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C-uA

FLORA HONGKONGENSIS.

HONG-KONG

and the
KOWLOOif PEJflNSTJLA.

Sjediuxd iy IemvusnoTi.,fram.i}ieAAinit-ahfy Oiart of 185',
i ^ % 1 2 3

Zondjcrnlovell lUeve. Kavridta. Sired, 1861 .

FLORA HONGKONGENSIS :

A DESCRIPTION

OP

THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

OF THE

Jslanir of ^ougliong,

GEORGE BENTHAM, V.P.L.S.

WITH A 3IAF OF THE ISLAND.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HER MAJESTY'S SECRETARY
OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES.

LONDON:
LOVELL KEEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1861.

D.SC. •»«

-^79

JOHN EDWARD TATLOE, PRINTEB,
LITTLE QUBKN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.

TO

SIR HERCULES GEORGE R. ROBINSON,

GOVERNOR, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, AND VICE-ADMIRAL
IN THE COLONY OF HONGKONG,

WHO HAS EVER

PROVED HIMSELF A ZEALOUS PROMOTER OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH,

ESPECIALLY BY

THE ASSISTANCE AND ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN TO BOTANICAL TRAVELLERS,

AS WELL AS BY THE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS HE HAS HIMSELF

TRANSMITTED TO THE ROYAL GARDENS AT KEW,

THIS WOUK
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.

PREMCE,

The little island of Hongkong is situated off the southern coast of
China, at the mouth of the Canton river, between lat. 22° 9' and 22° 21'
N. It consists of a rugged mountain ridge, running from east to west,
broken into three or four peaks attaining an elevation of betAveen 1700
and 1800 feet above the level of the sea, and intersected by deep narrow
ravines. It is of very irregular outline, cut into deep inlets, especially
on the south coast, where the hills occasionally slope down to a broad
sandy beach, whilst several of the headlands terminate in perpendicular
cliffs. Its greatest length is about eight miles, by a breadth of little
more than four, and has an area of rather more than twenty-nine square
miles. It is separated from the opposite hilly, and in some places more
elevated, mainland by a strait, variously called Cap-Syng-Moon, or
Cum-Sing-Moon,* which in its narrowest part (the Lye- Moon pass) is
only half a mile in breadth, and, opposite to our newly acquired district
of Kowloon, expands into a capacious harbour.

What we know of its physical condition and climate as aifecting its
Flora, is chiefly derived from the " Eemarks on the physical aspect and
vegetation of Hongkong," published by the late Mr. E. B. Hinds, in
Hooker's ' London Journal of Botany,' vol. i. p. 47G (1842), and from Dr.
B. Seemann's ' Introduction to the Mora of Hongkong,' in his Botany
of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald (1857). Both these writers repre-
sent its general aspect, especially when viewed from the south-east
during the dry or winter season, as barren and bleak in the extreme,
and apparently denuded of anything like arborescent vegetation. The
more sheltered valleys and ravines, on the contrary, on the northern and

* So it is explained by Seemann. Other authorities restrict the name of Cap-Syng-Moon
to the pass lying between the Isle of Lautao and the mainland.

8* PREFACE.

western sides, saturated with moisture during the long-continued heavy-
rains of spring and early summer, and never exposed to real drought,
afford to the botanist who examines them in detail an extraordinarily
varied Plora. And a large proportion of this Flora is characterized by
the collectors as arborescent or shrubby, although on the other hand
the woods are stated to be of very limited extent, generally of stunted
growth, and to consist mainly of very few species, Piiius sinensis on the
more exposed parts, Ternstrcemia japonic a and a few others in the more
sheltered valleys ; the numerous species of Oak, Tig, and other trees be-
ing usually limited to few individuals.

The rock of the island is chiefly granite (syenite), with occasional
masses of basaltic trap. Limestone is entirely v.antiug. The tempera-
ture is as variable as the degree of humidity, the burning heats of a tro-
pical sun alternating with the cold devastating fury of a Chinese typhoon.
The annual range of the thermometer is from about 47° to 93° Fahr.,
according to a table of six years' observation given by Dr. Seemann
from a Hongkong Almanack, but it is probably still wider, as Mr. Hinds
states that at Canton it is from 29° to 94°, and the daily range is also
considerable.

Previous to the year 1841, the collections of South Chinese plants
received in Europe were chiefly from the neighbourhood of Macao or
Canton, or from the islands of the Canton river lying between those two
towns. Some collectors or botanical amateurs had indeed, from Macao,
made excursions to the opposite coast, and may probably have landed in
Hongkong, and the plants recorded in the ' Plantse Meyenianse,' as from
the Cap-Syng-Moon, although mostly from the island of Lantao, a few
miles higher up the river, may also in some instances be of Hongkong
origin, but we have no authentic record of any plants gathered in that
island until the survey made by the of&cers of H.M.S. Sulphur, under
Captain Sir Edward Belcher, in the year 1841. It was on the occasion
of this survey that the late Mr. Kichaed Beinsley Hinds, surgeon
of the vessel, made the first collection of Hongkong plants which has
reached us. Notwithstanding the unfavourable period of the year, —
his stay round the island was only for a few weeks during the winter or
dry season, — he was enabled on his return home to place in my hands
specimens of nearly 140 species, the Enumeration of which I published
in Hooker's ' Loudon Journal of Botany,' vol. i. p. 482.

Early in 1847, the late Colonel (then Captain) J. Gr. Champion, of
the 95th Kegiment, who had already, during his residence in Ceylon,

PREFACE. 9*

made several interesting additions to the known plants of that colony,
removed with his regiment to Hongkong. He remained there three
years, and during his leisure moments devoted himself with ardour to
the investigation of the Mora of the island. He very early transmitted
to his friend the late Dr. Gardner, then Superintendent of the Botanic
Gardens at Peradenia, in Ceylon, several entirely new species, descrip-
tions of which that botanist remitted for publication to Sir "W. Hooker,
who inserted them in the first volume of his ' Kew Journal of Botany.'
On his return to England in 1850, Col. Champion brought with him a
fine collection of between five and six hundred species of phsBnogamous
plants and ferns, the result of his labours. These included the great
majority of the dicotyledonous plants, orchids and ferns, which have
hitherto been found in the vicinity of Victoria, in the rich watery or
wooded valleys of the north-west from AYeat Point to the Happy Valley,
and thence up to the principal central peaks. Mounts Victoria, Gough,
and Parker. He had also extended his herborizations to Chuck- Chew
(Stanley) on the south coast, and to Saywan on the east, and perhaps
to a few other distant points, but he had seldom been able to visit the
back of the island, and we miss in his collection a few interesting species
previously gathered by Mr. Hinds about Tytam-took, as well as the
riora of the maritime sands generally. He paid also but little attention
to glumaceous plants, or indeed to almost any monocotyledons except
orchids. Early in 1851 he placed in my hands a complete set of his
specimens, accompanied frequently by analytical sketches and descrip-
tions made on the spot, and almost always by most valuable memoranda
relating to precise station, to stature, colour, etc., which it were to be
wished were less neglected by the majority of collectors ; and on leaving
England for the fatal Crimean campaign, he deposited the remaining
specimens which he had reserved for himself, in the herbarium of Sir
W. J. Hooker. In the meantime, with Col. Champion's assistance, I
had proceeded to the enumeration of the species gathered by him, in-
cluding descriptions of numerous entirely new ones, which appeared
successively in detached portions in Hooker's ' Kew Journal of Botany,'
vols. iii. to vii. and ix.

Dr. H. E. Hakce, now at Canton, has been almost continuously re-
sident in Southern China since 1844, and the greater portion of the time
in Hongkong, where he zealously applied himself to the study of the
Elora of the island. He remitted a few descriptions of species which
he believed to be new, to Sir W. J. Hooker, who published them in the
first volume of his ' Kew Journal of Botany,' and placed the diagnoses

10* PREFACE.

of many others in the hands of the late Dr. Walpers, who inserted them
in the second and third volumes of his * Annales Botauices Systematicse.'
Shortly afterwards (in 1851), being on a visit to this country, Dr. Hance
entrusted the whole of his Hongkong herbarium to Dr. Berthold See-
mann, who, as naturalist on board H. M. surveying-ship the Herald,
had visited Hongkong in December, 1850, and himself made some col-
lections there, and was then, on his return to England, about to publish
the botanical results of that Expedition. Accordingly, at the close of
Dr. Seemann's ' Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald,' we find a
" Flora of the Island of Hongkong," published in 1857, and containing
an enumeration of 773 phsenogamous plants and ferns, based chiefly
upon Dr. Hance' s collections, and, in some Orders, confined to those
and to Dr. Seemann's own, but in the generality of cases comprising
also Mr. Hinds's and Col. Champion's plants. Since that period, I have
received several valuable communications from Dr. Hance, either notes
on species already enumerated, or specimens of others since found in
the island, as well as many interesting species from Canton, Amoy, and
other points of the Chinese coast, illustrative of the general botanical
regions of which Hongkong forms a part. On Dr. Seemann's recent
departure for the South Sea, he left Dr. Hance' s and his own original
specimens which he had examined for his Elora (with the exception of
orchids and ferns) at Kew, where he has liberally allowed me access
to them for the purpose of identification and comparison.

The late De. W. A. Haelafd, Government Surgeon at Hongkong,
brought to this country in 1857 a very valuable set of Hongkong
plants, including many that had escaped the notice of previous col-
lectors. He allowed me to select specimens of all that appeared new
or interesting, and I took notes of a few others which I then thought
w ere very familiarly known species, but of which I have subsequently
regretted I had not retained specimens for more exact comparison.

Mr. Chaeles "Weight, of the United States, so well known for the
beauty and excellence of the specimens distributed from his various
botanical expeditions, was naturalist on board the TJ. S. ship the Vin-
cennes, and other vessels forming the United States North Pacific Ex-
ploring Expedition, under the command first of Captain Ringgold and
afterwards of Captain John Eodgers. During this cruise Mr. Wright
staid at Hongkong from March to September, 1854, and from January
to April, 1855, and has proved himself as zealous and active on this as
on other occasions, for he brought away specimens of above 500 species,
several of them of great interest, and not received from any other

PREFACE. 11*

source. An almost complete set has beeu remitted to me for publica-
tion by Dr. Asa Gray.

Me. Chaeles Wileoed, collector for the Eoyal Gardens at Kew,
remained in Hongkong from November 1857 to June 1858, and re-
mitted to this country above 400 species now deposited in the Hookerian
herbarium. This collection has been of considerable use to me, the
specimens being good, usually in several duplicates, and often accompa-
nied by memoranda of their stations, with occasionally a few other notes.

Col. Champion's herbarium contained also a few specimens gathered by
Geneeal (then Lieut.-Col.) J. Etee, E.A,, who also in 1854 showed me a
beautiful set of botanical drawings made in the island, from which I took
several notes. And lastly, in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium is a very fine
set of Hongkong ferns transmitted to him by Colonel Uequhaet, and
some others from De. Dill, J. C. Bowman, Esq., and T. Alexandee, Esq.

Such are the materials from the examination of which the present
Elora has been compiled. They have been throughout compared with
such allied forms from other countries as are contained in the rich
Hookerian and other herbaria deposited at Kew, with occasional refer-
ence to Linnsean types, where it has been necessary, in clearing up
dubious synonyms. I have also to acknowledge most valuable assist-
ance received from botanical friends in particular Orders, upon which
they liave severally been monographically engaged. I would specially
express my thanks to De. T. Andeeson, for the generic arrangement
and characters, and specific determination of Acantliacew ; to De. Boott
for the determination of the species of Carex ; to Sie "VV. J. Hookee,
for the determination of the Ferns ; to De. Lindlet for the determina-
tion of Col, Champion's and Mr. Hinds's Orchidece, and for assistance
in comparing Hongkong specimens of that and other Orders with his
own herbarium ; to Col. Muneo, for the determination of aU the Gra-
minecB of the island, with numerous important communications on their
generic arrangement and characters ; to Peof. Dan. Olivee, for the
communication of his MS. notes on and characters and arrangement
of Aurantiacece and of Utrieularia ; and, above all, to De. J. D. Hookee,
for his advice and assistance through the whole work, as well as for the
communication of the invaluable notes and observations made by him
on the living Elora of Sikkim and Khasia, so closely connected with
that of Hongkong. I must add, however, that in the case of all the
above-named Orders, as well as in the rest of the Flora, I have myself
verified, on the specimens themselves, the characters which I have given ;
and whilst I fully acknowledge the sources from whence I may have de-

12* PREFACE.

rived any systematic modifications which may be considered as improve-
ments, I alone am responsible for any errors they may contain.

It is hoped, indeed, that these generic characters will in no instance
be found to have been copied from other works without collating them
in the case of each Hongkong species, as far as our specimens would
admit, and modifying them or indicating exceptional points where neces-
sary. In a few instances it will be seen that I have proposed consider-
able innovations, chiefly in the way of consolidating small genera which
appeared to have been established on insufficient grounds. 1 have been
obliged, however, to leave others still in a very unsatisfactory state,
where the fixing their limits and characters would have required a
general revision of whole Orders, which we can only hope to accomplish
for the ' Genera Plantarum ' I am preparing in conjunction with Dr.
Hooker.

In many instances also our specimens are as yet very imperfect, and
much remains to be done before the Flora of this diminutive island can
be said to be well known. And this deficiency is not to be ascribed to
any want of zeal on the part of the collectors. When we read upon
their labels, accompanying specimens of some of the most striking
plants, such memoranda as " Only three trees known in the island,"
" Once seen in a ravine near the top of Mount Victoria," " Picked out
of a faggot which a Chinaman was carrying home," etc., we can scarcely
hope that the history of such species as are yet only known in the state
of bud, or in that of fruit, or in one sex, etc., will be very soon com-
pleted from specimens gathered in the island itself But most probably
they may all be found in greater abundance and perfection in the hilly
ranges bordering the opposite mainland, a portion of which has now
been added to our territory. To these hills, therefore, we would espe-
cially call the attention of botanical explorers, to procure materials for
the further illustration of the Hongkong Flora.

The specific descriptions, like the generic characters, have been always
drawn up from the actual examination of specimens gathered in the
island, where they were sufiicient for the purpose ; or, where these were
imperfect, specimens from the nearest station from whence we have
the same species, whether continental China, the Philippine Islands, or
eastern India, have been made use of to complete the character. In
each such case the origin of the specimens described has been stated ;
and cm all occasions where the limits of the species are known to extend
beyond the island, the Hongkong specimens have been compared with
others taken from difterent parts of its geographical range. This has

PREFACE. 13*

enabled me, with the assistance of Dr. Hooker's lists and notes, to give
that range for every species, as far as can be derived from the Kew
herbaria or other reliable sources. This distribution is, however, only
stated in a few general terms specially directed to showing the imme-
diate relation of the Hongkong Flora to that of other countries. The
precise limitation of the area of each species would require far too much
labour and detail to come within the scope of the present work.

For the purpose of obtaining even a general notion of the nature of
this geographical relation of our Flora, it was necessary to tabulate
the species according to the areas they occupy as far as our present
knowledge of them extends, although our information on the subject
is as yet far too scanty to give any very satisfactory results. The
Flora of the hilly ranges of continental South China, of which Hong-
kong is as it were an outlying spur, is almost unknown to us ; that of
the country connecting these hills and the Cochin-Chinese coasts with
Burmah, Silhet, and Assam, is a complete blank. On the other side,
looking to the Philippine Islands, the nearest land connecting Hong-
kong with the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago, although a
large number of their species have been described, yet this has been
done 'so imperfectly, and piecemeal, as it were, at Manilla, or in different
European capitals, with so little critical ■ comparison between the diffe-
rent collections or with the general tropical Asiatic Flora, that it is very
difficult to obtain any definite notions of their vegetation. We have
no serviceable general Flora of the Philippines (for Blanco's species
require re-identification), and no one of our herbaria contains probably
more than one-half of the plants indigenous to them.

Such lists, however, as I have been able to prepare of the Hongkong
species arranged according to their geographical areas, and of which I
give below some numerical results, offer some interesting features. At a
first glance one is struck with the very large total amount of species
crowded upon so small an island, which all navigators depict as apparently
so bleak and bare ; — with the tropical character of the great majority of
species, when botanists agree in representing the general aspect (derived
from the majority of individuals) to present the features of a much more
northern latitude ; — with the large proportion of arborescent and shrubby
species, on a rocky mass where the woods are limited to a few ravines or
short narrow valleys half-monopolized by cultivation; — and with the
very great diversity in the species themselves, the proportion of orders
and genera to species, the comparative number of monotypic genera,
being far greater in the Hongkong Flora than in that of any other Flora

14* PREFACE.

of similar extent known to me. The very large number of apparently
endemic species, — of species only known to ns from the island, — is pro-
bably occasioned by our ignorance, already alluded to, of the vegetation
of continental S. China.

Another noteworthy fact apparent on the comparison of these lists, is
the great preponderance of woody and long-lived plants among the
species of limited areas, and of herbaceous or comparatively short-lived
ones among those of a more extended range. This is, however, a general
rule applicable to all Floras ; for although trees and shrubs, when once
in possession of the soil, tend to expel a great proportion of the her-
baceous vegetation, yet the slight advantages they have in the greater
power of resisting individual injury or destruction, are more than com-
pensated by the small number of individuals, and by the slow operation
of their limited means of propagation and dispersion, as compared with
the countless myriads of herbs, each producing annually and widely
scattering their seeds by thousands, tens or even hundreds of thousands,
always ready to take possession of any land rendered vacant by the de-
struction of a forest into or near to which one or two individuals might
have previously straggled. And when once in possession of the land,
herbaceous plants, so much more capable of resisting destruction from
climate or from animals than seedling trees, will often effectually pre-
vent the re-invasion of arborescent vegetation.

In its general character, the Hongkong Flora is, as alreadv ob-
served, that of tropical Asia, of which it offers in numerous instances
the northern limit. Taking rather more in detail the more restricted
portions of the Flora, that of the damp wooded ravines of the north
and west will be found to be closely allied to that of north-east India
(Khasia, Assam, and Sikkim), and will probably hereafter prove to be
connected with it by a gradual transition across south China ; the Hong-
kong specimens, when specifically identical, generally showing a less luxu-
riant vegetation, larger flowers, and other peculiarities attributable, no
doubt, to a more open situation. Other species in considerable numbers
have a much more tropical character, extending with little variation over
the Indian Archipelago, the Malayan Peninsula, and even to Ceylon and
tropical Africa, without penetrating into the continent of India. North-
wards of Hongkong the vegetation appears to change much more
rapidly. Very few of the species known to range across from the
Himalaya to Japan are believed to come much further south than Amoy,
where, w' ith a difference of latitude of only two degrees, the tropical fea-
tures of the Hongkong Flora have (as far as we know) almost entirely

PREFACE. 15*

disappeared. And notwithstanding the prevailing idea of the close con-
nection of the Floras of Japan and Hongkong, suggested perhaps by
the presence in both of a few striking species or genera {Kadsura, Staun-
tonia, Actinidia, Camellia, Eriohotrya, Bistylium, Liquidainbar, Bentlia-
mia, Earfugium, Houttuynia, etc.), I cannot enumerate 80 species known
to be common to the two countries.

With Australia our Flora exhibits a few curious points of connection,
either as species or types (such as Pycnospora, Lagenophora, Stylidiimi,
Mitrasacme, Thysanotus, Philydrum, lApocarplia microcejphala, ArtJirOr
styles, Zoysia, etc.). They are indeed all herbaceous, and are probably
found in the intermediate Philippine and South Pacific islands ; some
of them also are maritime plants, which have always a wide range in
latitude as well as longitude; yet it must be observed that many of
them belong to genera which have many other herbaceous or maritime
species, not one of which spreads beyond Australia itself. A few of
the above-mentioned maritime species, like Carex pumila, extend from
Australia to Japan. Other maritime plants belongiug to the northern
or Japanese Floras, as Icceris dehilis and repens, appear to have their
southern limits in Hongkong.

With America the Hongkong Flora has no direct connection, the
singular band of vegetation which appears to cross from N. America to
Japan, and die off through Mantchuria in central Asia, some species
extending as far as the Himalaya, passes to the north of Hongkong,
although we may even there be reminded of it by a few such types
as Lespedeza, Solidago, Ewpatorium, Olea marginata^ Qelsemium, etc.
Those species which the island has in common with tropical America
are almost all generally spread over tropical Asia and Africa, and offer
nothing exceptional in their distribution, except perhaps the West In-
dian Teucrium inflatum, which appears to be abundant in several of the
South Pacific islands, but unknown in tropical Asia generally.

The total number of species enumerated in the present work is 1056,
distributed into 591 Genera and 125 Orders. From this however must
be deducted 25 genera and 32 species which there is reason to believe
are escapes from cultivation, or may only occur where they have actually
been planted. Nearly 100 more species may be classed as iveeds of
cultivation, — " plantes cultivees malgre la volonte de I'homme," of A.
DC, — occurring, perhaps exclusively, in paddy-fields and other cultivated
spots. Of these about 6 appear to be of American origin, about 12
more may have been introduced with European seeds ; the remainder
however are so widely spread, as weeds also, over tropical Asia, that

16* PREFACE.

whatever may have been their origin, they have now acquired the right
to be included in the native Flora, which will thus consist of about 1000
species and 550 genera of phjcnogamic plants and ferns. ""'

In the following table I have distributed these into the seven follow-
ing geographical classes or Floras, viz. : —

1. The Tropical Asiatic Elora. Plants generally distributed over
India and the Archipelago, excepting the dry parched regions of western
India. Many of them extend over the South Pacific islands to North
Australia in the south-east. Most of them have the coast of south
China for their northern limits. A few extend to the isles of Loochoo
or Poniu, or even to Japan. A considerable number cross the moister
regions of tropical Africa to the west, and not a few, especially amongst
the roadside herbs and weeds of cultivation, are common also in many
parts of tropical America.

2. The North-east Indian Plora. Plants of the hot, wet, hilly
regions of Khasia and Assam, many of them extending westward along
the Himalaya and even to some mountains of the Indian Peninsula, but
not found in Lower India, nor for the most part in the Malayan Penin-
sula. Their northern limits will be found somewhere in the unknown
regions of east-central Asia and China, a very few extending to Man-
tchuria and Japan, and perhaps a still smaller number to the Philippines.

3. The South-east Indian Plora. Plants of the Malayan Penin-
sula and the Archipelago, many of them extending westward to Chitta-
gong and eastern Bengal, several to Ceylon, and a few to tropical Africa,
but not known in Central India or the Peninsula. To the eastward
many range over the South Pacific islands to North Australia, and reacli
Hongkong to the northward, probably over the little-known regions of
Cochin China and South China.

4. The Archipelago and Pacific Plora. Nearly the same as
the last, but with a more eastern range, and not hitherto found within
our Indian limits, and probably more nearly connected with Hongkong
through the Philippine Islands.

5. The Chinese Plora. Plants hitherto not known to the west-
ward or southward of China, and most of them only from South China.
A few however extend northward to Shanghai, Chusan, and Japan, and
a very few to Pekin.

6. The Endemic Flora. Plants hitherto only known from the
island of Hongkong. Although most if not all of them may be found
also in the hilly ranges of the opposite mainland, it is probable that even
there they extend only over a limited area.

PREFACE.

17

7. The Temperate Asiatic Flora. South Siberian, Dahurian,
Mantchurian, and Japanese plants, which attain their southern limit in
Hongkong.

The number of Hongkong species which I would attribute to each of
these Floras is given in the following Table. It mast be remembered,
however, that these are approximative only, the limits of the areas of
species are so vague, their extent so diversified, scarcely two species
being ever precisely similar in this respect, that it would be impossible
to class them with precision, even were their area always perfectly well
known to us.

Table of the Ilonglcong Species, classed according to their Geographical

Areas.

Trees,
shrubs,
or tall
woody
chmbers.

Herbs, un-
dershrubs,
or slender
climbers.

Proportion

of woody to

herbaceous

species.

Total
species.

Tropical Asiatic Flora . . .
North-east Indian Flora .
South-east Indian Flora . . .
Archipelago and Pacitic Flora .

Chinese Flora

Endemic Flora

Temperate Asiatic Flora . . .

48
34
24
20
102
94
1

350

85
50
36
85
65
9

1 to 7-292
1 to 2-500
1 to 2-083
1 to 1-800
1 to 0-833
1 to 0-691
1 to 9-000

398
• 119

74

56

187

159

10

Total ......

323

680

1 to 2 605

1003

Let these be compared with the Floras of two districts similarly cir-
cumstanced as to maritime position and proximity to the mainland,
nearly the same in size and elevation above the sea, but widely different
as to soil and climate, viz, : —

1. Aden Peninsula, off the coast of Arabia, in lat. 12° 47'. A dry,
parched, volcanic, rocky peninsula or almost an island, about 5 miles
long by 3 in breadth, the highest peak attaining 1775 ft., and connected
with the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus. It is exposed through-
out the year to a scorching sun, occasionally deprived of rain for a year
and a half, and never receives an annual fall of above 6 or 7 inches.
Winds are not frequent and seldom violent.

2. Ischia Island, off the Neapolitan coast, in lat. 40° 41'. A volcanic
rocky mountain mass, nearly 6 miles long by 3|- in breadth, the highest
peak attaining 2,407 ft., and about 9 miles distant from the mainland.
Hot and dry during the summer months, it is however well refreshed
by rains during the remainder of the year. The thermometer very rarely

18'::^:

PREFACE.

descends belo-w the freezing point, but the island is exposed to frequent
and violent winds.

The numbers in the following Table are taken, for Aden, from Dr. T.
Anderson's ' Florula Adenensis ' (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. vol. v. SuppL),
a work drawn up on the same standard as to the limits of genera and
species as the Hongkong Flora ; and for Ischia, from Prof Gussone's
' Enumeratio Plantarum Yascularium in Insula Inarime provenientium '
(Neapoli, 1854). From the latter however I have found it necessary,
in order to establish a fair comparison, to deduct the cultivated species,
and to reduce the remainder to the specific and generic standard of our
Hongkong Flora.

Hongkong .
Aden . . .
Ischia . . .

Orders.

Genera.

Species.

.2 u

II

ii

-is

It
|l

Woody.

Herba-
ceous.

Proportion
of woody to
herbaceous.

Total.

125
42

82

550

80

389

323
19
66

680

76

726

Ito 2-105
1 to 4-000
1 to 11-000

1003

95

792

8-024
2-024
9-645

1-805
1-019
2-034

e Orders most numerous in species

in Hongkong are*—

GraminesB . .

. 86 species.

MyrsinacesD . .

. 15 species

Filices ....

75

Laurineae . . .

14

Leguminosae .

. 72

Apocjnaceae . .

13

CompositsB .

. 67

ConvolvulaceaB .

13

Cyperacese

. 62

Liliacese . . .

13

Euphorbiaceae

. 52

Ternstroemiaceae

12

Eubiaceae . .

. 42

Malvaceae . . .

12

OrchideaB . .

. 36

Eosaceae . . .

11

Urtice© . .

. 27

Asclepiadeae . .

. 11

Scrophularinese

. 21

Solanaceae . .

. 10

Acanthaceae .

. 18

Polygonace89 . .

10

Verbenacese .

. 17

AmentaceaB . .

10

Labiatae . .

. 16

6 Orders have

8

species

each.

8 Orders have 4 £

species each.

5

7

j>

15 „ 3

55

11

6

)5

13 5, 2

55

6

5

55

36 „ 1

55

* The discrepancies between the total number of Orders and genera in this and the pre-
ceding Tables is owdng to the half-naturalized species being here reckoned, but necessarily-
excluded when considering geographical areas.

PBEFACE.

The genera most numerous in species are
Panicum . ""^ ^^^^:^^ n„

ricus . .
Aspidium .
Fimbristyles
C3^perus .
Asplenium
Polygonum

5 genera
10

7
14

19*

16 species.
15
13
13
12
10
9

have 7 species each.
6

4

Carex . .
Eragrostis .
Desmodium
Phyllanthus
Quercus . .
Polygonum .

43 genera have 3 species each.
91 „ 2

408 „ 1

9 species.
9

8
8
8
8

"With regard to the Economic Botany of the island, to the uses to
which the Chinese apply any of the indigenous vegetable productions, or
to the plants which they cultivate, we have no information beyond what
is contained in Seemann's ' Introduction to the Hongkong Flora ' above
quoted, derived chiefly from Dr. Hance's notes, and which it would be
needless here to repeat. It is much to be regretted that botanical col-
lectors pay so little attention to the cultivated vegetation of the coun-
tries they visit; or if they do gather specimens, they are so frequently
worse than useless, not being distinguished from the indigenous ones.
Even when marked "cultivated," the specimens are seldom accompanied
by memoranda distinguishing those grown by a few individuals in gar-
dens for ornament or shade, from those which may form the standard
agricultural crops. And very rarely indeed have we any indication for
what special purpose the cultivated species or varieties are grown or the
indigenous ones collected. It is to be hoped that naturalists resident
for a time in the country will turn their attention to the subject, and
remit to us specimens and notes specially directed to the illustration of
the Economic Botany of Southern China.

It only remains for me to state that in the form and language adopted
in the present work it has been my endeavour to follow out the princi-
ples laid down in the Introduction, so as to facilitate as much as possible
the finding out the name of any plant gathered in the island by the com-
parison of specimens with the descriptions here given. For this purpose
the Orders of the whole Flora, the genera of each Order, and the species
of each genus, are universally preceded by analytical tables in wliich their
more prominent characters are contrasted. In the descriptions them-

b 2

20* PREFACE.

selves, which I have been obliged to shorten as much as consistent with
their practical use, I have endeavoured to select the characters most im-
portant to observe for their identification. Many of these descriptions
are, I am aware, as yet very imperfect, and some may be in some respect
erroneous, especially with regard to stature, colour, and dimensions, owing
generally to the insufficiency of the specimens and the want of memo-
randa made by those who have seen the plants in a living state. Travel-
lers therefore making use of this work in the country will have to guard
against attaching much importance to discrepancies in characters which
dried specimens cannot show, when the descriptions apply well to the
plant they are examining as to form and structure.

"With regard to the synonymy, I have thought it generally unneces-
sary to repeat that which is already detailed in the general works re-
ferred to in the case of each well-known species. I have however en-
tered into more detail as to the names under which Hongkong species
may be entered in works specially relating to South Chinese botany. I
have quoted such figures as it may be useful to consult and are contained
in works to which the Asiatic, and especially the Indian botanist, is
likely to have access ; and I have added, for the general botanist, nume-
rous new synonyms which my researches for the identification of Hong-
kong species have enabled me to verify.

The contractions used in the references to works, are those which
general custom has sanctioned, following in most cases the rule laid
down by De Candolle for abridging authors' names ; that is, to give the
first syllable with the first consonant of the second syllable. Initials
only are used in the case of DC. for De Candolle, and H. B. and K. for
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Dimensions are given in English
feet, inches, and lines of twelve to an inch.

CONTENTS.

Page

Inteoduction.

Outlines of Botany, with Special Refeeence to Local Floeas . . iii

Chap. I. Definitions and Desceiptive Botany iii

§ 1. The Plant in Greneral iv

§ 2. The Eoot iv

§ 3. The Stock vi

§ 4. The Stem vu

§ 5. The Leaves vii

§ 6. Scales, Bracts, and Stipules •.« xi

§ v. Inflorescence and its Bracts . xii

§ 8. The Flower in General xiv

§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla or Perianth xv

§ 10. The Stamens xvii

§ 11. The Pistil xviii

§ 12. The Receptacle and Relative Attachment of the Floral Whorls ... xx

§ 13. The Fruit xxii

§ 14. The Seed xxiii

§ 15. Accessory Organs xxiv

Chap. II. Classification, oe Systematic Botany xxvi

Chap. III. YEaETABLE Anatomy and Physiology xxvii

§ 1. Structure of the Elementary Tissues xxvii

§ 2. Ai'rangement of the Elementary Tissues, or Structure of the Organs of

Plants x^i^

§ 3. Growth of the Organs ^^^

§ 4. Functions of the Organs xxxii

Chap. IV. Collection, Peeseevation, and Deteemination of Plants . xxxiv

Index of Teems, oe Glossaey xxxix

Analytical Key to the HoNOEONa Oedees and Anomalous Geneea . xliv
Floea Hongkongensis.

Class I. Dicotyledons

Class II. Monocotyledons ^^^

Class III. Cryptogams ^^^

Index of Geneea and Species ^"^

INTRODUCTION.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY, WITH SPECIAL REEERENCE TO
LOCAL FLORAS.

Chap. I. Definitions and Desceiptive Botany.

1. The principal object of a Flora of a country, is to afford the means of deter-
mining {i. e. ascertaining the name of) any plant growing in it, whether for the pur-
pose of ulterior study or of intellectual exercise.

2. With this view, a Flora consists of descriptions of all the wild or native plants
contained in the coimtry in question, so drawn up and arranged that the student may
identify with the corresponding description any individual specimen which he may
gather.

3. These descriptions should be clear, concise, accurate, and characteristic, so as
that each one should be readily adapted to the plant it relates to, and to no other one ;
they shoidd be as nearly as possible arranged laider natural (184) divisions, so as to
facilitate the comparison of each plant wdth those nearest allied to it ; and they shoidd
be accompanied by an artificial key or index, by means of which the student may be
guided step by step in the observation of such pecuHarities or characters in his plant,
as may lead him, with the least delay, to the individual description belonging to it.

4. For descriptions to be clear and readily intelligible, they shoidd be expressed as
much as possible in ordinary well-established language. But, for the purpose of ac-
curacy, it is necessary not only to give a more precise technical mea]iing to many
terms used more or less vaguely in common conversation, but also to introduce purely
technical names for sucli parts of plants or forms as are of little importance except
to the botanist. In the present chapter it is proposed to define such technical or
technically limited terms as are made use of in these Floras.

5. At the same time mathematical accuracy must not be expected. The forms and
appeai'ances assmned by plants and their parts are infinite. Names cannot be invented
for all ; those even that have been proposed are too numerous for ordinary memories.
Many are derived from supposed resemblances to w^ell-known forms or objects. These
resemblances are difierently appreciated by different persons, and the same term is not
only differently ajDphed by two different botanists, but it frequently happens that the
same writer is led on different occasions to give somewliat different meanings to the
same word. The botanist's endeavours should always be, on the one hand, to make
as near an approach to precision as circumstances will allow, and on the other hand to
avoid that proHxity of detail and overloading with technical terms which tends rather
to confusion than clearness. In this he will be more or less successful. The aptness
of a botanical description, Uke the beauty of a work of imagination, will always vary
with the style and genius of the author.

INTRODUCTION.

1. The Plant in Qeneral.

6. The Plant, in its botanical sense, includes every being which has vegetahle life,
from the loftiest tree which adorns our landscapes, to the humblest moss which grows
on its stem, to the mould or fungus which attacks our provisions, or the green scum
that floats on our ponds.

7. Every portion of a plant which has a distinct part or function to perform in the
operations or phenomena of vegetable life is called an Organ.

8. What constitutes vegetahle life, and what are the functions of each organ, belong
to Vegetahle Physiology ; the microscopical structure of the tissues composing the
organs, to Vegetable Anatomy ; the composition of the substances of which they are
formed, to Vegetahle Chemistry ; under Descriptive and Systematic Botany we have
chiefly to consider the forms of organs, that is, their Morphology, in the proper sense
of the term, and their general structure so far as it affects classification anct specific
resemblances and differences. The terms we shall now define belong chiefly to the
latter branch of Botany, as bemg that which is essential for the investigation of the
Flora of a countiy. We shall add, however, a short chapter on Vegetable Anatomy
and Physiology, as a general knowledge of both imparts an additional interest to and
facilitates the comparison of the characters and affinities of the plants examined.

9. In the more perfect plants, theu" organs are comprised in the general terms
Hoot, Stem, lUeaves, Flo-^ers, and Frnit. Of these the three first, whose func-
tion is to assist in the grov.'th of the plant, are Organs of Vegetation ; the flower and
fruit, whose office is the formation of tlie seed, are the Organs of Reproduction.

10. All these organs exist, in one shape or another, at some period of the hfe of
most, if not all, floivering plants, teclmically called phctnogamous or pihanerogamous
plants ; which all bear some kind of flower and fruit in the botanical sense of the
term. In the lovrer classes, the ferns, mosses, fungi, moidds or mildews, seaweeds,
etc., called by botanists cryptogamovs 2)lants, the flowers, the fi'uit, and not unfre-
quently one or more of the organs of vegetation, are either wanting, or replaced by
organs so different as to be hardly capable of bearing the same name.

11. The observations comprised in the following pages refer exclusively to the
flowering or pheenogamous plants. The stvidy of the ciyptogamous classes has now
become so complicated as to form almost a separate science. They are therefore not
included in these introductory observations, nor, with the exception of ferns, in the
present Flora.

12. Plants are

Monocarpic, if they die after one flowering-season. These include Annuals, which
flower in the same year in which they are raised from seed ; Q-TI^ Biennials, which only
flower in the year following that in which they are sown.

Caxdocarpic, if, after flowering, tlie whole or part of the plant lives through the
winter and produces fresh flowers another season. These include Serhaceous peren-
nials, in wliich the greater part of the plant dies after flowering, leaving only a smaU
perennial portion called the Stock or Caudex, close to or within the earth ; Under-
shrubs, suff'ruticose or suffrutescent plants, in which the flowering branches, formuig a
considerable portion of the plant, die down after flowering, but leave a more or less
prominent perennial and woody base ; Shrubs {frutescent or fruticose plants) , in which
the perennial woody part forms the greater part of the plant, but branches near the
base, and does not much exceed a man's height ; and Trees {arboreous or arborescent
'plants) when the height is greater and forms a woody trunk, scarcely brandling fi'om
the base. Bushes are low, much branched shrubs.

13. The terms Monocai'pic and Caulocarpic are but little used, but the other dis-
tinctions enumerated above are universally attended to, although more useful to the
gardener than to the botanist, wlio cannot always assign to them any precise character.
Monocarpic plants, which require more than two or three years to produce their
flowers, will often, under certain circvimstances, become herbaceous perennials, and are
generally confounded with them. Truly perennial herbs will often commence flower-
ing the first year, and have then all the appearance of annuals. Many taU shrubs
and trees lose annually their flowering branches like undershrubs. And the same

INTRODUCTION. V

botanical species may be an annual or a perennial, a herbaceous perennial or an under-
shrubj an undershrub or a shrub, a shrub or a tree, according to climate, treatment,
or variety.

14. Plants are usually terrestrial^ that is, growing on earth, or aquatic^ i. e. growing
in water ; but sometimes they may be found attached by their roots to other plants,
in which case tliey are epijjhi/tes when simply growing upon other plants without
penetrating into their tissue, parasites when their roots penetrate into and derive more
or less nutriment ii'om the plant to which they are attached.

15. The simplest form of the perfect plant, the annual, consists of —

(1) The Hoot, or descending axis, which grows downwards from the stem,' divides
and spreads in the earth or water, and absorbs food for the plant through the extremi-
ties of its branches.

(2) The Stem, or ascending axis, which grows upwards from the root, branches and
bears first one or more leaves in succession, then one or more flowers, and finally one
or more fruits. It contains the tissues or other channels (217) by which the nutri-
ment absorbed by the roots is conveyed in the form, of sap (192) to the leaves or other
points of the siirface of the plant, to be elaborated or digested (218), and afterwards
redistributed over difierent parts of the plant for its support and growtli.

(3) The I^eaves, usually flat, green, and horizontal, are varioiisly arranged on the
stem and its branches. They elaborate or digest (218) the nutriment brought to them
through the stem, absorb carbonic acid gas from the air, exhaling the superfluous
oxygen, and returning the assimilated sap to the stem.

(4) The Flowers, usually placed at or towards the extremities of the branches.
They are destined to fonn the future seed. When perfect and complete they consist :
1st, of a pistil in the centre, consisting of one or more carpels, each containing the
germ of one or more seeds ; 2nd, of one or more stamens outside the pistil, whose
action is necessary to fertilize the pistil or emible it to ripen its seed ; 3rd, oi sl perianth
or floral envelope^ wliich usually encloses the stamens and pistil when young, and
expands and exposes them to view when fuUy formed. This complete perianth is
double ; the outer one, called Calyx, is usually moi'e green and leaf-like ; the inner
one, called the Corolla, more conspicvious, and variously coloured. It is the perianth,
and especially the corolla, as the most showy part, that is generally called the flower
in popular language.

(5) The Fruit, consisting of the pistil or its lower portion, which persists or remains
attached to the plant after the remainder of the flower has withered and fallen off.
It enlarges and alters more or less in shape or consistence, becomes a seed-vessel, en-
closing the seed until it is ripe, when it either opens to discharge the seed or falls to
the ground with the seed. In popular language the term fruit is often limited to such
seed-vessels as are or look juicy and eatable. Botanists give that name to all seed-

16. The herbaceous perennial resembles the annual dm'ing the first year of its
growth ; but it also forms (usually towards the close of the season), on its stocJc (the
portion of the stem and root which does not die), one or more buds, either exposed,
and then popularly called eyes, or concealed among leaves. These bvids, called leaf-
buds, to distinguish them from floiver-btids or unopened flowers, are future branches
as yet undeveloped ; they remain dormant through the winter, and the following
spring grow ou^t into new stems bearing leaves and flowers like those of the preceding
year, whilst the lower part of the stock emits fresh roots to replace those which had
perished at the same time as the stems,

17. Shrubs and trees form similar leaf-buds either at the extremity of their branches,
or along the branches of the year. In the latter case these buds are usually axillary,
that is, they appear in the axil of each leaf, i. e. in the ai;gle formed by the leaf and
the branch. When they appear at any other part of the plant they are called adventi-
tious. If these buds by producing roots (19) become distinct plants before separating
from the parent, or if adventitious leaf-buds are produced in the place of flowers or
seeds, the plant is said to be viviparous or proliferous.

INTRODUCTION.

§ 2. The Root.

18. Roots ordinarily produce neither buds, leaves, nor flowers. Their branches,
called fibres when slender and long, proceed irregularly from any part of their surface.

19. Although roots proceed usually from the base of the stem or stock, they may
also be produced from the base of any bud, especially if the bud lie along the ground,
or is otherwise placed by nature or art in circumstances favourable for their deve-
lopment, or indeed occasionally from almost any part of the plant. They are then
often distinguished as adventitious, but this term is by some appHed to all roots wliich
are not in prolongation of the original radicle.

20. Roots ai'e

fibrous, when they consist chiefly of slender fibres.

tuberous, when either the main root or its branches are thickened into one or
more short fleshy or woody masses called tubers (25).

taproots, when the main root descends perpendicularly into the earth, emitting
only very small fibrous branches.

21. The stock of a herbaceous perennial, or the lower part of the stem of an annual
or perennial, or the lowest branches of a plant, are sometimes undergroimd and assume
the appearance of a root. They then take the name of rhizome. The rhizome may
always be distinguished from the true root by the presence or production of one or
more buds, or leaves, or scales.

§ 3. The Stock.

22. The Stock of a herbaceous perennial, in its most complete state, includes a
small portion of the summits of the previous year's roots, as well as of the base of the
previous year's stems. Such stocks will increase yearly, so as at length to form dense
tufts. They will often preserve thi'ough the winter a few leaves, amongst which are
placed the buds which grow out into stems the following year, wliilst the under side of
the stock emits new roots from or amongst the remains of the old ones. These peren-
nial stocks only difier from the permanent base of an undershrub in the shortness of
the perennial part of the stems and in their textm'e usually less woody.

23. In some perennials, however, the stock consists merely of a branch, which pro-
ceeds in autumn from the base of the stem either aboveground or underground, and
produces one or more buds. This branch, or a portion of it, alone survives the winter.
In the following year its buds produce the new stem and roots, whilst the rest of the
plant, even the branch on which these buds were formed, has died away. These annual
stocks, called sometimes hybemacula, offsets, or stolons, keep up the commvmication be-
tween the annual stem and root of one year and those of the following year, thus form-
ing altogether a perennial plant.

24. The stock, whether annual or perennial, is often entirely undergroimd or root-
like. This is the rootstock, to which some botanists limit the meaning of the term
rhizome. When the stock is entfrely root-hke, it is popvdai-ly called the crown of the root.

25. The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, more or less succulent rootstock or
rhizome, as well as to a root of that shape (20), although some botanists propose to re-
strict its meaning to the one or to the other. An Orchis tuber, called by some a knob,
is an annual tuberous rootstock with one bud at the top. A potato is an aimual tu-
berous rootstock with several buds.

26. A bulb is a stock of a shape approaching to globular, usually rather conical
above and flattened underneath, in which the bud or buds are concealed, or nearly so,
under scales. These scales are the more or less thickened bases of the decayed leaves
of the preceding year, or of the undeveloped leaves of the future year, or of both.
Bulbs are annual or perennial, usually imderground or close to the ground, but occa-
sionally buds in the axils of the upper leaves become transformed into bulbs. Bulbs
are said to be scaly when their scales are thick and loosely imbricated, tunicated when
the scales are thinner, broader, and closely rolled round each other in concentric layers.

27 A corm is a tuberous rootstock, usually annual, shaped like a bulb, but in which
the bud or buds are not covered by scales, or of which the scales are very thin and
membranous.

INTRODUCTION. vii

§ 4. The Stem.

28. Steins are

erect^ when they ascend perpendicularly from the root or stock ; twiggy or vvrgate,
when at the same time they are slender, stiff, and scarcely branched.

decumbent or ascending^ when they spread horizontally, or nearly so, at the base,
and then turn upwards and become erect.

'procumbent^ when they spread along the ground the whole or the greater portion
of their length ; diffuse, when at the same time very much and rather loosely branched.

prostrate, when they lie still closer to the groimd.

creeping, when they emit roots at their nodes. This term is also frequently ap-
plied to any rhizomes or roots wliich spread horizontally.

tufted or ccBspitose, when very short, close, and many together from the same
stock.

29. Weak cHmbing stems are said to tioine, when they support themselves by wind-
ing spirally round any object ; such stems are also called voluble. When they simply
climb without twining, they support themselves by their leaves, or by special clasping
organs called tendrils (169), or sometimes, hke the Ivy, by small root-like excrescences.

30. Suckers are yomig plants formed at the end of creeping, underground rootstocks.
Scions, runners, and stolons, or stoles, are names given to young plants formed at the
end or at the nodes (31) of branches or stocks creeping whoUy or partially above-
ground, or sometimes to the creeping stocks themselves.

31. A node is a point of the stem or its branches at which one or more leaves,
branches, or leaf-buds (16) are given off. An internode is the portion of the stem com-
prised between two nodes.

32. Brandies or leaves are

opposite, when two proceed from the same node on opposite sides of the stem.

whorled or verticillate (in a lohorl or verticil), when several proceed from the
same node, arranged regularly round the stem ; geminate, ternate, fascicled, or fascicu-
late when two, three, or more proceed from the same node on the same side of the
stem. A tuft of fasciculate leaves is usually in fact an axillary leafy branch, so short
that the leaves appear to proceed all from the same point.

alternate, when one only proceeds from each node, one on one side and the next
above or below on the opposite side of the stem.

decussate, when opposite, but each pair placed at right-angles to the next pair above
or below it ; distichous, when regularly arranged one above another in two opposite rows,
one on each side of the stem; tristichous, when in three rows, etc. (92).

scattered, when irregrdarly arranged round the stem ; frequently, however, bota-
nists apply the term alternate to all branches or leaves that are neither opposite nor
whorled.

secund, when all start from or are turned to one side of the stem.

33. Branches are dichotomous, when several times forked, the two branches of
eaeh fork being nearly equal ; trichotomous, when there are three nearly equal branches
at each division instead of two ; but when the middle branch is evidently the princi-
pal one, the stem is usually said to have two opposite branches ; umbellate, when di-
vided in the same manner into several nearly equal branches proceeding from the same
point. If however the central branch is larger than the two or more lateral ones, the
stem is said to have opposite or whorled branches, as the case may be.

34. A culm is a name sometimes given to the stem of Grrasses, Sedges, and some
other Monocotyledonous plants.

§ 5. The Leaves.

35. The ordinary or perfect Iieaf consists of a flat blade or lamina, usually green,
and more or less horizontal, attached to the stem by a stalk called a footstalk or petiole.
When the form or dimensions of a leaf are spoken of, it is generally the blade that is
meant, without the petiole or stalk.

36. The end by which a leaf, a part of the flower, a seed, or any other organ, is
attached to the stem or other organ, is called its base, the opposite end is its apex or
summit, excepting sometimes in the case of anther-cells (115).

Vm INTRODUCTION.

37. Xjeaves are

sessile, when the blade rests on the stem without the intervention of a petiole.

amplexicaul or stem- clasping, when the sessile base of the blade clasps the stem
horizontally.

perfoliate, when the base of the blade not only clasps the stem, but closes round
it on the opposite side, so that the stem appears to pierce through the blade.

decurrent, when the edges of the leaf are continued down the stem so as to form
raised lines or narrow appendages, called wings.

sheathing, when the base of the blade, or of the more or less expanded petiole,
fonus a vertical sheath roimd the stem for some distance above the node.

38. Leaves and flowers are called radical, wlien inserted on a rhizome or stock, or
so close to the base of the stem as to appear to proceed from the root, rhizome, or
stock ; caulitie, when inserted on a distinct stem. Radical leaves are rosulate when they
spread in a cu'cle on the ground.

39. Leaves are

simple and entire, when the blade consists of a single piece, with the margin no-
where indented, simple being used in opposition to compound, entire m opposition to
dentate, lohed, or divided.

ciliate, when bordered with thick hairs or fine hair-like teeth.

dentate or toothed, when the margin is only cut a httle way in, into what have
been compared to teeth. Such leaves are serrate, when the teeth are regular and
pointed like the teeth of a saw ; crenate, when regular and blunt or romided (com-
pai'ed to the battlements of a tower) ; serrulate, and crenulate, when the serratures or
crenatures are small ; sinuate, when the teeth are broad, not deep, and n-regular (com-
pared to bays of the coast) ; wavy or undulate, when the edges are not flat, but bent
up and down (compared to the waves of the sea).

lohed or cleft, when more deeply indented or divided, but so that the incisions do
not reach the midrib or petiole. The portions thus divided take the name of lohes.
When the lobes are narrow and very irregular, the leaves are said to be laciniate. The
spaces between the teeth or lobes are called sinuses.

divided or dissected, when the incisions reach the midrib or petiole, but the parts
so divided off, called segments, do not separate from the petiole, even when the leaf
falls, without tearing.

compound, when divided to the midrib or petiole, and the parts so divided off,
called leaflets, separate, at least at the fall of the leaf, from the petiole, as the whole
leaf does from tlie stem, without tearing. The common stalk upon which the leaflets
are inserted is called the com^non petiole or the rhachis ; the separate stalk of each leaflet
is a petiolule.

40. Leaves are more or less marked by veins, which, starting from the stalk, diverge
or branch as the blade widens, and spread all over it more or less visibly. The prin-
cipal ones, when prominent, are often called ribs or nerves, the smaller branches only
then retaining the name of veins, or the latter are termed veinlets. The smaller veins
are often connected together like the meshes of a net, they are then said to anastomose,
and the leaf is said to be reticulate or net-veined. When one principal vein runs dii'ect
from the stalk towards the summit of the leaf, it is called the midrib. When several
start from the stalk, diverge slightly without branching, and converge again towards
the summit, they are said to be parallel, although not mathematically so, Wlien 8 or
5 or more ribs or nerves diverge from the base, the leaf is said to be ^-nerved, ^-nerved,
etc., but if the lateral ones diverge from the midrib a little above the base, the leaf is
triplinerved, quintuplinerved, etc. The arrangement of the veins of a leaf is called
their venation.

41. The Leaflets, Segments, Lobes, or "Veins of leaves are

pinnate (feathered), when there are several succeeding each other on each side of
the midi'ib or petiole, compai'ed to the branches of a feather. A pinnately lobed or
divided leaf is called lyrate when tlie terminal lobe or segment is much larger and
broader than the lateral ones, compared, by a stretch of imagination, to a lyre ; run-
cinate, when the lateral lobes are curved backwards towards the base of the leaf ;
pectinate, when the lateral lobes are numerous, narrow, and regular, like the teeth of a
comb.

INTRODUCTION. IX

palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point, compared to the
fingers of the hand.

teniate, when three only start from the same point, in which case the distinction
between the palmate and pinnate arrangement often ceases, or can only be determined
by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called trijid. A leaf with
three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf: it is the leaflets that are
ternate ; the whole leaf is trifoliolate. Ternate leaves are leaves gi'owing three together.

pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are
forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are
near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird.

42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness called
pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are
usually said to be pmnatisect, palmatisect, pedatisect, etc., although the distinction be-
tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed always
be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to be pinnatijidy
palmatifid, pedatifid, etc.

43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or
compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. In
the latter case they are termed decompotmd. When twice or thrice pinnate {bipinnate
or trij^iiinafe), each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is
called £i pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, with-
out an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly/
pinnate ; if there is an odd termuial pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is unequally
pinnate (imparipinnatum) .

44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following nu-
merals, derived from the Latin : —

uni-,

bi-.

tri-,

quadri-,

qiiinque-j

sex-,

septem-,

octo-.

novem-,

decern-,

rmilti-

1-,

2-,

3-,

4-,

5-,

6-,

7-,

8-,

9-,

10-,

many-

prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus —

unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed,
etc.

bifid, trifid, multifid, mean two-lobed, three-lobed, many-lobed, etc.

unifoliolate, bifoliolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many
leaflets, etc.

unifoliate, bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves,
etc.

biternate and triternate, mean twice or thrice ternately divided.

unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, etc., pinnae or leaflets, mean that they are in one,
two, many, etc., pairs {jiiga).

45. Leaves or their parts, when £at, or any other flat organs in plants, are

linear, when long and narrow, at least fom' or five tim-cs as long as broad, falsely
compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth.

lanceolate, when about tlu'ee or more times as long as broad, broadest below the
middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance.

cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, compared
to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the
top, it is often called flabelliform ov fan-shaped.

spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapering
part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle.

ovate, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle,
compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same form, with the
broadest part above the middle.

orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the cor-
responding mathematical figures.

transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long.

falcate, when curved Hke the blade of a scythe.
4(i. Intermediate forms between any two of the above arc expressed by combining

X INTRODUCTION.

two terras. Thus, a linear-lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet broader below the
middle, and tapering to a point ; a linear-oblong one is scarcely narrow enough to be
called linear, yet too narrow to be strictly oblong, and does not conspicuously taper
either towards the summit or towards the base.

47. The apex or summit of a leaf is

acute or 'pointed^ when it foi'ms an acute angle or tapers to a point.

ohtuse or blunt, when it forms a very obtuse angle, or more generally when it is
more or less rounded at the top.

acuminate or cuspidate^ when suddenly narrowed at the top, and then more or less
prolonged into an acumen or point, wliich may be acute or obtuse, linear or tapering.
Some botanists make a slight difference between the acuminate and cuspidate apex, the
acumen being more distmct from the rest of the leaf in the latter case than in the
former ; but in general the two terms are used in the same sense, some preferring the
one and some the other.

truncate, when the end is cut off square.

retuse, when very obtuse or truncate, and sUghtly indented.

emarginate or notched, when more decidedly indented at the end of the midrib ;
obeordate, if at the same time approaching the shape of a heart vrith its point down-
wards.

mucronaie, when the midrib is produced beyond the apex in the form of a small
point.

arisfate, when the point is fine like a hair.

48. The base of the leaf is hable to the same variations of form as the apex, but the
terms more commonly used are tapering or narroived for acute and acuminate, rounded
for obtuse, and cordate for emarginate. In all cases the petiole or point of attachment
prevent ahy such absolute termination at the base as at the apex.

49. A leaf may be cordate at the base whatever be its length or breadth, or what-
ever the shape of the two lateral lobes, caUed auricles (or little ears), formed by the
indenture or notch, but the term cordiform or heart-shaped leaf is restricted to an
ovate and acute leaf, cordate at the base, with rounded auricles. The word auricles is
more particularly used as applied to sessile and stem-clasping leaves.

50. If the auricles are pointed, the leaf is more particularly called auriculate ; it is
moreover said to be sagittate, when the points are directed downwards, compared to an
arrow-head ; hastate, when the points diverge horizontally, compared to a halbert.

51. A reniform leaf is broader than long, slightly but broadly cordate at the base,
with rounded auricles, compared to a kidney.

52. In a peltate leaf, the stalk, instead of proceeding from the lower edge of the
blade, is attached to the under surface, usually near the lower edge, but sometimes in
the very centre of the blade. The peltate leaf has usually several principal nerves
radiating from the point of attachment, being, in fact, a cordate leaf, with the auricles
united.

53. All these modifications of division and form in the leaf pass so gradually one
into the other that it is often difficult to say which term is the most applicable —
whether the leaf be toothed or lobed, divided or compound, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, etc. The choice of the most apt expression will depend on the skill of the
describer.

54. laeaves, when solid, Stems, Fruits, Tubers, and other parts of plants,
when not flattened Hke ordinary leaves, are

setaceous or capillary, when very slender hke bristles or hairs.

acicular, when very slender, but stiff and pointed like needles.

subulate, when rather thicker and firmer like awls.

linear, when at least four times as long as thick ; oblong, when from about two to
about four times as long as thick, the terms having the same sense as when apphed to
flat siu'faces.

ovoid, when egg-shaped, with the broad end downwards, obovoid if the broad end
is upwards ; these terms corresponding to ovate and obovate shapes in flat surfaces.

globular or spherical, when corresponding to orbicular in a flat siu-face. Round
applies to both.

INTRODUCTION. XI

turbinafe, when shaped like a top.

conical, when tapering upwards ; obconical, when tapering downwards, if in both
cases a transverse section shows a circle.

pt/ramidal, when tapering upwards ; ohpyramidal^ when tapering downwards, if
in both cases a transverse section shows a triangle or polygon.

fusiform^ or spindle-shaped, wlien tapering at both ends ; cylindrical, when not
tapering at either end, if in both cases the transverse section shows a circle, or some-
times irrespective of the transverse shape.

terete, when the transverse section is not angular ; trigonous, triquetrous, if the
transverse section shows a triangle, irrespective in both cases of longitudinal form.

compressed, when more or less flattened laterally ; depressed, when more or less
flattened vertically, or at any rate at the top ; ohcompressed (in the achenes of Compo-
dtce), when flattened from front to back.

articulate ov jointed, if at any period of their growth (usually when fully formed
and approaching their decay, or in the case of fruits when quite ripe) they separate,
without tearing, into two or more pieces placed end to end. The joints where they
separate are called articulations, each separate piece an article. The name oi joint
is, in common language, given both to the articulation and the article, but more espe-
cially to the former. Some morlern botanists, however, propose to restrict it to the
article, giving the name o^ joining to the articulation.

didymoiis, when sh'ghtly two-lobed, with rounded obtuse lobes.

moniliform, or beaded, when much contracted at regular intervals, but not sepa-
rating spontaneously into articles.

55. In their consistence laeaves or other organs are

fleshy, when thick and soft ; succulent is generally used in the same sense, but
implies the presence of more juice.

coriaceous, when firm and dry, or very tough, of the consistence of leather.

membranous, when thin and not stiff.

scarious or scariose, when very thin, more or less transparent and not green, yet
rather stiff.

56. The terms apphed botanically to the consistence of solids are thos3 in general
use in common language.

57. The mode in which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud is called
their vernation or prcefoliation ; it varies considerably, and technical terms have been
proposed to express some of its varieties, but it has been hitherto rarely noticed in
descriptive botany.

§ 6. Scales, Bracts, and Stipules.

58. Scales (Squamce) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually sessile, seldom
green or capable of performing the respiratory functions of leaves. In other words,
they are organs resembling leaves in their position on the plant, but differing in size,
colour, texture, and functions. They are most frequent on the stock of perennial plants,
or at the base of annual branches, especially on the buds of future shoots, when they
serve apparently to protect the dormant living germ from the rigovir of winter. In the
latter case they are usually short, broad, close together, and more or less imbricated,
that is, overlapping each other Hke the tiles of a roof. It is this arrangement as well
as their usual shape that has suggested the name of scales, borrowed from the scales of
a fish. Imbricated scales, bracts, or leaves, are said to be squarrose, when their tips are
pointed and very spreading or recurved.

59. Sometimes, however, most or aU. the leaves of the plant are reduced to small
scales, in which case they do not appear to perform any particular function. The
name of scales is also given to any small broad scale-Hke appendages or reduced organs,
whether in the flower or any other part of the plant.

60. Bracts {Bractece) are the upper leaves of a plant in flower (either all those of
the flowering branches, or only one or two immediately under the flower), when differ-
ent from the stem-leaves in size, shape, 0010^0", or arrangement. They are generally
much smaller and more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower,

Xll INTRODUCTION.

although they very frequently also retain the green colour of the leaves. When small
they are often called scales.

61. Floral leaves or leafy bracts are generally the lower bracts on the upper leaves
at the base of the flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement,
between the stem-leaves and the upper bracts.

62. Bracteoles are the one or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ
materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts.

63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-hke appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk, or on
the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of the
leaf, and they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed.
They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like
the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaflets
of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant ; generally
small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots, or scars, sometimes
united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the pe-
tiole, or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the stem in
the axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting.

64. Stipellce, or secondary stipules, are similar organs, sometimes found on com-
pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted.

65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides leaves
and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate^ from stipes^ a stalJc,

§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts.

QQ. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches,
and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence is a flowering bi'anch, or the flower-
ing summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with its branches, bracts, and
flowers.

67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem
or leafy branch, axillarii when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf-opposed when opposite
to a stem-leaf. The inflorescence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate when
the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not in a leaf-
bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are axillary, the
stem or branches ending in leaf-buds.

68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a sohtary flower, or of an inflorescence ; that is to say,
the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to the first
ramification of the inflorescence, or even up to its last ramifications ; but the portion
extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence is often
distinguished under the name of rhacJds.

69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, or
from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself.

70. A Pedicel is the last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a single flower.

71. The branches of inflorescences may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternate,
etc. (32, 33), but very often thefr arrangement is diff'erent from that of the leafy
branches of the same plant.

72. Inflorescence is

centrifugal, when the terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral branches
are successively developed.

centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to
elongate, developing fresh flowers,

73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence is
always centripetal. Both inflorescences may be combined on one plant, for it often
happens that the main branches of an inflorescence are centripetal, whilst the flowers
on the lateral branches are centrifugal ; or vice versa.

74. An Inflorescence is

a SpiTce, or spicate, when the flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis or
rhachis.

a Raceme, or racemose, when the flowers are borne on pedicels along a single un-
divided axis or rhachis.

INTRODUCTION. Xlll

a Panicle, or paniculate, when the axis is divided into branches bearing two or
more flowers.

a Head, or caj^itate, when several sessile or nearly sessile flowers are collected
into a compact head-like cluster. The short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the
flowers are seated, is called the recejjtacle, a term also used for the torus of a single
flower (135). The very compact flower-heads of Compositoi are often termed compound
flowers.

an TJnibel, or umbellate, when several branches or pedicels appear to start from
the same point and are nearly of the same length. It differs from the head, like the
raceme from the spike, in that the flowers are not sessile. An umbel is said to be
simple, when each of its branches or rays bears a single flower ; compound, when each
ray bears a partial umhel or umhellule.

a Cori/mh, or corymhose, when the branches and pedicels, although starting from
different points, all attain the same level, tlie lower ones being much longer than the
upper. It is a flat-topped oy fastigiate panicle.

a Cyme, or cymose, when branched and centrifugal. It is a centrifugal panicle,
and is often corymbose. The central flower opens first. Tlie lateral branches succes-
sively developed are usually forked or opposite (dichotomous or tricliotomous), but
sometimes after the fli'st forking the branches are no longer divided, but produce a suc-
cession of pedicels on tlicir upper side forining apparently unilateral centripetal racemes ;
whereas if attentively examined, it will be found that each pedicel is at first terminal,
but becomes lateral by the development of one outer branch only, immediately under the
pedicel. Such branches, when in bud, are generally rolled back at the top, like the tail
of a scorpion, and are thence called scorpioid.

a Thyrsus, or thyrsoid, when cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow
pyramidal panicle.

75. There are numerous cases where inflorescences are intermediate between some
two of the above, and are called by different botanists by one or the other name, ac-
cording as they are guided by apparent or by theoretical shnilarity. A spike-like panicle,
where the axis is divided into very short branches forming a cylindrical compact inflo-
rescence, is called sometimes a spike, sometimes a panicle. If the flowers are in dis-
tinct clusters along a simple axis, the inflorescence is described as an interrupted spike
or raceme, according as the flowers are nearly sessile or distinctly pedicellate ; althougli
when closely examined the flowers will be found to be inserted not on the main axis,
but on a very short branch, thus, strictly speaking, constituthig a panicle.

76. The catkins {amenta) of Amentacece, the spadices of several Monocotyledons,
the ears and sjnkelets of Grasses are forms of the spike.

77. Bracts are generally placed singly under each branch of the inflorescence, and
under each pedicel ; bracteoles are usually two, one on each side, on the pedicel or close
under the flower, or even upon the calyx itself ; but bracts are also frequently scattered
along the branches without axillary pedicels ; and when the differences between tlie bracts
and bracteoles are trifling or immaterial, they are usually all called bracts,

78. Wlien these bracts appear to proceed from the same point, they will, on exauH-
nation, be found to be really either one bract and two stipules, or one bract with two
bracteoles in its axil. When two bracts appear to proceed from the same point, they
will usually be found to be the stipules of an undeveloped bract, unless the branches
of the inflorescence are opposite, when the bracts will of course be opposite also.

79. When several bracts are collected in a whorl, or are so close together as to appear
whorled, or are closely imbricated round the base of a head or umbel, they are collec-
tively called an Involucre. The bracts composing an involucre are described under the
names of leaves, leaflets, bracts, or scales, according to their appearance. Phyllaries is
a useless term, lately introduced for the bracts or scales of the involucre of Composita;.
An Involucel is the involucre of a partial umbel.

80. When several very small bracts are placed round the base of a calyx or of an
involucre, they have been termed a calycide, and tlie calyx or involucre said to hecaly-
dilate, but these terms are now falhng into disuse, as conveying a false impression.

81. A Spatlia is a bract or floral leaf enclosing the inflorescence of some INlonocoty-
ledons.

C

XIV INTRODUCTION.

82. PalecB, Pales, or Chaff, are the inner bracts or scales in Composites, Gr amines,
and some other plants, when of a thin yet stiff consistence, usua% narrow and of a
pale colour.

83. Glv.mes are the bracts enclosing the flowers of Cyperacece and Graminece.

§ 8. The FI Giver in General.

84. A complete Flower (15) is one in which the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils
are all present ; a perfect flower, one in wliich all these organs, or such of them as are
present, are capable of performing their several functions. Therefore, properly speak-
ing, an incomplete flower is one in which any one or more of these organs is wanting ;
and an imperfect flower, one in which any one or more of these organs is so altered as
to be incapable of properly performing its functions. These imperfect organs are said
to be ahortive if much reduced in size or efficiency, rudimentary if so much so as_ to
be scarcely perceptible. But, in many works, tlie term incomplete is specially applied
to those fl^owers in wliich the perianth is simple or wanting, and imperfect to those in
which either the stamens or pistil are imperfect or wanting.

85. A Flower is

dichlamydeous, when the perianth is double, both calyx and corolla being present
and distinct.

monochlamydeous, when the perianth is single, whether by the union of the cah-x
and corolla, or the deficiency of either.

asepaloiis, when there is no calyx.

apetalous, when there is no corolla.

naked, when there is no perianth at all.

hermaphrodite or bisexual, when both stamens and pistil are present and perfect.

male or staminate, when there are one or more stamens, but either no pistil at all
or an imperfect one.

female or pistillate, when there is a pistil, but either no stamens at all, or only
imperfect ones.

neuter, when both stamens and pistil are imperfect or wanting.

barren or sterile, when from any cause it produces no seed.

fertile, when it does produce seed. In some works the terms barren, fertile, and
perfect are also used respectiyely as synonyms of male, female, and hermaphrodite.

86. The flowers of a plant or species are said collectely to be unisexual or diclinous
when the flowers are all either male or female.

monoecious, when the male and female flowers are distinct, but on the same plant.
dioecious, when the male and female flowers are on distinct plants.
polygamous, when there are male, female, and hermaplu'odite flowers on the same
or on distinct plants.

87. A head of flowers is heterogamov^ when male, female, hermaphrodite, and neuter
flowers, or any two or three of them, are included in one head ; homogamous, when all
the flowers included in one head are alike in this respect. A spike or head of flowers
is androgynous when male and female flowers are mixed in it. These terms are only
used in the case of very few Natui-al Orders.

88. As the scales of buds are leaves vmdeveloped or reduced in size and altered in
shape and consistence, and bracts are leaves likewise reduced in size, and occasionally
altered in colour ; so the parts of the flower are considered as leaves still further altered
in shape, colour, and arrangement round the axis, and often more or less combined with
each other. The details of this theory constitute the comparatively modern branch of
botany called Vegetable Metamorphosis, or Homology, sometimes improperly termed
Morphology (8).

89. To understand the arrangement of the floral parts, let us take a complete flower,
in which moreover all the parts are free from each other, ('Ze/?^^^Ye in number, i.e. always
the same in the same species, and symmetrical or isomerous, i. e. when each whorl con-
sists of the same number of parts.

90. Such a complete symmetrical flower consists usually of either four or five whorls
of altered leaves (88), placed immediately one within the other.

The Calyx forms the outer whorl. Its parts are called sepals.

INTRODUCTION. XV

The Corolla forms the next wliorl. Its parts, called petals^ usually alternate with
the sepals ; that is to say, the centre of each petal is immediately over or within the
interval between two sepals.

Tlie Stamens form one or two whorls within the petals. If two, those of the outer
whorl (the outer stamens) alternate with the petals, and are consequently opposite to,
or over the centre of the sepals ; those of the inner whorl (the inner stamens) alternate
with the outer ones, and are therefore opposite to the petals. If there is only one
whorl of stamens, they most frequently alternate with the petals ; but sometimes they
are opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals.

The Pistil forms the inner wdiorl ; its carpels usually alternate with the inner row
of stamens.

91. In an axillaiy or lateral flower the npper parts of each whorl (sepals, petals,
stamens, or carpels) are those which are next to the main axis of the stems or branch,
the lower parts those which are furthest from it ; the intermediate ones are said to be
lateral. The words anterior (front) and posterior (back) are often used for lower and
upper respectively, but their meaning is sometimes reversed if the writer supposes
himself in the centre of the flower instead of outside of it.

92. Tlie number of parts in each whorl of a flower is expressed adjeetively by the
following numerals derived from the Grreek : —

mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octo-, eiinea-, deca-, etc., poly-
1-, 2-, 3-, -i-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many-

prefixed to a termination indicating the whorl referred to.

93. Thus, a Flower is

disepalous, trisepalous, tetrasepalous^ polysepalous^ etc., according as there are 2,
3, 4, or many (or an indefinite number of) sepa-ls,

dipetalous^ tripetalous, polypetalous^ etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many
petals.

diandrous^ triandrous, polyandrous^ etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many
stamens.

digynous, trigynous, polygy^ious, etc., according as there 2, 3, or many carpels.

And genei'ally (if s^^nmetrical), dimerous^ trimerous, polymerotcs, etc., according
as they are 2, 3, or many (or an indefinite number of) parts to each whorl.

94. Flowers are tmsymmetrical or anisomerous, strictly speaking, when any one of
the whorls has a difierent number of parts from any other ; but when the pistils alone
are reduced in number, the flower is still frequently called symmetrical or isomerous,
if the calyx, corolla, and staminal whoi'ls have all the same number of parts.

95. Flowers are irregular when tlie parts of any one of tlie whorls are unequal in
size, dissimilar in shape, or do not spread regularly round the axis at equal distances.
It is however more especially irregularity of the corolla that is referred to in descrip-
tions. A slight inequality in size or direction in the other whorls does not prevent the
flower being classed as regular, if the corolla or perianth is conspicuous and regular.

§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla, or Perianth.

96. The Calsrx (90) is usually green, and smaller than the corolla ; sometimes very
minute, rudimentary, or wanting, sometimes very indistinctly whorled, or not whoi'led
at all, or in two whorls, or composed of a large number of sepals, of which the outer
ones pass gradually into bracts, and the inner ones into petals.

97. The Corolla (90) is usually coloured, and of a more delicate texture than the
calyx, and, in popular language, is often more specially meant by the flower. Its petals
are more rarely in two whorls, or indefinite in number, and the whorl more rarely
broken than in the case of the calyx, at least when the plant is in a natural state.
Douhle floivers are in most cases an accidental deformity or monster in which the ordi-
nary munber of petals is multiphed by the conversion of 'stamens, sepals, or even carpels
into petals, by the division of ordinary petals, or simply by the addition of superniune-
rary ones. Petals are also sometimes very small, rudimentary, or entirely deficient,

98. In very many cases, a so-called simple perianth (15) (of which the parts are

c 2

XVI INTRODUCTION.

usually called leaves or segments) is one in which the sepals and petals are similar in form
and textvu-e, and present apparently a single whorl. Bvit if examined in the young bud,
one half of the parts will generally be foimd to be placed outside the other half, and

here will frequently be some sliglit difference in texture, size, and coloiu*, indicating to
the close observer the ]Dresence of both calyx and corolla. Hence much discrepancy in
descriptive works. Where one botanist describes a simple perianth of six segments,
another will speak of a double perianth of three sepals and three petals.

•99. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications of form and
arrangement of the corolla and its petals, are equally applicable to the calyx and its
sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments.

100. The Corolla is said to be monopetahus when the petals are united, either en-
tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring ; 'polypetalous when they are all
free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly
correct, for monopetalous (consisting of a single petal) should apply rather to a corolla
really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on one side of the axis ; and
polypetalous is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indefinite
number of petals. Some modern botanists liave therefore proposed the term gamo-
petalous for the corolla with united petals, and dicdypetalous for that with free petals ;
but the old established expressions are still the most generally vised.

101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire poi'tion of the corolla is
called the tube, whatever be its shape, and tlie free portions of the petals are called the
teeth, lobes, or segments (39), according as they are short or long in proportion to the
whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the petals appear at
first sight free, but their slight union at the base must be carefully attended to, being
of importance in classification.

102. The .HSstivation of a corolla, is the arrangement of the petals, or of such portion
of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is

valvate, when they are strictly whorled in their whole length, their edges being
placed against each other without overlapping. If the edges are much mflexed, the
sestivation is at the same time induplicate ; involute, if the margins are rolled inward ;
reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into salient angles ; revolute, if the margins
are rolled outwards ; plicate, if the petals are folded in longitudinal plaits.

imbricate, when the whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals being out-
side tlie others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top. Five-petaled
imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when one petal is outside, and an adjoin-
ing one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one side ;
hilahiate, when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbricate
petals are described as crumpled {corrugate) when puckered irregularly in the bud.

twisted, contorted, or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining one on one
side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some botanists
include the twisted sestivation in the general term imbricate ; others carefully distin-
guish the one from the other.

103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that tlie three sestivations cannot
easily be distinguished one from the other ; in a few others the sestivation is variable,
even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character in species, in
genera, or even in Natural Orders.

104. In general shape the Corolla is

tubular, when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or
cylinder.

campannlaie, when approacliing in some measure the shape of a cup or bell.

urceolate, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, and
slightly expanded again in a narrow rim.

rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the
base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star.

hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical and the
upper portion expanded horizontally. In tliis case the name of tube^is, restricted to the
cylindi-ical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limh, wliether it be divided to
the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat.

INTKODUCTION. Xvii

infvMdibuliform ov ftmnel-shaped, when the tube is cyHndrical at the base, but en-
larged at the top into a more or less campanulate limb, of wliich the lobes often spread
horizontally. In this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement of the
lobes, is sometimes considered as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a portion of the
limb, and by some botanists again described as independent of either, under the name
oi throat {fauces). Grenerally speaking, however, in campanulate, infundibuliform, or
other corollas, where the lower entire part passes gradually into the upper divided and
more spreading part, the distinction between the tube and the Umh is drawn eitlier at
the point where the lobes separate, or at the part where the corolla first expands, ac-
cording to which is the most marked.

105. Irregular corollas have received various names according to the more familiar
forms tliey have been compared to. Some of the most important are the

hilahiate, or two-lipped corolla, when, in a four- or five-lobed corolla, the two or
three upper lobes stand obviously apart, hke an upper Up, from the two or three lower
ones or under lip. In Orchidece and some other families the name of lip, or lahellum,
is given to one of the divisions or lobes of tlie perianth.

personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a projection from
the base of the up]3er or lower lip, called a palate.

7'ingent, when very strongly two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube very open.

spurred, when the tube or the lower part of a petal has a conical hollow projection,
compared to the spur of a cock ; saccate, when the spur is short and round like a little
bag ; gibbous, when projecting at any part into a slight swelling.

resupinate or reversed, when a lip, spur, etc., which in allied species is usually
lowest, lies uppermost, and vice versa.

106. The above terms are mostly applied to the forms of monopetalous corollas, but
several are also applicable to those of polypetalous ones. Terms descriptive of the
special forms of corolla in certain Natural Orders, will be explained under those
Orders respectively.

107. Most of the terms used for describing the forms of leaves (39, 45) are also ap-
plicable to tliose of individual petals ; but the flat expanded portion of a petal, cor-
responding to the blade of the leaf, is called its lamina, and the stalk, correspondmg
to the petiole, its claio {unguis). The stalked petal is said to be unguiculate.

§ 10. The Stamens.

108. Although in a few cases the outer stamens may gradually pass into petals, yet,
in general, Stamens are very different in shape and aspect from leaves, sepals, or
petals. It is only in a theoretical point of view (not the less important in the study
of the physiological economy of the plant) that they can be called altered leaves.

109. This visual form is a stalk, called the filament, bearing at the top an anther
divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells are filled with pollen, consisting
of minute grains, usually forming a yellow dust, whicli, when the flower expands, is
scattered from an opening in each cell. When the two cells are not closely contiguous,
the portion of the anther that unites them is called the connectivum.

110. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the stamen is
perfect ; but if the anther, which is the essential part of the stamen, is wanting, or
does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said to be barren or sterile
(without pollen), abortive, or rudimentary (81), according to the degree to which the
imperfection is carried. Imperfect stamens are often called staminodia.

111. In unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens of each whorl are sometimes reduced in
number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in several Natural Ordei-s
they are multiplied indefinitely.

112. The terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers which have
really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. Where several stamens
are united into one, the flower is said to be synandrous.

113. Stamens are

monadelphous, when united by their filaments into one cluster. This cluster cither
lorms a tube round the pistil, or, if the pistil is wanting, occupies the centre of the
ower.

XVUl INTRODUCTION.

diadelphoiis, when so united into two clusters. The tenii is more especially ap-
plied to certain Leguminosce, in which nine stamens are united in a tube sht open on
the upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. In some other plants the sta-
mens are equally distributed in the two clusters.

triadelplious, ^pentadelpliows, jpolyadelplious, when so united into three, five, or
many clusters.

si/ngeneslous, when united by theu' anthers in a ring round the pistil, the filaments
usually remaining free.

didj/namons, when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there are four stamens in two
pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other.

tetradi/namous, when (in Cniciferce) there are six, fovu^ of them longer than the
two others.

exserted, when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its tube, if the
limb be very spreading.

114. An Anther (109) is

adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie their
whole length along the upper part of the filament.

innate, when firmly attached by theu* base to the filameait. This is an adnate
anther when rather more chstinct from the filament.

versatile, when attached by their back to the very point of the filament, so as to
swing loosely.

115. Anther-cells may be parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle ; or diva-
ricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight Une. The end of each an-
ther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or summit^ and
the other end its base (36) ; but some botanists reverse the sense of these terms.

116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum or cells, appendages termed bristles
(setae), spurs, crests, points, glands, etc., according to their appearance.

117. Anthers have occasionally only one cell : this may take place either by the disap-
pearance of the partition between two closely contiguous cells, when these cells are said
to be confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one of the cells, when the
anther is said to be dimidiate.

118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in valves, pores,
or slits. Their dehiscence is introrse, Avhen the opening faces the pistil ; extrorse, when
towards the circumference of the flower.

119. Pollen (109) is not always in the form of dust. It is sometimes collected in each
cell into one or two little wax-like masses. Special terms used in describing these masses
or other modifications of the pollen will be explained under the Orders where they occur*

§ 11. The Pistil.

120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally assume, rather
more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are still more different in
shape and structure. They are usually sessile ; if stalked, their stalk is called a podo-
carp. Tliis stalk, upon which each separate carpel is supported above the receptacle,
must not be confounded with the gynobasis (143), upon which the whole pistil is
sometimes raised.

121. Each carpel consists of three parts :

1. the Ovary^ or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities or cells, con-
taining one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the earhest condition of the
friture seeds.

2. the Style, proceeding from the summit of the ovary, and supporting —

3. the Stigma, which is sometimes a point {ov punctiform stigma) or small head
(a capitate stigma) at the top of the style or ovary, sometimes a portion of its surface
more or less lateral and variously shaped, distinguished by a looser texture, and covered
with minute protuberances called papillce.

122. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile on the ovary, but m
the perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some portion of
stigmatic surface. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said to be barren (not
setting seed), abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree of imperfection.

INTRODUCTION. xix

123. The ovary being the essential part of the pistil, most of the terms relating to
the number, arrangement, etc., of the carpels, apply specially to their ovaries. In some
works each separate carpel is called a pistil, all those of a flower constituting together
the gyncecium ; but this term is in little use, and the word pistil is more generally
applied in a collective sense. When the ovaries are at all united, they are commonly
termed collectively a compound ovary.

124. The number of carpels or ovaries in a flower is frequently reduced below that
of the parts of the other floral whorls, even in flowers otherwise symmetrical. In a
very few genera, however, the ovaries are more numerous than the petals, or indefinite.
They are in tViat case either arranged in a single whorl, or form a head or spike in
the centre of the flower.

125. The terms monogynous, digynous^ jjolygynous^ etc. (with a pistil of one, two, or
more parts), are vaguely used, applying sometimes to the whole pistil, sometimes to the
ovaries alone, or to the styles or stigmas only. Where a more precise nomenclature is
adopted, the flower is

monocarpellary, when the pistil consists of a single simple carpel.

hi-, tri-, etc., to poly-carpellary, when the pistil consists of two, three, or an inde-
finite number of carpels, whether separate or united.

syncarpous, when the carpels or their ovaries are more or less united into one
compound ovary.

apocarpous, when the carpels or ovaries are all free and distinct.

126. A comjyound ovary is

unilocular or one-celled, when there ai'e no partitions between the ovules, or when
these partitions do not meet in the centre so as to divide the cavity into several cells.

plurilocular or several-celled, when completely divided into two or more cells by
partitions called dissepiments {septa), usually vertical and radiating from the centre or
axis of the ovary to its circumference.

hi-, tri-, etc., to multi-locular, according to the number of these ceils, two, three,
etc., or many.

127. In general the number of cells or of dissepiments, complete or partial, or of
rows of ovules, corresponds with that of the carpels, of which the pistil is composed.
But sometimes each carpel is divided completely or partially into two cells, or has two
rows of ovules, so that the number of carpels appears double what it really is. Some-
times again the carpels are so completely combined and reduced as to form a single cell,
with a single ovule, although it really consist of several carpels. But in these cases the
ovary is usually described as it appears, as well as such as it is theoretically supposed to be.

128. In apocarpous pistils the styles are usually free, each bearing its own stigma.
Very rarely the greater part of the styles, or the stigmas alone, are united, whilst the
ovaries remain distinct.

129. Syncarpous flowers are said to have

several styles, when the styles are free from the base.

one stylCf with several hranclies, when the styles are connected at the base, but
separate below the point where the stigmas or stigmatic surfaces commence.

one simple style, loith several stigmas, when u.uited up to the point where the stig-
mas or stigmatic surfaces commence, and then separating.

one simpile style, %mth a hranched, lohed, toothed, notched, or entire stigma (as the
case may be), when the stigmas also are more or less united. In many works, how-
ever, this precise nomenclature is not strictly adhered to, and considerable confusion
is often the result.

130. In general the number of style?, or branches of the style or stigma, is the same
as that of the carpels, but sometimes that number is doubled, especially in the stigmas,
and sometimes the stigmas are dichotomously or pinnately branched, or penicillate,
that is, divided into a tuft of liair-like branches. All these variations sometimes make
it a difficult task to determine the number of carpels forming a compound ovary, but
the point is of considerable importance in fixing the affinities of plants, and, by carefid
consideration, the real as well as the apparent number has now in most cases been
agreed upon.

131. The Placenta is. the part of the inside of the ovary to which the ovules are

XX INTRODUCTION.

attached, sometimes a mere point or line on the inner surface, often more or less thick-
ened or raised. Placentation is therefore tlie indication of the part of the ovary to
which the ovules are attached.

132. Placentas are

axile, when the ovules are attached to the axis or centre, that is, in plurUocular
ovaries, when they are attached to the inner angle of each cell ; in vmhocular simple
ovaries, which have almost always an excentrical style or stigma, wlien the ovules are
attached to the side of the ovary nearest to the style ; in unilocular comi^ound ovaries,
when the ovules are attached to a central protuberance, column, or axis rising vip fiom
the base of the cavity. If this column does not reach the top of the cavity, the pla-
centa is said to he free and central.

parietal, when the ovules are attached to the inner surface of the cavity of a one-
ceUed compound ovary. Parietal placentas are usually slightly thickened or raised
hues, sometimes broad surfaces nearly covering the inner surface of the cavity, some-
times projecting far into the cavity, and constituting partial dissepiments, or even
meeting in the centre, but without cohering there. In the latter case the distinction
between the one-celled and the several celled ovary sometimes almost disappears.

133. Each Ovule (121), wlien fully formed, usually consists of a central mass or
nucleus enclosed in tw^o bag-like coats, the outer one called primine, the inner one
secundine. The cJialaza is the point of the ovule at which the base of the nucleus is
confluent with the coats. The foramen is a minute aperture in the coats over the
apex of the nucleus.

134. Ovules are

orthotropous or straight, when the chalaza coincides with the base (36) of the
ovule, and the foramen is at the opposite extremity, the axis of the ovule being straight.

campylotropous or incurved, when the chalaza stiU. coinciding with the base of
the ovule, the axis of the ovxxle is curved, bringing the foramen down more or less to-
wards that base.

anatropous or inverted, when the chalaza is at the apex of the OTule, and the
foramen next to its base, the axis remaining straight. In this, one of the most frequent
forms of the ovule, the chalaza is connected with the base by a cord, called the rliaphe,
adhering to one side of the ovule, and becoming more or less incorporated with its
coats, as the ovule enlarges into a seed.

ampMtropous or half-inverted, when the ovule being as it were attached laterally,
the chalaza and foramen at opposite ends of its straight or curved axis are about equally
distant from the base or point of attachment.

§ 12. The Receptacle and Relative Attachment of the Floral JVhorls.

135. The Heceptacle or torxis is the extremity of the peduncle (above the calyx),
upon wliich the coroUa, stamens, and ovary are inserted. It is sometimes little more
than a mere point or minute hemisphere, but it is often also more or less elongated,
thickened, or otherwise enlarged. It must not be confounded with the receptacle of
inflorescence (74).

136. A Disk, or disc, is a circular enlargement of the.receptacle, usually in the form
of a cup (cu2mlar), of a flat disk or quoit, or of a cushion (pulvinate). It is either
immediately at the base of the ovary within the stamens, or between the petals and
stamens, or bears the petals or stamens or both on its margin, or is quite at the ex-
tremity of the receptacle, with the ovaries arranged in a ring round it or under it.

137. The disk may be entire, or toothed or lohed, or divided into a number of parts,
usually equal to or twice that of the stamens or carpels. When the parts of the disk
are quite separate and sliort, they are often called glands.

138. Nectaries, are either the disk, or small deformed petals, or abortive stamens,
or appendages at the base of petals or stamens, or any smaU bodies within the flower
which do not look like petals, stamens, or ovaries. They were formerly supposed to
supply bees with their honey, and the term is frequently to be met with in the older
Floras, but is now deservedly going out of use.

139. When the disk bears the petals and stamens, it is frequently adherent to, and

INTRODUCTION. Xxi

apparently forms part of, the tube of the calyx, or it is adherent to, and apparently
forms part of, the ovary, or of both calyx-tube and ovary. Hence the tluree following
important distinctions in the relative insertion of the floral whorls.

140. Petals, or as it is frequently expressed, flowers, are

hypogijnoiis (i. e. under the ovary), when they or the disk that bears them are en-
tirely free both from the calyx and ovary. The ovary is then described as free or su-
perior, the calyx as free or inferior, the petals as being inserted on the receptacle.

peHgynous {i.e. round the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is quite free
from the ovary, but is moi'e or less combined with the base of the calyx-tube. The
ovary is then still described as free or superior, even though the combined disk and
calyx-tube may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in the bottom ; the calyx is said
to he free or inferior, and the petals are described as inserted on the calyx.

epigynoiis {i. e. upon the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is combined both
with the base of the calyx-tube and the base outside of the ovary ; either closing over
the ovary so as only to leave a passage for the style, or leaving more or less of the top
of the ovary free, but always adhei'ing to it above the level of the insertion of the lowest
ovule (except in a very few cases where the ovules are absolutely suspended from the
top of the cell). In epigynous flowers the ovaiy is described as adherent or inferior,.
the calyx as adherent or siipe7'ior, the petals as inserted on or above the ovary. In
some works, however, most epigynous flowers are included in the perigynous ones, and
a very different meaning is given to the term epigynous (144), and there are a few cases
where no positive distinction can be drawn between the epigynous and perigynous
flowers, or again between the perigynous and hypogynous flowers.

141. When there are no petals, it is the insertion of the stamens that determines
the difference between the hypogynous, perigjiious, and epigynous flowers.

142. When there are both petals and stamens,

in hypogynous flowers, the petals and stamens are usually free from each other,
but sometimes they are combined at the base. In that case, if the petals are distinct
from each other, and the stamens are monadelphous, the petals are often said to be
inserted on or combined with the staminal tube ; if the corolla is gamopetalous and the
stamens distinct from each other, the latter are said to be inserted in the tube of the
corolla.

in perigynous flowers, the stamens are usually inserted immediately within the
petals, or alternating with them on the edge of the disk, but occasionally much lower
down within the disk, or even on the imenlarged part of the receptacle.

in epigynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are usually inserted
as in perigynous flowers ; when the corolla is gamopetalous, the stamens are either free
and hjpogynous, or combined at the base with (inserted in) tlie tube of the corolla.

143. When the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the ovary, it is often caUed
a gynobasis, gynophore, or sialic of the ovary. If the elongation takes place below the
stamens or below the petals, these stamens or petals are then said to be inserted on the
stalk of the ovary, and are occasionally, but falsely, described as epigynous. Eeally
epigynous stamens (^. e. when the filaments are combined with the ovary) are very rare,
unless the rest of the flower is epigynous.

144. An epigynous dish is a name given either to the thickened summit of the ovary
in epigynous flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or enlargement of the receptacle
closing over the ovary.

145. In the relative position of any two or more parts of the flower, whether in the
same or in difierent whorls, they are

connivent, when nearer together at the summit than at the base.

divergent, when further apart at the summit than at the base.

coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be separated with
little or no laceration ; and one of the two coherent parts (usually the smallest or least
important) is said to be adherent to the other. Grrammatically speaking, these two
terms convey nearly the same meaning, but require a different form of phrase ; prac-
tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of
parts of the same whorl, and adhesion to the imion of parts of different whorls.

connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration.

XXU INTRODUCTION,

Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller
or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other.

free, when neitlier coherent nor connate.

distinct is also nsed in the same sense, but is also apphed to parts distinctly visible
or distinctly hmited.

§ 13. The Fruit.

146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are
'persistent {i.e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less
altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period
of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the
seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore.

147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple wlien the result of a single
flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined
in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels,
is compoxmd in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single
and aggregate, proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more
appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from
a single flower unless the conti'ary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous
or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become
separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil.

148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very
seldom so in single ones.

149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe it
falls ofi" with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it.

150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms
part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigyiious flowers or the calyx of perigy-
nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone
fall oS", or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of
the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off", including the disk bear-
ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls ofi" entirely or persists
entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls ofli". When it persists
it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up.

151. The corolla usually falls ofl" entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered and
dry (marcescent) , or very seldom enlarges round the fruit.

152. The stamens either fall off", or more or less of their filaments persists, usually
withered and dry.

153. The style sometimes falls off" or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists,
forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage
to the fruit.

154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad-
heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent
receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe-
ring to it.

155. Fruits have often external appendages called luings (alse), beals, crests, awns,
etc., according to then- appearance. They are eitlier formed by persistent parts of the
flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the
calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is
called a pappus.

156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fieshy, pulpy, and juicy
fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds,
indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall ofi" with the seeds. Succu-
lent fruits are usually indehiscent.

157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are

the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with
the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds themselves are
usually immersed in the pvilp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from the

INTRODUCTION. Xxiii

pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the oyary, wliich form as it were a thin inner
skin or rind, called the Endocarp.

the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, an
outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the berry by a skin or epicarp),
and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either cartilaginous (of the
consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter case it is commonly a
stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit.

158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are

the Capsule or Pod,^ which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually splits
longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it contains cells
or placentas. If these valves separate at the line of junction of the carpels, that is, along
the line of the placentas or dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them attached
to the axis, the dehiscence is termed septicidal ; if the valves separate between the
placentas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is locuUcidal, and the valves either bear the
placentas or dissepiments along their middle Hne, or leave them attached to the axis.
Sometimes also the capsule discharges its seeds by slits, chinks, or pores, more or less
regularly arranged, or bursts irregidarly, or separates into two parts by a horizontal
line ; in the latter case it is said to be circumsciss.

the Nut or A cliene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. When the
pericarp is thin m proportion to the seed it encloses, the whole fniit (or each of its
lobes) has the appearance of a single seed, and is so called in popular language. If the
pericarp is thin and rather loose, it is often called an Utricle. A Samara is a nut with
a wing at its upper end.

159. Where the carpels of the ovary are distinct (125) they may severally become
as many distinct berries, drupes, capsides, or achenes. Separate carpels are usually
more or less compressed laterally, with more or less prominent inner and outer
edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, the carpel usually opens at these sutures. A
Follicle is a carpel opening at the inner suture only. In some cases where the carpels
are united in the ovary they will separate when ripe ; they are then called Cocci if one-
seeded.

160. The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders have received special names,
which will be explained under each Order. Such are the siliqua and silicule of Cruci-
ferse, the legume of Legmninosse, the pome of Pyrus and its allies, the pepo of Cucm'-
bitacese, the cone of Coniferse, the grain or caryopsis of Graminese, etc.

§ 14. The Seed.

161. The Seed is enclosed in the pericarp in the great majority of flowering plants,
called therefore Angiosperms, or angiospermous plants. In Coniferce and a very few
aUied genera, called Gymnosperms, or gymnospermous plants, the seed is naked, without
any real pericarp. These truly gymnospermous plants must not be confounded with
Lahiatcp, Boraginece, etc., which have also been falsely called gymnospermous, their
small nuts having the appearance of seeds (158).

162. The seed when ripe contains an embryo or young plant, either filling or nearly
fiUing the cavity, but not attached to the outer skin or the seed, or more or less im-
mersed in a mealy, oily, fleshy, or horn-like substance, called the albumen, or peri-
sperm. The presence or absence of this albumen, that is, the distinction between albu-
minous and exalbtiminous seeds, is one of great importance. The embryo or albumen
can often only be foimd or distinguished when the seed is quite ripe, or sometimes only
when it begins to germinate.

163. The shell of the seed consists usually of two separable coats. The outer coat,
called the testa, is usually the principal one, and in most cases the only one attended
to in descriptions. It may be hard and crustaceons, woody or bony, or thin and mem,'
branous (skin-like), dry, or rarely succulent. It is sometimes expanded into icings,
or bears a tuft of hair, cotton, or wool, called a coma. The inner coat is called the
tegmen.

* In English descriptions, pod is more frequently used when it is long and narrow; capsule, or
sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad.

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

164. The fimide is the stalk bj which the seed is attached to the placenta. It is
occasionally enlarged into a membranous, pulpr, or fleshy appendage, sometimes spread-
ing over a considerable part of the seed, or nearly enclosing it, called an aril. A stro-
'pTiiole or caruncle is a similar appendage proceeding from the testa by the side of or
near the funicle.

165. The Mlnni is the scar left on the seed where it separates from the funicle. The
micropyle is a mark indicating the position of the foramen of the ovule (133).

166. The Embryo (162) consists of the Radicle or base of the future root, one or
two Cotyledons or future seed-leaves, and the Plumule or futui'e bud within the base
of the cotyledons. In some seeds, especially where there is no albumen, these several
parts are very conspicuous, in others they are very difiicidt to distinguish imtil the
seed begins to germinate. Their observation, however, is of the greatest importance,
for it is chiefly upon the distinction between the embryo with one or with two coty-
ledons that are founded the two great classes of phsenogamous plants, Monocotyledons
and Dicotyledons.

167. Althovigh the embryo lies loose (unattached) within the seed, it is generally
in some determhiate position with respect to the seed or to the whole fruit. Tliis
position is described by stating the direction of the radicla next to or more or less
remote from the Jiiliim, or it is said to be superior if pointing towards the summit of
the fruit, inferior if pointing towards the base of the fruit.

§ 15. Accessory Organs.

168. Under this name are included, in many elementary works, various external
parts of plants wliich do not appear to act any essential part either in the vegetation
or reproduction of the plant. They may be classed imder four heads : Tendrils and
HooJcs, Tliorns and Prickles, Hairs, and Glands.

169. Tendrils (cirrhi) are usually abortive petioles, or abortive peduncles, or some-
times abortive ends of branches. They are simple or more or less branched, flexible,
and coil more or less firmly round any objects within their reach, in order to support
the plant to wliich they belong. Hooks are similar holdfasts, but of a firmer consis-
tence, not branched, and less coiled.

170. Thorns and Prickles have been fancifully called the weapons of plants.
A Thorn or Spine is the strongly pointed extremity of a branch, or abortive petiole, or
abortive peduncle. A PricMe is a sharply pointed excrescence from the epidermis,
and is usually produced on a branch, on the petiole or veins of a leaf, or on a peduncle,
or even on the calyx or corolla. When the teeth of a leaf or the stipides are pungent,
they are also c^Wed prickles, not thorns. A plant is spinous if it has thorns, aculeate
if it has prickles.

171. Hairs, in the general sense, or the indumentum (or clothing) of a plant, in-
clude all those productions of tlie epidermis which have, by a more or less appropriate
comparison, been termed bristles, hairs, down, cotton, or wool.

172. Hau's are often branched. They are said to be attached by the centre, if
parted from the base, and the forks spread along the surface in opposite directions ;
ptlumose, if the branches are arranged along a common axis, as in a featlier ; stellate,
if several branches radiate horizontally. These stellate hairs have sometimes their
rays connected together at the base, forming little flat circular disks attached by the
centre, and are then called scales, and the surface is said to be scaly or lepidote.

173. The Ejndermis, or outer skin, of an organ, as to its sui*face and indumentum, is
smooth, when without any protuberance whatever.

glabrous, when without hairs of any kind.

striate, when marked with parallel longitudinal lines, either slightly raised or
merely discoloured.

furroii^ed (sulcate) or ribbed (costate) when the parallel lines are more distinctly
;d.

rugose, when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised or depressed lines.

umbiiicate, when marked with a small roimd depression.

umbonate, when bearing a small boss like that of a shield.

INTUODUCTION. XXV

■viscous, viscid, or glutinous, when covered with a sticky or clammy exudation.

scabrous, when rough to the touch.

tiiherculate or ivarted, when covered with small, obtuse, wart-like protuberances.

muricate, when the protuberances are more raised and pointed but yet short and
hard.

ecliinate, when the protuberances are longer and sharper, almost prickly.

setose or hristhj, when bearing very stiff erect straight hairs.

glandular- setose, when the setse or bristles terminate in a minute resinous head or
drop. In some works, especially in the case of Roses and Ruhus, the meaning of setce
has been restricted to such as are glandular.

glocJiidiate, when the setse are hooked at the top.

pilose, when the surface is thinly sprinkled vdih. rather long simple hairs.

hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs.

hirsute, when the hairs are dense and not so stiff.

doivny or pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft ; puberulent, when sliglitly
pubescent.

strigose, when the hairs are rather short aod stiff, and Ue close along the surface
all in the same direction ; strigillose, when shghtly strigose.

tomentose or cottony, when the hairs are very shoi't and soft, rather dense and
more or less intricate, and visually white or whitish.

woolly {lanate), when the hairs are long and loosely intricate, like wool. The
wool or tomentum is said to be Jioccose when closely intricate and readily detached,
like fleece.

mealy {farinose), when the hairs are excessively short, intricate and white, and
come off readily, having the appearance of meal or dust.

canescent or hoary, when th« hairs are so short as not readily to be distinguished
by the naked eye, and yet give a general whitish hue to the epidermis.

glaucous, when of a pale bluish-green, often covered with a fine bloom.

174. The meanings here attached'to the above terms are such as appear to have been
most generally adopted, but there is much vagueness in the use practically made of
many of them by different botanists. This is especially the case with the terms pilose^
hispid, hirsute, pubescent, and tomentose.

175. The name of Glands is given to several different productions, and principally
to the four following : —

1. Small wart-hke or shield-like bodies, either sessile or sometimes stalked, of a
fungous or somewhat fleshy consistence, occasionally secreting a small quantity of oily
or resinous matter, but more frequently dry. They are generally few in number, often
definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the petiole or principal veins
of leaves, on the branches of inflorescences, or on the stalks or principal vems of bracts,
sepals, or petals.

2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-colom'ed, of a resinous or oily
nature, always superficial, and apparently exudations from the epidermis. They are
often numerous on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, and occur even on petals
and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised upon slender stalks they are called
pedicellate (or stipitate) glands, or glandular hairs, according to the thickness of the
stalk.

3. Small, globular, oblong or even linear vesicles, filled with oil, imbedded in the
substance itself of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or fruits. They are often very numer-
ous, like transparent dots, sometimes few and determinate in form and position. In
the pericarp of Umbelliferce they are remarkably regular and conspicuous, and take
the name of vittce,

4. Lobes of the disk (137), or other small fleshy excrescences within the flower,
whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil.

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

Chap. II. Classification, ok Systematic Botany.

176. It has already been obsei-ved (3) that descriptions of plants should, as nearly
as possible, be arranged under natural divisions, so as to facilitate the comparison of
each plant with those most nearly allied to it. The descriptions of plants here alluded
to are descriptions of species ; the natural divisions of the Flora refer to natural ^row^ps
of species.

177. A Species comprises all the individual plants which resemble each other suffi-
ciently to make us conclude that they are all, or ma^i/ have been all, descended from a
common parent. These mdividuals may often differ from each other in many striking
particulars, such as the colour of the flower, size of the leaf, etc., but tliese particulars
are such as experience teaches us are liable to vary in the seedlings raised from one
individual.

178. Wlien a large number of the individuals of a species differ from the others in
any striking particular they constitute a Variety. If the variety generally comes
true from seed, it is often called a Eace.

179. A Variety can only be propagated with certainty by grafts, cuttings, bulbs,
tubers, or any other method which produces a new plant by the development of one
or more buds taken from the old one. A Race may with care be propagated by seed,
although seedlings will always be hable, under certain circumstances, to lose those
particulars which distinguish it from the rest of the species. A real Species will always
come true from seed.

180. The known species of plants (now near 100,000) are far too numerous for the
human mind to study without classification, or even to give distinct single names to.
To facilitate these objects, an admirable system, invented by Linnaeus, has been uni-
versally adopted, viz. one common substantive name is given to a number of species
which resemble each other more than they do any other species ; the species so col-
lected under one name are collectively called a Genus, the common name being the
generic name. Each species is then distinguished from the others of the same genus
by the addition of an adjective epithet or specific name. Every species has thus a bo-
tanical name of two words. In Latin, the language usually used for the purpose, the
first word is a substantive and designates the genus ; the second, an adjective, indi-
cates the species.

181. The genera thus formed being stiU too numerous (above 6,000) for study with-
out further arrangement, they have been classed upon the same principles ; viz. genera
which resemble each other moi'e than they do any other genera, have been collected
together into groups of a liigher degree called Families or Natural Orders, to
each of which a common name has been given. This name is in Latin an adjective
plm'al, usually taken from the name of some one typical genus, generally the best known,
the first discovered, or the most marked (e.g. Ranunculacece. from Bammcidus). This
is however for the purpose of study and comparison. To speak of a species, to refer
to it and identify it, all that is necessary is to give the generic and specific names.

182. Natural Orders themselves (of which we reckon near 200) are often in the
same manner collected into Classes 3 and where Orders contain a large nimiber of
genera, or genera a large number of species, they require further classification. The
genera of an Order ai'e then collected into minor groups called Tribes, the species of
a genus into Sections, and in a few cases this intermediate classification is carried still
further. The names of these several groups the most generally adopted are as follows,
beginning with the most comprehensive or liighest : —

Classes. G-enera.

Subclasses or Alliances. Subgenera.

Natural Orders or Families. Sections,

Suborders. Subsections.

Tribes. Species.

Subtribes. Varieties.
Divisions.
Subdivisions.

INTRODUCTION. XXvii

183. The characters (3) by which a species is distinguished from all other species of
the same genus are collectively called the specific character of the plant ; those by
which its genus is distinguished from other genera of the Order, or its Order from
other Orders, are respectively called the generic or ordinal character, as the case
may be. The hahit of a plant, of a species, a genus, etc., consists of such general
characters as strike the eye at first sight, such as size, colour, ramification, arrange-
ment of the leaves, inflorescence, etc., and are chiefly derived from the organs of
vegetation.

184. Classes, Orders, Genera, and their several subdivisions, are called natural when,
in forming them, all resemblances and difierences are taken into account, valuing them
according to their evident or presumed importance ; artificial^ when resemblances and
difierences in some one or very few particidars only are taken into account indepen-
dently of all others.

185. The number of species included in a genus, or the number of genera in an
Order, is very variable. Sometimes two or three or even a single species may be so
difierent from all others as to constitute the entire genus ; in others, several hundred
species may resemble each other so much as to be all included in one genus ; and there
is the same discrepancy in the number of genera to a Family. There is moreover, un-
fortiuiately, in a number of instances, great difierence of opinion as to whether certain
plants difieriug fi'om each other in certain particulars are varieties of one species or be-
long to distinct species ; and again, whether two or more groups of species should con-
stitute as many sections of one genus, or distinct genera, or tribes of one Order, or
even distinct Natural Orders. In the former case, as a species is supposed to have a
real existence in natui'e, the question is susceptible of argument, and sometimes of ab-
solute proof. But the place a group should occupy in tlie scale of degree is very arbi-
trary, being often a mere question of convenience. The more subdivisions upon cor-
rect principles are midtiplied, the more they facilitate the study of plants, provided
always the main resting-points for constant use, the Oi'der and the Grenus, are compre-
hensive and distinct. But if every group into which a genus can be divided be erected
into a distinct genus, with a substantive name to be remembered whenever a species
is spoken of, all the advantages derived from the beautiful simpUcity of the Linnsean
nomenclature are gone.

Chap. III. Vegetable Anatomy aio) PHYSiOLoar.
§ 1. Structure and Growth of the JElementary Tissues.

186. If a very thin slice of any part of a plant be placed under a microscope of high
magnifying power, it will be found to be made up of variously shaped and arranged
ultimate parts, forming a sort of honeycombed structure. These ultimate parts are
called cells, and form by their combination the elementary tissues of which the entu*e
plant is composed.

187. A cell in its simplest state is a closed membranous sac, formed of a substance
permeable by fluids, though usually destitute of visible pores. Each cell is a distinct
individual, separately formed and separately acting, though cohering with the cells
with which it is in contact, and partaking of the common hfe and action of the tissue
of which it forms a part. The membranes separating or enclosing the cells are also
called their ivalls.

188. Botanists usually distinguish the following tissues :— -

(1) Cellular tissue, or parenchyma, consists visually of thin- walled cells, more or less
round in form, or with their length not much exceeding their breadth, and not taper-
mg at the ends. All the soft parts of the leaves, the pith of stems, the pidp of fruits,
and all young growing parts, are formed of it. It is the first tissue produced, and

XXVlil INTRODUCTION.

continues to be formed while growtli continues, and when it ceases to be active the
plant dies.

(2) Woody tissue, or prosenc7ii/ma, differs in having its cells considerably longer than
broad, usually tapering at each end into points and overlapping each other. The cells
are commonly thick-walled ; the tissue is firm, tenacious, and elastic, and constitutes
the principal part of wood, of the inner bark, and of the nerves and veins of leaves,
forming, in short, the framework of the plant.

(3) Vascular tissue, or the vessels or dtccts of plants, so called from the mistaken no-
tion that their functions are analogous to those of the vessels (veins and arteries) of
animals. A vessel in plants consists of a vertical row of cells, which have their trans-
verse partition- walls obliterated, so as to form a continuous tube. All phaenogamous
plants, as well as ferns and a few other cryptogamovis plants, have vessels, and are
therefore called vascular plants ; so the majority of cryptogams having only cellular
tissue are termed cellular plants. Vessels have their sides very variously marked ;
some, called spiral vessels, have a spiral fibre coiled up their inside, which unrolls
when the vessel is broken ; others are marked with longitudinal shts, cross bars,
minute dots or pits, or with transverse rmgs. The size of vessels is also very variable
in different plants ; in some they are of considerable size and visible to the naked eye in
cross sections of the stem, in others they are ahnost absent or can only be traced under
a strong magnifier.

189. Various modifications of the above tissues are distinguished by vegetable ana-
tomists under names which need not be enumerated here as not being in general prac-
tical use. Air-vessels, cysts, turpentine-vessels, oil-reservoirs, etc., are either cavities
left between the cells, or large cells filled with peculiar secretions.

190. WTien tissues are once formed, they increase, not by the general enlargement of
the whole of the cells already formed, but by cell-division, that is, by the division of
young and vitally active cells, and the enlargement of their portions. In tlie formation
of the embryo, the first cell of the new plant is fonned, not by division, but around a
segregate portion of the contents of a previously existing cell, the embryo-sac. This is
termed/ree cell-formation, in contradistinction to cell- division.

191. A young and vitally active cell consists of the outer ivall, formed of a more or
less transparent substance called cellulose, permeable by fluids, and of ternary chemical
composition (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) ; and of the cell-contents, usually viscid
or mucilaginous, consisting of protoplasm, a substance of quaternary chemical compo-
sition (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), which fills an important part in cell-
division and growth. Within the cell (either in the centre or excentrical) is usually a
minute, soft, subgelatinovis body called the nucleus, whose functions appear to be inti-
mately connected with the first formation of the new cell. As this cell increases m size,
and its walls in thickness, the protoplasm and watery cell-sap become absorbed or dried
up, the firm cellulose wall alone remaining as a permanent fabric, either empty or filled
with various organized substances produced or secreted within it.

192. The principal organized contents of cells are

sap, the first product of the digestion of the food of plants ; it contains the ele-
ments of vegetable growth in a dissolved condition.

sugar, of which there are two kinds, called cane-sugar and grape-sugar. It usually
exists dissolved m the sap. It is found abundantly in gi-owing parts, in fr'uits, and in
germinating seeds.

dextrine, or vegetable mucilage, a gummy substance, between mucilage and starch.

starch ov fecula, one of the most luiiversal and conspicuous of cell-contents, and
often so abundant in farinaceous roots and seeds as to fill the cell-cavity. It consists
of minute grains called starch-granules, wliich vary in size and are marked with more
or less conspicuous concentric lines of growth. The chemical constitution of starch
is the same as that of cellulose ; it is unaffected by cold water, but forms a jelly with
boihng water, and turns blue when tested by iodine. When fully dissolved it is no
longer starch, but dextrine.

chlorophyll, very minute granules, containing nitrogen, and coloured green under
the action of sunlight. These granules are most abundant in the layers of cells imme-
diately below the surface or epidermis of leaves and young bark. The green colourmg
matter is soluble in alcohol, and may thus be removed from the granules.

INTRODUCTION. XXIX

chromnle, a name given to a similar colouring matter when not green.

wax, oils, camjjhor, and resinous matter, are common in cells or in cavities in the
tissues between the cells, also various mineral substances, either in an amorphous state
or as microscopic crystals, when they are called RajMdes.

§ 2. Arrangement of the 'Elementary Tissues, or Structure of the Organs of Plants.

193. Leaves, young stems, and branches, and most parts of ph»nogamous plants,
during the first year of their existence consist anatomically of

1, a cellular system, or continuous mass of cellular tissue, which is developed both
vertically as the stem or other parts increase in length, and horizontally or laterally as
they increase in thickness or breadth. It surrounds or is intermixed with the fibro-
vascular system, or it may exist alone in some parts of phsenogamous plants, as well
as in cryptogamous ones.

2, ^ fihro-vasnilar system, or continuous mass of woody and vascular tissue, which
is gradually introduced vertically into, and serves to bind together, the cellular system.
It is continued from the stem into the petioles and veins of the leaves, and into the
pedicels and parts of the flowers, and is never wholly wanting in any j)hrcnogamou9
plant.

3, an epidermis, or outer skin, formed of one or more layers of flattened (horizon-
tal), firmly coherent, and usually empty cells, with either tliin and transparent or thick
and opaque walls. It covers almost all parts of plants exposed to the outward air,
protecting their tissues from its immediate action, but is wanting in those parts of
aquatic plants which are constantly submerged.

194. The epidermis is frequently pierced by minute spaces between the cells, called
Stomates. They are oval or mouth-shaped, bordered by lips, formed of two or more
elastic cells so disposed as to cause the stomate to open in a moist, and to close up in
a dry state of the atmosphere. They communicate with intercellular cavities, and are
obviously designed to regulate evaporation and respiration. They are chiefly found
upon leaves, especially on the under surface.

195. When a phsenogamous plant has outlived the first season of its growth, the
anatomical structure of its stem or other perennial parts becomes more complicated
and very different in the two great classes of phsenogamous plants called Exogens and
Endogens, which correspond with very few exceptions to the two classes Dicotyledons
and Monocotyledons (167), founded on the structure of the embryo. In Exogens
(Dicotyledons) the woody system is placed in concentric layers between a central

pith (198, 1), and an external separable baric (198, 5). In Endogens (Monocotyle-
dons) the woody system is in separate small bimdlcs or fibres running through the
cellular system without apparent order, and there is usually no distinct central pith,
nor outer separable bark.

196. The anatomical structure is also somewhat different in the different organs of
plants. In the Root, although it is constructed generally on the same plan as the
stem, yet the regular organization, and the difference between Exogens and Endogens, is
often disguised or obliterated by irregularities of growth, or by the production of large
quantities of cellular tissue filled with starch or other substances (192). There is sel-
dom, if ever, any distinct pith, the concentric circles of fibro-vascular tissue in Exogens
are often very indistinct or have no relation to seasons of growth, and the epidermis
has no stomates.

197. In the Stem or branches, during the first year or season of their growth, the
difference between Exogens and Endogens is not always very conspicuous. In both
there is a tendency to a circular arrangement of the fibro-vascular system, leaving
the centre either vacant or filled with cellular tissue (pith) only, and a more or less
distinct outer rind is observable even in several Endogens. More frequently, how-
ever, the distinction is already veiy apparent the first season, especially towards its
close. The fibro-vascular bundles in Endogens usually anastomose but httle, passing
continuously into the branches and leaves. In Exogens the circle of fibro-vascular^
bundles fomns a more continuous cylinder of network emitting lateral offsets into the'
branches and leaves.

d

XXX INTRODUCTION.

198. The Exogenous stem, after the first year of its growth, consists of

1, the pith, a cyHnder of cellular tissue, occupying the centre or longitudinal axis
of the stem. It is active only in young stems or branches, becomes dried up and com-
pressed as the wood hardens, and often finally disappears, or is scarcely distinguishable
in old trees.

2, the medullary sheatTi^ which siuTounds and encases the pith. It aboiuids in
spiral vessels (188, 3), and is in direct connection, when young, with the leaf-buds and
branches, with the petioles and veins of leaves, and other ramifications of the system.
Like the pith, it gradually disappears in old wood.

3, the twod., wliich lies immediately outside the medidlary sheath. It is formed
of woody tissue (188, 2), through which, in most cases, vessels (188, 3) variously dis-
posed are interspersed. It is arranged in annual concentric ch'cles (211), wliich usually
remain active dmnng several years, but in older stems the central and older layers be-
come hard, dense, comparatively inactive, and usually deeper coloured, forming what
is called heart-tvood or duramen, the outer,yomiger, and usually paler-coloured living
layers constituting the saptoood or alburmwi.

4, the medulla)^ rays, which form vertical plates, originating in the pith, and, ra-
diating fi'om thence, traverse the wood and terminate in the bark. They are formed
of cellular tissue, keeping up a communication between tlie hving portion of the centre
of the stem and its outer sm'face. As the heart-wood is. formed, the inner portion of
the medullary rays ceases to be active, but they usually may still be seen in old wood,
forming what carpenters call the silver grain.

5, the harJc, which hes outside the wood, within the epidermis. It is, like the
wood, arranged in annual concentx'ic circles (211), of which the outer older ones be-
come dry and hard, forming the corTcy layer or outer lark, which, as it is distended
by the tliickenuig of the stem, either cracks or is cast oif with the epidermis, which is
no longer distinguishable. Within the corky layer is the cellular, or green, or middle
hark, formed of loose thin-walled pulpy cells containing chlorophyll (192) ; and which
is usually the layer of the preceding season. The innermost and youngest circle, next
the young wood, is the liher or inner hark, formed of long tough woody tissue called
hast-cells.

199. The Endogenous stem, as it grows old, is not marked by the concentric circles
of Exogens. The wood consists of a matrix of cellular tissu.e irregularly traversed by
vertical cords or bundles of woody and vascular tissue, which ai'e in connection with
the leaves. These vascular bundles change in structure and direction as they pass
down the stem, losing their vessels, they retain only their bast- or long woocl-cells,
usually curving outwards towards the rind. The old wood becomes more compact and
harder towards the circumference than in the centre. The epidermis or rind either
hardens so as to prevent any increase of diameter in the stem, or it distends, without
increasing in thickness or splitting or casting oif any outer layers.

200. In the Leaf, the structure of the petioles and principal ribs or veins is the
same as that of the young branches of which tliey are ramifications. In the expanded
portion of the leaf the fibro-vascular system becomes usually very much ramified, form-
ing the smaller veins. These are surrounded and the interstices filled up by a copious
and very active cellular tissue. The majority of leaves are horizontal, having a differ-
ently constructed upper and mider surface. The cellular stratum forming the vipper
surface consists of closely set cells, placed vertically, with their smallest ends next the
surface, and with few or no stomates in the epidermis. In the stratum forming the
under svirface, the cells are more or less horizontal, more loosely placed, and have ge-
nerally empty spaces between them, with stomates in the epidermis communicating
with these intercellular spaces. In vertical leaves (as in a large number of AustraHan
plants) the two surfaces are nearly similar in structure.

201. When leaves are reduced to scales, acting only as protectors of young buds, or
without taking any apparent part in the economy of vegetable life, their structure,
though still on the same plan, is more simple ; their fibro-vascular system is less rami-
fied, their cellular system more uniform, and there are few or no stomates,

■ 202. Bracts and floral envelopes, when green and much developed, resemble leaves
in their anatomical structure, but in proportion as they are reduced to scales or trans-

INTRODUCTION. XXXI

formed into petals, they lose their stomates, and their systems, both flbi'o-vaseular and
cellular, become more simple and uniform, or more slender and delicate.

203. In the stamens and pistils the sti'ucture is still nearly the same. The fibro-
vascidar system, surrounded by and intermixed with tlie cellular tissue, is usually sim-
ple in the filaments and style, more or less ramified in the flattened or expanded parts,
such as the anther-cases, the walls of the ovary, or carpellary leaves, etc. The pollen
consists of granular cells variously shaped, marked, or combined, peculiar forms being
constant in the same species, or often in large genera, or even Orders. Tlie stigmatic
portion of the pistil is a mass of loosely cellular substance, destitu.te of epidermis, and
usually is in communication with the ovary by a channel rmming down the centre of
the style.

204. Tubers, fleshy thickenings of the stem or other parts of the plant, succulent
leaves or branches, the fleshy, woody, or bony parts of fruits, the albumen, and the
thick fleshy parts of embryos, consist chiefly of largely developed cellular tissue, re-
plete with starch or other substances (192), deposited apparently in most cases for the
eventual future use of the plant or its parts when recalled into activity at the approach
of a new season.

205. Hairs (171) are usually expansions or processes of the epidermis, and consist
of one or more cells placed end to end. When thick or hardened into prickles, they still
consist usually of cellular tissue only. Thorns (170) contain more or less of a fibro-
vascular system, according to their degree of development.

206. Grlands, in the primary sense of the word (175, 1), consist usually of a rather
loose cellular tissue without epidermis, and often replete with resinous or other sub-
stances.

§ 3. Groivth of the Organs.

207. Roots grow in length constantly and regularly at the extremities only of their
fibres, in proportion as they find the requisite nutriment. They form no buds contain-
ing the germ of future branches, but their fibres proceed irregularly from any part of
their surface without previovis indication, and when their growth has been stopped for
a time, either wholly by the close of the season, or partially by a deficiency of nutri-
ment at any particular spot, it will, on tlie return of favourable circumstances, be resumed
at the same point, if the growing extremities be uninjured. If during the dead season,
or at any other time, the growing extremity is cut ofi", dried up, or otherwise injured, or
stopped by a rock or other obstacle opposing its progi'ess, lateral fibres will be formed
on the stiU Uving portion ; thus enabling the root as a whole to diverge in any direc-
tion, and travel far and wide when lured on by appropriate nutriment.

208. This growth is not however by the successive formation of terminal cells attain-
ing at once their fidl size. The cells first formed on a fibre commencing or renewing
its growth, will often dry up and form a kind of terminal cap, which is pushed on as
cells are formed immediately under it ; and the new cells, constituting a greater or
lesser portion of the ends of the fibres, remain some time in a growing state before they
have attained their full size.

209. The roots of Exogens, when perennial, increase in thickness like stems by the
addition of concentric layers, but these are usually much less distinctly marked ; and
in a large number of perennial Exogens and most Endogens the roots are annual, perisli-
ing at the close of the season, fi-esh adventitious roots springing from the stock when
vegetation commences the following season,

210. The Stem, including its branches and appendages (leaves, floral organs, etc.),
grows in length by additions to its extremity, but a much greater proportion of the ex-
tremity and branches remains in a growing and expanding state for a much longer
time than in the case of the root. At the close of one season, leaf-buds or seeds are
formed, each contauiing the germ of a branch or young plant to be produced tlie follow-
ing season. At a very early stage of the development of these buds or seeds, a com-
mencement may be found of many of the leaves it is to bear ; and before a leaf unfolds,
every leaflet of which it is to consist, every lobe or tooth which is to mark its margin,
may often be traced in miniature, and thenceforth till it attains its full size, the branch
grows and expands in every part. In some cases however the lower part of a branch

XXXll INTRODUCTION.

and more rarely (e. g. in some Meliacete) the lower part of a compound leaf attains its
full size before the young leaves or leaflets of the extremity are yet formed.

211. The perennial stem, if exogenous (198), grows in thickness by the addition every
season of a new layer or ring of wood between the outermost preceding layer and the
inner surface of the bark, and by the formation of a new layer or ring of bark within
the innermost preceding layer and outside the new ring of wood, thus forming a succes-
sion of concentric cii'cles. The sap elaborated by the leaves finds its way, in a manner
not as yet absolutely ascertained, into the cainhium-region^ a zone of tender thin-walled
cells connecting the wood with the bark, by the division and enlargement of which new
cells (190) are fonned. These cells separate in layers, the inner ones constituting the
new ring of wood, and the outer ones the new bark or liber. In most exogenous trees, in
temperate climates, the seasons of growth correspond with the years, and the rings of
wood remain sufficiently distinct to indicate the age of the tree ; but in many tropical
and some evergreen trees, two or more rings of wood are formed in one year.

