods at low to fairly high elevations, the aggregate species from the coasts of Afaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie (e to Coronation Gulf) through B.C.-Alta. and s Sask.-Man. to Calif., Colo., Iowa, and Minn, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Pubescence rather fine and of a tomentose nature (generally very sparse at anthesis); phyllaries very conspicuously black-tipped; stems from a short, thick, ascending or horizontal rhizome; [S. lugens Richards., the type from the Coppermine R., n Dist. Mackenzie; S. imbricates Gardn.; Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie and mts, of B.C. and sw Alta.; maps (S. lugens): Hulten 1968b; 935; Raup 1947: pi. 36 (indicating a station in extreme sw Sask., this presumably based upon collections by the Macouns of var. exaltatus from Farewell Creek and the Cypress Hills, Sask., distributed as S. lugens] var. lugens (Richards.) Boivin 1 Pubescence loosely crisp or arachnoid-villous; stems from a very short erect crown. 2 Phyllaries relatively broad and evidently and consistently black-tipped; peduncle of the terminal head consistently thickened and much shorter than the others; plant often rather persistently hairy. 3 Rays bright yellow; basal leaf-blades generally oblanceolate to elliptic; [S. exaltatus Nutt.; S. atriapicufatus and S. scribneri Rydb.; S. columbianus Greene; S. hooker i T. & G.; B.C. (N to Spences Bridge), sw Alta. (n to Banff), and sw Sask. (Cypress Hills; Farewell Creek)] var. exaltatus (Nutt.) Cronq. 3 Rays white or creamy; basal leaf-blades generally deltoid to subcordate; [S. lugens var. ochroleucus Gray; S. leibergii Greene; B.C. (headwaters of the Fraser R.; near Princeton; Cascade Mts.) and Alta. (Boivin 1966b)] var. ochroleucus (Gray) Cronq. 2 Phyllaries relatively narrow, only minutely and irregularly black-tipped (if at all); peduncle of the terminal head often as long as the others; plant essentially glabrate at anthesis; [B.C. to Man. (n to The Narrows of L. Manitoba)] var. integerrimus S. jacobaea L. Tansy-Ragwort. Stinking Willie Eurasian; locally aggressive along roadsides and in fields and pastures in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland; CAN; V), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the e Gaspe Pen, at York; GH), St-Pierre and Miquelon, Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. Reports from Man. require confirmation, perhaps being referable chiefly or wholly to S. eremophilus. S. lindstroemii (Ostenf.) Porsild /aSs/W/EA/ (Hs) Alpine meadows and slopes from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon and the Mackenzie R. Delta to sw Yukon, with an isolated area in the Beartooth Mts. of Mont, and Wyo.; Eurasia. [S. integrifolius var. lind. Ostenf.; S. bivestitus Cronq.; S. denalii Nels.; S. fuscatus of auth., perhaps not Hayek]. maps: Hulten 1968b:927 (S. fuse. ); Porsild 1966: map 157, p. 86. S. macounii Greene /t/W/ (Hs) Dry open places and open woods from sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and ?mainland; CAN; type from Mt. Benson, Vancouver Is.; a collection in V from the mainland at Chilcotin, near Lillooet, requires confirmation, as do the reports of S. fastigiatus from Alta.-Sask. by J.M, Macoun 1896) to S Oreg. [S. fastigiatus var. mac. (Greene) Greenm,; S. fast . Nutt., not Schwein.]. S. megacephalus Nutt. /T/W/ (Hs) Open rocky places at moderate to high elevations from se B.C. (Manning Provincial Park, about 30 mi se of Hope; Flathead, se of Fernre; South Kootenay Pass, on the B.C.-Alta. 1597 Composite boundary) and sw Alta. (Waterlon Lakes; CAN; reported from the Belly R. by John Macoun 1884) to Idaho and Mont. [Incl. S. amplectens Gray and its var. taraxacoides Gray (S. tar. (Gray) Greene)]. S. newcombei Greene /T/W/ (Hs) Known only at low to moderate elevations in w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is., where first taken by Newcombe in 1897, the type from Moresby Is.; CAN; DAO; see Calder and Taylor 1968:543-46). Eric Hulten (Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 62(4):525. 1968), not having seen material of this taxon, suggests that it may be merely part of the very variable population of S. resedifolius but a comparison of collections in CAN indicates that the two taxa are fairly distinct. S. obovatus Muhl. /t/EE/ (Hsr) Calcareous cliffs and open or wooded slopes from Mich, to s Ont. (known only from the Bruce Pen., L. Huron, in Bruce and Grey counties; CAN; TRT) and s N.H., s to Ala. and S.C. S. pauciflorus Pursh /ST/X/ (Hs) Moist cliffs and subalpine to alpine meadows from Alaska (n to near the Arctic Circle) to the Yukon (n to ca. 65"N), Great Bear L, and Great Slave L., s through B.C. and sw Alta. (n to Jasper) to n Wash. -Idaho- Wyo. (and reputedly to Calif.), with scattered stations eastwards in ne ?Man. (a 1936 collection by Polunin from Churchill has been placed here by Fernald; Hulten's map also indicates a station presumably on the Nelson R. about 175 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay; Greenman 1916), Que. (se James Bay; Ungava Bay and its n watershed; Knob Lake dist. at ca. 55°N; Cote-Nord; Gaspe Pen.), Labrador (n to Komaktorvik Fjord, ca. 59°17'N; type, as first collection cited, from Labrador), and nw Nfld. [Var. atropurpureus Boivin; S. aureus vars. borealis Gray and discoideus Hook. (S. disc. (Hook.) Britt.) in part], map: Hulten 1968b; 930 (incl. S. indecorus ). S. pauperculus Michx. /ST/X/ (Hs) Peats and wet rocks, ledges, and gravels (often calcareous), the aggregate species from Alaska-Yukon (N to ca. 69°N) to Great Bear L., Great Slave L., Alta. (N to Wood Buffalo National Park at 59°16'N), Sask. (n to L. Athabasca and Hasbala L. at ca. 60°N), Dist. ?Keewatin (Boivin 1966b), Man. (n to Churchill), northernmost Ont., Que. (n to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Carol L., ca. 53°N, 67;W), Nfld., N.B. (St. John R. system), P.E.I. (Summerside, Prince Co.; D.S. Erskine 1960), and N.S., s to Oreg., N.Mex,, Nebr, III., Ala., and Ga. maps and synonymy: see below 1 Plant more or less persistently floccose-tomentose until anthesis or later; [S. balsamitae (flavovirens) var. thomp. Greenm,; S. plattensis Nutt.; S. Tfarriae and S. wMingii Greenm.; s Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to s Ont. (Essex, Lambton, Waterloo, and Bruce counties] var. thompsoniensis (Greenm.) Boivin 1 Plant soon glabrate or essentially so. 2 Phyllaries linear-oblong, their margins essentially parallel and tapering only above the middle var. firmifolius Greenm. 3 Heads discoid, ray-ligules wanting; [S. gaspensis f. ver. Fern., the type from Anticosti Is., E Que ] f. verecundus Fern. 3 Heads radiate; [S. gaspensis Greenm. and its vars. firmifolius (Greenm.) Fern, and victorinii Rousseau: e Que. (Cote-Nord; Anticosti Is.; type from Perce, Gaspe Co,) and w Nfld.] f. firmifolius 2 Phyllaries narrower in outline, tapering gradually from near the base var. pauperculus 4 Heads discoid; [var. balsamitae f. inchoatus Fern.; Alaska, se Dist. Keewatin, James Bay (Manawanan Is.), and E Que, (Cap-des-Rosiers, Gaspb Co.)] f. inomatus Fern. 4 Heads radiate; [incl. vars, balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern. (S balsamitae Muhl.) and neoscoticus Fern.; S. flavovirens and S. tweedyi Rydb.; S. multnomensis Greenm.; transcontinental; maps (aggregate species); Raup 1947: pi. 36; Hulten 1968b:931] f. pauperculus 1598 Senecio S. pseudaureus Rydb. /T/WW/ (Hs) Moist meadows, thickets, and woodlands from B.C. (n to Burns Lake, w of Prince George at ca. 54CN; Eastham 1947) to Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN), Sask. (n to Amisk L. at ca, 54Q35'N; Breitung 1957a), and sw Man. (Carberry and MacGregor; CAN; reports from farther eastwards are probably chiefly referable to S. aureus var. aquilonius, for a comparison with which see M.L Fernald, Rhodora45(540):501-02. 1943), s to Calif, and N.Mex. This taxon is scarcely separable from the S. aureus complex and if merged with that species, as presumably done by Boivin (1966b), would form part of a transcontinental complex. S, pseudo-arnica Less, Seabeach Groundsel. Roi des champs /ST/D (coastal)/eA/ (Hp) Sandy or gravelly seashores and upper beaches: Pacific coast from the Aleutian Is. and w Alaska (n to Cape Lisburne, ca. 69°N) to sw B.C. (s to Vancouver Is.); Atlantic coast from Labrador (n to Windy Tickle, 55f>45'N) to e Que. {St. Lawrence R. estuary from St-Jean-Port-Joli, I’lslet Co., to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B. {Grand Manan, Charlotte Co,; GH), and N.S. {Sable Is. and Guysborough and Yarmouth counties; not known from P.E.I. or the U.S.A.); coast of ne Asia. [Arnica maritima L,; A. doronicum Pursh, not Jacq.]. maps: Hulten 19686:933; Fernald 1925: map 28, p. 259, and 19186:map 10, pi. 12. Forma rollandii {Viet.) Fern. (S, roil. Viet,; ray-ligules wanting, the heads discoid) is known from E Que. (Ste-Flavie, nw Gaspe Pen., and the Mingan Is. of the Cote-Nord, the type locality of var. roll . Viet.). S. resedifolius Less. /aST/D/EA/ (Hs) Exposed cliffs, chiefly at subalpine to alpine elevations, from the e Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska (type from St. Lawrence Is.), the Yukon, and nw Dist. Mackenzie to Banks Is. (CAN), s through B.C. {Vancouver Is.; Crowsnest Pass, and North Kootenay Pass, the last two on the B.C.-Alta. boundary; CAN) and sw Alta, (Waterloo Lakes; CAN) to Wash., Mont., and Wyo., with a disjunct area in e Que. (Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.) and Nfld.; ne Europe: Asia. [S. conterminus and S. hyperboreans Greenm.; Cineraria lyrata Ledeb.; S. ovinus Greene; S. femaldii f. lingulatus Fern.; S. lyallii Klatt, not Hook, f.; S. subnudus (S. cymbalarioides Buek, not Nutt.) of Canadian reports in part, perhaps not DC,], maps: Atlas of Canada 1957: map 18, sheet 38; Fernald 1929: map 11, p, 1492. 1925: map 29, p, 259, and 1924: map 2, p. 560; combine the maps by Hulten 1 9686:929 (S. resed. and S. cont. ) and 930 (S. hyper. ). Forma columbiensis (Gray) Fern. (var. col. Gray 1884, the type locality given as "Mucklung River, British Columbia" but that river not listed in recent B.C. gazetteers; S, hyperboreans var. col. (Gray) Greenm.; S. fernaldii Greenm.; heads discoid, the rays obsolete or very short (not the radiate-headed form as stated by Fernald in Gray 1950)) occurs throughout the range. S. robbinsii Oakes /T/E/ (Hs) Peaty meadows, fields, and thickets from Que. (n to the Gaspe Pen. along the Ste-Anne-des-Monts R.; CAN; GH), N.B., P.E.I. (Queens and Kings counties; CAN; GH), and N.S. to Tenn. and N.C. [S. aureus var. ianceolatus Oakes]. S. sheldonensis A.E. Porsild /Ss/W/ (Hs) Subalpine meadows of the Yukon (n to ca. 64°N; type from between ML Sheldon and Mt. Riddell) and northernmost B.C. (Dease L. region at ca. 58’30'N). See A.E. Porsild, Can. Field-Nat. 64(1):43-44. 1950, and 19516:334-35. maps: Hulten 19686:934; Porsild 1966: map 158, p, 86. S. squalidus L. Oxford Ragwort European; apparently introd. in N. America only in N.B. (St. John, where taken by Warner in 1892; NBM) and N.S. (near Point Pleasant Park, Halifax; ACAD; DAO). S. streptanthifolius Greene /ST/WW/ (Hs) Moist or dryish open places and woodlands at low to moderate elevations from the Yukon (n to ca. 65' N; reported from Alaska by Boivin 19666) to Great Bear L,, Great Slave L,, and L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), sto Calif, and N.Mex. [S. cymbalarioides var. strept. (Greene) Greenm., var. borealis (T, & G.) Greenm. (S. aureus var. bor. T. & G.), and ssp. moresbiensis 1599 Cornpositae Calder & Taylor; S. crocatus and S. jonesii Rydb ; S. dileptifolius and S, mutabilis Greene; S. cymb. Nutt,, not Buek; S. resedifolius sensu Carter and Newcornbe 1921, not Less.], map (S. cymb.: not indicating the occurrence in Alaska); Hultbn 19686:931. S, sylvaticus L. Eurasian; introd. into waste places, clearings, rocky slopes, and open woods in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is. and adjacent islands and mainland e to Hope), Que, (n to the Gaspe Pen. at Gaspe Basin; CAN). Nfld., N.B ., P.E.I., and N.S. S. triangularis Hook. /ST/W/ (Hp) Moist meadows and open places, mostly at moderate to high elevations, from Alaska (n to ca. 63JN), the Yukon (n to ca. 65°N), and sw Dist. Mackenzie (CAN) through B.C. and sw Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN; the inclusion of Sask. in the range by Rydberg 1922, requires confirmation) to Calif, and N.Mex. The type is a Drummond collection from 'Moist Prairies among the Rocky Mountains”, probably in Alta. [S. prionophyllus Greene; S. saliens Rydb.]. map: Hulten 19686:934. S. tridenticuiatus Rydb. /sT/WW/ (Hs) Calcareous outcrops and sandy or gravelly prairies from sw Dist. Mackenzie (Kakisa L, ca. 61 "N, detd. Barkley; J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat. 75(3);120. 1961), s Sask. (Old Wives L, sw of Moose Jaw; Greenman 1916), and sw Man. (n to Petrel, about 25 mi ne of Brandon) to N.Mex. and Tex. [S. densus Greene; 5. manitobensis Greenm.; S. mutabilis Nets., not Greene], S. viscosus L. Sticky Groundsel Eurasian; introd. in waste places, railway ballast, and about ports in N. America, as in B.C. (isi to Prince Rupert and Terrace; Eastham 1947), s Man. (Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Grenville and Dundas counties), Que, (n to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. S. vulgaris L. Common Groundsel Eurasian; a weed of cult, and waste land in N. America, as in Alaska (n to ca. 68°N), the Yukon (n to ca. 643N), Dist. Mackenzie (n to Great Slave L) and all the provinces (in Ont., N to sw James Bay; in Labrador, n to Hopedale, 55g28'N); sw Greenland, map: Hulten 19686:932. [S. werneriaefolius Gray] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (n to Idaho and Mont.) from se B.C. by John Macoun (1886, as 5. petraeus ; w summit of North Kootenay Pass; taken up by Henry 1915, as S. petrocallis) and so-named collections in Herb. V from Penticton and Flathead, se B.C., require confirmation. (S. petraeus and S. saxosus Klatt; S. petrocallis Greene).] S. yukonensis A.E. Porsild /aSs/W/ (Hs) Damp mossy tundra of Alaska-Yukon (n to the arctic coast; type from the upper Rose R.. the Yukon) and w Dist. Mackenzie (at ca. 64°30'N). [S, alaskanus Hull], map: Hulten 19686:926. SILPHIUM L. [9131] Rosinweed 1 Stem nearly square in cross-section, essentially glabrous, leafy; leaves narrowly ovate to deltoid, scabrous, coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by a cup-like base around the stem, the petioles of the lower ones connate-clasping; involucre to 2.5 cm high; disk to 2.5 cm broad; (s Ont.; introd. in sw Que.) — S. perfoliatum 1 Stem roundish or obscurely angled. 2 Stem nearly naked except for a few scattered bracts, essentially glabrous, from a woody taproot; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate or elliptic, usually cordate at base, sharply toothed (occasionally pinnatifid), glabrous or scabrous; involucre to 2.5 cm high; disk to 2.5 cm broad; (s Ont.) S. terebinthinaceum 2 Stem leafy. 1600 Solidago 3 Leaves lanceolate, subentire or irregularly toothed, mostly not more than 2 dm long, commonly in whorls of 3-5 (occasionally opposite or even alternate), usually scabrous above and more or less hirsute beneath; stem from a stout caudex, glabrous and glaucous; involucre less than 2 cm high; disk less than 2 cm broad; (s ?Ont.) [S. trifoliatum] 3 Leaves deeply pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid, alternate, hirsute chiefly along the veins beneath, the lower ones to over 4 dm long; stem from a woody taproot, rough-bristly; involucre to over 4 cm high; disk to about 3 cm broad; (introd. in s Ont.) S. laciniatum S. laciniatum L. Compass-plant Native in the e U.S.A. (n to N.Dak. and Mich.); introd. along railway tracks in s Ont. (Maidstone, Essex Co., where taken by Howard in 1955; GH; OAC; see s Ont. map 27a by Soper 1962: fig. 24, P- 39). The common name ' compass-plant” derives from the tendency of the plant to present the edges of its vertical leaves north and south, probably an adaptation to maximum sun exposure. S. perfoliatum L. Cup-plant /t/EE/ (Hs) Rich woods, thickets, and prairies from S.Dak. to s Ont. (apparently native in Essex and Kent counties and possibly in the High Park region of Toronto; see s Ont. map 27b by Soper 1962: fig. 24, p. 39; reported from Ottawa by Groh 1946, where probably a garden-escape but not listed by Gillett 1958; introd. in sw Que. (Montreal; Groh 1946), Pa., and s New Eng.), s to Okla., Mo., Miss., and Ga. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie- Dock /t/EE/ (Hs) Prairies and openings from Jnd. and Ohio to s Ont. (apparently native in Essex, Lambton, Brant, and Haldimand counties; see s Ont. map 27c by Soper 1962: fig. 25, p. 40), s to Ala. and Ga. [S. trifoliatum L.] [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Ind. and Pa.) from s Ont. by Dodge (1914; Amherstburg, Essex Co.) requires confirmation.] SILYBUM Adans. [9464] S. marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk-Thistle European; an occasional garden-escape in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Victoria and Nanaimo, Vancouver Is.; Herb. V; Henry 1915), Sask. (Eastend, about 75 mi sw of Swift Current; SCS), Ont. (n to Ottawa), sw Que. (near Montreal), N.B. (Gloucester, Victoria, and Kent counties), and N.S. (Halifax). [Carduus L.]. SOLIDAGO L. [8849] Goldenrod. Verge d'Or 1 Inflorescence a compound, more or less flattish-topped corymb. 2 Leaves not glandular-punctate, subentire or low-serrate above the middle, the lower ones long-petioled, persistent, much longer than the upper ones; anther-filaments freed below the summit of the corolla-tube; phyllaries more or less striate; heads distinctly peduncled. 3 Leaves harsh, greyish with a usually dense short pubescence, the median ones mostly not over 6 times as long as broad; stem puberulent; mature achenes 10-15-ribbed; rays 8-14, well developed; plants of dry habitats; (Alta, to Ont.) S. rigida 3 Leaves smooth, glabrous except for the minutely scabrous margins, the median ones usually more than 6 times as long as broad; stems glabrous or somewhat puberulent about the inflorescence; achenes with at most 7 nerves, glabrous or nearly so; rays about 6-9, rather short; plants of moist habitats. 1601 Compositae 1 4 Leaves flat, strictly 1 -nerved, the lower ones oblanceolate to spatulate, obtusish at apex; achenes commonly 3-5-angled, scarcely nerved; (s Ont.) ........ S. ohioensis 4 Leaves often longitudinally folded, tending to be 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate, their acute tips commonly divergent or recurved; mature achenes evidently 5-7-nerved; (se Man. and Ont.) S. riddellii 2 Leaves more or less glandular-punctate, linear- lanceolate to lanceolate, mostly acute to attenuate at tip, entire or essentially so, fairly uniform in length, the lower ones soon deciduous; anther-filaments freed at the summit of the corolla-tube; phyllaries not striate; heads mostly sessile or subsessile in small clusters; rays commonly 8-25, small; achenes pubescent. 5 Leaves 1 -nerved or sometimes with an additional pair of obscure lateral nerves; (s Ont. and N.S.) S. tenuifolia 5 Leaves distinctly 3-nerved (sometimes 5-nerved), seldom subtending reduced leaves or branches. 6 Inflorescence commonly elongate (flowering branches often arising from leaf-axils well down toward the middle of the stem); phyllaries mostly narrow and acute; (B.C. and ?Alta.) S. occidentalis 6 Inflorescence more compact (the flowering branches mostly arising from leaf-axils near the top of the stem, the outer branches sometimes overtopping the inner ones); phyllaries obtuse to acuminate; (transcontinental) S. graminifotia Inflorescence axillary to thyrsoid or paniculate (if eorymbiform, the heads racemose on the branchlets of the inflorescence). 7 Heads in small axillary clusters or in a terminal panicle or thyrse with the heads spirally arranged and not in strongly 1 -sided racemes. 8 Heads large, the involucre usually at least 8 mm long; phyllaries thin; achenes glabrous; leaves chiefly elliptic to ovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, pinnate- veined, abruptly contracted to the petiole, the lower ones much longer than the middle and upper ones; (Ont. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) S. macrophylla 8 Heads smaller, the involucre usually less than 8 mm long (occasionally 9 mm long in species with firm phyllaries). 9 Stem-leaves only gradually decreasing in size upwardly, the lower ones smaller or not much larger than the median ones and soon deciduous, on short winged petioles; separate basal rosettes wanting, 10 Mature achenes essentially glabrous; phyllaries obtuse or rounded, glutinous, yellowish; involucre mostly 3-5 mm high; leaves thick and firm, pinnate-veined, entire or the lower ones slightly toothed; (s Ont,) S. speciosa 10 Mature achenes pubescent. 1 1 Leaves pinnate-veined; heads in axillary clusters mostly surpassed by their subtending leaves; rays 3 or 4(5); (Ont. to N.S.). 1 2 Leaves ovate, abruptly narrowed to a short winged petiole; stem somewhat angled, zigzag, from a slender freely stoloniferous rhizome; involucre to 6 mm high S. flexicaulis 12 Leaves elongate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, tapering to the subsessile base; stem terete, glaucous, from a stout, tardily stoloniferous rhizome; involucre less than 5 mm high S. caes/a 1 1 Leaves more or less strongly triple-nerved from base; rays generally more than 6. 13 Plant ashy with minute close puberulence, to about 5 dm tall; leaves thickish and firm, entire; rays less than 1 0; (s Alta, to sw Man. ) S. mollis 13 Plant not ashy-puberulent, to over 1 .5 m tall; leaves relatively thin, sharp-serrate; rays usually more than 10; (E Que. and Nfld.) S. calcicola 1602 Solidago 9 Stem-leaves very unequal, the lower ones the largest and usually relatively the broadest; rosettes of large basal leaves from separate offshoots usually present. 1 4 Phyllaries of at least the outer 2-4 series with strongly recurved green tips; involucre 5-9 mm high; achenes glabrous; principal leaves sharp-serrate; (Ont. to N.B.) S. squarrosa 14 Phyllaries with ascending tips. 1 5 Leaves more or less pubescent on one or both surfaces (except in S. hispida var. tonsa ); mature achenes glabrous; involucre to 6 mm high. 16 Rays cream-colour to nearly white; outer phyllaries with well- defined green tips; (Ont. to N.S.) S. bicolor 16 Rays orange-yellow; phyllaries with less well-defined green tips; (Sask. to Nfld. and N.S.) S. hispida 1 5 Leaves glabrous to minutely puberulent. 1 7 Plant minutely ashy-puberulent throughout; achenes glabrous or occasionally sparingly hairy; involucre to 5 mm high, the phyllaries long-attenuate; inflorescence a compact thyrse or panicle of stiffly ascending racemes; (e Ont. to N.S.) S. puberula 17 Plant glabrous to pilose (sometimes minutely puberulent in S. spathulata). 18 Principal leaves elliptic to obovate or more or less rhombic, distinctly toothed; stem essentially glabrous; inflorescence an elongate, rarely branched, terminal thyrse of axillary clusters; rays 7 or 8; involucre to 7 mm high; achenes pubescent; (s Ont.) . . . S. sciaphila 18 Principal leaves somewhat narrower, entire or shallowly few-toothed GROUP 1 7 Heads in a panicle or thyrse, borne on the upper side of the branches in 1 -sided racemes. 19 Basal leaves much the largest, often forming rosettes, the upper stem-leaves much reduced; stems solitary or few GROUP 2 (p. 1 604) 1 9 Basal leaves not much larger than the stem-leaves and rarely forming rosettes; stems few or clustered GROUP 3 (p. 1605) GROUP 1 1 Inflorescence corymbiform; heads few, on white-villous pedicels; rays commonly 12 or more; achenes pubescent; lower leaves densely ciliate with long soft curling hairs, at least toward base; (transcontinental) ............... S. multiradiata 1 Inflorescence racemiform or thyrsiform (rarely corymbiform), its branches and pedicels glabrous to pilose but scarcely villous; lower leaves with glabrous or scabrous margins, rarely ciliate with curling hairs. 2 Achenes glabrous or nearly so; rays 4-6; involucre 4-6 mm high; stem glabrous except in the inflorescence, this with strongly ascending branches. 3 Stem-leaves rather remote; basal leaves to about 7 cm broad; plant of peaty or damp habitats; (Man. to Labrador, Nfld., and N.S.) S. purshii 3 Stem-leaves 18 or more, often rather crowded; basal leaves to 1 dm broad; plants of usually dry habitats; (s Ont.) S. speciosa 2 Achenes more or less pubescent (sometimes glabrous in S. missouriensis). 4 Pedicels and branches of inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; involucre to 5 mm high; stem solitary; rhizome cord-like, bearing long slender stolons; (B.C. to w Ont.) S. missouriensis 4 Pedicels and branches of inflorescence pubescent; involucre to 6 mm high; stems solitary or tufted, nonstoloniferous but often with basal rosettes of leaves; (B.C. to N.S.) S. spathulata 1603 Compositae GROUP 2 (see p. 1603) 1 Stem and leaves minutely and closely ashy-puberulent; rays bright yellow; achenes pubescent; involucre to about 6 mm high. 2 Leaves mostly sessile, distinctly 3-ribbed, coriaceous; panicle compact, its branches ascending; stem to about 5 dm tall, from a cord-like slender-stoloniferous base; (s Alta, to s Man,) S. mollis 2 Leaves mostly more or less petioled, not prominently 3-ribbed, thinner, the upper ones usually with axillary tufts of reduced leaves; panicle-branches mostly spreading; stem to over 1 m tall, from a nonstoloniferous stoutish caudex; {B.C. to N.S.) . ............. S. nemoralis 1 Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent but not closely ashy-puberulent; rays mostly deep yellow or orange-yellow. 3 Pedicels and branches of inflorescence glabrous; stem and leaves normally glabrous or nearly so. 4 Leaves fleshy, entire, smoothish. the bases of the lower ones distinctly clasping; involucre to 7 mm high, with narrow acutish soft phyllaries; pappus at least 3.5 mm long; disk-corollas at least 4 mm long; mature achenes over 2 mm long, pubescent; (saline coastal habitats in e Que. and the Atlantic Provinces) S. sempervirens 4 Leaves scarcely fleshy, often toothed, mostly scabrous on the margins, not strongly clasping; involucre rarely over 5 mm high, its broader phyllaries mostly firm and obtuse; pappus not over 3.5 mm long; disk-corollas to 4 mm long; achenes rarely over 2 mm long. 5 Heads with less than 15 flowers; phyllaries linear-oblong, relatively thin; plant of bogs and swamps; (se Man. to the Atlantic Provinces) S. uliginosa 5 Heads with at least 15 flowers; phyllaries broader and firmer; upper leaves often with axillary tufts of reduced leaves; plants of dry habitats. 6 Rhizome cord-like, horizontal, abundantly slender-stoloniferous; leaves distinctly 3-ribbed, the basal ones entire or shallowly toothed; (B.C. to w Ont.) S. missouriensis 6 Rhizome short, only occasionally slender-stoloniferous; leaves scarcely or not at all 3-ribbed, the basal ones more or less sharply serrate; achenes usually pubescent; (Man. to N.S.) S. juncea 3 Pedicels and branches of inflorescence distinctly pubescent. 7 Leaves fleshy, entire, smoothish, the bases of the lower ones distinctly clasping; achenes pubescent; involucre to 7 mm high; (saline coastal habitats in e Oue. and the Atlantic Provinces) S. sempervirens 7 Leaves not fleshy, at least the basal ones toothed (if distinctly clasping, their margins ciliate or scabrous); involucre to 5 mm high. 8 Leaves loosely long-pilose on the principal veins beneath and usually sparsely so over the lower surface, unevenly coarse-serrate, the basal ones rarely in definite rosettes, elliptic-ovate to rhombic, acuminate; achenes pubescent; (s Ont. and ?N.S.) ......... S. ulmifolia 8 Leaves glabrous or at most scabrous-margined. 9 Upper half of stem squarish in cross-section, the angles narrowly winged; leaves minutely but strongly papillate-scabrous above with forward- pointing hairs, their margins not ciliate: achenes minutely pubescent; (s Ont.) S. patula 9 Stem not markedly square; leaves smooth or scabrous but not conspicu- ously papillate, their margins usually minutely ciliate; achenes essentially glabrous (sometimes pubescent in S. juncea). 1 0 Lower stem-leaves clasping 1 /2 to 3/4 around the stem, their thickish obscurely veiny blades elongate and tapering into the petioles; heads not more than 1 5-f lowered; plants of bogs or marshes; (SE Man. to the Atlantic Provinces) S. uliginosa 1604 Solid ago 10 Lower stem-leaves scarcely clasping; heads 15-20-flowered; plants of dryish habitats. 1 1 Basal leaves rather abruptly contracted to the petiole; upper leaves closely serrate; panicle-branches copiously pilose; (s Ont.) S. arguta 1 1 Basal leaves gradually tapering to the petiole; upper leaves entire or obscurely toothed; panicle-branches only sparsely hairy; (Man. to N.S.) S. juncea GROUP 3 ( see p. 1603) 1 Leaves not 3-ribbed (only the midrib strongly prominent beneath), at least the basal ones usually pinnate-veined (except in S. odora)] achenes short-pubescent (sometimes subglabrous in S. odora ). 2 Leaves minutely translucent-punctate, all entire, not obviously pinnate-veined, glabrous except for the scabrous margins, anise-scented when bruised; achenes short-pubescent or subglabrous; involucre to 5 mm high . . [$. odora ] 2 Leaves not translucent-punctate, at least the lower ones distinctly pinnate-veined and more or less toothed; achenes usually permanently short-pubescent. 3 Stems more or less hairy at least above the middle, solitary or in small clumps from creeping rhizomes; involucre to 5 mm high; (Ont, to the Atlantic Provinces) S. rugosa 3 Stems glabrous throughout or at least to near the inflorescence. 4 Leaves loosely long-pilose on the principal veins beneath and usually sparsely so over the lower surface, unevenly coarse-serrate, the basal ones elliptic-ovate to rhombic, acuminate; stems from a branched caudex; involucre to 4.5 mm high; plant of dry habitats; (s Ont. and ?N.S.) S. ulmifolia 4 Leaves glabrous except for the appressed-serrate margins, elliptic to oblanceolate; stems from creeping rhizomes; plant of wet to dryish habitats; involucre to 6 mm high; (sw N.S.) S. elliottii 1 Leaves 3-ribbed at least near base (the 2 lateral nerves prolonged parallel to the midrib). 5 Stem densely pilose at summit below the inflorescence; (transcontinental) S. canadensis 5 Stem glabrous or only sparsely pilose at least below the inflorescence. 6 Pedicels and panicle-branches glabrous; achenes glabrous or sparsely pubes- cent; leaves mostly subtending axillary fascicles; stems solitary, freely stolonifer- ous; (B.C. to w Ont.) S. missouriensis 6 Pedicels and panicle-branches pilose; achenes short-pubescent; leaves mostly lacking axillary fascicles; stems commonly clustered, only tardily stoloniferous; (B.C. to N.S.) S, gigantea S. arguta Ait. /T/EE/ (Hs) Open woods, thickets, and clearings from s Ont. (n to Waterloo and Hastings counties) to Maine, s to III., Ala., and N.C. S. bicolor L. White Goldenrod, Silverrod /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Open woods and dry sterile soil from Mich, to Ont. (N to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (N to Magdalen Is.; CAN and GH, detd. Fernald), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.. s to Ark. and Ga. [Aster Nees; S. virgaurea sensu Lindsay 1878, not L., the relevant collection in NSPM). Although the whitish or creamy ray-ligules of this taxon contrast strongly in fresh material with the orange-yellow ones of S. hispida, these two species are very difficult to separate in the herbarium and reports of S. bicolor from elsewhere in Canada other than as indicated above require confirmation. S. caesia L. Blue-stem Goldenrod /T/EE/ (Hpr) Rich woods, thickets, and clearings from Wise, to Ont. (n to Michipicoten. about 100 mi nw of Sault Ste. Marie, and Ottawa), Que. (n to Montreal; reported n to Cacouna, 1605 Compositae Temiscouata Co., by D.P. Penhallow 1891), N.B. {St, John; NBM; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (Annapolis, Kings, and Halifax counties), s to Tex. and Fla. A hybrid with S. flexicaulis is reported from sw Que. by Boivin (19665). Forma axillaris (Pursh) House (S. ax. Pursh; heads in loose axillary clusters rather than forming a loosely paniculate leafy inflorescence) appears to be the common phase in our area. S. calcicola Fern. /T/E/ (Hpr) Rich woods and rocky or gravelly thickets of £ Que. (Notre-Dame-du-Portage, Temiscouata Co., to the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld. , and n New Eng. [S. virgaurea var. calc. Fern.; possibly of hybrid origin). S. canadensis L, Canada Goldenrod. Bouquets jaunes /ST/X/ (Hpr) Thickets, clearings, fields, meadows, and roadsides, the aggregate species from Alaska-Yukon-w Dist. Mackenzie (n to near the Arctic Circle) to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to near Prince Albert), Man. (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill), Ont. (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55*30'N), Que. (n to se James Bay at 52°37'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. , s to Calif., N.Mex.,Tex_, and Fla. A hybrid with S. juncea is tentatively reported from sw Que. by Boivin (1966b). A hybrid with S. rugosa is postulated by Malte for a collection in CAN from Indian Point, N.B., and this taxon is tentatively reported from P.E.I. by Boivin (1966b). x S. erskinei Boivin (S. canadensis x S, sempervirens ) is known from the type locality. Wood Is., P.E.I. Collections in CAN and GH from Shelburne Co.. N.S., are referred by M L, Fernald (Rhodora 24(286):205. 1922) to a hybrid between S. canadensis and S. uniligulata ( S . uliginosa var. linoides of the present treatment), map and synonymy: see below. 1 Involucre and disk-corollas mostly less than 3 mm long. 2 Summit of stem minutely pubescent; [transcontinental]. 3 Leaves green, merely somewhat pilose on the nerves beneath; [S. lepida sensu Fernald, not DC.; S. serotina var. ?minor Hook.] var. canadensis 3 Leaves roughish with a greyish puberulence on both sides; [S. gilvocanescens and S. lunellii Rydb.; S. dumetorum Lunell; S. pruinosa Greene; <$. lepida var. molina Fern.] var. gilvocanescens Rydb. 2 Summit of stem and lower leaf-surfaces pilose; [E Que.: Perce, Gaspe Co.] var. hargeri Fern. 1 Involucre and disk-corollas at least 3 mm long. 4 Branches of the pyramidal panicle strongly divergent or recurved; heads slender, with less than 20 flowers; phyllaries markedly scarious-margined, the green midrib conspicuous; leaves cinereous-puberulent; [S. scabra Muhl., not Willd,; S. altissima L.; S. hirsutissima Mill.; wOnt. to N.B. and N.S.; reports of S. altissima from P.E.I. are thought by D.S. Erskine I960, probably to refer to S. rugosa] var. scabra (Muhl.) T. & G. 4 Branches of the panicle strongly ascending, their tips rarely recurved; heads broader, with usually more than 20 flowers; phyllaries subherbaceous, their midribs less conspicuous; leaves not cinereous-puberulent; [S. serotina var. sal. Piper; S. sal. (Piper) Rydb.; S. elongata Nutt.; S. lepida vars. el. (Nutt.) Fern, and fallax Fern.; transcontinental; map: Huften 19685:854] var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones 5. elliottii T. & G. /T/E/ (Hpr) Swampy open ground and thickets from N.S. (Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne, Queens, and Halifax counties; see N.S. map 439 by Roland 1947:578) and the Atlantic states s to Ga. [Incl. var. ascendens Fern.]. A hybrid with S. rugosa is reported from N.S. by M.L Fernald (Rhodora 24(286) :204. 1922; Belleville, Yarmouth Co.). S. flexicaulis L. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Rich woods and thickets from N.Dak, to Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is ). N.B., P.E.I.. and N.S. (the report from Nfld. by Bachelot de la Pylaie 1823, requires clarification), s to Kans., Iowa, Tenn.. and N.C. 1606 Solidago Forma subincisa Viet, & Rousseau (leaves moderately incised rather than merely divergently sharp-serrate, the teeth to 1 cm long) is known from the type locality, Mt-Royal, Montreal, Que. A purported hybrid with S. macrophylla is reported from N.S. by J.S. Erskine (Rhodora 55(649):19, 1953; Amethyst Cove. Kings Co.). S. giganfea Ait. /sT/X/ (Hpr) Meadows, damp thickets, and borders of woods from sw Dist. Mackenzie (near Fort Simpson, ca. 62°N; W.J, Cody, Can, Field-Nat. 75{2):66. 1961) and B.C. to Alta, (n to the Peace R. at ca. 59°N; John Macoun 1884; not listed by Raup 1935), Sask. (n to Prairie River, 52C52'N; CAN), Man. (n to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to the sw James Bay watershed at 51-15'N), Que. (n to Duparquet, W. Abitibi Co., ca. 48'J30'N, and the Gaspe Pen.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Oreg., N.Mex., Tex., and Ga. (S. serotina var. gig. (Ait.) Gray; incl. S. serotina f. huntingdonensis Beaudry and the broad-leaved extreme, var. pitched (Nutt.) Shinners (S. pit. Nutt.)]. Var. serotina (Art.) Cronq. (var. leiophylla Fern.; var, shinnersii Beaudry; S, ser. Ait.; leaves glabrous on both sides rather than at least pilose on the veins beneath; mature achenes usually pubescent rather than often glabrous or subglabrous) occurs essentially throughout the range. S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. /sT/X/ (Hpr) Damp to dryish shores, thickets, and meadows, the aggregate species from B.C. -Alta, to Great Slave L., Alta, (n to Wood Buffalo National Park at 58°37'N), Sask. (n to L. Athabasca), Man. (n to York Factory, Hudson Bay, 57°N), Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 55’30'N, 88°W), Que. (n to the Ekwan R. e of James Bay at 53 44 N and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B.. P.E.L, and N.S., sto N.Mex., S.Dak., Mo., Ky., and N.C. 1 Heads slender, at most about 20-flowered, the outer ovate acutish phyllaries abruptly replaced by linear-oblong, acute or acuminate inner ones; [Euthamia media and E. camporum Greene; reported by Raup 1936, from L. Athabasca, Alta, and Sask.] var. media (Greene) Harris 1 Heads usually more than 20-flowered, the outer ovate phyllaries gradually merging with the oblong, obtuse to merely acute inner ones. 2 Leaves broadly lanceolate, obtusish or subacute, less than 1 dm long and mostly not more than 10 times as long as broad; plant essentially glabrous var. major (Michx.) Fern. 3 Upper leaf-axils bulblet-bearing; [known only from the type locality on the Albany R. sw of James Bay, Ont.] f. gemmans Lepage 3 Leaf-axils not bulblet-bearing; [vars. grahamii Rousseau, septentrionaiis Fern., and tricostata (Lunell) Harris; S, lanceolata var, major Michx.; the common form northwards] L major 2 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate at tip, to 1 .5 dm long and 20 times as long as broad. 4 At least the upper leaves more or less densely spreading-hairy; [Euthamia nuttallii Greene; s Man. (Love and Bernard 1 959) to Nfld. and N.S.] var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern. 4 Leaves essentially glabrous except for the scabrous margins var. graminifolia 5 Upper leaf-axils bulblet-bearing; [known only from the type locality on the Kenogami R., Ont.) f. bulbifera Lepage 5 Leaf-axils not bulblet-bearing; [Chrysocoma L.; Euthamia Nutt.; S, lanceolata L.; Man, to Nfld. and N.S.; reported as introd, with cranberry plants in bogs at Ucluelet, Vancouver Is., B.C., by J.M. Macoun, Ottawa Naturalist 26(12):167. 1913]. f. graminifolia S. hispida Muhl. /sT/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dry or moist fields, shores, and rocky places (chiefly calcareous), the aggregate species from Sask. (n to Carswell L. at 58°35'N; G.W. Argus, Can. Field-Nat. 78(3):147. 1964) to Man, (n to the Nelson R. about 155 mi s of Churchill), Ont, (n to the Severn R. at ca. 55°45'N), Que. (N to E James Bay at ca. 53°50'N, L. Mistassini, and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.L, and N.S., s to Ark., Tenn., and Ga. 1607 Compositae 1 Stem and both surfaces of basal leaves copiously pilose. 2 Stems ashy- or whitish-pilose; [incl. var. disjunct a Fern.; S. bicolor var. concolor T. & G.; Man. to Nfld. and N S.) var. hispida 2 Stems woolly-villous; (S. lanata Hook., the type from "Plains of the Saskatchewan”; Sask. (n to Carswell L. at 58°35’N) to Nfld.] var. lanata (Hook.) Fern. 1 Stem glabrous or short-pubescent; upper surface of basal leaves glabrous or sparingly short-pubescent. 3 Leaves essentially glabrous beneath, the basal ones at most about 2.5 cm broad: [Ont. (n to w James Bay at 52°25'N) to Nfld. (type from Blomidon) and N.S.] var. tonsa Fern. 3 Leaves sparingly hirtellous beneath, the basal ones averaging over 3 cm broad; [known from the type locality, Bonne Bay, w Nfld., and e Gue. (Anticosti Is.; J. Rousseau 1950)] var. arnoglossa Fern. S. juncea Ait. /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dry or moist open places and thickets from s Man. (n to Riding ML; the inclusion of Sask. in the range by Fernald in Gray 1950, requires clarification; not listed by Breitung 1957a) to Ont. (n to Renison, s of James Bay at ca. 51°N; llmari Hustich, Acta Geogr. 13(2);47. 1955), Gue. (n to L. Timiskaming at ca. 47°30'N; the report from Anticosti Is. by Verrill 1865, requires confirmation, as also the report from Nfld. by M. Southcott, Some Newfoundland Wild Flowers. St, John's, Newfoundland. 1915), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mo., Tenn., and Ga. Forma rarnosa (Porter & Britt.) Fern. (var. ram. P. & B.; panicle-branches erect, the individual racemes scarcely recurved at tip, rather than branches widely divergent, the racemes recurved at tip) is reported from N.B. by M.L. Fernald (Rhodora 38(450):208. 1936). Forma scabrella (T. & G.) Fern. (S. arguta var. scab. T. & G.; leaves scabrous rather than glabrous or merely marginally short-ciliate; panicle-branches often sparingly short-hairy rather than glabrous) occurs essentially throughout the range. S. macrophylla Pursh /ST/EE/ (Hsr) Damp woods and thickets from Ont. (n to Kapuskasing, 49°24'N) to Que. (n to s Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Saglek Bay, 58°29'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to N Y. and Mass. The tentative report from s Alta, by John Macoun (1884; Tail Creek, Red Deer R.) requires clarification. Forma pseudomensalis Beaudry (achenes appressed-hairy rather than glabrous) is known from the type locality in Fernald Pass, Mt. Logan of the Shickshock Mts., Gaspe Pen., e Que. The reduced northern and alpine extreme may be distinguished as var. thyrsoidea (Mey.) Fern. (S. thyrsoidea Mey., the type from Okak, Labrador, 57C33'N; S. virgaurea sensu Pursh 1814, not L.). Its f. mensalis (Fern.) Beaudry (S. mensalis Fern., the type from Tabletop Mt., Gaspe Pen., e Que.; achenes appressed-pilose rather than glabrous) is known from Que. (Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspe Pen. and Chimo, s Ungava Bay; J.R. Beaudry, Nat. can. (Que.) 91 (6-7): 195. 1964), Its f. ramosissima Lepage (plant bearing flowering branches nearly to the base of the stem) is known from the type locality, Fort George, James Bay, Que., ca. 54°N. S. missouriensis Nutt. /T/WW/ (Hsr) Dry prairies, sands, and gravels, the aggregate species from B.C. (n to Taylor Flats in the Peace River dist. at ca. 56°N) to Alta, (n to Dunvegan, 55a54JN), Sask. (n to Prince Albert), Man. (n to The Pas), and w Ont. (nw shore of L. Superior near Thunder Bay; also known from Lambton and Wentworth counties, s Ont., where perhaps introd., as also in ?Tenn. and N,J,), s to Ariz., Tex., and Mo. 1 Plants to about 9 dm tall; basal and lowermost stem-leaves mostly deciduous; inflorescence distinctly secund (the heads 1 -sided on the branches); [S. glaberrima Martens; Alta, to w Ont.] var. fasciculata Holz. 1 Plants seldom over 5 dm tall; lowermost leaves mostly persistent, the middle and upper ones relatively few and reduced, 2 Heads relatively large, the involucre mostly 4 or 5 mm high; inflorescence seldom at all secund; [S. concinna Nels.; s Alta.; collections from Field and Wilmer, B.C., are 1608 Solidago also placed here by Eastham 1947, but Boivin 1 967a, refers one (not stating which) to S. multiradiata, the other collection not having been seen by him] var. extraria Gray 2 Heads mostly smaller, the involucre rarely as much as 5 mm high; inflorescence tending to be somewhat secund; [var. montana Gray; B.C. {n to Taylor Flats, ca. 56°N) to Ont. (n to near Thunder Bay)] var. missouriensis S. mollis Bartl. /T/WW/ (Hpr) Dry plains, prairies, and sandy roadsides from w Mont, to s Alta, (clayey ditch at Lethbridge, where perhaps introd.; CAN), Sask. (n to Saskatoon; CAN), and sw Man. (N to Brandon; DAO), s to N.Mex., Okla., and Minn. [S. nemoralis var. incana (T. & G.) Gray (S. inc. T. & G.)]. S. multiradiata Ait. /aST/X/eA/ (Hsr) Meadows and rocky places at low to high elevations, the aggregate species from the Aleutian Is. and coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie to Victoria Is.. Great Bear L., Great Slave L., s Baffin Is., and northernmost Ungava-Labrador (the type material being cult, specimens originating from Labrador), s in the West to Calif, and N.Mex., farther eastwards s to cent. Sask. (lle-a-la-Crosse, 55°27'N, and Waskesiu Lake. 53°55'N; Breitung 1957a), Man. (s to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg; CAN), n Ont. (coasts of Hudson Bay-James Bay), Que. (s to s James Bay, Bic, Rimouski Co., and the n shore and Shickshoek Mts. of the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B. (near Hillsborough, Albert Co.; P.R. Roberts, Rhodora 67(769):92. 