212. In endogenous perennial stems (199), the new wood or woody fibre is formed
towards the centre of the stem, or irregvdarly mingled with the old. The stem conse-
quently either only becomes more dense without increasing in tliickness, or only in-
creases by gradual distention, wliich is never very considerable. It affords therefore
no certain criterion for judging of the age of the tree.

213. Flowers have generally all their parts formed, or indicated by protuberances or
growing cells at a very early stage of the bud. These parts are then usually more re-
gularly placed than in tlie fully developed flower. Parts which afterwards unite are
then distinct, many are present in this rudimentary state which are never further de-
veloped, and parts which are afterwards very unequal or dissimilar are perfectly alike
at this early period. On this account flowers in this very early stage are supposed by
some modern botanists to be more normal^ that is, more in conformity to a supposed
type ; and the study of the early formation and growth of the floral organs, called
Organogenesis^ has been considered essential for the correct appreciation of the affinities
of plants. In some cases, however, it would appear that modifications of development,
not to be detected in the very young bud, are yet of great importance in the distinction
of large groups of plants, and that Organogenesis, although it may often assist in clear-
ing up a doubtful point of affinity, cannot nevertheless be exclusively relied on in esti-
mating the real value of pecvdiarities of structure.

214. The flower is considered as a hud {flotcer-hud, alahastrxmi) until the perianth
expands, the period offloioering {anthesis) is that which elapses from the first expand-
ing of the perianth, till the pistil is set or begins to enlarge, or, when it does not set,
until the stamens and pistil wither or fall. After that, the enlarged ovary takes the
name oi young fruit.

215. At the close of the season of growth, at tlie same time as the leaf-buds or seeds
are formed containing the germ of future branches or plants, many plants form also, at
or near the bud or seed, large deposits, chiefly of starch. In many cases,— such as the
tubers of a potato or other root-stock, the scales or thickened base of a bulb, the albu-
men or the thick cotyledons of a seed, — this deposit appears to be a store of nutriment,
which is partially absorbed by the yovuig branch or plant durmg its first stage of
growth, before the roots are sufficiently developed to supply it fi'om without. In some
cases, however, such as the fleshy thickening of some stems or peduncles, the pericarps of
fruits which perish long before germination (the first growth of the seed), neither the
use nor the cause of these deposits has as yet been clearly explained.

§ 4. Functions of the Orgaiis.

216. The functions of the Root are,— 1. To fix the plant in or to the soil or other
substance on which it grows. 2. To absorb nourishment from the soil, water, or air,
into which the fibres have peneti^ated (or from other plants in the case of parasites),
and to transmit it rapidly to the stem. The absorption takes places through the young
growing extremities of the fibres, and through a peculiar kind of hairs or absorbing
organs which are formed at or near those gi-owing extremities. The transmission to
the stem is through the tissues of the root itself. The nutriment absorbed consists

INTRODUCTION. XXxiii

chiefly of carbonic acid and nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds dissolved in water,
3. In some cases roots secrete or exude small quantities of matter in a manner and with
a purpose not satisfactorily ascertained.

217. The Stem and its branches support the leaves, flowers, and fruit, transmit the
crude sap, or nutriment absorbed by the roots and mixed with previously organized
matter, to the leaves, and re-transmit the assimilated or elaborated sap from the leaves
to the growing parts of the plant, to be there used up, or to form deposits for future
use (204). The transmission of the ascending crude sap appears to take place chiefly
through the elongated cells associated with the vascular tissues, passing from one cell
to another by a process but little understood, but known by the name of endosmose.

218. Leaves are functionally the most active of the organs of vegetation. In them
is cliiefly conducted digestion or Assimilation^ a name given to the process which ac-
complishes the following results: — 1. The chemical decomposition of the oxygenated
matter of the sap, the absorption of carbonic acid, and the liberation of pure oxygen at
the ordinary temperature of the air. 2. A counter-operation by which oxygen is ab-
sorbed from the atmosphere and carbonic acid is exhaled. 3. The transformation of
the residue of the crude sap into the organized substances which enter into the compo-
sition of the plant. The exhalation of oxygen appears to take place under the influence
of solar heat and light, cliiefly from the under surface of the leaf, and to be in some
measure regulated by the stomates ; the absorption of oxygen goes on always in the
dark, and in the daytime also in certain cases. The transformation of the sap is effected
within the tissues of the leaf, and continues probably more or less throughout the
active parts of tlie whole plant.

219. The Floral Organs seldom contribute to the growth of the plant on which they
are produced; their functions are wholly concentrated on the formation of the seed with
the germ of a future plant.

220. The Perianth (calyx and corolla) acts in the first instance in protecting the
stamens and pistils during the early stages of their development. When expanded,
the use of the briUiant colours which they often display, of the sweet or strong odours
they emit, has not been adequately explained. Perhaps they may have great influence
in attracting those insects whose concurrence has been shown in many cases to be neces-
sary for the due transmission of tlie pollen from the anther to the stigma.

221. The pistil, when stimulated by the action of the pollen, forms and nourishes
the young seed. The varied and compUcated contrivances by which tlie pollen is con-
veyed to the stigma, whether by elastic action of the organs themselves, or with the
assistance of wind, of insects, or other extraneous agents, have been the subject of
numerous observations and experiments of the most distinguished naturahsts, and are
yet far from being fully investigated. Their details, however, as far as known, would
be far too long for the present outline.

222. The fruit nourishes and protects the seed until its matu^rity, and then often
promotes its dispersion by a great variety of contrivances or apparently collateral cir-
cumstances, e. g. by an elastic dehiscence which casts the seed off to a distance ; by
the development of a pappus, wings, hooked or other appendages, which allows them
to be carried off by winds, or by animals, etc., to which they may adhere; by their
smaU specific gravity, which enables them to float down streams ; by their attractions to
birds, etc., who taking them for food drop them often at great distances, etc. Appen-
dages to the seeds themselves also often promote dispersion.

223. Hairs have various functions. The ordinary indumentum (171) of stems and
leaves indeed seems to take little part in the economy of the plant besides perhaps
some occasional protection against injurious atmospheric influences, but the root-hairs
(216) are active absorbents, the hairs on styles and other parts of flowers appear often
materially to assist the transmission of pollen, and the exudations of glandular hairs
(175, 2) are often too copious not to exercise some influence on the phenomena of
vegetation. The whole question, however, of vegetable exudations and their influence
on the economy of vegetable life, is as yet but imperfectly understood.

INTRODUCTION.

Chap. IV. Collection, Peeseryation, and Determination of Plants.

224. Plants can undoubtedly be most easily and satisfactorily examined when freshly
gathered. But time will rarely admit of this being done, and it is moreover desirable
to compare them with other plants previously observed or collected. Specimens must,
therefore, be selected for leisurely observation at home, and preserved for future refer-
ence. A collection of such specimens constitutes a Herharium.

225. A botanical Specimen, to be perfect, should have root^ stem^ leaves^ flowers
(both open and in bud) and fmit (both young and mature). It is not, however,
always possible to gather such complete specunens, but the collector should aim at
completeness. Fragments, such as leaves vvithout flowers, or flowers without leaves,
are of little or no use.

226. If the plant is small (not exceeding 15 in.) or can be reduced to that length
by folding, the specimen should consist of the whole plant, including the principal part
of the root. If it be too large to preserve the whole, a good flowering branch shovild be
selected, with the fohage as low down as can be gathered with it ; and one or two of
the lower stem-leaves or radical leaves, if any, should be added, so as to preserve as
much as possible of the peculiar aspect of the plant,

227. Tlie specimens should be taken from healthy uninjured plants of a medium
size. Or if a specimen be gathered because it looks a little different from the majority
of those around it, appai'ently belonging to the same species, a specimen of the more
prevalent form shoidd be taken from the same locahty for comparison.

228. For biingiug the specimens horoe, a hght portfolio of pasteboard, covered with
cahco or leather, furnished with straps and buckles for closing, and another for slinging
on the shoulder, and contaming a few sheets of stout coarse paper, is better than the
old-fashioned tin box (except, perhaps, for stiff prickly plants and a few others). The
specimens as gathered are placed between the leaves of paper, and may be crowded to-
gether if not left long without sorting,

229. If the specimen brought home be not immediately determined when fresh,
but dried for future examination, a note should be taken of the time, place, and
situation in wliich it was gathered ; of the stature, habit, and other particulars re-
lating to any tree, shrub, or herb of wliich the specimen is only a portion ; of the
kind of root it has ; of the colour of the flower ; or of any other particulars which
the specimen itself cannot supply, or which may be lost in the process of drying.
These memoranda, whether taken down in the field, or from the living specimen
when brought home, should be written on a label attached to the specimen or pre-
served with it,

230. To dry specimens, they are laid flat between several sheets of bibulous paper,
and subjected to pressure. The paper is subsequently changed at intervals, until they
are dry.

231. In laying out the specimen, care should be taken to preserve the natural posi-
tion of the parts as far as consistent with the laying flat. In general, if the specimen
is fresh and not very slender, it may be simply laid on the lower sheet, holding it by
the stalk and drawing it slightly downwards ; then, as the upper sheet is laid over, if
it be slightly drawn downwards as it is pressed down, it will be found, after a few
trials, that the specimen will have retained a natural fonn with very little trouble. If
the specimen has been gathered long enough to have become flaccid, it will require
more care in laying the leaves flat and giving the parts their proper direction. Speci-
mens kept in tm boxes, will also often have taken unnatural bends which will require
to be corrected.

232. If the specimen is very bushy, some branches must be thinned out, but always
so as to show where they liave been. If any part, such as the head of a thistle, the
stem of an Orohanclie^ or the bulb of a Lily, be very thick, a portion of what is to be
the under side of the specimen may be shced ofi". Some thick specimens may be spht
from top to bottom before drying.

233. If the specimen be succulent or tenacious of life, such as a Sedum or an

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

Orchis^ it may be dipped in boiling water all but the flowers, Tliis will kill tlie plant
at once, and enable it to be dried rapidly, losing less of its colour or foliage than
would otherwise be the case. Dipping in boiling water is also useful in the case
of Heaths and other plants which are apt to shed their leaves during the process of
drying.

234-. Plants with very delicate corollas may be placed between single leaves of very
thin unglazed tissue-paper. In shifting these plants into dry paper the tissue-paper
is not to be removed, but lifted with its contents on to the dry paper.

235. The number of sheets of paper to be placed between each specimen or sheet of
specimens, will depend, on the one hand, on the thickness and humidity of the speci-
mens ; on the other hand, on the quantity and quality of the paper one has at command.
The more and the better the paper, the less fi-equently will it be necessary to change
it, and the sooner the plants will dry. The paper ought to be coarse, stout, and unsized.
Common blotting-paper is much too tender.

236. Care must be taken that the paper used is well dried. If it be likewise hot, all
the better ; but it must then be very dry ; and wet plants put into hot paper will
requu-e changing very soon, to prevent their turning black, for hot damp without ven-
tilation produces fermentation, and spoils the specimens.

237. For pressing plants, various more or less complicated and costly presses are
made. None is better than a pair of boards the size of the paper, and a stone or other
heavy weight upon them if at home, or a pair of strong leather straps i-ound them if
travelling. Each of these boards should be double, that is, made of two layers of thin
boards, the opposite way of the grain, and joined together by a row of clenched brads
roimd the edge, without glue. Such boards, in deal, rather less than half an inch
thick (each layer about 2i lines) will be found hglit and durable.

238. It is useful also to have extra boards or pasteboards the size of the paper, to
separate tliick plants from thin ones, wet ones from those nearly dry, etc. Open
wooden frames with cross-bars, or frames of strong wire-work lattice, are still better
than boards for this purpose, as accelerating the drying by promoting ventilation.

239. The more frequently the plants are shifted into dry paper the better. Except-
ing for very stiff or woody plants, the first pressure should be light, and the first shift-
ing, if possible, after a few hours. Then, or at the second shifting, when the specimens
will have lost their elasticity, will be the time for putting riglit any part of a specimen
which may have taken a wrong fold or a bad direction. After this tlie pressure may
be gradually increased, and the plants left from one to several days without shifting.
Tlie exact amount of pressure to be given will depend on the consistence of the speci-
mens, and the amount of paper. It must only be borne in mind that too much pres-
sure crushes the delicate parts, too Httle allows them to shrivel, in both cases inter-
fering with their future examination.

240. The most convenient specimens will be made, if the drying-paper is the same
size as that of the herbarium in which they are to be kept. That of writing demy,
rather more than 16 inches by 10^ inches, is a common and very convenient size. A
small size reduces the specimens too much, a large size is both costly and inconvenient
for use.

241. When the specimens are quite dry and stiff, they may be packed up in bundles
with a smgle sheet of paper between each layer, and this paper need not be bibulous.
The specimens may be placed very closely on the sheets, but not in more than one
layer on each sheet, and care must be taken to protect the bundles by sufficient cover-
ing from the effects of external moisture or the attacks of insects.

242. In laying the specunens into the herbarium, no more than one species should
ever be fastened on one sheet of paper, although several s]Dccimens of the same species
may be laid side by side. And throughout the process of drying, packing, and laying
in, great care must be taken that the labels be not separated from the specimens they
belong to.

243. To examine or dissect flowers or fruits in dried specimens it is necessary to
soften them. If the parts are very delicate, this is best done by gradually moistening
them in cold water ; in most cases, steeping them in boiling water or in steam is much
quicker. Very hard fruits and seeds will require boiling to be able to dissect them
easily.

XXXVl INTUODUCTION.

244. For dissecting and examining flowers iii the field, all that is necessary is a pen-
knife and a pocket-lens of two or three glasses from 1 to 2 inches focus. At home it
is more convenient to have a mounted lens or simple microscope, with a stage holding
a glass plate, upon which the flowers may be laid ; and a pau' of dissectors, one of
which should be narrow and pointed, or a mere point, like a thick needle, in a handle ;
the other should have a pointed blade, with a sharp edge, to make clean sections across
the ovaiy. A compound microscope is rarely necessary, except in cryptogamic botany
and vegetable anatomy. For the simple microscope, lenses of i, |, 1, and 1| inches
focus are sufiicient.

245. To assist the student in determining or ascertaining the name of a plant be-
longing to a Flora, analytical tables should be prefixed to the Orders, Genera, and
Species. These tables should be so constructed as to contain, under each bracket, or
equally indented, two (rarely three or more) alternatives as nearly as possible contradic-
tory or incompatible with each other, each alternative referring to another bracket, or
having under it another pair of alternatives further indented. The student having a
plant to determine, will first take the general table of Natural Orders, and examining
his plant at each step to see which alternative agrees with it, will be led on to the
Order to which it belongs, he will then compare it with the detailed character of the
Order given in the text. If it agrees, he will follow the same course with the table of
the genera of that Order, and again with the table of species of the genus. Bvit in
each case, if he finds that his plant does not agree with the detailed description of the
genus or species to which he has thus been i-eferred, he must revert to the beginnmg
and carefully go through every step of the investigation before he can be satisfied. A
fresh examination of his specimen, or of others of the same plant, a critical considera-
tion of the meaning of every expression in the characters given, may lead him to detect
some minute point overlooked or mistaken, and put liim into the right way. Species
vaiy within limits which it is often very difficult to express in words, and it proves
often impossible, m framing these analytical tables, so to divide the genera and species,
that those which come xmder one alternative should absolutely exclude tlie others.
In such doubtful cases both alternatives must be tried before the student can come to
the conclusion that his plant is not contained in the Flora, or that it is erroneously
described.

246. In those Floras where analytical tables are not given, the student is usually
guided to the most important or prominent characters of each genus or species, either
by a general summary prefixed to the genera of an Order or to the species of the
genus, for all such genera or species ; or by a special summary immediately preceding
the detailed description of each genus or species. In the latter case this summary is
called a diagnosis. Or sometimes the important characters are only indicated by
italicizing them in the detailed description.

247. It may also happen that the specimen gathered may present some occasional
or accidental anomahes peculiar to that single one, or to a very few individuals, which
may prevent the species from being at once recognized by its technical characters. It
may be useful here to point out a few of these anomalies which the botanist may be
most likely to meet with. For this purpose we may divide them into two classes, viz. :

1. Aberrations from the ordinary type or appearance of a species for which some
general cause may he assigned.

A bright, light, and open situation, particularly at considerable elevations above the
sea, or at high latitudes, without too much wet or drought, tends to increase the size
and heighten the colour of flowers, in proportion to the statm-e and fohage of the
plant.

Shade, on the contrary, especially if accompanied by richness of soil and sufficient
moisture, tends to increase the foliage and draw up the stem, but to diminish the num-
ber, size, and colour of the flowers.

A hot climate and ch-y situation tend to increase the hairs, prickles, and other pro-
ductions of the epidermis, to shorten and stiffen the branches, rendering thorny plants
yet more spinous. Moisture in a rich soil has a contrary effect.

The neighbom'hood of the sea, or a saline soil or atmosphere, imparts a thicker and
more succulent consistence to the fohage and almost every part of the plant, and ap-

INTRODLCTION. XXXvil

pears not unfrequently to enable plants usually annual to live through the winter.
Flowers in a maritime vai'iety are often much fewer, but not smaller.

The luxuriance of plants growing in a rich soil, and the dwarf stunted character of
those crowded in poor soils, are too well known to need particularizing. It is also an
everyday observation how gradually the specimens of a species become dwarf and
stunted as we advance into tlie cold damp regions of the summits of high mountain
ranges, or into liigh northern latitudes ; and yet it is frequently from the want of at-
tention to these circumstances that nu.mbers of false species have been added to our
Enumerations and Floras. Luxuriance entails not only increase of size to the whole
plant, or of particular parts, but increase of number in branches, in leaves, or leaflets
of a compound leaf ; or it may diminish the hairiness of the plant, induce thorns to
grow out into branches, etc.

Capsviles which, while growing, lie close upon the ground, will often become larger,
more succulent, and less readily dehiscent, than those which are not so exposed to the
moisture of the soil.

Herbs eaten down by sheep or cattle, or crushed underfoot, or othenvise checked in
their growth, or trees or shrubs cut down to the ground, if then exposed to favourable
circumstances of soil and climate, will send up luxuriant side-shoots, often so different
in the form of their leaves, in their ramification and inflorescence, as to be scarcely re-
cognizable for the same species.

Annuals which have germinated in spring, and flowered without check, will often be
very difierent in aspect from individuals of the same species, which, having germinated
later, are stopped by summer droughts or the approach of winter, and only flower the
following season upon a second growth. The latter have often been mistaken for per-
ennials.

Hybrids, or crosses between two distinct species, come under the same category of
anomalous specimens from a known cause. Frequent as they are in gardens, where
they are artificially produced, they are probably rare in nature, although on this sub-
ject there is much diversity of opinion, some believing them to be very frequent, others
almost denying their existence. Absolute proof of the origin of a plant found wild, is
of course impossible ; but it is pretty generally agreed that the following particulars
must ahvays co-exist in a ivild hybrid. It partakes of the characters of its two parents ;
it is to be found isolated, or almost isolated, in places where the two parents are abun-
dant ; ii there are two or three, they will generally be dissimilar from each other, one
partaking more of one parent, another of the other; it seldom ripens good seed; it will
never be found where one of the parents grows alone.

Where two supposed species grow together, intermixed with numerous intermediates
bearing good seed, and passing more or less gradually from the one to the other, it
may generally be concluded that tlie wliole are mere varieties of one species. The be-
ginner, however, must be very cautious not to set down a specimen as intermediate
between two species, because it appears to be so in some, even the most striking cha-
racters, such as stature and foliage. Extreme varieties of one species are connected
together by transitions in all their characters, but these transitions are not all observa-
ble in the same specunens. The observation of a single intermediate is therefore of
little value, unless it be one hnk in a long series of intermediate forms, and, when met
with, should lead to the search for the other connecting links.

2. Accidental aberrations from the ordinary type^ that is, those of which the cause
is unknown.

These require the more attention, as they may sometimes lead the beginner far astray
in his search for the genus, whilst the aberrations above-mentioned as reducible more or
less to general laws, affect chiefly the distinction of species.

Almost all species with coloured flowers are liable to occur occasionally with them
all white.

Many may be found even in a wild state with double flowers, that is, with a multi-
plication of petals.

Plants which have usually conspicuous petals will occasionally appear without any
at aU, either to the flowers produced at particular seasons, or to all the flowers of ui-
dividual plants, or the petals may be reduced to narrow slips.

XXXVIU INTRODUCTION.

Flowers usually very irregular, may, on certain individuals, lose more or less of tlieir
irregularity, or appear in some very different shape. Spurs, for instance, may disap-
pear, or be produced on all instead of one only of the petals.

One part may be occasionally added to, or subtracted from, the usual number of
parts in each floral whorl, more especially in regular polypetalous flowers.

Plants usually monoecious or dioecious may become occasionally hermaplu-odite, or
hermaphrodite plants may produce occasionally unisexual flowers by the abortion of
the stamens or of the pistils.

Leaves cut or divided where they are usually entire, variegated or spotted where they
are usually of one colour, or the reverse, must also be classed amongst those accidental
aberi'ations which the botanist must always be on his guard against mistaking for spe-
cific distinctions.

XXXIX

INDEX OF TERMS, OR GLOSSARY.

The figures refer to the Paragraphs of the Outlines.

Par.

Aberrations , .

247

Abortive . • ,

84

Abruptly pinnate

43

Accessory organs

168

54

Achene , • .

158

Aculeate » . .

170

Acuminate^ acumen

47

47

Adherent . . .

140

145

Aduate . . .

63

145

Aduate anther .

.

114

Adventitious . .

17,19

Aerial = grov^^ing in

the

air.

Estivation

102

Aggregate fruit .

147

Alabastrum (bud)

214

AJpe (wings) . .

37

155

Alate — having wings

Albumen, albuminoi

is .

162

Alburnum . .

198

189,

Alternate . . .

32,90

Amentum = catkin

76

Araphitropous .

134

Amplexicaul . .

37

Amvgdaloid = almo

nd-

like.

Amyloid . . .

192

Anastomose . .

40

Anatropous . .

134

Androgynous . .

87

Angiospermous .

161

Anisomerous .
Annuals . . .

94
19,

Anterior .

91

Anther . . .

L09,

114

Anthesis (llowering

pe-

riod) . , . .

214

Apetalous 85

Par.
Apex . . . 36,47,115
Apiculate = with a little

point.
Apocarpous . . . .125
Aquatic = growing in

water 14

Arboreous or arbores-
cent plants ... 12
Aril, arillus . . . .164
ArUlate (having an aril) 164

Aristate 47

Article, articulate, arti-
culation .... 54
Ai'tificial divisions and
characters . . . .184

Ascending 28

Asepalous 85

Assimilation , . . .218

Auricle 49

Auriculate= having au-
ricles 50

Axil, axillary . . . . 17
Axile (in the axis) . .132

Bark 198

Barren. . . . .85,110
Base ... 36, 48, 115

Bast-cells 198

Berry 157

Bi- (2 in composition) . 44
Bicarpellary . . . .125

Bidentate 44

Biennials 12

Bifid 44

Bifoliolate .... 44

Bijugate 44

Bilabiate (two-lipped) 102,
105

Bilocular 126

Bipinnate 43

Bisexual 85

Par.

Bitemate 44

Blade 35

Bracts, bractese 60, 77, 202
Bracteate = having bracts.

Bracteoles 62

Bristles, bristly . . .173

Bud 16

Bulb 26

Bush 12

C8espitose = tufted . . 28
CaUous = hardened and

usually thickened.
Calycule, calyculate . . 80
Calyx .... 15, 90, 96
Cambium-region . .211
Campanulate . . . .104
Campylotropous . . .134

Cauescent 173

54

74

158

Capillary = hair-like

Capitate

Capsule

Cari^el 15, 123

Carpophore . . . .146
Cartilaginous = of the
consistence of carti-
lage or of parchment.
Caruncule, carunculate . 164

Caryopsis 160

Catkins 76

Cauline (on the stem)

. 38

Caulocarpic . . ,

. 12

Cells (elementary) ,

. 186

Cells (of anthers) .

. 109

Cells (of the ovaiy) .

. 121

Cellular system . .

. 193

Cellular tissue

. 188

Cellulose ....

. 191

Centrifugal .

. 72

Centripetal . . .

. 72

Chaff

. 82

xl

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Pir.

Chalaza 133

Character 183

ChlorophyU . . . .192

Chromule 193

Ciliate 39

Circunisciss . . . .158
Cirrhus = tendril . .169

Class 182

Claw (of a petal) . . 107
Climbing stem ... 29
Coats of the ovule . .133
Coats of the seed . . 163

Coccus 159

Coherent 145

Collateral = inserted one
by the side of the
other. .-
Collection of specimens 224

Coma 163

Common petiole . . .39
Complete flower . . 89
Compound leaf . . .39
Comix)und flower . . 74
Compound fruit . . . 147
Compound ovary . .126
Compound mnbel . . 74
Compressed .... 54

Cone 160

Confluent 117

Conical 54

Connate 145

Connective, connectivnm 109
Connivent . . . . 145
Contorted, convolute . 102
Cordate . . . . . 49

Cordiforra 49

Coriaceous . . . . 55

Corky kyer . . . .198

Conn ...... 27

Corolla ... .15, 90, 97

Corrugate (crumpled) . 102
Corymb, corymbose . 74

Costate 173

Cotton, cottony . . .173
Cotyledons .... 166

Creeping 28

Crenate, crenulate . . 39
Cristate = having a crest-
like appendage.
Crown of the root . . 24

Crumpled 102

Cryptogamous plants . 10

Culm 34

Cuneate 45

Cupular (cup- shaped) . 136
Cuspidate ..... 47
Cylindrical .... 54

Cyme, cymose

Par.

74

Deca- or decem-

(10 in

composition)

. 44

^,92

Deciduous calyx

152

Decompound .

43

Decumbent .

28

Decurrent . .

37

Decussate . .

32

Definite . .

89

Definitions .

(l)

iii.)

Dehiscence, dehiscent

118,

156

Dentate . .

.

39

Depressed . .

54

Descriptive Botany . (p

iii.)

Determinate .

67

Determination of

plants

215

Dextrine . .

. .

192

Di- (2 in compo

sition)

92

Diadelphous .

113

Diagnosis .

246

Dialypetalous .

.

100

Diandrous . ■ .

93

Diclilamydeous

85

Dichotomous .

33

Diclinous .

86

Dicotyledonous plants .

167

Didymous ,

54

Didynamous .

113

Difllise . . .

28

Digitate . .

41

Digvnous . .

. .93

135

Dimerous . .

93

Dimidiate .

117

DicEcious .

86

Dipetalous

93

Disepalous . .

93

Disk . . .

136

Dissepiment .

126

Dissected .- .

39

Distichous.- .-

32

Distinct . .

145

Divaricate.

115

Diverging, divert

entllS

,145

Divided . .

39

Dorsal = on the back.

Double flowers

97

Down, downy

173

Drupe . . .

.

157

Dry fruits

158

Ducts . . .

.

188

Dui-amen . .

198

Ear ....

76
173

Echinate . .

Elaborated sap

217

Par.

Elementary cells and tis-
sues 186

Elliptical 45

Emarginate .... 47
Embryo . . . 162, 166

Endocarp 157

Endogens, endogenous

plants 195

Endogenous stem . . 199
Eudosmose . . . .217
Ennea- (9 in composi-
tion) 92

Entire 39

Epicarp 157

Epidermis. . . 173,193
Epigynous .... 140
Epigynous disk . . . 144
Epiphyte .... . . 14

Erect 28

Exalbuminous (without

albumen) . . . .162
Examination of plants . 243
Exogens, exogenous

plants 195

Exogenous stem. . .198
Exserted . . . . .113
Extrorse 118

Falcate ..... 45

Families 181

Farinose 173

Fascicled, fasciculate . 32

Fastigiate ..... 74

Fecula 192

Female 85

Fertile 85

Fibre 18

Fibrous i'oot . . . . 20

Fibro-vascular system . 193

Filament 109

Filiform = thread-like.
Fimbriate = fringed.
Flabelliforni = fan-shaped 45

Fleshy 55

Floccose 173

Floral envelope . . . 15

Floral leaves . . . . 61

Flowers . 15, 84, 213, 219

Flowering plants . . 10
Foliaceous = leaf-like.

Follicle 159

Foramen 133

Forked ..... 33

Free . 89, 132, 140, 145

Fruit . . .15, 146, 222

Frutesceut, fruticose . 12

Function 7

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Xli

Par.

Fiinicle (funiculus) . .164
Funuel-shapcd . . . 104

Furrowed 173

Fusiform = spindle-
shaped , '. . . . 54

Gamopetalous . . .100
Geminate ..... 32
Genus, genera . . .180
Germ, germination . .213

Gibbous 105

Glabrous 173

Glands . . . 175, 20G
Glandular-setose . . . 173

Glaucous 173

Globose, globular . . 54
Glochidiate . . . .173

Glume 83

Glutinous . . . . .173

Grain 160

Gymnospermous . . .161
Gynobasis, gynophore . 143

Habit 183

Hairs . . 171, 205, 223

Hastate 50

/Head ...... 74

Heart-wood .... 198

Hepta- (7 in composition) 92
Herbaceous perennials . 12
Herbarium .... 224

Hermaphrodite ... 85
Heterogamous ... 87
Hexa- (6 in composition) 92

Hilum 165

Hirsute 173

Hispid 173

Hoary 173

Homogamous ... 87

Hooks" 169

Hybernaculum ... 23

Hybrids 247

Hypocrateriform (salver-
shaped) . . . .104
Hypogynous .... 140

Imbricate, imbricated 58,102

Impari-pinnate .
Imperfect .■ .
Incomplete . .
Indefinite . . .

. 43

. 84
. 84
. 92

Indehiscent .

. 156

Indeterminate

. 67

Indumentum . .

. 171

luduplicate . .
Inferior . . .

. 102
. 140

Inferior radicle .

. 167

Par.
Inflorescence . . . . 66
Infuudibuliform (funnel-
shaped) 104

Innate anther . . .114

Insertion 140

Interuode 31

Interrupted spike or ra-
ceme 75

Introrse 118

Involucre, involucel . 79
Involute . . . . . 102

Irregular 95

Isomerous .... 89

Joint, joining . .
Jugum, juga = pairs

Kernel 157

Knob 25

Labellum 105

Laciniate 39

Lamina . . . 85, 107
Lanate = woolly . .173
Lanceolate .... 45

Lateral 91

Leaf, leaves 15,35,200,218

Leaf-bud 16

Leaflet 39

Leaf-opposed .... 67

Legume 160

Lepidote 172

Liber .... 198,211
Ligulate = strap-shaped.

Limb 104

Linear 45, 54

Lip, lipped . . . .105
Lobe, lobed .... 39
Loculicidal . . . .158

Lower 91

Lunate = crescent-shaped.
Lyrate 41

Male 85

Marcescent . . . .151

Mealy 173

Medullary rays and

sheath 198

Membranous .... 55

Micropyle 165

Midrib 40

Monadelphous . . .113
Monandrous . . . .112
Moniliforni .... 54
Mono- (1 in composi-
tion) ..... 92
Monocarpellary . . . 125

Par.
Monocarpic .... 12
^lonochlamydeous . . 85
Monocotyledonous plants 167
Monoecious .... 86
Monogynous .... 125
Monopetalous . . .100
Morphology . . . 8, 88
Mucronate .... 47
Multi- {many, or an in-
definite number, in
composition) ... 44
Mm-icate 173

Naked 85, 161

Natural divisions and

characters . . . .184
Natural Order . . .181
Navicular = boat-shaped

Nectary 1,38

Nerve 40

Net-veined .... 40

Neuter 85

Node 31

Novem- (9 in composi-
tion) 44

Nucleus of a cell . . .191
Nucleus of the ovule . 133
Nut .158

Obcompressed . . = 54

Obconical 54

Obcordate 47

Oblate 45

Oblong .... 45, 54

Obovate 45

Obovoid 54

Obpyraraidal . . . . 54

Obtuse 47

Oct- or octo- (8 in com-
position) . . . 44, 92

Offset 23

Opposite . . . ■ . . 32

Orbicular 45

Order 181

Organ 7

Organogenesis . . . £13
Organs of vegetation and

reproduction ... 9
Orthotropous . . . .134

Oval 45

Ovary 121

Ovate 45

Ovoid 54

Ovule .... 121, 133

Palate . .
Palca, palea5

105

82

xlii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Par.
Paleaceous = of a chaffy

consistence.
Palmate . . . . 41, 42
Palmatifid, palmatisect . 42
Pauicle, paniculate . . 74

Papillee 122

Pappus 155

Parallel veins .... 40

Parasite 14

Parenchyma . . . .188

Parietal 132

Pectinate 41

Pedate 41, 42

Pedatifid, pedatisect. . 42

Pedicel ' ^^

Pedicellate = on a pedicel.

Peduncle 68

Pedunculate = on a pe-
duncle.

Peltate 52

Penicillate . . . .130
Penta- (5 in composition) 92

Pepo 160

Perennial 12

Perfect flower ... 84

Perfoliate 37

Perennials 12

Perianth . 15, 98, 202, 220

Pericarp 154

Perigynous . . . .140

Perisperm 162

Persistent 146

Personate 105

Petal 90

Petiole. ..... 35

Petiolule 39

Phsenogamous, phanero-
gamous 10

Phyllaries 79

Phyllodium = a flat pe-
tiole with no blade.

Pilose 173

Pinna 43

Pinnate . . . . 41, 42
Pinnatifid, pinnatisect . 42
PistU . 15, 90, 120, 203, 221

PistiUate 85

Pith ...... 198

Placenta, placentation . 131

Plant 6

Plicate 102

Plumose 172

Plumule 166

'P\un' = several, in com-
position.
Plurilocular . . . .126
Pod 158

Par.

Podocarp . .

. .

120

Pollen . . .

109,

119

Poly- {many, or

an m-

definite number, in

composition)

. .

92

Polyadelphous

113

Polvandrous

.92,

112

Polygamous .

86

Polygynous .

.92,

125

Polypetalous .

100

161)

Posterior . .

.

91

Prajfoliation .

57

Preservation of

speci-

mens . .

.

224

Prickles . .

170

Primine . .

133

Procumbent .

28

Proliferous .

17

Proseuchyma

.

188

Prostrate . .

,

28

Prutoplasm .

191

Pubescent, puber

ulent .

173

Pulvinate (cushi

3n-

shaped) . .

. .

136

Punctiform =lik(

; a point

or dot.

Put amen . .

. . .

157

Pyramidal . .

. . .

54

Quadri- (4 in composi-
tion) . . .

Quiucuncial . .

Quinque- (5 in compo-
sition) . .

Quintuplinerved

Race ....

Raceme, racemose

Rachis .

Radical

Radicle

Raphe

Raphides

Receptacle

Reduplicate

Regular .

Reniform .

Resupinate

Reticulate

Retuse

Revolute

Rhachis

Rhaphe

Rhizome

Rhomboidal

Ribs . .

44
102

. 178

. 74

39, 68

. 166
. 134
. 192
74, 135
. 102
. 95
. 51
. 105
. 40
. 47
. 102

39, 68
. 134

21, 24
. 45
. 40

Par.

Ribbed 173

Ringent 105

Roo't 15, 18, 196, 207, 216
Root-stock .... 24
Rostrate = beaked.

Rosulate 38

Rotate 104

Rudimentary . . . . 84

Rugose 173

Ruucinate 41

Runner 30

Saccate 105

Sagittate 50

Salver-shaped . . .104

Samara 158

Sap 192

Sapwood 198

Sarcocarp 157

Scabrous 173

Scales . . 58, 59, 172, 201
Scaly bulb .... 26
Scaly surface . . . .172

Scape 69

Scariose, scarious . . 55

Scattered 32

Scion 30

Scorpioid cyme ... 74

Section 182

Secund 32

Secundine 133

Seed 161

Segment 39

Sepals 90

Septem- (7 in composi-
tion) 44

Septicidal 158

Septum = partition . .126
Serrate, serrulate . . 39

Sessile 37

Seta, setfe (bristles) . 173
Setaceous (bristle-like) . 54
Setose (bearing bristles) 173
Sex- (6 in composition) 44

Sheathing 37

Shrubs 12

Silicule, siliqua . . .160
Silver grain . . . .198

Simple 39

Sinuate 39

Sinus 39

Smooth 173

Spadix 76

Spatha 81

Spatulate 45

Species 177

I Specimen 225

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

xlii

Par,

Spherical 54

Spike, spicate ... 74

Spikelet 76

Spinous ]70

Spiral vessels. . . .188
Spur, spm-red . . . 105
Squamae = scales . , . 58

Squarrose 58

Stameus . 15, 90, 108, 203

Stamiiiate 85

Staminodia . . . .110

Starch 192

Stellate 104

Stellate hairs . . . .172

Stem . 15, 28, 197, 210,

217

Stem-clasping ... 37

Sterile 85

Stis^ma 121

Stipella 64

Stipes, stipitate ... 65

Stipules 63

Stock 16, 22

Stole, stolou ... 23, 30

Storaates 194

Stone, stone-fruit . .157

Striate 173

Strigose, strigiUose . .173
Strophiole, strophiolate 164

Style 121

'S)\x\) = almost, or tmder,

in composition.
Subclass, suborder . .182
Submerged = under water.

Subulate 54

Succuleut 55

Succulent fruits . . .157

Sucker 30

Suffi-utescent, suifruti-

cose 12

Sugar 192

Sulcate 173

Superior 140

Superior radicle . . .167
Superposed = inserted one

above the other.
Suture 159

Par.
Symmetrical .... 89
Synandrous . . . .112
Syncarpous . . . ,125
Syngenesious , . . .113
Systematic Botany (p. xxvi.)

Taproot 20

Teeth 39,101

Tegmen 163

Tendril . . . .29,169

Terete 54

Ternate . . . . 32, 41
Terrestrial = growing on
the earth .... 14

Testa 163

Tetra (4 in composition) 92
Tetradynamous . . .113

Thorns 170

Throat 104

Thyrsus, thyrsoid . . 74
Tissues (elementary) . 186
Tomeutose . . . .173

Toothed 39

Torus 135

Trees 12

Tri- (3 in composition) 44, 92

Tribe 182

Trichotomous ... 33

Trifid 41

Trifoliolate .... 41

Trigonous 54

Tripinnate 43

Triplinerved .... 40
Triquetrous . . . . 54
Tristichous ... * 32

Truncate 47

Trunk 12

Tube .... 101, 104
Tuber, tuberous 20, 25, 204
Tuberculate . . . .173

Tubular 104

Tufted 28

Tunicated bulb ... 27
Turbinate = top-shaped . 54

Twiner 29

Twisted 102

Type, typical .... 181

Par
Umbel, umbellate, um-

bellule . . . , 33, 74
Umbilicate . . . ,173
Umbonate . . . .173
Uncinate = hooked,
Undershrubs .... 12

Undulate 39

Unequally pinnate . . 43
Unguiculate . . , .10?
Unguis (claw) . . .107
Uni- (1 in composition) 44
Unilateral (one-sided) ra-
cemes 74

Unilocular . . . .126

Unisexual 86

Unsymmetrical ... 94

Upper 91

Urceolate 104

Utricle 158

Valvate 102

Valves 158

Variety .....
Vascular tissue . . .
Vegetable Anatomy . 8,
Vegetable Chemistry .
Vegetable Homology or
Metamorphosis . .
Vegetable Physiology 8,
Veins, veinlets, venation
Vernation . . .
Versatile anther .
Verticil, verticillate
Vessels . . .
Virgate = twiggy
Viscid, viscous . ,
Vitta, vittse . .
Viviparous . .
Voluble . . .

"Wart, warted ,
Wavy . . .
Whorl, whorled
Wing, winged
Wood , . .
Woody tissue .
Wool, woolly .

178
188
186

207
40
57

114
32

188
28

173

175
17
29

. 173
. 39
. 32

37, 155
. 198
. 188
. 173

xliv

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO THE .ORDERS AND ANOMALOUS GENERA OF THE HONGKONG FLORA.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

(See p. 1.)

Flowers polypetalous (with several petals free from each other, altliongh sonie-
thnes adherent to the staminal tube).
Flowers regular or nearly so.

Pistil apocarpous (consisting of several carpels, either quite distinct or sligiitly
coheiing at the base with distinct styles), or of 1 carpel with 1 unilateral

placenta and 1 simple style A.

Pistil syncarpous (the carpels united into a single ovary, with 2 or more cells
or 2 or more parietal placentas or styles).
Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous.

Stamens indefinite B.

Stamens definite, twice the number of petals or fewer . • C.

Stamens very perigynous or ovary inferior.

Stamens indefinite D.

Stamens definite, twice the number of petals or fewer ...... E.

Flowers very irregular F.

Flowers monopetalous (the petals united at least at the base into a single lobed,
toothed, or rarely entu-e corolla).'

Ovary inferior Gr.

Ovary superior H.

Flowers apetalous. Perianth of a single whoi'l of segments or lobes, or none . I.

A. Regular apocarpous Polypetah.
Stamens indefinite.

Stamens very perigynous KosACEJi:, p. 103.

Stamens hypogynous.
Caqiel solitary.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5, small, valvate. Trees or shrubs,

with compound leaves MiMOSEJi:, p. 73.

Sepals 3 to 5, imbricate. Chmber witli simple leaves . Delima, p. 7.
Carpels many.

Sepals 5, valvate, no petals. CHmber with opposite leaves Clematis, p. 6.
Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12, all much imbricate in series of

3 each Magnoliacej?, p. 7.

Sepals 3. Petals in 1 or 2 series of 3 each, all valvate,

or the petals slightly imbricate Anonace^, p. 9.

(See also Sagittaria in Monocotyledons.)
Stamens definite.

Stamens equal in number and opposite to the petals (alternate
with the sepals when the petals are wanting). CHmbers.
Carpels 3, with 1 ovule in each. Leaves simple . . . Mentspermace^, p. 11.
Carpels 3, with several ovules in each. Leaves digitate . Staitntonia, p. 14.

ANALYTICAL KEY. « xlv

Stamens twice the petals, or if eqvial to, alternate with them.

Stamens 4 or 5 Simarubace.t:, p. 60.

Stamens 10.

Carpels (in the flower) several Rourea, p. 71.

Carpels solitary Leguminos^t:, p. 71.

B. Regular si/ncarpous JPolypetals with indejinite hypogynoHs stamens.

Leaves opposite.

Sepals and petals 5 each. Fruit a capsule HrPERiciNEiE, p. 23.

Sepals 4. Petals 4 or more. Fruit a drupe Guttifee^, p. 24.

Leaves alternate.

Placentas parietal. Ovary 1-celled.

Sepals 2. Petals 4, large. Prickly herb Argemone, p. 15.

Sepals 4 or more.

Placentas 2. Fruit stalked or oblong Cappaeide^, p. 17.

Placentas 3. Berry sessile. Flowers small .... Scolopia, p. 19.
Ovary 2- or more celled. Ovules in the axis.

Stamens united in a column or tube round the style.

Anthers 1-celled, on distinct filaments MALYACEiE, p. 31.

Anthers crowded in a terminal head Steeculiace.^i;, p. 35.

Antliers 2-celled, on distinct filaments Pteeospeemu^i, p. 39.

Stamens free or united in a ring at the base.

Sepals 2 PoETrLACA, p. 127.

Sepals 3 to 5, valvate.

Flowers unisexual Ceoton, p. 308.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

Style single Tiliaceje, p. 40.

Styles several Actinidia, p. 26.

Sepals 3 to 5, imbricate.

Leaves dotted. Prickly shrub Atalantia, p. 51.

Leaves not dotted. Trees or shrubs, not prickly.
Petals free or shortly united at the base. Flowers

hermaphrodite or polygamous Terjistecemiace^, p. 25.

Petals united in a tube at the base. Flowers al-

unisexual ........... Ebenace^, p. 209.

C. Regular syncarpous Polypetals zvith definite hypogynotis stamens.

Leaves opposite, simple or compound.

Herbs. Leaves quite entu-e Caetophtlle.^, p. 21.

Woody climber. Calyx with a gland outside. Leaves simple IItptage, p. 49.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or compound.

Ovary 2- or 3-eelled. Leaves not dotted ..... Sapindace^, p. 45.

Ovary 4- or 5-celled. Leaves dotted Eutace^, p. 57.

Leaves alternate, simple.

Stamens rdonadelphons. Calyx valvate.

Staminal tube long, connate with the stalk of the ovary. Helicteees, p. 37.

Stamens shortly united at the base Buettneeiace.1;, p. 38.

Stamens free, double the numher of petals.

Flowers unisexual Jateopha, p. 309.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

Sepals 4, valvate El^^ocaepus, p. 42.

Calyx small, 4- or 5-cleft. Leaves dotted .... Atalantia, p. 51.
Calyx truncate, scarcely toothed. Pubescence mealy . Styrax, p. 213,
Stamens free, the same number as the petals.
Stamens opposite the petals.

Petals very small, concave or hood-sliaped .... Rhamnace.t:, p. GG.

e

xlvi ♦ ANALYTICAL KEY.

Petals longer than the sepals and alternate with them.

Petals ralvate. Ovary 2- to 6-celled Yitex, p. 53.

Petals imbricate. Ovaiy l-celled MyrsikacetE, p. 202.

Petals longer than the sepals and opposite to them . Sabia, p. 70.
Stamens alternate with the petals.

Stamens distinctly hypogynous.

Petals erect, clawed. Ovary incompletely 2-celled.

Shrub PlTTOSPOETTM, p. 19.

Petals spreading. Ovary l-celled, with parietal pla-
centas. Herb Drosera, p. 129.

Stamens slightly perigpious or adhering to tlie petals.

Stamens inserted on a broad fleshy disk .... Celastrace^, p. Gl.
Stamens adhering to the base of the petals.

Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell . . . Pentaphtlax, p. 28.
Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell . . . Ilex, p. 64,
Stamens free, not corresjjondinff in number tcith the petals.

Stamens 6. Petals 4. Herbs Crecifer^, p. 15.

Stamens 3. Petals 5. Woody climber Hippocratea, p. 61.

Stamens 2. Petals 4. Tree Fraxinus, p. 214.

Leaves alternate, compound.
Herbs.

Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 8 (rarely more).

Pod linear, 2-valved Polai^isia, p. 17.

Pod inflated, 3-cornered, 3-valved ....... Cardiospermum, p. 46.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10 Oxalis, p. 56.

Trees, shrubs, or tall climbers.
Stamens as many as petals.

Stamens opposite the petals. CHmbers Vitis, p. 53.

Stamens alternate with the petals. Trees or shrubs.

Ovary l-celled, with 1 ovule Rhus, p. 69.

Ovary-cells or carpels 4 or 5.

Leaves dotted Eutace^, p. 57.

Leaves not dotted SimarubacejE, p. 60.

Stamens double the number of petals.

Stamens inserted within an annidar disk. Leaves

not dotted Nephelium, p. 46.

Disk within the stamens or none.

Leaves dotted. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the

ovary Aurantiace^, p. 49.

Leaves not dotted. Ovules several in each cell

of the ovary Aterrhoa, p. 56.

D. HeguJar syncarpous Polypetals, with indefinite perigynous or superior stamens.

Leaves alternate.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes and petals 5 or
rarely 4.

Stamens attached to the base of the petals Stmplocos, p. 211.

Stamens free from the petals, inserted with them on the

calyx Rosace.^, p. 103.

Flowers unisexual. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 2 to 5. Fruit

3-wmged Begonia, p. 126.

Leaves opposite.
Ovary inferior.

Calyx-segments linear, valvate. Petals cut Kandelia, p. 110.

Calyx-lobes imbricate or very small. Petals entire . . Myrtace^, p. 117.
Ovary free, but enclosed in the\'alyx- tube Lagerstrcemia, p. 112.

ANALYTICAL KEY. xlvii

E. Reyxdar syncarpous Poli/petals, with definite periyi/nous or superior atamens.

Leaves alternate.

Climbers, with tendrils.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary stalked Passiflora, p. 123.

Flowers unisexual. Ovary inferior Cucurbitace^, p. 123.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, without tendrils.

Ovary 1-celled, at least at the base, with parietal pla-
centas, and more or less free at the top.
Flowers separate. Petals cal}Ti:-like or none . . . SamydacE-S;, p. 121.
Flowers in compact heads resembhug a single flower,

the coloured petals all outside Rhodoleia, p. 131.

Ovary 2- or more celled, wholly inferior.

Calyx-lobes conspicuous, valvate, 4 or rarely 5.

Ovules numerous Onagrace^, p. 108.

Ovules 1 in each cell Haloragis, p. 139.

Calyx- teeth minute or none. Ovules 1 in each cell.

Petals 5, small. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry . . . IlMBELLlFERiE, p. 133.
Petals 4 or 5, small. Ovary 2- or more celled. Fruit

a berry ARALiACEiE, p. 135.

Petals 6 to 10, linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a 1-

seeded drupe Marlea, p. 138.

Leaves opposite.

Petals imbricate or contorted in the bud.
Ovules several.

Anthers small, opening longitudinally.

Herb of 4 or 5 inches. Flowers 4nnerous . . . Ammannia, p. 111.
Shrub with heath-like dotted leaves. Flowers 5-

merous B^ckea, p. 118.

Anthers opening by 1 or 2 pores at the top . . . Melastomace.e, p. 112.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Berry 1-seeded. Shrub or tree . Carallia, p. 110.

Ovules 1 in each cell. Herb Haloragis, p. 139.

Petals valvate in the bud.

Stamens alternate with the petals Coenace^, p. 137.

Stamens opposite or on the petals LoEANTnACE.^, p. 140.

F. Irregular PolypetaU.

Flowers spurred. Anthers 5, united round the pistil.

Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5, spreading, one of them

spui-red Viola, p. 20.

Sepals 2 outer ones, 1 larger inner one hooded and spurred.

Petals 1 outer entire, 2 inner ones lobed Impatiens, p. 55.

Flowers not spvuTcd. Stamens 10 or few ; anthers free, the
filaments often united.
Petals 3, small, erect. Stamens 8, in 2 clusters. Ovary

1- or 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell Polygalacej3, p. 43.

Petals papiHonaceous or spreading. Stamens usually 10.

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more ovules Legitminosj^, p. 71.

G. Monopetals ivith an inferior ovary.

Anthers united in a ring round the style.

Flowers compound, i. e. florets in compact heads, with a

common involucre, without separate calyxes .... Composite, p. 165.
Flowers distinct, irregular.

Stamens 2, connate with the style Stylidifm, p. 195.

Stamens 5, the filaments free Campanulace.e, p. 195.

xlviii ANALYTICAL KEY.

Anthers free.

Stamens twice the number of corolla-lobes or teeth.

Corolla shortly toothed. Anthers opening in terminal

pores Vaccinium, p. 199.

Corolla deeply toothed. Anthers opening longitudinally Styeax, p. 213.
Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes, and oppo-
site them.

Parasitical shrub. Corolla 4-lobed LoEANTnrrs, p. 140.

Terrestrial trees or shrubs. Corolla small, 5-lobed . , M-ESA, p. 203.
Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes, and alter-
nate with them.
Leaves opposite or whorled,

No stipules. Corolla regular or irregular . . . Capeifoliace^, p, 14 2.
Stipules between the leaves (or rarely like them, and

forming a whorl with them) E-ubiace^, p, 144.

Leaves alternate.

Corolla irregular Sc^yola, p, 198,

Corolla regtdar.

Shrub, Berry 1-seeded Schcepfia, p, 52,

Herbs. Capsule many-seeded Wahlenbeegia, p. 117

H. Monopetals %mth a superior ovary.

(Stamens more than twice the corolla-lobes : see Poly petals, B.)

Stamens twice the number of corolla-lobes.

Shrvibs or trees. Leaves alternate. Anthers opening in

terminal pores Ekicace^, p, 199,

Herbs. Leaves opposite, succulent. Anthers opening

longitudinally BEYOPHTLLrM, p. 127.

Stamens equal in number to the corolla-lobes.
Stamens hypogynous.

Herbs with radical leaves Statice, p. 281.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate Azalea, p. 201.

Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes, and inserted in the tube.
Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta.

Herbs, Fruit caj)sular or dry Peimulace^, p. 202.

Shrubs or trees. Fruit succiilent, indehiscent . . . Myesinace.^, p. 202.

Ovary 2- to 5-celled. Shrubs or trees Sideeoxylon, p. 209.

Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes, and inserted in
the tube.
Leaves opposite or wliorled.

Ovary 4-lobed, with 1 ovule in each lobe Labiat^s;, p. 274.

Ovary 1-celled or partially 2-celled, the placentas not
meeting in the axis.
Tall climber. Leaves whorled. Flowers 5-merou8 Allama:!»jda, p. 217.
Bitter herb. Leaves opposite. Flowers 4-merous . ExACrM, p. 233.
Ovary 2-celled, or of 2 carpels with 1 or more ovules
in each.
Stamens united in a mass round the pistil .... Asclepiade^, p, 223.
Stamens, or at least their filaments, distinct.

Carpels 2, distinct Apocynacej^, p, 216,

Ovary 2-celled.

Stigma thickened, conical Melodinus, p. 218.

Stigma capitate or lobed Loganiace^, p. 229.

Leaves alternate or radical.

Several ovules in each cell of the ovary.

Corolla scarious and transparent Plantago, p. 280.

Corolla not scarious Solanace^, p. 241,

ANALYTICAL KEY. xlix

One or two ovules in each cell or carpel of the ovary.
Ovary of two distinct carpels, with a common style.

Slu-ub. Two ovules in each carpel Ceebeea, p. 219.

Herb. One ovule in each carpel Dichondra, p. 240.

Ovary 5-cellecl, with 2 pendulous ovules in each . Pentaphylax, p. 28.
Ovary 4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each . . Ilex, p. 64.
Ovary 2- or 3-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each, or
4-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each.

Tree. Fruit a berry Ehretia, p. 234.

Herbs. Fruit of 4 1-seeded, or 2 2-seeded nuts . Boragine^, p. 234.
Herbs or chmbers. Fruit a capsule or berry . CONVOLVULACEiE, p. 235.
Stamens 1, 2, or 3 less in number than the corolla-lobes.

Stamens 2. Corolla regular, 4- or more lobed Jasminace^e, p. 214.

Stamens 2 or 4. Corolla more or less irregular.

Ovai'y l^celled, with 1 central placenta. Corolla spurred Utriculaeia, p. 255.
Ovary l-celled, with 2 parietal placentas.

Leafless root-parasite ^Eginetia, p. 257.

Leaves opposite or radical Gtesneriace^, p. 257.

Ovary 4-lobed, v^ith 1 ovule in each lobe Labiate, p. 274.

Ovary 2-ee]led, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell, or 4-

celled, with 1 ovvde in each Yeebenace^, p. 267.

Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules (or rarely only 2 super-
posed) in each cell.
Seeds attached to hooked or cup-shaped retinacula . Acanthace^, p. 259.
Seeds without retinacula Scrophulaeine-E, p. 245.

I. A%)eialous Dicotyledons.

(If the pistil is apocarpous or the stamens more tlian twice the perianth-segments,

see Polypetals.)

Anthers opening in valves turned upwards. Trees, shrubs, or

rarely leafless twiners Laueine^, p. 289.

Antliers opening longitudinally. Trees with pinnate leaves.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit succulent Nephelium, p. 46.

Flowers unisexual. Fruit small, on a large thin 3-lobed

bract Engelhaedtia, p. 318.

Anthers opening longitudinally. Leaves not pinnate.
Floicers wJiolly or partially hermaphrodite.
Perianth none.

Anthers 1 or 3, on the top of the ovary. Shrubs.

Leaves opposite. Spikes without bracts .... Chloeanthus, p. 334.
Stamens 3, at the base of the ovary. Herb. Leaves

alternate. Spikes with 4 coloured bracts .... Houttutxia, p. 333.

Perianth superior, 5-cleft Hamamelide^, jj. 130.

Perianth superior, irregular, with a long bent tube . . Aristolochia, p. 333.
Perianth contracted and breaking off above the ovary so

as to appear superior, tubular, 4-lobed El.eagnfs, p. 298.

Perianth, inferior. Ovary fi'ee.
Herbs.

Stipules sheathing or annidar Polygonaceje, p. 286.

Stipules none or scarious.

Ovary 3-celled MoLLrGO, p. 23.

Ovary l-celled, with 1 or rarely few ovules.

Perianth herbaceous, usually obtuse . . . Chenopodiace.t:, p. 281.

Perianth usually scarious or acute Amarantaceje, p. 283.

Trees or shi'ubs.

Perianth of 4 linear segments, bearing the stamens . Heljiia, p. 295.

1 A>^ALYTICAL KEY.

Perianth 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens alternate witli the

lobes or twice as many. Ovviles 1 or 2 . . . . Tiiymele.e, p. 295.
Perianth 5-lobed. Stamens 8, alternating with as

many scales. Placentas 3, parietal Casearia, p. 121.

Sepals 3 to 5, free.

Ovary 2-lobed at the top Distylium, p. 133.

Ovary entire. Fruit 1-seeded [Jetice^, p. 323.

Floivers ioliolly unisexual.

Leaflets succulent, root parasite BALANOPHORA,p. 110.

Climbers, with tendi'ils CucURBiTACE^,p.l23.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Perianth herbaceous or none.
No ovary. Ovule bare or in an open pei-ianth.

Ovule in the females or stamens in the males en-
closed in an ovoid perianth. Leaves opposite . Gnetum, p. 336.
Ovules and seeds in pairs under the scales of a
cone. Leaves alternate, or clustered and subu-
late CONIFEE^, p. 336.

Ovary 1-celled, or if 2-celled, witli 1 ovule in each cell.
No perianth, at least hi the female.

Female flowers forming a prickly 2-celled burr,

with 2 coaical points and styles Xanthium, p. 181.

Flowers minute, crowded inside or outside of

succulent receptacles Uetice^, p. 323.

Flowers crowded in cylindrical leaf-opposed pe-
dunculate spikes Chavica, p. 335.

Flowers in catkins Myeica, p. 322.

Perianth herbaceous.

Stigma 3- to 5-lobed. Shrubs.

Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or catkins . Antidesma, p. 317.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary clusters . IIexslowia, p. 299.
Style entire or 2-lobed.

Fruit 1-seeded Urtice^, p. 323.

Fruit of 2 cells or cocci Euphoebiace^, p. 299.

Ovary 2-celled, v/ith several ovules in each cell.

Flowers in globular or ovoid heads. Tree . . . Liquidambae, p. 131.
Ovary 3- or more celled, or if 2-celled, with 2 ovules
in each.
Ovary 5-lobed. Fruit follicular. Trees with pani-

cvilate flowers SxEECULiACEJi;, p. 35.

Ovary usually 3-cclled, rarely 2- or several-celled.
Fruit dividing into cocci or baccate. Herbs,

shrubs, or trees. Seeds albuminous .... Euphoebiace^, p. 299.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, on a cup or in

a capsule-like involucre. Trees. No albumen . Amentace^, p. 319.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

(See p. 338.)
Stem woody.

Leaves pinnate or digitate. Perianth double Palm^, p. 339.

Leaves simple. No perianth.

Leaves prickly on tlie edges, in spu'al rows Pakdane^, p. 340.

Leaves not prickly and not spiral Gsa5Iine.e, p. 403.

Stem herbaceous or none.

Perianth none or of 1 to Q small scales 7wf longer than the ovary.
Flowers singly sessile within imbricated scales or glumes.
Leaf-sheaths entire. Each flower usually in the axil of

one glume without a palea CYPEEACEJi, p. 383.

ANALYTICAL KEY. li

Leaf-sheaths spHt open opposite the blade. A palea to

each flower within the glume GrE AMINES, p. 403.

Flowers sohtary or crowded, without bracts, or the scale-
like bracts not longer than the ovary.
Aqviatic plant. Anthers or ovaries singly sessile in

the axils of the leaves Naias, p. 345.

Terrestrial plants. Stamens, ovaries, or sessile flowers

crowded on a spadix with a spatha at the base . . AEOiDEiE, p. 311.
Perianth inferior, longer than the ovary.

Pistil apocarpous (ovaries distinct) . Perianth regular, of

3 sepals and 3 petals Sagittaeia, p. 34.-6.

Pistil syncarpous (ovary 3-celled or rarely 1-celled).
Flowers closely packed in terminal compact heads, with
imbricated scales.

Flowers hermaphrodite, yellow Xteis, p. 379.

Flowers unisexual, very small. Perianth scarious

and transparent Eeiocaulon, p. 381.

Flowers solitary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles.
Perianth petal-like, of 6 lobes or segments.

Aquatic plants. Flowers appearing to proceed

from the side of the petiole Monochoeia, p. 374.

Terrestrial plants. Flowers axillary or terminal . Liliace^, p. 368.
Perianth double, the outer herbaceous, the inner
very delicate and petal-like.
Leaves radical, linear. Inner perianth-segments

rolled in at the edges Thysanotfs, p. 372.

Leaves with sheathing petioles. Petals not rolled in Commelyxace.^, p. 375.

Perianth of 2 petal-like segments Philydeum, p. 379.

Perianth of 6 small dry stiff segments JuNCUS, p. 380.

Perianth superior.

Perianth very irregidar.

Anthers 1 or 5, on subulate or petal-like filaments.

Leaf-veins pinnate SciTAMiNEiE, p. 347.

Anthers 1 or rarely 2, sessile, on a central column or

style. Leaf-veins simple Oechide^, p. 349.

Perianth regidar or nearly so.
Flowers unisexual.

Aquatic plant. Stamens 8 or 9. Female perianth

with a long tube Blyxa, p. 347.

Terrestrial twiners. Stamens 6. No tube to the

perianth Dioscokea, p. 367.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

Stamens 6 ...... Amaeyllide^, p. 365.

Stamens 3.

Perianth tubular. Small, slender, leafless plant . Gonyanthes, p. 364.
Periantli of 6 spreading segments. Leaves equi-

tant Paedakthus, p. 365.

CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMS.
(See p. 435.)

FLORA HONGKONGENSIS

Class L DICOTYLEDONS.

Stem, when perennial, consisting of a pith in the centre, of one or more
concentric circles containing fibrons tissue, and of the bark on the outside.
Seeds with two cotyledons, the young stem in germination proceeding from
between the two lobes of the embryo or from a notch at its summit.

The above characters are all that can be said to be constant to separate Dicotyledons from
Monocotyledons ; these two great classes have, however, each a peculiar habit which in most
cases is readily recognized. All Hongkong trees or shrubs, except Palms and Bamboos, are
Dicotyledons, so also are all plants with opposite or whorled or netted-veined leaves (except
Smilax and some Aroidecs), and almost all those which have the parts of the flowers in fours,
fives, or eights.

(The following list of Orders is intended to show the arrangement adopted in this work.
The characters given are not absolute, nor without exception, and are inserted only for the
purpose of calling the attention to one or two of the most striking or most important features
of each Order. In some cases where an Order is only represented in the island by some ano-
malous genus, its exceptional character is placed in a parenthesis.)

Subclass I. Thalamiilorse. — Petals distinct from the calyx and from each other, sel-
dom wanting. Stamens hypogynous.

§ 1. Ovary apocarpous.

I. Ranunculace.^:. Sepals petal-like, 5 or fewer. Stamens indefinite. No arillus. Herbs
with alternate leaves ; or climbers with opposite leaves.

II. DiLLENiACE.E. Sepals herbaccous, 5 or fewer. Stamens indefinite. Seeds with arillus.
Woody. Leaves alternate.

III. Magnoliaceji;. Sepals and petals forming 3 or more series, and imbricate in each
series. Carpels indefinite. Trees or climbers.

IV. /iNONACEiE. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 scries, valvate or slightly imbricate in
each series. Carpels indefinite. Stem woody.

V. Menispermace.e. Flowers small, unisexual. Sepals in 1 or 2 series. Petals in 2
series. Stamens definite, opposite the petals. Carpels 3 or 1, uniovulate. Climbers.

VI. Berberide.e. Characters nearly of Memspermacece, but several ovules in each car-
pel. (Climber, with digitate leaves.)

§2. Ovary syncarpo'is. Placentas parietal.

VII. Papaverace.e. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Albumen copious.
Herbaceous.

VIIT. Crucifeb.e. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 0, of which 4 longer. ITcrbaecous.

B

» DlCOTl'LEDONS.

IX. Cappatjide.e. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Placentas 2. Albiuncn 0.
Herbaceous or woody.

X. PiTTOSPORACE-E. Sepals, petals, and stamens isomerous (5 each). Placentas 2.
Shrub.

XI. BiXAOEyE. Petals as many as sepals or none. Stamens indefinite. (Placentas 3 or
more.) Shrub.

XII. V10LACE.E. Anthers 5, connected in a ring round the ovary. (Herb.)

§ 3. Ovary syncari^ous. Placentas axile.
* Bisk none. Flower regular. Sepals imbricate.

XIII. Caryophylle^. Stamens definite. Placenta free, central. Embryo curved.
Herb. Leaves opposite, entire.

XIV. Hypeeicine^. Stamens indefinite. Flowers usually 5-merous. Leaves opposite.

XV. GuTTiFERiE. Stamens indefinite. Sepals 2, 4, or 6. Trees or shrubs. Leaves op-
posite.

XVI. Ternstrcemiace^. Stamens indefinite (except Pentapliylax). Petals often cohe-
ring at the base. Leaves alternate. Trees or shrubs.

** Bisk none. Ilowers regiilar. Sepals valvate.

XVII. Malvaceae. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled.

XVIII. Sterculiace^. Stamens indefinite or definite, monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled,
adnate to the outside of the staminal column.

XIX. BuETTXERiACE^. Stamens definite or rarely indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers
2-celled, terminal.

XX. TiLiACE^. Stamens indefinite, free or polyadelphous. Anthers 2-celled, terminal.

*** Bisk none. Floioers very irregular.

XXI. PoLYGALACE/E. Stamens 8 or 4, monadelphous.

**** Bisk or gynohasis prominent {except Olacacese).

XXII. Sapindace.e. Petals imbricate. Stamens definite, inside or on the disk (except
Turpinia), often anisomerous. Pistil 3-merous.

XXIII. Malpighiace.^;. Sepals with a conspicuous gland ontside one or more of them,
otherwise as in Sapindacece. Leaves opposite.

XXIV. AuRANTiACE.E. Lcavcs dotted. Petals imbricate. Stamens twice as many or
more. Berry indehiscent. No albumen.

XXV. Olacace.e. Petals valvate. Ovary l-ceUed at the top, with 3 pendulous ovules.

XXVI. AmpeliDvE. Petals valvate. Ovary 2- to 6-ceIled, with erect ovules. Climbers
with tendrils.

XXVII. Balsamtne^e. Flowers very irregular, spurred. Anthers 5, cohering round the
ovary. Herbs.

XXVIII. OxalidExE. Petals contorted. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-angled or 5-lobed. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves compound.

XXIX. RiiTACE^. Leaves dotted. Petals usually imbricate. Stamens as many or twice
as many. Ovary gynobasic or lobed. Seeds often albuminous.

XXX. SiMARUBACE.E. Flowers unisexual. Petals valvate or imbricate. Ovary gynobasic
or lobed. No albumen. Woody and bitter. Leaves compound, not dotted.

Subclass II. Calyciflorse. — Petals free. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, except in
a few abnormal genera.

* Bisk conspicuous {except Aquifoliaceje), perigynous or hypogynous. Flowers small,

regular.

XXXI. Celastrace.e. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
undivided.

XXXII. Aquifoliace.e. Petals often united, stamens alternate with them. Disk none.
Seeds albuminous.

DICOTYLEDONS. 3

XXXIII. Rhamnace^. stamens opposite the small petals. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves undivided.

XXXIV. Terebinthace^. Stamens alternate with the petals or twice as many (opposite
them in Sabia). Styles usually distinct. No albumen.

** Ovary apocarpous. No albumen.

XXXV. CoNNARACE.E. Flowers regular. Stamens 10. Carpels usually 5.

XXXVI. Leguminosjd. Flowers irregular or (in Mimosece) regular and valvate. Stamens
definite or almost hypogynous. Carpel 1.

XXXVII. Rosacea. Flowers regular. Petals imbricate. Stamens indefinite, very peri-
gynous.

*** Ovary syncarpous. Placentas axile. No albumen,

XXXVIII. Onagrace^. Sepals valvate. Stamens definite. Ovary inferior. 0\aile9
indefinite. Flowers usually 2- or 4-merous.

XXXIX. Rhizophore.e. Sepals valvate. Stamens various. Ovary inferior or partly so.
Ovules few, pendulous;

XL. Lythrarie^. Ovary within the calyx-tube, but fi-ee. Petals crumpled, inserted at
the border of the calyx-tube.

XLI. Melastomace.e. Ovary within the calyx-tube, free or adnate. Petals contorted.
Stamens definite, curved down in the bud.

XLII. MYRTACE.E. Ovary inferior. Petals imbricate. Stamens indefinite. Leaves
dotted.

**** Placentas parietal.

XLIII. Samydace.e. Petals persistent with the sepals or none. Stamens indefinite or
anisomerous or opposite the petals,

XLIV. Passiflore^e. Petals persistent with the sepals. Stamens definite, connate with
the ovary-stalk. Climber with tendrils.

XLV. CucuRBiTACE^. Flowcrs uuiscxual. Stamens 5 or 3. Ovary inferior. Climbers
with tendrils.

Anomalous Order,

XLVI. BEGONIACE.E. Flowers unisexual. Stamens indefinite. Ovary inferior. Fruit
usually 3 -winged. No albumen. Leaves oblique.

***** Seeds albuminous. Placentas usually axile.

XLVII. PoRTULACE^. Sepals 2. Petals 5. (Stamens indefinite.)

XLVIII. Crassulace^. Sepals, petals, stamens in 1 or 2 series, and carpels all isomerous.
Leaves usually succulent.

XLIX. Saxifragace^. Sepals, petals, and stamens in 1 or 2 series, isomerous. Carpels
or ovary-cells fewer, usually 2. Ovules several.

L. HAMAMELiDEyE. Nearly as in Sa.rifragacece, but the parts of the flower often reduced,
flowers usually capitate, and ovules often 1 or 2 in each cell, and pendulous,

****** Ovary inferior, usually tcith an epigynous disk. Ovules solitary in each
cell and pendulous.
LI. Umbellifer.e, Fruit diy, separating from the axis into 2 seed-like carpels. Leaves
alternate, often dissected.

LII. Araliace^. Fruit succulent, not separating. Cells usually more than 2. Leaves
alternate, often compound.

LIII. CoRNACE.E. Fruit succulent, 2-celled. Leaves opposite or alternate and undivided.
Stamens alternate with the petals,

LIV. Halorage.e, Aquatic or small herbs. Flowers much reduced, 2- or 4-merous.
LV. Balanophore^, Succulent leafless root-parasites. Flowers much reduced, usually
3-merous.

LVI. LoRANTHACEiE. Parasitical shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stamens on or opposite
the petals.

B 2

4 DICOTYLEDONS.

Subclass III. Monopetalse. — Petals united, at least at the base, into a single corolla.
§ 1. Corolla epiffijnous, bearing the stamens.

LVII. Caprifoliace.e. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary 2- or more celled.

LVIII. RiJBiACE^. Leaves opposite, with stipules (stipules sometimes leaf-like, in a whorl
with the leaves). Ovary 2- or more celled.

LIX. Composite. Florets in compact heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style
Ovary 1- celled, 1 -ovulate.

§ 2. Stamens free from the corolla.

LX. Sttlidie^. Stamens 2, connate with the style : otherwise as in Campanulacece.

LXI. Campanulace^. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, free from the style. Anthers
opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, multi-ovulate. Herbaceous.

LXII. GooDENiACE^. An indusium under the stigma: otherwise as in Cirw?/?^?^?//^/^^^.

LXIIL ERiCACEJi. Stamens usually twice the corolla-lobes. Anthers opening by terminal
pores. Woody.

§ 3. Corolla hyitogynous or rarely p^rigynous, hearing the stamens.

* Stamens either ojjposite the corolla-lobes, or more than their number.

LXIV. Primulace^. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes. Placenta free and central.
Fruit capsular. Herbs.

LXV. Myrsinace^. As in 'Primulacea:, but woody, and fruit a berry.

LXVL Sapotace.e. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes or twice as many. Ovary 2- or
more celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each.

LXVII. EBENACEiE. Flowers usually dioecious. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 3- or more
celled : ovules 1 or 2 in each.

LXVIII. Styracace^. Stamens twice the corolla-lobes or more. Ovary more or less
inferior, 2- or more celled ; ovules 2 or more in each.

** Corolla regular. Stamens alternating ivith its lobes, ayid equal to them in mmber
{except Jasminaceee).

LXIX. Jasminace.e. Stamens 2.

LXX. APOCYNACE.E. Carpels 2, usually distinct. Stigmas united. Filaments distinct.

LXXI. AscLEPiADE^. Carpels 2, distinct. Filaments forming a short tube round the
style. Pollen-masses attached in pairs or in fours to processes of the stigma.

LXXIL LoGANiACE.E. Stamens free. Ovary 2- or more celled. Placentas axile. Leaves
opposite, sometimes stipulate.

LXXIII. GENTIANACE.E. Bitter plants. Corolla contorted. Placentas parietal, rarely meet-
ing in the axis. Leaves opposite, entire.

LXXIV. BoRAGiNE^. Fruit 2- or 4-seeded, either 2- or 4-lobed or of 2 or 4 nuts. Leaves
altei-nate, usually rough.

LXXV. CoNvoLVUT.ACE.E. Corolla plaited. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in
each cell. Stem twining or prostrate or low.

LXXVL SoLANACE^. Corolla plaited or valvate. Ovar^- 2-celled, with several ovules in
each. Leaves alternate.

*** Floioers irregular. Stamens 1 less or 3 less than the corolla-lobes.

LXXVII. ScROPHULARiNE.E. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each. Seeds albu-
minous. No retiuacula.

LXXVIU. Lentibulace^. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta and several ovules.

LXXIX. OROBANCHACE.E. Leafless parasites. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 single or double
parietal placenta and many ovules.

LXXX. Gesneriace^. Stem leafy. Ovary 1-celled, wnth 2 parietal placentas and many
ovules.

LXXXI, AcANTHACE.E. Ovary 2-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Seeds
without albumen, attached to hooked retinacula or to placentary papillte.

DICOTYLEDONS. 5

LXXXIl. Verbenace^. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, not lobed, with 1 ovule iii each cell. Style
tenninal.

LXXXIII. Labiate. Ovary 4-lobed, with 1 ovule in each lobe. Style between the lobes.

**** Anomalous Orders.

LXXXIV. Plantagine^. Corolla scarious, regular. Stamens isoraerous.
LXXXV. PLUMBAGiNEiE. Ovary with one cell and 1 ovule, but several styles.

Subclass IV. Monochlamydeae. — Perianth really or apparently simple or none (ex-
cept in some EapJiorbiacece).

LXXXVI. CHEisfOPODiACE.E. Perianth small, herbaceous. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary
with 1 ovule, but 2 or more styles or stigmas. Seed albuminous. No stipules.

LXXXVII. Amarantace^e. As in ChenopocUacece, but perianth more scarious, and in one
tribe several o\Tiles on a free central placenta.

LXXXVIII. PoLYGONACE-E. Perianth small. Stamens 9 or fewer. Ovary with 1 ovule
but 2 or more styles or stigmas. Seeds albuminous. Stipules sheathing.

LXXXIX. LaurinEvE. Anther-cells opening in valves turned upwards. Perianth-seg-
ments usually 6. Berry or drupe 1-seeded. No albumen.

XC. PROTEACE.E. Perianth inferior; segments 4, valvate, with a stamen on each. No
albumen.

XCI. Thymele^e. Perianth-lobes imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as many, in-
serted in the tube. Ovary 1- or 2-ceUed, with 1 pendulous ovule in each. Style 1.

XCII. El^agnace.e. Perianth 2- or 4-lobed, contracted over the otherwise free ovary.
Ovule 1, erect. Style 1.

XCII I. Santalace^. Perianth wholly or partially superior; lobes valvate. Stamens
opposite the lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 to 5 suspended ovides.

XCIV. EuPHORBiACE.E. Flowers unisexual. Ovary of 3, rarely 2 or more than 3, united
carpels, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules, and usually separating into cocci. Seeds albuminous.

XCV. JUGLANUE.E. As in AmentacefV, but leaves pinnate.

XCVI. Amentace^. Flowers unisexual ; males in catkins. Female perianth none or ad-
herent. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. No albumen.

XCVII. Urtice^. Flowers unisexual ; males small, green, not in catkins. Stamens oppo-
site the perianth-segments. Ovary free. Ovule 1 (or if 2, one always abortive). Styles 2,
or rarely 1, unilateral.

XCVIII. Aristolochiace^. Perianth superior, valvate. Ovary 3-ceUed, with several
ovules in each.

XCIX. Saururace^. Perianth 0. Stamens united with the base of the ovary. Ovules
several, on 3 axile or parietal placentas.

C. ChloranthacE/E. Perianth 0. Stamens 1 or 3, epigynous. Ovide 1, pendulous.

CI. Piperace^. Perianth 0. Stamens free trom the ovary. Ovule 1, erect.

Subclass V. Gymnospermse. — Ovules and seeds naked, without ovary or styles.

CII. Gnetace^. Leaves opposite. Stamen in the males, ovule in the females, enclosed
in an ovoid or tubular bract.

CIII. Conifer.^. Anthers in the male, ovules in the females, inserted on scales, often
forming false catkins or cones.

Order I. RANUNCULACEiE.

Sepals 3 or more, usually 5, free, usually petaloid aud deciduous. Petals
of the same number or more, or sometimes none. Stamens indefinite, liypo-
gynous, free. Anthers adnate. Carpels several, usually free, with one or
more ovules in each, becoming when ripe indehiscent achenes or berries, or
follicular capsules. Seeds without any arillus. Embryo very small, near the
base of a copious albumen.

6 RANUNCULACEiE. [RantmculacecB .

The majority of genera of this rather large Order consist of herbs fi'om the temperate or
cooler regions of the globe, with radical or alternate leaves. Of this group one species,
Ranunculus scelercdus, Linn., is said (Bot. Her. 361) to have been found in Hongkong "in
waste places near houses." I have seen no specimens, and as the plant in other countries
is ouly to be seen in ditches and wet places, 1 fear there may have been some mistake, and
therefore omit it. The following Hongkong species belong to a somewhat anomalous group
with opposite leaves.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid and deciduous. Petals none, or
small and naiTOw and passing gradually into the stamens. Carpels numerous,
with a single pendulous ovule in each. Achenes indehiscent. — Climbers or
rarely large herbs with opposite leaves.

A considerable genus, widely distributed over the globe, and almost the only one of the
Order which penetrates into the tropics.

Leaves pinnate with 5 segments. Anthers longer than the filaments . 1. C. uncinata.
Leaves about twice ternate. Anthers much shorter than the filaments . 2. C. jparviloba.
Leaves once ternate.

Leaf-segments rounded or cordate at the base. Anthers longer than

the filaments 3. C. Meyeniana.

Leaf-segments narrowed at the base. Anthers much shorter than the

filaments " . 4. C. crassifolia.

I.e. uncinata, CJiamp. in Kew Joimi. Bot. iii. 255. A glabrous and some-
what glaucous climber. Leaves pinnate, the segments usually 5, stalked, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, with a short hooked point 1|~2 in. long, 3 -nerved at
the base. Panicles loose, terminal, with numerous white flowers. Sepals when
fully out near ^ in. long, very acute, glabrous with the exception of a narrow
tomentose edge, turning black in drying. Anthers linear, much longer than
their very short filaments. Achenes terminating Avhen ripe in long feathery awns.

In a ravine behind Mount Parker, near Saywan, Champion. Not in any other collection.

3. C. parviloba, Gardn. and Champ. hiKew Journ. Bot. i. 241. A climber,
loosely clothed with short silky hairs. Leaves mostly twice ternate, the seg-
ments stalked, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, \\ to 2 in. long.
Panicles few-flowered and leafy. Sepals white ?, about 9 or 10 lines long and 3
lines broad, 7 -nerved and hairy outside, glabi'ous within. Anthers much
shorter than their rather slender filaments. Achenes numerous, terminating
in long featheiy awns.

Rare in the Happy Valley and towards West Point, Cham'pion ; also Wright and Wilford.
Not as yet found out of the island.

3. C. Meyeniana, 7?V///?. Bl. Meye^i. 297. A somewhat glaucous climber,
either quite glabrous or only slightly pubescent. Leaves ternate, the segments
stalked, cordate, ovate, or lanceolate, quite entire and rather thick, 2 to 3 in.
long. Panicles loose and many-flowered. Plowers white, slightly scented, 5 or 6
lines long, and scarcely pointed. Anthers mostly longer than the filaments.
Achenes several, terminating in long feathery awns. — C. Jiedysarifolia, Bot.
Keg. t. 5 99, not DC* C. oreopJiila, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 3.

* The true C. hedysarifolia, DC, a south Indian plant, has the leaves often pinnately
divided, the segments frequently coarsely toothed, and the anthers almost as short as in C.
Gouriana, to which it comes much uearer than to the C. Meyeniana.

Clematis,'] RANUNcuLACEiE. 7

Common in ravines, ChaMpion and others ; frequent also on the continent of China, ex-
tending northward to Anioy and Loochoo.

4. C. crassifolia^ Benth. n. sp. A perfectly glabrous climber, resembling
at first sight the C. Meyenimia, but the leaf-segments are much thicker, always
narrowed or Avedge-shapecl at the base, and mostly very obtuse, the flower
somewhat larger, the sepals more acuminate, and the anthers very much shorter,
more obtuse, with the filaments elongated as in C. parviloba.

In a ravine on Victoria Peak, Wilford. Not received from elsewhere.

The C. ternifolia, DC. (which may be the same as C. chinensis, Retz, and C. biternatd,
DC), and the C. apiifolia, DC, appear both to be common about Araoy, but have not been
gathered in the vicinity of Hongkong.

Order IL DILLENIACE^.

Sepals 4 to 6, usually 5, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, or
rarely fewer, deciduous, imbricate in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogy-
nous, usually fi-ee. Anthers adnate. Ovary of several free and distinct
carpels, or rarely single and excentrical, one-celled, with one or more ovules
in each. Styles diverging. Eipe carpels either indehiscent and succulent, or
capsular, opening along the inner edge at the top. Seeds furnished with an
arillus. Embryo very small, at the base of a fleshy albumen. — Trees, shrubs,
climbers, or herbs. Leaves alternate. Stipules minute or none.

A considerable Order, partly tropical both ui the New and the Old World, partly Aus-
tralian.

1. DELIMA, Linn.

riowers hermaphrodite. Filaments dilated at the upper end. Carpel soli-
tary, nearly globose, attenuated into a subulate style. Ovules few, ascend-
ing. Capsule follicular. Seed solitary, surrounded by a cup-shaped toothed
arillus.

A genus limited to a single species. The American plants formerly referred to it all be-
long to DoUocarpHS.

1. D. sarxnentosa, Linn. ; Hook, and TJioms. Fl. Lid. i. 61 ; Bat. Mag.
^.2038. A climber with a woody stem. Leaves varying from obovate to
broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or serrate-cre-
nate, very scabrous, and sprinkled on both sides as well as the branches with
appressed hairs. Flowers white, 3 to 4 lines diameter, in broad many-flowered
panicles. — Leontoglossum scahrum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 18; iii. 812.

Common in Hongkong, Chamj)ion and others. Widely diffused over western and eastern
India and the Archipelago, extending northwards to the Philippines, S. China, and Assam,
and westward to Ceylon.

Order III. MAGNOLIACE^.

Sepals and petals usually numerous, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud, in
several series of 3 (rarely 5) each, and passing gradually one into the other.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels several, either
free or cohering laterally to each other, usually spicate on the torus. Ovules

8 MAGNOLIACE.E. {MagnoUacecE.

2 or more in eacli carpel. Seeds without any arillus, but the outermost coat
usually fleshy. Embiyo minute, at the base of a copious oily albumen, which
is not rumuiate. — Trees, shiiibs, or climbers. Leaves alternate, undivided,
and usually entire. Stipules lateral, adhering to the petioles, but soon de-
ciduous, or rarely none.

MafjnoHacea are uot very numerous, and are chiefly natives of the mountainous districts
of central, southern, and eastern Asia, and northern and tropical southern America.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Caiiiels spicate. Trees or shrubs 1. Magnolia.

Flowers unisexual. Carpels capitate. Climbers 2. Kadsura.

1. MAGNOLIA, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12. Carpels biovulate,
laterally attached to the axis in a dense spike, coriaceous when ripe, and open-
ing by a longitudinal slit. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire.

A genus of but few Asiatic species, with several from N. America.

1 . M. Championiy BentJi. An erect shrub, growing out sometimes into a
small tree. Leaves oblong, 4 to 6 inches long, coriaceous, glabrous or sprinkled
with a few hairs underneath. Peduncles axillary, one-flowered, short, thick,
and densely covered with silky hairs. Flowers appearing after the leaves are
out, about li in. long, cream-coloured, and very fragrant at night. Petals 6.
Anthers very numerous. Caipels 2-ovulate, very thickly silky-hairy, when
ripe thick and hard, almost woody, shortly apiculate, and opening longitudi-
nally. Seeds usually solitary, oblong, scarlet, hanging by a filiform funiculus
long after the carpels have opened. — Talamna ijumila. Champ, in Kew Journ.
Bot. iii. 255, but not of Blume.

Eather scarce on "Victoria Peak, where it is shrubby ; more common and subai'boreous in
the woods of the Happy Valley, Champion, but not as yet known out of the island. It is also
planted in gardens according to Champion, but it is probable that the cultivated plant is the
common M. pumila, referred by Blume rather doubtfully, and probably without sutBcient
grounds, to Talamna. The present species, described from Victoria Peak specimens, is cer-
tainly a Magnolia, not a Talauma. It has the stature, foliage, and inflorescence of M. pu-
mila, but in the latter species the peduncles are much more recui'ved and glabrous, as well
as the ovary, the flowers rather smaller, etc.

2. KADSUBA, Juss.

Flowers unisexual (dioecious). Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens inde-
finite, the short filaments either free or united at the base in a fleshy column.
Carpels indefinite, with 2 or 3 ovules in each, succulent when ripe, and united
in a globular head. Seeds usually 2 in each carpel, superposed, enclosed in
pulp and separated by a spurious succulent dissepiment. — Climbers. Leaves
entire or toothed. Flowers white or reddish.

A small genus, confined to eastern Asia.

1. R. Chinensis, Hance, n. sp. A dioecious glabrous climber. Leaves
oval-oblong, about 3 to 5 in. long, thickly coriaceous, entire or remotely
toothed. Peduncles 1 -flowered, axillary, shorter than the flower or the fmit.
]\Iale flowers ovoid, 8 or 9 lines long. Staminal column acuminate, rather
shorter than the petals, beai'ing in the lower portion a number of short thick

Kads/ira.] magnoliace^. 9

filaments, with short adiiate anthers, either entire at the top or bearing one or
two short branches or antherless filaments. Eemale flowers globular, about 6
lines diameter. Fruit globular, about 1 ^ to 2 in. diameter. — K.Japouica, Bcnth.
in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 258, not of Don.

Rare, in a ravine below Victoria Peak, Champion, also Hance. South China, Milletl-
Not known from elsewhere.

Order IV. ANONACEiE.

Sepals 3, valvate in the bud, occasionally united at the base. Petals 6, iu
2 series, or rarely 3 only, those of each series valvate or slightly imbricate in
the bud. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, often closely packed. Filaments
very short. Anthers adnate, the connective often produced above the anther-
cells. Carpels usually indefinite, free or cohering to each other. Ovules so-
litary or several in each carpel, erect or horizontal, anatropous. Ripe carpels
free or united into a many-celled fruit, indehiscent or rarely follicular. Em-
bryo minute, in a copious ruminate albumen. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers,
often aromatic. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers terminal,
axillary or lateral, solitary or clustered.

A large Order, almost confined to the tropics both in the New and the Old World, a very
few species being found in North America ; and in Asia, Hongkong is, as far as yet known, the
northern limit of the Order.

Petals of each series imbricate in the bud 1. Uvaria.

Petals of each series valvate in the bud.

Petals enclosing the stamens and pistils in their concave base. Pedun-
cles recurved, forming woody hooks 2. Artabotrys.

Petals nearly Hat, usually long and narrow. No books 3. Unona.

1. UVARIA, Linn.

Petals 6, round, oval or oblong, those of each series slightly imbricate in
the bud. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong or linear. Carpels in-
definite, linear, with several ovules in each. Styles sliori. Eipe carpels suc-
culent, indehiscent, sessile or stalked, with several seeds in each, rarely re-
duced to one by abortion. — Shrubs, with w^eak, usually climbing branches.
Peduncles leaf-opposed or rarely axillary.

A considerable genus, confined to the Old World, from Western Africa to the Indian Ar-
chipelago.

Petals oval-oblong, about 1 inch. Berries oblong-cyhndrical ... 1. U. ji'urjmrea.
Petals nearly orbicular, about ^ inch. Berries nearly globular . . . 2. Z7. microcarpa.

1. U. purpurea, ^/2»«^; Hooh. and Thorns. M. hid. \.^^. A shrub, with
long, w^eak, climbing branches, the young parts and leaves covered with rusty
brown hairs or down. Leaves broadly oblong, 6 to 8 in. or even more in
length, narrower below, cordate at the base, when old nearly glabrous on the
upper side. Peduncles 1-flowered, about 1 in., with two large round bracts
which enclose the bud, but soon fall oft". Petals oval-oblong, at least an inch
long. Berries on long stalks, oblong-cylindrical, 2 -ribbed on the back. — U.
platypetala, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 257. U. rhodantha, liance in
Walp. Ann. ii. 19.

10 ANONACE.^. \Uvaria.

Low jungle, near the Buddhist Temple, East Point, Champion ; at the foot of Mount
Victoria, Wilford, also Hance. Spreads over the Malayan Peninsula, the Indian Archipe-
lago, and northward to the Philippines.

2. U. microcarpa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 256. A low shrub,
with weak or sometimes half-climbing branches, the young parts rusty-downy.
Leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 5 in, long, cordate at the base, rusty-downy un-
derneath. Peduncles •!• to 1 in. long, leaf-opposed, 1- or 2 -flowered. Petals
broadly oval or orbicular, not much above \ in. long. Berries stipitate, glo-
bular or shortly oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, tomentose or at length glabrous,
without dorsal ribs. — U. hadijflora, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 19.

Very common in Hongkong, Champio7i and others; and in the islands about Macao,
but not exactly matched with any from more distant countries. It appears allied to U. rnfa,
Bl., an Archipelago species, but has broader leaves, larger flowers, and much smaller berries,
not transversely sulcate.

2. AKTABOTRYS, E. Br.

Sepals cohering at the base. Petals 6, valvate in the bud in each series,
enclosing the stamens and pistils in their hollow base, spreading in the upper
part. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong or wedge-shaped. Carpels
several, oval or oblong, with 2 erect ovules in each. Styles oval or oblong,
usually reflexed. Ripe carpels baccate, usually 1-seeded. — Woody climbers.
Leaves smooth and shining. Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, many of them thick-
ened and recurved, becoming hard woody hooks.

A rather small genus, well marked by its habit, chiefly xVsiatic, with one African species.

Petals 6-9 lines long, pubescent. Carpels hairy \. A. BhimeL

Petals above an inch long, glabrous. Carpels glabrous 2. ^. odoratissima .

1. A. Blumei, Hooli. and Thorns. M. Ind. i. 128 {partly). A woody
climber, slightly pubescent on the young shoots, at length glabrous. Leaves oval-
elliptical or oblong, obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 or sometimes 4 in. long, coria-
ceous, smooth and shining ; the veins slender but distinct, and the principal
ones arched and connected together at some distance from the margin. Hooked
peduncles short, bearing one flower on a pedicel of 4 or 5 lines, and often the
rudiments of 2 or 3 others. Sepals very short and broad. Petals ovate-lan-
ceolate, 6 to 9 lines long, very thick and pubescent ; the inner ones veiy simi-
lar to the outer. Carpels 6 to 8, haiiy.

Abundant near the Buddhist Temple, East Point, and in the woods near the Waterfall in
the Happy Valley, Chamjnoii. I have seen no specimen from elsewhere.

Notwithstanding the authority above quoted, I think that the Hongkong specimens agree
much better with Blume's character and flgure of A. Jiamata, than of his A. odoratissima,
which is correctly distinguished by Hooker and Thomson from the following, A. odoratis-
sima, Br. Probably our plant is identical with the China one included by Blume in his A.
hamata, but different, as a variety at least, from the Java one.

2. A. odoratissima, 5r. ,- Bot. Reg. t. 423. A tall climber, like the last,
but quite glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long, acute
at both ends, scarcely coriaceous, although shining ; the veins finer than in A.
Blumei, but the principal ones much more branched and less prominently ar-
cuate. Hooked peduncles 1- or 2-flowered. Sepals small. Petals oblong-
lanceolate, more than an inch long, and perfectly glabrous, the inner ones
similar to the outer. Carpels few and glabrous.

Artaboirys.'] anonace^. 11

In similar places to the last, but less common, Champion, also Hance. Received also from
other parts of S, China.

3. UNONA, Linn.

Petals 6, valvate in the bud in each series, rather thin and long, and nearly
flat. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong-tetragonous. Cai-pels inde-
finite, with 2 or more ovules in each, in a single series. Styles oval or oblong,
recurved. Eipe carpels succulent, indehiscent, usually elongated, and sepa-
rated by constrictions into 1 -seeded joints. — Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers,
riowers rather large, axillary or lateral.

The species are all Asiatic.

1. U. discolor, VaU ; Hook, mid TJwms. M. Ind. i. 133. A shrub or small
tree. Leaves from oblong to lanceolate, usually 4 or 5 inches long, acute,
rounded at the base, veiy glabrous, and somewhat shining above, glaucous,
and often slightly pubescent underneath. Peduncles lateral, 1 -flowered, 1 to
3 in. long. Flowers nodding, at first green, then yellowish. Petals broad
at the base, lanceolate, rather obtuse, often attaining 3 inches in length, though
much shorter when they first open. Carpels several, each divided into 3 to 6
articles about the size of a pea, or sometimes reduced to a single one.

Very common in the lower ravines of Hongkong, Champion and others. Widely spread
over the hotter and damper parts of India, from Ceylon to the foot of the Himalaya, the
Archipelago, and S. China.

Oeder v. mehispee^mace^.

Plowers unisexual, usually dioecious. Sepals usually 6, in 2 series, rarely
5 or fewer, or 9 or 13 in 3 or 4 series, the inner ones the largest. Petals
usually 6, nearly equal, and smaller than the calyx, imbricate in 3 series, rarely
5, or fewer or none. Male flowers : Stamens hypogynous, usually of the same
number as the petals, and opposite to them, free or united in a central column.
Pemale flowers : Sterile stamens usually 6, free. Carpels of the ovary distinct
and free, usually 3, sometimes 6 or more, or reduced to 1, with 1 ovule in
each. Styles terminal, usually oblique or recurved. Pruiting carpels drupa-
ceous, the putamen usually concave on the inner face, or very much curved,
the endocarp projecting into the cavity. Seed more or less peltately attached
to the projection, either albuminous, with a central embryo, or almost without
albumen, the embryo then thick and fleshy, with almond-like cotyledons. Ea-
dicle superior. — Climbers. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually with palmate
veins or peltate. No stipules. Flowers usually smaU, paniculate, racemose,
or cymose, rarely solitary.

A considerable tropical Order both in the New and the Old World, a very few species ex-
tending into N. America and northern Asia, and a rather greater nnmber into sontbern
Africa and Australia. It is unknown in Europe.

Sepals and petals 6 each. Carpels 3. Flowers unisexual.

Anthers adnate. Styles short, flat. Mowers in long panicles or ra-
cemes, or the females solitary 1. Limacia.

Anthers terminal, nearly globose. Styles cylindrical. Flowers in

long panicles *. 2. Cocculus,

12 MENisPEiiMACE.i:. \_Menisj)ermacecB.

Anthers aduate Styles 2-t'left, subulate, Flowers iu dichotomous

cymes 3. Pericampylus.

Sepals and petals various. Carpel solitary. Flowers unisexual.

Sepals free. Flowers in umbels or heads .4. Stephania.

Sepals united. Flowers in panicles or racemes 5. Cycle a.

1. LIMACIA, Lour.

Sepals 6, in 2 series, the outer ones smaller. Petals 6, much smaller than
the inner sepals, embracing the stamens with auricles at their base. Male
flowers : Stamens 3, 6, or 9, the filaments free. Anthers adnate, opening
with longitudinal slits. Pemale floAvers : Sterile stamens 6, club-shaped. Car-
pels 3. Styles short, flattened. Drupes obovate or reniform, the scar of the
style very near the base, the putamen scarcely tuberculale. Seed much curved.
Embryo elongated in the centre of the albumen, with semicylindrical cotyle-
dons.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.

1. L. cuspidata, HooJc. and Thorns. M. Ind. i. 189. A tall climber, nearly
glabrous, or the young shoots pubescent. Leaves from ovate to oblong or
lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2 to 3 inches long, or larger in the barren shoots,
3-nerved. Male panicles scarcely longer than the leaf-stalks. Female flowers
few or solitary. Stamens 6 to 9. Drupes nearly globular, slightly flattened,
about 6 lines diameter. — Ilypserpa nitida, Miers, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 258.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion, also WrigJit. In eastern and northern India,
from Ceylon to the Malayan Peninsula, Silhet, and Khasia.

2. COCCULUS, DC

Sepals 6, in 2 series, the outer ones smaller. Petals 6, smaller than the
sepals, w^edge-sliaped or obovate, often embracing the stamens by auricles at
their base. Male flowers : Stamens 6, the filaments free. xVnthers terminal,
globular, 4-lobed. Pemale flowers : Sterile stamens 6 or 0. Carpels 3. Styles
cylindrical, undivided. Drupes obovate or rounded, laterally compressed, the
scar of the style near the base. Putamen fragile, horseshoe-shaped, usually
perforated laterally. Seed much curved, with albumen. Cotyledons Imear,
flat. — Climbers, or rarely half-erect undershrubs. Panicles axillary, elongated,
or reduced to few flowers, the females often solitaiy.

A genus of several species, chiefly Indian, extending also into Africa and Australia, with
two North American species.

Leaves rounded. AxiUary or lateral panicles very long 1. C macrocarpus.

Leaves ovate-oblong or 3-lobed. Axillary panicles short 2. C. ovaUfoUus.

1. C. macrocarpus, W. and Am. ; Hook, and Thorns. Fl. Ind. i. 191 ;
Wight, Illust. t. 7. A glabrous climber. J^eaves rounded or reniform, 5 -nerved,
2 to 3 in. diameter, on slender petioles, 2 to 4 in. long. Panicles pro-
ceeding from the old branches or sometimes axillary, several inches, or even
a foot long, with numerous small flowers. Petals 3-lobed, the lateral lobes
(or auricles) embracing the stamens. Drupes obovate, about an inch long.

In the Happy Valley, Hance, Seemann, Wright. In S. India, iu Ceylon, the Peninsula,
and Chittagong, and perhaps also in Khasia.

COCCUIUS.'] MENISPERMACE/E. 13

2. C. ovalifolius, BC. Syst. Veg, i. 426. A climber, usually pubescent,
especially the upper branches and inflorescence. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate
or oblong, entire or obtusely 3-lobed, 2 to 3 in. long, glabrous or hairy,
especially the under side. Male panicles or racemes axillary and very short,
the upper ones forming an elongated leafy terminal panicle. Flowers glabrous.
— NepJiroica pubhiervis, N. ovaUfoUus, and N. cyncmchoideSy Miers in Kew
Joui-n. Bot. iii. 259.

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, also Wright ; appears common in S. China and
northwards to Amoy, but not known from elsewhere. It sometimes much resembles the
common Indian G, villosus, DC, but is readily distinguished by the glabrous flowers.

3. PERICAMPYLUS, Miers.

Flowers of Cocculus, except that the anthers are longer and not 4-lobed,
and the styles divided to the base into 2 subulate recurved branches. Fruit
less compressed, and the putamen not perforated. Drupes nearly globular.

The genus consists but of a single species.

1. P. incanus, Miers ; Hook. andTJwms. Fl. Lid. i. 194. A climber, with
the younger branches shortly tomentose, or at length glabrous. Leaves nearly
orbicular, sometimes slightly peltate, 2 to 4 in. diameter, glabrous above,
usually hoary underneath, on stalks of 1 to 2 in. Flowers veiy small, in axil-
lary dichotomous cymes, shorter than the leaves. Sepals hairy on the back.
Drupes red.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in eastern India, from Sikkim and Chittagong to Java.

4. STSPHANIA, Lour.

Male flowers : Sepals 6, 8, or 10, in 2 series. Petals 3, 4, or 5, shorter than
the sepals. Stamens united in a central column, bearing a flat disk with the
anthers on the margin. Female flowers : Sepals 3, 4, or 5. Petals as many.
Carpel solitary. Drupe flattened, the scar of the style near the base. Putamen
horseshoe-shaped. Albumen thin. Embryo curved, linear, with closed coty-
ledons.— Leaves mostly peltate. Flowers in axillary umbels.

A smaU genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.

1. S. hemandifolia, Walp. ; Hook, and TJioms. Fl. Lid. i. 196. A gla-
brous or slightly pubescent climber. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular, or nearly
triangular, usually more or less peltate, 3 or 4 in. long, on a petiole of 2
or 3 inches. Peduncles axillary, shorter or rather longer than the petioles,
becoming an umbel of 5 or 6 rays, each ray terminated by a head, or partial
umbel, of 8 to ] 2 small sessile or shortly pedicellate flowers.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in moist hilly parts of India, extending westward to Abys-
sinia, eastward over the Archipelago to INorth Australia, and northward to Nipal, Assam,
S. China, Amoy, and the Philippines.

5. CYCLE A, Arn.

Male flowers : Sepals 4 to 8, united into a campanulate or inflated and glo-
bose calyx. Petals as many, more or less united. Stamens united in a cen-
tral column, bearing a flat disk with horizontal anthers, opening transversely.

14 MENISPERMACE^. [Cyclea.

Female flowers : Sepals 2, lateral, with a bract below them. Cai-pel solitary.
Stigma divided into 3 to 5 radiating subulate branches. Trait of StepJiania,
but less compressed. — Climbers. Leaves mostly peltate. Stamens in axillary
panicles.

A small genus confined to southern Asia.

1. C. deltoidea, Mlers in Keto Joiirn. Bot. iii. 258. A glabrous climber,
with the peltate broadly ovate or triangular leaves of Stepliania JierriandifoUa,
from which it is at once known by the paniculate not umbellate inflorescence.
Leaves under 2 in. long. Panicles narrow, almost reduced to racemes, and
scarcely longer than the leaves. Corolla saucer-shaped, scarcely lobed, half
as long as the calj^x.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion ; also Wright. Not gathered as yet out of the
island.

Order VI. BERBEEIDE^.

Sepals 6 or 4, in two series, or 3. Petals equal in number to the sepals and
opposite them, or double the number, or rarely wanting. Stamens hypogynous,
usually definite in number and opposite to the petals. Anthers in the typical
genera opening with recurved valves, in others with longitudinal slits. Car-
pels solitary or 3, rarely more, free, with several ovules. Styles usually very
short or reduced to a sessile stigma. Eipe carpels usually pulpy indehiscent
berries, or rarely follicular or capsular. Albumen copious. Embryo axile or
minute, with the radicle next the hilum. — Shrubs, climbers, ov herbs of vari-
ous habit. Leaves usually compound.

An Order spread over the temperate or mountain regions of the northern hemisphere and
along the great chain of American mountains to their southern extremity. The only Hong-
kong species belongs to the somewhat anomalous tribe or suborder Lardizahalece, which has
not the characteristic anther- valves of many of the typical genera, and in which there are
always 3 cai'pels.

L STAUNTONIA, DC.

Plowers monoecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Male fl. : Stamens 6, united
at the base. Anthers opening longitudinally, terminating in a point. Female
fl. : Sterile stamens 6. CaqDels 3. Ovules several, intermixed with hairs,
Berries globular. — Woody climbers. Leaves digitate.

A genus only containing one Japanese species besides the Chinese one.

1. S. chinensis, BC. Trod. i. 96. A glabrous woody climber. Leaves
very variable in size, usually consisting of about 5 obovate or oval-oblong
leaflets, about 2 in. long, on petiolules of \ in., but the lower ones often
with 6 or 7 oblong acuminate leaflets, 3 or 4 in. long, or the upper leaves
with only 3 leaflets. Peduncles several together at the base of the young
shoots, in the axils of the old leaves, slender, 1 to 3 in. long, bearing a
short loose raceme of 3 or 4 flowers of a greenish-purple colour, and emitting
a nauseous smell. Sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, quite small when
first open, varying in the specimens from 4 to 9 lines in length, but probably
at different stages of growth.

Stauntonia.] BERBERiDEiE. 15

In ravines, trailing on rocks, C/ian?j)ion, Wilford. Only known from S. China.
Nelumhiim speciosxim, Willd., belonging to the Order Ni/mjJiaacea, is occasionally cul-
tivated, but has not been found wild in the island.

Order VII. PAPAVERACE^.

Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous. Petals 4, rarely 6, usually folded in the
bud. Stameus indefinite, free, hypogynous. Anthers versatile, opening with
longitudinal slits. Ovary free, compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal
placentae, sometimes projecting into the cavity so as nearly to divide it into
as many cells. Style simple or none. Stigmas as many as placentae, usually
radiating on the top of the ovary or style. Fruit capsular or rarely a beny.
Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo next the hilum.

A small Order, spread over the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, with a very
few southern extratropical species, and a few more now diffused as weeds over many tropical
countries.

1. ARGEMONE, Linn.

Stigmas 4 to 7, nearly sessile on the top of the ovary. Capsule obovate or
oblong, opening at the top in short valves between the parietal placentae.
— Leaves usually prickly.

A small American genus.

1. A. Mexicana, Llnu. ; Hook, and Thorns., M. hid. i. 251; Bot. Reg.
i^. 1343. An erect hard glaucous and glabrous annual, 2 or 3 feet high, with
spreading branches. Leaves alternate, half-stem-clasping, sinuately pinnatifid,
and bordered with prickly teeth, spotted with white along the primary veins.
Flowers terminal, yellow, 1 to 3 inches diameter. Capsule about an inch
long.

On the seacoast, on roadsides and waste places. An introduced weed, of American origin,
but now extremely abundant in India and other tropical countries.

Order YIII. CRUCIFER^.

Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6, of which 2 are usually shorter, hypogynous.
Ovary 2-celled, with one or more ovules in each cell. Style single, often veiy
short or almost none, with a capitate or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a siliqua or
silicule, that is, a pod divided into 2 cells by a thin partition from which the
valves separate at maturity, or in a few genera the pod is 1-celled or indehis-
cent, or separates transversely into several joints. Seeds without albumen,
attached, in each cell, alternately to the right and left edges of the partitions.
Embryo much curved, the radicle either accumbent, i. e. folded against the
edge of the cotyledons, or incumbent, i. e. folded over the back of one of them.
Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers
in terminal racemes, usually very short and reduced to a corymb when the
flowering commences, but lengthening out as it advances.

A large and widely diiFused Order, most abundant however in the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere.

16 CRUCiFERiE. {Cruclferce.

Pod a linear siliqua.

Pod-valves very convex. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow . . . 1. Nasturtium.

Pod-valves flat. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers white 2. Cardamine.

Pod a triangular or almost obcordate silicule 3. Capsella.

Pod indehiscent, nearly cylindrical, contracted between tlie seeds ... 4. Raphanus.

1. NASTUHTIUM, R. Br.

Pod linear or oblong and often curved, the valves very convex, with the
midrib scarcely visible. Seeds more or less distinctly arranged in 2 rows in
each cell, and not winged. Eadicle accumbent. — "Flowers yellow, or in one
sj)ecies (not in Hongkong) white.

A small genus, but widely spread over the whole area of the Order.

I. 3M. montanuxn, TFall. Catal. 7i. 411S. A low branching glabrous an-
nual. Leaves from ovate to very nearly lanceolate, coarsely toothed or lobed,
the lower ones stalked and often lyrate. Flowers very small, of a pale yellow.
Fi-uiting racemes 2 to 4 in. long, divaricate, without the bracts of N. hen-
glialense. Pod slender, nearly straight, about 8 or 9 lines long.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. A common E. Indian weed, extending to Java, the Philip-
pines, and northward to Loochoo. It may be a variety of the still more common Indian
N. iadicum, DC, from which it differs chiefly in the much greater length of the pod, and both
come very near to some forms of the N.palustre, DC, which has a still shorter pod.

2. CARD AMINE, Linn.

Pod narrow-linear, the valves flat, without any conspicuous midrib and
usually opening with elasticity. Seeds apparently in a single row in each
cell, the radicle accumbent. — Flowers white or pink.

A large and natural genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions both of
the northern and the southern hemispheres.

1. C. hirsuta, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 152. An annual, of a deep-green
colour, often much branched at the base, with ascending or erect stems usually
about 6 in. high, with a few scattered hairs which are not however very
conspicuous. Leaves pinnate, the segments small, those of the lower leaves
ovate or rounded and angularly toothed ; the upper ones narrower and more
entire. Flowers very small and white. Pods in a rather loose raceme, 6 lines
to 1 in. long.

A naturahzed weed, Champion and others. Probably of European or North Asiatic origin,
but now fi'equently met with as a weed throughout the temperate regions of the globe.

3. CAPSELLA, Vent.

Pod oblong-obovate or triangular, flattened laterally (at right-angles to the
narrow partition), the valves boat-shaped, not winged. Seeds several in each
cell, the radicle incumbent on the flat cotyledons.

A genus of 2 or 3 European or Asiatic annuals.

1. C. Bxirsa-pastoris, DC. Prod. i. 177. An annual, with a deep tap-
root. Eadical leaves spread on the ground, pinnatilid, with a larger ovate or
triangular terminal lobe, or sometimes entire. Stem from a few inches to above

Capnella.'] ckucifer.*:. 17

a foot high, rather rough and often hairy, with a few oblong or hmceolate,
entire or toothed leaves, clasping the stem with projecting auricles. Pods in
a long loose raceme, usually triangular, truncate or sometimes notched at the
top. Seeds 10 to 12 in each cell.

A naturalized weed, Hance. Probably of European or North Asiatic origin, now common
in waste or cultivated places in most temperate regions of the globe, more rare within the
tropics.

4. RAPHANUS, Linn.

Pod more or less elongated, thick, pointed, indehiscent, more or less con-
tracted between the seeds, without any longitudinal partition when ripe, but
containing several seeds separated by a pithy substance filling the pod. Ra-
dicle incumbent on the back of the cotyledons, which are folded over it.

A genus of very few, or perhaps a single species, apparently of Mediterranean origin.

1. R. sativus, Linn. ; DC. Prod. i. 228. A coarse erect annual 2 or 3
feet high, with a thick succident root. Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal
segment large and ovate or oblong, rough with short hairs, the upper leaves often
narrow and entire. Flowers white with coloured veins, or lilac. Pod usually
1 to \\ in. long, very thick and nearly cylindrical, terminating in a point.

This, the cultivated Radish, becomes half-spontaneous in Hongkong as in other countries
where it is cultivated. It has been usually stated to be a native of China, but upon uo re-
liable authority, and it is not improbable that it may be a race established by long cultiva-
tion, derived from the S. European and Asiatic R. Raphanisirum.

Order IX. CAPPAEIDE^.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 8 or 0. Stamens usually indefinite, or, if de-
finite, 6 or more, or seldom tetradynamous. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or rarely
more parietal placentas, each bearing several or many ovules. Style single,
often very short or almost none, the stigma generally round. Pruit either a
dehiscent pod or an indehiscent berry. Seeds generally reniform, without al-
bumen, the embryo usually coiled. — Herbs, shrubs, or climbers, rarely trees.
Stipules usually none, rarely spinescent or small. Plowers usually in terminal
racemes, more rarely solitary or axillary. The ovary in several genera, and
sometimes the stamens also, are raised on a stalk or elongated receptacle
within the flower.

A considerable Order, found chiefly within the tropics, a few species stretching northwards
into more temperate regions, especially in America.

Pod opening in valves. Annual, with digitate leaves 1. Polanisia.

Berry indehiscent. Shrubs or climbers, with simple leaves 2. Capparis.

1. POLANISIA, Eaf.

Stamens 8 to 32. Receptacle not elongated. Ovary sessile or nearly so.
Pod linear or oblong, opening in 2 valves, parallel to the persistent dissepi-
ment.— Petid annuals, with glandular or viscid hairs. Leaves digitate.

A small genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the New and the
Old World.

C

18 CRUCIFER.E. [Polanisia.

1. P. vicosa, DC. Prod. i. 242. An erect annual, covered with short
glandular hairs. Leaflets 3 or 5, obovate-cuneate or oblong, about 1 in. long.
Flowers small, yellow. Stamens 8 to 16. Pod oblong or linear, striate, glan-
dular-haiiy, 2 to 3 in. long.

In waste places, Hance, Seemann. A common weed throughout India, extending west-
ward across northern tropical Africa and eastward to Australia, and occm'ring also, as an in-
troduced weed, in the \Vest Indies.

2. CAPPARIS, Linn.

Stamens usually indefinite. Eeceptacle not elongated below the stamens.
Ovary stalked. Placentas 2. Stigma sessile. Pruit fleshy or pulpy, inde-
hiscent. — Shrubs or climbers, rarely trees. Leaves undivided.

A considerable genus, generally spread over nearly the whole area of the family.

Stems trailing, not prickly. Pedicels 1 to 4, a little above the axils . 1. C tnemhranacea.
Stems shrubby, prickly. Corymbs terminal, paniculate .... 2. C. pum'da.

1. C. membranacea, Gardn. and CJimnp. in Ketc Jouru. Bot. i. 241.
A glabrous shrub, with trailing branches and no prickles. Leaves oblong
or lanceolate and acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, membranous or slightly coria-
ceous, reticulate. Pedicels 1 -flowered, 1 to 4 together in a vertical row a little
above the axils of the leaves and longer than the petioles. Petals about 5
lines long. Berries globular.

Victoria Peak and Happy Valley "Woods, Champion, Hance, Wright. Not as yet found
out of the island.

2. C. puxnila. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 260. A shrub with slender
branches but not trailing, glabrous or slightly pubescent in the upper part.
Stipules of the lower leaves prickly, the upper ones often wanting. Leaves
oval or oblong, acuminate, 2 to 2|^ in. long, with a prominent midrib, the
lateral veins inconspicuous. Plowers glabrous, in pedunculate corymbs fonn-
ing a terminal panicle. Pedicels scarcely longer than the calyx. Ovaries
glabrous. Berries globular.

Once seen in a ra\'ine in the Black Mountain, Champion. A single bush behind the
Buddhist Temple, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.

Oeder X. PITTOSPOEACE^.

Sepals 4 or 5, free or partially combined, imbricate in the bud. Petals as
many, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many, distinct, liypo-
gynous, alternating with the petals. Ovary single, with 2 or more parietal
placentas, or divided into as many cells by the meeting of the placentas in the
axis. Ovides several to each cell, anatropal. Style simple, with as many stigmas
or stigma-lobes as placentas. Pruit a capsule or a beny. Seeds often covered
with pulp. Embiyo minute, in a fleshy albumen. — Trees and shrubs or climbers.
Leaves alternate, mostly entire, without stipules.

A small Order, chiefly Australian, with a few tropical or subtropical African and Asiatic
species.

FUt0SJ)0)'UiJl.] CAPPARIDE^. 19

1. PITTOSPORUM, Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, their claws erect and sometimes united. Ovary with
2 or rarely 3 or 5 cells or placentas, with 8 or more ovules to each. Stigma
scarcely lobed. Capsule opening in thick valves bearing the placentas in their
centre. Seeds covered with a resinous viscid pulp. — Trees or shrubs, mostly
evergreen.

The most considerable genus of the Order, spreading over the whole extent of its area.

1. P. glabratum, LiucU. hiJourn.Hort. Soc. i. 230. A perfectly glabrous
shrub. Leaves evergreen, obovate or oblong, mostly acuminate, 2 to 4 in.
long, the upper ones crowded together so as to appear whorled. Flowers ter-
minal, solitary or clustered in little terminal almost sessile corymbs, much shorter
than the leaves. Sepals 1 to 1^ lines long. Petals 3 lines long, the claws
overlapping each other, forming a cylindrical tube, the laminse spreading.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, attaining 1 in. in length.

Common in the island. Champion and others. Extends on the adjacent continent from
Khasia to Amoy.

Order XI. BIXACE-ffi.

Sepals 2 to 6, usually 4 or 5, imbricate or rarely almost valvate in the bud.
Petals as many or more, or more frequently none. Stamens usually indefinite,
hypogynous, rarely equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them.
Ovary 1-celled, or incompletely di\ided into several cells by irregular parti-
tions. Placentas 2 to 12, parietal, with several or many ovules to each.
Styles or sessile stigmas as many as placentas, free or combined into a single
one. Fruit an indehiscent berry or a pod, opening in as many valves as pla-
centas. Seeds albuminous, with the embryo in the axis. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided, usually toothed. Stipules minute, or none. Flowers ax-
illary or lateral, rarely terminal, often unisexual.

A considerable family, spread over the tropical or subtropical regions of both the New and
the Old World.

L SCOLOPIA, Schreb.

(Phoberos, Lour.)

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 4 to 6, valvate. Petals as many, imbri-
cate. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. Anthers oblong, with a glabrous or
hairy terminal appendage. Ovary 1-celled. Placentas 3 or 4. Ovules few.
Style filiform. Fruit a beny.

A small genus, confined to southern and eastern Asia and the Archipelago.

1. S. chinensis, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Far. ser. 4, viii. 249. A glabrous
tree or shrub, sometimes armed with stout spines (abortive branches), some-
times quite unarmed. Leaves ovate or oblong, very obtuse or obtusely acu-
minate, entire or with a few minute teeth, li to 2 in. long. Flowers small, in
axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. — Phoberos cJiinensis, Lour. ; W. and
Arn. Prod. i. 30. FJwheros savus, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 825.

Very common in the island, as well as on the adjacent Chinese continent, but not known
from elsewhere,

c 2

20 vioLACE.T>. [Violaceoe.

Ordeh XII. VIOLACE^.

Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynoiis, alternate with the
sepals, contorted in the bud. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals;
filaments very short ; anthers introrse, connected in a ring round the ovary.
Ovary free, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4 or 5, parietal placentas. Style sim-
ple. Fruit a capside, opening in as many valves as placentas, or rarely an in-
dehiscent berry. Seeds inserted along the centre of the valves. Embryo in
the axis of a copious albumen, tbe radicle next the hilum. — Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, with stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite,
very irregular or nearly regular.

The Order is generally distributed over the globe, the shrubby genera mostly confined to
the tropics, the herbaceous ones more abundant in temperate regions.

1. VIOLA, Linn.

Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base below their insertion. Petals un-
equal, the upper one largest, and produced into a spur or pouch at the base.
Fruit a capsule. — Herbs. Stipules persistent. Peduncles axillary, 1- or rarely
2 -flowered.

A large genus, widely spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, more
rare within the tropics with a few more southern species.

Stock emitting stolones. Stipides free \. V. diffusa.

No stolones. Stipules adnate to the petiole.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Stigma dilated 2. V. Patrinii.

Leaves cordate. Stigma slightly dilated 3. F. confusa.

1. V. diffusa, Ging. in DC. Prod. i. 298. A pubescent or hairy peren-
nial. Stock tufted, emitting stolones or runners, but not lengthening into a
distinct stem. Leaves radical, ovate or oval-oblong, crenate, about 1 in. long,
the petiole flattened, usually longer. Stipules free, linear-lanceolate, toothed.
Flowers light-coloured, without scent. Sepals lanceolate. Stigma club-shaped,
almost capitate. — F. tenuis, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 482, and in Kew
Journ. Bot. iii. 260.

Common on the summits of the hills, Champion and others. Extends to Sikkim and
Khasia in N.E. India. In this and in the two following s])ecies, as in our European Violets,
the showy petaliferous flowers appear to be usually sterile although hermaphrodite, the cap-
sules proceeding mostly from raiimte apetalous flowers produced later in the season.

2. V. Patrinii, DC. Prod. i. 293. A glabrous or slightly pubescent per-
ennial, with a tufted stock, as in the last species, but without stolones.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, \\ to 2|^ in. long, truncate or very slightly cordate
at the base. Stipules linear, adnate to the petiole. Flowers light-blue?
Sepals lanceolate. Stigma bordered on each side with a flat margin.

Common with the last on the summits of the hills, Champion and others. Widely spread
over Northern India and Southern Siberia.

3. V. confusa. Champ, in Keic Journ. Bot. iii. 260. A slightly pubescent
tufted perennial like the last, but much smaller, and resembling some small
specimens of the European V. liirta ; lowest leaves nearly orbicular, the others
ovate and all deeply cordate, obtuse and crenate. Stipules small, adnate to
the petioles. Flowers like those of F. hirta ; but smaller. Sepals lanceolate,
2 lines long. Petals 5 lines loner. Stimia slightlv dilated.

Viola.'] viOLACEiE. 21

On Mount Parker, Champion, Not seen in any other collection. It has much the ap-
pearance of the V. serpens, Wall., from Northern India, except that it has no stoloncs.
When better known, however, it may prove to be a variety of that species.

Order XIII. CARYOPHYLLE^.

Sepals 4 or 5, free in the Hongkong genera, united in some others. Petals
as many, contorted in the bud, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens free,
twice as many as the petals or fewer, hypogynous or very slightly perigynous.
Ovary 1-celled, with a free central ])lacenta and several ovules, or very rarely
divided into cells. Styles or style-branches 2 to 5, stigmatic along their
whole length. Capsule 1-celled, opening at the top into as many or twice as
many teeth or valves as there are styles. Seeds with a slender embryo curved
or coiled round a mealy albumen. — Herbs, with opposite entire leaves. Sti-
pules none, or small and scarious. Flowers usually small, in dichotomous
panicles or leafy cymes.

A considerable Order, widely spread over the globe, most numerous in temperate regions,
especially in the northern hemisphere ; rare within the tropics, except as weeds of cultivation.

Capsule 1 -celled. Petals 5.

Styles 3 or rarely 5, Petals bifid 1. Stellaria.

Style 3-lobed or almost entire. Petals minute.

Sepals herbaceous. Stipules minute. Leaves broad .... 2, Drymaria,

Sepals and stipules white and scarious. Leaves linear or subulate . 3. Polycarp^a.

Capsule 3-celled, no petals, sepals often w^hite at the edge 4. Mollugo.

1. STELLARIA, Linn.

Sepals 5, fiee. Petals 5, bifid. Styles 3 or rarely 5, free from the base.
Capsule opening to the middle or lower down in as many or twice as many
valves.

A considerable genus, having nearly the geographical range of the Order.

Lower leaves ovate- cordate, on long stalks.

Perennial. Petals longer than the calyx. Styles usually 5 . . . 1. 5". aquatica.

Annual. Petals shorter than the calyx. Styles 3 2. /S". media.

All the leaves narrowed at the base, sessile or shortly stalked : . . . 3. <S. uUginosa.

1. S. aquatica, 8cop. A glabrous perennial, with weak stems a foot or
more in length. Leaves ovate-cordate ; the lower ones small, on long stalks ;
the upper ones more sessile or stem-clasping, often 1 to 2 in. long, and very
pointed. Flowers in the forks of leafy cymes, the pedicels turned down after
flowering. Sepals about 2 lines long when in flower, often enlarged after-
wards. Petals narrow, deeply cleft, about one-half longer than the calyx.
Styles usually 5, but sometimes 3 only, as in the rest of the genus. — Mala-
cJiium aquaticuni, Fries ; Fenzl m Ledeb. Fl. Eoss. i. 416. Cerastliim petlolare,
Hance in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 143. Stellaria fecunda, Hance in Walp. Ann.
ii. 95.

In fields, Wright, Hance. Widely diffused over Europe and central and temperate north-
ern Asia, and accompanying cultivation in other parts of the world,

2. S. media, Vlll. ; DC. Prod. i. 396. A weak much-branched annual,
glabrous with the exception of a line of hairs down one side of the stem, and

22 CARYOPHYLLE^. {Sttllaria.

a few long ones on the petioles. Leaves small, ovate and pointed, the lower
ones stalked and usually cordate. Flowers small, on rather long slender
pedicels, in irregularly forked leafy cymes. Petals shorter than the calyx, witli
narrow somewhat diverging lobes.