1965; not known from P.E.I.), and N.S. (St. Paul Is., Inverness Co.. Cape Breton Is.; GH); Chukch Pen,, ne Siberia, maps and synonymy: see below. 1 Heads in open roundish-topped corymbiform dusters; phyllaries often subobtuse; lower leaves rather consistently ciliate-margined; [S. scop. (Gray) Nels.; S. ciliosa Greene; S. corymbose Nutt.; the Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to Man.; map: Hulten 19686:852] var. scopulorum Gray 1 Heads in close compact clusters; phyllaries subacute to attenuate; lower leaves often ciliate only toward base, 2 Involucres commonly 4 or 5 mm high, with usually about 1 5 phyllaries; [n Dist. Mackenzie (Eskimo L. basin); sw James Bay. Ont.; Gaspe Pen., e Que. (Mt. Albert; type from Cap-des-Rosiers)] var. parviceps Fern. 2 Involucres commonly 6 or 7 mm high, with usually at least 20 phyllaries; [incl. var. arctica (DC.) Fern. (S. virgaurea var. arctica DC,); transcontinental; type from Labrador; maps: Porsild 1957: map 304, p. 198; Raup 1947: pi. 35; Hultdn 19686:852] var. multiradiata S. nemora/is Ait. /sT/X/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dry prairies, sterile soils, and open woods from B.C. (n to Tete Jaune, about 55 mi w of Jasper, Alta.) to L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (N to The Pas.), Ont. (n to Schreiber, n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatiere, Kamouraska Co.; CAN; reports from Anticosti Is. by John Macoun 1884. and Schmitt 1904, may be based upon S. hispida, as also the report from Nfld. by Waghorne 1898), N.B,, P.E.I., and N.S., s to Mont., Ariz., Tex., and Ga. Our B.C.-Alta.-Sask. material (and most of our Man. material except from $e Man ; see Love and Bernard 1959:432) is referable to var. decemflora (DC.) Fern. (S. dec . DC.; S longipetiolata Mack. & Bush; S. pulcherrima Nels.; basal leaves relatively narrow, subentire or shallowly toothed rather than distinctly crenate-serrate; heads all pedicelled rather than subsessile or pedicelled). S. occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G. /T/WW/ (Hpr) Moist valleys and plains from s B.C. (Keremeos, Penticton, Salmon Arm, Okanagan L., and Golden; CAN; reported from between Summerland and Osoyoos and from Kinbasket L., about 60 mi n of Revelstoke, by Eastham 1947; reports from Alta, require con- firmation) to Calif., N.Mex,, and Nebr. [ Euthamia Nutt.]. [S. odora Ait.] Sweet Goldenrod [The report of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Mo, and N.H.) from N.S. by Lindsay (1878; near 1609 Compositae Grand L., ?Halifax Co.) requires clarification. The tentative report from near Hamilton, s Ont., by John Macoun (1884; presumably taken up by Soper 1949) is probably referable to S. missouriensis, known from Hamilton (TRT), this supported by an 1892 Macoun collection in CAN from Sandwich, Essex Co., distributed as S. odora but proving to be S. missouriensis. Other collections in TRT from Windsor, Essex Co., and St. Thomas, Elgin Co., may also prove to be this latter species.] S. ohioensis Riddell /T/EE/ (Hs) Wet prairies, calcareous bogs, and sandy shores from Wise, and III. to s Ont. (Lambton, Lincoln, Waterloo, Simcoe, and Bruce counties; CAN; OAC; TRT) and nw N.Y. [Aster Ktze.; Oligoneuron Jones; S. houghtonii sensu John Macoun 1884, at least in part, a relevant collection from Red Bay, Bruce Co., s Ont., in CAN], A hybrid with S. ptarmicoides (Aster ptarm. of the present treatment) is reported from s Ont. by Boivin (1967a; x S. krotkovii Boivin, the type from Stokes Bay, Bruce Co.). S. patula Muhl. /t/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Meadows, wet woods, and ledges from Minn, to s Ont. (Lambton, Norfolk, Middlesex, Welland, Lincoln, Waterloo, Wellington, and York counties; CAN; GH; OAC; TRT) and VL, s to La. and N.C. S. puberula Nutt. /T/E/ (Hsr) Dry or peaty sterile soils, sands, and rocky barrens from Que. (n to L. St. John, Tadoussac, Saguenay Co., and Magdalen Is.; CAN; GH; MT; a collection in TRT from Brockville, ne shore of L. Ontario, Ont,, has also been placed here) to N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s in the Atlantic and Gulf states to nw Fla. and Miss. [Incl. vars. borealis and expansa Viet.]. Forma albiradiata Schofield & Smith (ray-ligules white rather than yellow) is known from the type locality near Goat Is., Lunenburg Co., N.S. S. purshii Porter /ST/EE/ (Hsr) Peaty or damp places from Man. (N to Lac du Bonnet, about 50 mi ne of Winnipeg) to Ont. (n to the Fawn R. at ca. 54°30'N, 88 W), Que. (n to Ungava Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to Makkovik, 55°05'N), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Minn., Ind., Pa., and N.Y. [S. chrysolepis Fern.; S. humilis Pursh and its var. abbei Boivin; S. uliginosa of Canadian reports in part, not Nutt.]. A hybrid with S. rugosa is reported from sw Que, by J.R. Beaudry and D.L. Chabot (Can. J. Bot. 37(2):216. 1959; St-Adolphe, Argenteuil Co.), S. riddellii Frank /T/EE/ (Hs) Wet prairies, swamps, and ditches from se Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg; Ldve and Bernard 1959) to s Ont. (Essex, Kent, Lambton. and Bruce counties; CAN; TRT), s to Mo,, Ohio, and Va. [Oligoneuron Rydb.]. A hybrid with S. rigida (x S. maheuxii Boivin) is reported from the type locality, Kleefeld, se Man., by Boivin (1966b). See note under Aster ptarmicoides var. lutescens . S. rigida L. /T/(X)/ (Hs (Hsr)) Dry prairies, thickets, and open woods from Alta, (n to near the B.C. boundary at ca. 56*N; CAN) to Sask. (n to McKague, 52^37^; CAN), Man. (n to Steeprock, about 100 mi n of Portage la Prairie; CAN), Ont. (near Thunder Bay; Essex, Elgin. Lambton, Middlesex, Brant, Waterloo, Renfrew, and York counties; CAN; TRT), and Mass,, s to N.Mex., Tex., La., and Ga. [Oligoneuron Rydb.]. Apart from the S Ont. material, our plant is referable to var. humilis Porter (var. canescens (Rydb.) Breitung; Oligoneuron (S.) canescens Rydb.; S. parvirigida Beaudry; achenes with a few short loose hairs near the summit rather than completely glabrous; stem relatively short and slender). A hybrid between S. parvirigida and S. riddellii is reported from se Man. by Ldve and Bernard (1959; near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg). 1610 Solidago S. rugosa Ait. /T/EE/ (Hpr) Damp woods, thickets, and meadows, the aggregate species from Ont. (n to the e shore of L, Superior about 35 mi nw of Sault Ste. Marie) to Que. (n to se James Bay, L, Mistassini, the Cote-Nord, and Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S., s to Tex. and Fla. 1 Stem merely scabrous-puberulent to short-hispid; leaves rounded at base, usually rather shallowly toothed, hispid beneath; [S. aspera Ait.; S. asperafa Pursh; Ont, is included in the range given by Gleason 1958] var. aspera (Ait.) Fern. 1 Stem sordid-villous at least above; leaves tapering at base, commonly coarsely sharp-serrate, more or less villous beneath var. rugosa 2 Lower panicle-branches often overtopped by the subtending leaves, these to over 1 dm long; [S. villosa Pursh; Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.] f. villosa (Pursh) Beaudry 2 Lower panicle-branches much surpassing the subtending leaves, these mostly less than 7 cm long; [Ont. to Nfld. and N.S.; reports from Man. require confirmation; map: R.H. Goodwin, Rhodora 39(459); fig. 1 (aggregate species; incomplete northwards), p. 23. 1937]. A purported hybrid with S. uliginosa (x S. beaudryi Botvin) is reported from the type locality. St-Adolphe-de-Howard, sw Que., by Boivin 1966b. x S. asperula Desf. is apparently a series of hybrids of various forms of S. rugosa and 5. sempervirens . It is known from Que., N.S. (see map by Goodwin, loc, cit., fig, 3, p. 25), and P.E.I. (Queens Co.; ACAD) f. rugosa S. sciaphila Steele /T/EE/ (Hsr) Ledges, cliffs, and sands from Minn, to Mich, and s Ont. (Boivin 1966b; Wasaga Beach, s Georgian Bay, L. Huron), s to Iowa and III. S. sempervirens L, Seaside Goldenrod /T/E/ (Hsr) Saline or brackish (sometimes fresh) places near the coast from Que. (St. Lawrence R estuary from Berthier-en-Bas, Montmagny Co., to Tadoussac, Saguenay Co., and the Gaspe Pen.; not known from Anticosti Is.) to Nfld., N.B.. P.E.I., N.S., N.J., and Va. [S. laevigata and S. viminea Ait.], map: R.H. Goodwin, Rhodora 39(459); fig. 2, p. 24. 1937. Forma ochroleuca Weatherby (ray-ligules very pale-yellow, almost white, rather than deep yellow) is known from the type locality, Parrsboro, Cumberland Co., N.S. A hybrid with S. uliginosa is reported from N.S. by Boivin (1966b; St. Paul Is., Inverness Co., Cape Breton Is.). S. spathulata DC. /ST/X/ (Hsr) Meadows and rocky places at low to alpine elevations, the aggregate species from Alaska- Yukon (n to ca. 68 N) and the Mackenzie R. Delta to Great Bear L , Great Slave L., L. Athabasca (Alta, and Sask.), Man. (n to the Nelson R. about 155 mi s of Churchill; CAN), Ont. (n to Schreiber, n shore of L. Superior), Que. (n to Anticosti Is.; CAN; MT), N.B., and N.S. (not known from P.E.I. ), s to Calif., Ariz., N.Mex., Wise., Mich., and Va. map and synonymy (together with a distinguishing key to two closely related, if not identical, “microspecies” of e Que.): see below. 1 Basal leaves tending to be acute or acutish; [Ont. eastwards] S, spathulata ssp. randii (Porter) Cronq. 2 Heads large (the involucres to 8(9) mm high), numerous in an often branched and loose inflorescence; [S. humilis var. giL Gray; S racemosa var. gil. (Gray) Fern.; s Ont. and N.B.] var. gillmanii (Gray) Cronq. 2 Heads mostly smaller (the involucre often not over 6 mm high). 3 Basal leaves up to 20 times as long as broad, tending to be subentire; inflorescence tending to be relatively loose and raceme-like, the heads on pedicels to over 1 cm long; [S. racemosa Greene; Ont., Que., and N.B.] var. racemosa (Greene) Gl. 3 Basal leaves mostly not more than 8 times as long as broad, tending to be sharply toothed; inflorescence tending to be relatively compact and thyrsoid, the heads on pedicels rarely over 4 mm long; [S. randii (Porter) Britt.; Ont., Que., and N.S.] var. randii 1 Basal leaves tending to be broadly obtuse or rounded at summit. 4 Leaves pale green, thickish; involucres 4 or 5 mm long, their phyllaries with an 1611 Compositae inconspicuous midrib; lobes of disk-corollas at most 1 mm long; pedicels to over 1 cm long S. spathulata ssp. spathulata 5 Stems to 8 dm tall; basal leaves mostly oblanceolate; inflorescence relatively elongate and loose, the heads on pedicels to over 1 cm long; [S. ?chlorolepis Fern.; S, confertiflora DC., not Nutt.; S. decumbens var. oreophila (Rydb.) Fern, (S. oreophila Rydb.); $. glutinosa Nutt.; Alaska-8. C. to Man.; ?Ont.; e ?Gue.; map (S. dec. var. oreo.) Hulten 1968b :853] var. neomexicana (Gray) Cronq. 5 Stems to about 1 .5 dm tall; basal leaves mostly spatufate or obovate; inflorescence short and compact; [S. humilis (glutinosa) var. nana Pursh; S. decumbens Greene; the Yukon-B.C.-Alta,] var. nana (Gray) Cronq. 4 Leaves dark green, relatively thin; involucres over 5 mm high, their phyllaries with a conspicuous deep-green midrib and tip; lobes of disk-corollas to over 1 mm long; inflorescence compact, the heads on pedicels rarely over 4 mm long; (types from Anticosti Is., e Que.]. 6 Involucre to 8 mm long; inner phyllaries oblong, often over 1 mm broad; lobes of disk-corollas at least 1.3 mm long S. anticostensis Fern. 6 Involucre at most about 6 mm long; inner phyllaries spatulate, rarely over 1 mm broad; lobes of disk-corollas about 1 mm long; [x S. raymondii Rousseau, an apparent hybrid between S. victorinii and S. (spathulata var.) racemosa, is reported from the type locality, Anticosti Is., E Que., by J. Rousseau 1950] S. victorinii Fern. S. speciosa Nutt. /t/EE/ (Hs) Dry to moist prairies, thickets, and open woods, the aggregate species from Minn, and Mich, (the report e to Sask. by Fernald in Gray 1950, requires clarification) to s Ont. (n to Bruce and York counties), N.Y., and Mass., s to Tex. and Ga. 1 Stem-leaves relatively few; lower leaves narrow as in var. angustata but usually persistent; [S. jejunifolia Steele; S. uliginosa var, jej. (Steele) Boivin; S. klughii Fern.; s Ont., the type of S. klughii from Oliphant, Bruce Co.] var, jejunifolia (Steele) Cronq. 1 Stem-leaves numerous; inflorescence dense. 2 Lower leaves oblanceolate to spatulate-oblong, mostly entire, generally deciduous; [var. rigidiuscula T, & G. (S. rig. (T. & G.) Porter); s Ont.: Lambton, Peel, and York counties] var. angustata T. & G. 2 Lower leaves ovate to oblong or obovate, entire or serrate, mostly persistent; [S. conferta Mack.; e US, A only, Canadian reports referring to the above taxa] [var. speciosa] S. squarrosa Mu hi. /T/EE/ (Hs (Hsr)) Rich open woods, thickets, and clearings from Ont. (n to Constance Bay, about 20 mi w of Ottawa) to Que. (n to L. Timiskaming at ca. 47°30'N and the sw Gaspe Pen. at Matapedia) and N.B. (CAN; GH; not known from P.E.I. or N.S.), s to Ky. and N.C. S. tenui folia Pursh /T/EE/ (Hpr) Swampy ground and dry to wet sands, gravels, and peats, the aggregate species from Mich., s ?Ont., and Ind. to w N.S. (e to Halifax Co.; see N.S. map 441 for S. galetorum by Roland 1947:578), s to Va. 1 Primary stem-leaves usually subtending fascicles of reduced leaves or sterile branches; leaves thin, acuminate; disk-florets 5-7, fewer than the rays; [Euthamia Greene; sOnt. (Middle Sister Is. of the Erie Archipelago, Essex Co.; Core 1 948) and w N.S.] . . . var. tenuifolia 1 Primary stem-leaves seldom subtending reduced leaves or branches; leaves thickish, obtuse to short-acute; disk-florets usually 12 or more, at least as numerous as the rays; [S. galetorum (Greene) Friesner; N.S., the type from Salmon L., Yarmouth Co.] var. pycnocephala Fern. S. uliginosa Nutt, /sT/X/ (Hsr) Moist to dryish thickets and acid swamps, bogs, and rocks (ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below), s to Wise., Ohio, N.Y., and N.H. 1612 Sonchus 1 Stem to 1 .5 dm tall, with up to 40 leaves; lower leaves to 8 cm broad; panicle to 4.5 dm long and 2.5 dm broad; [incl. van levipes Fern.; S. neglecta T. & G.; S. urriligulata var. negl. (T. & G.) Fern.; s Ont. (Lambton Co.) and N.S.] var. uliginosa 1 Stem less than 1 m tall, commonly with not more than 20 leaves; lower leaves mostly not over 3 cm broad. 2 Panicle relatively narrow, to 2.5 dm long and 1 dm thick; [S. linoides T. & G.; S. neglecta var. tin. (T. & G.) Gray; S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter; S. humilis var. peracuta Fern.; se Man. (CAN; DAO) and Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 52°10'N)to Que. (n to s James Bay and the Cote-Nord), Labrador (n to the Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.] var. linoides (T. & G.) Fern. 2 Panicle corymbiform to broadly pyramidal, to about 1 .5 dm thick; [S. terrae-novae T. & G., the type from Nfld.; S. uniligulata var. ter. (T. & G.) Fern.; e Que. (Magdalen Is.), Nfld., N.B., and N.S.] var. ferrae-novae (T. & G.) Fern. S. ulmifolia Muhl. /t/EE/ (Hsr) Dry rocky woods and thickets from se Minn, to s Ont. (Lincoln and Welland counties; CAN; TRT), Vt., and Mass, (the inclusion of N.S. in the range by Gleason 1958, requires clarification), s to Tex., Okla., Ark., and Ga. SONCHUS L. [9595] Sow-Thistle. Laiteron 1 Perennials with deep vertical roots and extensively creeping horizontal rootstocks; heads to 5 cm broad, the flowers bright yellow to orange-yellow; involucre to over 2 cm long; achenes with at least 5 prominent longitudinal ribs, strongly rugose; (introd,, transconti- nental) S. arvensis 1 Annuals with taproots; heads less than 2,5 cm broad, pale yellow; involucre rarely over 12 mm long; (introd., transcontinental). 2 Achenes 3-nerved on each side, otherwise smooth; leaves strongly spiny-toothed, their basal auricles rounded S. asper 2 Achenes striate and transversely wrinkled, papillate; leaves with soft spiny teeth and acute basal auricles S. oleraceus S. arvensis L. Field-Sow-Thistle Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N, America, as in s Alaska (n to ca. 59°N), sw Yukon (Whitehorse; CAN), sw Dist. Mackenzie, and all the provinces (in Man., n to Churchill; in Ont. -Que., n to James Bay). The following key includes characters used by Fernald in Gray (1950) to separate the nonglandular S. arvensis var. glabrescens from the nonglandular (but supposedly distinct) S. uliginosus Bieb. Following cytological studies, however, W. Shumovich and F.H. Montgomery (Can. J. Agric. Sci. 35(6):601-05, 1955) conclude that these two taxa are both tetraploids (2n= 18) and that the name S. uliginosus Bieb. should, through priority, be used to unite the nonglandular taxa as a species distinct from the hexaploid (2n= 27) S. arvensis var. arvensis, the glandular plant. 1 Involucres and peduncles stipitate-glandular. 2 Gland-tipped hairs few; [type from a plant nursery at Ottawa, Ont.; denoted by Boivin 1967a, as a hybrid between S. arvensis and its var. glabrescens] var. shumovichii Boivin 2 Gland-tipped hairs numerous; [Alaska (Juneau, Hyder, Burroughs Bay, and Port Vita; Hulten 1950), sw Dist. Mackenzie (J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat. 75(3):120. 1961), B.C. (Henry 1915), Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to the Carrot R. n of The Pas), Ont. (n to w James Bay at ca. 53°N), Que. (n to e James Bay at ca. 51°30'N and the Cote-Nord), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; map (aggregate species): Hultdn 1 968b:950] var. arvensis 1 Involucres and peduncles glabrous or with some small and obscure tufts of tomentum, but not stipitate-glandular. 3 Involucres broadly campanulate to hemispherical; phyllaries uniformly deep green to lead-colour; [S. ?uliginosus Bieb.; essentially the range of the species but not 1613 Compositae definitely known from Alaska- B.C. and in Man. extending n to Churchill] var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab., & Wimm. 3 Involucres relatively slender, their pale phyllaries white-margined S. uliginosus Bieb, $. asper (L.) Hill Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. Chaudronnet Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, the ranges of Canadian taxa outlined below. 1 Stem and floral-axis stipitate-glandular with reddish glands; [probably throughout the range; known definitely from Man. {Bowsman River, n of Duck Mt.}, Ont. (Kapuskasing), and Que. (Timiskaming)] f. glandulosa Beckh. 1 Plant not stipitate-glandular. 2 Stem-leaves undivided; [Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg), Ont. (Kapuskasing), Que. (Charlevoix and Saguenay counties), N.B., and P.E.I.] — f. inermis (Bisch.) Beck 2 Stem-leaves more or less pinnatifid; [S. oleraceus var. asper L.; s Alaska-s Yukon-B.C.-Alta. to Sask, (n to Tisdale, 52°51 N), Man. (n to Swan R., n of Duck Mt.), Ont. (n to Kapuskasing, 49°24'N), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord), Labrador (Hamilton R. basin), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S.; w Greenland n to ca. 70°N; map: Hulten 1968b:951] f. asper S. oleraceus L. Common-Sow-Thistle, Milk-Thistle. Laiteron potager Eurasian; introd. in cult, fields and waste ground in N. America, as in cent. Alaska (Mendenhall; Hulten 1950), $w Dist. Mackenzie (near Simpson at 62°51'N; Raup 1947), and all the provinces (in Ont., n to w James Bay at ca. 53gN), in w Greenland n to ca. 70°N. [Var. triangularis Wallr.]. map: Hulten 1968b: 951. Forma iacerus (Willd.) Beck (leaf-lobes all narrow and subequal rather than the terminal half of the leaf much larger than the lateral lobes) is known from P.E.I. (wharf at Charlottetown; ACAD) and probably occurs throughout the range. STEPHANOMERIA Nutt. [9576] Rush-Pink, Skeletonweed 1 Flowers mostly 10-21, the heads relatively large, with up to 8 principal phyllaries; achenes longitudinally ribbed and grooved; leaves entire or more often with distant salient sharp teeth or slender lobes; stem mostly simple but sometimes branched at the base, to 3 dm tall, from deep-seated creeping roots; (B.C.) S. lactucina 1 Flowers mostly 5, the heads relatively small, with mostly 5 principal phyllaries; stems several from a taproot often surmounted by a stout branching caudex. 2 Plants mostly not over about 2 dm tall, the principal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; achenes more or Jess rugose-tuberculate and pitted as well as longitudinally grooved (rather than ribbed); (sw Alta, to sw Sask.) ........... S. runcinata 2 Plants to about 7 dm tall, with filiform or linear, entire or toothed leaves; achenes longitudinally ribbed and grooved, otherwise smooth or very nearly so; (s B.C.) ... . — .... S. tenuifolia S. iactucina Gray /t/W/ (Gr) Dry slopes and pine forests in the foothills from B.C. (T.M.C. Taylor 1966b, the locality or localities not given but presumably near the U.S.A. boundary in the Dry Interior) to Calif, and Nev. S. runcinata Nutt. /T/WW/ (Grt) Dry plains and foothills from Mont, to sw Alta, (along the St. Mary R., s of Lethbridge, where taken by John Macoun in 1895; CAN; reported from near Milk River by J.M. Macoun 1896) and sw Sask. (J.M. Macoun 1896; Wood Mountain, about 85 mi se of Swift Current), s to Colo, and nw Nebr. [S. minor sensu John Macoun 1884, not (Hook.) Nutt.], S. tenuifolia (Torr.) Hall /t/WW/ (Grt (Gr)) Dry rocky places from the plains to moderate elevations in the mts. from s 1614 Tanacetum B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Clinton, about 60 mi nw of Kamloops, £ to Keremeos, near the U.S.A. boundary sw of Penticton) and Mont, to Calif, and Tex, [?Prenanthes Torr.; Ptiloria Raf.; Lygodesmia Shinners; L fSJ minor Hook.]. [TAGETES L,] [9311] Marigold [T. patula L.] French Marigold [This Mexican species (the genus not keyed out above but closely related to Helenium) is reported as introd. but not persisting in Que. by C. Rousseau (Nat. can. (Gue.) 98:727. 1971; Ste-Foy, near Quebec City). It is a bushy-branched annual, the leaves pinnately divided into about 12 lanceolate to oblong serrate leaflets (the teeth tipped with a long weak awn), the long-ped uncled heads solitary, about 3.5 cm broad, the numerous rays yellow with red markings.] TANACETUM L. [9341] Tansy. Tanaisie 1 Heads numerous in a flattish-topped corymbose inflorescence, the disks at most 1 cm broad; leaves 2-pinnatifid, essentially glabrous; stem erect, glabrous; (introd., trans- continental) T. vulgare 1 Heads fewer, the disks over 1 cm broad; stem more or less villous or lanate, at least in youth. 2 Heads commonly not more than 3, the disks to 2.5 cm broad; rays to 4 mm broad, protruding by as much as 5 mm; leaves essentially 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments comparatively broad; stem nearly erect, villous; (Alaska) T. bipinnatum 2 Heads numbering up to 20 or more, the disks rarely over 2 cm broad; rays to 2.5 mm broad, protruding at most 3 mm; leaves mostly 3-pinnatifid; stems more or less decumbent at base. 3 Divisions of leaves obtuse or rounded at apex, the ultimate ones oblong; heads commonly rather numerous (but seldom more than 20); rays deeply 3-lobed, not much surpassing the adjacent disk-florets; (?B.C.) [T. douglasii] 3 Divisions of leaves acute, the ultimate ones lanceolate; heads usually fewer; rays obscurely lobed, markedly surpassing the adjacent disk-florets; (trans- continental) T, huronense T. bipinnatum (L) Schulz-Bip. /aSs/W/EA/ (Hsr) Sandy or peaty places in Alaska (n to ca. 71 °N; the report from the Mackenzie R. Delta by Porsild 1951a, is apparently referable to T. huronense); ne Europe; N Asia. [Chrysanthemum L.; Pyrethrum Willd.; T. (Artemisia) kotzebuense Bess.], map: Hulten 19686:892 ( Chrys . bip. ). [T. douglasii DC.] [The inclusion of B.C. in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) by Hitchcock et al. (1955) is referred by Calder and Taylor (1968) to T. huronense var. huronense. with which they merge it in synonymy. {Chrysanthemum Hult,),] T. huronense Nutt. /ST/(X)/ (Hsr) Peaty, sandy, or gravelly shores and slopes (chiefly calcareous), the aggregate species from Alaska-Yukon (n to ca. 67°30'N), the Mackenzie R. Delta, and w B.C. (Queen Charlotte Is. and Vancouver Is.) eastwards in scattered stations in Canada, Mich., and Maine as outlined below, map and synonymy: see below. 1 Heads commonly more than 6, the flowering stem to about 8 dm tall and with up to about 1 5 leaves; [Chrysanthemum bipinnatum ssp, hur. (Nutt.) Hult.; T, pauciflorum sensu Richardson 1823, and Hooker 1833. not DC. nor Fisch.; Alaska-Yukon-NW Dist, Mackenzie-w B.C.; shores of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior (type from Mich.); map (aggregate species): Hulten 1968b:893 {Chrys. bip. var. hur. )] var. huronense 1 Heads commonly less than 6, the flowering stems rarely over 4 dm tall. 2 Leaves to 3 dm long and about 1 .5 dm broad, their acute primary segments comparatively remote and with rather remote ultimate segments; flowering stem to 4.5 1615 Composrtae dm tall, with up to 5 heads and 10 leaves; [incl. var. monocephalum Boivin; Mich., Ont. (im to s James Bay), E Que. (Kamouraska, Temiscouata, Matapedia, and Bonaventure counties), N.B. (Restigouche R. and St. John R. systems, the type from Woodstock), and Maine] var. johannense Fern. 2 Leaves at most about 1 dm long and 5 cm broad, their bluntish primary segments with rather crowded divisions. 3 Flowering stem to over 3 dm tall, glabrous or sparingly pilose, with up to about 1 0 sparsely pilose leaves and up to 6 heads; [Omalanthus (T.) camphoratus sensu Hooker 1833. as to the York Factory. Man., plant, not Less.; n Alta, (L, Athabasca); ne Man. {York Factory region); Ont. (n to w Hudson Bay at ca. 56°40'N); Que. (E James Bay-Hudson Bay n to Hudson Strait; type from Anticosti Is.] var. bifarium Fern. 3 Flowering stem at most about 2 dm tall, copiously lanate, with rarely more than 4 white-lanafe leaves and 1 or 2 heads; [var. ffoccosum Raup; f. tanatum Rousseau; n Sask. (L. Athabasca); cent. Ont. (Winisk, 55°12'N); Que. (e James Bay; Ungava Bay; Anticosti Is.); Nfld. (type from Ingomachoix Bay)] var. terrae-novae Fern. T. vulgare L. Common Tansy, Golden-buttons Eurasian: introd. along roadsides and borders of woods and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in se Alaska (Hyder, Douglas, and Sitka; HultOn 1950), sw Dist. Mackenzie (J.W. Thieret, Can. Field-Nat. 76(4):208. 1962), s B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Yale; Kootenay L.), Alta, (n to Edmonton), Sask. (n to Golburn, 52t?46'N), Man. (n to Swan River, n of Duck Mt.), Ont. (n to Renison, s of James Bay at ca. 51 °N), Que. (n to the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Ga$p6 Pen.), ?Labrador (Boivin 1966b), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. [Chrysanthemum Bernh.]. map (Chrys. vulg. ): HultOn 19686:891. Forma crispum (L.) Fern, (var. crispum L.; leaves deeply incised and crisped rather than merely cut-toothed) occurs nearly throughout our range, TARAXACUM Zinn [9592] Dandelion. Pisenlrt 1 Flowers creamy white or pale yellow, often suffused with pink; achenes copiously tuberculate above the middle, commonly smoothish below; inner phyilaries not conspicuously corniculate-appendaged (horn-tipped); leaves subentire or shallowly and broadly few-lobed; (arctic regions) T. hyparcticum 1 Flowers sulphur- to orange-yellow. 2 Mature achenes mostly tuberculate nearly to base, the tubercles crowded in the upper half, the surface of the achene lacking conspicuous flat areas between the tubercles. 3 Achene-beak at most about 5 mm long; involucre blackish, less than 1 .5 cm high, with rarely more than 12 phyilaries, these with callous or only slightly corniculate-appendaged tips; leaves subentire, dentate, or sinuate; scape less than 1 dm tall; (arctic-subarctic regions) T. phymatoearpum 3 Achene-beak at least 6 mm long; involucre lighter in colour; leaves mostly dentate to runcinate; scapes commonly taller. 4 Many phyilaries with a conspicuous corniculate appendage near the tip; outer phyilaries short and appressed or. if otherwise, broader than the inner ones; pappus creamy. 5 Inner phyilaries at most about 2 cm long, their tips with short appendages or none; outer phyilaries tightly appressed, short, firm, with conspicuous white margins; achene-beak less than 1.5 cm long; (chiefly subarctic and alpine regions) T. ceratophorum 5 Inner phyilaries to about 2.5 cm long, mostly with coarse appendages much surpassing their tips; outer phyilaries about 2/3 as long as the inner, finally loosely spreading or recurving, lacking conspicuous white margins; achene-beak to 17 mm long; (e Que. and w Nfld.) T. laurentianum 4 Most or all phyilaries unappendaged near tip; outer phyilaries thin and 1616 Taraxacum herbaceous (if strongly recurving, only slightly broader than the inner ones); pappus white. 6 Leaves commonly broad at base and with mostly entire teeth and lobes; inner phyllaries during anthesis united only at base; achenes pale brown or reddish, the body to 4.5 mm long, the beak to 9 mm long; (e Que., s Labrador, and Nfld.) . , T. ambigens 6 Leaves commonly slender-petioled, their lobes and teeth themselves sharply toothed; inner phyllaries during anthesis united up to 6 mm above base; achenes commonly paler, the body less than 4 mm long, the beak to 12 mm long; (e Que., Nfld., and N.B.) T. latilobum 2 Mature achenes tuberculate only above middle or, if occasionally below, the surface of the achene with broad flat areas between the remote tubercles. 7 Many phyllaries with a conspicuous corniculate appendage near tip. 8 Achenes red or reddish purple, the body to 3.5 mm long, the beak to 8 mm long; pappus creamy or sordid; rays sulphur-yellow; leaves slender-petioled, cleft nearly or quite to the midrib into long narrow lobes with intermediate shorter lobes; (introd. from s Dist. Mackenzie-B.C. to N.S.) T. laevigatum 8 Achenes greyish, drab, olivaceous, or pale brown; rays commonly orange- yellow. 9 Leaves deeply sinuate, the narrow lobes lacerate at base and with intermediate narrow lobes; achenes about 4 mm long, with a slender tip (pyramid) to 1.5 mm long below the beak, this to 13 mm long; pappus white; (e Que. and nw Nfld.) [T. longii] 9 Leaves shallowly toothed or, if deeply lobed, the lobes chiefly entire; fruit with a stouter pyramid at least half as broad as long. 10 Outer phyllaries straw-colour or whitish brown, lance-attenuate; achenes about 3.5 mm long, the beak to 11 mm long; rays orange-yellow; leaves broadly obfanceolate; (the Yukon-B.C. to s Baffin Is, and Que.) T. dumetorum 10 Outer phyllaries herbaceous, greyish brown, ovate or short-lanceolate; achenes to 4.5 mm long, the beak less than 9 mm long; pappus creamy; rays pale yellow; leaves linear-oblanceolate; (transcontinental in arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions) T. lacerum 7 Most or all phyllaries unappendaged near tip. 1 1 Achene-body to about 4.5 mm long, attenuate into the pyramid (this to 2 mm long), the beak commonly 6 or 7 mm long; leaves shallowly and broadly few-lobed, tapering into long slender petioles; scapes rarely over 2 dm tall; (n Que. and n Labrador) [T. torngatense] 1 1 Achene-body more or less abruptly contracted to the short pyramid; scapes commonly taller. 12 Leaves mostly broad at base or with broadly winged petioles, the lobes commonly entire, the intermediate lobes few or none; achenes to 5 mm long, olivaceous or greyish brown; (chiefly arctic and subarctic regions) T. lapponicum 12 Leaves usually narrowed to slender petiolar bases, at least the longer lobes toothed and with frequent intermediate smaller lobes or teeth; achenes at most 4 mm long, olivaceous or tawny; (introd., trans- continental) T. officinale T. ambigens Fern. /T/E/ (Hr) Calcareous ledges, meadows, and shores of e Que. (Cote-Nord and Gaspe Pen.; CAN; GH), s Labrador (Forteau, 51°28'N), and Nfld. (type from Port au Choix). [Incl. var. fultius Fern.]. T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC, /AST/X/GEA/ (Hr) Meadows, ledges, and cliffs (chiefly calcareous) from the Aleutian Is. and Alaska (n to the n coast) to the Yukon (n to ca. 63"N), Great Bear L., Great Slave L., n Sask. (L. 1617 Compositae Athabasca and Hasbala L), Man. (n to Churchill; not known from Ont., the report from Moosonee, s James Bay, by Dutilly and Lepage 1947, being referred by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954, to 7 scanicum, merged with 7 laevigatum in the present treatment), s Baffin Is., Que. (coasts of Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay; Bicf Rimouski Co.; Gaspe Pen.), and Nfld. (not known from the Maritime Provinces), s in the West through B.C.-Alta. to Calif, and N.Mex.; w Greenland n to ca. 70°N; northernmost Greenland; Spitsbergen; Eurasia. [Leontodon Ledeb.; incl. 7 aleuticum Tatew. 6 Kitamura, 7 chamissonis and T. ovinum Greene, 7. pellianum Porsild, 7 ruberaceum Hagl., and 7. brachyceras, 7 hyperboreum, 7 tateritium, and 7 trigonolobum Dahlst.; 7. officinale var. ?glaucescens Koch; 7 ?carthamopsis M.P, Porsild; 7. montanum Nutt. ( Leontodon monticola Rydb.), not (Mey.) DC.], maps; Hulten 19686:945; Raup 1947: pi. 37. 7 dumetorum Greene /aST/X/ (Hr) Meadows and calcareous ledges from s-cent. Yukon (CAN) and sw Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Smith and Fort Providence, ca. 61°20'N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):68, 1961) to B.C.-Alta., Sask. (n to Prince Albert; CAN; cited in synonymy under 7. ceratophorum by Breitung 1957a), Man. (N to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Nipigon and sw James Bay at ca. 53°N; see Ont-Que. James Bay map by Dutilly, Lepage, and Duman 1954; fig. 18, p. 125), Que. (Hudson Strait; James Bay watershed s to the Harricanaw R. at ca. 50°N), and s Baffin Is., the s limits very uncertain through confusion with other species. [Leontodon Rydb.; incl. 7. russeolum Dahlst.], 7 hyparcticum Dahlst. /Aa/(X)/G/ (Hr) Grassy tundra (often near animal burrows or human habitations) from Banks Is. to Prince Patrick Is. and Ellesmere Is. (n to ca. 81 °N), s to the coast of Dist. Mackenzie and Baffin Is. at ca. 67°N; northernmost Greenland s to ca. 77°30'N. maps: Hulten 19686:948; Porsild 1957: map 329, p. 202; Savile 1961 ; map D, p. 928. 7. lacerum Greene /aST/X/G/ (Hr) Meadows and moist places from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Mackenzie-Dist. Keewatin to Banks Is., Prince Patrick Is., n Baffin Is,, and northernmost Ungava-Labrador, s in the mts. of the West to s B.C.-Alta. (type from the upper Liard R.. n B.C.), farther eastwards s to n Sask. (L. Athabasca; included in the synonymy of 7. ceratophorum by Breitung 1957a), Man. (s to Cross Lake, ne of L. Winnipeg), northernmost Ont. (known only from the Hudson Bay coast at ca. 56-45 ' N), Que. (s to se James Bay, the Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen.; not known from the Maritime Provinces), and Nfld.; w Greenland n to ca. 73CN. [Incl. 7 arctogenum , 7. canadense, 7 ceratodon, 7. groenlandicum, 7 malteanum, 7. pseudonor- vegicum, and 7 umbrinum Dahlst., 7 arcticum (Trautv.) Dahlst, 7. mutilum Greene, and 7 ochraceum Hagl.; 7. leptoceras of Greenland reports, not Dahlst.]. maps: Hulten 19686:946; Porsild 1 957; map 327, p. 201 ; Raup 1 947: pi. 37; Savile 1961: map K, p. 929. T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Red-seeded Dandelion European; introd. in dry sterile soils in N. America, as in sw Dist. Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, ca. 62° N; W.J. Cody, Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):68. 1961), B.C. (n to Kamloops and Revelstoke), Alta. (Moss 1959), Sask. (n to Foam L. at 53°36'N; Breitung 1957a), Man, (n to Gillam, about 165 mi s of Churchill; DAO), Ont. (n to the n shore of L. Superior at Schreiber and Rossport, and Moosonee, s James Bay, ca. 51°20'N), Que. (n to Berthier-en-Bas, Montmagny Co.; Marcel Raymond, Ann. ACFAS 7:105. 1941), N.B., and N.S. [Leontodon Willd.; 7 (L) erythrospermum Andrz,; incl. 7. scanicum Dahlst.]. map: Hulten 19686:947 (the N. American range given for the section Erythrosperma applies here). The report of the similarly red-fruited 7 eriophorum Rydb. (native in the w U.S.A. from Wash, to Wyo.) from Alaska by Hitchcock et al. (1955) is probably referable to the European 7. scanicum Dahlst., reported from Alaska by Hulten (1950; 19686) but included in 7 laevigatum in the present treatment. The report from sw Alta, by Breitung (19576; Waterton Lakes) may also prove referable to 7 laevigatum, distinguished from 7 eriophorum as follows: 1 Inner phyllaries commonly corniculate-appendaged; leaves tending to be deeply incised most of their length; (introd. weedy species) 7, laevigatum 1618 Taraxacum 1 Inner phyllaries seldom appendaged; leaves less dissected; [native montane species of the w U.S.A.] [7. eriophorum Rydb.J 7. lapponicum Kihlm. /aST/(X)/GEA/ (Hr) Meadows, damp ledges, shores, and alpine slopes, the range very uncertain through confusion with other species but tentatively from the Aleutian Is. to the n coast of Alaska, cent. Yukon, the Mackenzie R, Delta, n Sask. (L. Athabasca; included in 7. ceratophorum by Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Churchill, s perhaps to Norway House, off the ne end of L. Winnipeg}, n Ont, (coast of Hudson Bay s to Fort Severn, ca, 56 N), James Bay (South Twin Is., ca. 53 N), Que. (coasts of Hudson Bay- James Bay and Ungava Bay; Cote-Nord, Anticosti Is., and Gaspe Pen,), Labrador (s to ca. 55°N), and Nftd. ; s half of w and e Greenland; Eurasia. [Inch 7. alaskanum Rydb., 7 dentifolium Hag!., and 7, acidolepis, 7. croceum, 7. kamtschaticum, 7. maurostylum , 7, purpuridens, and 7. rhodolepis Dahlst, ; 7, officinale sensu Fernald and Sornborger 1899, at least as to the Ramah, Labrador, plant, the relevant collection in GH; 7. (Leontodon) ?rupestre Greene; L. (T.) ?scopulorum (Gray) Rydb,], maps: Porsild 1957: map 328, p. 201; Raup 1947: pi. 37 (indicating a station in cent. B.C. at Mt. Selwyn, ca. 56°N); the maps by Hulten 1 968b, for 7. alaskanum and 7. kamtschaticum apply here for the w area. 7. latilobum DC. /T/E/ (Hr) Rocky slopes and talus, often calcareous, from e Que. (n coast of the Gaspe Pen.; the reports from B.C. by Henry 1915, and from Man. by Jackson et al. 1922, require clarification) to Nfld. (type material taken by Bachelot de la Pylaie in 1 823). N.B. (St. John and Grand Manan; CAN; GH; NBM), and Maine. [Leontodon Britt.]. 7. laurentianum Fern. /T/E/ (Hr) Calcareous meadows, ledges, and shores of e Que. (Mingan Is. of the Cote-Nord and Anticosti Is.; CAN; GH) and w Nfld. (type from Ha-Ha Bay). [Perhaps best merged with 7. ceratophorum or 7. dumetorum ]. [T. longii Fern.] [Calcareous turfs and gravels of Que. (Chimo, s Ungava Bay; Grande-Riviere, Gaspe Pen.; DAO; GH) and nw Nfld. (type from Ha-Ha Mt.). Perhaps best merged with 7. ceratophorum.] T. officinale Weber Common Dandelion European; a very common weed in lawns, fields, and waste places in N. America, as in Alaska (n to ca. 65 N). the Yukon (n to ca. 62 N), Dist. Mackenzie (n to Great Slave L.), and all the provinces (in Man., n to Churchill; in Labrador, n to the Hamilton R. basin). [7. dens-leonis Desi; Leontodon (T.) taraxacum L.; L. (T.) vulgare Lam.; incl. var. paiustre (Sm.) Blytt. (L (T.) palustre Sm.)], map: Hulten 1968b: 945. 7. phymaiocarpum Vahl /AS/X/GeA/ (Hr) Calcareous ledges and alpine slopes from the coasts of Alaska-Yukon-Dist. Keewatin to northernmost Ellesmere Is., s to s Baffin Is.; w and E Greenland n to ca. 70QN; ne Siberia. [Incl. 7 eurylepium Dahlst. and 7. pumilum Dahlst., not Gaud.], maps: Hulten 1968b:948; Fernald 1933: map 12, p. 122. [T. torngatense Fern.] [Known only from granitic cliffs of n Labrador, the type from Nachvak Bay, ca. 59°N. Perhaps best merged with 7. lapponicum, ] NOTE In addition to many merged in synonymy under the species treated above, the following species ("?microspecies”) of Taraxacum have been reported from Alaska-Canada-Greenland (the ranges of most of the Alaskan ones mapped by Hulten 1 950 and 1968b): (1) Alaska-Yukon endemics: 7. atkaense Tatew. & Kitamura, 7. carneocoloratum Nels., and many species described by Haglund (7. andersonii, angulatum, arietinum, aureum, caligans , cal- 1619 Compositae lorhinorum, chlorostephum , chromocarpum, cinericolor, decorifolium, demissum, eyerdamii, fabbeanum, festivum, hypochoeropsis, kodiakense, leptoglossum, leptopholis, mauroiepium, microcera s, mitratum, multesimum, ochraceum, paralium, patagiatum, phalolepis, pribilofense, scotostigma, signatum, speirodon, and sublacerum). (2) Alaska-Yukon endemic: 7. vagans Haglund. (3) the Yukon endemic: 7. latilimbatum Haglund. (4) the Yukon-B.C. endemic: 7. flavovirens Haglund. (5) Alaska-Dist. Mackenzie endemic: 7 integratum Haglund. (6) Alaska; Europe: 7 retroflexum Lindb. f. (introd. in Alaska; collections in CAN and RIM from Temiscouata and Rimouski counties and the Gaspe Pen., e Que., have also been placed here by Haglund); T. dahlstedtii and 7. undulatum Lindb. f., the former introd. in Alaska and e Que. (7) Alaska; Asia: 7. glabrum DC. (7. kamtschaticum Dahlst.; 7. lyratum of auth. in part, not Leontodon lyratus ledeb.); 7. collinum DC.; 7. scanicum Dahlst. (introd. in Alaska; also reported from w James Bay, Ont., by Dutifly, Lepage, and Duman 1954, and a collection in RIM from Cacouna, Temiscouata Co., e Que., has been referred to it by Haglund); 7. sibiricum Dahlst. (8) Greenland endemic: 7. amphiphron Bocher. (9) Greenland; Europe: 7. devians and 7. naevosum Dahlst.; 7. atroglaucum, 7. cyclocentrum, T. dilutisquameum, and 7. fatispinulosum Chr. (10) Greenland; Eurasia: 7. campylodes Haglund, 7. firmum and 7. islandiciforme Dahlst., 7. nivale Lange, and 7. curvidens, 7. davidssonii, and 7. pleniflorum Chr. Collections from Quebec have been referred by Haglund to the following species: 7 disseminatum Haglund (Bic, Rimouski Co.; RIM); 7. kjellmanii Dahlst. (Cacouna, Temiscouata Co., and Bic, Rimouski Co.; RIM); 7. iingulatum Markl. (Cacouna; RIM); 7 sublaeticolor Dahlst (Port Daniel, Gaspe Pen.; RIM); 7. tenebricans Dahlst. (Cacouna and the Gaspe Pen.; CAN; DAO; RIM); 7 tumentilobum Markl, (Nouvelle, Gaspe Pen.; DAO; RIM). 7. densifolium Kihlm. is also reported from Quebec by Rouleau (1947). TETRADYMIA DC. [9410] 7 canescens DC. Horse-brush /t/W/ (N) Dry open plains and foothills from s B.C. (valleys of the Dry Interior n to Kamloops and Vernon; CAN; V) and Mont, to Calif, and N.Mex, THELESPERMA Less. [9236] Green-thread 7. marginatum Rydb. /T/W/ (Grh) Dry plains and foothills from s Alta. (Fort Macleod, w of Lethbridge, and Medicine Hat, the type locality, where taken by John Macoun in 1894; CAN; the inclusion of Sask. in the range by Rydberg 1922, requires confirmation; not listed by Breitung 1957a) through w Mont, to sw Wyo. [7 ambiguum sensu J.M. Macoun 1895, not Gray, the relevant collection in CAN]. TOWNSENDIA Hook. [8895] (Ref.: Larsen 1927; Beaman 1957) 1 Plants annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial, from densely strigose or short-pubescent to subglabrate, the leafy stems from a crown surmounted by a basal tuft of persistent leaves, usually over 5 cm tall; basal leaves oblanceolate, long-petioled, the stem-leaves similar but much reduced. 2 Rays lavender to blue or purplish, distinctly bluish when dried, to 2 cm long; disk commonly over 2 cm broad; involucre to about 1 .5 cm high; (se B.C. and sw Alta.) 7. parry i 2 Rays pinkish, not at ail bluish on drying, to 12 mm long; disk 1 or 2 cm broad; involucre to 1 cm high [7. florifer] 1 Plants perennial, stemless and caespitose, usually not over 5 cm tall, the taproot surmounted by a stout branching caudex. 3 Leaves (and involucre) conspicuously woolly-villous with long loose hairs, spatulate to obovate, to about 1.5 cm long and 4 mm broad; heads either sessile among the 1620 Tragopogon leaves or solitary on naked scapes to 5 cm tall; ray-tigules lavender or bluish violet, usually 1 or 2 cm long; pappus readily deciduous [T. spathulata ] 3 Leaves (and involucre) subglabrate or merely strigose; heads subsessile among the erect leaves; ray-ligules white or pinkish; pappus persistent. 4 Involucres to 16 mm high, their larger phyllaries to 2.5 mm broad; rays to 18 mm long; disk-corollas to about 12 mm long; leaves oblanceolate, to 4 mm broad; (s B,C. to sw Man.) T. exscapa 4 Involucres to 12 mm high, their phyllaries at most about 1 mm broad; rays mostly less than 12 mm long; disk-corollas mostly not over 8 mm long; leaves linear or nearly so, mostly only 1 or 2 mm broad [7". mensana] T. exscapa (Richards.) Porter /sT/WW/ (Hr (Ch)) Dry valleys, plains, and foothills from se B.C. (Columbia Valley n to fnvermere and Windermere; Eastham 1947; a remarkable station for T. hookeri reported on dry embankments at about 2,500 ft in sw Yukon by Porsild 1966) to Alta, (n to Jasper; CAN), Sask. (n to the type locality near Carlton, about 35 mi sw of Prince Albert), and sw Man. (n to Routledge and Brandon), s to Ariz., Tex., and Kans. [Aster exscapa Richards., the type a Richardson collection from Carlton House Fort, Sask.; T. sericea Hook.; incl. T. hookeri Beaman], maps; Hulten 19680:855 (T. hook.)- Porsild 1966: map 159 ( T . hook.), p. 86; Atlas of Canada 1957: map 11, sheet 38; Beaman 1957: map 12, p. 105; Larsen 1927: pi. 1 , p. 6. [T. flortfer (Hook.) Gray] [The report of this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, and Mont, to Nev. and Utah) from sw Alta, by John Macoun 1884, was later referred by Macoun 1886, to T. parryi var. alpina, the relevant collections in CAN. ( Erigeron Hook.; Stenotus T. & G.). The maps by Beaman (1957: map 13, p. 115) and Larsen (1927: pi. 1, p. 6) indicate no Canadian stations.] [T. mensana Jones] [The inclusion of Alta, in the range of this species of the w U.S.A. (Mont, and Idaho to Utah, Colo., and S.Dak.) by Hitchcock et al. (1955) appears to be based upon its citation in synonymy under T. sericea Hook, by Larsen (1927:30). Hooker (1834) cited two collections for his T. sericea , a Richardson collection from Carlton House, Sask., and a Drummond collection from ' dry banks of the Saskatchewan and among the Rocky Mountains”, tentatively including Aster (T.) exscapa in synonymy. The former collection is the type of T. exscapa, now accepted as a distinct species and interpreted by Beaman (1957:100) as including the Drummond Rocky Mountain plant selected by Larsen as the type of T. sericea , a later-published name. The map by Beaman (1957: map 8, p. 90) indicates no Canadian stations.] T. parryi Eat. /T/W/ (Hs) Open ground at moderate to rather high elevations from se B.C. (Crowsnest Pass, on the B.C. -Alta, boundary; Beaman 1957) and sw Alta, (n to Scalp Creek, 51°43'N; CAN) to Oreg,, Wyo., and Colo. [Incl. var. alpina Gray], maps: Beaman 1957: map 11, p. 98; Larsen 1927: pi. 1, p. 6. [T. spathulata Nutt.] [The. citation of this species of the w U.S.A. (known only from Wyo. according to Beaman 1957, but also ascribed to Alta, and Idaho by Hitchcock et al. 1955) from s Alta, by Larsen (1927; High River, 50°35'N, the 1884 G.M. Dawson collection in GH) is probably based upon T. parryi (another 1884 Dawson collection from the same locality in CAN, revised by Beaman), maps: Beaman 1957: map 15, p. 120 (no Canadian stations); Larsen 1927: pi. 1, p, 6 (the Alta, area should probably be deleted).] TRAGOPOGON L. [9579] Goat’s-beard. Salsifis 1 Flowers purple; pappus brownish; peduncles upwardly enlarged; phyllaries to 4 cm long; (introd.) T. porrifolius 1 Flowers yellow; pappus whitish; (introd.). 1621 Compositae 2 Peduncles slenderly cylindric, not enlarged in flower, scarcely so in fruit; corolla canary-yellow; involucre to about 3 cm long, the phyllaries commonly less than 2.5 cm long; achenes (including beak) at most 2.5 cm long; leaves with undulate-recurving tips 7. praterrsis 2 Peduncles evidently enlarged under the head: corolla sulphur-yellow; involucre and phyllaries longer; achenes (including beak) to about 3.5 cm long; leaves with straightish tips 7. dubius T. dubius Scop. Goat s-beard European; introd. along roadsides and in fields and clearings in N America, as in B.C. (n to Prince George, ca. 54°N), Alta, (n to Beaverlodge, 55 1 3'N), Sask. (Breitung 1957a), Man. (n to Lac du Bonnet, about 50 mi ne of Winnipeg), Ont. (u to Thunder Bay and Monteith, ne of Timmins at ca. 48"40'N), and Que. (n to Hull and Montreal). [7. major Jacq.]. A hybrid with 7. porrifolius (x 7. mirus Gwnbey) is reported from s Ont. by Boivin (1966b; Port Colborne. Welland Co.), who also tentatively reports one with 7. pratensis (x 7. crantzii Dichlt) from s Ont. T. porrifolius L. Salsify, Oyster-plant, Vegetable-oyster European; introd. or a garden-escape to roadsides and fields in N. America, as in s B.C. (n to Kamloops), Alta. (Waterton Lakes; CAN, detd. Porsild), SE Man. (near Otterburne, about 30 mi s of Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Schreiber, n shore of L. Superior; CAN), Que. (n to Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocati£re, Kamouraska Co.; QSA), N.B. (Bass River, Kent Co.; NBM), and N.S. (Grand Pre, Kings Co.; Roland 1947). Forma montgomeryi Boivin (ligules white rather than purple) is known from the type locality, Port Colborne. Welland Co., s Ont. A hybrid with 7. pratensis (x 7. mirabilis Rouy) is reported from s Ont. by Boivin (1966b). T. pratensis L. Goat s-beard Eurasian; introd. along roadsides and in fields and waste places in N. America, as in B.C. (n to Prince George, ca. 54°N; Eastham 1947), Alta. (Boivin 1966b), Sask., Man. (Nto Winnipeg), Ont. (n to Monteith, where growing with 7 dubius), Que. (n to Rimouski, Rimouski Co.), N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. Forma roseomarginatus Thell. (phyllaries pinkish or roseate rather than greenish white) is reported from Ont. by Giltett (1958; Ottawa drst.). TUSSILAGO L. [9380] T. farfara L. Coltsfoot. Pas-d’ane Eurasian; introd. along damp ledges, clays, and brooksides in N. America, as in sw B.C. (Vancouver Is.; Herb. V), Ont. (n to the Ottawa dist.), Que. (n to Anticosti Is. and the Gaspe Pen.), Nfld., N.B., P.E.I., and N.S. VERNONIA Schreb. [8751] Ironweed 1 Principal phyllaries abruptly narrowed to prolonged filiform tips; pappus purplish; inflorescence loose and open; leaves more or less pubescent beneath; stem glabrous or thinly pubescent [V. noveboracensis] 1 Principal phyllaries rounded, obtuse, or short-cuspidate at summit. 2 Leaves punctate beneath when dry, they, the stem, and the achenes glabrous; pappus purplish; inflorescence very dense; (s Sask. -Man.) V. fasciculata 2 Leaves not punctate, more or less pubescent beneath; achenes usually more or less pubescent on the ribs; inflorescence loose and open; (s Ont). 3 Stem more or less pubescent or tomentose; leaves thinly to densely tomentose beneath (at least along the veins) with long crooked hairs; pappus usually tawny, sometimes purplish; (s ?Ont.) [V. missurica] 3 Stem essentially glabrous; leaves thinly pubescent beneath with minute straight hairs; pappus purplish; (s Ont.) V. altissima 1622 Xanlhisma V. altissima Nutt. /t/EE/ (Hp) Damp rich soil from Mo. to Ohio, s Ont. (Essex. Kent, Lambton, and Lincoln counties: CAN; TRT), and N.Y., s to La. and Ga. map: Cain 1944: fig. 41 , p. 303. Var. taeniotricha Blake (peduncles and veins of the lower leaf-surfaces bearing multicellular hairs with dark-purple cross-walls) is known from s Ont. (Bradley’s Marsh, Dover Twp., Kent Co.; TRT). V. fasciculata Michx. /T/EE/ (Hp) Rich moist ground and prairies from se Sask. (Weyburn, about 60 mi se of Regina; Breitung 1957a) to s Man. (Morris and Otterburne; CAN; Love and Bernard 1959). Minn., and Ohio, sto Tex., Okla., and Mo. maps: Cain 1944: fig. 39, p. 297, and fig. 41, p. 303. Our material is referable chiefly or wholly to var. corymbosa (Schwein.) Schub. (V. cor. Schwein.; involucres to 9 mm high, their exposed phyllary-tips to 3 mm broad, rather than involucres to 8 mm high, their exposed phyllary-tips at most 2 mm broad, the stem averaging lower and the leaves broader than those of the typical form). [V. missurica Raf.] [This species of the E U.S.A, (n to Iowa and Ohio) is reported from Essex and Lambton counties, s Ont., by Dodge (1914; 1915) and collections in CAN, GH, and TRT from those counties and Kent Co. have been referred to it. However, as pointed out by Cain (1944:302-05), it intergrades so completely (through the hybrid-swarm that V. illinoensis Gl, is now thought to consist of) with V, altissima and V. fasciculata that its occurrence in Ont. requires confirmation (as aiso, indeed, its retention as a distinct species), map: Cain 1 944: fig. 41 , p. 303. J [V. noveboraeensis (L.) Michx.] [The reports of this species of the e U.S.A. (n to Ohio, W.Va., N.Y., and Mass.) from s Ont. by John Macoun (1884) and Dodge (1914) are based upon V. altissima, relevant collections in CAN. (Serratula L,; S. (V.) praealta L.).] [WYETHIA Nutt.] [9193] 1 Leaves and involucres glabrous, resinous-varnished, the basal leaves to about 6 dm long and 1 .5 dm broad; heads commonly several, the central one the largest; rays to 5 cm long [W. amplexicaulis] 1 Leaves hirsute or strigose-hirsute, they and the sparsely hairy but conspicuously ciliate phyllaries not resinous-varnished; basal leaves to about 5 dm long and 1 dm broad; heads commonly solitary; rays to 3.5 cm long [IV. angustifolia] [W. amplexicaulis Nutt.] Mule’s-ears [This species of the w U.S.A. (n to Wash, and Mont.) is tentatively reported from the "Borders of British Columbia'' by John Macoun (1886) on the authority of Gray (1884) and from Kootenay, se B.C., by Henry (1915). No Canadian material has been seen, however, and its occurrence in B.C. requires confirmation,] [W. angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.] [A collection in the herbarium of Manning Provincial Park, se of Hope, B.C., has been referred to this species of the w U.S.A. (Wash, to Calif.) but requires confirmation. (Alarconia DC.; Helianthus hookerianus DC.; H. longifolius Hook., not Pursh).] [XANTHISMA DC.] [8837] [X. texanum DC.] Star-of-Texas [This Texan species is reported from s Ont. by J.K. Shields (Rhodora 56(665): 103. 1954; along a sandy roadside in Townsend Twp., Norfolk Co.), where taken by M. Landon in 1937 but probably not established, no other collections, apparently, having been made since that date. ( Centauridium drummondii T. & G.).] 1623 Compositae XANTHIUM L. [9148] Cocklebur, Clotbur Lampourde 1 Leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, essentially entire, attenuate to both ends, commonly subtended by 3-parted spines; fruiting bur beakless or with a single (rarely 2) inconspicuous beak; (introd.) X. spinosum 1 Leaves ovate to cordate-rotund, commonly lobed, not subtended by spines; fruiting bur with 2(3) strong, often hooked beaks. 2 Surface of bur glabrous or merely minutely pilose or glandular between the prickles. 3 Prickles stout, about 1 mm thick at base, strongly arching to the hooked tip. commonly not more than about 50 visible on each face of the reddish-brown bur [X. curvescens] 3 Prickles slenderly linear-subulate or bristleform, scarcely thickened at base, straight or arching only at summit. 4 Prickles commonly not over 3 mm long, bristleform, mostly less than 50 visible on each face of the yellow-green bur; beaks 1 or 2 mm long X. strumarium 4 Prickles to 7 mm long, 1 00 or more visible on each face of the brownish bur; beaks to 6 mm long. 5 Body of mature bur lustrous and essentially glabrous; prickles smooth or only remotely glandular, their bases much narrower than the intervening spaces X. chinense 5 Body of mature bur dull or sublustrous, often pubescent; prickles mostly glandular-hispid below, their bases about as broad as the intervening spaces X. pensylvanicum 2 Surface of bur distinctly pilose or hispid. 6 Prickles and beaks of bur as thick as or thicker than the length of their superficial hairs; beaks to about 6 mm long. 7 Burs densely prickly, 200 or more slenderly subulate prickles visible on each face; beaks with inflexed or hooked tips X. pensylvanicum 7 Burs with usually less than 100 strongly arching and strongly hooked prickles visible on each face; beaks strongly incurving ...... X. orientate 6 Prickles and beaks of bur much narrower than the length of their elongate basal hairs. 8 Beaks subulate, to 1 0 mm long, their bases at most 1 /3 as thick as the length of the beak; mature burs warm brown to reddish brown; leaves dentate . . . X. strumarium 9 Burs at most about 3 cm long and 2 cm thick, the body less than 2 cm long and 1 cm thick; beaks at most 7 mm long and 2 mm thick at base; prickles mostly not over 7 mm long X, italicum 9 Burs to 4 cm long and thick, the body to 2,5 cm long and 2 cm thick; beaks to 10 mm long and 3.5 mm thick at base; prickles to over 10 mm long X. oviform e 8 Beaks at most about 6 mm long, their stout bases 2 or 3 mm thick; mature burs drab to pale brown; prickies mostly not over 5 mm long. 10 Leaves shallowly undulate; beaks soon strongly incurved, their tips finally approximate or crossing X. echinatum 10 Leaves prominently dentate, the deltoid teeth nearly as long as or longer than broad; beaks erect or nearly so, straightish or hooked at tip X. strumarium NOTE The present treatment of Xanthium in Canada must be regarded as tentative. According to Arthur Cronquist (Rhodora 47(564):402. 1945), “The determination of species of Xanthium has become a formidable task, undertaken by many botanists only when it becomes unavoidable and then with serious misgivings,” In the words of Wiegand (in Wiegand and Eames 1926:414, footnote), “I am now greatly in doubt as to the existence of more than one real species in the group represented by X. chinense Mill., X. 1624 Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr., X. italicum Mor., and other related forms. The foliage in these forms is practically identical, and the only differences of any moment are in the burs, which are indeed highly variable. Extreme forms of burs, however, are often found in the same colony, as though sporadically produced. A large suite of specimens is almost sure to show a nearly or quite unbroken series through the various forms. In every attempt to segregate the burs into species, so many transitional specimens have been found as to do unwarranted violence to any species concept. It is probably wise to treat all North American Xanthiums as one species except X. spinosum L. and possibly X. strumarium L. and X. echinatum Murr. X. strumarium, however, is scarcely distinct, and with more study may also be included. X. echinatum may be a real species, as it has a distinct coastal range and seems to behave as though genetically distinct. Provisionally, the oldest name, X. orientate L, is here taken for the group (when X. strumarium and X. echinatum are excluded)." Hitchcock et al. (1955) accept X. strumarium as a distinct species, including X. canadense, X. chinense, X. oviforme, X. pensylvanicum, and X. varians in its synonymy. The only other species they list for the nw U.S.A. is the European X. spinosum. M.L Fernald (Rhodora 48(568):70-74. 1946) strongly criticizes the conservative treatments advocated by Wiegand and Cronquist, later (Fernald in Gray 1950) listing 10 native North American species (and 5 introduced from the Old World). Doris Love and Pierre Dansereau (Can. J. Bot. 37(2):1 73-208. 1959) accept a total of 23 native and introduced species for North America, their map, fig. 4, p. 186, indicating the distribution of these in the major political units. X. chinense Mill. /T/X/ (T) Moist ground, roadsides, and cult, or waste land from s B.C. (Dry Interior between Keremeos and Osoyoos. s of Penticton; CAN; perhaps actually referable to X. strumarium (X, canadense being reported from Penticton by Henry 1915, this referred to X. italicum by Eastham 1947); not definitely known from Alta.-Sask.; reported from Man. by Lowe 1 943, and indicated for s Man. in the above-noted map by Love and Dansereau), s Ont.-sw Que. (Love and Dansereau, map), Vt., and Mass., s to Calif., Tex., and Fla.; (not in Asia, chinense a misnomer, the type actually from Mexico). [Incl. X. americanum Walt, and X. pungens Wallr.]. [X. curvescens Millsp. & Sherff] [Known only from the shores of L. Champlain, Vt., according to Fernald in Gray (1950) but reported from Que. by Rouleau (1947: presumably the shores of L. Champlain in Missisquoi Co.). According to Fernald, it is probably a local hybrid between X. chinense and X. orientale .] X. echinatum Murr. Sea-Burdock /T/X/ (T) Although Fernald in Gray (1950) reports this species only from Beaches, dune-hollows and borders of saline marshes along the coast, N.S, to Va.", the above-noted map by Love and Dansereau indicates a range from Idaho and Mont, to s Sask., s Man., s OnL, sw Que., and Maine, s to Utah, Colo., Mo., Mich., and N.C.; introd. in Europe. [X. canadense var. echinatum (Murr.) Gray]. X. italicum Moretti /T/X/E/ (T) Low grounds, streambanks, and cult, or waste land from s B.C. (n to Vernon; CAN), s ?Alta.-Sask. (included in X. strumarium by both Moss 1959. and Breitung 1957a), s Man. (n to near Killarney and Winnipeg; CAN), ?Ont. (Fernald in Gray 1950; not indicated on the map by Love and Dansereau), Que., N.B. (Fredericton; ACAD; DAO), and P.E.I. (Charlottetown; MT; not known from N.S.) to Calif., Mexico, Tex., and Fla.; W.I.; S. America; s Europe. X. orientale L. Eurasian; introd. along shores and in waste places in N. America, as in sw Que. (shores of the St. Lawrence R. around Montreal; shores of the Richelieu R.; shores of L. Champlain in Missisquoi Co.) and Vt. X. oviforme Wallr. Apparently native in the w U.S.A. (but included in X. strumarium by Hitchcock et al. 1955), the above-noted map by Love and Dansereau indicating its occurrence in Wash, and Oreg.: introd. elsewhere, as in sw Que. (Montreal dist. ; GH; MT) and from Mich, to Vt. and Pa. 1625 Compositae X. pensylvanicum Wallr. /T/X/ (T) Moist ground and cult, or waste land from Oreg. to N.Dak., Ont. (n to Russell Co.; TRT), sw Que. (Fernald in Gray 1950), and Mass., s to s Calif., Tex., and Fla. X. spinosum L. Spiny Cocklebur European (see M.L. Fernald, Rhodora 48(568):74. 1946, concerning the improbability of "Neolithic Bulgarians" coming to South America for the plant!); waste places in N. America, as in sw B.C, (ballast at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is., where taken by John Macoun in 1887: CAN), se Sask. (Steelman, about 45 mi ne of Estevan; Breitung, 1957a), s Ont. (Middlesex, Waterloo, Wentworth, and York counties; CAN; OAC; TRT), Que. (Rouleau 1947), and N.B. (ballast at St. John, where taken by G.U. Hay in 1877; ACAD), X. strum arium L. /T/X/ (T) Moist ground, shores, and waste or cult, land, the aggregate species from B.C. (Lulu Is.; V) to Alta. (X, commune reported n to McMurray, 56C44'N. by Raup 1936), Sask. (n to Saskatoon; CAN), Man. (Otterburne; Love and Bernard 1959), Ont. (n to Ottawa), Que. (n to Hull and Montreal; reports from the Atlantic Provinces require confirmation), and Mass., s to Calif., N.Dak., and Pa.; introd, in Eurasia. 1 Bur straight-beaked, usually yellowish green, merely puberulent, less than 2 cm long var. strumarium 1 Bur incurved-beaked, usually yellowish brown or brownish. 2 Burs usually over 2 cm long (to 3.5 cm), the surface between the prickles often stipitate-glandular, the lower part of the prickles conspicuously spreading-hirsute with viscid hairs; [X. canadense Mill.; tncl. X. varians Greene and X. commune, X. glanduliferum, and X. macounii Britt.] var, canadense (Mill.) T. & G. 2 Burs commonly less than 2 cm long, the surface between the prickles gland-dotted or slightly glandular-puberulent to subglabrous, the prickles hirsute; [X. macrocarpum var. glab. DC.; X. glab. (DC.) Britt.] var. giabratum (DC.) Cronq. 1626 Index to Latin Names of Families, Genera and Species in the Systematic Section Roman type is used for main- tained genera and species, for excluded genera and species [treated in the text in square brackets], and for maintained family names (which appear in CAPITALS). Italic type is used for synonyms and incidental references to main- tained species. Part 2. pages 91 to 545 Part 3: pages 547 to 1 1 1 5 Part 4: pages 1 1 1 7 to 1626. Abies, 178 alba, 183 amabilis, 179 americana, 181, 188 balsamea, 179 balsamifera, 179 canadensis, 183, 188 denticulate, 183 douglasii, 186 engelmannii, 182 grandis, 179 heterophylla , 188 hookeriana, 188 lasiocarpa, 1 79 mariana . 183 menziesii, 1 86 mertensiana , 1 88 mucronata , 1 86 nigra, 183 pattoniana , 1 88 rubra, 183 subalpina , 1 79 taxifolia, 186 Abietia douglasii , 186 Abronia, 661 acutalata, 661 latifolia, 661 micrantha, 661 umbellata, 661 Abutilon, 1088 abutilon, 1088 avicennae, 1088 theophrasti, 1088 Acalypha, 1054 digynea, 1054 rhomboidea, 1054 virginiea, 1054 ACANTHACEAE. 1399 Acer, 1 073 barbatum, 1074, 1077 canadense, 1075 circinnatum, 1074 coccineum, 1076 dasycarpum, 1076 douglasii, 1074 fraxlni folium, 1075 ginnala, 1074 glabrum, 1074 grandidentatum, 1077 interior, 1075 macounii, 1 074 macrophyllum, 1074 montanum, 1077 negundo, 1075 nigrum, 1075, 1077 pensylvanicum, 1075 platanoides, 1075 pseudo-platanus, 1076 regeiii, 1077 rubrum, 1076 saccharinum, 1076, 1077 saccharophorum , 1075, 1077 saccharum, 1075, 1076 spicatum, 1077 striatum , 1 075 subserratum , 1074 (atari cum, 1074 ACERACEAE, 1073 Acerates hirtella, 1250 longifolia, 1251 viridifiora, 1252 Achillea, 1457 alpicola, 1458 arenicola, 1458 asplenifolia, 1458 borealis , 1458 dentifera, 1458 filipendulina, 1458 lanulosa, 1458 ligustica, 1458 megacephala, 1458 millefolium, 1458 multiflora, 1459 multiplex, 1459 nigrescens, 1458 occidentalis , 1458 pannonica, 1458 ptarmica, 1458, 1459 sefacea, 1458 sibirica, 1459 subalpina, 1458 tomentosa, 1458 Achlys, 760 triphylla, 760 Acinos arvensis, 1318 thymoides, 1318 Acmispon americanus, 1007 Acnida altissima , 660 cannabina, 659 ruscocarpa, 659, 660 tamariscina, 660 tuberculata, 660 Acomastylis calthifolia, 921 humilis, 921 , 923 rossii, 923 Aconitum, 718 bicolor, 719 chamissonianum ,719 columbianum, 719 delphinifolium, 719 fischeri, 719 insigne, 719 lycoctonum, 719 maximum, 719 napellus, 719 paradoxum, 719 semigaleatum, 719 septentrionale , 719 variegatum, 719, 720 Aconogonum phytolaccaefolium , 631 Acorus, 453 calamus, 453 Acrolasia albicaulis, 1117 ctenophora ,1117 dispersa, 1118 gracilis, 1117 Acroptiion picris, 1518 Acroschizocarpus kolianus, 846 Acrostichum alpinum, 171 areolatum , 173 ilvense, 172 platyneuros, 154 thelypteris, 170 Actaea, 720 alba, 720 americana , 720 arguta, 720 asplenifolia, 720 brachypetala, 720 brachypoda , 720 caudafa, 720 ebumea , 720 x ludoviciana, 720 neglecta, 720 pachypoda, 720 palmata, 759 racemosa , 728 rubra, 720 spicata, 720 Actinea acaulis, 1571 herbacea, 1571 richardsonii , 1571 Actinella acaulis, 1571 glabra, 1571 lanata, 1547 richardsonii, 1571 Actinomeris, 1459 alternifolia, 1459 squarrosa, 1459 Adenarium maritimum, 680 1627 Index Adenocaulon, 1459 bicolor, 1459 Adiantum, 153 capillus-veneris, 153 pedatum, 154 vestitum, 157 Adlumia, 773 cirrhosa , 773 fungosa, 773 Adonis, 720 annua, 720 Adopogon virginicum, 1573 Adoxa, 1426 moschatellina, 1426 ADOXACEAE, 1426 Adventina ciliata , 1 550 Aegilops hystrix, 327 Aegochloa intertexta, 1262 Aegopodium, 1157 podagraria, 1157 Aesculus, 1078 glabra, 1078 hippocastanum, 1078 Aethusa, 1157 cynapium, 1157 Agatinis aspera , 1352 flava, 1338 gattingeri, 1352 maritime, 1352 neoscotica, 1353 obtusifolia, 1353 paupercula , 1353 pedicularia, 1338 purpurea , 1353 skinneriana, 1353 tenuifolia, 1353 virginica, 1338 Agastache, 1300 anethiodora, 1301 foeniculum, 1300 nepetoides, 1301 scrophulariaefolia, 1301 urticifolia, 1301 Agavaceae, 484 Agoseris, 1459 agrestis , 1460 altissima, 1460 aspera , 1 460 aurantiaca, 1459 carnea, 1460 cuspidata, 1582 eisenhoweri, 1460 elata, 1 460 gaspensis, 1460 glauca, 1460 gracilens, 1460 gracilenta, 1460 graminifolia , 1460 grandiflora, 1460 greenei, 1460 beterophylla, 1 460 laciniata, 1460 lapathifolia , 1460 leontodon, 1460 naskapensis, 1460 parviffora, 1460 procera, 1460 pubescens, 1460 pumila , 1460 purpurea, 1460 scorzoneraeafolia, 1460 tenuifolia, 1460 turbinata, 1460 villosa, 1460 Agrimonia, 901 bickneflii, 902 brittoniana, 902 eupatoria, 901 , 902 gryposepala, 902 hirsuta , 902 mollis , 902 odorata, 902 parviflora, 902 pubescens, 902 striata, 902 x Agroelymus adamsii, 233 bowdenii, 233 cayouettorum , 233 colvillensis, 234 dorei, 234 hirtiflorus, 234 hodgsonii, 233 hultenii, 232 jamesensis, 233 mossii, 233 ontariensis, 234 palmerensis, 233 turner], 233 ungavensis, 234 x Agrohordeum jordalii, 232 macounii, 234 pilosilemma, 233 x Agropogon littoralis, 238, 318 Agropyron, 228 acadiense , 231 alaskanum, 232 albicans, 229 andinum , 233 angustiglume, 232 bakeri, 229, 232 boreale, 232 x brevifolium, 233 caesium, 231 caninoides , 232 caninum, 232, 233 cristatiforme , 230 cristatum, 230 dasystachyum, 230, 232 desertorum. 231 divergens, 231, 232 donianum, 232 elmeri, 230 elongatum, 230 glaucum, 231 gmelinii, 232 griffithsii, 229 inerme, 232 intermedium, 230 latiglume, 232 macrourum, 232 molle, 231 occidentaie, 231 pauciflorum, 233 pectiniforme, 230 psammophilum , 230 x pseudorepens, 233 pungens, 230 repens, 231 richardsonii, 232 riparium, 230 scribneri, 231 sericeum, 232 sibiricum, 230, 231 smith ii, 231 spicatum, 231 subsecundum, 232 subvillosum , 230 tenerum, 232, 233 teslinense, 233 trachycaulum, 229, 232 triticeum, 233 ungavense , 234 violaceum, 232 vulpinum, 233 yukonense, 230 Agrostemma, 675 coronaria , 692 githago, 675 Agrostis, 234 aenea, 235 aequivalvis, 317 alaskana , 236 alba , 238, 239 algida, 304 alpina, 238 asperifolia, 236 strata, 317 borealis, 235, 236 canina, 235, 236, 317 cinna, 260 ctavata, 237 cryptandra , 330 decumbens, 238 diegoensis, 236, 237 dispar, 238 drummondii, 236 exarata, 236, 239 foliosa, 236 geminata , 237 gigantea , 238 glomerata , 236 1628 Index grandis , 236 hiemalis, 237 humilis, 236 hyemalis, 237 idahoensis, 237 inflata, 236 interrupts, 237 latifolia , 260 laxiflora , 237 littoralis ,318 longiligula, 235 lutosa, 318 macounii, 236 maritima , 238 melaleuca , 235 mex/cana, 292 microphylla,2 36 nootkaensis, 237 nutkaensis , 237 oregonensis , 236 oreophila, 238 pallens, 236, 237 paludosa , 235 palustris, 238 perennans, 237 racemosa, 292 rossiae, 238, 239 rubra, 235 scabra , 237 scouleri, 236 semiverticillata , 31 8 stolonifera, 238, 318 sfr/cta, 239 sylvatica, 239 tenuis, 237, 238 thurberiana ,317 trinii, 236 variabilis, 237, 238, 239 varians , 238, 239 verticil lata, 318 vulgaris, 239 Ailanthus, 1050 altissima, 1050 glandulosa, 1050 Aira, 239 alpina, 263 ambigua, 264 aquatica, 259 arctica , 264 atropurpurea , 264 caespitosa , 264 canescens, 261 caryophyllea, 239 cristata, 285 curtiflora , 264 danthorrioides , 264 e/ongafa , 264 flexuosa, 265 labradorica, 235 latifolia , 264 melt co ides, 334 nitida , 329 obfusafa, 329 pensylvanica , 329 praecox, 239 pungens , 264 spicata, 335 subspicata, 335 vivipara, 264 AIZOACEAE, 664 Ajuga, 1301 genevensis, 1301 reptans, 1301 Atarconia angustifolia , 1623 Alchemilla, 902 acutidens, 903 alpestris, 903 alpina, 480, 903 anglica , 904 arvensis, 903 filicaulis, 904 glabra, 903 glaucescens, 904 glomerulans, 903 microcarpa, 903 minor, 480, 904 monticola, 904 occidentalis, 903 pastoralis , 904 pratensis , 904 subcrenata, 904 vestita, 480, 904 vulgaris, 903, 904 wichurae, 903 xanthoehlora, 904 Alectorolophus arcticus, 1378 borealis, 1378 pacificus, 1378 stenophyllus , 1379 Aletris, 488 farinosa, 488 Alisma, 211 brevipes, 212 geyeri, 21 1 gramineum, 21 1 natans, 212 parviflora , 212 plantago-aquatica, 212 subcordatum , 212 trivialis, 212 wahlenbergii , 211 Alismaceae, 21 1 ALISMATACEAE, 21 1 Alliaceae , 484 Alliaria, 789 alii aria, 789 officinalis, 789 Allionia decumbens, 662 hirsuta, 662 lanceolata, 662 linearis, 662 montanensis, 662 nyctaginea, 662 ovafa. 662 pilosa, 662 Allium, 488 acuminatum, 490, 491 amplectens, 490, 491 anguiosum , 492 attenuifolium , 490 canadense, 490 cepa, 491 cernuum, 491, 492 crenulatum, 491 douglasii, 491 drummondii, 491 fibrosum , 491 fistulosum, 491 geyeri, 491, 492 moly, 491 mutabile, 491 nevii, 490, 491 nuttallii, 491 oleraceum, 491 recurvatum, 491 reticulatum , 492 rubrum, 491 rydbergii, 491 sativum, 491 schoenoprasum, 492 sibiricum, 492 stellatum, 492 textile, 492 tricoccum, 492 validum, 492 vancouverense , 491 victorialis, 492 vineale, 492 watsonii, 491 Allocarya californica , 1 294 chorisiana, 1294 cognata , 1294 cusickti, 1294 divaricata, 1294 figurata, 1293 media , 1 294 penicillata, 1294 plebeja, 1294 scopulorum, 1294 scouleri, 1294 Allosorus atropurpureus, 164 site hens is , 1 58 stelleri, 159 Allotropa, 1188 virgata, 1 1 88 Alnus, 587 alnobetula , 588 americana , 589 crispa, 588 fruticosa , 588 glauca , 589 glutinosa, 588 incana, 589, 590 mollis , 588 1629 Index occidentalis, 589 oregana , 589 rhombifolia, 588 rubra, 589 rugosa, 588, 589, 590 serrulata , 589 sinuata, 588 sitchensis , 588 tenuifolia , 589 viridis , 588 vulgaris , 588 Alopecurus, 239 aequalis, 240 alpinus, 240 aristulatus, 240 behringianus, 240 borealis, 240 caespitosus . 240 californicus, 241 carolinianus, 240, 241 geniculatus, 240 g/aucus, 240 howellii, 240, 241 interruptus, 318 macounii, 240 monspeliensis ,318 myosuroides, 240 occidentalis, 240 pallescens , 240 pratensis, 241 saccatus, 241 stejnegeri , 240 subaristatus, 240 ventricosus, 241 A/sZnaceae, 673 A/s/ne alpestris, 707 americana , 707 aquatics , 693 arctics , 678 baicalensis, 710 bi flora, 681 borea/Zs , 707 caZycanfba . 707 crassifolia , 707 cn'spa , 707 edwardsii , 708 groenlandica , 678 /aefa , 708 longifolia, 708 Zong/pes , 709 med/a, 710 michauxii , 682 nitens, 710 obfusa, 710 peploides , 680 rubella , 681 s/r/cta . 682 Strictiflora , 709 subvesWa , 709 t/mbeWafa, 710 Alsinella biflora, 681 Alsinopsis dawsonensis , 682 groenlandica , 678 laricifolia, 679 obtusiloba , 680 occ/denfa//s, 679 propinqua, 681 quadrivalvis , 681 sa/anens/s , 681 sfn'cfa, 682 Althaea, 1088 hirsuta, 1 088 officinalis, 1088 rosea, 1088 Alyssum, 789 alyssoides, 790 americanum, 790 arcticum, 837 calycinum, 790 dentatum , 823 desertorum, 790 hyperboreum, 824 incanum , 800 ludovicianum , 838 maritimum , 838 montanum, 790 murale, 790 AMARANTHACEAE, 658 Amaranthus, 658 albus. 659 angustifolius , 659 blitoides, 659 californicus, 659 cannabinus, 659 carneus, 659 chlorostachys , 659 cruentus, 659 graecizans, 659 hybridus, 659 hypochondriacus, 659 lividus, 660 palmeri, 660 paniculatus , 659 powellii, 660 retroflexus, 660 spinosus, 660 tamariscinus, 660 tuberculatus, 659, 660 viridis. 660 Amarella acuta, 1242 anisosepala , 1242 auriculata , 1 242 conferta , 1 242 macounii, 1242 propinqua, 1244 tenella, 1244 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 516 Ambrosia, 1461 acanthicarpa , 1 549 artemisiifolia, 1461 chamissonis, 1549 coronopifolia, 1461 diversi folia , 1461 elatior, 1461 x helenae, 1461 integri folia , 1461 psilostachya, 1461 striata, 1461 trifida, 1461 Ambrosiaceae , 1 442 Amelanchier, 904 alnifolia, 906 amabilis, 908 arborea, 907 bartramiana, 907 botryapium, 907 canadensis, 906, 907, 908 carrii, 906 cusickii, 907 fernaldii, 907 florida , 906, 907 gaspensis, 907 gormanii, 907 humid s, 908 huronensis, 907, 908 interior, 908 intermedia, 908 laevis, 907, 908 lucida, 908 mucronata, 908 x neglecta, 907 oblongifolia, 907 ovalis, 906, 907 oxyodon, 907 x quinti-martii, 907 sanguinea, 907. 908 spicata , 908 stolonifera, 907, 908 wiegandii, 907, 908 Amelias spinulosus, 1557 villosus, 1 521 Amerorchis rotundi folia. 543 Amesia latifolia, 532 rubiginosa , 532 Ammannia, 1 124 coccinea, 1124 Ammi majus, 1179 Ammiaceae, 1151 Ammodenia oblongifolia , 680 peploides, 680 Ammogeton scorzoneraefolius , 1460 Ammophila, 241 arenaria, 241 arundinacea, 241 breviligulata, 241 longifolia , 259 Amorpha, 973 angustifolia , 973 canescens, 973 1630 Index fragrans, 973 fruticosa, 973 microphylla, 974 nana, 974 Ampelopsis quinquefotia, 1084 Amphicarpa, 974 bracteata, 974 chamaecaulis, 974 mortoica, 974 pitcheri, 974 Amsinckia, 1279 barbata, 1279 borealis, 1279 canadensis. 1279 foliosa , 1279 idahoensis, 1279 intermedia. 1279 lycopsoides, 1279 macounii, 1279 menziesii, 1279 micrantha, 1279 microcalyx , 1279 retrorsa, 1279 spectabilis, 1279 tesselata, 1279 Amygdalaceae , 898 Amygda/us persica , 941 ANACARDIACEAE, 1065 Anacharis canadensis , 216 nuttallii, 21 7 occidentalis , 217 Anacyc/i/s ausfra//s, 1530 Anagalfis, 1216 arvensis, 1216 tenella, 1216 Anaphalis. 1461 angustifolia, 1461 margaritacea, 1461 occidentalis , 1461 subalpina, 1461 Anchistea virginica, 173 Anchusa, 1280 arvensis, 1288 officinalis, 1280 Androcera rostrata, 1331 Andromeda. 1196 angustifolia. 1199 baccata, 1201 caerulea, 1206 calycufata ,1199 canescens, 1 196 cupressina , 1199 glaucophylla, 1 1 96 hypnoides, 1 198 x jamesiana, 1 196 ligustricina , 1201 lycopodioides , 1199 mertensiana ,1199 paniculata, 1201 polifolia, 1196 racemose, 1201 stelleriana, 1199 tetragons , 1199 Andropogon, 241 avenaceus, 327 chrysocomus, 242 furcatus, 242 gerardii, 241, 242 hallii, 242 littoralis, 242 nutans, 327 provincialis . 242 scoparius, 242 Androsace, 1216 alaskana, 1217 albertina, 1217 arguta, 1217 carinata, 1217 chamaejasme, 1217 diffusa, 1217 gormanii , 1217 lehmanniana, 1217 occidentalis, 1217 ochotensis, 1220 pinetorum, 1217 puberulenta , 1218 septentrionalis, 1217 simplex, 1217 subulifera, 1217 subumbellata, 1217 Anemone, 720 aconitifolia , 722 acutiloba, 735 aipina , 724 americana, 735 ba/densfs, 722 borea/fs , 724 ca/mes/ana , 723 canadensis, 722 cuneifolia, 724 cylindrica, 722, 725 deltoidea, 722, 724, 725 dichotoma, 722 drummondii, 722, 723 globosa, 723 groenlandica, 731 hepatica, 735 hirsutissima , 724 ftuofson/ana, 723 lithophila, 723 /tvdowc/ana, 724 lyallii, 724 multiceps, 723 muitifida, 723 narcissiflora, 723, 724 nemorosa, 724. 725 nuttalliana , 724 occidentalis, 724 oregana, 725 parviflora, 722, 724 patens, 724 pensylvanica, 722 quinquefolia, 724 ranunculoides, 725 richardsonii, 722, 725 riparia, 725 sanguines , 723 sibirica, 724 tetonensis, 723 thalictroides , 725 virginiana, 725 wolfgangiana , 724 zephyrs , 724 Anemonella, 725 thalictroides, 725 Anethunri, 1157 graveolens, 1 1 57 Angelica, 1158 archangelica, 1158, 1159 arguta, 1159 atropurpurea. 1159 dawsonii, 1159 genuflexa, 1159 laurentiana , 1 1 58, 1 159 lucida, 1159 lyallii, 1159 pinnata, 1159 sylvestris, 1 1 59 Anisantha rigida, 253 sterilis, 253 tectorum, 253 Anisocarpus madioides, 1580 Annona triloba , 765 ANNONACEAE, 765 Anoda, 1089 cristata, 1089 lavateroides , 1089 Anogra nuttallii, 1 143 pallida, 1143 Anona triloba, 765 Anonymos incisa, 1288 Anoplanthus fasciculatus , 1393 uniflorus, 1394 Anoplon biflorum, 1394 Anotites debills, 701 picta, 701 tenerrima, 701 teretiuscula , 701 Anserina argentea, 929 concolor, 929 Antennaria, 1462 acuminata, 1468 acuta, 1467 1631 Index affinis, 1469 aizoides, 1469 alaskana , 1466 albescens, 1469 albicans, 1469 alborosea, 1468 alpina, 1466, 1467, 1469 anaphaloides, 1465 angustata, 1 465 angustifolia , 1 466 appendiculata, 1465 aprica, 1467 arenicola, 1469 arid a, 1468 amoglossa , 1 468 athabascensis , 1467 atriceps, 1466 bayardii, 1469 boecheriana. 1470 bracfeosa, 1467 brainerdii , 1467 breitungii , 1468 brevistyla, 1469 brunnescens, 1469 burwellensis , 1465 callUepis, 1467 campestris, 1467 cana, 1467 canadensis, 1467, 1469 Candida , 1467 canescens, 1469, 1470 carpathica, 1467, 1468 chlorantha, 1467 columnaris, 1465 compacta, 1466 concinna, 1468 COnfusa, 1469 congesta, 1465 corymbosa, 1465 crymophila, 1466 denikeana, 1467 densifolia, 1466 dimorpha, 1465 dioica, 1468, 1469 ekmaniana, 1466 erigeroides, 1468 eucosma, 1468 exilis , 1466 eximia, 1467 fallax , 1468 farwellii, 1465 fernaldiana, 1465 flavescens, 1469 fogg/7, 1469 friesiana, 1466 gaspensis, 1467 glabrata, 1 466 gtabrifolia, 1467 groenlandica, 1469 hansii, 1469 howeilii, 1467 hudsonica , 1465 imbricata, 1468 incarnata , 1468 insularis , 1 468 intermedia, 1469 isolepis, 1468 labradorica , 1466 laingii, 1468 lanata, 1467 lanulosa, 1469 leontopodioides, 1468 feuchippii, 1468 longii, 1469 lunellii, 1467 luzuloides, 1467, 1469 macounii, 1467 maculata , 1 469 manicouagana, 1467 margaritacea, 1461 media, 1467 megacephala, 1466 microphyfla, 1468 minuscula, 1467 modesta, 1467 monocephala, 1465, 1466 mucronata, 1469 munda, 1467 neglecla, 1467, 1469 neoalaskana, 1466 neodioica, 1467 nitens, 1465 nitida, 1468 oblanceolata , 1467 oblancifolia , 1 468 obovata , 1467 occidentals , 1467 oxyphyila, 1468 pallida, 1466 parlinii, 1465, 1468 parvifolia, 1467 peasei, 1469 pedunculata, 1466 petatoidea, 1467 petasites, 1467 philonipha , 1466 plantaginifolia, 1467 porsildii, 1470 pulcherrima, 1468 pulvinata . 1467 pygmaea, 1468 racemosa, 1467, 1468 reflexa, 1467 rosea, 1468 rousseauii, 1469 rupicoia, 1467 sansonii, 1469 sedoides, 1469 shumaginensis, 1466 sornborgeri, 1470 spathulata, 1469 stenolepis, 1467 stenophylla, 1 469 stolonifera, 1466 straminea, 1469 subcanescens, 1466 subviscosa, 1468, 1469 tansleyi , 1465 tweedsmuirii , 1468 umbrinella, 1469 ungavensis, 1469 vexillifera, 1469 viscidula, 1468 wiegandii, 1469 Anthemis, 1470 agrestis, 1470 arvensis, 1470 cotula, 1470 tinctoria, 1470 Anthericum serotinum, 500 Anthopogon detonsa, 1243 macounii, 1243 procerus, 1243 thermalis, 1243 toosum, 1243 Anthoxanthum, 242 alpinum, 242 aristatum, 242 odoratum, 242 puelii, 242 Anthriscus, 1159 anthriscus, 1160 caucalis, 1160 cerefolium, 1160 neglecta, 1 160 scandicina, 1160 sylvestris, 1160, 1162 vulgaris, 1160 Anthyllis, 974 vulneraria, 974 Anticlea chlorantha, 512 elegans , 512 glauca, 512 Antiphylla oppositifolia , 891 pulvinata, 891 spathulata, 891 Antirrhinum, 1338 canadense, 1356 cymbalaria, 1348 dalmatica , 1 356 elatine , 1354 linaria, 1357 majus, 1338 minus, 1347 orontium, 1338 pinifolium, 1357 purpureum, 1357 repens, 1357 spurium, 1354 Anychia canadensis , 694 dichotoma, 694 fasciculata, 694 Apargia autumnalis, 1576 1632 Index borealis , 1470 flavescens, 726 oxyphylla , 795 hispida, 1577 formosa, 727 pendulocarpa , 796 nudicaulis , 1 577 jonesii, 727 perfo//afa , 795 pratensis, 1576 latiuscula , 726 perstellata. 798 Apargidium, 1470 fri/ncafa , 727 pefraea, 797, 824 boreale, 1470 vulgaris, 727 pinetorum, 794, 796 Apera Arabidopsis, 790 pratinco/a, 795 interrupts, 237 glauca, 791 puberula, 796 Aphanes mollis, 831 pycnocarpa , 795, 796 arvensis, 903 novae-angliae, 803 reptans , 827 macrosepafa, 903 salsuginea, 790 retrofracta, 796 occidentalis , 903 stenocarpa, 832 rupestris, 796 Aphyllon thaliana, 791 sag/ffafa , 795 comosum, 1393 virgata, 832 shortii, 798 fasciculatum , 1393 Arabis, 791 sparsiflora, 798 ludovicianum, 1394 acutina, 794 stricta, 793, 795 minutum, 1394 albertina, 795 thaliana , 791 sedi, 1394 albida, 794 viridis, 798 uniflorum, 1394 alpina, 793, 794, 840 whitedii, 832 Aphragmus, 790 ambigua , 797 ARACEAE, 453 eschscholtzianus, 790 arenicoia, 794 Aragallus Apinus borealis , 795 albertinus, 1019 albicaulis, 184 bourgovii, 794 alpicola , 1019 Hexilis, 185 brachycarpa, 795 bessey/, 1018 Apios, 974 brevisiliqua , 795 bryophilus, 1022 americana, 974 breweri, 798 caudafus, 1022 apios , 974 bulbosa , BOB cervinus, 1019 tuberosa, 974 canadensis, 794 deflexus , 1020 Apium, 1160 canescens, 796, 797 d/spar, 1019 cri spurn, 1176 caucasica, 794 foliolosus, 1020 graveolens, 1 1 60 cobrensis, 796 galioides, 1022 lineare, 1179 collinsii, 796 gracilis, 1019 petroselinum , 1176 Columbiana , 798 hudsonicus , 1020 Aplectrum, 527 confinis, 795 lagopus, 1020 tiyemale, 527 connexa , 795 lambertii, 1020 spicatum, 527 dacotica, 794 macoun/7, 1019, 1022 Aplopappus dentata, 798 me/anodonfus, 1022 (Haplopappus) divaricarpa, 794 mertens/anus. 1021 APOCYNACEAE, 1247 douglassii, 808 monf/co/a, 1019 Apocynum, 1 247 drepano/oba, 797 podocarpus , 1 022 album, 1248 drummondii, 795, 797 richardsonii , 1022 androsaemifolium, 1247, 1248 eschscholtziana, 796 sericea, 1022 cannabinum, 1248 falcata, 794 sp/ca fus. 1022 cordigerum, 1248 glabra, 795 splendens , 1022 griseum, 1247 hirsuta, 795 varians , 1019 hypericifolium , 1248 holboellii, 796 villosus, 1019 medium, 1248 hookeri, 831 , 832 viscidulus, 1021 pumilum, 1247 humifusa , 794 Aralia, 1149 rhomboideum , 1247 interposita , 794 ednacea ,1150 salinum, 1248 laevigata, 797, 798 hispida, 1 1 49 scopulorum, 1247 lemmonii, 797 nudicaulis, 1149 Sibiricum , 1248 lyallii, 795, 797 quinquefolia ,1150 suksdorfii, 1248 lyrata, 797 racemosa, 1150 tomentellum , 1248 macounii, 798 spinosa, 1150 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 1068 microphylla, 798 trifolia ,1150 Aquilegia, 726 missouriensis, 798 ARALIACEAE, 1149 brevistyla, 726 mollis, 831 Arbutus, 1197 caerulea , 727 nudicaulis , 840 alpina, 1197 canadensis, 726, 727 nuttallii, 798 menziesii, 1197 chrysantha , 727 occidentalis, 797 procera , 1197 cocc/nea, 726 oreocallis, 797 unedo, 1197 co/umb/ana, 727 oreophila, 797 uva-urs/, 1198 eminens , 726 ova/a, 795 1633 Index Arceuthobium, 61 1 abietinum, 612 americanum, 61 1 blumeri, 61 1 campylopodum, 61 1 douglasii, 612 oxycedri, 61 1 pusillum, 612 robustum, 61 1 Archangelica atropurpurea ,1159 gmelinii , 1159 officinalis , 1158 Archemora rigida, 1175 Arctagrostis, 243 angustifolia , 243 arundinacea, 243 latifolia, 243 macrophylla, 243 poaeoides , 243 Arcteranthis cooleyae, 746 Arctium, 1471 lappa, 1471 minus, 1471 nemorosum, 1471 x nothum, 1471 tomentosum, 1471 vulgare , 1471 Arctophila, 243 brizoides, 243 chrysantha, 243 effusa, 243 fulva, 243 gracilis , 243 laestadii, 243 mucronata. 243 trichopoda , 243 Arctostaphytos, 1197 alpina, 1 197 Columbiana, 1197 x media, 1197 ruber, 1197 rubra, 1197 tomentosa ,1197 uva-ursi, 1197 x victorinii, 1197 Arctous alpina, 1197 erythrocarpa , 1197 Arenaria, 675 arctica, 678, 679, 680,681 bi flora, 680, 681 buxifolia , 679 caespitosa, 696 calycantha, 707 canadensis, 703 capillaris, 678 chamissonis, 678 ciliata, 678, 679 congesta, 678 crilloniana, 679 cylindrocarpa , 679 dawsonensis, 682 diandra, 704 dicranoides, 678 diffusa, 680 elegans, 681 fendleri, 678 formosa , 678 glabrescens , 678 groenlandica, 678 hirta, 681 humifusa, 678 juniperina, 681 , 682 laricifolia, 679, 681 lateriflora, 670 lithophila, 678 litorea, 682 longipedunculata , 679 macra, 682 macrocarpa, 679 macrophylla, 679 macrotheca, 704 marceseens, 680 media, 703 nardifolia , 678 nuttallii, 679 obtusa, 680 obtusiloba, 679, 680, 681 ovalifolia, 680 peploides, 680 physodes, 680 propinqua , 68 1 pseudofrigida , 678 pungens, 679 quadrivalvis, 68 1 rossii, 680, 681 rubella, 681 rubra, 704 sajanensis, 679, 681 serpyllifolia, 681 sitchensis , 680 stricta, 681 , 682 subcongesta, 678 tenella, 682 thymifolia, 708 uliginosa, 682 verna, 681 Arethusa, 527 bulbosa, 527 trianthophora , 545 verticillata , 539 Argemone, 768 intermedia, 768 mexrcana, 768 ptatyceras, 768 Argentacer saccharinum, 1076 Argentina anserina, 929 egedii, 931 litoralis, 931 pacifica, 931 subarctica, 931 Arisaema. 453 atrorubens, 454 dracontium, 454 stewardsonii, 454 triphyllum, 454 Aristida, 243 adscensionis, 244 basiramea, 244 dichotoma, 244 fasciculata, 244 intermedia, 244 longiseta, 244 purpurascens, 244 purpurea , 244 Aristolochia, 613 dermatitis, 613 durior, 613 macrophylla, 613 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 613 Armeria, 1229 andina, 1229 arctica, 1230 campestris, 1230 elongata, 1229 labradorica, 1229 macloviana, 1229 marftima, 1229 scabra, 1229, 1230 sibirica, 1229 vulgaris, 1229, 1230 Armoracia, 798 aquatica, 798 armoracia, 799 lapathifolia , 799 rusticana, 799, 843 Arnica, 1471 alpina, 1473, 1474, 1475,1477 amplexicaulis, 1474 amplexifolia , 1474 andersonii, 1475 angustifolia, 1474, 1476, 1477 aprica, 1476 arnoglossa , 1 476 aspera, 1474 attenuata, 1474 aurantiaca, 1477 betonicae folia, 1475 borealis, 1474 brevifolia, 1476 cana, 1475 cascadensis, 1477 chamissonis, 1474 chionopappa, 1476 columbiana, 1475 confinis, 1477 cordifolia, 1475, 1477 crocea, 1477 crocina, 1477 discoidea, 1475 diversifolia, 1475 doronicum, 1599 elongata, 1474 eradiata, 1477 1634 Index evermannii , 1475 femaldn, 1476 Wipes , 1474 foliosa , 1475 frigida, 1476 fulgens, 1475 gaspensis, 1476 gracilis, 1475 grandi foli a , 1476 granulifera, 1476 gray//', 1475 griscomii, 1476 humilis, 1475 illiamnae , 1476 kodiakensis, 1474 lactucina , 1475 laevigata, 1476 /anceo/afa , 1 477 latifolia, 1475 leptocauhs, 1475 lessingii, 1476 lonchophylla, 1476 longifolia, 1476 louiseana, 1476 towii, 1474 macoun//, 1474 maguirei, 1475 maritima, 1599 mendenhallii , 1476 menziesii , 1476 mollis, 1476 montana, 1474, 1476 myriadena, 1476 nutans, 1476 otusifolia, 1476 oligolepis, 1476 ova//s, 1477 parry i, 1477 pedunculata, 1475 petiolaris, 1477 plantaginea, 1474, 1477 porsildiorum , 1476 puberula, 1475 pulchella, 1474 pumila, 1475 rhizomata, 1475 rivutaris , 1477 rubricaulis, 1475 rydbergii, 1477 sornborgeri, 1474 sororia, 1 477 sfr/cfa, 1477 suPcorctete, 1475 terrae-novae , 1474 tomentosa, 1474 trinervata, 1477 unalaschcensis, 1477 ventorum, 1476 whitneyi, 1475 wilsonii, 1475 Arnoseris, 1 477 minima, 1477 pusilla, 1477 Aron/a arbutifolia, 944 atropurpurea , 944 floribunda , 944 me/anocarpa, 944 n/gra, 944 ovafe, 906 prunifolia, 944, 945 Arrhenatherum, 244 avenaceum, 244 elatius, 244 Artemisia, 1477 abrotanum, 1480 absinthium, 1480 alaskana , 1 483 aleutica, 1482, 1486 androsacea . 1485 angusfa, 1486 annua, 1481 arctica, 1481, 1484 aromatica, 1483 atomifera, 1485 biennis, 1481 bigelovii, 1482 borealis, 1482 bourgeauana. 