In waste places. An introduced European weed, known in Britain as tlie common Chick-
weed.

3. S. uliginosa, Murr.; Fenzl in Ledeb. FL Ross. i. 393. A weak
slender glabrous annual, usually about 6 in. long. Leaves sessile, oblong
or lanceolate. Flowers small, in loose forked panicles, which soon become
lateral. Petals shorter than the calyx, with very narrow diverging lobes. —
S. leptopliylla, Hance, in Walp. Ann. ii. 96.

In rice-fields, Cham'pion and others. An introduced Em'opean weed.

2. DRYMARIA, WiUd.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, bifid or 4-lobed. Style single, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-
valved. — Stipules minute, subulate.

A genus of a few American species, one of which extends over most of the warmer regions
of the glohe.

1. D. cordata, Willd. ; DC. Trod. i. 395. A weak, spreading, gla-
brous annual, often extending to 2 feet or more. Leaves shortly stalked,
ovate-cordate or orbicular, about 4 to 6 lines long and broad. Peduncles
slender, dichotomous, axillary or terminal. — Flowers small, green. Petals
shorter than the calyx. Ovules from 2 or 3 to about 10 in the ovary.

On I'oadsides, Little Hongkong, Wilford, also Eance. A common tropical weed, both in
the New and the Old World.

3. POLYCARPJEA, Lam.

Sepals 5 J usually scarious. Petals 5, small, usually entire. Stamens 5.
Style single, 3-cleft or nearly entire. Capsule 3-valved. — Stipules scarious,
wbite.

A small tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic or African, one species extending
into tropical America.

1. P. corymbosa, Lam. ; Am. in Tayl. Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 90 ; Wight ^
Ic. t. 112. A perennial, but often flowering the first year so as to appear
annual. Stems erect, from a few inches to near a foot high, more or less
hoary with loose cottony hairs. Leaves linear or subulate, often clustered in
the axils, 4 to 8 lines long. Flowers numerous, in dense cymes forming
broad terminal dichotomous corymbs. Sepals shining, scarious, white or red-
dish-brown, lanceolate and pointed, about 2 lines long. Petals not half so
long, ovate, obtuse. — P. corymbosa and P. spadicea, Lam., and P. stellata,
DC.'Prod. iii. 374. P. brasiliensis, Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 183.
P. atlierophora, Steud. Flora, 1843, 763.

Hongkong, Wright, Hance. In cultivated and waste places, throughout India and the
Archipelago and northward to S. China ; also in tropical Afi-ica and America.

MollugO.'] CAIIYOPHYLLE.E. 23

4. MOLLUGO, Linn.

Sepals 5, white on tlie edges. Petals none. Stamens 5, alternating with
the sepals, or fewer. Styles (or stigmas) 3, distinct but short. Capsule 3-
celled, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. — Stipules minute, subulate.

A small tropical or subtropical genus, dispersed over both the New and the Old World.

1. M. stricta, Linn.; Fenzl in TFalp. Rep. ii. 241. A diflluse much-
branched glabrous annual, a few inches or seldom near a foot high. Eadical
leaves obavate or oblong, stem-leaves in false whorls of 4 or 6, all or the
upper ones much narroA\'er and acute at both ends. Flowers very small, in
slender bifid racemes or dichotomous cymes, on slender peduncles. Pedicels
short and filiform. Sepals greenish, with white edges, about |- line long.

Hongkong:, Wright. A common weed of cultivation throughout India and the Archi-
pelago, and northward to S. China. The Hongkong specimens are narrow-leaved. When
ueai-ly all the leaves are broad and obtuse, it becomes the M. triphjlla, Linn., or M. penta-
jjfii/lla, Linn., neither of which are s])ecifically distinct.

Order XIV. HYPEEICINEiS.

Sepals 5, rarely 4, free, imbricate in the bud. Petals as many, contorted
in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, usually united at the base or
collected together into 3 or 5 bundles. Ovary single, of 2 to 5 united carpels,
either divided into as many cells or with as many projecting parietal placentas,
each with several ovules. Styles as many as carpels, free or united at the
base. Stigmas terminal. Pruit a capsule, berry, or di-upe. Seeds without al-
bumen, the embryo straight or curved. — Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves
opposite, entire or with glandular teeth. Stipules none. Leafy parts often
glandular-dotted and sometimes the flowers also.

A widely-diffused though not very large family, the shrubby and arboreous species most
abundant in the tropics, the herbaceous ones chiefly in the temperate legions of the northern
hemisphere.

Capsule opening at the placentas. Seeds not winged. Herbaceous . . 1. Hypericum.
Capsule opening between the placentas. Seeds winged. Shrubby . . 2. Chatoxylon.

1. HYPERICUM, Linn.

Pruit a capsule, opening in 3 to 5 valves at the placentas or dissepiments.
Seeds not winged. — Herbs or, in some extra-colonial species, shrubs. Leaves
very rarely serrate, and most frequently dotted, either with black or transpa-
rent dots. Plowers usually yellow.

The largest genus of the Order, and ranging over the whole of its area, but most numerous
without the tropics,

1. H. japonicum, TJmnb. ; DC. Prod. i. 548; Royle, Illustr.t. 24,
/. 2. A small glabrous annual or perennial of short duration, diffusely
branched or ascending, from a few inches to near a foot high. Leaves small,
ovate, stem-clasping, with numerous transparent dots. Plowers small, yellow,
in terminal dichotomous cymes. Sepals oblong, entire or with a few glandular
teeth. Capsule 3-valved. — H. nervatum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 188.

Common in marshes and fields, Chamjnon and others. Frequent in India and the Archi-
pelago, extending northward to Japan and southward to Australia and New Zealand.

24 HYPERiciNE^. \Cratoxylon.

2. CRATOXYLON, Blume.
(Ancistrolobus, Spach.)

Fruit a capsule, opening in 3 valves between the partitions, which remain
attached to the centre of the valves. Seeds terminated by a wing. — Shrubs
or trees. Leaves entire.

A small genus, confiued to Eastern Asia and the Archipelago.

1. C. polyanthum, Korth. Verhond. Nat. Gescli. Bot. 175, t. 36. A
glabrous shrub. Leaves from oval-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, entire, nar-
rowed at both ends or rounded at the base, 2 to 3 in. long, on very short
petioles. Flowers 1 to 3 together on very short axillary peduncles. Sepals
broad, almost orbicular, 2 to 2| lines in the flower, lengthening afterwards to
3 or 4 lines. Petals pink, not twice as long. Hypogynous scales small,
acute. Capsule oblong, 5 or 6 lines long. — Hyim'icmn carneum. Wall. Catal.
n. 4820. Ancistrolobus llgustriuus, Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 2, v.
352. Ancistrolobus brevipes, Turczan. Bull. Mosq. 1858, 383. Elodea cld-
nensis, Hance in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 472.

Very abundant in the low grounds, C/iamjnon and others. Common in S. China and ex-
tends to the Philippines, Borneo, Tavoy, and Sumatra. I have not seen Korthals's specimens,
but his figure and description agree perfectly with the Chinese plant.

Order XV. GUTTIFEE^.

Sepals 2, 4, or 6, rarely more, imbricate in pairs. Petals 4 or more, con-
torted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, In^ogynous, free or variously united.
Ovary sessile, usually several-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, rarely
reduced to a single cell and ovide. Style simple or none. Stigma broad,
usually with as many lobes as cells to the ovary. Fruit either a capsule
opening in as many valves as cells, or a beriy or drupe. Seeds often arillate,
without albumen. Embryo thick, with minute cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves in the normal genera opposite, entire, coriaceous or thick, without
stipules.

A large Order, almost enthely tropical, but common to both the New and the Old World.

Ovai-y several-celled 1. Garcinia.

Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule 2. Calophyllum.

1. G-ARCINIA, Lam.

Flowers unisexual or rarely hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Males :
Stamens numerous. Ovary mdiraentary. Females: BaiTcn stamens 8 or
more. Ovaiy 4- to 10-ceiled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style
short. Stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe. — Trees 'or shrubs. Leaves w^ith ob-
lique veins. Flowers usually terminal, solitary or few together, on short,
usually simple peduncles, or rarely in a terminal corymb.

A genus hmited to the tropical regions of the Old World, since the American species have
been referred to Rheedia.

Flowers corymbose. Stamens united into 4 bundles ]. G.muUiflora.

Flowers solitary or few together. Stamens monadelphous . . . . 2. (?. oblongifolia.

Garchiia.] guttifer.e. 25

1. G. multiflora^ Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 310 ; Seem. Bot.
Her. L 19. A shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or obovate, 3 to 3| in.
long. Flowers mostly (or all ?) hermaphrodite, in a short terminal trichoto-
mous corymb, each one shortly pedicellate in the axil of a small bract. Sepals
orbicular, 3 lines broad. Petals obovate, twice as long. Stamens forming 4
short thick fleshy masses, terminated by very numerous anthers. Ovary
square, with a large peltate sessile stigma.

Common towards the Black Mountain, flowering in the heat of summer, Champio7i, also
Wright. Not received from elsewhere.

2. G. oblongifolia. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 311; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 93. A tree. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, narrowed at the base,
2 J to 3 in. long, the upper ones almost sessile. Flowers terminal, unisexual,
the males 3 to 7 together, shortly pedunculate. Sepals 2 lines, petals near
5 lines long. Stamens consolidated into a fleshy mass, occupying the centre
of the flower. Females solitary, sessile, and rather smaller.

Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, also Wright. Not known from else-
where. The foliage is nearly that of the G. Cambogia, from Ceylon, but the male pedicels
are much shorter, the anthers more numerous, etc.

2. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 2 or 4. Petals 4, rarely 2,
or 6 to 8. Stamens numerous, free or united into several bundles at the
base. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Style filiform. Stigma pel-
tate. Fruit a drupe. — Trees. Leaves elegantly striate, with numerous parallel
transverse veins. Flowers in terminal or axillary short racemes, sometimes
branching into panicles.

A tropical genus common to the New and the Old World.

1. C. membranaceum, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 309.
A tree, with acutely 4-angled branches. Leaves narroAV, oblong or lanceolate,
often 3 or 4 in. long, and seldom an inch wide. Flowers veiy few, in short
axillary racemes, scarcely exceeding the petioles, and sometimes solitary. Se-
pals 4. Petals larger and much more oblique, apparently varying in number
from 4 to 8. Fruit small, ovoid-oblong. — Calophylluvt spectablle, Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech. 174 ; not of Willd.

In a ravine of Moimt Victoria, and in the Happy VaUey woods, Champion, also Wright.
South China, Beecheg, but not known from elsewhere.

Order XYL TERNSTECEMIACE^.

Sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), imbricate in the bud. Petals 5 (rarely 6 to 9),
hypogynous, often united in a ring or short tube at the base, contorted or other-
wise imbricate in the bud. Stamens indefinite (rarely equal in number to the
petals and alternate with them), hypogynous, often shortly united at the base
with each other, or with the base of the petals. Ovaiy superior, completely
or almost completely divided into 3 or more cells, with 2 or more ovules in
each. Styles either as many, and free from the base, or more or less united
into a single style, sometimes very short, with as many stigmatic lobes as

26 TERNSTE.(EMIACE.E. [Tej'nstrcemiacea .

ovary-cells. Seeds either without albumen, or with a fleshy or granular albu-
men, usually not abundant. Embryo straight or folded lengthwise, the radicle
next the hilum. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or very rarely opposite,
undivided, entire, serrate or crenate, without stipules.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, ranging over both the New and the Old World, with
a very few species extending northward of the tropics in Asia or in America.

Tribe 1. Sauraujese. Anthers versatile. Fruit succulent, seldom dehiscent. Seeds
albuminous. Ernh'tjo straight. Moioers in axillary panicles., or on several-flowered pe-
duncles.

Sepals slightly imbricate. Carpels free at the top, ending in distinct styles 1. Actinidia.
Sepals much imbricate. Styles united or close together at the base . 2. Saurauja.

Tribe 2. Temstroemiese. Anthers adnate or innate. Fruit succulent or hard and
indehiscent or seldom dehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Embryo folded or much curved.
Flowers on short, simple, visually recurved, axillary or lateral pedicels.

Stamens indefinite (more than 10). Fruit indehiscent.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rather large. Ovules 2 to 4 in each cell . 3. Ternstr{EMIA.

Flowers dioecious, very small. Ovules 8 or more in each ceU ... 4. Eurya.
Stamens 5. Capsule 5-valved 5. Pentaphylax.

Tribe 3. Gordoniese. Anthers versatile. Fruit dehiscent, the valves loculicidal.
Albumen little or none. Embryo curved or straight, the cotyledons large. Flowers on
short, simple, erect or recurved, axillary or terminal pedicels.

Capsule globular. Seeds flat, reniform 6. Schima.

Capsule oblong. Seeds winged at the top 7. Gordonia.

Capsule ovoid or nearly globular. Seeds veiy thick, without wings . 8. Camellia.

1. ACTINIDIA, Lindl.

Elowers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals very slightly imbricated. Petals
5. Stamens very numerous. Anthers versatile, short, opening in longitudinal
slits. Ovaiy of 5 or usually more cells ; the carpels scarcely meeting in the
centre, diverging at the summit, and tapering into as many distinct diverging
styles. Ovules several in each cell. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds
small, with a rather copious albumen. Embryo straight, rather small. — Climb-
ing or trailing shrubs. Flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes.

A genus of several species, natives of India, China, and Japan.

1 . A. Championi, Bentli. A shrubby climber, the young branches to-
mentose, at length glabrous. Leaves alternate, on rather long stalks, broadly
ovate or almost cordate, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, entire or with
minute callous teeth, glabrous above, white and tomentose underneath. Pe-
duncles axillary, bearing a dense cyme of wdiite flowers, each about \ in. dia-
meter. Sepals very tomentose, only slightly overlapping on the edges. — Eep-
taca? latifolia, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 243.

Common in the island. Champion and others. Not received from elsewhere. It is very
near the A. chinensis, Planch., fi'om the adjoining continent, but diff"ers in the acuminate and
more entire leaves, and in the smaller and much more numerous flowers in dense pedunculate
cymes. In both species the sepals are united at the base, very obtuse, and but very slightly
imbricate in the bud, appearing valvate as the flower opens, but really overlapping each other
at an earlier stage.

2. SAUHAUJA, WiUd.

Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Sepals much imbricated. Petals 5, usually

Saurauja.'] ternstrcemiace^e. 27

united at tlie base. Stamens very numerous. Anthers versatile, opening by-
pores or short slits at the extremity. Ovary 3- to 5-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Styles 3 to 5, free, or more or less united. Fruit succu-
lent, seldom dehiscent. Seeds small, with copious albumen, and a rather
small straight embryo. — Shrubs or trees, with more or less of stiff appressed
hairs. Leaves usually serrate, with prominent parallel veins diverging from
the midrib. Peduncles axillary or lateral, bearing several flowers.
A considerable tropical genus, both in the New and the Old World.

1. S. tristyla, BO. Prod. i. 536, and Mem. Ternstr. t. 7. A tree or
shrub, the young branches rather thick. Leaves shortly stalked, obovate or
broadly oblong, shortly acuminate, 8 to 10 in. long, glabrous, except a few of
the stiff scale-like hairs so seldom wanting in the genus. Peduncles short,
arising from the axils of the fallen leaves on the last year's wood, bearing
usually 3 to 6 flowers, on pedicels 2 or 3 lines long. Sepals about 2 lines
long and broad. Petals rather longer. Styles and cells of the ovary 8 only.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Ranges over eastern India from the Malayan Peninsula and
Chittagong to Khasia and Assam.

3. TEmq-STIlCEMIA, Linn.

Plowers usually hennaphrodite. Sepals much imbricate. Petals united in
a 5-lobed corolla. Stamens numerous; anthers adnate, glabrous. Ovary 2-
or 3 -celled, with 2 to 4 ovules suspended from near the apex of each cell.
Style simple, Avith a broadly 2- or 3-lobed stigma. Pruit thick and indehiscent,
but rather dry. Seeds few, large, horseshoe-shaped inside. Albumen fleshy,
often thin or scarcely any. Embryo much curved or folded longitudinally.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves conaceous. Pedmicles 1 -flowered, axillary or lateral,
curved downwards, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx.

A considerable tropical genus both in the New and the Old World.

1. T. japonica, Thunb. ; Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 148, t. 80. A tree,
perfectly glabrous in all its parts. Scales of the young leaf-buds ovate. Leaves
rather crowded at the ends of the branches, stalked, oblong, more or less nar-
rowed at both ends, 2 to 3 in. long, thick and leathery, often whitish or nisty
underneath. Peduncles 6 to 9 lines long. Plowers pale yellow, the corolla
spreading, about 8 lines diameter. Pruit globular, i to 1 in. diameter. —
Cleyerafragraus and C. diibia, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 115. — Temdroemia
japonica, T. Liislda, T. WigJdii, T.fragrans, and T. dubla, Chois. Mem. Ternstr.
et Camell. pp. 18, 19.

Common in Hongkong, constituting a great part of the woods, Champion and others.
Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward
to China and Japan.

4. EURYA, Thunb.

Plowers mostly unisexual. Sepals much imbricate. Petals luiited at the
base. Stamens usually indefinite, but seldom above 15. Anthers adnate.
Ovary 3-, rarely 2-, 4-, or 5-celled, with several ovules in each. Styles as
many, either almost free, or united to near the top. Pruit a berry. Embiyo
much curved in a somewhat granular albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Plowers

28 TERNSTRCEMIACEii:. [EuTt/a.

axillary, usually fascicled on short pedicels or sessile, and much smaller than
in any Ternstrcemiaceous genus, except Faniaphylax.

A small geuus, restricted to southern and eastern Asia and the Archipelago.

Style entire to near the top. Flowers about 2 lines diameter . . . \. E. japonica.
Styles cleft to near the base. Flowers about 4 lines diameter . . . 2. E. Macartneyi.

1. E. japonica, Thmh. Fl. Jap. 191, t. 25 ; Thw. Emim. PL Ceyl. 41.
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts in the Hongkong specimens, but haiiy on
the young branches in a variety found on the adjacent continent. Leaves
obovate or oblong, 1^ to 2 in. long, slightly crenulate, narrowed at the base.
Pedicels axillary, usually 2 or 3 together, 1 to 1^ line long. Flowers about
2 lines diameter, white. Style subulate, very shortly lobed at the top. — E.
chinensis, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 113,

In various parts of the island, Cham'pion and others. The species is widely distributed over
India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to China and Japan.
The variety originally described by Brown under the name of E. chinensis is the one with
hairy branches, which has not yet been met with in Hongkong.

2. £. Macartneyi, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 113; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 14. A glabrous shrub, coarser and stouter than the last. Leaves oval-
elliptical, 2 to 3 in. long, scarcely toothed, rounded at the base, thicker than
in E. japonica, with the veins less prominent and less oblique. Flowers almost
sessile, about 4> lines diameter. Styles 3 or 4, free from the base. Anthers
scarcely apiculate.

In woods and on rocks, Champion, Wright, and others. Said to be rather more common
in the island than the E. japonica, but I cannot identify it with any continental specimens.

5. PENTAPHYLAX, Champ.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals nearly equal. Petals slightly united at
the base. Stamens 5, slightly cohering to the base of the petals and alternate
with them. Anthers short, innate, introrse ; the cells distinct, nearly globular,
opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5 -celled, with 2 collateral pendulous
ovules in each. Style filiform, mostly 5 -cleft at the top. Capsule angidar,
opening loculicidaUy ; the valves bearing the dissepiments without leaving a
central axis. Seeds winged at the top. Albumen thin. Embryo folded lon-
gitudinally or horseshoe-shaped. — Habit and small flowers of Eurya.

The genus is hitherto restricted to a single species.

1. P. euryoides, Gardn. and Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 114, ^. 12. A
small tree, of great beauty when in flower, perfectly glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, 1 to 2 or rarely 2\ in. long,
quite entire, evergreen, smooth and shining. Peduncles 1 -flowered, scarcely
above a line long, crowded along the short lateral shoots or amongst the leaves.
Flowers white, the size of those of Eurya japonica. Capsule almost woody,
about 3 lines long.

Common in the woods of Hongkong, Champion, also Wright, but not as yet received from
elsewhere.

6. SCHIMA, Korth.

Sepals 5, nearly equal. Petals 5, much longer, the outer one enveloping
the others, all slightly cohering at the base. Stamens numerous. Anthers

Schlma.'] ternstrcemiace.^. 29

short, versatile. Ovary usually 5 -celled, with several (2 to 6) pendulous
ovules in each. Style simple, with very short stigmatic lobes at the top.
Capsule woody, depressed-globular, opening loculicidally ; the valves bearino-
the dissepiment, but leaving a free central axis. Seeds flat, vertical, renifonn^
expanded round the outer edge into a naiTow wing. Albumen thin. Embryo
much cui-ved, with broad flat cotyledons and a slender radicle. — Trees. Leaves
coriaceous. Peduncles 1-flowered, usually erect. Flowers showy.
A small genus, limited to eastern India and the Archipelago,

1. S. Noronhse, Reinw. ; Miq. M. Ned. Lid. i. 492. A tree or shrub of
great beauty, glabrous or slightly hairy on the young shoots and amongst the
flowers. Leaves stalked, from ovate-elliptical to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, mostly
acuminate, entire or marked with a few obtuse serratures ; the veins scarcely
conspicuous; flowers white, nearly 2 in. diameter when expanded, on pedicels
i to 1 in. long, in the axils of the upper leaves or forming sometimes a very
short terminal raceme. — S. superba, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Jom-n. Bot. i.
246; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 75. Gordouia javauica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4539.

Wong-ny-chong Valley, iand abundant near the top of the slopes of Little Hongkong,
Champion. Common in the Malayan Peninsula, and in Java, extending northward to
S. China and Bouiu.

7. GORDONIA, Linn.

Sepals about 5, much imbricated, very unequal, passing from the bracts to
the petals. Petals about as many, the innermost the largest, all usually co-
hering at the base. Stamens numerous. Anthers short, versatile. Ovary 3-
to 5-celled (rarely 6-celled), with several (4 to 8) pendulous ovules in each.
Capsule woody, oblong, opening locidicidally ; the valves bearing the dissepi-
ments, but usually leaving a free central axis. Seeds flattish, oblique, expanded
at the top into an oblong wing. Albumen 0. Embryo nearly straight, wath
flat cotyledons. — Trees. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles 1-flowered, erect or
recurved. Flowers showy.

The genus comprises several tropical or subtropical American as well as Asiatic species.

1. G. anomala, Spreng. Syst. iii. 126. A tree, glabrous in every part
except sometimes the very young shoots and the flowers. Leaves thick and
evergreen, oblong, obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a veiy
short petiole. Flowers almost sessile in the upper axils, or 2 or 3 together at
the summits of the branches, white and showy, near 3 in. diameter. Ovary
usually 3-celled, but sometimes 4-celled. Capsule about 1 in. long. Seeds
with a wing twice as long as themselves. Cotyledons oblong, with a short
oblique radicle. — Folyspora axillaris, Don in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4019.
Camellia axillaris, Bot. Mag. t. 2047.

Common all over the island, Champion and others. Only known from South China.

8. CAMELLIA, Linn.

Sepals about 5, very unequal, passing more or less gradually from the bracts
to the petals. Petals about as many, the innermost the largest, all usually co-
hering at the base. Stamens numerous, monadelphons, except the innermost,
which are nearly or quite free. Anthers short, versatile. Ovary 3- to 5-celled,

30 TERNSTRCEMIACE^. [Camellia.

with several (4 or 5) pendulous ovules in each. Capsule hard, usually short,
opening loculicidally. Seeds usually solitary in each cell, ovoid, not winged,
without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons and a short radicle.
— Trees. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers almost sessile, solitary, erect or recui-ved.
A genus limited to southern and eastern Asia.

Mowers 2 to 3 in. diameter. Stamens glabrous. Styles usually 5.
Leaf-veins scarcely prominent. Bracts, sepals, and petals scarcely

pubescent 1. C. kongkongensis.

Leaf-veins reticulate, prominent. Bracts, sepals, and petals softly

silky-hairy outside 2. C. reticulata.

Flowers 1 to IJ in. diameter. Stamens hairy. Styles usually 3.

Bracts and sepals very obtuse . . . ' 3. C. assimilis.

Bracts and sepals acute or acuminate 4. (7. salicifolia.

1. C. hongkongensis, Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 342, t. 60. A tree
of moderate size, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves shortly stalked, evergreen,
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, entire or slightly serrate, 3 to 5 in. long,
coriaceous and shining, the veins scarcely conspicuous. Flowers erect or
slightly drooping, full 'i\ in. diameter, pink and inodorous; the sepals and
petals broadly orbicular, and very slightly silky-pubescent outside. Stamens
glabrous. Styles free, hairy, as well as the ovary. Capsule glabrous.

Only 3 trees known in Hongkong, where it was first discovered by Col. Eyre in 1849, and
afterwards gathered by Champion and others. Also in Cochin China, Gaudichand, according
to Seemann. This was considered by Col. Champion to be the wild C. japonica, but Seemann
has pointed out that besides some slight differences in the shape of the leaves, it has free
styles and a hairy ovary, whilst in the Japanese plant the ovaiy is glabrous, with connate
styles.

2. C. reticulata, Lindl. ; Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 343. A small tree,
the young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate,
entire or serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, shining above, but the veins much more
prominent than in the last, especially on the under side, and turning yellowish
in drying. Flowers near 3 in. diameter. Bracts, sepals, and petals broadly
rounded as in the last, but softly silky-hairy outside. Stamens glabrous. Styles
free in the upper part, silky as well as the ovary. Capsule softly pubescent.
— C. spectabilis. Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. Ill ; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 78.

Hongkong, Champion, Eyre. Not received wild from elsewhere, but the double variety
has long been introduced into our gardens from China.

3. C. assimilis. Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 112; Seem. Bot. Tier.
t. 77. A shrub or small tree, the young branches covered with closely ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, obtusely acuminate, about
2 in. long, slightly crenate, glabrous. Flowers white, about 1^ in. diameter
and drooping, as in the following species, but with the broadly rounded bracts,
sepals, and petals passing into each other of the two last. Stamens haiiy, the
outer ones connected high up, the 5 innermost free. Styles and ovary hairy.
Capsule acute, glabrous. — Thea assimilis. Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 349.

Hongkong, Champion and others. Not as yet found out of the island, although it is
neaiiy allied to the Khasian C. caudata.

4. C. salicifclia, Cliaynp. in Linn. Trans, xxi. 112; Seem.. Bot. Her.
t. 76. A shrub or small tree, the young branches and under side of the leaves
loosely covered with soft spreading hairs. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acu-

Camellia.l ternstrcemiace^e. 31

minate, about 3 in. long, glabrous above, of a thinner consistence than in the
other species. Flowers white, very shortly pedunculate or nearly sessile,
drooping. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed. Petals, especially the inner
ones, broader, larger, with shorter points, all slightly silky-hairy or pubescent
outside. Stamens and styles as in the last. Capsule glabrous, beaked. —
Thea salicifolia, Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 349.

In woods, Champion and others. Not as yet found out of the island.

A single specimen in Wright's collection, with the foliage of C. salicifolia, but without
flowers, has a single glabrous capsule, obtuse, not rostrate as in that species, and the per-
sistent sepals are much broader and less pointed. The materials are insufficient to deter-
mine whether it be a distinct species, or a mere variety of C. salicifolia.

Ordek xvil MALVACE^.

Sepals united in a 5-lobed (rarely 4- or 3-lobed) calyx, the lobes valvate in
the bud. Petals as many, hypogynous, convolute in the bud, usually adhe-
ring at tlieir base to the staminal tube. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous,
united in a tube or column round the ovaiy, free at the top. Anthers 1-celled.
Ovary of several carpels variously arranged round the central axis, or united
in a several-celled ovary. Style single, with as many or twice as many lobes
as carpels, rarely entire. Ovules 1 or more in each cell or carpel, erect or
pendulous. Pruit various, usually capsular or separating into 1-seeded cocci.
Seeds usually reniform. Albumen little or none. Embryo curved, mth
twisted cotyledons. — Herbs, or soft-wooded trees and shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate, usually palmately veined or lobed. Peduncles 1 -flowered, ax-
illary and solitary, or arranged in axillary fascicles or short racemes, or in ter-
minal racemes. Bracteoles often 3 or more, close under or upon the calyx,
forming an involucre or outer calyx.

A considerable Order, dispersed over the whole globe except the extreme Arctic regions.
Carpels 1-ovulate, arranged in a ring round the axis.

Style-branches as many as carpels.

Ovule ascending 1. Malvastrum.

Ovule pendulous 2. Sida.

Style-branches twice as many as carpels 4. Urena.

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, more or less united in a several-celled
capsule.

Anthers terminating the staminal column. Carpels free at the

top. Bracteoles none 3. Abutilon.

Staminal column ending in 5 teeth, below which the anthers are

placed. Carpels united to the top. Bracteoles several ... 5. Hibiscus.

(See also Helicteres, in Sterculiace^.)

1. MALVASTRUM, A. Gray.

Bracteoles under the calyx, 1 to 3, small, or sometimes w^anting. Calyx
5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top into several filaments. Carpels
5 or more, in a ring round the axis, 1-ovulate, indehiscent. Style with as
many branches as carpels; stigmas terminal. Seed ascending.— Herbs.
Plowers rather small, orange, red, or yellow.

An American genus, of which one species is dispersed as a weed over most of the tropical
regions of the Old World.

32 MALVACE^. \_Malvastrum.

1. M. tricuspidatuxn, A. Gr, PI. TFright. and i?i Bot. Amer. Expl.
Expect, i. 148. An erect brandling herb, 2 to 3 ft. high, hard and almost
woody at the base, althongh sometimes annual, the branches sprinkled or co-
vered with closely appressed liairs. Leaves on rather long stalks, from broadly
ovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, irregularly toothed, and haiiy. T'lowers
almost sessile in the axils of the leaves, or clustered towards the ends of the
branches. Calyx campanulate, broadly 5-lobed, with 3 small narrow external
bracts. Carpels 8 to 12, or even more, closely packed in a depressed ring,
each one reniform, with 3 minute unequal points on the upper inner edge. —
M. ruder ale, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 830.

In waste places, Hance. The species is probably of American origin, but is now widely
scattered over the warmer regions of the globe.

2. SID A, Linn;

Calyx without outer bracts, 5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top
into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the axis, 1 -ovulate,
indehiscent or opening when ripe in 2 short valves at the top. Style with as
many branches as carpels ; stigmas terminal. Seeds pendulous. — Herbs or
(in some extra-Lolonial species) shmbs, more or less tomentose or softly
hairy, rarely glabrous. Flowers usually yellow, on 1 -flowered pedicels or
heads, single or clustered in the axils of the leaves, or in terminal racemes.

A large genus, widely dispersed over the wanner regions of tlie globe.
Leaves and branches green, glabrous, slightly pubescent, or with long
spreading hairs. Carpels 5.

Stem slender, spreading, and hairy. Leaves cordate \. S. kumilis.

Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves lanceolate 2. 5. acuta.

Plant more or less cauescent or softly tomentose, at least the under side
of the leaves. Carpels about 10.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, white underneath 3.5. rhomUfoUa.

Leaves small, nearly orbicular, white underneath 4. 5 faUax.

Leaves broadly cordate, softly tomentose on both sides 5. 5. cordifoHa.

1. S. humilis, Willd, ; DC. Prod. i. 463. A slender difluse annual, the
branches spreading to 1 or 1| ft., with long spreading hairs, mixed some-
times with a slight tomentum. Leaves on long stalks, cordiforra, 1 to 2 in.
long, green, and more or less hairy. Pedicels axillary, slender, hairy, ^ to 1
in. long. Elowers small, yellow. Carpels 5, not curved.

In waste places, Hinds. A common Indian weed.

2. S. acuta, Burm. ; DC. Prod. i. 460; WigJit, Ic. t. 95. An erect
branching perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, but with-
out any of the whitish tomentum so general in the genus. Leaves shortly
stalked, lanceolate, sen-ate, H to 2 in. long. Stipules linear and persistent,
as long as the petioles. Pedicels axillaiy, very short, seldom exceeding the
petioles. Carpels usually 5, with 2 short points or beaks.

In waste places, Wilford. Widely spread over India, extending northwards to Amoy.

3. S. rhoxnbifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 462. A perennial or under-
shrub, very variable in stature, sometimes tall and erect, with oblong-lanceo-
late leaves 3 in. long, green above, and only slightly hoary underneath, some-
times much branclied, very spreading, with oblong or almost ovate leaves,

Sida.] MALVACE/E. 33

scarcely an inch long, and very white underneath. Peduncles almost always
longer than the short petioles, and sometimes almost as long as the leaf.
Flowers rather small, yellow. Carpels about 10, with or without terminal
awns.

In waste places, Champion and others. A very common weed thronghont the tropics, and
usually erect, and not much branched.

4. S. fallax, Walp. ; A. Gray, Bot. Jmer. Expl, Exped. i. 161. A low
spreading perennial or undershrub, much like some varieties of S. rliomhifolia^
but the leaves are small, seldom above 1 in. long, broadly ovate or almost
cordate, white or hoary on both sides, and the peduncles longer than the
leaves. Carpels usually 10, without awns.

Hongkong, Wright. Frequent in many of the islands of the Pacific, and occurs occasion-
ally in South China, and as far as Cochin China. It may possibly, however, prove to be no
more than a variety of S. rhombifolia.

5. S. cordifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 464. An erect stout branching
perennial, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. or even more in height, more or less clothed with a
short soft tomentum or soft velvety hairs. Leaves on rather long petioles,
broadly cordate or almost orbicular, 1 to 1^ or rarely 2 in. long, usually soft
and thick. Flowers small, yeUow, on short axillary peduncles, or clustered
into short leafy racemes. Carpels about 10, each terminating in 2 rather long
erect awns.

In waste places, Champion and others. Very common throughout the tropics.

3. ABUTILON, G^rtn.

Calyx without outer bracts, 5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top
into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the axis, each with
several ovules, and when ripe, united at the base, but diverging at the top,
and opening in 2 valves. Style with as many branches as carpels. Stigmas
terminal. — Herbs, or in some extra-colonial species, shrubs, with the habit of
Sida, from which they only differ in their carpels, and the number of ovules
and seeds.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of both "Worlds, but
more especially in America.

' ] . A. indicum, Bon ; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penins. i. 56 ; Wight, Ic.
^.12. A rather tall branching perennial, white or hoary all over with a very
short close tomentum. Leaves on long petioles, almost orbicular, cordate,
acuminate, and unequally toothed, 2 to 3 in. long. Peduncles 1-flowered,
axillary, articulate near the flower. Calyx-lobes broad, acute. Flowers yellow.
Capsule hairy, 7 to 8 lines diameter, truncate at the top, consisting of 10 to
20 carpels, either acute or shortly awned on their outer upper edge.

On roadsides, Hance. Common in southern Asia and tropical Africa. This was mis-
taken by Seemann, in his ' Flora of Hongkong,' for the A. graveolens, which has the stem
sprinkled with horizontal hairs, and the carpels rounded, not truncate and angled at the top.

4. UBENA, Linn.

Bracteoles round the calyx united into a 5-lobed involucre. Calyx 5-lobed.
Staminal column bearing below the summit a few almost sessile anthers. Car-

34 MALVACEAE. \Urena.

pels 5, in a ring- round the axis, 1 -ovulate, and indebiscent. Style-branches
10. Stigmas terminal. Seed erect. — Herbs or undershrubs, usually tomen-
tose. Plowers yellow or pink, sessile or nearly so, and usually clustered.
Carpels more or less echinate, with hooked bristles or prickles.

A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old and the New World.

Leaves orbicular, toothed or broadly lobed 1. Z7. Johaia.

Leaves deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the middle lobe narrowed at the base . . . 2. ?7. sinuata.

1. U. lobata, Linn.; DC. Prod i. 441 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3043. A hard
erect herb, 2 to 8 ft. high, covered on the stems and under side of the leaves
mth a whitish close stellate tomentum, green on the upper side of the leaves.
Leaves stalked, nearly orbicular, palmately 3- to 7 -veined, toothed, angular or
broadly and shortly lobed, the upper ones much narrower, usually oblong or
lanceolate. Flowers small, pink, in almost sessile clusters in the upper axils,
or the upper ones forming an irregular leafy raceme.

Hongkong, Champion. Common in India.

2. U. sinuata, Lhin. ; DC. Trod, i, 442. The habit and most of the
characters are the same as in TJ. lohata, of which it is by some considered as a
variety. The chief difference consists in the leaves being divided into 3 or 5
lobes by deep sinuses ; the lobes all obovoid or rhomboidal, the terminal one
much contracted at the base.

Gathered in Hongkong by Champion, with the last species, which it frequently accompa-
nies over nearly the whole of its area.

5. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Bracteoles round the calyx several, either free or more or less united into
a lobed or toothed involucre. Calyx 5-lobed or 5 -toothed. Staminal column
bearing several short filaments below the summit. Carpels 5, with several
ovules in each, united into a single 5 -celled ovary. Style 5-lobed at the top,
or nearly entire, with terminal stigmas. Capsule loculicidally opening in 5
valves. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Flowers often large and showy.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the warm regions of the globe. Several species
of what are considered as the more typical forms of the genus may be met with in Hongkong
Gardens, as for example : H. Rosa- sinensis, H. mutabilis, etc. The two following belong
respectively to the sections Ahelmoschus and Taritvum, which are considered by some bota-
nists as distinct genera.

Hispid annual. Bracteoles free. Calyx split longitudinally . . . \. K. Abelmoschus.
Tree. Bracteoles united into a 10- to 12-lobed involucre. Calyx not spHt 2. H. tiliaceus.

1. H. Abelmoschus, Linn. ; DC. Prod. i. 452. An erect annual, about

2 feet high, hispid with stiff hairs, which are reflexed on the stem and petioles,
nearly appressed on the leaves. Leaves on long petioles, vamng from cor-
date or slightly hastate and 3 -lobed, to deeply divided into 5 or 7 spreading
lobes, green on both sides, 2 to 3 in. long. Peduncles axillaiy, 1 to 1-^ in.
long. Flowers solitary, large, yeUow, with a crimson eye. Involucral bracts
about 10 or 12, linear, hispid, shorter than the calyx. Calyx above an inch
long, shortly 3- to 5 -toothed, but splitting open on one side to the base and
falling off with the petals, which are above 3 in. long. Capsule oblong, his-
pid, 1| in. long. — Abelmoschus moschafus, Moench ; W. and Arn. Prod. FI.
Penins. i. 53 ; Wight, Ic. t. 399.

Hibiscus.'] malvace.t:. 35

Mount Victoria, Chamjnon, also Wright. Common in India, and very variable in the
shape of the leaves.

2. H. tiliaceus, Linn. ,- DC. Prod. i. 454. A small tree. Leaves on
long stalks, orbicular-cordate, shortly acuminate, entire or crenulate, white or
hoary nnderneath with a short close tomentum, nearly glabrous above, 3 to 5
in. diameter. Peduncles short, in the upper axils or at the ends of the branches.
Flowers large, yellow, with a dark crimson eye. Involucre carapanulate, di-
vided usually to the middle in 10 to 12 lobes, about half the length of the
calyx. Calyx near an inch long, the lobes lanceolate. Capsule near an inch
diameter, opening in 5 valves, bearing the placentas on their centre and
their thin margins turned inwards so as to make the capsule appear 10-celled.
— Paritium tiliaceum, St. HiL; W. and Arn. Prod. PI. Penins. i. 52 ; Wight,
Ic. t. 7.

Hongkong, Wright. A common seacoast tree in most ti-opical countries, and very abun-
dant in the islands of the Pacific.

Order XVIII. STERCULIACSiS.

Sepals usually 5, more or less united in a toothed or lobed calyx, valvate in
the bud (except in a very few American species). Petals either 5, hypogy-
nous, free, and convolute in the bud, or none. Stamens hypogynous, united
in an entire or lobed tube or column. Anthers definite or indefinite, 2-celled,
adnate to the outside of the staminal column or of its lobes. Ovary free, 2- to
5- or 10-celled, entire or divided into as many distinct carpels, with 2 or
more ovules, or very rarely a single ovule in each cell or carpel. Style en-
tire or divided into as many lobes as cells or carpels. Pruit a capsule or
drupe, or separating into distinct cocci or follicles. Seeds glabrous, with little
or no albumen. Embryo straight or curved. — Trees, soft-wooded shrubs, or
rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, either simple and pinnately or digitately
nerved, or compound, with digitate leaflets. Stipules rarely wanting. In-
florescence axillary or rarely terminal.

An Order almost entirely tropical, and most abundant in the Old World. It might be
considered as a suborder of Malvacea, differing chiefly in the 2-celled anthers.

Petals none. Flowers unisexual.

Anthers about 15. Carpels follicular when ripe 1. Sterculia.

Anthers 5. Carpels hard and indehiscent 2. Heritiera.

Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.

Calyx campanulate. Flowers in terminal cymes. Ovules 2 in each cell 3. Reevesia.

Calyx tubular. Flowers axillary. Ovules several in each cell . . 4. Helicteres.

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

Plowers usually monoecious. Calyx 5 -cleft. Petals none. Staminal co-
lumn in the males cylindrical, with about 15 anthers sessile round its summit.
Ovaiy in the females consisting of 5 carpels, connected together by the style,
and often surrounded at the base by imperfect anthers. Ovules 2 or more in
each carpel. Ripe carpels distinct, much enlarged, follicular. Seeds with
albumen. — Trees. Leaves undivided and pinnately nerved, or palmately lobed
or digitate.

D 2

36 STERCULiACE^. [StercuUa.

A considerable genus, widely distributed over the tropical regions both of the New and the
Old World, but chiefly in the'latter, a very few species extending beyond the tropics in Asia
or Australia.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire. Panicles slender, short . . . . 1. S. lanceolaia.
Leaves broad, palmately lobed. Panicle large, terminal 2. 5. platanifolia.

1. S. lanceolata, Cav. ; Lin'dl. Bot. Reg. t. 1256. A small tree.
Leaves stalked, elliptical-oblong or nearly lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, quite
entire, coriaceous and glabrous. Panicles much branched, slender, sessile in
the axils of the leaves and usually shorter than them, more or less tomen-
tose. Calyx 5 -cleft nearly to the base, the segments oblong-lanceolate, near
3 lines long, spreading, not bearded as in some other species, green, and
slightly reddish at the base. Staminal column shorter than the sepals, and
usually rolled inwards. Anthers 10, nearly sessile on the outside of the very
short lobes, forming a globular terminal head. Follicles slightly tomentose,
sessile, broadly ovate when ripe and open, 1| to 2 in. long, coriaceous, of a
bright scarlet, with 1 or 2 black seeds on each edge near the base.

Common in the Happy A''alley woods, Chamjnon and others. Also in the adjacent parts
of S. China, but not as yet identified with any specimens from elsewhere.

2. S. platanifolia, Linn. ; DC. Frod. i. 483. A handsome tree.
Leaves on long stalks, nearly orbicular, palmately lobed, cordate at the base,
6 or 8 in. or even more in breadth, glabrous or minutely tomentose under-
neath. Elowers small, of a yellowish green, in large terminal panicles. Calyx
about 4 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, but scarcely spreading. Staminal column
considerably longer. Anthers about 15, the cells usually unequal and very
irregularly crowded in a terminal head. In the female flowers there are often
imperfect, sessile anthers round the base of the ovary. Carpels stipitate,
opening into follicles long before they are ripe, attaining full 3 in. in lengih,
green and glabrous, or pubescent, with 1 or 2 seeds on each edge near the
base. — firmiana ]ilaimnfolia^ Br. in PL Jav. Rar. 235.

A native of China, much planted in E. Asia, and said by Champion to have become na-
turalized in Hongkong.

2. HERITIERA, Ait.

Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx campanulate, 5 -lobed or 5 -toothed.
Petals 0. Staminal column in the males cylindrical, with 5 anthers sessile in
a ring round the summit. Ovary in the females consisting of 5 carpels con-
nected by the short style, with one erect ovide in each. Ripe carpels distinct,
large, hard and almost woody, indehiscent. Seeds without albumen. — Trees,
with the habit and inflorescence of some of the entire-leaved Sterculias.

A genus of 2 species, confined to the seacoasts of Asia, Australia, and the islands of the
Pacific.

1. H. littoralis, Ait.; Br. in PI. Jav. Rar. p. 237. A tree attaining
a considerable size. Leaves veiy shortly stalked, oval or oblong, the larger
ones 8 in. by 4, but often much smaller, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
above, silvery underneath, with a close scaly tomentum. Flowers small, nu-
merous, in loose terminal tomentose panicles, much shorter than the leaves.
Calyx about 2 lines long. Staminal column, or ovary, much shorter. Ripe
carpels sessile, ovoid, full 2 in. long, thick and almost woody, with a slightly

Herltiera.] ^tekculiace.i:. 37

projecting inner edge, and a strong projecting almost winged keel along the
outer edge.

On the seacoast, Hance ; a large tree on the road to Chulichew, Champion. Frequent
in the Indian Archipelago, the Philippines, and other islands of the Pacific,

3. REEVESIA, Lindl.

Calyx turbinate-campanulate, shortly 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate.
Staminal tube elongated, shortly 5-lobed at the top, each lobe bearing 3 ses-
sile anthers on the outside, and all irregularly crowded in a terminal head.
Ovary stalked, enclosed in tlie staminal tube, 5 -celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell, one above the other. Stigma sessile, 5-lobed, Capsule woody, opening
loculicidally in 5 valves. Seeds winged on the lower end. — Trees. Leaves
entire. Flowers in terminal corymbs.

A genus of 2 or 3 species, all fi'oni tropical Asia.

1. R. thyrsoidea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1236. A small tree, quite gla-
brous except a minute stellate tomentum on the inflorescence, and sometimes
on the younger branches and leaves. Leaves stalked, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, or twice that size on luxuriant branches, quite en-
tire, rounded at the base, evergreen and coriaceous. Flowers white, in ter-
minal sessile corymbs, much shorter than the leaves. Calyx 3 lines long.
Petals longer, slightly spreading. Stamina) tube near twice as long ; the ring
of anthers very compact, forming a terminal head. Capsule oblong-pear-
shaped, about 1 in. long, 5 -angled.

Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. The precise Hongkong form
has only been gathered in S. China, but the R. WaUichii, Br. and Benn., from Khasia, may
be a mere variety with rather broader, slightly cordate leaves, and rather larger flowers. A
third form, gathered by Griffith in Bootan, appears to be quite a distinct species.

4. HELICTEHES, Linn.

Calyx tubular, shortly 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Staminal tube
elongated, connate with the stalk of the ovary, divided at the top into 5 or 1 0
lobes, with L anther each, and 5 inner barren lobes or teeth. Anthers 1 -celled,
or with 2 divaricate cells. Ovary stalked, projecting from the staminal tube,
or enclosed within it, 5-lobed, 5 -celled, with several ovules in each cell. Styles
united. Caqiels separating when ripe, opening on the inner edge. Seeds
several, with little albumen. — Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs, more or less
covered with a stellate tomentum or branched pubescence. Leaves entire or
serrate.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of both the Old and the New
World.

1. H. angustifolia, Lhm. ; DC, Prod. i. 476. A shrub, with slender,
twiggy, tomentose branches. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong-bnear, 1^ to 2 in.
long, obtuse or scarcely pointed, entire, glabrous above or nearly so, covered
underneath with a close whitish tomentum. Flowers small, on short axillary
2- or several-flowered peduncles. Calyx 2^ lines long. Petals narrow, not
twice as long. Free part of the staminal tube as long as the ovary, 10-cleft,
with 1-celled anthers ; the 5 inner barren lobes exceedingly short. Capsule
ovoid-oblong, f in. long, thickly covered with a loose rusty tomentum, mixed

38 STERCULiACEiE. [Hellcieres.

with projecting woolly processes, the carpels straight, not spirally twdsted, as
in some species. — Oudemansia integerrima, jS angMstifolia, Miq. M. Ned. Ind. i.
pars ii. 170.

Very common on low gromads, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to the Phi-
hppines, Java, and the Malayan Peninsida.

Oeder XIX. BUETTNERIACE^.

Sepals usually 5, more or less united in a toothed or lobed calyx, valvate in
the bud. Petals either 5, free or adhering to the staminal tube, convolute in
the bud, or none. Stamens usually united in a short 5- or 10-lobed tube;
5 of the lobes bearing at their summit 1 to 4 2-celled anthers ; the other 5,
when present, usually without anthers; sometimes indeiinite, united in a column,
with the anthers all 2-celled and terminal. Ovary free, 2- to 5- or 10-celled,
or divided into as many caqjels, rarely reduced to a single carpel, with 2 or
more ovules in each cell or carpel. Style entire or divided into as many lobes
as cells or carpels. Pruit usually capsular, with a loculicidal dehiscence ; the
carpels often separating, and rarely indehiscent. Seeds with or without albu-
men. Embryo straight or curved. — Herbs, shrubs, climbers, or trees. Leaves
alternate, simple, entire or lobed. Stipules rarely wanting. Inflorescence ax-
illary, or rarely terminal. Like the last, this Order might be considered as a
suborder of Malvacece.

A large family, dispersed throughout the tropics, and extending into Southern Africa and
Australia.

Petals oblong, flat. Stamens 5, shortly united. Carpel 1. Herb . 1. Waltheria.
Petals on long claws, concave, with a long point. Staminal tube with

5 or 10 sterile lobes, and 5 sessile anthers between them. Capsule

5-celled, prickly. CHmber 2. Buettneria.

Petals long, flat. Staminal tube with 5 long sterile filaments, and

1 to 3 anther-bearing ones between them. Capsule 5-celled. Tree 3. Pterospermum.

1. WALTHERIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals oblong-spathulate, flat. Stamens 5, opposite the
petals, shortly united at the base. Anthers terminal, with 2 parallel cells.
Ovary sessile, of a single carpel, with two erect ovules. Style excentrical ; the
stigma usually fringed. Capsule usually opening on the back in 2 valves.
Seed usually solitary, Avith albumen. — Herbs, undershrubs, or trees, with a
stellate tomentum often mixed with soft hairs or pubescence. Leaves toothed.
Stipules narrow. Flowers clustered.

A considerable genus in tropical America, with one species spread over aU the warmer re-
gions of the globe.

1. W, axnericana, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 492. A perennial or under-
shrub, 1 to 2 feet or more high, densely tomentose or softly villous in every
part. Leaves shortly stalked, oval-oblong, 1 to 1^ in. long, obtuse, toothed,
soft and plicately veined. Flowers small, yellow, in dense heads, almost ses-
sile in the axils of the leaves, or the upper ones clustered in a short spike.
Bracts narrow. Calyx 1^ line long. Petals nearly twice as long, narrow-
oblong. — TJ^. indica, Linn. ; DC. Prod. i. 493.

In open grounds in the island, Chamjuon and others. A common weed within the tropics
in l)oth the New and the Old World. In China it extends northward to Amoy.

Buettneria.] buettnekiacej<:, 39

2. BUETTNERIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals clawed, concave or hood-shaped, arching over the
stamens and ovary, the top of the hood usually 3-lobed, the central lobe
long and narrow. Staminal tube short, with 5 (or rarely 10) barren lobes,
and 5 nearly sessile 2- celled anthers between them. Ovary sessile, 5-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Style shortly 5-clel't at the top. Capsule globular,
usually covered with prickles ; the carpels separating when ripe, and opening
along the inner edge. Seeds solitary, without albumen. Cotyledons spirally
convolute, — Undershrubs or tall climbers, often prickly. Flowers small, in
umbels, or rarely in corymbs, mostly axillary or lateral.

A considerable tropical genus, cliiefly American, with a few African or Asiatic species.

1. B. aspera, Colehr. in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. TFall. ii. 383. A very large
woody climber, slightly tomentose on the young parts, the inflorescences, and
calyx ; the stem not prickly. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, or nearly orbicular,
4 to 6 or even 8 in. long, very obtuse or with a short narrow point. Flowers
small, yellowish and slightly pink inside, in dense umbels or fascicles, several
of which are irregularly collected in lateral panicles shorter than the leaves.
Calyx broadly campanulate, 1-| in. long. Petals shortly bifid at the top, with
an intermediate linear pointed process much longer than the calyx. Staminal
tube with 5 ovate sterile lobes, and 5 intermediate anthers. Capsule globular,
near 2 in. diameter, covered with short stout prickles.

Rather local in Hongkong, creeping over the rocks, Champion and others. Common in
S. China, Khasia, and Assam.

3. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb.

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens united into a column at the
base, with 5 long barren filaments and 15 shorter ones, each bearing a linear
erect 2-celled anther. Ovary shortly stalked, 5-celled, with several ovules in
each cell. Style entire. Capsule woody, with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds
winged at the upper end. Albumen scarcely any. — Trees or shrubs, with a
stellate or scaly pubescence. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers usually large, soli-
tary or few together, on axillary peduncles.

A genus of few species, all from tropical Asia.

1. P. acerifolium, TVilld.; IV. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penins. i. 69 ; Wight,
Ic. t. 631. A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves stalked, broadly
and irregidarly obovate or ovate-truncate, 6 to 8 in. long, usually sinuately
toothed or shortly 5- to 7-lobed, and either peltate or deeply cordate at the
base, tomentose underneath, nearly glabrous above. Flowers 4 or 5 in. long,
white, fragrant, on short pedicels. Sepals tomentose. Petals obhque, long
and narrow. Sterile filaments nearly as long. Capsule oblong, Avith 5 raised
angles.

In the woods near the Buddhist Temple, Champion. The species is apparently indigenous
in the Indian Archipelago, and perhaps also in Khasia and some other parts of East India.
It is, however, frequently planted, and it is therefore uncertain whether it may not have
been introduced into Hongkong.

40 TiLiACE.E. [Tiliacees.

Order XX. TILIACE^.

Sepals 5 or rarely 4, free or rarely united in a lobed calyx, valvate in the
bud. Petals as many, imbricate in the bud, or sometimes none. Stamens
indefinite or rarely twice the number of petals, hypogynous, free or united in
bundles at the base. Anthers terminal, 2-celled. Ovaiy free, 2- to 10-celled,
with several or rarely a single ovule in each cell. Style entire or divided at
the top into as many lobes as cells of the ovary, or sometimes the stigma is
sessile on the ovary. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or with a loculicidal
dehiscence, or rarely separating into cocci. Seeds usually albuminous, with
a straight embryo and leafy cotyledons. Eadicle next the hilum. — Trees,
shrubs, or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with pinnate or palmate
nerves. Stipules usually small and deciduous, rarely w^anting. Flowers
usually hermaphrodite.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a veiy few species in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere.

Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers nearly sessile, solitary or clustered.
Stigma sessile or nearly so. Ovules several in each cell. Capsule

dehiscent 1. CoRCHORUs.

Style distinct. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule echinate, indehiscent,

or separating into cdcci 2. Triumfetta.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers umbellate or racemose.

Petals entire. Flowers umbellate 3. Grewia.

Petals lobed or fringed. Flowers racemose 4. ELiEOCARPUS.

1. CORCHOHUS, Linn.
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Stamens indefinite or rarely 10, free. Ovaiy 2- to
5 -celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile, or on a very short
style. Capsule either long and narrow or nearly globular, opening locu-
licidally in as many valves as cells. — Herbs or undershrubs. Flow^ers small,
yellow, solitaiy or few together, on veiy short axillary peduncles. .

A genus of several species, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of both the New and
the Old World.

Pubescent or hairy. Capsule elongated, 3-poiuted and usually 3-wiuged 1. C. acutangulus.
Glabrous. Capsule nearly globular, warty, 5 -furrowed 2. (7, capsularis.

1. C. acutangulus. Lam. ; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Peuitis. i. 73; Wight,
Ic. i. 739. An erect annual about 2 ft. high more or less pubescent or hairy.
Leaves stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, about 2 in. long, serrate, the two
lowest teeth usually ending in long points ; the lower leaves often small and
nearly orbicular. Stipules subulate. Flowers small, yellow, 1 or 2 together,
almost sessile in the axils of the leaves. Capsule nearly cylindrical, f to 1 in.
long, 6 -ribbed, 3 of the ribs usually expanded into narrow wings, terminating
in 3 entire or bifid points or horns, 3-celled inside.

In waste and cultivated places, Champion and others. A common weed within the tropics,
and more especially in India,.

2. C. capsularis, Linn. ; TV, and Am. Prod. Fl. Penim. i. 73 ; Wight,
Ic. t. 311. An erect annual, 1 to 2 feet high like the last, but quite glabrous.
Leaves similar but narrower, from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2 to 3 in.
long. Flowers as in C. acutangulus. Capsule nearly globular or melon-shaped,
about 4 lines diameter, 5 -celled, marked outside with 10 longitudinal furrows,
and covered with warty excrescences.

Corchorus.'] TiLiACEiE. 41

Cultivated as Jute ia Hongkong and other parts of S. China and tropical Asia, but its
precise native country is uncertain.

2. TRIUMFETTA, Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5 or rarely wanting. Stamens indefinite or sometimes
10, free, inserted on a short disk bearing 5 glands. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. Style filiform. Capsule nearly globular, echinate with
hooked slender prickles, indehiscent, but usually separatnig into as many cocci
as cells. — Herbs or undershrubs, or rarely shrubs, with more or less of stellate
pubescence. Leaves serrate, undivided or palmately 3- to 7-lobed. Flowers
yellow, solitary or fasciculate in the axils of the leaves.

A genus, like the last, widely dispersed over the tropics, especially the annual species, which
by their burr-like capsules are readily disseminated as weeds.

Eoughly pubescent. Capsules about 2 lines diameter, with prickles not

above 1 line 1. T. angulata.

Softly villous. Capsules above 2 lines diameter, with prickles as long or
longer 2. 21

1. T. angulata. Lam.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Renins, i. 75 ; Wigld,
Ic. t. 320. An erect branching annual, 2 to 3 ft. high, often hard and almost
woody (perhaps biennial) at the base, more or less rough with a very short
pubescence. Lower leaves long-stalked, usually broad and 3-lobed, 2 or 3 in.
diameter ; the upper ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers small, yellow,
in rather dense axillary clusters. Sepals nearly glabrous, about 2 lines long.
Petals scarcely longer. Capsules ovoid or nearly globular, about 2 lines long,
tomentose between the prickles, which are seldom 1 line long.

In waste places. Champion and others. A common weed throughout southern Asia.

2. T. pilosa. Roth ; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penins. i. 74. An erect
branching perennial, 2 to 3 ft. high, softly villous or tomentose in all its parts.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long ; the lower ones some-
times broad and angular or lobed, but less frequently so than in T. angulata.
Flowers larger than in that species, similarly clustered in the axils of the
leaves. Sepals usually tomentose, full 3 lines long. Petals scarcely longer.
Fruits larger than in T. angulata, hirsute all over, with the prickles from
2 to 3 lines long. — T. cana, Blume; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 263.

On roadsides and waste places, Champion and others. Common all over India.

3. GREWIA, Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually marked at the base on the inside with an
adnate gland or nectariferous cavity. Stamens indefinite, on a short torus,
with or without 5 glands. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, with 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4,
ovules in each cell. Style distinct. Fruit a drupe, either entire or 2- to
4-lobed, with 1 to 4 kernels, each with 1 to 4 seeds, and spurious partitions
between the seeds. — Shrubs or trees, with more or less of stellate pubescence.
Leaves entire or serrate, 3- to 7-nerved. Peduncles usually 2 together, axil-
lary, terminal, or leaf-opposed, each bearing an umbel of several flowers, or in
a few species the flowers are in terminal panicles.

42 TiLiACE^. [Grewia.

A large genus, chiefly dispersed over tropical Asia, but extending also to Africa, Australia,
and a few species in eastern Asia, beyond the tropics.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Drupes entire 1. G. microcos.

Flowers in small lateral or terminal umbels. Drupes lobed . . . . 2,. G. glabrescens.

1. G. microcos, Linn.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 81; WigM,
Illustr. ^.33. A shrub or small tree, glabrous or minutely tomentose. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate-oblong or nearly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in, long,
slightly toothed towards the upper end. Panicles terminal, oblong, shorter
than the leaves, slightly tomentose; the flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile within
an involucre of 3 to 6 bracts, not so long as the calyx. Sepals 2| lines long.
Petals from i to i as long, the cavity at the base pubescent round the edge.
Drupes glabrous, entire ; the kernel 3 -celled.

Rather scarce in Hongkong, Champion, but widely distributed over India, the Archipelago,
and S. China. The fruit is said to attain the size of a gooseberry, and to be generally eateu
in India.

2. G. glabrescens, Bentli., n. sp. Apparently a straggling shrub; the
young branches pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked, oval-oblong or nearly
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, toothed, green on both sides, and glabrous or spa-
ringly sprinkled with a few short hairs on the upper side, and dotted with a
minute stellate pubescence underneath ; stipules small, subulate. Umbels 1 or
2 at the ends of short leafy branches. Flowers few, tomentose or pubescent ;
the peduncles and pedicels each about 3 lines long. Sepals about 2^ lines.
Petals \ as long ; the cavity of the base densely ciliate round the edge.
Drupes probably 2- to 6-lobed.

Hongkong, Wright. I had at fii'st considered this to be a glabrous narrow-leaved variety
of the G. parvijlora, Bunge, Enum. PI. Chin. Bor. 9, of which, besides the original N.
Chinese specimens, we have others gathered by Fortune on the Chinese continent (n. 15);
but on a closer comparison I feel considerable doubts as to their identity.

4. ELJEOCARPUS, Linn.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals as many, toothed, lobed, or fringed. Stamens seve-
ral, inserted on a glandular disk. Anthers with adnate cells, opening at the
top in transverse valves, often ciliate on the edge. Ovary 3- to 5-celled, Avith
2 to 4 ovules in each ceU. Style subulate. Pmit a drupe ; the nut usually
-8- to 5-celled. Seeds solitaiy in each cell, pendulous. — Trees. Leaves
usually narrow, entire, or serrate. Flowers in axillary or lateral racemes.

A genus of several species, from tropical Asia, the Mascarene Islands, the Archipelago,
Australia and New Zealand.

Petals divided to the middle into a fringe of narrow^ lobes . . . . \. E. lanceaf alius.
Petals crenulate or shortly toothed 2. E. chinensis.

1. E. lancesefolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 598 ; TFigJd, Ic. L Go. A tree.
Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long,
serrate, naiTOwed at the base, coriaceous and glabrous. Racemes axillary or
lateral, below the leaves, and shorter than them. Flow^ers smaller than in the
common F. serratiis, on pedicels about 2 lines long. Sepals 5, rather acute,
scarcely 2^ lines long. Petals glabrous, rather longer, irregularly divided to
about the middle into a fringe of narrow-linear lobes. Anthers slightly downy,
scarcely ciliate at the top. Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell. Fruit the size of a pigeon's egg, the kernel very thick and hard,

EtcBOcarpus.] tiliace^e. 43

pitted outside. Seed usually 1 only. — E. serratus, Benth. in Kevv Journ. Bot.
iii. 264, but probably not of Linn.

Hongkong, Champion, also in Khasia. The species of Elceocarpus with fringed petals,
run very much one iuto another, hut this is certainly nearer to the Indian E. lancerefolius
than to the true E. serrattis. The leaves are still more narrowed at the base, and the flowers
rather smaller than in the Khasia specimens.

2. E. chinensis. Hook. fil. A small tree. Leaves stalked, oblong or
nearly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3|- in. long, obtuse, slightly toothed, silky-
hairy when young, at length glabrous and shining. Flowers rather small,
dioecious, in axillary or lateral slightly tomentose racemes, 1 to 1| in. long.
Sepals 4, acute, scarcely 2 lines long. Petals about as long, slightly tomen-
tose, obtusely toothed or very shortly lobed. Stamens about 8, without
points or beards. Ovary pubescent, 2-celled, with 2 pairs of collateral sus-
pended ovules in each cell. — Frieaia cJiinensis, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew
Journ. Bot. i. 243, and iii. 264.

Woods of the Happy Valley, Champion, Wright. Not as yet gathered out of the island.

Order XXL POLYGALACE^.

Plowers irregular. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, the 2 innermost usually
larger and petal-like. Petals 3 or 5, usually adhering at the base to the sta-
minal tube ; the lower one or keel concave, enclosing the stamens and pistil ;
the 2 upper ones connivent, the 2 lateral ones small or wanting. Stamens 8,
rarely 4, hypogynous ; the filaments united in a tube open on the upper side.
Anthers erect, 1- or 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore at the top. Ovaiy
free, laterally compressed, 2-celled or rarely 1 -celled ; the partition at right-
angles to the sides, with 1 or rarely 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Style
single, entire or 2 -lobed at the top. Pruit either a capsule opening loculici-
dally, or an indehiscent nut, samara, or drupe. Seed pendulous, having fre-
quently a camncle at the hilum, with or without albumen. Embryo straight
in the axis. Radicle superior. — Herbs or undershrubs, rarely climbers or
shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, simple, undivided, and entire, without sti-
pules. Plowers in axillary or terminal spikes or racemes, rarely solitary or
panicvdate.

A rather numerous Order, ranging over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe.

Ovary 2-celled. Capsule thin and flat. Herbs or shrubs.

Sepals nearly equal. Anthers 4. Flowers very small .... 1. Salomonia.

Two sepals large and petaUike. Anthers 8 2. Polygala.

Ovary 1-celled. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Tree or tall climber . 3. Secukidaca.

1. SALOMONIA, Lour.

Sepals nearly equal. Upper and lateral petals nearly equal ; the keel larger,-
slightly 3-lobed. Anthers 4. Ovaiy 2-celled. Capsule thin and flat, obcor-
date, usually ciliate, opening at the edge. Seeds without a caruncle. — Small
slender herbs. Flowers very small, in terminal racemes or spikes.

A genus of very few species, all from tropical Asia.

Leaves slightly stalked, broadly cordate or orbicular \. S. cantoniensis.

Leaves sessile, oblong 2. 5. ohlongifolia.

44 POLYGALACE^.

1. S. cantoniensis. Lour. ; DC. Prod. i. 334. An erect or spreading
glabrous annual, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves on very short stalks, broadly cor-
date or orbicular, the largest about half an inch diameter, but most of them
much smaller. Flowers pink, scarcely a line long, in terminal leafless racemes
or loose spikes about an inch long. Capsule abont a line broad, but not so
long, flattened, didymous, bordered with a fringe of hairs or slender teeth.

lu marshy fields, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to the hiUy districts of
northern and eastern India.

2. S. oblongifolia, DC. Prod. i. 334. A slender glabrous annual like
the last, but usually rather smaller and less branched. Leaves sessile, the
larger ones oblong, 3 to 4 lines long and scarcely above 1 broad ; the lower
ones smaller and ovate. Flow^ers and capsules like those of S. cantoniemis ;
the spikes usually rather more slender. — S. obovata, Wight, lUustr. t. 22.

In fields, Hance. Common in the warmer districts of India, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago and the Philippine Islands.

2. POLYGALA, Linn.

Sepals 3 outer small, 2 inner much larger, erect and petal-like. Petals 2
upper ones narrow and connivent, 2 lateral ones very small or wanting, the
lowest or keel larger than the others, concave, hooded, and either 3-lobed or
crested at the top. Stamens united above the middle, with 8 anthers. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 ovule in each. Style either dilated at the top with a lateral
stigma, or with 2 or 4 short stigmatic lobes. Capsule flat, thin or rarely co-
riaceous, orbicular, obovate, or elliptical, opening at the edges. — Herbs, un-
dershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or in a very few species opposite.
Eacemes or spikes terminal or lateral, sometimes reduced to clusters, rarely
paniculate.

A large genus, ranging over the whole area of the Order, excepting Australia.

Annual. Leaves obtuse. Flowers pink and green, in short sessile clusters 1. P. gJomerata.
Perennial. Upper leaves acute. Flowers pink and green, in short racemes 2, P. elegans.
Tall half-climbing shrub. Flowers large, yellow, in long racemes . . 3. P. arillata.

1. P. glomerata. Lour. ; Miq. PI. Ned. Pnd. i. part ii. 125. A decum-
bent or ascending pubescent annual, branched only near the base, and attaining
1 to ]|- ft. in length. Leaves from broadly ovate to oblong, or the upper ones
very narrow, 1 to 1|- or even 2 in. long, all obtuse. Flowers inconspicuous,
green or slightly pink, crowded in short axillary or lateral racemes, usually
reduced to almost capitate clusters. Wings (or inner sepals) oblong-falcate,
about 2 lines long, very acute, or shortly aristate. Keel-petal cristate. Cap-
sules about 3 lines broad, and not so long, didymous, ciliate or hispid round
the edge.

Hongkong, Champion, IFright. Common in the moist rich soils of eastern India and the
Archipelago, and perhaps only a luxiu-iant variety of the widely spread P. arvensis.

2. P. elegans, Wall. ; Royle, Illustr. 76, t. 11,/. A. {P. mp'siniies on
the plate). Stems ascending, branched at the base, and attaining from 6 in.
to 1^ ft. in height, much as in the last, but proceeding from a perennial al-
most woody stock, and the plant is scarcely pubescent. Lower leaves ovate
and small; the upper ones lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1| in. long. Flowers larger
than in the last, greenish, with pink tips, in rather loose but short terminal or

Polygala^ POLYGALACEiE. 45

lateral racemes, often not above | in. long. Bracts linear, deciduous ; inner
sepals full 3 lines long. Capsule shorter, orbicular, surrounded by a broad
wing. P. Loureiri, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 242.

Mount Victoria, Chamj)ion, also Wriglit. Frequent in the mountain districts of northern
India, and very nearly allied on the one hand to the P. Heyneana from the Peninsula, and
on the other to a species from Loochoo, which may he the P.japonica, Houtt.

3. P. arillata. Ham. ; W. and Am. Trod. M. Penins. i. 39 ; JFight,
/c. ?^. 946. A tall bushy shnib, with weak half-climbing branches, slightly
pubescent, as well as the petioles and veins of the leaves. Leaves shortly
stalked, oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, mostly acute. Flowers yellow and showy in
terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, 3 or 4 in. or more long. Inner sepals
broadly oblong, oblique, 7 or 8 lines long. Keel-petal crested at the top.
Capsule broadly orbicular, slightly didymous, 6 lines diameter, coriaceous,
and prominently veined. Seeds globular, with a large carunculus.

Rare in Hongkong, Champion, on Mount Parker, Wilford, also Wright. Abundant in
the hills of northern India, extending to the Peninsula and Ceylon.

3. SECURIDACA, Linn.

Sepals 3 outer small, 2 inner much larger, erect and petal-like. Petals 2
upper ones narrow and connivent, 2 lateral small or wanting, the lowest and
outermost or keel concave, hooded, and usually 3-lobed at the top. Stamens
united above the middle with 8 obscurely bilocular anthers. Ovaiy 1 -celled,
with 1 pendulous ovule. Style falcate, with an entire or 2-lobed, or dilated
stigma. Fruit an indehiscent samara, with a single seed in the base, winged
at the top, and often crested on the edge or sides. Seed without any carun-
culus.— Woody climbers. Leaves alternate, often large. Flowers in axillary
or terminal racemes, often branching into panicles.

A considerable genus in tropical America, with two or perhaps three Asiatic or African
species.

1. S. scandens. Ham. in Wall. Catal. w. 4195. A tall woody climber,
glabrous or very slightly pubescent on the young shoots. Leaves shortly
stalked, ovate-elliptical or oblong, 3 or 4 in. long. Flowers red, numerous,
on slender pedicels, in a broad terminal rather loose panicle. Inner sepals
about 3 lines long, keel nearly as long, 2 upper petals shorter, the lateral
ones wholly wanting. Fruit glabrous, with much-raised veins, and ending in
a mng full 2 in. long and \ in. broad ; the inner edge thickened, and notched
about 3^-way up by the scar of the stigma.

In the woods of Little Hongkong, Wilford. Common in northern and eastern India.

Order XXII. SAPINDACE^.

Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud, free or rarely united into a cup-
shaped calyx. Petals as many or one fewer, free, hypogynous, imbricate in
the bud, having often a scale on the inside inserted near the base. Stamens
5 to 10, or rarely up to 20, often 2 less than twice the number of sepals, in-
serted within, upon, or rarely outside, an hypogynous disk, which is sometimes
reduced to 1 or more glands. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Ovary free, 3-celled, or rarely 2- or 4-celled. Ovules I or 2, or rarely more

46 SAPiNDACEiE. [SapindacetB .

in each cell. Styles as many as ovary-cells, usually more or less united.
Fruit either a dehiscent capsule, or indehiscent and succulent or separating
into winged nuts. Seeds usually arillate. Albumen none (except in Sta-
pJiylea). Embryo curved or twisted or rarely straight, with thick cotyledons
sometimes completely united in a fleshy mass. Eadicle next the hilum. —
Trees, shrubs, or climbers, or very rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or in some
genera opposite, with or without stipules, often pinnate or otherwise com-
pound, riowers usually small, in terminal racemes or panicles.

A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few representatives, chiefly among the opposite-
leaved genera, in the more temperate regions both of the northern and the southern hemi-
spheres.

Suborder 1. Sapindese. Stamens within or icpon the disk. Seeds withotit albumen.
I>eaves alternate. Carpels or cells usually 3.

Herbaceous or sufi'rutescent climber. Leaves much dissected.

Capsule vesicular 1. Cardiospermum.

Tree. Leaves pinnate. Fruit succulent, indehiscent .... 2. Nephelium.
Leaves opposite. Carpels or cells usually 2 3. Acer.

Suborder 2. Staphylese. Stawens outside the disk. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves opposite. Stamens 5. Cells usually 3 4. Turpinia.

1. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn.

Sepals 4, the 2 outer smaller. Petals 4, in 2 pairs, the 2 larger with a large
flat inner scale, the 2 smaller with a hooded or crested inner scale. Disk re-
duced to 2 glands. Stamens 8, obliquely surrounding the ovary. Ovary ex-
centrical, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Cap-
sule vesicular, membranous, more or less 3 -cornered, opening loculicidally.
Seeds in the centre of each cell, globose, with a thick funicidus or small aril. —
Herbs or undershrubs, mostly climbing. Leaves dissected. Flowers few,
small, on long axillary peduncles, usually bearing a tendril under the panicle.

A small American genus, of which 2 species are widely spread also over the Old world
within the tropics.

1. C. Halicacabum, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 601; Wight, Ic. t. 508. A
straggling or somewhat climbing annual, or perhaps perennial, attaining seve-
ral feet in length, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves usually twice ternate,
with ovate or ovate-lanceolate segments, coarsely toothed or loljed ; the upper
leaves smaller, narrower, and less divided. Peduncles 2 or 3 in. long, bearing
a double or treble short recurved tendril under the small panicle, which is
often reduced to an umbel of few small white flowers. Capsule flat on the top,
usually pubescent.

Hongkong, trailing over shrubs, or scrambling among the herbage, Hance. A common
weed in most tropical regions. The Hongkong specimens belong to the variety with fruits
scarcely % in. diameter, often considered as a distinct species (C. microcarpnm, H. B. & K.).
It is fully as frequent and as widely spread as the typical form, with fruits above an inch dia-
meter. A nearly allied species, C. canescens, Wall., is nearly as common in India, and may
appear in the island of Hongkong. It is more frequently pubescent, and the shape of the
fruit is different, being neai'ly round, never flat-topped.

2. NEPHELIUM, Linn.

Sepals 4 to 6, sometimes united in a cup-shaped calyx. Petals as many or
none. Disk annular. Stamens usually twice as many as sepals, inserted in-

NepJiellum.'] sapindace.e. 47

side the disk. Ovary central, shortly stalked, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with 1 erect
ovule in each cell. Style erect, with 2 recurved stigraatic lobes. Fruit globular
or ovoid, succulent and indehiscent, usually warted or muricate. Seeds nearly
globular, without albumen, enclosed in a fleshy arillus. — Trees, with alternate
pinnate leaves, and entire coriaceous leaflets. Flowers small, paniculate.

The species are all from southern Asia, or the Indian Archipelago.

1. N. Litschi, Camb.; Miq. M. Ned. Inch {.part ii. 555 ; WigJit, Ic. t. 43.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets in 2 to 4
pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, coriace-
ous and shining. Flowers small and numerous, in trichotomous cymes, form-
ing an oblong terminal leafless panicle. Calyx small, cup-shaped, slightly 4- or
5 -toothed. Petals none. Fruit edible, warted, about an inch diameter.

Frequent in Hongkong, as on the adjoining continent, but in most cases planted for its
fruit. It is, however, believed to be a native of S. China, although its precise indigenous
stations have not been ascertained. The Longan^ another species of Nephelium, is also cul-
tivated in the island.

3. ACER, Linn.

Sepals usually 5, imbricate. Petals 5, or sometimes 4, or entirely wanting.
Stamens about 8, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, or rarely 3-lobed, each
lobe enclosing 1 cell, with 2 suspended ovules. Styles 2, rarely 3, often
united at the base. Fruit separating into as many indehiscent samaras, winged
at the top. Seeds without albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite,
palmately veined, entire or lobed. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary or ter-
minal corymbs or racemes.

A genus not numerous in species, but widely spread over the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, extending also within the tropics to the mountainous districts of India.

Leaves glaucous or whitish underneath. Corymbs pubescent. Wings

of the carpels slightly divergent 1. A. obIo7igum.

Leaves green on both sides, much veined. Corymbs glabrous. Wings

of the carpels divaricate 2. A. reticulatum.

1. A. oblongum, Wall. ; DC. Trod. i. 593; Becne. in Jacquem.. Voy.
t. 34. A tree. Leaves on rather long stalks, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, quite entire, penninerved, with the smaller veins scarcely conspicuous,
2 to 4 in. long, glabrous, but glaucous or nearly white underneath. Flowers
veiy small and greenish, in small pubescent trichotomous panicles or corymbs,
at the ends of the branches. Fruits glabrous, their wings about an inch long,
and but slightly divergent.

Hongkong, Wright. A common tree in the mountains of northern and eastern India, ex-
tending also to Loochoo Island.

2. A. reticulatum. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 312; Seem. Bot.
Her. ^.80. A tree, much resembling the last in the shape and size of its
leaves and in inflorescence, but the leaves are much firmer, green on both
sides, and the reticulate smaller veins much more prominent ; the petioles are
shorter, the corymbs or panicles quite glabrous, the flowers rather larger, and
the wings of the carpels rather longer and narrower and much more spread-
ing. The flowers are white, 3 to 4 lines in diameter, with rose-tinted sepals.

On Mount Gough and in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Wilford. Not known out
of the island.

48 SAPiNDACE^. [Turpinia.

4. TURPINIA, Vent.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Disk annular, between the stamens and
ovary. Ovary sessile, 3 -celled, with several (usually 6 or 8) ascending ovules
in each cell. Styles 3, slightly cohering, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fmit suc-
culent and indehisceut, nearly globular or 3-pointed at the top. Seeds few,
with a fleshy albumen. Embryo straight or slightly curved. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite, either pinnate or apparently simple (when reduced to a single
leaflet). Flowers usually white, in axillary or terminal panicles.

A genus of few species, indigenous to tropical Asia ox America. The Staphylece, to which
it belongs, are usually considered as forming an independent Order.

Leaves undivided (of a single leaflet). Flowers about 3 lines long . . \. T. arguta.
Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. Tlowers about 1 line long. . . 2. T. yiepalensis.

1. T. arguta, Seem. Bot. Her. 371. A shrub of 3 or 4 feet in height.
Leaves on short stalks, undivided, that is, reduced to a single leaflet, which,
when old, shows an articulation on the petiole, broadly or narrow oblong,
slightly crenate, 3 to 6 in. long, glabrous. Flowers of a dii'ty white, or pur-
plish when in bud, about 3 lines long, in a rather dense terminal oblong
panicle. Inner sepals and petals oblong-ovate, about equal in length, the two
outer sepals rather smaller. Disk scarcely crenate. Fruit nearly globular, 5
or 6 lines diameter, containing usually 2 or 3 seeds. — Ochranthe arguta, Lindl.
Bot. Eeg. t. 1819. Eyrea vemalis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 331.
Stapkylea slmplicifolia , Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 309 ; see
also Planch, in Ann. Sc. Kat. ser. 4, ii. 256.'

In ravines on Mount Victoria and Mount Gough, Champion and others. Not as yet
found out of S. China. Some specimens so closely resemble those of T. insignis, Tul. {Lace-
pedea, H.B.K.), from Mexico, as to make it difiicult to draw up a good diagnosis. The
panicle is narrower and more dense, and the flowers lai'ger and especially longer.

2. T. nepalensis, Walp. ; W. and Am. Frod. Fl. Penins. i. 156;
Wight, Ic. t. 912. A tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves evergreen, pin-
nate ; the common stalk 3 to 6 in. long ; leaflets 3 or 5, shortly petiolulate,
oblong or elliptical, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, entire or slightly toothed.
Flowers small, white and numerous, in trichotomous panicles in the axils of the
upper leaves, and shorter than the stems. Sepals and petals broad, scarcely
a line long. Fruit globular, often 3-pointed, especially when young.

Common in the island. Champion and others. Extends over the hilly districts of India
and eastern tropical Asia.

Okder xxiil MALPIGHIACE^.

Sepals 5, usually with a conspicuous gland at the base of one or more of
them, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, distinctly unguiculate, convolute in
the bud. Stamens 10, or rarely fewer, usually shortly monadelphous at the
base. Cai-pels usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4, altogether or partially united, the
styles distinct or united. Ovules solitary in each, orthotropous, rising up from
a long pendulous pedicel, with which they form a sort of hook. Fruit inde-
hisceut, entii-e or separable into 3 (or 2) nuts, often variously winged or
crested. Seed obliquely suspended. Albumen none. Embryo, Avith a short

MalpigJiiacea.l ^ MALPiGHiACEiE. 49

superior radicle. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite
or rarely alternate, usually entire. Stipules usually small and deciduous. In-
florescence various.

A considerable Order, almost confined to the tropics, chiefly American, with a few Asiatic
or African sjDecics.

1. HIPTAGE, Gsertn.

Sepals 5, with one large gland between two of them at the base. Stamens
10, unequal, incurved. Style simple. Ovary 3-lobed. Fruit separating into
3 or 2 carpels, each with 3 wings, the central one elongated, with a short
crest on the back. — Tall climbers. Leaves opposite.

A small genus, confined to the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. H. Madablota, GcBrtn. ; Walp. Rep. v. 294; WigJd, Illustr. t. 50.
A tall woody climber, glabrous, except the young shoots and inflorescences,
which are hoary with a closely appressed pubescence. Leaves oval-oblong,
acuminate, 3, 4, or rarely 5 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole,
coriaceous and often shining above. Flowers white, yellow^ish at the base of
the upper petal, in axillary racemes, usually forming a terminal leafy panicle.
Pedicels about f in. Sepals obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long. Petals longer, re-
flexed, fringed on the margin. Wings of the cai-pels oblong, the inner one
erect, 1^ in. long, the outer ones shorter, narrow, and spreading.

In the Happy Valley, festooning the trees, more rare on rocks on Mount Gough, Cham-
pion. Widely distributed over the greater part of tropical Asia. The H. obtusifolia, Roxb.,
Fl. Ind. ii. 369, is a nearly allied but apparently distinct species, introduced into the Calcutta
Garden from S, China, but not as yet found in Hongkong.

Order XXIY. AUEANTIACE^.

Sepals 3 to 5, usually united in a short toothed or lobed calyx. Petals 3
to 5, inserted on the outside of a hypogynous disk, slightly imbricate in the
bud. Stamens twice as many, or in a few genera indetinite, inserted out-
side the disk. Filaments often flattened, and sometimes united at the base.
Anthers versatile. Ovary entire, of 1 or more cells, wdth 1, 2, or more, usually
pendulous ovules in each. Style simple, with an entu"e or slightly lobed
thickish stigma. Fruit entire, indehiscent, juicy or pulpy, the cells occasion-
ally separable from the thickened rind. Seeds attached to the axis, the raphe
and chalaza usually prominent, without albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.
Eadicle short. — Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, and filled everywhere with
little glands or receptacles of volatile oil. Leaves alternate, pinnate or simple
and otherwise entire.. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in cymes or
panicles, usually white and fragrant.

An Order not very numerous in species, almost limited to tropical Asia, with a few AtVican
or N. Australian species.

Leaves pinnate. Inflorescence terminal. Ovules usually 2 in each cell,
superposed. Style more or less deciduous.
Flowers corymbose. Petals narrow, erect at the base. (Ovary 2-celled) 1. Murkava.
Flowers paniculate. Petals short, concave. (Ovary 5-celled) ... 2. Ci,ausexa.

E

50 AURANTiACE^. , [AurantiacecB .

Leaves pinnate or unifoliolate. Panicles small, mostly axillary. Ovule

solitary. Stigma persistent * 3. Glycosmts.

Leaves simple. Flowers in small axillary clusters. Ovules usually 2,

collateral 4. Atalantia.

1. MURRAYA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Petals 5, free. Stamens 10, free. Ovary raised
on a short disk, 2-celled (sometimes 3- to 5-celled), with 2 ovules in each,
either superposed or rarely collateral. Style as long or longer than the ovary,
and continuous with it. Berry 1- or 2-seeded. — Unarmed, shrubs or small
trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in terminal corymbs.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. M. exotica, Linn. ; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penhis. i. 94 ; TTlgJit, Tc.
^.96. A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaflets 5 to 7, alternate, cuneate-
obovate, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, | to If in. long, coriaceous and shining.
Flowers of a pure white, very fragrant, in compact terminal sessile coiymbs.
Petals near f in. long, erect at the base, spreading in the upper half. Ovaiy
2-celled. Berry globular, usually 1-seeded.

In Hongkong, perhaps only where planted, Champion. Generally cultivated in tropical
Asia, but believed to be a real native of S. China and N. E. India.

2. CLAUSEWA, Bui-m.

(Cookia, Sonner.)

Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, ovate, concave. Stamens 8 or 10.
Ovary raised on a short disk, 4- or 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, usually
superposed, rarely collateral. Style short, deciduous. Berry usually 4- or 5-
celled, with 1 seed in each cell. — Small trees. Leaves pinnate. Plowers in
terminal panicles or loose racemes.

A genus of several species, fi-om tropical Asia or Africa.

1. C. "Wampi, Oliv. MS. A tree, with the young branches, petioles,
and inflorescence covered with minute asperities, but otherwise glabrous.
Leaflets 7 to 9, usually alternate, very obliquely ovate, obtuse or obtusely acu-
minate, 3 to 4 in. long. Plowers small, white, crowded on the smaller branches
of rather large terminal broad panicles. Petals scarcely 2 lines long. Ovary
villous. Berry globular, at most 1 in. long. — Cookia TFamjn, Blanco, PL Pilip.
358. Cookia punctata, Ketz ; W. andArn. Prod. PI. Penins. i. 95.

Cultivated in Hongkong, as in other parts of tropical Asia, for its fruit, known under the
name of Whampee {JFhiing-Pi, Rosb.). It is believed, however, to be really native in S. China.

3. G-LYCOSMIS, Corr.

Sepals usually 5. Petals as many, free. Stamens twice as many, free;
the anthers often tipped with a gland. Ovary raised on a short disk, usually
5-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style conical, very short, thick,
continuous with the ovary and persistent. Beny 1- or 2-seeded, crowned
by the stigma. — Shrubs or trees, without thorns. Leaves pinnate and simple
(unifoliolate) on the same stem. Plowers small, in axillary or rarely terminal
short panicles.

A small genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Australia, with perhaps one African species.

Gl^COSmis.] AURANTIACE.E. 51

1. G. citrifolia, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. vi. 72. A tall glabrous
shrub. Leaves some simple, on short petioles, oblong-elliptical and obtuse, or
oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, 3 to 5 in, long ; others pinnate, with 2 or 3
rather smaller leaflets. Panicles dense, shorter or scarcely longer than the
petioles of the pinnate leaves. Flowers and ovaiy almost always 5-merous.
Berry globular, depressed and oblique, very pulpy, about ^ in. diameter. —
Limonia parvifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 2416.

Rather scarce in Hongkoug, Champion ; also Hance and Wright. In the adjacent parts
of S. China, in the Philippine Isles, and in Borneo, and probably a variety only of the
G. arborea, a species widely diffused over tropical Asia and Australia.

4. ATALANTIA, Corr.
(Sclerostyhs, Bl. Severinia, Ten.)
Calyx 4- or 5 -cleft or lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens 8 or 10, or
rarely about 15 ; filaments free or united in a tube. Ovary of 2 or 4 cells,
with 1 or 2 collaterally pendulous ovules in each. Style shoi-t and thick, con-
tinuous with the ovary. Berry globular, usually with 1 or 2 seeds. — Shrubs
often thorny. Leaves simple. Flowers in axillary clusters or very short
racemes.

A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Asia and Australia.

Stamens 10 1. A. huxifolia

Stamens about 15 ^l. A. Rindsii.

1. A. buxifolia, Oliv. MS. A small shrub or dwarf tree, glabrous or
with the young branches pubescent, often armed with stout axillary thorns.
Leaves obovate-oblong, very obtuse or emarginate, 1 to 1^ in. long, narrowed
into a very short petiole, marked with numerous fine veins. Flowers sessile
or nearly so, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves. Petals 5,
about 2 lines long. Stamens 10, free. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell. Berry nearly globidar, depressed, black when ripe. — Limonia bilocidai'is,
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 377. Sclerostylis atalantloides, W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins.
i. 93. Severinia huxifolia. Ten. Cat. Hort. Nap. 96. Sclerostylis buxifolia,
Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 326 ; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 81.

Abundant in the island, Chainpio7i and others. Also on the adjacent continent and north-
wards to Formosa, but not known out of S. China, the indications of the Indian Peninsular
station having probably originated in a garden mistake.

1. A. Hindsiiy Oliv. MS. A glabrous shrub, with stout axillary thorns.
Leaves oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse, 2| to 3 in. long, obtuse at the base,
on a short broad petiole, coriaceous, with fewer veins than the last species.
Flowers shortly pedicellate, in axillary clusters, usually 5-merous. Petals
about 3 lines long. Stamens about 1 5, irregularly united, but sometimes be-
coming quite free after the flower opens. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Style very short and thick. Berry globular, rather large, of an
orange-colour. — Atalantia monophylla, Benth. in Loud. Joum. Bot. i. 483, not
of DC. Sclerostylis Hindsii, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 328 ; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 82. S. venosa, Champ. 1. c. (a slight variety, with the flowers occasion-
ally 4-merous).

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Not known from elsewhere. The struc-
ture of- the flowers, as observed by Oliver, shows some approach to that of Citrns.

E 2

52 OLACACE^. [OlacacecB.

OnDEii XXV. OLACACE^.

Calyx small, truncate or toothed. Petals 4 to 6, hypogynoiis or slightly
pei'igynous, valvate in the bud, sometimes cohering in pairs or united into a
tubular or campanulate corolla. Stamens inserted with the petals, or their
filaments united with the tube of the corolla, equal to or twice the number of
petals or rarely fewer. Torus small or forming a small disk, adhering to the
base of the calyx. Ovary either entirely 1 -celled, or divided at the base into
3 or 4 cells, or entirely divided into 3 collateral cells. Ovules 2, 3, or 4,
pendidous, one descending into each of the partial cells. Fruit a drupe, either
free and superior or enclosed in the enlarged calyx, or more or less adnate
and inferior. Seed solitary, usually appearing (by its union with the placenta)
erect from the base. Albumen copious. Embryo small, straight, with a
small radicle next the hilum. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely woody climbers.
Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules.

A tropical Order widely distributed over the New as well as the Old World.

1. SCHCEPFIA, Wall.

Calyx small, adhering to the base of the ovaiy, the free border reduced to
an entire ring. Petals united into a tubular or campanulate 4- to 6-lobed
corolla. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with
them, the filaments adnate to its tube. Pruit a semi-inferior drupe, adnate to
the enlarged calyx.

A small genus, ranging over tropical Asia and America.

1. S. chinensiSy Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Joiirn. Bot. i. 308. A
small much-branched tree or tall straggling shrub, glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2^ to 3 in. long,
narrowed into a short petiole, rather thick, with a few slender veins diverging
from the midrib. Peduncles short, bearing 1 to 3 sessile flowers, placed
usually in the axils of young leaves, forming lateral or terminal leafy racemes.
Plowers sweet-scented, usually pink, but varying to nearly white (or yellow-
ish ?), nodding, 5 or 6 lines long, the tube rather broad, the lobes very short
and spreading. Drupe oblong, very obtuse, 5 to 7 lines long.

Abundant in the Happy Valley woods. Champion and others, but not as yet found out of
the island.

Order XXVL AMPELIDE^.

Calyx minute. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, small, valvate in the bud, dis-
tinct or cohering at the base or at the top. Stamens as many as and oj^po-
site to the petals, hypogynous, free and distinct or monadelphous. Ovary 2-
to 6-celled, with 2 collateral ovules or rarely a single ovule, erect in each cell.
Style simple, often very short, or the stigma sessile. Pruit a beri-y, with 1 or
2 bony seeds. Embryo very small, in the base of a copious albumen, the ra-
dicle superior. — Stems usually woody, climbing by means of leaf-opposed ten-
drils. Leaves alternate or the lower ones opposite, simple or compound.
Stipules small, deciduous. Plowers small, greenish, in leaf-opposed cymes or
panicles.

An Order of very few genera, but widely distributed over the tropical regions of the globe,
with a few species natives of more temperate climes.

,Fiiis.] viTis. 53

1. VITIS, Linn.
Petals and free stamens inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2 collateral erect ovules in each cell. — Vines, with the remaining charac-
ters, habit, and distribution of the Order.

Leaves broadly cordate, undivided or lobed.

Petals 5, cohering at the top. Stigma sessile.

Leaves glabrous when full grown 1. V. parvlfolia.

Leaves covered underneath with a rusty wool . . . . . . 2. F. lanata.

Petals 5, spreading. Style short, conical 3. F. hetero'phjUa.

Petals 4, cohering at the top. Style subulate A^. V. cordata.

Leaves compound.

Leaflets 3, digitate 5. F". angustifolia.

Leaflets 5, pedate 6. F. corniculata.

Leaflets 5 (rarely 3), pinnate, or the lower pinnse again ternately

compound 1. V. cantoniensis.

1. V. parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Lid. i. 662. Young shoots and leaves co-
vered with a short loose tomentura, which very soon disappears. Leaves
glabrous when full grown, broadly cordate, acuminate, seldom above 3 in.
long and 2 in. broad, coarsely toothed, undivided or broadly 3-lobed, and ra-
ther thin. Panicle oblong, usually shorter than the leaves. Plowers very small,
on short slender pedicels. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling oif all to-
gether. Stigma sessile on the top of the ovary. — F. succisa, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 231. V.fexuosa, Thunb. in Trans. Soc. Linn. ii. 332 (according to
Siebold's specimens).

Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Common in the Himalaya and Khasia mountains, per-
haps also in Java; but the specimens {Zollinger, n. 909) are somewhat doubtful. Extends
northwards to Japan, and the North American V. cordifolia is scarcely to be distinguished
from it. It is very near the common Grape- Vine, but has always the leaves much smaller.

2. V. lanata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660. Young branches, under side of the
leaves, and panicles clothed with a close, dense, rusty-coloured wool. Leaves
broad, cordate at the base, usually obtuse, often 4 or even 5 in. long and
broad, coarsely toothed, undivided or rarely broadly and shortly lobed, rather
thick, glabrous above but retaining the wool underneath. Flowers very small,
in pedunculate narrow panicles like those of the last species, but with 2 to 4
long spreading branches at the base. Petals 5, cohering at the top and fall-
ing off all together. Stigma sessile on the top of the ovary. Berry small,
purple, globular.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in northern and eastern India.

3. V. heterophylla, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 103. Whole plant glabrous or
the young shoots very slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly cordate, acumi-
nate, coarsely toothed, 2 or 3 in. long and broad, mostly undivided, but some
broadly 3- or 5 -lobed, others more deeply divided, Avith the lobes elongated
and sinuate or almost pinnatifid. Flowers larger than in the two last species,
in shortly pedunculate, dichotomous, broadly corymbose cymes. Petals 5,
spreading, bent inwards and thickened at the top, near 1 line long. Style
short and conical. Beriy small, globular. — Ampelopsis heterophylla, Sieb.
and Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. fasc. i. 89.

Hongkong, Wright, sent with V. parvifolia, which it sometimes resembles in foliage, but
the inflorescence and flowers are very difterent. Also in Formosa, Wilford, and in Japan.

54 AMPELlDEiE. [FlHs,

4. V. cordata, TFall. Catal. n. 6008 {partly). Very glabrous and some-
what glaucous in all its parts, the young stems succulent and disarticulating
at the joints in the dried specimens. Leaves on rather long petioles, cordate,
acuminate, 2| to 4 in. long and nearly as broad, entire except small, almost
bristle-like distant teeth. Flowers, like those of the last species, in corymbose
dichotomous cymes. Petals 4, about 1 line long, cohering at the top and
falling off all together. Style subulate, with a terminal stigma. ~CmM5 cor-
data, Eoxb. M. Ind. i. 407.

Hongkong, Hance. Extends over northern and eastern India. The leaves in the Chinese
plant are not so deeply cordate as in most of the Indian specimens, but are precisely similar
to some of those from Assam.

5. V. angustifolia. Wall. Catal. n. 6033. Whole plant glabrous or
very slightly pubescent on the young shoots and inflorescences. Leaves di-
gitately compound, the common petiole 1 to 1^ in. long. Leaflets 3, petio-
lulate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-acuminate, 1|- to 3 in. long and seldom 1
in. broad, with a few remote serratures. Flowers in loose trichotomous or
dichotomous cymes, the common peduncle seldom above ^ hi. long. Petals
4, less than 1 line long, spreading, 2 of them bearing outside at the top a cal-
lous protuberance or short point or horn, the other two without it. Style
scarcely any, with a 2-lobed s/^igma. — Cissus angustifolia, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i.
408.

Hongkong, Wright. Also in Silhet and Assam, and, according to Roxburgh, in Siunatra.

6. V. comicTilata, Benth., n. sp. Whole plant glabrous. Leaves pe-
date, that is, the common petiole divided into 3, the central branch bearing
1 leaflet, the 2 lateral ones 2 each. Leaflets petiolulate, ovate-acuminate or
oblong, coarsely toothed, the central one 2 in. long or more, the others rather
smaller. Plowers full 1 line long, rather crowded in dichotomous or tricho-
tomous cymes, on a common peduncle of 2 in. or more. Petals 4, oblong,
slightly cohering at the top, all bearing on the outside near the top a hood-
like appendage ending in a fine point, which is at first erect, afterwards
spreading or recurved. Style shortly subulate.

In a ravine on Mount Victoria, Wilford, also Wright ; not received from elsewhere. It
is very near the V.japonica, Sieb. and Zucc. {Cissus japonica, DC), a widely distributed
plant, extending from the HiQaalaya to Japan, and gathered in S. China by Millett, aad at
Amoy by Fortune (A. 101), but the shape of the petals is very different. The leaves are also
more of the consistence of those of V. cantoniensis, and very smooth, although shaped as
in V.japonica, and the cymes have little or none of the scaly hoariness of the latter species.

7. V. cantoniensis, Seem. Bot. Her. 370. Glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves some simply pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets, others decompound ; the
lower pinnae bearing 3 leaflets each, the upper ones consisting of a single one.
Leaflets ovate, whitish underneath, the larger ones 2 to 3 in. long, coarsely
crenate or toothed and rather broarl, but in many leaves they are not 1 in.
long, with very few teeth. Plowers scarcely 1 line long, in dichotomous coiym-
bose cymes. Petals 5, spreading, obtuse, without any dorsal protuberance.
Style subulate. — Cissus canto)iiensis, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 175. Cissus
diversifolia, Walp. PI. Meyen. 314. Hedera hypoglauca, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 724.

Frequent in ravines and on barren hills. Champion and others. Also on the adjacent con-
tinent and Khasia.

I

Balsaminece.'] balsamine^. 55

Oeder XXVII. BALSAMINE^.

Flowers very irregular. Sepals and petals usually consisting of 6 or 8
pieces, all more or less coloured, viz. 2 outer opposite (sepals) flat and oblique,
usually small and less coloured ; the next (upper sepal, although by the twist-
ing of the pedicel it hangs lowest) large, hood-shaped, ending below in a
conical protuberance or spur ; the fourth (lower petal, but uppermost from the
twisting of the pedicel) smaller, but very broad and often bifid or emarginate,
the 4 innern:iost (petals) often combined into 2 bifid ones, very oblique and
irregular ; and very rarely there are 2 additional small outer sepals. Stamens
5, hypogynous, with very short thick filaments ; the anthers cohering in a mass
round the pistil. Ovary 5 -celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigmas
5, minute, sessile or nearly so, Fruit a capsule, bursting elastically in 5
valves, which roll inwards, scattering the seeds. Seeds pendulous, without
albumen. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle. — Herbs mostly glabrous
and somewhat succulent, or occasionally undershrubs, or even shrubby. Leaves
alternate, opposite or whorled, without stipules, undivided but usually
toothed.

An Order almost entirely Asiatic and chiefly tropical, with a few North American and one
European species, and comprising besides Impatiens itself but one genus of a single species.

1. IMPATIENS, Linn.

Characters those of the Order, except that the 2 additional outer sepals are
wanting, and the 4 inner petals are united in pairs.
A large genus, occupying the same area as the Order.

1. I. chinensis, Linn.; Hook, and Thorns, in Joiirn. Linn. Soc. iv. 119.
A glabrous annual, usually creeping or decumbent at the base, then erect, 1
or 2 ft. high, often bearing at the nodes 2 or more thick stipule-like bristles.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite, linear, acute, 2 to 4 in. long, remotely
serrate, glaucous underneath. Flowers pink or white, rather large, on axil-
lary, solitary, or clustered pedicels. Outer sepals linear ; spur long, slender,
and curved ; larger petal orbicular acuminate ; inner lateral ones semi-obo-
vate, auriculate at the base on one side. — Impatiens fasciculata. Lam. ; Wight,
Ic. t. 748.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Common in the mountains of the Indian Peninsula, in
Malacca, Burmah, and Khasia.

Order XXVIIT. OXALIDEiE.

Flowers regular. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, persistent, often united
at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted in the bud, free or slightly
connate at the base. Stamens 10, hypogynous, free or united at the base, the
5 opposite the petals shorter than the others, or sometimes very small and
without anthers. Anthers versatile, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary
usually on a very short stalk, 5 -angled or 5-lobed nearly to the axis, 5 -celled,
with 1 or more, usually several ovules in each cell. Styles 5, central, free or
united at the base ; stigmas terminal, entire or divided. Fruit a capsule or a
berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen ; embryo straight or slightly curved. Ra-

56 oxALiDEiE. [Oxalidece.

dicle superior. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually pinnate or digitate,
with entire leaflets ; flowers in axillary umbels or panicles.
An Order limited by most botanists to the two following genera.

Herbs. Fruit capsular 1. Oxalis.

Trees. Fruit succulent, indebiscent 2. Averrhoa,

1. OXALIS, Linn.

Stamens all bearing anthers. Capsules opening at the angles in valves
which remain adhering to the axis. — Herbs or (in species not Chinese) under-
shrubs. Flowers in simple or irregularly compound umbels.

A large genus, cbieiiy American and African, with a very few Asiatic species, one of which
is dispersed over all but the colder regions of the globe. The Hongkong species have 3 digi-
tate leaflets. The 0. sensitiva, with pinnate leaves, common in S. Asia, has not yet been
found in S. China.

Rhizome bulbous. Leaves and peduncles radical 1.0. Martiana.

Stem branching, decumbent, leafy. Peduncles axillary 2. 0. corniculata,

1. O. Martiana, Zmc. Oxal. NacJitr. 27 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3938. A stem-
less herb, with a compound bulbous rhizome, covered with brown 3-ribbed
scales. Leaves radical, slightly hairy ; the petioles 4 to 6 inches long. Leaf-
lets 3, digitate, broadly obovate-emarginate, 8 to 10 lines long. Peduncles
radical, rather longer than the petioles, bearing a single umbel, or more fre-
quently iiTegularly divided into 2 or 3 branches, each bearing 1 or 2 umbels
of pale-purplish flowers. Sepals obtuse, with 2 small glands at the tip, 2
to 2^ lines long. Petals glabrous, 3 or even 4 times as long. Stamens and
styles pubescent. — 0. corymhosa, DC. Prod, i, 096 ?

A native of Southern Brazil, now established as an escape from gardens in Hongkong, as
in the Mauritius and some other hot countries.

2. O. corniculata, Limi.; DC. Prod. i. 692 ; JFigJd, Ic. t. 18. A de-
cumbent, prostrate or ascending, much-branched delicate perennial, or some-'
times annual, more or less pubescent, of a pale green, from a few inches to a
foot long. Stipules small, adnate to the petiole. Leaves alternate ; the petioles
about 1 in. long. Leaflets 3, digitate, broadly obcordate, usually 3 or 4 lines
long. Peduncles axillary, about the length of the petioles, bearing an umbel
of 2 to 6 small yellow flowers, on reflexed pedicels of 3 or 4 lines. Capsule
column-like, -| in. long or even more, with several seeds in each cell.

On roadsides and in waste places, Champion and others, A common weed in aU but the
colder regions of the globe.

2, AVEREHOA, Linn,

Stamens either all antheriferous or 5 small and without anthers. Pruit in-
dehiscent and succulent. — Trees. Leaves pinnate. Plowers in small axillary
panicles.

A genus of two species, common to both the New and the Old ^Yorld within the tropics,
either indigenous or natm-alized.

1. A. Carambola, Lirm. ; DC. Prod. i. 689, A small tree. Leaves
alternate, glabrous or more frequently more or less pubescent. Leaflets 5 to
11, very obliquely ovate, acuminate, 1^ to 2 in, long, of a pale or glaucous
colour on the under side, where they are usually more pubescent. Flowers

Averrhoa.'] oxalide.e. 57

small, reddish, in axillary sessile panicles of 1 to 2 in., or forming rather
large panicles at the ends of short branches. Sepals about 1 line long ; petals
near twice as long. The five smaller stamens usually very minute and
wholly without anthers, or occasionally 1 or 2 of them are longer, with small
barren anthers. Berry oblong, angular. Seeds arillate.

Common in the island, both cultivated and wild, Champion and others. Cultivated for its
fruit (known by the name of Carambola) in the hotter regions both of the New and the Old
World, and almost everywhere it readily establishes itself apparently wild, so that its native
country is uncertain.

Order XXIX. EUTACEiE.

Flowers usually regular. Sepals 4, 5, or rarely 3, usually small and often
united at the base. Petals as many, inserted round a hypogynous or slightly
perigynous disk, free or rarely united at the base, imbricate or almost valvate
in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals, free.
Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Carpels 3 to 5, sessile or on a raised torus or
short stalk, usually free at the top, but sometimes combined in a 3- to 5-celled
ovary. Styles often free at the base, but usually united upwards, Avith a
capitate or lobed stigma, which is sometimes sessile on the top of the ovary.
Ovules 2 or rarely 4 in each cell or carpel. Fruit either entire and indehis-
cent, or separating into cocci, or consisting of distinct carpels opening in two
valves. Seeds usually solitary in each carpel, with a smooth testa, with or
without albumen. Cotyledons flat or rarely crumpled. — Trees, shrubs, or
rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, often compound, and almost
always marked with glandular dots.

A considerable Order, widely distributed over all but the colder regions of the globe.

Carpels distinct, at least at the top.

Leaves alternate. Ovules collateral 1. Xanthoxylum.

Leaves opposite. Ovules superposed 2. Evodia.

Carpels united in a single entire ovary and fruit.

Mowers unisexual. Stamens 5. Leaflets 3 3. Toddaija.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8. Leaflets single 4. Cyminosma.

1. XANTHOXYLUM, Kunth.

Flowers unisexual or nearly so. Sepals and petals 4, 5, or rarely 3, much
imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many (in the female flowers semiabortive,
rudimentaiy, or wanting). Carpels 5 or fewer, on a globular or i-aised torus,
free or united at the base, with 2 collaterally ascending ovules in each (linear
or rudimentary, without ovules, in the males). Styles distinct or united at the
top. Fruiting carpels distinct, opening in 2 valves. Seeds ovoid or globular,
with a black shining testa. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in a some-
what fleshy albumen.— Trees or shrubs, often prickly. Leaves alternate, pin-
nately or ternately compound. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal panicles.

A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old World, chiefly tropical, but with
a few extratropical species in Asia, N. America, and S. Africa.

Panicles short, nearly sessile. Petals 4. Carpels 4.

Leaflets 3 to 7 1. X nitidnni.

Leaflets 15 to 25 2. 2^ cmpidatum.

Panicles loose, pedunculate. Petals 5. Carpels 2 . . . . . . . 3. X. Avicenme.

58 RUTACE.E. [XantJioxylum.

1. X. nitidum, DC. Prod. i. 727; {Bot, Mag. t. 2558?) A woody
climber, glabrous in aU its parts ; the young branches, petioles, and midrib of
the leaflets more or less armed with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnate,
with a common petiole of 3 or 4 in. Leaflets 3 to 7, oval-oblong, usually 2
to 2^ in. long, obtuse or shortly acuminate, coriaceous and shining, rounded
at the base, with very short petiolules. Flowers small, in sessile axillary oblong
panicles, seldom above an inch long. Sepals minute. Petals 4, about 1 line
long, distinctly imbricate. Stamens longer. Carpels 4, spreading, hard and
wrinkled when dry, near 3 lines broad.

Rather abundant in ravines, Champion and others. Found also about Macao, but not
known out of S. China. It is possible that the plant figured in the ' Botanical Magazine' may
be a form of the following species.

2. X. cuspidatum. Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iii. 329. A glabrous
woody climber, nearly allied to the last species, of which it may possibly prove
to be a variety, but the foliage is difl'erent. It is less prickly, the common
petioles are usually 6 to 8 in. long, or even more ; the leaflets 15 to 25, with
a long obtuse point, and narrowed at the base into a much longer petiolule.
Axillaiy panicles short, branching from the base. Flowers of X nitidum.

Less common than X nitidum, and rather local, Champion, frequent in ravines, Wilford,
also Hance and Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

3. X. Avicennse, DC. Frod.i. 12^. An erect glabrous shrub. Prickles
few and small, curved upwards on the branches, few or none on the petioles.
Leaves pinnate, with a common petiole of 3 to 5 in. Leaflets 7 to 13, obliquely
obovate or oblong, or rarely almost lanceolate, usually obtuse, narrowed at the
base into a petiolule, slightly undulate or almost crenate at the edge. Pani-
cles loosely trichotomous, or 2 or 3 times umbellately divided, nearly as long
as the leaves, on a peduncle of 2 to 2|- in. Petals 5, slightly imbricate, about
1 line long. Carpels 2, when ripe about 2 lines diameter. Seeds black and
shining as in the two last species, but smaller. — X lentiscifolium, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 329.

On Mount Gough, Champion. Ravines and hillsides, near their tops, Wilford. Also in
other parts of S. China, and in the Philippine Islands {Cuming, n. 1622).

2. EVODIA, Porst.
(Boymia, Juss. Philagonia, Hook.)
Characters of XayitJioxylnm, except that the petals are valvate in the bud,
or overlap each other but very slightly ; the ovules are usually supei'posed, and
the leaves always opposite. The species are all unarmed.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Panicles large, terminal. Leaflets 3 to 7, pinnate \. E. melicBfolia.

Panicles small, axillary. Leaflets 3, digitate 2. E. triphglla.

1. E. melisefolia, Benth. A tree, glabrous in all its parts, and -without
prickles. Leaves opposite, pinnate, with a common petiole of 3 to 5 in.
Leaflets 3 to 7, on long petiolules, ovate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, thin,
shining above, pale or glaucous underneath. Flowers very numerous, in a
broad terminal coi-ymb or trichotomous panicle. Petals 4 or 5, about I i lines
long, very nearly valvate. Stamens scarcely longer, the filaments haii'y inside.

Evodia.'] UUTACE^. 59

Carpels 4, wlieii ripe about 2 lines broad. — Boymia glabrifolia, Champ, in
Kew Joiirn. Bot. iii. 330. Megabotrya melicefolia, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii.
259.

Scarce in Hongkong, but abundant on the adjacent coast of China, Champion and others.
I have only seen male specimens in flower, and females in fruit. In the former as in the
male flowers of the allied E. frarinifoUa {Philagonia, Hook.) and E. riitcecarpa {Boymia,
Juss.), the ovaries are abortive, lineai', ending in subulate styles. In the females of the two
latter species the ovaries terminate in a broad peltate stigma, as is probably the case also in
our species. Dr. Hooker has ascertained that all these plants are congeners of Evodia, Forst.

2. E. Lamarckiana, Benth. A tree, glabrous in all its parts and un-
armed. Leaves opposite, petiole 1 to 1^ in. long. Leaflets 3, digitate, ob-
long, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, very gi-adually tapering at the base into short
petiolules. Panicles axillary, oblong, with opposite spreading branches, scarcely
exceeding the petioles, ilowers small, on very short pedicels. Petals 4 or
rarely 3, almost valvate, seldom f line long. Stamens glabrous, twice as long.
Carpels usually 4, when ripe 2 to 2^ lines broad. — Fagara triphylla. Lam.
Diet. i. 447. Xanthoxijluni Mpliyllum, Wight, Ic. t. 204. Z. Lamarckiaimm,
Cham, and Schlecht. in Linnsea, v. 88. X pteleafoUum, Champ, in Kew
Joum. Bot. iii. 330. Lepta triphylla, Lour. PL Cochinch. 82.

Frequent in the island. Champion and others. Also on the continent of S. China, in
Khasia, in the Indian Peninsula, and Ceylon. The E. Hoxhirghiana, common in the Archi-
pelago, and extending from Ceylon to the Philippines, but not yet found in Hongkong, is
very nearly allied, but has much larger and broader panicles, larger flowers, and the ripe
carpels are said to be the size of a field bean.

3. TODDALIA, Juss.

Flowers oi Xantlioxylurn., except that the carpels are united in a single 5-
celled nearly globular ovary, with a broad sessile peltate stigma. Pruit a
globular indehiscent berry. — Shrubs with alternate digitately-compound
leaves.

A genus of very few species, dispersed over tropical Asia or Africa.

1. T. aculeata, Bers. ; W. and Am. Prod. i. 149 ; TFigJit, Illustr. ^.66.
A shrub, with weak or flexuose branches and quite glabrous, usually bearing
rather numerous small recurved prickles on the branches and petioles, but oc-
casionally unarmed or nearly so. Leaflets 3, digjtate, oblong or oval-oblong,
1^ to 3 in. long, acuminate, with a narrow obtuse point, tapering at the base
into a short petiolule, the common petiole about 1 in. long. Plowers small,
in axillary or terminal panicles, shorter or but little longer than the petioles.
Pedicels solitaiy in the female specimens, fascicled or umbellate in the males.
Petals about 1 line long. Stamens longer. Pruit the size of a large pea. —
T. florihunda. Wall. : see Thw. Enum. PL Ceyl. 69.

Rather scarce in Hongkong, Champion ; also Hance and Wright. "Very widely spread
over India and the Archipelago.

4. CYMINOSMA, Gsertn.

Plowers hermaphrodite. Sepals small. Petals 4, narrow, scarcely imbri-
cate. Stamens 8. Ovary raised on a shoii thick torus, entire, 4-celled, with
a single subulate style, and 2 ovules in each cell, one above the otlier. Pruit

60 RUTACE.E. [C^minosma.

a 4-celled nearly globular drupe. — Trees or shrubs, with simple opposite
leaves (or rather solitary leaflets) articulate on the petiole.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.

1. C. pedunculata, DC. Prod. i. 732; Wight, Jllustr. ?f. 65. A small
tree. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 in. long, glabrous, articulate on a petiole
of -^ to 1 in. long. Peduncles axillaiy, usually shorter than the leaves, bear-
ing a small trichotomous panicle or corymb of yellowish-green flowers. Petals
about 3 lines long, recurved when open. Stamens scarcely longer, the fila-
ments pubescent on the edges. Ovary and torus woolly. Style glabrous.
Pruit about 4 lines diameter, usually white. — C. resinosa, DC. I.e.

Common in the island, Champion and others. Frequent in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago.

Order XXX. SIMARUBACE^.

Plowers usually regular, unisexual. Sepals 3, 4, or 5. Petals as many,
valvate or imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted
on a hypogynous disk, the fllaraents usually with a small scale at the base
(but not so in the Hongkong genera). Carpels 2 to 5, raised on the disk or
on a distinct stalk, free or united, with distinct or united styles. Ovules 1 or
2 (very rarely 4 or 5) in each cell or carpel. Pruit various. Seeds usually
solitary in each cell or carpel. Embryo slender, without or rarely with albu-
men.—Trees or shmbs, always more or less bitter. Leaves alternate, without
stipules, usually compound, without the transparent dots of Rutacece.

An Order dispersed over the New and the Old ^Vorld, but, with very few exceptions, con-
fined to the tropics.

Styles distinct. Flowers clustered in long simple racemes 1. Beucea.

Styles united at the top. Flowers in spreading dichotomous cymes ... 2. Picrasma.

1. BRUCE A, Mill.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, without any scale, inserted on a
4-lobed disk, semiabortive in the female flowers. Carpels 4, distinct, with
distinct linear recurved styles, and 1 ovule in each, abortive or rudimentary in
the male flowers. Drupes small. Seed suspended. Embryo straight, in a
thin albumen. — Trees, with pinnate leaves. Flowers very small, in little clus-
ters or cymes, along otherwise simple axillary peduncles.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.

1. B. sumatrana, Roxb. ; Planch, in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 575. A
shrub or tree. Leaves pinnate, 1 to 1^ feet long ; the common petiole as well
as the branches and peduncles covered with a soft close yellowish tomentum.
Leaflets 5 to 11, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 in. long, coarsely toothed,
often oblique at the base, softly pubescent or villous, especially underneath, or ■
rarely nearly glabrous. Plowers very small, purple, in little cymes or clusters
along the common peduncle, forming slender interrupted axillary racemes 6
to 10 in. long in the males, not half so long in the females. Petals minute,
linear. Drupes ovoid, about 3 lines long.

Brucea.'] simarubace.^. 61

On low grounds and roadsides, Champion and others. Common in southern Asia, in
Ceylon, Tavoy, and the Indian Archipelago, extending to North Australia, and northwards
to the Philippines and South China.

2. PICRASMA, Blume.

Sepals 4 or 5, minute in the males, often becoming large in the females.
Petals as many, ovate. Stamens as many, inserted round the thick disk ; the
filaments hairy below, but without any scale. Carpels 3 to 5, raised on the
disk, distinct, with as many styles united upwards, and 1 ovule in each.
Drupes 5, or usually fewer, small,, globular or ovoid. Embryo straight, in
fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers rather small,
in axillary pedunculate dichotomous cymes.

A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia and S. America.

1. P. quassioides, Benn. ; Planch, in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 573. A
shrub of about 3 or 4 ft. Leaves pinnate, with a common petiole of 6 to 8
in., often pubescent. Leaflets 9 to 15, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
1^ to 3 in. long, or rarely more, serrately toothed, glabrous or pubescent on
the principal veins underneath. Flowers greenish, expanding to about 3 lines
in diameter, in pedunculate dichotomous pubescent cymes, much shorter than
the leaves. Petals and stamens 5. Drupes obovoid, or nearly globular, about
3 lines long.

In a ravine of Mount Parker, Wilford. On mountain sides, Wright, also Hance. In the
Himalaya, and probably also in N. China, for the specimens we have of P. ailanthoides
from thence seem scarcely distinct.

The Ailanthus ghmdulosus, Desf., a common tree, planted or wild in S. China as well as
other parts of Asia, has not been received from Hongkong.

Order XXXL CELASTRACE^.

Sepals 4 or 5, small, united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Petals as
many, inserted on the margin of a thick, more or less perigynous disk.
Stamens as many, alternate with the petals, or 3 only, inserted on the margin
of or upon the disk. Ovary more or less immersed in the disk, 2- to 5-celled,
with 2, or rarely 1 or more ovules in each cell, at first erect but becoming
sometimes at length suspended. Styles as many as cells, free or com-
bined into one fruit, free from the calyx, 2- to 5-celled, or rarely 1-celled, in-
dehiscent or opening loculicidally. Seeds usually with albumen. Embryo
straight. Eadicle next the hilura. — Shmbs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves
alternate or opposite, simple and undivided. Flowers small, usually greenish.

A large Order, widely distributed over the wanner and temperate regions of the globe.

Stamens 3, inserted on the disk 1. Hiri'ocuvTEA.

Stamens as many as petals and alternate with them. Petals, stamens,

and ovary-cells, 4 or rarely 5. Leaves opposite 2. Evonymus.

Petals and stamens 5. Ovary-ceBs 2 or 3. Leaves alternate ... 3. Celastrus.

1. HIPPOCRATEA, Linn.

Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 3, inserted on the disk. Anthers 1-celled,
opening transversely. Ovary-cells 3, with 2 to 6 ovules in each. Style

62 CELASTRACE/E, [llippocratea.

single, with 3 stigmas. Fruit of 1 , 2, or 3 large obovate flat carpels opening
longitudinally along the centre of the flat sides in two boat-shaped valves. Seeds
few, erect, flattened, expanded in the lower part into a broad membranous
wing. Albumen none. — Woody climbers or rarely trees. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in axillary, dichotomous or trichotomous cymes or panicles.

A genus dispersed over the New World as well as the Old, within the tropics.

1. H. obtusifolia, Roxb.; W. and Am. Prod. M. Penins. i. 104;
Wight, /c. ^. 963. A woody climber, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves oval-
oblong, elliptical, obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate, 3 to 3 in. long,
entire or slightly serrate, coriaceous, of a pale green. Flowers rather large for
the genus, spreading to about 4 lines diameter, of a yellowish green, in loose
cymes, seldom exceeding the leaves. Petals lanceolate. Ovary-cells with 6
ovules in each. Eipe carpels near 2 in. long, either broadly oblong and entire,
or broader and emarginate at the top.

Frequent in ravines on Victoria Peak, Champion. Widely spread in India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to Silhet. Also in the Philippines.

2. EVONYMUS, Linn.

Sepals, petals, and stamens usually 4, rarely 5. Ovary witb as many cells,
with 2 ovules in each. Style single, short and thick, with an entire or lobed
stigma. Fmit a capsule, with as many angles or lobes as cells, and opening
loculicidally in as many valves. Seeds nearly enclosed in a coloured, usually
scarlet, arillus. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves. Flowers gi'eenish or
purple, in axillary dichotomous or trichotomous cymes.

A genus dispersed over the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and N. America, with a few
more tropical Asiatic species.

Petals, stamens, and ovary-cells 4.

Erect shrub. Flowers 3 to 3i lines diameter. Ovules erect . . . 1. ^. nitidus.

Stem prostrate or climbing. Flowers 5 lines diameter. Ovules pendulous 4. E. hederaceus.
Petals, stamens, and ovary-cells 5.

Leaves nan-ow, 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers 3 lines diameter . . . . 2. E. longifolius.

Leaves oval-elliptical, \\ to 3 in. long. Flowers 5 lines diameter . 8. E. laxiflorus.

1. E. nitidus, BentJi. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 483; Seem. Bot. Her. t.
83. An erect shrub, quite glabrous in all its parts ; the young branches angu-
lar. Leaves ovate, obovate, or oblong, about 2 in. long, quite entire, stiff,
smooth and shining. Flowers greenish, spreading to 3 or 3^ lines in diameter,
few together in axillary cymes, only once or twice branched, and shoj'ter than
the leaves. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule reddish-coloured, 4-celled ; the
lobes scarcely prominent, and rounded at the top. Seeds with a small thin
arillus.

Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.

2. E. longifolius. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 332. An erect shrub,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves stalked, narrow-oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, and
1 to 1|- broad, either quite entire or with a few distant sen-atures, smooth,
and shining, with few veins. Flowers light green, about 3 lines diameter,
few together in paniculate cymes, but little longer than the petioles. Petals
5, slightly crenate or waved on the edge. Stamens 5. Capsule reddish-
coloured, flat at tlie top, with spreading rounded lobes.