1482 brittonii, 1484 caesp/fosa, 1483 campestris, 1481, 1483 camporum , 1 482 cana, 1482 canadensis, 1482 candicans, 1485 caudata, 1482 c/iam/sson/ana, 1481 columbiensis , 1 482 comafa, 1481 desertorum, 1482, 1483 discolor, 1485 diversifolia, 1485, 1486 dougfasiana, 1482, 1483, 1486 dracunculoides , 1483 dracunculus, 1483 elatior, 1486 falcata, 1484 forwoodii, 1482 frigida, 1483 furcata, 1483, 1486 glauca, 1483 globularia, 1483 glomerata, 1483 gnaphalodes, 1484 gormanii, 1486 graveolens, 1485 groenlandica , 1482 herriotii, 1483, 1484 heterophylla, 1483, 1486 bookeriana, 1482, 1486 hyperborea, 1483 incompta, 1485 indica, 1485 integrifolia , 1484 kotzebuensis , 1615 kruhsiana , 1 483 laciniata, 1481 laciniatiformis ,1481 laevigata, 1481, 1484 latiloba, 1485 lindleyana, 1484 longifolia, 1 484 ludoviciana, 1483, 1484, 1486 maccalliae, 1482 macrobotrys, 1481 matricarioides , 1 582 mexicana, 1485 michauxiana, 1485 minuta, 1483 norvegica, 1481 nuttalliana, 1483 obtusa, 1486 pabularis, 1484 pacifica, 1482 pontica, 1485 potens, 1485 purshiana , 1 484, 1 485 rhizomata, 1484 richardsoniana, 1482 rupestris, 1483 saxicola, 1481 scouleriana, 1482 senjavinensis, 1485 spithamaea, 1482 stelleriana, 1485 suksdorfii, 1483, 1485 tilesii, 1483, 1484, 1486 tridentata, 1486 trifida, 1486 trifurcata, 1483 tripartita, 1486 tyrrellii, 1483 unalaskensis , 1486 underwoodii, 1485 vaseyana, 1486 vulgaris, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486 Arum atrorubens, 454 dracontium , 454 virginicum, 455 Aruncus, 909 acuminatus, 909 dioicus, 909 kamchaticus, 909 Sylvester, 909 vulgaris, 909 Arundo arenaria, 241 australis, 305 calamagrostis , 256 canadensis , 256 cinnoides, 256 coarcfafa, 256 epigejos , 256 festucacea , 326 groenlandica, 257 langsdorfii, 256 1635 Index lapponica, 257 neglecta, 257 phrag mites, 305 Asarum, 613 acuminatum , 614 ambiguum, 614 canadense, 613 caudatum, 613 hookeri, 614 reflexum, 614 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 1249 Asclepias, 1249 cornuti, 1251 douglasii, 1251 exaltata, 1250 hirtella, 1250 incarnata, 1250 lanuginosa, 1250 longifolia, 1251 nigra, 1252 nivea , 1250 ovalrfolia, 1251 phytoiaccoides, 1250 pulchra, 1250 purpurascens, 1251 quadrifolia, 1251 speciosa, 1251 sullivantii, 1251 syriaca, 1251 tuberosa, 1251 variegata, 1251 verticillata, 1251 vincetoxicum , 1 252 viridiflora, 1251 Asimina, 765 triloba, 765 Asparagus, 493 officinalis, 493 Asperella hystrix, 270 Asperugo, 1280 procumbens, 1280 Asperula, 1407 arvensis, 1407 galioides, 1407 glauca, 1407 odorata, 1408 Aspidium acrostichoides , 167 aculeatum, 168 alpestre, 155 angustum, 156 argutum, 161 boottii , 1 62 braunii, 168 bulbiferum, 159 crist a turn, 162 filix-femina , 1 55 filix-mas, 162 fragile, 160 fragrans, 162 goidianum , 163 intermedium, 162 lonchitis, 168 marginale, 163 munitum, 168 nevadense, 170 noveboracense , 170 oreopteris, 170 punctilobulum , 1 60 rigidum, 161 rufidulum, 172 simulatum, 171 spinulosum, 161 tenue, 160 thelypteris , 170 Aspidoiis densa , 1 58 Asplenium, 154 acrostichoides, 157 angusti folium, 156 ebeneum, 154 cryptolepis, 154 filix-femina, 155 marinum, 155 melanocauion , 155 michauxii, 156 platy neuron, 154 pycnocarpum, 156 rhizophyllum , 157 ruta-muraria, 1 54 scoiopendrium , 1 65 thelypteroides , 156 trichomanes, 1 54 viride, 155 Aspreila hystrix, 270 Aster. 1487 acadiensis, 1499 acuminatus, 1494, 1495 adscendens, 1496, 1501, 1505 adsurgens, 1498 alpinus, 1495 x amethystinus, 1497 amplexicaulis, 1500 amplus, 1505 amygdalinus, 1506 angustus, 1499 annuus, 1540 anticostensis , 1500 arcticus, 1504 azureus, 1495 bellidiflorus , 1504 bicolor, 1 605 biflorus, 1503 blakei, 1495 blandus, 1503 borealis, 1495 brachyactis, 1498, 1499 burkei, 1 505 butleri, 1505 calderi, 1502 campestris, 1495 canescens, 1496 carteriana, 1505 chilensis, 1496 ciliolatus, 1496, 1499, 1503 ciliomarginatus, 1505 coerulescens , 1498 commutatus, 1498 conspicuus, 1496, 1503 cordifolius, 1496 corymbosus , 1497 crassulus, 1498 curtus, 1497 cusickii, 1505 depauperatus , 1501 diffusus, 1499, 1505 divaricatus, 1497 divergens, 1499 douglasii, 1505 drummondii, 1 503 dumosus, 1497 eatonii, 1497 elegans, 1497, 1505 elegantulus, 1498 elodes, 1500 engelmannii, 1497, 1501 ericoides, 1497, 1501 exscapus, 1621 falcatus, 1498 faxonii, 1501 foliaceus, 1496, 1497, 1505 folioiosus, 1506 franklinianus , 1495, 1498 fremontii, 1501 frondosus, 1498, 1499 gaspensis, 1500 geyeri, 1498 glacialis, 1544 graminifolius , 1543 hesperius, 1498 hirsuticaulis, 1499 humilis, 1506 ianthinus, 1499 incanopilosus, 1498 interior, 1 504 johannensis, 1500 junceus, 1495 junciformis, 1495 kentuckiensis , 1501 iaeti virens , 1498 laevigatas, 1498, 1500 Jaevis, 1498 lamarckianus, 1504 lateriflorus, 1498 laurentianus, 1498, 1499, 1505 laxifolius, 1495 linariifolius, 1499 lindleyanus , 1496 linifolius, 1504 longifolius, 1498, 1500, 1504 longufus, 1495 lowrieanus, 1499 lutescens, 1502 maccallai, 1496 macounii, 1497 macrophyllus, 1499, 1503, 1506 major, 1500 1636 Index mearnsii, 1497 menziesii , 1496 meritus, 1504 microlorrchus , 1 498 miser, 1499 modestus, 1496, 1500 monfarms, 1504 muirii, 1 542 multiflorus, 1498 mutatus, 1500 nemoralis, 1495, 1500 novae-angliae, 1496, 1500 novi-belgii, 1496, 1499, 1500 oblongifolius, 1 500 occidentalis, 1501, 1502 ohioensis , 1 502, 1610 ontarionis , 1 505 oregonus, 1505 osterhoutii, 1498 paniculatus, 1496, 1498, 1500, 1504 pansus, 1498 parviceps, 1501 parvi floats, 1505 patens, 1501 paucicapitatus, 1501 pauciflorus, 1501 pendulus, 1499 peregrinus, 1544 perelegans, 1505 pilosus, 1501 polycephalus , 1498 poly phy Hus, 1501 praealtus, 1501 prenanthoides, 1502 priceae, 1501 ptarmicoides, 1501, 1502, 1610 pubentior, 1 505 puniceus, 1502 pygmaeus , 1504 radula, 1503 radulinus, 1503 ramulosus, 1498 richardsonii , 1504 rigidus, 1497 robynsianus, 1505 rolandii, 1500 rubricaulis , 1498 sagittifolius, 1503 salicifolius , 1495, 1498, 1500, 1502 s alsuginosus, 1504, 1544 saxatilis , 1505 sayianus , 1500 sayii, 1500 schreberi, 1 503 scopulorum, 1503 sericeus, 1503 shortii, 1495, 1504 sibiricus, 1503, 1504 simplex, 1496, 1500, 1504 solidagineus, 1504 spathulatus, 1501 stenomeres, 1505 stricticaulis , 1498 strictus, 1503 subcaudatus , 1505 subgriseus, 1496 subspicatus, 1505 subulatus, 1505 tanacetifolius, 1505, 1518 tardiflorus, 1496 tenuifolius, 1504 tenuipes, 1499 tradescantii, 1505 tweedyi, 1498 umbellatus, 1 505 unalaschkensis, 1500, 1544 undulatus, 1506 vimineus, 1505, 1506 wilsonii, 1496 yukonensis, 1495 Astilbe aruncus, 909 Astragalus, 974 aboriginorum , 981 aboriginum, 981 . 982 adsurgens, 982 agrestis, 983 alpinus, 983 amblyodon, 984 americanus, 984 arcticus, 983 atratus, 986 beckwithii, 984 bisulcatus, 984 blakei, 989 bodinii. 984, 987, 988 bourgovii, 984 brevidens, 985 brunetianus, 983 caespitosus, 986, 989 campestris, 987 canadensis, 985, 987 carolinianus , 985 carnosus, 985 caryocarpus, 985 chandonnetii , 983 cicer, 985 collieri, 989 colli nus, 985 cooperi, 988 crassicarpus, 985 curvicarpus, 985 cyrtoides, 985 danicus, 983 dasyglottis, 983 debilis, 984 decumbens , 987 deflexus, 1020 drummondii, 985, 1019 elatiocarpus , 987 elegans , 986 eucosmus, 985, 989 falcatus, 983, 987 falciferus , 983 fernaldii, 989 filipes, 986 flexuosus, 986 forwoodii, 982 f rigidus, 984, 990 gaspensis, 984 gibbsii, 985 gilviflorus, 986 glabriuscula , 982 glareosus, 988 goniatus, 983 gormartii, 990 gracilis, 986 harringtonii , 988 hypoglottis, 983 iochrous, 1026 kentrophyta, 986 labradoricus , 983 lentiginosus, 987 lepagei, 982 leptaleus, 987 leucanthus, 1021 teucopsis, 989 linearis, 982 littoralis, 990 lotiflorus, 987 lyallii, 987 macounii, 989 melanocarpus , 988 microcystis, 987 minor , 989 miser, 987 missouriensis, 987, 988 mistassinicus , 997 montanus, 986 mortonii , 985 multiflorus, 989 neglectus, 984, 988 norvegicus, 986 nutzotinensis, 983 oroboides, 986 palliseri, 987 pauciflorus, 987, 990 pectinatus, 988 podocarpus, 989 polaris, 984 purshii, 988 pygmaeus, 1022 racemosus, 988 richardsonii , 982 robbinsii, 988 sclerocarpus, 989 scrupulicola, 981 sealei, 986 secundus , 983 serotinus , 987 S in u at us , 989 spatulatus, 989 speirocarpus , 985 stenophyllus , 986 stragalus, 984 striatus, 983 succulentus, 985 1637 Index tananaicus. 982 tarletonis, 983 tenellus, 989 trichopodus, 989 triphyllus, 986 umbellatus, 989 vaginatus, 982 vexilliflexus, 990 viciifolius, 982 violaceus, 1026 virgulatus, 983 whitedii, 989 williamsii, 990 yukonis , 984 Astrolobium scorpioides , 992 Astrophia littoralis, 1001 Atalanta serrulata, 777 Atelophragma aboriginum , 981 alpina, 983 atratum, 986 collieri, 989 elegans, 986 fernaldii, 989 forwoodii, 982 glabriusculum, 982 harringtonii , 988 herriotii, 982 labradoricum , 983 lineare, 982 macounii, 989 williamsii, 990 Atenia gairdneri, 1176 montana, 1176 Athamanta chinense, 1163 Atheropogon oligostachyus , 246 Athyrium, 155 acrostichoides , 157 alpestre, 155 americanum , 155 angustifolium, 1 56 angustum, 156 cyclosorum, 156 distentifolium, 1 55 filix-femina, 155 fragile, 160 pycnocarpon, 156 thelypteroides, 156 Athysanus, 799 pusiJIus, 799 Atragene alpina, 729 americana, 730 columbiana , 730 occidentalis , 730 Atrrplex, 643 alaskensis, 646 angustifolia , 646 aptera, 644 arenaria, 645 argentea, 644 canescens, 644 carnosa, 645 dioica, 644 drymarioides , 646 endolepis, 644 glabriuscula, 644 gmelinii, 646 hastata , 645 heterosperma, 646 hortensis, 645, 646 laciniata, 480, 645 lapathifolia , 645 littoralis, 645 maritima , 645 micrantha, 646 nitons, 645 nuttallii, 645 oblongifolia, 646 obtusa, 646 patula, 645 powellii, 646 rosea, 646 sabulosa, 645 subspicata, 646 tatarioa, 646 truncata, 646 Atropa physatodes, 1327 Atropis hauptiana, 323 scabrella, 317 Aucuparia americana, 964 Aureolaria, 1338 flava, 1338 pedicularia, 1338 virginica, 1338 Avena, 244 americana, 281 annua, 245 callosa, 325 cernua, 334 elatior, 244 fatua, 245 flavescens, 334 flexuosa, 265 hookeri, 281 mollis, 335 nutkaensis, 334 pratensis, 281 pubescens, 282 saliva, 245 smithii, 289 spicata, 262 squarrosa, 335 sterilis, 245 striata , 325 strigosa, 245 versicolor, 281 Avenella flexuosa, 265 Axyris, 646 amaranthoides, 646 Azalea albiflora, 1207 lapponica, 1207 nudicaulis, 1 150 nudiflora, 1207 periclymenoides , 1207 procumbens, 1204 rosea, 1208 viscosa, 1207 Azaliastrum albiflorum, 1207 Azolla carofiniana, 175 filiculoides, 175 mexicana, 175 Baeothyron caespitosum, 448 pumilum, 451 Baeria, 1506 maritima, 1506 Bahia, 1506 lanata, 1547 leucophylla, 1547 oppositifolia, 1506 Balfota, 1301 nigra, 1301 BALSAMJNACEAE, 1079 Balsamita balsamita, 1519 Balsamorhiza, 1506 careyana, 1 507 deltoidea, 1507 hirsuta, 1507 sagittata, 1 507 Baptisia, 990 alba, 990 australis, 990 leucantha, 990 tinctoria, 990 Barbarea, 799 americana, 799 orthoceras, 799, 807 planisiliqua, 799 stricta, 799, 800 verna, 799 vulgaris, 799 Barkhausia elegans, 1532 nana, 1532 Bartonia, 1235 albicaulis ,1117 decapetala, 1117 iodandra, 1235 laevicaulis, 1118 lanceolata, 1235 ornata ,1117 paniculata, 1235 parvi flora, 1118 1638 Index tenella, 1236 virginica, 1235, 1236 Bartsia, 1338 acuminata , 1 345 alpina, 1338 coccinea, 1343 glauca , 1355 gymnandra, 1355 odontites , 1361 pallida, 1345 tenui folia, 1363 viscosa, 1363 Bassia, 647 hyssopifolia, 647 Batidaea peramoena , 957 strigosa , 957 viburnifolia , 957 Batidophaca loti flora , 987 Batis vermiculata, 655 Batrachium confervoides , 745 drouetii, 746 flaccidum , 746 grayanum, 745 hederaceum, 749 lobbii, 750 longirostre, 750 trichophyllum , 746 Batschia canescens , 1287 conspicua , 1287 longiflora, 1288 Beckmannia, 245 erucaeformis, 245, 246 syzigachne, 245 Beckwithia glacialis , 748 Beilis, 1507 perennis, 1507 Benzoin aestivate, 766 odoriferum, 766 BERBER1DACEAE, 760 Berberis. 760 aquifolium, 761 brevipes, 761 nana, 761 nervosa, 761 nutkana, 761 x ottawensis, 761 pinnata, 761 repens, 761 thunbergii, 761 vulgaris, 761 Berteroa, 800 incana, 800 Berula, 1160 angusti folia , 1160 erecta, 1160 pusilla, 1160 Besseya, 1339 cinerea, 1339 gymnocarpa, 1339 rubra, 1339 wyomingensis, 1339 Beta, 647 maritima , 647 vulgaris, 647 Betckea samolifolia , 1 427 Betonica, 1301 officinalis, 1301 Betula, 590 alaskana, 592 alba, 592, 593 alleghaniensis , 591 , 592 alnus, 589 x alpestris, 595 x arbuscula, 595 borealis , 594 x caerulea, 594, 595 x caerulea-grandis, 594, 595 carpinifolia, 591 cordifolia, 592 crispa, 588 x dutillyi, 594 x eastwoodiae, 594 ermanii, 591 excelsa, 591, 593 exilis, 592 fontinalis , 592 glandulifera , 594 glandulosa, 591, 592, 593, 594 glutinosa , 588 hallii, 594 incana, 589 kenaica, 592 lenta, 591, 592 lutea, 591.592 micbauxii, 592 microphylla, 592 minor, 592, nana, 591,592, 593,594 neoalaskana, 592 x neoborealis, 594 nigra, 591 occidentalis, 592, 593 papyracea, 593 papyrifera, 592 pendula, 593 piperi, 592 populifolia, 593 pubescens, 592, 593 pumila, 593 x purpusii, 595 x raymundii, 595 resinifera, 592 rhombifolia, 592 rubra, 589 x sandbergii, 595 x sargentii, 594 subcordata, 594 terrae-novae , 592 tortuosa , 593 x uligtnosa, 595 x utahensis, 594 x winteri, 595 BETULACEAE, 587 Bicuculla canadensis, 775 cucuilaria , 775 formosa, 775 occidentalis , 775 uniflora , 776 Bidens, 1507 amplissima, 1509 aristosa, 1509 beckii, 798, 1509 bullata, 1509 cernua, 1509 chrysanthemoides , 1511 colpophila, 1511 comosa, 1509, 1512 connata, 1510, 1512 coronata, 1510 dentata, 1510 discoidea, 1510 eatonii, 1510, 1511,1512 elata , 1509 frondosa, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512 glaucescens, 1510 heterodoxa, 1510, 1511, 1512 hyperborea, 1511 infirma, 1511, 1512 laevis, 1511 leptopoda, 1510 macounii, 1510 minima, 1509 petiolata , 1510 pilosa, 1512 puberula, 1512 trichosperma , 1510 tripartita, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512 vulgata, 1509, 1512 Bigelovia (Bigelowia) Bigeiowia douglasii, 1521, 1522 graveolens, 1521 vi scidif torus, 1521 Bignonia catatpa, 1389 radicans, 1389 BIGNONIACEAE, 1389 Bikukulla (Bicuculla) Bilderdykia cilinodis, 627 convolvulus, 628 scandens, 633 Biotia macrophylla, 1500 Bistorta bistortoides, 627 1639 Index littoralis, 633 ophioglossa , 633 vivipara , 633 Blechnum, 1 57 boreale , 1 57 spicant, 1 57 virginicum , 173 Blepharigiottis blepharigiottis , 535 ciliaris, 535 gran diflora , 538 lac era, 536 leucophaea, 537 psycodes, 538 Blepharipappus, 1512 glandulosus, 1576 scaber, 1512 Blephilia, 1302 ciiiata, 1302 hirsuta, 1302 Blitum capitatum, 650 chenopodioides , 650, 654 nuttallianum , 654 Blondia trifoliate , 895 Blysmus rufus, 451 Bocconia cordata , 768 Boebera papposa, 1534 Boehmeria, 607 cylindriea, 607 Boisduvalia, 1 1 28 densiflora, 1 1 29 douglasii, 1129 glabella, 1 1 29 salidna ,1129 stricta, 1129 Bolelia brachyantha, 1439 elegans , 1439 laeta, 1439 Boltonia, 1512 asteroides, 1512 glastifolia, 1512 latisquama, 1512 BORAGINACEAE, 1276 Borago, 1280 officinalis, 1280, 1288 Boschniakia, 1392 glabra, 1392 hookeri, 1392 rossica, 1392 strobilacea, 1392 tuberosa, 1392 Bothriochloa ischaemum, 265 Botrychium, 142 angustisegmentatum , 143 boreale, 143 crassinervium , 143 dissectum, 143 gracile, 145 lanceolatum, 143 lunaria, 143, 144 matncariae, 145 matricariaefollum, 143, 144 minganense, 144 multifidum, 143, 144 neglectum, 144 obliquum, 143 occidentale, 144 oneidense, 143 onondagense, 144 ramosum, 144 robustum, 145 rutaefolium, 145 silaifolium, 144 simplex, 145 tenebrosum, 145 ternatum, 143, 144, 145 virginranum, 145 virginicum, 145 Botrypus iunaria, 144 virginicus, 145 Bouteloua, 246 curtipendula, 246 gracilis, 246 hirsuta, 246 oligostachya , 246 racemosa, 246 Boykinia, 863 circinnata, 863 elata, 863 heucheriformis , 895 nuttallii, 863 occidentalis , 863 ranunculifolia, 894 richardsonii, 863 vancouverensis , 863 Brachilobus hispidus, 844 Brachyactis angustus, 1499 Brachyelytrum, 246 aristosum, 247 erectum, 246 Brachyris euthamiae, 1554 Brachystemum muticum, 1315 verticillatum, 1316 Brasenia, 712 peltata, 712 purpurea, 712 schreberi, 712 Brassica, 800 a/ba,801 arvensis, 801 campestris, 801 , 802 carinata, 801 eruca, 828 erucoides, 816 hirta, 801 juncea, 801 kaber, 801, 802 muralis, 816 napobrassica, 802 napus, 801 , 802 nigra, 801, 802 oleracea, 801 , 802 orientafis, 812 rapa, 801, 802 sinapistrum, 801 tenui folia, 816 Brassicaceae , 778 Brauneria angustifolia, 1534 pallida , 1 534 purpurea, 1534 Braxilia minor, 1 1 92 Braya, 802 alpina , 803, 823 americana , 803 bartlettiana , 803 eschscholtziana , 790 fernaldii, 803 glabella, 803 henryae, 803 hirta, 823 humilis, 802, 803 intermedia , 803 linearis , 803 longii, 803 novae-angliae, 803 pilosa, 803 purpurascens, 803 richardsonii, 803 thorild-wulfii, 803 Brickelia, 1512 grandiflora, 1513 lini folia, 1513 oblongifolia, 1513 umbellata, 1513 Briza, 247 canadensis, 279 maxima, 247 media, 247 minor, 247 Brizopyrum boreale, 266 spicatum, 266 Brodiaea, 493 coronaria, 493 douglasii, 493 grandiflora , 493 hyacinthina, 493 lactea, 493 Bromelica smithii, 289 striata , 325 Bromus, 247 aleutensis, 253 altissimus, 251 anomalus, 250, 252 1640 Index arcticus, 252 arvensis, 250 breviaristatus , 250 brizaeformis, 250 canadensis, 250, 251 carinatus, 250, 253 catharticus, 251 ciliatus, 250, 251 , 252 commutatus, 251 cristatus, 230 dertonensis, 336 dudleyi, 250 erectus, 251 eximius. 253 hookerianus, 250 hordeaceus, 252 inermis, 251, 252 japonicus, 252 kalmii, 252, 253 latiglumis, 251 macounii, 251 margin atus, 251 maximus, 253 mollis, 252 nottowayanus, 252 orcuttianus, 252 pacificus, 252 polyanthus, 252 ported, 252 pratensis, 251 pubescens, 252 pumpellianus , 252 purgans, 250, 252, 253 racemosus, 253 richardsonii , 250 rigens , 253 rigidus, 253 rubens, 253 secalinus, 253 secundus, 277 segetum, 250 sitchensis, 251. 253 squarrosus, 253 sterilis, 253 subulatus , 209, 325 tectorum, 253 thominii, 252 unioloides , 251 vulgaris, 253 Brunella (Prunella) Bruniera columbiana, 457 punctata, A57 Bryanthus aleuticus, 1206 empetriformis , 1206 glanduliflorus, 1206 taxifolius, 1206 Bryonia, 1432 dioica, 1432 Buchloe, 254 dactyloides, 254 Buchnera, 1339 americana, 1339 Buda borealis, 703 macrotheca, 704 marina , 704 rubra , 704 Bulbilis dactyloides, 254 Bulbocodium serotinum, 500 Bulbostylis, 339 capillaris, 339 Bunias, 803 edentula, 804 orientals, 803 Bunium bulbocastanum, 1 1 61 Buphthalum, 1563 helianthoides , 1563 sagittatum, 1507 Bupfeurum, 1160 americanum, 1161 angulosum , 1161 ranunculoides, 1 161 rotundifolium. 1161 triradiatum, 1161 Burrielia maritima , 1 506 Bursa bursa-pastoris , 805 Burshia humilis, 1146 BUTOMACEAE, 215 Butomus, 215 umbellatus, 215 Cabomba, 712 caroliniana, 712 Cacalia, 1513 atriplicifolia, 1513 auriculata, 1513 nardosmia, 1513 suaveolens, 1514, 1535 tuberosa, 1514 Cacaliopsis nardosmia, 1513 CACTACEAE, 1119 Cactus compressus, 1119 ferox, 1120 fragilis, 1120 missouriensis ,1119 vivipara, 1119 Caesalpinaceae , 968 Cakile, 803 americana , 804 catifornica, 804 edentula, 804, 1519 maritima, 804 Calais bigelovii, 1582 nutans, 1582 Calamagrostis, 254 alaskana, 257 aleutica, 258 arctica , 258 arenaria, 241 atropurpurea , 256 borealis, 257 breviseta , 257, 258 canadensis, 255, 257, 259 chordorrhiza , 257 cinnoides, 256 coarctata, 256 crassiglumis, 256 deschampsioides, 256 elongata, 257 epigejos, 256 groenlandica , 257 hirtigluma, 256 hoi mil, 257 hyperborea , 257 inexpansa, 256, 257 kolymaenis , 256 labradorica, 257 lacustris, 257, 258 lanceolata, 256 langsdorfii, 256 lapponica, 257 lepageana, 258 longifolia, 259 luxurians, 259 macouniana, 256 micrantha , 257 montanensis, 257 neglecta, 257 nutkaensis. 256, 258 pickeringii, 257, 258 poluninii, 258 ported, 259 purpurascens, 258 rubescens, 259 scabra, 256 scribneri, 259 sesquiflora , 335 strigosa, 256 suksdorfii, 259 sylvatica, 258, 259 yukonensis , 258 Calamintha acinos , 1318 arkansana , 1318 dinopodium, 1319 glabella, 1318 nepeta, 1318 nuttallii, 1318 sylvatica, 1318 Calamovilfa, 259 longifolia, 259 Calandrinia, 666 caulescens, 666 ciliata, 666 columbiana , 669 pygmaea, 669 1641 Index Calceolaria, 1339 scabiosifolia, 1 339 Calendula, 1514 arvensis, 1514 officinalis, 1514 Calla, 454 paiustris, 454 Calfigonum canescens, 644 Calliopsis atkinsoniana, 1529 Callirhoe, 1089 digitata, 1 089 CALLITRICHACEAE, 1060 Callitriche, 1060 anceps, 1060 autumnalis, 1061 bolanderi, 1061 hamulata, 1061 hermaphroditica, 1061 heterophylla, 1061 intermedia , 1061 marginata, 1061 paiustris , 1061 stagnalis, 1061 terrestris, 1061 verna, 1061 Calluna, 1198 atlantica, 1198 vulgaris, 1198 Calobotrya sanguinea , 879 Calochortaceae , 484 Calochortus, 493 apiculatus, 494 elegans, 494 lyallii, 494 macrocarpus, 494 Calopogon, 527 pulchellus, 527 tuberosus, 527 Caltha, 727 arc tic a, 728 asari folia , 728 biflora, 727 chelidonii, 728 confinis, 728 howeilii, 720 leptosepala, 727 macounii, 720 natans, 728 paiustris, 727, 728 rotundifofia , 727 Calymenia angustifolia , 662 Calypso, 527 borealis, 527 bulbosa, 527 Calyptridium umbellatum, 672 Calystegia pubescens, 1253 sepium, 1254 soldanella , 1254 spithamaea , 1 254 tomentosa . 1254 Camassia, 494 esculenta , 495 fraseri, 495 hyacinthina , 495 leichtlinii, 494 quamash, 495 scilloides, 495 suksdorfii, 495 Camelina, 804 barb arae folia, 843 dentata, 804 microcarpa, 804 parodii. 804 sativa, 804 Camissonia andina, 1141 bistorta , 1142 contorta, 1142 micrantha ,1143 Campanula, 1434 americana, 1436 aparinoides, 1436, 1437 aurita, 1436 canadensis, 1437 chamissonis, 1436 dasyantha, 1436 dubia, 1437 gieseckiana , 1437 glomerata, 1436 groenlandica, 1437 heterodoxa , 1 437 intercedens, 1437 langsdorffiana , 1437 lasiocarpa, 1436 latisepala, 1436, 1437 linifolia, 1437 medium, 1436 perfoliata , 1 438 persicifolia, 1436 petiolata, 1437 pratensis , 1437 rapunculoides, 1437 rotundifolia, 1436, 1437 scheuchzeri, 1437 scouleri, 1437 stylocampa , 1437 trachelium, 1437 uliginosa, 1436, 1437 uniflora, 1437 CAMPANULACEAE, 1434 Campanulastrum americanum, 1436 Campe americana, 799 orthoceras, 799 stricta , 800 Campsis, 1389 radicans, 1389 Camptosorus, 1 57 rhizophyllus, 1 57 CANNABINACEAE, 606 Cannabis, 606 sativa, 606 Cantua aggregate, 1260 pungens, 1261 Capnodes aureum, 77 4 flavulum, 77 A scouleri, 77 A Capnoides montanum, 77 A sempervirens , 774 CAPPARIDACEAE, 777 Capraria multi fid a . 1348 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 1415 Caprifolium ciliosum, 1418 hispiduium, 1418 occidentaie, 1418 parvifiorum , 1418 pubescens , 1418 Capsella, 805 bursa-pastoris, 805 divaricata, 832 eliiptica, 832 procumbens, 832 rubella, 805 Caragana, 991 arborescens, 991 frutex, 991 Carara coronopus, 812 didyma , 81 2 Cardamine, 805 acuminata , 809 angulata, 807 arenicola, 809 articulata, 840 bellidifolia, 807 biaisdellii, 808 breweri, 807 bulbosa, 007, 808 cordifolia, 808 digitata, 808 douglassii, 808 flexuosa, 480, 808, 809 hirsuta, 808, 809 hyperborea , 808 lyallii, 808 microphylla, 808 minuta, 808 multifolia, 809 neglecta , 809 nudicaulis, 840 nuttallii, 810 nymanii, 810 occidentals, 807, 808 oligosperma, 809 orbicularis, 807 paiustris, bio parviflora, 808, 809 1642 fndex pensylvanica, 809 pefraea , 797 polyphylla , 809 pratensis, 807, 808, 809 pulcherrima, 810 purpurea, 810 regeliana, 808 rhomboidea , 808 richardsonii . 808 rotundifolia , 808 scutata, 808, 809 sylvatica , 808, 809 umbellata , 809 virginica , 808 Cardaminiopsis lyrata, 797 petraea , 797 Cardaria, 810 chaiapensis , 810 draba, 810 pubescens, 810 repens , 810 Cardronema, 682 ramosissima, 682 Carduaceae , 1442 Carduus, 1514 acanthoides, 1514 arvensis, 1524 crispus, 1514 discolor, 1 525 flodmanii, 1525 foliosus, 1526 hillii, 1527 hookerianus, 1526 lanceolatus , 1 527 leiophyllus, 1515 macounii, 1525 macrocephalus, 1515 marianus , 1601 muticus, 1526 nutans, 1514, 1515 oblanceolatus , 1526 x orthocephatus, 1514 palustris, 1526 pofyphyllus , 1527 pumilus, 1525, 1527 undulatus, 1527 vulgaris, 1527 Carex, 340 abacta, 405 abbreviata, 422 abdita , 423 x abitibiana, 425 ablata, 378 aboriginum ,413 acuta, 378 acutiformis, 378 adelostoma, 378 adusta, 379,412 aenea, 379, 381 affinis, 443 alascana , 394 alata, 379 albicans , 407 albolutescens, 379, 402 albonigra, 379 albursina, 399, 400 aleutica , 398 alma, 379 alopecoidea, 379, 388 alpina, 396, 404, 407 altema, 412 amblyorhyneha, 380, 393, 395 ambusta, 41 1 amphibola, 380 amphigena , 393 amplifolia, 380 ampullacea ,415 anceps, 400 angarae , 404 anguillata, 384 angustior . 406 annectens, 380 anthericoides, 403 anthoxanthea, 380 x anticostensis, 427 aperta, 380, 395 x aquanigra, 425 aquatilis, 380 arcta, 381 arctaeformis , 385 arctata, 381 arctica, 409 arctogena, 386 arenicola, 381 argyrantha, 381, 418 arida, 406 aristata, 381 arizonensis, 389 artitecta, 407 assiniboinensis, 381 athabascensis , 417 atherodes, 381 , 398 athrostachya, 382, 423 atlantica, 382 atrata, 382, 383, 391 atratifomnis, 382 atrofusca, 383 atrosquama , 382 attenuate , 41 5 aurea, 383, 384, 392 backana, 408 backii, 383 baileyi, 383 barbarae, 383, 418 bebbii, 383, 391,421 behringensis , 403, 41 1 bella, 383 bellardii , 443 beringiana , 420 bicknellii, 384 bicolor, 384, 392 bigelowii, 383, 384 bipartita, 393, 398 blanda , 399, 400 boecheriana, 386 bolanderi, 384, 390, 399 bonanzensis, 384 bonplandii, 397 brachyglossa, 380 brevicaulis, 414 brevior, 384, 405, 419 brevipes, 414 breweri, 391 brizoides, 386 bromoides, 384 brongniartii , 403 brunnescens, 384 buliata, 385 buxbaumii, 379, 385, 386 caespitosa, 391 , 395, 402 x calderi, 426 campy focarpa, 385, 418 canadensis , 427 canescens, 381, 385 capillaris, 386, 425 capitata, 386 careyana, 387 carltonia, 395 caryophyllea, 387 castanea, 387 cephalantha , 406 cephaloidea, 418 cephalophora, 387, 400 chlorophila, 424 chlorostachys, 386 chordorrhiza, 387 circinata, 387 clivicola , 407 collinsii, 405 communis, 387 comosa, 387 compacta, 404, 411 complanata, 395 concinna, 387 concinnoides, 388 concolor, 380, 384 conjuncta, 388 x connectens, 427 conoidea, 388 consimilis, 402 convoluta, 388 x copulata, 426 eosfafa , 424 costellata, 424 crawei, 388 crawfordii, 388 crinita, 388 x crinitoides, 425 cristata, 389, 407, 412 cristatella, 389 crus-corvi, 419 cryptantha , 395 cryptocarpa, 403 x cryptochlaena, 403, 427 cryptolepis , 392 cu mu lata, 379, 389 curta, 385, 386 cusickii, 389 1643 Index cuspidata, 416 cyclocarpa, 402 davisii, 389, 407 debilis, 389 decidua, 395, 398 deflexa, 389, 414 demissa, 389, 424 densa, 403 despreauxii, 408 deweyana, 384, 390, 399, 401,419 drandra, 389, 390 dieckii, 397 digitalis, 387, 390 dioica , 394, 409 disjuncta, 386 disperma, 390 disticha, 390, 408, 416 distichiflora , 410 diversicolor , 39 1 dives , 418 douglasii, 390 drejeriana , 384 drummondiana , 41 5 dubitata, 384 x dumanii, 427 durifoiia , 383 duriuscula , 399 eburnea, 390 echinata , 382, 406 eleocharis, 419 eleusinoides, 391 elongata, 399 elynaeformis , 406 elynoides, 391 emmonsii, 407 emoryi, 419, 420 enanderi, 391 engelmannii, 391 epapilfosa, 391 eurystachya , 391 excurrens, 403 exilis, 391 x exsalina, 426 exsiccata, 391 f estiva, 395 festive II a , 403 festucacea, 384, 391, 421 feta, 419 filifolia, 391 filiformis, 399 x firmior, 427 flacca, 391 flaccosperma, 391 flava, 389, 390, 392,401,424 x flavicans, 425 flexilis , 387 fiexuosa, 389 foenea, 381, 418 folliculata, 392 formosa, 392 frankii, 392 franklinii, 41 0 friesii, 424 fuliginosa, 405 fulva, 397 fulvescens, 396, 397 fulvicoma, 387 furva, 41 1 fyllae, 384 garberi, 384, 392, 395 x gardneri, 427 gay ana, 412, 418 geyeri, 393 glacialis, 393 glareosa, 380, 393, 423 glauca, 391 glaucodea, 391, 392 globosa, 414 gmelinii, 394 goodenoughii , 378 goodenowii, 378 gracilescens, 399, 400 gracilior, 403 gracillima, 394 x grantii, 425 granularis, 388, 394 gravida, 394 grayana, 402 grayii, 394 grisea, 380 x groenlandica, 426 gymnoclada, 394 gynandra, 388, 389 gynocrates, 394, 399 x haematolepis, 426 haleana, 394 halleri, 407 hallii, 394 x halophila, 425 x hartii, 427 hartmanii, 385 hartzii, 384 hassei, 392, 395 haydeniana, 395 haydenii, 395 heleonastes, 380, 395 heliophila, 410 hendersonii, 395 hepburnii, 406 heteroneura, 382, 391 heterostachya, 388 hindsii, 395 hirsuta, 395 hirsutella, 395 hirta, 396 hirtifolia, 396 hitchcockiana, 396 holostoma, 396 hoodii, 396 hookerana, 396 hormathodes, 391 , 396, 419 hornschuchiana, 396, 397 hostiana, 396 houghtoniana, 397 houghtonii, 397 howei, 397 howellii, 418 hyalinolepis, 397 hystericina, 397 hystricina, 397 iJlota, 397 impressa, 397 incomperta, 382 incondita , 403 incurva, 403, 404 incurviformis , 403, 404 inflata, 414, 415 inops, 397 interior, 397 intermedia, 390 interrupta, 395, 397 intumescens, 398 in visa, 419 irrigua, 409 jacobi-peteri, 398 jamesii, 398, 407 x joseph-schmittii, 426 karaginensis, 383 katahdinensis , 388 kelloggii. 395, 398 x kenaica, 427 x knieskernii, 426 kokrinensis, 391 koraginensis , 383 krausei , 386 kuehleweinii , 403 lachenalii, 398 lacustris, 397, 398 iaeviconica, 398 laeviculmis, 399 laevirostris , 414 laevivaginata, 399 lagopina, 398 lagopodioides , 412, 422 lanceata, 416 langeana, 399 lanuginosa, 399 lapponica, 385 laricina, 406 lasiocarpa, 399 laxa, 399 laxiculmis, 387, 399 laxiflora, 397, 399, 401 laxior, 392 leavenworthii, 400 leersia , 406 leiocarpa , 380 leiophylla, 415 leiorhyncha, 379 lenticularis, 395, 398, 400 lepidocarpa, 392, 401 leporina, 401, 41 1,412, 422 leptalea, 401 leptonervia, 401 leptopoda, 390, 401 x leutzii, 426 liddonii, 41 0 limnophila, 397 1644 Index limosa, 401.402. 409,413 x limula, 425 fivida, 401 toliaeea, 402 longii, 402 longirostris, 419 iucorum, 410 lugens. 384, 402 lupuliformis, 402 lupulina, 402 lurida, 383, 402 luzulina, 378, 402 lyaHil, 413 lyngbyei, 403 lyonii, 405 mackenziei, 403, 407 macloviana, 395, 403, 411,412 x maeounii, 427 macounii, 403 macrocephala, 403 macrochaeta, 403 magellanica, 409 magnifica , 408 x mainensis, 416, 427, 428 marcida, 412 marina, 380, 393 maritime, 399, 403, 404, 408 meadii, 404 media, 396, 404 meiozitnensis , 415 membranacea, 404 membranopacta, 404 x mendiea, 428 merritt-fernaldii, 404 mertensii, 404 michauxiana, 405 michauxii, 41 7 microchaeta, 407, 41 1 microglochin, 405 micropoda, 413 microptera, 403 microstaehya , 401 miliaris, 416 x minganinsularum, 426 mirabilis , 407, 421 mirata, 381 misandra, 405 misandroides , 41 0 miserabilis, 405, 418 molesta, 405 monile, 423 montanensis, 405 morrisseyi, 379 muhlenbergii, 405 multiflora, 424 multimoda , 403 muricata, 396, 406 muskingumensis, 406 myosuroides , 443 nardina, 406 x nearctica, 425 nebrascensis, 407 x neobig elowii, 426 x neofilipendula, 425 x neomiliaris, 425 x neopaleacea, 426 x neorigida, 426 nesophila, 407, 411 neurochlaena, 395 nigella, 419 nigra, 378 nigricans, 407 nigritelia, 420 nigromarginata, 407 nivalis ,413 normalis, 407 norvegica, 403, 404, 407 novae-angliae, 408, 414 x nubens, 428 nubicola , 395 nudata . 402 nutans. 390, 408 obesa, 421 obnupta, 408 obtusata, 408 ochroleuca, 41 1 oederi, 390, 424 oligocarpa, 388, 408 oligosperma, 408 o iympica, 403 x oneillii, 426 ormostachya, 399, 400 ovalis, 401 ovata, 382 pachystachya , 403, 411,412 pairaei, 408 paleacea, 404, 408, 420 x paleocoides, 426 pallescens, 409 x paludivagans, 427 panda, 418 panicea, 409 x pannewitziana, 428 pansa, 381 paradoxa, 412 parallela, 409 parryana, 394, 395, 409, 420 x patuensis, 426 pauciflora, 409 paupercula, 401 , 409, 41 3 paysonis, 411 peckii, 407 pedata, 393 pedunculata, 410 pellita , 399 pensylvanica , 397, 41 0 x persalina, 428 petasata, 410, 41 1 petricosa, 410 phaeocephala, 41 1 phaeostachya , 423 phyllomanica, 41 1 physocarpa, 411,416, 427 x physocarpoides, 427 physochlaena, 404 x pieperiana, 426 pilulifera, 387 pinguis, 379 piperi, 41 1 piantaginea, 41 1 platylepis, 411 platyphy!la,411 pluriftora, 401 , 409 podocarpa, 41 1 polygama, 385 polytrichoides , 401 praeceptorium , 384 praegracilis, 412 prairea,412 prasina, 412 pratensis, 411, 412 praticoia, 411, 412 prestii, 412 pribylovensis , 393 projecta, 412 pseudo-cyperus, 387, 412, 417 x pseudo-fulva, 426 x pseudohelvola, 426 pseudoscirpoidea, 417 pubescens, 396 pulla , 411,416 pyrenaica, 407, 413 pyrophila, 403 x quebecensis, 426 x quirponensis, 426 radiata , 41 4 raeana, 423 ramenskii, 403, 413, 416 rariflora, 401, 409,413 raymondii, 382 raynoldsii, 413 recta , 416 remota, 390 retrocurva , 399 retroflexa, 413 retrorsa, 413 rhynchophysa. 414 richardii, 386 richardsonii, 388, 410, 414 rigida, 384 riparia , 397, 398 x rollandii, 427 romanzowiana, 403 rosea, 388, 413, 414 rossii, 408, 414, 421 rostrata, 391, 414 rotundata, 415 rousseauii, 380, 420 rufina, 415 rufovariegata ,410 rugosperma, 422, 423 rupestris, 408, 415 sabulosa, 415 salina, 403, 408, 416, 420 saituensis , 423 sartwellii, 412, 416 saskatchawana , 386 saxatilis, 411, 415, 416,423 x saxenii, 427 1645 index saximontana , 383 scabrata, 417 schweinitzii, 417 scirpiformis , 417 scirpoidea, 417 scirpoides, 397, 406 scoparia, 388, 417 seopuiorum, 385, 405, 41 8 scouleri , 403 x senayi, 426 serotina, 418 shortiana, 418 shriveri, 394 siccata, 381, 418 silicea, 418 simpliuscuta, 443 simulata, 418 sitchensis, 383, 408, 418 x soerensenii, 427 soperi, 403 spaniocarpa, 421 sparganioides, 41 8 sparsiflora, 379 spectabilis, 405, 419 spicata, 419 x spieulosa, 427 sprengelii, 419 squarrosa.419 stans , 380 x stansalina, 425 stellulata , 382, 406 stenocarpa , 405 stenochlaena, 417 stenophylla, 419 sterilis , 382, 406 steudelii, 398 stevenii, 404 stipata, 399, 419 straminea, 379, 384, 389, 391 , 396,418,419,421 striatula, 399, 400, 421 stricta, 395, 419 strictior, 41 9, 420 stygia, 401, 409 stylosa, 420 suberecta, 420 subfusca, 420 x sublimosa, 427 x subnigra, 427 x subreducta, 426 x subsalina, 425 subspathacea, 416, 420 x substans. 426 substricta , 380 subulata , 405 x subviridula, 426 suksdorfii, 380 x super-goodenoughii, 427 supina, 420 swanii, 421 sychnocephala, 421 tenella , 390 tenera, 421 tentacutata, 402 tenuiflora, 421 tenuirostris , 382 tenuis , 389 teretiuscula, 389, 390, 41 2 terrae-novae , 393 tetanica, 404, 421 , 425 tincta, 421 tolmiei, 411,419 tonsa, 421 torreyi, 422 torta, 422 tracyi, 401 , 422 tribuioides, 389, 412, 422 triceps, 395 x trichina, 428 trichocarpa, 381 , 398, 422 trisperma, 422 tuckermanii, 422 tumidicarpa, 390, 418 turgidula, 380 typhina, 422 typhinoides, 422 umbeltata, 422, 424 x ungavensis, 427 unilateralis, 423 urbanii, 424 ursina, 423 ustuiata , 383 utriculata , 414 vaginata, 389, 423 vahlii, 404, 407 varia, 387, 407, 408 variabilis, 380, 381 venustula , 405 vesicaria, 391 , 423 vespertina, 397 vestita, 424 virescens,421, 424 virginiana , 420 viridula, 424 vitilis , 385 vulgaris , 378, 383, 395, 398 vulpina, 419 vulpinoidea, 424 warmingii, 384 wiegandii, 424 willdenowii, 424 williamsii, 424 woodii, 425 wormskioldiana , 41 7 x xanthina, 426 xanthocarpa, 380 xerantica, 425 yukonensis, 402 Carpinus, 595 americana, 595 caroliniana, 595 ostnya , 596 virginiana . 596 Carpogymnia dryopteris , 1 63 Carum, 1161 bulbocastanum, 1161 carvi, 1161 gairdneri, 1176 oreganum, 1176 Carya, 584 a/6a, 586 amara, 585 cordiformis, 585 glabra, 585 illinoensis, 585 laciniosa, 585 x laneyi, 585 microcarpa , 586 ovalis, 585 ovata, 585, 586 pecan, 585 porcina, 585 tomentosa, 586 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 673 Cassandra calyculata, 1199 Cassia, 991 fasciculata, 99 1 hebecarpa, 991 marilandica , 991 Cassiope, 1198 hypnoides, 1 1 98 lycopodioides, 1 1 99 mertensiana, 1199 saximontana, 1199 stelleriana, 1199 tetragona, 1199 Castaiia leibergii, 714 odorata, 714 pygmaea, 714 tuberose, 714 Castanea, 597 dentata, 597 sativa, 597 vulgaris, 597 Castilleja, 1339 acuminata, 1345 angustifolia, 1343, 1344 applegatei, 1343 ardifera, 1343 bennittii, 1343 brachyantha, 1343 breviflora, 1343 camporum , 1343 caudata, 1345 cervina, 1343, 1346 chrymactis, 1344 coecinea, 1343 confusa, 1344 crispula, 1345 CUSickii, 1343 dixonii, 1344 elegans , 1345 eimeri, 1343 exilis, 1343 eximia, 1346 1646 Index flava, 1343 Caulinia Centunculus, 1218 fulva, 1343 flexilis, 208 minimus, 1218 gracillima, 1343 Caulophyllum, 761 Cephalanthera henryae, 1345 thafictroides, 761 austiniae, 531 hispida, 1343 Ceanothus, 1081 oregana, 531 hyetophila, 1344 americanus, 1081 Cephalanthus, 1408 hyperborea, 1344 herbaceus, 1081 occidentalis, 1 408 kuschei, 1344 intermedius, 1081 Cephalaria, 1 430 lanceifolia, 1345 laevigatus, 1082 alpina, 1430 lauta, 1346 oreganus. 1081 tatarica, 1430 levisecta, 1 344 ovatus, 1081 Cerastium, 683 linariaefolia, 1344 pubescens, 1081 aleuticum, 686 lutescens, 1344 sanguineus, 1081 alpinum, 684, 685, 686, 687 magna, 1345 velutinus. 1082 alsophilum, 685 mexiae , 1 345 CELASTRACEAE, 1070 angustatum, 685 miniata, 1344, 1346 Celastrus, 1070 aquaticum , 693 muelleri, 1344 orbiculatus, 1070 arcticum, 685 occidentalis, 1345 scandens, 1070 arvense, 685, 708 oreopola, 1345 Celtis, 602 beeringianum, 685 pallescens, 1345 canina, 602 biebersteinii, 686 pallida. 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346 crassifolia, 602 biflorum, 681 parviflora, 1345 douglasii, 602 brachypodum, 687 purpurascens , 1346 occidentalis, 602 caesp/'fost/m , 687 raupii, 1346 pumila, 602 campestre, 685 remota, 1344 reticulata , 602 cerastoides, 686 rhexifolia, 1345, 1346 tenuifolia, 602 confertum, 685 rupicola, 1346 Cenchrus, 259 effusum, 685 rustica, 1346 carolinianus , 260 fischerianum, 686 septentrionalis , 1 345 longispinus, 259, 260 fontanum, 687 sessiliflora, 1346 pauciflorus, 260 glomeratum, 687 subcinerea , 1346 tribuloides, 260 graminifolium , 685 subpurpurascens , 1346 Centaurea, 1515 grande , 686 suksdorfii, 1346 benedicta, 1527 holosteoides , 687 sulphurea , 1345 calcitrapa, 1517 jenisejense , 687 thompsonii, 1346 cyanus, 1517 lanatum , 684 tweedyi, 1345 diffusa, 1517 longipedunculatum, 687 unalaschcensis, 1345, 1346 dubia, 1517 maximum, 686 villosrssima, 1344 jacea, 1517 nitidum, 685 yukonis, 1344 macrocephala, 1517 nutans, 686 Catabrosa, 259 maculosa, 1517 oblongifolium , 685 algida . 304 melitensis, 1517 occidentale, 685 aquatica, 259 montana, 1518 pensylvanicum , 685 vilfoidea , 324 nigra, 1517, 1518 pilosum, 686 CataJpa, 1389 nigrescens, 1518 pubescens , 685 bignonioides, 1389 paniculate, 1517 regelii, 687 catalpa, 1389 picris, 1518 rigidum, 686 ovata, 1 389 repens, 1518 scammaniae , 686 speciosa. 1390 scabiosa, 1518 scopulorum, 685 Cathartolinum solstitialis, 1518 semidecandrum, 687 catharticum , 1039 vochinensis, 1517 s trie turn, 685 medium, 1039 Centaurella subulatum, 685 rigidum, 1039 paniculata , 1235 terrae-novae , 686 striatum, 1040 Centauridium tomentosum, 687 sulcatum, 1040 drummondii , 1623 trigynum, 686 Caucalis, 1161 Centaurium, 1236 triviale , 687 anthriscus, 1 180 erythraea, 1236 unalaschkense , 686 arvensis, 1180 exaltatum, 1236 velutinum , 685 japonica , 1180 minus, 1236 vestitum, 685 microcarpa, 1 161 muhfenbergii, 1236 villosum, 684, 685 nodosa, 1180 pulchellum, 1236 viscosum, 687 Caulanthus, 81 1 umbellatum, 1236 vulgatum, 687 pilosus, 811 Centrocarpha Cerasus grandiflora, 1588 borealis, 940 1647 Index canadensis , 939, 940, 941 demissa, 942 depressa, 941 emarginata, 941 erecta, 941 mollis , 941 nigra , 940 pensylvanica , 940 pruni folia, 941 pumila , 941 serof/na, 942 virginiana , 942 Ceratiola, 1062 ericoides, 1062 Ceratocephalus testiculatus, 755 Ceratochloa breviaristata , 250 cathartics, 251 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 71 1 Ceratophyllum, 71 1 demersum, 71 1 echinatum, 711 Cercis, 991 canadensis, 991 Cerefolium cere folium, 1160 Cerinthe, 1 280 major. 1280 Ceropteris triangularis , 165 Chaenactis, 1518 alpina, 1518 douglasii, 1518 Ghaenorrhinum, 1346 minus, 1 346 Chaerophyllum, 1161 anthriscus, 1 160 canadense, 1164 cerefolium, 1160 claytonii, 1175 procumbens, 1162 sativum, 1160 sylvestre, 1160 temulum, 1162 Chaetochloa glauca, 326 italics, 326 viridis, 327 Chamaecyparis, 179 nootkatensis, 179 Chamaedaphne, 1 1 99 calyculata, 1199 Chamaelirium, 495 luteum, 495 Chamaenerion angustifolium, 1 133 exaltatum ,1133 latifolium, 1 134 spicatum, 1133 subdentatum, 1134 Chamaepericlymenum canadense, 1183 unalaschkensis, 1182 Chamaerhodos, 909 erecta, 909 nuttallii, 909 Chamaesaracha, 1326 grandiflora, 1 326 Chamaesyce geyeri, 1057 humistrata, 1057 polygonifolia, 1058 serpens, 1058 serpyllifolia , 1058 supina, 1058 vermiculata, 1058 Chamomilla hookeri, 1581 inodora, 1581 maritime, 1581 Cheilanthes, 157 densa, 158 feeii, 157 gracilJima, 157 lanuginosa , 1 57 siliquosa, 158 vestita, 157 Cheiranthus angustatus, 830 asper, 830 bicornis, 839 capitatus, 830 elatus, 830 maritimus, 839 pallasii, 831 pygmaeus, 831 Cheirinia cheiranthoides , 830 elata, 830 inconspicua, 830 pallasii, 831 Chelidonium, 768 diphyllum , 772 glaucium , 768 majus, 768 Chelone, 1347 glabra, 1 347 hirsuta, 1376 linifolia, 1347 montana, 1347 nemorosa, 1376 CHENOPODIACEAE, 641 Chenopodium, 647 album, 649, 651 ambrosioides, 649 atrovirens, 650 berlandieri, 649 bonus-henricus, 650 boscianum, 649 botrys, 650 bushianum, 649 calceoliforme , 656 capitatum, 650 chenopodioides, 650 dacoticum, 649 foggii, 650 fremontii, 650, 651 fruticosum , 656 gigantospermum , 651 glaucophyllum , 652 glaucum, 651 hians, 651 humile , 652 hybridum, 651 incanum, 650 lanceolatum, 649 leptophyllum, 650, 651 macrocalycium, 649 macrospermum , 650 maritimum , 656 murale, 651 oblongifolium , 651 opulifolium, 649 paganum, 649 polyspermum, 652 pratericola, 650, 651 rubrum, 650, 652 salinum, 651 scoparia , 653 serotinum, 649 standleyanum, 651 strictum, 652 subglabrum , 651 urbicum, 652 vulvaria, 652 zosteraefolium , 645 zschackei, 649 Cherleria dicranoides , 678 Chimaphila, 1188 corymbosa, 1188 maculata, 1 1 88 menziesii, 1188 occidentalis , 1188 umbellata, 1188 Chiogenes hispidula, 1200 serpyllifolia, 1200 Chlonanthes tomentosa , 1347 Chloraea austiniae, 531 Chloris curtipenduia, 246 Chlorogalum leichtlinii, 495 Chondrophylla americana, 1241 prostrata, 1241 Chondrosea aizoon , 885 tricuspidata, 894 Chondrosium gracile, 246 Cborispora, 81 1 tenella, 811 1648 Index Chrysanthemum, 1518 nauseosus, 1521 him, 1527 alpinum, 1519 plattensis, 1521 hookerianum, 1526 arcticum, 804, 1519 puberulus, 1522 kamtschaticum, 1525 balsamita, 1519 pulcherrimus , 1521 fanceolatum , 1527 bipinnatum , 1615 speciosus, 1521 macounii, 1525 coronarium, 1519 viscidiflorus, 1 521 megacephalum, 1527 douglasii, 1615 Cicendia minganense, 1526 grandifiorum , 1581 exaltata, 1236 muticum, 1526 inodorum, 1581 Cicer, 992 oblanceolatum , 1526 integrifolium, 1520 arietinum, 992 palustre, 480, 1526 ircutianum, 1520 Cichoriaceae , 1442 pitcheri, 1527 lacustre, 1520 Cichorium, 1522 polyphyllum, 1527 leucanthemum, 1520 endivia, 1522 pumilum, 1527 parthenium, 1520 intybus, 1522 scariosum, 1526 segetum, 1520 Cicuta. 1162 tweedy i, 1527 utiginosum, 1520 bulbifera, 1162 undulatum, 1525, 1526, 1527 vulgare, 1616 califomica ,1162 x vancouverense, 1525 Chrysobotrya douglasii, 1162 vulgare, 1527 aurea, 878 mackenzieana, 1162 Cissus odorata , 878 maculata, 1163 hederacea, 1084 Chrysocoma occidentals , 1 1 62, 1 1 63 CISTACEAE, 1100 graminifolia , 1607 vagans, 1162 Cistus graveolens, 1521 virosa, 1163 canadensis, 1100 nauseosa, 1521 Cimicifuga, 728 Citrullus, 1433 Chrysocoptis elata, 728 vulgaris, 1433 occidentals, 731 palmata, 759 Cladium, 428 Chrysopogon racemosa, 728 mariscoides, 428 nutans, 327 serpentaria , 728 Cladothamnus, 1 1 99 Chrysopsis, 1521 Cineraria campanulatus , 1 207 acaulis, 1556 atropurpurea , 1595 pyrolaeflorus, 1 1 99 alba, 1502 canadensis, 1596 Clarkia, 1130 alpina , 1 503 congests, 1596 amoena, 1130 amygdalina , 1 506 frigida, 1594 gracilis, 1131 angustifolia , 1521 integrifolia , 1 595 pulchella, 1131 arida, 1521 lewisii, 1541 quadrivulnera, 1131 bakeri , 1521 lyrata, 1599 rbomboidea, 1131 ballardii, 1521 palustris, 1596 Claytonia, 666 barbata, 1521 Cinna, 260 acuti folia , 667, 668 butleri, 1521 arundinacea, 260 alsinoides, 668 caespitosa , 1556 expansa , 260 aquatica , 670 Columbiana, 1521 latifolia, 260 arctica, 667, 668 falcate, 1521 pendula, 260 asarifolia, 668 hirsutissima , 1521 Circaea, 1129 bostockii, 671 hispida, 1521 alpina, 1129 caroliniana, 667 villosa, 1521 canadensis, 1129 chamissoi, 670 Chrysosplenium, 863 intermedia ,1129 chamissonis, 670 alternifolium, 864 latifolia, 1130 chrysantha , 667 americanum, 864 lutetiana, 1130 cordifolia, 668 beringianum , 864 pacifica, 1129 dichotoma , 670 glechomaefolium, 864 quadrisulcata, 1129, 1130 diffusa , 670 iowense, 864 Cirsium, 1522 eschscholtzii, 667 oppositifolium , 864 altissimum, 1524 exigua, 668 pacificum , 864 arvense, 1 524 filicaulis, 671 rosendahlii, 864 brevifolium, 1525 flagellaris, 671 scouleri, 864 brevistylum, 1525 ham, 671 tet ran drum, 864 canescens . 1525 howellii, 671 wrightii, 864 discolor, 1524, 1525 lanceolata, 667 Chrysothamnus, 1521 drummondii, 1525, 1526, 1527 linearis, 671 bloomed, 1556 edule, 1525 media , 668 frigidus, 1521 engelmannii, 1527 megarhiza, 667, 668 graveolens, 1521 flodmanii, 1525, 1527 parviflora, 668 lanceolatus, 1522 foliosum, 1526 parvifolia, 668, 671 macounii , 1521 heterophyllum, 1524 perfoiiata, 668 1649 Index sarmentosa, 668 scammaniana, 668 sibirica, 668 spathulata, 668 stoionifera , 670 tuberosa , 667 unalaschkensis , 668 virginica, 668 Clematis, 729 alpina, 729 columbiana , 730 douglasii, 729 erecta , 730 hirsutissima, 724, 729 ligusticifolia, 730 occidentalis , 730 orientals, 730 recta, 730 tangutica , 730 verticillaris, 729, 730 viorna, 730 virginiana, 730 virginica , 730 vitieella, 730 Cleome, 777 dodecandra, 777 integrifolia, 777 lutea, 777 serrutata, 777 spinosa, 777 Clethra, 1186 alnifolia, 1186 CLETHRACEAE, 1186 Clinelymus canadensis, 269 glaucus, 270 sibiricus, 271 Clinopodium glabrum, 1318 incanum, 1315 vulgare, 1319 Clintonia, 495 borealis, 495 corymbosa, 1439 elegans, 1439 uniflora, 495 Clypeola maritima, 838 Cnemidophacos ftavus , 988 pectinatus, 988 Cnicus, 1527 altissimus , 1525 arvensis, 1524 benedictus, 1527 discolor, 1525 drummondii, 1525 edulis, 1525 eriocephalus , 1526 foliosus, 1526 hillii, 1527 hookerianus , 1526 kamtschaticus , 1525 lanceolatus , 1527 muticus, 1526 pitched, 1527 pumilus, 1525, 1527 undulatus , 1527 Cnidium, 1163 ajanense, 1163 chinense, 1163 cnidiifolium, 1163 Cobresia (Kobresia) Cochlearia, 811 anglica, 81 1 aquatic a, 798 arctica, 812 armoracia , 799 coronopus, 812 cyclocarpa, 81 1 danica, 81 1 fenestrata ,812 groenlandica , 812 oblongifolia, 812 officinalis, 811,812 rusticana , 799 sessilifolia, 812 siliquosa, 824 spathulata , 824 tridactylites, 812 Coeloglossum bracteatum, 538 Coelopleurum actaeifolium ,1159 gmelinii, 1159, 1163 longipes ,1159 lucidum, 1 159 Cogswellia ambigua, 1171 cous, 1172 farinosa, 1172 foeniculacea, 1 172 gey en, 1172 jonesii, 1 1 72 macrocarpa, 1 172 martindalei, 1 1 73 montana, 1172 nudicaulis, 1173 orientale, 1173 sandbergii, 1173 simplex, 1173 triternata ,1173 utriculata, 1173 villosa, 1172 Coinogyne carnosa , 1 572 Coleosanthus grandiflorus, 1513 oblongifolius, 1513 umbeliatus, 1513 Collinsia, 1347 grandiflora, 1348 parviflora, 1348, 1380 pauciflora, 1348 tenella, 1348, 1380 verna, 1348 Collinsonia, 1302 canadensis, 1302 Collomia, 1259 gracilis, 1262 grandiflora, 1259 heterophylla, 1259 linearis, 1 259 micrantha, 1262 tenella, 1259, 1261 Cofpodium, 260 arundinaceum, 243 fuivum, 243 latifolium, 243 pauciflorum, 259 vahlianum, 260 wrtghtii, 260, 317 Comandra, 610 livida, 610 pallida, 610 richardsiana, 610 umbellate, 610 Comaropsis fragarioides , 967 pedata , 959 Comarum angustifolium , 935 palustre, 936 Commelina, 460 communis, 460 dubia, 462 COMMELINACEAE, 460 COMPOSITAE, 1442 Compton ia, 582 peregrina, 582 Conimitella, 864 williamsii, 864 Conioselinum, 1163 benthamii, 1 1 63 chinense, 1163 cnidiifolium, 1163 dawsonii, 1163 fischeri, 1 1 63 gmelinii, 1163 pacificum, 1 163 pumilum, 1163 vaginatum , 1163 Conium, 1163 maculatum, 1163 Conobea, 1 348 multifida, 1348 Conopholis, 1392 americana, 1392 Conopodium canadense, 1164 Conostylis americana , 51 6 Conringia, 812 orientals, 812, 833 Consolida ambigua , 733 regalis, 734 1650 Index Convallaria, 496 biflora, 502 majalis, 496 multiflora, 502 racemosa , 503 stellata, 504 tri folia , 504 Convallariaceae, 484 CONVOLVULACEAE, 1253 Convolvulus, 1253 ambigens, 1253 americanus, 1254 arvensis, 1253 fratemifolius , 1254 hederaceus , 1 257 interior, 1254 japonicus, 1253 macounii , 1254 pandurafus, 1257 purpureus , 1257 reniformis , 1254 repens, 1254 sepium, 1254 soldanella, 1254 spithamaeus, 1254 sfans, 1254 Conyza canaafens/s, 1541 Coptidium lapponicum, 750 Coptis, 731 asplenifolia, 731 groenlandica , 731 occidentalis, 731 trifofia, 731 Corallorhiza, 527 macraei , 528 maculata, 528 mertensiana, 528 multiflora, 528 odontorhiza, 528 striata, 528 trifida, 528 vancouveriana, 528 wisteriana, 528 Corema, 1062 conradii, 1062 Coreopsis, 1528 aiternifolia, 1459 atkinsoniana, 1528 coronata, 1510 discoidea, 1510 grandi flora, 1529 lanceolate, 1529 palmata, 1529 rosea, 1 529 tinctoria, 1 529 tripteris, 1529 verticillata, 1529 Coriandrum, 1164 sativum. 1164 Corispermum, 652 emarginatum, 653 hyssopifolium, 652 marginaie , 653 nitidum, 653 orientate , 653 simplicissimum, 653 villosum, 653 CORNACEAE, 1181 Cornelia canadensis , 1 183 Comucopiae perennans, 238 Cornus, 1181 alba .1184 aiternifolia. 1 182 amomum, 1182 asperifolia, 1183 baileyi, 1 184 californica, 1184 canadensis, 1 1 82 circinata . 1 1 84 drummondii, 1183 florida, 1183 instoloneus, 1 1 85 interior, 1 1 84 intermedia ,1182 lanuginosa, 1182 nuttallii, 1183 obliqua, 1182 occidentalis, 1184 paniculate , 1183, 1424 pubescens ,1184 purpusii, 1 1 82 racemosa, 1183 riparia, 1182, 1184 rugosa, 1 1 84 sanguinea ,1185 sericea, 1182, 1184, 1185 x slavinii, 1 1 84 stolonifera, 1184 stricta ,1185 suecica, 1182, 1185 tomentulosa, 1 184 x unalaschkensis, 1182 Coronilla, 992 scorpioides, 992 varia, 992 Coronopus, 812 didymus, 812 procumbens, 812 squamatus, 812 Corrigiola, 687 litoralis, 687 Corrigiolaceae, 673 Corydalis, 773 aurea, 774 canadensis, 775 cucullaria, 775 flavula, 774 formosa . 775 fungosa , 773 glauca , 77 4 montana , 774 pauciflora, 774 scouleri, 774 sempervirens, 774 Corylaceae, 587 Corylus, 595 amerieana, 595 californica , 596 cornuta, 595 rostrata, 596 Corynephorus, 261 canescens, 261 Coryphantha, 1119 missouriensis, 11 19, 1120 vivipara, 1119 Cosmos, 1529 bipinnatus, 1529 Cotoneaster, 909 acutifolia, 909 melanocarpa, 909 pyracantha , 943 Cotula, 1530 australis, 1 530 coronop ifotia, 1530 Cracca Virginians, 1026 Crantzia line at a, 1169 Crassula aquatica , 859 CRASSULACEAE, 854 Crataegus, 909 aboriginum, 913 acuminata, 912 acutiloba, 912 affinis , 91 1 alnorum, 912 anomala, 91 1 aquilonaris ,911 ardua, 913 arduennae, 911 armigera , 91 4 asperifolia , 91 1 aulica, 911 balkwillii , 91 1 basilica, 912 beata, 912 biltmoreana , 91 2 blanchardii, 913 bfandita, 912 boyntonii, 912 brainerdii, 91 1 brevispina, 912 brunetiana, 913 calpodendron, 911 canadensis, 912 celsa, 913 champlainensis ,913 chippewaensis, 91 1 chrysocarpa, 913 coccinata, 91 1 coccinea, 911, 912 coccinoides, 91 1 cognata, 913 colorata, 912 1651 Index columbiana ,913 compacta, 913 compta, 912 confinis, 911 confragosa, 911 congestiflora, 912 conspecia, 911 conspicua ,914 cordata, 911 crassifolia, 913 crudelis, 912 crus-galli, 91 1 debilis, 914 delectabilis, 914 delosii, 913 demissa, 912 densi flora ,912 dilatata, 91 1 disperma, 91 1 dissona, 913 divida , 91 4 dodgei, 913 douglasii, 912 dumicola, 914 egglestonii, 91 1 elliptica , 913 ellwangeriana, 911 exornata, 913 faxonii , 913 ferentaria, 914 fernaldii, 913 ferta, 914 fertilis , 91 4 flabellata, 911, 912 flammea , 914 flai/a, 913 flavida, 913 florifera ,913 fluviatilis, 912 foetida, 912 fonteneszana, 911 formosa, 912 fulgida, 914 gemmosa, 914 genialis, 912 glabrata, 914 glandulosa, 911, 914 glaucophylla, 912 graWs, 912 grayana , 912 holmesiana, 911 illecebrosa, 911 improvisa , 91 1 inaudita, 913 integriloba, 91 3 intricata, 912 iracunda , 912 /(rasa, 913 jackii, 913 jonesiae, 913 knieskerniana, 91 1 latisepala, 913 laurentiana, 913 leiophylla, 913 lemingtonensis , 912 lenta , 91 1 /ev/s, 912 limulata , 914 lobulata, 911 longipedunculata , 91 3 macot/mz, 91 1 macracanf/ra, 914 maorasperma , 91 2 margarefte , 913 matura, 912 microsperma, 914 minutiflora, 913 miranda , 91 1 mollis, 911, 912 monogyna, 912, 913 neofluvialis, 914 nitidula, 913 occidentalis , 914 ornate , 912 oxyacantha, 912 pallidula , 912 pasforum, 912 pausiaca, 91 1 pedicellata , 912 pentendra, 912 peramoena, 914 perjucunda, 913 p/cte, 91 1 piperi, 91 3 pisifera, 914 ptaciva, 913 praeclara, 914 praecoqua, 913 pringlei, 91 1 prinoides, 914 prominens , 913 promissa, 912 prona , 91 2 pruinosa, 912, 913 pubifolia, 91 1 punctata, 911, 913, 914 pyrifolia , 914 rhombifolia , 914 rivularis, 912 roanensis , 912 robeson/ana , 91 1 rotundata, 913 rotundifolia, 912, 913 rubricunda , 912 saeva, 914 sa miens is , 912 saundersiana, 913 scabrida , 911 sejuncta ,911 sera, 912 silvestris, 913 spissiflora , 91 1 splendida, 912 stenophylla, 914 sfo/ort/fera, 912 sfreeferae, 912 structilis, 91 1 suaws, 912 submollis, 912 suborbiculata, 913 subvillosa, 912 succulenta, 913, 914 tardipes, 91 1 tenax, 91 1 tomen/osa, 913, 914 vew/osa, 914 victorinii, 914 virilis, 913 vivida , 91 1 Crepidium glaucum, 1533 Crepis, 1530 acuminata, 1531 angustata, 1531 atrabarba, 1532 biennis, 1 532 capillaris, 1532 elegans, 1532 exilis, 1532 glauca, 1533 glaucella, 1533 gracilis, 1532 intermedia ,1531,1 532 modocensis, 1 532 nana, 1532 nicaeensis, 1532 nudicaulis, 1577 obtusissima, 1533 occidentalis, 1532, 1533 pallens , 1533 perplexans, 1533 platyphyila, 1533 rostrata, 1532 runcinata, 1533 taraxaci folia , 1533 tectorum, 1532, 1533 vesicaria, 1 533 virens, 1532 Crinitaria humilis, 1499 viscidi flora, 1521 Criosanthes arietinum , 530 Cristaria coccinea , 1 093 Critesion jubatum, 284 Crocanthemum canadense ,1100 majus, 1100 Crocidium, 1533 multicaule, 1533 Crocus, 518 vernus, 518 Crotalaria alba, 990 Croton, 1054 capitatus, 1054 CRUCI FERAE, 778 1652 Index Crunocallis chamissonis, 670 Crypta minima, 1099 Cryptantha, 1280 affinis, 1281. 1282 ambigua. 1281 bradburiana, 1282 celosioides, 1282 circumscissa. 1281 confusa, 1281 crassisepala , 1281 fendleri, 1281 flaccida, 1281 glomerata , 1 282 grandiflora, 1281 intermedia, 1281 interrupta, 1282 kelseyana, 1281 leucophaea, 1282 macounii , 1282 minima, 1281 nubigena, 1282 sobolifera, 1282 spiculifera , 1282 torreyana, 1281, 1282 forrey/, 1281 Cryptogramma, 158 acrostichoides , 158 crispa, 1 58 densa, 158 gracilis , 1 59 stelleri, 158 Cryptotaenia, 1164 canadensis, 1164 Ctenophylium . pectinatum, 988 Cubelium concolor, 1103 Cucubalus behen , 701 latifolius , 701 Cucumis, 1433 sativus. 1433 Cucurbita, 1433 pepo, 1433 CUCURBITACEAE, 1432 Cunila glabella, 1318 mariana , 1 324 origanoides, 1324 pulegioides . 1 304 Cuphea, 1124 petiolata, 1124 viscosissima , 1124 Cupressus nootkatensis , 179 thyoides , 1 80 Cuscuta, 1 254 approximata, 1255 arvensis , 1256 californica , 1 256 campestris, 1256 cephalanthi, 1255 chlorocarpa , 1256 compacta, 1255 coryli, 1256 curta, 1256 epifinum, 1256 epithymum, 1256 europaea, 1256 gronovii, 1256 megalocarpa , 1256 pentagona, 1 256 planiflora , 1 256 polygonorum, 1256 salina, 1256 squamigera, 1256 tenuiflora , 1 255 umbrosa, 1256 Cuscufaeeae, 1253 Cyamus luteus, 713 Cyanococcus angustifolius, 1210 canadensis, 1211 pensylvanicus ,1210 Cyanotris scilloides , 495 Cyclachaena xanthifolia, 1572 Cycloloma, 653 atriplicifolium, 653 Cydonia oblonga, 945 vulgaris, 945 Cymbalaria, 1348 muralis, 1348 Cymbidium hyemale, 527 odontorhizon , 528 pulchellum, 527 Cymopteris. 1 1 64 acaulis, 1164 foeniculaceus , 1165 glomeratus, 1164 montanus, 1 1 64 terebinthinus, 1164 Cynanchum, 1252 medium, 1252 nigrum. 1252 vincetoxicum, 1252 Cynapium apiifolium, 1168 Cynodon, 261 dactylon, 261 Cynoglossum, 1282 boreale, 1282, 1283 ciliatum, 1285 deflexum , 1 285 glomeratum, 1282 grande, 1283 lineare , 1 293 linifolium, 1292 occidentals , 1283 officinale, 1283 penicillatum , 1293 virginianum, 1283 Cynosurus, 261 cristatus, 261 echinatus, 261 indicus, 267 Cynoxylon canadense, 1183 florid a, 1 1 83 nuttallii, 1 1 83 Cynthia virginica , 1 573 CYPERACEAE, 338 Cyperus, 428 aristatus, 430 arundinacea , 431 dentatus, 429 diandrus, 429, 430 engelmannii, 429 erythrorhizos, 429 esculentus, 429 ferax, 430 ferruginescens, 430 filiculmis, 430, 431 fuscus, 430 halei, 429 houghtonii, 430 inflexus, 430 odoratus, 430 ovularis, 430 phymatodes, 429 repens, 429 rivularis, 430 schweinitzii, 430 spathaceus, 431 strigosus, 430 Cypripedium, 529 acaule, 530 x andrewsii. 530 arietinum, 530 bulbosum, 527 calceolus, 530 canadense, 531 candidum, 530 fasciculatum, 531 x favillianum, 530 guttatum, 531 hirsutum, 531 humile, 530 x landonii, 530 montanum, 531 occidentale, 531 parviflorum, 530 passerinum, 531 pubescens , 530 reginae, 531 s pec ta bile, 531 yatabeanum , 531 Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria, 746 Cystium cicer, 985 lentiginosum, 987 1653 Index Cystopteris, 1 59 bulbifera, 1 59 dickieana, 159 fragilis, 159 x laurentiana, 159, 160 montana, 1 60 Cytisus, 992 monspessulanus, 992 rhombifolius . 1027 scoparius, 992 Dactylis, 261 cynosuroides , 328 glomerata, 261 Dactylorchis purpurella, 543 Dactylorhiza aristata , 542 Dalea Candida, 1023 oligophylia , 1 023 purpurea , 1023 villosa, 1023 Dalibarda, 914 fragarioides , 967 pedata , 959 repens, 914 vilaeoides, 914 Damasonium, 212 californicum, 212 Danthonia, 261 allenii, 262 americana , 262 californica, 262, 263 compressa, 262 intermedia, 262 macounii, 262 parryi, 262 spicata, 262 ihermalis , 263 unrspicata, 263 Daphne, 1121 mezereum, 1121 Darwinia exaltata , 1 026 Dasiphora fruticosa, 932 Dasystephana affinis, 1239 andrewsii, 1239 catycosa, 1240 ctausa, 1240 flavida , 1239 forwoodii, 1239 glauca , 1240 interrupta, 1239 linearis , 1240 obtusiloba, 1240 oregana, 1239 puberula , 1241 romanzovii, 1239 saponaria, 1241 Dasystoma pedicularia, 1338 pubescens, 1338 virginica, 1338 Datura, 1326 innoxia, 1326 metel, 1326 meteloides, 1326 stramonium, 1326 tatula, 1326 Daucus, 1165 carota, 1 1 65 microphyllus , 1165 pusillus, 1165 Decodon, 1124 verticillatus, 1124 Delopyrum articulatum, 620 Delphinium, 731 ajacis, 733, 734 alatum, 734 albescens, 734 azureum, 733, 734 bicolor, 733, 734 blaisdellii, 734 brachycentrum, 734 brownii, 734 burkei, 733 canmorense , 734 columbianum, 734 consolida, 734 cyanoreios, 734 depauperatum, 734 elatum, 734 elongatum , 734 giaucum, 734 menziesii, 734 nelsonii, 734 nutans , 734 nuttallianum, 734 nuttallii, 734 ramosum, 734 ruthiae, 734 scopulorum, 734 simplex, 733 variegatum, 733 virescens, 734 Dendranthema hultenii, 1519 Dennstaedtia, 160 punctilobula, 160 Denslovia clavellata . 535 Dentaria, 812 x anomala, 813 diphyila, 813 heterophylla, 813 laciniata, 813 maxima, 813 microphylla , BOB tenella, 810 Deschampsia, 263 alba, 265 alpina, 263 arctica , 264 atropurpurea, 263 beringensis , 264 bottnica , 264 brachyphylia, 264 brevifolia, 264 caespitosa, 264 calycina , 264 ciliata, 264 danthonioides, 264 elongata, 264 flexuous, 264 glauca , 264 holciformis, 264 latifolia, 264 mackenzieana, 264 pumila, 264 pungens, 264 Descurainia, 814 intermedia , 814 pinnata, 814, 815 richardsonii, 814 sophia, 815 sophioides, 815 Desmodium, 992 acuminatum, 994 bracteosum, 994 canadense, 993 canescens, 994 ciliare, 994 cuspidatum, 994 dillenii, 994 glabellum, 994 glutinosum, 994 grandiflorum , 994 iilinoense, 994 marilandicum, 994 nudiflorum, 994 obtusum, 994 paniculatum, 994 pauciflorum, 995 perplexum, 994 rigidum, 995 rotundifolium, 995 sessilifolium, 995 Deyeuxia aequivalvis, 317 ale utica, 258 borealis, 257 brevi aristata, 258 canadensis, 256 Columbiana, 258 crassiglumis , 256 deschampsioides, 256 glomerata , 257 lapponica , 257 macouniana , 256 neglecta, 257 nutkaensis , 258 pickeringii, 258 ported, 259 purpurascens, 258 1654 Index rubescens, 259 scabra , 256 strigosa, 256 suksdorfii, 259 vancouverensis , 257 . Dianthera americana, 1399 Dianthus, 687 alpinus , 689 arenarius, 688 armeria, 688 barbatus, 688 chinensis, 689 deltoides, 689 plumarius, 688, 689 repens, 689 serotinus, 688 sylvestris, 689 Diapensia, 1214 lapponica, 1214 obovata, 1214 DIAPENSIACEAE, 1214 Diarrhena, 265 americana, 265 Dibothrospermum agreste, 1581 Dicentra, 775 canadensis, 775 cucullaria, 775 formosa, 775 occidentalis , 775 uniflora, 776 Dichromena, 431 colorata, 431 Dicksonia punctitobula, 160 Dicliptera americana , 1 399 Diciytra canadensis, 775 cucullaria, 775 Dicrophyllum marginatum, 1057 Dielytra canadensis , 775 cucullaria, 775 eximia, 775 formosa, 775 Diervilla, 1415 acadiensis, 1415 canadensis, 1415 diervilla, 1415 humilis, 1415 lonicera, 1415 lutea, 1415 tournefortii , 1415 trifida, 1415 Dieteria canescens, 1496 puberulenta , 1496 viscosa, 1496 Digitalis, 1348 ambrgua, 1349 grandiflora, 1349 lanata, 1349 lutea. 1349 purpurea, 1349 Digitaria, 265 humifusa, 265 ischaemum, 265 sanguinalis, 265 Digraphis arundinacea, 303 Diholcus bisulcatus, 984 Dilepyrum aristosum, 247 erectum, 247 Dimorphotheca, 1534 aurantiaca, 1534 sinuata, 1534 Dioscorea, 515 paniculate ,515 villosa, 515 DIOSCOREACEAE, 515 Diotis lanata, 653 Diphasium alpinum, 133 complanatum , 134 sabinaefolium , 135 sitchense , 136 Diplazium acrostichoides , 1 57 pycnocarpon, 156 thelypteroides , 156 Diplopappus albus, 1502 amygdafinus, 1506 canescens, 1541 filifolius, 1542 grandiflorus , 1541 hispid us, 1521 linariifolius , 1499 linearis, 1543 pinnatifidus , 1557 umbellatus, 1506 viilosus, 1521 Diplostephium amygdalinum , 1 506 Diplotaxis, 81 5 erucoides, 816 muralis, 816 tenuifolia, 816 DIPSACACEAE, 1430 Dipsacus, 1430 fuflonum, 1430 sativus, 1430 sylvestris , 1 430 Dirca, 1121 palustris, 1121 Disporum, 496 hookeri, 496 lanuginosum, 496 menziesii, 496 oreganum, 496 smithii, 496 trachycarpum, 496 Distegia invoiucrata, 1419 Distichlis, 265 dentata, 266 maritima, 266 spicata, 266 stricta, 266 Dodecatheon, 1218 conjugens, 1218 cusickii, 1219 cylindrocarpum , 1218 dentatum, 1219 frigidum, 1219 hendersonii. 1219 integrifolium , 1219 jeffreyi, 1219 macrocarpum, 1219 meadia, 1219 pauciflorum, 1219 puberulentum, 1219 puberulum, 1219 pulchellum, 1219 radicatum, 1219 salinum, 1219 superbum, 1219 uniflorum, 1219 viscidum, 1218 viviparum, 1219 watsonii, 1219 Doeliingeria ptarmicoides , 1502 pubens, 1505 umbellata, 1506 Dolichos, 995 lablab, 995 Dondia americana, 656 fruticosa, 656 intermedia , 656 maritima , 656 Donia digyna, 620 glutinosa, 1553 lanceoiata, 1556 squarrosa , 1 554 uniflora , 1 557 Doronicum, 1534 caucasicum, 1534 pardalianches, 1534 Douglasia, 1220 arctica, 1220 gormanii, 1220 laevigata, 1 220 montana, 1220 nivalis, 1220 ochotensis, 1220 Downingia, 1439 corymbosa , 1 439 elegans, 1439 laeta, 1439 1655 Index Draba, 816 acinacis, 827 adamsii, 826 albertina, 821 aleuiica , 822 algida, 821 ailenii, 822 alpina, 820, 827 andina , 826 androsace , 822 arabis, 823 arabisans, 823 arcf/ca, 821 arctogena, 825, 826 aurea, 821, 824 aureiformis , 821 barbata, 827 bellii, 820 borealis, 821 caesia, 820 cana, 824, 825 canadensis , 823 caroliniana , 827 cbam/sson/s, 820 cinerea, 821 clivicola , 826 coloradensis , 827 co/amb/ana, 827 confusa , 824 co/ymbosa, 812 crassifolia, 821 cusickii, 828 dayr/ca, 823 densifolia, 821 d/cfyofa , 825 eschscholtzii, 820 exalata, 828 fernaldiana, 821 fladnizensis, 822 glabella, 822, 823 glacialis, 820, 824 grandis, 824 gredinii, 826 groenlandica , 821 henneana, 821, 823 b/rfa, 822, 823, 826, 827 hyperborea, 824 incana, 821 , 823, 824 incerta, 824 kamtschatica , 825 tactea, 822 laevipes, 825 lanceoiata, 824, 825 lapponica, 822 laurentiana, 823 iaxa, 826 lonchocarpa, 825 iongii, 823 longipes, 825 luteola , 821 macoun/ana , 827 macounii , 825 /TTacrocarpa , 820 maxima , 821 mccallai, 821 megasperma, 823 m/'cranfba , 827 micropetala , 826 minganensis , 821 nemora//s , 825 nemorosa, 825 nitida, 827 nivalis, 822, 825 norvegica, 825, 826 oblongata, 820, 826 ogilviensis , 820 oligantha , 827 oligosperma, 826, 827 ostenfeldii, 821 ovibovlna, 821 palanderiana , 820 pauci flora , 621 paysonii, 826 peasei, 827 pilosa, 827 praealta, 827 pseudopilosa , 822 pycnosperma, 822 ramosissima , 823 reptans, 827 waxes, 828 wpestris, 826 sibirica, 820 sornborgeri, 826 spathulata, 824 sphaeroides, 828 stellata, 825 stenoloba, 827 stenopetala, 822 sty laris, 823, 824 subcapitata, 827 yna/asbik/ana , 821 ventosa, 828 verna, 828 Dracaena borealis , 495 Dracaenaceae , 484 Dracocephalum, 1302 tormosius, 1 302 nuttallii, 1302, 1311 parvifiorum , 1311 spec/'osym, 1302 thymiflorum, 1311 virginianum, 1302 Oraconf/ym foef/dy/n, 455 /camfscbafcense, 455 Drosace albertina , 1217 car/nafa, 121 7 Drosera, 851 anglica, 851 intermedia, 851 linearis, 851 x obovata, 851 rotundifolia, 851 , 052 DROSERACEAE, 851 Dryas, 914 alaskensis , 916 anemonoides , 922 babingtoniana , 915 chamaedrifolia , 916 chamissonis, 915 crenulata, 915 drummondii, 914 hookeriana ,916 integrilolia. 915 kamtschatica, 916 x lewinii, 915 octopetala, 915, 916 pentaphylla , 922 pynctafa, 916 sylvatica, 915 tenella , 915 fomenfosa, 915 x wyssiana, 915 Drymocallis agrimonoides , 929 albida, 932 corymbosa, 929 fissa , 932 glandulosa , 932 oregana , 932 pseudorupestris, 932 valida , 932 wrangelliana , 932 Dryopteris, 160 arguta, 161 austriaca, 161, 162 boottii, 162 x burgessii, 162 campyioptera , 161 carfbysrana , 161 clintoniana, 162 cristata, 162 dilatata, 161 disjuncta, 163 filix-mas, 162 f ragrans, 1 62 goldiana, 162, 163 hexagonoptera , 1 70 linnaeana , 1 63, 1 64 marginalis, 162, 163 nevadensis, 170 noveboracensis , 170 oregana , 1 70 oreoptehs, 170 phegopteris, 170 rigid a, 161 robertiana , 1 64 simulaia, 171 spinulosa, 161, 162 thelypteris , 170 x uliginosa, 162 vHlarii, 161 Duchesnea. 916 indica, 916 Dulichium, 431 arundinaceum, 431 1656 Index canadense, 431 spathaceum, 431 Dupontia, 266 cooleyi, 334 fjsheri, 266 micrantha, 266 psilosantha, 266 Dyssodia. 1534 chrysanthemoides , 1534 papposa, 1534 Estonia intermedia , 329 nitida, 329 obtusata, 329 pensylvanica , 329 Eburophyton. 531 austiniae, 531 Echinacea, 1534 angusti folia, 1534 pallida, 1 534 purpurea, 1 534 Echrnochloa, 266 colonum, 267 crusgalli, 267 frumentacea. 267 microstachya , 267 muricata, 267 pungens, 267 waited, 267 Echinocystis, 1433 lobata. 1433 Echinodorus, 212 parvulus, 212 tenellus , 212 Echinopanax horridum, 1150 Echinops, 1534 exaltatus, 1535 sphaerocephalus, 1535 Echinospermum brachycentrum, 1286 cupulatum, 1286 deflexum, 1285 diffusum, 1285 floribundum, 1285 hispidum, 1285 lappula, 1286 occidentale, 1286 patulum, 1286 redowskii, 1286 texanum, 1286 virginianum, 1286 Echium, 1283 lycopsis, 1283 menziesii, 1 279 plantagineum , 1283 vulgare, 1283 Eclipta, 1 535 alba, 1535 ELAEAGNACEAE, 1122 Elaeagnus, 1122 angustifolia, 1122 argentea, 1122 canadensis, 1123 commutata, 1122, 1123 veteris-castelli, 1122 ELATINACEAE, 1099 Elatine, 1099 americana, 1099 bracbysperma, 1099 minima, 1099 triandra, 1 099 Elatinoides spuria, 1354 Eleocharis, 431 acicu laris, 434, 438 acuminata, 434 atropurpurea, 435 caespitosa, 448 calva , 434 capitata, 434, 437 caribacea, 434 compressa, 434, 437 diandra, 436 elUptica, 434, 437 engelmannii, 434 equisetoides, 434 erythropoda, 434 flaccida, 436 flavescens, 436 geniculata, 434, 435 halophila, 435 intermedia, 435 kamtschatica, 435 macounii, 435 macrostachya , 436 monticola, 434 multicaulis, 436 mutata, 436 nitida, 435 obtusa, 435 olivacea, 436 ovata, 436 palustris, 434, 435, 436, 437 parvuia, 436 paucifiora , 436, 437 pygmaea, 436 quadrangulata, 436 quinqueflora, 436 rectinata, 435 robbinsii, 437 rostellata, 437 savatieri, 435 smallii, 437 suksdorfiana , 437 tenuis, 434, 437 tuberculosa, 437 uniglumis, 435, 437 wolfii, 437 Elephantella groenlandica , 1 368 Eleusine, 267 indica, 267 Ellisia, 1269 nyctelea, 1 269 Efmera, 864 racemosa, 864 Elodea, 216 campanulata , 1097 canadensis, 216 fraseri, 1097 longivaginata, 216 nuttallii, 216 planchonii, 216 virginica, 1097 Elodes virginica, 1097 Eisholtzia, 1303 ciliata, 1303 cristata, 1303 patrinii, 1303 x Elyhordeum dutillyanum, 272 montanense, 272 schaackianum, 272 x Elymordeum (x Elyhordeum) Elymus, 267 x aleuticus, 272 ambiguus, 271 americanus, 270 ampliculmis, 271 arenarius, 269, 271 borealis, 270 brachystachys, 269 brownii, 270 canadensis, 233, 269, 271 capitatus, 271 ciliatus, 270 cinereus, 271 condensates, 271 diversiglumis, 269 dives, 271 elymoides, 327 europaeus, 271 glaucus, 269 hansenii, 272 hirsutigiumis , 272 hirsutus, 270 howellii, 270 hystrix, 234, 270 innovates, 233, 234, 270 interior, 271 intermedius, 272 interruptus , 269 junceus, 270 macounii, 234 x maltei, 272 marginalia , 270 mollis, 233, 234, 270 nitidus, 270 pendulosus, 271 petersonii, 270 philadelphicus, 269 piped, 271 repens , 231 riparius, 271 robustus, 269 1657 Index sibiricus, 233, 271 striatus, 271 triticoides, 271 x uclueletensis, 272 x vancouverensis, 272 villiflorus, 27 1 villosissimus , 271 villosus, 271 virescens, 270 virginicus, 271 vulpinus, 233 wiegandii, 269 Efyna belfardii, 443 caric/na, 443 x Efysitanion hansenii, 272 Elytrigia repens, 231 EMPETRACEAE, 1062 Empetrum, 1062 atropurpureum , 1063 earoes//, 1062, 1063 hermaphroditum , 1062 nigrum, 1062 purpureum, 1062 rubrum, 1063 Endolepis dioica , 644 suckleyi, 644 Endosmia montana, 1176 Endymion nonscriptus, 503 Enemion biternatum, 735 Epifagus, 1392 americana, 1392 virginiana, 1392 Epigaea, 1200 repens, 1200 Epilobium, 1131 adenocaulon , 1 136 affine, 1134 alpinum, 1132 alsinifolium , 1133 americanum, 1 136 anagallidifolium, 1133 angustifolium, 1133 arcticum, 1135 behringianum ,1133 bongardii, 1133 boreale, 1134 brevistylum, 1134 ciliatum, 1 134, 1136 clavatum, 1133 coloratum, 1133 danielsii, 1133 davuricum, 1 1 35 delicatulum, 1 134 densum, 1135, 1136 drummondii, 1134 ecomosum, 1134 franciscanum , 1136 glaberrimum, 1 134 gtandulosum, 1134, 1136 halleanum, 1134 hirsutum, 1134 hornemannii, 1 133 intermedium , 1133 lactiflorum, 1133 latifolium, 1134 leptocarpum, 1134 leptophyllum, 1 135 lineare , 1136 luteum, 1135 minutum, 1135 moile, 1135, 1136 nesophilum, 1135 nutans, 1133 occidentals, 1136 oliganthum, 1136 oregonense, 1132 origanifolium , 1133 palustre, 1135 paniculatum, 1136 paucifiorum, 1133 perplexans, 1136 platyphyllum , 1134 pringleanum , 1 134 pseudoscaposum , 1 133 pubescens, 1135 pylaieanum, 1135 roseum, 1133 saximontanum, 1134 scalare, 1134, 1136 sertufatum, 1 133 spicatum, 1133 steckerianum , 1 134, 1 136 strictum, 1136 treleasianum ,1133 watsonii, 1134, 1136 wyomingense, 1136 Epimedium hexandrum, 762 Epipactis, 531 atropurpurea . 532 atrorubens, 532 con vaifarioides ,541 decipiens, 533 gigantea, 532 helleborine, 532 latifolia, 532 pubescens, 533 repens, 533 rubiginosa , 532 tesselata, 533 EQUISETACEAE, 127 Equisetum, 127 affine, 130 arvense, 128 boreale, 128 calderi, 129 x ferrissii, 130 fluviatife, 1 29 funstonii, 1 30 hiemale, 130 hyemale, 129 intermedium , 130 kansanum, 130 laevigatum, 130 limosum, 129 x litorale, 129 maximum, 132 x nelsonii, 131 palustre, 131 praealtum, 130 pratense, 131 prealtum, 130 ramosissimum, 130 robustum, 130 scirpoides, 131 silvaticum, 131 sylvaticum, 131 telmateia, 132 trachyodon, 132 umbrosum, 131 variegatum, 132 Eragrostis, 272 caroliniana , 274 cilianensis, 273 eragrostis , 274 fendleriana, 312 frankii, 273 hypnoides, 273 major, 273 megastachya, 273 minor, 274 multicaulis, 274 orcuttiana, 274 pectinaeea, 274 peregrins , 274 pilosa, 274 poaeoides, 274 purshii, 274 reptans, 273 spectabilis, 274 Eranthis, 735 hyemalis, 735 Erechtites, 1535 hieracifolia, 1514, 1535 praealta , 1535 Eremopoa, 274 persica, 274 Erica vulgaris, 1198 ERICACEAE, 1194 Ericameria bloomeri , 1 556 Erigenia, 1165 bulbosa, 1165 Erigeron, 1535 acris, 1540 acutatus , 1544 alaskanus, 1542 alpiniformis , 1547 alpinus, 1540 angulosus, 1540 angustifolius , 1544 1658 Index annuus, 1540, 1546 anodontus, 1542 armeriifolius , 1543 asper. 1540, 1542 asteroides, 1540 aureus, 1540 bellidiastrum . 1544 bellidifolius , 1545 borealis, 1547 brand egei, 1540 caespitosus, 1540 callianthemus, 1544 canadensis, 1541 canescens , 1541 compositus, 1541 concinnus. 1544, 1545 condensatus , 1541 conspicuus, 1546 corymbosus, 1541 debilis, 1540 denalii, 1545 divergens, 1541 droebachensis, 1540 drummondii, 1542 elatus, 1540 elongatus , 1540 eriocephalus , 1547 filifolius, 1542 flagellaris, 1542 florifer, 1621 formosissimus, 1542 glabellus, 1495,1540,1542, 1546, 1547 glabratus , 1543 gormanii, 1 541 grandiflorus, 1541, 1542, 1543 1546, 1547 humilis, 1540, 1547 hyperboreus, 1 542 hyssopifolius, 1 542 jucundus, 1540 kamtschaticus , 1 540 kindbergii, 1543 lanatus, 1543 lapiluteus , 1540 leiomeris, 1545 linearis, 1543 lonchophyllus, 1543 loratus, 1544 macounii, 1 543 macranthus, 1546 melanocephalus, 1543 minor, 1543 muirii, 1542 multifidus, 1541 nivalis, 1540 obtusatus, 1544 ochroleucus, 1543, 1546 oligodontus, 1542 pallens, 1543 peregrinus, 1544 peucephyilus , 1543, 1545 philadelphicus, 1544 poliospermus, 1544 politus, 1540, 1543 provancheri , 1544 pulchellus, 1545, 1547 pumilus, 1545 purpuratus, 1545 purpureus, 1544 racemosus , 1543 radicatus, 1543, 1545, 1546 ramosus , 1 546 saisuginosus , 1540, 1544 scribneri, 1543 simplex, 1546 speciosus, 1542, 1546 strigosus, 1540, 1545, 1546 subcanescens, 1541 subtrinervis , 1546 trifidus, 1541 turned, 1542 unalaschkensis, 1544, 1547 uncialis, 1545 uniflorus, 1540, 1546 yellowstonensis , 1 540 yukonensis, 1495, 1547 Eriocarpum spinulosum, 1557 ERIOCAULACEAE, 459 Erioeaulon, 459 articufatum, 459 decangulare, 459 parked, 459 pellucidum, 459 rollandii, 459 septangulare, 459 sexangulare, 459 Eriocoma cuspidata , 294 hymenoides, 294 Eriogonum, 616 androsaceum, 618 caespitosum, 618 cernuum, 618 crassifolium, 618 depressum, 618 flavum, 618 gnaphalodes , 619 heracfeoides, 618 multiceps, 619 niveum, 618 ochroleucum, 618 orthocaulon, 618 ovalifolium, 618 paueiflorum, 619 piperi. 618 polyphyllum , 618 proliferum, 619 pyrolaefolium, 619 sphaerocephalum, 619 strictum, 619 subalpinum , 619 umbellalum, 619 Eriogynia pectinata, 924 Eriophorum, 438 aipinum , 449 angustifolium, 438 x beringianum, 439 brachyantherum, 439 caespitosum, 441 callitrix, 439, 440 capitatum, 440 chamissonis, 439, 440 x churchillianum, 439 cyperinum, 448, 449 gracile, 440, 441 hudsonianum, 449 mandshuricum, 440 x medium, 440 opacum , 439, 440 polystachion , 439, 441 x porsildri, 440 x pylaieanum, 440 x rousseauiorum, 439 russeolum, 440 seheuchzeri, 439, 440 spissum, 440, 441 strictum, 441 tenellum, 440, 441 triste, 439 vaginatum, 439, 440, 441 virginicum, 441 viridicarinatum, 441 Eriophthalmia hieracifolia , 1535 Eriophyllum, 1547 caespitosum, 1547 cusickii, 1 547 lanatum, 1547 ternatum, 1547 Eritrichium, 1283 aretioides, 1284 californicum, 1294 chamissonis, 1284 chorisianum, 1294 circumscissum , 1281 fulvum, 1294 giomeratum, 1282 intermedium, 1281 leiocarpum, 1281 muriculatum, 1281 nanum, 1284 rupestre, 1 284 scouieri, 1294 s plendens, 1284 tenellum, 1294 torreyi, 1281 villosum, 1284 Ermania borealis , 846 parryoides, 846 Erodium, 1043 cicutarium, 1043 moschatum, 1043 Erophita boerhaavii, 828 1659 Index verna, 828 vulgaris , 828 Eruca, 828 eruca, 828 sativa, 828 vesicaria , 828 Erucastrum, 828 gallicum, 816, 828,845 nasturtiifolium, 828 pollichii, 828 Ervum hirsutum, 1037 multi florum , 989 fefraspermt/m, 1037 Erxlebenia minor", 1192 Eryngium, 1165 articulatum, 1166 campestre, 1166 planum, 1 166 Erysimum, 829 angustatum, 830 arenicola , 831 asperum, 830 canadense, 794 capitatum, 830 cheiranthoides, 830 coarctatum, 830 drummondii , 795 elatum , 830 hieracifolium, 830 inconspicuum, 830 lanceolatum, 830 officinale, 846 orientale, 812 pallasii, 831 parviflorum, 830 pinnatum, 814 pygmaeum, 831 repandum. 831 torulosum, 831 Erythraea centaurium, 1236 muhlenbergii , 1236 Erythrocoma affinis, 923 triflora, 923 Erythronium, 497 albrdum, 497 americanum, 497 giganteum, 497, 498 grandiflorum, 497, 498 howellii, 498 lanceolatum, 497 montanum, 498 obtusatum, 497 oregonum, 498 propullans, 497 revolutum, 498 Eschscholtzia (Eschscholzia) Eschscholzia, 768 californica, 768 recta, 768 Eucephalus engelmannii, 1497 macounii, 1503 Eu chroma angustifolia , 1343 bradburyi, 1343 Eucycla purpurea, 618 Eulophus ambiguus, 1171 triternatus, 1 173 Eunanus brewed, 1360 Euonymus, 1070 americanus, 1071 atropurpureus, 1071 europaeus, 1071 obovatus. 1071 occidentalis, 1071 Eupatprium, 1547 ageratoides, 1549 boreale, 1549 bruneri, 1 549 cannabinum, 1548 coelestinum, 1 548 connatum , 1 548 dubium, 1548 falcatum, 1548 grandiflorum ,1513 maculatum, 1548, 1549 perfoliatum, 1548 purpureum, 1548 rugosum, 1 548 rydbergii, 1549 scandens, 1583 urticaefolium, 1549 Euphorbia, 1055 agraria , 1 057 commutata, 1056 corollata, 1056 cuphosperma, 1056 cyparissias, 1056 dentata, 1056 esula, 1056 exigua, 1057 geyeri, 1057 glyptosperma, 1057 helioscopia, 1 057 hirsuta, 1058 humrstrata, 1057 hypericifolia, 1057 lathyrus, 1057 lucida, 1057 maculata, 1057 marginata, 1057 nutans, 1057 obtusata, 1058 peplus, 1058 pilosa, 1058 platyphyllos, 1 058 polygonifolia, 1058 preslii, 1057 x pseudo-esula, 1056 rafinesquii, 1058 serpens, 1058 serpyllifoiia, 1058 supina, 1058 vermiculata, 1058 virgata, 1057 EUPHOR8IACEAE, 1054 Euphrasia, 1349 x aequalis, 1350 amerrcana, 1350, 1351 arctica, 1350, 1351 x aspera, 1 350 borealis, 1351 brevipila , 1350 canadensis. 1350, 1351 condensata, 1351 curta , 1350, 1351 disjuncta , 1350, 1351 frigida, 1350 hudsoniana, 1351 lati folia , 1350 mollis, 1350, 1351 nemorosa , 1350, 1351 oakesii, 1351 odontites, 1361 officinalis, 1350, 1351 pennellii, 1350 purpurea, 1351 randii, 1351 rigidula, 1351 salisburgensis, 1351 stricta , 1 350, 1 351 subarctica, 1350 suborbicularis, 1350 tatarica, 1351 tetraquetra, 1350 x vestita, 1 350 x villosa, 1 350 vinacea, 1350 williamsii, 1351 Eurotia, 653 ceratoides, 653 lanata, 653 Eurybia corymbosa, 1497 macrophylla, 1500 Euthamia camporum, 1607 graminifolia , 1607 media, 1607 nuttallii, 1607 occidentalis , 1609 tenui folia, 1612 Eutoca franklinii, 1273 menziesii, 1274 sericea, 1274 Eutrema, 831 arenicola, 794 edwardsii, 831 1660 Index Eutriana gracilis, 246 oligostachya , 246 Fabaceae, 968 FAGACEAE, 597 Fagopyrum, 619 esculentum , 619 fagopyrum, 619 sagittatum, 619 tataricum, 619 Fagus, 597 ferruginea , 597 grandifolia, 597 sylvestris, 597 Fat si a horrida, 1150 Fauria, 1236 crista-galli, 1236 Fedia chenopodifolia, 1429 Ferula canadensis ,1159 dissoluta, 1172 foenicuiacea , 1172 muitifida, 1172 palmelta, 1164 Festuca, 274 afpina. 277 altaica, 275 a renaria, 277 arundinacea , 275, 326 baffinensis, 277 borea/Zs, 278, 326 brachyphylla, 276, 277 brevi folia, 277 bromoides . 336 campestris , 275 capillata, 276 decumbens , 327 dertonensis, 336 duriuscula, 276 elatior, 275 fluitans, 280 halleri, 211 hallii, 275 hyperborea , 277 idahoensis . 276 macounii, 275 megaleura , 336 microstachys , 336 myuros , 336 nervosa, 315 nutans, 276 obtusa, 276 occidenlalis, 276 octoflora, 336 ovina, 276, 277, 480 pacifica, 336 poaeoides, 276 pratensis , 276 prolifera, 217 reflexa , 336 richardsonii , 277 rubra, 276, 277 saximontana , 276 scabrella, 275 spicata, 231 subulata, 278 subuliflora, 278 supina , 277 tenella, 278, 336 viridula, 278 vivipara, 276 Ficaria glacialis, 748 Filago, 1549 arvensis, 1549 germanica, 1549 Filipendula, 917 filipendula ,917 hexapetala , 917 kamtschatica , 917 rubra, 917 ulmaria, 917 vulgaris, 917 Filix bulbifera, 159 fragilis, 160 montana , 1 60 Fimbristylis, 441 autumnalis, 442 castanea, 442 drummondii , 442 spadicea, 442 Fissipes acaulis, 530 Floerkea, 1064 douglasii, 1064 macounii, 1 064 occidentalis , 1064 proserpinacoides, 1064 Fluminia arundinacea, 326 festucacea, 326 Foeniculum, 1 166 vulgare, 1166 Forsytbia, 1231 viridissima, 1231 Fragaria, 917 americana, 918 x ananassa, 918 australis, 91 9 bracteata, 919 calif ornica, 918 canadensis, 919 chilensis, 918 chiloensis, 918 crantzii, 930 crinita, 918 cuneifolia, 918 glauca , 91 9 grandifiora, 918 helleri, 91 9 indica, 916 latiuscula, 918 multicipita, 918 pauciflora, 919 platypetala, 918 retrorsa, 919 sterilis, 937 suksdorfii, 918 vesca, 480,918,919 virginiana, 918, 919 yukonensis, 919 Frangula purshiana, 1083 Frankenia, 1098 pulverulenta, 1098 FRANKENIACEAE, 1098 Franseria, 1549 acanthicarpa, 1 549 bipinnatisecta , 1550 chamissonis, 1549 cuneifolia , 1 549 hookeriana , 1 549 Frasera, 1 236 albicaulis, 1237 carolinensis, 1 237 nitida, 1237 Fraxinus, 1231 americana, 1231 campestris, 1232 canadensis , 1232 epiptera, 1232 excelsior, 1 232 jug land! f olia , 1232 lanceolate, 1232 latifolia, 1232 nigra, 1232 oregona, 1232 pennsylvanica, 1232 pubescens , 1 232 quadrangulata, 1233 sambucifolia , 1 232 viridis, 1232 Fritillaria, 498 camschatcensis, 498 lanceolata, 498 mutica, 498 pudiea, 498 Fuirena, 442 pumila, 442 squarrosa, 442 Fumaria, 776 aurea, 774 cucullaria, 775 eximia, 775 flavula, 774 formosa, 775 fungosa, 773 martinii, 776 officinalis, 776 parviflora, 776 pauciflora, 17 A recta , 773 sempervirens, 77 4 FUMARIACEAE, 773 1661 Index Gaertneria chamissonis , 1549 Gailiardia, 1550 acaulis, 1571 aristata, 1550 bicolor , 1550 pulchella, 1550 Galanthus, 516 nivalis, 516 Galarhoeus cyparissias, 1056 peplus, 1058 platyphyllos , 1058 Galatella gramini folia , 1543 Gale palustris, 583 Galega, 995 officinalis, 995 virginiana , 1026 Galeopsis, 1303 bifida, 1303 ladanum, 1303 latifolia, 1303 speciosa, 1303 tetrahit, 1303 Galeorchis spectabilis, 543 Galetta nemoralis, 1500 Galinsoga, 1550 aristufata , 1 550 ciliata, 1550 parviflora, 1 550 Galium, 1408 aparine, 1410 asprellum, 1410 bifolium, 1410 boreale, 702, 1410 brandegei, 1412 brevipes, 1413 circaezans, 1411 claytonii, 1413 columbianum, 1413 concinnum, 141 1 cymosum, 1411 e rectum, 1411 glaucum, 1407 hercynium, 1412 hyssopifohum , 1410 kamtsehaticum, 1411, 1412 labradoricum, 141 1 lanceolatum, 1411 latifolium, 1411 micranthum , 1410 mollugo, 141 1 obtusum, 1412 oreganum, 1412 palustre, 1412 pilosum, 1412 rubioides, 1411 saxatile, 480, 1412 septentrionale , 1411 Spurium, 1410 subbiflorum, 1413 sylvaticum, 1412 tinctorium, 1413 tricorne, 1412 tricornutum, 1412 trifidum, 1411, 1412 triflorum, 1413 uliginosum, 1413 vaillantii, 1410 verum, 1413 wirtgenii, 1413 Galypola incarnata, 1052 Gaultheria, 1200 hispidula, 1200 humifusa, 1201 miqueliana, 1201 myrsinites, 1201 ovatifolia, 1 201 procumbens, 1201 serpyllifolia , 1200 shallon, 1201 Gaura, 1137 biennis, 1137 coccinea, 1 1 37 glabra, 1137 marginata, 1137 Gaylussacia, 1201 baccata, 1201, 1202, 1211 dumosa, 1201 frondosa, 1201, 1202 hirtella, 1201 resinosa, 1201 Gayophytum, 1137 diffusum , 1137 humile, 1137 intermedium , 1137 nuttallii, 1137, 1138 racemosum , 1 137 ramosissimum, 1138 strictum, 1 129 Genista, 995 tinctoria, 995 Gentiana, 1237 acuta , 1242 affinis, 1239 alba, 1239 aleutica , 1 244 algida, 1239 amarella, 1242 andrewsii, 1239. 1241 anisosepala, 1242 aquatica, 1240 arctophila , 1 244 aurea, 1242, 1244 auriculata, 1242 barbata, 1243 billingtonii , 1239 calycosa, 1240 centaurium, 1236 clausa, 1240 covillei, 1241 crinita, 1243 detonsa, 1243 douglasiana, 1240 elegans , 1 243 flavida, 1239 forwoodii, 1239 fremontii, 1240 frigida, 1239 gaspensis, 1243 glauca, 1240 gormanii, 1241 humilis , 1240 interrupts, 1239 involucrata, 1242 linearis, 1239, 1240 macounii, 1243 nesophila, 1243 nivalis, 1240 occidentalis , 1244 ochroleuca, 1240 oregana, 1239 platypetala, 1240 plebeja, 1242 pneumonanthe , 1240 procera , 1 243 propinqua, 1240, 1244 prostrata, 1240, 1241 puberula, 1241 puberulenta, 1239,1241 pulchella, 1236 quinqueflora , 1244 quinquefolia , 1 244 raupii, 1244 richardsonii , 1243 romanzovii, 1239 rubricaulis, 1240 saponaria, 1240, 1241 sceptrum, 1 241 serrata, 1243 stricti flora , 1242 tenella, 1244 tenuis , 1242 thermalis, 1243 tonsa, 1243 victorinii, 1243 GENTIANACEAE, 1234 Gentianella, 1241 amarella, 1 242 aurea, 1242 auriculata, 1242 crinita, 1242, 1243 detonsa. 1243 propinqua, 1244 quinquefolia, 1244 tenella, 1244 Geocaulon, 610 lividum, 610 Geoprumnon crassicarpum , 985 succulentum, 985 GERANIACEAE, 1043 Geranium, 1043 albiflorum, 1046 1662 Index bicknellii, 1045 canum, 1047 carolinianum, 1045 cicutarium, 1043 columbinum, 1045 dissectum, 1045 erianthum, 1045 fremontii, 1046 gracilentum, 1046 hookerianum, 1046 ibericum, 1045 incisum, 1046 langloisii, 1045 maculatum, 1045, 1046 molle, 1046 moschatum, 1043 nemorale, 1045 nervosum, 1047 oreganum, 1046 pratense, 1045, 1046 pusillum, 1 046 pyrenaicum, 1046 richardsonii, 1046 robertianum, 1046 sanguineum, 1046 sphaerospermum , 1 045 strigosior, 1047 strigosum, 1047 sylvaticum, 1045, 1046 viscosissimum, 1047 Gerardia, 1352 aspera, 1352 besseyana, 1353 flava, 1338 fruticosa, 1376 gattingeri, 1352 maritima. 1352 neoscotica, 1353 obtusifolia, 1353 parvifolia, 1353 paupercula, 1353 pedicularia, 1338 purpurea, 1353 querci folia , 1338 skinneriana, 1353 tenuifolia, 1352. 1353 virginica, 1338 Geum, 919 agrimonoides , 929 album, 921 aleppicum, 921, 923 anemonoides, 922 x aurantiacum, 921 calthifolium, 921 camporum, 921 canadense, 921 ciliatum, 923 flavum, 923 glaciale, 921 humile, 921 laciniatum, 922 x macranthum, 921 macrophyllum, 922, 923 meyerianum , 921 oregonense, 922 peckii, 922 pentaphyllum, 922 perincisum, 922 x pervale. 922 x pulchrum, 922 radiatum, 921 rivale, 922 rossii, 921, 923 rotundifolium, 921 schofieldii, 921 strictum, 921 triflorum, 923 urbanum, 921, 923 vernum, 923 virginianum, 922, 923 Gilia, 1259 achilleaefolia, 1260 aggregata, 1260 bicolor, 1261 capitata, 1260 congesta, 1260 gracilis, 1262 grandiflora , 1259 harknessii, 1261 heterophylla , 1259 hookeri, 1261 inconspicua, 1261 intertexta, 1262 leptotes, 1259 linearis, 1259 liniftora, 1261 minima, 1262 minutiflora, 1260 pharnaceoides, 1261 pungens, 1261, 1262 rubra, 1260 sinuata, 1261 squarrosa, 1262 tenella , 1259, 1261 Gillenia, 923 trifoliata, 923 Ginseng quinquefolium, 1 1 50 trifolium, 1150 Githopsis, 1438 specularioides, 1 438 Glaucium, 768 flavum, 768 glaucium, 768 tuteum, 768 Glaux, 1220 maritima, 1220 Glechoma, 1303 hederacea, 1 303 hirsuta, 1304 Gleditsia, 995 triacanthos, 995 Glehnia, 1166 leiocarpa, 1166 littoralis, 1166 Glyceria, 278 airoides, 259, 324 angustata , 322 aquatica, 259, 280 arctica, 322 arundinacea , 280 borealis, 279, 280 canadensis, 279 declinata, 280 distans , 323 elata, 280 elongata , 281 femaldii, 333 festucaeformis , 324 fluitans, 280 x gatineauensis, 281 glumaris, 312 grandis, 280 langeana , 323 laxa, 279 lemmonii, 324 leptostachya, 280 maxima, 280 melicaria, 280 neogaea , 333 nervafa, 281 obtusa, 281 occidentalis, 281 x ottawensis, 280 pallida, 333 pauciflora , 333 paupercula , 321 , 323 plicata, 280 pulchella, 281 pumila, 322, 323 septentrionalis, 281 spectabilis, 280 striata, 279, 281 tenella, 323 torreyana, 281 vaginata, 325 vilfoidea, 324 Glycine, 996 apios, 974 bracteata, 974 comosa, 974 max, 996 monoica, 974 soja, 996 Glycyrrhiza, 996 glutinosa, 996 lepidota, 996 Gnaphalium, 1550 arvense, 1549 califomicum, 1552 chilense, 1552 decurrens, 1552, 1553 dimorphum, 1465 dioicum, 1468 germanicum , 1 549 macounii, 1553 margaritaceum , 1462 microcephalum, 1552 1663 Index norvegicum, 1552, 1553 obtusifolium, 1552 palustre, 1552, 1553 polycephalum, 1552 purpureum, 1552 sprengelii, 1552 supinum, 1552 sylvaticum, 1552 thermale , 1 552 uliginosum, 1553 ustulatum, 1552 viscosum, 1553 Godetia amoena ,1130 caurina, 1130 epilobioides , 1 130 gracilis, 1131 hispidula, 1131 quadrivulnera, 1131 Goodyera, 532 decipiens , 533 menziesii, 533 oblongifolia, 532 pubescens, 533 repens, 533 tesselata, 533 Gormania oregana, 857 GRAMINEAE, 218 Graphephorum melicoides, 334 woifii, 335 Gratiola, 1353 anagallidea , 1357 aurea, 1354 dubia, 1358 ebracteata, 1354 lutea , 1354 neglecta, 1 354 virginiana, 1354 Greeneocharis circumscissa, 1281 Grindelia, 1553 aggregata , 1 553 andersonii, 1553 collina, 1553 Columbiana, 1553 discoidea, 1553 hendersonii, 1553 integerrima , 1 554 integrifolia, 1553 lanata , 1 553 nana, 1553, 1554 nuda, 1553 oregana , 1553 perennis , 1554 serrulata, 1554 squarrosa, 1553 stricta, 1553 Grossularia cynosbati, 876 hirtelia , 879 inermis, 877 irrigua, 877 oxyacanthoides , 878 sefosa, 879 Grossulariaceae , 860 Gutierrezia, 1554 diversifoiia, 1554 euthamiae, 1554 sarothrae, 1554 Guitiferae, 1094 Gymnadenia tridentata , 535 Gymnadeniopsis clavellata, 535 Gymnandra gmelinii, 1355 minor , 1355 rubra , 1 339 stelleri, 1355 Gymnocarpium, 163 dryopteris, 1 63 heterosporum, 163 robertianum, 163 Gymnocladus, 996 canadensis, 996 dioica, 996 Gymnogramma trianguiare, 165 Gymnogramme oregana, 165 triangularis, 165 Gymnopteris triangularis, 165 Gynophoraria falcata, 983 Gypsophila, 689 acutifolra, 689 elegans, 690 muralis, 690 pacifica, 690 paniculata, 690 perfoliata, 690 repens, 690 Gyrostachys cernua , 544 gracilis, 544 latifolia , 544 stricta, 544 vernalis, 545 Gyrotheca tinctoria, 514 Habenaria, 533 albida, 535 x andrewsii, 537 behringiana, 535 blephariglottis, 535 borealis, 536 bracteata , 538 chorisiana, 535 ciliaris, 535 clavellata, 535 dilatata, 535, 536 elegans, 538 fimbriata, 538 flava, 536 gracilis, 538 gramini folia, 536 greenei, 538 herbioia , 536 hookeri, 536 huronensis , 536 hyperborea, 536 lacera, 536, 537 leptoceratitis , 536 leucophaea, 536, 537 leucostachys , 536 maerophylla, 537 maritima , 538 x media, 536 menziesii, 537 michaelii, 538 obtusata, 537 orbiculata, 537 psycodes, 537 rotundifolia , 543 saccata, 538 straminea , 535 stricta , 538 tridentata , 535 unalascensis, 538 vi 'rescans , 538 viridiflora , 536 vinidis, 538 Hackelia, 1284 americana , 1 285 arida, 1285 ciliata, 1285 deflexa, 1285 diffusa, 1285, 1286 floribunda, 1285 hispida, 1285 jessicae, 1285 leptophylla , 1285 patens, 1285 virginiana, 1285 HAEMODORACEAE, 514 Halenia, 1244 brentoniana , 1 245 deflexa, 1244 heterantha, 1245 Haierpestes cymbaiaria, 746 Halianthus peploides , 680 Halimolobus, 831 mollis, 831, 832 virgata, 832 whitedii, 832 HALORAGACEAE, 1145 Haloragidaceae ,1145 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 896 Hamamelis, 896 virginiana, 896 Hammarbya paludosa, 542 1664 Index Haplopappus, 1 554 acaulis, 1555, 1556 armerioides, 1 556 bloomeri, 1556 brandegei, 1540 carthamoides, 1556 falcatus, 1556 grindelioides , 1 557 integrifolius, 1556 lanceolatus, 1556 lyallii. 1556 macleanii, 1556 nuttallii, 1557 spinulosus, 1557 uniflorus, 1557 Harpaecarpus exiguus, 1580 Harpalium rigidum , 1561 Harrimanella hypnoides, 1198 Hedeoma, 1304 glabra, 1318 hispida, 1304 pulegioides, 1304 Hedera, 1 150 helix, 1150 quinquefolia , 1084 Hedyotis caerulea, 1414 longifolia, 1414 Hedysarum, 996 albiflorum, 998 alpinum, 997 americanum, 997 arcticum, 997 auriculatuni, 997 boreale, 997 canadense , 994 canescens, 994, 998 ciliare, 994 cinerascens , 998 cuspidatum , 994 dasycarpum, 998 gluti nosum, 994 hedysaroides, 997 hirtum, 1004 lancifolium, 998 mackenzii, 997 marilandicum , 994 nudiflorum, 994 obscurum , 997 occidental, 998 onobrychis, 1016 pabulare, 998 paniculatum , 994 pauciflorum, 995 philoscia , 997 repens , 1004 rigidum , 995 rotundifolium , 995 sessili folium , 995 sulphurescens, 998 truncatum , 997 violaceum , 1004 Helenium, 1557 autumnale. 1 557 caespitosum, 1547 canaliculatum, 1557 flexuosum, 1558 grandiflorum, 1557 lanatum, 1547 macranthum , 1 557 montanum, 1557 nudiflorum, 1557 oppositifolium , 1506 pubescens, 1557 Heleocharis (Efeocharis) Helianthella, 1558 douglasii, 1 558 uniflora, 1558, 1560 Helianthemum, 1100 bicknellii, 1 100 canadense, 1100 majus , 1 100 Helianthus, 1558 annus, 1560 aridus, 1560 atrorubens, 1561 cusickii, 1560 decapetalus, 1560 divaricatus, 1 560 doronicoides, 1 560 fascicularis , 1562 frondosus, 1560 giganteus, 1561, 1562 grosseserratus, 1561 hirsutus, 1561 hookerianus, 1623 laetiflorus, 1561 faevis, 1563 lenticularis , 1560 longifolius, 1623 macrocarpus , 1 560 maximiliani, 1561 microcephalus, 1562 mollis, 1562 nuttallii, 1561,1562 occidentalis, 1562 parvifiorus, 1562 petiolaris, 1562 pumilus, 1562 rigidus, 1561 rydbergii, 1562 scaberrimus, 1561 strumosus, 1562 subrhomboideus , 1561 subtuberosus , 1562 trachelifolius, 1562 tuberosus, 1560, 1562 utahensis, 1562 Helictotrichon, 281 hookeri, 281 pubescens, 282 Heliopsis, 1563 helianthoides, 1560, 1563 laevis, 1563 scabra, 1563 Heliotropaceae , 1276 Heliotropium, 1286 curassavicum, 1286 spathulatum , 1286 Helleborus hyemalis, 735 trifolius, 731 Helonias dioica, 495 lutea, 495 paniculata ,512 tenax, 51 1 Hemerocallis, 499 flava , 499 fulva, 499 lilioasphodelus, 499 Hemicarpha, 442 drummondii , 442 micrantha. 