EvOJipmiS.'] CELASTRACE^.. 63

Rare iu the Happy Valley woods, Champion ; only seen in a wood-cutter's bundle, 777/-
ford; also Wright. Not found as yet out of the island.

3. !ES. laxifloms. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 333 {tiot of Blime's
distributed Japan plants). A perfectly glabrous erect shrub, with terete
branches. Leaves stalked, oval- elliptical, obtusely acuminate, 1^ to 3 in.
long, quite entire or with a few crenatures, tapering at the base, smooth and
shining, with few veins. Flowers purplish, larger than in the other species,
spreading to about 5 lines diameter, about 7 together in loose cymes rather
shorter than the leaves. Petals 5, crenate, wavy at the edges. Stamens 5.
Ovules erect. Capsule flat at the top, with spreading lobes.

In the Happy Valley woods, but rare. Champion ; on Mounts Parker and Gough, but not
common, Wilford ; also Hance and Harland. Not received from elsewhere.

4. El. hederaceus. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 333. A prostrate or
trailing glabrous shrub, rooting readily, and perhaps sometimes sending up
erect branches ; the young branches angular. Leaves stalked, usually ovate,
acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, and narrowed at the base, but varying to narrow
oval-elliptical or nearly lanceolate, or occasionally very broad and obtuse, all of
a laurel-like consistency, with few veins. Flowers greenish-white, about 5
lines diameter ; few together, in cymes much shorter than the leaves. Petals
4, quite entire. Stamens 4. Ovules pendulous. Capsule about 5 lines
diameter, nearly globular, slightly 4-furrowed, but otherwise entire, 4-celled.
Seeds enveloped in a scarlet arillus.

Abundant in a ravine of Victoria Peak, spreading over the rocks, Champion ; one (tree?)
in the Happy Valley woods, Wilford. Not found as yet out of the island.

3. CELASTRUS, Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk.
Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, usually with
2 ovules in each cell. Style thick and entire. Capsule opening in 2 or 3
valves, 2- or 3-celled, or reduced to a single cell and seed. — Erect or climbing
shrubs. Flowers small, greenish, in small axillary cymes, or the upper ones
forming a terminal panicle.

A genus chiefly Asiatic and African, and there tropical or subtropical, with a few North
American species.

Cymes on very short peduncles. Capsules globular, scarcely 4 lines long 1 . C motwsperma.
Peduncles longer than the petioles. Capsules ovoid, about 6 lines long 2. C. Championi.

1. C. monosperma, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 625. A trailing or climbing
glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long,
with callous serratures round the edge, narrowed into a very short petiole,
coriaceous and much veined, but usually shining. Flowers small, few together,
in little axillary cymes, on a peduncle seldom attaining 3 lines ; the upper ones
often forming a long narrow terminal panicle. Capsule ovoid-globose, scarcely
4 lines long, marked with 3 furrows and opening in 3 valves, but containing
only 1 seed enclosed in an orange- coloured pulpy arillus. — Celastrus Hindsii,
Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 334. Catha momsperma, Benth. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. i. 483.

Traihng over shrubs and trees in different parts of the island, Champion and others. Ex-
tends from S. China to Khasia and Sikkim.

64 CELASTRACE^. [Celasfrus.

2. C. Championi, Benth. in Keio Journ. Bot. iii. 334. A glabrous
climber. Leaves usually broader tlian in the last species, oval or oblong, ob-
tuse or acuminate, the longer ones 4 to 5 in. long, obtusely sen-ate, coriaceous
and shining. Cymes on axillary peduncles longer than in C. monosperma,
usually from ^ to 1 in. Capsule larger and differently shaped, being obovoid,
with 3 prominent angles, and narrowed at the base, full 6 lines long, opening
like the last in 3 valves, and containing a single large oblong seed. — CaiJm
BentJiami, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 310.

On Victoria Peak, trailing over bare rocks, Chamjnoii, common in ravines, Wilford.
Extends to Khasia and Sikkim.

OnDER XXXIL AQUIFOLIACE^.

Flowers regular. Sepals 4 to 6, small, often united at the base. Petals
as many, hypogynous, often united into a 4- to 6-lobed corolla, imbricate in
the bud. Stamens as many, inserted on the base of the petals and alternate
with them, or rarely free and hypogynous, usually short. Anthers 2 -celled,
opening longitudinally. Ovary fleshy, depressed or globular, 2- or several-
celled. Ovrdes usually solitary in each cell and suspended. Stigma sessile,
or nearly so, entii-e or divided. Emit a beny or dmpe, enclosing 2 or more
1-seeded kernels. Embryo small, near the top of a fleshy albumen. — Shrubs
Or trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, without stipules. Flowers
usually small, white, axillary, and often wholly or partly dioecious.

An Order of few genera, but widely distributed over the temperate as weU as the warmer
regions of the globe.

1. ILEX, Linn.

Petals and stamens usually 4, rarely 5 or 6. Ovary 4-celled, with 4 sessile
distinct or united stigmas, and one pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe en-
closing 4 bony kernels or nuts.

A. considerable genus, occupying the geographical area of the Order.

Whole plant glabrous.

Flowers almost sessile, clustered. Petals almost free 1. /. cinerea.

Flowers in nearly sessile umbels or fascicles. Petals united at the base.

Pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long. Corolla deeply divided . . 2. /. (jracilifiora.
Pedicels thick, 1 to 1^ lines long. Berry tipped by a thick

obtuse protuberance 3. /. memecylifolia.

Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. Corolla divided to the middle . . 4. 7. vlridis.

Pedicels filiform, 6 lines long. Corolla divided nearly to the base 5. /. asprella.

Branches and veins of the leaves pubescent or hairy 6. /. piibescens.

1. I. cinerea. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 327. An erect glabrous
shrub, with rather thick branches, angular when young, the bark ashy-grey.
Leaves on very short stalks, oblong, obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate,
attaining 4 in. in length and li or 2 in. m breadth, slightly toothed, very
obtuse or almost cordate at the base, rather thick, but not shining. Plowers
8 to 1 5 together, collected in globular sessile clusters in the axils of the leaves.
Petals 4, almost free. Stamens about the same length. Drupe 4-celled,
about 3 lines diameter, obtuse at the top.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion. Not seen in any other collection. The very
short petiole and broad base of the leaves distinguish this species from all others known to me.

Ilex.'] AQUIFOLIACE^. 65

2. I. graciliflora. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 328. A glabrous tree,
with terete branches. Leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the larger
ones 3 to 3|^ in. long, edged with a few somewhat callous teeth, narrowed into
a petiole of full ^ in., coriaceous and shining. Flowers in axillary fascicles or
almost sessile umbels. Pedicels slender; those of the males 15 to 20 toge-
ther and 3 or 4 lines long, those of the hermaphrodite flowers rather fewer
and shorter. Petals 4, spreading, orbicular, about 1^ lines long, very shortly-
united at the base. Berry pui'ple, globular, the size of a pea, without any
projection at the top.

Commoa in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Not found as yet out of the
island,

8. I. xnemecylifolia. Champ, in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 328. A glabrous
much-branched shrub, with terete branches. Leaves ovate, obovate or rarely
oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1| in. long or in a naiTow-leaved
variety near twice that length, quite entire, acute at the base, on a petiole of
1 or 2 lines, coriaceous, rather shining and scarcely veined. Flowers 3 to 6
together, in axillary fascicles or sessile umbels, on stiff pedicels of 1 to 2 lines.
Petals 4, spreading, white, very shortly united at the base. Berry scarlet, the
size of a pea, tipped with the short thick obtuse persistent style.

Very comraon on the hills. Champion and others, hut not yet gathered out of the island.

4. I. viridis. Champ, in Kew Journ . Bot. iv. 329. A glabrous much-
branched shrub of 2 to 3 feet, of a bright green ; the young branches angular
or striate. Leaves stalked, ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1|^ in.
long, edged with small crenatures, acute at the base, of a thinner consistence
than the preceding species, but smooth and shining. Pedicels axillary, stiff,
the females solitary, 3 to 4 lines long, the males shorter and several toge-
ther. Corolla spreading to about 3 lines diameter ; the petals united to the
middle. Berry purple, globular, 4 to 5 lines diameter, without any protube-
rance at the top.

On the hills, Champion ; also Wright. Not seen in any other collection. This and the
following species appear to be more decidedly dioecious than any of the others.

5. I. asprella, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 329. A glabrous shmb,
nearly allied to the last species, but much more slender. Branches terete.
Leaves stalked, ovate, acuminate, the point often long, edged with small ser-
ratures, acute at the base, thin but shining. Pedicels 1 to 3 together, about
i in. long, and very slender. Petals 4 (or rarely 5 or 6), united at the base
only. Berry small, tipped with the short thick persistent style. — Prinos as-
prella, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 176, t. 36.

Frequent in the island, Chavipion and others. Keceived also from other parts of S.
China.

6. I. pubescens. Hook, and Am. Bot. heech. 177, t. 35. A tall shrub
or small tree, the smaller branches, petioles, and principal veins of the leaves
pubescent or shortly hairy. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse or acuminate, 1 to 2
in. long, entire or slightly toothed. Pedicels 3 or 4 or sometimes more toge-
ther, scarcely above 1 line long, in sessile axillar}^ umbels or fascicles. Flowers
light lilac or white. Petals 5 or 6, united at the base only. Beny scarlet.

Frequent in the island, Champion and others. Received also from other parts of
S. China.

F

66 KHAMNACE.^. [Rhamnace(B.

Order XXXIIT. RHAMNACE^.

Calyx 4- or 5 -cleft, valvate in the bud, lined at the base with the more or
less thickened disk. Petals usually as many, small, ung-uiculate, hood-shaped
at the top or rarely flat, inserted at the base of the lobes of the calyx and
alternating with them, or rarely wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and
opposite to them. Ovary either free upon the disk, or more or less immersed
in it, 2- to 4-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell ; the styles fi-ee or
combined into one. Fruit free or adherent to the enlarged persistent base of
the calyx, indehiscent and entire or separating into two or more indehiscent
1-seeded carpels. Albumen fleshy, usually thin, or sometimes none. Radicle
inferior. Cotyledons flat. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers, often thorny. Leaves
simple, alternate, or rarely opposite. Stipules minute. Flowers small, usually
clustered or paniculate.

A considerable Order, widely spread over most parts of the globe.
Fruit dry, indehiscent.

Fruit hemispherical at the base, expanded into a broad flat top. Leaves

3-nerved 1. Paliurus.

Fruit globular at the base, ending in a flat oblong wing. Leaves pin-

nately nerved 2. Ventilago.

Fruit a berry or drupe.

Ovary half-immersed in the disk, 2-celled. Flowers usually pedicellate,

the clusters axillary or racemose 3. Berchemia.

Ovary surrounded by the disk, 3-celled. Flowers minute sessile, the

clusters paniculate 4. Sageretia.

Ovary free, but shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers pedicellate, the

clusters or umbels all axillary 5. Rhamnus.

1. PALIURUS, Tourn.

Petals and stamens 5. Ovary half-immersed in the disk, 3-celled, with 3
oblong stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, hemispherical and 3-celled at the
base, expanded at the top into a broad flat orbicular or slightly 3-lobed disk,
veiy thin at the edge. Seeds one in each cell, with a fleshy albumen. — Shrubs
or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-neiTed ; the stipules usually persistent and con-
verted into prickles.

A small genus, confined to southern Em'ope and some parts of central and eastern Asia.

1. P. Aubletii, Sclmlt. ; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. Ill . A moderate-
sized tree, the young branches and leaves more or less tomeutose, but soon
becoming glabrous. Stipulary prickles rarely wanting, usually both straight
(not one straight and the other recurved, as in the European species). Leaves
stalked, ovate, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, crenately serrate, with 3 principal veins
very prominent underneath. Flowers in small axillaiy cymes, on very short
peduncles. Calyx tomentose ; the lobes triangular, about 1 line long. Petals
shorter. Fruit slightly tomentose, the flat top obscurely 3-lobed, from 6 to
9 lines diameter.

Cultivated in the island, if not indigenous to it. Champion ; also Hance. A native of South
China and Formosa.

2. VENTILAGO, Gc^rtn.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-celled, ending in
2 short conical styles or stigmas. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, terminating in a long

Ventilago.'] rhamnace^. 67

oblong flat wing, and seated upon or surrounded by the persistent base of the
calyx, its edge usually indicated by a more or less prominent ring. Seed
without albumen. — Tall woody climbers. Leaves alternate, elegantly marked
with transverse veinlets between the principal pinnate veins. Flowers in small
axillary cymes or terminal panicles.

A small genus, coufined to the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. V. leiocarpa, Bentli. in Journ. Soc. Li?m. Lond. v. 77. A glabrous
woody climber. Leaves shortly stalked, fi'om ovate to oblong, acuminate, entire
or slightly waved at the margin, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers small, in small axillary
clusters or cymes, the upper ones rarely forming a short leafless simple panicle,
the pedicels seldom above a line long. Nut 2 or 3 lines diameter, marked
round the middle by a prominent ring indicating the remains of the calyx ;
the terminal wing smooth and shining, 1| to 2 in, long, about 4 lines broad.
— V. 7naderaspatana, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 42 ; not of Gasrtner.
In ravines, Champion and others ; also INIalacca and western tropical Africa.

3. BERCHEMIA, Neck.

Petals and stamens 5. Ovary half-immersed in the disk, 2-celled, with 1
ovule in each cell borne on a long erect funiculus. Fruit a small, ovoid or
oblong, 2-celled berry or drupe, inserted on the persistent but not enlarged
base of the calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen. — Shrubs or woody climb-
ers. Leaves alternate, elegantly marked underneath with parallel veins di-
verging from the midrib, and small, transverse, often indistinct veinlets.
Flowers in small fascicles or cymes, usually forming terminal racemes or
panicles.

A small genus, dispersed over tropical aud subtropical Asia and the warmer parts of Xorth
America.

Flowers pedicellate. Veins of the leaves numerous.

Leaves 1 to 1^ in. long or more. Flower-clusters in racemes,

forming terminal panicles \. B. racemosa.

Leaves seldom above \ in. long. Flower-clusters mostly axillary . 2. B. lineata.
Flowers sessile, axillaiy. Veins of tbe leaves few ^. B. ? sessilijlora.

1. B. racemosa, ^ieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. part I. p. 39. A
woody climber. Leaves on rather long petioles, ovate, somewhat acute, or
rarely obtuse, 1 to 1^ or rarely 2 in. long, white or hoary underneath between
the veins. Flowers 2 or 3 together, in clusters, arranged in racemes of 2 or
3 in., which again form large terminal panicles. Pedicels 1 line, or in fruit
1^ lines long. Calyx-lobes about 1 line. Fruit oblong, but little succulent,
about 4 lines long. — B. lineata, Benth. in Kew Joiu-n. Bot. iv. 42 ; not of DO.

Hongkong, C/iampion and others ; also on the adjacent continent and in Japan. It is
nearly allied to the Himalayan B. muUiflora, but that has larger leaves, smaller flowers in
closer clusters, etc.

2. B. lineata, BO. Prod. ii. 25 ; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. SI. A
half-climbing shrub. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate or orbicular, and
obtuse, much smaller than in the last species, seldom attaining h in. in length,
pale or whitish underneath. Flowers nearly twice as large as in B. racemosa,
2 to 4 together on pedicels of 2 or 3 lines, either in the axils of the leaves or

F 2

68 RHAMNACE^. [BercJiemia.

a few clusters at the ends of the branches above the leaves. Calyx-lobes
about li lines long, narrow-lanceolate or linear. Ben-y ovoid, succulent, about
3 lines long.

Hongkong, Wright. Cornraon in S. China, extending northwards to Amoy and Loochoo,
and apparently the same species in Sikkim.

3. B.? sessiliflora, Benth., n. sp. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, ob-
tuse, about 2 in. long, with fewer and less prominent veins than in most
Berchemias, whitish underneath. Flowers (of which I have only seen the re-
mains round the base of the fmit) in axillary clusters, but closely sessile as
in Sageretia. Berries nearly globular, 3 to 4 lines long, 2-celled as in other
Berchemias.

Hongkong, Wright. I have only seen a single small specimen in fruit, and until the
flowers shall have been verified, the genus cannot be determined with certainty.

4. SAGERETIA, Brongn.

Petals and stamens 5. Ovary surrounded by the disk, 3-celled, with 1
erect ovule in each cell. Style short, with a slightly 3-lobed stigma. Pruit
a berry or drupe, with 3 cells. — Shrabs sometimes half-climbing and often
thorny. Leaves alternate or nearly opposite, coriaceous, usually serrulate,
with pinnate veins prominent underneath. Flowers minute, sessile in clusters
along the branches of small axillary or terminal panicles.

A small genus, distributed over tropical and subtropical Asia and America.

1. S. theesans, Brongn. in Ann. Be. Nat. Par. ser. i. x. 360. A
shrub ?, the side-shoots occasionally converted into or ending in a thorn ; the
branches slender, angular, and slightly tomentose. Lower leaves opposite, the
upper ones alternate, ovate, seiTulate, seldom 1 in. long, shining above and
green and glabrous on both sides, with fine and distant pinnate veins. Lower
racemes simple, 1 to 1^ in. long, the upper ones branching into panicles twice
that length.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Also on the adjoining continent, in Penang,
and in the Philippines.

5. RHAMNUS, Linn.

Petals and stamens 4 or 5 (the former sometimes wanting), inserted at the
top of the cup-shaped or hemispherical tube of the calyx. Ovaiy free, usually
shorter than the calyx-tube, 2- to 4-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell, the
style 2- to 4-cleft. Fruit a drupe, with 2 to 4 1-seeded kernels. Albumen
fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, with pinnate veins.
Flowers small, greenish, pedicellate, in axillary clusters or umbels.

A considerable genus, spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with
a very few tropical species from hilly districts.

1. R. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. hid. i. 604. An erect shrub, more or less
thorny, glabrous, or the young shoots and leaves pubescent. Leaves alternate
or nearly opposite, ovate or oblong, acuminate, 1 to l-|in. long, seiTulate,
contracted into a petiole at the base, of a thin consistence. Flowers on pedi-
cels of 1 to 2 lines, clustered at the base of leafy buds. Petals 4, minute.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, the style divided about halfway.

Mhamnus.] rhamnace^. 69

On Victoria Peak, Champion ; also Wright. Widely spread over the mountainous districts
of India, in the Nilgherries, as well as the Himalaya.

Order XXXIV. TEREBINTHACE^.

Flowers partially or wholly unisexual, or more rarely hermaphrodite. Se-
pals 5, or rarely 3, 4, or 7, more or less united and usually very small. Petals
as many, inserted on the outside or margin of a pengynous or hypogynous
disk, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many. Ovary superior,
1- to 5-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 3 to 5, usually distinct.
Fruit usually a drupe, 1 -celled, with 1 seed, either ascending or pendulous.
Albumen none. Eadicle usually next the hikiin. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.
— Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbers, usually with a resinous, gummy, caus-
tic, or milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually pinnate, sometimes simple, not
dotted, without stipules. Flowers small, paniculate.

A large Order^ widely distributed over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovules solitary {Anacardiece) . 1. Rhus.
Stamens opposite the petals. Ovules 2 in each cell {3Ieliosmece) . . 2. Sabia.

1. RHUS, Linn.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 short styles or stig-
mas. Ovule 1, suspended from an erect filiform funiculus. Drupe small,
oblique, with very little juice or nearly dry. Radicle short, cui-ved against
the edge of the flat cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate in the
Chinese species.

A considerable genus, with nearly the geographical range of the Order, but less abundant
within the tropics than in subtropical and temperate regions.

Leaves, panicles, and drupes quite glabrous 1. ^. succedaneum.

Leaves white-cottony underneath. Panicles and drupes downy . . 2. i2. hypoleuca.

1. R. succedaneum, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 68; Wight, Ic. t. 560.
A tree or tall shrub, quite glabrous in all its parts. Leaves pinnate, the
common petiole slender, not winged, 6 to 8 in. long. Leaflets 11 to 15, ob-
long or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, the point long and acute,
very oblique at the base, green on both sides and shining above. Panicles 2
to 4 in. long, clustered in the axils of the leaves, the males more branched
than the females, the branches spreading. Petals small and soon falling oft'.
Drupes about 4 lines broad, veiy oblique, and quite glabrous. — Connarus ju-
glmidifoUns, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 179.

In the Happy Valley, Cham'pion and others. In S. China, north-east India, and north-
ward to Japan. In one specimen gathered by Wright the leaflets are narrow as in our
Japanese ones ; in the others they are broader, with long points and more transverse veins,
approaching the north Indian U. acuminata, DC, which seems to be a mere variety, with
usually, but not always, fewer leaflets. The venation is somewhat variable, even on the same
specimens.

2. R, h3rpoleuca, Champ, in Kew Jonrn. Bot. iv. 43. A tree. Leaves
pinnate, the common petiole cylindrical, 8 to 10 in. long. Leaflets 11 to 17,
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, 2 to 2i in. long, oblique at the base, with

70 TEREBINTHACE.E. [RhuS.

very short petiolules or almost sessile, glabrous above or scarcely tomentose
on the principal veins, very white underneath, with a short close cotton.
Panicle terminal, pyramidal, about 4 in. long, sessile above the last leaves,
very much branched and downy. Petals white, more conspicuous than in the
last species. Drupes covered with a reddish down.

In woods of the Happy Valley and Mount Gough, but sparingly, Cham'pion, Hance, See-
mann. Fortune, Wilford. Not known out of the island.

There are in Wriglifs collection two specimens, the one with male buds, the other with
an unripe fruit, of a dioecious shrub or tree, apparently allied to Spondias, but quite insuffi-
cient for determination.

The Mango, Mangifera indica, Linn., has been sent in some of the Hongkong collections,
but from cultivated trees, without any indication whether it has established itself in a half-
wild state.

2. SABIA, Colebr.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), united at the base. Petals 5
(rarely 4), opposite the sepals. Stamens of the same number as and opposite
to the petals. Hypogynous disk 5-lobed. Ovary 1-or 2-celled, with 2 super-
posed ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, cylindrical. Drupes containing a
single reniform seed. Eadicle inferior. Cotyledons ovate, incurved. —
Climbers. Plowers axillary, solitary, cymose or paniculate.

A small Asiatic genus, forming, with Meliosma and Phoxanthus, a small tribe, differing
from other Terehmthace^e chiefly in the opposition of the sepals, petals, and stamens.

1. S, limoniacea. Wall.; Hook., and Tlioms.M. Ind. i. 210. A glabrous
climber. Leaves from oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire, coriaceous.
Panicles loosely racemiform or shortly branched, longer or shorter than the
leaves, either leafless or bearing a few small leaves. Petals broadly oval, ob-
tuse. Stamens not longer than the petals. Drupes rounded, flattened. —
Androglossura reticulatum, Benth. in Kew Journ. Pot. iv. 41.

In ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion, Wilford. In eastern India, from Chittagong
to Khasia and Sikkim. By some mistake this plant has been referred by Seemann to the
S. faniculata, Edg., a very different species both in inflorescence and flowers.

Ordee XXXV. CONNARACE^.

Flowers regular. Sepals 5, persistent, ft-ee or united at the base, imbri-
cate or rarely valvate. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 10, hypogynous, usually united in a ring at the base. Ovary of 5
distinct carpels, either all perfect, or 1 perfect and 4 slender abortive ones, or
rarely reduced to 2 or 1 carpel. Styles entire, continuous from the inner
edge of the carpels, with single terminal stigmas. Ovules 2 in each carpel,
collateral and erect. Ripe carpels opening along the inner edge. Seed erect,
solitary, often enclosed in an arillus. Albumen either none or fleshy. Ea-
dicle superior. Cotyledons fleshy w^here there is no albumen, thin in the al-
buminous seeds. — Trees or shrubs, without resinous juices. Leaves alternate,
pinnate, without stipules. Flowers rather small, in panicles or racemes, usu-
ally clustered in the axils of the leaves.

A small Order, almost entirely tropical, common to the New and the Old World.

Rourea.'] connarace^. 71

1. ROUREA, Aubl.

Sepals imbricate. Ovary of 1 perfect carpel and 4 filiform abortive ones,
as long as the perfect one. Capsule sessile, usually curved outwards. Seed
with a coloured arillus, without albumen.

A considerable genus, with, the habit and geographical range of the Order.

Leaflets 3, 5, or rarely 7, each 2 to 3 in. long \. R. santaloides.

Leaflets usually 11 to 17, each seldom above 1 in. long 2. ^. microphylla.

1. R. santaloides, W. and Am. Prod. M. Penins. i. 144. A glabrous
tree. Leaflets 3, 5, or rarely 7, or occasionally reduced to a single one, ovate or
oval-elliptical, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petiolule of 1 or 2 lines, veined
and shining on both sides. Panicles or racemes usually shorter than the leaves,
and clustered in their axils. Flow^ers rather small, white, pedicellate. Cap-
sule sessile, ovoid, rather oblique, 6 to 8 lines long, with numerous curved
longitudinal veins. Seed enveloped in an orange-coloured arillus. — Connarm
RoxbiirgJiii, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 179.

Abundant in ravines, Champion, Hance, and others. Apparently dispersed all over eastern
India, the Archipelago, the Philippines, and S. China, for I cannot find any characters to
distinguish the specimens published by Planchon as species under the names of R. Milletti,
R. commntata, R. cmulata, R. heterophi/Ua, and R. n. 18, or those distributed by Blume as
R.javauica and R. humilis.

2. R. xnicrophylla, Planch, in Linnaa, xxiii. 421. A glabrous tree
or shrub. Leaflets 11 to 17 (or reduced to 9 or 7 on some of the smaller
side branches), ovate or oblong, obtusely acuminate, seldom exceeding an inch
in length, usually very oblique at the base but sometimes nearly straight ; on
very short petiolules, coriaceous, shining above, rather glaucous underneath
when young. Eacemes clustered in the axils of the leaves, 1 to 1|- in. long.
Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Capsules 6 to 8 lines long, narrower
than in R. santaloides, much curved. Seed enveloped in a thin aiillus. —
Connarus microphylla, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 179. Averrhoa sinica,
Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 241.

Abundant in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
known out of S. China.

Order XXXVI. LEGUMINOSiE.

Sepals combined into a single calyx, more or less divided into 5 or fewer
teeth or lobes, rarely entirely distinct. Corolla of 5 or rarely fewer petals,
perigynous or rarely hypogynous, very iiTegular in the fii'st suborder, less so
in the second, small and regular in the third. Stamens twice the number of
petals, rarely fewer, or sometimes indefinite, inserted with the petals. Ovaiy
single (consisting of a single cai-pel), with 1, 2, or more ovules aiTanged
along the inner or upper angle of the cavity. Style simple. Fruit^ a pod,
usually flattish and opening round the margin in 2 valves, but sometimes in-
dehiscent or variously shaped. Seeds with 2 large cotyledons, a short radi-
cle, and (with few exceptions) without albumen.— Herbs, shmbs, trees, or
climbers. Leaves alternate, or in a few genera (not Asiatic) opposite, usually
furnished with stipules, compound or simple (reduced to a single leaflet or to

72

LEGUMINOSiE.

\Leguminosa.

an expanded petiole), the leaflets or simple leaves entii-e or veiy rarely toothed.
Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or spikes, when terminal often becom-
ing leaf-opposed by the growth of a lateral shoot, rarely solitaiy.

The largest natural Order next to Composite, and widely distributed over the whole sur-
face of the globe.

Suborder I. Papilionacese. — Corolla very irregular, the upper 'petal (or standard)
outside in the bud.

Stamens all united or the upper one alone free.
Leaves simple or of 2 or S leaflets.
Pod continuous (not articulate).
Leatiets digitate or solitary.

Stamens completely united in a tube. Pod iuflated . . 1. Crotalaria.
Upper stamen free, at least at the base. Pod tlat , . .21. Eriosema.
Leaflets pinnately arranged, the two lateral inserted below the
terminal one.
Ovary and pod 1 -seeded.

Pod very small, reniform ; the veins much curved . . 2. Medicago.

Pod flat, reticulate 12. Lespedeza.

Ovary and pod 2-seeded 20. Rhynchosia.

Ovary and pod with more than 2 seeds.
Two bracteoles under the calyx.

Standard shorter than the other petals (flower large) . 14. Mucuna.

Keel spiraUy twisted 16. Phaseolus.

Petals regularly papilionaceous.

Upper calyx-lobes large, 3 lower ones very small . 15. Canavalia.
Lobes of the calyx neai'ly equal.

Stems twining. Pod long and Hnear . . . .13. Neustanthus.
Stems decumbent or ascending. Pods short, ob-
long, turgid 22. Pycnospora.

Calyx without bracteoles at the base.

Pod marked with depressed transverse lines between
the seeds.
Erect undershrub. Standard with two callosities . 17. Cajanus.
Stem prostrate or twining. Standard without cal-
losities 19. Atylosia,

Pod without depressed transverse lines. Twiner . . 18. Dunbaria.
Pod ai'ticulate.

Leaflets 2 7. Zornia.

Leaflet 1. Pod scarcely flattened 8. Alysicarpvs.

Leaflets 3 or rarely 1. Pod very flat.
Pod turned back in the calyx.

Calyx small, with subulate teeth 9. Uraria.

Calyx enlarged after flowering, with broad teeth . . .10. Loukea.

Pod straight 11. Desmodium.

Leaves pinnate, of ^ or more leaflets.
Herbs or undershrubs.
Pod not articulate.

Upper stamen free. Anthers tipped by a gland or point . 3. Indigofera.
Stameus monadelphous, at least in the middle. Anthers

obtuse 4. Tephrosia.

Pod articulate 6. ^schynomene.

Herbaceous climbers. Stamens 9. Pod 2-valved . . . .23. Abrus.
Trees or tall woody climbers.

Pods 2-valved. Stamens 10 5. Millettia.

Pod indehiscent.

Anthers small, erect, opening at the top. Flowers small,

cymose 24. Dalbergia.

Leguminosa.'] LEGUMiNOSiE. 73

Anthers versatile, opening lengthwise. Flowers racemose.

Tree. Pods thick, not winged 26. Pongamia.

Woody climbers. Pods thin, with a narrow wing . .25. Derris.
Stamens all free {Sophorece).

Calyx loose, truncate. Leaves simple 27. Bowringia.

Calyx 5 -toothed. Leaves pinnate.

Fruit indehiscent, much contracted between the seeds . . ,28. Sophora.
Pod 2-valved 29. Ormosia.

Suborder II. Csesalpiniese. — Corolla irregular or nearly regular, imbricate in the
bud, the upper petal inside.

Leaves twice pinnate.

Pod very prickly 30. Guilandina.

Pod not prickly 31. C^salpinia.

Leaves once pinnate.

Petals conspicuous, yellow, spreading 32. Cassia,

Petals very small, almost like the sepals 34. Gleditschia.

Leaves 2-lobed or with 2 leaflets 33. Bauhinia.

Suborder III, lYEixnosese. — Corolla regular. Petals small, valvate in the bad.
Leaves twice pinnate.

Stamens 10 35. Leuc^na.

Stamens indefinite.

Stamens free, usually short 36. Acacia.

Stamens monadelphous, usually long.

Pod straight, thin 37. Albizzia.

Pod curved or spiral, often thick and pulpy inside ... 38. Pithecolobium.

SUBORDER I, PAFIIiIONACE^.

Calyx 5 -toothed or -cleft, or 4-toothed by the union of the 2 upper ones,
rarely splitting irregularly. Corolla very irregular, papilionaceous, that is, of
5 petals, the upper one, or standard {yexillum), outside in the bud ; the 2
lateral ones, called wings {ala), intermediate ; the 2 lowest more or less united
along one edge into a single boat-shaped one called the keel {carina). Stamens
usually 10, either all united or diadelphous, when one is usually free, and the
9 others united, or all free.

Tribe I. GENISTEjE.

Leaves simple, or of 3 (rarely 5) digitate leaflets, all inserted at the end
of the petiole. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed. Stamens all united in a
tube.

1. CROTALARIA, Linn.

Calyx 5 -cleft. Standard broad. Wings free, transversely wrinkled above
the claw. Keel with a straight or curved point or beak. Stamens all united
in a sheath, open on the upper side. Anthers alternately ovoid and oblong.
Style suddenly bent in above the ovaiy. Pod inflated. — Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves simple and sessile, or Avith 3 or 5 digitate leaflets at the end of the
petiole. Stipules scarcely conspicuous in the Hongkong species, Eacemes
terminal or leaf-opposed. Pedicels solitary to each bract, with 2 bracteoles
close under or even upon the calyx, Plowers yellow, or rarely bluish or
purplish.

74^ LEGUMINOS^. [Crutalaria.

A large genus, chiefly tropical, with a few extratropical species io North America, South
Africa, or Australia.

Leaves simple, sessile.

Erect perennial of 3 ft. Petals longer than the calyx \. C. retusa.

Annuals or decumbent perennials. Petals shorter or not longer than the calyx.
Calyx covered with long spreading hairs.

Fruiting calyx near 1 inch. Flowers pale yellow. Seed in a loose

raceme , . 2. Ccalycina.

Fruiting calyx 8-9 lines. Flowers blue, in a short dense raceme . 3. C. brevipes.
Calyx slightly hoary or silky with short appressed hairs . . . . 4. C, albida.
Leaves with 3 leaflets. Pod nearly globular 5 . C, ellijptica.

1. C. retusa, Linn.; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Joiirn. Bot. ii. 480; Bot.
Reg. t. 353 ; Bot. Mag. ^.-2561. An erect underslirub of about 3 ft., with few
stiff erect brandies, hoary with a short pubescence. Leaves simple, cuneate-
oblong, li to 3 in. long, very obtuse or retuse, glabrous above, more or less
hoary or silky underneath with short appressed pubescence. Flowers rather
large, yellow, pendulous, in terminal racemes about 6 in. long. Calyx 4 to
6 lines long, slightly pubescent ; the lobes lanceolate, the 3 lower united higher
up than the others. Standard broadly orbicidar, 8 or 9 lines diameter. Pod
sessile, glabrous, 1 to 1^ in. long.

In sandy or grassy places near the sea, Wright. Common in similar localities, as well as
near the great rivers in tropical Asia, and in the maritime provinces of tropical America.

3. C. calycina, ScJiranck ; Benth. I.e. 564. A decumbent or nearly
erect annual, 1 to \\ ft. high, with appressed haii's on the branches and
under side of the leaves. Leaves simple, sessile, from oblong or lanceolate
to linear, 2 to 4 in, long, glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Racemes
terminal, of a few distant pendulous pedicellate floAvers, remarkable for their
large calyx, thickly covered with long spreading rusty haii's, and attaining,
after flowering, near 1 in. in length. Petals pale yellow, shorter than the
calyx. Pod sessile, glabrous, nearly as long as the calyx, with numerous
small seeds.

Hongkong, Hyre, Hance. Common in hot, grassy, and waste places throughout tropical
Asia, extending westward into tropical Africa, and eastward to North Australia.

3. C. brevipes. Champ, in Kew Joimi. Bot. iv. 44. A decumbent or
nearly erect annual, like the last, but with leaves usually naiTOwer, and the
flowei-s blue, rather smaller, in short dense terminal racemes, the calyx seldom
attaining 9 lines in length. In these respects it resembles the C. sessiliflora,
a common species in eastern tropical Asia, and which has been gathered near
Canton, but not yet in Hongkong. This species has, however, still smaller
flowers, the calyx not attaining above 6 lines in length.

On the border of an estuary at East Point, in a sandy soil. Champion. As this plant has
not appeared in any other collection, there is some reason to conjecture that it may be some
accidental variety of the C. sessiliflora.

4. C. albida, Heyne ; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 567. Stock
perennial, often woody, wdth numerous decumbent or ascending branches, fi'om
a few inches to above a foot high ; the whole plant more or less hoary with
closely appressed hairs. Leaves from obovate or cuneate-oblong to linear,
obtuse or with a small point, 6 to 9 lines long or rarely above 1 in. Flowers
rather small, pendulous, in terminal usually one-sided racemes. Upper lobes

Crotalaria .1 LEGUMINOS/E. 75

of the calyx falcate-oblong, much larger than the others, 4 to 5 lines long.
Petals yellow, not exceeding the calyx. Pod sessile, oblong, glabrous, about
half as long again as the calyx. — C. Uiocarpa, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 8.

Common on the slopes of the hills, Champion and others. Widely distributed over the
hilly districts of tropical Asia, from the Nilgherries and Cashmere to Burmah and South
China.

D. C. elliptica, Roxb. ; Benth. I. c. ii. 580. Stem woody at the base,
with stiff but slender straggling branches, 1 to 2 feet high, and usually
pubescent. Leaflets 3, oval-eUiptical, obovate or rarely oblong, the terminal
one often 1 in. long, or even more, the lateral ones usually shorter, glabrous
above, slightly silky-pubescent underneath, the common petiole 6 to 9 lines
long. Eacemes at first terminal, but very soon becoming leaf-opposed, about
1 in. long when in flower, 2 to 3 when in fruit. Plowers small, yellow, the
petals longer, however, than the calyx. Calyx obliquely ovoid -globular, about
3 lines long, closely pubescent.

Hongkong, Hinds and others. Apparently common in South China, extending to Cochin
China, but not known from elsewhere.

Tribe II. TRIFOLIEM

Stem herbaceous, not twining. Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipellse, the
numerous veins of the leaflets extending to the edge, and often projecting
into minute teeth. Eacemes usually axillary. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary
with 2 or more ovules, rarely with a single ovule.

2. MEDICAGO, Linn.

Pod very much curved, usually spii'aUy twisted, or sometimes 1 -seeded and
reniform, and then with very much curved veins.

A considerable genus, the species almost all indigenous to the Mediterranean region.

1. M. lupulina, L'lmi. ; DC. Prod. ii. 172. Stock perennial, with
several decumbent or ascending pubescent stems, 1 to 2 feet long. Stipules
entire. Leaves pubescent, with 3 obovate or obcordate slightly denticulate
leaflets. Flowers very small, yellow, in short dense pedunculate axillary ra-
cemes. Pod very small (scarcely \\ lines long), ovoid-reniform, rather thick,
glabrous or pubescent, marked witli much-curved veins, black when ripe, with
a single seed.

Hongkong, probably introduced with Gram (Cicer), Hance. Common in pastures and
meadows over the greater part of Europe and Asia, but so frequently cultivated that in many
countries it can only be considered as a naturalized plant.

Some other Tnfoliece of the genera Medicago, Tiifolium, and MeHlotus, are common as
indigenous or naturalized pasture plants or w^eds in Asia as well as Em-ope, and may very
probably appear also in Hongkong.

Tribe III. INBIGOFERE^.

A small tribe, almost limited to the genus Indigofera, distuiguished chiefly
by the anthers, tipped with a gland or point, from GaUijerc, with which they
would be united, but that the leaflets are in a few species digitate, as in
Genhiece.

76 LEGUMINOS.^:. [Indigofera.

3. INDIGOFERA, Linn.

Calyx small, broadly and obliquely campanulate, witb 5 teetb or lobes, the
lowest the longest. Standard ovate or orbicular. Keel erect, with long claws,
and a small protuberance or spur on each side, above the claw. Stamens
diadelphous, the sheath slender, and usually persistent after the fall of the
petals. Anthers tipped with a small gland or point. Ovaiy sessile or nearly
so, wdth several ovules. Pod usually slender, cylindi'ical or 4-angled, with
transverse cellular partitions between the seeds, rarely flattened, or when re-
duced to a single seed nearly globular. — Herbs, undershrubs, or slender shrubs,
more or less hoary or sprinkled with appressed hairs, fixed by their centre.
Leaves usually pinnate, vaih opposite or alternate leaflets and a terminal odd
one, sometimes reduced to 3 or 1, and in a few Afi'ican species with 3 or 5
digitate leaflets. Stipules small ; stipellse occur occasionally. Flowers usually
red or pui^ple, in axillary spikes or racemes.

A large genus, widely spread over tropical Asia and America, but still more abundant in
tropical and southern Africa, with a few Australian species.

Prostrate, decumbent, or ascending herbs. Pods straight, closely re-
flexed on the peduncle.

Stem hirsute with spreading hairs 1 . /. hirsuta.

Stem glabrous, much flattened 2. 7. endecaphyUa.

Erect shrubs or undershrubs.

Pods reflected, much curved and crowded. Flowers small . . . 3. 7. Anil.
Pods straight, spreading. Flowers rather large, in loose racemes.

Leaflets much veined^ most of them verj' obtuse .... 4.7 venulosa.

Leaflets slightly veined, most of them acute 5. I. decora.

1. I. hirsuta, Linu. ; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penhis. i. 204. A de-
cumbent or ascending branching annual, 1 to 3 feet high, remarkable in the
genus for the spreading hairs which clothe the branches, petioles, and inflo-
rescence. Leaves pinnate, Avith 3 to 5 pak of opposite leaflets and a terminal
one, aU obovate or oblong, with stiff appressed hairs, the common petiole 2 to
3 in., the leaflets from i to 1 in. long. Racemes dense, shortly stalked, from
1 to 4 in. long. Pods about \ in. long, straight, quadrangular, reflexed on the
peduncle, veiy hirsute, with 5 to 7 seeds. — /. astragalina, DC. Prod. ii. 228.

On the racecourse. Champion; abundant near- the sea, Wilford ; also Wright and Ranee,
Widely dispersed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.

2. I. endecaphyUa, Jacci. ; DC. Prod. ii. 228; Bot. Mag. t. 789.
Stock perennial, sometimes almost woody ; the branches prostrate or ascending,
somewhat hoary, and ahvays more or less flattened, especially in the upper
part. Leaflets from 5 to 11, alternate, fi'om obovate to oblong, or even linear,
from 4 to 6, or even 8 lines long, obtuse, glabrous above, with appressed haii's
underneath, the common petiole about 1 in. long. Plowers small, almost
sessile, in axillaiy racemes about the length of the leaves. Calyx deeply 5-
cleft, w^ith subulate teeth (or lobes). Pods about f in. long, straight, obtusely
quadrangular, reflexed on the peduncle, nearly glabrous, usually wdth 8 to 10
seeds.—/, anceps, Yahl; DC. Prod. ii. 228. /. Kleinii, W. and Arn. Prod. i.
204. /. Schim'periana, Hochst. PI. Schimp. Abyss.

Hongkong, Wright. Occurs in various parts of tropical and southern Africa, and in the
Indian Peninsula, probably therefore introduced into Hongkong.

Indigofei'a.l leguminos.t:. 77

3. I. Anil, Linn. ; DC. Prod. ii. 225. A shrub or erect undershrub, 3
to 5 feet high, more or less hoary with appressed hairs. Leaflets in the more
luxuriant specimens often 8 or 9 pair, besides the terminal one, and full an
inch long, in drier situations often only 2 to 4 pair, and not above 6 lines
long, all opposite, from obovate to oblong, glabrous or nearly so on the upper
side, hoary with appressed hairs underneath. Flowers scarcely above 2 lines
long, in short dense almost sessile racemes, on very short recurved pedicels.
Calyx campanulate, with short broad teeth. Pods about \ in. long, usually
densely packed and much incurved, slightly tetragonous, with 6 to 10 seeds.

Oa roadsides and in other waste places, Hance and others. The species is supposed to be
of American origin, but is now so generally cultivated for indigo in America, Africa, and
Asia, and spreads so readily as a weed, that it is impossible to tix its native country with any
certainty. The I. tinctoria, which is rather more generally cultivated in Asia, differs chiefly
in the looser racemes, with longer and more slender pods, always straight.

4. I. venulosa. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 44. An erect glabrous
undershiaib, 1 to 1^ feet high, the stems usually but little branched. Leaflets
opposite, 2 to 6 pair, besides the terminal one, ovate or orbicular, the terminal
one often 1 in. long, the others shorter, all veiy obtuse, or sometimes slightly
mucronate, green on both sides, the network of smaller veins very prominent,
quite glabrous, or with a few appressed hairs underneath. Eacemes somewhat
shorter than the leaves ; the peduncle slender, bearing flowers only in the up-
per half. Pedicels \\ lines long. Plowers showy, of a reddish-lilac, about 7
lines long, the petals slightly pubescent. Calyx-teeth short. Pod straight,
glabrous, with several seeds.

Victoria Peak, Champion, also Wright ; found also on Silver Island hj Fortime, n. 43, but
not out of S. China. It is, however, nearly allied to the North Chinese /. macrostachja,
as well as to the following, I. decora, but may be distinguished fi'om the former by its gla-
brous surface, ft-om the latter by the smaller leaflets and flowers, from both by the prominent
veins of the leaflets.

5. I. decora, Lindl. in Jonrn. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 68; and Bot. Reg. 1846,
^.22. An erect shrub or undershrub, 1 to 2 or even 3 feet high, and nearly
glabrous. Leaflets opposite, 3 to 6 pair besides the terminal one, from oval
to oblong- elliptical, the largest from 1|- to 2 in. long, usually acute or scarcely
obtuse, glaucous, and slightly hairy underneath, the smaller veins scarcely
conspicuous. Kacemes shorter than the leaves, like those of /. venulosa, but
the flowers themselves are larger and more showy.

East Point, Hongkong, from Col. Eyres drawings. I have not, however, seen Hongkong
specimens, but describe it from those gathered near Amoy by Fortune, and from garden spe-
cimens. It was also gathered in Japan by Wright.

Tribe IV. GALEGEM

Herbs, not twining, or shrubs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate,
often stipellate. Racemes axillary or terminal. Stamens monadelphous or
diadelphous, the anthers obtuse. Ovaiy with 2 or more ovules. Pod open-
ing in 2 valves.

4. TEPHROSIA, Pers.

Calyx 5 -toothed. Standard broad, as long as or longer than the obtuse
keel. Upper stamen free at the very base, but adhering to the sheath of the

78 LEGUMiNos^. [Tephrosia.

others in the middle. Style curved, glabrous, excepting sometimes a tuft of
hairs on the terminal stigma. Pod linear, compressed, 2-valved, without par-
titions between the seeds. — Herbs, midershrubs, or rarely shrubs. JiCaves
pinnate, with several pairs of opposite leaflets, and a terminal odd one, very
rarely reduced to a single leaflet ; the veins of the leaflets numerous, parallel,
and oblique. Kacemes terminal, leaf-opposed or in the upper axils, often
leafy at the base. Flowers 2 to 6 together at each bract.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical regions of the globe.

1. T. purpurea, Peis. ; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 213. Stock
perennial or sometimes woody, with slender but stiff decumbent ascending or
even erect stems, 1 to 2 feet high, with spreading branches ; J;he younger shoots
often silky -hoary, becoming at length nearly glabrous. Leaflets in several
rather distant pairs, cuneate-oblong or linear, about ^ in. long. Eacemes
terminal or leaf-opposed, the lower ones often veiy short, the upper ones 6 in.
or more, with distant fascicles of 3 or 4 pinkish flowers, each about 4 lines
long ; the broad standard scarcely exceeding the fine subulate calyx-teeth.
Pod rather more than 1 in. long, glabrous or nearly so, with 6 to 8 seeds.

East Point, Champion. Common all over tropical Asia.

5. MILLETTIA, W. and Arn.

Calyx campanulate, truncate, or with very short teeth. Standard broad,
without the inflected appendages above the claw of Wisteria and aUied genera.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary suiTOunded by a small cup-shaped disk, shortly
stalked ; style glabrous, with a terminal stigma. Pod thick, coriaceous, or
almost woody, usually flattened, opening when quite ripe in two valves. — Trees
or more fi-equently tall woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, with opposite leaflets
and a terminal odd one, usually stipellate. Eacemes usually simple, in the up-
per axils, forming a terminal panicle. Flowers 2 or more together, in fascicles
or on short common peduncles.

A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.

Leaflets about 5. Standard purple, 1 in. long, silky-tomentose outside. 1. M. nitida.
Leaflets 9 to 13. Standard white or yellowish, near 1 in. long, glabrous 2. M. speciosa.
Leaflets 5 or 7. . Standard, not ^ in. long, glabrous '6. M. Championi.

1. M. nitida, Benih. in Hook. Loud. Joum. Bot. i. 484. A tall woody
climber, the younger shoots covered with a close rusty tomentum, becoming
at length glabrous. Leaflets usually 5, shortly petiolulate, ovate or oval-
oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, coriaceous, glabrous,
and shining, the common petiole 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers large, pui-ple, in
dense terminal panicles. Calyx rusty-tomentose. Standard an inch long,
elegantly veined and silky-tomentose outside. Keel long and incurved. Pod
villous, 3 to 4 in. long, and 6 to 8 lines broad at the seeds, nalTo^^ed between
them. — Marqiiartia tomeniosa, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 35, t. 1, 2 ?

Very common from the level of the sea to the summit of Victoria Peak, Champion and
others"; also on the adjacent continent, but not known out of China.

2. M. speciosa. Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. iv. 73. A tall woody
climber, the younger branches, petioles, and panicles covered with a dense white
tomentum, the older branches glabrous. Leaflets 9 to 13, usually 11, oblong,

Millettia.'] leguminos/E. 79

obtuse, or scarcely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long-, smooth and shining aljove,
slightly veined and sprinkled with a few hairs underneath. Flowers rather
large, white, intermixed with a primrose-yellow, in racemes of 3 to 6 in. lono-
in the upper axils, flowering from near the base. Pedicels 3 to 4 lines lono-.
Calyx silky-toraentose, with short broad obtuse teeth. Standard near an inch
in diameter, rather thick, glabrous or slightly mealy outside. Keel curved,
but obtuse, scarcely so long. Pod tomentose, with thick coriaceous valves.
Seeds orbicular, flattened.

Common on Victoria Peak with 31. nitida, but not elsewhere, Champio)i ; also Hmice
and Wright. Not known out of S. China.

3. M. Championi, Benth. in Ketc Journ. Bot. iv. 74. A tall Avoody
climber, like the two last, but more slender and entirely glabrous, except a
very slight pubescence on the panicles and young shoots. Leaflets 5 or 7,
ovate or oblong, obtusely acuminate, usually about 2 in., but varying from 1
to 3 in. long, thinner than in the two last, and the veins much more conspi-
cuous. Hacemes in the upper axils 1 to 2 in. long, flowering from the base ;
the upper ones forming a terminal panicle. Elowers white, about half the size
of the two last species ; the standard marked with a green spot at the base, and
all the petals quite glabrous. Disk round the ovary very short, sometimes
scarcely perceptible. Ovary and young fruit stalked, quite glabrous, with
about 6 ovules : the ripe pod has not yet been observed.

Trailing over rocks on Mount Gough and in the Happy Valley woods, Chamjdon ; also
Wright. Not received from else\^here.

Tribe V. HEBYSAREJE.
Herbs, or very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves various. Pod separating
transversely into one-seeded articles, usually indehiscent, or sometimes re-
duced to a single one-seeded indehiscent reticulate article. An artificially
distinguished group, having the foliage and other characters sometimes of the
Lotece, sometimes of the GalecjecB, or of the PhaseolecB.

6. JESCHYNOMENE, Linn.

Calyx 5 -cleft or 2-lipped. Petals nearly equal, the standard broad, the
keel often beaked or pointed. Stamens all united in a sheath open on the
upper side, or divided into 2 equal parcels. Pod stalked, linear, flattened, con-
sisting of several articles and tipped by the short style. — Plerbs or slender
shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with several pair of leaflets usually alternate, and a
terminal odd one. Eacemes axillary, simple or branched, rarely terminal.

A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a very few species from tropical Asia and
Africa.

1. lEf indica, Linn.; TF. and Am. Prod.Fl. Penins. i. 219; Wujlit,Ic.
t. 405. A slender decumbent or ascending annual, branching at the base,
glabrous or slightly rough with a short pubescence. Stipules small, brG\\ n,
produced at the base below their insertion. Leaflets numerous, usually 20 to
30 pair and an odd one, small, linear-oblong. Eacemes few-flowered, often
with a small leaf at their base. Flowers yellow, about 4 lines long. Calyx
2-lipped, the upper lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, the lower 3-lobed. Staminal
sheath cleft above and below, dividing the stamens into two equal parcels.
Pod narrow, with several articles.

80 LEGUMINOS^. \^8chynomene.

East Point, Champion. Common in tropical Asia, extending also into tropical Africa.
The Hongkong specimens are rather stouter than usual, but the flowers are precisely those
of ^. indica, not half so large as those of y^. aspera, the other common Indian species.

7. ZORNIA, Gmel.

Calyx 2-lipped, usually small and membranous. Petals nearly equal, the
standard broad, the keel almost beaked. Stamens monadelphous in a dosed tube.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Pod linear, flattened, consisting of several articles,
often muricate. — Herl3s, usually glandular-dotted. Leaves with 2 or 4 digi-
tate leaflets, without stipellae. Stipides usually half-sagittate. Eacemes or
loose spikes terminal ; the flowers yellow, usually sessile and solitaiy between
2 bracts, which are like the stipules, but much larger and concealing the calyx.

A genus of several American and two or three Afi-icau species, with one widely spread
over the whole world within the tropics.

1. Z. diphylla, Fers. Syn. PI. ii. 318. A low herb, sometimes an-
nual, sometimes forming a thick root-stock of several years' duration ; the
branches decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, fi-om 6 inches to 1 or 2 feet
long. Leaflets 2 only at the end of the petiole, varying from ovate and only
2 or 3 lines long in the lower leaves, to lanceolate or linear, fi'om i to 1 in.
long in the upper ones. Plowers in the common Asiatic varieties 3 to 3^
lines long, almost enclosed in the narrow-ovate bracts, which like the stipules
are produced into a short auricle below their insertion, and are often, as well
as the leaflets, marked with a few pellucid glandular dots. Pod longer or
shorter than the bracts, of 3 to 6 articles, usually muricate with hooked or
pubescent prickles.

East Point, Champion ; also Eance and Wright. A very common species in S. America,
where it is exceedingly variable ; abundant also but less variable in many parts of tropical
Africa, Asia, and Australia. Some of the Chinese specimens are almost without pellucid
dots, as in the generality of the W. Indian specimens ; but others have several on the bracts
and occasionally a few on the leaves also ; they con-espond to the varieties € vulgaris im-
punctata and C vulgaris punctata of my enumeration of varieties in Mart. Fl. Bras. Leg.
p. 80 to 83.

8. ALYSICARPUS, Neck.

Calyx narrow, acute at the base, deeply 4- or 5 -cleft ; the segments dry and
stiff. Petals naiTOw, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Stamens diadelphous, the
upper ones free from the base. Pods sessile, scarcely compressed, consisting
of several indehiscent 1-seeded articles. — Herbs. Stipules and bracts palea-
ceous or scarious. Leaves simple (reduced to 1 leaflet). Racemes terminal
or leaf-opposed. Plowers 2 together.

A rather small genus, chiefly S. Asiatic, a few species extending into tropical Africa, or

occasionally natm-alized in tropical America.

Calyx-lobes narrow-subulate. Pod slightly wrinkled and not con-
tracted between the seeds 1. J. vaginalis.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, glumaceous. Pod smooth, slightly contracted

betw^eeu the seeds 2. J. buplevrifolius.

1. A. vaginalis, DC. Frod. ii. 353. A perennial, tufted or much
branched at the base ; the stems decumbent or ascending, from a few inches to
a foot long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves on short slender petioles,

Alysicarjjus.l leguminos.e. 81

the lower ones cordate, orbicular, or oval, not 6 lines long ; the upper ones
from o.val-oblong to lanceolate-linear, and often 9 lines long or more, all ol)-
tuse. Eacemes slender, terminal, or at length leaf-opposed, from ^ to 1 m.
long. Calyx about 2 lines long, 5 -cleft; the lobes very naiTOw, with a su-
bulate or almost hair-like point. Petals scarcely longer. Pod 6 to 9 lines
long, slightly compressed, obscm-ely wi'inkled, the separation of the articles
marked by transverse raised lines, but without any contraction. — A. nummu-
laricpfolius, DC. 1. c.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Common in grassy and Avaste places in India and the Ar-
chipelago.

2. A. buplevrifolius, DC. Prod. ii. 352. A glabrous perennial, re-
sembling the last, but usually more erect and taller, although sometimes short
and decumbent. Leaves mostly oblong-linear, and nearly sessile, the longest
often i or 2 in. or even more in length ; the lower ones broader and shorter,
sometimes ovate. Racemes slender, often 6 in. long ; the flowers in distant
pairs, larger than in A. vaginalis. Calyx 3 to 3^ lines long ; the lobes lanceo-
late, glumaceous, and overlapping each other. Petals scarcely so long. Pod
sometimes scarcely exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long, the articles
quite smooth and separated by distinct although often very slight contractions.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in the plains of India and in the Archipelago.

9. URARIA, Desv.

Calyx shortly and broadly campanulate, with 5 subulate lobes or teeth ; the
2 upper ones often more or less united. Petals naiTOW, the standard obovate.
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one free from the base. Ovules several. Pod
stipitate, often bent back upon the calyx, consisting of 2 to 6 flattened joints,
separated by veiy naiTOw contractions, and folded on each other. — Perennials
or undershrubs. Leaflets 1, 3, or more, opposite in pairs, with a terminal
odd one, with stipellse. Stipules lanceolate, dry, striate. Eacemes terminal,
usually dense. Pedicels in pairs.

A genus of several S. Asiatic species, a few of which extend into tropical Africa or into
Australia.

1. U. crinita, Besv.; DC. Trod. ii. 324. Perennial woody stem or
stock usually very short. Plowering stems decumbent or ascending, from 6
in. to 2 or 3 feet high, the whole plant pubescent, with minute hooked hairs.
Leaflets usually 3 or 5, oblong, and often 4 to 6 in. long, or sometimes re-
duced to one, which is then shorter and more ovate. Stipides broadly lanceo-
late, striate, with long points. Eacemes nearly sessile, cylindrical, and veiy
dense, short at first, but attaining at length in some Chinese specimens 1 to
1^ feet, and very hairy. Lower bracts ovate, lanceolate, and persistent ; up-
per ones lanceolate, projecting beyond the flowers in a terminal tuft, but falling
oft' after the flowers expand. Standard about 4i lines long. Pod usually
pubescent, of 3 or 4 small articles.— Z7. comom, DC. I.e. U. macrostachja,
WaU. PL As. Ear. ii. t. 110.

Common near the Albany barracks, Champion ; also Hance. Frequent in the Indian Ai--
chipelago ; extends to eastern India and to Ceylon.

82 • LEGUMiNos.E. [Lout'ea.

10. LOUHEA, Neck.

Calyx broadly campaniilate, enlarged and membranous after flowering, with
5 ovate-lanceolate shortly pointed lobes. Petals narrow. Stamens diadel-
phous. Pod straight, consisting of two or more distinct articles folded upon
each other as in Uraria. — Herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of some IJes-
modiums. Leaves with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers small, in terminal racemes
or panicles.

A small gCQUS, limited to tropical Asia, and chiefly fouud in the Malayan Peninsula and
Archipelago.

I. L. obcordata, Desv.; DC. Prod. ii. 324. Stems slender, prostrate,
usually shortly hairy, 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaflets usually 3, the terminal one
broadly obovate, orbicular, or reniform, 6 to 9 lines broad, truncate or emar-
ginate at the top, with 3 to 5 lateral veins branching from each side of the
midrib, the lateral ones ovate or obovate and smaller, sprinkled with a few
small hail's. Racemes mostly terminal, slender, 2 to 6 in. long, or shorter
and paniculate. Plowers small, shortly pedicellate. Calyx at first not above
1 line long and hairy, but after flowering attaining 3 lines, and completely en-
closing the pod.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Frequent in the Indian Archipelago, extending to
Burmah, the Philippines, and northwards to Amoy.

11. DESMODIUM, DC.

Calyx campanulate, with 4 acuminate teeth or lobes ; the upper one 2-
toothed or 2-cleft, or rarely equally 5 -cleft. Petals naiTow, the standard obo-
vate, the Avings usually adhering laterally to the keel, which has often on each
side at the point of adhesion a small oblique membranous appendage. Stamens
either monadelphous, w^ith the sheath open on the upper side, or the upper
stamen more or less free. Ovary sessile or stipitate, with 2 or more ovules
(except in one Indian species). Style glabrous, with a minute terminal
stigma. Pod consisting of 2 or more flat articles, usually reticulate. — Herbs,
shrubs, or trees. Leaves with 1 or 3 leaflets. Plowers usually small, in ter-
minal or leaf-opposed racemes or panicles, or rarely in axillary clusters.

A very large genus, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old
"World, with a few species in extratropical N. America, S. Africa, or Australia. It may be
readily divided into 14 or 15 well-marked sections, which have been proposed by myself or
others as distinct genera, but on a general review it appears more convenient to retain them
all under one common generic name.

Calyx narrow and acute at the base. Keel usually without lateral ap-
pendages.
Leaflet 1, the petiole winged. Keel beaked. Ovules several. Flowers

racemose, with small bracts \. D. iriquetrum.

Leaflets 3, the petiole not winged. Keel obtuse. Ovules 3. Flowers
in dense clusters, sessile on the branches of a large panicle, with
a large bifoliolate leafy bract to each cluster.
Leaves very softly \airy, whitish underneath. Pod of 3 silky-hairy

articles 2. D. elegans.

Leaves slightly hairy above, softly hairy underneath. Pod of 2

glabrous articles, ciliate on the edge 3. D. pdchellum.

Desmodium.] LEGUMiNos^. 83

Calyx obtuse at the base. Keel obtuse, usually with a small oblique
appendage on each side. ^
Pedicels or racemes filiform and leaf-opposed.

Pedicels 2 or 3 together, filiform and 1 -flowered 4. 2). trijlorum.

Raceme slender, with 3 to 6 distant filiform pedicels 5, D.parvifolium.

Racemes terminal.
Leaflets 3.

Racemes dense. Pods erect 6. L. poh/carpo)7.

Racemes long and slender 7. D.reticalatum.

Leaflet 1, broad. Racemes long and slender 8. B.gatujeticum.

1. D. triquetrum, DC Prod. ii. 326. An erect perennial or nnder-
shrub, about 2 ft. high, nearly glabrous. Leaves consisting of a single leaflet,
varying from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 2 to 4 in. long ; the petiole
flattened or winged, obovate or cuneate, with 2 stipella3 under the leaflet.
Stipules lanceolate, striate. Racemes terminal, simple or branched, with nu-
merous small shortly pedicellate flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3. Bracts nearly
subulate. Keel beaked. Pod sessile, flat, of several almost square articles,
both edges of the pod continuous, or the lower edge very slightly indented
between the seeds. — Pterolonia triquetrum, Desv.; Benth. in PL Jungh. i. 220.
JDesm. acrocarpum, Hance in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 473.

Victoria Peak, Champion ; also Hance and Wright. Frequent in India and the Archipe-
lago. It varies much in the size and shape of the leaflet and petiole, as well as in the pod
either glabrous or uearly so, or sprinkled or edged with long hairs or thickly silky-hairy all
over.

2. D. elegans, Benth. A branching perennial or undershrub. Stems
villous. Leaflets 3, ovate obtuse ; the terminal one about 3 or 4 in. long, the
lateral ones smaller, all villous above and very softly silky-villous and whitish
underneath, the common petiole not dilated. Plowers small, in dense umbels
or heads, sessile along the branches of a terminal leafy panicle, and almost
enclosed in a 2-foliolate leaf-like bract at the base of each umbel, each leaflet
broadly ovate or orbicular, |^ to | in. long and very oblique at the base. Pod
usually of 3 flat, nearly orbicular, small articles, very silky-villous, both edges
of the pod, especially the lower one, indented between the articles. — Bicerma
elegans, DC. Prod. ii. 339. Phyllodiiim elegans, Desv. ; Benth. in PL
Jungh. 217.

Common in low grounds. Champion ; also Wright. Only known hitherto fjom Java and
from S. China, aud perhaps from Cochin China.

3. D. pulchellum, Bentli. A branching perennial or undershrub, like
the last in foliage, inflorescence, and flowers, except that the leaves are only
slightly pubescent on the upper surface, and softly pubescent not villous un-
derneath, and the pod has almost universally only 2 articles, glabrous or
nearly so on the faces, and slightly cdiate at the edges only. — Dlcerma pnlchd-
lum, DC. Prod. ii. 339 ; Wight, Ic. t. 418. PhyUodlum jndcheUuni, Desv. ;
Benth. in PL Jungh. 217.

East Point, Champion, also collected in the island by Hance, Seemann, and Wright.
Widely spread over India from Ceylon and the PeninsiUa to the Archipi'lago, and northwards
to the Himalayas, S. China, and the Philippines.

4. D. triflorum, BC. Prod. ii. 334; JrigJit, Ic. t. 291, 292. Stems
slender, much-branched, prostrate or creeping, often not above a lew inches

G 2 .

84 LEGUMiNOS.^. [Besm odium.

long and sometimes spreading to 1 or 2 ft. in length. Leaflets 3, broadly
obcordate or obovate, 3 to 4 or rarely 6 lines lojig and broad, glabrous or
sprinkled with silky hairs. Flowers pink, scarcely 2 lines long, on slender
pedicels of 2 to 6 or 8 lines, usually 2 together opposite the leaves. Pod
sessile, 4 to 7 lines long, slightly curved, pubescent or glabrous, the upper
edge continuous, the lower slightly indented, consisting of 3 to 6 nearly
square articles which sometimes separate, but more frequently remain at-
tached and open along the outer edge to shed their seed.

Hongkong, Wriglit. Common in waste and grassy places in tropical Asia and Africa,
and naturalized in several parts of tropical America.

5. D. parvifolium, DC. Trod. ii. 334. A very much-branched, slender,
procumbent perennial, slightly haiiy or pubescent, and often forming spread-
ing tufts of more than 2 ft. diameter. Leaflets 3, obovate or elliptical, usually
smaller and more crowded than in B. trijtorum, but sometimes near \ in. long.
Racemes leaf-opposed or terminal, filiform, bearing 3 to 6 small pnik flowers
on long filiform pedicels, distant fi-om each other along the common peduncle.
Pod like that of D. trijiorum, or usually more deeply indented. .

Hongkong, Harland. Common in the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, the Philippines, and S. China
to Amoy.

6. D. po^ycarpum, DC; IV. and Am. Trod. i. 227 ; Wicjlit, Ic. t.
406. An erect, decumbent or ascending perennial or undershmb, 1 to 2,
3, or more feet high, more or less pubescent with appressed hairs. Leaflets 3,
the terminal one obovate or elliptical, ly to 2 in. long, the lateral ones
usually smaller. Pacemes terminal, dense, 1 to near 3 in. long, often several
together, forming a short terminal panicle. Bracts lanceolate, imbricate be-
fore the flowers expand, but soon falling off. Plowers pui-ple, crowded, 3 or
4 lines long. Pods crowded, erect, hairy, or glabrous, about ^ to f in. long,
consisting of about 4 to 6 articles, which often open at their matm-ity ; the
upper edge continuous, the lower one indented between the articles. — D.
nervosum, Vog. PI. Meyen. 28.

Common thi'oughout the island, Chawpion and others. Extends over the whole of India,
the Archipelago, and the Pacific islands.

7. D. reticulatuiR, Clump, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 46. Apparently an
erect perennial or undershrub, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs sprinkled
on the Ijranches and under side of the leaves. Leaflets 3, oval-elliptical or
oblong, obtuse at both ends, the terminal one about an inch long, the lateral
ones smaller, all very glabrous above, pale or glaucous underneath ; the veins
very conspicuous on both sides, especially underneath. Eaceme slender, ter-
minal, about 6 in. long, the flowers small, in distant pairs. Bracts lanceolate,
longer than the buds, but not imbricate. Standard about 3 lines long, rather
broad. Keel obtuse. Pod (seen only imperfect) composed of several naiTOW
articles, one edge straight, the other indented between the articles.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright ; S. China, Parkes. A Japanese specimen in the late Dr.
Zuccarini's herbarium may also he the same, and if so it may prove to be one of Thunberg's
old species. It is allied to, but quite distinct from, the Indian B. concinnum.

8. D. gangeticum, BC. Trod. ii. 327 ; WigU, Ic. t. 271. An erect
lierb or undershrub, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, usually with a few appressed

Desmodium.] leguminos.e. 85

hail's on the stems and under side of the leaflets. Leaflets always single at
the end of the petiole, broadly ovate, or the lower ones orbicular, and the upper
sometimes ovate-lanceolate, from 2 to 5 in. long. Stipules lanceolate-subu-
late. Racemes long, terminal, slender, simple or slightly branched. Bracts
subulate. Flowers small, in distant fascicles of 2 to 6. Standard scarcely 2
lines long. Pod narrow, about ^ in. long, slightly pubescent with minute
hooked adhesive hairs, and consisting usually of 4 to 6 small indehiscent ar-
ticles ; the upper edge continuous or nearly so, the lower one deeply indented
between the articles.

Hongkong, Haiice. Common in India from the Peninsula and the Himalayas to the Archi-
pelago, extending northward to the Philippines and S. China.

12. LESPEDEZA, Eich.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or -lobed or the 2 upper teeth united into 1.
Standard obovate or oblong. Keel obtuse or beaked, without lateral appen-
dages. Stamens diadelphous, the upper ones free from the base. Ovary
sessile or stipitate, with a single ovule. Style usually pubescent, with a small
terminal stigma. Pod flat, ovate or orbicular, reticulate, indehiscent, con-
taining a single seed. — Herbs or undershrubs. Leaflets usually 3. Flowers
in axillary racemes, often contracted into dense fascicles ; the lower fascicles
in many species often mixed with numerous minute apetalous flowers, pro-
ducing nevertheless perfect pods.

A considerable genus, distributed over central and eastern Asia and North America, only
found within the tropics in mountainous districts.
Flowers in axillaiy fascicles. Calyx-lobes subulate. Keel obtuse . . . \. L. cuneata.

Flowers solitary. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Keel obtuse 2. X. striata.

Flowers in loose axillary racemes. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Keel acute . 3. Z. viator km.

1. L. cuneata, G.Don; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot.iw^l. Hoot-stock
thick and woody ; stems several, decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, stifl:',
and but little branched, 1 to 2 or 4 ft. long, hoary when young, at length
glabrous. Leaves usually crowded, the leaflets linear-cuneate, 2 to 6 lines
long, glabrous above, more or less hoary or silky underneath, the common
petiole seldom above a line long. Flowers piuk-pui-jDle, in dense axillary
clusters ; those in the upper axils nearly all complete, about 3 lines long, the
keel curved but obtuse ; those of the lower clusters mostly apetalous, with
imperfect stamens. Pod sessile, nearly orbicidar, slightly acute, scarcely 1 line
diameter.

On the side of a hill on the estuary, East Point, but rare in the island, Champion. Common
in the Himalaya, extending eastward to S. China, Amoy, Loochoo, and Japan.

2. L. Striata, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 262. A small dift'use branch-
ing herb, often not above a few inches long, and rarely attaining a loot, with
an apparently perennial root-stock and wiiy branches. Leaflets cuneate-
oblong, very obtuse, seldom above 3 or 4 lines long, glabrous or with a few
appressed hairs on the ribs. Stipides ovate, longer than the very short petiole.
Flowers small, solitary or 2 or 3 together, on short pedicels, in tlie axils of
the leaves. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, the length of the tube. Pod nearly
orbicular, about 1 line diameter.

Hongkong, Ilarland, Hance. Found also on the adjacent continent, in Boniu, and
Japan.

86 LEGUMiNos.E. [Lespedeza.

3. Ii. viatorum. Champ, in Kew Jonrn. Bot. iv. 47. An erect perennial
or undershrub, apparently 1 or 2 ft. high, glabrous, or hoary with appressed
hairs on the branches and under side of the leaves. Leaflets obovate, very
obtuse, 1 to 1^ in. long, or even more, with numerous parallel veins diverging
from the midrib. Piacemes axillary, either 1 to 2 in. long and rather dense,
or longer and looser. Flowers 4 to 4^ lines long, on short pedicels. Calyx-
lobes lanceolate and acute. Standard obovate. Keel fully as long, shortly
acuminate. Pod stalked, ovate, acute, 4 lines long, minutely, pubescent.

Common about Little Hongkong, Champion. On the slope at the back of Victoria Peak,
Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent, as far north as Araoy.

Tribe YI. PHASEOLEM.

Stems usually herbaceous, twining or prostrate ; the leaves with 3 leaflets,
2 opposite ones inserted below the terminal one, or with 1 terminal one, and
almost always stipellate, very rarely trees with pinnately trifoliolate leaves,
or herbaceous twiners with pinnate leaves. Inflorescence usually axillaiy.
Stamens diadelphous, with the upper stamen quite free at the very base,
although sometimes united with the others in the middle. Pod 2-valved.

13. NEXJSTANTHUS, Benth.

Calyx campanulate, 4-tootlied, the upper tooth notched or bifid. Standard
obovate-orbicular, with inflexed auricles above the short claw. Keel incuiTcd
or beaked. Upper stamen free at the veiy base, united with the others in the
middle. Ovary sessile, Avith several ovules. Style filiform, glabrous, with a
terminal stigma. Pod linear, nearly cylindrical when ripe. — Twining herbs.
Leaflets 3, with stipellce. Eacemes axillary, elongated. Plowers shortly pedi-
cellate, nodding, arising 2 or more together from gland-like nodes. Bracts
very deciduous. Bracteoles persistent.

A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.

Plant hairy. Stipules sessile. Flowers scarcely 4 lines long, the

flowering nodes distant 1. "N. phaseoloides.

Plant glabrous or slightly pubescent* Stipules peltate. Flowers 6

lines long, in dense 1-sidcd racemes 2. iV. chinensis.

1. N. phaseoloides, Benth. in PI. Jaugh. i. 235, and in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 48. A herbaceous twiner, more or less clothed in every part with
rusty hairs, often whitish on the under side of the leaflets. Stipules ovate-
lanceolate, striate, not peltate. Leaflets broad, the terminal one 2 to 3 in.
long, and usually rhomboid, the lateral ones oblique and rather smaller, all
varying from obtuse to acuminate, entire or broadly 3-lobed. Plowers about
4 lines long, on rather distant nodes, on the upper half of peduncles of 4 to 6 in.
Calyx hairy, the upper teeth scarcely so long as the tube, the lowest one long
and subulate. Keel shortly beaked. Pod at least 2 in. long, about 1^ lines
broad, hairy, with 8 to 10 small transversely oblong seeds. — Dolichos phaseo-
loides, Koxb. PI. Ind. iii. 316.

Hongkong, Champion. Extends from the Malayan Peninsula to Silhet, Sikkim, and
S. China.

2. N. chmensis, Benth., n. sp. A tall twiner, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent on the stem, inflorescence, and under side of the leaves. Leaflets .3,

Neustaiithus^i leguminos.I':. ^7

broad, 3 to 4 in. long, the terminal one rhomboid, the lateral ones oblique,
all entire. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, produced below their insertion. Stipelhe
subulate. Peduncle 6 in. long or more, bearing above the middle a dense
one-sided raceme. Flowers 2 or 3 together at each node, full 6 lines long.
Calyx-teeth or -lobes all rather longer than the tube, the lowest the longest
and acute. Standard orbicular, wings naiTow, keel broader, scarcely beaked.
Ripe pod unknown.

Hongkong, IlarJand. Not received from elsewhere. It is a handsome species, coming
nearest to the N. peduncnlaris, Benth., from Ncpaul, but has hirger flowers and ditt"erently
shaped petals, besides other minor characters.

14. MUCUNA, Adans."

Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed. Standard shorter than the other petals.
Keel as long or longer than the wings, curved, and usually tipped with a
cartilaginous beak. Upper stamen free from the base. Style liliform, with
a small terminal beak. Pod thick, ovate-oblong or elongated, usually covered
with stinging hau's. Seeds with an oblong or a long linear hilum. — Twiners
or tall clmibers. Leaflets 3, the stipellse subulate or sometimes wanting.
Eacemes on long axillary peduncles. Flowers large, pedicellate, arising from
gland-like nodes.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America.

Leaves silky underneath. Racemes short. • Flowers 1^ in. long . . 1. M. Championi.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Racemes long. Howers 3 in. long . 2. M. macrobotrys.

1. M. Championi, Bentli. in Keio Jonrn. Boi. iv. 49. A tall climber,
woody at the base ; the young shoots and under side of the full-grown leaves
clothed with rust-colom-ed silky hairs. Leaflets about 3 in. long, the terminal
one broadly ovate, the lateral ones very oblique, all shortly and obtusely
acuminate. Racemes seldom above 4 in. long, including the peduncle, simple,
or with 1 or 2 branches. Pedicels solitary, or 2 or 3 together on each node,
6 to 10 lines long. Flowers purple. Calyx 3 lines long, hairy inside and
out. Standard about 1 in. long, wings 1^ in. ; keel rather long, with a hard
incurved point. Pod about 4-seeded, 6 to 7 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous
when ripe, but reticulate, with numerous oblique raised wings, besides a lon-
gitudinal wing on each side of each suture.

On rocks and trees above the Buddhist Temple, at East Point, Champion. Not known
from elsewhere.

2. M. macrobotrya, Hance in JFalp. Ann. ii. 422. A tall climber, like
the last, but quite glabrous, except a few small hairs sprinkled on the under
side of the leaves. Leaflets oval-oblong, near 5 in. long, the lateral ones
very oblique. Racemes long, loose, and pendulous, on very long peduncles.
Flowers usually 2 together, pedicellate, dark puiiDle, about 3 in. long. Calyx-
tube near 6 lines, and the lowest tooth but little shorter, sprinkled with a few
hairs. Standard \\ in., wings 1\ in., keel 3 in. long, with a hard beak.
Pod (which I have not myself seen), 5 in. long, If in. broad, 2- or 3-seeded,
hispid, and obliquely winged or plaited, as in the last species.

Near the Buddhist Temple, and perhaps introduced, nance. Not seen from elsewhere.
The flowering specimens are like those of M. macrocarpa, Wall., from Himalaya, but the
pod as described by Hance is quite different.

88 LEGUMINOS^. [Canavalia.

15. CANAVALIA, DC.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, the 2 upper lobes united in a large entire or
2-lobed upper lip, tlie 3 lower teeth vei-y small, free or united into one. Stan-
dard large and broad. Wings and keel rather shorter, ciuTed or sometimes
slightly twisted. Upper stamen free at the very base, united with the others
in the middle. Style filiform or slightly thickened in the upper part with a
terminal stigma. Pod oblong or linear, usually large, flattened or rarely turgid,
with a prominent wing or rib on each side of the upper sutm-e. Seeds with
a long linear hilum. — Trailing or twining herbs. Leaflets 3, with small sti-
pellse. Stipules usually very small. Peduncles axillary, bearing in the upper
part a few 1- to 3-flowered nodes. Flowers rather large, pui-ple, pink, or
white.

A genus not numerous in species, but widely dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia,
Africa, and America.

1. C. gladiata, DC. Prod. ii. 401 ; Wigid, Ic. t. 753. A large her-
baceous twiner, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaflets usually broadly
ovate, 3 to 5 in. long, the lateral ones veiy oblique. Peduncles about 6 in.
long or more, flowering only above the middle. Plowers shortly pedicellate,
pui-plish-red, pendulous, about an inch long. Calyx-tube 4 to 5 lines, the
upper lip scarcely shorter, with 2 broadly orbicular lobes, lower lip scarcely
\\ lines long, with 2 short lateral lobes. Standard broad, turned back on the
calyx. Keel curved, but obtuse. Pod generally H to 2 in. broad, but vary-
ing in length from 4 in. to near a foot, according to the variety.

Hongkong, climbing over trees and shrubs, Hance, Seemann, Wright. Widely dispersed
over tropical Asia, Africa, and America, but some varieties are fr-equently cultivated, and the
specimens received as wild may often have been naturalized only. There may be some con-
fusion also between the wild variety known as C. virosa, or Bolichos virosus, Roxb., said to
have very poisonous seeds, and those cultivated under the names of C. gladiata, DC, and
C. ensiformis, DC. The materials and notes we possess do not as yet enable us fully to clear
up their history and synonymy.

16. PHASEOLUS, Linn.

Calyx campanulate or nearly tubular, 5 -toothed or -lobed, rarely 4 -toothed
by the union of the 2 upper ones. Standard orbicular, recurved or sometimes
slightly twisted. Keel produced at the top into a long spirally twisted beak.
Upper stamen free from the base. Style thickened and cartilaginous in the
upper part, usually bearded longitudinally under the stigma, which is more or
less oblique or lateral. Pod linear, and nearly cylindrical, or more or less
flattened and falcate, with several seeds. — Herbs, either dwarf or prostrate, or
more frequently twining. Leaflets 3, rarely reduced to one, stipeUate. Pe-
duncles axillary, bearing in their upper part several 2- or 3-flowered nodes.
Corollas glabrous, white, yellowish, red, or puiple.

A large genus, widely dispersed gver the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and more espe-
cially America. Several species from very long cultivation have established races, the wild
origin of which it is now difficult to trace.

1. P. minimus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 291. A rather slender twiner, gla-
brous or sparingly hairy. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 to 3 in.

Fhaseoliis.] leguminos^. 89

long. Stipules lanceolate, striate, produced below their insertion. Peduncles
longer than the petioles, with very few flowering nodes at the summit. Flowers
nearly sessile, 4 to 5 lines long. Calyx campanulate, the 4 upper teeth verv
short and broad, the lower one lanceolate, but not so long as the tube. Stan-
dard orbicular. Keel with a long lateral spur on one side only. Pod slender,
nearly cylindrical, scarcely 2 in. long, with 5 to 8 transversely oblong seeds.
Hilum linear.

Hongkong, Cham'pion, Hance, Harland. Originally described by Roxburgh, from speci-
mens raised from Chinese seeds, and not known from elsewhere. It differs from the com-
mon Indian P. calcaratus, chiefly in its narrow leaflets and glabrous surface.

17. CAJANUS, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed or lobed, the upper lobe 3-toothed. Standard
orbicular, with inflexed auricles at the base, and 2 callosities inside, above the
claw. Wings and keel nearly of the same length. Upper stamen free from
the base. Ovary with several (more than 2) ovules. Style thickened above
the middle. Pod flattened, mark'ed with oblique indented lines between the
seeds. Strophiola of the seeds very small or none. — Eacemes axillary. Brac-
teoles none.

The genus, as thus limited, consists but of one species, but with the two following, which
may be considered almost as sections of it, it forms a group resembling Uhynchosia and its
allies in habit, in the absence of bracteoles and stipellee, and other minor points, but readily
distinguished by the ovules always more than 2.

1. C. indicus, Spreng.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins.'i. 256. An
erect undershrub of 2 or 3 feet, more or less covered with a short soft tomen-
tum. Leaflets 3, broadly lanceolate or oblong, acute, 1|- to 3 in. long. Stipules
lanceolate, deciduous. Peduncles axillaiy. bearing at the summit a short ra-
ceme of flowers, either entirely yellow, or with the standard veined outside
with purple. Pedicels about 6 lines long. Pod 2 or 3 in. long, with an in-
curved point, more or less glandular and hairy. — C. bicolor, DC. ; Bot. Reg.
1845, t. 31.

Hongkong, Hance and others, but probably introduced. The species appears to be of
African origin, but is generally cultivated for its seed, the dhal of East Indians, in tropical
Asia, Africa, and some parts of America, and appears readily to establish itself in cultivated
and waste places.

18. DUNBARIA, W. and Arn.

Elowers and other characters of Cajmius, except that the pod is either not
indented between the seeds, or slightly marked with transverse depressions. —
Herbs, usually twining. Leaflets 3, without stipellae. Racemes axillary, often
reduced to axillary fascicles.

A genus of several species, aU from tropical Asia.

1. D. conspersa, Benth. in PI. JimgJi. i. 241. A slender twining herb,
hoary all over, with a minute tomentum, scarcely becoming glabrous when old,
and more or less sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaflets broadly rhoniboidal,
seldom 1 in. long, entire, or the terminal one sinuate, or broadly and shortly
3-lobed. Plowers 2 together, or sometimes solitary in the axils of the leaves,
on short pedicels. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-falcate, the upper and lower ones

90 LEGUM1N0S.E. [Bunbaria.

long-er than the tube. Pod nearly straight, pointed, gUibrous or slightly to-
mentose, 6- to 8 -seeded.

Hongkong, Harland, Ha, tee. Received also from Java, from Burmah, and from Silhet.

19. ATYLOSIA, AY. and Am.

Elowers and other characters of Cajanus and Bunbaria, except that there
are no callosities on the inside of the standard, the pod is marked with trans-
verse depressed lines between the seeds, and the strophiola of the latter is very
conspicuous. — Twining or rarely erect herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of
Dunharia or Cajanus.

A genus of about a dozen tropical xlsiatic species.

1. A. scarabseoides, Benth. in PL Jmigh. i. 243. A prostrate or twi-
ning herb, much branched, and often extending to several feet, softly tomen-
tose in all its parts. Leaflets 3, obovate or elliptical, obtuse, about 1 in. long,
3-nerved, wrinkled and soft. Peduncles short, axillary, bearing 1 to 5 flowers
about 5 lines long. Lobes of the calyx naiTow^ falcate, rather longer than the
tube, and nearly as long as the petals. Ovides in the ovary 6 to 8. Pod
oblong, about f to 1 in. long, softly tomentose and hairy, containing usnally
3 to 5 seeds, and marked between them by deep transverse lines and furrow^s.

Abundant near the seacoast, Wilford; also Wright. Common in India, from Ceylon and
the Peninsida to the Archipehago, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Phi-
lippines.

20. KHYNCHOSIA, Lorn-.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, or by the union of the 2 upper ones 4-lobed.
Standard orbicular, usually wdth inflexed auricles at the base, but wdthout cal-
losities. Wings and keel nearly of the same length. Upper stamen free from
the base. Ovary sessile or nearly so, with 2 or very rarely 1 ovule. Style
glabrous, usually thickened above the middle. Pod flattened, oblique or fal-
cate. Seeds 2 (rarely 1), round or slightly reniform, with a short or oblong
hilum parallel to tlie upper edge of the pod. — Herbs or undershrubs, usually
twining or prostrate, and more or less sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaflets
3, or rarely reduced to 1, usually wdthout stipellae. Peduncles axillary, race-
mose or rarely 1-flow^ered. Flowers usually yellow, or with a pm-ple standard,
pedicellate, w^ithout bracteoles.

A large genus, chietly S. Asiatic and African, with a few American and Australian
species.

1. R, volubilis, Lour. ; BC. Prod. ii. 385. A slender herbaceous twiner,
more or less softly villous or pubescent. Leaflets 3, oval-rhomboid, the ter-
minal one broad, 1^-2 in. long, the lateral ones oblique and usually smaller,
all obtuse and 3-nerved. Eacemes usually shorter than the leaves, and some-
times shorter than the petiole. Pedicels solitary or 2 together, 1 to 2 lines long.
Plow^ers yellow, small. Calyx-lobes with subulate points. Petals glabrous, the
keel narrow, ending in a narrow erect beak. Pod 6 or 7 lines long, 4 lines
broad, slightly contracted between the two seeds.

Common in the island, climbing over shrubs and trees, Champion ; also Wright. Received
also from the adjacent continent, from Chusau and from Java.

Urlosema.] leguminos.e. 9X

21. ERIOSEMA, DC.

Calyx carajjaniilate, 5-lobed. Standard from broadly obovate to oblono-
usually with iuflexed auricles at the base, and without callosities, or rarely
with 2 oblic^uely transverse callosities inside. Upjoer stamen free from the
base. Ovary sessile, with 2 ovules. Style glabrous, usually slightly thickened
above the middle. Pod flattened, obliquely orbicular or broadly oblong. Seeds
2 (or 1), oblong, obliquely transverse ; the funiculus attached at one end of the
long linear hilnm. — Herbs or undershrubs, erect, prostrate, or sometimes
twining, the resinous dots less conspicuous than in Rhjncliosia. Leaflets 3
or 1, without sti|:>ell8e. Inflorescence and flowers nearly of RJujncJwsia , but
the standard more frequently villous outside.

A considerable geaus, most of the species dispersed over tropical America and tropical and
southern Africa, with a single Asiatic one.

1. E. chinense, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 31. Rhizome a perennial oblong tuber.
Stems erect, i to 1 foot high, branching at the base only, more or less hirsute
with long rufous hairs, intermixed with a short pubescence. Leaves simple
(leaflets solitary), nearly sessile, from oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 2 in. long,
with a few long hairs sprinkled on the upper surface and the veins of the
lower one, otherwise glabrous above, hoary or glaucous underneath. Peduncles
axiUary, 2 to 3 lines long, 1- or 2- rarely 3-fiowered. Petals yellow?, about
4 lines long, the standard obovate, with transverse callosities inside. Pod 4 to
6 lines long, 3 to 4 lines broad, covered with long rusty hairs. — Pyrrhotri-
cJiia iuherosa, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 238.

Victoria Peak, Champion and others. Frequent in the hilly districts of northern India,
also in Ceylon, Burmah, S. China, the Philippines, and tropical Australia.

22. PYCNOSPORA, Br.

Calyx small, campanulate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe bifid. Petals nearly equal
in length, the standard broad, the wangs coliering to the keel. Upper stamen
free from the base. Ovary with several ovules. Pod turgid, tranversely veined,
with several seeds.

A genus of a single species, with the habit, fohage, and nearly the flowers of a JDesmodium,
and the pod nearly of a Crotalaria.

1. P. hedysaroides, -i^. Br. ; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 197. —
Stock perennial, with several decumbent or ascending branched stems, 1 to 2
ft. long, and pubescent or haiiy. Leaves nearly those of Desmodium concin-
niim. Leaflets 3, obovate or obovate-oblong, the terminal one in some si)eci-
mens scarcely \ in., in others above 1 in. long, the lateral ones usually smaller.
Plowers very small, in short terminal slender racemens. Pod 3 to 4 lines long,
oblong, turgid, slightly pubescent, marked with very fine transverse veins.
Seeds 6 or 8, smaU, reniform. — P. nervosa, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i.
197.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Also in Ceylon, the Peninsula of Iiulia, Burmah, SiUict,
S. China, the Philippines, and tropical Australia.

23. ABRUS, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, truncate or shortly and broadly -1- oi- 5-toothed. Stan-
dard ovate, adhering at the base to the staminal tube. Keel-petals united from

92 LEGUMINOS.E. [A!jrus.

the base. Stamens 9, united in a sheath open above (the 10th upper one quite
deficient). Ovary with several ovules. Style short, curved. Pod oblong or
linear, flat, opening in 2 valves. Seeds several, with cellular partitions be-
tween them. Stems usually climbing or twining, woody at the base. Leaves
pinnate, of several pairs of leaflets, without any terminal one, the petiole end-
ing in a short point. Eacemes terminal or apparently axillary, the flowers in
fascicles arising from thickened nodes.

A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of both the New aud the Old World.
It is ill some measure intermediate between the tribes Viciece, Phaseolea, and Balbergiece.

1. A. precatorius^ Linn.; W. and Am. Trod. 'Ft. Pen'ins. i. 236. — A
perennial climber or twiner, often woody at the base, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent. Leaflets in 7 to 10 pair, oblong-elliptical or rarely obovate, usually
about I in. long. Racemes with 1 or 2 leaves, or at least a leafless pair of sti-
pules below the flowers, the flowering part 1 in. or rather more in length, the
nodes rather crowded. Flowers pink or rarely white or purple, 5 to 6 lines
long. Pod sessile, 1 to H in. long, 6 to 7 lines broad, almost squared at the
top and at the base, and attached by the inner angle, glabrous or scaly out-
side. Seeds usually black with a large scarlet spot, sometimes brown with a
darker spot, or white and unspotted.

Hongkong, Hance. Very common in India and the Archipelago, extending into tropical
aud southern Africa, and frequent also, but perhaps natm-alized in several parts of South
America.

Tribe YII. BALBERGIEM.

Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, of 5 or more, or very
rarely 3 or 1 leaflets. Stamens all or most of them united. Pod indehiscent.

Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed. Wings free, the keel-petals united in the
upper pair only. Stamens 10 or 9, all united in a sheath open on the upper
side, or into two equal parcels. • Anthers small, erect, the cells opening at the
top. Ovary stalked, with 1 or few ovides. Pod oblong or linear, thin, flat,
and indehiscent, often wrinkled or thickened about the seed. Seeds 1 or rarely
2 to 4, large, thin, and flat in the centre of the pod^ — Trees or wood\ climbers.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets alternate, with a terminal odd one. Plowers small,
in dichotomous cymes or irregular panicles.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America.

Leaflets 25 or more. Claws of the petals very short 1. D. Milletti.

Leailets under 12. Claws of the petals ahnost as long as the calyx.
Leaflets 5 or 7, ovate, obtuse, about 1 in. long.

Calyx tonientose. Pod straight 2. Z). rubiginosa.

Calyx nearly glabrous. Pod falcate, thick, 1 in. long . . . . 4. D. monospenna.
Leaflets 9 or 11, oblong, 6 to 9 lines long. Calyx pubescent . . . 3. Z>. Hancei.

1. D. Milletti, Bentli. in Joiirn. Linn. Soc. iv. Sajjpl. 34. A woody
climber, glabrous, except a minute pubescence on the inflorescence and petioles.
Leaflets 25 to 35, linear-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 6 lines long. Flowers scarcely
2 lines long, sessile, in axillary cymes much shorter than the leaves. Calyx-
teeth all obtuse. Petals on very short claws, the standard almost sessile.

DalhergiaP^ leguminos^. 93

Stamens 10 or sometimes 9. Ovules 3. Pod usually 1 -seeded, 1| to 2 in.
long, 7 to 8 lines broad, hardened and wrinkled in the centre about the seed.
— D. polyphylla, Benth. PL Jungh. i. 256 (in part) ; Seem. Bot. Her. 375.
Frequent in Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Also S. China, Millett.

2. D. rubiginosa, Roxh. PL Corom. ii. 9, t. 115. A woody climber.
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, coriaceous,
glabrous or minutely pubescent underneath. Flowers about 3 lines long, in
short axillary panicles, the pedicels about 1 line long. Calyx covered with a
rusty down, the teeth obtuse and nearly equal. Claws of the petals about as
long as the calyx. Stamens 9. Ovary glabrous with 2 or 3 ovides. Style
subulate. Ripe pod unknown to me.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance, Wright, Wilfurd. Also in the Indian Peninsula, but not
known as yet from any intermediate station.

3. D. Hanceiy Benth. in Jouni. Linn. Soc. iv. 8uppl. 44. A woody
climber. Leaflets 9 or 11, narrovv-oblong, obtuse, 6 to 9 lines long, the
young ones hairy underneath, at length glabrous. Flowers about 3 lines long,
in short dense axillary panicles, the racemes composing it enclosed, when
young, in concave imbricate scales, and more or less pubescent. Pedicels
scarcely \ line long. Calyx broad, with very short broad obtuse teeth. Pe-
tals on long claws. Ovary glabrous. Pod usually 1-seeded, 1^ in. long, 4
lines broad, narrowed below into a long stalk, scarcely hardened round the
seed.

Hongkong, Hance, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.

4. D. monosperma. Bah.; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 48.
A woody climber. Leaflets 5, obovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, rather
firm, 1 in. long or rather less, glabrous or minutely pubescent underneath.
Flowers 3 to 4 lines long, in short axillary racemes, or few-branched cymes,
the pedicels scarcely ^ line long. Calyx broad, with very shoi*t broad obtuse
teeth. Petals on long claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary glabrous,
with 2 ovules. Pod shortly stalked, falcate or semicircular, 1 in. long by 6
in. broad in the middle, rather thick, smooth, 1-seeded.

Hongkong, Hance. In the Indian and Malayan PeninsiJas, in Silhet, S. China, and the
Philippines.

25. DEHmS, Lour.

Calyx campanulate, truncate, or very shortly 4- or 5-toothed. Wings slightly
adhering to the keel-petals, which scarcely cohere to each other at the top.
Upper stamen free at the base, but usually cohering with the others in the
middle. Anthers versatile. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod flat, varying
from nearly orbicular to linear, thin or thick, the upper or both edges marked
with a narrow wing. Seeds 1 or more, flat. — Woody climbers, or very rarely
trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets opposite, with a terminal odd one, without
stipellse. Eacemes simple, with the pedicels clustered 2 or more together,
or irregularly branched into panicles. Flowers violet-purple or white, never
yellow.

A considerable genus, chiefly dispersed over tropical Asia, with a very few tropical Anuri-
can species.

94 LEGUMiNOSiE. [Derris.

Leaflets 13 to 19. Ovules 2. (Pod oblong, acute at both ends.) . . 1. D. chinensis.
Leaflets 3, 5, or 7. Ovules 6 to 8. Pod obliquely oval or orbicular . 2. D. uliginosa.

1. D. chinensis, Bentli. in Journ. Linyi. Soc. iv. Siqypl. 104. Probably
a tree. Leaflets 13 to 19, oblong or elliptical, obtuse or scarcely acute, about
1 in. long, silky-pubescent when young, at length glabrous and thin. Flowers
4 or 5 lines long, clustered 2 to 4 together at the nodes of axiUary simple
racemes rather shorter than the leaves. Pedicels about 1 line long. Ovules 2.

S. China, Hance. These specimens are in flower only, but fruiting specimens gathered
by Wright in Oosiraa Island appear to belong to the same species. In them the pod is
rather more than 1 in. long, about 6 lines broad in the middle, narrowed to a point at both
ends, 1 -seeded, with a very narrow wing along the upper edge.

2. D. uliginosa, var. ^ Loureui, Bentli. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl.
107. A woody climber, glabrous in aU its parts. Leaflets in the Hongkong
variety usually 3, in otliers 5 or 7, oval-oblong, shortly and obtusely acumi-
nate, 1^ to 2 in. long. Racemes axillary or lateral, simple, from 2 or 3 to
about 6 in. long, the pedicels in rather distant clusters about 1 line long.
Plowers about 4 lines long. Ovules about 4, or in some varieties 6 to 8, aU
in the low^er part of the cavity of the ovarium. Pod very flat and thin, 1 to
\\ in. long, very obtuse at both ends so as to become nearer square than
round, but very oblique, and sometimes as broad as long, but in some varieties
considerably narrower. Seeds 1 or 2. — Derris trifoUata, Lour. PL Cochinch.
433.

Hongkong, Wright. I have the same variety from Cochin China and from Malacca. It
passes however gradually into the common form, with 5 or 7 leaflets and 6 to 8 ovules,
which is spread all over India, extending westward to eastern Africa, eastward over the
Indian Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to S. China and Loochoo.

The D. scamlens, Benth. {Balberyia scandeus, Roxb.), another common Indian species
has been received from the neighbourhood of Canton, but not from Hongkong.

26. PONG-AMIA, Vent.

Plowers of Derris. Pod oblong, flattened, but thick and hard, indehiscent,
1 -seeded, with obtuse edges, not winged. Seed thick, reniform, mth a small
hilum.

A genus of a single species, scarcely distinct from Loiichocarpus.

1. P. glabra. Vent.; Bentli. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 115. A
tree, either glabrous in all its parts or with a slight pubescence on the smaller
branches. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 5 or 7, opposite with a terminal odd
one, ovate, broadly elliptical or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, about
3 in. long, on petiolules 3 to 4 lines long, or sometimes considerably longer.
Flowers 6 or 7 lines long, in loose axillary racemes of 3 to 5 inches. Pedicels
usually 2 together, from 2 to 4 lines long. Calyx tmncate. Ovaiy haiiy,
with 2 ovides. Pod usually 1-| to 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, sessile or nearly so.

Hongkong, Wright. Throughout southern India, on the coast, and in the plains to the
foot of the hiUs, extending over the Indian Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to
S, China and Loochoo.

Tribe Vlll. SOPHORE^.
Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnate, of 5

Sophoreoi?^ leguminos.e. 95

or more, very rarely 3 or 1, leaflets. Stamens all free. Pod continuous (not
articulate), indeliiscent or 2-valved.

27. BOWBINGIA, Champ.

Calyx membranaceous, loosely cup-shaped, truncate and minutely 5 -toothed.
Standard broad. Keel-petals rather larger than the Aving-s and scarcely co-
hering at the outer edge. Stamens 10, free. Ovary stalked, with several
ovules. Pod turgid, ovoid or nearly globular, pointed. Seeds strophiolate.
Radical straight.

The genus consists but of a single specifiS*^— ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

1. B. callicarpa^^/^r/???;;. in Kew Jovrn. Bot. iv. 753A woodv climber,
glabrous in all its parts!^T5l?tes^impTeTo?T'?i!TO^m!rS^ a single leaHet,
ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petiole of i to 1 in.,
without stipellse. Stipides minute and deciduous. Racemes very short and
axillary, of 2 to 5 white flowers, on pedicels of about 3 lines. Calyx al)out
\\ lines long, usually turned back on the pedicel as the flowering advances.
Keel-petals nearly \ in. long, the others rather shorter. Pod about 1 in. long,
of a coriaceous consistence. Seed scarlet.

Abundant in ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion and others. Not known as yet out of
the island.

28. SOPHORA, Linn.

Calyx carapanulate, shortly 5 -toothed. Standard rather broad. Keel-petals
equal to, or rather longer than the others, scarcely cohering on the outer edge.
Stamens free. Ovary shortly stalked, with several ovules. Style glabrous,
with a minute terminal stigma. Pod cylindrical or slightly compressed, fleshy
or hard and woody, contracted between the seeds, and usually indehiscent.
Radicle curved. — Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Leaves pinnate, the
leaflets usually opposite, with a terminal odd one. Racemes simple, terminal,
or several forming a terminal panicle.

A genus not very numerous in species, but widely scattered over tropical and temperate
A&ia, and tropical and subtropical America.

1. S. japonica, Linn. ; DC. Prod. ii. 95. A handsome tree, glabrous
in all its parts. Leaflets 11 to 15, ovate, oblong or almost lanceolate, 1 to 2
in. long, membranaceous, glaucous underneath. Flowers white and pale yel-
low, full \ in. long, in large terminal panicles. Calyx narrowed at the base,
the teeth obtuse. Pod succulent, contracted between the seeds so as to appear
to be composed of 4 to 6 oblong articles, each about \ in. long.

Hongkong, Hance. Believed to be a native of Japan or China, or both, but so frequently
planted that we have no authentic records of its truly indigenous state.

29. ORMOSIA, Jacks.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, or the two upper lobes often united into one.
Standard broad. Keel-petals not longer, free. Stamens free, often very un-
equal, and one sometimes without any anther. Ovary sessile or nearly so,
with 2 or few ovules. Style roUed inwards at the top, with a lateral stigma.
Pod flattened, 2- to 4-seeded, opening in 2 tliickly coriaceous or almost woody

96 LEGUMINOS.E. [Ormosia.

valves. Seeds shining, scarlet, or scarlet and black, rarely brown-red, the
radicle very short. — Trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets usnally opposite, with
a terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal panicles, or rarely in simple racemes,
in the upper axils.

A gen.us of several species, distributed over the hilly districts of tropical Asia and tro-
pical America.

Whole plant glabrous I- 0. emarginata.

Under side of leaves, panicles, and pods woolly or cottony .... 2. O.pachycarpa.

1. O. emarginata, BentJi. in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 77. A tree, glabrous
in all its parts. Leaflets 3 or 5, obovate-oblong, very obtuse or emarginate,
If to 2 in. long^sSmet'MeTlfi'Stif "3 in:; rathe* eo*i^eous, shining, pinnately
o,-.ri ^ofi'^niofoiy ^^^ff], FV^'v^^;^ ^TQ ^ lines Ion o:,.^ small panicles in the
upper axils. Pod flattened, thickly coriaceous, about 9 lines broad, from 1 in.
long when 1 -seeded to If or 3 in. when 2 or 3 seeds ripen. Seeds scarlet. —
Layia emarginata, Hook, and Ani. Bot. Beech. 183, t. 38.

Common in the Happy Valley woods and other parts of the island. Champion and others.

2. O. pachycarpa. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 76. A tree, the
young branches, petioles, under side of the leaflets, panicles, calyxes, and pods
thickly covered with a whitish cottony wool. Leaflets usually 7, obovate-ob-
long, the larger ones near 6 in. long. Panicles terminal, 6 in. long, the flowers
sessile in pairs along their branches. Calyx 4 to 4|^ lines long, the petals
scarcely longer. Ovary very villous, with three ovules, and the peculiar style
of the genus. Pod hard, turgid, 1 in. long when 1-seeded, 2 in. when 2-
seeded, and near 1 in. broad. Seed rather larger than a tamarind, shining,
of a brownish-red.

In woods, Chmnpion, whose specimens were in fruit only, hut flowering specimens were
gathered by Reeves, near Canton. It has not been received from elsewhere.

SUBORDER II. C.SSAI.FINIB.S:.

Petals imbricate in aestivation, the upper one innermost, and the two lower
outside, either nearly equal or unequal, and occasionally all wanting, except
the upper one. Stamens usually 10, and all free, but sometimes, in genera
not Chinese, fewer, or monadelphous, or indefinite. Radicle usually straight.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, rarely reduced to 2 or 1 leaflet.

30. GUILANDINA, Linn.

Sepals 5, shortly united at the base, nearly equal or the lowest rather larger
and more concave. Petals 5, nearly equal, sessile. Stamens 10, free, aU fertile.
Ovary sessile, with 2 ovules. Pod ovate, compressed, covered with straight
prickles, opening in 2 tliickly coriaceous valves. Seeds hard, ovoid or globular.
— Leaves twice pinnate.

A genus of 2 species, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.

1. G. Bonducella, Linn. Spec. PI. 54.5. A shrub, with loose spreading
or climbing branches, pubescent or viUous in aU its parts, and with numerous
hooked prickles, especially on the petioles. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, the
common petiole 1 to 1-^ ft. long, the pinnse in 4 to 6 pairs, each 4 to 6 in.
long. Leaflets in 8 to 12 pairs, oblong, f to 1 in. long or rarely nearly

Guilandina.'] leguminos^. 97

twice that size. Stipules leafy and lobed, deciduous. Racemes 4 to G in.
long, simple or slightly branched, in the upper axils. Flowers crowtled in the
upper part, shortly pedicellate. Bracts with a long recurved point, falling off
as the flowers expand. Calyx about 4 lines long. Petals scarcely longer.
Pod 2 to 3 in. long, about 1^ in. broad, very prickly. Seeds of a bluisli-
grey.

On the seashore, Hance. Widely spread, and often very common, especially near the sea
in tropical Asia, Africa, and America. It is nsually confounded with the G. Bondicc, Liun.,
which is a much rarer plant, although equally found (hut, perhaps, not always indigenous) in
East India, in the Archipelago, and in the West Indies. It is nearly glabrous, has usually
larger leaflets, no stipules, the bracts are erect, not recurved, and the seeds are said to be al-
ways yellow, not grey.

31. C^SALPINIA, Linn.

Sepals 5, shortly united at the base, the lower one rather larger and concave.
Petals 5, rather unequal, the upper inner one the smallest, the 2 lowest outer
ones the largest. Stamens 10, free, all fertile ; the fllaments hairy. Anthers
ovate. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod flattened, obliquely ovate, oblong
or falcate, without prickles, opening in^ 2 valves. Seeds thick or flattened,
the radicle short and straight. — Leaves twice pinnate.

A considerable genus, distributed over the tropical rea;ions of the New as well as the Old
World.

Pinnpe 2-4 pair. Leaflets 2-3 pair. Racemes glabrous \. C. liitya.

Pinnse 9-12 pair. Leaflets 4-C pair. Racemes tomentose or villous . . 2. C. vernalis.

1. C Nuga, Alt.; BC. Prod. ii. 481. A woody climber, glabrous in all
its parts, armed with a few recurved prickles, especially on the petioles.
Leaves twice pinnate, with 2, 3, or 4 pair of opposite pinnae. Leaflets 2 or 3
pair to each pinna, opposite, ovate, 1-^ to 2 in. long, coriaceous and shining,
usually very obtuse in the Chinese variety, but occasionally almost acute, as is
more common in the southern varieties. Racemes 4 to 8 in. long, forming
large terminal panicles. Pedicels slender. Lowest sepal about 5 lines long.
Petals scarcely longer. Ovary with 2 ovules. Pod obliquely oval, acuminate,
flat. Seed flattened. — G. chinensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 361. C. panicalata,
Desf. ; DC. Prod. ii. 481.

Common in ravines, C/iauipion and others. Generally distributed over India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending also to tropical Australia, and northward to
the Philippines and S. China.

2. C. vemalis, Champ, in Ktic Journ. Bot. iv. 77. A shrub, with trail-
ing or climbing branches, with numerous recurved prickles on the petioles.
Leaves twice pinnate, the common petiole above a foot long, with 9 to 12
pair of opposite rather short pinnee. Leaflets 4 to 6 pair on each pinna,
ovate-acute, i to | or rarely nearly 1 in. long, coriaceous, glabrous and shining
above; pale, glaucous or rusty underneath. Racemes nisty-tomentose or
villous, the upper ones forming a terminal panicle. Pedicels spreading.
Flowers nearly of C. Nuga, but the calyx is tomentose at the base, the sepals
thin and coloured at the top. Pod very oblique, broadly ovate, about 2 in.
long, with one large flat seed.

On the banks of a stream running towards Little Hongkong, Champion ; 3I&0 Hance,
Wmjlit, and Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.

U

98 LEGCMiNOS.f:. \^Cassia.

32. CASSIA, Limi.

Sepals 5, somewhat unequal, scarcely connected at the base. Petals 5,
usually unequal, spreading. Stamens usually 10, either aU equal and fertile
or the' upper ones small and sterile, with 2 or more of the lower fertile ones
much larger. Anthers, when fertile, opening at the end only, in pores or short
slits. Ovary with several ovules. Pod cylindrical or flattened, usually long,
but variously shaped. Seeds usually oblong and transverse, with a small
quantity of albumen. Eadicle short and straight. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets opposite.

A large genus, widely distributed within the tropics, but particularly numerous in South
America.
S(!pals obtuse. Upper stamens small and sterile.

Leaflets 4 to 6 pair, acute. A gland near the base of the petigle . 1. C. occidentalis.

Leaflets 2 to 3 pair, very obtuse. A gland between the leaflets of the

lowest pair 2. C. tora.

Sepals acute. Stamens all fertile. Leaflets numerous 3. C. mimosoides.

1. C. occidentalis, Linn.; Vog. St/u. Cass. 21 ; Bot. Reg. t. 83. An
erect glabrous annual, 3 to 5 ft. high, sometimes hard at the base, so as to
appear woody. Leaflets 4- to 6 pair, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1 or 2 in.
or in luxuriant specimens 3 in. long^ with an ovate gland on the petiole near
the base. Racemes terminal, short and few-flowered, with occasionally a few
flowers on short pedicels in the upper axils. Plow^ers yellow. Two of the
anthers large, oblong, 4 or 5 others like them, but smaller, the 3 uppermost
small and sterile. Pod linear, slightly curved, 3 to 5 in. long, about 3 lines
broad, at first flat, with the edges thickened, but becoming at length nearly as
thick as broad.

Common in waste places, Haiice and others. Widely dispersed, as a weed, over the
warmer regions of the globe, especially in America and Africa.

2. C. tora, Linn.; Vog.Syn. Cass. 23. An annual, of 1 to about 3 ft.,
spreading or erect, the stem nearly glabrous. Leaflets 2 or 3 pair, ovate-
cuneate, obtuse, mucronate, 1 in. long or rather more, usually pubescent under-
neath, with a cylindrical gland between the leaves of the 1 or 2 lower pair.
Flowers yellow, usually 2 together in the upper axils. Anthers 7 fertile, 3
very small and abortive. Pod very narrow, nearly quadrangular, 4 to 8 in.
long, straight or slightly curved. — C. ohtuslfolia, Linn. ; Vog. Syn. Cass. 24.

Hongkong, Ilance. A common weed in tropical Asia and some parts of Am.erica.

3. C. mimosoides, Linn. ; Vog. Syn. Cass. 68. An annual or perennial
of short duration, with a hard often almost woody base, and numerous difi'use
or ascending wiry stems, 1 to 1^ ft. long, more or less pubescent. Leaves 1\
to 2 in. long. Leaflets numerous (20 to 50 pair), linear-falcate, and mucro-
nate, seldom above 2 lines long. Pedicels axillary, solitary or several toge-
ther, unequal, but seldom above ^ in. long. Sepals about 3 lines long and
very acute. Petals yellow, scarcely longer. Pod linear, flat, 1^ to 2 in. long,
scarcely 2 lines broad, slightly curved or oblique. — C. angitstissima, Lam.

Victoria Peak and other localities, Chamjjion and others. Widely spread over tropical
Asia and Africa, and difficult to distinguish from some of the common species of the Chamce-
crista section from tropical America.

Several shrubby Cassias, and especiafly the C. ionieniosn, are said to be much planted in
the sai'dens and about the houses of the Chinese.

BuHh'mia.'] leguminos.e. 99

33. BAUHINIA, Linn.

Sepals 5, united at the base in a short and campannlate or long* and cylin-
drical tube, the upper portion separating into 5 or fewer valvate or induplicate
deciduous lobes. Petals 5, inserted at the summit of the tube, usually ungui-
cidate, more or less unequal. Stamens 10, either all fertile or some smaller
and sterile. Ovary stipitate, the stalk connate to one side of the calyx-tube,
with several ovules. Pod linear or oblong, compressed, 2-valved. Seeds
compressed, albuminous. Kadicle short and straight. — Trees or woody
climbers. Leaflets either 2, distinct from the base, or more frequently united
into 1 entire or 2-lobed leaf, wdth 5 to 11 digitate nerves. Pacemes ter-
minal.

A large genus, distributed over the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World.
It has been divided into several genera, which I have in other works been disposed to adopt,
but it may be more convenient to follow De Candolle and others in considering them as
subgenera. The following Chinese species belong to Flnmera, and are distinguished chictiy
by the stamens, of which 3 only are long and fertile, the other 7 small, sometimes very mi-
nute and sterile. It forms a numerous group, all Asiatic or east tropical African.

Racemes long. Calyx-tube very short, lobes lanceolate \. B. Championi.

Racemes corymbose. Calyx-tube long, slender, lobes considerably shorter 2. B. glaiica.

1. B. (Phanera) Championi, Bentli. A woody climber, the young
branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescences hoary with a minute to-
mentum, but otherwise glabrous. I^eaves broadly cordate, 5- or 7-nervecl,
2^ to 4 in. long, 2 to 2| in. broad, divided to about one-third into 2 broad
obtuse lobes. Tendrils simple, leaf-opposed. Eacemes leaf-opposed, sunple
or several together at the ends of the branches, 4 to 8 in. long, flowering
nearly from the base. Plowers pedicellate, white. Calyx-tube very short,
lobes lanceolate, about 2 lines long. Petals scarcely longer, nearly equal,
Avitli a few hairs outside. Stamens 3, about twice as long as the calyx, the
other 7 very minute or wanting. Pod about 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, 3- to 5-
seeded. — Phanera Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 78.

Common in ravines, Victoria Peak, Chavqnon ; also Hance and Wriyht. Not known from
elsewhere

2. B. (Phanera) glauca. Wall. Cat. Herb. Inch n. 5785. A woody
climber, glabrous except a slight rusty pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves
broad, 9- or 11-nerved, li to 1\ in. long, divided to about the middle into 2
ovate obtuse parallel lobes. Peduncles lateral or terminal, bearing a short
corymbose raceme, with a simple or trifld tendril under the flowers. Calyx-
tube 6 or 7 lines long ; the lobes not 3 lines, rusty-tomentose outside. Petal

white, 5 to 6 lines long, unguiculate, obovate, spreading. Stamens 3 fertile,
rather longer than the petals, 5 to 7 small and sterile. Pod flat, glabrous,
about 8 in. long and 2 in. wide, with several seeds along the centre attached
by funicles very unequal in length. — Phanera corymbosa, Bentli. in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 77, but not the synonyms quoted.

About East Point, Champion ; also Wright. Extends from Khasia and Hurmah to Sumatra
and Java. The Chinese specimens have rather large flowers, like those of B. cori/nibusa,
Roxb., likewise a S. Chinese plant, for which I had mistaken the Hongkong specimens before
I saw the pod. In the true B. corymhn.m the pod is not above \ in. broad, and usually curved.

100 LE G u M I N o s .E . [ GledltscJiia .

34. GLEDITSCHIA, Linn.

Mowers polygamous. Sepals 3 to 5, united in a tube or cup at the base,
nearly equal, imbricate in the bud. Petals as many, inserted at the sunnnit
of the tube, nearly equal, slightly imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as
many, free, nearly equal. Ovary sessile, with 2 or more ovules. Pod long,
flat, linear, more or less pulpy. Seeds flattened. Eadicle short, straight. —
Trees, usually armed with stout, entire, or branched thorns. Leaves once or
twice pinnate. Flowers small, in axillary or lateral racemes or raceme-like
panicles.

A small genus, limited to N. America and temperate or subtropical Asia.

1. G. sinensis, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 479, A tree, glabrous or nearly
so in all its parts. Thorns on the stem often 2 or 3 in, long and branched.
Leaves mostly simply pinnate. Leaflets 8 to 10 pair, very obliquely ovate-
lanceolate or between rhomboidal arid falcate, 1 to \\ in. long, rather thin,
]n'ominently veined and often slightly crenulate. Panicle narrow and raceme-
like, 4 to 8 in. long, the main peduncle stiff" and erect, the lateral branches
slender, very short, bearing 3 to 5 small, greenish, pedicellate flowers. Petals
usually 5. Stamens 10.

Eare in Hongkong, more abundant on the adjacent continental coast, Champion. The
Hongkong specimens were mere fragments : I have described it from Canton specimens ga-
thered by Reeves. The species is probably limited to China.

SUBORDER III. MIMOSE,S:.

Sepals 5, rarely 4 or 3, free or united. Petals as many, equal, valvate in
the bud, free or united. Stamens as many or twice as many, or indefinite,
fi*ee or united, usually hypogynous. Eadicle of the embryo straight. Leaves
twice pinnate, or, in one American genus, once pinnate, Plowers usually
small, in dense globular heads or cylindrical spikes.

35. LEUCJENA, Benth.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, free. Stamens 10, free, all fertile. Anthers
not tipped by a gland. Pod broadly linear, flat, 2-valved. Seeds numerous,
transverse. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves twice pinnate. Plowers white, in glo-
bular heads, usually hermaphrodite,

A genus of few species, all American, one of which is now naturalized in many i)arts of
the Old World.

L L. glauca, BentJi. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 416. A small tree, the
young parts slightly tomentose, otherwise glabrous and without prickles.
Leaves with 4 to 6 pair of pinnae. Leaflets 10 to 20 pair on each pinna,
oblong-lmear, veiy oblique and slightly falcate, 4 to 6 lines long, pale or
glaucous underneath. Peduncles solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the upper
axils, 1 to 1| in. long, the upper ones forming a terminal raceme, each bearing
a globular head of 6 to 8 lines, or, with the stamens, near an inch diameter.
Pod shortly stalked, 4 to 6 in. long, 4 to 6 lines broad.

In a ravine at the foot of Victoria Peak, Wilfurd ; also Wri(/ht. Probably of American
origin, but frequently cultivated in that continent as well as in Africa and Asia, and so
often sent as apparently wild, that its real native country cannot be given with certainty.

Acacia.'] leguminos^:. 101

36. ACACIA, Wilkl.

. Sepal? 5, 4, or 3, free or united. Petals as many, free or united. Stamens
indefinite, usually very numerous, free or slightly connected at the very base.
Pod linear or oblong, flat or nearly cylindrical, opening in 2 valves or inde-
hiscent. — Leaves twice pinnate, or in some Australian species reduced to a
simple phyllodium or dilated petiole. Flowers usually yellow or white, in
globular heads or cylindrical spikes, often polygamous.

A very large genus, one-half Australian, the remamder dispersed over the warmer regions
of the globe.

Thorns straight, in stipular pairs. Pod thiclc, cylindrical or fusiform, dry 1. A. farnesiana.
Prickles recurved, scattered. Pod thick, but slightly flattened, succrJent 2. A. concinva.

1. A. farnesiana, TFllId.; DC. Prod. ii. 461. A much-branched shrub,
quite glabrous or slightly pubescent on the petioles and peduncles. Leaves of
4 to 6 or rarely to 8 pair of pinnae. Leaflets 10 to 20 pair on each pinna,
linear, about 2 lines long. Stipules converted into slender straight thorns
very variable in length, the plant otherwise unarmed. Peduncles usually 2 or
3 together in the older axils, each bearing a single globular head of yellow^ or
whitish sweet-scented flowers. Pod thick, irregularly cylindrical or fnsiform,
indehiscent, filled with a pithy substance, in the midst of which lie the seeds.
— Vachellia farnesiana , W. and Arn. ; Wight, Ic. t. 300.

Common about the houses, Hance. Supposed to be of American origin, but much planted
in almost all warm countries, and, spreading readily, has become apparently wild, or is, ac-
cording to some, really indigenous in many parts of Asia, Africa, and North Australia.

2. A. concinna, T)G. Prod. ii. 464. A woody climber, the young parts
pubescent, but often glabrous when full grown, with numerous recurved
prickles scattered on the branches and petioles. Leaves of 4 to 6 pair of
pinnpe, with a gland immediately below the lower 1, 2, or 3 pair. Leaflets
12 to 18 pair, obliquely oblong, obtuse, of a pale green, about \ in. long.
Stipules large, cordate, thin, very deciduous. Plower-heads globular, on slen-
der peduncles of about 1 in. long, in branching racemes or panicles. Pod 3
to 5 in. long, near 1 in. broad, thick and fleshy, with cross partitions between
the seeds, and when ripe either separating into articles but otherwise inde-
hiscent, or sometimes opening on the edges opposite the seeds. — Arthrosprion
stipulatum, Hassk. Eetzia, i. 212, but not Albizzia stijjulata, Benth.

In the Happy Valley, Champion .- also Hance and Wright. None of these specimens are
however in flower, and I am therefore uncertain of their identity with the plant I describe
from continental Asiatic specimens. The species is widely spread over India and the Archi-
pelago.

37. ALBIZZIA, Durazz.

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5 -toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, with a cylin-
drical tube. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous and long, united in a tube
at the base. Pod linear or oblong, flat^, thin, indehiscent or opening in two
valves.— Trees or slu'ubs, without prickles. Leaves twice pinnate, with a
gland on the petiole below the pinna?, and others between some or all the
pinnse and leaflets. Flowers in globular heads or rarely cylindrical spikes,
usually hermaphrodite ; the stamens usually white or pink, rarely yellow, much
longer than in Acacia.

10^ LEGUMINOS^E. [Jldizzia.

A considerable genus, limited to the Old World, and cliiefly tropical.

Pinnsc 7 to 20 pair. Leaflets numerous, small, acute. Stipules large . 1. A. stipulata.

Piuufe 3 to 6 paii*. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair, obtuse. Stipules small, deci-
duous 2. ^. Milletti.

1. A. stipulata, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 92. A tree, with the
young- slioots pubescent. Leaves of 7 to 10 pair of pinnae. Leaflets usually
20 to 30 pair on each pinna, oblong-linear, fjilcate, acute, 3 to 5 lines long;
the midrib close to the inner edge. Stipules membranous, acuminate, some-
times near an inch long, deciduous. Peduncles usually about ^ in. long, clus-
tered along the branches of a terminal panicle. Heads consisting of 10 to 20
flowers, about 3 lines long. Stamens above 1 in. long. Calyx much shorter
than the corolla, both pubescent. Pod 3 to 5 in. long, 9 to 10 lines broad.

Hongkong, Hance. "Widely distributed over tropical Asia, chiefly in the mountains, from
Ceylou and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and S. China.

2. A. Milletti, Benth. in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. iii. 89. A tree, glabrous in
all its parts. Leaves of 3 to 6 pair of pin use. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair on each
pinna, obovate-oblong, very obtuse, ^ to f in. long, oblique at the base. Sti-
pules small and deciduous. Peduncles usually 2 or 3 together, along the
branches of a terminal panicle. Heads consisting usually of 6 to 12 flowers
about 2 lines long without the stamens. Calyx very much shorter than the
corolla, both glabrous. Pilaments full \ in. long. Pod about 6 in. long, 1:^
in. broad.

In the Happy Valley, Champion ; also Hance and Wright. Only known from S. China.

38. PITHECOLOBIUM, Mart.

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, with a cylin-
drical tube. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous and long, more or less
united in a tube. Pod flattened, usually rather thick, and much curved, an-
nular or spirally twisted, opening in 2 valves. Seeds usually surrounded by a
thin pulp. — Trees, or rarely shrubs, without prickles. Leaves twice pinnate,
usually with a gland on the petiole below the pinnse, and others between one
or more of the pair of pinnae or leaflets. Plowers in globular or oblong heads,
or rarely in cylindrical spikes, usually hermaphrodite and white.