442, 448 subsquarrosa , 442 Hemieva ranunculi folia, 894 violacea, 894 Hemitomes, 1 1 89 congestum, 1 189 Hemizonella durandii, 1580 minima, 1580 Hemizonia durandii, 1580 minima , 1580 Hepatica, 735 acutiloba, 735 americana, 735 hepatica, 735 nobilis, 735 triloba , 735 Heracleum, 1166 lanatum, 1166 maximum, 1166 sphondylium, 1166 Herniaria, 690 glabra, 690 Herpestes pilosa, 1358 Hesperis, 832 africana, 839 hookeri, 831 matronalis, 832 pallasii, 831 pinnatifida, 833 pygmaea, 831 Hesperocordum hyacinthinum , 493 lacteum, 493 Hesperopeuce mertensiana, 188 pattoniana, 188 1665 Index Heteranthera, 462 dubia, 462 graminea , 462 Heterisia eastwoodiae, 890 mertensiana , 890 Heterocodon, 1438 rariflorum, 1438 Heuchera, 864 aipina , 866 americana, 865 barbarossa , 866 chlorantha, 866 Columbiana , 866 cylindrica, 866 diversifolia , 866 x easthamii, 866 flabellifolia , 866 glabella, 866 glabra, 866 hallii, 866 hispida, 867 longipetala , 866 menziesii, 895 micrantha, 866 ovalifolia , 866 parvifolia, 866 racemosa , 864 richardsonii, 867 saxicola , 866 suksdorfii , 866 williamsii, 864 Hibiscus, 1089 moscheutos, 1089 opulifolius, 1089 palustris, 1089 trionum, 1089 Hexaphoma ferruginea , 888 Hicoria alba , 586 cordiformis, 585 glabra , 585 microcarpa , 586 minima, 585 ovalis , 586 ovata , 586 pecan, 585 Hieraciodes elegans, 1532 intermedium, 1531 nanum, 1532 Hieracium, 1563 absonum, 1565 acranthophorum , 1567 albertinum, 1565 albiflorum, 1565 alpinum, 1568 amitsokense, 1570 angmagssalikense, 1568 arcticum, 1570 argilaceum, 1570 atratum , 1 568 aurantiacum, 1565 auricula, 1 565 brunneocroceum, 1565 caespitosum , 1567, 1568 canadense, 1566, 1569 cheriense, 1570 cladanthum, 1568 cynoglossoides, 1565, 1567, 1569 devoldii, 1 567 x dorei, 1565 dovrense, 1570 x dutiliyanum, 1566 eremocephalum, 1566 eugenii, 1567 fascicuiatum , 1 566 x fassettii, 1566 x fernaldii, 1566 flagellare, 1 567 florentinum, 1567 floribundum, 1565, 1567 gracile , 1 570 griseum, 1567 groenlandicum , 1570 x grohii, 1566 gronovii, 1567, 1570 hookeri, 1 570 hyparcticum , 1 568 inuloides, 1567 irriguum, 1570 ivigtutense , 1570 kalmii, 1566 lachenalii, 1566, 1570 laevigatum, 1566 lividorubens , 1 568 longipilum, 1567 macrophyllum, 1566 maculatum, 1570 manitobense , 1 569 marianum, 1567 molle , 1570 murorum, 1568 musartutense , 1 567 nepiocratum, 1567 oxyacrum, 1566 paniculatum, 1568, 1570 pensylvanicum , 1567 pilosella, 1 565, 1567, 1568 piloselloides , 1 567 plicatum, 1570 praealtum, 1568 pratense, 1567, 1568 prenanthoides, 1566 pusillum, 1570 rigorosum, 1567 robinsonii, 1568 runcinatum , 1 533 sabaudum, 1566, 1568 scabriusculum, 1566, 1568 scabrum, 1566, 1568, 1569, 1570 scholanderi, 1570 scouleri, 1569 smolandicum , 1568 stelechodes, 1568 stiptocaule, 1567 x stoloniflorum, 1 565 strictum, 1567 strumosum, 1570 sylowii, 1570 tridentatum, 1566 triste, 1 569 umbellatum, 1566, 1569 ungavense, 1568 vagum , 1 568 vancouverianum , 1565 venosum, 1533, 1570 virgatum, 1566 vulgatum, 1566, 1568,1570 Hierochloa arctica, 282 Hierochloe, 282 aipina, 282 monticola, 282 odorata, 282 orthantha, 282 pauciflora, 282 HIPPOCASTANACEAE, 1078 Hippochaete hyemale, 130 Hippophae, 1 122 argenfea, 1123 canadensis , 1123 rhamnoides, 1122 HIPPURIDACEAE, 1148 Hippuris, 1148 lanceolate, 1148 maritima ,1148 montana, 1148 tetraphylla, 1148 vulgaris, 1 1 48 Hoita physodes, 1025 Hoitzia squarrosa, 1262 Holcus, 283 alpinus, 282 borealis, 282 fragrans, 282 halapense , 327 lanatus, 283 mollis, 283 monticola , 282 odoratus, 282 Holodiscus, 923 discolor, 923 Holosteum, 690 succulentum , 680 umbellatum, 690 Homalobus amblyodon, 984 bourgovii, 984 caespitosus , 986, 989 collinus , 985 debilis, 984 decumbens, 987 1666 Index filipes, 986 flexuosus , 986 glabriusculus , 982 miser, 988 multiflorus , 989 palliseri, 987 podocarpus, 989 retusus, 984 serotinus . 987 s tenophyllus , 986 stipitatus , 989 tenellus, 989 vexilliflexus , 990 Homalocenchrus oryzoides , 286 Honckenya (Honkenya) Honkenya oblongifolia , 680 peploides, 680 Hookera coronaria, 493 douglasii, 493 hyacinthina , 493 Hordeum, 283 borea/e, 284 brachyantherum, 272, 284 caespitosum , 284 canadense , 269 depressum, 284 distichon, 285 genicuJatum, 284 glaucum, 284 gussonianum , 284 hystrix, 270, 284 jubatum, 233. 272, 284 leporinum, 285 marinum , 284 murinum, 285 nodosum, 284 pammelii, 272 patulum, 269 pra tense, 284 pusiflum, 285 s tebbinsii, 284 vulgare, 285 Hosackia americana, 1007 bicolor, 1 007 decumbens. 1006 denticulata, 1006 gracilis, 1006 parvi flora, 1006 purshiana, 1007 subpinnata, 1006 Hottonia, 1 220 inflata, 1220 Houstonia, 1413 caerulea, 1413 canadensis, 1413 ciliolata, 1414 longifolia, 1413 purpurea, 1414 serpyllifolia , 1414 tenuifolia , 1414 Hudsonia, 1100 ericoides, 1100. 1101 tomentosa, 1101 Humulus. 606 americanus, 606 japonicus. 606 lupulus, 606 Huperzia selago, 135, 136 Hulchinsia, 832 calycina, 847 procumbens, 832 Hyacinthus nonscriptus, 503 Hybanthus, 1103 concolor, 1 1 03 Hydastylis borealis . 523 brachypus, 523 Hydatica ferruginea, 888 vreelandii, 888 Hydrangea. 867 arborescens, 867 Hydrangeaceae , 860 Hydrastis, 735 canadensis, 735 caroliniensis, 759 Hydrocharis, 217 morus-rani, 217 HYDROCHARITACEAE, 216 Hydrocotyle, 1166 americana, 1167 chinensis, 1169 lineata, 1169 ranunculoides, 1 167 umbellata, 1167 verticiilata, 1 1 67 vulgaris, 1167 Hydropeltis purpurea, 712 HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 1269 Hydrophylium, 1269 albifrons, 1270 appendiculatum, 1270 canadense, 1270 capitatum, 1270 fendteri, 1270 lineare, 1274 occidentale, 1270 tenuipes, 1270 virginianum, 1270 virginicum, 1270 Hymenolobus procumbens, 832 Hymenopappus, 1570 douglasii, 1518 filifolius. 1518, 1570 polycephalus, 1570 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE, 149 Hymenophylium wrightii, 149 Hymenophysa pubescens, 810 Hymenoxys, 1570 acaulis, 1571 macounii, 1571 richardsonii, 1571 Hyoscyamus, 1326 niger, 1326 scopolia, 1 330 Hyoseris amplexicaulis , 1573 biflora, 1573 minima, 1477 taraxacoides , 1 577 virginica, 1573 Hypargyrium rectum, 937 HYPERICACEAE, 1094 Hypericum, 1094 anagalloides, 1095, 1097 ascyroides, 1097 ascyron , 1097 boreale,1095, 1096, 1097 bryophytum, 1095 canadense. 1095, 1096, 1097 corymbosum, 1097 dissimulatum, 1096 ellipticum, 1096 formosum, 1096 gentianoides, 1096 kalmianum, 1096 macrocarpum , 1 097 maculatum, 1097 majus, 1096 micranthum. 1097 mutilum, 1095, 1097 nortoniae , 1 096 nudicaule, 1096 parviflorum, 1097 perforatum, 1097 prolificum, 1097 punctatum, 1097 pyramidatum. 1097 quinquenervium, 1097 sarothra, 1096 scouleri, 1096 spathulatum, 1 097 virginicum, 1097 Hypochaeris, 1571 glabra, 1571 radicata, 1571 Hypopitys, 1 189 brevis, 1189 fimbriata, 1189 hypopitys, 1189 lanuginosa ,1189 latisquama, 1189 monotropa, 1 1 89 Hypoxidaceae , 516 1667 Index Hypoxis, 516 iinariifolia, 1499 truncata, 141 erecta, 516 stenomeres, 1503 tuckermanii, 141 hirsuta, 516 lonidium Isolepis Hyptis concolor, 1 1 03 setacea, 448 verticillata, 1317 Ipomoea, 1256 Isopyrum, 735 Hyssopus, 1 304 hederacea, 1257 biternatum, 735 anethiodorus , 1301 pandurata, 1 257 savilei, 736 nepetoides, 1301 purpurea, 1257 Isotria, 539 officinalis, 1304 quamoclit, 1 257 verticillata, 539 scrophulariaefolius , 1301 Ipomopsis Iva, 1572 Hystrix aggregata, 1260 axillaris, 1572 hystrix, 270 minutiflora , 1260 frutescens, 1572 patula, 270 rubra, 1260 oraria, 1572 IRIDACEAE, 518 panicuiata , 1572 Iberis, 832 Iris, 51 8 xanthifolia, 1 572 amara, 832 arctica , 520 umbellata, 832 brevicaulis, 519 Jacksonia Ibidium caurina, 520 trachysperma , 777 cernuum , 544 germanica, 519 Jasione, 1438 gracile, 544 graminea, 520 montana, 1438 plantagineum, 544 hookeri, 520 Jaumea, 1572 porrifolium, 544 lacustris, 519 carnosa, 1572 strictum, 544 missouriensis, 519 Jeffersonia, 762 vernale , 545 prismatica, 520 diphylla, 762 Idahoa, 832 pseudacorus, 520 JUGLANDACEAE, 584 scapigera, 832 pumila, 520 Juglans, 586 Ilex, 1 068 x robusta, 521 alba, 586 aquifolium, 1068 x sancti-cyrii, 520 cinerea, 586 canadensis, 1069 setosa, 520 cordiformis, 585 fastigiata, 1068 shrevei, 521 glabra , 585 glabra, 1 068 sibirica, 520 illinoensis, 585 myrsinites , 1071 tenax, 520 nigra, 586 opaca, 1068 thompsonii, 521 ovalis, 586 verticillata, 1068 tridentata, 520 ovata , 586 lliamna, 1089 versicolor, 521 tomentosa , 586 rivularis, 1089 virginica, 520, 521 JUNCACEAE, 463 lllecebraceae , 673 Isanthus, 1 304 JUNCAGINACEAE, 209, 210 liysanthes brachiatus, 1304 Juncodes anagallidea, 1357 caeruleus, 1304 glabratum, 481 dubia, 1358 Isatis, 833 Juncoides gratioloides, 1358 tinctoria, 833 arcuatum, 480 riparia, 1357 isnardia comosum, 481 Impatiens, 1079 alternifolia ,1138 glabratum, 481 aurella, 1080 nitida, 1138 parviflorum , 482 biflora, 1080 palustris, 1 138 pilosum, 480 capensis, 1079, 1080 ISOeTACEAE, 140 spicatum, 483 ecalcarata, 1080 Isoetes, 140 Juncus, 463 fulva, 1080 asiatica, 140 acuminatus, 468, 475 glandulifera, 1080 bolanderi, 140 aeutiflorus, 468, 469, 480 noli-tangere, 1080 braunii, 141 affinis, 469 occidentalis , 1080 dodgei, 141 albescens, 478 pallida, 1080 echinospora, 140 x alpiniformis, 469 parviflora, 1 080 howellii, 141 alpinoarticulatus , 469 roylei, 1 080 lacustris, 141 alpinus, 469 Imperatoria, 1 1 67 macounii, 141 arcticus, 469, 470, 475 ostruthium, 1167 macrospora, 141 articulatus, 468, 469, 472 Inula, 1571 maritima, 141 afer, 470 britannica, 1 571 muricafa, 141 balticus, 469, 470, 475 helenium, 1572 nuttallii, 141 biglumis, 470 lodanthus, 833 occidentalis , 141 bolanderi, 471, 478 pinnatifidus, 812, 833 paupercula, 141 brachycarpus, 471 lonactis riparia, 141 brachycephalus, 471 alpina, 1503 sefacea, 141 brevicaudatus, 469, 470, 471 1668 Index bufonius, 471 bulbosus, 472 campestris, 480 canadensis, 470, 471 , 472 capitatus, 471 castaneus, 472, 475 columbianus, 472 compressus, 473 confusus, 473 conglomerates, 474 conradii, 476 covillei, 474 drummondii, 473 dudleyi, 473 echinatus, 476 effusus, 473 ensifolius, 474, 476, 478 falcatus, 474 filiformis, 469, 474 fluitans, 472, 477 fucensis, 475 x fulvescens, 470 gerardii, 474 glabratus, 481 glaucus, 470 x gracilescens, 469 greenei, 475, 478 haenkei, 470 kelloggii, 471 lamprocarpus , 469 latifolius , 476 leersii, 474 x lemieuxii, 470, 472 lescurii, 475 lesueurii, 475 teucochlamys , 472 longistylis, 475, 476 macer, 477 marginatus, 475 melanocarpus , 482 mertensianus. 475, 476 militaris, 475 multif torus , 482 nevadensis, 468, 473, 475 x nodosiformis, 469 nodosus, 469, 470, 476, 478 nodulosus , 469 occidentals, 476 oreganus, 476 oronensis, 476 orthophyltus, 476 oxymeris, 476, 478 pallescens, 482 paradoxus , 476 parryi, 476 parviflorus, 482 paucicapitatus , 476 pauperculus , 473 pelocarpus, 476. 477 pilosus, 480 polycephalus , 476 pylaie, 473 ranarius, 471 regelii, 476 richardsonianus, 469 saximontanus, 476, 478 secundus, 476 sefaceus, 478 slwookoorum, 478 spadiceus, 483 spicatus , 483 squarrosus, 477 stygius, 477 subcaudatus, 477 subtilis, 477 subtriflorus , 473 supiniformis, 477 supinus , 472 tenuis, 473, 476, 477 torreyi, 477 tracyi, 478 trifidus, 478 triglumis, 478 uliginosus, 469, 477 vaseyi, 475, 478 verticillatus , 477 xiphioides. 471 , 474, 476, 478 Juniperus, 180 communis, 180 excelsa, 181 x fassettii, 180 horizontalis, 1 80 nana, 180 occidentals, 180 prostrata, 180 sabina, 180 scopulorum, 180, 181 sibirica, 180 virginiana, 181 Justicia, 1399 americana, 1399 pedunculosa, 1399 Kalmia, 1202 angustifolia, 1 202 glauca, 1202, 1203 latifolia, 1202 microphytla, 1202 occidentalis, 1 203 polifolia, 1202 Kentrophyta montana , 986 Kickxia, 1354 elatine, 1354 spuria, 1354 Knautia, 1431 arvensis, 1431 Kneiffia fruticosa, 1 143 perennis, 1144 pilosella, 1144 Kobresia, 442 arctica , 443 bellardii, 443 bipartita , 398, 443 caricina, 443 filiformis , 443 globularis, 391 hyperborea , 443 myosuroides , 443 scirpina , 443 sibirica, 443 simpiiciuscula, 443 Kochi a, 653 dioica, 644 scoparia, 647, 653 Koeleria, 285 asiatica, 285 cairnesiana , 285 cristata, 285 gracilis, 285 latifrons, 285 macrantha, 285 nitida, 285 pyramidata , 285 yukonensis, 285 Koenigia, 619 islandica, 619 Koniga maritima, 838 Kopsiopsis tuberosa, 1392 Krtgia, 1572 amplexicaulis / 1 573 biflora, 1573 virginica, 1573 Kruhsea streptopoides , 506 Krynitzkia affinis, 1281 ambigua, 1281 californica, 1294 chorisiana, 1294 circumscissa, 1281 fendleri, 1281 glomerata, 1282 intermedia, 1281 scouleri, 1294 sericea, 1282 torreyana, 1282 Kuhniastera Candida , 1023 purpurea, 1023 villosa, 1023 LABIATAE, 1297 Lachnanthes, 514 tinctoria, 514 Lacinaria ligulistylis , 1578 punctata, 1578 scabra, 1577 scariosa, 1578 Lactuca, 1573 biennis, 1574 campestris, 1575 canadensis, 1574 elongata, 1574 floridana, 1574 1669 Index hirsuta, 1574 inte grata, 1575 integrifolia , 1574 leucophaea , 1574 longifolia , 1 574 ludoviciana, 1 575 multifida, 1574 muralis, 1575 pulchella, 1575 saligna, 1575 sanguinea, 1575 sativa, 1 575 scariola, 1575, 1576 serriola, 1575 spicata, 1574 tatarica, 1 575 terrae-novae , 1574 villosa, 1574 virosa, 1575, 1576 Lagotis, 1355 glauca, 1 355 hultenii, 1355 stelleri, 1 355 Lamiaceae, 1297 Lamium, 1304 album, 1305 amplexicaule, 1305 dissectum, 1305 hybridum, 1305 incisum, 1305 maculatum, 1305 moluccellifolium, 1305 purpureum, 1306 Landsia australis, 1530 coronopifolia , 1530 Lapathum mexicanum, 640 Laportea, 607 canadensis, 607 Lappa minor, 1471 vulgaris, 1471 Lappula, 1286 anoplocarpa , 1286 arid a , 1285 besseyi, 1285 br achy sty la, 1286 ciliata, 1285 coerulescens, 1286 cupulata, 1286 deflexa, 1285 desertorum, 1286 diffusa , 1 285 echinata, 1286 erecta, 1286 floribunda, 1285 fremontii, 1286 heterosperma , 1 286 hispida, 1285 jessicae, 1285 lappula, 1286 leptophylla, 1285 montana , 1 286 myosotis, 1286 occidentalis, 1286 redowskii, 1286 fexana , 1 286 virginiana, 1286 Lapsana, 1 576 capillaris, 1532 communis, 1576 Larbrea uliginosa, 710 Larix, 181 alaskensis, 181 americana, 181 laricina, 181 iyallii, 181 microcarpa, 181 occidentalis, 1 82 pendula, 181 Laserpitium hirsutum, 1163 terebinthinum ,1165 Lastrea thelypteris , 1 70 Lathyrus, 998 aleuticus, 1000 aphaca, 1 000 bijugatus, 1 000 japonicus, 1000 latifolius, 1 001 linearis , 1036 littoralis, 1001 macranthus, 1002 maritimus, 1000, 1001 myrtifolius, 1002 nevadensis, 1 001 , 1 002 nuttallii, 1001 ochroleucus, 1001 odoratus, 1001 palustris, 1001 pauciflorus, 1001, 1002 pilosus, 1002 pisiformis, 1000 pofyphyllus, 1002 pratensis, 480, 1002 pusillus, 1002 rigidus, 1001 rollandii, 1003 sativus, 1002 sphaericus, 1 002 stipulaceus, 1002 sylvestris, 1003 tingitanus, 1003 tuberosus, 1003 venosus, 1003 LAURACEAE, 766 Laurus aestivalis , 766 albida , 766 benzoin, 766 pseudo-benzoin, 766 sassafras , 766 Lavatera, 1089 thuringiaca, 1089 trimestris, 1090 Lavauxia flava, 1143 Layia, 1576 glandulosa, 1576 Lechea, 1 1 01 intermedia, 1101 juniperina, 1101 leggettii, 1102 major, 1100 maritima, 1102 minor, 1 102 moniliformis ,1102 stricta, 1 1 02 thymi folia, 1102 villosa, 1102 Ledum, 1203 canadense, 1203 columbianum , 1 203 decumbens , 1203 glandulosum, 1203 groenlandicum, 1203 latifolium , 1 203 pacificum, 1203 palustre, 1203 Leersia, 286 lenticularis , 286 oryzoides, 286 ovata, 286 virginica, 286 LEGUMINOSAE, 968 Leimanthium hybridum, 501 Lemna, 456 minor, 456 polyrhiza , 456 trisulca, 456 LEMNACEAE, 456 Lemotrys hyacinthina , 495 Lens, 1003 culinaris, 1003 LENTIBULARIACEAE, 1395 Lenticuia resupinata , 1 397 Leontice thalictroides , 761 triphylla, 760 Leontodon, 1576 autumnalis, 1576 borealis, 1470 ceratophorus , 1618 dumetorum, 1618 erythrospermum , 1618 hastilis, 1577 hirtus , 1577 hispidus, 1577 laevigatus, 1618 latilobum, 1619 leysseri, 1577 lyratus, 1620 1670 Index monticola, 1618 nudicaulis , 1577 palustre, 1619 rupestre , 1619 scopulorum, 1619 taraxacoides, 1577 taraxacum, 1619 Leonurus, 1306 cardiaca, 1306 si biricus, 1306 Lepachys columnifera, 1588 pinnata, 1588 Lepadenia marginata, 1057 Lepargyraea argentea, 1123 canadensis, 1123 Lepidium, 833 apetalum, 835 aucheri, 835 bourgeauanum , 835, 836 calycinum, 847 campestre, 835 chalepense, 810 densiflorum, 835 didymum, 812 draba, 810 elongatum , 835 f fetched, 836 heterophyllum, 835 intermedium, 837 lasiocarpum, 835 latifolium, 835 medium, 837 menziesii, 837 neglectum , 835 nudicaule, 847 oxycarpum, 836 perfoliatum, 836 procumbens, 832 pubicarpum , 835 ramosissimum, 836 repens, 810 ruderaie, 836 sativum, 836 sibiricum, 820 simile, 835 smithii, 835 spinosum, 835 strictum, 835, 836 texanum, 836 virginicum, 836 Lepidotis alpina, 133 annotina, 134 clavata, 134 complanata, 134 inundata , 1 35 Lepigonum rubrum, 704 Leptandra virginica, 1388 Leptanthus dubius, 462 Leptarrhena, 867 amplexifolia , 867 pyrolifolia, 867 tepfasea aizoides, 885 alaskana , 889 austromontana, 886 cherleroides , 886 fimbriata, 888 flagellaris, 888 funstonii, 886 hirculus, 889 serpyllifolia , 893 tolmiei, 893 tricuspidata , 894 van-bruntiae , 885 vespertina , 894 Leptaxis menziesii, 895 Leptilon canadense, 1541 Leptodactylon, 1261 hookeri, 1261 pungens, 1261 Lept orchis lili folia, 539 loeselii, 539 Leptosiphon bicolor, 1261 Leptotaenia dissecta ,1172 multifida, 1172 purpurea, 1172 Lepturus paniculatus, 325 Lespedeza, 1003 bicknellii, 1004 capitata, 1004 frutescens, 1004 hirta, 1004 intermedia, 1004 polystachya, 1004 prairea , 1 004 procumbens, 1004 prostrata, 1004 repens, 1004 reticulata . 1 004 stuvei, 1004 velutina, 1004 violacea, 1004 virginica, 1004 Lesquerella, 837 alpina, 837 arctica, 837 arenosa, 838 argentea , 838 calderi, 837 douglasii, 838 ludoviciana, 838 macounii, 838 nodosa, 837 occidentalis, 838 prostrata , 838 purshii, 838 rosea, 838 spathulata, 837 versicolor, 838 Leucanthemum arcticum, 1519 hultenii, 1519 integrifolium , 1 520 ircutianum, 1520 leucanthemum, 1520 parthenium, 1520 vulgare, 1520 Leuchorchis albida, 535 Leucocoma alpina, 449 Leucocraspedum albicaule, 1237 Leucojum, 516 aestivum, 516 Leucophysalis grandiflora , 1326 Leucospora multifida, 1348 Leucothoe racemosa, 1201 Levisticum, 1167 tevisticum, 1 167 officinale, 1167 Lewisia, 668 columbiana, 669 pygmaea, 669 rediviva, 669 Uatris, 1 577 aspera, 1577, 1578 x creditonensis, 1578 cylindracea, 1578 x gladewitzii, 1578 ligulistylis, 1578 punctata, 1578 pycnostachya , 1578 scariosa, 1578 x sphaeroidea, 1578 spicata, 1578 squarrosa, 1578 Ligusticella macounii, 1176 Ligusticum, 1167 actaeifolium ,1159 ajanense, 1163 apiifolium, 1168 barbinode, 1179 calderi, 1168 canbyi, 1 168 gmelinii, 1163 grayii, 1168 hultenii, 1 168 levisticum, 1167 macounii, 1 1 76 mutetlinoides ,1176 1671 Index scopulorum , 1168 scothicum, 1168 Ligustrum, 1233 vulgare, 1233 Lilaea, 21 0 scilloides, 210 subulata, 210 LILAEAGEAE, 210 Lifaeopsis, 1 1 69 chinensis, 1169 lineata, 1169 occidentalis, 1169 LILIACEAE, 484 Lilium, 499 andinum, 500 bulbiferum, 499 camschatcense , 498 canadense, 499 carolinianum, 500 columbianum , 499 croceum, 499 martagon, 500 michauxii, 500 michiganense, 500 montanum, 500 parviflorum, 499 philadelphicum, 500 pudicum, 498 superbum, 500 tigrinum, 500 umbellatum, 500 LIMNANTHACEAE, 1064 Limnanthemum facunosum, 1246 Limnanthes, 1064 douglasii, 1064 macounii, 1064 Limnetis polystachya , 329 Umnia cordifolia, 668 parviflora, 668 perfoliata, 668 sibirica , 668 spathulata, 668 Limnobium, 217 spongia, 217 Limnobotrya echinata, 878 lacustris, 878 montigena, 878 parvula, 878 Limnorchis behringiana , 535 brachypetala, 536 chorisiana , 535 ditatata , 536 gracilis, 538 huronensis, 536 hyperborea, 536 leucostachys , 536 stricta, 538 Limodorum pulchellum, 527 tuberosum, 527 Limonium, 1230 carolinianum, 1230 nashii, 1230 trichogonum, 1230 vulgare, 1230 Limosella, 1355 aquatica, 1 355 subulata, 1355 tenuifolia , 1355 LINACEAE, 1038 Linanthus, 1261 bicolor, 1259, 1261 harknessii, 1261 pharnaceoides, 1261 septentrionalis, 1261, 1262 Linaria, 1355 canadensis, 1 356 cymbaiaria, 1348 dalmatica, 1356 elatine, 1354 linaria, 1357 macedonica , 1 356 maroccana, 1356 minor, 1347 pinifolia, 1 357 purpurea, 1357 repens, 1357 reticulata, 1356, 1357 x sepium, 1357 spuria, 1354 striata, 1357 fexana, 1356 vulgaris, 1357 Lindera, 766 benzoin, 766 Lindernia, 1357 anagallidea, 1357 dubia, 1357 Linnaea, 1415 americana, 1416 borealis, 1415 longiflora, 1416 Linosyris viscidiflora , 1522 Linum, 1038 angustifolium, 1040 austriacum, 1039 bienne, 1040 catharticum, 480, 1038 compactum, 1039 lewisii, 1039 medium, 1039 narbonense, 1039 perenne, 1039 pratense, 1039 radiola, 1040 rigidum, 1039, 1040 striatum, 1039 sulcatum, 1040 usitatissimum, 1040 virginianum, 1039, 1040 Liparis, 539 lilifolia, 539 loeselii, 539 Lippia, 1295 lanceolata, 1295 Liquidambar, 896 peregrins, 582 styraciftua, 896 Liriodendron, 764 tufipifera, 764 Listera, 539 auriculata, 540 australis, 540, 541 banksiana, 540 borealis, 540 caurina, 540 convallarioides, 540 cordata, 541 eschscholziana , 541 nephrophylla , 541 ovata, 541 Lithophragma, 867 bulbifera, 867 glabra, 867, 868 parviflora, 867, 868 tenella, 867, 868 thompsonii, 868 williamsii, 864 Uthospermum, 1286 angustifolium , 1288 arvense, 1 287 canescens, 1287 carolinianum, 1293 caroliniense, 1287 circumscissum , 1281 corymbosum , 1 290 croceum, 1287 drummondii, 1289 gmelinii, 1287 hirtum, 1287 rncisum, 1 288 latifolium, 1288 linearifolium , 1288 longiflorum, 1288 lycopsoides, 1279 mandanense, 1288 maritimum, 1290 officinale, 1288 paniculatum, 1290 pilosum, 1288 ruderale, 1 288 virginianum, 1293 Littorella, 1401 americana, 1401 lacustris, 1401 uniflora, 1401 Lloydia, 500 serotina, 500 LOASACEAE, 117 1672 Index Lobaria cernua , 887 rivularis, 892 Lobelia, 1 439 cardinalis, 1440 claytoniana, 1441 dortmanna, 1440 inflata, 1440 kalmii, 1440 lacustris, 1440 puberula, 1441 siphrlitica, 1441 spicata, 1441 s trictiflora, 1441 LOBE LI ACE AE, 1439 Lobularia, 838 maritrma, 838 Loeflingia ramosissima , 682 Loiseleuria, 1 204 procumbens, 1204 Lolium, 286 dorei, 287 italicum, 287 multiflorum, 287 perenne, 287 persicum, 287 rigidum, 287 temulentum, 287 Lomaria borealis , 1 57 spicant, 157 Lomatium, 1169 ambigirum, 1171, 1172 brandegei, 1172 columbianum, 1172 cous, 1 1 72 dissectum, 1172 farinosum, 1172 foeniculaceum, 1172 geyeri, 1172 gormanii, 1 172 jonesii, 1 1 72 leptocarpum, 1172 macdougalii, 1172 macrocarpum, 1172 martindalei, 1173 montanum, 1172 nudicaule, 1173 orientale, 1164, 1173 platycarpum , 1173 sandbergii, 1173 simplex, 1173 triternatum, 1173 utriculatum, 1173 villosum, 1172 Lomatogonium, 1245 rotatum, 1245 tenellum , 1 244 Lonicera, 1416 altissima, 1419 x bella, 1419 caerulea, 1420 canadensis, 1418 caprifolium, 1418 cauriana , 1420 ciliata , 1420 cillosa, 1418 diervilla, 1415 dioica, 1418 douglasii, 1418 ebractulata, 1420 etrusca, 1418 flavescens, 1419 glauca , 1418 glaucescens, 1418 hirsute, 1418 hispidula, 1419 involucrata, 1419 microphylla, 1419 morrowii, 1419 x notha, 1419 oblongifolia, 1419 occidentalis , 1418 parviflora, 1418 periclymenum, 1419 prolifera, 1419 racemosa, 1422 ruprechtiana, 1419 sempervirens, 1419 sullivantii, 1419 tatarica, 1419 utahensis, 1420 villosa, 1420 xylosteum, 1420 Lophanthus anisatus , 1301 nepetoides, 1301 scrophulariaefolius ,1301 urticifolius , 1301 Lophiola, 516 americana, 516 aurea, 516 septentrionalis ,516 Lophochlaena refracta , 305 Lophotocarpus calycinus, 214 spongiosus, 214 LORANTHACEAE, 61 1 Lorinseria areolata , 1 73 Lotus, 1005 americarrus, 1007 corniculatus, 1006, 1007 decumbens , 1 006 denticulatus, 1006 douglasii, 1006 formosissimus, 1006 krylovii, 1006 micranthus, 1 006 nevadensis, 1 006 pedunculatus, 1006 pinnatus, 1007 purshianus, 1007 subpinnatus, 1006 tenuis, 1007 uliginosus, 1006 unifoliatus, 1007 Ludwigia, 1 1 38 alternifolia, 1138 palustris, 1138 polycarpa, 1 138 Luetkea, 924 pectinata, 924 sibbaldioides, 924 Luina, 1578 hypoleuca, 1 578 nardosmia, 1513 Lunaria. 838 annua, 838 biennis , 838 rediviva, 838 Lupinaster macrocephalus, 1032 Lupinus, 1007 albertensis, 1012 albicaulis, 1010, 1013 x alpestris, 1011 apricus, 1013 arboreus, 1010 arbustus, 1010, 1011 arcticus, 1010, 101 1 argenteus, 1010, 1011, 1012 aridus, 1011 bicolor, 1011 bingenensis, 1013 borealis, 1010 burkei, 1011 caudatus, 1011 columbianus, 1012 cytisoides , 1010 densiflorus, 101 1 donnellyensis ,1010 formosus, 1010 gakonensis, 1010 hirsutulus, 1011 humicola , 1013 jacob-andersonii , 1011 kingii, 1013 kiskensis, 1012 kuschei, 101 1 latifolius, 1010 laxiflorus, 1010, 1011 lepidus, 101 1 leucophyllus, 101 1 leucopsis, 1013 littorali s, 1011 lobbii, 1012 lyallii, 1012 macounii, 1011 matanuskensis , 1010 micranthus ,1011,1012 microcarpus, 1011 minimus, 1011, 1012 multicaulis , 1010 multifolius, 1010 nootkatensis, 1010, 1012 oreganus, 1012 1673 Index ornatus, 1013 vernalis, 482 struthiloides , 138 ovinus , 1012 wahlenbergii , 483 tristachyum, 134, 136 paltidipes, 1012 Lychnis, 690 Lycopsis, 1288 parviflorus, 1012 affinis , 693 arvensis, 1 288 perennis, 1012, 1013 alba, 691 virginiana , 1 292 polycarpus, 1012 alpina, 692 Lycopus, 1306 polyphyllus, 1010, 1011, 1012, apetala, 692, 693 americanus, 1306, 1307 1013 attenuata , 692 asper, 1307 porsiidianus , 1011 brachycalyx, 693 communis , 1308 prunifolius , 1010 chalcedonica, 692 europaeus, 1307 prunophyllus , 1013 coronaria, 692 laurentianus, 1307 pseudoparviflorus ,1010 dawsonii, 693 lucidus, 1307 pseudopolyphyllus ,1013 dioica, 692 macrophyllus , 1 308 pulcherrimus , 1011 diurna, 692 membranaceus, 1308 pusillus, 1013 drummondii, 693 obtusifolius , 1307 rivu laris, 1013 elata, 701 pumilus, 1308 sell ulus, 1011 flos-cuculi, 693 rubellus, 1307 sericeus, 101 1, 1013 furcata, 693 sinuatus, 1307 stationis, 1013 gillettii, 693 uniflorus, 1307, 1308 subalpinus, 1010 githago, 675 virginicus, 1308 sulphureus, 1012, 1013 x loveae, 692 Lygodesmia, 1579 tenellus, 1011 macrosperma , 693 juncea, 1579 toklatensis, 1010 montana , 692 minor, 1615 trifurcatus, 1012 ostenfeldii, 693 rostrata, 1 579 vallicola, 1013 parryi , 701 spinosa, 1 579 wyethii, 1013 pudica , 693 tenui folia, 1615 yukonensis, 1010 rubra, 692 Lyonia Luzula, 478 soerensensis , 693 ligustrina, 1201 acuminata, 480 striata, 693 Lysias arctica , 482 taimyrense, 693 hookeri, 536 arcuata, 480, 481 taylorae, 693 macrophylla, 537 arida , 482 triflora, 693 menziesii, 537 campestris, 480, 481 , 482, 483 vespertine , 692 orbiculata, 537 carolinae , 480 Lycium, 1327 Lysichiton comosa, 481 chinense , 1327 (Lysichitum) confusa, 480 halimifolium, 1327 Lysichitum, 455 divaricata , 482 vulgare , 1327 americanum, 455 frigida, 482 Lycopersicum, 1327 camtschatcense , 455 gfabrata, 481 esculentum, 1327 kamtschatcense , 455 groenlandica, 481 lycopersicon , 1327 Lysiella hybrida, 483 LYCOPODIACEAE, 133 obtusata , 537 hyperborea, 481 Lycopodium, 133 Lysimachia, 1221 intermedia , 482 alprnum, 133 ciliata, 1226 japonica, 482 annotinum, 134 clethroides, 1221 labradorica, 482 apodum, 137 x commixta, 1222 luzuloides, 481 chinense, 136 foliosa, 1221 maxima, 482 clavatum, 134 heterophylla, 1226 multiflora, 480,481, 483 complanatum, 134 hybrida, 1227 nemorosa, 481 dendroideum, 135 lanceolata , 1226, 1227 nivalis, 481 , 482 dubium, 134 longifolia, 1227 pallescens, 480, 482 flabelli forme, 134 nummularia, 1221 parviflora, 482 habereri, 134 x products, 1221 pilosa, 480, 482 integrifolium , 134 punctata, 1221 piperi, 481 , 482 inundatum, 134 quadriflorum, 1227 rufescens, 482 lucidulum, 135, 136 quadrifolia, 1221 saltuensis, 480 obscurum, 135 racemosa, 1221 spadicea, 481, 482, 483 porophilum, 135 revoluta, 1227 spicata, 483 pungens, 134 stricta, 1221 subsessilis, 481 rupestre, 138 tenelia, 1216 sudetica, 480, 482, 483 sabinaefofium, 135 terrestris, 1221, 1222 sylvatiea, 482 selaginoides, 138 thyrsiflora, 1 222 tundricola, 482 selago, 136 vulgaris, 1222 sitchense , 1 36 LYTH R ACE AE, 1124 1674 Index Lythrum, 1125 alatum, 1125 petiolatum, 1124 salicaria, 1 125 tomentosum , 1 125 i i/erticHtatum , 1124 Machaeranthera canescens , 1496 grindelioides, 1557 puberulenta. 1496 tanacetifolia , 1505 viscosa, 1496 Machaerocarpus catifornicus, 212 Macleaya, 768 cordata, 768 Madura, 605 aurantiaca , 605 pomifera, 605 Macrocalyx nyctelea, 1269 Macropodium laciniatum, 847 Macrorhynchus glaucus , 1 460 heterophyllus , 1460 Madia, 1579 capitata, 1580 dissitiflora , 1580 exigua, 1 580 Wipes, 1580 glomerata, 1580 gracilis, 1580 madioides, 1580 minima, 1580 nuttallii, 1580 racemosa, 1580 sativa, 1580 Madorella dissitiflora, 1580 racemosa, 1580 Madronella odoratissima , 1313 Magnolia, 764 acuminata, 764 MAGNOLIACEAE. 764 Mahonia aquifolium, 761 nervosa, 761 Maianthemum, 501 bifolium , 501 canadense, 501 dilatatum, 501 Mairania alpina, 1197 Malaceae, 898 Malaxis, 541 brachypoda , 541 diphyllos, 541 Mfofia. 539 monophytlos. 541 ophiogfossoides , 542 paludosa, 541 unifolia, 542 Malcolmia, 838 africana, 839 maritima, 839 Malus coronaria, 944 fusca, 945 glaucescens, 944 macounii, 945 prunifolia, 945 pumila , 945 rivularis, 945 sylvestris, 945 Malva, 1090 alcea, 1090 borealis, 1091 coccinea, 1093 crispa, 1091 mauritiana, 1091 moschata, 1090 munroana, 1093 neglecta, 1091 parviflora, 1091 pusilla, 1091 rivularis, 1089 rotundifolia, 1091 sylvestris, 1091 verticillata, 1091 vulgaris, 1091 MALVACEAE, 1087 Malvastrum coccineum, 1093 munroanum, 1093 Mamillaria missouriensis , 1 1 1 9, 1 1 20 vivipara, 1119 Manteia acauiis, 955 Marah, 1433 oreganus, 1433 Marica californica , 523 Mariscus mariscoides , 428 Marrubium, 1308 vulgare, 1 308 Marsilea, 174 mucronata , 1 74 quadrifofia, 174 vestita, 1 74 MARSILEACEAE, 174 Martynia louisianica, 1391 proboscides, 1391 MARTYNIACEAE, 1391 Maruta cotula, 1470 Matricaria, 1580 ambigua, 720, 1581 asteroides, 1512 chamomilla, 1581 coronata, 1581 discoidea , 1 582 grandiflora, 1581 hookeri, 1581 inodora, 1581 maritima, 1581 matricarioides, 1581 parthenium, 1520 recutita, 1581 suaveolens, 1582 Matteuccia, 164 nodulosa, 164 pensylvanica, 164 struthiopteris, 164 Matthiola, 839 bicornis, 839 Mecodium, 149 wrightii, 149 Meconella, 769 oregana, 769 Medeola, 501 virginiana, 501 virginica, 501 Medicago, 1014 arabica, 1014 denticulata, 1015 fafcata, 1014 hispida, 1015 laciniata, 1014 lupulina, 1014 maculata, 1014 minima, 1015 orbicularis, 1015 polymorpha, 1014, 1015 sativa, 1015 sphaerocarpa ,1015 virginica, 1004 Megalodonta beckii, 1 509 Megarrhiza oregana, 1433 Meibomia canadense, 994 canescens , 994 ciiiare, 994 cuspidate , 994 glutinosa, 994 illinoense, 994 marilandica, 994 michauxii, 995 nudi flora, 994 paniculata, 994 pauciflora, 995 rigida , 995 rotundifolia , 995 sessilifotia , 995 Melampyrum, 1358 americanum, 1358 lineare, 1358 prafense, 1358 sylvaticum, 1358 Melandrium affine, 693 album, 692 1675 Index apetalum, 692 attenuatum , 692 dioicum, 692 drummondii, 693 macrospermum , 693 noctiflorum, 701 ostenfeldii, 693 rubrum , 692 soczavianum, 693 taimyrense, 693 taylorae, 693 triflorum, 693 Melanidion boreale, 846 Melanthium, 501 hybridum, 501 virginicum , 501 MELASTOMATACEAE, 1 127 Melica, 287 acuminata, 289 altissima, 288 aristata, 288 bella , 288 bulbosa, 288, 289 geyeri, 288 harfordii, 289 mutica, 289 purpurascens, 325 smithii, 289 spectabilis, 289 striata, 325 subulata, 289 Melilotus, 1015 alba, 1015, 1016 altissima, 1016 caerulea, 1034 elegans, 1016 indica, 1016 officinalis, 1016 parvi flora, 1016 wolgica, 1015 Melissa, 1308 officinalis, 1308 pulegioides, 1304 Mengea californica, 659 MENISPERMACEAE, 763 Menispermum, 763 canadense, 763 Mentha, 1308 aquatica, 1309, 1311 arvensis, 1309, 1310 borealis, 1310 canadensis, 1310 cardiaca, 1310 cftrata, 1310 gentilis, 1310 glabrior, 1310 lanata, 1309 longifolia, 1311 occidental, 1310 penardii, 1310 piperita, 1310, 1311 rotundifolia, 1311 rubella, 1310 rubra, 1310 sativa, 1310 x smithiana, 1309, 1310 spicata, 1309, 1310,1311 sylvestris , 1311 x verticillata, 1310 viridis, 1311 Mentzelia, 1117 albicaulis, 1117, 1118 ctenophora ,1117 decapetala, 1117 dispersa, 1117 gracilenta, 1117 laevicaulis, 1118 ornata, 1117 tweedyi, 1117 Menyanthaceae , 1234 Menyanthes, 1245 crista-galli , 1236 trifoliata, 1245 verna, 1245 Menziesia, 1204 aleutica, 1206 caerulea, 1206 empetriformis , 1206 ferruginea, 1204 glabella, 1204 glanduliflora , 1206 globularis, 1204 grahamii, 1206 intermedia , 1 206 Merckia peploides, 680 physode s, 680 Mercurialis, 1 059 annua, 1059 Mertensia, 1288 alaskana, 1290 asiatica, 1290 ciliata, 1289 drummondii, 1289 eastwoodiae , 1290 horneri, 1 289 laevigata , 1290 lanceolata, 1289 linearis, 1289 longiflora, 1289 maritima, 1289 oblongifolia, 1289, 1290 paniculata, 1289, 1290 pilosa , 1 290 platyphylla, 1290 pratensis, 1290 sibirica, 1289, 1290 subcordata, 1290 virginica, 1290 Mesadenia atriplici folia, 1513 tuberosa, 1514 Mespilus arborea , 907 arbutifolia, 944 calpodendron, 911 canadensis , 907 pyracantha, 943 Metagonia ovata, 1212 Mibora, 289 minima, 289 verna, 289 Micrampelis lobata, 1433 oregana, 1433 Micranthes aestivalis, 892 allenii, 891 arguta, 891 bidens, 889 crenati folia , 892 galaci folia, 893 hieracifolia , 888 lata, 891 lyaltii, 889 nelsoniana , 892 nivalis, 890 occidentalis , 890 pensylvanica , 891 reflexa, 892 rhomboidea , 892 rufidula, 890 saximontana, 890 spicata, 893 virginiensis , 894 yukonensis, 892 Micromeria chamissonis, 1318 douglasii, 1318 Micropetalum gramineum, 708 lanceolatum, 707 Microseris, 1 502 bigelovii, 1582 borealis, 1470 cuspidata, 1582 nutans, 1582 troximoides, 1582 Microsteris, 1 262 glabella, 1262 gracilis, 1262 humilis, 1262 stricta, 1262 Microstylis brachypoda, 541 diphyllos, 541 monophyllos, 541 ophioglossoides , 542 uni folia , 542 Mikania, 1583 scandens, 1583 Milium, 289 crusgalli, 267 effusum, 289 pungens, 294 1676 Index MHIegrana, 1040 radiola, 1 040 Mimetanthe, 1358 pilosa, 1358 Mimosaceae, 968 Mimulus, 1358 alatus, 1360 alpinus, 1361 alsinoides, 1360 breviflorus, 1360 breweri, 1360 caespitosus, 1361 dentatus, 1361 floribundus, 1360 fremontii, 1360 geyeri, 1360 glabratus, 1360 grandiflorus , 1360 guttatus, 1358, 1360 jamesii, 1360 langsdorfii, 1360 lewisii, 1360 luteus , 1360 microphyllus, 1360 minimus, 1360 moschatus, 480, 1360 nasutus, 1360 peduncularis, 1360 pilosus, 1358 ringens, 1360 rivularis, 1360 roseus, 1361 rubellus, 1360 suksdorfii, 1360 tilingii, 1360 Minuartia arctica, 678 dawsonensis, 682 elegans, 681 groenlandica, 678 macrocarpa, 679 obtusiioba, 680 propinqua, 681 quadrivalvis, 681 rubella, 681 sajanensis , 681 stricta, 682 yukonensis , 679 Mirabilis, 662 hirsuta, 662 nyctagmea, 662 Miscanthus, 289 sacchariftorus, 289 Mitchella, 1414 repens, 1414 Mitelfa, 868 breweri, 869 caulescens, 869 cordifolia , 869 diphylla, 869 diversifolia, 869 grandiflora , 895 nuda, 869 ovalis, 869 pentandra, 869 prostrata , 869 reniformis, 869 stauropetala, 869 trifida, 869, 870 vioiacea, 870 Mitellastra caulescens , 869 Moehringia lateriflora , 679 macrophylla, 679 Moldavica, 1311 parviflora, 1311 thymiflora, 1311 Molinia, 289 caerulea, 289 maxima, 280 Mollugo, 664 verticillata, 664 Momordica echinata , 1433 Monarda, 1312 ciliata, 1302 citriodora, 1312 dinopodia, 1312 didyma, 1312 dispersa, 1312 fistulosa, 1312, 1313 hirsuta , 1302 media, 1313 menthaefolia , 1313 mollis, 1313 punctata, 1313 rugosa, 1313 Monardella, 1313 odoratissima, 1313 Moneses, 1 1 89 grandiflora ,1189 reticulata, 1 189 uniffora, 1189 Monoiepis, 653 chenopodioides , 654 nuttalliana, 653 Monotropa, 1 1 89 fimbriata, 1189 hypopitys, 1189 lanuginosa ,1189 latisquama ,1189 uniflora, 1189 Monotropaceae , 1 187 Monotropsis, 1 1 89 odorata, 1 189 Montelia tamariscina , 660 Montia, 669 alsinoides , 668 chamissoi, 670 cordifolia, 668 dichotoma, 670 diffusa, 670 flagellaris, 671 fontana, 670, 671 hallii, 671 heterophylla, 668 howellii, 671 lamprosperma, 670 linearis, 671 parvifolia, 668, 671 perfoliata , 668 rivularis, 670, 671 sarmentosa, 668 sibirica, 668 spathulata , 668 Montiastrum dichotomum, 670 howellii, 671 lineare, 671 Montolivea unalascensis, 538 MORACEAE, 605 Moricandia arvensis, 801 Morus, 605 alba, 605 rubra, 605 tatarica, 605 Muhlenbergia, 290 aristosa, 247 asperifolia, 291 cinna , 260 cuspidata, 291 depauperata, 291 , 292 diffusa, 292 erecta, 247 filiformis, 291 , 293 foliosa, 292 frondosa, 291 , 292 glomerata, 291 , 292 mexicana, 291 , 292 pendula, 260 racemosa, 291 , 292 richardsonis, 292 schreberi, 292 sefosa,291 squarrosa, 292 sylvatica, 292 tenuiflora, 292 uniflora, 292 willdenowii, 292 Mulgedium acuminatum , 1575 floridanum , 1574 hastatum, 1586 heterophyllum , 1575 leucophaeum, 1574 pulchellum, 1575 Munroa, 293 squarrosa, 293 Muscari, 502 botryoides, 502 Muscaria adscendens , 885 delicatuia , 886 emarginata , 886 micropetala , 886 1677 Index monticola, 886 sileniflora , 886 Musineon, 1173 angustifolium, 1173 divaricatum, 1173 trachyspermum ,1173 Myagrum, 839 argenteum , 838 paniculatum, 840 perenne, 841 perfoliatum, 839 rugosum, 841 sativum . 804 Mycelis muralis, 1575 Myginda myrtifolia , 1071 Myosotis, 1291 alpestris, 1292 aretioides, 1284 arvensis, 1291 asiatica, 1292 caespitosa, 1291 californica, 1294 collina, 1292 deflexa , 1285 discolor, 1291 flaccid a, 1281 glomerata, 1282 lappula, 1286 laxa. 1291 leucophaea, 1282 macrosperma , 1292 micrantha, 1292 nana, 1284 palustris, 1292 peduncularis, 1294 ramosissima, 1292 redowskii, 1286 rupestris. 1284 scorpioides, 1291, 1292 scouleri, 1294 stricta, 1292 sylvatica, 1 292 teneila, 1294 verna, 1 292 versicolor, 1291 virginica, 1292 Myosoton, 693 aquaticum, 693 Myosurus, 736 apefa/us, 736 arisfafus, 736 lepturus , 736 mayor, 736 minimus, 736 shortii, 736 teneilus, 736 Myrica, 582 asplerrifolia , 582 californica, 582 caroliniertsis , 583 cerifera , 583 gale, 582 pensylvanica, 583 peregrins, 582 fomentosa , 583 MYRICACEAE, 582 Myriophyllum, 1145 alterniflorum, 1146 exalbescens, 1 146 farwellii, 1146 heterophyflum, 1146 hippuroides, 1146 humile, 1146 magdalenense, 1146 pinnatum, 1 146 scabratum, 1 146 spicatum, 1146 tenellum, 1147 verticillatum , 1147 Myrrhis, 1 1 74 anthriscus, 1 160 canadensis , 1164 daytonii, 1 1 75 longistylis, 1175 occidentals, 1175 odorata, 1 1 74 Myrtillus uliginosus , 1212 Myzorrhiza corymbosa, 1393 ludoviciana, 1394 Nabalus alatus, 1586 albus , 1586 altissimus, 1586 boottii, 1586 cordatus, 1586 hastatus, 1586 racemosus, 1586 sagittatus, 1586 serpentaria, 1587 trifoliatus, 1587 Naiocrene flagellaris, 671 parviflora , 668 parvi folia, 671 NAJADACEAE, 208 Najas, 208 canadensis, 208 flexilis, 208 gracillima, 208 guadalupensis, 208 Napaea hermaphrodita, 1091 Narcissus, 517 poeticus, 517 pseudo-narcissus, 517 Nardosmia angulosa, 1584 corymbosa, 1584 frigida, 1584 hookeriana, 1584 japonica, 1584 palmata, 1584 sagittata , 1 584 speciosa, 1584 Nardus, 293 stricta, 293, 480 Narthecium glutinosum, 507 pusillum, 507 Nasturtium, 839 amphibium, 842 armoracia, 799 austriacum, 843 calycinum, 843 curvisiliqua, 843 fontanum, 839 indicum, 843 iacustre, 798 lyratum, 843 microphyllum , 839 nasturtium-aquaticum , 839 natans, 798 obtusum , 844 officinale, 839 palustre, 844 sinuatum, 844 sylvestre , 844 terrestre, 843, 844 trachycarpum , 844 Naumburgia thyrsiflora , 1222 Navarretia, 1262 heterophylla, 1259 intertext a, 1262 minima. 1262 propinqua, 1262 pungens, 1261 squarrosa, 1261, 1262 Neckera aurea, 774 sempervirens , 77 4 Negundium fraxinifoiium , 1075 Negundo aceroides, 1075 interius, 1075 nuttallii, 1075 Neillia capitate, 924 malvacea, 924 opulifolia, 924 Nelumbium luteum, 713 Nelumbo, 712 lutea, 712 Nemesia, 1388 strumosa, 1388 Nemexia lasioneuron, 504 pufverulenta , 504 Nemopanthus, 1069 canadensis, 1069 fascicularis , 1069 mucronata, 1069 1678 Index Nemophiia, 1271 breviflora, 1271 menziesii, 1271 micrantha , 1271 parviflora, 1271 pedunculate, 1271 pustulata, 1271 sepulta, 1271 Neobeckia aquatica, 798 Neomamillaria missouriensis , 1119 vivipara ,1119 Neottia cernua, 544 gracilis, 544 lucida, 544 nidus-avis, 528 pubescens , 533 repens, 533 Nepeta, 1313 cataria, 1314 glechoma , 1 304 grandiflora, 1314 hederacea, 1304 Nephrodium acrostichoides , 157, 167 bulbiferum, 159 cristatum, 162 dryopteris, 163 filix-femina , 155 fragrans, 162 marginals, 163 punctiiobulum , 160 rufidulum , 172 tenue, 160 Nephrophyllidium crista-galli , 1236 Nesaea verticillata, 1124 'Neslia, 839 paniculata, 839 Nesodraba grandis, 824 megalocarpa , 824 siliquosa , 824 Newberry a congesta, 1189 Nicandra, 1 327 physalodes, 1 327 Nicotians, 1327 alata, 1 328 attenuata, 1327 forgetiana, 1328 longiflora, 1327 rustica, 1327 x sanderae, 1328 tabacum, 1328 Nigella, 736 damascena, 736 Nonea, 1292 vesicaria, 1 292 Norta altissima, 845 Nothocalais cuspidata, 1582 troximoides, 1582 Nothochelone nemorosa, 1376 Notholaena atropurpurea , 164 Notholcus lanatus, 283 Nothoscordum, 502 bivalve, 502 Nuphar, 713 advena.713, 714 americana, 714 kalmianum, 713 luteum, 713 microphyllum, 713 minimum, 713 polysepatum, 713 x rubrodiscum, 713 variegatum, 714 Nuttallia cerasiformis , 924 decapetala, 1117 laevicaulis, 1118 munroana , 1 093 NYCTAGINACEAE, 661 Nyctelea nyctelea, 1269 Nymphaea, 714 advena, 714 alba, 715 fletcheri, 713 kalmiana, 713 leibergii, 714 lutea, 713 microphylla, 713 minima, 713 minor, 714 odorata, 714 polysepala, 713 pumila, 713 pygmaea, 714 reniformis, 714 rosea, 714 rubrodisca, 713 tetragona, 714 tuberosa, 714 variegata, 714 NYMPHAEACEAE, 712 Nymphoides, 1246 cordata, 1246 lacuno sa, 1246 Nymphozanthus advena, 713, 714 microphyllus , 713 polysepalus , 713 pumilus, 713 rubrodiscus, 713 variegatus, 714 Nyssa, 1126 Carolinian a, 1 126 multiflora, 1126 sylvatica, 1 126 NYSSACEAE, 1126 Oakesia grandiflora, 51 1 perfoliata, 51 1 sessilifolia , 511 Oakesiella sessilifolia, 511 Obione suckleyana, 644, 657 truncata, 646 Ochraria nudicaulis, 889 Ochrodon pudicus, 498 Odontites, 1 361 rubra, 1361 serotina, 1361 verna, 1361 Odoptera aurea, 774 Odostemon aqui folium, 761 brewpes, 761 nervosus, 761 nutkanus, 761 repens, 761 Oenanthe, 1174 sarmentosa, 1174 Oenothera, 1 1 38 albicaulis, 1143 alyssoides, 1 140 ammophiioides, 1141 amoena ,1130 andina, 1140 angustissima, 1143 apicaborta, 1141 argillicola, 1141 biennis, 1141, 1 143 biformiflora , 1141 bistorta, 1142, 1143 breviflora, 1142 caespitosa, 1142 canadensis, 1144 canovirens, 1141 chrysantha, 1144 comosa, 1141 contorts, 1142 cruciata, 1 142 deflexa, 1141 densiflora, 1 129 eriensis , 1141 erythrosepala, 1141 flava, 1142 fruticosa, 1143, 1144 glabella, 1 129 grandiflora, 1141 grandifolia, 1142 hazelae, 1 142 1679 Index hookeri, 1141 hybrids, 1144 insignis, 1 142 laciniata, 1143 laevigata, 1142 lamarckiana, 1141 leucophylla, 1142 lindleyi, 1 1 30 linearis, 1143 magdalena, 1142 mierantha, 1137, 1143 montana, 1142 muricata, 1143 novae-scotiae , 1142 nuttallii, 1143 oakesiana, 1143 pallida, 1143 parviflora, 1141, 1142,1143 perangusta , 1 142 perennis, 1143, ii 44 pilosella, 1 144 pratensis ,1144 pulchella, 1131 pumila, 1144 pycnocarpa , 1141 quadrivulnera, 1131 repandodentata ,1141 rhomboidea. 1131 riparia, 1144 sackvillensis , 1 142 salicina, 1129 serrulata, 1144 strigosa, 1141 tetragona, 1143, 1144 triloba, 1143 victorinii, 1142 OLEACEAE, 1231 Oligoneuron canescens, 1610 ohioensis, 1610 riddellii, 1610 rigida , 1610 Olsynium douglasii, 523 inflatum, 523 Omalanthus camphoratus, 1616 Omphalodes, 1292 linifolia, 1292 nana, 1284 verna, 1293 ONAGRACEAE, 1128 Onobrychis, 1016 onobrychis, 1016 sativa, 1016 viciifolia, 1016 Onoclea, 164 nodulosa, 164 obtusitobata , 164 sensibilis, 164 struthiopteris , 164 Onopordum, 1 583 acanthium, 1583 Onosmodium, 1293 carolinianum , 1293 hispidissimum , 1293 hispidum, 1293 molle, 1288, 1293 Occident ale, 1293 virginianum, 1293 Onychium densum, 158 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 142 Ophioglossum, 145 alaskanum, 145 vuigatum, 145 Ophrys auriculata , 540 australis, 540 borealis, 540 caurina, 540 cernua, 544 convallarioides , 541 cordata, 541 lili folia, 539 loeselii, 539 monophyllos, 541 nephrophylla, 541 paludosa , 542 Oplismenus crusgalli, 267 Oplopanax, 1 1 50 horridus, 1 1 50 Oporinia autumnalis , 1576 Opulaster australis, 924 capitata, 924 intermedia , 924 malvacea, 924 opulifolia , 924 pauciflorus, 924 Opuntia, 1119 compressa, 1119 tragi lis, 1119 humifusa, 1119 missouriensis , 1119, 11 20 opuntia, 1119 polyacantha, 1120 rafinesquii, 1119 vulgaris , 1119 ORCHIDACEAE, 525 Orchis, 542 aristata, 542 blephariglottis, 535 bracteata , 538 ciliaris, 535 clavellata , 535 dilatata, 536 fimbriata, 538 flava, 536 fusceseerjs, 536, 538 grandiflora, 538 hyperborea, 536 lacera, 536 latifolia , 542 leucophaea, 537 obtusata, 537 orbiculata, 537 psycodes , 538 purpurella, 542 rotundifolia, 543 spectabilis, 543 tipuloides, 535 tridentata , 535 virescens , 536, 538 viridis, 538 Oreas involucrata , 790 Oreobroma columbiana, 669 pygmaea, 669 Oreocarya affinis, 1282 celosioides, 1282 glomerata, 1282 interrupts , 1282 leucophaea, 1282 macounii, 1282 nubigena, 1282 spiculifera , 1 282 Oreophila myrti folia, 1071 Origanum, 1314 fistulosum, 1313 flexuosum, 1316 incanum, 1315 vulgare, 1314 Ornithogalum, 502 bivalve , 502 nutans, 502 umbel latum, 502 Ornithopus scorpioides, 992 OROBANCHACEAE, 1392 Orobanche, 1393 americana, 1392 biflora, 1394 californica, 1 393 comosa , 1393 corymbose, 1393 fasciculata, 1393, 1394 glabra, 1392 grayana, 1393 ludoviciana, 1394 pi norum, 1394 purpurea, 1394 rossica, 1392 sedi, 1394 ferrae-novae, 1394 tuberosa, 1392 uniflora, 1 394 virginiana , 1393 Qrontium, 455 aquaticum, 455 Orophaca caespitosa , 986 Orthilia secunda, 1192 1680 Index Orthocarpus, 1362 attenuatus, 1 362 bracteosus, 1363 castiJIejoides, 1363 erianthus, 1363 faucibarbatus, 1363 hispidus, 1363 luteus, 1363 pallescens, 1345 purpurascens, 1 363 pusillus, 1363 st rictus, 1363 tenuifolius, 1343, 1363 Orthopogon crusgalli, 267 Orumbella macounii, 1 1 76 Oryzopsis, 293 asperifolia, 294 b loomed, 332 canadensis, 294, 332 cuspidata, 294 exigua, 294 hymenoides, 294, 332 macounii, 294 melanocarpa , 294 micrantha, 294 parvi flora , 294 pungens, 294 racemosa, 294 Osmaronia, 924 cerasiformis, 924 Osmorhiza, 1174 aristata, 1175 brevipes, 1174 brevistytis, 1175 chilensis, 1174, 1175 claytonii, 1175 depauperata, 1175 divaricata, 1174 intermedia , 1174 longistylis, 1175 nuda, 1174 obtusa, 1175 occidentalis, 1175 purpurea, 1174 Osmunda, 147 alata, 147 borealis, 157 cinnamomea, 147 claytoniana, 147 crispa , 158 interrupts, 147 lanceolata, 143 lunaria, 144 regalis, 147 spectabilis, 147 spicant, 157 struthiopteris , 164 virginiana, 145 virginica, 145 OSMUNDACEAE, 147 Ostrya, 596 virginiana, 595, 596 OXALIDACEAE, 1041 Oxalis, 1041 acetosella, 1042 bushii, 1042 corniculata, 1 041 , 1 042 cymosa, 1042 dillenii, 1041 europaea, 1042 filipes, 1041 montana, 1041 oregana, 1 042 repens, 1041 stricta, 1041, 1042 suksdorfii, 1042 Oxybaphus angustifolius , 662 hirsutus, 662 linearis, 662 nyctagineus, 662 Oxycoccus, 1204 hispidulus , 1200 intermedius, 1205 macrocarpus, 1 204 microcarpus, 1205 ovalifolius, 1205 oxycoccus, 1205 palustris, 1205 quadripetalus, 1205 vulgaris, 1205 Oxygraphis cymbalaria, 746 glacialis, 748, 750 Qxypolis, 1175 rigidior, 1 1 75 Oxyria, 620 digyna, 620 reniformis, 620 Oxytropis, 1016 alaskana, 1019 albertina, 1019 alpicola, 1019 arctica, 1018, 1022 arctobia, 1022 argentata, 1019 bellii , 1018 besseyi, 1018 borealis, 1021 campestris, 1018, 1021, 1022 caudafa , 1 022 coronaminus, 1018 cusickii, 1019 deflexa, 985, 1019 dispar, 1019 foliolosa, 1020 gaspensis, 1021 glaberrima, 1020 glabrata, 1021 glutinosa, 1021 gracilis, 1019 huddelsonii, 1022 hudsonica, 1020 hyperborea, 1019 inflata, 1022 ixodes, 1021 johannensis, 1019 jordalii, 1019 kobukensis , 1018 kokrinensis. 1021 koyukukensis ,1018 lagopus, 1020 lambertii, 1019, 1020 leucantha, 1 020 macounii ,1019,1 022 maydelliana, 1021 mertensiana, 1021 monticola, 1019 nana, 1019 nigrescens, 1020, 1021, 1022 oxyphylla, 1022 paysoniana , 1019 podocarpa, 1022 polaris, 984 pygmaea, 1022 retrorsa, 1019 richardsonii, 1022 roaldii, 1018 scammaniana, 1021 sericea, 1019, 1022 sheldonensis , 1021 spicata, 1022 splendens, 1022 terrae-novae , 1019 uralensis, 1019, 1021 varians, 1019 verruculosa , 1021 viscida, 1020, 1021 viscid ula, 1021 Ozomelis stauropetala, 869 Pachistima, 1071 myrsinites, 1071 Pachylophus caespitosus, 1 142 montanus , 1 142 psammopbilus , 1142 Pachystima macrophyfla, 1071 schafferi, 1071 Padus demissa, 942 nana, 942 virginiana, 942 Paeonia, 736 brownit, 736 Paeoniaceae, 716 Panax, 1 1 50 horridum, 1 1 50 quinquefolius, 1150 trifolius, 1 1 50 Panicularia borealis, 279 eiata , 280 eiongata, 281 1681 Index occidentalis , 281 pallida , 333 pauciflora , 333 pulchella, 281 septentrionalis , 281 Panicum, 295 agrostoides, 302 barbipulvinatum , 299 barbu latum , 301 , 302 bicknellii, 298 boreale, 298, 300 boscii, 300 calliphyllum , 298 capillare, 298 clandestinum, 299 columbianum, 299, 300 commutatum, 299 crus- galli, 267 dactylon, 261 depauperatum, 299, 302 dichotomiflorum, 299 dichotomum, 298, 300, 301 ensifolium, 300 flexile, 300 frumentaceum , 267 gattingeri, 299 glabrum, 265 glaucum, 326 huachucae, 300 implicatum , 300 ischaemum, 265 italicum, 326 lanuginosum, 300, 301 latifolium, 300, 301 laxiflorum , 300 leibergii, 300 lindheimeri, 300 linearifolium, 298, 301 longifolium, 301 macrocarpon, 300, 301 melicarium , 281 meridionale, 301 microcarpon, 301 , 302 miliaceum, 301 muricatum , 267 nitidum, 301 , 302 occidentale, 301 oligosanthes, 301, 302 pacificum, 301 , 302 pauciflorum, 301 perlongum, 302 philadelphicum, 302 praecocius, 302 pungens , 267 rectum, 299 rigidulum, 302 sanguinale, 265 scoparium, 301 , 302 scribnerianum , 301 sphaerocarpon, 302 spretum, 302 subvillosum, 300, 302 syzigachne , 246 tennesseense, 300 tenue, 300 thermale, 303 tsugetorum, 299 tuckermanii, 302 unciphyllum , 300 verticillatum , 326 villosissimum, 303 virgatum, 303 viride, 327 walteri, 267 werneri, 301 wilcoxianum, 303 xanthophysum, 303 Papaver, 769 alaskanum, 771 alboroseum, 770 alpinum, 769, 771 cornwallisensis , 771 dahlianum , 771 den alii, 771 dubium, 769 freedmanianum, 771 hultenii, 770 keelei, 770 kluanensis, 771 lapponicum, 771 macounii, 770 mcconnellii, 771 microcarpum , 770, 771 nigroflavum, 771 nudicaule, 770 orientale, 769 pygmaeum, 769, 770 pyrenaicum, 769 radicatum, 769, 770, 771 rhoeas, 771 scammanianum, 771 somniferum, 771 walpolei, 770 PAPAVERACEAE, 767, 773 Parageum calthi folium, 921 Parentucellia, 1363 viscosa, 1363 Parietaria, 607 pensylvanica, 607 Parnassia, 870 americana, 870 caroliniana, 870 fimbriata, 870 glauca, 870 kotzebuei, 870, 871 montanensis , 871 multiseta, 871 obtusi flora, 871 palustris, 870, 871 parviflora, 871 Parnassiaceae, 860 Paronychia, 694 canadensis, 694 depressa, 694 diffusa, 694 fastigiata, 694 jamesii, 694 sessiliflora, 694 Parrya, 840 arctica, 840 arenlcola , 794 macrocarpa , 840 nudicaulis, 840 Parthenocissus, 1084 inserta, 1084 quinquefolia, 1084 vitacea, 1084 Pastinaca, 1 1 75 foeniculacea, 1172 sativa, 1 1 75 Patrinia ceratophylla , 1428 Pectiantia brewer!, 869 pentandra, 869 Pectocarya, 1293 linearis, 1293 penicillata , 1293 Pedicularis, 1363 adamsii, 1 368 albertae, 1369 arctica, 1369 bracteosa, 1366 canadensis, 1366 capitata, 1367 chamissonis, 1367 contorta, 1 367 euphrasioides , 1 368 flammea, 1367, 1369 furbishiae, 1367 groenlandica, 1 367 hians, 1369 hirsuta, 1 368 kanei, 1368 labradoriea, 1368, 1369 lanata, 1368 lanceolata, 1368 langsdorfii, 1368 lapponica, 1369 latifolia, 1366 macrodonta, 1369 montanensis, 1366 nasuta, 1369 nelsonii, 1367 oederi, 1369 ornithorhyncha, 1 369 palustris, 1366, 1369 parviflora, 1369 pedicellata, 1369 pennellii, 1369 purpurascens , 1369 racemosa, 1370 recutita, 1366 scopulorum , 1370 subnuda, 1369 sudetica, 1370 surrecta, 1368 sylvatica, 480, 1370 1682 Index versicolor, 1369 virens, 1374, 1378 arcticus, 1 583 verticillata, 1367, 1370 wilcoxii, 1377 corymbosus, 1584 Pediomelum Pentacaena dentatus, 1584 esculentum , 1 024 ramosissima, 682 frigidus, 1584, 1585 Pellaea, 164 Pentalophus gracilis, 1584 atropurpurea, 164 longiflorus, 1288 hookerianus , 1584 densa, 158 mandanense , 1 288 hybridus, 1 584 glabella, 164 Pentaphylloides hyperboreus, 1584 gracilis, 159 floribunda, 932 japonicus, 1584 occidentalis ,165 fruticosa, 932 nivalis, 1584 pumila, 165 Penthorum, 854 palmatus, 1584, 1585 stelleri, 1 59 sedoides, 854 sagittatus, 1584, 1585 suksdorfiana , 1 65 Peplis, 1125 speciosus, 1584 Peloria americana , 1 099 trigonophyllus , 1 584 peloria, 1357 portula, 1125 vitifolius, 1584, 1585 Peltandra, 455 Peramium vulgaris, 1584 undulata , 455 decipiens, 533 Petroselinum, 1176 virginica, 455 menziesii, 533 crispum, 1176 Penstemon, 1370 ophioides, 533 hortense, 1176 acuminatus, 1374, 1377 pubescens, 533 Petunia, 1328 albertinus, 1374, 1375, 1378 repens, 533 axillaris, 1328 albidus, 1374, 1375 tesselata , 533 hybrida, 1328 attenuatus, 1374, 1375 Perdicesca parviflora, 1328 confertus, 1375, 1377 repens, 1414 violacea, 1328 cristatus, 1375, 1376 Perideridia, 1 175 Peucedanum dasyphyllus, 1378 gairdneri, 1176 ambiguum, 1171 davidsonii, 1375, 1378 oregana, 1176 bi color, 1 1 72 deustus, 1375 Peristylus brandegei, 1172 diffusus, 1377 bracteatus, 538 cous, 1172 digitalis, 1375, 1376 chorisiana , 535 farinosum, 1172 ellipticus, 1375 Peritoma foeniculaceum , 1172 eriantherus, 1375 integrifolia , 777 geyeri, 1 1 72 formosus, 1377 Persicaria gormanii, 1172 frutescens, 1361 canadensis , 626 latifolium, 1173 fruticosus, 1376 coccinea , 628 leiocarpum, 1173 glaucus, 1374, 1376 hartwrightii , 625 macrocarpum, 1 1 72 gormanii, 1374, 1376 lapathifolia, 630 martindalei , 1 1 73 gracilis, 1376 macounii, 633 montanum ,1172 hirsutus, 1376 muhlenbergii, 628 nudicaule, 1173 humilis, 1374 nebrascensis , 625 orientate, 1173 laevigatus, 1375, 1376 oneillii, 630 sandbergii, 1173 lyallii, 1376, 1378 persicaria, 631 sativum, 1175 menziesii, 1375, 1376, 1378 pratincola , 628 simplex, 1173 micranthus , 1 377 psycrophila , 626 triternatum, 1173 nemorosus, 1376 rigidula , 628 utriculatum, 1173 nitidus, 1374, 1377 Perularia villosum, 1172 ovatus, 1377 flava, 536 Phaca pallidus, 1377 Petalosteira alpina, 983 pinetorum , 1 377 laciniata, 895 americana , 984 procerus, 1377 unifoliata , 895 andina , 983 pruinosus, 1377 Petalostemon astragalina , 983 pseudohumilis, 1374, 1375 (Petalostemum) beckwithii, 984 pseudoprocerus, 1375 Petalostemum, 1022 bisulcata , 984 pubescens, 1376 candidum, 1022 bodinii, 984 pulchellus, 1377 graciie, 1023 caespitosa, 986 richardsonii, 1377 molle, 1023 canescens, 989 saliens, 1375 occidentale, 1023 collina, 985 scouleri, 1376 oligophyllum, 1023 cretacea , 987 serrulatus, 1377 purpureum, 1022 debilis, 984 tolmiei, 1377 villosum, 1022 elegans, 986, 989 triphyllus, 1377 violaceum, 1023 elongata , 986 tubaeflorus, 1 378 Petasites, 1 583 flexuosa , 986 venustus, 1376, 1378 alaskanus, 1584 frigid a, 984, 990 1683 Index glabriuscula , 982 glareosa, 988 leptalea, 987 littoralis , 990 iotiflora, 987 microcystis , 987 neglecta, 988 nigrescens , 989 pauciflora, 987 pectinata , 988 podocarpa , 989 purshii, 988 robbinsii, 989 salsula, 1026 serotina, 987 yukonis, 984 Phacelia, 1271 alpina, 1273 campanularia, 1273 ciliosa, 1274 circinata, 1273 franklinii, 1273 glandulifera , 1274 hastata, 1273 heterophylla, 1273 hispida, 1274 idahoensis, 1274 leptosepala, 1273 leucophylla, 1273 linearis, 1274 lyallii, 1274 magellanica , 1 273 menziesii , 1274 mollis, 1274 muta bilis , 1273 purshii, 1274 ramosissima, 1274 sericea, 1274 tanacetifolia, 1274 thermalis, 1274 Phacomene pontina, 984 Phaeostoma rhomboidea ,1131 Phalangium quamash , 495 scilloides , 210 Phalaris, 303 arundinacea, 303 canariensis, 304 minor, 304 oryzoides, 286 semiverticillata , 31 8 Phaseolus, 1023 coccineus, 1024 diversifolius , 1026 helvolus, 1026 limensis, 1024 max, 996 multiflorus, 1024 vulgaris, 1024 Phegopteris alpestris, 155 calcarea, 164 connectite, 170 dryopteris , 163 hexagonoptera , 1 70 polypodioides , 170 robertiana, 164 Phelipaea biflora, 1394 Phellopterus littoralis, 1166 montanus, 1164 Phenianthus sempervirens ,1419 Philadelphus, 871 columbianus , 8 71 coronarrus, 871 gordonianus, 871 inodorus, 871 lewisii, 871 trichothecus , 871 Philotria canadensis, 216 nuttallii, 217 Phippsia, 304 algida, 260, 304 concinna , 304 monandra , 304 Phleum, 304 alpinum, 304 commutatum , 304 haenkeanum , 304 nodosum , 305 pratense, 305 Phlox, 1262 alaskensis, 1265 alyssifolia, 1264 aristata , 1 265 borealis, 1265 brittonii, 1266 eaespitosa, 1264 canadensis, 1264 canescens , 1 265 diffusa, 1264 divaricata, 1264 douglasii, 1264 drummondii, 1264 gracilis, 1262 hoodii, 1264 hookeri, 1261 humilis, 1265 linearifolia , 1 265 longifolia, 1 265 maeulata, 1265 muscoides , 1 265 occidentalis, 1266 odorata, 1265 paniculate, 1265 pilosa, 1265 richardsonii, 1265 rigida, 1264 sibirica, 1265 speciosa, 1265, 1266 stolonif era, 1265 suaveolens, 1265 subulata, 1265 Ph rag mites, 305 australis, 305 communis, 305 Phryma, 1400 leptostachya, 1400 PHRYMACEAE, 1400 Phyla lanceolata, 1295 Phyllitis, 165 femaldiana, 165 scolopendrium, 165 Phyllodoce, 1205 aleutica, 1205 caerulea, 1206 empetriformis, 1206 glanduliflora , 1 206 grahamii, 1206 x intermedia, 1206 Phyllospadix, 195 scouleri, 195 torreyi, 195 Phymosia rivularis, 1089 Physalis, 1328 alkekengi, 1329 grandiflora, 1326 heterophylla, 1329 ixocarpa, 1329 lanceolata, 1329 longifolia, 1330 peruviana, 1 329 Philadelphia, 1330 pruinosa, 1329 pubescens, 1329 subglabrata, 1330 virginiana, 1329 viscosa, 1330 Physalodes physalodes, 1327 Physaria, 840 didymocarpa, B40 macrantha, 840 Physocarpus, 924 capitatus, 924 malvaceus, 924 opulifolius, 924 Physolepidion repens, 810 Physostegia, 1302 formosior, 1302 granulosa, 1303 ledinghamii, 1302 nuttallii, 1302 parvi flora , 1 302 ,1311 virginiana, 1303 Phytolacca, 663 americana, 663 decandra , 663 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 663 Picea, 182 abies, 182 1684 Index alba, 183 albertina, 183 amabilis, 179 balsamea, 179 canadensis, 183 engelmannii, 182 douglasii, 106 glauca, 182 hookeriana, 188 lasiocarpa, 179 x lutzii, 183 mariana, 183 nigra, 183 rubens, 183 rubra, 183 sitchensis, 184 Picradenia richardsonii , 1571 Picradeniopsis oppositifolia , 1 506 Pieris, 1585 echioides, 1 585 hieracioides. 1585 kamtschatica , 1585 Pilea, 608 fontana , 608 pumila, 608 Pilosella novae-angliae , 803 richardsonii , 803 stenocarpa, 832 Pimpinella, 1176 integerrima ,1179 saxifraga, 1176 PINACEAE, 178 Pinguicula, 1395 acuti folia, 1395 alpina , 1395 arctica, 1395 involuta, 1395 macroceras , 1395 microseras, 1395 villosa, 1395 vulgaris, 1395 Pinus, 184 abies, 182 alba, 183, 186 albicaulis, 184 amabilis, 184 balsamea, 179 balsamifera, 179 banksiana, 184 canadensis, 183, 188 contorta, 185 divaricata, 185 douglasii, 186 flexilis, 185 glauca, 183 grandis, 179 hookeriana, 188 hudsonia, 185 hudsonica, 185 inops, 185, 186 laricina, 181 lasiocarpa , 179 mariana, 183 mertensiana, 188 microcarpa, 181 mitis, 186 montieola, 1 85 murrayana, 185 x murraybanksiana, 185 nigra, 183 pattoniana, 188 pendula, 181 ponderosa, 185 resinosa, 186 rigida, 186 rubra , 183, 186 rupestris, 185 sitchensis, 184 strobus, 185, 186 sylvestris, 1 86 taxifolia, 186 Piperia unalascensis , 538 Pirus (Pyrus) Pisophaca elongata , 986 flexuosa , 986 Pisum, 1024 arvense, 1024 maritimum, 1000, 1001 sativum, 1 024 Pitocalyx circumscissa, 1281 Pityrogramma, 165 triangularis, 165 Plagiobothrys cognates, 1294 cusickii, 1294 echinatus, 1294 figuratus, 1293 hirtus , 1293 hispidulus, 1294 leptocladus, 1294 medius, 1294 orientalis . 1 294 scopulorum, 1294 scouleri, 1293 tenellus, 1294 torreyi, 1281, 1282 Plananthus inundatus, 135 pafens, 136 selago, 136 PLANTAGINACEAE, 1401 Plantago, 1401 arenaria, 1405 aristata, 1405 asiatica, 1404 bigelovii, 1403 borealis, 1405 bracteata , 1404 canescens, 1403 cordata, 1403 coronopus, 1403 cucullata, 1405 decipiens, 1405 elongata, 1403, 1405 eriopoda, 1403 gnaphaloides, 1405 halophila, 1404 indica, 1405 juncoides, 1405 lanceoiata, 1403 macrocarpa, 1404 major, 1404 maritima, 1404 media, 1405 nitrophila, 1404 oliganthos, 1405 patagonica, 1405 pauciflora, 1405 psyllium, 1 405 purshii, 1405 pusilla, 1405 ramosa, 1405 richardsonii , 1403 rugelii, 1405 septata, 1403 spinulosa , 1 405 tweedyi, 1403 virginica, 1406 PLATANACEAE, 897 Platanihera blephariglottis, 535 chorisiana , 535 ciliaris, 535 convallariaefolia , 536 dilatata , 536 fimbriata , 538 gracilis, 538 herbiola, 538 holopetala , 535 hookeri, 536 huronensis , 536 hyperborea . 536 koenigii, 536 menziesii, 537 obtusata , 537 orbiculata , 537 psycodes , 538 rotundifolia , 543 saccafa, 538 stricta, 538 tipuloides, 535 unalascensis, 538 Platanus, 897 occidentals, 897 PI aty pet alum dubium , 803 purpurascens, 803 Platyspermum scapigerum , 832 Platystigma oreganum , 769 1685 Index Plectritis, 1427 crocata , 315 norbergii, 311 anomala , 1 427 cusickii, 312 nutkaensis , 324 congesta, 1427 cuspidata, 315 nuttalliana , 324 macrocera, 1427 debilis, 316 occidentals, 315 samolifolia, 1427 distans , 323 olneyae, 315 Pleiacanthus douglasii, 314 overt, 311 spinosus, 1579 eatonii, 312 paddensis, 312 Pleuricospora, 1189 elongata, 281 paludigena , 310 fimbriolata, 1189 eminens, 312, 314 palustris, 315 Pleurogyne epilis, 312 pattersonii, 316 carinthiaca, 1245 eragrostis , 274 paucispicula , 31 4 font an a, 1245 eyerdamii, 31 1 pectinacea , 274 rotata, 1245 fasciculate, 323 persica , 274 Pleuropogon, 305 fendieriana, 312 phryganodes , 324 refractus, 305 fernaldiana , 314 pilosa . 274 sabinei, 305 festucaeformis , 324 porsildii , 317 Pleurospermum fili folia, 312 pratensiformis , 31 1 gmelinii, 1 1 59 flavicans, 317 pratensis, 316 PLUMBAGINACEAE, 1229 flexuosa , 314 pratericola ,311 Pneumonanthe fulva, 243 pseudoabbreviata, 314 affinis, 1239 gaspensis, 313 purpurascens, 312 clausa, 1240 glacialis . 314 reflexa, 314 flavida , 1239 glauca, 313 replans. 273 forwoodii, 1239 glaucantha, 313 r/gens, 31 1 linearis, 1240 glaueifolia, 313 rotundata, 315 platypetala, 1240 glumaris, 312, 314 rupicola, 313, 315 sceptrum, 1241 gracillima, 313 saltuensis, 315, 316 Poa, 305 gray ana ,311 sandbergii, 312, 316, 317 abbreviata, 309, 313 groenlandica , 311 scabrella, 315, 316 acutiglumis ,317 hartzii,313 secuncfa, 316 agassizensis , 316 heptantha , 274 serotina, 315 airoides, 259, 324 hispidula, 311 spectabilis , 274 alpigena, 316 howeflii, 312, 313 stenantha, 313, 317 alpina, 310 hypnoides , 273 Striata, 281 alsodes, 310 interior, 31 5 subaristata, 312 ammophila, 313 irrigata, 316 subcaerulea, 316 amplar310 ford alii, 31 4 subpurpurea, 312 andina, 31 1 juncifolia, 310, 313 tenui folia , 316 angustata , 322 komarovii, 31 1 tri flora ,315 angustifolia, 316 labradorica, 314 trivialis, 317 annua, 310 laevigata, 312 truncata , 310 aquatica, 280 lanata, 310, 316 turneri, 31 1 arctica, 310, 313 languida , 316 uniflora, 293 arida, 311, 313 laxa,314 vahliana, 260 bolanderi, 312 taxi flora, 314 vaseyochloa, 260, 317 borealis, 266 leibergii, 31 7 wheeled, 31 5 brachyanthera, 314 lemmonii, 324 williamsii, 31 1 brachyglossa, 314 leptocoma, 314 wrightii, 260 brintnellii, 31 6 lettermanii, 314 Podagrostis, 317 buckleyana, 316 longipila ,311 aequivalvis, 317 bulbosa, 312 lucida, 312 thurberiana, 237, 317 caesia. 313, 315 macrantha, 314 Podalyria californica , 31 2 macrocalyx, 31 1 mollis, 1026 canbyi, 312, 317 malacantha, 311 tinctoria , 990 caroliniana , 274 marcida, 315 Podistera, 1176 cenisia , 31 1 maritima , 324 macounii, 1176 chaixii, 312 megastachya, 273 yukonensis, 1177 cilianensis , 273 merrilliana, 314 Podophyllum, 761 compressa, 312 nascopieana, 311 diphyllum , 762 conferta. 313 nemoralis, 315 peltatum, 761 confinis, 312 nervata, 281 PODOSTEMACEAE, 853 confusa, 310 nervosa, 31 5 Podostemataceae , 853 cristata, 285 nevadensis, 315, 317 1686 Index Podostemum, 853 ceratophyllum, 853 Pogonia, 543 ophioglossoides, 543 pendula , 545 trianthophora , 545 verticillata , 539 Poinsettia dentata, 1056 Polanisia, 777 dodecandra, 777 graveolens, 777 trachysperma , 111 POLEMONIACEAE, 1258 Polemoniella micrantha, 1268 Polemonium, 1266 acutiflorum , 1267 boreale, 1267 caeruleum, 1267, 1268 confertum , 1268 elegans, 1267 fasciculatum , 1268 humile, 1267, 1268 intermedium , 1267 lanatum, 1267 lindieyi, 1268 micranthum, 1268 occidentale, 1267 pulcherrimum, 1267, 1268 reptans, 1268 richardsonii , 1267 rotatum, 1268 van-bruntiae, 1268 villosum , 1267 viscosum, 1268 Polycnemum, 654 arvense, 654 majus, 654 verrucosum, 654 Polycodium stamineum , 1212 Polygala, 1051 alba, 1051 ambigua , 1 052 cruciata, 1052 fastigiata, 1052 incarnata, 1052 mariana, 1052 nuttallii , 1052 paucifolia, 1052 polygama, 1 052 pretzii, 1 053 sanguinea, 1052 senega. 1052 serpyllacea , 1 053 serpyllifolia, 1053 uniflora, 1052 verticillata, 1052 vulgaris, 1 053 POLYGALACEAE. 1051 POLYGONACEAE, 615 Polygonatum, 502 biflorum, 502, 503 canaliculatum , 502 commutatum , 502 giganteum , 502 multiflorum, 502 pubescens, 502 Polygonella, 620 articulata, 620 Polygonum, 620 acadiense, 630 achoreum , 628 acre , 632 aequale, 626 alaskanum, 631 allocarpum, 629 alpinum, 631 amphibium, 625, 628 arenastrum, 626 arifolium, 626 articulatum, 620 austiniae, 626 autumnale, 631 aviculare, 626, 627, 629 bistorta, 627 bistortoides, 627 boreale, 627 buxiforme , 626 caespitosum, 627 calcatum, 626 careyi, 627 caurianum, 626 cilinode, 627 coarctatum, 630, 633 coccineum, 627, 628 confertiflorum, 628 convolvulus, 628 cristafum, 633 cuspidatum, 628 douglasii, 628 dumetorum, 633 emersum, 628 engelmannii, 628 erectum, 628 exsertum, 632 fagopyrum , 619 fluitans, 626 fowled, 627, 629, 630 fugax, 633 glaucum, 629 hartwrightii, 625 heterophyllum, 626, 627 humifusum, 626 hydropiper, 629 hydropiperoides, 629 imbricatum, 633 incanum, 630 incarnatum , 630 interius , 632 intermedium, 630 isiandicum, 627 kelloggii, 629 lapathifolium, 630 lineare, 633 morale , 626, 627, 629 macounii, 633 majus, 630 maritimum, 629, 630 minimum, 630 mite , 629 monspeliense , 626 montanum, 628 muhlenbergii , 628 natans , 625, 626 neglectum, 626 nodosum, 630 nuttallii, 630 orientale. 630 oxyspermum, 630 paronychia, 630 pensylvanicum, 631 perfoliatum, 631 persicaria, 631, 632 persicarioides , 629 phytolaccaefolium, 631 plumosum , 627 polymorphum. 631 polystachyum, 631 profificum, 631 provinciate , 626 pulchellum, 631 punctatum, 629, 630, 632 puritanorum, 632 rati, 630 ramosissimum, 631 , 632 rigidulum, 628 robertii, 630 robustius , 629, 632 rubescens, 626 ruderale, 631 ruvivagum , 626 sachalinense, 632 sagittatum, 626, 632 scabrum, 631 , 632 scandens. 632 spergulariaeforme, 633 tataricum , 619 tenue, 628, 630, 633 tomentosum , 630, 632 unifolium, 629, 630 virginianum , 640 viviparum, 633 watsonii, 633 zuccarinii, 628 Polymnia, 1585 canadensis, 1585 POLYPODIACEAE, 150 Polypodium, 165 bulbiferum, 159 calcareum, 164 cambricum, 166 connective, 170 cristatum, 162 dilatatum, 161 dryopteris. 163 falcatum, 166 1687 Index filix-femina , 155 filix-ma$, 162 fragile, 160 fragrans, 162 glycyrrhiza, 166 hesperium, 166 hexagonopterum , 170 limbospermum , 170 lonchitis, 168 marginale, 163 montanum, 160 montense, 167 noveboracense , 170 obtusum, 172 oreopteris, 170 palustre, 170 phegopteris , 170 punctilobulum, 160 robertianum, 164 scouleri, 166 spinulosum , 161 virginianum, 166 vulgare, 166 Polypogon, 317 glomeratus, 291 interruptus, 238, 318 littoralis, 238, 318 lutosus,3“\8 monspelianus, 238, 318 semiverticillatus, 318 Polystichum, 167 acrostichoides, 167 aculeatum, 168 alaskense, 168 aleuticum, 167 andersonii, 168 braunii, 168 x hagenahii, 167 kruckebergii, 168 lachenense, 1 67 lemmonii, 168 lonchitis, 167, 168 x marginale, 167 mohrioides, 168 munitum, 168 oreopteris, 170 scopulinum, 168 Ponista oregonensis, 885 Pontederia, 462 cordata, 462 PONTEDERIACEAE, 462 Populus, 548 acuminata, 549 alba, 549 andrewsii, 551 angustifolia, 549 aurea, 551 balsamifera, 549, 550 x bernardii, 551 x brayshawii, 551 canadensis, 550 candicans , 549 canescens, 551 deltoides, 550 dilatata, 550 x dutillyi, 551 x eugenii, 551 fremontii, 551 x gileadensis, 551 grandidentata, 550 hastata, 550 x heimburgeri, 551 x jackii, 551 laevigata , 550 manitobensis , 551 michauxii, 549, 550 monilifera , 550 nigra, 550 occidentalis , 550 ontariensis, 551 x rollandii, 551 x rouleauiana, 551 sargentii, 550 x sennii, 551 tremula, 551 tremuloides, 549, 551 trichocarpa , 550 vancouveriana, 551 Porteranthus trifoliatus, 923 Portulaca, 671 grandiflora, 671 oleracea, 671 PORTULACACEAE, 665 Potamogeton, 195 alpinus, 199, 201 americanus, 202 amplifolius, 199 angustifolius , 202 berchtoldii, 199, 204 borealis, 200 bupleuroides , 203 capillaceus, 204 claytonii, 200 compressus , 205 confervoides, 200 crispus, 200 dimorphus , 204 diversifolius , 204 epihydrus, 200 fi liformis, 200 flabellatus , 203 fluitans, 202 toliosus, 201 friesii, 201 gemmiparus, 201 gramineus, 201, 202 groenlandicus, 199 x hagstromii, 202 heterophyllus, 201 hybridus , 204 illinoensis, 199, 201, 202 interior, 201 interruptus, 203 juncifoli us , 200 lacunatus, 200 lateralis, 205 lonchites, 202 longiligulatus, 202 lucens, 199, 202 major, 201 marinus, 200 x methyensis, 202 microstachys , 199 moniliformis, 205 mucronatus, 1 99, 201 natans, 202 niagarensis, 201 nodosus, 201 , 202 nuttallii, 200 oakesianus, 202 oblongus , 203 obtusifolius, 203 occidentalis , 202 panormitanus , 204 paucif torus, 201 pectinatus, 203 pensylvanicus, 200 perfoliatus, 202, 203 x perplexus, 202 polygonifolius, 203 porsildiorum, 203, 205 praelongus, 203 pulcher, 204 pusillus, 199, 200, 204,205 richardsonii , 203 robbinsii, 204 rufescens, 199 rutilans, 205 rutilus, 205 x scoliophytlus, 1 99 x spathulaeformis, 201 spirillus, 204 strictifolius, 204 x subnitens, 202 subsibiricus, 205 tenuifolius, 199 vaginatus, 205 vaseyi, 205 zizii, 201 , 202 zosterifolius, 205 zosteriformis, 205 Pofamogetonaceae, 195 Potentilla, 924 ataskana , 932 alpestris, 930 anglica, 480, 929 anserina, 929, 931 argentea, 929, 934 arguta, 929 argyrea , 933 atrosanguinea, 929 atrovirens, 936 biennis, 929 biflora, 930 bipinnatifida , 936 blaschkeana, 933 breweri, 936 1688 Index camporum , 932 canadensis, 930 canescens , 934 cascadensis. 931 chamtssonis , 935 chrysantha . 933 concinna, 930 con vail aria, 929 corymbosa , 929 crantzii, 930, 938 ctenophora , 932 decurrens, 931 dichroa, 933 dissecta, 930 diversifolia, 930, 935 divisa , 930 drummondii, 931 effusa , 933 egedii, 931 elegans, 931 elmeri, 932 emarginata, 933, 934 erecta, 480, 931 fastigiata , 933 filipes, 932 flabellifolia, 931 , 933 flabelliformis , 932 flexuosa, 935 floribunda , 932 fragariastrum , 937 fragiformis , 934 fruticosa, 932 furcata, 934, 935 gelida, 931 glabrata. 933 glabrella . 936 glandulosa, 932 glaucophylla , 930 glomerata , 933 gracilis, 932 groenlandica , 933 grosseserrata , 933 hippiana, 932, 933 hirsuta , 935 hookeriana , 935 humifusa . 930 hyparctica, 933 inclinata, 934 intermedia, 934 intermittens , 930 jucunda, 933 labradorica , 935 langeana, 930 iasiodonta , 936 ledebouriana . 938 litoralis, 931 . 936 macounii, 930 maculata , 930 millegrana , 937 monspeliensis, 935 mullifida, 934 muttisecta, 931 nana, 933, 934 nemoralis, 929 nipharga, 934, 935 nivea, 930, 934, 935, 936, 938 norvegica, 934, 935 nuttallii, 933 obscura, 937 opaca, 930 oregana , 932 ovina, 935 pacifica, 931 palustris, 935 paradoxa, 936 pectinata, 936 pensylvanica, 931 , 933, 936 pentandra , 937 perdissecta, 931 permollis , 933 pilosa , 937 plattensis, 936 platyloba, 936 pratincola, 929 procumbens , 929 pseudorupestris , 932 pulchella, 931.936 pulcherrima, 932, 936 pumila, 930 quinquefolia , 934 ranunculus , 930 recta, 937 reptans, 937 rigida , 933 rivalis, 937 robbinsiana , 933 rubella, 930 rubens, 930 rubricaulis, 936 rubripes , 930 salisburgensis , 930 saximontana, 930 sericea, 936 sibbaldia , 963 simplex, 930 sterilis, 480, 937 stipularis, 937 Strigosa , 936 subarctica, 931, 936 sulphurea , 937 supina , 936 tabernaemontani, 938 thuringiaca, 934 tormentilla, 931 tridentata, 937 unlflora, 938 usticapensis, 936 vahliana, 938 valida, 932 verna, 938 villosa, 938 virgulata , 936 viridescens , 933 wrangelliana, 932 yukonensis, 931 Poteridium occidental , 962 Poterium annuum, 962 canadense, 962 officinale, 962 sanguisorba, 962 sitchense , 962 Pothos foetidus, 455 Prenanthes, 1585 alata, 1586 alba, 1586 altissima, 1513, 1586 cordata, 1586 hastata, 1586 juncea , 1 579 lessingii, 1586 x mainensis, 1586 muralis, 1575 nana, 1587 racemosa, 1586 sagittata, 1586 serpentaria, 1587 tenuifolia, 1615 trifoliolata, 1586, 1587 Primula, 1222 ajanensis, 1224 arcfy'ca , 1 225 borealis, 1223 chamissonis, 1224 cuneifolia, 1224 egaliksensis, 1224, 1225 elatior , 1225 eximia, 1225 farinosa, 1224 groenlandica, 1224 hornemanniana, 1225 incana, 1224 intercedens , 1225 laurentiana, 1224 maccalliana , 1225 macounii, 1225 macropoda , 1 224 mistassinica, 1224 nivalis. 1225 officinalis, 1225 parviflora, 1224 polyantha, 1225 pusilla, 1225 saxifragifolia , 1224 scotica, 1224 sibirica, 1225 stricta, 1225 tenuis, 1224 tschuktschorum, 1225 veris, 1 225 vulgaris, 1225, 1226 PRIMULACEAE, 1215 Prinos glabra, 1068 gronovii, 1068 1689 Index padifolius, 1068 verticiltata , 1068 Proboscides, 1391 louisianica, 1391 Prosartes hooked, 496 oregana, 496 trachycarpa , 496 Proserpinaca, 1147 intermedia, 1147 palustris, 1 1 47 pectinata, 1 147 Provancheria cerastoides, 686 Prunella, 1314 vulgaris, 1314 Prunus, 938 americana, 939, 940 armenica, 941 avium, 939 besseyi, 941 borealis , 940 canadensis , 941 cerasus, 940 corymbulosa, 941 cuneata, 941 demissa , 942 depressa, 941 domestica, 940 emarginata, 941 glandulosa, 942 hiemalis, 939 insititia , 940 mahaleb, 940 maritima, 939, 941 melanocarpa, 942 nana, 942 nigra, 940 padus, 940 pensylvanica, 940 persica, 941 prunifolia, 941 pumila, 941 serotina, 908, 941 spinosa, 942 susquehanae , 941 tomentosa, 942 viriginiana, 942 Pseudotsuga, 186 douglasii, 186 menziesii, 186, 61 1, 612 mucronata, 186 taxifolia, 186 vancouverensis , 186 Psilocarphus, 1587 elatior, 1587 oregonus, 1587 tenellus, 1587 Psoralea, 1024 argophylla, 1024 brachiata , 1 024 esculenta, 1024 lanceolata, 1025 physodes, 1025 tenuiflora, 1 025 Psoralidium argophyllum , 1 024 brachiata, 1024 lanceolatum, 1025 Ptarmica vulgaris, 1459 Ptelea, 1049 angustifolia, 1049 trifoliata, 1049 Pteretis nodulosa, 164 pensylvanica, 164 struthiopteris, 164 Pteridium, 168 aquilinum, 168 Pteris aquilina, 169 atropurpurea , 164 gracilis, 159 lanuginosa , 1 69 latiuscula, 169 stelleri, 159 Pterospora, 1189 andromedea, 1189 Pteryxia terebinthina ,1165 Ptilocalais nutans, 1582 Ptilonella scabra, 1512 Ptilophora nutans, 1582 Ptiloria tenuifolia, 1615 Puccinellia, 318 agrostidea, 321 airoides, 324 alaskana, 321 ambigua, 321, 323 americana, 322, 324 andersonii, 322 angustata, 322 arctica, 322 borealis , 325 borreri, 323 bruggemannii, 322 coarctata, 323 contracta, 325 cusickii, 324 deschampsioides, 323 distans, 321, 323 fasciculata, 323, 324 femaldii, 333 festucaeformis , 324 geniculate , 324 glabra, 322 grandis, 323 groenlandica, 322 hauptiana, 323 hultenii, 322 interior, 323 kamtschatica, 322 langeana, 321 , 322, 323 laurentiana, 324 lemmonii, 324 longiglumis , 323 lucida, 323, 324 macra, 324 maritima, 322, 324 nutkaensis, 324 nuttalliana, 324 pallida, 333 paupercula , 321 , 323 phryganodes, 324 poacea , 322 porsildii, 324 pumila, 322, 323 retroflexa, 323 rosenkrantzii , 323 sibirica, 325 tenella, 323 tenuiflora , 323, 324 triflora, 322 x vacillans, 260 vaginata, 325 vahliana , 260 Pulmonaria ciliata, 1289 lanceolata , 1 289 maritima, 1290 oblongifolia, 1290 paniculata , 1 290 parviflora, 1290 virginica, 1291 Pulsatilla hirsutissima , 724 ludoviciana , 724 multiceps, 723 nuttalliana , 724 occidentalis , 724 patens, 724 Purshia, 943 tridentata, 943 Pycnanthemum, 1315 flexuosum, 1316 incanum, 1315 lanceolatum, 1316 lini folium, 1316 muticum, 1315 pilosum, 1315 tenuifolium, 1316 vertidllatum, 1316 virginianum, 1316 Pyracantha, 943 cocci nea, 943 Pyrethrum ambiguum, 1581 bipinnatum, 1615 inodorum, 1581 uliginosum, 1520 Pyrola, 1190 americana ,1192 aphylla, 1192 asarifolia, 1191 1690 Index borealis , 1191 bracteata, 1191 canadensis, 1191 chimophiloides , 1191 chlorantha, 1191, 1193 conferta, 1192 convoluta, 1193 corymbosa, 1188 dentata, 1 1 91 elata, 1191 elliptica, 1191 gormanii, 1191 grandiflora, 1191,1193 groenlandica , 1191 incarnata, 1191 maculata, 1 188 x media, 1192 menziesii, 1188 minor, 1192 occidentalis , 1191 picta, 1 191, 1192 pumila, 1191 rotundifolia, 1191, 1192 secunda, 1192 uliginosa, 1191 umbellata ,1188 uniflora ,1189 virens, 1193 PYROLACEAE, 1187 Pyrrocoma carthamoides , 1556 integrifolia, 1556 lanceolate , 1556 rigida, 1556 uni flora, 1557 vaseyi, 1556 Pyrus, 943 americana, 964, 965 arbutifolia. 944, 945 x arsenii, 944 aucuparia , 964 baccata, 944 bartramiana , 907 botryapium , 907 communis, 944 coronaria, 944 cydonia, 944 decora, 964 diver si folia , 945 floribunda , 944 fusca, 945 x hybrida, 944 malus, 945 melanocarpa , 944 microcarpa , 964 occidentalis, 965 ovalis, 906 prunifolia, 944, 945 rivularis, 945 sambuci folia, 964 sanguinea, 908 scopulina , 964 sitchensis, 965 Quamasia (Camassia) Quamoclit quamoclit , 1257 penrrafa, 1257 vulgaris, 1257 Quercus, 598 acuminata, 600 agrifolia , 600 alba, 599, 601 ambigua, 601 banisteri, 601 x bebbiana, 599 bicolor, 599 borealis , 601 coccinea, 599 x deamii, 599 ellipsoidalis, 599 garryana, 600 ilicifolia, 601 jacobii, 600 macrocarpa, 599, 600, 601 mandanensis, 600 maxima , 601 minor, 601 montana, 601 muehlenbergii , 600 obtusiloba, 600 palustris, 600 platanoides, 599 x ported , 601 prinoides, 599, 600 prinus, 600 robur, 600 rubra, 601 x schuettii, 599 stellata, 601 tinctoria, 601 velutina, 601 Queria canadensis, 694 Radicula aquatica, 798 armoracia , 799 calycina , 843 clavata , 843 curvipes , 843 curvisiliqua, 843 hispida , 844 indica , 843 lyrata, 843 nasturtium-aquaticum , 839 nuttallii, 843 obusa , 844 palustris, 844 sylvestris , 844 terrestris, 844 Radiola linoides, 1040 millegrana, 1040 Raimannia laciniata ,1143 Ramischia secunda, 1192 RANUNCULACEAE, 716 Ranunculus, 736 abortivus, 744, 750 acer, 745 acris, 744 affinis, 746, 752 alaskanus , 752 alismaefolius, 745 allenii, 745 alpeophilus, 749 ambigens, 745 apetalus, 752 aquatilis, 745, 750 arcticus, 752 auricomus, 746, 752 bolanderi, 745 bongardii, 756 brevicaulis , 754 bulbosus, 746 califomicus, 751 camissonis , 748 canadensis, 753 capillaceus, 746 cardiopetalus , 749 cardiophyllus , 752 caricetorum , 755 chamissonis, 748 circinatus, 746 cooleyae, 746 cymbalaria, 746 delphinifolius , 747 douglasii, 755 drummondii , 748 eastwoodianus, 753 ellipticus, 748 eschscholtzii, 747 eximius, 747 fascicu laris, 747 ficaria, 747 filiformis , 754 fistulosus , 748 flabellaris, 747, 755 flammula, 480, 747, 748, 754 getida, 748 glaberrimus, 748 glacialis, 748, 750 gmelinii, 748, 749 grandis, 744 grayanus, 745 grayii, 748 greenei, 756 hebecarpus, 749 hederaceus.749, 750 hexasepalus, 751 hirsutus, 754 hirtipes, 749 hispidus, 749, 753 hookeri, 748 hydrocharis, 750 hyperboreus, 747, 749, 751 inamoenus, 749 1691 Index intertextus, 751 kamchaticus, 748, 750 lapponicus, 750 limosus , 748 lobbli, 750 longirostris, 750 lyallii, 756 macounii, 747, 750, 753 marilandicus , 749 mccallai, 745 micranthus, 750 multifidus , 747, 748, 755 muricatus, 750, 754 natans, 750 nelsonii, 751 nitidus, 755 nivalis, 747, 751, 754, 755 occidentalis, 751 , 756 octopetalus, 755 oreganus, 750 orthorhynchus, 752 ovalis, 754 pacificus, 750 paliasii, 752 parvulus, 754 pedatifidus, 746, 752 pensylvanicus, 753 platyphyllus , 752 purshii, 748, 749 pygmaeus, 753, 754 reeurvatus, 751, 753 repens, 748, 749, 753, 755 reptans, 748, 754 rhomboideus, 754 sabinei, 754 sardous, 750, 754 saxicola, 747 sceleratus, 755 schlechtendalii , 747 septentrionalis, 755 subrigidus , 746 suksdorfii, 747 sulphureus, 755 ten ell us , 755 testiculatus, 755 trichophyllus , 745, 746 tuberosus , 746 turner), 751 unalaschcensis , 748, 754 uncinatus, 755 verecundus, 756 verticil! a tus , 752 vicinalis, 752 yukonensis , 749 Raphanistrum innocuum, 841 Raphanus, 840 raphanistrum, 841 sativus, 833, 841 tenellus ,811 Rapistrum, 841 perenne, 841 rugosum, 841 Ratibida, 1587 columnifera, 1588 pinnata, 1588 Razoumofskya americana, 61 1 campylopoda, 61 1 douglasii, 612 lands, 612 pusilla, 612 tsugensis, 612 Reboulea obtusata, 329 Reseda, 849 aiba, 849 lutea, 849 luteola, 849 RESEDACEAE, 849 RHAMNACEAE, 1081 Rhamnus, 1082 alnifolia, 1082 alpina, 1082 cathartiea, 1082 davurica, 1082 frangula, 1082 franguloides , 1 082 purshiana, 1 083 Rheum, 633 rhaponticum, 633 Rhexia, 1127 virginica, 1 1 27 Rhinanthus, 1378 arcticus , 1378 borealis, 1378 crista-galli, 1378 groenlandicus , 1378 kyrollae , 1378 minor, 1378, 1379 oblongifolius , 1378 rigidus, 1378 stenophyllus, 480, 1378 virginicus, 1338 Rhodiola alaskana, 858 borealis , 858 integrifolia , 858 rosea, 857 Rhododendron, 1206 albifiorum, 1207 aureum, 1208 californicum , 1208 camlschaticum, 1207 canadense, 1207 chrysanthum, 1208 lapponicum, 1204, 1207 macrophyllum, 1207 maximum, 1 208 nudiflorum, 1207 rhodora , 1207 roseum, 1208 vanhoeffenii , 1204 viscosum , 1207 Rhodora canadense, 1207 Rhus, 1065 aromatica, 1065 x borealis, 1066 canadensis , 1065, 1066 copallina, 1065 crenata, 1065 diversiloba, 1066 glabra, 1066 hirta , 1067 occidentalis, 1066 pulvinata, 1066 radicans, 1066 rydbergii, 1066 toxicodendron, 1066 trilobata, 1065 typhina, 1066, 1067 venenata, 1067 vernix, 1067 Rhynchospora, 443 alba, 444 capillacea, 444 capiteilata, 444 fusca, 444 glomerata , 444 Ribes, 872 acerifolium, 877 affine, 878 albinervium , 879 alpinum, 877 americanum, 876 aureum, 876, 878 bracteosum, 876 cereum, 876 cognatum, 876 cynosbati, 876 diacanthum, 876 divaricatum, 077, 878 echinatum , 878 floridum , 876 glandulosum, 877 grossularia, 877 grossularioides , 878 hirtellum, 878 howellii, 877 hudsonianum, 877 inerme, 877 irriguum, 877 lacustre, 877, 878 laxtflorum, 877, 878 lentum, 878 Lobbii, 877, 878 montigenum, 878 nigrum, 877, 878 niveum, 878 odoratum, 878 oxyacanthoides, 876, 877, 878 petiolare, 877 propinquum , 879 prostratum , 877 recurvatum, 876 rigens, 877 rotundifolium, 879 rubrum, 879 1692 Index sanguineum, 879 sativum, 879 saxosum, 879 setosum, 879 sylvestre, 879 trifidum , 877 triste, 876. 879 uva-crispa, 877 viscosissimum, 879 vulgare, 879 watsonianum, 880 Ricinophyllum horridum, 1 1 50 Robertieiia robertiana, 1046 Robinia, 1025 frutex, 991 hispida, 1025 luxurians, 1025 pseudo-acacia, 1025 viscosa, 1 025 Rochelia patens, 1286 Roegneria trachycaulum , 233 Romanzoffia, 1274 glauca, 1275 macounii, 1275 minima , 1275 rubella, 1275 sitchensis, 1 275 suksdorfii, 1275 tracyi, 1275 unalaschcensis, 1275 Roripa (Rorippa) Rorippa, 842 americana, 798 amphibia, 842, 843 aquatica , 798 armoracia, 799 austriaca. 843 barbaraefolia , 843 calycina, 843 clavata, 843 columbiae , 844 crystallina, 799, 843 curvipes , 843 curvisiliqua. 843 hispida, 843, 844 indica , 843 islandica, 843. 844 lyrata , 843 microphylla , 839 nasturtium-aquaticum, 839 nuttallii, 843 obtusa, 844 pacifica, 843 palustris, 844 x prostrata, 843 Sinuata, 844 x sterilis, 839 x subglobosa, 843 sylvestris, 843, 844 tenerrima, 844 wiliiamsii, 844 Rosa, 945 acicularis, 947, 948 alcea , 948 apiculata . 949 arkansana, 948 blanda, 948, 950, 951 bourgeauiana , 948 calif ornica, 950, 951 canina, 949 Carolina, 949, 950 centifolia, 949 cinnamomea, 949, 950 x dulcissima, 949 eglanteria, 949 engelmannii, 948 fendleri, 951 fraxinifolia, 948, 950 gallica, 949 gymnocarpa, 949 heliophila , 948 hemispbaerica, 951 humilis , 949 johannensis, 948 leucopsis , 949 lucida, 951 lunellii, 948 macdougalii, 950 macounii, 951 majalis, 948 micrantha, 949 multiflora, 949 muriculata, 950 nanella, 951 nitida, 950 nutkana, 949, 950 obovata , 949 odorata. 950 palustris, 950 parviflora , 951 pensylvanica , 950 pisocarpa, 950 pratincola, 948 rousseautorum, 950 rubifolia , 951 rubiginosa , 949 rugosa, 950 rydbergii, 948 sayii, 948 setigera, 951 solanderi, 949 s paldingii, 950 spinosissima, 951 stricta, 948 subblanda, 949 suffulta , 948 ferreos, 951 tomentosa, 951 ultramontana , 951 virginiana, 950, 951 wiliiamsii, 951 woodsii, 949, 951 ROSACEAE, 898 Rubacer odoratum, 958 RUBIACEAE, 1407 Rubus, 952 abbrevians , 959 acadiensis, 956 acaulis, 955, 956 adenocaulis , 956 adjacens, 956 ataskensis, 960, 961 allegheniensis, 955 alumnus , 959 amabilis, 956 americanus , 960 amicalis , 956 amnicola, 959 andrewsianus , 959 arcticus, 955, 956, 958, 960, 961 arcuans, 960 arenicola, 960 argutus, 956 armatus , 960 arundelanus, 960 attractus, 959 atwoodii, 956 auroralis , 956 baileyanus , 956 bellobatus, 959 biformispinus , 956 botruosus , 960 bracteoliferus , 960 brainerdii, 960 breitungii, 959 burnhamii, 959 caesius, 956 canadensis, 956 carolinianus , 957 castoreus, 955 chamaemorus, 956 complex , 960 dalibarda, 914 elegantulus , 956 emeritus, 956 enslenii, 956 eriensis , 959 facetus, 959 flagellaris, 956 frondisentis , 960 frondosus , 959 fruticosus , 960 glandicaulis , 956 gordonii , 956 gulosus , 960 helieri, 961 hispidus, 956 idaeus, 957 illecebrosus, 957 jacens, 956 jaysmithii, 956 1693 Index junceus, 961 kennedyanus, 956 laciniatus, 953 lasiococcus, 958 lawrencei, 960 lepagei, 956 leucodermis, 958 licens , 960 macropetalus , 961 maltei, 956 malus, 961 mananensis , 960 melanolasius , 957 melanotrachys , 957 millspaughii , 956 montpelierensis , 956 mucronatus , 960 multiformis, 956 navus, 961 nigricans, 960 nigrobaccus, 956 nivalis, 958 nuperus , 956 nutkanus, 959 obovalis , 956 obovatus , 957 obsessus , 960 occidentals, 958 odoratus, 958 orarius, 959 oriens, 960 ortivus , 956 ostryifolius , 959 pacificus, 958 paganus , 957 paracaulis, 956, 958 particeps, 956 parviflorus, 959 pedatus, 959 pennus, 956 pensilvanicus, 959 peramoenus, 957 perfoliosus, 959 pergratus , 959 perinvisus , 956 permixtus, 956 phoenicolasius, 960 pistillatus . 955 plicatifolius, 960 problematicus , 960 procerus, 960 procumbens, 956 propinquus, 955, 958 provincialis , 960 pubescens, 955, 958, 960, 961 pudens, 957 pugnax, 956 quaesitus, 956 quebecensis , 961 randii, 956 recun/ans, 956 recurvicaulis, 960 roribaccus, 956 rotundior, 960 rowleei, 957 russeus, 957 sachalinensis, 957 sativus, 956 saxatilis, 960 segnis, 957 setosus, 960 severus , 960 signatus , 957 spectabilis, 957, 960 stellatus, 956, 960, 961 strigosus , 957 subarcticus , 957 tardatus, 961 tetricus, 956 textus , 960 thyrsanthus . 960 transmontanus . 960 tri floras, 960 trifrons, 956 trivialis, 956 ulterior, 956 univocis, 960 ursinus, 961 vermontanus, 961 viburnifolius , 957 Victorina, 959 vigoratus , 957 villosus. 956 vitifolius, 961 weatherbyi, 961 Rudbeckia, 1 588 ampla, 1589 columnaris, 1588 columnifera , 1 588 grandiflora, 1588 hirta, 1588 laciniata, 1 589 lanceolata, 1588 pinnata, 1588 purpurea, 1534 serotina, 1588 triloba, 1 589 Rufacer carolinianum , 1076 rubrum, 1076 Rumex, 634 acetosa, 636 acetosella, 637 acutus, 639 x alexidis, 638 alpestris , 636 alpinus, 637 altissimus, 637 ambiguus, 637 angiocarpus, 637 arcticus, 637 britannica, 639 confertus, 639 confinus , 638 conglomeratus, 637 x crrspo-obtusifolius, 638 crispus, 638 dentatus, 639 digynus, 620 domesticus , 638 elongatus , 638 fenestratus, 638 fennicus , 639 x franktonis, 639 fueginus , 638 geyeri, 639 graminifolius, 480, 638 hesperius, 640 hydrolapathum, 639 longifolius, 638 maritimus, 638 mexicanus , 640 obtusifolius, 638, 640 occidental s, 637, 638 orbiculatus, 639 pallidus , 639 patientia, 639 paucifolius, 639 persicarioides, 638, 639 procerus, 638 pseudonatronatus, 639 pulcher, 639 rugosus, 636 salicifolius, 639 sanguineus, 638, 640 sibiricus, 640 stenophyllus, 638, 640 subarcticus , 639 tenuifolius, 637 thyrsiflorus , 637 transitorius , 639 triangulivalvis , 639 utahensis , 640 venosus, 640 verticillatus, 640 viridis, 638, 640 Rupestrina pubescens, 335 Ruppia, 206 brachypus , 206 Intermedia, 206 lacustris, 206 maritima, 206 obliqua, 206 occidentalis, 206 rostellata, 206 spiralis, 206 Ruppiaceae, 195 Ruta, 1049 graveolens, 1049 RUTACEAE, 1049 Sabatia, 1246 angularis, 1246 kennedyana, 1246 Sabbatia (Sabatia) Sabina horizontalis , 180 1694 Index scopulorum, 181 virginiana, 181 Sabulina bi flora, 681 dawsonensis, 682 groenlandica , 678 litorea , 682 propinqua , 681 stricta, 682 Sagina, 694 caespitosa , 696 crassicaulis , 696 decumbens, 695 intermedia , 696 linnaei, 697 litoralis , 696 maritima, 695 maxima, 695 micrantha , 696 nivalis, 696 nodosa, 696 occidentalis , 696 procumbens, 696 saginoides, 696 stricta, 695 virginica , 1236 Sagittaria, 212 ari folia , 213 brevirostra, 213 calycina, 214 cristata, 213 cuneata, 213 engelmanniana, 213 gracilis, 214 graminea, 213 hastata, 214 heterophylla, 214 latifolia, 213 montevidensis ,214 obtusa, 214 pubescens, 214 rigida, 214 sagittifotia , 213, 214 spatulata, 214 variabilis, 213, 214 SALICACEAE, 548 Salicornia, 654 ambigua , 655 bigelovii, 654 europaea, 654, 655 berbacea, 655 mucronata, 654 pacifica , 655 perennis, 655 prostrata , 655 pusilla, 655 rubra, 655 virginica, 654, 655 Salix, 552 acutifolia , 562 adenophylla, 567 alaxensis, 561, 579 alba, 562, 564 aibertana, 564 aliens , 578 ambigua, 564, 574 amoena, 576, 581 amplifolia, 571 amygdaloides, 562 anamesa , 570 ancorifera, 576, 581 anglorum, 563 arbusculoides, 562 arbutifolia, 563 arctica, 563, 571 arctolitoralis, 574 arctophila, 563 argophyila , 568 x argusii, 580 argyrocarpa, 563 argyrophylla , 568 athabascensis, 570 atra, 570 austiniae, 572 babylonica, 564 balsamifera , 577 barclayi, 564, 569, 573 barrattiana, 564 bebbiana, 564, 566 bella, 579 x beschelii, 580 bolanderiana , 568 brachyearpa, 565 x brachypurpurea, 581 calcicola, 566, 571 caiiicarpaea , 570 Candida, 564, 566 caprea, 566, 567 cascadensis, 566 caudata, 572 chamissonis, 566 chloroclados , 563 chlorolepis , 565 chlorophylls , 575, 576 cinerea, 567 x clarkei, 580 coactilis, 567 commutata, 567 conjuncta , 564 cordata, 567, 573 cordifolia, 570 coulteri, 578 crassijulis, 563 cryptodonta, 566 cuneata, 563 cuneatifolia, 563 curtiflora , 573 cutleri, 579 cyclophylla, 574 depressa , 564, 565 desertorum. 565. 570 diplodictya , 563, 574 discolor, 567, 568 dodgeana, 578 drummondiana , 562, 575, 578, 579 elaeagnos, 568 eriocephala, 568, 573 erythrocoma, 578 exigua, 568, 569 fall ax, 570 farriae, 569 fendleriana, 571 flagellans, 574 flavescens, 578 fluviatilis, 569 fragilis, 562, 569 fulcrata, 576 fullertonensis , 565 fusca, 564, 565 fuscescens , 563, 574 x gaspeensis, 565, 580 geyeriana, 569 glacialis, 574 glauca, 563, 565, 570, 573 glaucophylla , 572 glaucophylloides , 572 glaucops , 570 gracilis, 575 x grayii, 580 groenlandica, 563 hastata, 569 hebecarpa, 574, 581 herbacea, 570 hindsiana, 568 hookeriana, 571, 572, 576 hudsonensis , 563 humilis, 571 humillina, 562 incana, 566, 568 interior, 568, 569 x jamesensis, 581 jejuna, 571 x jesupri, 579 iabradorica, 564, 570 lanata , 566, 577 lancifolia , 572 lapponum , 562 lasiandra, 571, 572 lasiolepis. 