A considerable tro])ical genus, distributed over the New as well as the Old World.
Pinnse 1 to 2 pair. Leaflets 2 to 4 pair. Branches nearly terete . . . 1. P. lucidum.
Pinna; 4 to 6 pair. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair. Branches very angular . . 2. P. clypearia.

1. P. lucidum, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 207. A tall tree, the
branches scarcely angular, the young ones as well as the petioles and inflores-
cences covered with a short rusty tomentum, but otherwise glabrous. Leaves
of 1 or 2 pair of pinnae. Leaflets usually 2 or 3 pair to the lower pinnae, often
4 or even 5 pair to the upper ones, obliquely ovate, or rarely oblong, obtusely
acuminate, the terminal pair often 2 in. long, the others small. Eacemes in
the upper axils, or forming a long terminal panicle. Peduncles seldom ^ in.
long, solitary or clustered. Heads globular, consisting of 10 to 20 slightly pu-
bescent flowers. Calyx 1 line, corolla above 2 lines long. Stamens twice as
long. Pod about 1 in. broad, twisted into a ring, the outer edge indented
between the seeds. — Albizzia ? Champio)ii, Benth. in Kcav Journ. Bot. iv. 79.
Inga higemina. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 182, but not of others.

In Woods, Champion ; also Hance and IFrir/ht. Only known from S. China.

PithecoJobium.'] leguminos.i:. 103

2. P. clypearia, Bentlu in Lond. Jonni. Bot. iii. 209. A tall tree, the
younger branches very acutely angular, and as well as the inflorescences sligiitly
pubescent. Leaves of 4 to 6 pair of pinnas. Leaflets in the lower pinnce 3
to 6 pair, in the terminal ones 10 to 12 pair, all obliquely ovate, nearly
rhomboid or trapezoid, obtuse or acute, the terminal ones about \\ in. long,
the others smaller. Panicle large and terminal. Peduncles short, clustered
one above another ; the common bract reduced to a short stalk with a large
gland. Elowers few together in small heads, the corolla about 2 lines long,
the stamens three times as long. Pod forming 2 or 3 coils of 1^ in. diameter,
indented between the seeds on the outer edge. — Biya dimidiata, Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech. 181.

Hongkong, Hauce. We have it also from the adjacent continent, from Sumatra and
Java.

OiiDEE XXXVII. ROSACEA.

Sepals 5, rarely 4, united into a lobed calyx, either enclosing the ovary, or
adhering to it, or quite free. Petals as many, inserted on the calyx at the base
of its lobes or rarely none. Stamens usually numerous, inserted with the petals,
free. Ovary of 1, 2, or more carpels, usually distinct at the time of flowering,
but sometimes combined even then into a single 2- to 5-celled ovary, which
is then always inferior or combined with the calyx. Ovules 1 or 2, or rarely
more, in each carpel. As the fruit enlarges, the carpels either remain free, or
are variously combined with each other or with the calyx ; when ripe, they
either remain indehiscent or more rarely open on their inner edge. Seeds
without albumen. Embryo mth large cotyledons, and a short radicle. — Trees,
shrubs, or (in genera not included in the present Flora) herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, mostly toothed or divided, the stipules seldom wanting, and often leaf-like.
Plowers either solitary at the end of the year's shoots, or in cymes or panicles,
or more rarely in lateral branches or racemes.

A nmnerous Order, widely spread over the globe, but more in the temperate and cooler
parts of the northern hemisphere than within the tropics or in the southern hemisphere.

Ovary or carpels superior or free from the calyx.

Tree. Flowers in racemes. Calyx deciduous. Carpel 1. Fruit a

drupe 1- PyGEUM.

Scrambhng prickly shrubs. Calyx persistent. Carpels numerous.

Fruit a compound granular berry 2. RuBUS.

Shrub not prickly. Flowers in corymbs. Carpels 5 or 6, with 3 or

4 ovules in each, becoming dry capsules 3. Spir^a.

Ovary or carpels inferior or adhering to the tube of the calyx, which is
closed over them.
Fruit enclosing several seed-hke hairy carpels irregularly placed . . 4, Rosa.
Fruit 1- to 5-ceUed, with 1 or 2 seeds in each.
Ovary 2-celled.

Calyx-hmb very short, persistent 5. Photinia.

Calyx-limb narrow-campanulate, deciduous 6. Rhaphiolepis.

Ovary S-celled 7. Eriobotrya.

1. PYGEUM, Colebr.
Calyx free, deciduous, broadly campanulate or spreading, 5- or 6-toothed.
Petals as many, small, and usuaUy resembling the calyx-teeth. Ovaiy superior,

104 ROSACE.E. {Pygeum.

of a single carpel, witli 2 pendulous ovules. Fruit a drupe with little or no
juice, usually as broad as or broader than long, with a smooth kernel, contain-
ing a single seed. — Trees. Leaves simple, entire, coriaceous. Stipules small,
very deciduous. Flowers in axillary or lateral simple racemes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia, and scarcely ditfering fi-om Trunus, except in the
small size of the petals, which has occasioned them frequently to be described as additioual
calyx -teeth.

1. P. latifolium, Mlq. Fl. Ned. hid. i. 361. A tree, with the young
branches slightly pubescent, but soon glabrous. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval-
oblong, acuminate cr acute, 3 to 5 in. long, glabrous, except sometimes a
slight rusty down on the principal veins underneath, the petiole usually more
downy. Racemes solitary or clustered, 1 to 2 in. long, more or less pubes-
cent. Flowers wdiite, scarcely 3 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines
long. Petals 5, hairy outside as well as the calyx, and scarcely longer than
its teeth. Stamens about 25. Ovary glabrous, with a rather long style. —
Germaria latifoUa, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 221.

Hongkoug, Wright. Also in the Philippine Islands and the_Indian Archipelago. It is
near the North Indian F. acuminatum, but readily known by the pubescent racemes, the
shorter hairy petals, etc. The P. imrmfiorum from the Indian Archipelago ditfers in its
smaller sessile flowers, in densely clustered racemes, hairy ovary, etc.

2. RUBUS, Linn.

Calyx free, deeply 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Car-
pels numerous, with a single pendulous ovule in each. Fruit a kind of gra-
nulated berry, formed by the union of the succulent carpels, round the conical
or shortly oblong, dry receptacle. — Weak scrambling slirubs (or in some
northern species, herbs), usually prickly. Leaves pinnately or palmately di-
vided into distinct segments or leaflets, or rarely simply lobed. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal leafy panicles.

A large genus, widely distributed over almost every part of the globe.

Leaves simply lobed, wrinkled above, densely tomentose underneath . . 1. R. reflexus.
Leaves pinnate, with 3 leaflets.

Branches pubescent. Leaflets white, tomentose underneath . . . 2. 72. parvifolius.

"Whole plant quite glabrous 3. R. leucanthns.

1. R. reiiexus, Bot. Reg. ^.461. Branches and petioles terete, densely
clothed with a brown or rust-coloured velvety dowai, almost concealing the
minute prickles. Leaves simple, cordate-ovate or nearly orbicular, usually
deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the middle lobe much longer than the others, wrinkled
and nearly glabrous on the upper side, densely tomentose underneath. Flowers
2 or 3 together, almost sessile in the upper axils, or sometimes several crowded
in short bunches. Bracts very hairy, deeply divided into narrow lobes, but
falling off early. Calyx-lobes about -i lines long, very haiiy outside. Petals
white, not much longer. Fruit nearly globular.

Very common in the island, Chawpion and others. Extends fi-om north-eastern India
to the Archipelago, the Philippines, and northward to Loochoo ; for surely many of the
specimens usually referred to R. rugosus, have all the characters of the present species
"\Vhether those which have more numerous and smaller flowers, and entire or nearly entire
bracts, are speciflcally distinct or not, is uncertain. If united, the R. rugosus is the older
name ; unless indeed the whole be considered as varieties of the Linnean R. moJiiccanus

Rl(bus.'\ ROSACEiE. 105

2. R. parvifolius, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 564 ; Bot. Reg. t. 496. Branches
and petioles pubescent, with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnate, with a
common petiole of 1 to 2 in. Leaflets 3, or veiy rarely 5, nearly orbicular,
about 1 in. long, or in luxmiant shoots, the terminal one 1^ or near 2 in.
long, deeply and irregularly toothed, rather thin, glabrous, or nearly so, above,
white and cottony underneath. Plowers few, in terminal panicles. Sepals
about 2 lines long, softly hoary inside and out. Petals pink, but little longer.
Truit globular, the caqDels glabrous or very slightly hairy.

In raviues, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to Loochoo. The Himalayan
plant usnally referred to this species, appears to me to be much nearer to the R. lasiocarpos ;
the leaHets are almost always 5, much more ovate in shape, usually acute, and the carpels
more pubescent or hairy.

3. R. leucanthus, Hance in TFalp. Ann. ii. 468. The stems and petioles
armed with hooked prickles, and as well as every other part of the plant, per-
fectly glabrous. Leaves pinnate, with 3 leaflets, or a few of the upper ones
reduced to a single one. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrately toothed, the larger
ones 2 to 3 in. long, the lateral ones usually smaller. Flowers 2 to 5 togetlier,
on a short axillary common peduncle. Pedicels about 4 lines long. Sepals
ovate, smooth, about 4 lines long, closing over the fruit. Petals wUite. —
R. glaberrimits, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 80.

In low grounds and ravines of the hills, CJtampion, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Not yet
found out of the island. The two names were both published early in 1852, one at Berlin,
the other in Loudon, and the latter, by Champion, on the 1st March, certainly prior to the
reception in this country of the part of Walpers' Annales which contained Hance's name
and diagnoses. As however Dr. Seemann states that the latter was actually first published,
I have here adopted it.

3. SPIRJEA, Linn.

Calyx free, persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels

3 or more, usually 5, quite free from the calyx and disk, with 2 or more ovules
in each, and becoming, when ripe, small dry capsules, opening along the inner
edge, each containing 2 or more small seeds. — Shrubs or herbs, without
prickles. Leaves simple or divided. Plowers usually small and numerous,
in terminal cymes, corymbs, or panicles.

A considerable genus, spread over the northern hemisphere both in the New and the Old
World, but scarcely penetrating into the tropics.

\. S. cantonlensis, Lour. M. Cochinch. 322. A shrub of 3 or 4 ft. in

height, with weak spreading branches, glabrous or very slightly hoary. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong, 1 to near 2 in. long, coarsely toothed or slightly lobed
above the middle, narrowed at the base into a petiole of about 2 lines. Flowers
rather small, white, in terminal racemes, but with the axis so short as to l)e
almost reduced to flat-topped corymbs or umbels, the very slender pedicels,

4 to 6 lines long, starting from nearly the same point. Carpels 5, or very
rarely 6. — S. lanceolata, Poir. Diet. vii. 354, but not the plant ligm-ed as such
by Cambessedes in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 1, i. t. 25, nor that described by
Seringe in DC. Prod. ii. 542. S. coryni.bosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 512, but not
of Eafin. S. Reevesiana, Lindl. Bot. Ueg. 1844, t. 10.

Hongkong, Wright; and other parts of S. China, but not known from elsewhere. Rox-
burgh's indication of the north of India is probably founded on some mistake, and the

106 ROSACEiE. [Spiraa.

Mauritius specimens seen in herbaria are evidently from the botanic garden of that island,
having been introduced from the Calcutta garden. It is very characteristically described
both by Loureiro and by Poiret, but Cambessedes in his monograph gave a figure of a plant
quite different in foliage and iufloi-escence, Avhence Seringe took his diagnoses for De Candolle's
Prodromus. It is this erroneous character that misled Lindley as to the supposed non-
identity of the plant with Poiret's and Loui-eiro's, and induced him to describe it as new.

4. ROSA, Linn.

Calyx-tube globular or ovoid, enclosing the ovaiy, contracted towards the
top ; the limb divided into 5 segments, often unequal and sometimes lobed.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Ovary of several distinct cai'pels, enclosed in
the calyx-tube, with 1 suspended ovule in each ; the styles protmding from the
tube, and occasionally united. When in fmit the cai-pels become dry, hairy,
1 -seeded achenes, enclosed in the more or less succulent calyx-tube, and some-
times surrounded by pulp, the whole forming a rather dry red or black beriy.
Erect, scrambling, or climbing shrubs, more or less prickly. Leaves pinnate.
Stipules leafy, adhering to the petiole. Flowers showy, terminal, either solitary
or in small corymbs or panicles.

A beautiful genus, widely diffused over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,
but scarcely penetrating into the tropics, except in mountain districts.

Flowers solitary. Leaflets 3 \. R. sinica.

Flowers several, in corymbs. Leaflets 7 or 5.

Flowers white, middle sized. Calyx-segments narrow, one or more

usually lobed 2. 72. moschata.

Flowers small, pink. Calyx-segments short, entire 3. iZ. muHiflora.

1. R. sinica^ Alt. Hort. Kew. ed. 2; L'lndl. Monogr. and Bot. Reg.
t. 1922. Stems climbing, glabrous, as well as the leaves, with a few distant
hooked prickles. Leaflets always 3 in the wild specimens, ovate, stalked,
slightly serrate, the terminal one 1 to li in. long, cuneate or rounded at the
base, the lateral ones rather smaller. Flowers solitary at the ends of the
lateral shoots, large, and of a pure white. Peduncles and ovaries thickly
covered with straight prickles or bristles. Calyx-lobes downy or cottony,
with long points, all or some of them expanding into small oblong leafy tips.
Fruit globular. — R. nivea, DC. Prod. ii. 599.

Hongkong, Earlcmd. Appears to be confined to China. Alton's name would have the
priority over De Candolle's, even should it be shown that he was mistaken in identifying it
with the R. sinica of Linnaeus ; for if the latter is not this plant, it merges in his R. rndica.
Linnreus' character applies better to the present species. The specimen in his herbarium
is a poor fragment from Jacquin, and much resembling the figure in that author's ' Observa-
tiones,' and apparently a garden specimen of R. iudica in a starved state.

2. R. moschata, Mill. ; DC. Prod. ii. 598 ; Bot. Reg. i(. 829. An erect
or half-climbing tall-gromng shrub, glabrous or pubescent on the young shoots
and under side of the leaves, with a few stout recm'ved prickles. Leaflets 5
or 7, nearly sessile, oblong acuminate acute, and often 1|^ to 2 in. long in the
north Indian specimens ; much shorter, ovate, obtuse or almost orbicidar in
the Hongkong one. Flowers white, not large, in terminal corymbs. Pedun-
cles I to 1 in. long, slender, usually pubescent or sometimes glandular, but
without bristles or prickles. Ovary small, ovoid. Calyx-lobes naiTOw, with
long points, and occasionally with 1 or 2 lateral lobes on one or both sides. —
R. Brunonis, Lindl. ; DC. 1. c.

Eosa.] ROSACEA. 107

Hongkong, Harland. Common ia the momitains of nortliern India. Dr. Ilarland's
specimen is a single one, without any indication of its precise locality. It is a small variety
api)roaching in some measure the following species, but with the calyxes and the white flowers
of R. moschata.

3. R. multiHora, Tlinnh.; DC. Prod. li.h'^^. Stems climbing, slender,
pubescent, as well as the petioles ; the prickles neariy straight, or slightly re-
curved. Leaflets usually 7, or on the smaller branches sometimes 5 or 3,
sessile, obovate or oblong, shortly pointed, glabrous above, pubescent under-
neath. Flowers small, pink, in terminal corymbs. Peduncles 6 to 8 lines
long, glandular-pubescent. Calyx-lobes scarcely 3 lines long, hoary or cottony
inside, with short points, and quite entu'e.

On the hills, Hinds, Hance. Extends from S. China to Japan.

5. PHOTIIT IA Lindl.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary ; the limb short, persistent, 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Ovary inferior, completely or partially 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules
in each. Styles 2. Fruit succulent, crowned by the remains of the calyx-
teeth. Endocarps thin, usually 1 -celled, with 2 rather small oblong seeds. —
Erect shrubs, without prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen, usually seiTulate.
Flowers small, white, in terminal panicles or corymbs.

A genus of few species, dispersed over central and eastern Asia and north-western Ame-
rica.

1. P. pnmifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg., under ^.1956. An evergreen shnib.
Leaves oblong, 2 to 3 in. long, serrulate, narrowed at the base, coriaceous and
shining, quite glabrous, but marked underneath with small black dots. Flowers
numerous, in dense terminal corymbs, rather shorter than the last leaves, veiy
downy at first, but sometimes becoming glabrous as the fruit ripens. Ovary
villous, completely 2-celled. Styles glabrous. Fruit ovoid or nearly globular,
red, about 3 lines long.

Common in the Happy Valley woods. Champion and others. Not known out of south
China. Another PJwtinia, apparently P. serrulata, Lindl., from the adjacent continent, is
cultivated in Hongkong.

6. RHAPHIOLEPIS, Lindl.

Calyx-tube narrow, adherent at the base to the ovary, the upper portion
free, deciduous, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior,
2 -ceiled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Styles 2. Fruit succulent, crowned
by a ring or cup indicating the base of the calyx-limb. Seed usually solitaiy,
nearly globular, testa thin ; cotyledons very thick, with scarcely any radicle. —
Trees or shrubs, without prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen, usually serrate.
Flowers in short panicles or coiymbs.

A very small genus, extending from S. China to Japan.

1. R. mdica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 468. An erect nearly glabrous shrub.
Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 1^ to 2 in. long, serrate,
narrowed into a rather long petiole, coriaceous, smooth and shining above.
Flowers white or pink, in short ovate panicles or shorter corymbs. Calyx-lobes
usually narrow and acute. Fruit globular, varying in size, the scar of the

108 ROSACE.E. [Rhaphiolepis.

calyx fonniug a mere rim or line round the top. — R. rubra, R. phceostemon,
and R. salicifulia, Lindl. Coll. Bot. and Bot. Reg. t. 652.

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others, and on the adjacent continent, but probably
not extending beyond S. China. It is very variable in the breadth of the leaves, in the pani-
cles more or less cory-mbose, in the bracts and calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate, long or
short, in the ovary tomentose or glabrous, in the flowers larger or smaller, the petals broader
or narrow, the stamens longer or shorter, and in the size of the fruit. In one specimen the
calyx-lobes are only \ line long and almost obtuse, in others they are 2, 3 or even above 4
lines long, and then very acute. I have never seen the petals quite " lanceolate," nor yet
"subrotund," but varying between the two, and most frequently as figui-ed in the Bot. iVJag,
t. 1726. In some specimens the fruit, apparently, but perhaps not really, full-grown, is
from 2 to 3 lines diameter, in others all the fruits are between 4 to 5 lines diameter. I have
however in vain attempted to sort the numerous specimens before me into distinct varieties
showing any concordance in the characters derived fi'oin diiferent organs. The R.japonica,
Sieb. and Zucc, from Japan and Bouin, and R. integerrima. Hook, and Arn., from Bonin,
appear both to be really distinct species.

7. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovaiy ; the limb short, persistent, 5-lobed. Pe-
tals 5.* Ovary inferior, 5-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Styles 5.
Fruit forming with the calyx a fleshy mass, di\aded in the centre by thin par-
titions into 5 or fewer cells with one thick round seed in each. Testa rather
thick. Cotyledons very thick, with scarcely any radicle. — Tall shrubs, without
prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen. Flowers in terminal w^oolly or villous
panicles.

A genus of very few species, from central or eastern Asia, including the common Loquat
or E. japonica, Lindl., from continental China and Japan, but only known in Hongkong as
cultivated for its fruit.

1. £. fragrans. Champ, in Keiv Journ. Bot. iv. 80. A shrub, like the
E. japonica in many respects, but the branches and leaves are glabrous and
the inflorescence alone woolly, but with much closer and shorter hairs than
in that species. Leaves oblong-elliptical, obtuse, scarcely toothed, 4 to 6 in.
long, on a petiole of an inch ; the lateral veins fewer and less prominent than
eitlier in E. japonica or E. elUptica. Panicle sessile. Plowers rather smaller
than in tlie Loquat, very fragrant, either single on pedicels of 2 or 3 lines, or
clustered on common peduncles of that length. Calyx-lobes broad and rounded.
Fridt about f in. diameter.

In a ravine on Mount Victoria, very scarce. Champion. Not yet received in any other
collection.

Order XXXVIII. ONAGRACEiE.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, sometimes prolonged above it ; the limb of
4, 2, or rarely 5 lobes, valvate in the bud. Petals as many, inserted on the
calyx below its lobes, or rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals and inserted with them. Style single or divided at the top only
into 2 or 4 stigmas. Ovary inferior, 2- or 4-celled with several OAailes in each.
Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. — Herbs,
or, in some American species, shrubs. Leaves in the Hongkong genera alter-

I

Onagrace(2.'\ oxAORACEyH. 109

nate, in some others opposite, undivided unless under water, toothed, without
stipules. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or
racemes.

A considerable Order, ranging over the whole world, but in greatest variety in North
America. The Haloi-ar/ecP, sometimes considered as a tribe of Onagracece much reduced in
structure, will be found below, next to Cornacea.

Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Stamens 8 1. Jussi/Ea.

Calyx-lobes, petals, and stameus 4 each 2. Ludwigia.

1. JUSSI^A, Linn.

Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary ; the limb divided to the base into
4 or rarely 5 segments. Petals as many. Stamens twice as many. Stigma
capitate. Capsules 4- or 5-celled, crowned by the calyx-segments and open-
ing longitudinally between the ribs. Seeds numerous, small, without any
appendage. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow or
rarely white.

A genus of several American species, with a very few spread over Africa and Asia.

1. J. villosa. Lam. ; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penhis. i. 336. An erect per-
ennial, pubescent or hairy, attaining 2 to 3 ft., and often hard, almost woody,
at the base. Leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1^ to 3 in. long, nar-
rowed into a short petiole. Flowers almost sessile in the axils. Calyx-tube
about \ in. long when in flower; the segments ovate-lanceolate, about 3 lines.
Petals broad, rather longer than the calyx. Capsule nearly cylindrical, 1 to 1^
in. long, 8 -ribbed, pubescent, contracted at the base into a short pedicel.
Seeds minute. — /. octqfila, DC. Prod. iii. 57, and the synonyms adduced by
Wight and Arnott as quoted above.

In wet pastures, cultivated and waste places, Cha7npio)i and others. Widely distributed
over the warmer regions of America as well as Asia, and perhaps Africa.

2. LUDWIGIA, Linn.

Characters and habit of Jussiaa, except that the stamens are of the same
number as the petals or calyx-segments, not twice the number. Flowers
usually smaller.

A small genus, common to N. America, Europe, and Asia.

1. L. parviflora^ Roxb. ; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penms. i. 336 ; JFight,
Illustr. t. 101. An annual, sometimes erect and much branched, scarcely 6
in. high, sometimes spreading to the length of a foot or more. Leaves narrow-
lanceolate, I to 2 in. long. Flowers on short pedicels, much smaller than in
the above Jiissioia. Calyx-segments scarcely 1 line long. Petals not longer,
oblong. Capsule oblong, tetragonous, 3 to 4 lines long, nearly 1|- lines broad.
L. jussiaoides, Wall. Catal. n. 6335, non Lam.

In wet pastures, but not common. Champion. Widely spread over East India. The other
common East Indian species, L. jusslceoides,\Awa., not Lam., with a still smaller flower and
very slender capsule, has not as yet been found in Hongkong.

Order XXXIX. RHIZOPHORE^.

Calyx-tube usually adhering to the ovary, sometimes prolonged above it, or
r>;rely 'quite free ; the limb of 4 to about 12 lobes, valvate in tlie bud. Petals

110 iiHizoPHOHE.f:. {RJi>2()pIiore(P.

as many as tlie calyx-lobes, alternate with them, and inserted below them,
iisually cut or jagged. Stamens as many or twice as many or more, the fila-
ments distinct, anthers erect. Ovary more or less inferior, or rtu'ely quite
superior, 2- or more-celled, with 2 or few pendulous ovules in each cell, or
rarely 1-celled by the obliteration of the partition. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit inferior or enclosed in the calyx, with 1 or few seeds,
with or without albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or
slightly toothed, coriaceous. Flowers axillary, solitary, clustered or in cymes.
A small Order, almost entirely tropical, and chiefly Asiatic and At'ricau, with a few
American species. It is divided into two distinct tribes, by some considered as independent
families. 1. Rhizophorece proper : including the following genus Kandelia, consists of the
Mangroves, ail maritime trees, the seeds without albumen, and almost always germinating
before falling oif, the thick radicle enlarging rapidly and projecting to a great length from
the summit of the capsule. 2. Lepioildea : trees or shrubs, not strictly maritime, with
usually smaller flowers, and the seeds albuminous, not germinating before they fall ; to this
tribe belongs the subjoined genus Carallia.

Calyx-segments and petals linear. Stamens numerous 1. Kandelia.

Calyx-segmeuts very short. Petals orbicular. Stamens twice as many as

the petals . . \ 2. Carallia.

1. KANDELIA, Arn.

Calyx-segments 5 or 6, rarely 4, linear, shortly united above the ovary,
and surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped bract. Petals as many, narrow,
divided into several filiform segments, very deciduous. Stamens numerous,
or rarely definite ; filaments slender, anthers small. Ovaiy 1-celled (or when
very yoimg 3-celled ?), with 6 ovules (2 to each cell) pendidous from a central
axis. Style filiform, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit oblong, the reflexed per-
sistent calyx-segments surrounding it in the middle. Seed without albumen,
the rapidly enlarged radicle penetrating through the apex of the fruit.

The genus only consists of the following species.

1. K. Rheedii, Am.; Blume, Mks. Bot. i. 134; Hook. Ic. t. 362;
WigJit, Illustr. ^.89. A glabrous evergi'een tree, w^ith thick branches. Leaves
oblong, obtuse, 3 or 4 in. long, quite entire, coriaceous, on a petiole of -|- to f
in. long. Peduncles 1, 2, or 3 in each axil, variable in length, but shorter
than the leaves, each bearing a compact cyme of 3 to 5 white flowers. Calyx-
segments 6 or 7 lines long. Petals rather shorter, and falling off so soon after
the flower expands, that they may escape observation in the dried specimens.
Stamens from 20 to 25.

In an estuary at Little Hongkong, and the only Mangrove on the island, Champion. It
extends generally along the coasts of eastern India and the Archipelago, but is not so com-
mon there as other Mangroves.

2. CARALLIA, Roxb.

Calyx-tube campanulate above the ovary, with 5 to 8 very short lobes or
teeth. Petals as many, clawed, orbicular, jagged or slightly toothed, inserted
at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens twice as many as petals, and inserted
with them round the undidated margin of the thin disk. Ovary inferior, or
at least adnate as high as the insertion of the ovules, 4-celled or rarely 3- or
.5-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit succulent, usually con-

CaralUa.'] RfiizoPHOREiE. Ill

taining a single globular seed. Albumen abundant. Embryo curved, not
gi'owing before the seed falls. — Trees or shmbs. Flowers small, in axillary,
pedunculate, usually trichotomous cymes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.

1. C. integerrima, DC; Bentli. in Journ. Linn. 8oc.\\\. 65. Usually
a tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves sessile, obovate, elliptical or oblong,
in tlie Chinese specimens usually acuminate, and about 3 in. long, but some-
times very obtuse, coriaceous. Cymes axillary, or from old leafless nodes, on
short peduncles, each short branch bearing 3 to 5 sessile flowers. Emit glo-
bular, about 3 lines diameter, crowned by the short connivent teeth of the
calyx. — 0. zeylcmica, Arn. ; Wight, lUustr. t. 90. C. sinensis, Arn. ; Seem.
Bot. Her. 376.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria, but very rare, Chawpion ; also Wright. Widely spread over
East India and the Archipelago, extending eastward to N. Australia, and northward to the
Philippines and South China. The Chinese, like the Philippine specimens, have the leaves
usually more acuminate and rather narrower than in the generality of Indian ones, but tlie
difference is by no means constant.

Order XL. LYTHHAEIE^.

Calyx-tube free, but usually enclosing the ovary, with as many or twice as
many teeth as there are petals. Petals 4, 5, or sometimes more, rarely defi-
cient, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube, crumpled in the bud. Stamens as
many or twice as many, or rarely indefinite, inserted in the tube of the calyx,
often lower down than the petals. Ovary free from the calyx, but generally
enclosed within its tube, 2- or more celled, with several ovules in each cell.
Style single. Eruit a capsule, sometimes becoming 1-celled by the drying up
of the partition. Seeds small, without albumen. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs.
Leaves mostly (as least the lower ones) opposite, entire, without stipules.
Elowers axillary, or in terminal racemes, or spikes, or panicles.

A considerable Order, some of the herbaceous genera spread over the greater part of the
globe, the larger woody-stemmed ones confined to the tropics in the New or the Old AYorld.
Small-flowered herbs. Capsule opening transversely or septicidaUy.

Seeds angidar " 1. Ammannia.

Showy shrub. Capsule opening loculicidally. Seeds winged ... 2. Lagerstr(EMIA.

1. AMMANHIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 4- or sometimes 8- or 5-toothed, often
with as many external small accessory teeth. Petals as many, or sometimes
deficient. Stamens as many, or rarely twice as many. Ovary 2- to 4-celled.
Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Capsule membranous, 2- to 4-celled,
rarely 1-celled by the drying up of the partition, opening either transversely,
or in septicidal valves. — Herbs, either annual or with a perennial stock, and
usually glabrous. Leaves opposite. Elowers small, single, or clustered in the
axils of the leaves, or forming terminal spikes.

A considerable genus, chiefly tro])ical and Asiatic or African, with a few species from tro-
pical or northern America, or from more teuiperate Asia.

1. A. rotundifolia, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 485. A glabrous, low herb.

112 lythrakietE. [Ammannia.

diffuse, and often rooting at the base ; the flowering stems ascending to the
height of 4 to 6 in. or seldom more. Leaves almost sessile, orbicular, obo-
vate, or broadly oblong, usually 3 or 4 lines long. Flowers not above a line
long, nearly sessile and single in the axils of bracts or floral leaves about as
long as themselves, forming 1 or 3 terminal spikes of | to 1 in. long. Calyx-
teeth 4, without any accessory ones. Petals 4, small, purple. Stamens 4. —
Ameletia rolnndifoUa, Wight, Ic. i. t. 458. Amniannia (^Auieletia) subspicaia,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 484, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 81.

Commou in ditches aud marshy places, Champion and others. Extends over India from
the Peninsula to Burmah, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China. The tirst Hong-
kong specimens I received had remarkahly narrow leaves and some apparent differences in
inflorescence from the Indian type then known to me, and I was induced to describe it as a
distinct species ; but I now find that in China as in India the two extremes are so intimately
connected as to be inseparable even as marked varieties.

2. LAGERSTRCEMIA, Linn.

Calyx campanulate ; the limb 4- to 9-toothed or -lobed, with the addition
occasionally of small intermediate teeth. Petals as many, with distinct claws.
Stamens indefinite, inserted near the base of the calyx-tube. Ovary 3- to
6-celled. Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Capside surrounded by the
persistent calyx, opening locidicidally in 3 to 6 valves, each valve bearing the
partition in its centre. Seeds terminating in a wing.^Trees or shrubs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers showy, usually in terminal panicles.

A genus of few species, confined to tropical or subtropical Asia.

1. Is. indica, Lhm.; DC. Prod. iii. 93 ; Bot. Mag. i5. 405 ; JFlgJd, Illustr.
^. 86 (88). A tall shrub, glabrous or nearly so ; the young shoots slightly 4-
angled. Leaves on very short petioles, orbicular, obovate, or broadly oblong,
1 to 2 in. long ; the pinnate veins rather prominent and sometimes slightly
pubescent underneath. Flowers of a reddish-purple, in handsome terminal
ovate or oblong panicles of about half a foot in length. Calyx about 3 or 3^
lines long ; the tube not furrowed, as in some other species, with ovate lobes.
Petals 6, orbicular, crisped at the edge, on slender claws much longer than
the calyx-lobes. Stamens indefinite, the 6 outer ones much larger than the
others. Capsule nearly globular, 5 or 6 lines diameter, projecting consider-
ably beyond the calyx.

Near the Buddhist Temple, really wild, Chcmpion. Extends from Cochin China to Japan,
and is much cultivated for ornanrent all over the East and occasionally in southern Europe.

Order XLL MELASTOMACE^.

Calyx-tube enclosing the ovary and usually cohering Avith its angles, leaving
intermediate cavities, or sometimes entirely free or adherent ; the limb entire,
or with as many teeth or lobes as petals. Petals usually 4 or 5, sometimes
3 or 6 or more inserted intermediately below the calyx-teeth, twisted in the
bud. Stamens usually twice as many, sometimes only as many, and inserted
with the petals, the filaments curved down in the bud ; the anthers 2-celled,
opening at the top in 1 or 2 pores, and before flowering their tips are con-
tained in the cavities between the calyx and ovary. Ovary with 2 to 6, or

Melastumacece.'] jielastomaceje. 113

rarely more cells, and several ovules in each, or sometimes 1 -celled by the
failure of the partitions. Style simple, with a capitate or minute stigma.
Fruit enclosed in the calyx or combined with it, succulent and indehiscent, or
opening in as many valves as there were cells to the ovary. Seeds usually
numerous and small, straight or cochleate (i. e. curved something like a uni-
valve shell), without albumen. Cotyledons flat or rarely convolute. — Herbs,
shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite, undivided, and (in all but the Meme-
cylon tribe) with 3, 5, or more ribs. Flowers usually in terminal panicles or
clusters, rarely solitary or axillary.

A large Order, ahnost confined to the trojMcs, and most abundant in S. America, a few
species occurring in N. America, in subtropical eastern Asia, southern Africa, or Australia.

Leaves with 3, 5, or more ribs. Ovary several-ceUed.
Stamens twice as many as petals.

Petals and calyx-teeth 5 or 6. Fruit succulent. Seeds cochleate 1. Melastoma.
Petals and calyx-teeth 4, rarely 5. Fruit capsular.

Anthers without subulate appendages. Seeds cochleate . . 2. Osbeckia.
Anthers with 2 hair-hke appendages. Seeds straight ... 3. DissocH.tXA.
Stamens and petals 4.

Panicle terminal 4. Oxyspora.

Flowers in axillary clusters 5. Anplectrum.

Leaves with only the midrib. Ovary 1-celled 6. Memecylon.

1. MELASTOMA, Linn.

Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb of 5 or rarely 6 deciduous lobes or teeth,
and often as many accessory ones. Petals as many, obcordate or obovate.
Stamens twice as many. Anthers long, with a single pore ; 5 larger, with the
connective produced below into a long curved 2-lobed or 2-pointed appen-
dage ; 5 smaller, with the appendage short and 2-lobed or wanting. Ovary
5- or rarely 6-celled, crowned wdth a few stiff hairs or bristles. Fruit more
or less succulent, opening irregularly. Seeds cochleate. — Shrubs or under-
shrubs. Leaves usually ovate. Flowers terminal, solitaiy or few together,
usually large and showy ; the calyx usually covered with bristles or scales.

A considerable genus, hmited to tropical Asia, Austraha, and the Pacific islands.

Creeping undershrub L M. repens.

Erect shrub.

Calyx covered with closely pressed, chaffy, scale-like bristles . . 2. M. macrocarpon.

Calyx covered with long, 'fine, spreading, and incurved bristles . . 3. M. decemfidum.

1. M. repens, Lam.; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xiii. 274. A
diffuse or creeping undershrub, the branches quite glabrous or with a very
few bristles. Leaves broadly elliptical or obovate, i to 1 in. long, 3 -nerved,
with a few short bristly hairs at the edge, otherwise glabrous. Flowers 1 to
3 together at the ends of the branches, much smaller than in the two follow-
ing species. Calyx more or less covered with rather short stift" bristles ; the
lobes lanceolate, about the length of the tube, varying much in breadth, but
never subulate from the base in the s))ecimens I have seen. Petals about i
in. long. Berry purple, rather larger than a Bilberry, and of a pleasant taste.

Common on all the hills, especially neai- the summits, Champion and others. Also on the
adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

2. M. macrocarpon, Don ; DC. Prod. iii. U5. An erect shrub, the

1

114 MELASTOMACE^. [Melttstoma.

branches more or less covered with adpressed scaly bristles. Leaves stalked,
vaiying from broadl}^ heart-shaped and only 2 or 3 in. long, to nearly lanceo-
late and 5 in. long. Flowers large, usually 3 together, almost sessile at the
ends of the branches, sometimes solitary or 5 together, when expanded often
3 or 4 in. diameter. Calyx thickly covered with closely pressed chaffy bristles
or scales ; the lobes lanceolate, about the length of the tube, the accessory
teeth small and fine or none. Bracts at the base of the calyx varying from
ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the tube or as long as the whole calyx.
There are two rather marked varieties, viz. —

a. Leaves sprinkled on the upper side with short hairs. — if. macrocarpum, Benth. in
Kew Jovu-n. Bot. iv. 116, and Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xiii. 28]. M. homo-
steginm, Naud. 1. c. p. 286.

b. Leaves thickly covered on both §ides with appressed hairs or bristles, giving them a
silky appeaj-ance when young. — M. candidum, Don; Benth. in Kew Jouru. Bot. iv. 116.
J/, ccdycinum, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 285.

On hills, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent and in the Philippine
Islands (Cuming, n. 927) the two varieties are found together, and the extreme states ap-
pear very different in the clothing of the foliage ; but they are too much connected by inter-
mediate states to be retained as species. The figures usually quoted, Bot. Mag. t. 529, and
Bot. Reg. t. 672, are very unsatisfactory representations of this species. They are, how-
ever, most probably drawn from plants of East Indian origin, more nearly allied to the
M. malahathncum.

3. M. decemfidum, i^o^^^i. ; Z)C. Pro^^. iii. 146 ; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
ser. 3, xiii. 282. An erect shrub, the branches with a few scattered scales
and spreading bristles. Leaves like those of the last species, but narroAver,
from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous, or with a fcAv short scattered
appressed hairs or bristles. Flowers large, solitary or 3 together, as in the
M. macrocarpum. Calyx-tube covered with long stiff bristles, spreading at
the base, ancl then turned upwards ; the lobes lanceolate-subulate, much shorter
than the tube, with accessory teeth nearly as large. — M. sangidneum, Linn. ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2241 ; DC. Prod. iii. 145 ; Naud. 1. c. 281.

On hills, with the preceding. Champion and others. Extends over the Indian Archipelago
from Penang to Borneo.

2. OSBECKIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube ovoid ; the limb of 4 or 5 lobes or teeth, with appendages be-
tween them, which are usually bristle-like, and terminate in a tuft of hairs.
Petals as many, obovate. Stamens twice as many. Anthers opening in a single
pore, without any or scarcely any appendage to the base of the connective.
Ovary 4- or 5-celled, croAvned with bristles. Fruit capsular, opening at the
top in as many valves as there were cells to the ovary. Seeds cochleate. —
Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Flowers usually termnial, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, smaller than in Meladoma.

A considerable genus, spread over tropical Asia and Africa.

1. O. chinensis, Linn. ; Blume, Mas. Bot. i. 50. An erect herb, either
annual or forming a perennial stock, glabrous, or with a few short stiff hairs ;
the stem quadrangular, 1^ to 2 ft. high. Leaves very shortly stalked, linear,
linear-oblong, or almost lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 4 lines broad. Flowers
several together, forming sessile terminal clusters, almost condensed into heads.

Osbeckia.'] MELASTOMACEiE. ]15

Calyx-tube 3 to 4 lines long ; lobes 4, acute and ciliate, but without any ter-
minal tuft of hairs, with 4 accessory ciliate scales inserted between and a little
below them on the outside. Fruiting' calyx somewhat contracted near the
top, truncate after the lobes have fallen. — 0. a/ngustifolia, Don ; Wall. PL As.
Ear. iii. t. 251. 0. linearis, Blume, in Flora, 1831, 473. 0. decora, Wall.
Catal. n. 4070. 0. glabrata, Wall. Catal. n. 4071.

In ravines in tte island, Champion and others. Common in northern and eastern India,
in the Archipelago, the Philippines, and northward to south China and Formosa. This spe-
cies is well described by Linnaeus, although it has been subsequently much confused, owing
to his false reference to Plukenet. This has led to the figuring other Indian species, in Bot.
Reg. t. 542 and Bot. Mag. t. 4026, under the erroneous name of 0. chinensis.

3. DISSOCHJETA, Blume.

Calyx-tube ovoid or oblong; the limb 4-lobed, without accessory teeth.
Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 8, of which 4 much smaller. Anthers of the larger
ones usually elongated, with a single pore at the top ; the connective often
produced below at the back into a spur, and usually bearing at tlie base in
front 2 hair-like appendages. Ovary usually adnate to the calyx at the angles
only, 4-celled, without bristles at the top. Fruit usually capsular. Seeds
nearly straight, with a lateral hilum. — Shrubs, usually glabrous or with a
very slight tomentum. Flowers in terminal panicles, usually smaller than in
the two last genera, although exceptionally large in the following species.

A considerable genus, limited to tropical Asia, and most numerous in the Archipelago.

1. D. Barthei, Hance, n. sp. A low shrub, with spreading branches,
glabrous, or the young shoots slightly mealy-glandular. Leaves oval-elliptical,
acuminate, those of each pair unequal, the longer ones 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to
\\ in. broad, on a petiole of half an inch, with 3 ribs besides the marginal
nerves. Flowers usually 3 together, at the ends of the branches, white, tinged
with pink outside, about 2 in. diameter. Calyx-tube sharply 4-angled, the
lobes about 2 lines long. Petals broad, like those of a Melastoma. Anthers
of the 4 larger stamens about 5 lines long, with an oblong dorsal appendage
or spur, and the 2 hair-like appendages characteristic of the genus, the 4 others
about one-third their size, without the dorsal appendage, but with the two
hair-like ones. Ovary crowned by an irregularly lobed ring, with short glan-
dular bristles. Capside, when ripe, almost free within the calyx, opening in
4 valves.

In ravines on the top of Mount Victoria, Hance and Bccrthe, and afterwards WHforcl.
Not as yet seen from elsewhere. The Asiatic Melastomacea of the Miconia tribe have been
distributed by Blume, Korthals, Naudin, and others, into so many small genera, founded so
frequently upon characters which are only specific, that it is seldom that any new species
discovered will fit precisely into any of them, and thus the genera of this and the two fol-
lowing species must remain uncertain until the whole shall have been reformed into natural
groups. For this operation we do not at present possess in this country sutficient materials.
In the meantime I have retained the present species in LlssoeJiata, where Dr. Hance pro-
posed to place it, as having the technical character derived from the anthers, although it has
the calyx rather of O.vyspora, and difters from both in inflorescence, and perhaps in the fruit,
which is not very perfect in the specimens I have seen.

4. OXYSPORA, DC.

Calyx-tube oblong ; the limb of 4 ovate lobes, without accessory teeth.

I 2

116 MELASTOMACEiE. [Oxyspora.

Petals 4, acute. Stamens 8, of which 4 smaller, or 4 only. Anthers of the
4 larger ones linear, opening in a single pore, slightly 2-lobe(l at the base, but
without any appendage. Ovary 4-celled, adhering by the angles only. Cap-
sule almost free, enclosed in the calyx, 4-celled, opening in valves at the top.
Seeds nearly straight, with a lateral liilum. — Shrubs usually glabrous, or nearly
so. Plowers in terminal panicles.

Besides the following species the genus only comprises one or two from northern India.

1. O. ? pauciflora, Benth. Apparently a shrub. Branches slightly
rusty-tomentose. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, 3- or 5 -ribbed, glabrous above, more or less covered underneath with
glandular dots, and slightly tomentose on the ribs, those of each pair very un-
equal, the larger one about 3 in. long. Flowers in a loose panicle, much
smaller than in the Indian 0. paniculata. Stamens 4 only, resembling the
larger ones of that species. — Allomorpliia paucifora, Benth. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. i. 485.

Hongkong, Hinds. I described this from a single specimen in INIr. Hinds' collection, and
have seen no other one since. Having, however, examined good specimens of the true
Allomorjjhia, I find I was wrong in referring the Hongkong plant to that genus, but it
agrees well in habit and characters with O.vijspora, except that the 4 stamens opposite the
petals are entirely Avanting, instead of being only much smaller than the others.

5. ANPLECTRUM, A. Gray.

(Aplectrum, Bhcme, not JSutt.)

Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb entire or 4-toothed, but without acces-
sory teeth. Petals 4, lanceolate-acuminate. Stamens 8, of which 4 sterile,
or 4 only. Anthers of the fertile ones linear or ovoid, opening in a single pore,
slightly 2-lobed at the base, but without any or only a very small appendage
to the connective. Ovary 4-celled, entirely adnate to the calyx. Pruit a glo-
bular indehiscent beriy. Seeds nearly straight, with a lateral hilum. — Shrubs,
either glabrous or slightly tomentose. Plowers very small, in axillaiy or
sometimes terminal clusters or short panicles.

A genus of very few species, all from tropical Asia.

1. A. 'p2iY'7i^OY^xxla.^Benth.n. sp. A shrub, either glabrous or the branches
and under side of the leaves minutely powdery-downy. Leaves on long pe-
tioles, oval-oblong, with a long acumen, 3 to 4 in. long, and 1 to 2 in. broad,
acute at the base, glabrous above, of a thinner consistence than those of other
Anplectra, those of each pair nearly equal. Pedicels 3 to 5 together, in the
axils of the leaves, 1 to 2 lines long. Calyx-tube about 1 line long, slightly
contracted at the top, with 4 minute teeth. Stamens 4 only, the anthers with-
out appendage. Pruit about \^ lines long, ovoid or pear-shaped, not very
succulent, and perhaps opening in short valves at the top. Seeds acuminate
at both ends.

Hongkong, Wright. Also north-west Formosa, Wilford, and Assam, Masters. The species
agrees well with the technical characters of Anplectrmn, except in the total absence of the
4 smaller stamens. The habit and foliage come near to those of Driessenia, judging from
Korthals' figures, as I have seen no specimens of that plant.

Memect/Ion.] melastoma €£.!<:. 117

6. MEMECYLON, Linn.

Calyx- tube hemispherical or cainpanulate ; the limb entire or obtusely 4-
lobed, or rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4 or rarely 5, ovate or orbicular. Stamens
twice as many, all similar. Anthers short, with a thick connective, forming
a conical spur at the base. Ovary entirely adnate to the calyx, 1 -celled.
Ovules attached to a central placenta. Fruit a berry, crowned by the calyx-
teeth or border. Seeds solitary or rarely 2 or 3, with convolute cotyledons.
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, with 1 prominent midrib, and pinnate
veins often scarcely perceptible. Flowers usually small, in axillary clusters
or cymes.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. M. ligustrifoliuxn, Champ, m Kew Journ.Bot. iv. 117. A perfectly
glabrous shrub, with slender branches. Leaves shortly stalked, elliptical, ob-
tuse or obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long and about 1 in. broad, acute at the
base, of a thick coriaceous consistence, the veins scarcely perceptible. Peduncles
axillaiy, 2 to 3 lines long, bearing a little cyme of 3 to 5 flowers. Buds, when
ready to open, globular, obtuse, nearly 2 lines diameter. Calyx-teeth 4, very
broad and short. Ovules 8 or 10, in a ring round the short central placenta.
Berry 4 or 5 lines diameter, with a single seed. — M. scutellatum, Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech. 186, but not of Naudin.

Hongkong, Champion. Also S. China, Beechey. The species is allied to the common
M. ovatum, Sm. (or 31. edule, Roxb.), but the flowers are fewer and twice the size. It can-
not well retain the name of scutellatum, which should be reserved for the Scutula of Lou-
reiro, formerly supposed by Hooker and Arnott to be this species, but which appears to be
a different one, from Cochin China and not from Canton. Naudin has given the name of
M. Ugustrinum to a different species, which I have not seen.

Order XLII. MYRTACE^.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovaiy and often projecting above it ; the limb
of 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes or teeth. Petals as many, inserted on the
calyx at the top of the tube, imbricate in the bud. Stamens usually indefi-
nite, sometimes twice as many or as many as the petals, curved inwards in
the bud, free or variously connected. Anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary in-
ferior, 2- to 5- or more celled, rarely 1-celled by incompleteness or failure of
the partitions. Ovules 2 or more in each cell or rarely solitary, the placentas
axile. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds without al-
bumen. Embiyo straight or curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or
rarely alternate, entire, almost always dotted. Flowers axillary or more rarely
terminal.

A large Order, widely spread over South America, tropical and subtropical Africa and
Asia, and especially Australia, with a few South African, North American, and one European
species.

Stamens 10 or 8. Leaves subulate, heath-like 1. Bjcckea.

Stamens numerous. Leaves flat.

Calyx-tube produced above the ovary, and lobcd or toothed at the top.

Calyx-tube shortly obovate 2. Syzygium.

118 MYRTACEiE. [Myrtacece.

Calyx-tube elongated aud tapering at the base.

Calyx-limb obscurely toothed 3. Acmena.

Calyx-limb distinctly 4-lobed 4. Jambosa.

Calyx entire and closed in the bud, splitting irregulai'ly as the flower

opens * 5. Psidium.

Calyx-tube wholly adnate, the lobes reaching to the ovary. Leaves

3- or 5-ribbed 6. Rhodomyrtus.

1. BiECKEA, Linn.

Calyx-tube campanulate, acute at the base, produced above the ovary ; lobes
5, membranous. Petals 5. Stamens 10 or fewer. Ovary 2- or 3-celled,
with several ovules in each cell. Capsule opening at the top in 2 or 3 locu-
licidal valves. Seeds angular. Embryo straight, with short cotyledons. —
Heath-like shrubs. Leaves opposite, small, and narrow. Flowers solitary
in the axils, with 2 minute bracts at their base.

A small genus, chiefly Australian, with one species extending over the Indian Archipelago
to China.

1. B. frutescens, Linn.; DC. Prod. iii. 229; Bot. Mag. t. 2802. A
glabrous, heath-like shrub, with twiggy branches. Leaves linear-subulate,
3 or 4 lines long, erect or spreading. Flowers small, nearly sessile and soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, and not attaining half their length. Calyx-lobes
orbicular, and almost petal-like. Stamens 10 or rarely 8. Ovary 3-celled. — B.
Cummglana, Schau. in Walp Eep. ii. 920.

Very common in the island, Champion and others. Extends over the Indian Archipelago,
the Malayan Peninsula, the Philippines, and South China. The Malacca specimens, as well
as the Chinese ones, have the parts of the flowers generally in fives, and only occasionally
aud accidentally reduced to fours.

2. SYZYGIUM, Geei-tn.

Calyx-tube shortly obovate, produced above the ovaiy, bordered with 4 or
rarely 5 very short teeth, which disappear as the flower expands. Petals 4 or
rarely 5, more or less cohering and falling ofl" together, or rarely free. Stamens
numerous, free. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit a
berry, crowned by the truncate remains or scar of the calyx. Seed rarely
more tlian 1. Embryo straight, the cotyledons thick and usually consolidated
into a single mass. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceons. Flowers
in trichotomous panicles, usually terminal and coiymbose, more rarely axillary
and few-flowered.

A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, with a few African or Australian spe-
cies. It diff'ers in little but the calyx from the very large chiefly American genus Eugenia,
and, as well as the two following genera, is united \^ith it by many botanists.

Panicles few-flowered, axillary. Leaves not above 1 in. long. Petals

free 1. 5. hicxifollum.

Cymes small, mostly terminal. Leaves narrow, IJ to 2 in. long. Petals

cohering 2. 5. odoratum.

Panicles many-flowered, lateral. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long. Petals cohering 3. S. nervosum.

1. S» buxifolium, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 187. A glabrous, much-
branched shrub, the younger branches quadrangular. Leaves obovate or
broadly oblong, obtuse, ^ to 1 in. long, narrowed at the base into a very
short petiole, rather thick ; the lateral veins inconspicuous. Cymes or panicles

Syzygimi.'] myrtace.e. 119

few-flowered, seldom long-er than the leaves. Calyx-teeth very short and
broad. Petals 4, small, not cohering as in most species of the genus. Ovules
about 4 in each cell. Berry 4 to 6 lines in diameter. Seed single, the thick
cotyledons not consolidated.

In ravines, Champion and others. On the Chinese continent it extends northward to Amoy.

2. S. odoratum, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 187, but perhaps not of
DC. A glabrous shrub, with slightly compressed branches. Leaves ellipti-
cal or oblong-lanceolate, acuuiiuate, 1| to 2 in. long, narrowed into a petiole,
shining above ; the veins not very prominent, and uniting into a marginal one
about \ a line frojn the edge. Cymes few-flowered, compact, mostly terminal
and shorter than the leaves. Flowers scarcely pedicellate. Calyx-teeth 4,
broadly orbicular. Petals usually cohering and falling oft" together.

In the Happy A'alley woods, Ckamjrion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but
not knowTi out of S. China. It is at first sight very similar to the iS'. cijmosum, DC. {S.
frondosum, Wall.), but in that species, besides minor differences, the lateral veins are very
numerous and parallel, running out almost to the edge.

3. S. nervosum, DC. Prod. iii. 260. A large tree, quite glabrous.
Leaves ovate or oval-elliptical, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long,
usually of a pale green ; the principal lateral veins distant from each other,
and very prominent underneath. Panicles usually arising from the leafless
nodes of the former year's wood, 3 or 4 in. long, very spreadingly branched
from the base ; the flowers usually 3 together, sessile at the ends of the ulti-
mate branches. Calyx not distinctly toothed. Ben-y veiy juicy and edible.
— Eugenia operculata, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 486; Wight, Ic. t. 552, and pro-
bably E. Panlala, Pioxb. 1. c. p. 489, and E. cerasoides, Eoxb. 1. c. 488;
Wight, Ic. t. 615 and 616, Syzygi,um nodosum, S. costatum, and -S*. augko-
lanum, Miq. PI, Ned, Ind, i. 448, CaJyptranthes maugiferifolia, Hance in
Walp. Ann, ii, 629.

Near the Albany barracks, Champion. Cultivated in the island, Hance. Spread over
northern and eastern India, the Archipelago, and northward to S. China. The berry much
eaten, and the tree often planted for its fruit. It is very near the S. Jamholana in habit
and inflorescence, but may be readily distinguished by the venation of the leaves.

3. ACMENA, DC,

Characters of Syzygium, except that the calyx-tube is elongated and tapers
to the base.

A genus which, if limited as proposed by "Wight (as a section of Eugenia), comprises seve-
ral Asiatic species, besides one or two Austrahan ones, to which last others would confine the
group. It is probable, however, that most of the species should be united with Sijzijgium.
The following one is as yet doubtful, only being known in fruit.

i . A. Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot.iv. 118. A glabrous tree.
Leaves oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 1| to 2| in.
long, ^ to 1 in. broad, tapering at the base into a short petiole, shining above ;
the lateral veins fine and scarcely prominent. Cymes few-flowered, terminal,
or in the upper axils shorter than the leaves. Pedicels very short. The
flowers have not been seen. Calyx (evidently just past flower) slender,
about 4 lines long, with 4 veiy short broad teeth. Berry ovoid-oblong, 5 or
6 lines long. Seeds 1 or 2, the cotyledons consolidated into a thick mass.

120 MYRTACE.^. [Acmena.

Near the "Waterfall in the Happy Valley, Champion. The Memecylon nigrescens. Hook,
and Aril., a S. Chinese plant, referred here with doubt by Seemaun, is certainly not this
species. The specimens have close lateral clusters of very young apparently diseased buds,
insufficient for their determination. If the plant is a Myrtacea at all, which is not impro-
bable, it most resembles an apparently undescribed S. Chinese Syzyg'mm, allied to S. buxifo-
Hum, of which there are specimens from Millett in the Hookerian herbarium, but which has
not yet been foimd in Hongkong.

4. JAMBOSA, DC.

Calyx-tube turbinate, usually elongated and tapering at the base, produced
abovethe ovaiy, with 4 or rarely more distinct lobes or teeth. Petals 4, or
rarely more, distinct and spreading. Stamens numerous, free. Ovary 2-
celled, ^dth several ovides in each cell. Beriy and seeds of Syzygium. — Trees
or shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers in terminal or rarely axil-
laiy short panicles, often rather large.

A considerable genus, limited to the tropical regions of the Old "World.

1. J. vulgaris, BO. Prod. iii. 286; Wight, Ic. ^,435. A glabrous tree.
Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 7 in. long, 1 to 1^ in. broad,
naiTOwed at the base, coriaceous and veined. Flowers large and show^', in a
short terminal panicle or raceme. Calyx-tube elongated in the adherent part,
the fi-ee part campanulate, with broad rounded lobes. Petals full \ in. long,
orbicular. Bemes globidar, crowned by the lobes of the calyx.

A native of tropical Asia, much planted about cottages for ornament, and said to be natu-
ralized in Hongkong.

5. PSIDIUM, Linn.

Calyx-tube ovate and adnate at the base ; the upper fi-ee portion quite
entire and closed over the flower in the bud, and coming ofi" entire or split-
ting irregidarly. Petals 4 or 5, fi-ee. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2- or more
celled, with many ovules in each, inserted on bifid axile placentas. Fi-uit a
berry. Seeds several, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped. Embno cm-ved,
with a long radicle and short cotyledons. — Trees or slu-ubs. Leaves oppo-
site. Flowers solitan^ or few together, on axillan- peduncles.

The genus is exclusively American, the following species onlv being introduced into the
Old World.

1. P. Guyava, Linn. Sp. PI. ed.l, HO. A tree, pubescent on the young
branches. Leaves on ven^ short petioles, ovate or oblong, usually acuminate,
3 to 4 in. long, glabrous or nearly so above, softly pubescent underneath,
with the principal veins very prominent. Peduncles axillar^^, ^ to 1 in. long,
1- or 3 -flowered. Buds ovoid in the adnate part; the fi-ee part also ovoid,
but much larger and more or less acuminate or pointed. Petals broad, full
^ in. diameter. Fruit globular or pear-shaped, known under the name of
Gunva. — P. pomiferum and P. pyriftrum ,ljm\\.; DC. Prod. iii. 233 and 234.

Hongkong, Champion, chiefly on roadsides and neai' habitations, Hance, Seemann. A
species of American origin, much cultivated in tropical Asia, and readily becomes naturalized.

6. RHODOMYRTUS, DC.

Calyx-tube campanulate, not produced above the ovary ; limb of 5, or rarely
6 or 4 lobes, broad and reaching to the ovary. Petals as many, fi-ee, spreading.

Rhodomyrtus.'] MYRTACE.E. 121

Stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or 4 -celled, with several ovules in each cell,
inserted in 2 rows on axile placentas. Ovaiy globular, crowned by the calyx-
lobes. Seeds several, honzontal, flattened. Embryo curved, with a lon^j-
radicle, and semicylindrical cotyledons.
The genus is limited to the following species.

1. R. tomentosa, BC. Prod. iii. 240 ; WigJd, Ic. t. 522 {as a section
q/Myrtus). A shrub of 4 or 5 feet, the branches, the under side of the leaves,
the peduncles, and calyx hoary with a very short soft tomentum. Leaves
oval-elliptical, obtuse, \\ to 3 in. long, with 3 or rarely 5 ribs, starting from
near the base as in Melastomacece, on short petioles. Peduncles axillary,
shorter than the leaves, bearing 1 or 3 rather large pink flowers. Calyx to-
mentose, with 2 small bracts at the base. Petals | to f in. diameter, tomen-
tose outside.

Abundant on the hills, Champion and others. Widely spread over southern India, in
Ceylon, Penang, and the Indian Archipelago, and northwards to China and Japan. In some
of the stations, however, given by collectors, it is only cultivated or escaped from cuUi-
vation.

Order XLIII. SAMYDACE^.

Sepals free or united at the base into a 4- or 5 -lobe d (rarely 2-, or 3-, or
6-, or more lobed) calyx, free from the ovary, or more or less adherent. Petals
either as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, inserted at their base, persistent
with them, and resembling them in consistence, or wanting. Stamens perigy-
nous, indefinite, or not corresponding in number with the petals, or if equal
to them, then usually opposite them, with glands or small scales alternating
with them. Ovaiy superior or more or less inferior, 1 -celled, wdth 2 or more
parietal placentas, and several ovides to each placenta. Style entire, or more
or less divided into as many branches as placentas. Pruit indehiscent or open-
ing in valves between the placentas. Seeds often arillate. Albumen fleshv.
Embryo straight or nearly so, with the radicle next the hilum, and flat coty-
ledons.— Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually toothed. Sti-
pules small or none. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely dioecious.

A considerable Order, if taken with the limits above given, and widely distributed over
the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics. The two following genera belong
to two of those tribes into which it may be divided, and which are considered by some as
distinct Orders, viz. Caseariece, or SamydecB proper, without petals, the stamens in a single
series ; and Homalinece, with sepal-like petals, the stameus inserted singly or in clusters, op-
posite the petals.
Petals none. Stamens in a single row, alternating with short ciliate

scales. Ovary superior 1. Casearia.

Petals as many as sepals. Stamens opposite them. Ovary inferior . . 2. Homalium.

1. CASEARIA, Linn., Jacq.

Calyx-lobes 4 to 5. Petals none. Stamens 6 to 15, alternating with as
many short ciliate or hairy scales, all in a single series and united in a peri-
gynous ring at the base. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 or rarely 4 parietal
placentas. Style entire or shortly 3-lobed. Pruit somewhat succulent, open-
ing in valves, or more fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds often with an arillus.

123 SAMYDACE.^. [Casearia.

Leaves usually dotted with a mixture of round and oblong transparent dots.
Stipules lateral. Flowers usually in axillary clusters.

A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a few African and Asiatic species.

1. C. glomerata, Roxb. ; BO. Prod: u. 4)9 . A glabrous shrab. Leaves
shortly stalked, oval-oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, marked
with pellucid dots. Flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves on pedicels
of about 2 lines. Calyx about 1 line long, 5 -cleft. Stamens 8, alternating
with as many scales. Style entii-e, wath a capitate stigma. Fruit an oblong
indeliiscent beny, about f in. long.

Hongkong, IfrigJit. I have only seen a single specimen in fruit froiB the island. It
appears, however, to belong to this species, which has a wide range over E. India.

2. HOMALIUM, Jacq.

Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong, adherent at the base, lobes 4 to 12. Pe-
tals as many. Stamens 1 or more, opposite each petal, and 1 gland opposite
each sepal. Ovary 1 -celled, adherent in the lower part, conical and free in
the upper part, crowned with 3 to 5 styles, either free or united into one.
Placentas as many as styles, in the upper free part of the ovaiy, wdth 2 to 6
(usually 4) pendulous ovules to each placenta. Fniit slightly enlarged, the
calyx-lobes and petals persisting round its centre, and usually opening at the
top in short valves between the placentas. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves not
dotted. Flowers in axillaiy racemes or terminal panicles.
\^ A considerable tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic and African, with a few American species.

1. H. fagifoliuxn^ Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 35. A small tree or
shi-ub, the branches pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked, oval or obovate, about
3 in. long, toothed, thin and pubescent, or at length glabrous. Kacemes
usually shorter, or scarcely longer than the leaves, slender and pubescent.
Flowers whitish, pubescent. Calyx-tube naiTow-turbinate, A^dth 6 to 8 linear-
cuneate lobes about 1\ lines long. Petals nearly similar, and scarcely larger,
all ciliate, giving the flower a plumose appearance. St^des usually 4, gla-
brous. Free part of the ovaiy shortly conical. — Blackwellia fagifolia, Lindl.
Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond. vi. 269. B.padifloia, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1308. B.
Loureiri, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 482.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Also in the adjacent parts of south
China, but not known from elseAvhere.

Order XLIV. PASSIFLOREiE.

Sepals united at the base into a 5-lobed or rarely 3- or 4-lobed calyx, free
from the ovaiy. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted at their base,
usually persistent vA\\i them and nearly resembling them, or rarely wanting.
Stamens usually as many as the sepals, rarely twice as many, inserted at the
base of the calyx, but often connate wiXh the ovary-stalk to near the top, and
appearing to be there inserted. Ovaiy usually stalked, 1 -celled, ^\A\\\ 3 or
rarely 5 parietal placentas, each \\\\\\ several ovides. Style divided into as
many branches as placentas, with terminal stigmas. Fruit indehisceiit and
succulent, or opening in valves between the placentas. Seeds often arillate.

Passijlorece.'] PASSiFLOREiE. 123

Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight. Radicle next the hilimi. Cotyledons
leafy.— Climbers, or rarely erect herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or
divided, with stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual.

Besides Passi flora itself, the Order contains a few small genera dispersed over the tropical
regions of the Old as well as the New World.

1. PASSIFLORA, Linn.

Calyx-tube short. One or several rings of coloured filaments within the
petals. Stamens as many as the sepals, so united ^\\{\\ the ovary-stalk as to
appear to be inserted at its summit. Styles 8, with large capitate stigmas.
Fruit succident, indehiscent. — Climbers with axillary tendrils. Flowers
usually hemiaphrodite. Sepals usually coloiu'ed inside as much as the petals.

A large genus, almost entirely American, with a very few somewhat anomalous species
fi-om the Old World.

1. P. fcetida, Linn, ; DC. Prod. iii. 331 ; Bot. Reg. if. 321 ; But. Mar/.
^.2619. A herbaceous climber, usually very haiiy. Leaves stalked, cordate,
and mostly 3-lobed, 2 to 3 in. long, softly villous on both sides. Stipules
fringed with hair-like lobes, tipped with a small gland. Peduncles axillary,
1 to 2 in. long, bearing a single flower, closely surrounded and almost en-
closed in a moss-like involucre, consisting of 3 bracts veiy much divided into
hair-like glandiQar lobes. Petals pale purplish-white, spreading to about 2
in. diameter.

Common about habitations, Wilford. A native of S. America, where it has a very wide
range, and introduced from thence it has become a village and roadside weed over a great part
of East India.

Order XLV. CUCUEBITACE^.

Flowers usually unisexual. Calyx superior (or adherent at the base and
produced above the ovai-y), usually campanulate, 5 -toothed. Petals 5, or
united in a 5-lobed coroUa, apparently continuous with the calyx-tube, with
the calyx-teeth at the base of the lobes. Male floAvers : Stamens usually
5 or 3. Anthers usually linear and cm-ved, forming a wavy line on the con-
nectivum. Female flowers : Ovaiy inferior, often 1 -celled when veiy young,
with 3 parietal placentas, which soon grow out so as to divide the ovary into
3 or 6 cells. Ovules many, or rarely 1 to each placenta. Fruit succulent,
indehiscent, or bm-sting irregidarly. Seeds usually ovate and compressed, in
a juicy or membranous arillus. Albumen none. Embiyo straight, with the
radicle next the hilum, and leafy cotyledons. — Climbers, usually herbaceous,
with lateral tendrils. Leaves alteniate, palmately veined or lobed.

A considerable Order, dis])ersed over all but the colder regions of the globe, but most
abundant in dry hot countries, especially in Africa.
Stamens inserted at the base of the calyx.

Male flowers (very small) in racemes. Berries small, globular or oblong 1. Kahivia.

Male flowers solitary. Fruits large, globular -i. Citkulh:s.

Stamens inserted near the petals.

Connective of the anthers projecting beyond the cells. Fruit oblung,

indehiscent . .••,•.••.•• 2. .Echm.\ndra.

Anther-cells sinuous, almost covcrinu: the connective. Fruit unu-icate,

opening elastically ^ 3. Momokdica.

124. CUCURBITACE^. {KaHvia.

1. K ART VI A, Am.

Calyx urceolate, with 5 small teeth at the base of as many petals, which
appear to form part of the calyx. Male flowers : Stamens 3, wii\ distinct
filaments inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers with a broad connecti-
vum, two with 2 cells each, the third usnally 1-celled, more or less sinnous.
Female flowers : Style cylindrical, with 3 large capitate stigmas. BeiTy gio-
bnlar or ovoid, not beaked. — Leaves veiy variable, entire or lobed. Flowers
small, the males in short racemes or umbels, the females solitaiy.

A small genus, limited to Africa and tropical Asia, united by Thwaites with Zehneria,
Endl., and both scarcely distinct from Bri/0)na.

1. K, umbellata. Am. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. 275. A glabrous
climber, ^vith little or none of the asperities so general in Cucurbitacece.
Leaves exceedingly variable in shape, usually 2 or 3 in. long, on short peti-
oles, deeply cordate at the base, and more or less angularly 3- to 5-lobed, the
middle lobe the longest, the lower ones very spreading; sometimes heart-
shaped and toothed only, sometimes di^dded almost to the base. Male flowers
2|^ lines long, with short broad lobes (petals) and minute spreading teeth be-
tween them on the outside ; the veiy short racemes, either sessile in the axils
or on a peduncle of near an inch. Female flowers solitaiy, sometimes in the
same axils as the male raceme. Beriy small, ovoid-oblong. — Harlandia
bryonio'ides, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 648. Bryonia umiellata, Willd. ; DC.
Prod. iii. 305.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Extends over the greater part of India, and abundant in the
Archipelago. Dr. Hance's specimens were by mistake referred by Seemann to the Zehneria
viijsorensis, which may be at once distinguished by the male flowers, which are shorter, more
broadly campanulate, with very spreading lobes (or petals) as long as the tube. The berries
are also shorter and more globular. This species has not yet been found in China.

2. JSCHMANDRA, Arn.

Calyx campanulate, with 5 small teeth at the base of the 5-lobed corolla
which appears continuous with it. Stamens 3, inserted near the petals, in the
tube of the calyx ; filaments short, free. Anthers with a broad connectivum
projecting beyond the cells, 2 with 2 cells each, the third 1-celled. Ovary
oblong, contracted at the top. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry oblong, indehiscent,
obtuse or contracted into a beak at the top. — Flowers small, the males in short
racemes or solitaiy, the females always solitary.

A small genus, spread over Africa and tropical Asia.

1. 2^. odorata. Hook. fil. and Thorns. Stems slender, glabrous or
slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly triangular or cordate, acuminate, about
1\ in. long, sinuately toothed or 3- or 5-lobed, thin, but very rough on the
upper side, on petioles of |^ to 1 in. Pedicels filiform, 1-flowered, 3 to 6 lines
long, usually 1 male and 1 to 3 females in the same axil. Male flowers about
3 lines long, and cleft to about the middle, the small subulate calyx-teeth re-
curved. Connective of the anthers broad and membranous, the anther-cells
reaching to about f of its length. Female flowers rather small. Berry oblong,
obtuse, not beaked, about ^ in. long, in the Hongkong variety, shorter and
globular in the more common Indian form. — Bryonia odorata, Ham. in Wall.
Catal. n. 6706.

Mchmandra?^ cucuiibitace.e. 125

Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Apparently common in north-eastern India. I had at
first thought that this Chinese form, with more distinctly cordate leaves and a longer berry,
might be specifically distinct from the Indian one, but on farther comparison it does not ap-
pear that the single specimen I have seen is sufficient to justify its separation.

3. MOMORDICA, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct. Male flowers : Stamens
3, inserted near the petals in the tube of the calyx. Filaments short, free.
Anthers sinuous, covering the connective, 2 of them 2-celled, the third 1-celled.
Female flowers : Ovary contracted at the top. Stigmas 3, on a short style,
2-lobed. Fruit oblong or ovoid, usually opening elastically in valves. — Pe-
duncles both male and female 1 -flowered.

A small tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. M. charantia, Linn.; BO. Prod. ii. 311; WigJit, Ic. t. 504. A
glabrous or pubescent slender climber. Leaves thin, broadly cordate or orbi-
cular, 2 to 3 in. diameter, more or less deeply divided into 5 or 7 sinuately
toothed lobes. Peduncles slender, \\ to 2 in. long, with a reniform entire
bract, 3 to 6 lines broad, at about the middle of the male peduncles and nearer
the base of the female ones. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about 3 lines long.
Petals more than twice as long, obovate-orbicular, yellow. Fruit ovoid or
oblong, usually beaked, more or less tuberculate or niuricate, often 4 or 5 in.
long.

Half spontaneous, climbing over shrubs, Hance. "Widely spread over East India and some
parts of Africa, but frequently escaped from cultivation.

4. CITRULLUS, Schrad.

Calyx shortly and broadly campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Corolla deeply
5-lobed. Male flower: Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the calyx. Fila-
ments free, short. Anthers sinuous, 2 of them 2-celled, the third 1-celled.
Female flower : Ovary ovoid. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit large,
globular, indehiscent, with a hard rind. — Peduncles both male and female 1-
flowered.

Besides the following, the genus contains one other species, also a native of Africa.

1. C. vulgaris, Schrad. ; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xii. 100.
A coarse annual, more or less hairy. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, sometimes broadly
ovate-cordate, with broad short obtuse lobes, sometimes deeply pinnatifld, with
narrow obtuse sinuate or pinnatifld lobes. Peduncles short, hairy. Male
flowers pale yellow, about 1 in. diameter. Fruit usually large, variously co-
loured, always more or less glaucous.

Known as the Water-Melon, and of African origin ; it is said to have become naturalized in
many places in Hongkong, as over a great part of tropical Asia.

Order XLVL BEGONIACEiE.

Flowers unisexual. Sepals or petals 2 to 8, all coloured, of which 2 or 3
outer ones (sepals), and 2 to 5 inner and often smaller (petals), the latter oc-
casionally wanting. Male flowers : Stamens indelinite, filaments free or vari-

126 BEGONiACE.^. {Begonlacea.

ously combined ; anthers adnate, 2-celled, opening outwards. Female flowers :
Ovary inferior, 3-angled or 3-winged, 3-celled, with simple or branched axile
placentas, or rarely 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous,
minute. Style short, 3-cleft ; stigmas entire or branched. Pruit inferior,
8 -angled or 3-celled, capsular. Seeds minute, without albumen. Eadicle
next the hilum. Cotyledons short. — Shrubs or herbs, usually articulate at
the nodes. Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite, entire or divided and
usually oblique, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, usually dichotomous.

The Order, containing very few species besides the genus Begonia, ranges over the tropical
regions of America and Asia, with a very few African species.

1. BEGOE"IA, Linn.

A genus constituting nearly the whole Order, and distinguished from the
other two small ones by the placentas always axile, not parietal, and the capsule
opening by longitudinal or curved slits on each side of each angle or wing, not
by the splitting of the angle itself.

1. B. laciniata, Roxh. M. hid. iii. 649 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5021. Ehizome
thick and perennial. Stems herbaceous, erect or decumbent, \\ ft. high,
covered more or less, as well as the under side of the leaves, with a rusty-
coloured wool. Leaves broadly and obliquely cordate, irregularly 5- or 7-lobed,
the longer ones 6 to 8 in. long, 4 to 6 in. broad, sprinkled with a few minute
hairs on the upper side, the wool of the under side often wearing off at last.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing usually 3 or 4 male flowers and 1
female one, of a pale pink colour. Male flowers with 2 broad nearly orbicular
outer petals or sepals about 6 lines long, and 2 inner narrower ones not above
half as long. Pemale flowers with 4 nearly equal obliquely ovate petals, 3 or
4 lines long, with occasionally a fifth smaller one. Stigmas thick and sinuous ;
capsule 5 to 7 lines long, with 2 narrow wings, the third extending horizon-
tally to the breadth of 7 or 8 lines. Placentas double in each cell, one cell
usually empty by the abortion of the ovules. — B. Bowriyujiana, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 120. Do7'atometra Boivringiana, Seem. Bot. Her. 379.

Ravines on Mount Parker and other half-shady places. Champion, Hance, Wilfor'd,
IVright. Common in Sikkim and Khasia.

Order XLVII. POETULACEiE.

Sepals 2, or rarely 3, free, and partially united and adherent at the base.
Petals 5 or rarely more, sometimes slightly united, perigynous or hypogynous.
Stamens either equal in number and opposite to the petals, or more frequently
indefinite, perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary free or partially adhering, 1 -celled,
with several ovules attached to a free central placenta. Style single, with 2
to 8 stigmas or branches. Capside 1 -celled. Seeds several. Embiyo cmwed
round a farinaceous albumen, the long radicle next the hilum. — Herbs more
or less succident, with entire leaves, usually opposite, but occasionally alter-
nate.

A small Order, with a wide geographical range over the greater part of the globe, with
the greater number of species however from North or South America.

PortMlaca.] poktulace.?:. 127

1. PORTULACA, Linn.

Sepals 2. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens indefinite. Style short,
with 4 or 5 stigmas. Capside opening- transversely. — Herbs, with alternate
leaves. Flowers terminal, usually suiTounded l)y an involucre of 4 or more
leafy bracts.

A considerable tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly American, with a verj^ few species from
the Old World, or from more temperate regions.

1. P. oleracea, Linn.; DC. Prod. iii. 353. A low prostrate or spread-
ing annual, seldom attaining above 6 inches, somewhat succident and quite
glabrous, without the long hairs at the nodes of several other species. Leaves
small, cuneate-oblong. Flowers small, yellow, sessile above the last leaves or
bracts ; the petals exceedingly fugacious and scarcely exceeding the calyx.

On roadsides and in waste places, Hance, Wright. Common in similar localities and in
sandy wastes in almost aU warm countries.

Order XLYIIL CE/ SSULACE^,

Sepals 3 or more, usually 5, but sometimes up to 20, free fi'om the ovaiy,
but occasionally united in a lobed calyx. Petals as many, sometimes united
in a lobed corolla. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the
petals at the base of the calyx. Ovary superior, the cai-pels as many as the
petals, distinct, usually with a small fiat scale at the base of each, mth several
ovules in each. Styles simple, distinct. Eipe cai-pels capsular. Seeds several,
Avdth a thin fleshy albumen and straight embiyo. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves
succulent, all or only the upper ones alternate or rarely opposite. Stipules
none. Flowers in terminal racemes, cymes, or panicles.

A rather numerous Order, extending over the greater part of the globe, but particularly
aboiaidiiig in South Africa and in the rocky districts of Europe and central Asia.

1. BRYOPHYLLUM, Salisb.

Sepals united in an inflated 4 -lobed calyx. Petals united in a cylindrical
4 -lobed corolla. Stamens S, attached to the base of the corolla. Scales
gland-like. Carpels 4. Styles filiform.

The genus is limited to a single species.

1. P. calycinum, SalUb.; I)C. Prod. iii. 396 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1409. A
glabrous erect succulent perennial, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves opposite, flat, but
succident, ovate or oval-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, either crenate or pinnately
divided into 5 or 7 entire or crenate segments. Flowers green, tinged with
reddish-yellow, nodding, in loose terminal panicles, the inflated calyx 1 to 1|-
in. long, the corolla rather longer.

In waste places, Chcminon and others. Widely spi-oad over tropical Asia, Africa, aud
America, but in many places introduced.

Order XLIX. SAXIFRAGACE^.

Sepals 4 to 5, free or united in a calyx, with the tube wholly or partially
adherent, and 4 or 5 lobes or teeth. Petals either as many,, pcrigyuous,

128 SAXIFRAGACE^E. {SaxifrayacecB.

epigynous, or hj^ogynous, or rarely none. Stamens as many or tAvice as
many, or veiy rarely more, inserted with the petals. Ovaiy single, either
more or less inferior or adherent, or free with a broad base; 2- to 5 -celled,
with axile placentas, or 1 -celled, with 2 or more panetal placentas ; the cai-pels
often shortly free at the top. Styles as many (or rarely twice as many) as
cells or placentas, or styles single, with an entii-e or lobed stigma. Fruit a
capside, or rarely an indehiscent beny. Seeds several, usually many ; the
albumen usually copious, rarely wanting.

A considerable family, ranging over nearly the whole world, the shrubby or arborescent
genera chiefly tropical, the herbaceous from the more temperate or colder regions of the
northern hemisphere, with a few extratropical southern ones.

Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers paniculate. Calyx adherent. Fruit a

berry 1- Dichroa.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemose. Calyx small, free. Fruit

capsular 2. Itfa.

Herbs. Leaves radical, with glandular hairs. Sepals free. Fruit capsular 3. Drosera.

1. DICHROA, Lour.
{Adamia, 'Wall.)

Calyx-tube wholly adherent, with 5 or 6 small distant teeth. Petals 5 or
6, sessile, valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many. Ovaiy adherent to
above the middle, incompletely 3- to 5 -celled, the partitions projecting far
into the cavity with the placentas on their margins, and numerous ovules.
Styles as many as cells, free from the base, diverging and thickened upwards.
Fruit a semi-inferior indehiscent beny. — Sluaibs. Leaves opposite.

The genus consists of a single species, unless indeed some specimens from the Philippine
Islands, with remarkably small flowers, be reaUy distinct.

]. D. febrifuga. Lour. Fl. Cochmch. 301. A shrub, with the habit of
a Hydrangea. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong, acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long,
serrate, naiTowed into a petiole at the base, slightly pubescent as well as the
young branches. Panicles tenninal, dense, broadly conmbose or pyramidal,
pubescent. Flowers numerous, of a didl or rarely bright blue. Berries green
at fu'st, but assuming at length a bright blue colour. — Adamia versicolor, Fort,
in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 298 ; Lindl. andPaxt. Fl. Card. i. t. 5. A. cJiinensis,
Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Jomii. Bot. i. 31L Cyanitis sylvatica, Blume ;
DC. Prod. iv. 16. Dichroa Cyanitis, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars i. 721 ; and
probably B. latifolia, Miq. 1. c. 722. Also a smaUer-flowered varietv, Adamia
cyanea, 'WaH. Tent. Fl. Nept. 36, and PL As. Ear. iii. t. 213. The Bot. Mag.
t. 3046, represents a rather larger-tlowered variety, with pink flowers.

Kavines of Mount Victoria and Mouut Parker, rare, Champion. South Chiua, Cochin
China, and the Indian Archipelago, and the smaller-flowered variety in the Himalaya and
Khasia mountains.

I have no hesitation in uniting as slight varieties the three supposed species from the
Himalaya, from Chiua, and from Java. I have seen but one of the three Javanese varieties
mentioned by De Candolle : it has narrow leaves, a somewhat elongated panicle, and the
flowers larger even than in the Chinese ones, with longer anthers. The Chinese specimens
have mostly broad leaves, and large flowers in a broad rather flat panicle ; but in some, the
flowers are not larger than in some of the Himalayan ones. The Khasia specimens have
broad leaves but small flowers ; the Sikkim and other Himalayan ones have narrower leaves,
and, with few exceptions, small flowers. In all, the number of parts of the flower appears

Bichroa.'] saxifragace^. 129

to vary from 5 to 6 and very rarely 7. To each petal are two stamens, one alternating and
erect in the bud, the other opposite and inflected in the bud, and I have sometimes seen
an additional 1 or 2 stamens in the flower. Loureiro's character, to which attention has
recently been called by Planchon, is good, with the exception of the number of stamens,
"which may be easily explained ; and 1 have therefore, after the example of Miquel, adopted
his name as the oldest.

2. ITEA, Linn.

Calyx free, short, 5-lobed. Petals 5, perigynous, valvate in the bud. Sta-
mens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2-celled, free. Ovules in 2 series near the axis.
Style simple, splitting at length into 2. Stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit
a capsule, separating septicidally into 2 carpels, which open inside by a lon-
gitudinal fissm-e. Seeds linear, acuminate at both ends, with albumen. —
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers in simple
racemes.

A genus of few species, from central and eastern Asia and North America.

1. I. chinensis. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. ^. 39 ; Hook, f I. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 77. A shrub, either wholly glabrous or with a slight tomentum
on the young branches and racemes. Leaves obovate or oval-oblong, usually
shortly acuminate, about 3 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, elegantly marked
with transverse vems between the principal pinnate ones. Flowers wdiite,
about \\ lines long, on pedicels scarcely as long, in dense axillary racemes,
seldom exceeding the leaves. Calyx-teeth or lobes not half so long as the
erect petals. Capsules 3 to 4 lines long, surrounded at the base by the per-
sistent calyx-teeth.

In the Happy Valley, Chamjnon and others. xVlso on the continent of S. China and in
the Khasia hills. The /. macrophylla, \Yall., from the Himalaya, is also nearly allied, but
has much larger leaves, more slender racemes, the petals retlexed from a little below the
middle, the capsules shorter, and the calycine teeth wear off, leaving a prominent ring a little
above the base of the capsule.

3. DROSERA, Linn.

Sepals 5, or very rarely 4, 6, or 7, free from the ovary but shortly united
at the base. Petals and stamens as many, hypogynous or slightly perigynous.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 to 5 paiietal placentas, and several ovules to each.
Styles as many as placentas, but sometimes divided to the base so as to ap-
pear twice the number. Capsule 1-celled, opening in 3 to 5 valves bearing
the placentas in their centre. Seeds several, with albumen.— Herbs with a
short perennial stock, sometimes lengthening out into leafy stems. Leaves
either radical or alternate, more or less covered with long glandular hairs or
bristles. Peduncles radical or axillary, terminating in a simple or forked one-
sided spike.

A considerable genus, found in nearly all parts of the world where there ai-e bogs. It is
the type of a group of genera, or Suborder, usuaUy classed as an independent Order among
Thalamiflora>, but which is really very closely allied to the herbaceous genera of Saxifragacea.

Styles 5, undivided. Leaves broad, with a short petiole 1. -D- Btmna,un.

Styles apparently 6, really 3, divided to the base. Leaves narrow-

cuneate, with rather a long petiole - ^- Loi'.retri.

1. D. Burmanni, VaJil ; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, ix. 190 ;
TFight, Ic. t. 944, Illustr. t. 20. Leaves radical, rosulatc, obovate, spathu-

130 SAXIFEAGACE.E. [Brosera.

late, about 3 or 4 lines broad and long, naiTowed into a petiole not so long,
thickly fringed with, fine red glandular hairs. Stipules scarious. Kadical pe-
duncles or scapes solitary, or 2 or 3 from the same tuft, slender, 4 to 6 in.
high. Spikes usually simple, pedicels glabrous. Sepals divided nearly to the
base. Styles 5, undivided, filiform, erect at the base, slightly dilated at the
top, with fringed stigmas. Placentas 5.

Hongkong, JFriff/it, a few specimens mixed with those of the following species. Widely
spread over India and the Archipelago, extending northwards to the Philippines and the
Chinese continent.

2. D. Loureiri, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 167, t. 31. Leaves radi-
cal and rosulate, "wdth scarious stipules as in B. Burmanni, but naiTower, ob-
long-cuneate, contracted into a petiole as long as the lamina, and ^\dth it 6
to 10 lines long, fringed T\4th red haii's, which are however fewer and paler
than in the last species. Scapes 3 to 5 in. high, slender. Pedicels glabrous
and sepals deeply divided, as in B. Burmanni ; the flowers are however rather
larger, and the styles stift' and cmwed upwards, connivent at the top, appa-
rently 6, but really 3, cleft to the base. Placentas 3.

Abundant in marshes, Champion, and others. Also on the adjacent continent. Not as
yet recorded from elsewhere, but probably some of the Droseras from the Indian Archi-
pelago, described as allied to it, may prove not to be really distinct.

Oeder L. HAMAMELIDE^.

Calyx -tube more or less adherent or rarely entii'ely free ; the limb 4- or 5-
lobed or toothed, or rarely entii'e. Petals either as many, inserted at the base
of the calyx-lobes, or fewer or none. Stamens either as many or tw^ce as
many, inserted with the petals. Anthers erect ; the cells opening laterally in
various ways, the connective often produced beyond them. Ovaiy inferior,
semi-inferior, or rarely wholly superior, with 2, or rarely more cells, and 1 or
2 o\T^des suspended from the apex of each cell, or rarely more, on axile pla-
centas, the 2 caii^els with distinct styles. Pruit coriaceous or woody ; the
cai'pels usually diverging at the top, and each one opening in 2 short valves.
Seeds usually solitaiy, with a copious albumen and straight embiyo. — Trees
or shi-ubs. Leaves alternate, entire, or slightly toothed, vdx\\ stipules. Plowers
heiTQaphrodite or unisexual, often in compact heads, or rarely in looser ra-
cemes.

A small Order, dispersed over Asia, S, Afi'ica, and N. America, showing great diversity in
generic forms, some of which are scarcely separable from Saxifragacece, whilst others are
more nearly connected with Cornacece.

Flowers hermaphrodite, united in a head sm-rounded by imbricate
bracts, the petals of all the flowers on the circumference of the

head. Ovules several 1. Rhodoleia.

Flowers monoecious, the males in oblong heads of stamens only, with-
out perianth, the females in globular heads. Ovules several . . 2. Liquidambab.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or short racemes, ^\•ithout petals.
Ovules sohtary in each ceU.
Ovary half -inferior.

Anthers sessile, obtuse, 2-valved. Stigmas very long and flat 3. Eustigma.
Anthers on distinct filaments, with a subulate point, 4-valved.

Styles subulate 4. Tetrathyrtum.

Ovary superior 5. Distylitjm.

Modoleia.] hamamelide.e. 13

1. RHODOLEIA, Hook.

Flowers about 5 together, united in a compact head, having the appear-
ance of a single flower suiTOunded by many imbricated bracts. Calyx adherent,
the limb forming a narrow rim round the middle of the ovaiy. Petals 2 to 4
to each flower, all turned to the cii'cumference of the head, tliose of the inner
side of each flower deficient. Stamens 7 to 10, the innermost of each flower
deficient ; filaments long. Anthers linear, opening in longitudinal slits, with-
out any prominent connective. Ovary half-inferior, consisting of 3 caqDels
united at the base into a 1- celled ovary, and more or less free and divergent
at the top, with distinct styles and small stigmas. Placentas parietal, with
several ovides to each, in 2 rows. Ripe carpels opening at the top in 2 bifid
valves.

Besides the following species there is one other one from Java.

1. R. Championi, Hook. Bot. Mag. i(. 4509. A small tree, perfectly
glabrous except the flower-heads. Leaves alternate, crowded at the extremity
of the branches on petioles of 1^ to 2 in. long, evergreen, ovate or oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, quite entire, thickly coriaceous,
shining above, glaucous underneath. Plower-heads, including the petals,
about 1^ in. diameter, on very short recm-ved axillary peduncles. Each
head smTOunded by several rows of imbricate bracts, the outer ones veiy
small and glabrous, gradually increasing to the innermost, which are near ^
in. diameter, colom-ed and nisty-hairy outside. Petals about f in. long,
bright pink, vaiying in breadth, and from 15 to 20 to each flower-head,
giving it the appearance of a semi-double Camellia.

Hongkong, Champion and others. Not found as yet out of the island.

Admitting the general accuracy of the elaborate description of this genus given by Miqnel
(Versl. en Mededel. der K. Akad. Wetensch. Naturk. vi. 122), I cannot concm- with him ia
his approximation to BiosmecB instead of Hamamelidece. The perigynous, ahnost epigynous,
insertion of the petals and stamens is very decided, forming a ring at the base of the shoi-t
limb of the calyx, round the adherent or semi-inferior ovary, on a level with the top of the
ovule-bearing cavity, whilst in the whole Rutaceous group the stamens and petals are es-
sentially hyjiogyuous, and the whole ovary perfectly free, and even gynobasic. If in Rho-
doleia Teysmamii, which Miquel seems more especially to have had in view, and which I
have not examined, the ovary be only enclosed in, not actually adherent to the calyx-tube,
still the petals and stamens are inserted at the summit of that tube, not on the torus, and I
cannot conceive that a careful comparison of Rhodoleia with Bucklandia can leave ariy
doubt as to these two genera being closely allied to each other in one and the same family.

2. LIQUID AMBAR, Linn.

Plowers unisexual, in separate compact heads, with 1 to 4 very deciduous
bracts at the base of each head, Male heads ovoid or oblong, Avith numerous
almost sessile anthers, without any perianth. Pemale heads globular. Calyx
adherent, ysAi\\ a narrow sinuate or shortly lobed border. Petals none. Ovary
half-inferior, 2-celled, ^Wth several ovules in each, on axile placentas. Styles
2, linear, spreading. Capsules opening at the top in 2 valves. — Trees. Leaves
serrate or palmately lobed. Flower-heads in racemes; the upper ones all
male, the lowermost one female.

A genus of very few species, one North American, the others Asiatic.

K 2

132 HAMAMELIDE.E [Liquid amhar.

1. L. cliinensis. Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. iv. 164; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 94. A tall tree, perfectly glabrous except the inflorescence- Leaves oval-
oblong, scarcely acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, slightly and obtusely serrated,
with minute glands to each serrature, contracted at the base into a petiole of
3 to 4 lines, coriaceous and somewhat shining. Eacemes tenninal, 2 to 3 in.
long, with 8 or 1 0 male heads ; the upper ones almost sessile, consisting of
100 to 200 almost sessile anthers on an oblong-conical receptacle; and one
globular female head at the base, on a pedicel 3 or 4 lines long when in flower,
above 1 in. when in fruit. Calyxes all concrete vAi\\ the ovaries in a hard
almost woody mass, bearing usually a few apparently sterile anthers mixed in
with the styles.

Mount Gough and Hajipy Valley woods, Chaminon and others. Not Icnown from else-
where. It is easily distinguished from the Indian and Javanese L. Altingia by the coriaceous
leaves narrowed into a short petiole.

3. EUSTIGMA, Gardn. and Champ.

Cal}Tc-tube adnate, the lunb 5 -cleft, the lobes imbricate in the bud. Petals
replaced by 5 spathulate or cuneate scales, alternating with the calyx-lobes.
Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes ; anthers sessile, very obtuse, extrorse ; the
two cells opening each with 1 vertical valve. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled,
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell ; the carpels distinct at the top, each ter-
minating in a long style, with a broad flat stigma. Capsule hard, the 2 car-
pels separating upwards and opening in 2 short valves. Mower-heads loose.

The genus consists only of the following species.

1. E. oblongifolium, Gard. and Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 312 ;
Seem. Bot. Her. ^.95. A small tree, glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves
alternate, oblong, acuminate, about 4 in. long, entire, or with a few coarse
teeth toward the end, coriaceous and rather shining, on petioles of 4 or 5 lines.
Flowers about 2 lines long, on very short pedicels, in small rather loose heads,
on short terminal peduncles. Calyx-lobes rounded. Scale-like petals rather
shorter than the calyx-lobes, thick, emarginate at the top. Anthers still
shorter, as broad as long, the persistent valves opening like doors. Styles
3 to 5 lines long, terminating in broad flat irregularly lobed stigmas, very
black when dried.

In the Happy Vafley woods, and Mounts Gough and Victoria, Champion and others. Not
yet found out of the island.

4. TETRATHYRIUM, Benth. (n. gen.)

Calyx-tube adnate, the limb 5 -cleft, the lobes valvate in the bud. Petals
replaced by 5 short gland-like scales, alternating with the calyx-lobes. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments shortly filiform ; anthers broad,
the 2 cells opening each with 2 vertical valves ; the connective produced into
a subulate appendage. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule
in each cell ; the carpels distinct at the top, each terminating in a subidate
style. Capsule hard, the 2 carpels separating upwards, and opening in 2 short
valves. — Plower-heads globular.

The genus consists only of one species.

Tetrathyrium.'] hamamelideje. 133

1. T. subcordatum, Benth., n. sp. A shrub of 3 ft., glabrous except
tlie inflorescence. Leaves alternate, ovate, or broatUy elliptical, 3 to 4. in.
long, shortly acuminate, entii'e or with a few minute distant glandular teeth,
broadly and slightly cordate at the base, rather thick, with prominent phmate
veins, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Peduncles axillary, solitaiy, 2 or 3 lines
long, with a few small fringed scales or bracts at the base. Flower-heads
solitary, globidar, 4 or 5 lines diameter, slightly hoaiy, with a i<i\\ minute
linear entii'e or fringed bracts under the flowers. Flowers about 20, closely
sessile, small. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 1 line long. Stamens rather
shorter ; the anthers nearly square, crowned by long ponits, with 4 persistent
door-like valves, as in Hamamells. Styles glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

A bush, once seen on the Black Mountain, Wilford, from which we have several speci-
mens, but it has not been received from any other collector. It has the habit of Eustic/ma,
but differs in the sestivation of the calyx and in the form of the petal-scales, stamens, and
styles.

5. DISTYLIUM, Sieb. and Zucc.

Sepals 3 to 5, fi'ce, unequal, imbricate in the bud. Petals none. Stamens
2 to 8 ; anthers oblong, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 2-lobed,
2-celled, wdth 1 pendidous (or laterally attached?) ovide in each cell. Styles
2, subidate. Capside ovoid or oblong, the carpels separating at the top, and
opening in 2 valves. — Trees or slu'ubs. Flowers polygamous, in short ax-
illary racemes.

A small Asiatic genus, whose affinities have not as yet been satisfactorily established. The
superior ovary scarcely admits of its being retained among UamameHdeic, which it resem-
bles in other respects.

1. D. racemosum, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 178, ^. 94 ? A glabrous
shrub. Leaves alternate, naiTOw-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, 1^ to
2^ in. long, narrowed at the base into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines, thickly co-
riaceous. Eacemes |- to 1 in. long, the upper flowers hennaphrodite. Sepals
about 1 line long. Anthers exserted, oblong, red, fully 1 line long. Ovaiy
short, the styles at least 3 lines, and both covered with stellate hairs. Male
flowers smaller, sessile, wdth shorter stamens. Young capsules ovoid. Seeds
immatm-e in om* specimens, but they appear to have veiy little albmnen and a
large embryo.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Also in Japan, if the species be, as I believe
identical. I have not, however, seen the Japanese specimens.

Order LI. UMBELLIFER^.

Calyx combined with the ovaiy, either eutii-ely so or sho\dng a minute
border round the summit, with 5' small teeth. Petals 5, inserted round an
epigynous disk. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior,
2-ceUed, with one pendidous ovule in each cell. Styles 2, with terminal
stigmas. Fruit separating into 2 indehiscent diy caii)els resembling seeds
(called mericarps), usually leaving a filifomi axis either entire or split into two.
Each cai-pel marked outside ^\\i\\ 10, 5, or fewer prominent ribs, and under-
neath or within the pericaqDs are often longitudinal oil receptacles called

134 UMBELLIFERiE. {UmlelUfei'CB •

vittce. Seed pendulous. Embryo minute, in a homy albumen.— Herbs or
skrubs. Leaves alternate, often much divided, tlie petiole usually dilated at
the base, but no real stipules. Flowers usually small, in lateral or terminal
umbels, rarely reduced to heads, and often with one or more bracts, forming
an involucre at the base of the umbel.

A large Order, widely dispersed over the northern hemisphere, and especially in the tem-
perate regions, with a few tropical species, and rather more in the temperate regions of the
southern hemisphere.

Flowers in simple umbels or heads. Carpels orbicular, flat. Creeping

or floating herbs 1. Hydrocotyle.

Umbel compound. Fruit globular. Erect annual 2. Couiandrum.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.

Flowers in simple heads, umbels, or whorls. Petals ovate. Fruit laterally
compressed, orbicular or broader than long ; the cai'pels flat, placed edge to
edge, with 1 or 2 prominent ribs on each side, and without prominent calycine
teeth. — Herbs, usually prostrate and creeping, or aquatic. Leaves seldom
divided, and usually peltate or cordate.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.

Flowers 3 or 4 in a head. Fruit near 2 lines diameter, with 2 scarcely

prominent ribs on each side 1. H. asiatica.

Flowers 10 or more in a head. Fruit about | of a line diameter, wdth

1 very prominent rib on each side 2. H. rotundifolia.

1. H. asiatica, Linn.; DC. Frod.iY. 62; WigJit,Ic.t.h6^. A creep-
ing perennial, rooting at the nodes, and sometimes half-floating. Leaves or-
bicular or kidney- shaped, variable in size, but usually about 1 in. diameter,
crenate, and rather thick, glabrous or pubescent, on petioles varying from
|- in. to 2 or 3 in. long. Flowers small, 3 or 4 together, in Kttle heads clus-
tered with the petioles, and either sessile or on peduncles varying much in
length. Fruits rather large for the genus, orbicular, near 2 lines diameter,
with 2 obtuse and not vei-y prominent ribs on each side of each carpel. —
H. lurida, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 690.

In rice-fields and swamps. Champion and others. Common in tropical Asia and Africa,
found also in South America, Austraha, and New Zealand, and extending northward to Loo-
choo and Bonin.

2. H. rotundifolia, Roxh.; DC. Prod. iv. 64; WigJd, Ic. t. 564. A
much smaller and more slender plant than the last. Leaves from i to |- in.
diameter, orbicular or reniform, 5- or 7-lobed, and crenately toothed, glabrous
or hispid underneath, on slender petioles. Flowers small, about 10 to 20
together, in globular sessile or shortly pedunculate heads. Fniits about | line
in diameter, with one acute prominent rib on each side of each carpel. —
H. perexigua, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 691.

Common in rice-fields and damp half-shady places, Champion and others. Extends over
the greater part of India and the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines, South
China, and Loochoo.

2. CORIANDRUM, Linn.

Flowers in compound mnbels, the outer petals of the umbel lai-ger than
the others. Fruit globular, crowned by the conspicuous teeth of the calyx,

Coriandrum.] UMBELLiFERii:. 135

the carpels not readily separating, the ribs scarcely prominent, and no

vittEe.

The genus consists of a single species.

1. C. sativum^ Linn. ; DC. F?'od.iv.250 ; JFif/Id, Ic.t.^lQ. An erect,
branching, glabrous annual, 1 to 1^ ft. high, emitting a very disagreeable
smell when rubbed. Lowest leaves once or twice pinnate, with broadly ovate
or cuneate deeply cut segments ; the others more divided, with linear seg-
ments, few and slender in the uppermost. Umbels teiminal, rather smaE, of
5 to 8 rays, without general involucre, and only a few slender bracts to the
partial ones. Flowers white. Fruits about 2 lines diameter.

In waste places, Jlance and others. A native of the Levant, and introduced by cultiva-
tion, has now spread as a weed over a great part of Europe and Asia.

OiiDER LIL ARALIACE^.

Calyx combined with the ovary, either enth-ely so or showing a minute
border round the summit, with as many teeth as petals. Petals usually 4 or 5,
or rarely more, valvate or rarely imbricate in the bud, inserted round an
epigynous disk, or sometimes none. Stamens as many, alternating with the
petals. Ovary inferior, 2- to 5- or more celled, with one pendulous ovide in
each cell. Styles as many as cells, usually short, and sometimes united into
one or reduced to a small cone, stigmatic at the top. Fruit not readily sepa-
rating into cai-pels, indehiscent, and usually succulent. Seeds solitaiy in
each cell. Embiyo minute, in a fleshy albumen. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers,
or very rarely herbs. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers usually small,
in heads or simple umbels, which are either solitaiy or arranged in racemes
or panicles.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a very few species extending into more tem-
perate regions, both in the New World and the Old.

Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. Petals imbricate. Styles free ... 1. Aralia.
Leaves digitate. Petals valvate. Styles united in a cone .... 2. Paratropia.
Leaves entire or lobed. Petals valvate. Styles united in a cone . . 3. Dendeopanax.

1. ARALIA, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Umbels paniculate. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed.
Petals 5, imbricate in the bud. Styles 2 to 5, free. Berry 2- to 5 -celled.—
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves decompound, usually twice or tlnice pinnate,
very rarely digitate.

A small genus, dispersed over North America and eastern Asia.

1. A. chinensis, Linn. ; DC. Prod. iv. 259. A tree, with the brandies,
leaves, and inflorescences more or less villous, and armed with scattered prickles.
Leaves twdce or three times pinnate, usually with 7 to 9 piniia% and 7 to 11
leaflets on each, or some of these replaced by a secondary pinna of 3 or 5
leaflets. Leaflets nearly sessile on the common stalks, ovate-cordate or ovate-
lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate, about 1^ in. long, often oblique at the
base. Flowers 20 to 30 or more in each umbel ; the umbels peduncidate, on

136 ARALIACE^. IJralla.

the branches of a large spreading panicle. Pedicels very short at the time
of flowering, near ^ in. long when in frnit.

Scarce in the island, Champion. Only known from South China. There is, however, a
Khasia species very similar in foliage, but with fruits apparently much smaller. The A . dijso-
phylla from Java is also near, but the fruits are sessile or nearly so. We have too few speci-
mens of any of these forms to be able to judge how far these differences may be constant.

2. PARATROPIA, Blume.

Flowers unisexual. Umbels racemose or paniculate. Calyx-teeth minute
or scarcely perceptible. Petals 5 or 6, free, valvate in the bud. Stamens as
many, the filaments elongated, and anthers short. Styles united in a short cone,
with minute stigmas. Beny 5- or 6-celled. — Leaves digitately compound.

A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical and eastern temperate Asia.

1. P. cantoniensis. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 189. A glabrous tree.
Leaves on long petioles ; leaflets 5 to 8, digitate, oval or elliptical, shortly
acuminate, glaucous underneath, the smaller veins between the principal pin-
nate ones scarcely perceptible, vaiying much in size ; the larger leaflets about 6
in. long, on petiolules of 2 in., the outer smaller ones of the same leaf not above
half that size. Eacemes or narrow panicles, about 6 in. long, tomentose or
at length glabrous. L^mbels pedunculate, consisting of about 10 to 12 flowers.
Pedicels about 2 lines long, or 3 lines when in fruit. Style conical, mth
5 or 6 small sessile stigmas. Beny globular, 5- or 6-celled.

Common in the island, Champion and others. Also on the adjoining continent, but not
known out of S. China ; the species is, however, very near the Indian P. venulosa, but with
the veins of the leaves less conspicuous, the flowers larger, and the berries not furrowed.

3. DENDROPANAX, Dene.

Flowers polygamous, not articidated on the pedicel ; the umbel resting on
the dilated apex of the peduncle. Calyx distinctly 5 -toothed. Petals 5, fi-ee,
valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, the filaments usually short. Styles united
at the base or nearly to the top. Fruit globidar, succulent, 5 -celled. Albu-
men not ruminate. Leaves entii*e or lobed. Umbels terminal, solitaiy, or few
in a coi'j^nbose panicle.

The genus was established for a few tropical American species, with which the two follow-
ing agree in every respect, except that the styles are more united in a cone, thus approaching
to the true Hedera, but it cannot remain in that genus as now limited by Decaisne and
Planchon, for the albumen is not ruminated.

Leaves entire and 1 -nerved, or lobed and 2- to 3 -nerved. Flowers

about 14 lines long 1. D.protea.

Leaves entire, 3-nerved. Flowers scarcely 1 line long 2. D. parviflora.

1 . D. protea, Benth. A handsome shi-ub, -sWth the inflorescence and
globidar" berries of the common Hedera Helix, but veiy different in the vena-
tion of the leaves, and in the seeds. Leaves either entii-e vni\\ one midi-ib,
or deeply 2- or 3-lobed wdth as many prominent ribs, var^dng from broadly
elliptical to oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous and shining, the smaller veins
scarcely perceptible, from \\ to 5 or 6 in. long, on petioles vaiying from
a few lines to 2 in. Peduncles terminal, solitary or 2 or 3 together, ^ to f
in. long, dilated at the top into a disk-like receptacle, bearing a simple nearly

Dendropanax.'] aealiace^e. 137

globular iimbel of about 30 to 100 flowers. Petals inflexed and mucronate at
the top. Styles united in a short cone. — Hedera protea, Champ, in Kew
Joum. Bot. iv. 122.

In ravines of Mount Gough and Mount Victoria, Champion, Wright. Not received from
elsewhere.

2. D. parviflora, BentJi. A shmb resembling some fonns of B. protea,
of which it may prove to be a variety, although very unlike its more usual
states. Leaves entii-e and 3-ribbed, oval-elliptical or oblong and acuminate,
often almost opposite or whorled at the ends of the branches, vaning in size
and length of petiole, the larger ones about 5 in. long and 2 in. wide. Inflo-
rescence of D. protea, but the flowers are smaller (scarcely 1 line long) and
even more numerous in the umbel, the petals with less of the inflected point,
the style-cone much longer, the berries smaller. — Hedera 'parvijlora, Champ,
in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 122.

Hongkong, Champion. No specimens have been seen from any other collector, and the
species is therefore as yet doubtful.

Order LIII. COENACE^.

Calyx adherent to the ovaiy, with a superior border either entii'e or with as
many teeth as petals. Petals 4, 5, or rarely more, valvate in the bud, in-
serted round an epigynous disk, or on the border of the calyx, rarely wanting.
Stamens as many, or rarely ivdcQ as many or more, inserted with the petals.
Ovary inferior, 1- or 2-celled, with one pendidous ovide in each. Style simple,
with an entii'e or scarcely lobed stigma. Pruit an indehiscent di'upe, with a
1- or 2-ceUed nucleus. Seeds solitary, pendulous, with a fleshy albumen.
Embiyo nearly as long as the albumen, straight ; the radicle superior and
shorter than the flat cotyledons.— Trees, shnibs, or veiT rarely herbs. Leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, entire or slightly lobed, without stipules. Plowers
in axillai-y or terminal heads, cymes, or corymbose panicles.

A small Order, generally scattered over the globe, but most abundant in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere.
Leaves opposite. Flowers and fruits united in a close head. Petals 4.

Ovary 2-celled 1- Benthamia.

Leaves alternate. Flowers in a loose cyme. Petals 6 to 10. Ovary 2-celled 2. Marlea.
Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious, in a loose raceme or panicle. Petals

4. Ovary 1-ceUed 3. Aucuba.

1. BENTHAMIA, Lindl.

Plowers closely connected in globular heads, with an involucre of 4 petal-
like bracts. Cal'vx-border entire, or with 4 smaU teeth round the summit of
theovaiy. Petals 4, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style entne. Ovaiy
2-celled, with 1 pendidous ovide in each ceD. Drupes united together m a
strawbeiiT-like head, each ^^dth a hard, usuaUy 1-seeded stone.— irees or
shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Plower-heads terminal.

Besides the following species the genus contains but one other from the Himalaya. It is
nearly allied t» the true Cc^mi with capitate flowers, but in those the drupes are always
quite distinct.

138 CORNACE^.

1. B. japonica, Sieh. and Zucc. M. Jap. i. 38, t. 16. A tree. Leaves
stalked, oval-elliptical or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, 1^ to 2 in.
long, f to 1 in. broad, of a pale green, glabrous and somewhat shining above,
usually minutely pubescent underneath. Peduncles about 2 in, long, flower-
heads globular, about 5 lines diameter, smTOunded by 4 white bracts about
1 in. long. Calyx-border truncate and quite entii'e. Petals greenish, ovate,
scarcely 1 line long. Fruit globular, about f in. diameter, red.

la the Happy Valley woods, rare, Champion. One of the very few species common to
Japan and Hongkong, without extending (as far as hitherto known) further to the south or
the west. The entire border of the calyx very readily distinguishes it from the B.fragifera
of our gardens, a native of the Himalaya.

2. MARLEA, Roxb.

Flowers distinct. Calyx-border minutely toothed. Petals 6 to 10, linear,
valvate in the bud. Stamens as many ; filaments short, adhering at the base
to the petals ; anthers long and linear. Ovary adhering to above the middle,
2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style filifonn, with a 4-lobed
stigma. Drupe often reduced to 1 cell and seed. — Trees or shinibs. Leaves
alternate, entne or angularly lobed. Flowers in axillar^^ cymes.

A genus of very few species from tropical or eastern subtropical Asia.

1. M. begonisefolia, Roxb. PI. Corom. ?f. 283 ; DC. Prod. iv. 267 ; Bot.
Reg. 1838, ^. 61. A tree, either perfectly glabrous or with a slight tomentum
on the veins of the leaves, petioles, and young branches. Leaves vai-ying
from ovate-acuminate, about 4 in. long and 2 broad, to broadly and veiy ob-
liquely cordate, attaining 6 in. in length and 5 in breadth, and then often
broadly and angularly lobed, the petioles fi*om |- to 1 in. long. Cymes but
little longer than the petioles, loosely 4- to 10-flowered in the Hongkong
specimens. Calyx very short, minutely but distinctly toothed. Stamens and
style very hauy, nearly as long as the coroUa. — Biacacarpiimi rotundifolmn,
Hassk. in Bonplandia, vii. 172.

In the Happy Valley, Champion and others. Widely spread over northern and eastern
India and the Archipelago. In the Hongkong variety the leaves are perfectly glabrous, the
petals usually 6, rarely 7 or 8, and about 9 lines long. In Fortune's Amoy specimens the
leaves have tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins on the under side, and the flowers
are scarcely more than 4 lines long, with the calyx-border entire. The more common North
Indian and Archipelago forms are more like the Hongkong one, but the leaves are seldom so
glabrous, especially on the principal veins underneath, the flowers not quite so large, and the
stamens much less hairy, but our specimens do not warrant our considering any of them as
distinct species.

3. AUCUBA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx-border 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4. Anthers short. Ovaiy adherent, 1-ceUed, with 1 pendidous
ovule. Style short, with a thick peltate stigma. Beiiy 1-seeded. — Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers paniculate, in the upper axils.

The genus comprises only one species from Japan, besides the following.

1. A, chinensiSy Benth., n. sp. Probably a slu-ub, like the A.japonica of
our gardens, perfectly glabrous except the bracts, and diying b^p-ck. Leaves
oblong-eUiptical, coarsely toothed, attaining 8 in. in length, 1 of each paii*

Aucuha^ C0RNACE7K. 139

smaller than the other. Female panicle pyramidal, 5 in. long, loosely many-
flowered, with a few bracts at the base, 3 to 6 lines long, and covered with
rusty hairs. Ovaries (as yet but little enlarged) oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, on
short thick pedicels, otherwise precisely similar in structure to those of tlie
A. japonica. Male flowers and petals of the female unknown.

Hongkong, Harland. The single specimen I have seen is akeady past flower. It ap-
pears veiy different from the common Japanese species ; but it is possible that a better know-
ledge of the plant may prove it to be a variety only.

Ordee LIY. HALORAGE^.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entu-e or with as many teeth or
lobes as petals. Petals 2 or 4, inserted round an epigynous disk or on the
calyx-border, or none. Stamens as many or sometimes fewer, inserted with
the petals. Ovary inferior, 1- or more celled, with 1 pendidous ovule in each
cell. Stigmas as many as cells of the ovaiy, sessile. Fruit diy and inde-
hiscent, 1- or more celled. Seeds solitaiy, pendidous, with a fleshy albumen.
Embiyo straight, with a superior radicle and small cotyledons. — Herbs,
often aquatic, rarely woody at the base. Leaves opposite or alternate or
sometimes whorled. Flowers small, axillaiy or in tenninal racemes or pani-
cles.

A small Order, widely dispersed over the globe, usually associated with Onagracecs, but
which has recently been shown to have more affinity with Cornacece, from which it differs
chiefly lq the herbaceous habit and reduced flowers.

1. HALORAGIS, Forst.

(Goniocarpus, Keen.)

Calyx-tube (or ovaiy) terete or angular, the limb of 4 persistent lobes.
Petals 4, concave, deciduous. Stamens 4 to 8 ; anthers long, on very short
filaments. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fnut small, hard, indehiscent, 2- to 4-lobed,
2- to 4-celled. Embryo cylindiical. — Herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
undivided. Flowers small, solitary or clustered, in the upper axils or in ter-
minal racemes.

Chiefly an Australian genus, with 2 or 3 species, either east Asiatic or ranging widely over
the southern hemisphere without the tropics.

1. H. scabra, Benth. A weak, decumbent, branching herb, more or
less rough with minute haii's ; the slender 4-angled stems from 6 in. to 1 ft.
long. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, ^ to 1 in. long, with a few sciTa-
tures. Flowers about \\ lines long, almost sessile, and solitaiy under each
bract, forming slender, tenninal, one-sided racemes or intemiptcd spikes,
usually branching into narrow panicles. Petals twice the length of the calyx-
lobes. Anthers 8, neariy as long as the petals, the 4 inner ones more slender
and apparently steiile. ' Srigmas short, divided at the top into a tuft of hair-
like lobes. — Goniocarpus scaber, Keen. ; DC. Prod. iii. 61.

Common on grassy slopes, Champion and others. Also in Khasia.

140 BALA>!OPHOREiE. [BalanopJiorecB .

Okder LY. BALANOPHORE^.

Succulent herbs, parasites on roots. Flowers in heads or spikes, unisexual.
Perianth various, sometimes wanting, usually simple ; the parts often in a
ternary number and always valvate in aestivation. Stamens various, usually 3.
Ovaiy adherent, of 1 or rarely 3 or more cai-pels, more or less coherent, with
1 pendulous ovule in each. Seed either albuminous, with a small embiyo,
or apparently consisting of a homogeneous mass. — Stems reduced to a simple
or branched tuberous rhizome, with 1 or more short thick peduncles or flower-
ing branches. Leaves and bracts reduced to scales, coloured like the stem.

A small Order, belonging chiefly to the tropical and subtropical mountain regions of Asia
and S. America, with a few African or Australian species, and one extending into southern
Em'ope.

1. BALANOPHORA, Forst.

Male flowers : Perianth of 3 to 6 divisions. Stamens connate wdth 3 or 6
anthers, opening outwards. Female flowers intermixed Tvdth bracts or inserted
on theii- petioles. Perianth none. Cai-pel and style 1. Seed homogeneous.

A small genus, limited to tropical and subtropical Asia and tropical Australia.

1. B. Harlandi, /. D. Hook., in Trans. Sac. Linn. Lond. xxii. 426, t. 75.
A small species, ^^dth a lobed rhizome, without the pustules of B. diolca.
Flower-heads unisexual, globular, on a short thick peduncle, the total height
varying from 1 to 3 in. Scales or bracts somewhat leafy, forming an involucre
at the base of the peduncle. Female flowers sessile in the head, not inserted
on bracts. Stamens in the males 3.

Hongkong, Harlaud ; on Moimt Gough, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.

Order LYI. LORANTHACE^.

Calyx-tube adnate, the limb entii'e or ^dth as many teeth or lobes as petals.
Petals 4 to 8, free or united in a lobed corolla, inserted round an epigpious
disk, valvate in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, opposite to and
usually inserted on the petals. Ovary adherent, with 1 (or 3) pendulous
ovules, usually not perceptible till the flower is past. Style or stigma simple.
Fruit an indehiscent berry, with a single seed. Albumen fleshy. Embiyo
straight, wdth a superior radicle. — Shnibs, usually much branched, parasitical
on the branches of trees or sln-ubs, or sometimes so near theii- roots as to
appear ten-estrial. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, usually thick and
leatherJ^ Bracts under each flower usually connate in a little cup, which
often has the appearance of a small external calyx.

A considerable Order, chiefly abundant within or near the tropics in both the New and the
Old World, with a very few species from more temperate regions in the southern as well as
the northern hemisphere.

Flowers hermaphrodite, tubular. Anthers 2-ceUed 1. Loranthus.

Flowers unisexual, minute. Anthers sessile, opening in many pores . . 2. ViscUM.

1. LORANTHUS, Linn.

Flowers hennaphrodite. Calyx-limb short, truncate or toothed. Petals 4
to 8 (usually 4), more or less united in a tubular corolla. Stamens inserted

Loranthis.'] LORANTiiACEiE. ]41

on the base of tlie petals, with distinct filaments. Anthers 2-celled. 0\n.ilc 1.
Style filifonn, with a terminal stigma. Beny usually crowded by the limb of
the calyx. — Leaves almost always opposite. Flowers sometimes small and
green, but usually long and brightly coloured.

A very large genus, ahnost wholly tropical or subtropical, in America, Africa, Asia, and
Australia, with one species however as far north as the south of Europe.

1. L. chinensis, DC. Prod. iv. 301, and Metn. Lor. t. 7. Branches op-
posite, rather slender ; the young shoots and leaves covered with a loose white
or reddish tomentum, which soon wears off. Leaves opposite, ovate, obtuse,
li to 2 in. long, cuneate or rounded at the base, on petioles of about 2 lines.
Flowers 2 to 5 together, on veiy short pedicels, usually arising from the nodes
of previous years' wood. Calyx-tube or ovaiy very small, turbinate, pubes-
cent. Corolla red, slightly tomentose, 8 or 9 lines long, veiy slender and
curved in the young bud, swollen in the lower part at the time of flowering ;
the lobes obliquely spreading, in 4 naiTow poiiited lobes, about 2 lines long.

Upon trees, Hongkong, Champion. I have seen no other specimens ; but, if I am not
mistaken as to the identity, it is figured by De Candolle fi-om Chinese specimens ga-
thered by Sir G. Staunton, and is probably the Chinese plant included by Linnaeus under
his L. scurrula, but not the species usually so called and represented by the synonym of
Petiver quoted by Linnaeus. The young buds in Champion's specimens are as slender as in
L. gracilijlorus, but, just before they open, the tube assumes the oblique swollen fonu figured
by De Candolle, only that it does not appear to sht open on the upper side.

2. VISCUM, Linn.

Flowers unisexual, monoecious or diojcious. Petals 3 to 5, very short.
Male flowers : Anthers sessile on the inside of the petals, and opening inwards
in several pores. Female flowers: Calyx entirely adnate or ^\\i\\ a minute
annidar border. Ovules 3. Stigma sessile. Seed erect. — Branches dichotomous.
Leaves opposite or none. Flowers usually very small, green or yelloA\dsh.

The genus, as now reduced to the veiy few^ species with porous anthers, appears to be
confined to the Old World.

Branches flattened, articulate, withoit leaves 1. F. articulation.

Branches terete. Leaves opposite 2. V. orientate.

1. V. articulatuxn, Burm. ; BC.Prod. iv. 284. A veiy much branched
parasite, forming tufts from a few inches to 1 or 2 feet diameter. Branches
flattened, articulate, often forked at nearly every joint ; the articles thick and
somewhat fleshy, 3 to 6 lines long and 1 to 2 lines broad in the Hongkong
specimens I have seen, in others, from the China coast or elsewhere, of 1 to 1^
in. long, from 1 to 3 or 4 lines broad, and usually obtuse at the top and nar-
rowed at the base. Leaves quite wanting. Flowers monoecious, minute,
sessile and clustered at the nodes ; the females scarcely ^ line long, nearly
globidar, and half-buried in the cup-shaped entire bract; the males still
smaller, usually with 3 petals and anthers. — V. moiiiliforme, Blume ; DC.
Prod. iv. 284; Wight, Ic. t. 1018 and 1019.

On trees in the Happy Valley, Champion and others. Widely spread over India and the
Archipelago, extending northward to Bonin and Loochoo.

2. V. orientale, TFilld.; DC. Prod. iv. 278. Branches elongated,
nearly terete, and always leafy. Leaves opposite, obovate, elliptical or oblong,
narrowed at the base, 3- or 5 -nerved, veiy variable in size, usually about \\

143 LORANTHACEiE. [FisCUm.

in. long and | to | in. wide, but sometimes attaining 3 in. or more, and in
other specimens scarcely 1 in. long. Flowers minute, in 1 to 3 clusters
in each axil, sessile in a small cup-shaped 4-angled or 4-toothed bract, and 3
together in each cluster ; the central one female, scarcely 1 line long, the 3 la-
teral ones males and considerably smaller. Calyx -border distinctly visible as a
prominent ring in the female buds. Petals 4 or rarely 3, triangular, and I
have always seen an anther sessile on each petal, but, according to Wight, 3
of the 4 petals are ^\dthout anthers. Beii-y globular, about 3 lines diameter.
On trees in the woods, C/iampion and others. Common in India and the Archipelago, ex-
tending westward almost to the Mediterranean and eastward to North Australia.

Order LVII. CAPEIFOLIACE^.

Calyx-tube adnate ; the limb of 4 or 5 lobes or teeth. Corolla gamopeta-
lous, inserted round the epigynous disk, with 4 or 5 lobes, imbricate in the
bud and sometimes iiTcgular. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, al-
ternating with them and inserted in the tube. Ovary inferior, 3- to 5-celled
or rarely 1-celled, with 1 or more pendidous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as
many as cellsj or united into one, sessile or on a single filiform style. Tniit
an indehiscent beny or rarely diy, 1- to 5-celled. Seeds 1 or more in each
cell. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Eadicle superior, cotyledons
oval or oblong. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers, or very rarely herbs. Leaves op-
posite, usually without stipules, simple or rarely pinnate.

A rather small Order, chiefly dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, with a very few tropical or southern species, scarcely to he distinguished fi-om Rudi-
acece except, in some instances by the want of stipules, in others by the irregular corolla.

Erect shrubs. Corolla rotate, regular 1. Viburnum.

Climbers. Corolla tubular, iiTegular 3. Lonicera.

1. VIBURNUM, Linn.

Calyx with a border of 5 small teeth. CoroUa rotate or shortly tubular,
regular. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled or very rarely 3- or 3-celled, with 1
pendidous ovide in each. Stigmas 3 or rarely 3, sessile. Berry 1-seeded. —
Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves entire or palmately lobed. Elowers in
terminal cymes or panicles.

A considerable genus, with nearly the range of the Order, including several tropical but no
southern species.

Flowers about 2 Hues diameter, in flat almost umbellate corymbose

cymes \. V. vemdosum.

Flowers above 3 lines diameter, in ovate or pyramidal panicles . . 2. F". odoratissimum.

1. V. venulosum^ Bentli. A perfectly glabrous shrub. Leaves ever-
green, shortly stalked, ovate, elliptical, or oblong, obtuse or very shortly acu-
minate, 3 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, entire or slightly toothed towards the
end, coriaceous and sliining above, with a few nerves very prominent under-
neath diverging from the midiib, and fine transverse veins between them.
Flowers white, numerous, in compact broad cymes, sessile above the last
leaves and shorter than them, the primary branches 4 or 5 together from the
same point. Corolla with a very short tube and spreading limb, about 3

Viburnum.'] caprifoliace^. 143

lines diameter. Stamens rather longer. Benies flattened, shining. — V. nervosum.
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 190 (a name preoccupied by a species of Don's)!
Common on the hills, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent. Not found
out of south China, but allied to the Indian V. pimctatum, which has larger leaves, with a
different venation, etc.

2. V. odiOY?it\s&ita\iX!CiyLmdl.Bot.Reg. t. 456; Hooh. andThoms. inJourn.
Linn. Soc. ii. 177. A perfectly glabrous evergreen shrub, like the last, but
readily known by the inflorescence. Leaves oval-elliptical, obovate, or oblong,
obtuse or scarcely acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire or rarely serrate, conace-
ous and shining above, with the veins much less prominent underneath than
in the last species ; the petioles thick, 5 or 6 lines long. Flowers white, rather
larger and less spreading than in F. venulosum, in loose ovate or pyramidal
terminal and sessile panicles, 3 or 4 in. long. Corolla 3 to 3^ lines diameter.
Ben-ies ovoid.

Hongkong, Champion and others. Common in south China, extending to the Khasia
mountains and northward to Japan.

3. LONICERA, Linn.

Qoljyi with a border of 5 small teeth. Corolla with a more or less elongated
tube and an oblique limb, either 5-lobed or in 2 lips, the upper one 4-lobed,
the lower entire. Stamens 5. Ovaiy 2- or 3-celled, with several ovules in
each cell. Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Beriy small, with one or
very few seeds. — CKmbers or erect shi-ubs. Leaves opposite, entii'e. Mowers
2 or more together, sessile, in axillaiy or terminal heads.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate and mountainous subtropical regions
of the northern hemisphere. The Hongkong species are all climbers, belonging to De
CandoUe's division Nintooce, the flowers sessile, in pairs, on short common peduncles, the
corolla-tube slender, the limb 2-lipped.

Leaves and branches glabrous. Corolla-tube near 2 in 1. Z. longiflora.

Leaves and branches hirsute with spreading hairs. CoroDa-tube 1 to

li in 2. Z. macrantha.

Leaves glabrous, shining and wi-inkled above, softly tomentose underneath

as well as the branches. Corolla-tube f in 3. Z. reticulata.

Leaves slightly pubescent above and not shining, softly pubescent or

tomentose underneath as well as the branches. Corolla-tube f in. . 4. Z. imiltiflora.

1. L. longiflora, DC. Prod. iv. 333; Bot. Reg. t. 1232. A glabrous
climber. Leaves stalked, oblong, 2 to 2| in. long, ^ to 1 in. broad, rather
coriaceous, paler underneath, with a few prominent very obHque neiwes. Flower-
paii's shortly pedicellate, axillaiy or fonning loose terminal heads or short
racemes. Bracts smaU, linear. Bracteoles veiy short. CoroUa-tube slender,
about 2 in. long, quite glabrous or slightly glandidar ; the limb as in the 3
following species, of 2 bps rolled back at the top, the upper one 4 -toothed, the
lower one naiTOw, entire.

Largely distributed over the island, but less frequent than the following species, Champion
and others. Only known from S. China.

2. L. macrantha, BC. Prod. iv. 333. A climber, with the young
branches thickly hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves on short stalks, ovate
or ovate-lanceoiate, more or less cordate at the base, 2 to 3 in. long, cOiate

144 CAPRiFOLiACE.f:. [Lonicera.

and haiiy, especially on the under side, wdtli reticulate veins. Flower-pairs
on very short pedicels, either axiUary or in terminal heads. Bracts short,
bracteoles veiy small. Ovary glabrous. CoroUa pubescent and haiiy, yellow-
ish ; the slender tube 1 to l^ in. long; the limb ^ in. long, two-lipped.—
L.japonica, Andr. Bot. Eep. t. 583; Bot Eeg. t. 70; Hook. til. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 173 ; not of Thunb. L. Jdrtiflom, Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot.
iv. 166.

The most common Honeysuckle in the island, Champion and others, and common also in
northern India. Although generally passing under the name of L. japonica, it is doubtful
whether it is a Japanese plant at all. It is not in Zuccarini's enumeration. The original
L.japonica of Thunberg is the L.Jlexuosa of our gardens, -mih shorter reddish flowers.

3. L. reticulata. Champ, in Keic Joum. Bot. iv. 167. A climber, with
the branches thickly clothed ^dth a short soft velvety tomentum. Leaves
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles of 4 to 6 lines, rather
thick, glabrous and shining above, and Avi-inkled with a network of im-
pressed veins, covered underneath with a white or yellowish close dense tomen-
tum. Flower-pairs 6 or 8 together in little corymbs on axdlary peduncles
nearly as long as the leaves, the outer bracts often leafy and 4 to 6 lines long,
the others small and linear, the bracteoles about half the length of the ovary,
aU tomentose. Corolla doA\aiy or tomentose, the tube 8 or 9 lines long, the 2-
lipped limb rather shorter.

On the summits of the hills, in grass or amongst rocks, Champion. Not received fi-om
elsewhere.

4. L. multifloray Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. iv. 167. A climber, vai\\
pubescent branches. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval, obtuse, about 1^ in. long,
slightly pubescent and neither shining nor wilnkled above, softly pubescent
underneath. Flower-paii's nearly sessile, 6 or 8 together in heads or short
cymes on axiUaiy or terminal peduncles. Outer bracts leafy, 2 to 4 lines
long, inner ones and bracteoles veiy small. CoroUa-tube slightly pubescent,
8 or 9 lines long, the 2-lipped limb rather shorter.

From Mr. Cay's garden at Victoria, and according to him indigenous in the island, Cham-
pion. I have seen no other specimens. This comes nearest to the L. chinensis, DC, or L.
japonica, Thunb., known in our gardens as L. jiexuosa, and of which we have several speci-
mens from the Chinese continent. It is possible indeed that the L. muUijlora, may prove
to be a variety of it, but in that plant, besides some differences in the foliage, the pedimcles
are in the wild, as well as in cultivated specimens, constantly short and simple, bearing only
one pair of flowers.

Order LVIII. RUBIACEiE.

Calyx-teeth adnate ; the limb entire, with as many teeth, lobes, or divisions
as lobes of the corolla. CoroUa inserted roimd an epigMious disk, regular,
with 4, 5, or more lobes, either imbricate (usually convolute) or valvate in the
bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, alternating vni\\ them and in-
serted in the tube. Ovary infeilor, 2- or more celled, vni\i 1 or more ovules
in each cell, rarely 1 -celled with panetal placentas. Styles simple, with a
simple tenninal stigma, or ydih as many stigmatic lobes as cells to the ovaiy.
Fruit vaiying. Seeds with a horny albumen; embiyo usually small, with
flat cotyledons. — Trees, slu-ubs, herbs, or rarely climbers. Leaves opposite,

Rubiacea.'] rubiace^. 145

entire, with intei*petiolar stipules, wliicli are either small and sometimes inside
the leaves, or resemble the leaves and form with them a regular whorl. In-
florescence various.

A very large Order, dispersed over every part of the globe ; the ChiclionecB and Coffeece
almost entirely tropical or subtropical ; the Stellatce chiclly inhabiting the more temperate
or cold regions.

Tribe 1. Cinclionese. — Leaves opposite or rarely whorl ed, with small stipules between
or inside of them. Ovules several (rarely 2 only) in each cell of the ovary.
Corolla valvate in the bud.

Flowers very numerous, closely packed in globular heads on a

small receptacle. Fruit capsular. Seeds winged ... 1. Adina.
Flowers in cymes, panicles, or axillary clusters. Fruit capsular.
Seed not winged.
Capsule broader than long. Herbs in terminal or rarely axil-
lary cymes 3. Ophiorhiza.

Capsule globular or ovoid. Flowers in axillary clusters or in
loose panicles.

Capsule septicidal or indehiscent 4. Hedyotis.

Capsule loculicidal 5. Oldenlandia.

Flowers in terminal corymbs or cymes, 2 outer calyx-lobes very

large and coloured. Fruit a berry 6. Muss^nda.

Corolla imbricate or contorted in the bud.

Fruit capsular. Seeds winged. Prostrate shrubs 2. Thysanospermum.

Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged. Erect shrubs.

Lobes of the corolla and calyx 6 or more. Ovary 1 -celled,

with parietal placentas. Flowers solitary, terminal . . 7- Gardenia.
Lobes of the corolla and calyx 5. Ovary 2-celled, with axile
placentas.
Seeds immersed in a fleshy placenta or thick pulp. Flowers

axillary, or 1 to 3 at the ends of short brauches ... 8, Randia.
Seeds numerous, angular, with little or no pulp. Flowers

numerous, in terminal corymbs 9. Stylocoryne.

Lobes of the corolla and calyx 4. Ovary 2-celled, with 2, or

rarely 3 or 4 ovules in each 10. Diplospora.

Tribe 2. CoflFeese. — Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, with small stipules. Ovules 1
only in each cell of the ovary.
Stipules entire. Fruit a drupe or berry.

Ovules peltately attached to the middle of the cell. Corolla imbricate.

Style bifid at the top, with recm-ved lobes 12. Ixora.

Style entire, or the lobes erect and connivent 11. Pavetta.

Ovules suspended from near the top of the cells.

Corolla imbricate. Ovary-cells 4 or 5 13. Guettardella.

Corolla valvate. Ovary-ceUs 2 14. Canthium.

Ovules erect from near the base of the cells. Corolla valvate.
Ovary-cells usually 4 or more.

Flowers united several together in pedunculate heads . .15. Morinda.
Flowers distinct, clustered in the axils of the leaves . . .16. Lasiantuus.
Ovary-cells 2. , -, „ -r.

Fruit a drupe, with a hard nucleus. Corolla-tube short . 17. Psychotria.
Fruit a berry. Corolla-tube much longer than the lobes . 18. P.ederia.
Stipules fringed with bristles. Fruit dry, small, separating into 2
crphgIs
Ovules laterally attached or ascending. Flowers axillary . . 19. Spermacoce.
Ovules pendulous. Carpels opening or separating at the base . 20. Knoxia.
Tribe 3. Ste\\^t2&.— Stipules similar to the leaves, and with them forming whorls of

4^ or more. Ovules \ in each cell 21. Galium.

L

l-i6 HUB I ACE -E. \_Adma.

1. ADINA, Salisb.

Cah'x-limb of 5 persistent linear lobes. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 5,
valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Style exserted, with a
capitate stigma. Ovaiy 2 -celled, with few ovules suspended from near the
top of the cells. Eruit capsular, septicidal, the 2 valves and seeds falling off,
leaving a persistent axis crowned by the star-like limb of the calyx. Seeds
oblong, wdth a naiTow edge or wang. — Shrubs. Stipules united in pairs be-
tween the leaves. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, on axiUaiy or
terminal peduncles.

Besides the follo\viijg species, the genus comprises one other, the A. jtohjcepliala, Benth.
{Ncmclea poJycephala, Wall. Catal. n. 6100), with several flower-heads, foraiing a short ter-
minal I'aceme or corymh, which extends from Silhet and Chittagong to the vicinity of Hong-
kong, but has not been found in the island itself. "We have also from S. China, but not yet
from the island of Hongkong, a species of the closely allied genus CephalantliKS, which can
neither be distinguished from some forms of the American C. occidenialis, nor from others of
the Asiatic C. naucleoides ; the glabrous and pubescent varieties occur both in America and
Asia, and the glands of the corolla are sometimes as large in the American as in the Asiatic
specimens.

1. A. globiflora, Salisb. ; DC. Prod. iv. 349. An erect glabrous much-
liranched shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 1^ to 3 in. long. Peduncles axillary or rarely 3 together at the ends
of the branches, shorter or longer than the leaves, each with 2 small bracts a
little below the middle, and bearing; a sino-le g-lobidar flower-head, about 5
lines diameter, \\athout the long exserted styles. — Nauclea Jdina, Sm., and N.
adinoides, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xi. t. 895. Adina pedunculata, DC. Prod. iv. 349.

Common in ravines. Champion and others ; also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.

2. THYSANOSPERMUM, Champ.

Calyx-limb of 5, or rarely 4 persistent short lobes. Corolla-tube slender;
lobes 5, rarely 4, spreading, imbncate in the bud. Anthers linear, included
in the tube. Style entire, club-shaped at the top, exserted. Ovary 2-celled,
with several peltate ovules in each, imbricated upwards, the placenta peltately
attached to the middle of the partition. Capsule nearly globidar, opening
loculicidally in 2 valves which split septicidally. Seeds bordered by a fringed
membranous wing. — Flowers axillary, solitaiy.

The genus comprises only a single species.

1. T, diffusum. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 168. A low prostrate
or trailing shrub, the slender branches covered when young with appressed
hail's. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,
1 to \\ in. long, glabrous above, with appressed hairs on the" midrib and
edges underneath. Stipules single on each side, lanceolate, entire. Pedun-
cles axillaiy, solitaiy, 1 -flowered, 2 to 3 lines long, ^dth 2 minute bracts above
the middle. Calyx scarcely 1 line long, the ovate lobes scarcely as long as
the globose tube. Corolla white, the tube 5 lines long, pubescent ; the lobes
near 2 lines long, obtuse, pubescent inside. Capside like that of a Hedyotis,
with about 10 seeds to each cell.

In ravines, ti-ailing upon rocks, abundant on Mount Victoria and some other places, Cham-
pion : also Wriglit. Not received from elsewhere.

Opliiorldza^ rubiace.^. 147

3. OPHIORHIZA, Linn.

Calyx-limb of 5 persistent teeth or lobes. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 5,
valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Style usually included,
with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovaiy 2 -celled, with several ovules in each, attached
to a placenta ascending from near the base. Capsule much flattened and
very broad, almost 2-lobed at the top, opening loculicidally in 2 valves. Seeds
several, angidar. — Herbs, usually of low statm-e. Stipules very small. Flowers
sessile along the branches of terminal or rarely axillaiy pedunculate cymes.
A rather considerable genus, limited to tropical and eastern subtropical Asia.

Corolla scarcely 3 lines long, with obtuse lobes 1. 0. pumUa.

Corolla about 7 lines long, with acute lobes 2. 0. Eijrei.

1. O. pumila. Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 169. A small scarcely
branching herb, the stems decumbent and rooting at the base, ascending to
3 or 4 in. or rarely 6 in. in height, and usually pubescent. Leaves ovate, tlie
larger ones 1^ in. long, acute or acuminate, and narrowed into a long petiole,
the smaller ones obtuse, and scarcely | in. long, all minutely pubescent or
rough. Flowers crowded in small terminal cymes, the common peduncle
rarely 2 lines long. Calyx shortly and densely tomentose, the lobes very ob-
tuse. Corolla about 3 lines long, the tube cylindiical and pubescent, the lobes
scarcely 1 line long, ovate, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule about 3 lines broad at
the top.

Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, Wright. Not as yet found out of the island. The
form of the corolla rather contracted than dilated below the limb, with very obtuse lobes botli
to the calyx and corolla, will readily distinguish this species from the smaller Indian ones,
which at fii'st sight may much resemble it.

2. O. Eyreij Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 170. An ascending nearly
simple glabrous herb, 6 in. or rather more in height, rooting at the base.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 3 in. long,
but often much smaller, assuming, as well as the whole plant, a red tint iii
dr>ang. Flowers 5 to 10, or rarely more, in loose terminal cymes, on pedun-
cles varvdng fi-om f in. to t^\dce that length. Calyx-teeth small, triangular,
acute. Corolla red when dry, about 7 lines long, glabrous outside ; the tube
dilated in the upper half; the lobes spreading, acute, rather more than a line
long, pubescent inside. Capsides about 3 lines broad.

In moist ravines, Ei/re, Wilfnrd ; also on the adjoining continent, but not found out of
S. China, and a careful comparison shows no immediate affinity with any other known spe-
cies. The tlowers are much like those of some Chasalias, but the placentas bear numerous
ovules, and the broad capsules are quite those of an Ophiorhka.

4. HEDYOTIS, Linn.

Calyx-limb of 4 (or veiy rarely 5) persistent teeth or lobes. Corolla-tube
usually short ; lobes 4 (or very rarely 5), spreading, valvate in the bud, and
usually haiiy inside at the base. Anthers exserted from the tube. Style with
2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-ceUed, Avith several ovules in
each, attached to placentas arising from near the base. Capside globular or
ovoid, sometimes only half-inferior, separating more or less into 2 (or rarely
3) carpels, which either open along the inner edge, or in 2 valves at the top,

L 2

148 -RVBIACEM. [Hedyoiis.

or remain incleliiscent. Seeds angular. — Herbs, imderslu'ubs, or rarely
climbers. Stipules united with the petioles in a short sheath, entire or fringed
with bristle-like subulate lobes. Plowers in axillary clusters or terminal pa-
nicles, or rarely in axiUaiy pedunculate cymes.

A large genus, widely spread over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, with a few
American species.

Stipules truncate, with long bristles. Flowers umbellate, in terminal
panicles. Capsule free at the top, opening septicidally and loculi-

cidally (Sect. Macrandria) \. H. recurva.

Stipules ovate or triangular. Capsule separating septicidally into the 2
carpels which open along their inner edge (Sect. Biplophragma) .
Cymes 2- or 3-chotomous, loose, axillary or terminal. Stipules
entire.

Stems acutely 4-angled 2. H. acutangula.

Stems terete or obtusely angular.

Cymes terminal Z. H. VacheUii.

Cymes axillary 4. 5". loganioides.

Clusters sessile, axillary or terminal, nearly globose. Stipules fringed 5. H.uncinella. ,^
Stipules truncate, with long bristles. Flowers in axillary sessile clus-
ters. Carpels indebiscent (Sect. Metaholos) ^. H. auricidaria.

1. H. recurva, BentJi. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 486 ; and in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 170; Seem. Bot. Her. ^.84. A taU glabrous somewhat climbing
herb, the branches terete or nearly so. Stipulaiy sheaths short, Avith several
bristles on each side, 3 or 4 lines long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
2 to 2^ in. long, with 3 or 4 oblique nerves on each side of the midi'ib, in-
dented above, veiy prominent underneath. Flowers 10 to 20 together, in
little umbels, on short peduncles in the upper axils, the upper ones forming a
terminal oblong panicle. Calyx-teeth recuiwed outwards. Corolla-tube very
short ; the lobes about 3 lines long, spreading or recurved. Capsule project-
ing from the calyx, separating septicidally in the upper part into 2 carpels,
which open loculicidaUy in 2 valves. Seeds numerous, veiy small.

Abundant in ravines, CJmmpion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
found out of S. China. The H. macrostemon. Hook, and Am., another species of the same
section, apparently common in S. China, but not yet detected in Hongkong, differs chiefly in
the dense pubescence of the stem and foliage, the more compact inflorescence and smaller
flowers.

2. H. acutangula. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 171; Seem. Bot.
Her. ^.85. A taU glabrous plant, apparently somewhat shrubby at the base.
Branches erect, very acutely quadrangular, or even 4-winged at the base, less
so under the inflorescence. Stipules ovate or triangular, entire or slightly
toothed. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, rather thick,
the oblique nerves but little conspicuous. Flowers small, sessile, numerous,
in loose dichotomous or trichotomous cymes, forming an oblong or corymbose
temiinal panicle. Calyx-tube about 1 line long; the lobes shorter, ovate.
CoroUa-tube about 1 line long ; the lobes scarcely so long, ovate-lanceolate.
Capsule not prominent above the calyx, separating into the 2 carpels which
open along the inner face. Seeds several, small.

Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the continent of S. China, but not
known from elsewhere.

3. H. VacheUii, Bentli., n. sp. A tall glabrous plant, apparently more

Hedyotis?^ rubiace.e. 149

climbing than the last, which it resembles in many respects. Branches terete,
or scarcely angular. Stipules triangular and entire. Leaves lanceolate, like
those of H. acutangula, but narrower, and more evidently stalked. Inflores-
cence the same, but looser; the flowers more slender, on short pedicels. Corolla-
tube Ml 1|- lines long, the lobes about 1 line, the throat scarcely hairy.
Ovary as in the last species, but I have not seen the ripe capsule.

Hongkong, Harland ? S. China, near Macao, Vachell and Beechey. I describe this
from the Macao specimens, with which I had identified one from Hongkong in the hitc Dr.
Harland's collection, not now before me to compare. I had named it H. scandens, Roxb.,
under the erroneous impression that Vachell's plant was that species. Roxburgh's plant, a
common Khasia one, is, however, quite different, belonging to the section Dimetia, hitherto
unrepresented in China.

4. H. loganioides, Benth., n. sp. Apparently an ascending or erect
perennial, our specimens above a foot long, and quite glabrous ; the branches
terete or obtusely angular, or compressed when young. I^eaves oblong or
lanceolate, acute at both ends, 1 to 2 in. long, and i to f in. broad, or rather
longer in some specimens, not unlike those of Loganla Jloribuuda, without
prominent veins except the midrib, on petioles of one or 2 lines. Stipules
ovate, entire. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 6 lines long, bearing a trichotomous
cyme of 10 to 20 flowers. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long, glabrous. Calyx-
lobes linear, rather shorter than the corolla. Corolla-tube short and slender,
without any hairs inside. Capsule about 1 line long, cro^\^ied by the calyx-
lobes ; the 2 carpels separating to the base, and opening mde by a fissm-e on
the inner face. Ovules numerous, but only a few of them appear to ripen
into perfect seeds.

On the top of Mount Gough, Wilford ; also Wright. We have apparently the same species
from Moulmeyn {Lohb). It comes nearest amongst published ones to the H. obscura,T\iyf .,
of Ceylon, but in that one the stipules are pectinate, and the corolla hairy inside at the
throat.

5. H. uncinella. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 192. A glabrous peren-
nial, the stems weak and ascending, or perhaps climbing, and acutely angular.
Stipules triangular, fringed with subulate teeth. Leaves oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, about 1 to 2 in. long, with few veins. Flowers about 2 lines long,
in dense sessile clusters, forming a giobidar terminal head of 6 to 8 lines
diameter, and two or tlu-ee distant globular whorls in the upper axils. Calyx-
lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, about as long as the corolla. Capsules crowned
by the calyx, opening inwards in 2 carpels like the last species. — H. hor-
rer'ioides. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 171 . H. ceplialopliora, Wall. Catal.
n. 842?

Common in the neighbourhood of Chukchow, but not on the Victoria side of Hongkong,
Champion ; Putoy Island, Wright ; also S. China, and probably Khasia,

We have three forms of this plant, which have been severally considered as distinct species,
but are probably varieties of the same. Our specimens are, however, not as yet sulllcicnt to
determine the question satisfactorily. The original ones of //. iincnwlla, Hook, and Arn.,
from S. China, are far advanced, the leaves are distinctly pctiolate, with the limb tapering at
the base, the heads are far advanced in fruit and rather lax, the bracts and calycine lob( s
strongly ciliate. In the H. horrerioides, Chamj)., from Hongkong, the leaves are narrower,
longer, and more sessile, but much tapering at the base, the heads very compact and perfectly
smooth. In the H. cephalophora. Wall., which appears to be frequent iu Khasia, the leaves

150 RUBiACEiE. \Hedyoti8.

are quite sessile and rounded at the base, with the flower-heads as in H. uncinella, but much
less ciliate. I see no other difference between the three.

6. H. auricularia, TF. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 412. A decum-
bent straggling herb of 1 to 3 ft., the branches hairy, somewhat compressed
when young. Stipules short, with long bristle-like lobes or teeth. Leaves
on short stalks, vaiying fi'om ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, gla-
brous or pubescent, wdth parallel and veiy oblique raised nei'ves diverging
fi'om the midrib, and very prominent underneath. Flowers but little more
than a line long, in dense axillai-y sessile clusters. Calyx-tube about | line
long ; the lobes subidate and recurved, about as long, the corolla but Kttle
longer. Capsules small, crowned by the calyx-lobes, and quite indehiscent. —
H. nervosa, Wall. Catal. n. 857. "^

Hongkong, Wright. The species is widely spread as a weed over tropical Asia, and, be-
sides the following variety, includes probably some others, either enumerated in Wallich's
Catalogue, or described by Elume or others as species of Hedyotis or Meiabolos.

\di\\ parviflora. — H. costata. Wall. Catal. n. 849.

Hongkong, Wright, Harland ; also Khasia and Assam. Small as are the flowers and fruits
in the common form, this variety has them still smaller and more crowded, and the leaves
usually, but not always, narrower, the calyx-teeth are also perhaps usually rather shorter,
but I can see no essential difference. In both the ovary and capsule have occasionally 3
cells.

5. OLDEISTLANDIA, Linn.

Calyx-limb of 4 persistent teeth or lobes. CoroUa-tube usually short,
rarely slender ; lobes 4, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers usually ex-
serted from the tube. Style entire or with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled,
with several ovides in each, attached to placentas arising from near the base.
Capsule globular or ovoid, sometimes only half-inferior; the cai-pels not sepa-
rating but opening at the top in two loculicidal valves, bearing the partition
in their centre. — Diffuse, spreading, or rarely erect herbs. Stipules of Hedy-
otis. Flowers small, usually axillary, solitary or in clusters or cymes, rarely
fonuing irregular tenninal leafy panicles.

A considerable genus if taken, as above characterized, to include Scleromitrion, Kohautia^
Anotis, and Houstonia, and widely dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa,
Australia, and tropical and temperate America.

Flowers sessile, in axillary clusters. Calyx-teeth erect, and connivent
when in fruit.

Leaves lanceolate. Stems pubescent or hispid \. 0. hispida.

Leaves linear. Plant glabrous or nearly so %. 0. angustifolia.

Flowers pedicellate, or, if sessile, solitary.

Flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together on a slender axillary

peduncle. Capsule globular 3. 0. herbacea.

Flowers in loose irregular terminal panicles. Capsules 2-angled or

winged at the base 4. (9. paniculata.

1. O. hispida, Poir. Stems branched at the base only, diffuse, 1 to 1|
ft. long, 4-angled and pubescent or hispid. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 1| to
2 in. long, narrowed at the base, 4 or 5 lines broad in the middle. Stipules
shortly sheathing with long bristle-like teeth. Flowers scarcely above 2 lines
long, sessile, in axillary clusters. Capsules ovoid or nearly globular, haiiy
and crowned by the narrow-lanceolate calyx-teeth, which are erect and closely

Oldenlandia.'] uuBiACEaE. 151

connivent. — Hedyotis Jdspida, Eetz; DC. Prod. iv. 420. ScleromUrion his-
pidnm, Korth. in Ned. Kriiidk. Arch. ii. 155.

Hongkong, Wright. Dispersed as a weed over India and the Archipelago.

2. O. angustifolia, Bentli. A diffuse or decumbent herb, with the
habit of 0. hispida, but more slender, and glabrous or seldom very slightly
pubescent. Leaves almost sessile, linear, 1 to \\ in. long, 1 to 1 ^ lines
broad. Stipules short, with several bristle-like teeth. Flowers about 2 lines
long. Corolla slightly pubescent. Calyx and capsule as in 0. kispida, but
quite glabrous. — Hedi/oUs angiistlfoUa, Cham, and Schlecht. ; DC. Prod. iv.
419. Scleromitrioii angusti folium, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 172. Hedy-
otis approMmata, Wall. Catal. n. 852. Scleromitrion tetraquetrum, Miq. Fl.
Ned. Ind. ii. 186.

Hongkong, Champion and others. Also in Khasia, Silhet, and Penang, and apparently a
common weed in the Indian Archipelago.

3. O. herbacea, DC. Prod. iv. 425 {but without the LinncBan synonym
there quoted*). A much-branched, slender, diffuse annual, 6 in. to 1 foot
long, glabrous, or rough with a slight pubescence. Stipules with short
bristle-like teeth. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually ^ to 1 in. long,
and 1 to 2 lines broad, narrowed at the base. Peduncles axillary, usually
solitary, bearing either a single flower or a cyme of 2 or 3, and almost always
shorter than the leaves. Flowers sometimes scarc(;ly above 1 line long and
from that to near 2 lines. Calyx-teeth shoiier than its tube and about the
length of the short broad tube of the corolla, which is glabrous inside or nearly
so. Capsule small, usually globidar, sometimes ahnost ovoid, but not so
narrow as in 0. Heyneana, sometimes broader than long, but not didymous
as in 0. brachiata, Wight (0. dichotoma, Keen.), the minute calyx-teeth dis-
tinctly separated from each other in a ring round the apex. — Hedyotis (Olden-
landia) Burmanniana and H. (0.) intermedia, W. and Arn. Prod. i. 414, with
the synonyms there adduced ; H. extensa. Wall. Catal. n. 2869 ; ZT. alsincBfolia,
Wall. Catal. n. 873.

Var. a. nniflora. Peduncles almost always 1-flowered, either very short {0. brachypoda,
DC. Prod. iv. 424), or more than half as long as the leaves ; the flowers usually from I^ to
2 lines long.

Var. b. parviflora. Peduncles slender, mostly 2- to 3 -flowered, sometimes with 1 or with
4 or 5 flowers. Flowers scarcely above 1 line long, or even smaller. — 0. bijlora, Linn. Her-

* The Hedyotis herbacea of Linneeus is not in his herbarium, but from his description
in the ' Flora Zeylanica,' especially the observation " Corolla infuudibuliformis, hinc ab 01
denlandlis diversa," it is evident that he had in view the U. Ileyneana, W. et Arn. Olden-
landia bijlora is represented by a very poor garden specimen of what appears to be the
several-flowered variety of the present species ; and of 0. corymbosa there is a satisfactory
specimen of the same variety; but neither of these names can well be made to include the
single-flowered form, which appears to have been unknown to Linnscus. "NVe have then to
choose for the name of the whole species between Oldenlandia herbacea, DC, Hedi/oiis
diffusa, Willd., and Hedyotis (Oldenlandia) Burmanniana, W. et Arn. I have preferred
the first, although derived from a mistaken adoption of Linuseus's specilic word, for it is the
oldest, in which neither the generic nor the specific term would have to be changed, besides
that it is generally adopted for the American specimens. There have been some doul)ts sug-
gested as to Willdenow's Hedyotis diffusa being really this j^laut, besides that his name was
never transferred to Oldenlandia till after the Prodromus, and ^Vight and Arnott's uame is
still more recent.

152 RUBlACEiE. [Oldenlandia.

barium? (a very bad garden specimen), DC. Prod. iv. 426. 0. corumhosa, Linn. Herbarium,
DC. 1. 0.

Waste places, Hongkong, Champion and others : both varieties mixed. This is a very-
common weed throughout the warmer parts of Asia and Africa, and in some parts of tro-
pical America. The two forms are often sent together. At first sight they look very dis-
tinct ; but on carefully measuring the size of the flowers and capsules, I find them pass so
gi-adually one into the other, that I could draw^ no line of separation. So also in the length
of the peduncle ; it is not a line long in many specimens of the 0. hrachypoda, DC, from
the Archipelago, and in con-esponding ones from E. India ; in the Hongkong ones, as in
most of the Indian ones, it varies from 1 to 6 lines, and in some very luxm'iant specimens
from Asia, Africa, and America, I have seen it near 1 in. long. The large-flowered speci-
mens are almost universally uniflorous. The small-flowered variety has usually the pedi-
cels longer than the flowers, and 2 or 3 together (rarely 4 or even 5) on an equally slender
and scarcely longer peduncle ; but very frequently the peduncles are uniflorous, especially in
the lower part of the plant. It is probable that besides the synonyms above given, several
other described Oldenlandias belong to this species.

4. O. paniculata, Linn. (Herharmm) ; DC. Prod. iv. 427. A glabrous
annual or biennial, usually much branched, diffuse or nearly erect, and only a
few inches high, sometimes ascending to the height of a foot more. Leaves
ovate or oblong, from \ to above 1^ in. long, and almost always much broader
than in 0. herbacea. Stipulary bristles short. Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered,
iiTegularly aiTanged in loose temiinal panicles, leafy at the base. Flowers
little above a line long ; the calyx-lobes veiy short, about the length of the
minute corolla-tube. Capsule usually from 1 to 1-^ lines, sometimes 2 lines
long, crowned by the minute distant calyx-teeth, and usually with 2 or 4 pro-
minent ribs, sometimes expanded into narrow wdngs more or less decur-
rent on the pedicel. — Hedyotis (Oldenlandia) alata. Keen. ; H. (0.) bijlora, Br. ;
and H. (O.J racemosa, Lam., with the spionyms given to each in W. and Am.
Prod. n. Penins. i. 413 and 414 (except the Linnaean 0. bijlora, which is
0. herbacea), Wight, Ic. t. 312. 0. pterita, Miq. PI. Ned. Ind. ii. 193.

Hongkong, Wright. A common S. Asiatic weed, extending from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to Burmah, Siam, the Indian Archipelago, the Philippines, Loochoo, and Japan. The
three forms described by \Yight and Arnott run very much one into the other. The broadly
winged base of the capsule and pedicel of some specimens of H. alata passes gradually into
the narrower wing of H. biflora and the almost entirely wingless state of H. racemosa. The
Hongkong specimens agree perfectly ynVa. the smaller ones of the latter, such as we have
them from Central India, Java, etc. ; so also, on a careful examination, does the very poor
specimen of Gerontogea racemosa^ Cham., from Radack, in the Hookerian Herbarium.

5 . O ? A single specimen, in fruit, from Hongkong, in Wright's

collection, has the habit of some of the African Oldenlandia^ of the section
Kohautia (characterized by the long tube of the coroUa) ; but as there is neither
coroUa nor bud, it is impossible to determine it.

6. MUSS^WDA, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 5 deciduous lobes or teeth, one in a few of the outer flowers
of each corymb often produced into a large, stalked, bract-like, coloured leaf.
CoroUa-tube usually elongated; lobes 5, valvate in the bud. Anthers included
in the tube or nearly so. Style with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-ceUed, with
many ovules in each, attached to a bifid placenta projecting from the partition.
Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, small. — Shrubs or smaU trees.
Stipules 2 on each side, often united at the base. Flowers in terminal
corymbs.

Mussanda.] eubiace^e. 153

A small genus, chiefly from the tropical regions of the Old World, with perhaps a single
species fi-oni tropical America.

Leaves pubescent on the veins underneath. Corolla-lobes narrow, with

long points 1. M. pubescens.

Leaves quite glabrous. Corolla-lobes broad, scarcely pointed ... 2. M. erosa.

1. M. pubescens, Alt.; DC. Prod. iv. 371. A tall slu-ub. Leaves
on short petioles, oval-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
slightly pubescent on tlie veins underneath as well as the young branches.
Stipules united at the base, subulate above. Corymb tenninal, dense, sessile
above the last leaves. Calyx-lobes linear, \\ to 2 lines long, one of them in
a few of the outer flowers broadly ovate or orbicular, acuminate, coloured, 1
to 1| in. long, on a long slender petiole. Corolla-tube about 1 in. long,
slender, covered with appressed haii's ; the lobes 2 lines long, narrow-lanceo-
late, ending in long points. Benies globular or nearly so, glabrous, 4 or 5
lines diameter.

Common in ravines. Hinds, Chmnpion, and others. Also S. China, but not known from else-
where. The corolla is much more slender and the lobes much narrower than in M.frondosa
and its allies or varieties. The leaves are usually narrower, and the corymb even in fruit is
more dense. I cannot match it exactly wdth any E. Indian species. The nearest is one
from Rangoon, with still narrower segments and perfectly glabrous. The plant figured in
the Botanical Magazine, t. 2099, as M. pubescens, has been correctly referred by Lindley
(Bot. Reg. t. 517) to the common M.fro7idosa, although it has since been inadvertently
quoted as representing the M. pubescens.

2. M. erosa. Champ, m Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 193. A tall shmb or small
tree, with the branches and leaves quite glabrous. Stipules united at the
base. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long. Coiymbs
trichotomous, large and loose, branching out immediately above the last leaves.
Calyx-lobes scarcely above 1 line long, the enlarged coloured ones often attain-
ing 2 or 3 in. in length and almost as broad. Corolla-tube about 9 lines long,
slender, glabrous at the base, with a few appressed hairs in the upper part ;
the tlu'oat closed with hairs on the inside ; the lobes near 2 Hues broad and
scarcely longer, with very short points.

In ravines, Hongkong, Champion, Wilford, Weight. Also in Sikkim, Assam, Khasia,
and Bootan. The name erosa is unfortunately chosen, as the leaves were only accidentally
undulate in the specimen ft'om which Col. Champion derived it. It may however be merely
a variety of M. frondosa^ or of Jf. glabra of Vahl, which Miquel unites with M. frondosa.

7. GARDENIA, Linn.

Calyx-limb tubular, truncate, toothed or lobed, or seldom divided to the
base in 5 or more lobes. Corolla-tube cylindrical ; lobes 5 or more, imbricate
in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, usually Sxserted. Style with 2 thick
erect stigmatic lobes, or nearly entu'e. Ovaiy 1 -celled, incompletely divided
by 2 to 5 parietal projecting placentas. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, usually
crowned by the calyx. Seeds inimerous, immersed in the fleshy placentas. —
Shrubs or trees. Stipules usually solitary on each side, and entire. Flowers
usually rather large and solitary, terminal or axillary.

A smaU genus, confined to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, the greater number
of species usually referred to Gardenia belonging in fact to Randia or other allied genera.

1. G. florida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 379 ; Bot. Reg. if. 449 ; Bot. Mag.

154 RUBIACE^. [Gardenia.

t. 3349. An evergreen, glabrous, unarmed shrub. Leaves oblong-elliptical
or almost lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, contracted into a
short petiole at the base. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile or nearly so,
rather large, white, and sweet-scented. Corolla-tube about 1 in. long, and
the narrow-oblong lobes about as much, varying in number from 6 to 8 or
rarely 9. Berry oblong, above 1 in. long, crowned by the long linear per-
sistent calyx-lobes, and marked outside by as many raised ribs or angles.

In ravines, Champion and others. It appears also to be really wild as well as cultivated
in S. China generally. All the specimens received from other parts are evidently from
gardens.

8. RAISTDIA, Linn.

Calyx-limb tubular or campanulate, truncate-toothed or lobed, persistent
or rarely deciduous. Corolla-tube cylindiical (short or long) or rarely dilated
at the top ; lobes 5, contorted in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, included in
the tube or shortly exserted. Style with 2 thick stigmatic lobes, or nearly
entire. Ovary 2-ceUed, -vvith several, usually numerous, ovules in each cell
attached to a fleshy peltate placenta. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, often
crowned by the calyx. Seeds several, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy pla-
centa.— Shrubs or rarely trees, often armed with opposite axillary thorns.
Stipules solitary on each side and entii*e, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers
not usually so large as in Gardenia, in axillary cymes or clusters, or solitary
at the summit of short branches or tufts of leaves.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions both of the New and the Old
AVorld.

Thorny. Mowers solitary, on short leafly branches or tufts. CoroUa-

tube short, pubescent 1. R. diimetonon.

Unarmed. Flowers 1 to 5, terminal or lateral. Corolla-tube short,

glabrous 2. R. leucocarpa.

Thorny. Cymes terminal. CoroUa-tube slender, much longer than the

limb 2t. R. sinensis.

Unarmed. Cymes or pedicels axillary. Corolla-tube rather louger than

the limb 4. i?, canthioides.

Unarmed. Cymes many-flowered, apparently leaf-opposed. Corolla-
tube short 5. ^. densifiora.

1. R. dumetoruxn, Lam.; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Penins. i. 397;
Wight, /c. ^. 580. A glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, armed with straight
stout axillary thorns, often above 1 in. long. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute
or shortly acuminate, or rarely nearly obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed at
the base, thin, and deciduous. Flowers solitary at the end of vei*y short
lateral leafy branches or tufts *of small leaves. Calyx-limb 5 -lobed, as long-
as the corolla-tube, usually persistent. CoroUa white, pubescent ; the tube
broad, about 3 lines long ; the lobes obovate, obtuse, spreading, about 4 lines
long.

At Little Hongkong, Champion, Hance ; also Wright. Common in India and the Archi-
pelago,

2. H. leucocarpa^ Champ.i7iKewJourn.Bot.\Y.\^4^. A much branched
low unarmed shnib, the younger branches densely covered with appressed hairs,
the older ones glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong or obovate, acumi-

Randiai] rubiace^e. 155

nate, 1| to 2|- in. long, glabrous, except a few appressed hairs on the veins
underneath, and deciduous. Flowers 1 to 3 together, on very short pedicels,
at the ends of the branches or at the old nodes. Calyx-limb small, campa-
nulate, shortly 5-tootlied, usually persistent. Corolla glabrous, with a short
rather slender tube. Berries white, 4 to 6 lines diameter, nearly globidar,
with a small number of large ovoid seeds immersed in the pidpy placentas.

On the top of Victoria Peak, Chamjpion ; also Wright. The very few specimens I have
seen are in fruit only, with very young flower-buds. I cannot, therefore, describe exactly the
form of the corolla, but it appears to be very near that of the Indian R. (Griffithia) frayrans.

3. R. sinensis, Uorm. mid Schidt. Syst. v. 248. An erect shrub, either
glabrous or slightly pubescent at the ends of the branches, armed with short
straight axillary thorns. Leaves ol)long, about 3 in. long, and scarcely 1 in.
broad. Flowers white, in rather dense terminal cymes, on very short common
peduncles. Calyx-limb shortly 5 -toothed, deciduous. Corolla glabrous or
nearly so, with a slender tube about 8 lines long ; the lobes lanceolate, 2 to
2 1 lines long. Stigma oblong, scarcely lobed. Berry small, globular. Seeds
few, flattened, immersed in the pulpy or almost fleshy placentas, — Oxi/ceros
sinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 151.

Hongkong, Champion; also Lemma Island, Wright, vini^ the neighbourhood of Canton,
but not as yet known out of S. China. Hooker and Arnott, it is true, refer here the R. longi-
jiora. Lam. {Fosoqueria, Roxb., or Griffithia, Korth.), a plant apparently common in the
Archipelago, but that has always stout recurved thorns, the flowers are also rather larger,
and the shape of the leaves and of the calycine teeth appears different. I do not feel, there-
fore, sufficiently confident in the specific identity of the two to unite them, without having
seen better specimens of the Chinese plant.

This and the following species belong technically to Griffithia, W. and Am., separated as
a genus from Randia chiefly on account of the deciduous limb of the calyx ; but that cha-
racter is so very uncertain in some species, and so little in accordance with habit in others,
that the group can only be maintained, at the best, as an artificial section of Randia.

4. R. canthioides, Champ, in Keiv Journ.Bot.\\.\'d^. A low glabrous
unarmed shrub. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, coriaceous, smooth
and sliining, like those of Randia corymbosa or of Canthium didymum. Cymes
axiUai-y, 3- to 7 -flowered, with the common peduncle so short that the pedi-
cels (3 or 4 lines long) appear clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-
limb shortly 5 -toothed, deciduous. CoroUa glabrous; the tube cylindncal,
about 4 lines long, the lobes rather shorter. Stigma ovoid. Berry globular,

3 or 4 lines diameter, or sometimes smaller. Seeds angular or flattened, im-
mersed in the pulpy placenta.

Abundant in ravines, Champion and others, but not known out of the island, unless a spe-
cimen of Wright's, from Loochoo, in fruit only, belongs to the same species. In the flower-
ing branches of this and some other unarmed Randias, one leaf of each pair will somctiinea
fall off" early, leaving the petiole persistent and hardened, but not really spinescent. The
real thorns of Randias, Gardenias, Canthinms, etc., are abortive bra aches, although they
are not always strictly axillary, but appear in some species just above the axillary bud.

5. R, densiflora, Benth. An unarmed shmb, glabrous, excepting the
flowers. Leaves oval, oblong or almost lanceolate, coriaceous and shining,

4 to 5 in. long. Flowers rather crowded, in almost sessile cymes, which are
really axillary, although they usually appear leaf-opposed by the abortion of
the subtending leaf. Calyx-limb usually persistent, very shortly 5 -toothed.
CoroUa-tube scarcely above' 1 line long, the tlu'oat very haiiy inside ; the lobes

156 RUBIACE^. \Randia.

oblong, near 3 lines long, veiy spreading or reflexed, pubescent outside with
minute appressed bairs. Stigma linear, much exserted. Berries small, glo-
bular. Seeds several, ovoid, compressed or angular, immersed in the pulpy
placenta. — Wehera de?isifora. Wall., in Eoxb. Tl. Ind. ed. Car. ii. 536. Cupia
dens'iflora, DC. Prod. iv. 394. Stylocoryne densiflora, Wall., Catal. n. 8-404 ;
Miq. n. Ned. Ind. ii. 206. Ciynopachys attenuata, Korth. in Kruidk. Arch. ii.
182? Gynopachys oblongata, Miq. M. Ned. Ind. ii. 221, and probably the
Rubiacea, Wall. Catal. n. 8455 and 8456.

Hongkong, Champion. A single specimen, in very young bud, which, on a careful com-
parison appears to me to belong to this species, although I do not feel certain of its identity.
I have described it from Penang and Sumatra specimens, where it appears common, extend-
ing northward at least to Tavoy. Although it is difficult to draw a very marked line between
Randia and Stylocoryne, this species appears to me to have much more the calyx, and espe-
cially the fi-uit, as well as the habit and inflorescence of the former than of the latter genus.
It has probably been referred to Stylocoryne on account of the style, the stigraatic thickened
portion of which is longer and thinner than in most Randias. It however is so different in
shape in the different species that it cannot be taken even as an artificial generic distinction.
The true Stylocorynes have the habit and inflorescence of Pavetta, the seeds numerous, very
angular, not immersed in an almost fleshy rather than pulpy placenta, but surrounded by a
very thin pulp, scarcely perceptible when dry.

9. STYLOCORYNE, Cav.

Calyx-limb short, 5 -toothed, deciduous. Corolla-tube cylindi-ical ; lobes 5,
imbricate in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, more or less exserted. Style
long, slightly thickened at the top, undivided. Ovaiy 2-celled, with numerous
ovides in each ceU, attached to a peltate placenta. Fruit a globular berry.
Seeds angular, without any or with a very thin pidp. — Shrubs or trees, with-
out thorns. Stipules solitaiy on each side, entire, pointed, with a broad
base. Flowers usually numerous, in terminal broad cymes or corymbs.

A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Leaves, stems, and corymbs glabrous 1. S. Wehera.

Leaves, stems, and corymbs softly pubescent 1. S. mollissbna.

1. S. Webera, A. BicJi. ; W. and Am. Trod. i. 401 ; Wight, Ic. if. 309
and 584. An evergreen shrub or small tree, quite glabrous, the specimens
almost always turning black in drying. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
3 or 4 in. long, contracted at the base into a petiole of 2 to 4 lines. Stipides
usually forming at the base a complete sheath within the petioles. Coi-ymb
trichotomous, shorter than the leaves. Calyx about 1 line long, ^dth a short
6 -toothed limb. Corolla glabrous, the tube about \\ lines long; the lobes
oblong, near twice as long. Style linear, scarcely thickened.

In the Happy Valley, scarce. Champion, Hance, Wright. Widely distributed over India
and the Archipelago, and apparently variable in the density of the panicle and size of the
flowers ; but it would require a further examination of several allied forms to fix the limits
of the species. The Hongkong specimens have all rather slender and very glabrous flowers.

2. S. moUissima, Walp. Rep. ii. 517 ; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bat. iv. 195.
A shrub or small tree, resembling in many respects the S. Webera, but softly
and densely pubescent in every part. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to oblong
or lanceolate, acutely acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long. Coiymb often pedunculate.
Calyx very tomentose, the limb scarcely shorter than the tube. Corolla rather

Stylocoryne.'] RUBiACEiE. 157

smaller than that of S. Wehera, and pubescent outside, the oblong lobes longer
than the tube. Style long and linear, more thickened than in the last species.
Berry globular, 3 lines diameter, with about 12 to 14 seeds in each cell. —
Cupia mollissima. Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 192.

Scarce, in the Happy Valley woods, on Mount Victoria, and near the Buddhist Temple,
Cham^pion. Also on the adjoining continent, but not known out of S. China.

10. DIPLOSPORA, DC.

Calyx-limb short, 4-toothed or truncate. Corolla-tube short, lobes 4, spread-
ing, imbricate in the bud. Anthers exserted. Style with 2 stigmatic lobes.
Ovary 2-celled, w^th 2 or more ovides attached laterally to a small peltate
placenta. Fruit a globular beriy. Seeds solitary or few in each cell. —
Shi'ubs. Stipules 1 on each side, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers in
axillary clusters or close cymes.

A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.

1. D. viridiflora, DC. Prod. iv. 477 ; BentJi. inKew Journ. Bot. iv. 195.
An unarmed shrub, with the habit of CantJiiiim, or of some Randias, glabrous
in every part. Leaves oval-oblong or nearly lanceolate, usually 2 to 4 in.
long, coriaceous and shining, on a short petiole. Flowers clustered in short
dense axillary cymes of a pale straw-Colour, varying from 3^ to 5 lines dia-
meter. Anthers almost sessile in some specimens, with filaments nearly as
long as themselves in others. Ovules usually 2 in each cell. Bemes red,' the
size of a pea. — Gardenia dapJmoides, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 796.

Common on Victoria Peak, Champion ; in the Happy Valley woods and at Little Hong-
kong, Wilford; also Wright. On the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
Although the number of ovides is variable, I find, in by far the greater number of flowers
that I have opened, 2 to each cell as described by Lindley. I have seen, however, as many
as 4, and Col. Champion had counted 6 to each cell, whilst from a memorandum of A. Gray's
to one of "Wright's specimens, I find he had seen only 1. In other flowers of the same spe-
cimen there were the normal 2 to each cell."

11. PAVETTA, Linn.

Calyx-limb smaU, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube slender, lobes 4, imbricate in
the bud. Style exserted, slender, entire or the stigmatic lobes not spreading.
Ovary 2-ceUed, with 1 ovule in each cell peltately attached to the centre of
the partition. Berry slightly drupaceous, globular, 2-celled. Seeds attached
by their flat face. — Shrubs or small trees. Stipules solitary on each side,
pointed, with a broad base. Flowers in terminal corymbs.

A genus of several African, S. Asiatic, or Australian species, scarcely differing from Ixora,
with which some botanists unite it.

1. P. indica^ Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. M.Penins.i. ^^1; WigJU^Ic.
^.148. A tall shrub or small tree, glabrous or slightly pubescent, the speci-
mens turning black in drying. Leaves stalked, oval-oblong or almost lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, narrowed at the base. Corymb
loosely trichotomous, sessile above the last leaves. Calyx about 1 line long,
with minute teeth. CoroUa-tube about 6 lines long ; the lobes oblong, about
2|- lines, white or pale-green. Berries globular, 2 or 3 lines diameter.

158 RUBiACE.^. [Pavetta.

In the Happy Valley, at West Point, on IMount Gough, etc.. Champion, Wilford, and
others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Sikkim, Khasia,
Burmah, the Ai-chipelago, and apparently to the north coast of Australia.

13. IXORA, Linn.

Calyx-limb small, 4-tootlied. Corolla-tube slender, lobes 4, imbricate in
the bud. Style exserted, with 2 stigmatic lobes, usually spreading. Ovary
2 -celled, with 1 ovule in each cell peltately attached to the centre of the par-
tition. Berry slightly drupaceous, globular, 2-celled. Seeds attached by
their flat face. — Shrubs or small trees. Stipules solitaiy on each side, pointed,
with a broad base. Flowers in terminal, dense or large corymbs, or panicles,
or sometimes in smaller axillaiy or lateral cymes.

A considerable geuus, dispersed over the tropical regions both of the New and the Old World.

1. I. stricta, Roxh. ; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 427 ; Wight, Ic.
^.184. A glabrous sluiib. Leaves obovate-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, the lower
ones sometimes naiTOwed at the base into a short petiole, the upper ones,
although naiTower below the middle, obtuse at the veiy base and quite sessile,
or nearly so. Flowers in dense tenninal sessile coiymbs. Calyx small.
CoroUa-tube 1 to 1^^ in. long ; the lobes broad, obtuse, about 3 lines long.

In woods at East Point, near the Buddhist Temple, Champion, Wilford ; also Hance and
Wright. The Hongkong plant is always said to have pale pink flowers, which variety is
only known from S. China. A white variety {I. blanda, or I. alba, Roxb.) is described by
Roxburgh from cultivated plants introduced fi-om S. China. An orange-coloured variety,
which I have not seen, is said to be in the Archipelago.

13. GUETTARDELLA, Champ.

Calyx-limb deeply 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 4, spread-
ing, slightly imbricate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Ovaiy 4-
or rarely 5 -celled, with 1 pendulous oblong ovule in each cell. Style di\nded at
the top into 4 or 5 linear lobes. Fruit a drupe, with 4 or 5 1 -seeded stones. —
Shrubs. Stipides one on each side, pointed, with a broad base. Peduncles
axUlary, bearing a cyme of few small flowers.

A genus very nearly allied to Guettarda, and of which only one species from the Philip-
pine Islands is known besides the Chinese one.

1. G. chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 197. A small shnib,
the young branches closely pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
1 to 2 in. long, acute at the base, sprinkled vdi\\ a few hairs or glabrous above,
hoaiy underneath with close somewhat silky hairs, on a petiole of 1 or 2 lines.
Peduncles 6 to 10 lines long, bearing 3 or 5 flowers, the inteimediate one
sessile, the others tenninating the branches. Cah^s scarcely 1 line long, with
short equal lobes. Corolla 2 lines, with veiy short obtuse lobes. Drape
ovoid, pubescent, 2 lines long.

On Mount Gough and IMount Victoria, Chamyion ; also Wright. Not as yet found out of
the island.

14. CANTHIUM, Lam.

Cahrx-Hmb short, 4- or 5 -toothed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 4 or 5, spread-
ing, valvate in the bud. Stigma exserted, entire, ovoid or mitre-shaped.

Canthium.'] RUBiACEiE. 159

Ovary 2-celled, with 1 pendulous or descending ovule in each. Beny globu-
lar or didymous. Shnibs, either unarmed or with axiUaiy thorns. Stipules
1 on each side, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers in axillary clusters or
cymes.

A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Unarmed. Leaves 3 in. long or more, glabrous, sbining 1. C. didymum.

Thorny. Leaves about 1 in. long, pubescent underneath 2. C. horridum.

1. C. didymum, Gartn. ; Tim. Ennm. PI. Ceyl. Ih^, tcitJi the synonyms
there given. An unarmed evergreen shrub, perfectly glabrous. Leaves stalked,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and
shining. C\^nes axillary, shortly pedunculate, loose and often many-flowered,
but much shorter than the leaves. Corolla 5-lobed, white. BeiTy distinctly
didymous. — C. undidatum, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 198. Vangueria
dicocca, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 251, with the synonyms adduced.

In the Happy Valley woods, but rare, Champion ; also Wright. Frequent in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Khasia, the Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago. Very
variable as to the breadth of the leaves, which are always very shining. It is probably the
lax inflorescence that may have induced Miquel to remove it to Vangueria, for I can see no
trace in any tlowers I have examined of the three empty cells of the ovary which he gives as
the character of that section of Vangueria which he has formed out of this and some other
Canthiums. In the bud the two carpels are readily separable fi'om each other, and from the
surrounding calyx-tube, and if a cross section is not carefully made, there may appear to be
an interval between them, but that cannot be called an empty cell of the ovarium.

2. C. horridum, Blume? ; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 255 ? A shrub, more
or less pubescent on the young shoots and under side of the leaves, and anncd
with straight axiUaiy thorns. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, scarcely above
1 in. long, rounded at the base and almost sessile. Pedicels few, clustered in
the axils of the leaves. Bemes 1 -seeded by the abortion of the other ovule.

Hongkong, Wright. A single specimen, with one fruit, agreeing with the specimens of
C. horridum which we have fifom Java and Penang, but, as there are no flowers, it cannot be
determined \nth certainty.

15. MORINDA, Linn.

Flowers usually several together, united at the base in a small head. Calyx-
limb short, scarcely toothed. CoroUa-tube cylindrical or slightly dilated at
the top, usually short ; lobes 5, or rarely 4, valvate in the bud. Anthers in-
cluded in the tube or rarely exserted. Ovaiy 2- to 4-ceUed, with 1 erect or
ascending ovule in each cell. Style exserted, mth 2 stigmatic lobes, or rarely
entire. Fruits of each flower-head usually united in one compound beny. —
Shrubs, small trees, or sometimes climbers. Stipules usually membranous
and united at the base in a sheath within the petioles. Flower-heads on axil-
lary or terminal single or clustered peduncles.

A considerable tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic or African, with 2 or 3 American species.

1. M. umbellata, Linn.; W. and Am. Trod. Fl. Petiins. i. 420. A
trailing, diffuse or somewhat climbing shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent
on the young branches. Leaves on veiy short petioles, oblong, or the upper
ones obovate, 1 to 2 in. long in most of the Chinese specimens, often twice
as long in the more southern ones. Peduncles usually 4 to 6 together, form-

160 RUBIACE^. [Morinda.

ing a sessile terminal umbel, each peduncle 3 to 6 lines long, and bearing a
single smaU head of 6 to 12 flowers. Ovaries quite united. CoroUa scarcely
3 lines long ; the tube straight, rather shorter than the lobes. Fruits foi-ming
a compound globular berry 4 to 6 lines diameter.

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Sikkim, Khasia, Malacca, and the Archipelago, and northwards
to the Philippines and Loochoo. The Hongkong specimens have mostly short and rather
broad leaves, rarely surpassing 3 in. in length.

16. LASIANTHUS, Jack.

(Mephitidia, Reinw.)

Calyx-limb of 4 to 6 lobes or teeth. Corolla-tube usually dilated at the
top, lobes 4 to 6. Anthers included in the tube, or shortly exserted. Style
divided at the top into 4 to 9 stigmatic linear lobes. Ovary 4- to 9-celled,
with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Fruit a di-upe, crowned by the calyx-lobes or
teeth. — Shi'ubs or undershiiibs, often smelling disagreeably. Stipules 1 on
each side, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers small, in dense clustersor heads,
all axiUary in the Chinese species, terminal in some others.

A genus of several species, limited to tropical Asia and chiefly in the Archipelago.

Leaves glabrous above or pubescent. Bracts vei-y small. Calyx-teeth

very short 1. X. chinensis.

Whole plant very hairy. Outer bracts longer than the flowers. Calyx-
teeth subulate 2. Z. cyanocarpa.

1. L. chinensiSy Benth. A shi-ub, with the young branches flattened
and shortly tomentose, the older ones terete and nearly glabrous. Stipides
broad, the upper ones rather long. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 6 to 10 in. long,
1|- to 2|- in. broad, naiTOwed at the base into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines, ^\dth
parallel veins conspicuous on both sides, diverging fi'om the midrib, glabrous
or nearly so above, slightly tomentose underneath. Flowers in dense sessile
clusters! Bracts veiy smaU. Calyx minutely toothed. CoroUa-tube about
2 lines long, haiiy in' the upper part ; lobes 5 or 6, about the length of the
tube, veiy haiiy outside, glabrous within. Dnipes globidar, pubescent, blue,
5 or 6 lines diameter. — Mepliitidia cUnensis, Champ, in Kew Jom-n. Bot. iv.
196.

In the Happy Valley, on Victoria Peak, etc., Champion, Wilford, Wright. Not received
from elsewhere. It appears to be nearly allied to L. longifolius, Wight, and L. constnctus,
Wight, from the Malayan Peninsula, but difiers from both, as well^in the calyx asi n the
pubescence.

2. L. cyanocarpus, Jack.; DC. Frod. iv. 452. An undershrub, with
nearly simple, erect or ascending branches of about 2 feet, more or less thickly
hirsute, as weU as the bracts and under side of the leaves, with rusty spread-
ing haii-s. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, hir-
sute or sometimes nearly glabrous on the upper side. Flower-clusters sessile,
with several bracts, of which the outer ones are ovate or broadly lanceolate,
very haiiy, and often 1 in. long or more. Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, haiiy,
longer than the tube. CoroUa scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes. — L. brae-
teatus, L. RoxhurgJiii, and probably L. Jackianm, Wight in Mitchell, Calc.
Joum. vi. 501, 502.

Lasianthus.] RUBiACEiE. 161

In a ravine of Mount Parker, only one plant seen, Wilford. In Chittagong, Malacca,
Penang, Singapore, and Sumatra, and also in the Nilgherries, if L. Jackianus be really the
same.

17. PSYCHOTRIA, Linn.

Calyx-limb short, 5-lobed, 5-tooth.ecI or entii'e. Corolla-tube short; lobes
5, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube or shortly
exserted. Style with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2 -celled, with 1 erect
ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe, wdth 2 kernels, flat on the inner face and
usually fun'owed on the back. — Shrubs or smaU trees. Stipules 1 or 2 on
each side, sometimes all united in a sheath within the petioles. Flowers in
terminal cymes or very rarely axillary.

A large genus, ranging over the tropical regions both of the New and the Old World,

Erect shrub. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long LP. elHptica.

Trailing or spreading shrub. Leaves seldom 2 in. long 2. P. serperis.

1. P. elliptica, Xer ; Bot. Reg. viii. 607; DC. Prod. iv. 509. An
erect glabrous slu-ub. Stipules broad, membranous, obtuse, more or less
connected in a sheath within the petioles, deciduous. Leaves eUiptical-ob-
long, acuminate, 3 to 5 or rarely 6 in. long, naiTowed into the petiole. Pa-
nicle terminal, sessile ; the branches trichotomous and densely cymose at the
top, shorter than the last leaves. Flowers about 2 lines long. Calyx very
short, truncate ; coroUa almost campanulate, with a short obconical tube and
spreading lobes. Drupes red. Albumen of the seeds much niminate. — P.
Peeve&ii, Wall. ; DC. Prod. iv. 519. Grimilia Reevesii, Hook, and Am. Bot.
Beech. 193.

Very common on hillsides, C/iamjxion and others. Also on the mainland of S. China and
in Malacca.

2. P. serpens, Linn.; BC. Prod. iv. 519. A much-branched, prostrate
or trailing shrub, quite glabrous. Stipides broad, obtuse, shortly sheathing,
but very deciduous. Leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, 1 to 1-|- or rarely 2 in.
long, naiTowed into the petiole. Panicle terminal, peduncled, tnchotomous,
not large, and rather dense. Flowers rather smaller than in P. elliptica ; calyx
obtusely and minutely toothed. Corolla slightly mealy outside; the lobes
rather longer than the' broad tube, haiiy in the throat. Benies smaU, white.
Albumen sHghtly fuiTowed and pitted, but not reaUy raminate. — P. scandens.
Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 193.

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others ; also on the mainland of S. China, in Loo-
choo, and perhaps also Malacca, Griffith, and the Feejee Islands, American Exploring Expe-
dition, but I do not feel certain of the specific identity of the two latter, Thwaites re-
fers P. scandens, Hook, and Arn., to P. sarmentosa, Blume ; but that synonym can only
relate to the Ceylon plant called P. scandens by Gardner and some others, not to the Chinese
plant originally described under that name. The true P, sarmentosa, a widely distributed
species from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, besides having longer and dilTerently
shaped more acuminate leaves, has the etipules (which can only be seen on young shoots) re-
markably acuminate, as described by Miquel, and some slight differences in the flower,

18. PiEDERIA, Linn.
Calyx-limb small, 5-tootlied, persistent. Corolla-tube broad; lobes short,
valvate, and folded in the bud. Anthers included in the tube Style with 2

162 RUBiACEiE. [Paderia.

short stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-ceUed, with 1 erect oviile in each. Fmit a
beny, with a thin fragile rind. — Stems twining. Stipules 1 on each side.
Cymes loosely dichotomous or trichotomous, either axillaiy or in tenninal pa-
nicles.

A small genus, almost limited to tropical Asia.

L. P. foetida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 471. A glabrous perennial twiner,
woody at the base. Leaves stalked, ovate or lanceolate, \\ to 2 in. long,
usually somewhat cordate at the' base, but veiy variable in ^vidth. Flowers
sessile along the branches of loose dichotomous or trichotomous c^mes, fonn-
ing long loose panicles. Calyx smaU. CoroUa 5 or 6 lines long, white or
pale pink, mealy-tomentose outside, the throat hairy, the smaU spreading
limb marked with a star-like pink spot. Benies globular or ovoid.

Mount Victoria, Champion. Common in southern Asia, extending from Mauritius, Cey-
lon, and the Peninsula northward to Khasia, China, and Japan, aud eastward all over the
Archipelago to Timor. The Chinese specimens have the small globose fruit figured by
Gsertner, and I have seen the same in specimens from Loochoo, from Japan, and fi-om Am-
boyna. Many of the Indian ones have a much larger, ovoid, and somewhat tiattened fruit,
but without any perceptible difference iu the foliage and flowers ; and as the majority of
specimens are not in fruit, there are no means of ascertaining how far that character may be
constant.

19. SPERMACOCE, Linn.

Calyx-limb of 4 or sometimes only 2 small teeth. CoroUa-tube usually
short; lobes 4, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers usually exserted.
Style entire, or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Ovaiy 2-celled, with 1 ovule
in each, laterally attached or ascending. Capsule small, separating into the
2 cai-pels, either septicidaUy or leaving more or less of the dissepiment free or
attached to one of the cai-pels. Seeds marked on the inner face by a longi-
tudinal fmi'ow containing the hilum. — Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Stipules
shortly sheathing, bordered with bristle-like teeth. Flowers small, clustered
in the axils of the leaves or in sessile terminal heads.

A large genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of both the New
and the Old World, some species being amongst the commonest tropical weeds.

Flowers and fruits about 1 line long, in very dense whorl-like clusters or
heads.

Leaves linear or lanceolate, little veined ^. S. stricta. .

Leaves ovate, yellowish, with raised lateral veins 2. 6*. semierecta.

Flowers and fruits about 2 lines long, axillary but not numerous. Plant

hispid 3. 5. hispida.

1. S. stricta, Lhm.jil.; DC. Prod. iv. 554. An erect or spreading an-
nual, 6 in. to a foot high or rather more, glabrous or slightly and roughly
pubescent; the branches 4-angled. Leaves sessile, linear, lanceolate or rai'ely
oblong, 1 to 1^ in. long, acutely acuminate; their lateral veins scarcely con-
spicuous, and having often in their axils 1 or 2 pairs of smaller leaves, which
gives them the appearance of being whorled. Bristles of the stipules longer
than their sheaths. Flowers not above 1 line long, in very dense axillary
whorl-like clusters. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Capsule scai'cely 1 line
long, obovate-globular, slightly compressed, crowned by the 4 teeth of the
calyx, more or less pubescent, separating into the 2 carpels, which open on

Spermacoce.'] hubiace^e. 163

the inner face without leaving any free dissepiment. — Blgelowia lasiocarpa^
W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 437, with the synonyms there adduced.
Spermacoce pusilla, S.jilina^ and 8. ramosa, Wall. Catal. n. 823, 830, and 831.
Bigelowia gracilis, Miq. PI. Hohen. Ten-. Canar. Exs. n. 705 a. B. myriantha^
Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 334.

Hongkong, Wright. A common weed throughout E. India and the Archipelago, and pro-
bably also in eastern tropical Africa, more doubtfully in South America. To the above sy-
nonyms should probably be added several others of which I have not seen authentic speci-
mens; also, as more or less marked varieties, — B. Icevicanlis, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. p. 835,
which has an almost perfectly smooth stem, and the corolla very small and cleft almost to
the base, but perhaps the few that I have seen are abnormal ; B. Roxhurgliiana, AV. aud
Arn. Prod. i. p. 437, which has constantly smooth stems, with the corolla very hairy inside
at the throat, and «S^. Natalensis, Hochst. in Flora 1844, p. 555 {Biodia elongata, E. ^ley.
PI. Drege Exs.), with pi-ecisely the characters of the narrow-leaved forms oi B.Roxhurghi-
ana. B. Kleinii, W. and Arn. Prod. i. p. 437, which occurs in herbaria also under the
name of Sp. ocymoides, a small plant with all the leaves ovate, has a dififei-ent look, but may
be again, as suggested, a variety of the above ; and the narrow-leaved B. ery?igioides, Ch. aud
Schl., from S. America, is very nearly allied to the commoner Indian forms of Sp. strlcta.

2. S. semierecta, Roxh. 11. Ind. i. SIT, from his drawing, n. 1333. A
rather coarse annual of 1 or 2 ft., with long spreading 4-angled branches,
slightly rough on the angles but not hairy. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 1 to 1|- in. long ; the lateral veins diverging from the midrib, very pro-
minent and very rough to the touch. Bristles of the stipules longer than
their sheaths. Flowers about 1 line long, in very dense, axillary, whorl-like,
almost globular clusters. Capsules obovoid-giobidar, about 1 line long,
crowned by the 4 teeth of the calyx ; the 2 carpels separating in 2 valves,
leaving however more or less of the thin dissepiment free and persistent be-
tween them. — Borreria discolor, Bartl. in DC. Prod. iv. 545 ?; Benth. in Kew
Journ. Bot. iv. 199.

Hongkong, Champion ; and, if the synonyms are correct, also Sumatra and the Philip-
pines. This is a much stifFer and coarser plant than S. stricta, with a yellowish tinge, and
all the leaves broad, stiff, and veiy rough. I can find no corolla remaining on my specimens.
The calycine teeth are very short. The dehiscence of the capsule is intennediate, as it were,
between those of Borreria {Bigelowia) aud Spermacoce proper. In the former the whole
dissepiment splits asunder into the two cocci, each opening all the way up in a longitudinal
slit ; in Spermacoce proper the whole dissepiment is simple, and when the cocci separate, I'C-
mains free or attached to one of the cocci ; in the present species a portion of the dissepi-
ment in the centre, at the base, to about half-way up, is simple and free as in Spermacoce
proper, the remainder splits and separates with the cocci as in Borreria ; at least, so it is iu
a great majority of the capsules of my specimens ; it may not be constantly so in the
species.

3. S. hispida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 555. A coarse, diffuse, little-
branched herb, roughly pulDCscent or hispid, 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaves obovate
or the upper ones obloug, -^ to 1 in. long or rarely more, obtuse, with few
veins, sessile or the lower ones naiTowed into a petiole of 1 to 3 lines.
Bristles of the stipules rather longer than their sheath. Flowers usually about
3 lines long, sessile, 3 together, or rather more in each axil. Tube of the co-
rolla longer than the calyx-teeth and dilated at the top, but varying consi-
derably in size. Capsule ovoid, hispid, about 2 lines long, crowned by the 4
calyx-teeth, separating into the 2 carpels, 1 of which is always open on the

^1 2

164 RUBIACE^. \S]permacoce .

inner face, whilst the other is usually closed by the thin dissepiment adhering
to it. — 8. articidaris, Linn, til.; DC. 1. c. S. scabj'a, WUld., DC. 1. c.

In waste places, Champion, Wright. A common weed throughout India, varying much,
as observed by Wight and Arnott, in the length and thickness of the tube of the corolla, but
as far as can be judged from herbarium specimens, which are so often without good corollas,
these differences do not appear to correspond to any other characters.

20. KNOXIA, Linn.

Calyx-limb of 4 minute persistent teeth. Corolla-tube slender ; lobes 4,
valvate in the bud. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style with 2 short stig-matic
lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit small and
dry ; the 2 carpels either separating from the base upwards or falling off toge-
ther, leaving a persistent filifoim axis. — Herbs or undershrubs. Stipides 1
on each side, usually fringed with bristle-like teeth. Flowers in tenninal
cymes or coiymbs ; the branches often lengthened into one-sided spikes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Africa.

1. K. coryxnbosa, WUld.; W. and Am. Trod. i. 439 ; Wight, Illustr.
^.128. A perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, often almost woody at the base, more
or less pubescent, and but little branched. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or
rarely nearly ovate, 2 to 3 in. long. Flow'ers about 1^ lines long, numerous,
in loose, terminal, dichotomous cymes. Capsule ovoid, about 1 line long,
usually falling off entire from the filiform persistent axis.

Hongkong, Champion, Wriyht. Extends over tropical Asia, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago.

21. GALIUM, Linn.

Calyx completely combined with the ovaiy, without any visible border.
Corolla rotate ; the tube scarcely perceptible, wdth 4 spreading lobes, valvate
in the bud. Anthers exserted. Style short, deeply 2 -cleft. Ovaiy 2-celled,
with 1 ascending or laterally attached ovule in each cell. Fruit small, diy,
2-lobed, indehiscent. — Herbs, with weak quadrangular stems. Leaves sessile,
in whorls of 4, 6, or 8, of which 2 are real leaves and the remainder stipules,
although precisely similar in shape and size. Flowxrs small, in axillary or
terminal trichotomous cymes or panicles.

An extensive genus, spread over the whole of the temperate regions of the globe, especially
abundant in Em'ope and northern Asia, with very few tropical species, and those chiefly
limited to mountain regions.

1. G. Aparine, Linn. ; DC. Prod. iv. 608. A traibng or climbing an-
nual, often several feet long, clinging by the recui-ved asperities or small
prickles on the angles of the stems, and on the edges and midribs of the
leaves. Leaves 6 or 8 in a w-horl, linear or linear-lanceolate, often above an
inch long. Peduncles axillarv^ rather longer than the leaves, bearing a loose
cyme of from 3 to 8 or 10 small greenish-white flowers, with 3 or 4 leaves at
the base of the cyme. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, straight or but slightly
recurved. Fruits usually covered wqth hooked bristles, fomiing small ver}^
adhesive burrs. — G. mrorium, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 734.

In hedges, Hance, probably introduced fi-om Europe, where, as well as in central and
northern Asia, it is very abundant, and from whence it has been cai-ried with cultivation to
most parts of the globe.

ConiposUa.'] composit.e. 165

Order LIX. COMPOSITE.

Flowers or florets collected together into a head surrounded by an involucre
of several bracts, either in one row or imbricated in several rows, the whole
having the appearance of a single flower. Eeceptacle on which the florets are
inserted either naked or bearing chaffy scales or hairs or bristles between the
florets. In each floret the calyx is wanting, or converted into a pappus or
ring of bail's or scales on the top of the ovaiy. CoroUas either all henna-
plu'odite tubular and 5- or rarely 4 -toothed (lieads discoid), or aU hermaphro-
dite and ligulate, or those of the centre or disk tubular and hermaphrodite or
male, and those of the circumference ligulate, forming a ray (heads radiate),
or filiform and female. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla; the
anthers linear and united in a sheath round the style (except in Xauthimn),
often sagittate at the base, the basal lobes sometimes prolonged into fine
points called tails. Ovaiy inferior, with a single erect ovide. Style filiform,
usually divided at the top into two short stigmatic branches. Fruit a small
diy nut or achene, crowned by the pappus or naked. — Herbs or shrubs, with al-
ternate or opposite leaves, without stipides.

The most extensive family among flowering plants, and represented in everj^ quarter of the
globe, and in every variety of station. In the following table the genera are, for convenience of
reference, classed under artificial groups, not always corresponding with the tribes charac-
terized in the text.

§ 1. Heads liomogamous^ the florets all tubular and hermaphrodite.

Leaves alternate.

Heads many-flowered. Florets regular.
Involucre imbricate, in 2 or more rows.
Pappus of numerous plumose bristles.

Leaves and usually the outer involucral bracts prickly . 2. Cirsium.

Leaves not prickly 1 . Saussurea.

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles 3. VerNonia.

Involucre of 10 to 15 equal bracts in one row.

Involucre surrounded by smaller bracts at the base.

Style-branches with long points 32. Gynura.

Involucre without outer bracts. Style-branches obtuse . 33. Senecio.
Heads 2~ to 5 -flowered. Florets slightly irregular.

Flower-heads clustered into compound heads, with a general

involucre. Pappus of stiff awns or scales 4. Elephantopus.

Flower-heads solitary, in a long spike. Pappus of plumose

bristles 36. Ainslij;a.

Leaves opposite.

Receptacle naked. Achenes short.

Pappus of 3 to 5 short bristles, each tipped by a gland . . 5. Adenostemma.
Pappus of 5 to 10 stiff bristles, chaffy or dilated at the base . 6. Ageratum.

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles 7. Eupatorium.

Receptacle bearing scales between the florets. Achenes long,

with 2 to 5 stiff retrorsely hispid awns 24. Bidens.

§ 2. Flower-heads discoid, hut heterogamous. florets of the circumference slender and
female, those of the disk tubular and hermaphrodite or male. Leaves alternate.

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

Florets of the circumference few, in 1 or 2 rows. Disk-florets

numerous. Anthers with double tails 17. Inula.

166 cOxMPOSiT^. [Composita.

Florets of the circumference very numerous. Disk-florets few.

Involucral bracts scarious, often coloured 31. Gnaphalium.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or subulate.
Anthers obtuse at the base (without tails).

Florets of the circumference ligulate, though slender,

short and erect 12. Erigeron.

Florets of the circumference all tubular and filiform . . 13. Conyza.
Anthers with hair-like points (simple tails) at the base.
Flower-heads clustered or paniculate. Styles of the disk-
florets all bifid 14. Blumea.

Flower-heads corymbose. Styles of the disk-florets often

undivided 15. Pluchea.

Pappus none, or verj^ short.

Florets of the circumference few. Achenes obovate or rounded

at the top. Erect herbs or uudershrubs 30. Artemisia.

Florets of the circumference very numerous. Achenes flat or
concave at the top. Prostrate aunuals.
E-ecei^tacle very convex.

Flower-heads racemose or paniculate. Style-branches in

the disk- florets acute 9. Dichrocephala.

Ilower-heads solitary. Style-branches in the disk obtuse 27. Grange a.
Recejitacle flat or nearly so.

Florets of the circumference apetalous or nearly so.

Flower-heads terminal 28. Cotula.

llorets of the circumference with a corolla nearly as long

as the style. Flower-heads leaf-opposed . .' . . ^ 29. Myriogyne.

§ 8. Flower-heads monoecious, the males globular, many -flowered, discoid; the females
^-flowered, with a prickly burr-like 2-celled involucre.

Single genus 19. Xanthium.

§ 4. Flower-heads heterogamous, radiating.
Leaves opposite. Receptacle paleaceous.
Pappus none.

External involucral bracts linear-spathulate, spreading, glan-
dular ^ 21. Siegesbeckia.

External involucral bracts ovate or oblong, not glandular.

Disk-florets 4-toothed 20. Eclipta.

Disk-florets 5 -toothed 23. Wollastonia.

Pajipus a little fringed cup 22. AYedelia.

Pajjpus of 1 to 3 slender deciduous awns 23. "VVollastonia.

Pappus of 2 to 5 persistent retrorsely hispid stiff awns. Achenes

long 24. BiDENS.

Leaves alternate. Receptacle paleaceous.

Pappus of 2 or 3 stiff persistent awns. Anthers without taUs.

Achenes long 25. Glossogyne.

Pappus of several short pointed scales or awns. Anthers with

tails 18. Anisopappus.

Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked.
Pappus none or very short.

Achenes ending in a short beak. Flower-heads small ... 8. Lagenophora.
Achenes not beaked.

Receptacle very convex. Pappus of very short scales or

bristles 10. Boltonia.

Receptacle flat or slightly convex. Pappus none, or a short

ring or cup 26. Chrysanthemum.

Pappus of numerous long hairs or capillary bristles.

No bilabiate florets. Anthers obtuse at the base (stem leafy).

Ray white or purple ' . 11. Aster.

Composite.'] COMPOSIT.E. 1G7

Kay yellow.

Involucre imbricate in several rows 16. Solidago.

Involucre of a single row of equal bracts, with or with-
out a few small outer ones 33. Senecio.

Florets of the ray mostly with a small upper lip. Some of

the others also bilabiate. Anthers with fine points or tails

at the base (leaves all radical).
Involucral scales unequal, imbricate. Pappus reddish . .35. Gerbera.
Involucral scales nearly equal, vdth a few outer shorter ones.

Pappus white 34. Farfugium.

§ 5. Heads homogamoiis, the florets all ligulate and hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate.
Achenes tapering into a filiform beak, bearing the pappus at the

top.
Involucre narrow, with few very unequal imbricated bracts . .37. Lactuca.
Involucre many-flowered, of several nearly equal erect bracts,

and smaller imbricated outer ones usually recurved. Achenes

muricate ' 38. Taraxacum.

Involucre small, of one row of erect equal bracts, and a few small

outer appressed ones. Achenes ribbed, but not muricate . . 39. Ixeris,
Achenes not beaked. Pappus sessile.

Involucre of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few small

outer ones 40. Crepis,

Involucral bracts unequal, imbricated 41. Sonchus.

Tribe I. CYNAROCEFHALM.

Leaves alternate, often prickly. Flower-heads discoid, the florets all tubu-
lar, hermaphrodite, and regular or nearly so, the lobes usually narrow. An-
thers usually fringed or tailed at the base. Style usually slightly swollen at
the base of the branches, which are narrow and obtuse, or slightly pointed.

1. SAUSSUREA, 1)C.

Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets, the bracts not prickly, the inner ones the longest. Receptacle bristly.
Corolla regular, with 5 narrow lobes. Achenes glabrous. Pappus of several
plumose bristles united in a ring at the base, with a few outer simple or short
scales. — Perennial herbs, not prickly. Leaves alternate,

A considerable genus, spread over the hiUy regions of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in
the Old World.

Leaves green, upper ones entire. Flower-heads numerous, in a dense

corymb. Outer pappus of 2 to 5 deciduous bristles 1. S. japonica.

Leaves white underneath, all lyrate or pinnatifid. Flower-heads few.

Outer pappus of several minute scales 1. S. carthamoides.

1. S. japonica, DC. Prod. vi. 536. Stock perennial. Stem erect,
nearly simple, 1 to 1^ ft. high, sulcate, and slightly pubescent. Leaves green
and scabrous, or pubescent on both sides, linear or lanceolate, the lower ones
stalked and more or less pinnatifid, 3 to 4 in. long, the upper ones smaller,
narrow, and entire. Flower-heads in a dense flat terminal corymb, or, when the
stem is branched, dispersed in a number of smaller corymbs. Involucre ovoid,
about i in. long, the numerous imbricate bracts all terminating in a little or-
bicular scarious coloured appendage. Achenes striate, slightly curved. Outer

168 COMPOSITE. [Saussurea.

pappus of 3 or 4 very deciduous slender awns, about half tlie length of the
inner plumose one. — S. linearis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 236.

Victoria Peak, Champion, Hance, Wright. Ranges from S. China to Japan. The flower-
heads are rather larger, and the leaves usually more entire than in the Amoy specimens, and
in De Candolle's figure of the Japanese plant, but they all appear to be forms of one species.

3. S. carthaxnoides, Benth. Root annual. Stem firm, erect, nearly
simple, about 2 ft. high, sulcate and slightly cottony. Leaves deeply pin-
natifid or lyrate, the lower lobes naiTow, the terminal one broad, thin, green
above, white and cottony underneath, 3 or 4 in. long ; the upper ones few,
with narrower lobes. Flower-heads few, on long peduncles. Involucre cam-
pan ulate, 6 to 8 lines diameter, the numerous bracts linear-lanceolate, acute,
slightly scarious at the edge. Achenes striate, slightly cui-ved. Outer pap-
pus of several very short scales, united in a minute oblique ring. — Aplotaxis
carthamoides, DC. Prod. vi. 540. Serratula carthamoides, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
407.

Saywan, Harland, Hance, also Wright. Not unfrequent in the hilly districts of northern
and eastern India.

2. CIRSIUM, Toumef.

Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets ; the bracts, at least the outer ones, prickly-pointed. Eeceptacle bear-
ing bristles between the florets. Anthers with the basal lobes slightly fringed
or toothed. Achenes flattened, glabrous. Pappus of numerous plumose bris-
tles united in a ring at the base, without any outer ones.

A large genus, spread over a great part of the globe, but chiefly in the temperate regions
of the northern hemisphere. It is often considered as a section of Carduus, from which it
only differs in the plumose hairs of the pappus.

I.e. chinense, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 323. Eoot-
stock said to be creeping as in C. arvense. Stems erect, I to 2 ft. high, sim-
ple or scarcely branched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not decuiTcnt, 2 to 4
in. long, bordered with in-egidar veiy prickly teeth, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent above, white-cottony underneath, or at length sometimes glabrous.
Flower-heads solitaiy, on long peduncles, near an inch in diameter. Involu-
cral bracts very numerous, the outer ones slightly prickly, the inner scarious
and recmwed at the tips. Florets purple, veiy numerous. Filaments hispid. —
C. oreithales, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 944.

Victoria Peak and other hills. Champion and others. Has been found also in Khasia.

Tribe IL VERNONIACEjE.

Leaves alternate.* Flower-heads discoid ; the florets aU tubular, herma-
phi-odite and regular or nearly so. Anthers obtuse at the base, without tails.
Style not swollen or bulb-shaped below the branches, which are subulate and
pointed.

3. VERNONIA.

Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets, the inner bracts the longest. Eeceptacle naked. Corolla regular, with

* The opposite-leaved Liabea and Pectidea are much better placed among Senecionidece.

Fernonia.] coMPOSiTiE. 169

5 narrow lobes, Achenes mostly striate or angular, rarely cylindrical. Pappus
of numerous capillary bristles, usually suiTounded by an outer row of very
short often scaly bristles, wliicli are rarely entirely wanting. — Herbs, slmibs,
or climbers. Leaves alternate. Flower-heads terminal or in the upper axils,
in cymes or panicles or sometimes solitary.

A very numerous genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe, but most
abundant in America, where it extends beyond the tropics both to the northward and south-
ward.

Annuals. Involucral bracts very pointed.

Panicles cymose, leafless. Achenes cyHndrical, hairy, with a very

short outer pappus 1. V. cinerea.

Panicles divaricate, leafy. Achenes angular, glabrous. Pappus very

deciduous, without any outer row 2. F. chinensis.

Tall perennials, Involucral bracts more or less obtuse.

Erect softly villous plant, Involucral bracts very obtuse and

cottony. Achenes glabrous, angular. Outer pappus very short . 3. F. solanifoHa.
Tall climber, slightly pubescent or rough. Involucral bracts rather

obtuse. Achenes striate, pubescent. Outer pappus half as long

as the inner 4. F". Cumingiana.

1, V. cinerea. Less.; DC. Trod. v. 24, An erect annual, 1 to \\ feet
high, usually of an ashy-grey coloui', owing to a minute pubescence on the stem,
leaves, and involucres. Lower leaves stalked, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate,
often iiTegularly toothed or sinuate, the upper ones few and nan-ow. Flower-
heads small, on slender pedicels, fonning a terminal, leafless, cymose panicle.
Involucral bracts veiy pointed. Achenes cylindrical, scarcely striate, hairy.
Pappus very white, the outer row very short, and sometimes reduced to very
few bristles.

Frequent in waste places near Victoria, Champion and others, A common weed all over
S. Asia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Loochoo
and Bonin, and eastwards to N. Austraha.

2, V. chinensis. Less.; Miq. Fl. Ned. hid. ii. 18. An annual, like
the last, but veiy spreading, and the ashy pubescence is often whiter and more
cottony, especially on the under side of the leaves. Leaves usually ovate, on
rather long stalks. Flower-heads at first ovoid, then globular, or nearly
hemispherical, on short pedicels, clustered 2 or 3 together at the ends of the
branches, foraiing a spreading leafy panicle. Florets numerous, pui-ple. In-
volucral bracts finely pointed. Achenes short, 4- to 5 -angled, glabrous.
Pappus of white, very deciduous, bristles, without any outer row. — Cyanopis
pnbescens, Bl. ; DC. Prod. v. 69.

In waste places. Champion, Hance, Wright. Common in S. Asia, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and extending northwards to Khasia, S. China and the Phi-
lippines.

3, V. solanifolia, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i, 486, and in Kew
Journ. Bot. iv, 232. Stem tall and erect, apparently woody at the base, the
branches and under side of the leaves thickly clothed with soft velvety or
almost wooUy haii's, which are shorter and less dense on the upper sm-face.
Leaves stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, the lower ones
sometimes broad and cordate. Panicle large, terminal, leafy at the base,
crowded with numerous heads, containing each about 10 highly perfumed

170 COMPOSlTiE. \Vernonia.

purple florets. Involucral bracts short, very obtuse and wooUy or cottony.
Achenes 4- to 5 -angled, glabrous, the basal callus veiy prominent. Pappus
of a dii-ty white, the outer row very short.

Abundant on the hills. Hinds, Champion, and others {Fortune, n. 175), Not known out
of the island. It is however very near to the V. javanica, DC, which extends over the
Archipelago and Ceylon, but that is generally much less hairy, and its achenes are distinctly
striate and haiiy, besides other minor differences.

4. V. Cumingiana, Benth. m Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 233. A tall climber'
shrubby at the base, sometimes nearly glabrous, but usually rough with a very
short rusty down, especially on the branches and under side of the leaves. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, scarcely acuminate, obtuse at the base,
3 to 4 in. long. Flower-heads rather large, in short panicles, either terminal
or in the upper axils, each with about 20 purple florets. Involucral bracts
nearly glabrous, rather obtuse, bordered with a thin pale edge. Achenes striate,
slightly hauy. Pappus long and very prominent, of a rusty coloui', the outer
row about half as long as the rest.

On Victoria Peak, Champion, at Little Hongkong, Wilford, also Harland and Wright.
Found also in the Philippine Islands, and is nearly allied to the E. Indian V. scandens, but
that has the leaves narrowed at the base, the flower-heads smaller, etc.

4. ELEPHANTOPUS, Linn.

Flower-heads of 2 to 5 florets, compressed, and collected together in clusters
or compound heads, surrounded by a few leafy bracts. Involucral bracts about
8, dry, stiff, alternately plane and conduplicate. Eeceptacle naked. Corolla
with 4 nan'ow equal lobes, but deeper cleft on one side, so as to be somewhat
palmate. Pappus of a few stiff bristles, somewhat dilated at the base. — Stiff
herbs, with alternate leaves.

A genus of about a dozen American species, one of which is also spread over tropical
Africa and Asia.

1. E. scaber, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 86; Wight, Ic. t. 1086. Stock
perennial. Stems stiff, erect, about a foot high, with a few forked spreading
l3ranches, more or less covered, as well as the leaves and involucres, with grey-
ish hairs. Eadical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, obovate-oblong, more or less
crenate, and usually nan*owed into a stalk at the base. Stem-leaves few and
more sessile. Flower-heads closely clustered into terminal hemispherical com-
pound heads, of near an inch diameter, suiTounded by about 4 broadly cor-
date sessile leafy bracts. Involucral bracts narrow, very pointed, almost
prickly. — E. carolinianus, WiUd. ; E. nudicaulis, EU. ; E. mollis, H. B. K. ;
and E. Martii, Grah. ; DC. Prod. v. 86.

Waste places. Champion, Hance, Wright. Common in the warmer regions of America,
Africa, and Asia, extending in the Old World southward to North Australia, and northward,
appai'ently not beyond South China. It varies everywhere, chiefly in the amount of hairi-
ness, but is scarcely separable into distinct varieties.

Tribe III. EUPATORIACEJE,

Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Flower-heads discoid ; the florets all
tubidar, hermaphi'odite, and regular. Style not swoUen or bulbous-shaped

Eupatoriacea.'] composit^e. I7I

below the branches, which are elongated, obtuse, and usually thicker or dilated
upwards.

5. ADENOSTEMMA, Forst.

Flower-heads, florets, and style of Eiipatorium. Achenes obovate-oblono",
contracted at the base. Pappus of 3, 4, or 5 short stiff spreading bristles,
each tipped by a globular or club-shaped gland.

A genus of a very few American species, one of which spreads all round the warmer zone
of the globe.

1. A, viscosum, Forst. ; DC. Prod. v. 111. Stem annual, erect or as-
cending, rooting at the base, and possibly renewed a second year by a creep-
ing rootstock or by stolones, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high.
Leaves few, opposite, stalked, from ovate to broadly triangular, usually coarsely
toothed, from barely an inch long and rather thick and rough, to 3 or 4 in.
long, thin and glabrous. Flower-heads hemispherical, 3 to 4 lines diameter,
in a loose, spreading terminal 2- or 3-chotomous panicle, with very small leaves
under the branches. Involucral bracts oblong, in about 2 rows. Florets
numerous, often haiiy outside. Achenes more or less mm'icate or rarely quite
smooth.

Little Hongkong, Wilford. A common weed in the warmer regions of the globe, espe-
cially in the Old World, where it extends northwards to Japan and southwards to North
Australia. The species should include all those published by De Candolle and others from
the Old World, and at least the A. brasiliense and A . triangulare among the American ones.

6. AGERATUM, Linn.

Flower-heads, florets, and style of Eupato7'mm. Achenes angidar. Pappus
of 5 or 10 chaffy scales or bristles dilated at the base.

A genus of a small number of American species, one of which is spread all over the
warmer regions of the globe.

1. A. conyzoides, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 108 ; Hook. Ex. Flor. t. 15.
An erect branching annual, 1 to 2 feet high, more or less hii-sute with spread-
ing hairs. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, crenate. Flower-heads rather
small, in dense terminal cymes. Involucral bracts striate, pointed, in about 2
rows. Florets numerous, pale blue or white. Achenes black, smooth. Pappus
of 5 lanceolate aristate chaffy scales, often serrate in the lower pari.

Waste places, Hance, Seemann, Wright. A common weed, all over the warmer regioDS of
the globe.

7. EUPATORIUM, Linn.

Flower-heads cylindrical, campanulate or hemispherical, mth several or many
florets. Involucral bracts imbricated, in 2 or more series. Eeceptacle flat or
slightly convex, naked. Corolla tubular, with a campanidatc 5-toothcd limb.
Branches of the style elongated, obtuse. Achenes 5 -angled, without inter-
mediate strise. Pappus of a single series of slender, capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs or shrubs, or more rarely annuals. Leaves opposite or very rarely
alternate. Heads mostly corymbose. Green parts of the plant often sprinkled
with resinous glands.

172 coMPOsiTiE. [Mpatorium.

A very large American genus, with a few Asiatic species, one of which extends also over
Europe.

Leaves mostly ovate. Involucral bracts obtuse.

Stem flexuose. Leaves rounded at the base 1. ^. Reevesii

Stem erect and strict. Leaves narrowed at the base 2. ^. Jfallichii.

Leaves mostly linear. Involucral bracts acute %. E. Lindleyanum.

1. E. Reevesii, Wall.; DC. Trod. v. 179. Branches flexuose, slightly
pubescent. Leaves opposite, shortly stall<ed, ovate, more or less coarsely
toothed, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous or nearly so. Flower-
heads in compact terminal cymes, each head containing 5 or 6 florets. Invo-
lucral bracts about 10, very imequal, oblong, obtuse, thin and dry at the edges.
Achenes sKghtly hairy. — E. chinen&e, Thunb. M. Jap. 308, and Linn. ?

Hongkong, Champion. This is undoubtedly the same as the Loochoo plant gathered by
Beechey and afterwards by Wright, and I agree with A. Gray that it answers to Thunberg's
description of his E. chhiense, but De Candolle gives that name to a plant with acute invo-
lucral bracts. It is possible that the present species may prove to be a variety of the follow-
ing, E. Wallichii.

2. £S. Wallichii, DC. Prod. v. 179. Boot-stock perennial. Stem erect,
strict, and slightly pubescent, usually 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves like those of
E. Reevesii, except that they are always naiTOwed or wedge-shaped at the base.
Flower-heads of E. Reevesii, but the involucral bracts are usually fewer, and
there are occasionally only 4 florets. Achenes usually glabrous. — E. Pundua-
nmn. Wall., and E. nodijlorum. Wall., DC. 1. c.

Hongkong, Uarland. I saw a single specimen of what appeared to me to be this species
in his collection, but have not now an opportunity of comparing it with those from the adja-
cent continent which I now describe. It is common in the mountain districts of Nepal,
Khasia, and Sikkim, and is also Fortune's n. A. 30 and A. 41 from Amoy. It is very closely
allied to the undivided-leaved varieties of the widely spread E. cannahinum.

3. E. Lindleyan-um, I>C. Prod. v. 180. Stem erect, nearly simple,
1 to \\ ft. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, linear or
linear-oblong, obtuse, toothed, 1 to \\ in. long. Flower-heads with 5 or 6
florets in each, in a compact terminal cyme ; the leaves at its base small and
few. Involucral bracts about 10, veiy unequal, as in E. Reevesii, but acute
or acuminate, especially tbe inner ones. Achenes slightly haiiy.

Victoria Peak, Champion, Hance, Seemann, IFright. Also in the Philippine Islands,
Chiming; in E. Tartary, Har land; and A. Gray refers to it also the E. hyssopifolium,
Thunb. (not Linn.), from Japan.

Tribe IV. ASTEROIBEM

Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite. Flower-heads either heterogamous
or dioecious ; the female florets ligulate or filiform, the hermaplu'odite or males
tubular and 4- or 5 -toothed ; or very rarely the heads are discoid, with all
the florets hermaphi'odite. Style not swollen above ; the branches in the her-
maphrodite florets flat or flatfish ; the stigmatic lines conspicuous and not
confluent.

8. LAGENOPHORA, Cass.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Ray-florets ligulate, in one or few series,
spreading, not yeUow. Disk-florets numerous, hermaphrodite, tubular. In-

Lageno^hora.l composit.i:. 173

volucral bracts imbricate, in about 2 series. Receptacle convex or nearly flat,
naked. Achenes compressed, obovate-oblong, suddenly narrowed into a short
beak at the top. Pappus none. — Small herbs. Leaves radical or on very
short stems. Scapes single-headed.

A genus of about ten species, natives of the south temperate zone and chiefly Austraha, .
one only inhabiting also southern and eastern Asia.

1. L. Billardieri, Cass. ; BO. Prod. v. 307. Eoot-stock emitting se-
veral thick, almost tuberous, cylindrical fibres. Leaves radical or on a very
short stem, oblong or obovate, sinuately toothed, pubescent, seldom above 1
in. long. Scape slender, 3 to 4 in. high, often with 1 or 2 minute scale-like
leaves. Flower-head scarcely 2 lines diameter. Involucral bracts linear.
Rays very small, in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes obovate-oblong ; the beak slightly
glandular. — Bellis stipitata, Labill. PI. Nov. HoU. t. 205. L. sundana, Miq.
PI. Ned. Ind. ii. 32. Z. Harveyi, Thw. Enum. Ceyl. PI. 162.

Hongkong, Champion, WrigJit. A native of south-east Australia, found also in Ceylon,
eastern Bengal, the Archipelago, and China. I have little doubt that this is Labillardiere's
plant, and it should therefore retain Cassini's name in preference to that of L. paekyrhiza,
given it by 1\ Miiller. The purely Australian form, with a much larger flower-head and
broad achenes, more particularly described by J. D. Hooker (Fl, Tasm. i. 188), may be a
distinct species.

9. DICHROCEPHALA, DC.

Plower-heads heterogamous. Plorets all tubular, those of the circumference
in many rows, female, smaU and slender, those of the disk hennaphrodite, with
campanulate corollas. Involucral bracts smaU, in 1 or 2 series. Receptacle
very convex, naked. Style-branches in the disk-florets lanceolate, pointed.
Achenes flattened, bordered with a callous margin. Pappus none, or in the
disk consisting of a few minute haii'S. — Branching herbs. Leaves alternate.

A genus of a very few S. Asiatic, or African, or Austrahan species.

1. D. latifolia, BC. Prod. v. 372; Wight, Jc. ^. 1096. An erect or
spreading annual, 1 to \\ ft. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves
stalked, undivided or lyrate ; the terminal lobe broadly ovate, coarsely toothed.
Plower-heads few, veiy smaU, nearly globular, forming short terminal divari-
cate panicles. Plorets very numerous and minute. — B. capensis, DC. 1. c. 371,
and B. sonchifolia, DC. 1. c. 372.

Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa, extending
northward to Loochoo, eastward to the Archipelago, and southward to Port Natal.

10. BOLTONIA, L'Her.

Plower-heads, involucres, and florets of Aster. Receptacle veiy convex^ or
conical. Style-branches flat ; the appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes
of the disk veiy flat, with a prominent callous or wing-hke marghi, those of
the ray often 3-angled. Pappus of several minute setose or almost chafty
bristles, 2 or 3 (seldom 4) of them elongated into short stiff awns, and all
often very deciduous. — Perennial, glabrous or scabrous, paniculately branclied
herbs. Leaves alternate.

A small genus, chiefly N. American, with two or three E. Asiatic species, including
Calimeris incisa, DC. {Heteropappus, Zucc), but not the other species of Calimeris known to

174 COMPOSITE. [Boltunia.

me. The latter (including C. ciliata, A. Gray) have the setose pappus of Aster, although
short, and should all perhaps be reunited with that genus.

1. B. indica, BentJi. Eoot-stock slender and creeping, or perhaps an-
nually reneAved by stolones. Stem 1 to \\ ft. high, divaricately branched,
somewhat scabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly entii'e and smaU, the
lower ones often broader, with a few coarse or small and glandular teeth. Heads
terminatmg the slender leafy branches. Involucres about 3 lines diameter ;
the bracts rather broad, in 2 or 3 rows, with slightly herbaceous tips. Pappus-
scales very minute, slightly connected at the base, aU aristate ; the 2 or 3
longest sometimes half the breadth of the achenes. — Asteromaa indica, Blume ;
DC. Prod. V. 303; Miq. PI. Ned. Ind. ii. 29. Hisutsua cantonieusis, DC.
Prod. vi. 44. Hisutsua serrata. Hook, et Am. Bot. Beech, p. 265.

Hongkong, Hance. Apparently common about Canton, and extending to Loochoo in the
north and Java in the south, but in some instances said to be introduced. I do not find,
even in the Java specimens, the achenes 4-angled as described by Miquel, nor the scales of
the pappus setaceo-multifid as described by DC. and others. That can only be said of the
pappus taken as a whole.

11. ASTER, Linn.

Plower-heads heterogamous. Plorets of the ray ligulate, in a single series,
spreading, not yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, hermaphrodite. Involucral
bracts imbricated, in 2 or more series. Receptacle flat, usually honeycombed,
but not chaffy. Achenes usually compressed. Pappus of numerous, often
unequal, scabrous capillary bristles. — Herbs mostly perennial. Leaves alter-
nate or radical. Heads corymbose or paniculate, rarely racemose or solitary.
Eay white, purple, or blue.

A considerable genus, widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, especially abundant
in North America, and extending also into the hilly or temperate regions of the southern
hemisphere.

Flower-heads hemispherical, on peduncles as long or longer than them-
selves.

Heads simple, on long peduncles. Involucral bracts acute . . . \. A. striatus.

Heads corymbose. Involucral bracts obtuse 2. A. trinervius.

Mower-heads turbinate-campauulate, nearly sessile.

Involucral bracts acute Z. A. hrevipes.

Involucral bracts obtuse 4.-4. baccharoides.

1. A. striatus, Cliamp. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 233. Stock perennial.
Radical leaves obovate or oblong, 1^ in. long, contracted into a stalk at
the base, sprinkled with a few long hairs. Stems divaricately branched,
scarcely a foot long, rough with short spreading hairs. Stem-leaves few,
narrow, and mostly stem-clasping and erect. Plower-heads hemispherical,
few, on long peduncles, forming an irregular spreading panicle. Involucral
bracts acute, thin on the edge, in about 2 or 3 series. Style-appendages rather
broad. Achenes hairy. Pappus-bristles nearly equal. — BoUhujeria triclio-
carpa, DC. Prod. v. 263.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright ; and on the adjacent continent. Not known out of S. China.
Its nearest ally is perhaps A. altaicus, Willd., which has not been found nearer than Amoy.

2. A. trinervius, Roxb. ; Bon, Prod. Ft. Nep. p. in. Stock peren-
nial. Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet. Leaves ovate to obovate or oblong, acute.

Aster.] coMPOSiTiE. 175

or in the Hongkong specimens mostly obtuse, coarsely toothed, narrowed at
the base, the lower ones stalked, all very scabrous, and occasionally pubescent
underneath, usually triplinerved. Panicle terminal, coiymbose, rather loose,
the peduncles mostly about the length of the heads. Involucre hemispherical
or subcampanulate, the bracts all obtuse and thin on the edges, in 2 or 3 rows.
Style-appendages narrow. Achenes flat, hairy. Pappus rusty-colour, a few
of the bristles very much shorter than the others. — Diplopappiis asperrimus,
DC. Prod. V. 277, with the sjn. B. laxus, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487,
and Kew Jomii. iv. 233. Aster BentJmmi, Steetz, in Seem. Bot. Her. 385.

On rather barren hills, Champion; Mount Gougli, Wilford ; also Hance. Frequent in
N. India, from Nepal to Sikhim and Khasia, extending in China to Shanghai and Chusan.

3. A. brevipes,-5<?>/if/^.,?2.sj!?. An erect branching perennial orundersluiib.
Leaves oblong or obovate, more or less toothed, obscurely triplinerved and
scabrous, more like those of A. trlnervius than of A. baccJiaroides. Plower-
heads as in the latter species, few, on short peduncles or nearly sessile at the
ends of the branches, and turbinate-campanulate ; but the involucral bracts
differ fi'om both species in being all acute. Pappus of A. baccharoides.

Hongkong, Wright ; and a fragment in Champion's collection. It is possible that better
specimens may show it to be a remarkable variety of A. baccharoides.

4. A. baccharoides, Steetz in Seem. Bot. Her. 385. Stem shnibby
at the base and branching. Leaves rather crowded, oblong-lanceolate to
obovate-oblong, entire or slightly toothed, narrowed at the base, triplinei-vcd,
very scabrous on the upper side. Plower-heads few, sessile or on very short
peduncles, crowded at the summit of the branches. Involucre turbinate-cam-
panulate ; the bracts numerous, in several rows, obtuse, thin at the edges.
Style-appendages broadly lanceolate. Achenes flattened, haiiy. Pappus dirty-
white, the short outer bristles very few or sometimes none. — Biplopappus
baccharoides, Benth. in Lond. Jomii. Bot. i. 487, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv.
233.

Abundant on barren hills in the island. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.

12. ERIG-ERON, Linn.

Plower-heads heterogamous. Plorets of the ray ligulate, in several series,
not yellow, very narrow, either longer than the involucre and erect or spread-
ing, or shorter and filiform. Disk-florets numerous or few, hemiaphrodite.
Involucral bracts numerous, narrow, in 1 or 2 nearly equal series, or rarely
imbricate, in several unequal series. Eeceptacle flat or slightly convex, not
chaffy. Style-branches naiTOW, the appendages lanceolate. Achenes coui-
pressed, usually pubescent. Pappus of copious capillary nearly equal bristles.
—Herbs. Leaves alternate or radical. Heads corymbose or paniculate,
rarely solitaiy, usually smaller than in Aster.

A large genus, ranging over the greater part of the globe, but chiefly in the temperate re-
gions of the northern hemisphere. The following species belong to a section {C<eiiotus) m
which the very slender female florets are hid in the pappus, either all really ligulate or the
inner ones, intermediate between the outer ligulate florets and the disk, are tubular and fili-
form as in Conyza. This section includes some other weeds of warm countries which may
possibly introduce themselves into Hongkong, especially the E. canadense and E. honanense.

176 coMPOSiTiE. [Erigeron.

Annual. Leaves narrow, sessile \. E. linifolins.

Tall perennial, often scaudent. Leaves stalked, ovate 2. E. pyrifolius.

1. E. linifoliuSy Willd. Spec. iii. 1955. An erect annual, 1^ ft. high,
more or less clothed with soft spreading hairs. Eadical leaves stalked, oblong,
often coarsely toothed or almost pinnatifid. Stem-leaves sessile, linear, entire
and pointed. Flower-heads small, hemispherical, pednncled, forming a short
oblong tenninal panicle. Involucral bracts narrow-linear, acute, in about
2 or 3 nearly equal series. Female florets very numerous, not so long as the
pappus, filiform, but at least the external ones expanded at the top into a
minute narrow ligula. Achenes flat, pubescent. Pappus dirty-white or rust-
colour. — Conyza ambigua, DC. Prod. v. 381. Erigeron amhiguus, Sch. Bip.
in Phyt. Canar. ii. 208.

Common on roadsides and in the town of Victoria, Champion and others. Most abundant
in S. Europe and the Mediterranean region generally, but now naturalized in various parts of
the globe, where it has been probably carried out with Europeans. Less common, however,
within the tropics than the E. bonariense, which is a taller plant with smaller and more nu-
merous heads.

2. E. pyrifolius, Benth. A perennial or undershrub, 3 to 6 ft. high,
the branches weak and often scandent, covered as well as the under side of
the leaves with a minute nisty pubescence or rarely nearly glabrous. Leaves
stalked, ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed, 2 to 3 in. long. Plower-
heads numerous, in a broad terminal leafless panicle. Pemale florets as in
E. linifolins. Involucral bracts linear, nearly obtuse, in several unequal series.
Achenes slightly pubescent. Pappus soft and pale rust-colour. — Conyza py-
rifoliaj Lam. Diet. ii. 89. Microglossa volubilis, DC. Prod. v. 320.

At the estuary at West Point, Wilford. Found usually near the seacoast at various
points from Eastern Africa and Madagascar to Ceylon and the Indian Archipelago.

13. CONYZA, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets aU tubular, the outer ones very nu-
merous, in several rows, female and filifonn, those of the disk usually few,
hermaphrodite and broader. Involucres, styles, achenes, and pappus as in
Erigeron. — Herbs, with the habit nearly of the section Ccenotus of Erigeron,
or of some Bltimeas, differing from the foimer in the total absence of ligulate
florets, from the latter in the want of tails to the anthers.

The genus as above defined, and as understood by De CandoUe, comprises a considerable
number of species dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe. Among them the C. cegyp-
tiaca, L., which extends to the adjacent contiuent ; and perhaps some others may find their
way to Hongkong with other tropical weeds.

1. C. veronicsefolia. Wall.; DC. Prod. v. 382. Stems ascending
from a hard perhaps perennial base, nearly simple, about 1 ft. high, pubes-
cent with short spreading haii-s. Lowest leaves stalked, obovate or oblong,
coarsely toothed, intermediate ones narrowed but stem-clasping at the base,
upper ones distant, lanceolate or ovate, all stem-clasping. Flower-heads not
numerous, in dense terminal coiymbs or clusters. Involucral bracts narrow
and very pointed. Outer filiform florets very numerous, the slender coroUa
not above half the length of the style, which attains the length of the pappus
and involucre. Disk-florets few.

Conyza.'] composite. 177

About Victoria, WUford. Extends in northern India from Kamaon and Nepal to Siktira
and Khasia.

14. BLUMEA, DC.

Elower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, the outer ones very nu-
merous, in several rows, female and tiliform, those of the disk usually few,
hermaphrodite and broader. Involucres imbricate, tlie bracts in several rows,
the inner ones linear and pointed. Anthers with short fine simple tails.
Style-branches tiliform. Eeceptacle nearly flat, naked. Achenes usually
somewhat compressed, striate or ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary
bristles, in a single series. — Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes half-
climbing. Leaves alternate. Flower-heads in terminal pyramidal or oblong
panicles, sometimes contracted, spike-like or clustered.

A considerable geuus, confined to the warmer regions of the Old World, some of them
ubiquitous and variable weeds, upon which a large number of spuiious species have been
fabricated.

Flower-heads all distinctly pedunculate.

Stems winged. Flower-heads ovoid, nodding \. B. alata.

Stems not winged.

Half-trailing perennial. Leaves glabrous. Flower-heads few, 8-9

lines diameter 2. B. chinensis.

Erect annual. Leaves pubescent. Flower-heads numerous, about

4 lines 3. J?. gJandulosa.

Flower-heads, at least the upper ones, sessile and clustered. Annuals.
Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, the upper ones sessile. Involucre

about 4 lines long 4.5. IderaclfuUa.

Almost all the leaves stalked and broadly obovate. Involucre 2-3 lines.

Leaves rather firm. Panicle oblong, dense 5. 5. lacera.

Leaves thin and membranous. Panicle looser 6. 5. WigJitiana.

1. B. alata, DC. Prod. v. 448 ; Tf'^igJit, Ic. t. 1101. A tall stiff erect
branching perennial, covered with a short rusty or dingy, often glandular,
pubescence. Leaves undivided, elliptical or oblong, toothed, forming wings
along the stem by their decurrent margins. Flower-heads on short peduncles,
nodding, forming a terminal oblong or pyramidal leafy panicle. Involucre
near 5 lines long, ovoid, the scales firmer and broader than in the following
species, and more like those of a Pluchea.

Hongkong, Seemami, Hance. Found in eastern Africa down to Port Natal, in Ceylon,
the Indian Peninsula, and the hilly districts of northern India.

2. B. chinensis, DC. Prod. v. 444. A tall weak or trailing branching
perennial, glabrous, except a minute rusty pubescence on the upper part of
the stem and on the panicle. Leaves shortly stalked, not decurrent, oblong,
acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, with a few small callous teeth, green on both sides.
Flower-heads pedunculate, few, broad, erect, in a terminal leafless panicle.
Involucres 4 to 5 Imes long, the outer bracts lanceolate, the inner linear.
Styles and anthers protruding much beyond the florets and the wliite pa]->pus.
Style-branches filiform, acute, as in Vernon'ia.

Tolerably common, trailing in ravines. Champion, Hance, Wr'ujhi, Wilford. Also in
Penang and Java.

3. B. glandulosa, DC. Prod. v. 438. An erect annual, often 2 or 3 ft.
high, and more or less covered with a glandtdar viscous pubescence. L*iaves

N

•176 COMPOSITE. \Blumea.

ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed, ratlier thin, green on both sides, the lower
ones often 3 to 5 in. long and almost lobed at the base, with long stalks, the
upper ones smaller and narrower, but aU stalked. Plower-heads about 4 lines
long, all pedunculate in the Hongkong specimens, the upper ones nearly sessile
and clustered in some S. Indian ones, forming a large pyramidal panicle often
a foot long. Style-branches in this and tlie three following species linear-
filiform, as in the two last, but somewhat obtuse.

Roadsides at Aberdeen, Wilford. A south Indian species, extending from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to Chittagong and the Philippines, and probably spread over the Indian Archipelago.
The Hongkong specimens agree precisely with those of the var. i8, Thwaites (Enum. Ceyl. PI.
] 63), which is taller and less glandular than usual, although evidently viscid when fresh.

4. B. hieracifolia, DC. Pro^/. v. 442 ; Wight, Ic.t.im^ {a dwarf form).
An erect stiff ahnost simple annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, more or less tomentose
or villous, but not viscid. Leaves oblong, irregularly and rather shai-ply
toothed, the lowest nearly obovate, 2 to 3 in. long and stalked, the others
sessile, though narrowed at the base, the uppermost almost lanceolate. Tlower-
heads about 4 lines long, mostly sessile and clustered, the lower clusters dis-
tant, the upper ones forming a terminal leafy spike, or seldom branching into
an oblong terminal panicle. Involucres always tomentose, the bracts linear
and acute, but always broader than in the two following species.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. Common all over southern Asia from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Assam, the Philippines, S.
China, and Formosa.

This as well as the two following are very variable species, and it is probaMe that the 55
species classed by De Candolle under the Paniculatce, Seuecioniflora, and Fasciculaforce,
and among which they are included, might be reduced to about 10, which, from good speci-
mens, would be fairly distinguishable from each other. Of the B. hieracifolia there are
three principal forms among the Hongkong specimens : —

Var. a. (jlabrescens. Tall, stiff, slightly branched ; leaves rather rigid and glabrous on both
sides. — B. crinita, Steetz in Seem. Bot. Her. 387 ; but perhaps not of Aruott, for the Ceylon
plant of that name may be a distinct species.

Var. b. tomentoso-villosa. The old leaves pubescent or nearly glabrous above, more densely
villous underneath. — B.javanica, Zoll. ex parte, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 234.

Var. c. holosericea. Under side of the leaves and panicles thickly clothed with silky or
almost woolly white hairs. — B. holosericea, DC. Prod. v. 442.

5. B. lacera, DC. Prod. v. 436. An erect annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, simple
or slightly branched, but not so stiff' as B. hieracifolia, more or less clothed
with soft whitish hairs or pubescence. Leaves all stalked, obovate, ovate, or
rarely oblong, coarsely toothed, the lower ones often somewhat lyrate. Flower-
heads seldom above 3 lines long, and often smaller, very numerous, in narrow
oblong dense panicles, leafy at the base, the upper ones of the short branches
sessile and clustered. Involucral bracts usually very narrow.

Common in paddy-fields and waste places, Wilford. One of the commonest weeds all
over East India, extending westward into tropical Africa and down to Port Natal, and east-
ward through the Archipelago to North Australia.

6. B. Wightiana, BC. Prod. v. 435. Closely allied to B. lacera, and
probably, as suggested by Thwaites, a mere variety. It is more slender and
more frequently branched, the leaves are broader and thinner, the inflorescence
looser, and the involucres still smaller, often not exceeding 2 lines.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Equally common with B. lacera, and as widely distributed

Blumea.] composite. 179

over tropical and subtropical Africa (B. Dregeana, DC, and B. Bregeanoides, Sch. Bip.)
and southern Asia to North Australia.

15. PLUCHEA, Less.

All tlie characters of Blumea, except that the style of the disk-florets is
usually (not always) entire or minutely 3-toothed, the involucral bracts are
usually broader and more obtuse, and the habit is different, the flower-heads
always forming terminal, almost leafless corymbs. Styles of the female florets,
and occasionally but rarely in the disk also, with 2 subulate branches, as in
Blumea.

The genus comprises several N. and S, American species, a very few from Africa and S.
Asia, and some Australian ones.

1. P. indica, Less. ; DC. Trod. v. 451 ; Wiylit, Illustr. t.\^\. A branch-
ing shrub of about 3 ft., either glabrous or covered with a minute glandular
aromatic pubescence. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 in. long,
with a few distant pointed teeth. Flower-heads in dense sessile terminal
corymbs, seldom above 3 in. diameter. Involucre ovoid, about 3 lines long ;
the outer bracts short and very obtuse, passing into the inner linear ones
which are almost acute. Female florets very numerous. Disk-florets seldom
above 6, often sterile.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Extends from eastern Bengal and the INIalayan Peninsula
over the Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. la
some specimens I tind the styles of all the disk-Howers entire, as in the American species, in
others I find several of them branched, as described by Lessing. In the P. tomeatosa and
P. WaUich'mna, they are always branched, but these species have the pappus-bristles of the
disk-florets shortly plumose, and should be referred to Berthelotia. The original Berthe-
lotia indica has the anthers as much tailed as Pluchea indica.

16. SOLIDAGO, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the ray ligulate, spreading, yellow
like the disk, usually few. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-tootlied.
Involucres ovoid or narrow, the bracts imbricated, very unequal, in several
series. Receptacle naked. Style-appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or
slightly compressed, ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary, nearly- equal
bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flower-heads in termhial or axillary racemes,
clusters, or short panicles, rarely corymbose.

A large North American genus, of which a single species spreads across northern Asia
into Europe.

1. S. Virga-aurea, Linn. ; DO. Prod. v. 338. Stock perennial. Stems
erect, strict, nearly simple, from a few inches to about 2 ft. liigh. Lower
leaves stalked, ovate or oblong, slightly toothed; upper ones narrower, smaller,
and more entire. Flower-heads solitary or 2 to 4 together on short axillary
peduncles, forming a terminal narrow oblong or elongated leafy panicle. In-
volucral bracts narrow and acute. Ray-florets about 8. — AwpJiirhapis leio-
carpa, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 480, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 234.

Abundant in ravines, Champion and others, but only the variety Avith glabrous achenes.
The species extends from the western or mountainous portions of N. America acro^^s the
Asiatic continent, all over Europe. In Europe the achenes are almost always pubescent; in

N 2

180 COMPOSITE. \Solidago.

N. India tliis variety {Amj)hirhapis pilescens, DC.) is also common as well as a glabrous-
fruited one, which sometimes is precisely similar to the Chinese specimens, sometimes acquires
the luxuriant northern form described as H. thijrsoidea, E. Mey.

17. INULA, Linn.

Flower-lieads lieterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, yellow
like the disk, either ligulate and radiating, or shorter than the involucre, and
tubular or irregular. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5 -toothed. Invo-
lucral bracts imbricate, veiy unequal, in several series. Eeceptacle naked.
Antliers with double tails, often fiinged. Style-branches linear, somewhat
flattened. Achenes nearly cylindrical or 4-angled. Pappus of copious capil-
lary bristles, in a single series. — Perennial stiff herbs, or rarely annuals.
Leaves alternate, often stem-clasping, undivided. Plower-heads terminal,
solitary or corymbose.

A considerable genus, spread over the northern hemisphere in the Old World, chiefly in
temperate Asia and Europe, with very few tropical species.

1. I. Cappa, DC. Prod. v. 469. A shrub or undershrub 3 to 4 ft. high.
Branches firm, haiiy or woolly. Leaves sessile or very shortly stalked, from
narrow oblong to nearly obovate, 3 to 4 in. long, slightly toothed, green and
glandular-scabrous above, thickly silky hairy or woolly underneath. Plower-
heads in dense corymbs, either terminal or in the upper axils. Involucres
ovoid, 3 to 8^ lines long, the outer bracts short, obtuse, and tomentose.
Flowers yellow, sweetly perfumed. Florets of the circumference shorter than
the involucre, unequally 3-toothed. — /. oblonga and /. pseudocappa, DC. 1. c.
469. Duhaldea chinemis, DC. 1. c. 366; Steetz in Seem. Bot. Her. 388.
Vernonia congesta, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487, and Kew Journ. Bot.
iv. 232. Moquinia eriosematoides, Walp. Eep. vi. 317.

Very abundant in Hongkong, Champion and others. Common in northern India, from
Deyra-Dhoun to Sikkim, Khasia, and the hills about Ava.

18. ANISOPAPPUS, Hook, and Arn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference fem^ale, yellow
like the disk, ligulate, in a single series. Disk-florets tubular, hermaphrodite,
5-toothed. Involucral bracts imbricate, in few series. Eeceptacle chafty.
Anthers with simple hair-like tails. Style-branches short, almost club-shaped,
obtuse. Achenes narrow, ribbed. Pappus of chafty pointed scales, with 3
to 5 longer unequal stiff awns. Leaves alternate.

The genus consists of a single species.

1. A. chinensis. Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 196. A stiff, erect, pu-
bescent herb, apparently perennial. Leaves shortly stalked, from ovate-lan-
ceolate to narrow-oblong, obtuse, coarsely toothed, \\ to 2 in. long. Flower-
heads few, on short rigid peduncles, forming a terminal corymb. Involucre
hemispherical, about \ in. diameter ; the bracts linear, obtuse,'pubescent. Eay
rather short, yellow. — Verbesina chinensis, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 618.

On Victoria Peak, Champion. Only known fi-om S. China.

Tribe Y. AMBROSIEM
Leaves alternate. Flower-heads unisexual. Anthers not united.

Jmdrosiecs.] composit^i:. 181

19. XANTHIUM, Linn.

riower-lieads moncecious. Males globular, many-flowered. Involucral
bracts small, in a single series. Heceptacle cylindrical, cliafty. Florets tubu-
lar, 5 -toothed. Females ovoid, 2-flo\vered. Involucral bracts short, in 2 or
3 rows, the 3 inner ones large, consolidated into a hard ovoid 2-celled mass,
very prickly outside and terminating in 2 conical points. Florets 1 in each
cell. Corolla 0. Style-branches filiform, protruding. Acliene obovoid.
Pappus 0.