572 latiuscula , 576 laurentiana, 564, 571 , 572 leiolepis, 572 lemmonii, 572 ligustrina , 574 linearifolia , 569 lingulata, 565 livid a, 565 iongifolia , 568, 569 longistylis , 562 lucida, 571 , 572, 578 lutea, 567, 573 luteosericea , 568 lyallii, 571 maccaliiana, 573 mackenzieana, 569, 573 macounii , 570 macrocarpa , 569 macrostachya , 569 1695 Index melanopsis , 568 meleina, 569 missouriensis , 573 monochroma, 573 monoica, 576 monticola, 570, 572, 573 muriei, 565 myrsinifolia , 573 myrtillifolia, 567, 569, 573 myrtilloides , 575 nelsonii, 576 nigra, 562, 573 nigricans, 573 niphoclada, 565 nivalis , 577 novae-angliae , 573 obcordata , 563 obtusata , 573 orbicularis, 577 ovalifolia, 574 padifolia , 573 padophylla , 570, 572, 573, 580 pa/aeoneura, 575 pallasii, 563 parafeuca, 576, 581 x peasei, 580 pedicellaris, 574 pedunculata, 576, 581 x pellicolor, 580 pellita, 575, 578, 579 pennata, 576 pentandra, 575 perrostrata , 565 petiolaris, 575 petrophita , 563 phlebophylla, 575 phylicifolia, 575, 576 x pilosiuscula, 578 piped, 576 planifolia, 576 polaris, 571 , 576 prinoides, 568 prolixa , 573 pseudocordata, 573 pseudolapponum , 570 pseudomonticola , 570, 573 pseudomyrsinites, 573 pseudopolaris , 576 pulchra, 576 purpurea, 577 pyrifolia, 569, 577 repens , 564 reticulata, 577 retusa 575 rhamnifoiia , 563 richardsonii, 566, 577 rigida, 567, 573 rosmarinifolia , 575 rostrata, 564, 565 rotundifolia, 578 rubra, 569 rydbergii, 570 saskatchewana , 563 saximontana , 577 x schneideri, 581 scouleriana, 568, 571, 578 seemannii, 570 sericea, 578 serissima, 578 sessilifolia , 569 setchelliana, 578 siticola, 562 simulans, 574 sitchensis, 578 x smithiana, 580 speciosa, 562, 571 sphenophylla, 563 stenocarpa , 576 stenolepis , 570 stolonifera, 574 strict a , 565 stuartiana , 570 subcoerulea, 578 subcordata , 563 x subsericea, 581 syrticola, 567 tenera, 566 torulosa, 563 tristis, 571 turnori, 573 tweedy i, 564 tyrrellii, 563 x ungavensis, 580 uva-ursi, 579 vacciniformis , 570 vestita, 572, 577, 579, villosa , 570 viminalis, 579 vitellina , 562 x waghornei, 580 walpolei, 569 wiegandii, 566 Salsola, 655 depressa, 656 kali, 655 maritima, 656 pestifer, 655 salsa , 656 tragus , 655 Salvia, 1316 lyrata, 1317 nemorosa, 1317 officinalis, 1317 pratensis, 1317 reflexa, 1317 sclarea, 1317 sylvestris, 1317 verticillata, 1317 Salvinia natans, 456 SALVINIACEAE, 175 Sambucus, 1420 arborescens, 1421 callicarpa, 1421 canadensis, 1421, 1422 cerulea, 1421 ebulus, 1421 glauca, 1421 leiosperma, 1421 melanocarpa, 1421 nigra, 1421 pubens, 1421, 1422 racemosa, 1421 rosaeflora, 1421 Samolus, 1226 floribundus, 1226 parviflorus, 1226 valerandii, 1226 Sanguinaria, 771 canadensis, 771 Sanguisorba, 961 annua, 962 canadensis, 962 latifolia , 962 menziesii, 962 microcephala , 962 minor, 962 occidentalis, 962 officinalis, 962 sitchensis, 962 stipulata, 962 Sanicula, 1177 arctopoides, 1 1 78 bipinnatifida, 1178 canadensis, 1178 crassicaulis, 1178 graveolens, 1178 gregaria, 1178 howellii, 1178 marilandica, 1178 menziesii, 1178 nevadensis, 1178 septentrionalis ,1178 trifoliata, 1 1 78 SANTALACEAE, 610 Santolina suaveolens , 1 582 Saponaria, 697 ocymoides, 697 officinalis, 697 vaccaria, 697 Sarcobatus, 655 vermiculatus, 655 Sarothamnus scoparius, 992 Sarothra gentianoides, 1096 Sarracenia, 850 heterophylla , 850 purpurea, 850 SARRACENIACEAE, 850 Sassafras, 766 albidum, 766 officinale, 766 sassafras, 766 triloba, 766 varii folium , 766 Satureja, 1317 acinos, 1318 1696 Index arkansana, 1318 calamintha, 1318 douglasii, 1318 glabella, 1318 glabra, 1318 hortensis, 1318 virginiana, 1316 vulgaris, 1318 Satyrium albidum , 535 repens , 533 vlride, 538 SAURURACEAE, 547 Saururus, 547 cernuus, 547 Saussurea, 1589 alpina, 1590 amara, 1590 americana, 1 589 angustifolia, 1589, 1590 densa, 1590 glomerata , 1 590 ledebourii, 1590 monticola, 1589 multiflora, 1589 nuda, 1590 remotiflora, 1590 subsinuata , 1 590 tilesii, 1590 viscida, 1590 Savasfana odorata, 282 Saxifraga, 880 adscendens, 885 aestivalis, 892 aizoides, 885. 890 aizoon, 885, 886, 889 aleutica , 893 allenii, 891 amplexifolia , 867 arguta, 891, 892 austromontana, 886, 894 bidens, 889 bongardii, 888 bracteata, 893 bracteosa, 889 bronchialis, 886 caespitosa, 886 cernua. 887 chamissoi, 894 cherlerioides , 886 claytoniaefolia , 889 columbiana , 889 cotyledon , 885 crenatifolia , 892 cymbalaria. 892, 893 dahurica, 889 davurica, 887, 889 decipiens, 887 delicatula, 886 elata, 863 eriophora, 890 eschscholtzii, 888 exarata, 886 exilis, 893 ferruginea, 888 fimbriata, 888 flabellifolia , 887 flagellaris, 888 flexuosa , 892 foliolosa, 893 galacifolia , 893 gaspensis, 890 geum, 889 groenlandica , 886, 887 heteranthera , 890 hieracifolia, 888, 890 hirculus, 888 birsuta, 889 hyperborea , 892 hypnoides , 887 integrifolia, 888, 889 jamesii, 895 lata, 891 laurentiana , 893 leucanthemifolia , 888 lyallii, 889. 891 mertensiana, 889 nathorstii, 890 nelsoniana , 892 newcombei, 888 nitida, 886 nivalis, 890 nootkana , 888 nudicaulis, 889 nutans, 1275 nutkama , 888 occidentalis, 890 odontoloma, 891 oppositifolia, 890, 891 paniculata , 885 pectinata, 924 pensylvanica, 891 petiolaris, 892 pefraea , 885 plantaginifolia , 888 propinqua, 889 pseudo-burseriana , 886 pulvinata , 891 punctata, 891 pyroltfolia, 867 radiata, 893 ranunculifolia , 894 reflexa, 892 rhomboidea. 892 richardsonii , 863 rivularis, 887, 892 rufidula, 890 saximontana, 890 serpyllifolia, 893 setigera , 888 sibirica, 887, 892, 893 sileniflora. 886 spathulata, 887, 891 spicata, 893 stellaris, 888, 893 taylori, 893 tenuis , 890 tolmiei, 893 tricuspidata, 886, 893 umbrosa, 886, 889 unalaschcensis , 887 uni flora, 886 van-bruntiae , 885 venosa , 886 vernalis , 894 vespertina , 894 virginiensis, 894 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 854, 860 Scabiosa, 1431 alpina , 1430 arvensis, 1431 australis, 1431 ochroleuca, 1431 succisa, 1431 Scandix, 1178 anthriscus , 1160 cerefolium, 1160 divaricata, 1174 nuda, 1174 odorata, 1174 pecten-veneris, 1 1 78 procumbens , 1162 Schedonnardus. 325 paniculatus, 325 texanus, 325 Scheucftzeria, 209 palustris, 209 Scheuchzeriaceae , 209 Schizachne, 325 callosa , 325 komarovii, 325 purpurascens, 325 Schizachyrium scoparium , 242 Schizaea, 148 fill folia, 148 pusilla, 148 SCHIZAEACEAE, 148 Schmaltzia aromatica , 1 065 copallina, 1066 glabra, 1066 trilobata, 1065 Schoenocrambe, 845 linifolia, 845 Schoenoplectus americanus , 447 olneyi, 451 validus, 449 Schoenus albus, 444 capitellatus , 444 fuscus, 444 mariscoides , 428 rufus, 451 spathaceus, 431 Schoflera dubia, 462 1697 Index Scilla, 503 nonscripta, 503 sibirica, 503 Scirpus, 444 acicularis , 434 acuminatus, 434 acutus , 450 alpinus, 451 americanus, 447 atrocinctus, 447, 448, 451 atropurpureus, 435 atrovirens, 447, 451 bellardii, 443 caespitosus, 448 campestris , 450 cernuus, 448 clintonii, 448 cyperinus, 447, 448, 451 debilis, 449 equisetoides , 434 eriophorum, 451 expansus, 449 femaldii, 450 fluviatrlis, 449 geniculatus , 434 glaucescens, 434 heterochaetus , 449 hudsonianus, 449 intermedius , 435 juncoides, 449 kamtschaticus , 435 lacustris, 449, 450 lenticularis , 450 lineatus, 450 longii, 447 maritimus, 450, 451 micranthus, 442 mjcrocarpus, 449, 450 nanus, 436 nevadensis, 450 nitidus, 435 x oblongus. 449 obtusus, 436 occidentalis , 450 olneyi, 451 ovatus , 436 pacificus, 450 pallidus, 447 paludosus, 450 patustris, 436 pan/ulus. 436 pauciflorus , 436 peckii, 451 pedicellatus, 451 pumilus, 451 pungens, 447 purshianus, 449 quadrangulatus, 436 quinqueflorus . 436 riparius, 448 robustus, 451 rollandii, 451 rostellatus, 437 rubricosus, 451 rubrotinctus , 450 rufus, 451 setaceus, 448 smithii, 449, 451 spathaceus, 431 subterminalis, 452 sylvaticus , 450 tabernaemontani , 450 tenuis , 437 forreyi, 452 triqueter, 447 tuberculosus , 437 uniglumis , 437 validus, 449, 450 Scleranthus, 697 annuus, 697 perennis, 698 Scleria, 452 pauciflora, 452 triglomerata, 452 verticillata, 452 Sclerocarpus exiguus , 1500 gracilis, 1580 Scolochloa, 325 festucacea, 325 Scolopendrium officinarum, 165 vulgare , 165 Scopolia, 1330 carniolica, 1330 Scorzonella borealis, 1470 nutans, 1582 troximoides, 1582 Scrophularia, 1379 californica, 1 379 glauca, 1379 lanceolata, 1379 leporeila, 1379 marilandica, 1379, 1380 nodosa, 480, 1380 occidentalis , 1379 oregana, 1379 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 1333 Scutellaria, 1319 angusiifolia . 1319 canescens, 1320 churchilliana, 1320 epifobiifolia, 1 320 galericulata , 1320 incana , 1 320 lateriflora, 1320 leonardii, 1320 nervosa, 1320 parvula, 1320 i /eronicifolia , 1320 Secale, 326 cereale, 326 Sedum, 854 acre, 856 aizoon, 856 alaskanum, 858 alboroseum, 856 annuum, 856 atropurpureum , 858 divergens, 856 douglasii, 857, 858 elongatum, 857 fabaria, 857 forsteranum , 858 frigidum, 858 heterodonton , 857 hispanicum, 857 hybridum, 857 lanceolatum, 857, 858 nesioticum , 857 obtusatum , 857 oreganum, 857 pruinosum, 858 purpurascens, 857 purpureunn, 857 reflexum , 858 rhodanthum, 858 rhodiola, 857 rhodioloides , 858 rosea , 857 roseum, 857 rupestre, 858 rupicolum , 857 sarmentosum, 858 spathuiifolium, 858 spurium, 858 stenopetalum, 857, 858 stoloniferum , 858 subalpinum , 857 telephium, 857, 858 ternatum, 858 villosum, 859 Selaginella, 137 apoda, 137 apus, 137 columbiana, 138 densa, 138 douglasii, 138 montanensis, 139 oregana, 138 rupestris, 138 scopulorum, 138 selaginoides, 138 sibirica, 138 spinosa, 138 standleyi, 138 struthioloides , 138 wallacei, 139 SELAGINELLACEAE. 137 Selinum acaule, 1164 benthamii , 1163 cerefolium, 1 160 cnidiifoiium , 1163 dawsonii, 1163 hooked, 1 1 63 pacificum, 1163 terebinthinum , 1165 1698 Index Sempervivum, 859 tectorum, 859 Senebf'era coronopus, 812 didyma, 812 pinnatifida , 81 2 Senecio, 1590 alaskanus, 1600 amplectens, 1598 atriapiculatus , 1597 atriplicifolius , 1513 atropurpureus, 1594 aureus, 1595, 1598, 1599 balsamitae, 1598 bivestitus, 1597 cannabifolius, 1595 canus, 1595 columbianus, 1597 congestus, 1595 conterminus , 1599 crepidineus, 1596 crocatus, 1600 cymbafarioides , 1599, 1600 denalii, 1 597 densus, 1600 dileptifolius , 1600 discoideus , 1597, 1598 elmeri, 1596 eremophilus, 1596, 1597 exaltatus, 1597 farriae , 1 598 fastigiatus, 1597 fernaldii, 1599 flavovirens, 1598 foetidus, 1596 fremontii, 1596 frigidus, 1594 fuscatus , 1597 gaspensis, 1598 gracilis, 1595 hieracifolius , 1535 hooked, 1597 hydrophifoides , 1 596 hydrophilus, 1596 hyperboreans , 1 599 idahoensis, 1597 imbricatus , 1597 indecorus, 1596, 1598 integerrimus, 1 597 integrifolius , 1595, 1597 jacobaea, 1 597 jonesii, 1600 kalmii , 1596 kjellmanii, 1594 leibergii, 1597 lindstroemii, 1597 tugens, 1597 lyallii, 1599 macounii, 1597 manitobensis , 1 600 megacephalus, 1597 multnomensis , 1598 mutabilis , 1600 newcombei, 1598 obovatus, 1598 ovinus, 1599 pad ficus , 1596 palmatus, 1595 palustris, 1596 pauciflorus, 1597, 1598 pauperculus, 1595, 1598 petraeus, 1600 petrocallis , 1 600 plattensis, 1598 prionophyllus , 1600 pseudaureus, 1595, 1599 pseudo-arnica, 1599 purshianus, 1595 resedifoiius, 1598, 1599, 1600 robbinsii, 1599 rollandii, 1599 saliens , 1600 saxosus , 1600 scribneri, 1597 semicordatus , 1595 sheldonensis, 1599 squalidus, 1599 streptanthifolius, 1599 subnudus , 1 599 sylvaticus, 1600 taraxacoides , 1598 triangularis, 1600 tridenticulatus, 1600 tweedyi, 1598 viscosus, 1 600 vulgaris, 1600 werneriaefolius, 1600 willingii, 1598 yukonensis, 1600 Sequoia , 189 gigantea , 189 sempervirens , 189 Serapias gigantea , 532 helleborine , 532 Sericotheca discolor, 923 Seriocarpus linifolius , 1504 rigidus, 1497 solidagineus, 1 504 Serpicula occidentalis , 217 Serratula angustifolia , 1589 arvensis, 1524 noveboracensis , 1623 praealta , 1623 spicata, 1578 Sesbania, 1026 exaltata, 1026 Seseli divaricatum, 1173 leiocarpum, 1173 triternatum, 1173 Sesleria dactyloides, 254 Setaria, 326 glauca, 326 italica, 326 lutescens, 326 verticillata, 326 viridis, 326 Setiscapella subulata, 1397 Shepherdia, 1122 argentea, 1 1 23 canadensis, 1123 Sherardia, 1414 arvensis, 1414 Sibara virginica , 808 Sibbaldia, 963 erecfa, 909 procumbens, 963 Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, 937 Sicyos, 1433 angulatus, 1433 lobata, 1433 oregana, 1433 Sida, 1091 abutilon , 1088 coccinea, 1093 hermaphrodita, 1091 malvaeflora , 1 092 oregana , 1092 spinosa, 1091 Sidalcea, 1092 campestris, 1092 hendersonii. 1092 malvaeflora, 1092 oregana, 1092 Sideranthus grindeloides, 1557 pinnatifidus , 1557 spinulosus, 1557 Sieglingia, 327 decumbens, 327, 480 Sieversia anemonoides , 922 calthifolia, 921 ciliata , 923 glacialis, 921 macrantha, 921 peckii, 922 pentaphylla, 922 radiata, 921 rossii, 923 rotundifoiia ,921 triflora, 923 Siiene, 698 acaulis, 700 alba, 692 anglica, 701 antirrhina, 700 apetala, 692 armeria, 700 1699 Index behen, 701 conoidea, 700 cserei, 700 cucubalus, 701 dichotoma, 701 dioica, 692 douglasii, 701 drummondii, 693 furcata , 693 gallica, 701 irrflata, 701 iati folia , 701 lyaflii, 701 macounii, 701 menziesii, 701 multicaulis, 701 nivea, 702 noctiflora, 701 nocturna, 701 obovata, 701 pacifica, 702 parryi, 701 pensylvanica , 702 purpurata, 702 repens, 701 scouleri, 701 , 702 sibirica, 702 stellarioides , 701 stellata, 702 tetonensis, 701 virginica, 702 vulgaris, 701 williamsii, 701 Silphium, 1600 laciniatum, 1601 perfoNatum, 1601 terebinthinaceum, 1601 trifoliatum, 1601 Silybum, 1601 marianum, 1601 SIMAROUBACEAE, 1050 Sinapis alba, 801 arvensis, 801 , 802 ericoides, 816 juncea, 801 kaber, 801 nasturti folia , 828 nigra, 802 orientalis, 801,812 schkuhriana , 802 Sison canadense, 1164 Sisymbrium, 845 acutangulum , 845 alliaria , 789 altissimum, 845 amphibium, 842, 844 arabidoides , 803 arenicola , 794 austriacum, 845 brachycarpon , 814 canescens, 814, 815 curvisiliqua , 843 gallicum, 828 glaucum, 791 hartwegianum ,815 humifusum, 794 humile, 803 incisum, 814, 815 intermedium, 814 irio, 845 islandicum , 844 linifolium, 845 loeselii, 845 longipedicellatum , 814 morale, 816 nasturtium-aquaticum, 839 officinale, 845 orientale, 812 palustre, 844 richardsonii , 815 salsugineum, 791 sinapistrum, 845 sophia, 815 sophioides, 815 sylvestre , 844 tenui folium, 816 thalianum, 791 virgatum , 832 Sisyrinchium, 521 albidum, 522, 524 anceps, 523 angustifolium, 522, 523, 524 arenicola, 522, 524 atlanticum, 523, 524 bellum, 523, 524 bermudiana , 522, 524 birameum, 523 boreale, 523 brachypus, 523 californicum, 523 campestre, 523, 524 capillare, 524 douglasii, 523, 524 farwellii, 522 gramineum, 522 graminoides , 522, 524 grandiflorum , 523 groenlandicum , 523, 524 halophifum, 523 idahoense, 523, 524 inflatum, 523 intermedium , 522 littorale, 523, 524 macounii, 523 montanum, 522, 523, 524 mucronatum, 522, 523, 524 sarmentosum, 523, 524 segetum, 523 septentrionale , 523 Sitanion, 327 elymoides , 327 hansenii, 272 hystrix, 272, 327 longifoiium , 327 Sium, 1179 angustifolium ,1160 canadense, 1164 cicutaefolium , 1179 douglasii, 1162 erectum, 1160 incisum , 1160 latifolium , 1179 lineare, 1179 pusillum, 1160 rigidius, 1175 suave, 1 1 79 Smelowskia, 846 americana , 847 borealis, 846 calycina, 846 lineariloba, 847 lobata, 847 ovalis, 847 pyriformis, 847 Smilacaceae , 484 Smilacina, 503 amplexicaulis , 503 bi folia, 501 borealis, 495, 496 brachypetala , 503 canadensis, 501 ciliata , 503 liliacea , 504 racemosa, 503 sessilifolia , 504 stellata, 504 streptopoides , 506 trifolia, 504 uniflora , 495 Smilax, 504 caduca, 505 ecirrhata, 504 herbacea, 504 hispida, 505 lasioneura , 504 peduncularis, 504 pulverulenta , 504 quadrangularis, 505 rotundifolia, 505 tamnoides, 505 Smyrnium aureum, 1180 cor datum, 1180 integerrimum , 1 179 nudicaule, 1 173 SOLANACEAE, 1325 Solanum, 1330 alatum, 1331 americanum, 1331 carolinense, 1331 dulcamara, 1331 interius, 1331 lycopersicon , 1327 nigrum, 1331, 1332 nodiflorum, 1331 rostratum, 1331 sarrachoides, 1331, 1332 1700 Index sisymbriifolium, 1331 triflorum, 1332 tuberosum, 1332 villosum, 1332 Solea concolor, 1103 Solidago, 1601 altissima , 1606 antieostensis, 1612 arguta, 1605, 1608 aspera, 1611 asperata, 1611 x asperufa, 1611 axillaris, 1606 x beaudryi, 161 1 x bernardii, 1502 bicolor, 1605, 1608 caesia, 1605 caleicola, 1606 canadensis, 1 606 canescens, 1610 chlorolepis, 1612 chrysolepis , 1610 ciiiosa , 1609 concinna. 1608 conferta. 1612 conferti flora , 1612 corymbosa, 1609 decemflora, 1608 decumbens, 1612 dumetorum, 1606 elliottii, 1606 elongata, 1606 x erskinei, 1606 flexicaulis, 1 606 galetorum, 1612 gigantea, 1607 gilvocanescens, 1606 glaberrima , 1608 glutinosa, 1612 graminifolia, 1504, 1607 hirsutissima , 1606 hrspida, 1605, 1607, 1609 houghtonii, 1610 humilis, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613 incana, 1609 jejunifolia, 1612 juncea, 1606, 1608 klughii, 1612 x krotkovii, 1502, 1610 laevigata , 1611 lanata , 1 608 lanceolata, 1607 lateriflora , 1499 latifolia (= flexicaulis) lepida, 1606 linoides, 1613 iongipetioiata , 1609 lunellii, 1606 /ufescens, 1502 macrophylla, 1607, 1608 x maheuxii, 1610 mensalis, 1608 missouriensis, 1608, 1610 mollis, 1609 muttiradiata, 1609 neglecta, 1613 nemoralis, 1609 occidentalis, 1609 odora, 1609, 1610 ohioensis, 1610 oreophila, 1612 parvirigida, 1502, 1610 patula, 1610 pitched, 1607 pruirrosa, 1606 ptarmicoides , 1 502, 1610 puberula, 1610 pulcherrima, 1609 purshii, 1610 racemosa, 1611 randii, 1611 x raymondii, 1612 riddeilii, 1502, 1610 rigida, 1502, 1610 rigidiuscula, 1612 rugosa, 1606, 1610, 1611 salebrosa, 1606 sarothrae , 1554 scabra, 1606 sciaphila, 1611 SCOpulorum , 1609 sempervirens, 1606, 1611 serotina, 1606, 1607 spathulata, 1611 speciosa, 1612 squarrosa, 1612 tenuifolia, 1612 terrae-novae, 1613 thyrsoidea , 1608 uliginosa, 1606, 1610, 1611, 1612 ulmifolia, 1613 uniligulata , 1606, 1613 victorinii, 1612 villosa, 1611 viminea, 1611 virgaurea, 1605, 1606, 1608, 1609 Sonchus, 1613 acuminatus, 1575 arvensis, 1613 asper, 1614 biennis, 1574 floridanus, 1574 hastatus, 1586 leucophaeus, 1574 ludovicianus, 1575 oleraceus, 1614 pallidus, 1574 pulchellus, 1575 sibiricus, 1575 spicatus, 1574 tataricus, 1575 uliginosus , 1613 Sophia brachycarpa, 814 filipes, 814 gracilis , 814 intermedia, 814 multifida, 815 pinnata, 814 procera, 815 sophia, 815 sophioides, 81 5 viscosa, 815 Sophora tinctoria , 990 Sorbaria, 963 sorbifolia, 963 Sorbus, 963 alaskana , 964 americana, 944, 964, 965 andersonii, 964 angustifolia, 964 aucuparia, 964 cascadensis , 964 decora, 944, 964 dumosa, 964 groenlandica , 964 melanocarpa , 944 microcarpa, 964 occidentalis, 965 sambucifolia, 964, 965 scopulina, 964 sitchensis, 964, 965 tilingii, 965 Sorghastrum, 327 nutans, 327 Sorghum, 327 halepense, 327 nutans, 327 sudanense, 327 vulgare, 327 Sorgum (Sorghum) SPARGANIACEAE, 192 Sparganium, 192 acaule, 193 affine , 1 93 americanum, 192, 193 androcladum, 193 angustifolium, 193 chlorocarpum. 193 diversifolium , 193 emersum, 194 eurycarpum, 193 fluctuans, 193 glomeratum, 193 greenei, 193 hyperboreum, 193 lucidum, 193 minimum, 194 mullipedunculatum, 194 natans, 193, 194 ramosum, 194 simplex, 193, 194 1701 Index Spartina, 327 alterniflora, 328 x caespitosa, 328 cynosuroides, 328, 329 glabra, 328 gracilis, 328 juncea, 328 maritima , 328 patens, 328 pectinata, 328 polystachya, 329 stricta, 328 x townsendit, 328 Spartium scoparium, 992 Spathyema foetid a, 455 Spatularia brunoniana, 888 ferruginea, 888 newcombei , 888 stellaris, 893 vreelandii, 888 Specularia perfoliata, 1438 rariffora, 1438 Spergula, 702 arvensis, 702 caespitosa , 696 decumbens, 695 nivalis , 696 nodosa, 696 saginoides, 697 sativa, 703 Spergularia, 703 borealis, 703 canadertsis, 703 diandra, 704 leiosperma, 704 macrotheca, 704 marina, 704 media, 703 rubra, 704 salina, 704 sparsiflora, 704 Spergulastrum gramineum, 708 lanceolatum , 707 Sphaeralcea, 1092 acerifolia, 1089 cocci nea, 1093 munroana, 1093 rivularis, 1089 Sphaerophysa, 1026 salsula, 1026 Sphaerostigma alyssoides ,1140 andinum , 1141 contortum ,1142 f Hi for me , 1 142 pubens, 1142 strigulosum, 1142 Sphenopholis, 329 gracilis , 329 intermedia, 329 nitida, 329 obtusata, 329 pallens, 329 Spiesia bellii, 1018 monticola, 1019 oxytropis, 1018 splendens , 1022 Spinacia, 655 oleracea, 655 Spiraea, 965 acuminata , 909 alba, 965 arbuscula, 966 ariaefolia , 923 aruncus, 909 beauverdiana, 966 betulifolia, 966 capitata, 924 chamaedrifolia , 966 densiflora, 966 discolor, 923 douglasii, 966 filipendula, 917 helleri, 966 kamchatica , 909 latifolia , 965 lobata, 917 lucida, 966 menziesii, 966 opulifolia, 924 pectinata, 924 pyramidata, 966 rosea, 966 salicifolia, 965, 966 sorbifolia, 963 splendens, 966 stevenii, 966 subvillosa, 966 tomentosa, 966 trifoliata , 923 ulmaria, 917 Spiranthes, 543 cernua, 544 decipiens, 533 gracilis, 544 lacera, 544 latifolia , 544 lucida, 544 neglecta , 545 plantaginea , 544 porrifolia, 544 romanzotfiana, 544 x steigeri, 544 Stricta , 544 unalascensis , 538 vernalis, 544 Spirodela, 456 polyrhiza, 456 Sporobolus, 330 airoides , 330 asper, 330 asperifolius , 291 cryptandrus, 330 cuspidatus, 291 depauperatus, 291 , 292 filiformis, 291 heterolepis, 330 longifolius, 330 neglectus, 330 richardsonis , 292 serotinus , 293 uniflorus , 293 vaginiflorus, 330, 331 Spraguea, 671 mutticeps, 672 umbel lata, 671 Stachys, 1320 ambigua, 1322 arvensis, 1321 aspera, 1322 betonica, 1301 borealis, 1322 ciliata, 1321 cooleyae, 1321 emersonii, 1321 foeniculum, 1301 germanica, 1321 hispida , 1322 homotricha , 1 322 italica, 1321 lanata, 1321 leibergii, 1322 mexicana, 1321 officinalis, 1301 olympica, 1321 palustris, 1321 pilosa, 1322 pubens, 1321 scopulorum, 1322 segetum, 1322 tenuifolia, 1322 velutina , 1322 Staphylea, 1072 trifolia, 1 072 STAPH YLEACEAE, 1072 Statice arctica, 1229, 1230 caro//n/'ana, 1230 interior, 1 229 labradorica, 1229 limonium, 1230 maritima , 1 229 sibirica, 1229 vulgaris, 1229 Steironema, 1226 ciliatum, 1 226 heterophyllum , 1226 hybridum, 1227 lanceolatum. 1226 longi folium, 1227 pumilum, 1226 1702 Index quadriflorum, 1226, 1227, 1354 revolutum, 1227 Stellaria, 704 alaskana, 709 alpestris, 707 alsine, 706 americana, 707 aquatica , 693 arenicola, 709 afrafa, 708 bi flora, 679, 681 borealis, 707 brachipetala, 707 calycantha, 706, 707 cerastoides, 686 ciliatosepala, 708 crassifolia, 706, 707 crassipes, 709 crispa, 707 dichotoma , 707 dicranoides, 678 dilleniana, 710 edwardsii, 709 glauca, 710 gonomischa, 710 graminea, 707 groenlandica , 678 holostea, 708 hultenii, 709 humifusa, 706, 708 labradorica . 678 laeta, 708 laxmannii, 709 longifolia, 707, 708 longipes, 708, 709 media, 710 monantha, 709 nitens, 710 nitida, 708 obtusa, 710 ovali folia, 680 palustris, 710 physodes , 680 praecox, 710 pubera, 710 ruscifolia, 709 sitchana, 707 stricta, 695, 709 subvestita, 709 uliginosa, 707 umbellata, 710 weberi, 710 Stenactis speciosa, 1546 Stenanthella occidentalis , 505 Stenanthium, 505 occidentale, 505 Stenophyllus capillaris , 340 Stenofus acaulis , 1556 armerioides , 1556 borealis, 1556 caespitosus, 1556 falcatus, 1556 florifer, 1621 lyallii, 1556 macleanii, 1556 Stephanomeria, 1614 lactucina, 1614 minor, 1614, 1615 runcinata. 1614 tenuffolia, 1614 Stipa, 331 avenacea, 331 bloomeri, 332 canadensis, 294 Columbiana, 332 comata, 331 hymenoides, 294 juncea, 294 lemmonii, 332 macounii, 294 membranacea , 294 nelsonii, 332 occidental! s, 332 pringlei, 332 richardsonii, 332 spartea, 331, 332 tweedyi, 332 viridula, 244, 332 williamsii, 332 x Stiporyzopsis bloomeri, 332 Stomoisia comuta, 1396 Streptanthus pilosus, 81 1 Streptopus, 505 amplexifolius, 505 brevipes, 506 curvipes, 506 distortus . 506 lanuginosus , 496 longipes, 506 x oreopolus, 506, 507 roseus, 506 streptopoides, 506 St rob us monticola, 185 Strophostyles, 1026 helvola, 1026 Struthiopteris filicastrum, 164 germanica, 164 nodulosa, 164 pensylvanica , 164 spicant, 157 Stylipus vernum, 923 Stylopappus elatus, 1460 grandiflorus , 1460 Stylophorum, 772 diphyllum, 772 Suaeda, 656 americana , 656 calceoliforme , 656 depressa, 656 fernaldii, 656 fruticosa, 656 intermedia, 656 linearis, 656 maritima, 656. 694 occidentalis, 656 richii, 656 torreyana, 656 Subularia, 847 aquatica, 847 Succisa, 1431 australis, 1431 pratensis, 1431 Suckleya, 657 petiolaris, 657 suckleyana, 644, 657 Suksdorlia, 894 ranunculifolia, 894 violacea, 894 Svida alternifolia, 1182 amomum, 1182 interior, 1184 pubescens, 1184 rugosa, 1184 stolonifera, 1184 Swainsonia salsula, 1026 Swertia albicaulis , 1 237 caroiiniensis, 1237 corniculata , *\ 245 deflexa, 1245 obtusa , 1246 perennis, 1246 pusilla , 1 245 rotata, 1245 Symphoria occidentalis , 1 422 racemosa, 1422 Symphoricarpos, 1422 albus, 1212, 1418, 1422 hesperius, 1422 mollis, 1422 occidentalis, 1422 oreophilus, 1423 pauciflorus, 1422 pubescens, 1422 racemosus, 1422 rivularis, 1422 utahensis, 1423 vaccinoides , 1423 Symphytum, 1294 asperrimum, 1294 asperum, 1294 officinale, 1294 Symplocarpus,455 foetidus, 455 kamtschaticus, 455 1703 Index Syndesmon thalictroides , 725 Synosma suaveolens, 1514 Syntherisma humifusum, 265 ischaemum, 265 sanguinale , 265 Synthyris, 1 380 borealis, 1380 gymnocarpa , 1339 rubra, 1339 wyomingensis , 1339 Syringa, 1233 vulgaris, 1233 Syrmatium decumbens, 1006 Taenidia, 1179 integerrima, 1179 Tagetes. 1615 papposa, 1534 patula, 1615 Talinum, 672 ciliatum, 666 menziesii, 666 okanoganense, 672 pygmaeum, 669 spinescens, 672 wayae , 672 Tanacetum, 1615 balsamita ,1519 bipinnatum, 1615 camphoratum , 1616 douglasii, 1615 huronense, 1615 kotzebuense , 1615 pauciflorum, 1615 vulgare, 1615 Taraxacum, 1616 acidolepis, 1619 alaskanum, 1619 aleuticum, 1618 ambigens, 1617 amphiphron, 1620 andersonii, 1619 angulatum, 1619 arcticum, 1618 arctogenum, 1618 arietinum , 1619 atkaense, 1619 atroglaucum, 1620 aureum, 1619 brachyceras, 1618 caligans, 1619 callorhinorum , 1619 campylodes, 1620 canadense , 1618 carneocoloratum, 1619 carthamopsis , 1618 ceratodon, 1618 ceratophofum, 1617, 1619 chamissonis, 1618 chlorostephum , 1620 chromocarpum, 1620 cinericolor, 1620 coflinum, 1620 croceum, 1619 curvidens, 1620 cyclocentrum , 1620 dahlstedtii, 1620 davidssonii, 1620 decorifolium , 1620 demissum, 1620 densifolium , 1620 dens-leonis, 1619 dentifolium, 1619 devians, 1620 dilutisquameum , 1620 disseminatum , 1 620 dumetorum, 1618. 1619 eriophorum , 161 8, 161 9 erythrospermum , 1618 eurylepium, 1619 eyerdamii, 1620 fabbeanum, 1620 festivum, 1620 firmum , 1620 flavovirens, 1620 glabrum , 1620 groenlandicum ,1618 hyparcticum, 1618 hyperboreum, 1618 hypochoeropsis , 1620 integratum, 1620 islandiciforme , 1620 kamtschaticum, 1619, 1620 kjellmannii, 1620 kodiakense, 1620 lacerum, 1618 laevigatum, 1618 lapponicum, 1619 lateritium , 1618 latilimbatum , 1620 latilobum, 1619 latispinulosum, 1620 laurentianum, 1619 leptoceras, 1618 leptoglossum , 1620 leptopholis , 1620 lingulatum, 1620 longii, 1619 lyratum , 1620 malteanum, 1618 maurolepium, 1620 maurostylum, 1619 microceras, 1620 mitratum, 1620 montanum, 1618 multesimum , 1620 mutilum. 1618 naevosum, 1620 niva/e, 1620 ochraceum, 1618, 1620 officinale, 1618, 1619 ovinum, 1618 palustre, 1619 paralium, 1620 patagiatum, 1620 pellianum, 1618 phalolepis , 1620 phymatocarpum, 1619 pleniflorum, 1620 pribilofense, 1620 pseudonorvegicum , 1618 pumilum, 1619 purpuridens, 1619 retroflexum, 1620 rhodolepis, 1619 ruberaceum, 1618 rupestre, 1619 russeolum, 1618 scanicum ,1618,1620 scopulorum , 1619 scotostigma, 1620 sibiricum, 1620 signatum , 1620 speirodon, 1620 sublacerum , 1 620 sublaeticolor, 1620 taraxacum , 1619 tenebricans . 1 620 torngatense, 1619 trigonolobum, 1618 tumentilobum , 1620 umbrinum, 1618 undulatum , 1620 vagans, 1620 vulgare, 1619 Taraxia breviflora, 1142 TAXACEAE, 177 TAXODIACEAE, 189 Taxus, 177 baccata, 177 brevifolia, 177 canadensis, 177 Tecoma radicans, 1389 Teesdalia, 847 nudicaults, 847 Telesonix, 894 heucheriformis , 895 jamesii, 894 Teltima, 895 bulbifera , 867 glabra, 867 grandiflora, 895 nudicaulis , 864 odorata, 895 parviflora , 867 racemose , 864 tenella , 868 Tephrosia, 1026 hotosericea, 1026 virginiana, 1026 Tessenia glabella, 1542 oligodonta, 1542 1704 Index Philadelphia, 1544 racemosa, 1543 Tetradymia, 1620 canescens, 1620 Tetragonanthus deflexus, 1245 Tetraneuris acaulis, 1571 herbacea, 1571 septentrionalis, 1571 simplex, 1571 Tetrapoma barbaraefolia , 843 Teucrium, 1323 boreale, 1323 botrys, 1323 canadense, 1323 littorale, 1323 occidentals. 1323 scorodonia, 1323 virginicum, 1323 Thalesia fasciulata, 1393 lutea, 1393 minuta, 1394 purpurea, 1394 sedi, 1394 uni flora , 1394 Thalictrum, 756 alpinum, 757 anemonoides , 725 breitungii, 758 campestre , 759 clavatum, 758 columbianum , 759 confine, 757 cornuti, 758 corynellum, 758 dasycarpum, 757 dioicum, 757, 758 fendleri, 758 fissum, 759 glaucodeum , 758 heterophyllum , 758 hultenii, 758 hypoglaucum, 758 kemense, 758 labradoricum , 758 leucocrinum , 758 lunellii, 759 minus, 758 occidental. 757, 758 polygamum, 758 propinquum , 758 pubescens. 758 purpurascens, 757, 758 revolutum, 758 richardsonii , 758 sparsiflorum, 758 terrae-novae , 758 thalictroides . 725 tortuosum, 758 turner, i, 759 venulosum, 757, 758, 759 zibellinum, 758 Thapsia barbinode, 1179 trifoiiata , 1179 Thaspium, 1 1 79 actaeifolium , 1159 aureum , 1179, 1 180 barbinode. 1 1 79 trifoliatum. 1179, 1180 Thelaia elliptica, 1191 Thelesperma, 1620 ambiguum, 1620 marginatum, 1620 Thellungiella salsuginea, 791 Thelycrania alba ,1184 racemosa .1183 rugosa ,1184 stolonifera, 1 184 Thelypodium, 847 laciniatum, 847 pinnatifidum , 833 Thelypteris, 169 cristata, 162 dilatata, 161 dryopteris, 163 filix-mas, 162 fragrans, 162, 163 goldiana, 163 hexagonoptera, 170 limbosperma, 170 marginalis , 1 63 nevadensis, 1 70 noveboracensis, 170 palustris, 170 phegopteris, 170 robertiana, 164 simulata. 170 spinulosa, 161 Thermopsis. 1026 arenosa , 1027 fabacea, 1027 gracilis, 1027 mollis, 1026 montana, 1027 rhombifolia, 1027 Therofon (Therophon) Therophon circinnatum, 863 occidental, 863 richardsonii, 863 Therorhodion camtschaticum , 1207 glandulosum, 1207 Thesium umbellatum, 610 Thladiantha, 1433 dubia, 1433 Thlaspi, 848 alpestre, 848 arcticum, 848 arvense, 848 bursa-pastoris , 805 campestre , 835 fendleri. 848 glaucum, 848 hesperium, 848 montanum, 848 perfoliatum, 848 purpurascens , 848 Thrincia leysseri, 1 577 Thuja, 187 excelsa, 179 gigantea , 187 menziesii, 187 occidentalis, 187 plicata, 187 THYMEUVEACEAE, 1121 Thymus, 1323 acinos, 1318 arcticus, 1 324 chamaedrys, 1324 chamissonis, 1318 douglasii, 1318 drucei, 1324 praecox, 1324 pulegioides, 1324 serpyllum, 1324 virginicus, 1316 Thysanocarpus, 848 curvipes, 848 pusiilus, 799 Tiarella, 895 altemifolia , 895 cordifolia, 895 laciniata , 895 menziesii, 895 stenopetala, 895 trifoiiata, 895 unifoliata , 895 Tiedemannia rigid a, 1175 Tigarea tridentata . 943 Tilia, 1086 americana, 1086 canadensis , 1 086 cordata, 1086 europaea. 1086 glabra , 1086 grandifolia, 1086 neglecta , 1 086 parvifolia , 1 086 platyphyllos, 1086 pubescens, 1086 TILIACEAE, 1086 Tilingia ajanensis, 1163 Tillaea, 859 aquatica, 859, 1218 Index simplex, 859 vaillantii, 859 Tillaeastrum aquaticum, 859 Tiniaria scandens, 633 Tissa canadensis, 703 marina , 704 rubra, 704 Tithymalopsis corollata, 1056 Tithymalus cyparissia s, 1056 esula, 1057 exigua , 1 057 helioscopia, 1057 lathyrus, 1057 lucid a, 1057 obtusatus, 1058 peplus , 1 058 Tium alpinum, 983 drummondii, 985 , 101 racemosum, 968 Tofieldia, 506 borealis, 507 coccinea, 507 glutinosa, 507 intermedia , 507 minima, 507 nutans , 507 occidentalis , 507 paiustris, 507 pusilla, 507 Tolmiea, 895 menziesii, 895 occidentalis , 1200 Tonella, 1380 tenella, 1380 Tonestus lyallii, 1556 Tordylium anthriscus, 1 180 nodosum , 1180 Torilis, 1179 anthriscus, 1180 an/ensis, 1 1 80 japonica, 1180 nodosa, 1 1 80 Tormentilla erecta, 831 Torresia odorata, 282 Torreyochloa, 333 pallida, 333 paucifiora, 333 Torularia humilis, 803 Tovara, 640 filiformis, 640 virginiana, 640 Townsendia, 1620 exscapa, 1621 florifer, 1621 hooked, 1621 mensana, 1621 parryi, 1621 sericea, 1621 spathulata, 1621 Toxicodendron altissimum, 1050 diversiloba , 1 066 glabrum, 1066 negundo, 1066 radicans, 1066 rydbergii, 1066 trilobatum, 1065 vernix, 1067 Toxicoscordion gramineum, 513 paniculatum, 512 venenosum, 513 Toxylon pomifera, 605 Tracaulon sagittatum , 632 Trachynoti cynosuroides , 328 polystachya , 329 Tradescantia, 460 barbata, 460 bracfeafa, 461 canaliculata . 461 occidentalis, 460 ohiensis, 460 reflexa, 461 virginiana, 460, 461 Tragacantha alpina, 983 beckwithii, 984 bisulcata , 984 bourgovii, 984 caryocarpa, 985 collina, 985 drummondii, 985 filipes, 986 flexuosa, 986 glabriuscula , 982 glareosa , 988 lentiginosa , 987 missouriensis , 988 purshii, 988 sclerocarpa, 989 serotina, 987 tenella , 989 Tragopogon, 1621 x crantzii, 1622 dubius, 1622 major, 1 622 x mirabilis, 1622 x mirus, 1622 porrifolius, 1622 pratensis, 1622 Trautvetteria, 759 carolinensis, 759 grandis, 759 palmata , 759 saniculifolia , 759 Triadenum fraseri, 1097 virginicum, 1097 Triantha glutinosa , 507 Tribulus, 1048 terrestris, 1048 Trichachne nutans, 327 Trichodium album, 237 decumbens, 238 laxiflorum , 237 scabrum, 237 Trichophorum alpinum, 449 caespitosum , 448 cypednum, 448 pumilum, 451 Trichophyllum integrifolium , 1 547 lanatum, 1547 oppositifolium , 1 506 Trichostema brachiata, 1304 dichotomum , 1 324 Tnclisperma paucifolia, 1052 Tridophyllum bienne, 929 paradoxa, 936 rivale , 937 Trientalis, 1227 aleutica, 1228 amedcana, 1227 arctica , 1 228 borealis, 1 227 europaea, 1 227 latifolia, 1227 Trifolium, 1027 agrarium, 1030 albopurpureum , 1 032 alexandrinum, 1030 appendiculatum , 1033 arvense, 1031 aureum, 1030 bifidum, 1031 campestre, 1033 cyathiferum, 1031 depauperatum, 1031 dianthum, 1033 dichotomum . 1 032 dubium, 1031 fimbriatum, 1034 flavulum, 1031 fragiferum, 1031 fucatum, 1031 gracilentum, 1031 1706 Index greenei, 1031 heterodon. 1034 hybridum, 1031 incarnatum, 1031 involucratum , 1034 longipes, 1032 lupinaster, 1032 macraei, 1032 macrocephalum, 1032 medium, 1032 megacephalurn , 1032 melilotus, 1016, 1034 microcephalum, 1032 microdon. 1032 minus, 1031 oliganthum, 1032 ornithopodioides , 1 034 paucifiorum, 1032 pensylvanicum , 1033 pratense, 1032 procumbens, 1033 reflexum, 1033 repens, 1033 resupinatum, 1033 rostratum , 1033 spinulosum, 1034 subterranean, 1033 tridentatum, 1033 variegatum, 1033 wormskjoldii, 1033 Trigiochin, 209 concinna , 209 elata, 209 gaspense , 209 maritima, 209 palustris, 209 Trigonelia, 1034 americana, 1007 caerulea, 1034 corniculata, 1034 hamosa , 1 034 ornithopodioides, 1034 Trigonotis, 1294 peduncularis, 1294 Trilliaceae, 484 Trillium, 507 eernuum, 508, 510 erectum, 508 erythrocarpum ,510 grandiflorum, 509, 510 luteum, 509 nivale, 510 obovatum, 509, 510 ovatum, 510 pictum, 510 recurvatum, 510 rhomboideum, 509 scouleri , 510 unduiatum, 510 Trimorphaea borealis, 1547 Triodanis, 1438 perfoliata, 1438 Triodia decumbens, 327 Triosteum, 1423 aurantiacum, 1423 pertoliatum, 1423 Triphora, 545 trianthophora, 545 Triphysaria hispida, 1363 Triplasis, 333 purpurea, 333 Tripleurospermum ambiguum, 1581 inodorum, 1581 phaeocephalum , 1581 Tripolium angustum, 1499 frondosum, 1498 occidentale, 1501 paucifiorum, 1501 subuiatum , 1505 Tripterocalyx micranthus , 661 Trisetum, 333 airoides, 335 alaskanum , 335 americanum, 335 bongardii, 258 brandegei , 335 canescens , 334 eernuum, 334 flaveseens, 334 groenlandicum , 335 labradoricum , 335 lobatum, 329 maidenii, 335 melicoides, 334 montanum, 334 nutkaense, 334 purpurascens, 325 sesquiflorum , 258, 335 sibiricum, 334 spicatum, 334 subspicatum , 335 (riflorum, 335 williamsii, 262 wolfii, 335 Triteleia grandiflora, 493 hyacinthina, 493 Triticum, 335 aestivum, 335 bit forum , 232 caninum , 232 macrourum , 232 repens, 230, 231 sativum , 335 sibiricum , 231 trachycaulum, 233 turgidum, 335 vulgare , 335 Trollius, 759 atbit torus, 759 americanus, 759 europaeus, 759 laxus, 759 riederianus, 759 Troximon aurantiacum, 1460 cuspidatum , 1582 gtaucum, 1460 gracilens , 1460 grandiflorum, 1460 heterophyllum , 1460 humile, 1460 parviflorum, 1460 pumilum, 1460 taraxacifofium. 1460 Tsuga, 187 americana, 188 candensis, 188 douglasii, 1 86 heterophylla, 1 88 bookeriana , 188 mertensiana, 188 pattoniana, 188 Tunica, 710 saxifraga, 710 Turritis brachycarpa, 795 diffusa, 791 drummondii, 795 glabra, 795 hirsuta, 795 laevigata, 797 mollis, 831 oi/ata, 795 patula, 794 retrofracta, 796 Stricta , 795 Tussilago, 1622 farfara, 1622 frigida, 1584 hybrida, 1584 palmata, 1584 sagittata, 1584 Typha, 191 angustifolia, 191 domingensis, 191 glauca, 191 latifolia, 191 TYPHAC£AE, 191 Typhoides arundinacea , 303 Udora canadensis, 216 verticillata, 216 Ulex, 1034 europaeus, 1034 ULMACEAE, 602 Ulmaria rubra, 917 Ulmus, 603 americana, 603 campestris, 604 1707 Index fulva , 604 glabra, 603 montana, 604 parvifolia, 604 procera, 604 pubescens , 604 pumila, 604 racemosa , 604 rubra, 604 thomasri, 604 UMBELLIFERAE, 1151 Unamia alba, 1502 lutescens, 1502 Uncinia breviseta, 391 Unifolium canadense, 501 dilatatum, 501 liliaceum, 501 Uniola spicata, 266 stricta , 266 Urachne brevicaudata , 294 micrantha, 294 Uraspermum brevipes, 1174 divaricata, 1174 Urtica, 608 californica, 608 canadensis, 607 capitata, 607 cardiophylla, 609 cylindrica, 607 dioica, 608 divaricata, 607 gracilis, 608, 609 holosericea, 608 lyallii, 609 procera , 608 pumila, 608 urens, 609 viridis, 609 URTICACEAE, 607 Urticastrum divaricatum , 607 Utricufaria, 1395 biflora, 1396 clandestina, 1397 cornuta, 1396 geminiscapa, 1396 gibba, 1397 inf lata, 1397 intermedia, 1396, 1397 macrorhiza, 1398 minor, 1397 ochroleuca, 1397 purpurea, 1397 radiata, 1397 resupinata, 1397 subulata, 1397 vulgaris, 1398 Uva-ursi uva-ursi, 1198 Uvularia, 510 grandiflora, 510 lanuginosa , 496 perfoliata, 510 puberula, 496 sessilifolia, 510 smithii, 496 Vaccaria pyramidata, 697 segetalis , 697 vaccaria, 697 vulgaris , 697 Vacciniaceae, 1194 Vaccinium, 1208 alaskaense, 1210 albiflorum, 1211 album , 1212, 1422 amoenum, 1211 angustifolium, 1210, 1211, 1212 atrococcum, 1211 boreale, 1210 brittonii, 1210 caespitosum, 1211 canadense, 1211 chamissonis, 1212 corymbosum, 1201, 1211 deliciosum, 1211 dumosum, 1201 erythrocarpum ,1212 frondosum, 1202 gaultherioides ,1213 glaucum, 1202 globulare, 1211 hirtellum, 1201 hispiduSum, 1200 humifusum, 1201 lamarckii, 1210 ligustricinum , 1201 macrocarpon, 1204 macrophyllum , 1211 membranaceum, 1211,1212 microcarpon , 1 205 microphyllum ,1213 mucronatum, 1069 myrtilfoides, 1211 myrtillus, 1212 nigrum, 1210 nubigenum, 1212 oblatum, 1210 occidentate, 1213 oreophilum, 1212 ovalifolium, 1210, 1212 ovatum, 1212 oxycoccus, 1205 pallidum, 1211 paludicola, 1211 parvifolium, 1212 pensilvanicum , 1210 pubescens, 1212 resinosum, 1201 salicinum, 1213 scoparium, 1212 stamineum, 1212 torreyanum, 1213 ufiginosum, 1212 vacillans, 1213 vitis-idaea, 1213 Vagnera amplexicaulis, 503 liliacea, 504 racemosa, 503 sessilifolia , 504 stellata , 504 trifolia, 504 Vahlodea atropurpurea, 264 Valeriana, 1427 bracteosa, 1428 capitata, 1428 ceratophylla , 1 428 ciliata, 1428 dioica, 1428 edulis, 1428 locusta, 1429 occidentalis, 1428 officinalis, 1428 scouleri, 1429 septentrionalis , 1428 sitchensis, 1428, 1429 sylvatica, 1428, 1429 uliginosa, 1428, 1429 VALERI ANACEAE, 1427 Valerianella, 1429 anomala, 1427 chenopodifofia, 1429 congesta, 1427 locusta, 1 429 macrocera, 1427 olitoria, 1429 samolifolia, 1427 Vallisnerra, 217 americana, 217 spiralis, 217 Vancouveria, 762 hexandra, 762 Veratrum, 51 1 album, 511 eschscholtzii , 51 1 lobelianum , 51 1 luteum, 495 oxysepalum , 51 1 parviflorum ,511 viride, 511 Verbascum, 1380 blattaria, 1 380 lychnitis, 1381 nigrum, 1381 phlomoides, 1381 thapsus, 1381 virgatum, 1380, 1381 Verbena, 1295 angustifolia, 1296 1708 index braeteata, 1295, 1296 bracteosa, 1295 x deamii, 1295 x dodgei, 1296 x engelmannii, 1296 hastata, 1296, 1386 lasiostachys , 1296 paniculata , 1 296 x paniculatistricta, 1296 x perriana, 1296 robusta, 1296 x rydbergii, 1296 simplex, 1296 stricta, 1295, 1296 urticifolia, 1296 VERBENACEAE, 1295 Verbesina alba, 1535 alternifolia , 1 459 Vernonia, 1622 altissima, 1623 corymbosa, 1623 fasciculata, 1623 iltinoensis , 1623 missurica, 1 623 noveboracensis, 1623 praealta, 1623 Veronica, 1381 agrestis, 1383 aipina, 1384, 1386 americana, 1385 anagallis, 1385 anagallis-aquatica, 1385, 1386 aquatica, 1386 arvensis, 1385 bachofenii, 1386 beccabunga, 1385 buxbaumii, 1387 catenata, 1385 chamaedrys, 1386 cinerea, 1339 comosa, 1386 connata, 1386 cusickii, 1386 didyma , 1387 filiformis, 1386 f ruticans, 1 386 grandiflora, 1386 grandis, 1386 humifusa, 1388 incana, 1386 kamtschatica , 1386 latifolia, 1386 longifolia, 1386, 1388 maritima , 1386 nutans, 1384 officinalis, 1386 peregrina, 1387 persica, 1384, 1387 polita, 1387 pumila, 1384 salina , 1386 scutellata, 1387 serpyllifolia, 1388 spicata, 1388 stetleri, 1384 tenella, 1388 teucrium , 1386 tournefortii , 1387 verna, 1388 villosa, 1384 virginica , 1 388 wormskjoldii , 1384 xalapensis, 1387 Veronicastrum, 1388 sibiricum, 1388 virginicum, 1388 Vesicaria aipina, 837 arctica, 837 arenosa, 838 didymocarpa , 840 ludoviciana , 838 Vesiculina purpurea , 1 397 Viburnum, 1423 acerifolium, 1424, 1425 affine, 1425 alnifolium, 1424 americanum, 1425 cassinoides, 1197, 1424, 1425 dentatum, 1424 edule, 1424 lantana, 1424 lantanoides, 1424 lentago, 1424 nudum, 1424 Opulus, 1424, 1425 oxycoccus, 1424, 1425 pauciflorum, 1424 prunifotium , 1424 pubescens, 1424 rafinesquianum, 1425 recognitum, 1424 trilobum, 1425 Vicia, 1034 americana, 1 036 angustifolia , 1037 caespitosa, 1036 caroliniana, 1036 cracca, 1036 dasycarpa, 1036 faba, 1036 gigantea, 1036 hirsute. 1037 lathyroides, 1037 oregana, 1036 pusilla, 1037 sativa, 1037 septum, 1037 sitchensis, 1036 sparsifolia , 1 036 sylvatica, 1036 tenuifolia, 1036 tetrasperma, 1037 trifida, 1036 truncata, 1036 villosa, 1037 Vilfa arundinacea, 243 cryptandra, 330 cuspidata, 291 depauperata , 291 , 292 gracilis , 291 heterolepis, 330 lutosa, 318 monandra, 304 richardsonis , 292 squarrosa , 292 triniana , 330 vaginiflora , 331 Villarsia cordata, 1246 crista-galli, 1236 lacunosa , 1 246 Vinca, 1248 major, 1248 minor, 1248 Vincetoxicum medium , 1252 nigrum, 1252 officinale, 1252 Viola, 1103 x abundans, 1114 achyrophora , 1110 adunca. 1108, 1109, 1110 affinis, 1108 albertina, 1108 allionii, 1 108 amoena, 1109 arenaria, 1108 arvensis, 1109 asarifolia ,1110 biflora, 1109, 1111 blanda, 1109 brainerdii, 1114 canadensis, 1109, 1111,1115 canina, 1108, 1109 cardaminefolia , 1 1 08 clandestina, 1109 cognata ,1112 concolor, 1103 conspersa, 1108, 1109 cucullata, 1110, 1113 debilis, 1108 delphinifolia, 1113 epipsila, 1110, 1113 eriocarpa, 1 110, 1114 fimbriatula, 1110, 1114 glabella, 1110 howellii, 1111 incognita, 1111 kitaibeliana, 1111 labradorica , 1108 lanceolata, lilt, 1113 langsdorfii, 1111 latiuscula, 1111 linguaefolia, 1112 macabeiana, 1112 1709 Index macloskeyi, 1111, 1113 Vise aria papufifera, 457 x malteana, 1110 alpina, 692 punctata, 457 x melissaefolia, 1110 Viscum Woodsia, 171 mirabilis, 1111 terrestre, 1222 abbeae, 172 mistassinica , 1112 VITACEAE, 1084 alpina, 171 morrtana, 1 109 Vitlcella bellii, 171 montanensis ,1108 brevi flora , 1271 cathcartiana , 1 72 monticola, 1108 parvi flora, 1271 confusa , 1 72 muhtenbergiana ,1108 pedunculata , 1271 glabella, 171 muhlenbergii , 1108 Vitis, 1084 x gracilis, 171 nephrophylla, 1109, 1110, aestivalis, 1 085 hyperborea, 171 1112 argentifotia , 1085 ilvensis, 171, 172 novae-angliae, 1112 bicolor, 1 085 x macounii, 172 nuttallii, 1112 cordifolia, 1085 obtusa, 172 obliqua , 1110 inserts, 1084 oregana, 172 ochroleuca ,1115 labrusca. 1085 scopulina, 172 odorata, 1112 labruscana, 1085 x tryonis, 171 orbiculata, 1113 lecontiana, 1085 Woodwardia, 172 ovata, 1112, 1114 quinquefolia , 1084 areolata, 173, 458 pallens, 1111,1113 riparia, 1085 chamissoi, 173 palmata, 1113 x vinifera, 1085 fimbriata, 173 palustris, 1113 vulpina, 1085 onocleoides , 173 papilionacea, 1110, 1113 Vitis-idaea radicans, 173 pedata, 1113 vitis-idaea, 1213 spinulosa, 173 pedatifida, 1113 Volvulus virginica, 173 pensylvanica , 1 1 1 0, 1 1 1 4 sepium, 1254 Wulfenia peramoena, 1112 spithamaeus, 1254 gymnocarpa, 1339 pinnata ,1113 Vulpia, 335 wyomingensis , 1339 x populifolia, 1115 bromoides, 336 Wyethia, 1623 x porteriana, 1110 dertonensis, 336 amplexicaulis, 1623 praemorsa ,1112 megaleura, 336 angustifolia, 1623 primulifolia, 1113 microstachys, 336 prionosepala , 1110 myuros, 336 Xanthisma, 1623 pubescens, 1110, 1114 octoflora, 336 texana, 1623 rafinesquii , 1111 pacifica , 336 Xanthium, 1624 renifolia, 1114 reflexa, 336 americanum, 1625 repens, 1110 canadense , 1625, 1626 rostrata, 1110,1114 Wahlbergella chinense, 1624, 1625 rotundifolia, 1111, 1114 affinis, 693 commune, 1626 rugulosa , 1109 apetala, 692 curvescens, 1625 russellii, 1112 drummondii, 693 echinatum, 1625 rydbergii, 1109 parryi, 701 glabratum, 1626 sagittata, 1110, 1112,1114 striata, 693 glanduliferum , 1 626 sarmentosa ,1113,1115 Waldsteinia, 967 italicum, 1625 scabriuscula, 1114 fragarioides, 967 macounii, 1626 selkirkii, 1115 Washingtonia macrocarpum, 1626 sempervirens, 1113, 1115 brevipes, 1174 orientale, 1625 septentrionalis, 1 1 10, 1 1 14, claytonii, 1 175 oviforme, 1625 1115 divaricata ,1174 pensylvanicum, 1625, 1626 simulata, 1111 intermedia, 1174 pungens, 1625 sororia. 1108, 1110,1115 longistylis , 1175 spinosum, 1625, 1626 striata, 1110, 1114, 1115 nuda ,1174 strumarium, 1625, 1626 x sublanceolata, 1113 obtusa, 1175 varians, 1625, 1626 subvestita, 1108 purpurea, 1174 Xanthoxalis tricolor, 1109, 1115 Wilhelmsia stricta , 1 042 triloba, 1115 physodes , 680 Xanthoxylum vatlicola, 1112 Windsoria (Zanthoxylum) venustula , 1108 pallida, 333 Xerophyllum, 511 VIOLACEAE, 1103 Wolffia, 456 tenax, 511 Viorna arhiza, 457 Xylophacos hirsutissima, 729 braziliensis , 457 glareosus, 988 Viscago coiumbiana , 457 missouriensis, 988 furcata , 693 purs hi i, 988 1710 Index Xylosteon (Xylosteum) Xylosteum album, 1422 canadense, 1418 involucratum , 1419 oblongifofium , 1419 solonis, 1420 ufaftens/s , 1420 villosum, 1420 XYRIDACEAE, 458 Xyris, 458 bulbosa , 458 canadensis , 458 caroliniana, 458 flexuosa , 458 montana, 458 torta, 458 Youngia americana , 1 532 elegans , 1 532 nana, 1532 Yucca, 512 filamentosa, 512 glauca, 512 Zannichellia, 206 palustris, 206 Zannichelliaceae , 195 Zanthoxylum, 1049 americanum, 1049 fraxinifolium , 1049 ramiflorum , 1049 Zea, 336 mays, 336 Zerna erecta, 251 inermis, 251 Zigadenus. 512 chloranthus , 512 elegans. 512 glaucus, 512 gramineus, 513 intermedius, 513 paniculatus, 512 venenosus, 512 Zizania. 336 aquatica, 336 palustris, 337 Zizia. 1180 aptera, 1179, 1180 aurea, 1180 cordata , 1 1 80 integerrima, 1 179 Zostera, 207 marina, 207, 217 ZOSTERACEAE, 195 Zosterella dubia . 462 Zygadenus (Zigadenus) ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 1048 1711 I 4