A genus of two or perhaps three species, from the Mediterraacan region or the Levant, but
spread as weeds over a great part of the world.

1. X. strumarium, Llun.; DC. Prod. v. 523. A coarse scabrous or
pubescent annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves on long stalks, rather large, broadly
cordate, coarsely toothed, angular or broadly 3-lobed. Flower-heads in axil-
lary or terminal clusters or short racemes, the upper ones male, the lower
female, sessile, forming, when in fruit, ovoid burrs 6 to 8 lines long, covered
with hooked prickles, the stout short conical beaks erect or turned inwartls.
— X. indlcum, K,oxb. ; DC. 1. c. ; Wight, Ic. t. 1104. X inaquilatericm, DC.
1. c. X. discolor, X. RoxbiirgJdi, and X. brevirostrisy Wallr. ; Steetz in Seem.
Bot. Her. 390.

lu waste places, Hance, Wright. A common weed, in most temperate and warm regions
of the globe.

Tribe ^l. HELIANTHE^.

Leaves opposite, or very rarely alternate. Flower-heads usually heteroga-
mous, the female florets ligulate, rarely irregular or wanting, the hermaphro-
dite or males tubular, 4- to 5-tootlied. Ueceptacle chafty. Anthers obtuse at
the base. Style of the Semcioiiidecs or approaching that of Aderoide(S. Pappus
of stift" awns, on short scales, or rarely none.

20. ECLIPTA, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, shortly
ligulate, narrow, in few series. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 4-toothed. Invo-
lucre of about 2 rows of broad almost leafy bracts. Scales of the rccci)tacle
narrow-linear. Style-branches in the disk-florets linear, flattened, obtuse.
Achenes of the ray triangular, of the disk flattened , Pappus none, or reduced
to a border of minute teeth. — Leaves opposite.

Besides the subjoined species, some Brazilian perennials are included in the genus, but
perhaps not correctly so.

1. £. alba, HanJi.; Miq. Fl. Ned. lud. ii. 65. A branching annual, usually
prostrate or creeping, sometimes ascending or erect, 1 ft. long or more,
sprinkled with closely appressed short stift" hairs. Leaves shortly stalked,
from nearly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or almost linear, 1 to 2 in. long,
coarsely toothed or nearly entire. Peduncles in the upper axils single or 2
together, very variable in length, beanng a single flower-head about 3 lines
diameter. Kay-florets small, white. — E. erecta and E. prodrata, Linn., and
the whole section EiiecUpta, DC. Prod. v. 490.

Frequent in rice-fields, Wilford ; also Wrii/Jit and SecmcDin. A common weed throiigliout
the warmer regions of the globe.

182 COMPOSITE. \Siegesheckia.

21. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Elovver-lieads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, in a
single series, shortly ligulate or irregularly 2- or 3-lobed. Disk-florets her-
maphrodite, 5 -toothed. Involucral bracts in about 2 rows, the exterior linear-
spathulate, spreading, glandular-hispid, the inner ones, like the scales of the
receptacle, half-enclosing the achenes, glandular-hispid on the back. Style-
branches in the disk-florets short, somewhat flattened, very obtuse. Pappus
none. — Leaves opposite.

A genus of very few species, widely distributed over the waiiner regions of the globe.

1. S. orientalis, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 495; Wight, /c. ^. 1103. A
pubescent, branching, rather stiff annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves from broadly
ovate-triangular to lanceolate, 1| to 2 in. long or the lower ones larger ;
petioles variable in leng-th, usually dilated upwards, but not at the base. Flower-
heads 3 to 6 lines broad, in a dichotomous leafy panicle. Outer involucral
bracts often 4 or 5 lines long, covered wdth gland-bearing hairs. Florets
small, the ray very short. Achenes somewhat turgid and usually curved. —
S. iberica, Willd. ; DC. 1. c. 496.

Waste places, Champion and others. Very common in S. Asia, extending over the Archi-
pelago to Australia and New Zealand, and northwards to Loochoo, but generally as a weed of
cultivation. In America this species is rare, but is represented by an alhed one, with a
smaller ray and stem-clasping leaves.

22. WEDELIA, Jacq.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5 -toothed. Involucral bracts
in about 2 ro\vs, the outer ones leafy, the inner ones smaller, passing into the
scales of the receptacle. Style-branches in the disk-florets rather acute, hauy
in the upper part. Achenes narrow, obovoid or flattened. Pappus of very
short scales consolidated into a little fringed or toothed cup. — Leaves oppo-
site. Eay yellow.

A considerable American genus, with a very few Asiatic, African, or Austrahan species.

1. W. calendulacea, Less.; DC. Prod. v. .539; Wight, Lc. t. 1107.
A low, decumbent, prostrate or creeping perennial, sprinkled with short ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, acute or obtuse,
coarsely toothed or nearly entire, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked.
Flower-heads nearly f in. diameter, solitary, on long axillary peduncles. Eay-
florets about 10 or 12, rather broad, bright yeUow.

On the race-com-se, Happy Valley, Wilford, also Hance, Wright. Frequent in India,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Java, and northward to Assam, the Phihppines, S. China,
and Loochoo.

23. WOLLASTONIA, DC.

All the characters of Weddia, except that the pappus is either entii'ely
wanting, or consists but of 1 to 3 slender stift' deciduous awns. The outer
involucral bracts are also usually less leafy.

A small genus, confined to the warmer regions of Afi'ica, Asia, and Australia.

IFollastonla.'] composit.e. 183

1. W. biflora, i)a Prod. v. 546; Wight, Ic. t. 1108. A straggling
half-scandent branching perennial, sometimes nearly glabrous, but more fre-
quently slightly hoary with closely appressed rigid hairs, especially on the
under side of the leaves. Leaves stalked, from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, the lowest sometimes 3 to 4 inches long and very broadly cordate, the
others usually smaller and often cuneate at the base, all acute or acuminate,
slightly toothed, 3-nerved. Flower-heads 2, 3, or more, in loose terminal
corymbs. Ray-ilorets about 10 or 12, not so broad as in the Wedd'ia. —
W. scabriuscula, DC. 1. c. 547 ; W. strlgulosa, DC. 1. c. 548 ; and probably
some others among the described Wollastonlas. Ferbeuna scandeus, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 441.

About rocks and hedges close to the seaside, Champion ; also Wright. Widely spread over
India, extending westward to E. ti'opical Africa, eastward over the Archipelago to N. Aus-
tralia, and northward to S. China and Loochoo.

24. BIDENS, Linn.

Flower-heads usually heterogamous. Florets of the ray neuter, ligulate,
or sometimes wanting. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5 -toothed. Involucral
bracts few, in about 2 or 3 rows, the inner usually bordered with a thin whitish
margin. Eeceptacle chaify. Style-branches in the disk-florets with an acute
or subulate point. Achenes slender and 4-angled, or (in some species not in
Hongkong) broader and flattened, often shortly beaked. Pappus of 2 to 4
rigid retrorsely hispid persistent awns. — Leaves opposite.

The genus comprises 2 sections. The one, Phitycarpcea, with flattened achenes, belongs
chiefly to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the other, Psilocai-pcea, is en-
tirely American, with the exception of the two subjoined species, which are spread over all
warm countries.

Leaves mostly pinnate, with 3 or 5 segments. Ray white 1. B. pilosa.

Leaves mostly bipiunate. Ray yellow 2. B. bipinnata.

1. B. pilosa, Linn. ; DC. Prod. v. 597. An erect glabrous or slightly
haiiy annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Branches angular. Leaves thin, pinnately
divided, or the lower ones sometimes simple : segments 3 or sometimes 5,
stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, serrated or rarely lobed.
Flower-heads few, terminal, rather small, on slender peduncles. Involucral
bracts 2 to 3 lines long. Ray-flowers white, few and short, or sometimes
wholly wanting. Achenes slender, 4-angled, the central one often 6 or 7 lines
long, the outer ones shorter. — B. leucantha, Willd. ; B. sundaica, Bl. ; and
B. fFalllc/m,J)C.lc. 598.

A conimon weed of cultivation in the island, as over most warm countries 43oth in the New
and the Old World. It varies much in the relative numbers of the bordered and unbordcred
involucral bracts, in the length of the inner achenes, and in the number and size of the ray-
flowers when present. The Chinese specimens are generally radiate, with the inner bracts
conspicuously bordered, the outer unbordered ones few, small, and narrow.

2. B. bipinnata, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 603. A glabrous annual, re-
sembling the last, but the leaf-segments are usually again divided into small
deeply toothed or lobed segments, the flower-heads are smaller, the involucral
bracts less bordered, and the ray-florets small and yellow.

A weed of cultivation like the last, and more common in some countries, but ai)parently
less so in Hongkong, where it has only been gathered by Chanipiou.

184 coMPOSiTiE. [Glossogyne.

25. GLOSSOQYNE, Cass.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female,' ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite, 4-toothed. Involucral bracts
in about 2 rows, naiTow. Eeceptacle chafty. Style-branches in the disk-
florets ending in long subulate points. Achenes as in Bidens, slender, 4-angled.
Pappus of 2 stiff persistent awns. — Leaves radical or alternate.

A small genus, ranging from N. Australia to E. India, to which have also been referred
one or two Brazilian species.

1. G. tenuifolia, Cass.; DC. Frod. v. 632. Stock perennial, tufted.
Leaves mostly radical, pinnately divided into 5 or 7 stifl" linear segments, either
all entire oi' the terminal one 3-lobed and the lower ones 2-lobed. Stems
dichotomous, erect, glabrous, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, almost leafless. Flower-
heads small, on slender terminal peduncles. Involucre carapanulate, not 2
lines long. Eay-florets small, yellow, spreading. Achenes about 4 lines long,
with 2 erect or slightly diverging awns. — Bidena denudata, Turczan. Bull.
Mosq. 1851, 183.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. The species extends from N. Australia to the Philippines
and S. China. The Indian G. pinnatifida is perhaps also a variety of the same, dis-
tinguished only by the longer, more rigid, and spreading awns of the pappus. The foliage,
habit, and flowers are the same.

Tribe VII. JNTHEMIDEJE.

Leaves alternate, often much cut. Flower-heads heterogamous or veiy
rarely homogamous. Florets of the circumference usually female, ligulate or
tubular. Disk-florets tubidar, hermaphrodite or rarely male, 4- or 5 -toothed.
Anthers obtuse or scarcely pointed at the base. Style of Senecionidece . Pap-
pus none or reduced to a small cup or ring or auricle.

26. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-florets 5 -toothed. Involucre hemispherical; the
bracts imbricate, in few rows, scarious on the margin. Eeceptacle flat or
slightly convex, naked. Style-branches of the disk-florets truncate. Achenes
angular or 3-winged. Pappus a small ring or none. — Leaves alternate, mostly
lobed or divided.

A large genus, widely distributed over the northern hemisphere in the Old World, with a
very few of the Arctic species extending into America.

1. C. indiciim, Lmn.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. ^.1287. A shrub of 2 or 3
ft.; the upper branches and under side of the leaves usually cottony-pubescent.
Leaves stalked, ovate, toothed and lobed or sometimes deeply pinnatifid with
acute or mucronate teeth. Flower-heads few, in short terminal racemes. In-
volucre about 6 lines broad ; the inner scales completely scarious, the outer
ones herbaceous and cottony or pubescent in the centre, Ray spreading, pale
yellow. — Tyretlirum indicum, Cass. ; and Pyrethnim sinense, Sab. ; DC. Prod,
vi. 62.

Ravines of Victoria Peak and other parts of the island, Champion and others. In a wild
state it appears to range from S. China to Japan. In this state the flower-heads are scarcely

Chrysanthemum.'] composite. • 185

above an inch in diameter, including the single series of pale-yellow ray-florets. But from
long cultivation numerous varieties have arisen, mostly so-caUed double., in which all the
florets become ligulate or very much lengthened, and at the same time scarious paleaj are de-
veloped OQ the receptacle between them. These vjjrieties, independent of colour, may be
classed in two groups, considered by some as distinct species, the C. indicum, with the li-
gulpe not much longer than in the wild plant, and the C. sinense, in which they are twice or
thrice as long. The foliage is the same in both ; but from Loochoo {Wright) we have a re-
markable variety with broad obtuse lobes to the leaves and a much larger involucre.

27. GRANGEA, Adans.

Plower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, those of the circumference
female, slender, broadly 3-toothed, in 2 or several rows. Disk-florets herma-
phrodite, 5 -toothed. Involucre imbricate, in 2 or 3 nearly equal series. Ee-
ceptacle hemispherical, naked. Style-branches with a very short obtuse cone,
or sometimes the style entire or scarcely notched. Achenes slightly com-
pressed, contracted towards the top and then expanded into a minute, cup-
shaped, fringed pappus. — Habit of Cotala.

A small genus, limited to the warmer regions of Asia, Africa, and America. It is usually
placed amongst Asteroidece next to BiclirocephaJa, but it appears to me to have much more
the style as well as the habit of Cotnla, under which the common species was first described.

1. G. maderaspatana, Poir.; DC. Prod. v. 373; TFight, Ic. t. 1097.
A hairy prostrate branching annual, spreading from a few inches to a foot or
more. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, sinuately pinnatifid and toothed, with obtuse
lobes, the dilated petiole clasping the stem. Flower-heads solitary, terminal,
at first hemispherical, at length nearly globular, about 4 lines diameter. In-
volucre pubescent. Female florets very numerous, the length of the disk,
with protruding styles.

In rice-fields in the Happy Valley, Champion, Wilford, Wright. A common Indian weed,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Philippines and
S. China.

28. COTULA, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, in one
or several rows, either apetalous or with a very minute corolla round the base
of the style. Disk-florets hermaphrodite or male, 4-toothed. Involucral
bracts nearly equal, in 1 or very few rows. Eeceptacle flat or slightly con-
vex, naked. Style of the disk-florets entire or with truncate or obtuse
branches. Achenes oblong or obovate, flattened. Pappus none. — Leaves
alternate, mostly pinnatifld.

A small genus, spread over the Old "World, with a very few species from extratropical S.
America, Australia, or New Zealand. The Hongkong species belongs to the section Fleio-
gyne, distinguished by the more numerous female florets and the bordered or winged achenes.

1. C. anthemoides, Linn.; BC. Prod. vi. 78. A prostrate, branching,
loosely hairy or nearly glabrous annual, from 2 or 3 in. to near 1 foot long.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with linear lobes mostly toothed or again pinnatifid ;
the lobes and teeth mucronate. Flower-heads solitary, terminal, hemispheri-
cal, scarcely above 2 lines diameter. Inner involucral bracts scarious on tlie^
edges. Female florets very numerous : their styles the length of the disk,
either without any corolla or with a very minute irregiUar one at their base.

186 ■ COMPOSITE. [Cotula.

Achenes bordered with a narrow callous wing, especially towards the summit.
— Pleiogyne antJiemoides, C. Koch, in Bot. Zeit. 1843, col. 40. P. cardio-
sperma, Edg. in Linn. Trans, xx. 71 ; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 235.
MacJilis hemispha7'ica, DC. Prod. vi. 140.

In rice-fields, Champion, Wilford. Common in the plains of N. India, extending west-
ward to Egypt and northward to Sikkim and S. China.

29. MYRIOGYNE, Less.

All the characters of Cotula, except that the female florets, though very mi-
nute, have a tubular corolla nearly as long as the style, and the achenes are
4-angled and but slightly compressed.

A small genus, chiefly S. Asiatic and Australian, with one species from extratropical S.
America.

1. M. minuta. Less.; DC. Prod. vi. 139. A prostrate branching annual;
the slender somewhat woolly steins 2 to 3 in. or seldom near 6 in. long.
Leaves alternate, oblong, 3 to 5 lines long, narrowed at the base or almost
stalked, toothed or almost pinnatifid. Flower-heads about 1^ lines diameter,
at first terminal, but soon becoming leaf-opposed and sessile. Involucral
bracts in about 2 rows, scarious at the edges. Florets very minute, the fe-
males very numerous ; their corolla scarcely above a third the length of the
ovaiy. Achenes slightly liaiiy. — Ceutipeda orbicularis, Lour. ; Miq. Fl. Ned.
Ind. ii. 89. SpJiaromorphaa cerdlpeda, DC. Prod. vi. 140.

In rice-fields, Wilford, Hance, Wright. Very common throughout India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending also to Australia and northwai'd to the
Philippines, China, and Japan.

30. ARTEMISIA, Linn.

riower-heads heterogamous or rarely homogamous, usually few-flowered.
Florets all tubular; those of the circumference female, 3 -toothed, in 1 or 2
rows or sometimes wanting. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5 -toothed. Invo-
lucral bracts imbricate, unequal, scarious on the edges. Receptacle without
scales. Style-branches in the disk-florets trnncate. Achenes obovoid, rounded
at the top. Pappus 0. — Erect herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, usually divided, with narrow segments. Flower-heads usually small,
numerous, nodding.

A large genus, widely spread over the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, but scarcely penetrating into the tropics.

Perennials. Involucres ovoid. Leaves few-lobed.

Leaves glabrous, shortly lobed or toothed at the top. Female florets di-
lated at the base. Hermaphrodite florets sterile 1. A.japonica.

Leaves white underneath, with long lobes. Female florets slender. Her-
maphrodite florets fertile 2. J. vxilgaris.

Annual. luvolucres globular, very small. Leaves bipiunatifid . . . . Z. A. annua.

1. A. japonica^ Thmb. ; DC. Prod. vi. 100. A glabrous erect peren-
nial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves mostly cuneate, 1 to 1^ in. long, lobed or
toothed at the upper end, narrow and entire at the base; the upper ones
small, deeply 3-lobed or entii'e, and linear. Flower-heads ovoid, scarcely
more than 1 line long, in numerous short racemes forming a long dense

Artemisia."] composite. 187

terminal leafy panicle. In each head are about 8 hermaphrodite but sterile
florets, and about as many females, theii* corolla dilated at the base.

At Saywan and some other plaees, but not common in the island, Cliampion. On the
adjacent continent and in Japan. It is nearly allied to, but I believe distinct from, the more
glabrous forms of A. parmflora, Roxb. {A. glahrata, Wall.), a common N. Indian species.

2. A. vulgaris, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 112. An erect herb, \\ to near 3 ft.
high. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 in. long, deeply pinnatifid with 3, 5, or 7 linear-
lanceolate lobes, green on the upper side, white with a close tomentum under-
neath ; the upper leaves often entire. Flower-heads ovoid, about 2 lines
long, in short spikes, forming a long terminal leafy panicle. In each head
are about 10 or 12 hemiaplu-odite and fertile florets and about as many fe-
males ; their corollas slender from the base. — A. indica, Willd. ; DC. 1. c.
114 ; Wight, Ic. t. 1112. A. lejjtostachys, DC. 1. c. 113.

Hongkong, Hance. The species ranges over nearly the whole area of the genus, and is in
many places very common, in others, as probably in Hongkong, only as an introduced plant,
along roadsides and near habitations.

3. A. annua, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 119. An erect, branching, glabrous
annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves small, bipinnately divided into short, narrow,
toothed or pinnatifid segments. Flower-beads globular, about a line in dia-
meter, very numerous, forming a pyramidal leafy panicle occupying nearly the
whole plant. In each head are about 20 hermaphrodite and fertile florets,
and nearly as many slender females.

Hongkong, Hance. "Widely spread over temperate Asia, from Asia Elinor to eastern Si-
beria, China, and Chusan. Cultivated by the Chinese to mix with their tea.

Tribe VIII. GNAPHALIEJJ}.

Leaves alternate. Flower-heads homogamous or heterogamous ; the florets
aU tubular. Anthers with simple fine points or tails at the base. Style-
branches in the disk-florets truncate. Pappus of capillary bnstles or veiy
seldom wanting. —Most of the species cottony or woolly, at least on the under
side of the leaves.

31. GNAPHALIUM, Linn.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference numerous, fe-
male, filiform. Disk-florets few, hermaphrodite, 5-toothed. Involucre im-
bricate; the bracts scarious and coloured. Eeceptacle flat, without scales.
Achenes oblong, nearly cylindrical, often papillose. Pappus of a single series
of capillary bristles. — Herbs, more or less white-cottony or woolly. Leaves
alternate, mostly soft, narrow and entire. Flower-heads usually clustered,
either in the upper axils or in terminal spikes or corymbs.

A large genus, distributed over nearly the whole globe.

Mower-heads in terminal coiymbs.

Leaves linear, glabrous above 1- G. hypoleucum.

Leaves liuear-spathulate, white on both sides 2. G'. multiceps,

riower-heads in axillary clusters or a terminal spike.

Hower-heads about 2 lines long 3. G.purpureum.

Flower-heads about 1 line long 4. (?. indicum.

1. G. hypoleucum, DC. I rod. vi. 422; Wight, Ic. t. 1114. An erect

188 coMPOSiTiE. [Gnaphalium.

branching annual (or biennial ?), 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves linear, pointed, 1
to li in. long, embracing the stem by 2 small shortly decurrent auricles,
gi'een and scabrous on the upper side, covered undenieath as well as the stems
with white wool. Flower-heads about 2|- lines in diameter, closely sessile, in
clusters forming terminal coiymbs. Involucral bracts scarious, from pale to
bright yellow, the outer ones slightly cottony. Female florets very numerous,
hermaphrodite ones about 8 or 10 in the centre. — G. confertum, Benth. in
Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 488.

Hongkong, Hiiids. Ranges over the hilly districts of India from the Nilgherries to Sik-
kim and Khasia.

2. G. multiceps. Wall ; DC. Prod. vi. 222. An annual or perhaps
sometimes a perennial of short duration. Stems ascending or erect, 6 in. to
1 ft. high, usually branching at the base only, lower leaves spathulate, the
upper ones varying from spathulate to linear, stem-clasping, and sometimes
slightly decurrent at the base, white-cottony on both sides as well as the stem.
Flower-heads scarcely above \\ lines diameter, in globular clusters, forming a
small dense corymb, or 3 or 4 peduncled clusters, with 1 or 2 sessile between
them. Involucral bracts scarious, yellow, the outer ones cottony. — G. java-
niDii, G. ramigerum, and G. confusnm, DC. Prod. vi. 222. G. Reinwardtia-
num, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 91.

In rice-fields, Champion and others. Common in central and northern India, extending
eastw ard to the Archipelago, and northward to S. China, Looclioo, and Japan.

The G. luteo-alhum, Linn., a common weed in almost all hot countries, but not yet found
in Hongkong, is very likely to make its way there. It differs from the last chiefly in the
involucral bracts of a dirty white or browni, not yellow.

3. G. purpureum, Linn.; DC. Prod.\i. 232. An annual or perennial
of short duration. Stems simple or branching from the base, ascending or
erect, 6 in. to a foot high. Leaves mostly spathulate and stalked, or the up-
per ones rarely linear, white on both sides as well as the stem. Flower-heads
about 2 lines long, in short dense clusters, in the axils of the upper leaves, the
lower clusters distant, the upper ones forming a terminal leafy spike. Invo-
lucral scales linear, scarious, but woolly, of a dirty white or pale brown. Her-
maphrodite florets only 2 or 3 in the centre of the very immerous females.

Hongkong, ffance, Wright. This appears to be a N. American species, although it has
been received from several parts of the Old World, where it is probably an introduced weed.
Both this and the following species occur in many herbaria and botanic gardens under the
name of G. spathidatuvi.

4. G. indicum, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 231. A decumbent or ascending
annual, much branched at the base, about 6 in. high, seldom erect. Leaves
stalked, spathulate, or the upper ones linear, the white wool much looser than
in the last species, and sometimes almost disappearing from the leaves. Flower-
heads scarcely above 1 line long, in short dense clusters, forming ovate or
oblong terminal leafy spikes, the lower ones more rarely distant. Flower-
heads and florets of G. purpureum, but much smaller. — G. uillacum, Eaddi;
DC. 1. c.

In waste places, Say wan, Wllford ; also Wright. Very common in India, extending
westward to the Mile, and eastward to the Malayan Peninsula, N. E. India, and China.

Senecionidea;.] Couvositm. 189

Tribe IX. SENECIONIBEJE.

Leaves alternate, riower-heads usually lieterogamous with radiating female
florets, but sometimes homogamous with the florets all tubular and hermaphro-
dite. Heceptacle without scales. Anthers obtuse or scarcely pointed at the base.
Style-branches tmncate and penicillate, or ending in pubescent points. Pap-
pus of several capillaiy bristles.

32. GYNURA, Cass.

Florets all tubular. Involucre cylindrical, of a single series of nearly equal
bracts, with some smalhn- ones round their base. Corolla hardened at the
base. Style bulbous at the base, the branches ending in long linear haiiy
points. Achenes striate. — Herbs, often somewhat succulent. Flower-heads
terminal, usually loosely corymbose.

A small tropical genus, confiucd to the Old World.

1. G. pseudochixia, BC. Frod. vi. 299. Eoot-stock perennial, thick
and fleshy. Stems erect or ascending, 1 to 1| ft. high, somewhat succulent,
leafy in the lower part only, ending in along almost leafless peduncle, bearing
a loose corymb of 2 to 7 or 8 flower-heads, or sometimes a single head. Leaves
stalked, fi*om oblong to oval, coarsely toothed, rather thick, glabrous or pu-
bescent, 2 to 3 or even 4 in. long, the petiole often expanded at the base into
2 auricles or lobes. Flower-heads about 7 lines long. Involucre shorter than
the florets, of about 1 2 linear-lanceolate nearly equal bracts, with several short
slender ones outside. Florets yellow, drying pui'plish. — G. ovcdis and G.
amnculata, DC. Prod, vi, 300. G. bidbosa, Hook, and Arn. ; DC. Prod. vi.
301. PorojjJiyllum, Jderacioides, DC. Prod. v. 650.

Ravines of Victoria Peak, and other parts of the island. Champion, Hmice, Wright, Wil-
ford. Also on the adjacent continent ; but not gathered certainly wild out of S. China. The
specimens sent from the Mauritius or from India are probably all from botanic or other gar-
dens. It is cultivated for its root even in China.

33. SENECIO, Linn.

Florets all tubular, or the outer row female and ligulate. Involucre of a
single row of nearly equal bracts, with or rarely without a few small ones
round their base. Corollas not hardened at the base. Style-branches in the
disk-florets truncate and penicillate, or very rarely with a short obtuse appen-
dage. Achenes striate or angidar. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. —
Herbs or very rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitaiy,
corymbose or paniculate. Florets usually yellow, rarely purple.

The largest genus among Composite, and ranging nearly over the whole world, although
the individual species are often very local.

Annual. Flower-heads discoid 1. «S'. so?ich}foUi(S.

Perennials. Flower-heads radiating.

Leaves stalked, ovate-lanceolate 2. S. chinensis.

Leaves stem-clasping, lanceolate or linear Z. S. Stauntouii.

1. S. sonchifolius, McencJi. An erect or ascending annual, about a foot
high, rather glaucous and glabrous, or with a {^\w loose hairs near the base.
Lower leaves usually orbicular, scarcely an inch diameter, sinuatcly toothed,

190 COMPOSITE. [Senecio.

on long petioles, the upper ones either lyrate or with a broad petiole expand-
ing into stem-clasping auricles, or entire, sessile, and sagittate. Flower-heads
few, on long leafless peduncles. Involucre cylindrical or ovoid, about 6 lines
long, of about 8 or 10 equal bracts, without any small outer ones. Florets
rather longer, all tubular, purple or orange. — Emilia sonchifolia, DC. Prod,
vi. 302.

On roadsides and waste places. Hinds, Wright, Wilford. A common weed ui tropical
Asia and Africa, and some parts of America.

2. S. chinensis, I)C Trod. vi. 363. An erect or half-scandent peren-
nial, attaining 3 or 4 ft. in length, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves on
petioles of \ in. or more, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, usually about
2, but sometimes 3 in. long. Flower-heads radiating, in a loose terminal
divaricate panicle. Invohicre about 3 lines long, of about 12 nearly equal
bracts, with some outer ones very minute, and chiefly along the peduncle.
Eay-florets about 8 or 10, yellow. Disk-florets above 20, rather longer than
the involucre. Achenes scarcely pubescent. — S. camjrylodes, DC. Prod. vi.
370. S. Hindsii, Benth. in Loud. Joum. Bot. i. 488.

Ravines of Mounts Victoria and Gough, C//ampion and others. Extends over S. China
to Khasia and Sikkim. It is also very near to the S. Wightiana, DC, from the Indian
Peninsula.

3. S. Stauntonii, DC. Prod. \\. 363. An erect perennial, the branches
angular, flexuose, nearly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper ones linear,
sinuately toothed, embracing the stem by their auricidate base, pubescent or
hairy on both sides, or glabrous above, 2 to 4 in. long, or even more. Flower-
heads in a loose corymbose panicle, the peduncles more erect than in the last,
and the heads rather larger. Involucral bracts about ^\ lines long, Avith a
very few small outer ones, chiefly on the peduncle. Eay yellow, of 8 or 10
florets.

With the last species, Champion, Wright, Wilford. It is also, as well as the last, among
Sh G. Staunton's specimens from China, but has not been received from elsewhere.

Tribe X. MUTISIEJE.

Leaves alternate. Flower-heads either heterogamous with radiating female
florets, or homogamous wdth tubular florets, some or all of the outer florets
more or less 2-lipped. Receptacle mostly ^dthout scales. Anthers pointed
or tailed at the base. Style usually thickened under the branches, which are
erect and truncate, often short. Pappus bristly or chafi'y.

34. PABFUGIUM, Lindl.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligidate,
in a single row, often with a small upper lip. Disk-florets hermaphrodite,
tubular, 5 -toothed, the outer ones often 2-lipped. Involucre of several nearly
equal bracts in a single row, with a few outer smaller ones. Eeceptacle nakecL
Anthers with fine points at the bas&. Style-branches elongated, obtuse, pu-
bescent. Achenes linear-oblong. Pappus of numerous stift" capillary bristles,
slightly dilated, and sometimes shortly connate at the base.

An East Asiatic genus, of very few species, which it may be difficult to sepai-ate very pre-

Farfugium.'] GOMPOSIT^. 191

cisely from Ligularia, of which it has the invohicre, style,- and many other characters, for in
the latter geuus the florets are sometimes slightly bilabiate, and in some species there are
minute points at the base of the anthers.

1. F. 'K^ddXA'pievi^ BentJi. Eoot-stock perennial, thick, horizontal, woolly.
Leaves radical, on long stalks orbicular, angular, reniform, or deeply cordate
at the base, 3 or 4 in. diameter, or rarely 5 or rather more in the wild plant,
glabrous or bearing underneath a loose cotton, which soon wears off. Scapes
1 to 1^ ft. high, leafless, excepting small bracts under the peduncles, bearing
1 to 5 rather large pedunculate flower-heads. Involucral bracts 13 to 15,
about -| in. long. Eay-florets about as many. Achenes rather large, hairy. — •
Ligularia Kampferi, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 77, t. 35. Senecio Kampferiy
DC. Prod. vi. 363.

Hongkong, Hance ; in a watercourse among rocks, near the top of Victoria Peak, Wilford.
A native also of Loochoo and Japan, where it is much cultivated, and where Dr. Siebold
mentions a garden variety with blotched leaves, which may possibly ho, the F. grancle, Lindl.,
introduced to our gardens from N. China,

35. GERBERA, Gron.

Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single row, with 1 or 2 short slender inner lobes. Disk-florets herma-
phrodite, tubular, 5 -toothed, and more or less 2-lipped. Involucre imbricate,
in few rows. Receptacle naked. Anthers with long points or tails at the base.
Style-branches short and obtuse. Achenes usually ending in a beak. Pappus
of numerous capillary bristles. — Herbs more or less woolly or cottony. Leaves
radical. Scapes 1 -headed.

A small African genus, of which one species ranges across south-central Asia.

1. G. piloselloides, Cass.; I)C.Frod.\ii.lQ. Eoot-stock thick, per-
ennial and woolly. Leaves more or less stalked, from oblong to oval, 2 to 3
in. long, entire, hairy above when young, but often becoming glabrous when
old, very woolly underneath. Scape 6 in. to 1 or even 1^ ft. high, very woolly,
especially towards the top, and thickened under the flower-head. Involucre
8 or 9 lines long, narrowed at the base, the bracts linear-lanceolate, pubes-
cent or woolly, rarely glabrous at the edges. Florets numerous and slender.
The beak of the achenes veiy short at the time of flowering, becomes nearly
as long as the achenes themselves when quite ripe. Pappus reddish. — G. ovali-
folia, DC. Prod. vii. 17. G. amabilis, Hance, in Walp. Ann. ii. 947. G. Schim-
peri, Sch. Bip. ; Walp. Ann. ii. 947.

Victoria Peak and other hills, Chmnjnon and others. In East Africa, from Port Natal and
Madagascar to Abyssinia. In Asia, from Nepal, Khasia, and Sikkim to S. China, and as
far north as Amoy.

36. AINSLIJBA, DC.

Flower-heads homogamous, with 3 or 4 hermaphrodite tubular florets ; the
limb unequally cleft into 5 narrow lobes, turned to the outer side or obscurely
2-lipped. Involucre cylindrical, with stiff very unequal imbricate bracts.
Beceptacle naked. Anthers with long points or tails at the base. Style-
branches short and obtuse. Achenes striate. Pappus of numerous pkmiose
bristles. — Herbs. Leaves radical, except a few bracts on the stem. Flower-
heads in long one-sided spikes or a naiTow panicle.

192 COMPOSITE. [Jinsliaa.

A small genus, limited to the hilly districts of northern India and China. Its affinities
appear to be rather with Elephanto])us {Elephantosis), than with the other Mntisiea with
which it is artificially classed.

1. A. fragrans, Champ, in Kew Joimi. Bot. iv. 236. Eoot-stock pro-
bably creeping. Leaves 2 or 3, almost radical, on long stalks, ovate, cordate
or broadly oblong, 2 or sometimes 3 in. long, in other specimens much smaller,
entii-e, bearing when young, as well as the stem, a little long loose wool, which
soon wears off. Flowering stems erect, stiff, simple, 1 to 1\ ft. long. Flower-
heads sessile or nearly so, along the upper half of the stem, and all turned to
one side. Involucre 5 or 6 lines long, the bracts few and very pointed.
Morets white, rather longer than the involucre, with a sweet smell of almonds.

Rare on Victoria Peak, Champion ; -who gathered several specimens, but it has not yet
been received from any other quarter.

Tribe XI. (or Suborder) CICHORACJEJE.

Flower-heads homogamous, the florets all ligidate and hennaphrodite.
Leaves alternate.

37. LACTUCA, Linn.

Livolucre naiTow ; the bracts few, very unequal, imbricated, mostly with a
scarious edge. Keceptacle naked. Achenes ovate or oblong, flat, abruptly
contracted into a slender beak, with a pappus of numerous white and silky
soft hail's. — Stems erect and leafy. Panicle terminal.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the temperate regions of the Old World ; more
scarce within the tropics.

I. L. brevirostris. Champ, in Kew Joiirn. Bot. iv. 237. A glabrous
and erect annual, full 3 ft. high, and usually simple. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, 6 to 8 in. long or even more, entire or rarely bordered by a few
small teeth, especially at the base, where they are sometimes expanded into
short half-stem-clasping auricles. Flower-heads in a long naiTOw pyramidal
panicle. Involucre about 6 lines long, the bracts obtuse. Achenes broad
and very flat, black, with a beak not half so long as the achene itself.

Hongkong, Champion. Also in Khasia and Formosa. Resembles, in many respects, the
N. Indian L. longifolia. Wall. ; but the latter species has the leaves sagittate at the base,
the panicle much more spreading, and the beak as long or longer than the achene.

38. TARAXACUM, Juss.

Involucre of several nearly equal erect bracts, with some smaller imbricated
outer ones, often spreading or reflexed. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes scarcely
compressed, striated, mmicate, tapering into a long slender beak, with a pappus
of copious simple hairs. — Leaves radical. Scape 1-headed.

A genus probably limited to a single species.

1. T. Dens-leonis, Besf.; DC. Prod. vii. 145. Eoot-stock perennial,
with a thick taproot, black on the outside, and very bitter. Leaves varying
from linear-lanceolate and almost entire, to deeply pinnatifid, with broad tri-
angular lobes, usually pointing downwards, the terminal ones larger. Scapes
fi-om 2 to about 6 in. high. Flowers yellow, rather large. Involucral bracts
linear, often thickened at the top, or with a tooth on the back towards the
top. Beak of the achenes two or three times as long as the achene itself.

Taraxacum.'] composite. 193

Among the ruins of an old house, Champion. Widely spread over the temperate and
colder regions of the northern hemisphere ; and a troublesome weed in altoost all cultivated
parts of the world.

39. IXERIS, Cass.

Involucre cylindi-ical, of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few
small outer ones. Receptacle naked. Aclienes oblong, slightly flattened,
with prominent ribs, not muricate, tapering into a slender beak, with a pappus
of very soft usually white simple hairs. — Flower-heads small, florets seldom
above 25, yellow in the Hongkong species.

A small Asiatic genus, scarcely differing from the beaked Crepises (or Barkhausias), in the
rather more flattened and more prominently ribbed achenes.

Stem erect, paniculate. Flower-heads numerous, 3 or 4 lines long.

Leaves oblong, toothed, lyrate or piunatifid 1. /. ramnsissima.

Leaves few, linear, mostly entire 2. /. versicolor.

Stem creeping. Flower-heads about 6 lines long.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly piunatifid . . . . 3. /. debilis.

Leaves ovate, mostly 3-lobed or in 3 segments 4. /. repens.

1. I. ramosissima, A. Gray, in Mem. Acad. Amer. vi. 397. A glabrous
erect much-branched perennial, 1 to 2 ft. (or more ?) high. Leaves from
oval to oblong or lanceolate, sinuately toothed, lyrate or pinnatifld, 2 to 4 in.
long, the lower ones naiTowed into a long petiole scarcely clasping the stem
with minute auricles, the upper ones sessile, embracing the stem with broad
rounded toothed auricles. Flow^er-heads in dense terminal corymbs, forming
a large leafy panicle. Involucre about 4 lines long, of 6 to 8 inner bracts
and a very few minute outer ones. Achenes scarcely compressed ; the ribs
slightly prominent and minutely tubercidate. — BracJiyrainphus ramosissimus,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot, i. 489. Dubycea ramosissima, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 1028.

Hongkong, JTinds, Champion; near Say wan, Hance ; in a ravine on Mount Parker, U'il-
ford ; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

2. I. versicolor, DC. Prod. vii. 151. A glabrous perennial, 6 in. to
1 ft. high, with a slender, horizontal, perhaps creeping root-stock. Leaves
chiefly radical, stalked, linear or linear-oblong, 3 to 4 in. long, entii-e or rarely
remotely toothed ; stem-leaves few and sessile, or sometimes stem- clasping.
Flower-heads smaU, in a loose slender corymbose leafless panicle. Involucre
about 3 lines long, of about 8 equal bracts, with a few minute external ones.
Achenes slightly compressed, with prominent nerves, slightly muricate, the
beak about their own length. — BarkJiausia tenella, Benth. in Loud. Journ.
Bot. i. 488.

Hongkong, Hinds, Hance, Wilford. Also on the Chinese continent, and northwards to
Dahuria, where the florets are sometimes pink. In Hongkong they are always yellow.
The Lactuca gracilis, DC, which we have from various parts of the mount aius of norther a
India, appears to be a slight variety of the same sjiecies, with rather smaller flower-heads
and fewer florets.

3. I. debilis, A. Gray in Mnn. Amer. Acad. vi. 397. A glabrous and
glaucous perennial, with shortly creeping leafy runners. Leaves mostly radical,
stalked, oblong-lanceolate when in open sandy places, sometimes almost o})ovate,
and only 1 to 2 in. long; when in grassy banks, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, very

o

194 • COMPOSITE. [Ixeris.

thin, entire or. remotely toothed, or almost pinnatifid. Flowering stems
ascending, 4 in. to 1 ft. high, leafless or Avith a single naiTow stem-clasping
leaf, bearing 1 to 5 flower-heads on long peduncles. Involucre about 6 lines
long ; the bracts broader than in the two last, and slightly scarious on the
edge. Achenes veiy strongly ribbed, almost winged, and quite smooth ; the
beak usually short, but variable. — Yoimgia ? debilis, DC. Prod. vii. 194.

On the seacoast, Harland, Hance. A maritime plant, ranging from S. China to Japan.

4. I, repens, A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 397. A slender creeping
glabrous perennial. Leaves sometimes cordate-ovate and entire, more fi-e-
quently divided into 3 ovate obtuse lobes on distant segments, from ^ to near
1 in. long, on a petiole of near twice that' length. Flower-heads 1 to 5, on
leafless scapes or at the ascending ends of the leafy creeping shoots. Invo-
lucre 6 lines long, like that of /. debilis. Achenes rather less prominently
ribbed, with a still shorter beak. — Chorisis repens, DC. Prod. vii. 177.

On the seacoast, Harland, Hance, Wright. A maritime plant, ranging from S. China to
Japan and Kamtchatka.

40. CREPIS, Linn.
Involucre of a siugle row of nearly equal bracts, with a few small outer
ones. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes oblong, cylindrical or scarcely flattened,
striate, tapering at the top, but mthout a distinct beak, with a pappus of
copious soft white hairs.

A large genus, widely distributed over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,
with a very few suhtropical species.

1. C. japonica, Bentli. An erect slender annual, 6 in. to near \\ ft.
high, glabrous or slightly pubescent, or haiiy near the base. Leaves mostly
radical, stalked, varying from obovate, nearly entire, and 1 to 2 in. long, to
lyrate or pinnatifid, 2 to 4 in. long, with a large temiinal toothed lobe.
Stem-leaves few or none. Panicle loosely corymbose, slender. Plower-heads
numerous. Involucre about %\ lines long, containing 10 to 15 small yeUow
florets. — Frenantlies japonica, Linn. Yoiingia jajmnica, DC. Prod. vii. 194 ;
alsoJT. mauriliana, Y. Thnnbergiana, y. runcinata, and some others of DC. See
A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 396.

E-oadsides and waste places, Champion and others. Very common in India, extending to
Ceylon and the IManritius ; eastward to the Archipelago and N. Australia ; and northward
to N. China and Japan. The characters by which A. Gray thiulcs the genus Youngia might
still be kept distinct from Crepis, occur nevertheless in the tj^nctil European C. virens.

A single specimen, from C'Jiampion, has the flowers larger and the whole plant stouter and
more luxuriant. It may prove a distinct species, but the achenes are too little advanced to
determine the characters with precision.

41. SONCHUS, Linn.
Involucre ovoid, with imbricate bracts, and usually becoming conical after
flowering. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes flattened and striate, not beaked,
with a sessile pappus of copious simjole hairs, usually soft and white.

A considerable genus, ranging like Crepis over the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.

1. S. oieraceuSj Linn.; Spec. 1116. An erect annual, with a hollow
stem, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high. Leaves thin, bordered with irregular pointed

Sonchus.] coMPOSiTiE. 195

or prickly teeth, otherwise either undivided or pinnatifid, with a broad heart-
shaped or triangular terminal lobe ; the upper ones narrow and clasping the
stem with short auricles. Flower-heads in a short corymbose terminal panicle,
sometimes almost umbellate. Florets of a pale yellow. — JS. ciliatus, Lam. ;
Wight, Ic. t. 1141.

la waste and cultivated places, Hinds and others. A weed of cultivation, probably indi-
genous to Europe or central Asia, but now distributed over the greater part of the globe.
Two marked varieties are generally found growing together ; in the one {S. aspera), the ribs
of the achenes are perfectly smooth ; in the other, for which the name of S. oleraceus is
more specially retained, they are marked with transverse asperities. The Hongkong speci-
mens I have seen belong to the latter, the Indian ones chiefly to the former.

OnDER LX. STYLIDIE^.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; the limb of 2 to 6, usually 5, persistent
divisions. Corolla usually irregular, deeply divided into 5 or 6 lobes. Sta-
mens 2 ; the filaments connate with the style, the anthers lying over the
stigma, which is entire or 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, with many ovules, or
sometimes 1 -celled by the contraction of the dissepiment, often surmounted
by 1 or 2 glands. Capsule opening from the top downwards in 2 valves
parallel to the dissepiment. Seeds numerous, very small, with a minute em-
bryo in a fleshy albumen. — Herbs, with radical or scattered undivided leaves.
Flowers in terminal racemes, spikes, or corymbs.

A small Order, almost entirely Australian.

1. STYLIDIUM, Swartz.

Corolla iiTcgular, 5-lobed, one of the lobes smaller than the others and
tmned downwards ; the other 4 ascending in pairs. Anthers 2-lobed. Stigma
undivided. The other characters those of the Order.

A genus comprising nearly the whole Order, and all AustraUan, except the following and
one other E. Indian species. The column into which the stamens and style are united is, in
this genus, curiously irritable.

1. S. uliginosum, Sw.; DC. Prod. vii. 336. A slender glabrous an-
nual. Leaves radical, rosulate, ovate or orbicular, 2 to 5 lines long, on petioles
vaiying from -| to 2 lines. Stems erect, filiform, 3 or 4 in. high, simple or
slightly branched, wdth a few minute oblong bracts seldom above ^ line long.
Flowers sessile, alternate, distant from each other, forming a broken terminal
spike. Ovary slender, about 2 lines long when the flower expands, but
lengthening to 3 lines. Calyx-lobes linear, scarcely 1 line long, slightly
united in 2 lips or free to the base. Corolla scarcely longer, the staminal
column protruding. Capsule linear, 2-celled, opening in 2 valves, leaving the
dissepiment free. — S. sinicum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 1030.

In wet marshy places, Champion, TFright, Hance, WUford. Also Ceylon, and if, as is
probable, the S. Kimthii is merely a robust variety, it is also in Silhet, Chittagoug, and the
Malayan Peninsula.

Order LXT. GAMPANULACEiE.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ^ the limb of 3 to 10, usually 5, persistent
lobes. Corolla regidar or irregular, witli 3 to 10, usually 5 lobes, valvate in

o 2

196 CAMPANULACEj;:. [Campamdacea.

the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the coroHa, alternate with them,
hypog-ynous and free from tlie corolla-tiibe, or very rarely united to it at the
base. Anthers opening longitudinally, free or united in a ring round the
style. Ovary inferior, 2- or more celled, usually 3- or 5-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Style simple, entire or divided at the top into as many
stigmatic lobes as there are cells to the ovniy. Fruit usually a capsule, open-
ing either in short valves at the top or in lateral pores or slits, rarely an in-
dehiscent berry. Seeds numerous, small. Embryo straight, in a fleshy al-
bumen.— Herbs or very rarely shrubs, with a juice usually milky. Leaves
alternate or veiy rarely opposite, undivided and usually toothed, without sti-
pules. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, or in terminal spikes, racemes,
or leafy panicles.

A considerable Order, most abundant in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere
or of southern Africa, with a few tropical or Australian species.

Corolla very irregular. Anthers united round the style.

Fruit an indehiscent berry. (Leaves orbicular, cordate.) . . . . 1. Piddingtonia.

Fruit a capsule. (Leaves ovate, not cordate.) 2. Lobelia.

Corolla regular, campanulate. Anthers free. Capsule 3- to 5-valved 3. Wahlenbekgia.

1. PIDDINGTONIA, A. DC.

Habit and characters of Lobelia and Pratia, only differing from the former
in the succulent indehiscent fruit, and from Pratia in the 2 upper lobes of the
corolla ascending and forming an upper lip, as in Lobelia.

A genus confined to a single species, w^hich with Pratia might be better re-united with
Lobelia as a section.

1, P. nummularia, A. DC. Prod. vii. 341. A prostrate slender more
or less pubescent herb, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves stalked,
nearly orbicular, cordate at the base, toothed, about ^ in. diameter. Peduncles
axillary, 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves. Flowers small, purplish-blue,
very much like those of Lobelia trigona. Anthers with one short bristle on
each of the two lower ones, instead of the little tuft of hairs in X. trigona.
Berry ovoid-globular, 4 or 5 lines long, with a thin skin and not much juice,
and innumerable small seeds.

Hongkong, Champon. A single specimen, mixed with the broad -leaved pubescent variety
of Lobelia trir/ona, which I had formerly confounded with it. Frequent in the mountains of
the central and eastern Himalaya and Khasia, also in Java and Formosa.

2. LOBELIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube short or ovoid, limb 5-lobed. Corolla slit open on the upper
side to the base, 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes usually shorter and erect, forming
an upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading in a lower 3-lobed or 3 -toothed lip.
Anthers united in a ring round the style ; the 2 lower ones, or all, bearded
at the top by a small tuft of stift" hairs. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule opening
at the top in 2 loculicidal valves. — Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Pedicels
1 -flowered, axiUary, or in terminal racemes or spikes.

A large genus, having the widest range in the Order, and although chiefly abundant in
temperate regions, it includes several tropical species.

1, Ii. trigona, Roxb. ; A. DC. Prod. vii. 359 ; Wight, 7c. /. 1170. A

Lobelia.'] CAMPANULACEiE. 197

slender, decumbent or prostrate, niucli-branclied annual, glabrous or slig-htly
pubescent, rooting at the lower nodes ; the branches angular and sometimes
ascending or nearly erect. Lower leaves stalked, ovate, not cordate, more or
less toothed, about ^ in. long or rather more ; the upper ones, especially when
the flowering branches are more or less erect, smaller, narrower, and more en-
tire. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves. Calyx-tube obconical, about
1 line long when in flower; the lobes narrow, about as long. Corolla blue,
rather longer than the calyx. Anthers all shortly bearded at the top. Capsuh;
obovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. — L. trialata, Ham. ; A. DC. Prod. vii. 360.

Cominon in rice-fields, Champion; in ravines, TFilford ; also Hance. There are two
varieties in the island, a creepin";, slightly pubescent one, with broader leaves, which is the
more common state in wet cultivated fields, and is the L. affinls, AVall. ; A. DC. Prod. vii.
360 ; and a glabrous one, with ascending or erect flower-stems and smaller narrower leaves,
often entire, growing apparently in more open, waste places. This appears to be the L. chi-
nensis. Lour. ; DC. Prod. vii. 360. But om* very numerous Indian specimens show that
they pass so gradually one into the other, that they can by no means be distinguished as
species.

3. WAHLEISTBERGIA, Schrad.

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla regular, campanulate or more or less tubular at the
base, 5-lobed. Stamens free. Ovary 3- to 5 -celled or rarely 2-celled. Style
with as many spreading stigmatic lobes. Capsule opening at the top loculi-
cidally in as many valves as cells. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, or very rarely
opposite or whorled. Peduncles terminal or in the upper axils, often forming
loose terminal dichotomous leafy panicles.

A considerable genus, dispersed over various parts of the world, most abundant in southern
Africa. It has all the habit and characters of Campanula, except the dehiscence of the
capsule.

Tall perennial, with large flowers. Capsule usually 5 -valved . . .1. W. grandijlora.
Slender annual, with small flowers. Capsule 3-valved 2. /F". agrestis.

1. "W". grandiflora, Schrad. A glabrous, somewhat glaucous perennial,
with a thick fleshy root-stock ; the stems sometimes erect and simple, some-
times decumbent and branched at the base, 1 to 2, or even 3 ft. high. Leaves
nearly sessile ; the lower ones almost opposite or in whorls of 3, from ovate
to oblong or lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, usually acute and more or less toothed,
firm, of a deep green above and glaucous underneath ; the upper ones often
alternate, and in some specimens almost all narrow-lanceolate. Flowers of a
deep blue, broadly bell-shaped, fuU 2 in. diameter, and lobed to about the
middle, sometimes solitary and terminal, more fi-equcntly 2 or 3 in a loose
raceme, and sometimes 8 or 10 in a branching raceme or leafy panicle. Cap-
sule usually 5-celled, opening in 5 valves opposite to the calyx-lobes and bear-
ing the dissepiment in their centre, but sometimes ouly 3-celled and 3-valved.
—PlatycodoH (jrandifiornm, A. DC. Prod. vii. 422 ; Sw. Brit. Fl. Card. scr.
2, iii. t. 208. P. chinense, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Card. ii. t. 61.

On the Chuckchew side of the island only, Champion. On hillsides at Little Hongkong,
Wilford. Common in Mantchuria. The character derived from the relative position of the
capsule-cells and calyx-lobes appears of too little consequence to separate this species from
other Wahlenbergias, being unaccompanied by any others, and failing when the cells jire
reduced to three.

2. W. agrestis, A. DC. Vrud. vii. 434; Wigkt, Ic. I. 1175 ; Ilvok-. and

198 CAMPANULACE^. \W aJilenbergia .

Thorns, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 21, icith all the synonyms there adduced. An
erect or decumbent annual, branching from the base, from a few inches to 1
foot high, glabrous or pubescent at the base. Leaves alteniate, mostly linear,
1 to near 2 in. long and slightly toothed ; the lowest often much shorter,
oblong or even obovate, and narrowed into a petiole at the base ; the upper-
most small and distant. Flowers few, small, on slender pedicels of -^ to 1 in.,
forming a loose terminal dichotomous panicle. Calyx-tube about \\ hues
long ; the lobes not so long. Corolla campanulate, about 5 lines diameter,
lobed to the middle. Capsule shortly 3-valved at the top.

In rice-fields, Champioti and others. Very common in tropical and subtropical Asia, ex-
tending westward to tropical Ah'ica, eastward to Australia, and northward to Loochoo.

Order LXII. GOOBENIACE^.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; the limb 3- to 5 -lobed or entire. Corolla
iiTegular, slit open on the upper side, 5 -lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with
the lobes of the corolla, and inserted at its base ; anthers opening in longitu-
dinal slits, free or rarely united in a ring round the style. Ovary usually 2-
celled, with 1 or more ovules in each. Style simple ; the stigma surrounded
by a cup-shaped or peltate indusium, usually ciliate on the margin. Fruit
either a capsule opening in 2 valves, or an indehiscent drupe or nut. Seeds
usually with a fleshy albumen and straight embryo. — Herbs or small shrubs,
the juice not milky. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes, rarely paniculate.

A small Order, almost entirely Australian, a few maritime species extending into tropical
Asia or South America.

1. SCffiVOLA, Linn.

Corolla open on the upper side to the base, deeply 5 -lobed. Anthers free.
Ovary 1- to 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each. Fruit dry or succulent, indehis-
cent, 1- to 4-seeded. The other characters, habit, and geographical range as
in the family, of which this is the largest and widest-spread genus.

1. S. Lobelia, Linn.; Vriese in Knddk. Arch. ii. 20. An erect shrub,
with a thick, almost succulent stem ; the branches, leaves, and inflorescence
either silky-pubescent or nearly glabrous, but always with a tuft of woolly or
long silky hairs in the axils. Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, 3 to 5 in.
long, rounded and very obtuse at the top, quite entire, narrowed at the base
into a veiy short broad petiole. Cymes axillary, very much shorter than the
leaves. Calyx about 3 lines long, including the 5 oblong-linear lobes, rather
longer than the tube. Corolla more or less pubescent and always hairy in-
side ; the tube 5 or 6 lines long ; the lobes spreading, bordered on each side
with a narrow wing folded inwards in the bud. Drupe ovoid or nearly glo-
bular, hard, 2-celled, about 4 lines long. — S. Kceuigii, Vahl ; Bot. Mag. t.
2732, and the six following species in A. DC. Prod. vii. 505. >S'. lativaga, Hance
in Walp. Ann. ii. 1055, and the synonyms adduced by Hook, and Thoms. in
Joura. Soc. Linn. ii. 8.

Sands and rocks of the seashore, chiefly near Saywan and on the south shore, Champion,
Wilford, Wright, Hance, Seemaun. A common seacoast plant in the Old World within

SceSVola.} GOODENIACE^E. 199

the tropics, and occasionally in the West Indies ; but the commonest species there is the
S. P/nmieri, differing in the calyx-limb entire or nearly so. Although occurring also on
several tropical Asiatic coasts, the latter species has not been found in Hongkong.

Oeder LXIII. EEICACE^.

Calyx of 4 or 5 divisions, either free or with a tube adnate to the ovary.
Corolla inferior or superior, usually ovoid or globular, sometimes elongated or
campanulate, with 4 or 5 lobes, or very rarely 4 or 5 distinct petals, regular
or slightly irregular. Stamens twice as many, or rarely of the same number
as the lobes of the corolla, and inserted within the corolla but distinct from it.
Anthers 2-celled, opening at the top in pores or short oblique slits, very rarely
extending to the base of the cells. Ovary having usually as many cells (rarely
apparently twice as many) as the lobes of the corolla, rarely reduced to 3 or
2, with one or several ovules in each. Truit a capsule or berry. Seeds very
small, with a fleshy albumen. — Shrubs sometimes very low, creeping, and
almost herbaceous, or occasionally growing into small trees, very rarely tnie
herbs. Leaves entire or toothed, undivided, usually alternate. Elowers
either axillary and solitary, or in short clusters or racemes, or forming termi-
nal racemes, corymbs, clusters, or heads.

A large Order, widely spread over the whole world (if considered as including the Australian
Epaeridcs), especially in the temperate and colder regions, but not uncommon also in hilly
districts within the tropics. The four Hongkong genera belong to three distinct Tribes, often
considered as independent Orders.

Teibe 1. Vacciniese. Ovary inferior. Fruit a berry or drupe 1. Vaccinium.
Tribe 2. Andromedese. Ovary superior. Fruit a cai^sule
ojiening in locuUcidal valves. (CoroUa campanulate, drooping) . . 2. Enkyanthus.

Tribe 3. Rhodorese. Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule open-
ing in septicidal valves. (Corolla slightly irregular.)

Stamens 5, rarely 8 to 10. Leaves small, deciduous .... 4. Azalea.
Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen 3. Rhododendron.

1. VACCINIUM, Lindl.

Calyx-tube adnate, the limb of 4 or 5 teeth. Corolla superior, ovate, cam-
panulate or shortly cylindrical ; the limb of 4 or 5 short lobes or teeth. Stamens
8 or 10. Anther-cells opening in oblique pores at the top of their tubular
points. Ovary inferior, 4- or 5-ceUed, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit
a beny. — Shrubs or rarely small trees. Leaves alternate.

A numerous genus, widely distributed over mountainous or boggy regions, chiefly in the
northern hemisphere, but occurring also in southern as well as in tropical mountains.

1. V. chinense, CJiamp. in Keiv Joiim. Bot. iv. 297. A shrub or small
tree, very much branched. Leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, rather acute,
and slightly toothed, 1 to H in. long, or smaller in some specimens, glabrous
as well as 'the branches, narrowed into a petiole of 1 to 2 lines. Eacemcs
terminal or in the upper axils, usually shorter than the leaves. Bracts some-
times leafy, and 3 or 4 lines long, sometimes small and linear. Flowers wliite,
nodding, scarcely 3 lines long, on very short pedicels. Calyx hairy. Corolla
ovoid or nearly cylindrical, pubescent outside, with sliort spreading teeth.

200 ERICACEAE. [Vaccinium.

Filaments haiiy. Anthers nearly as long as the corolla, the tubular points
long, and with 2 very short awns on the back, turned upwards. Ovary 5-
celled. Capsule almost di\4ded into 10 cells by false dissepiments. Seeds
few.

Happy Valley woods, Champioti and others, but said not to be very common. Also on
the adjacent continent. It is doubtful also whether this may not be a variety only of a
species widely distributed over the mountainous districts of India, China, and perhaps Japan,
including V. Nilgherrense, V. affine, V. Donianiim, and F. GriffitJiicmum of Wight, and V.
hracteatum of Thunberg, in which case the latter name should be adopted for the whole ; but
there are slight differences in the shape and pubescence of the corolla, in the awns of the
anthers, etc., which require further investigation.

3. ENKYANTHUS, Lour.

Calyx free, 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, shortly 5-lobed, and marked at
the base by 5 nectariferous almost pellucid pits. Stamens 10. Anther-cells
tipped with awn-like points, and opening longitudinally to the base. Ovary
5-celled. Capsule hard, 5-angled, opening loculicidally in 5 valves.

A Chinese genus, of which only one species is known for certain.

1. E. quinqueflorus. Lour.; DO. Prod. vii. 732. A glabrous erect
shrub. Leaves deciduous, crowded at the ends of the branches, oblong or
obovate-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, narrowed into a petiole of
3 to 4 lines, coriaceous and shining, strongly reticidate on both sides. Flowers
pedicellate, drooping, issuing several together from a bud enclosed in imbri-
cate scales, of which the inner ones are lengthened into petiolate oblong, spa-
thulate or linear, coloured bracts. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, varying much in
length and breadth, usually 1 to 2 lines long. Corolla about ^ in. long ; the
tube broad, usually pink or deep red ; the lobes obtuse, more or less recurved
or spreading, and often white. Stamens shorter than the corolla. — E. quin-
quejlorus and E. reticulatiis, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xi. t. 884 and 885.

Abundant on the hills. Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
known out of S. China. The E. joiiforus, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 489, originated
in a mistake.

3. RHODODENDRON, Linn.

Calyx free, 5-lobed or 5 -toothed. Corolla obliquely campanulate, rarely con-
tracted into a narrow tube, or rotate with scarcely any tube, 5-lobed or very
rarely 10-lobed. Stamens 10 or rarely more, declinate. Anthers without
awns, the cells opening in terminal pores. Ovary 5- to 10-celled. Capsule
opening septicidally in 5 to 10 valves. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen,
entii-e, often with a mealy or scaly pubescence. Flowers in dense terminal
cor\anbs or heads, or rarely solitary, issuing with the young leaves from scaly
buds.

A large and beautiful genus, numerous in the mountains of tropical and subtropical Asia,
with a few N. Asiatic, European, or N. American species.

1. R. Championse, Ilouk. Bot. Mag. t. 4609. A shrub of 6 or 7 ft.,
the young leaves and branches more or less clothed or fringed with stiff
spreading hairs or bnstles. Leaves chiefly at the ends of the brauches, shortly
stalked, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, dark green above,
rather rusty-coloured underneath, with prominent veins. Flower-buds very

Rhododendrori.'] ERiCACEii:. 201

glutinous. Flowers 4 to 6 together on hispid pedicels of about -| in. Calvx-
lobes veiy hispid, unequal, 2 to 3 lines long. Corolla white or pink, tinged
with yellow at the base and dotted with ochre ; the tube short ; the limb caui-
panulate, about 4 in. across. Stamens 10. -Capsule oblong-lanceolate, about
1 in. long.

lu ravines of Mount Victoria, Chamjnou ; also Wright. Not known out of the island.

4. AZALEA, Linn.

Characters of RJiododendron, except that the stamens are usually 5 only
aiul the leaves deciduous. Two of the following species, however, and one or
two other east Asiatic ones, have usually 8 or 10 stamens, and are therefore
placed by some botanists in Rhododendron, but, on account of the deciduous
leaves and habit, they are more generally retained in Azalea.

The genus as generally limited is chiefly N. American, with a few species "from temperate
or subtropical Asia.

Stamens 5. Calyx glabrous. Corolla nearly rotate I. A. ovata.

Stamens 8 to 10. Calyx hairy. Corolla campanulate.

Leaves oval-oblong, hairy. Flowers about 3 from each bud . . . 2. A. indica.

Leaves ovate, glabrous when full-grown. Flowers 1 from each bud . 3. A. squamata.

1. A. ovata, Llndl. in Journ. Hart. Soc. i. 149, and ii. t. 2; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 5064. A much-branched glabrous shrub. Leaves few, at the ends
of the branches, ovate or oval-oblong, seldom above an inch long, the
veins scarcely cons])icuous. Flowers issuing singly from scaly buds of which
several are usually clustered at the ends of the branches. Pedicels short,
slightly glandular, hispid. Calyx-lobes glabrous, ovate, obtuse, thin, about
3 lines long. Corolla nearly rotate, about 1| in. across in the wild specimens,
white, w^th purple specks, cleft to near the base into 5 oblong lobes, the upper-
most the broadest. Stamens 5, with haiiy filaments. Capsule ovate, 5 -celled,
about 3 Hues long. — A. myrtifoUa, Champ, in Bot. Mag. under n. 4609.

On rocks of the Black Mountain, Champion. Also in Chusau, but not known from else-
where.

2. A. indica, Linn.; Bot. Mag. t. 1480 «w^ 2667 ; Bot. Reg. t. 811,
1700, and 1716. A much-branched shrub, the young branches and leaves
more or less covered with stiif appressed rusty or almost silky hairs. Leaves
oblong or oval-oblong, acute, seldom above \\ in. long, and often under 1 in.
in the w^ild specimens, narrowed into a very short petiole, often becoming
glabrous above, but always retaining the hairs underneath. Flowers almost
sessile, usually 3 together from the same scaly bud ; the inner scales very
hairy. Calyx also hairy ; the lobes lanceolate or oblong, 2 or 3 lines long.
Corolla wdth a short tube, obliquely and broadly campanulate, full 2 in. across,
divided to about the middle into 5 broad rather unequal lobes. Stamens
usually 9 or 10, of which 1 much shorter than the others. Capsule ovate,
acuminate, very haii*y, 4 or 5 lines long. — Rhododendron indlcum, Sw. ; DC.
Prod. vii. 726.

Abundant on the banks of streams and on the tops of hills, Champion and others : also
in S. China, and northward to Loochoo.

3. A. squamata, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 152; and in Bot. Reg.
1847, t. 3. A shrub, usually bare of leaves, or nearly so at the time of llower-

202 ERICACEAE. [Jzalea.

ing. Leaves, when first appearing, covered with long i*usty hairs, which soon
disappear, except on the petioles ; when full-grown, ovate, seldom above 1 in.
long, dark green and smooth above, glaucous, with a network of rust-coloured
veins underneath. jFlowers on very short pedicels, issuing singly from long
cylindrical scaly buds, more or less covered with rusty-brown hairs. Calyx-
teeth very short and haiiy. Corolla obliquely campanulate, as in A. indica,
but smaller, and usually of a pale colour. Stamens 8 to 10.

Common on the hill-tops, C/iampion and others. Not known from elsewhere.

Order LXTY. PEIMULACE^.

Calyx usually of 5, sometimes 4^, 6, or 7 divisions or teeth, free or rarely
shortly adherent to the ovary. Corolla regidar, more or less divided into as
many lobes or teeth as divisions of the calyx, or rarely wanting. Stamens as
many as lobes of the corolla, inserted in the tube opposite the lobes. Ovary
1 -ceiled, with 1 or more ovules attached to or immersed in a fi'ee central pla-
centa, which is often thick and globular. Style single, Adth a capitate stigma.
Frait a capsule, and usually dehiscent. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs or rarely
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed, without stipules.
Plowers axillaiy or terminal.

A widely spread Order, inhabiting chiefly the northern hemisphere, and especially high
mountains, often at great elevations. A few species reappear in the Antarctic regions, and
but very few witliin the tropics.

1. LYSIMACHIA, Linn.

Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, fi-ee. Corolla rotate or campanulate, deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Capsule opening in 5 or 10 valves. Perennials, Avith erect or
trailing stems, and opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or tufted leaves.
Flowers usually yellow, solitary, on axillary pedicels, or collected in terminal
or rarely axillary racemes or clusters.

A considerable genus, having a wide range in the northern hemisphere.

1. L. alpestris, Champ, m Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 299. Stock perennial,
short, but emitting occasionally runners of 1 to 3 in. Leaves tufted on the
stock or at the ends of the runners, narrow- oblong, spathulate, or sometimes
almost obovate, 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse, entire, naiTowed at the base into a
short petiole, stiffly hairy on both sides. Peduncles 1 -flowered, axillary, and
about as long as the leaves. Sepals oblong, acuminate, 2 lines long. Corolla
rotate, yellow, 8 or 9 lines diameter, divided almost to the base into 5 obo-
vate-oblong minutely fringed lobes. Filaments united in a cup at the base.
Anthers oblong. Capsule globular, shorter than the calyx, 5-valved. Seeds
numerous.

In subalpine situations, Champion ; always on the banks of streams, Eyre ; on the top of
Victoria Peak, Wilford ; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

Order (or Suborder) LXV. MYRSINACE-ffi.

Flowers of Prinmlacece, usually pentamerous or tetramerous. Fruit an in-
dehiscent berry or drupe, or very rarely splitting lengthwise on one side. Seeds

nacetB?^ myrsinace^. 203

alburninoiis, except in ^giceras. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple,
entire or toothed, without stipules. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, ra-
cemes, or panicles, or rarely in terminal panicles.

A considerable Order, widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the
New and the Old World, and there replacing the Primulacece, of which it may be considered
as a Suborder, only differing in the woody habit and succulent fruit.

Ovary wholly or partially inferior 1. M.esa.

Ovary superior.

Petals free to the base.

Petals and stamens usually 5. Racemes slender, forming a terminal

panicle 2. Embelia.

Petals and stamens 4. Racemes or clusters short, axillary .... 3. Samara.
Petals united in a short tube, with a deeply lobed limb.
Flowers in axillary clusters or branching racemes.

Flowers clustered. No scales or appendages to the corolla between

the lobes .4. Myrsine.

Flowers in axillary branching racemes or short panicles. Small
appendages or scales alternating with the coroUa-lobcs between

the stamens 7. Reptonia.

Flowers iu umbels usually pedimculate, and sometimes forming panicles.

Ovary and fruit obtuse, globular, or ovoid ^ 5. Ardisia.

Ovary and fruit acuminate, becoming long and curved 6. -^giceras.

1. M^SA, Forst.

Calyx-tube adherent, the limb 5 -lobed. Corolla 5 -lobed. Stamens 5,
filaments slender, anthers short. Ovaiy inferior or half-superior. Style
short. Berry crowned by the calyx-lobes or teeth. — Trees or shrubs.
Flowers small, in simple or compound racemes, either axillaiy or very rarely
terminal. Bracts at the base of the pedicels, and 2 bracteoles under the
flower, usually veiy small.

A genus limited to the tropical regions of the Old World.

Corolla-tube shorter than the very spreading lobes, and scarcely longer
than the calyx

Plant pubescent \. M. sinensis.

Plant glabrous or the inflorescence scarcely pubescent.

Berry small, nearly dry 2. M. indica.

Berry white, succulent, 3 or 4 lines diameter 3. J/, moittana.

Corolla-tube longer than its lobes, and twice as long as the calyx ... 4. J/, coriacea.

1. M. sinensis, DC. Trod. viii. 82. An erect shrub, the branches, the
veins, and sometimes the whole surface of the leaves, and the inflorescences
pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptical, 2 to 4 in. long', irregularly toothed,
on petioles of 3 to 4 lines, rather thin, or scarcely coriaceous when old. Ra-
cemes usually branched, \ to near \\ in. long. Pedicels very short, seldom
1 line long. Calyx-lobes ovate, rather obtuse, longer than the tube. Corolla
with a very short tube, the lobes spreading to 2|- lines in diameter. Bcny
the size of a grain of pepper, not very succulent.

Common in the island, Champion and others, also on the adjacent coast, but not known
out of S. China.

2. M. indica, A. I)C. Prod. viii. 80 ; Wight, Ic. t. 1206. A shmb, with
the foliage, fliowers, and small fruits of M. sluensi.<<, but quite glabrous, except
occasionally a minute pubescence thinly scattered on the racemes and calyxes.

204 MYRSINACE.^. [Mam.

Racemes usually more slender than in that species, the pedicels rather longer,
and the sepals rather less obtuse.

It is with some doubt tliat T refer cue of Ckafnpions specimeus to this species, which has
a wide range over the southern districts of India, ajid over the Indian Archipelago.

3. M. xnontana, A. DC. Frod. \m. 79. An erect glabrous shrub,
usually more or less dicecious. Leaves oblong or elliptical, 3 or 4 in. long,
shortly acuminate, more or less toothed, on a petiole of 4 to 6 lines long, be-
coming coriaceous when old. Eacemes and flowers in the male plant like
those of M. iudica and M. sinensis, but quite glabrous, the ovary small, and
the calyx-lobes very obtuse. In the female plant the racemes are more dense,
the pedicels shorter, the calyx-tube with the ovary nearly globular, with very
short calyx-lobes, the corolla much smaller, with abortive stamens. Berry
white, succulent, full 3 lines diameter.

Common in ravines, C/iampion and others. Widely spread over the hilly districts of India
and the Archipelago. It is possible that this and the two preceding species may prove to be
varieties of a single one. The toothing of the leaves chiefly relied on by De Candolle is
evidently variable, so also is in some instances the pubescence, and the more or less succulence
of the ripe fruit cannot be appreciated in our dried specimens.

4. M. coriacea, C7ia mp. ini^Ketv Jou?'n. iv. SOO. A perfectly glabrous
shrub. Leaves elliptical or oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, and very variable in
breadth, obtuse or acuminate, on a short stout petiole, more coriaceous than
in the preceding species, and either quite entire, or with a few small remote
teeth. Eacemes either simple and clustered, or branched at the base, and
seldom above an inch long. Pedicels short. Calyx-lobes and bracts veiy
obtuse. Corolla difierent in shape from that of any other Mcesa known to me,
full 1^ lines long, with a broad tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes, and
considerably shorter, broad, slightly spreading lobes. Eerries giobidar, about
2 lines diameter.

Common in the island, Champion and others. Not received as yet from elsewhere.

Var. gracilis. Leaves narrower, almost lanceolate, racemes and pedicels more slender and
longer, and corolla rather smaller.

Hongkong, Wilford ; and some of Champion'' s early specimeus in young bud appear to
be referable to this form.

All the above McBsas are liable to a peculiar monstrosity, in which the racemes are con-
verted into dense panicles, every flower being also replaced by a dense spikelet of closely im-
bricate bracts.

2. EMBELIA, Burm.

Calyx free, deeply 5- (rarely 4-) lobed. Petals 5, rarely 4, distinct, spread-
ing. Stamens as many, inserted at the base of the petals, not longer than
them, with filiform iilaments and short anthers. Ovary supeiior. Style short.
—Shrubs or woody climbers. Flowers small, in simple or branched slender
racemes, either axillary, or forming a terminal panicle.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia or eastern Africa.

1. S. Ribes, Burm. ; DC. Prod. viii. 85 ; WigJd, Ic. t. 1207. A pretty
bush of 3 or 4 ft., with w^eak slender glabrous branches, sometimes lengthened
out and climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate,
2 to 3 in. long, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines, quite entire, coriaceous, and gla-
brous, usually glaucous underneath. Flowers very small, white, in elegant

Embelia.] MYRSiNACEiE. 205

minutely pubescent branching racemes, forming a terminal panicle. Sepals
minute, acute. Petals spreading, about 1 line long, pubescent on the edges.
Stamens rather shorter. Eemes small, globular.

Common in ravines, Champion and others. Widely spread over southern India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago. Although the flowers arc usually pentamerous,
some tetramerous ones may occasionally he met with.

8. SAMARA, Linn.
(Choripetalum, A. DC.)

Flowers of Emhelia, except that they are constantly tetramerous, and the
stamens longer than the petals. — Shrubs often half-trailing. Flowers in short
axillary racemes.

A small genus, with the same Asiatic and African range as Emhelia.

Leaves ohtuse, not 2 in. long. Sepals ovate, ohtuse \. S. ohovata.

Leaves 2 to 4 in. loug. Sepals lanceolate, acute 2. 6'. longifolia.

1. S. obovata, Bentli. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 301. A glabrous shrub,
with straggling half-trailing branches. Leaves fi*om obovate to narrow-ob-
long, always obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, naiTowed into a petiole of 2 or 3 lines,
coriaceous, quite entire, smooth above, veined, and somewhat glaucous under-
neath. Flowers 6 to 1 0 together, in axillary racemes, so short as to be almost
reduced to clusters. Pedicels seldom 1 line long. Calyx-lobes veiy short
and obtuse. Petals yellowish- white, about 1 line long. Stamens rather
longer. Fruit globidar, 2 or 3 lines diameter. — Choripetalum obocatmn, Benth.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 490. C. Benthamianum, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 10.

Common in ravines in the Happy Valley woods, and at West Point, Champion, Wilford ;
also Hance and Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

2. S. longifolia, Banth. n. sp. Allied to the last species, but the leaves
much longer, although not broader, usually about 3 in., sometimes 4 in. long,
obtusely acuminate and narrowed into a petiole of 3 or 4 lines. Racemes
much looser, about \ in. long. Pedicels 1 to 1| lines long. Flowers larger,
and the sepals lanceolate, veiy acute, fidl ^ line long.

Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Not seen in any other collection.

4, MYBSIJSTE, Linn.

Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens as many,
with very short filaments ; the anthers much longer, erect and lanceolate.
Ovary free. Style short, mth a capitate or fiinged stigma. — Siirubs or small
trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire or rarely toothed. Flowers small, on short
pedicels, in dense axiUary clusters.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the New
and the Old World.

1. M. capitellata, TFall. ; DC. Brocl viii. 94 ; Jright, Ic. /. 1211. A
glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves varying from broadly elliptical or oblong
or almost obovate, to narrows-oblong, or almost lanceolate in the Hongkong
specimens, usually 3 to 4 in. long, and i to 1 in. broad, obtuse or obtusely
acuminate, narrowed into a short stout petiole, coriaceous, quite entire, the
lateral veins usually inconspicuous. Flowers small, white. Pedicels 1 or

206 MYRSlNACEiE. \Myrsine.

rarely 2 lines long. Corolla-lobes spreading to about 2 lines diameter. —
M. pkilipphmisis, A. DC. Prod. viii. 94, and probably some other supposed
species enumerated in that work and in Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. M. iieriifolia,
Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. fasc. ii. 13.

Mounts Victoria, Gough, and other hills, Champion and others. Common in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Java, and northward to the Himalaya, the Philippines, Loochoo,
and Japan.

5. ARDISIA, Linn.

Calyx free, 5- (or 4-?) lobed. Corolla deeply 5- (or 4- ?) lobed, the lobes
usually very spreading or reflexed and convolute in the bud. Stamens as
many, filaments short, anthers lanceolate, erect, the slits of the cells often not
reaching the base. Ovary superior. Style subulate, usually long and persis-
tent, the stigma not enlarged. Berry or drape globular. — Trees, shrubs, or
sometimes undershrubs, almost herbaceous. Flowers not so small as in most
other genera, usually in umbels or very short umbel-like racemes, axillaiy or
terminal, either solitaiy or several together in branching panicles. Corolla
white or pink, frequently spotted.

A large genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the
Old "World, chiefly in hilly districts.

Erect shrubs. Leaves oblong, usually narrow.

Umbels nearly sessile. Flowers full 4 lines across.

Corolla-lobes acute \. A. crispa.

Corolla-lobes obtuse 2. ^. punctata.

Umbels on slender branching peduncles. Flowers scarcely 3 lines

across 3. A. paucijlora.

Stem low, creeping or prostrate at the base. Leaves obovate.

Glabrous, Leaves stalked, about 2 in. long. Peduncles short . . 4. .4. chinensis.
Hairy, Leaves sessile, 4 to 6 in. long. Peduncles slender . . . ^. A. primulcefolia.

1. A. crispa, A. DC. Trod. viii. 134. An erect, glabrous shrub. Leaves
oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 in. long, usually f to 1 in. broad, obtusely acumi-
nate, usually broadly crenate and crisped on the edges with glandular inden-
tures, narrowed into a short petiole, coriaceous, with few lateral veins. Um-
bels usually nearly sessile, solitary or terminal, but sometimes with 2 or 3
lateral branches, 1 to 4 in. long, each bearing a similar umbel. Flowers
white, more or less spotted with pm-ple, from 6 to 10 or 12 in each umbel.
Pedicels full \ in. long. Corolla spreading to full 4 or even 5 lines diameter ;
the lobes veiy pointed, often reflexed. — A. crenata, Bot. Mag. t. 1950.

On Victoria Peak and near the Buddhist Temple, Champion ; also Hinds and Wright.
Known also from the Malayan Peninsula, and the Indian Archipelago, as far as Borneo.

2. A. punctata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. %%1 ; A. DC. Prod. viii. 135. An
erect glabrous shrub, very near the A. crispa, but the leaves are usually nar-
rower and more entire, and the coroUa less spreading, with the lobes always
obtuse.

Abundant on Victoria Peak, Champion, on a ravine on INIount Gough, Wilford ; also
Wright. Only known from S. China.

3. A. pauciflora, Heijne ; A. DC. Trod. viii. 127 ; Wiglit, Ic. t. 1214.
An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves narrow-oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 4
in. long, quite entire, naiTovv^ed into a short petiole, coriaceous, tlie lateral

Ardisla.'] myrsinace^. 207

veins on the under side numerous and very divergent, but very fine and scarcely
prominent. Peduncles axillary or terminal, rather slender, ^ to 1 in. long,
bearing sometimes 1 sometimes 3 or 4 umbels, each of 4 to 8 small white
flowers. Pedicels slender, 2 to 3 lines long or 4 lines when in fruit. Calyx-
lobes very small. Corolla-lobes scarcely above 1 line long, and very acute.
Drupes 3 or 4 lines in diameter.

In ravines, Champion and others. It lias a wide range in southern Asia, as we have it
from the mountains of Ceylon and of the Indian Peninsula, from Khasia, from Java, and from
Loochoo, and it probably includes some species published in the Prodromus or in Miquel's
Flora under other names.

4. A. chinensis, Benth., n. sp. A prostrate glabrous undershi'ub, the
leafy branches ascending to the height of a few inches, seldom above ^ ft.
Leaves obovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, 1|- to 2^ in. long, entire or
with a few irregular obtuse teeth in the upper part, cuneate at the base, on a
petiole of 2 or 3 lines ; the lateral veins numerous, diverging from the midrib
with but little reticidation. Pruiting peduncles slender, about \ in. long,
bearing an umbel of 3 pedicels of 3 or 4 lines. Calyx-lobes small, acute.
Ben-ies globular, with the seed and persistent subulate style of Ardisia. I
have not seen the corolla or stamens. — A. japonica, Benth. in Kew^ Journ.
Bot. iv. 301, not of Blume.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion. Not received in any other collection. I had
at first taken this for the A. japonica, which I only knew from Lamarck's figure, but ha\ang
now seen specimens of that plant from C. Wright'' s collection, I find that it difiers in several
points, especially in the numerous fine scrratures, and much more reticulated veins of the
of the leaves, which are also ditferently shaped.

5. A. primulsefolia, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 324.
A low hairy half-herbaceous plant. Stem simple", rooting at the base, ascend-
ing to the height of a few inches, covered with the knotty scars of old leaves.
Leaves in a spreading tuft at the top of the stem, sessile, obovate, 4 to 6 in.
long, 2 to 3 in. broad, broadly crenate or rarely entire, thin and membranous,
covered on the upper side as well as the inflorescences, w^ith long reddish
jointed hairs. Peduncles 2 to 3 in. long, bearing at the top 1 to 3 or 4 um-
bels of pink spotted flowers, about the size of those of A. crispa. Calyx-divi-
sions narrow-lanceolate, acute, hairy. Corolla-lobes acute, Beriy scarlet, 3
or 4 lines diameter.

In grassy places in ravines, INIounts Victoria, Gough, etc., Champion^ Wilford ; also
WrifjM. Not known out of the island,

6. JEGICEKAS, G^ertn.

Calyx free, 5 -cleft, convolute. Corolla with 5 very spreading lobes, convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens as many, filaments subulate, anthers lanceolate, tlie
cells divided transversely into numerous pits. Ovary superior. Style subulate,
acute. Pruit cylindrical, curved, opening as the seed grows in one or two
longitudinal slits. Seed without albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. —
Maritime shrubs or trees, with the habit of IiJti:ophorcr, and like them tlic
seed is said to germinate before the fruit falls oil", but with the resinous ilots
and other characters of Mijrsinea. Plowers white, in umbels, or very short
umbel-like racemes.

A small genus, confined to the scacoast of tropical Asia and Australia.

208 MYRSINACE^. [jEgiceras.

1. ^. majus, GcBrtn.; A. DC. Prod. viii. 142; Jf'ig/d, lllustr. t. 146.
A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves obovate, very obtuse, 2 to 3 in. long,
quite entire, narrowed into a petiole at the base, coriaceous and evergreen.
Umbels axillary or terminal, nearly sessile. Pedicels stiff, 3 to 5 lines long.
Calyx near 3 lines long, with very obtuse stiff much-imbricated divisions,
closely covermg the tube of the coroUa, which is about theii' length. CoroUa-
lobes about the same length, spreading or reflexed, stiff, and veiy acute.
Stamens shortly exserted. Ovary veiy pointed, growing out into a curved
horn-like fruit, about an in. long.

In salt-water marshes, Champion, Hance. Frequent on the shores of tropical Asia and
Australia.

7. REPTONIA, A. DC.

(Monotheca, A. DC.)

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with 5 spreading lobes, convolute in the bud, and
5 small scales or appendages (or steiile stamens ?) alternating with them, in-
serted in the mouth of the short tube. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube oppo-
site the lobes. Ovary superior, with 1 to 4 ovules erect from the base, with-
out any fleshy placenta. Dmpe globular. Seed albuminous. — Shmbs. Leaves
evergreen, entire. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or short branching
racemes or panicles.

A genus containing, besides the subjoined species, only one other thorny one from Arabia
and Western India.

1 . R. laurina, BentJi., n. sp. A glabrous unarmed shrub. Leaves narrow-
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a petiole, coria-
ceous, smooth, with a few raised veins underneath, diverging obliquely from
the midrib. Flowers very small, in axillaiy panicles of near 2 in. long, with
small scale-like bracts at the base of the branches, and short pedicels. Calyx-
lobes broad, much imbricated, about | line long. Corolla spreading to about
2 lines diameter. Anthers almost sessile. Ovary apparently with only 1
ovule, erect fi'om the base. Beny ovoid-oblong, about ^ in. long, with one
seed, not quite ripe in the specimens, but apparently with a thick fleshy
albumen.

Hongkong, Harland. I regret much that the only specimens I have seen of this very in-
teresting plant are not in a better state, for although the two flowers I examiucd appear
perfect as to the corolla, stamens, and style, the ovule and most of the gro^^ing ovaries were
more or less diseased. One only fi-uit appeared to be in a normal state, but that was not
ripe enough to see the embryo.

Oeder lxvl SAPOTAGE^.

Calyx free, of 4 to 8, usually 5, divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, more
or less divided into as many or rarely twice as many lobes. Fertile stamens,
either equal in number to the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them, or
twdce as many, besides w^hich are often sterile stamens, either alternating Avith
the fertile ones or in the form of small scales, alternating with the lobes of the
corolla. Ovary superior, 2- or more celled, with one pendulous or erect ovule

Sapotacea.'} sapotace^. 209

in each cell. Style simple, with an entire or slightly lobed stigma. Fruit a
berry or drupe, usually iudehiscent. Seeds either with a fleshy albumen and
foliaceous cotyledons, or witliout albumen and with fleshy cotyledons. — Trees
or shrubs, with the juice frequently milky. Leaves alternate, entire, usually
coriaceous, without stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered.

An Order widely distributed over both the New and the Old World, within the tropics
or not spreading far beyond them.

1. SIDEROXYLON, Linn.

Calyx and corolla 5 -lobed. Stamens 5 fertile inserted in the tube of the
corolla opposite its lobes, and 5 small sterile scale-like ones alternating with
the corolla-lobes. Ovary 5-celled, or rarely 4- or 2-celled. Berry ovoid or
globiQar, with 1 to 3 seeds. Albumen fleshy. Embryo in the centre, almost
as long, with broad thin cotyledons. — Flowers small, usually white, in axillary
clusters.

A considerable genus, with nearly the range of the whole Order.

1. S. Wightianum, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. 41 ; A. DC. Prod.
viii. 178, not of Wall. An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves evergreen, from
broadly oblong or almost obovate to narrow-oblong, obtusely acuminate,
2 to 4 in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a rather long petiole, pale under-
neath ; the pinnate veins and transverse reticulations conspicuous on both
sides. Pedicels about 3 lines long. Flowers small, whitish, the lobes of the
corolla and sterile stamens usually rather broader than represented in the above
quoted plate. Ovary hairy. Fruit about ^ in. long.

In the Happy Valley woods, Mount Victoria, and Little Hongkong, Champion, Wilford,
and others : also on the adjacent continent, but not known beyond S. China.

Order LXVII. EBENACE^.

Flowers regular, usually dioecious. Calyx free, 3- to 5 -lobed, or rarely
with 6 or 7 lobes. Corolla-lobes as many, imbricate in the bud. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla or on the torus within it, indefinite, usually
about 15 in the male flowers, much fewer and sterile in the females; anthers
erect, linear or lanceolate. Ovaiy free, 3- or more celled, with 1 or 2 pen-
dulous ovules in each cell. Styles as many or half as many as cells, distinct
or more or less united, simple or 2-cleft, with small terminal stigmas. Fruit
a berry, usually indehiscent. Seeds few, with albumen ; radicle superior ; co-
tyledons foliaceous. — Trees or shrubs ; the juice not milky. Leaves alternate,
entire, without stipules. Flowers axillary, the females often solitaiy, the males
usually clustered or in small cymes.

A rather small Order, spread over tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, America, and
southern Afiica, with a very few Australian species.

Ovary 3 -celled 1. Rospidios.

Ovary 4-, 8-, or more celled 2. Diospyros.

1. ROSPIDIOS, A. DC.

Characters of Diospyros, except that tlie ovary is 3-celle(l with 3 styles. —
Shrubs with small leaves.

210 EBENACEii:. \Rospidios.

A genus consisting of the following species only, and perhaps not separated from Biospy-
ros on adequate grounds.

1. R. vaccinioides, A. BC. Prod. viii. 220. A low much-branched
evergreen shrub, much resembling tlie common Box when growing. Branches
and young leaves covered with appressed rusty hairs. Leaves ovate, acute,
l^sually about ^ in. long, coriaceous, glabrous when fuU grown, without any
prominent veins except the midrib. Flowers small, axillai-y, pendulous, nearly
sessile. Calyx-lobes 4, lanceolate-subidate, about H lines long, hairy. Co-
roUa-tube about as long, glabrous except a few hairs on the angles ; the 4
lobes short, spreading, and very acute. Berries globular. — Diospyros vac-
cinioides, Lindl. in Hook. Exot. M. t. 139.

Very abundant all over the island, Champion and others. Also on the hills of the Malayan
Peninsula. I have only seen male flowering and female fruiting specimens.

2. DIOSPYROS, Linn.

Flowers dicecious. Calyx and corolla-lobes 4, 5, or 6. Stamens usually
15 or 16 in the males, about 8 and stei-ile in the females. Ovary usually 4-
or 8-celled, rarely 10- or 12-ceUed, with 1 ovule in each ceU. Styles 2 or 4,
more or less united at the base and usually 2-cleft at the top. Beiiy 4- or
8 -celled, usually covered at the base by the somewhat enlarged calyx. — Trees or
rarely shrubs. Flowers axillaiy, the females solitaiy, the males usually several
together in little clusters, sometimes lengthening out into cymes or racemes.

A considerable genus, having nearly the same range as the Order, but rare in S. Africa.

Glabrous. Leaves petiolate 1. D. Morrisiana.

Branches, young leaves, and calyxes hairy. Leaves almost sessile . . 2. D. eriantha.

1. D. Morrisiana, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 14. A skrub (or tree?),
with the young shoots veiy sbghtly pubescent, otherwise quite glabrous.
Leaves oblong or the lower ones ovate, obtuse or acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long,
coriaceous, shining above ; the veins underneath few and slight, on petioles of
2 to 4 lines. Flowers white, the males 2 or 3 together, nodding, on pubes-
cent pedicels of about 1 line long. Calyx broadly campanulate, about 1 line
long, with 4 short triangular lobes. Corolla-tube nearly twice as long, with
4 short spreading lobes. Stamens 15 to 20, with haiiy anthers. Female
flowers hitherto undescribed, and I have not seen them. Fruit yellow, ob-
long or nearly globular, about 8 lines diameter, 4 -celled. Seeds 1 in each
cell, chestnut-coloured, oblong, compressed.

On Mounts Victoria, Gough, and Parker, Champion, Hance ; also Wright. Not known
as yet out of the island.

2. D. eriantha. Champ, in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 302. A small tree ; the
young branches and under side of the young leaves covered \vith stiff appressed
rusty hairs, which disappear on the old leaves except on the midrib or prin-
cipal veins. Leaves nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in
opposite rows, smooth and shining above, with prominent very oblique veins
underneath. Flowers nearly sessile ; the females solitary, the males 2 or 3
together, not nodding. Calyx deeply lobed, very hairy, about 2 lines long
when in flower, twice as long in fruit, with ovate acute lobes, and surrounded
at the base by 2 or 3 imbricate obtuse deciduous scaly bracts. Corolla
white, very hairy outside ; the tube about 3 lines long ; the lobes about 2 lines,

Diospyros!] ebenace.^. 211

and very acute. Ovary very hairy, 2-celled according to Champion, with 1
pendulous ovule in each ; I found, however, in the only female flower I could
examine, 4 cells with 1 ovule in each. Styles 2, united to the middle and
apparently undivided, but the summits were injured. Berry oblong, above
\ in. long, glabrous or liaiiy, with a single seed.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion ; also Wright. Not known out of the island.

Order LXVIII. STYRACACE^.

Calyx-tube usually more or less adherent ; the limb 5- or rarely 4-lobed.
Corolla deeply divided into as many lobes or rarely into twice as 'many, the
additional lobes forming an inner smaller series alternating with the outer
ones. Stamens usually indefinite, sometimes only twice as many or equal in
number to the corolla-lobes, attached in one or more series to the bfise or
within the tube of the corolla. Ovary more or less inferior or very rarely
quite superior, 2- to 5 -celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell, either all
pendulous or the upper ones erect. Fruit more or less succulent and inde-
hiscent, or rarely opening in valves. Seed usually solitary, the embryo in the
axis of a fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed,
without stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or in simple or branched racemes.

A'small Order, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Auierica,
with very few African species and one only extending into southern Eui'ope.

Corolla-lobes much imbricate. Stamens indefinite. Anthers short. Ovules

2 in each cell. Fruit inferior 1 . Symplocos.

Corolla-lobes imbricate or valvate. Stamens 10. Anthers hnear. Ovules

several in each cell. Fruit superior 2. Styeax.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed, adherent. Corolla 5-lobed or in some American spe-
cies 6- to 10-lobed, the lobes much imbricate in the bud. Stamens inde-
finite, usually more than 15 ; filaments filiform; anthers smaU, ovoid or glo-
bular. Ovary more or less inferior, 2- to 5 -celled, with 2 or very rarely 3
ovules in each ceU. Style filiform, entire or shortly lobed at the top. Beny
fi-om globular to oblong, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, usually with
1 or 2 seeds only. Embryo with a long radicle and very short cotyledons. —
Trees or shrubs, the specimens almost always taking a yellow tinge in drying.
Flowers small, in axillary racemes or clusters, each one solitary in the axil of
a small bract, with 2 bracteoles under the calyx.

A considerable genus, common to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America.
Flowers in dense clusters, or in racemes not longer than the petioles.
Fruit ovoid or oblong.

Clusters dense, quite sessile. Leaves veined. Ovary glabrous . . \. S. congesia.

Racemes few-flowered, about as loug as the petiole. Leaves very co-
riaceous, scarcely veined. Ovary hairy at the top . . . . . 2. -S. crassifoJia.
Flowers in racemes (or loose spikes), longer than the petiole. Fruit
smaU, globular.

Racemes simple 3. 5. microcarpa.

Racemes branched 4. 5. spicafa.

1 S. congesta, Benth., n. sp. An evergreen shrub, glabrous except a

p 2

212 STYRACACEiE. [Sl/mpl0C0S.

slig-lit pubescence on tlie young buds. Branches short, terete. Leaves ovate,
shortly acuminate, 2 or S'in. long, entire or rarely boi-clered with small glan-
dular teeth, on a thick petiole of about 3 lines, coriaceous and shining above,
but less so than in the following species and the veins much more prominent
underneath. Flowers closely sessile, in very dense axillaiy clusters ; the
bracts broad, short, and slightly hairy. Calyx near 1^ lines long, divided to
below the middle into 5 broad obtuse brown lobes. Corolla -lobes obtuse,
about 3 lines long. Stamens numerous, inserted in the very short tube, and
longer than the lobes. Ovary quite glabrous, 3-celled, with 3 pendulous ovules
in each cell. Pruit oblong, more than ^ in. long.

Rare iu the island, Champion. Received also in Fortune's Chinese collection, but in no
other one.

3. S. crassifolia, Benth., n. sp. A perfectly glabrous shrub, with an-
gular branches like those of S. japonica. Leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, 3
to 3 in. long, quite entire or with "a few small teeth towards the top, nar-
rowed into a petiole of 4 to 6 lines, more stiff and coriaceous than in any
other species known to me, and not unlike the large entire-leaved varieties of
a Holly. Flowers 3 or 4 together in racemes about the length of the petiole ;
the lowest flower pedicellate, the others sessile. Bracts small, orbicular.
Calyx -lobes orbicidar, thin, about 1 line long. Corolla di\aded almost to the
base into obtuse lobes about 3 lines long. Ovary hairy at the top. Fruit
ovoid, not \ in. long.

On Victoria Peak, CJiampion. Not seen in any other collection. I had formerly thought
that this and the preceding species might be varieties of the S. japonica, but a careful com-
parison of more numerous specimens discloses too many points of ditference to admit of their
being united.

3. S. microcarpa, CJimnp. in Kew Journ. BoL iv. 303. A shrub or
small tree, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the racemes. Leaves
nearly sessile, oval or elliptical-oblong, with a long acumen, 3 to 3 in. long,
entire or more usually slightly crenated, not very coriaceous although shining
above, the reticulated veins more or less conspicuous underneath. Eacemes
(or rather interrupted spikes) i to 1 in. long, simple. Flowers small, quite
sessile, each in the axil of a small broad minutely ciliate bract. Calyx not
1 line, with orbicular thin lobes. Corolla scarcely above 1 line long, divided
almost to the base. Stamens about 30. Ovary glabrous on the top. Fmit
nearly globular, crowned by the inflected lobes of the calyx, about 3 lines
diameter.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion ; in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford. We have
not precisely the same form from the continent, but in Hooker's Sikkim collection is one
which may be a variety of the same species, with more pubescent racemes.

4. S. spicata, Roxh. ; A. DC. Prod. viii. 354 ; TFigJit, Illustr. t. 150.
A shrub or small tree, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves elliptical-
oblong, shortly acuminate, crenate or almost serrate, 3 to 4 in! long, nar-
rowed into a petiole of 4 to 5 lines, coriaceous and shining above ; the veins
prominent underneath and sometimes on both sides. Racemes 3 to 3 in. long,
more or less branched, and usually minutely pubescent or tomentose. Flowers
sessile, each in tlie axil of a broad, short, pubescent bract. Calyx scarcely 1
line long, glabrous, with orbicular lobes. Corolla-lobes 3 lines long, with a

.Symplocos.'] styracace^. 213

very short tube. Stamens numerous. Ovary glabrous on the top. Fmit
nearly globular, about 2 lines diameter, crowned by the persistent calyx-
lobes.

Hongkong, Harland. On the adjacent continent, and widely spread over E. India from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Khasia, Silhet, and the Archipelago, varying considerably in
foliage. The Chinese specimens agree, however, precisely with the common Silhet form.

2^'XSTYIIAX, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, truncate or obscurely toothed, shortly adherent at the
base or free. Corolla deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4- or 6-lobed) ; the lobes imbri-
cate or valvate in the bucl. Stamens twice as many as corolla-lobes, appa-
rently in a single series ; filaments short ; anthers linear, erect. Ovaiy half-
inferior or entirely superior, completely or incompletely 3-celled or almost 1-
celled. Ovules attached to the axis, several in each cell, all erect or the upper
ones erect and the lower pendulous. Style filiform, with an entire or 3-lobed
stigma. Fruit surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, globular or
ovoid, either indehiscent or the rather thick pericarp opening more or less
into 3 valves. Seed solitary, erect, globular or ovoid. Albumen fleshy. Em-
bryo usually oblique. — Shrubs or small trees, usually more or less covered
with a close mealy or scaly pubescence. Flowers much larger than in Syni-
plocos, usually drooping, either 1 or 2 in the upper axils or forming a short
loose terminal raceme,

A considerable genus, ranging over the tropical, subtropical, or even temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, and extending also southward of the tropics in S. America.

Leaves green and glabrous on both sides. Corolla-lobes imbricate in

the bud 1. 5. odoratissima.

Leaves scaly-pubescent, or tomeutose underneath. Corolla-lobes val-
vate in the bud 2.. .5. suberifqlia.

1. S. odoratissima, Cham,p. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 304. A beautiful
moderate-sized shrub, with very little of the scurfy pubescence of the genus,
except on the inflorescence and floAvers. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petiole of 2 to 4 lines, usually entire, thin,
green on both sides, and reticulately veined. Flowers white, SAveetly scented.
Calyx near 3 lines long. Corolla white, near \ in. long, the lobes thin and
much imbricated. Ovary completely 3-celled when young, with the ovules all
ascending, and adnate to the calyx to about one-half its length. Fruit to-
mentose, globular or slightly ovoid, obliquely acuminate by the persistent
style, by which it differs from that of most species, either indehiscent, or rarely
splitting into 3 valves from the base upwards, or from the apex downwards.

Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion ; also IVriyht. Not known out of tlic islaiul.

2. S. suberifolia. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. 40 ; DC. Prod. viii.
261. A shrub or small tree, the bi*anches, under side of the leaves, and inflo-
rescence covered with a dense scaly pubescence or tomentum, which often as-
sumes a reddish colour. Leaves from oval-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 2 to 4 in. long, naiTOwed into a petiole of about \ in., usually entire,
coriaceous, glabrous and reticulate on the upper side. Pedicels very short.
Calyx 1^ lines long. Corolla about 5 lines; the lobes narrow-oblong, valvate

214 STYHACACE^. [Styrox.

in the bud. Ovary free, l-celled from the base at the time of flowering, with
near 20 ovules on an axile placenta, the upper ones ascending, the lower ones
pendulous. Fruit globular, obtuse, opening in 3 thick valves. — Cyrta suberi-
folia, Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, iii. 279.

Rather common in the Happy Valley woods, Chawpion ; and at Little Hongkong, IFtl-
ford ; also Wright ; aud on the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China. The
three groups proposed by Miers, under the names of Styrax, Cyrta, and Strigilia, although
they cannot perhaps be so strictly limited as laid down in the work above quoted, form very
good sections ; but it appears to me that Styrax, as a whole, is far too natural to be thus
broken up into distinct genera. The degree of adherence of the ovaiy, and of the persistence
of its dissepiments is variable in species otherwise closely aUied.

Order LXIX. JASMINACE^.

Calyx usually small, 4- or 5-lobed, or rarely 6- to 8-lobed, or toothed, or
almost entire. CoroUa 4- or 5-lobed, or rarely 6- to 8-lobed, with a long or
short tube, or sometimes divided to the base into 4 petals, or rarely 2-petaled
or entirely wanting. Stamens 2, adhering to the base of the coroUa, on op-
posite sides of the ovary, or hypogynous in apetalous flowers. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2, or rarely 1 or 3 ovules in each cell, ascending or pendulous, from the
inner angle. Fruit succulent or capsular, entire or 2-lobed, 2 -celled, or re-
duced to a single cell and seed. Seeds wuth or without albumen. Embrj^o
straight. — Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, or very rarely
alternate, entire or pinnate. FloAvers in axillary or terminal panicles, some-
times reduced to dense clusters.

A small Order, dispersed over the greater part of the warmer or temperate regions of the
globe. The two Suborders are sometimes considered as distinct Orders.

Suborder 1. Oleinese. — CoroUa ^-lobed or none. Ovules pendulous. Fruit entire.
Fruit .dry, narrow, ending in a narrow wing. Trees with pinnate leaves . 1. Fraxinus.
Fruit succulent. Leaves simple, entire.

Fruit a drupe. Panicles or clusters axillary. Corolla-lobes imbricate . 2. Olea.

Fruit a berry. Panicles terminal. CoroUa-lobes valvate 3. Ligustrum.

Suborder 2. Jasxninese. — Corolla 5- or more lobed. Ovules ascendiny. Fruit (tvhen
•perfect) 2-lobed. (Leaves in the Hongkong species compound with 3 leaflets) 4. Jasminum.

1. FRAXINUS, Linn.

Flowers usually polygamous. Corolla either none, or of 2 or 4 petals,
scarcely cohering at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dr^^, indehiscent, nar-
row, ending in an oblong or linear stiff wing. Seeds 1 or 2, pendulous, with
a thin fleshy albumen. — Trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets usually toothed.
Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes.

A rather considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, penetrating into the tropics only in moimtain districts.

1. F. retusa. Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 330. A glabrous tree.
Leaflets usually 5, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, 2 to
3 in. long, on petiolules of 3 to 6 lines, slightly seiTate, and much reticulated.
Panicles not so long as the leaves. Flowers numerous, white, on slender
pedicels 1 to l^ lines long. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or very shortly and
obtusely 4 -toothed, about ^ line long. Petals 4, riarrow-oblong, 1^ lines

Fraxinus.] jASMiNACEiK. 215

long, imbricate in the bud. Stamens longer. Fruit linear, about f in. long,
including the wing, about 1^ lines broad in the broadest part, and always
emarginate at the top.

In woods in the Happy Valley, near the waterfall, Champion, Hance ; also near Amoy,
Fortune. I had formerly thought that this might be a variety of the widely spread F.Jlori-
bunda. Wall., but a closer examination shows that it differs in the calyx, which is twice as
large, and not deeply lobed as in that species, and in the reticulation of the leaflets, besides
the constantly notched fruit, which appeai-s to be always acute in F. florihimda.

2. OLE A, Linn.

Flowers often polygamous. Corolla 4-lobed, with a short tube, or rarely
none; the lobes usually imbricate in the bud. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendu-
lous ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seed usually 1, pendulous, with a
fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, coriaceous. Flowers small,
in axillaiy racemes, panicles, or clusters, or, in some African species, in termi-
nal panicles.

A genus comprising several African aud Asiatic or Mediterranean species, with one from
N. America, and another from New Zealand.

]. O. xnarginata, Champ, in Keiv Journ. Bot. iv. 330. A holly-like
evergreen shrub, apparently dioecious. Leaves chiefly near the ends of the
branches, elliptical-oblong, obtuse or scarcely acuminate, 2| to near 5 in.
long, nan-owed into a stout petiole of f to 1 in., thickly coriaceous, smooth,
and shining above, the midrib alone prominent on the under side. Panicles
dense, minutely pubescent, not longer than the petiole. Lower bracts linear,
the upper ones minute. Calyx obtusely 4-lobed, about \ line long. Corolla-
tube al30ut 1 line ; the lobes broad, obtuse, quite glabrous, and imbricate in
the bud. Stamens rather longer. Ovary, in the flowers examined, all small
and abortive. The female specimens are in fi'uit only. Drupes oblong, about
\ in. long, with a woody putamen.

Near the top of the waterfall in the Happy Valley, Champion ; also Uance. Not received
from elsewhere, nor yet is it at all like any other Asiatic species known to me. On the other
hand, it very closely resembles the N. American 0. americana, Linn., from which om- speci-
mens only show some slight differences in the shape of the bracts, in the glabrous corolla-
lobes, and in the longer fruit.

The O.fragrans, Thunb., and 0. aquifolium, Sieb. and Zucc, are much cultivated iu gar-
dens, but are not stated to have established themselves in the island in a wild state.

3. LIGUSTRUM, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla 4-lobed with a long or short tube, tlie
lobes usually valvate in the bud. Ovary 2 -celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in
each cell. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a globular 2-celled berry. Seeds usually
solitary in each cell, pendulous, with a fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.—
Shrubs. Leaves entire, often coriaceous. Flowers rather small, white, in
terminal panicles.

A small genus, ranging over the mountains of Asia, from the Himalaya to Japan, with one
European species.

1. L. sinense. Lour.; BC. Prod. viii. 294. A shrub, with slender pu-
bescent spreading branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in.

216 JASMiNACE^. [Li(/ustrum.

long, glabrous or nearly so, and shining above when full grown, but always
more or less pubescent underneath. T'lowers in oblong pubescent panicles of
1 to 2 inches, much like those of the European Privet. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, entire. Corolla-tube exceedingly short ; the lobes spreading, about
1| lines long, valvate in the bud. Stamens rather longer. Beny globular
or nearly so, small. — Olea Walpersiana and 0. consanguinea, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 17 and 18.

Much cultivated in the gardens of the island, and found also frequently by roadsides, al-
though not perhaps truly indigenous, Champion ; also Hance. It is believed to be of Chinese
origin, and probably includes the L. Stauntoni, DC, with the characters of which some of
our Chinese continental specimens agree well. It is also very closely allied to, if not a
variety of L. nepaletise. Wall., from the Himalaya.

4. JASMINUM, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-tube usually cylindrical ; the limb spread-
ing, 5 or sometimes 6- to 8-lobed; the lobes oblique, contorted in the bud.
Stamens included in the tube. Ovaiy 2-lobed, with usually 2 ascending
ovules in each cell. Style 2-lobed at the tip. Beny 2-lobed (or entire by
the failui'e of 1 carpel). Seed usually solitaiy in each lobe, without albumen,
erect. — Shnabs or climbers. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, pinnate, Avith
3 or more entire leaflets, or apparently simple, being reduced to 1 leaflet, the
petiole being then articulate. Flowers white or yeUow, in axillary or terminal
panicles, or rarely almost solitarj^

A considerable genus, dispersed over the warmer regions of the Old World, with one or
two S. American species.

1. J. paniculatum, Roxh.; BC. Prod. viii. 310; Bot. Reg. t. 690. An
erect (or slightly climbing?) glabrous shmb. Leaves opposite; leaflets 3 or
rarely only 1, oblong, 2 to 3 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and shining, on pe-
tiolules of i to f in., the common petiole about as long. Flowers white, in
loose terminal panicles. Calyx about 1 line long, truncate, or very minutely
toothed. Corolla-tube near \ in. long ; the lobes lanceolate, mucronate, about
3 lines long. Beniea ovoid, about \ in. long, double and divaricate, or single
and erect.

Common on Victoria Peak, and in ravines of other biUs, Champion ; also Hance. On the
adjacent continent, and in Khasia.

Order LXX. APOCYNACE^.

Sepals 5, or very rarely 4, free or slightly united at the base, imbricate in
the bud. Corolla with 5 or very rarely 4 lobes, contorted in the bud, and
usually oblique. Stamens as many as the lobes of the coroUa, alternate with
them, inserted in the tube, and seldom protruding from it ; the anthers open-
ing inwards, free or cohering to the stigma. Ovaiy either 2-celled, or rarely
1 -celled with 2 parietal placentas, or more frequently the 2 carpels are dis-
tinct, but united at the top by a single style, usually thickened or expanded
in a ring under the stigma. Ovules usually several in each cell or carpel.
Fruit a beny, drupe, or more frequently consisting of 2 follicles opening in-
wardly. Seeds pendulous, or rarely ascending, usually with albumen. — Trees,
shrubs, woody climbers, or very rarely herbs, the sap mostly milky. Leaves

Apocynacece^ APOCYNACEiE. 217

opposite or wliorled, very rarely alternate, entire, usually without stipules, but
having frequently glands between the leaves, or in their axils, as also within
the calyx at its base. Flowers usually in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles.
A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few species from more temperate regions, both in
the northern and southern hemispheres.

Ovary single, the carpels completely united from the base.

Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Flowers large, yellow.

Capsule pi-ickly 1. Allamanda.

Ovary 2-celled. Flowers white, in close terminal cymes. Fruit

succulent, smooth 2. Mklodinus.

Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united only by the simple style.
Corolla-lobes ending in a long linear point. Dichotomous shrub,

with terminal cymes 6. Strophanthus.

Corolla-lobes shorter than, or about the length of the tube, obtuse
or acute.
Fruit of 1 or 2 drupes or berries.

Straggling or half-climbing shrub, with small, very obtuse,
opposite leaves and small flowers. Berries or drupes

stalked 3. Alyxia.

Tall erect shrub, with long alternate crowded leaves, and

rather large flowers. Drupe sessile 4. Cerbera.

Fruits follicular. Leaves opposite.

Small erect annual or perennial. Flowers 2 together, sessUe

in the axils. Follicles small, erect 5. Vinca.

Woody climbers or shrubs. Flowers in terminal trichoto-
mous cymes or panicles.
Corolla-lobes narrow, very oblique, about the length of the

tube.
• Anthers in the middle of the corolla-tube, sagittate . 7. Rhynchospermum.
Anthers small, at the base of the tube, obtuse at the

base 8. Aqanosma.

Corolla-lobes short, ovate, scarcely obhque. Flowers
small and numerous.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or ovoid ; the lobes spreading,

about half as long 9. Pottsia.

Corolla shortly campanulate 10. Ecdysanthera.

1. ALLAMANDA, Linn.

CoroUa-tube cylindrical at the base, with a large campanulate throat, and
broad spreading lobes, with two erect scales at the base of each. Anthers
sagittate, within the tube. Disk annular, entire. Ovaiy 1 -celled, with 2
parietal placentas. Style filiform, with a cylindrical 2-lobed stigma. Fniit a
prickly ovoid capsule. — Erect shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves wliorled, or
sometimes opposite. Flowers large, yellow,

A small genus, confined to tropical America, except where introduced.

1. A. cathartica, Linn.; DC. Prod, viii, 318; Bot. Mag. t. 338. A
tall woody climber. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, or rarely opposite, oblong,
acuminate, glabrous or slightly haiiy on the micb"ib underneath, with small
glands in their axils. Flowers large, yellow, few together in terminal sessile
cymes. Sepals lanceolate, about 5 lines long. Corolla with tlie naiTow ])art
of the tube about 1 in. long, the broad campanulate tliroat about as long, and
the broad oblique lobes also about 1 in, long.

218 APOCYNACEiE. [Jllamanda.

In the Happy Valley woods, Wilford ; also Wright. A tropical American species, escaped
from gardens although apparently wild.

2. MBLODIWUS, Eorst.

Calyx without glands. CoroUa-tube cylindrical ; limb spreading, with oblique
or falcate lobes, and 5 or 1 0 small erect scales at the mouth of the tube, either
free or united in a ring or cup. Anthers oblong, included in the tube. Ovary
single, 2 -celled. Style filiform, with a thickened conical stigma. Fruit ovoid
or globular, succulent. — Woody climbers. Leaves opposite. Flowers in ter-
minal sessile trichotomous cymes.

A small genus, confined to tropical Asia and the islands of the South Sea.
Scales of the mouth of the corolla 1 to 1^ lines long. Sepals very ohtuse.

Scales of the corolla united to the middle. Lobes broader than long 1. M. suaveolens.

Scales of the corolla free. Lobes longer than broad 2. ilf. monogijnus.

Scales of the corolla exceedingly short. Sepals, at least the outer ones,

acute 3- M.fusiformis.

1. M. suaveolens, Champ, in Kew Journ, Bot. iv. 333. A taU woody
climber, glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves
ovate, oblong, or almost lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely near 4 in.
long, smooth and shining on the upper side, but not so much so as in the two
following species, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Flowers white, sweet-scented,
in dense terminal trichotomous cymes, sessile above the last leaves, and shorter
than them. Pedicels short. Sepals orbicular, very obtuse, about H lines
long. Corolla-tube 4 to 5 lines long ; the lobes shorter, narrow at the base,
suddenly expanded, chiefly on one side, into a very oblique or falcate lamina,
broader than long, with 2 iiTegular teeth on the inner or expanded edge.
Scales of the throat more than a line long, united to about the middle into a
5- or 10-lobed cup. Berry globular. — Lyclmma suaveolens, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 31.

In the Happy Valley woods, Chamjnon, Hance, Wilford, Wright. Also on the adjacent
continent.

2. M. monogynus, Roxb.; A. DC. Prod. viii. 329; Bot. Reg. t. 834;
Bot. Mag. t. 2527. A tall woody climber resembling the last species in most
respects, but the leaves are usually longer and naiTOwer in proportion, often
above 4 in. long, more coriaceous, smooth and shining, the sepals scarcely so
broad, the flowers larger, the tube full 5 lines long, the lobes obovate or
broadly oblong, falcate with 1 or 2 teeth on the inner expanded edge, the
scales of the throat free, or scarcely connected at the very base, hairy inside. —
M. latiis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 332.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Widely spread over northern and eastern India,
and probably also in the Archipelago. The Hongkoug specimens have the scales of the
corolla longer and broader than most of the Indian ones, and sometimes slightly united at
the base, and I had therefore, in my former enumeration, adopted them as a distinct species,
but 1 now feel convinced, from the examination of more specimens, that whatever may be
thought of the two other Hongkong species, the present one is but a variety of the common
M. monogymts.

3. M. fusiformis. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 332. This species is
again very nearly allied to the M. monogynus, with the same general habit,
foliage and inflorescence, except that the leaves are usually smaller, and the
cymes fewer-flowered. Sepals ovate, the outer ones more or less acute. Co-

Melodinus.] apocynace^. 219

rolla of the size of M. monogyyius, but the lobes less oblique and less distinctly
toothed on the inner edge, and the scales of the throat very small and liairy.
The berry, according- to Champion, is spindle-shaped or pear-shaped, the size of
a large apple. In a specimen of Wright's, if not mismatched, it is globular.
Hongkong, Champion, on Victoria Peak, Wilford; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

3. ALYXIA, 11. Br.

Calyx without glands. CoroUa-tube cylindrical or slightly contracted at
the top ; the limb spreading, the lobes ovate or oblong, without scales at the
throat. Anthers enclosed in the tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united
by a single style, with a capitate or oblong stigma. Ovules several in each
carpel. Fruit a single-seeded ovoid or oblong drupe or beny, or sometimes
consisting of 2 one-seeded joints placed end to end, or rarely 2 from the same
flower, as only one of the carpels usually ripens.

A small genus, chiefly Austrahan or from the islands of the Pacific, with a verj- few S.
Asiatic species.

1. A. sinensis. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 334. A strao-frlino-^
prostrate, or somewhat climbing glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite or in whorls
of three, oval or obovate, obtuse, rarely more than 1 in. long, coriaceous,
smooth and shining, with a thick recurved edge, on short petioles. Flowers
in small sessile panicles or clusters, either terminal or in the forks of the upper
branches. Sepals little more than \ line long. Corolla-tube rather more than
1 line, cylindrical or slightly contracted at the top ; the lobes small, ovate,
spreading. Berries ovoid, about \ in. long.

On rocky hills, in ravines and woods, very common, Champion; not common, Wilfurd ;
also Wright. Not known out of the island.

4. CERBERA, Linn.

Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical. The lobes ovate, spread-
ing, without scales at the throat. Anthers linear-lanceolate, included in the
tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, with a conical
2-lobed stigma. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit a nearly globular drupe,
flattened on one side, with a wood}' endocarp, usually one-seeded. — Shrubs or
small trees. Leaves alternate, crowded on the young branches. Flowers
white, in terminal cymes or panicles.

A genus of very few species, from the Pacific Islands and tropical Asia.

1. C: OdoUam, Gartn.; A. DC. Prod. viii. 353 ; Wight, Ic. t. U\. A
glabrous erect shrub, with thick herbaceous branches. Leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, narrowed into a rather long petiole ; the
lateral veins transverse. Flowers white, sweet-scented, in a dense terminal
pedunculate cyme. Sepals oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, about \ in.
long. Corolla-tube 1 in. long ; the lobes about half as long, ol)ovate-oblong.

On low grounds, chiefly near the sea, Champion, at Aberdeen and Litflc Hongkong,
Wilford. Widely distributed over the maritime districts of India, the Archipelago, and the
Pacific islands. *

5. VINCA, Linn.
Calyx without glands inside, but tlic sepals sometimes glaudular-ciliate on
the edge. Corolla-tube slender, the lobes ovate or oblong, oblique, spreading,

220 APOCYNACE^. [Finca.

without scales at tlie throat. Anthers inckided in the tube. Disk of 2 oblong
glands, alternating with the carpels. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by a
single style, with several ovules in each cai-pel. Stigma conical or cylindrical.
Fruit of 2 cylindrical erect or spreading follicles. Seeds oblong-cylindrical,
without any coma. — Herbs or undershrubs, erect, or with long creeping
branches. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillaiy, solitary or 2 together.

A small genus, dispersed over various parts of the world.

1. V. rosea, Lmn. ; DC. Prod. viii. 882 ; Bof. Mag. I. 248. An erect
slightly pubescent perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, branching at the base only, and
often flowering the first year. Leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, 1 to 2
in. long, naiTowed into a very short petiole. Flowers pink or white, 2 to-
gether in the axils of the leaves, and almost sessile. Sepals short, subulate,
pubescent. Corolla-tube slender, about f in. long ; the lobes broad, oblique,
not much shorter than the tube.

In waste places, apparently wild, Champion, also Wright. A tropical American species,
introduced into tropical Asia, where it is now a common weed, besides being much cultivated
in gardens for ornament.

6. STROPHANTHUS, DC.

Calyx with a few glands inside at the base of the sepals. Corolla-tube
cylindrical, usually enlarged at the top ; the lobes very long and linear, some-
what broader at the base, with 2 scales at the mouth ot the tube opposite
each lobe. Anthers sagittate, included in the tube, cohering to the stigma.
Disk none. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, with several
ovules in each. Fmit of 2 thick follicles horizontally diverging. Seeds with
a terminal coma of long silky hairs. — Erect or climbing shrubs, the branches
usually dichotomous. Leaves opposite. Flowers rather large, in short ter-
minal cymes.

A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. S. divergens, G7'aJi. in Maund. Bot. iii. t. 150 ; A. DC. Prod. viii.
417. An erect, dichotomous, glabrous shrub. Leaves elliptical-oblong,
shortly acuminate and mucronate, 2 to 3 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of
2 or 3 lines. Flowers terminal, solitary or few together in sessile trichoto-
mous cymes. Sepals narrow-lanceolate or linear, about 5 lines long. CoroUa-
tube about \ in. long, with a short campanulate throat ; the scales about 1^
lines long ; the lobes lanceolate at the base, ending in narrow-lineat points,
fuU 2 in. long when full-gTOwn. Follicles hard and woody, veiy divergent,
4 to 6 in. long and very thick. Seeds ending in a long point, with a beau-
tiful coma of very long silky hairs.

Abundant near the level of the sea, Champion. Low ground at Saywan, Wilford, also
Wright. Not known out of S. China.

7. RHYNCHOSPERMUM, A. DC.

Calyx with a ring of glands inside at its base. Corolla-tube cylindi-ical ;
the limb spreading, with oblique oblong or obovate lobes. Anthers sagittate,
included in the tube about the middle. Disk 5-lobed or of 5 distinct glands.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by the single style, with several ovules in

RhyficTiospermum.'] APOCYNACEiE. 221

each. Stigma oblong. Fruit of 2 long linear follicles. Seeds ending in a
naiTow neck, with a coma of long silky hairs. — Woody climbers. Leaves op-
posite. Flowers in loose terminal tricliotomous cymes, sometimes appearing
axillary by the growing out of a lateral bud.

A small genus from tropical or eastern Asia, not perhaps sufficiently distinct from
J(/anos)na.

1. R. jasminoides, Lindl. in Journ. Bort. Soc. i. 74, and in Paxt. FL
Gard. ii. 26, /. 147. A slender woody climber, glabrous, or the young
branches more or less pubescent. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, 1 to 2 in. in the ^vild specimens, twice as long when cultivated,
on a very short petiole. Flowers white, sweet-scented. Sepals about 1 line
long, narrow, with a ring of about 20 glands more or less united into 5 at
their base inside. Corolla-tube about 3 lines long ; the lobes about as long,
oblong-cuneate and very oblique or falcate. Disk-glands distinct. Stigma
suiTounded at its base by a prominent ring. Follicles 3 or 4 in. long. I
have not seen the seeds. — Maloiietla asiaiica, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. FI.
Jap. fasc. ii. 39. Echltes saligna, Delile, in several herbaria. Parechitts
Thwibergii, A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 403.

Abundant on the top of Mount Gough, Champion. On the Chinese continent and in
Japan.

8. AGANOSMA, Don.

Calyx usually with a ring of glands inside at the base, occasionally with
fcAv or none. Corolla-tube cylindrical ; the limb spreading, with oblique nar-
row lobes about the length of the tube. Anthers sessile near the base of
the tube, not sagittate. Disk annidar or cup-shaped, shortly 5-lobed or
nearly entire. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by the single style, with
several ovules in each. Stigma spindle-shaped or cylindrical. Fruit of
2 long linear follicles. Seeds with a coma of long silky hairs. — Woody
climbers or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white, in terminal triclioto-
mous cymes, often appearing axillary by the growing out of a lateral bud.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. A. Isevis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 335. An evergreen, gla-
brous straggling shrub or climber. Leaves narrow-oblong or lanceolate, acu-
minate, 2 to 4 in. long, smooth and shining, with few distant oblique lateral
veins, narrowed into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines. Flowers white, numerous, in
tricliotomous cymes or dense panicles at the ends of the branches. Sepals
small, narrow-ovate, without glands. Corolla-tube 2 lines long, pul)escent
inside ; the lobes about as long, narrow, oblique, pubescent above. Anthers
short, obtuse at the base. Disk annular, minutely toothed. Fruit unknown.
— Ilolarrhena affinis, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 198 ?

In a ravine, Chawpion ; at Little Hongkong and West Point, Wilford ; also Hinds and
Wright; and on the adjacent continent. This plant differs from the others of the genus in
the absence of the calycine glands. I have not been able positively to verify Hooker and
Arnott's synonym, for the original specimen of Ilolarrhena affinis cannot now be found in
the Hookerian Herbarium.

9. POTTSIA, Hook, and Arn.

Calyx with a ring of glands on the inside at the base. Corolla-tube ex lin-

!J32 APOCYNACEiE. [Pottsia.

drical ; the limb spreading, wdth short, scarcely oblique lobes. Anthers pro-
jecting fi'om the tube, sagittate ; the 2 basal lobes ending in long points.
Disk annular, deeply 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, connected by a
single style, with an ovoid stigma. Ovules several in each carpel. — Climbers.
Leaves opposite. Flowers small, paniculate.

A genus consistiug of only one, or perhaps two, species from tropical Asia.
I. P. cantoniensis. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 198, ^. 43. A slender
woody climber, glabrous, or the young branches sprinkled with a minute brown
pubescence. Leaves fi'om cordate-ovate to oblong, obtusely acuminate, 2 to
3 in. long, on a slender petiole of |^ to 1 in. long, smooth and shining on the
upper side. Flowers small, pink, in a large loose terminal trichotomous pa-
nicle, each pedicel about 3 lines long. Calyx scarcely f line, and in the
Chinese as well as in the Indian specimens I always find about 20 glands.
Corolla-tube about 2 lines long ; the lobes little more than half as long, ovate
and scarcely oblique, although convolute in the bud. Disk-lobes lanceolate,
longer than the carpels. — P. ovata, A. DC. Prod. viii. 442. P. Hookeriana,
Wight, Ic. t; 1306.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Also in Khasia, Silhet, Malacca, and Java.

10. ECDYSANTHERA, Hook, and Arn.

Calyx with 1 or 2 glands between each 2 lobes on the inside. CoroUa
campanulate ; the lobes ovate, scarcely obtuse, about as long as the tube.
Stamens inserted in the tube ; the anthers scarcely protruding, sagittate, the
basal lobes short, sterile. Disk annular, entire or slightly crenate. Ovary of
2 distinct carpels, united by a short style with a conical stigma. Fruit of 2
diverging follicles. Seeds with a coma of long silky hairs. — Climbers. Leaves
opposite. Flowers small, numerous, in loose terminal or axdlaiy panicles.

A genus of very few species, all from tropical Asia. It scarcely differs from Pottsia, to
which at any rate ought probably to be referred the IE. ylandulifera, DC, as well on ac-
comit of the calycine glands and the disk, as the shape of the corolla.

Leaves glaucous underneath. Corolla 2 hues long 1. ^. rosea.

Leaves green underneath. CoroUa scarcely above 1 line long . . . 2. ^. micrantha.

1. S. rosea. Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 42 ; A. DC. Prod. viii. 442.
A taU climber, with slender branches, glabrous, except a veiy slight glaucous
pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves oval-oblong, shortly acuminate, 1^ to
2 in. long or seldom more, naiTowed into a petiole of 4 to 6 lines, somewhat
shining above, glaucous underneath. Flowers small, pink, very numerous, in
an elegant terminal panicle. Calyx not \ line long. CoroUa about 2 lines
long, rather broadly campanulate ; the lobes broad, obtuse, rather shorter than
the tube, scarcely oblique but contorted in the bud, and from right to left (as
seen from the centre of the flower) in aU the flowers I have examined of this
and the following species, not from left to right, as stated by De CandoUe.
Disk annular, entii-e, shorter than the pubescent carpels.

In ravines at West Point, Champion; woods of the Happy Valley, Wilford ; also Wright.
On the adjacent continent and in Java, and perhaps the Malayan Peninsula.

2. E. micrantha, A. DC. Prod. viii. 442. A tall climber like the last,
but not so slender, perfectly glabrous except the inflorescence, which is slightly
pubescent, but without the glaucous mealy look of E. rosea. Leaves more

Ecdysanthera.'] apocynace/E. 223

like those of Pottsia cantoniensis, ovate, obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
on petioles of |- in. or more, smooth and shining above and not glaucous un-
derneath. Panicles terminal or in the upper axils, trichotomous, broad and
loose. Plowers numerous, much smaller than in E. rosea, the corolla scarcely
above 1 line long and more broadly campanulate. Disk annular, shorter than
the carpels and shghtly 5-crenate.

Hongkong, Wriffht. Also Kliasia, Assam, and Sikkim, the broader leaves of the Hongkong
specimens, and the flowers perhaps not quite so small, give them a rather different look from
the Indian ones ; but on a careful comparative examination I cau find nothing else to sepa-
rate them.

Order LXXI. ASCLEPIADEiE.

Sepals 5, free or slightly united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Corolla
5-lobed, usually rotate or broadly campanulate, with a very short tube, more
rarely with a lengthened tube and erect or spreading lobes, valvate or con-
torted in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the very base of the tube ; the
short filaments connate in a tube (called the yi/nosiegium) enclosing the pistil.
Anthers erect, 2-celled or rarely almost 4-celled, opening inwards, each cell
containing usually a single globular oblong or linear pollen-mass ; those of
the adjoining cells (of different anthers) attaching themselves in pairs, or in
fom's, to 5 processes of the stigma ; the anther usually terminating beyond
the cells in a small membrane or point. Outside the stamens is often a so-
called staminal corona, consisting either of 5 scales alternating with the lobes
of the corolla, or of a ring at its base, or more frequently a 5-lobed wing at-
tached to the staminal tube, each lobe at the back of an anther, and having
often an appendage inside it. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels with short styles
united at the top. Stigma usually a flat pentagonal disk, sometimes termi-
nating in a cone or long point, bearing at its angles the little processes to
which the pollen-masses are attached, and which fall off with them. Ovules
numerous. Fruit consisting of 2 follicles (or a single one by the abortion of
the other). Seeds several, terminating usually in a coma or tuft of silky hairs.
Albumen thin. Embryo straight. — Herbs, twiners, or rarely shrubs or even
trees ; the juice frequently milky. Leaves opposite, very rarely whorled or
alternate, entire. Elowers usually small, in axillary or lateral, or more fre-
quently interpetiolar {i. e. on one side between the petioles) cymes, racemes or
umbels, rarely large and showy.

A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few extratropical species as well in the New as the
Old World, and in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Corolla with a cylindrical tube above J in. long and spreading lobes . 6. Stepuanotis.
Corolla rotate, or campaniilate, or urceolate.
Corolla-lobes narrow-linear.

Stem twining. Staminal crown of 5 scales at the back of the an-
thers with internal appendages. Pollen-masses 4 to each anther 1. Toxocarpus.
Stem erect. Scales 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes. Pollen-
masses 2 to each anther 8- Pf.ntasacme.

Corolla-lobes ovate.

Leaves thick and fleshy.

Corolla small, with a globular tube of 1 line, and very short

lobes 9- DiscHiDiA.

224 ASCLEPIADE.E. [Asclepiadea .

Corolla broadly rotate, with scarcely any tube 10. Hoya.

Ijeaves membranous or coriaceous.

Stem erect. Corolla rotate 3. Asclepias.

Stem twining.

Corolla without appendages between the lobes. Staminal
corona of 5 lobes or scales on the gynostegium.
Corolla rotate, variegated, i in. diameter or more. Pollen-
masses pendulous 2. Holostemma.

Corolla rotate, \ in. diameter. Pollen-masses transverse . 4. Tvlophora.
Corolla narrow-campanulate, very hairy at the throat.

Pollen-masses erect ' 5. Marsdenia..

Corolla very small, nearly rotate, with scales between the

lobes. No staminal corona 7. Gymnema.

1. TOXOCARPUS, Wight and Arn.

Corolla rotate, ^vitll a very short tube ; the lobes narrow-linear, slightly con-
torted in the bud. Staminal corona of 5 lobes or scales attached to the back
of the anthers, and each with an appendage inside. Pollen-masses very small,
attached in fours to the processes of the stigma. Stigma terminating in a long
point or beak. — Twiners. Cymes axillaiy.

A geims confined to tropical Asia.

1. T. Wightianus, Hook, and Am. ; Dene, in DC. Trod. viii. 506. A
twiner, wdth the young branches pubescent. Leaves glabrous, elliptical or
oblong, acute or very shortly acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse at the base,
on a petiole of 2 to 8 lines, which is often pubescent. Flowers in small sessile
forked cymes, seldom half as long as the leaves. Pedicels very short. Sepals
lanceolate, pubescent, about 1 Ime long. Corolla-tube not half so lon^ ; lobes
narrow-linear, near 3 lines long, glabrous. Staminal corona longer than the
anthers, the lobes ovate, wath a flat lanceolate inner appendage fully as long.
Stigma ending in a thin linear appendage twice as long as the anthers. FolH-
eles thick, rusty-pubescent, about 2 in. long. — Schistoeodon Meyeni, Schau. in
PL Meyen. 363; Walp. Rep. vi. 479.

Hedges near West Point, Champion ; also Wright. Not known out of S. China.

2. HOLOSTEMMA, R. Br.

Corolla rotate, with a very short tube ; the lobes broadly ovate. Staminal
corona annular, inserted at the base of the gynostegium, with 5 erect lobes or
nearly entire. Pollen-masses pendulous, attached in pairs by their attenuated
end. Stigma not beaked. Follicles smooth. — Twiners. Flowers not small,
deeply coloured inside, in shortly pedunculate interpetiolar umbels or racemes.

A small tropical Asiatic species.

1. H. pictum, Champ, in Keic Journ.Bot. v. 53. A glabrous twiner.
Leaves stalked, oblong, acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, slightly cordate or rounded
at the base, smooth and shining above, pale underneath. Flowers at first in
an almost sessile umbel, which lengthens into a simple or forked raceme of

1 in. or more. Pedicels 3 to 5 lines long. Corolla glabrous, the lobes ovate,
very obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, elegantly variegated inside with purple and
yellow. Staminal corona shortly annular, with 5 erect lobes, equalling the
gynostegium, leaving broad intervals with a minute tooth in each. Follicles

2 to 3 in. long, very spreading, thick towards the base.

Holostemma.'] ASCLEPiADEiE. 225

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion ; in the Happv Valley woods, Wi/furd ; also
Hance and Wriyht. Not known out of the island.

3. ASCLEPIAS, Linn.

Corolla rotate ; the lobes valvate in the bud, at first spreading, then reflexed.
Staminal corona attached to the top of the g\ nostegiuin, consisting of 5 erect
hood-shaped lobes or scales, each with a horizontal horn-sha])ed process project-
ing from the base inside, and curved over the stigma. Pollen masses pendu-
lous, affixed in pairs by their attenuated end. Stigma flattened at the top.
Follicles smooth or with soft prickles. — Herbs, usually erect and little branched.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate. Umbels interpetiolar.

A considerable genus, all North American except where introduced, if the African genus
Gomphocarpus be considered as really distinct.

1. A. curassavica, Z/7z;/. ; Dene, in I)C. Prod. viii. 566; Bot. Beg.
^.81. An erect perennial, 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes slightly woody at the
base. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-laneeolate, acute, about 4 in. long,
narrowed into a short petiole, glabrous on both sides. Umbels many-flowered,
on peduncles shorter than the leaves. Corolla orange-red, about \ in. dia-
meter, the lobes reflexed. Staminal body yellower, on a stalk of about a line.
Hood-shaped scales of the staminal corona ovate, shorter than the inner
curved horn. Follicles smooth and glabrous, 2 to 3 in. long, acuminate and
narrowed into a stalk at the base.

Naturalized all over the island, Champion and others. A native of the ^Vest Indies, but
now spread in great abundance over most inhabited tropical regions.

4. TYLOPHORA, K. Br.

Corolla rotate, with ovate or lanceolate lobes. Staminal corona of 5 entire
scales, more or less adnate to the gynostegium at the back of the anthers, and
usually short, without inner appendages. Pollen- masses transverse or ascend-
ing, very small, attached in pairs. Stigma not pointed. Follicles smooth. —
Twiners. Flowers small, in one or in several umbels, alternately sessile along
an interpetiolar peduncle.

A considerable geaus, spread over the tropical and southern regions of the Old World.

1. T. hispida, Bene, in DC. Prod. viii. 610. A softly hairy herbaceous
twiner. Leaves usually ovate, minutely acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate
at the base, 1 to 2 in. long, on a petiole of 2 to 3 lines ; rarely broadly oblong or
nearly orbicular. Peduncles 1 to 2 in. long or even more, usually bent in zigzag
at each node or sessile umbel. Pedicels slender, 3 to 5 lines long. Flowers 2^
to 3 lines diameter. Staminal corona of 5 short orbicular glaud-like scales,
inserted near the base of the gynostegium, and scarcely reaching the base of
the anthers. — Diplolepls apiculata, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 68.

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
known out of S. China.

5. MARSDENIA, U. Br.

Corolla campanulate or ahuost urceolate, rarely nearly rotate ; the lobes
short ; the throat frecpiently closed b\ a tult of hairs, but sometimes glabrous.

226 ASCLEPIADE.E. [Marsdmia.

Staminal corona of 5 entire scales, inserted on the gynostegium behind the
anthers, acute or acuminate, without inner appendages. Pollen-masses erect,
ovoid, attached in pairs. Stigma convex or beaked. — Twiners. Flowers
usually small, in cymes or dense bunches, on interpetiolar peduncles.

A considerable genus, chiefly found in tropical Asia or in Australia, with a few species scat-
tered over tropical America, one Japanese and one S. European one.

Elowers scarcely 1^ lines long, turning a blue-black when dried, in
dense oblong bunches. Corolla-lobes glabrous, except the hairs
closing the throat \. 31. tinctoria.

Flowers 2 lines long, not turning blue, in a rather broad compact cymc;

Corolla-lobes tomentose inside 2. 31. lachnostoma.

1. M, tinctoria, R. Br. j Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 615 ; TFigId, Ic. t.
589. A twiner, with the young branches softly pubescent, but becoming-
glabrous with age. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, cordate
at the base, \^ to 3 in. long, more or less pubescent when yoimg, but nearly
glabrous when fuU-gTOwn. Peduncles about the length of the petioles, bear-
ing a dense ovoid or oblong bunch of small flowers, drying of a bluish-black
colour ; in some continental specimens the bunch lengthens out into a clustered
raceme of several inches. Sepals about \ line long, obovate and very obtuse.
Corolla nearly 1|- lines long, naiTOw-campanulate ; the lobes shorter than the
tube, and quite glabrous, except the ring of erect hairs which closes the throat.
Staminal corona of 5 narrow-lanceolate scales on the backs of the anthers and
nearly as long. Stigma not beaked. Pollicles hair}^, retlexed, about 2 in. long.

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Cliampion. Common in Eastern Bengal and Assam, ex-
tending to ISurmali and Java, and northward to Formosa.

2. M. lachnostoma, Benth., n. sp. A twiner, with the young branches
and inllorescence slightly pubescent, but otherwise quite glabrous. Leaves
oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, rounded or slightly cor-
date at the base, pale or glaucous underneath, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines.
Peduncles longer than the petioles, bearing a compact cyme or compound
umbel, much shorter than the leaf; the flow^ers larger than in M. tinctoria,
without any of the blue tint of that species. Pedicels about l«line. Sepals
about as long, ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla about 2 lines long, narrow'-cam-
panulate ; the lobes rather shorter than the tube and tomentose inside, with a
very dense tuft of woolly hairs closing the orifice, and a few reflexed ones in
the upper part of the tube. Staminal corona of 5 thin ovate-lanceolate scales
on the backs of the anthers and shorter than them. Stigma not beaked.

Hongkong, Wright. Not in any other collection, except perhaps a specimen in fruit from
Canton in the Hookerian Herbarium, which has the same foliage and infloresence. The
follicles are narrow, very divaricate or almost reflexed, 3 to 4 in. long, and glabrous.

6. STEPHANOTIS, Thou.

Corolla-tube cylindrical or slightly swollen at the base ; the lobes oblique,
spreading, contorted in the bud. Staminal-corona of 5 entire scales or lobes,
attached or adnate to the gynostegium behind the stamens, without inner
appendages. Pollen-masses erect, attached in pairs. Stigma conical or ovoid.
Follicles spreading. — Twiners. Leaves opposite. Flowers large, usually
sweet-scented, white, in pedunculate interpetiolar umbels.

Slephanotis.'] asclepiadetE. 227

A genus of several species, from Madagascar or from the Ttulian Archijjelago. The latter
belong, with the Hongkong one, to a section with the scales of the staniinal corona almost en-
tirely adnate, the tips alone being free, and easily overlooked, constituting the genus Ja^mi-
nanthes, Blume.

1. S. (Jasminanthes) chinensis. Champ. inKeio Jouni. Bot. v. 53. A tall
twiner, the young branches softly pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval-oblon"-,
acuminate, cordate at the base, 2 to 4 in. long, minutely pubescent, especially
on the veins, but becoming nearly glabrous on the upper side, on petioles of
i in. or more. Flowers white, sweet-scented at night, 2 to 6 together in irre-
gular pedunculate umbels, the pedicels often above 1 in. long. Sepals oblong,
4 to 5 lines long. Corolla-tube about \ in., rather swollen below, marked in-
side with oblique hairy lines attaining the height of the gynostegium. Lobes
lanceolate-falcate, 9 to 10 lines long. Staminal corona of 5 scales, almost en-
tirely adnate, black when dry, the tips alone shortly free. Anthers terminated
by a large oval-oblong concave membrane. Stigma ovoid at the top, as long
as the anther-membranes.

Rare in the Happy Valley, Champion; on Mount Gough, Wilford ; also Wriffhf. N'ot
known out of the island.

7. G-YMNEMA, E. Br.

Corolla rotate ; the lobes ovate, contorted in the bud, wdth small thick scales
alternating wdth them, and 2 decurrent hairy lines in the veiy short tube. No
staminal corona. Pollen-masses erect, ovoid, affixed in pairs. Follicles smooth.
— Twiners. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in almost sessile small interpe-
tiolar umbels.

A small genus, confined to the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. G. affine. Bene, in BC. Prod. viii. 622. A twiner, wdth branches and
inflorescence softly pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or oblong, obtuse or
very shortly acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed or rounded at the base, on a
petiole of 3 or 4 lines, glabrous on both sides, the veins regularly pinnate and
reticulate. Sepals very obtuse. Corolla about 2 lines diameter, with small
broad fleshy scales turned inwards, alternating with the lobes. Stigma broadly
and obtusely conical, projecting beyond the stamens. Follicles hard, about
2 in. long, broad and angular near the base. — G. syh-edre, var. c/iinensis,
Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 54.

Near the Hongkong Magazine Guard, Champion ; also Wriyht, and on the adjacent conti-
nent, but not known out of S. China. The ^Yallichian specimens described by Dccaisne
were from the Botanic Garden of Calcutta, introduced from China. The comniou Indian
G. syhestre, to which with Hooker and Arnott I had referred this species, is well distin-
guished by Dccaisne, differing in the pubescence, form, and venation of the leaves, the more
dense inflorescence, the shape of the scales of the corolla, and the slender follicles.

8. PENTASACME, Wall.

Corolla nearly rotate, with linear lobes much longer than the tube, and 5
scales alternating with them. No staminal corona. Pollen-masses pellucid
at the top, affixed near their base in pairs. Stigma conical or pointed. Folli-
cles slender. — Herbs, with a perennial rhizome, and erect, nsually simple
stems. Peduncles short, axillary, bearing an umbel of 2 or very few flowers.

A genus containing besides the Chinese species only two from north-eastern ludia.

Q 2

228 ASCLEPIADE^E. [Pentamcme.

1. P. Championi, Benth. in Keio Joiirn. Bot. v. 54. Stems simple,
1 to \\ ft. high, glabrous, as well as the whole plant. Leaves narrow-lanceo-
late, acuminate, acute, 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 4 lines broad, without the very
long point of P. candata, and not half so broad as in P. Wallichii. Flowers
much like those of P. candata, but 6 to 8 together, in shortly pedunculate
umbels or very short racemes. Pedicels slender, 2 to 4 lines long. Sepals
lanceolate, acute, about 1 line. Corolla-lobes about 4 lines long, very narrow,
except at the base ; the scales short, broad, truncate, and toothed at the top.
Follicles linear or oblong-linear, broader near the base.

On rocks in waterfalls, Champion, Wilford ; also Hance and Wright. Not known from
(ilscwhere, unless it should prove to be a variety of the F. caudata from Silhet. Our spe-
cimens, however, appear to be constantly distinct in the shape of the leaves and some other
points.

9. DISCHIDIA, R. Br.

Corolla urceolate, with a globular or ovoid tube, and obtuse spreading lobes,
valvate in the bud. Staminal corona consisting of 5 scales inserted at the
base of the gynostegium, linear, bifid, and spreading or recurved at the top.
Pollen-masses erect, linear-oblong, attached in pairs. Stigma not beaked.
Follicles smooth. — Stems usually creeping on rocks or trees, and rooting at
the nodes. Leaves opposite, thick and fleshy, here and there in several species
converted into pitchers. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or umbels.

A south Asiatic genus, chiefly abundant in the Indian Archipelago,

1. D. chinensis. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 55. Stems succulent,
but slender. Leaves ovate, | to f in. long, thick and fleshy, cuneate at the
base, with a very short petiole. None of the specimens show any of the
pitchers so trequent in the genus. Flowers in sessile axillaiy clusters. Sepals
minute. Corolla with a globular tube rather more than 1 line diameter ; the
lobes ovate, obtuse, one half shorter with a few hairs in the throat.

In ravines on rocks, Mount Victoria, Cham-pion; also Wright. Not known out of the
island.

10. HOYA, R. Br.

Corolla rotate ; the lobes ovate, valvate in the bud. Staminal corona of
5 scales inserted on the gynostegium, and usually spreading horizontally, the
inner angle bearing a small tooth incumbent on the anther. Pollen-masses
erect, oblong, attached in pairs. Stigma not beaked. Follicles smooth or
with wing-like appendages. — Stems twining or creeping, and rooting at the
lower nodes. Leaves opposite, often, but not in all the species, thick and
fleshy. Flowers in lateral umbels.

A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, with one African species.

1. H. carnosa, R.Br.; Bene, in BC. Prod. viii. 636. Stem succulent.
Leaves from broadly ovate-cordate to oval-oblong, shortly acunnnate, 2 to 3
in. long, thick and fleshy, on short petioles. Flowers succident, in rather
large umbels, on short common peduncles. Pedicels 1 to 1^ in. long, pubes-
cent. Corolla expanding to a diameter of 7 or 8 lines, of a dull white, with
a pink centre, the lobes broadly ovate, the gynostegium spreading like a star
iji the centre. Follicles linear, 3 or 4 in. long, smooth.

Hoya.'] ASCLEPiADEiE. 229

On rocks, especially on Mount Victoria, Champion. Also on the adjoining continent.
Not known for certain out of South China, but probably extending to Sikkim, as one sijc-
cinien was found, without any indication of the precise station, among the lluijas of Dr.
Hooker's collection from that country.

Order LXXII. LOGANIACEiE.

Calyx 4- or 5-lobed or -toothed, or the 5 sepals free. Corolla regular ; the
limb with 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes, valvate, coiitoi-ted or otherwise imbricate
m the bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, alternate with them, inserted in
the tube or very rarely reduced to 1. Ovary free, 2-celkd or rarely 3- to .5-
celled, or very rarely incompletely divided, the dissepiments not reacliing quite
to the centre. Style single, with an entire or lobed stigmatic summit. Ovules
1 or more in each cell of the ovary. Fmit a berry or capsule. Seeds albu-
minous. Embryo straight, often oblique, with leafy cotyledons. — Trees,
shmbs, climbers, or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, usually connected by inter-
petiolar stipules, or at any rate by a raised line.

A small Order, somewhat heterogeneous, and not very precisely defined, ranging over the
tropical regions of both the New and the Old World, with a few extratropical species, either
from the southern hemisphere or from North America.

Ovules several in each cell.

Sepals 5, distinct. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate. Fruit capsular. Seeds

winged. "Woody twiner 1. Gelsemium.

Calyx 4- or 5-lobed.
Corolla valvate.

Slender erect annuals. Capsule 2-lobed at the top 2. Mitrasacme.

Shrubs or climbers. Fruit a berry, with a hard rind .... 4. Strychnos.

Corolla imbricate. Erect shrub 3. Buddleia.

Ovules solitary in each cell. Erect shrub 5. Gjdrtnera.

1. GELSEMIUM, Juss.

Sepals 5, free, imbncate. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrow-campanidate,
with 5 lobes, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, with several
ovules in each. Style bifid at the top, with notched or bifid lobes. Capsule
opening septicidaUy in 2 bifid valves, without leaving any central column.
Seeds numerous, surrounded by an irregularly toothed membranous wing. —
Woody twiners. Leaves opposite, entire, without distinct stipules. Flowers
in axillary clusters or terminal trichotomous cymes.

Besides the following, the genus comprises one other North American species.

1. G. elegans, Bentli. in Joum. Linn. Sue. i. 90. A perfectly glabrous
twiner. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, rouiuled
or naiTOwed at the base, on a petiole of 3 or 4 lines. Flowers i)ale yellow,
in dense terminal cymes. Bracts small and narrow, and only at the ramifica-
tions. Sepals about 1 line long, acute. Corolla 7 to 8 lines long, slightly
spotted with red inside ; the lobes ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. Stamens
exserted from the tube, but shorter than tlie lobes. Capsule somewhat in-
flated, ovoid, about 1^ mAowg.—Medlcia 6>%fmA', Cardn. in Kew Journ. Bot.
i. 325. Leptopteris sumatrana, Blume, Mus. Bot. i. 240, t. 34.

Scarce in Hongkong, Champion ; in a ravine ascending from West Point, Wilford ; also

330 LOGANIACE^.. [Gelsemium..

IFriff/tl. ]More abundant on the hills of the opposite China coast, Champion. Also in
Sumatra, if I do not err in identifying Blame's Leptopteris with this species.

2. MITRASACME, Labill.

Calyx 4-lobed or rarely 2-lobecl. Corolla usually campanulate, 4-lobed,
valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Ovaiy 2-celled, with several ovules in each
cell. Style simple, but splitting at the base as the flowering advances.
Stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule compressed, 2-lobed at the top,
surmounted usually by the split style, and opening along the inner edge of
the lobes. Seeds ovoid or globular. — Herbs, mostly annual. Leaves oppo-
site, without stipules. Flowers small.

The genus comprises a considerable number of Australian species, with three from tropical
Asia.

Leaves collected in distinct pairs along the lower part of the stem . . \. M. capillaris.
Leaves all rosulate at the base of the stem 2. If. nudicaulis.

1. M. capillaris, Wall.; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. A slender
erect annual, 3 to 6 in. high or rarely drawn up to near a foot, more or less
hairy at the base. Leaves collected in the lower part of the stem, but in
distinct pairs, oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less hairy, the
upper ones at the branching of the inflorescence very few, small and bract-
like. Flowers few, in an irregular terminal umbel. Calyx-lobes acute, from
half as long to nearly as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla usually about 2
lines long, but varying in size, narrow-campanulate. Style entire at the time
of flowering, but splitting at the base as the ovary enlarges. — 31. malaccensis,
Wight, Ic. t. 1601.

On roadsides and in stony places, Champion, Wilford. Dispersed over various parts of
India from the Peninsula to Nepal and to Malacca.

2. M. midicaulis, Re'inw. ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. This
may be only a variety of M. capillaris, although usually considered as distinct.
It is more slender, seldom above 4 in. high. Leaves all collected at the base
of the stem and rosulate, from obovate to oblong, 3 or 4 lines long; the
bracts at the base of the peduncles very minute. Flowers seldom above 11
lines long. — M. chinensis, Griseb. in PL Meyen. 51.

Hongkong, Wright. In S. China, Khasia, and Sikkim. •

3. BUDDLEIA, Linn.

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla with a short or long tube, and spread-
ing or rarely erect limb of 4 short broad lobes, imbricate in the bud. Stamens
4, the anthers almost sessile. Ovary 2-ceUed, with several ovules in each cell.
Style entire. Capsule opening septicidally in 2 entire or bifid valves, leaving
the placenta free in the centre. Seeds numerous, small, more or less flattened,
or obscurely winged. — Shrubs or rarely trees, with more or less of a mealy or
woolly tonientum, rarely quite glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers in cymes or clusters, either axillary or in terminal racemes or panicles ;
in some species occasionally, but rarely, pentamerous.

A large genus, chiefly tropical and American, with a few Asiatic or African species.

Corolla-tube curved, full ^ in. long \. B. Lindleyana.

Corolla-tube straight, 1 to 2 lines long. . , %. B. asiatica.

Buddleia^ loganiace.e. 231

1. B, lA\ndleY2in^y Fortune ; Bot.Reg.lM^JA; Boith.in DC. Prod.
X. 446. An erect shrub, with very little of the mealy tomentum of the genus,
and chiefly on the young shoots and inflorescence. Branches slender, angular.
Leaves from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-| to 3 in. long, narrowed
into a petiole of i to ^ in., thin, glabrous above, pale or slightly tomentose
underneath. Flowers of a dull blue, in small clusters, all turned to one side,
in a long terminal raceme. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla tomentose, the
tube cuiTed and full \ in. long, the lobes short and ovate. Capsule reflexed,
about 3^ lines long. Seeds compressed, with a loose testa occasionally ex-
panding into a narrow Tvang.

Ilaviues south of Victoria Peak, Bt/re ; also oa the adjacent continent, but only known
from S. China. It may, however, prove to be only a variety of the B. curmjlora, Hook, and
Arn., from Loochoo. In the only specimen I have seen of the latter the branches are not
angular, the leaves much larger, the tomentum more dense, and the flowers longer and more
curved.

3. B. asiatica. Lour., Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 446. A small tree or shrub,
with the young branches, inflorescence, and under side of the leaves covered
with a white or yellowish tomentum, sometimes very thin and close or mealy,
sometimes very thick and almost woolly. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to G
in. long, entire or serrulate, on a very short petiole, usually glabrous on the
upper side. Flowers in dense clusters, in racemes of 3 to 8 or 10 in. long,
which are sometimes single and terminal, but more frequently 3 or more to-
gether at the ends of the branches or in the upper axils, forming a terminal
panicle. Calyx usually nearly 1 line long, cottony or woolly. Corolla-tube
shortly exceeding the calyx ; the lobes veiy short, obtuse or spreading. Cap-
sule 2 to 3 lines long, usually spreading or reflexed.

Hongkong, Wright ; on the opposite mainland, Champion. Widely spread over the hilly
districts of southern Asia from the Peninsula to Nepal, Malacca, and the Archipelago.

There are two, often very marked, varieties which I had formerly, with other botanists,
considered as distinct species ; but we have now so many intermediate forms that we can no
longer separate them, especially as they appear generally to accompany each other over the
same geographical range. They are — (I) the original B. ((siatica, much less tomentose and
more slender, with flowers scarcely 1^ lines long, to which form belong tlie specimens gathered
by Champion on the mainland opposite Hongkong; and (2) B. Kepmda, Ham., Bcntli. in
DC. Prod. X. 446, which is coarser, much more tomentose, with the flowers from 2 to 2\
lines long. Wright's specimen belongs to this variety, although with characters much less
marked than in some Indian ones.

4. STRYCHNOS, Linn.

Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla with a short or long tube, and 4 or 5 spread-
ing lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, usually exscrted. Ovaiy 2-cellcd,
with several ovules in each cell. Style simple, with a capitate or obscurely
2-lobed stigma. Fruit a globular indehiscent berry, with the rind usually hard.
Seeds imbedded in pulp, more or less compressed, and often reduced to one or
very few in each fruit.— Shrubs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves opposite,
3-n'erved or 5-nerved at the base, with transverse reticulated veins, usually
coriaceous and shining when full-grown. In the climbing species there are
usually here and there spirally recurved hooks (abortive branches) m one ot
the axils; in which case the ' subtending leaf is usually reduced to a small

232 LOGANiACE^. {StrycJmos.

bract, whilst the opposite leaf remains normal. Flowers in axillary or ter-
minal cymes, clusters, or panicles.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.

Flowers in axillary panicles, the parts in fours. Corolla divided almost

to the base. Fruit scarcely i in. diameter 1. S. paniculata.

Flowers in small trichotomous terminal cymes, the parts in fives. Co-
rolla-tube as long as the lobes. Fruit full H in- diameter . . . 2. S. angustiflora.

1. S. paniculata, CJiamp. in Kew Journ. But. v. 57. A shrub or tree,
glabrous except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence. None of the speci-
mens show any thorns or hooks. Leaves ovate, H to 2|^ in. long, on very
short petioles, coriaceous and shining when full-grown, although thin at the
time of flowering. Flowers numerous, in axillary panicles, usually longer
than the leaves. Calyx minute. Corolla-tube exceedingly short ; the lobes
usually 4, rotate, rather more than a line long, with a tuft of woolly hairs at
the base. Berry globular, nearly \ in. diameter, usually 1 -seeded.

In woods in the Happy Valley, Champion. In the Happy Valley and on Victoria Peak,
Wilford I also Wright. On the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

2. S. angustiflora, Benth. in Journ, Linn. Soc. i. 102. A woody
climber, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence, with here
and there an axillary recurved hook 1 to 2 in. long, and sometimes the old
branches become thorny. Leaves from orbicular to ovate-acuminate, 1^ to 3
in. long, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines, coriaceous and shining when old. Flowers
in rather small trichotomous cymes, on short lateral leafy branches. Calyx
very small. Corolla-tube 1^ to near 2 lines long ; the limb of 5 narrow lobes,
about the length of the tube, haiiy at the base. Beny globular, red, full 1|
in. diameter. — S. colubrina, var. ?, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 56, not of
Linn.

Common in the island, Champion and others. Not as yet received fi-om elsewhere.

5. GARTNER A, Lara.

Calyx 5- or rarely 4-lobed or toothed. Corolla-tube cylindrical; the limb
of 5 or rarely 4 lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many, included in the
tube. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Fruit succulent, in-
dehiscent, but readily separating into 2 cocci. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves
opposite, entire, with interpetiolar stipules often forming a short sheath within
the leaves. Cymes or panicles terminal, trichotomous.

A considerable genus, ranging over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

1. G.? hongkongensis, Seem. Bot. Her. 384.

This species is fomided on some specimens of Champion s, evidently in a monstrous state,
which I thought, might have been those of an Apocyoeous plant. The additional specimen,
however, dcscriljrd by Seemann, has the lower perfect leaves with stipules like those of a
Randia, and the plant may therefore possibly belong to Gcertnera, to which Seemann refers
it : but the genus must remain very doubtful until the plant is again found. The lower per-
fect leaves are broadly oblong, 2 or 3 in. long, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked ;
the stipules, shortly sheathing, with a long point or bristle on each side. Flowers tetramerous,
probably when perfect in a terminal cyme, which in these specimens grows out into leafy
branches, some proceeding from the centre of a diseased flower.

Gentimiacece.'] gentianace.-e. 233

Order LXXIII. GENTIANACE^.

Sepals 4 or 5, rarely more, usually more or less vmited in a lobed or toothed
calyx. Corolla usually regular, with as many lobes as sepals, (;ontorted in
the bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, and alternate with them, or very
rarely fewer, inserted in the tube. Ovary 1 -celled, but with 2 parietal phicentas
often projecting into the cavity so as partially to divide it into 2 or 4 cells.
Ovules numerous. Style single, entire, or with 2 short stigraatic lobes. Truit
a capsule, opening septicidally in two valves or veiy rarely an indehiscent
beiTy. Seeds small, with a fleshy albumen. Embryo small, straight, with
short fleshy cotyledons. — Herbs, or very rarely shrubs, usually glabrous and
bitter. Leaves almost always opposite and entire, often 3- or more nei*ved at
the base, without stipules. Tlowers usually in cymes.

An Order chiefly abundant in the temperate or mountainous regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, with a (ew tropical or southern species.

1. EXACUM, Linn.

Calyx deeply 4- or 5 -lobed ; the sepals keeled or winged on the back.
Corolla rotate, persistent, with a short tube, becoming globose as the flower
fades. Anthers opening in terminal pores. Ovary almost completely 2-celled.
Style deciduous, with a capitate stigma. Capsule opening septicidally in 2
valves, usually leaving the placentas free. — Herbs, usually annual and quite
glabrous. Flowers blue, purple-pink, or white, in terminal cymes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.

1. E. tetragonum, Roxb.; Wall. PI. As. Rar. t.21Q; Bot. Mag. t. 4340;
Grlseb. in DC. Frod. ix. 44. An erect stout glabrous annual, 1 to 2 feet
high, the stem usually simi)le and acutely 4-angled or almost winged. Leaves
sessile or stem-clasping, from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 5-
nerved, the larger ones 2 to 4 in. long, the upper and lower ones much
smaller. Flowers showy, blue or purplish. Calyx more or less winged on
the angles ; lobes 4, very pointed. Corolla varying much in size, but the
tube usually shorter than the sepals ; the lobes ovate, acute, or scarcely ob-
tuse, full \ in. long. Capsule nearly globulai-. — E. helium, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 77. E. Horsfeldlauim, Miq. Fl. Ned. Lid. ii. 556.

On the top of Mounts Victoria and Gough, Champion, Hance, Wilford, Wright. Com-
mon in northern and eastern India, and received also from Java, Simiatra, and the Phihp-
pines.

Order LXXIV. BORAGINB^.

Sepals 5 or rarely 4, usually more or less united in a lobed or toothed
calyx. Corolla regular or nearly so, 5 -lobed, usually imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 3, alternating with the lobes of the corolla and inserted in the tube.
Ovary 4-celled and often deeply 4-lobed (consisting of two 2-celled carpels),
with'l ovule in each cell. Styla inserted between the lobes of the ovary or
terminal where the ovary is entire, simple, entire or once or twice bifid at the
top. Fruit either a 4-seeded tlrupe or berry, or divisible into 2 or 4, or con-
sisting of 4 distinct small i -seeded nuts, having the appearance of mikctl

234 BORAGiNEiE. \Borafjinea.

seeds. Albumen none or very tliin. Embryo usually straight, with flat or
rarely folded cotyledons. — Herbs or rarely shrubs or small trees, often rough
with stiff hairs arising from little tubercles. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed, without stipules. Flowers usually in one-sided simple or bifid spikes
or racemes, or on the one-sided branches of a dichotomous cyme, which are
often rolled back before the flowers expand.

A considerable Order, dispersed over almost every part of the globe ; the arborescent or
shrubby genera chiefly tropical, the herbaceous ones more common in the temperate regions,
especially of the northern hemisphere.

Ti-ee. Ovary entire. Style 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe, with four 1-

seeded stones 1. Ehretia.

Erect herb. Ovary entire. Style entire. Fruit dry, pyramidal,

and separating into two 2-seeded nuts (in the Hongkong species) 2. Heliotropium.

Diffuse slender herb. Ovary 4-lobed. Style entire. Fruit of 4

seed-like nuts 3. Bothriospermum.

1. EHRETIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with a long or short tube and spreading lobes.
Ovary entii-e, 4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style terminal,
3-lobed at the top, with truncate or capitate stigmas. Fruit a berry or drupe,
separable into 2 or 4. — Trees or shrubs, smooth or rough, but not hairy as
most Boraginece. Leaves entire or rarely serrate. Flowers usually in cymes or
panicles.

A coasiderable tropical genus, spread over both the New and the Old World.

1. E. longiflora. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 58. A glabrous tree.
Leaves elliptical or oblong, acuminate, 2|- to 4 in. long, on a petiole of 3 to
5 lines, entire, quite smooth, with few distant veins. Flowers white or pink,
in pedunculate cymes, shorter than the leaves. Calyx not a line long. Corolla-
tube near 5 lines long, enlarged upwards ; the lobes ovate, spreading, about
2 lines long. Stamens considerably longer. Style-lobes dilated and truncate
at the top. Fruit nearly globular, 8 or 4 lines diameter, sulcate and angular
when dry ; the bony putamen readily separating into 4, with 1 pendulous
seed in each quarter.

In the Happy Valley woods and on Victoria Peak, and is also the tree which gives its name
to One-tree Hill, C/iampion. In woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford ; also Wriglit. Not
known out of the island.

The E. serrata, Roxb., planted for its shade, has not been seen wild in the island.

2. HELIOTROPIUM, Linn.

Calyx usually deeply 5 -cleft, rarely 5 -toothed. Corolla -tube cylindrical ;
the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Anthers included in the tube. Style shoi-t,
sometimes scarcely any, with a capitate or conical stigma. Ovary entire, 4-
celled. Fruit dry, separable either into four 1 -seeded nuts or into 2, each one
2-celled and 2-seeded, which in ripening often leave between them cavities,
sometimes called empty cells. Seeds without albumen. — Herbs or under-
shrubs, usually haiiy. Leaves entire or rarely toothed. Flowers usually
small, in unilateral spikes or dichotomous cymes.

A considerable genus, chiefly tropical or subtropical, both in the New and the Old World,
with a few species extending into Europe, teuiperate Asia, or south Africa.

Ileliotroplum.'] boragine.e. 235

1. H. indicum, Limi. ; But. Mug. t. 1837. A coarse erect hairy an-
nual, 1 to 2 ft. liig-h, with spreading branches. Leave stalked, ovate or ovate-
cordate, \\ to 3 in. long, rough with stiff hairs. Flowers pale-blue or wliite,
in long terminal or leaf-opposed simple unilateral spikes. Calyx cleft to the
base. Corolla-tube about 1 line long. Fruit pyramidal or mitre-shaped ; the
2 carpels distinct almost from the base when ripe, each one containing 2 cells
with 1 seed in each cell. — Heliophytum indicum, DC. Prod. ix. 5.56.

Waste places near the seashore, Champion. A species of unccrtaiu origin, now a com-
mou weed throughout the tropics, both in the New and the Old World.

3. BOTHHIOSPERMUM, Fisch. and Mey.

Calyx deeply 5 -cleft. Corolla-tube cylindrical; the limb spreading, with
imbricate lobes ; the mouth of the tube closed by 5 very obtuse scales. An-
thers included in the tube. Ovary 4-lobed. Style very short, in the centre
of the lobes, with a capitate stigma. Fruit of 4 distinct nuts, erect and at-
tached by the base, convex and muricate or warted on the back, marked with
a cavity on the inner side. — Herbs, with the habit of a Myosotk, and very small
white or blue flowers.

A genus of very few species, all natives of temperate or tropical Asia.

1. B. tenellum, Msch. and Mey.; DC. Prod. x. 116. A slender diffuse
much-branched annual or biennial, usually 6 to 8 in. long, more or less clothed
with appressed or spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or oblong, shortly stalked,
usually about \ in. long, the upper floral leaves smaller. Flowerfe very small,
white or pale blue, on short recuiTed pedicels, in the axils of the leaves or a
little above. Corolla scarcely above 1 line long. Fruiting calyx growing
out to \\ or even 2 lines long.

A weed in I'ice-fields, Chanqnoii ; also Wright. Dispersed over various parts of India, ex-
tending southward to the Mauritius and northward to China and jNlantchuria.

Oeder lxxv. CONVOLVULACE^.

Sepals 5, persistent, distinct, and much imbricated or veiy rarely united in
a 5-toothed calyx. Corolla usually regular, campanulate or funnel-shaped, or
rarely with a cylindrical tube or rotate; the limb 5 -folded, 5 -angled, or 5-
lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes or angles of the corolla and in-
serted in the tube, often of unequal length. Ovary usually free, entire, 2- to
4-celled, with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each cell, rarely divided into 2 or 1 dis-
tinct uniovulate cai-pels, or 1-celled, with 2 or 4 ovules. Style single or more
or less deeply divided into 2. Fruit either a capsule opening in 2 to 4 valves,
leaving the dissepiments attached to the axis, or opening transversely, or suc-
culent and indehiscent. Seeds with a small quantity of nmcilaginous albumen
or without any. Cotyledons usually veiy much folded, rarely straight or im-
perceptible.—Herbs, 'often twining or parasitical, or rarely shrubs, woody
climbers or even trees. Inflorescence various, usually axillary and more or
less cymose.

■ A considerable Order, widely spread over almost every part of the globe, but most abim-
dant in warm countries.

236. CONVOLVULACE^. [Coiivolmlacea.

Stigma sessile. Tall woody evergreen climbers. Fruit a berry . . 1. Erycibe.
Style filiform, entire or bifid at the top.

Stigma capitate or with 2 short round lobes.

Fruit a berry. Tall woody twiners . . . 2. Argyreia.

Fruit a dry capside. Herbs prostrate or twining 3. Ipom^a.

Stigmatic lobes flattened, oblong or linear 4. Jacquemontia.

Styles 2, distinct.
Stems leafy.

Styles bifid. Ovary 2-celled. Stems erect or diffuse .... 5. Evolvulus.
Styles entire. Carpels 2, distinct. Stems prostrate or creeping 6. Dichondra.
Leafless parasites, not green. Stems filiform 7- Cuscuta.

1. ERYCIBE, Roxb.

Corolla broadly campanulate or almost rotate, with a veiy short tube and
5 deeply bifid lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 erect ovules. Stigma sessile,
thick, readily divisible into 2, but marked outside with 5 or 10 angles or fur-
rows (the result of the impression of the folds of the corolla or of the stamens
in the bud). Fruit an indehiscent beny, containing usually a single seed.
Cotyledons folded. — Tall w^oody climbers. Leaves entire, coriaceous, usually
glabrous. Flowers not large, in cymes or clusters, usually forming axillary or
terminal racemes or panicles.

A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.

1. E. obtusifolia, Benth , n.sp. Probably a tall woody climber like the
other species, although the specimens show^ no appearance of twining. Branches
glabrous. Beaves oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 in. long, naiTowed at the base, with
a petiole of 4 to 6 lines, coriaceous and shining, never acuminate as in E. pani-
culata and E. glaucesce^is. Cymes few on short peduncles in the lower axils,
more numerous in the upper ones ; but the racemes are in all the specimens
shorter than the leaves, not forming large terminal panicles as in E. pa-
niculata. Sepals orbicular, a little more than a line long, haiiy outside.
Corolla about 3 lines long ; the part exposed in the bud very hairy outside,
the rest glabrous. Berry ovoid, above ^ in. long. — E. glaucescens, Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech. 201 ; not of Wallich.

Hongkong, Champion. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
The E. glaucescens, Wall., to which these specimens have been referred, does not appear to
be specifically distinct from the common Indian E. paniculata.

2. ARGYREIA, Lour.

Corolla either narrow -campanulate or almost funnel-shaped, and entii'e or
angular or else deeply lobed and almost rotate. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell, or 4-celled by the addition of a spurious partition between the
ovules. Style filiform. Stigma capitate, entire or with 2 short round lobes.
Fruit succulent and indehiscent. Seeds 4 or fewer; cotyledons folded. —
Tall, usually woody twiners. Leaves entii*e or rarely lobed, usually haiiy or
silvery white underneath. Cymes in the upper axils, or forming terminal leafy
panicles. Flowers usually large and showy.

A tro])ical genus, chiefly Asiatic, but with a few African or American species. It only
diff'ers from Iponura in the succulent fruit, for the habit, although general, is not constant.

1. A. Chaxnpioni, Benlh., u. up. Young branches, and under side of the

Jrgyreia^ coNVOLVULACEiE. 237

leaves covered with a close hoary or silky pubescence. Leaves on long stalks,
ovate, acute, 3 to 4 in. long, rounded at the base, quite entire ; the upper
surface more or less pubescent with small appressed liairs, sometimes almost
silky. Cymes of 4 to 6 flowers, on peduncles seldom above an inch long.
Bracts either none or very deciduous. Sepals broad, concave and very ob-
tuse, very tomentose and 3 or 4 lines long at the time of flowering, enlar<j-ed
and more loosely haiiy outside, red and glabrous inside when in fruit. Co-
rolla-tube glabrous, cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx, then enlarged
into a campanulate limb above an inch long, haiiy on the outer folds, the edge
not lobed. Berry globular, crimson. — A. acuta, Benth. in Kevv Journ. Bot.
V. 57, but probably not of Loureiro.

Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion. At Little Hongkong, Wilford ; also Hance. Not
known from elsewhere. It is, however, nearly allied to the north-east Indian A. splendens.
Sweet. It differs in the leaves less silk)' underneath but always pubescent above ; in the
larger sepals ; and in the hairiness of the corolla as well as iu its shape, as far as can be
judged of in the very few specimens we possess. I had thonght it might have been the A.
acuta of Loureiro, as it agrees well with his specific description ; but \i has not the deeply
lobed corolla given by that author as one of the generic characters, and is certainly not the
A. f estiva. Wall., referred by Choisy to Loureiro's plant.

3. IPOM-aiA, Linn.

Corolla campanulate or tubular, with a spreading limb, entire or angular,
rarely deeply lobed. Ovary 3- or 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-
celled by the addition of a spurious partition between the ovules. Style
filiform. Stigma capitate, entire, or with 2 short round lobes. Fruit a dry
capsule. — Twining, prostrate, creeping, or rarely low and erect herbs, occa-
sionally woody at the base, or very rarely shrubby. Leaves entire, lobed,
or divided. Flowers often large and showy, solitary or more frequently in
small cymes in the axils of the leaves.

A large genus, dispersed over all warm climates, with a very few species extending into
N. America, or into extratropical Africa or Australia.

Leaves digitate, with 5 segments 1. /. quinata.

Leaves entire, or slightly 3 -lobed.

Leaves petiolate, thick, broadly emarginate or 2-lobed 2. 7. pes-capra.

Leaves nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate or linear. Peduncles slender.

Seeds glabrous 3. I.fiUcauUs.

Leaves petiolate, oblong or cordate-lanceolate. Pedvmcles short. Seeds

very woolly 4. /. cymosa.

Leaves cordate-ovate, acute or acuminate.

Corolla-tnbe 3 or 4 in. long. Limb flat, 4 or 5 in. diameter . . 5. /. hona-nox.
Corolla not \ in. long.

Plant glabrous. Peduncles several-flowered. Sepals coriaceons,

obtuse, narrowed at the base 6. /. chnjseidis.

Plant hairy. Peduncles 1 -flowered. Sepals herbaceous, the outer

ones cordate at the base 7- 7 sinensis.

(Dr. Hance writes to me that several other species of Tponuea grow iu Hongkong, and
amongst them the /. piloata, Roxb., easily known by its flowers capitate within two connate
bracts, but as I have seen no specimens, I have been unable to insert them.)

1. I. quinata, Br.; CJiois. in DC. Prod. ix. 385. A rather slender
twiner, either glabrous or more frequently with a few spreading hairs on tlie
lower part of the stem and on the petioles. Leaves digitate, with 5 distinct

238 CONVOLVULACEiE. [IpomcBQ,

lanceolate or narrow-oblong obtuse entire segments, 1 to 1|- in. long, con-
tracted at the base. Peduncles usually 1-llowered and shorter than the leaves.
Sepals ovate, the outermost about 3 lines long, the innermost twice as long.
Corolla near 2 inches long (pale pink ?), the tube dilated upwards into a broadly
campanulate shortly 5-lobed limb. Ovary 2-celled. — /. pentadactylis, Chois.
in DC. Prod. ix. 385.

Hongkong, Chavipion ; also in Burmah, and in tropical Australia. Seemann (Bot. Her.
p. 401) by some mistake refers this to the /. tuherculata, R. and S., of which there are some
specimens in Hance's collection from Hongkong gardens. The latter species, probably the
same as I. palmata, Forst., is not uncommon in tropical Africa and Asia, but I have seen no
wild specimens from Hongkong. It is readily distinguished in the dried state by the inner
sepals being about the length of the outer ones, instead of twice as long, besides minor differ-
ences in the shape of the leaf-segments and of the corolla. It has also the seeds bordered at
least with long hairs, and they are said to be glabrous in /. qtdnata. Our specimens of the
latter are not in fruit.

2. I. pes-caprse, Swartz ; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 349. A glabrous per-
ennial, with long prostrate or creeping stems. Leaves on long petioles, oval,
obovate, or orbicular, broadly emarginate or veiy obtusely 2-lobed at the top,
2 to 3 in. long, rather thick, with nearly parallel oblique veins, the lower ones
converging at the base of the leaf. Peduncles in the upper axils 1- or few-
tlowered. Sepals oval, obtuse, about 3 lines long, or the inner ones rather
longer. CoroUji pink, campanulate, obscurely lobed, about \\ in. long. Ovary
4-celled, or at least partially so, at the time of flowering. Capsule 2-celled,
oblong or ovoid, about \ in. long. Seeds hairy.

On the seashore near Victoria, Hance. A common seacoast plant in almost all tropical
countries, but more especially in the Old World.

3. I. filicaulis, Blume ; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 353. k glabrous an-
nual, with slender prostrate or twining stems, and usually drying of a brown-
ish-black colour. Leaves on veiy short petioles, or almost sessile, linear-lan-
ceolate or linear, cordate or hastate, and often toothed at the base, 1 to I^ in.
long. Peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, 1- or 2-flowered. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, about 3 lines long. Corolla yellowish-
white, i to f in. long.

In sunny places, Hance. Frequent in tropical Asia and Africa, occurring also in tropical
Australia, and in some parts of tropical America.

4. I. cyxnosa, Ficem. and Schnlt. ; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 371; Bot.
Reg. 1843, t. 24. A rather coarse twiner, glabrous or with the young shoots
more or less pubescent, usually turning dark brown in drying. Leaves stalked,
from narrow-ovate to oblong or almost lanceolate, shortly acuminate or obtuse,
2 to 3 in. long, the larger ones broadly cordate or almost sagittate at the base,
the narrow ones rounded at the base. Plow^ers pure white, or with a yellow
eye, in cymes of 6 to 12 or even more, rarely solitary or nearly so, on a short
rather thick common peduncle. Sepals 3 or 4 lines long, glabrous, coriaceous,
nearly equal in length. CoroUa campanulate, above an inch long, scarcely
lobed, often hairy at the top. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds haiiy.

On the seashore, Hance. A common species in the greater part of India and the Archi-
pelago.

5. I. bona-nox, Linn. A glabrous twiner often of great size. Leaves
on long petioles, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate with a long point, 3 to

IfOnKSa^ CONVOLVULACEiE. ' 239

6 in. long. Peduncles 2 to 4 in. long-, bearing 3 to 6 large white flowers,
usually forming a simple one-sided raceme. Sepals acuminate, \ in. long or
more. Corolla-tube near 4 in. long, slender, scarcely enlarged at the top ; the
limb opening almost flat, near 5 in. diameter. Stamens and style projecting
from the tube. — Calomjctmi S2)eciosum, var. vulgare, Chois. in DC. Prod, ix,
345; Wight, Ic. t. 1361.

On the outskirts of woods, Hance. "Widely spread over the tropical rcfrions of the Old
and the New World, but perhaps introduced into the latter, being much cidtivatcd in gar-
dens. The /. maricata referred here by Choisy as a variety, is a totally different species.
It has not the " stamina exserta" of the true boua-no.r, whilst the latter has not the " corolla
infuiulibuliforrais" of /. mnricata, although both of these characters are given as essential to
the genus Calomjction.

6. I. chryseidis, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 270 ; CJiois. in DC. Prod. ix. 382.
A slender glabrous twiner. Leaves on long petioles, broadly ovate-cordate or
almost hastate, acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, entire or with 2 broad rounded and
sometimes toothed basal lobes. Peduncles as long as the leaves or nearly so,
with 2 spreading branches, each bearing 2 to 4 small flowers, with 1 in the
fork. Sepals glabrous, coriaceous, oblong or almost ovate, oljtuse or truncate,
nearly equal, about 2 lines long. Corolla yellow, broadly campanulate, about
5 lines long. Capsule glabrous, usually marked with 4 raised angles.

In open places, Hance. Common in tropical Asia.

7. I. sinensis, Chois. ; DO. Prod. ix. ^10. A herbaceous twiner, hoary
with rather long stifle hairs, reflexed on the stem, more or less spreading on
the leaves and calyxes. Leaves stalked, broadly heart-shaped, entire or ob-
scurely 3-lobed. Peduncles axiUaiy, 1-flowered, rather shorter than the peti-
oles. Plowers about |- in. long. Sepals herbaceous, the outer ones 3 Ihies
long, broadly cordate-lanceolate, the inner ones narrower, lanceolate, and rather
shorter. Corolla narrow-campanulate, not lobed. Stigma, as in the rest of
the genus, of 2 rounded lobes. Ovary 2-celled.

Hongkong, Hance. Only known from S. China. This species has all the characters of
Aniseia, which however can scarcely be considered otherwise than as a section of Iponiaa.

4. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois.

Corolla usually broadly campanulate, angular or broadly 5 -lobed. Ovary
2-celled, w^ith 2 ovules in each cell. Style tiliform, bifid at the the top, with
2 flattened usually oblong stigmatic lobes. Pruit a dry capsule.— Herbs,
mostly twining, and sometimes woody at the base. Leaves entire or slightly
lobed^ Plowers rather small, in axillary pedunculate cymes.

A small tro^Mcal genus, chiefly American, with at least one Asiatic species. It is inter-
mediate, as it were, in the shape of the stigma between fyomcea and Convolvtilus.

1. J. violacea, Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 397. A herbaceous twiner,
sometimes nearly glabrous, but usually more or less pubescent. Leaves
stalked, heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, 2 to 3 or even 4 in. long, usually
more glabrous than the rest of the plant. Peduncles about as long as the
leaves, bearing a dense cyme of blue flowers. Sepals 2^ to 3 lines long, the
outer ones ovate-cordate, acuminate, and always softly pubescent, sometimes
enlarging when in fruit to 5 lines, ('oroila broadly campanulate, about \
in. lono-. . Stionuitic lobes broadly linear, obtuse, vvnwxxexi.— Convolvulus

240 CONVOLVULACE^. [Jacquemontia.

iantliiniis, HanceinWalp. Ann. iii. 13. C.pentantJms,'S£iC({.; Bot. Reg. 439 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2151.

Naturalized in ravines above Victoria, Champion ; also Hance. It is a West Indian spe-
cies, frequently cultivated in tropical gardens. In the dried state it is scarcely to be distin-
guished from the Convolvuhis parviflorns, Vahl, which is common in tropical Asia, and is
also a Jacquemontia, but has rather smaller white flowers.

5. EVOLVULUS, Linn.

Corolla campanulate or tubular at the base, angular or lobed. Ovary 2-
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2, filiform, distinct from the base,
and bifid at the top. Fruit a dry capsule. — Herbs, not twining, annual or
wdth a perennial sometimes woody stock. Leaves entire, usually small, and
nearly sessile. Flowxrs small, on axillary peduncles, or in terminal spikes or
racemes.

A considerable tropical American genus, of which one or two species are spread also over
the warmer regions of the Old World.

1. E. alsinoideSy Linn.; Chois. in BC. Prod. ix. 447. A perennial,
with a short almost woody stock, but often flowering the first year so as to
appear annual, with numerous slender stems 6 in. to 1 ft. long ; the whole
plant more or less silky- hairy. Leaves usually oblong or lanceolate, sessile or
nearly so, 3 to 6 lines long, but varying from ovate to almost linear, obtuse or
acute. Flow^ers small, pale blue or w^hite, 1 to 3 together on slender axillary
peduncles longer than the leaves, with a small bract at each pedicel. Sepals
narrow, acute. Corolla almost rotate, not 3 lines diameter. — E. Unifolius,
Linn. ; Chois. I.e. 449, and probably some others enumerated by Choisy. E.
pndicus, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 115.

Roadsides and grassy places, Hance ; also Wright. Common within the tropics both in
the New and the Old World.

6. DICHONDBA, Forst.

CoroUa campanulate, deeply 5 -lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct cai-pels, with 1
ovule in each. Styles 2, distinct from the base, with thickened stigmas.
Fruit of 1 or 2 membranous 1-seeded capstiles. — Prostrate herbs, with small
flowers.

A genus containing only one other South American species, closely allied to the following.

1. D. repens, Forst. ; CJiois. in DC. Prod. ix. 451. A slender creep-
ing perennial, rooting at the nodes, usually hoary w^ith a minute pubescence,
often silky. Leaves orbicular or reniform, 4 to 8 lines or rarely 1 in. diameter,
on long petioles, and quite entire. Flowers solitary, on axillary pedicels, 2 to
4 lines long. Sepals obovate, scarcely 1 line long. Corolla rather shorter,
yellow. Capsules also shorter than the calyx.

Hongkong, Hance. Widely diffused over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the
New and the Old World.

7. CUSCUTA, Linn.

Corolla campanulate, ovoid or globular, with a short 5 -lobed or rarely 4-
lobed limb. Anthers usually nearly sessile, with a scale below each in the

Cnscnta.] convolvulace.e. 241

base of the tube of the corolla. Ovary completely or partially 2-celled, with
2 ovules in each. Styles 2, distinct, or more or less united. Fruit a dry or
scarcely succulent capsule, usually opening- transversely. Embryo spiral or
curved round a fleshy albumen. — Stems leafless, thread-like, parasitical, usually
bearing sessile clusters of small white or pink flowers.

A considerable genus, dispersed over every part of tlie globe, except the extreme north and
south.

1. C. japonica, Chois. ; Engelm. Spec. Cnsc. 67 {Trans. Acad. St. Louis,
i. 517). Stems not so slender as in most species. Flowers sessile or on very
short thick ])edicels, solitary or more frequently clustered, with a broad scale-
like bract rmder each flower or pedicel. Sepals ^ line long, ovate, obtuse.
Corolla broadly tubular, 2 to 3 lines long, with 5 short spreading or reflexed
lobes. Anthers oval, nearly sessile at the mouth of the tube; staminal scales
near the base, ovate or oblong, fringed. Ovary globular, with a central axis,
but not completely divided into 2 cells. Style nearly as long as the corolla-
tube, entire or shortly bifid, with thick oblong stigmas. Capsule thick, ovoid,
above 3 lines long.

In woods at Little Hongkong, Chmnpion, WUford; also Wright. In China, Mantchuria,
and Japan.

Order LXXYI. SOLANACEiE.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Calyx usually with 5, rarely with 4, 6, or 10
teeth, lobes, or segments. Corolla with 5 or rarely with 4 teeth or lobes,
folded or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, and alternating wdth them. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely incom-
pletely 4 -celled, with several ovules in each cell. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit an indehiscent berry, or rarely a capsule, with several
seeds. Albumen copious, fleshy. Embryo usually curved or spiral surround-
ing the albumen, more rarely straight and central. — Herbs, shrubs, or soft-
wooded trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules.

A numerous Order, in the tropical and warmer regions of the globe, with a very few spe-
cies straying into more temperate climates. A large proportion of the species contain more
or less of a narcotic poisonous principle, although several are among the more important
articles of food.

Fruit a prickly capsule. Corolla large, with a long tube 5. Datura.

Fruit a berry. Corolla rotate, campanulate, or with a short tube.
Calyx inflated after {lowering. Corolla campanulate.

Calyx deeply 5-lobed, cordate at the base 3. Ntcandra.

Calyx shortly 5-lobed ^- Physalis.

Calyx not intiated, though often enlarged after flowering.

Corolla rotate. Anthers erect and conniveut, much longer than their

filaments 1- SolaxXim.

Corolla contracted into a tube at the base. Anthers shorter than

their filaments 4- I^vciUM.

1. SOLANUM, Linn.

Corolla rotate or slightlv cup-shaped, 5-angled or 5-lobed, IbhU-d in the
bud. Anthers on very slnn-t filaments, oblong or linear, erect and connivenL

u

S-IS soLANACEiE. [Solanum.

in a cone round the style, opening at the top in 1 or 3 pores, without any
prominent connectivum between the cells. Fruit a 2-celled berry. — Herbs,
slirubs, or low soft-wooded trees. Leaves entire or irregularly toothed, lobed,
or divided, often in pairs, a smaller one being developed in the axil of the
larger one. Flowers solitary, or more frequently in short racemes or cymes,
on lateral or terminal peduncles, sometimes paniculate.

A very large genus, with the geueral geographical range of the Order.

No prickles. Plant glabrous or softly pubescent.

Calyx 5-toothed 1, 5. nigrum.

Calyx 10-toothed 2. 5. decemdentatum.

Branches and often the veins of the leaves armed with prickles. Plant
more or less tomentose, with stellate hairs.
Anthers not above 2 lines long, and not acuminate.

Flowers all fertile, in short loose racemes. Berry 4 or 5 lines

diameter 3. ^. indicum.

Fertile flowers quite solitary, or single at the base of a 1 -sided

raceme of sterile ones. Berry an inch diameter . . . . 4. <S'. sanctum.
Anthers 5 to 7 lines long, narrowed upwards.

Calyx 3 lines long. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. Berry very hairy 5. S.ferox.
Calyx 7 to 8 lines long. Corolla-lobes very broad 'and short . 6. & Wrightii.

1. S. nigrum, Linn. An erect annual or biennial, with very spreading
branches, from 1 to near 2 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so in the Hongkong
sjDccimens, in some others haiiy or rough on the angles. Leaves stalked,
ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, with coarse iiTegular angular teeth or nearly entire.
Flowers small and white, in little cymes almost contracted into umbels, on
short lateral peduncles. CaljTL 5-toothed. Corolla deeply 5 -lobed, 3 to near
4 lines diameter. Anthers not acuminate. Berries small, globular, usually
black, but sometimes green, yellow, or dingy-red. — Solanum '' Morellce verce"
Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 45 to 59, as to the greater number of the
supposed species inchided in the group.

In waste places, Champion and others. A common weed in all the warmer and most of
the temperate parts of the globe.

2. S. decemdentatum, Roxb.; Dun. in DC. Frod. xin. paH i. 179.
An annual or biennial, like the last, but usually larger and coarser, and always
pubescent or hairy. Leaves stalked, ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly sinu-
ate, 2 to 4 in. long. Pedicels 1 -flowered, axillary, sometimes solitary, but
usually 2 to 5 or 6 together, 2 to 4 lines long, more or less recurved and
hairy. Calyx short, truncate, with 10 linear lobes or teeth, sometimes very
short, sometimes 1^ lines long. Corolla (white ?) about 4 lines diameter, 5-
lobed to about the middle. Anthers not acuminate. Berries red, glabrous,
3 to 4 hues diameter. — S. mollissimmn, Blume ; S. biflorum, Lour. ; S. Cal-
lerymium. Dun. ; and S. Osbeckii, Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 178, 179.

Hongkong, Champion. In Khasia, Mergui, the Archipelago, and northward to S. China,
Loochoo, and Bonin.

3. S. indicum, Linn, (partly) ; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 309 ;
Wif/ht, Ic. t. 346. Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches, leaves, and in-
florescence thickly covered with a hoary, close, but soft stellate tomentum.
Prickles stout, and mostly recurved on the branches, usually straight on the
petioles and nerves of the leaves. Leaves stalked, ovate, irregularly and ob-

Solanum.'] solanace^e. 243

tusely sinuate or lobecl ; the larger one of each pair 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers
3 to 6, in short loose lateral racemes, all fertile ; the common peduncle seldom
above 1| in. long, the pedicels full \ in. Calyx more or less prickly on the
back ; the lobes lanceolate, about 2 lines long when in flower and not much
enlarged afterwards. Corolla tomentose outside, 8 or 9 lines diameter, divided
to about the middle into 5 ovate lobes. Anthers about 2 lines long, not acu-
minate. Berry globular, glabrous, 4 or 5 lines diameter.

In waste places, Hance, Wilford. Frequent in India and ia the Archipelago.

4. S. sanctum, Linn. Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches, leaves,
and inflorescence hoary with a soft stellate tomentum, as in S. indicum, and
the prickles and foliage are also much the same. Fertile flowers on a stout
lateral pedicel of | to 1 in. long, either quite solitary or more frequently at
the base of a one-sided raceme of sterile although apparently perfect flowers,
which soon fall away. Calyx very tomentose, campanulate, with 5 or 6 short
spreading teeth or lobes. Corolla about f in. diameter, tomentose outside,
wdth short broad lobes. Anthers of S. indicum. Fruit globular, glabrous, at
least 1 in. diameter, surrounded at the base by the more or less enlarged calyx,
often prickly on the back.— /S'. Cumingii, S. schcenbruunense, S. Jtierochunti-
7mm, and some others of Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 363, 365, 369, etc.

In waste places, Wilford, Wright. A common roadside weed over a great part of India,
western Asia, and north-eastern Africa.

5. S. ferox, ZzVm. ; Dun. in DC. Trod. :Lm. part i. 255 ; Wight, Ic. t.
1399 and 1400. A coarse erect or spreading biennial, or perhaps vAih a
perennial stock ; the stems hard and almost woody at the base, and the whole
plant thickly covered with a velvety or almost woolly down. Prickles straight,
sometimes small and very numerous, sometimes long and stout. Leaves ovate,
irregularly and obtusely sinuate, toothed or lobed, the larger one of each pair
often 8 to 10 in. long by 6 or more in. broad. Peduncles 1-flowered, axil-
laiy, solitary or few together, short and very haiiy. Calyx at the time of
flowering about 3 lines long, with 5 ovate-acute lobes, and very hairy. Corolla
hairy outside, near 1^ in. diameter, deeply divided into 5 lanceolate lobes.
Anthers 5 or 6 lines long, narrowed upwards. Berry about 1 in. diameter,
thickly covered with long yellowish hairs.— /S. stramonifolium, Dun. (but not
of Jacq.), S. lasiocarpmn. Dun., and S. involucratum , Blume; Dun. in DC. Prod,
xiii. pars i. 252 and 255. S. hirsutum, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 571. 'S'. immane,
Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 165.

On roadsides, CJiampioti and others. In eastern India and the Archipelago, and north-
ward to the Philippines and S. China.

6. S. Wrightii, Be7dh., n. sp. Branches and petioles hispid with stiff
stellately branched hairs or bristles, and armed with a few straight stout
prickles. Larger leaves near 1 ft. long by 6 or 8 in. wide, almost pmnatifid,
with irregular ovate or lanceolate lobes, rough on the upper side with bnstlp-
like simple hairs, coarsely steUate-haiiy underneath. Flowers A-ery large, in
bifid lateral cymes. Pedicels above ^ in. long, very hispid. Calyx 7 or 8
lines long, very hispid, deeply divided into 5 lanceolate lobes ^ylth long su-
bulate points. Corolla fuir2i in. diameter, broadly 5-lobed the lanceolate
centre of each lobe hairy outside, the intermediate portions broad and g a-
brous. Anthers about 7 lines long, narrowed upwards and slightly curvetl.

24-1 soLANACEiE. [Solanum.

Hongkong, Wright. Not seen in any other collection. It is with much hesitation that I
publish a new species of so vast and confused a genus as Solanum. But I have endeavoured in
vain to match this fine plant either with any specimen in our herbaria, or with any of
Dunal's diagnoses. It appears to belong to his group of Melongenas.

2. PHYSALIS, Linn.

Ccilyx 5 -toothed or 5-lobed, inflated after flowering. Corolla broadly cam-
panulate or nearly rotate, 5-angled, folded in the bud. Anthers short, open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled. Beny globular, enclosed in the inflated
calyx. — Herbs either annual or with a perennial stock. Leaves often in pairs.
Mowers solitary, on axillary or lateral pedicels.

A genus rather numerous in America, one or two species extending over the warmer re-
gions of the Old "World as well as the New.

1. P. angulata, Linn. ; Bun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 448. A gla-
brous annual, with very spreading branches, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves on long
petioles, ovate, oblong or almost lanceolate, usually acute, with a few coarse
irregular teeth. Flowering calyx about 1^ lines long, with 5 triangular acute
rather short lobes, truncate at the base. Corolla about twice as long, pale yel-
low, often marked with 5 puqDle spots. Fruiting calyx above 1 in. long, 5-
angled, with 5 short connivent teeth, enclosing a small globular berry. — P.
Jjinkiana, Nees, P. capsicifolia, Dun., and probably several other species enu-
merated in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. p. 448, 449, etc.

In waste places, Champion. Frequent in tropical America and Afi-ica, and very common
in India. The species should also perhaps include as a pubescent variety the common
Indian P. minima, Linn.

3. NICANDRA, Gjertn.

Calyx of 5 distinct broadly-cordate sepals, becoming much enlarged and
inflated in fi'uit. Corolla campanulate, with 5 broad short lobes, folded (and
perhaps also sHghtly imbricated) in the bud. Anthers short, opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary 3- to 5-celled. Fruit a berry, enclosed in the enlarged
calyx.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. N. physalodes, G^ertn. ; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 434 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 2458. An erect glabrous annual or biennial, attaining sometimes 5
or 6 feet. Leaves stalked, ovate, irregularly sinuate or coarsely toothed or
lobed, 3 or 4 in. long, or sometimes larger. Flowers pale-blue, solitary, on
short pedicels in the upper axils, fonning a terminal leafy raceme. Sepals at
the time of flowering a little more than -j in. long, and herbaceous, when in
frait above 1 in. long, thin and much veined, and closely connivent, forming
a vesicidar calyx with very prominent angles. Corolla nearly 1 in. long. Berry
globular.

In waste places, escaped from gardens, Hance. A S. American species, which has esta-
blished itself as a weed in several parts of the warmer regions of the Old World.

4. LYCIUM, Linn.

Calyx 5 -toothed or 5-lobed, persistent, but scarcely enlarged after flower-
ing. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, with a small or campanulate 5-lobed

Lycium.'] solanace^. 245

01- rarely 4-lobed limb ; the lobes imbricate in the bud. Anthers short, ojDen-
ing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a globular or ovoid berry. — Shruljs,
often thorny. Leaves usually small, entire. Flowers usually pedicellate, so-
litary or several together in the axils of the leaves or at the old nodes.

A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a few species dispersed over the warmer
regions of the Old World

1. L. chinense. Mill.; Dun. in BO. Prod, xiii, part i. 510. A tall
glabrous shrub, with long, weak, recurved, or pendulous branches, either un-
armed or the lateral shoots here and there converted into short spines. Leaves
lanceolate-oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse, \ to 1 in. long, or nearly twice
as long on luxuriant shoots, narrowed into a slender petiole. Pedicels usually
2 to 6 together in the axils. Calyx about \\ lines long. Corolla-tube rather
longer; the limb broadly campanulate, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes about 3
lines long. Stamens exserted. Berries ovoid or shortly oblong, orange-red.
— L. vulgare, L. megistocarpum, and perhaps some others of Dun. I. c.

Naturalized iu some parts of Hongkong, Hance. Believed to be a real native of China,
from whence specimens have been frequently sent, and now naturalized in various parts of
Asia and Europe, where it is much planted iu cottage gardens, and spreads readily from
suckers.

5. DATURA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, breaking off transversely near the base after flowering. Co-
rolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a broad 5 -angled or 5 -toothed limb,
folded in the bud. Ovary 2-celled, each cell incompletely divided into two.
Fruit an ovoid or globular prickly capsule, opening in 4 short valves. — Tall
coarse herbs, shrubs, or small soft-wooded trees. Leaves alternate, often in
pairs. Flowers solitary, terminal or lateral, usually very large.

A small genus, chiefly American, with one or two species equally common in, and perhaps
indigenous to, the Old World.

1. D. alba, Nees ; Bun. in BC. Prod. xiii. part i. 541 ; TFigJd, Ic. t.
852. A coarse, erect, glabrous annual, often 3 or 4 ft. high, with a hard,
almost woody stem. Leaves stalked, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, entire
or iiTcgularly sinuate, usually 3 or 4 in. long Flowers white, large, on veiy
short terminal or lateral pedicels. Calyx near 2 in. long. Corolla about 5
in. long ; the angles produced into narrow points 3 or 3 lines long. Capsule
globular, above 1 in. diameter, resting on the somewhat enlarged, flat, persis-
tent base of the calyx.

In waste places, Hance, Wilford. Very abundant iu similar situations all over India, and
probably of Asiatic origin.

Order LXXVII. SCROPHULAEINE^,

Flowers iiTegular, or seldom nearly regular. Sepals 5, either free or more
frequently united in a lobed or toothed calyx, persistent. Corolla usually 2-
lipped, but sometimes nearly regular, with 4, 5, or rarely more lobes, ind)ri-
cate in the bud. Stamens usually 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube and
alternating with the lower lobes of the corolla ; the fifth stamen, between the
two upper lobes, usually deficient, or rudimentary, or sterile. Ovary 2-celled,

246 SCROPHULARINE^. [Sci'ophularinea.

with several ovules in each cell. Style simple, with a 2-lobed, or rarely en-
tire stigma. Fmit a 2-celled capsule, or very rarely an indehiscent berry.
Seeds with more or less of albumen. Embryo straight or rarely cm-ved. —
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or small trees. Leaves usually opposite, or verticil-
late in the lower part of the plant, alternate higher up ; but sometimes all op-
posite or all alternate, without stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or cymes,
or more rarely axillary.

A large Order, widely dispersed over every part of the globe.

Corolla spurred, 2-lipped 1, Linaria.

Corolla rotate or minutely carapanulate, nearly regular, 4-lobed.

Stamens 4. Much-branched herb of 1 foot or more 11. Scop aria.

Stamens 2. Herb of about 1 in. Flowers verj^ minute . . . .12. MicrocarP/EA.
Corolla with a distinct tube ; the limb 2-lipped or spreading.
Upper lobes of the corolla outside in the bud.

Stamens all inserted within the tube of the corolla.

Calyx 5-lobed to about the middle 2. Mazus.

Sepals free to the base.
Stamens 4.

Lower sepal much larger than the others.

Anther-cells separate, one at least in the lower stamens

sterile. Plants hairy 3. Pterostigma.

Anther-cells contiguous, aU fertile. Plant glabrous . 5. Herpestis.

Sepals nearly equal 4. Limxophila.

Stamens 2 6. Dopatrium.

Lower stamens inserted at the base of the lower lip of the
corolla.
Lower stamens arched, bearing anthers under the upper lip.

Calyx tubular, with prominent or winged angles .... 7. Torenia.
Calyx short, not angular, or divided to the base .... 8. Vandellia.
Lower stamens club-shaped or 2-lobed, without anthers.

Capsule globular or ovoid 9. Ilysanthes.

Capsule linear 10. Bonnaya.

Upper lobes of the corolla inside in the bud.
Calyx 5 -toothed. Anthers 1-celled, obtuse.

Corolla-tube straight 13. Buchnera.

Corolla-tube bent above the middle 14. Striga.

Calyx oblique, split down the lower edge. Anthers 2-ceUed,

wath mucronate cells 15. Centranthera.

1. LINARIA, Juss.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla-tube broad, projecting into a spur at the
base; the limb 2-lipped, with a projecting palate, half-closing or completely
closing the mouth of the tube. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2-celled, opening
either in 2 or 3 pores at the top, or by the fall of lateral valve-like lids.—
Herbs. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled, the upper ones alternate.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, or forming a terminal raceme or
spike.

A considerable genus, spread chiefly over the Old World ; the greater number of species
about the Meditei-ranean region ; one species only being American.

1. L. elatine. Mill. ; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 268. A hairy annual, with
slender branching prostrate stems, from a few inches to above a foot long.
Leaves shortly stalked, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, angular or hastate
at the base, the lower ones scarcely above \ in. long, the upper ones smaller.

Linarla.] scrophulahine.e. 247

Peduncles axillary, slender, spreading, longer than the leaves. Flowers small,
yellowish. Sepals narrow-lauceolate, about 1 line long. Spur of the corolla
straight or slightly curved, full 2 lines long.

In rubbishy ground near the barracks at Stanley (Chuckchevv), Ilance. Probably intro-
duced with European seeds, for although widely spread over Europe and western Asia, espe-
cially as a weed of cultivation, it has not been found either in central or eastern Asia.

2. MAZUS, Lour.

Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla with the upper lip erect,
ovate, shortly 2-lobed, the lower one longer, spreading, 3-lobed, with 2 slight
protuberances at the base. Stamens 4. Cells of the anthers contiguous,
divaricate. Style with 2 ovate stigmatic lobes. Capsule globidar or com-
pressed, opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves. — Low herbs. Lower leaves
opposite, the upper ones alternate. Mowers in terminal one-sided racemes.

A smaU genus limited to tropical and eastern Asia and Australia.

1. M. rugosus, Lour.; Benth. m DC. Prod. x. 375; Sw. Brit. Fl.
Gard. ^.36. A low glabrous or slightly hairy annual, rarely if ever continued
through another year by means of creeping runners. Leaves mostly radical,
or nearly so, obovate or cuneate -oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed,
narrowed into a broad petiole. Branches short, spreading, ending in a leafless
raceme of 2 or 3 in. or rarely more. Flowers blue, with a white or yellow
palate, on short peduncles. Calyx about 3 lines long, with foliaceous ovate
or lanceolate lobes, enlarged after flowering. Corolla scarcely twice as long.
Capsule shorter than the calyx. — M. vandellioides, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii.
193.

Hongkong, Champion. In rice-fields, at Little Hongkong, WiJford ; also Wright. Com-
mon in India from Ceylon and Cabul to the Archipelago, extending northward to the Philip-
pines, China, Mantchuria, and Japan.

3. PTEROSTIGMA, Benth.

Sepals 5, distinct, the lowest one larger than the others. Corolla with a
spreading slightly 2 -lipped limb, the upper lobe or lip emarginate, the 3 lower
lobes entire. Stamens 4, the 2 cells of each anther separate, one or both cells
of the lower anthers and sometimes one cell of the upper anthers empty or
sterile. Style flattened at the top, entire or 2-lobed, stigmatic at the ex-
tremity, and nsually 2-winged below the stigma. Capsule ovoid, almost
beaked, opening loculicidally in two valves, which are more or less bifld, leaving
a central placentiferous column. Seeds small, striate. — Herbs, usually aromatic
and drying black. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes.
Pedicels short, usually with 2 bracteoles.

A small genus limited to tropical Asia and Australia.

Flowers axillary or in loose leafy racemes 1. F. (jrandijlonim.

Flowers in dense terminal globular or oblong spikes 2. P. capitatum.

1. P. grandiflorum, Benth. in BC. Prod. x. 380 ; Hook, and Am. Bot.
Beech. ^.45. A rather coarse erect or spreading hairy herb, of 1 or 2 ft.
Leaves stalked, ovate-, crenate-serrate, 1 to 2 in. long, or the lower ones larger.
Lower flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, upper ones forming
loose terminal racemes. Pedicels loniicr or rather shorter than the calyx.

248 scrophularine.t:. [Plerostigrna.

Lower sepal lanceolate, 4 lines long when in flower, 6 to 7 lines when in fruit,
the 4 upper sepals linear and rather shorter. Corolla 1 in. long. Cells of the
upper pair of anthers fertile and equal, those of the lower pair small and gland-
like.

Common on hillsides, Chaminon and others. Only known from S. China.

2. P. capitatum, Bmtli. in DC. Prod. x. 380. An erect stiff simple or
branching annual, usually about 1 ft. high. Leaves varying from ovate to
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, the larger ones usually oblong, 1 to 2
in. long, but sometimes all small and ovate. Flowers about 3| lines long, of
a bluish-purple, with a purple palate, in dense terminal clammj^ heads, globu-
lar or oblong, ^ to 1^ in. long. Lov>-er sepal lanceolate, the others linear, nearly
as long as the corolla. Anthers of the upper pair with one cell rather smaller
than the other, those of the lower pair with only one cell.

Along ditches, Champion ; also Hanee. Common in India from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago, and northwards to tlie Himalaya and S. China.

4. LIMI^OPHILA, E. Br.

Calyx deeply 5-lobed or divided into 5 distinct sepals of equal size, or the
lowest rather larger. Corolla with a spreading more or less 2-lipped limb,
the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, shorter
than the corolla ; the anther-cells all perfect and separate from each other,
usually stipitate. Style bent downwards at the top, dilated, entire or 2-lobed,
often winged at the bend. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening loculicidally in
2 valves, more or less bifid, leaving a broad free central placenta. — Herbs
usually aquatic or growing in marshes, more or less marked with pellucid
dots. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided in the Hongkong species, in
some other aquatic species the lower submerged ones divided into filiform
segments. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal or axillary racemes,
usually with 2 bracteoles under the calyx.

A considerable genus, chiefly tropical and hmited to the Old World.

Stem haiiy 1. X. hirsuta.

Whole plant glabrons 2. Z. punctata.

1. L. hirsuta, BentJi. in DC. Prod. x. 388. Stems decumbent and root-
ing at the base, ascending to a foot or more in height, and more or less hairy.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite, or in whorls of 3 or 4, oblong, and 1 to
2 in. long, or the lower ones obovate, naiTowed or stem-clasping at the base,
glabrous or hairy, the upper ones small and narrow. Flowers 6 to 8 lines
long, in terminal racemes, the pedicels shorter than the floral leaves or bracts.
Calyx-segments lanceolate-subulate.

Hongkong, Hance. On the edge of a ])ond east of the Happy Valley, WiJford. Spread
over India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya
and S. China.

2. L. punctata, Blume ; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 388. An erect or
ascending glabrous annual (or sometimes perennial ?) from 6 in. to 1 ft. or
more in height. Leaves sessile and stem-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
1 to 1^ or even 2 in. long, the upper ones smaller. Flowers in the ordinary
iorni 7 to 8 lines long, all axillary, on pedicels scarcely shorter than the floral
leaves. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, not half so long as the corolla.

^^^•] SCROPHULARINE.E. 2-J 9

Hongkong, Hance, common in the Hap]).v Valley, WiJford ; frequent in India, from Ccvlon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Hinuilaya, S. China, and' the
Philippines.

Var. siihracemosa, Eenth. 1. c. Flowers smaller, in loose leafy racemes, either terminal or
in the upper axils.

Hongkong, Hance. Occurs here and there almost all over the area of the species.

5. HERPESTIS, G^rtn. til.

Sepals 5, distinct, the lower one much broader than the others. Corolla
with a spreading more or less 2-lipped limb, the upper lip emarginate or
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, or sometimes all 5 lobes nearly equal. ' Stamens
4, in pairs, the anthers all with 2 perfect contiguous cells. Style dilated at
the top, concave or slightly 2-lobed. Capside opening in 2 valves, which are
sometimes cleft to the base so as to appear 4-valved, leaving a free central
column. — Herbs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite, entire, toothed or
in some aquatic species divided into filiform segments. Flowers axillaiT or
in terminal racemes, without or rarely with bracteoles under the calyx.

A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, chiefly American, with a few species natives
of the Old World.

1. K. Monnieri, H. B. andK.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 400 ; BoL Mag,

/. 2557. A low creeping glabrous leafy annual. Leaves obovate or oblou"-,
seldom above 5 in. long, rather thick, entire or crenate, without prominent
veins, or obscurely 1- or 3-nerved. Flowers few, pale blue, rather small, on
pedicels usually rather longer than the leaves, with 2 small bracteoles under the
calvx. Outer sepal ovate. — Anhocahjx Uunicuithijlorus, Hance in Walii. Ann
iii.'l95.

Frequent in marshes, Champion and others. One of the commonest marsh plants through-
out the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World.

6. DOPATRIUM, Ham.

Calyx deeply 5 -cleft. Corolla-tube dilated at the top, the limb 2-hppetl,
the upper lip short, 2-lobed, the lower large, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens, 2
upj3er ones fertile, the anthers with 2 distinct j)arallel cells, 2 lower stamens
minute and sterile. Style short, with a 2-lobed flattened stigma. Capsule
4-valved, leaving a free, flat, 2-lobed placentiferous dissepiment. Seeds
warted. — Slender glabrous annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, small, the up])er
ones minute. Pedicels filiform, forming loose terminal racemes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Africa.

1. D. junceum. Ham. in DC. Prod, x, 407. Stem erect, very slender,
simple or slightly branched, usually 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Lower leaves few,
towards the base of the stem, but seldom rosulate as in B. nndlcaulls, oblong
or linear, seldom above ^ in. long, the upper floral ones remote and minute.
Pedicels filiform, seldom above 2 lines long. Flowers from 1 to 2 lines long.
Ovary in fhe upper part incompletely 2-celled, the placentas meeting at Il;e
base only.

Hongkong, Wright. A marsh plant, widely distributed over India, iVom Cevlon and the
Peninsiila to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Pliilippines.

250 scROPHULARiNE^. [Torenia.

7. TORENIA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, with prominent or winged angles, obliquely 3- or 5 -toothed,
or 2-lipped. Corolla with the upper lip erect or slightly spreading, emargi-
nate or 2-lobed, the lower lip larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, their
anthers cohering or closely contiguous in pairs ; upper stamens straight, the
lower pair arched under the upper lip, with a tooth-like or filiform appendage
near the base. Style filiform, with a dilated slightly 2-lobed stigma. Capsule
oblong, not longer than the calyx, opening in 2 entire valves parallel to the
thin flat dissepiment. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Racemes terminal, short, or
reduced to clusters, or rarely to 1 or 2 flowers in the upper axils. Flowers
often large.

A tropical or subtropical geuus, dispersed over the Old World, with one species occurring
also as a weed in tropical America.

Glabrous or slightly pubescent, decumbent at the base. Flowers purple . . I. T. rubens.
Hairy and erect. Flowers yellow 2. T.flava.

1. T. rubens, Bentli. hi BC. Prod. x. 410, var. grandifiom. A glabrous
or slightly pubescent annual, prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes ; the
flowering branches ascending to 6 in. or a ft., acutely 4-angled. Leaves on
short petioles, ovate, serrate, seldom above 1 in. long, rounded or slightly cor-
date at the base. Peduncles in the upper axils, 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely
forming a raceme. Calyx oblong, with 3 narrow wings slightly decurrent on
the peduncle, 8 or 9 lines long in the Hongkong variety. Corolla dark purple,
scarcely twice as long. Appendage of the longer filaments short. — T. concolor,
LindL Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 62.

Common on Victoria Peak and in other parts of the island, Champion and others. Also
on the adjacent continent in Assam and in Formosa. The specimens originally described fi-om
Assam have much smaller flowers, but their size is variable in the Chinese ones.

2. T.flava, Ham. ; BentJi. in DC. Prod. x. 411, var. grandiJlo7'a. An
erect branching hairy annual, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, the branches acutely angled.
Leaves stalked, ovate or oblong, serrate, 1 to near 2 in. long, cuneate at the
base. Elowers few, in terminal racemes ; the floral leaves small and bract-like,
except the lowest pair. Pedicels seldom \ in. long. Calyx 4 to 5 lines long,
5 -angled, acute at the base. CoroUa nearly twice as long in the Hongkong
specimens, much smaller in the Indian ones, pale yellow, with a purple spot
in the throat. Appendage of the longer filaments shortly subulate.

Hongkong, Karland. Also in the Himalaya and in Mergui.

8. VANDELLIA, Linn.

Calyx either shortly tubular and 5-toothed, readily splitting after flowering,
or divided to the base into 5 segments. CoroUa with the- upper lip erect,
shortly 2-lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, their anthers
cohering in pairs under the upper lip ; the upper stamens straight ; the lower
arched, with a tooth-like or filiform appendage near the base. Style filiform,
with a dilated often 2-lobed stigma. Capsule globular, oblong or linear,
opening in 2 entire valves, parallel to the thin flat dissepiment. — Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Plowers usually small, axillary or in terminal racemes often
contracted into umbels.

Fmdellia.] scrophularine^. 251

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old World, with 2 or 3
species spreading as weeds into America. It closely connects Torenia with Uysanthes and
Bonnaya, dilfering from the former in the calyx, from the latter in the stamens.
Calyx 5 -toothed at the time of flowering.

Leaves mostly oblong, rather thick. Calyx 5 -angled 1. V. oblonga.

Leaves broadly ovate, thin. Calyx membranous, scarcely angled, often

splitting after flowering 2. F. Crustacea.

Calyx 5-cleft to the base from the first 3, V. scabra.

1. V. oblonga, Betith. in DC. Prod. x. 4] 3. A glabrous annual, de-
cumbent and rooting- at the lower nodes, the flowering branches ascendin'g to
5 or 6 in. or more. Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, rather
thick, entire or scarcely crenate, narrowed at the base, but scarcely stalked , 4
to 6 or rarely 7 or 8 lines long. Pedicels few, 1 in. long or more, forming a
loose terminal raceme. Calyx about 2^ lines long, angular, 5 -toothed %r
shortly 5-lobed. Corolla more than twice as long. Appendage of the lower
filaments slightly clavate. Capside ovoid, shorter than the calyx.

Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Wright. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.

2. V. Crustacea, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 413 ; TTif/ht, Ic. t. 863. A diffuse
much branched annual, glabrous or with a veiy few scattered hairs, and usually
not exceeding 6 in. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, broadly crenate, 4 to 9
lines long, broadly rounded or almost cordate at the base, much thinner than
in F. oblonga. Pedicels usually ^ to near 1 in. long, axillary or forming loose
leafy racemes._ Calyx about 2 lines long, membranous and ^5 -toothed, with 5
scarcely prominent nerves at the time of flowering, often splitting into 5 lobes
or segments after the flowering is over. Coiolla scarcely twice as long. Capsule
ovoid or almost oblong, shorter than the calyx.

Frequent in rice-fields, etc.. Champion and others. A very common weed throughout
tropical Asia, extending also into tropical Africa and Australia, aud to some parts of America.

3. V. scabra, BentU. in DC. Prod. x. 414. A diffuse much-branched
annual, resembling V. Crustacea in many respects, but usually slightly haiiy,
often assuming a blackish tint in drying, and readily knovrn by the calyx,
which from the first consists of 5 distinct linear-lanceolate segments. The
leaves are also nearly or qnite sessile, broadly ovate or orbicidar, crenate and
scarcely \ in. long. Calyx about 2 lines long. Flowers ratlier smaller than
in V. Crustacea. Capsule nearly globular.

Hongkong, Wilford. Widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago aud the Philippines, but not nearly so common as the F. Crustacea.

9. ILYSANTHES, Kafin.

Sepals 5, distinct, narrow. CoroUa with the uj^per lip erect, shortly 2-
lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper ones feilile
with 2-ceUed anthers, the lower pair rudimentary, usually 2-lobed, with 1 lobe
obtuse and glandular, the other acute, either reduced to a veiT slioi-t tootli, or
long and filiform, very rarely bearing a small sterile anther. Caj)sule ovoid or
oblong, shorter than or little longer than the calvx, opening in two entire
valves parallel to the thin flat dissepiment. — Glabrous slender annual. Leaves
opposite. Plowers usually small, on slender pedicels, axillaiy or in teiiuinal
leafy racemes.

253 SCROPHULARINE.E. [Ilysanthi^s-

A small genus, dispersed over America, Asia, and Afi'ica, only diifering from Yandellia
and Lindenia in the barren lower stamens, from Bonnaya in the short capsule.

1. I. hyssopioides, Beulh. in DC. Trod. x. 419. Stem difliise, as-
cending or erect, usually about 6 in. high. Leaves not numerous, oblong or
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, seldom above \ in. long, and usually half
that size. Pedicels filiform, numerous. Calyx 1 to 1^ lines long. Corolla
from 4 to 6 lines long. Lower sterile stamens glandular, with a minute
glabrous tooth or lobe below the top. Capside ovoid, longer than the calyx.
— Bonnaya hyssopioides, Benth. ; Wight, Ic. t. 857.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright, in a marsh in the Happy Valley, Wllford. Frequent iu India,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago.

10. BONNAYA, Link and Otto.

Sepals 5, distinct, naiTOw. CoroUa mth the upper lip erect, shortly 2-
lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper ones fertile,
with 2-celled anthers, the lower pair rudimentary, entire, linear, obtuse, and
glandular. Style filiform, with the stigma dilated, and usually 2-lobed.
Capsule linear, longer than the calyx, opening in 2 entire valves, parallel to
the thin flat dissepiment. — Annuals, usuaUy glabrous. Leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes.

A small genus, limited to tropical or subtropical Asia.

1. B. veronicsefolia, 8preng.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 421; Wiglit^
/c. ^. 1411. A glabrous annual, much-branched, diffuse, and rooting at the
base, the flowering branches often ascending to 6 in. or niore. Leaves sessile
or naiTOwed into a short stem-clasping petiole, oblong-lanceolate or abnost
linear, the lower ones 1 to \\ in. long, entire or serrate and rather thick.
Flowers in terminal racemes, on spreading stift' pedicels, 3 to 6 lines long,
angular and thickened upwards. Calyx narrow, 1 to \\ lines long. CoroUa
about twice as long. Capsule near \ in. long. — B. verbenafolia, Spreng. ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. Gratiola verojiiccBfoUa , Eoxb. PL Corom. t. 154.

Hongkong, Hinds and others. A common weed throughout India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Looehoo.

11. SCOPARIA, Linn.

Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat; the lobes im-
bricate in tlie bud. Stamens 4. Anthers sagittate. Style slightly club-
shaped at the top, truncate or emarginate. Capsule opening septicidally in 2
entire valves, leaving the central column free. — Much-branched herbs or low
underslu'ubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Pedicels axillary, usually 2
together, 1 -flowered, wdthout bracteoles.

A small genus, aU the species except the following limited to South America.

1. S. dulcis, Xi«?«. ; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 431. A much-branched
glabrous annual (or sometimes perennial?), erect or decumbent at the base,
1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves usuaUy in whorls of 3, ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
\ to 1^ in. long, toothed, narrowed at the base, the upper ones small and
narroAV. Flowers numerous, small, white, on filiform pedicels, 2 to 4 lines
long. Sepals 4, ovate-oblong, about 1 line long. CoroUa about 3 lines
diameter. C'apsule rather longer than the calyx.

Scojjario.] scropiiulauinej:. 253

Hongkong, Wright. A species of American origin, now frequently occurring as a weed in
tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

12. MICROCARP^A, K. Br.

Calyx tubiilar-campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobcd.
Stamens 2, short. Style short, with a capitate stigma. Capsule ovoid,
opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves. — Annual. Leaves opposite. Flowers
minute.

The genus consists of only one species

1. M. muscosa, H. Br. ; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 433. A glabrous much-
branched annual, scarcely 1 in. high. Leaves almost sessile, oblong or laucco-
late-linear, 1 to 1| lines long, entire. Flowers solitaiy and sessile iu the
axils of the leaves. Calyx 1 line long, angular, the teeth spreading and
slightly ciliate. Corolla shorter the calyx.

Hongkong, Wright. Also in Ceylon and the Peninsula of India, in East Bengal, in Java,
and in tropical Anstraha.

13. BUCHNERA, Linn.

Calyx tubnlar, obscurely nerved, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla-tube slender,
straight or slightly curved, the limb with 5 almost equal obovate or oblong
spreadhig lobes, the 2 uppermost innermost in the bud. Stamens 4, in pairs,
included in the tube. Anthers 1-celled. Style club-shaped at the top, en-
tire. Capsule straight, opening locidicidally in 2 entire valves. — Stifl', scarcely
branched herbs, usually drying black. Lower leaves opposite, the upper
alternate. Flowers in terminal spikes.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Asia,
Africa, and Australia.

1. B. cruciata, Ham.; BentJi. in DC. Prod. x. 495. A simple or
scarcely branched, stiff, erect annual, f to 1^ ft, high, pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Radical leaves ovate or obovate, spreading, about 1 in. long ; stem-
leaves linear or the lower ones oblong, distant, the upper ones small. Flowers
closely imbricated in a conical or oblong terminal quadrangular spike, seldom
above 1 in. long, with bracts about as long as the calyx. Calyx about 2 lines
long. Corolla-tube usually twice as long. Capsule about as long as the calyx.
— B. strlda, Benth. in DC. 1. c. B. densijhra. Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech.
203.

West Point and Little Hongkong, Champion. Also in the Himalaya and in IJiirmah.

14. STRIGA, Lour.
Calyx tubular, with prominent nerves, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla-tube
slender, abruptly bent at or above the middle ; the limb spreading, somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or 2-lol)ed, innermost in the bud, the lower
3-lobed. Stamfeus 4, in pairs, included in the tube. Anthers 1-celled. Style
club-shaped at the top, entire. Capsule straight, openhig loculicidally. Stiff
erect annuals, parasites on roots, and usually drying black. Lower ^ leaves
opposite, the upper entiie, sometimes all reduced to small scales. Flowers
sessile, usuallv forming terminal spikes.

254 SCROPHULARINE^. [Sirica.

A genus of several species, natives of the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old "World-
Calyx 10-nerved. Corolla-tube 4 or 5 lines long ]. S. liirsuta.

Calyx 15-nerved. Corolla-tube 8 or 9 lines long 2. 5. Masuria.

1. S. hirsuta, Bentli. in BC. Prod. x. 502. An erect, scabrous or
pubescent, simple or loosely branched annual, usually about 6 in. high, and
not always drying so black as the other species. Leaves linear or the lower
ones lanceolate. Flowers yellow, red, or white, in terminal internipted spikes,
the lower ones distant. Calyx usually 10-nerved, one of the nerves very
rarely here and there divided. Corolla-tube glabrous, 4 to 5 lines long, bent
near the top ; upper lip much shorter than the lower one.

Common with grass, on which it is believed to be parasitic. Champion and others. Fre-
quent in tropical Asia, extending westward into Africa, eastward to the Archipelago, and
northward to South China and the Philippines.

2. S. Masuria, Benth. in BC. Prod. x. 503. An erect, nearly simple,
scabrous annual, often a foot high. Leaves linear, erect. Flowers (blue?) in
tenninal interrupted spikes. Calyx with 15 prominent nerves. Corolla-tube
pubescent, 8 or 9 lines long, bent above the middle ; lower lip about \ in.
long, the upper one shorter.

Near Deepwater Bay, very rare, Hance, Harland. Also in the mountains of eastern India
in Burmah and the Philippines.

15. CENTR ANTHER A, K. Br.

Calyx compressed, obliquely acute, split down the lower edge, entire, or
2- to 5-toothed at the top. CoroUa with a curved tube dilated upwards ;
the limb with 5 broad lobes, nearly equal or obscurely 3 -lipped. Stamens 4,
in pairs, included in the tube. Anther-ceUs transverse, spurred, or with an
awn-like point, one cell usually smaller or empty. Style with a lanceolate
flattened end. Capsule obtuse, opening loculicidaUy in 2 entire valves. —
Scabrous herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper ones alternate. Flowers almost
sessile, axillary, or in interrupted terminal spikes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.

1. C. hispida, R. Br. ; Wall. PL As. Par. t. 45 ; Bentli. in BC. Prod.
X. 525. A stitf erect annual, simple or mth spreading branches, 6 in. to 1
ft. high, or rarely more, very rough with minute haii's or tubercles. Leaves
mostly linear, the longer ones 1 to 1^ in. long, the upper ones much smaller.
Flowers nearly sessile in the upper axils, alternate and distant. Calyx 3 to
4 Hues long. Corolla puiple (or yeUow ?) 6 to 8 lines long. One ceU of
each anther much narrower than the other, with a long point. Capsule ovoid-
globose.

Hongkong, Champion. ^Videly distributed over India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, extending to tropical Australia, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China
and the Philippines.

Order LXXVIIl. LENTIBULACEiE.

Calyx with 2 to 5 teeth or lobes. Corolla in-egiUar, the tube usually pro-
jecting into a spur or pouch at the base, the limb 2-lipped. Stamens 2, in-

LentibulacecB.'] lentibulace^. 255

eluded in the tube and inserted at its base. Anthers 1 -celled. Ovary free,
1 -celled, with several ovides inserted on a short free central placenta. Style
short, with a 2-lipped stigma. Fniit a capsule. Seeds minute, without albu-
men. Embryo with very short cotyledons, or apparently undivided. — jMarsli
or aquatic plants, with radical or floating leaves (or sometimes none). Flowers
solitary or several in a raceme, on leafless radical or terminal peduncles or scapes.
A famUy of very few genera, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn.

Calyx deeply 2-lobed. Corolla spurred ; the mouth of the tube closed or
nearly so by a convex palate ; the upper lip short, broad, and 2-lobed ; the
lower longer, broadly 3-lobed, all the lobes turned back. Capsule globular,
opening in 2 valves. — Marsh plants, either leafless or with entire radical
leaves, or floating |)lants, with leaves divided into capillaiy segments, and
often interspersed with little bladders or vesicles full of air. Peduncles or
scapes radical or axillaiy, often with a few minute alternate scales. Flowers
in a terminal raceme, with a similar scale or bract under each pedicel.

A considerable genus, with the wide general range of the Order.

Floating plants. Leaves divided into capiUary segments, mostly inter-
spersed with utricles.
Pedicels thickened after flowering. Corolla near \ in. across. Style

elongated • •^- ^•f^-'^osa.

Fruiting pedicels slender. Corolla not 3 lines across. Stigma sessile

or nearly so 2. U. diantha.

Marsh plants. Leaves radical, entire, or none.

Leaves linear or linear-spathulate, usually disappearing before the time
of flowering.
Scales and bracts fixed by the base.

Flowers blue or piu-ple. Fiaiiting pedicels erect or spreading, 3

lines long. Calyx-lobes acute in fruit %. JJ. cceridea.

Flowers yellow. Fruiting ])edicels scarcely 2 lines long, recm-ved.

Calyx-lobes obtuse in fruit 4. t/. bifida.

Scales and bracts attached by the centre, free and pointed above and

below '. h. U. racemosa.

Leaves orbicular, with slender petioles, present at the time of flower-
ing. Calyx-lobes very unequal.
Spur of the corolla slender, about equalling the lower lip . . . . 6. ?7. orhiadata.
Spur of the corolla conical, much shorter than the lower lip . . • 7. V. Harlandi.

1. U. flexuosa, VaJil; Oliv. in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. iii. 175. Stems
floating, branched, extending to 1 or more feet. Leaves all submerged and
root-like, dichotomously divided into numerous capillary segments, inter-
spersed with little globular bladders or utricles. Peduncles usually 3 to 6
in. long, with few or no scales, bearing a raceme of 3 to 6 yellow flowers.
Pedicets erect and slender at the time of flowering, usually turned do^^ nwards
and thickened upwards when in fruit. Calyx-lobes usually unequal, enlarged
and spreading in fruit. Corolla full 5 lines across; the spur obtuse, about 2
lines long. Style above 1 line long. Capsule near 3 lines diameter.— f^.
fasciculata, Ptoxb. ; Wight, Ic. t. 15fi8. U. extensa, Ilancc in Walp. Ann. iii. 3.

In smaU streams. Ilance. In a small pond at East Point, Wilford. Widely distril)utod
over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Hima-
laya and S. China.

256 LENTIBULACE^. [Utricnlaria.

2. U. diantha, Roejn. and Schult. ; WigJd, /c. ^. 1569; Oliv. in Journ.
Linn. Sac. iii. 176 (noi of A. DC). Nearly allied to the last species, but a
smaller and more slender plant. Floating submerged stems seldom above 3
in. long ; the filiform leaves short, and little divided, with few small utiicles,
and in marshy places the leaves are linear-subulate and nearly entire. Scapes
or peduncles' filiform, 2 to 4 in. long, usually 1- or 2-flowered, rarely 3-
flowered. Flowers yellow, not above 3 lines across. Calyx-lobes equal, not
enlarged after flowering. Spur as long as the under lip, or longer. Stigma
small, sessile or nearly so.

In small streams, Champion, WUford ; also Wright. In India, from the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China.

3. U. coer'U.lea) Linn.; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Sac. iii. 179 {not of A. DC).
A slender, simple, or rarely branched annual, usually 6 to 8 in. high, without
any leaves at the time of flowering. Scales verj^ few, ovate or lanceolate,
attached by their base. Flowers blue (or pui-ple ?), about 3 lines long, in a
loose raceme. Pedicels 3 to 3 lines long when in fruit, ascending or spread-
ing, (not turned down,) equal to or exceeding the length of the calyx. Calyx-
lobes ovate, near 3 lines long, and acute when in fniit, thin and membraneous,
enclosing the capsule. Corolla-spur conical ; the upper lip entire, obovate,
about the length of the calyx.

In marshes, Champion; in a marsh on Victoria Peak, WiJford ; also Hance and Wright.
In Ceylon and the peninsula of India. The U. uUyivosa, Vahl, for which I had formerly
taken these specimens, is referred by OHver to the more common large-flowered JJ. reticulata,
Sni., which, however, does uot appear to have been found in Hongkong.

4. U. bifida, Linn. ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Sac. iii. I S3. A little annual,
much resembling U. coerulea, but usually smaller and the flowers always yellow.
Fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to near 3 lines long, and usually flat and dilated
under the calyx. Jjobes of the calyx when in fruit about 3 lines long and
very obtuse. — U. humilis, Wight, Ic. 1573, f. 3, and probably also of Vahl.

Common in marshes, Champion and others. Frequent also in India from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to Malacca, and northwards to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Philippines.

5. U. racemosa, TFall. ; Olio, in Journ. LAnn. Soc. iii. 186. A slender
but stift" annual, simple or seldom branched, usually 6 to 8 in. high, but some-
times above a foot, without any leaves at the time of flowering, turning black
in drying. Scales few, as well as the bracts under the pedicels, attached by
their centre, free and pointed both above and below. Flowers small, purple
(or blue ?) almost sessile, in little terminal heads or compact racemes, with
occasionally a few distant flowers lower down. Corolla 3 to 4 lines long, the
spur as long or rather longer than the lower lip. Capsules small, globular. —
Wight Ic. t. 1573, 1575, 1578, f. 3, and 1579.

Common in marshes. Champion and others. Extends in India from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards to Silhet and S. China.

6. U. orbiculata, TFall.; Oliv.in Journ. Linn. Soc. Hi. ISl. An elegant
delicate species, 1 to 3 in. high. Leaves radical, persistent to the time of
flowering, orbicular or spathulate, not 1 line diameter, on a slender petiole
often 3 or 3 times as long. Scapes filiform. Bracts very minute, attached
by the base. Flowers 3 to 4, (lilac with a yellow palate,) very small, on
capillary pedicels. Spur very slender, above a line long, and longer tlian the

Ulricidaria.'] lentibulace.e. 257

broad sinuate or slig-htly lobed lower lip of tlie corolla. Seeds more or less
miiricate. — U. glochidlata, Wight, Ic. t. 1481.

Hongkonp;, Wright. In India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Burniah, and norlliwards
to the Himalaya and S. China.

7. U. Harlandi, OUv. MS. A still more diminutive species than the
U. orhicalata, with similar orbicular leaves on slender petioles. Scapes \ to
1 in. high, bearing 3 to 4 floAvers on capillary pedicels, rather smaller than in
U. orhiculata, with a spur very much shorter than the rest of the corolla.

Hongkong, Harland ; OQ a rock in a I'avinr: on Mount Gough, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere.

Order LXXIX. OEOBANCHACE^.

Flowers irregidar. Sepals 4 or 5, united in a variously split calyx. Co-
rolla tubular or campanulate, usually curved or oblique ; the liinb more or less
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect or spreading, emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower
lip spreading, 8-lobed. Stamens 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube. Anthers
2-celled ; the cells usually pointed or awned. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2
double or bifid placentas, or 4 distinct placentas, more or less protruding into
the ca^dty, but not united in the axis. Ovules several, usually very numerous.
Style simple, with a capitate or 2-lobed stigma. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds
small, with a minute embno and abundant albumen. — Leafless herbs, not
green, parasites on roots. Stems usually thick, the leaves replaced by scales
or bracts of the colour of the rest of the plant.

An Order not very numerous in species, but widely distributed over nearly the whole globe,
except the extreme north and south.

1. JEGINETIA, Linn.

Calyx spathaceous (flat and split open on one edge). Corolla with a broad
incurved tube ; the limb of 5 broad nearly equal lobes, obscun-ly 2-lipped.
Anthers cohering in pairs, 1-celled, those of the lower lip having the connec-
tive produced into a spur at the base, which is the rudhnent of the other cell.
Placentas of the ovaries much branched, covered with ovides, and nearly fill-
ing the cavity. — Parasites, with few or no scales on the short stems. Pedun-
cles or scapes long and 1-flowered.

A genus of :l or 3 species, all from tropical Asia.

1. ^. indica, Roxb. ; Rent, in DC. Prod. xi. 43; TFi^Jd, Ic. t. 895.
A root-parasite with a very short stock, bearing a very few minute scales.
Pedimclcs or scapes erect, 6 in. to 1. ft. long, without scales, bearing a single
purple terminal tlower more or less curved. Calyx ovate or oblong, obli(jucly
acute, varying in length from f to near 1^ in. Corolla also variable in size,
but usually about \\ in. long, whether the calyx be long- or short.

In ravines, on grass-roots abundantly, Chawp'wn; rare according to Wilford ; also Ihinci;
and Wright. Dispersed over the greater part of India, and also in the Archipelago.

Order LXXX. GESNERIACEiE.

Flowers usually irregidar. Calyx with 5 teeth, lobes, or distinct sepals.
Corolla with a long or short tube ; "the limb 2-lii)ped or of 5 spreading lobes,

258 GESNERiACEiE. {Gemeriace(E.

imbricate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube, with the
addition sometimes of a fifth barren one. Anthers 2 -celled, or 1 -celled by the
confluence of the two. Ovary superior or more or less inferior, 1 -celled, ■s\dth
two paiietal entii"e or lobed placentas protruding more or less into the cavity,
but not miited in the axis. Ovules numerous. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds small, numerous, with
or without albumen. Embryo straight. — Herbs, or rarely shnibs or climbers.
Leaves opposite or whorled.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a very few species from more temperate climates.
The Hongkong species belong to the tribe of Cyrtandrece characterized by a superior ovary,
and by the seeds containing little or no albumen. This tribe is limited to the Old World,
with the exception of a very few American species, whilst the two other tribes, Gesneriece and
Besleiiece, are exclusively American.

Woody climber. Fertile stameus 4. Anther-cells parallel. Seeds

with an appendage at each end 1. ^schynanthus.

Herb. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-cells divaricate. Seeds without

any appendage 2. Chirita.

1. iESCHYNANTHUS, Jack.

Corolla veiy oblique or cm-ved, the limb 2-Kpped. Fertile stamens 4, ex-
serted. Anther-cells linear, parallel. Stigma undivided. Capsule linear;
the placentas meeting, but not united. Seeds pendulous, mth hair-like ap-
pendages, 1 only at the lower end, 1 or more at the upper end. — Woody
climbers or rarely erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, entii-e, coriaceous, without
prominent veins except the midrib. Flowers usually red.

A considerable genus, limited to tropical Asia, and chiefly found in the Arcliipelago.

1. ^, bracteatus, JFall. ; DC. Prod. ix. 261. A glabrous woody
climber. Leaves ovate, elliptical or oblong, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in.
long, narrowed into a short petiole, rather thick ; the lateral veins sometimes
faintly visible. Peduncles usually 2 or 3 together in each axil of the ter-
minal pail- of leaves, about 1 in. long, bearing 1 to 3 pedicels, with a pair of
broadly cordate bracts at theii- base. Flowers pendulous, green, yellowish
inside and reddish on the edges (Hance), appearing quite red when dry.
Calyx very spreading, deeply 5 -lobed; the lobes oblong, obtuse, about 2 lines
long. Corolla about f in. long ; the tube veiy oblique at the mouth, but not
curved, scarcely above 4 lines long under the lower lip ; the 2 upper lobes
erect, the 3 lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens longer than the corolla,
the anthers cohering in pairs by their tips. Capside 3 to 6 in. long. Seeds
very minute, with 1 long hair-like appendage at each end. — ^\ acuminata.
Wall., DC. Prod. ix. 263 (partly at least). ^JE. ckinensis, Gardn. and Champ,
in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 320.

Trailing on rocks, in ravines. Champion and others. Also in Khasia and Assam. There
has been much confusion in the description of this species, owing partly to some loose calyces
of jE. Peelii, Hook, fil., having been distributed with some of Wallich's specimens of jE. hrac-
teata. De CandoUe also describes the stamens of the latter as being included, owing to his
not having seen the flowers fidly developed. The specimens I have seen of JE. acuminata.
Wall, certainly belong also to this species, though some may perhaps be the ^. Peelii, which
bad got mixed with it.

CJiirUa.] GESNERiACEiE. 259

2. CHIBITA, Ham.

Calyx 5-lobe(l. Corolla tubular, the limb more or less 2-lippetl. Fertile
stamens 2 ; anther-cells divaricate, cohering laterally. Upper stamens small
and baiTen. Stigma flattened and emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lobes side by
side in the same plane. Capsule linear. Seeds numerous, minute, without
appendages. — Herbs, with a short stock or a simple leafy stem. Leaves
opposite. Flowers solitary or umbellate, on axillary or radical peduncles.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.

1. C. sinensis, Lhidl. Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 59. Stock short, thick, and
usually horizontal. Leaves radical, those of each pair equal, varying from
broadly ovate, almost cordate, and 2 to 3 in. long, to naiTow-obloiig 5-6 in.
long; narrowed at the base into a petiole varying also from 1 to 3 in.; all
more or less sprinkled or clothed with long hairs. Peduncles or scapes 6 to
10 in. high, hairy, bearing either 1, or more frequently an umbel of 3 to 6,
elegant lilac flowers about 1^ in. long, on pedicels of |- to 1 in., with a pair
of ovate or lanceolate bracts under the umbel. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, scarcely
2 lines long. Anthers glabrous. Pod pubescent, 2 to 3 in. long.

Common in ravines. Champion and others. Not found as yet out of the island.

OiJDER LXXXI. ACAlf THACE^.

Flowers usually irregidar. Sepals 5, free or united, or the upper one rarely
wanting. Corolla with a long or short tube ; the limb either 2-lippe(l or of
5 spreading lobes, imbricate or contorted in tiie bud, or expanded into a
single lower lip. Stamens 2 or 4 in pairs, inserted in the tube. Anthers
2-celled, or 1-celled by the abortion of the other. Ovaiy superior, 2-celled,
with 2 or more ovules or rarely a single ovule in each cell. Style simple,
with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Capsule usually opening elastically in 2
loculicidal valves. Seeds usually flat, attached to placentary processes of the
dissepiment either in the sliape of hooks called rethtuciila, or of minute
papillpe or cup-shaped dilatations. Albumen none. Embryo usually cuiTcd.
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed, without
stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal, in spikes, racemes, or clusters, each
usually with 1 subtending bract and 2 bracteoies, which are sometimes
large and leafy, completely enclosing the calyx.

A large Order, diffused ovev both the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics,
u very few species occurring in more temperate regions either in the northern or the south-
ern hemisphere.

Suborder 1. Thunbergide.e. — Cwo/Z^-Zo^^^ contorted in the bud. Seeds inserted
on cup-sJiaped dilatations of the placentas.

Climber. Calyx small, concealed within 2 large bracts . . . . 1. Thunuekgia.

Suborder 2. Ruellide/E. — Corolfa-lobcs contorted in the bud. Seed^ inserted on
hooked retinacnJa {or on small pajdllie).

Corolla 2-lippcd, the up])er lip notched, lower 3-lobcd. Stamens t 2. Hvokopmila.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly ecpial, spreading.

Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Style usually 2-lobed. Stamens 4 3. Ruellia.

Ovules 2 iu each cell. Style entire or with a minute tooth.

Stamens 4 or 2 4. STKOBiL.v>'ruES.

s 2

260 ACANTHACE^. [Acanthacea .

Suborder 3. Acanthide/E. — Corolla-lobes imhricate or 2-lipped in the bud, not con-
torted- Seeds inserted on hooked retinacnla.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal.

Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, rarely 2.

Bracts usually leafy 5. Bakleria.

Corolla campanulate, vriih. a short tube. Stamens 2. Bracts

vei-y small 13. Codonacanthus.

Corolla expanded into a single large lower lip. Stamens 4. Leaves

prickly-toothed 7. Acanthus.

Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, the lower 3-lobed or 3-toothed.

Stamens 4. (Bracts imbricate.) 6. Lepidagathis.

Stamens 2.

Anthers 2-celled, oblique, the lower cell mucronate or spurred.
Dissepiment remaining attached to the valves of the capsule.

Anther-cells both with pollen 8. Justicia.

Lower spurred anther-cell empty. (Flowers small, in cylin-

dj-ical spikes.) 9. Rostellarta,

Dissepiment separating from the valves and curved upwards.

(Flowers small, in cylindrical or 4-sidcd spikes) . . . .11. Rungia.
Anthers 2-celled, the anthers equal, but one much below the

other. Dissepiment separating from the valves .... 12. Dicmptera.
Anthers l-ceUed. Flowers contained in calyx-like involucres 10. Hypoestes.

1. THUNBERGIA, Linn. fil.

Calyx very short, truncate or tootlied, concealed between 2 large bracteoles.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading, contorted in the bud. Stamens 4,
the cells parallel. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovaiy. Stigma shortly 2-lobed.
Capsule globose and seed-bearing at the base, terminating in a flattened beak.
Seeds globular, hollowed out on the inner face and inserted on a cupular ex-
pansion of the placenta. — Stems herbaceous, climbing (in some African species
dwarf and prostrate).

A genus limited to tropical Asia and tropical and southern Africa.

1. T. grandiflora, Roxh. ; Nees iJi BC. Prod. xi. 54 ; Bot. Reg. ^. 495 ;
But. Mag. i^. 2366. A tall climber, rough with a short pubescence. Leaves
broadly cordate, acuminate, angular or broadly 5- or 7-lobed. Elowers large,
blue, on axillaiy peduncles or in a terminal one-sided raceme. Bracteoles
1 in. long, often cohering on one edge, so as to resemble a spathaceous calyx.
Eeal calyx veiy short and truncate. Anthers ciliate, one cell of each mucro-
nate.

In a ravine at Say wan, Champion. In the hilly districts of India, from the Nilgherries to
Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, and perhaps the Malayan Peninsula ; and frequently cultivated
in other parts of India.

2. HYGROPHILA, Br.

Sepals 5 or rarely 4> free or more or less united. Corolla 2-lipped, the
upper lip notched, the lower 3-lobed, convex in the centre. Stamens 4 ;
anther-cells equal and parallel. Style subulate, Avith a small upper tooth.
Ovules several in each cell of the ovaiy. Capsule oblong or linear, seed-
bearing along the whole length. Retinacula hooked. — Erect or decumbent
herbs. Flowers in sessile axillary clusters.

A small genus, widelv distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
and the Old World.

Hygrophila.'] ACANTHACE.ii. 361

1. H, srlicifolia, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 92; TFir/ht, Ic. t. 1490. X
slightly pubescent annual or biennial, 1 to 1^ ft. high. Leaves from oblong-
lanceolate to linear, 1| to 3 in. long, entire. Flowers light-blue, 2 to 6 or
more in each axil, sun-ounded by oblong leafy bracts of 3 or 4 lines. Calyx
oblong, more or less 5-cleft; the segments lanceolate-subulate, pubescent.
Corolla about 6 lines. Capsule about 5 lines long. Seeds small, 8 or more
in each cell. — H. quadrivalvis, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 89.

Hongliong, Hance. A^'ery common in wet swampy places throughout India and the Archi-
pelago, and northward to Japan; and probably the common American and Australian Hy-
grophilas are again the same species under other names.

3. BUELLIA, Linn.

(Dipteracanthus, Nees^

Calyx more or less 5-cleft. Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading, con-
torted in the bud. Stamens 4 ; anther-cells parallel and equal. Stigma 2-
lobed ; the upper lobe sometimes small and tooth-like. Ovules 6 or more in
each cell of the ovary. Capsule flattened and seedless at the base, seed-bear-
ing in the middle. Eetinacula hooked, usually denticulate at the top. — Herbs
or rarely shrubs. Flowers mostly axillary, solitary or clustered.

A considerable genus, distributed over the warmer regions of the New and the Old Woi'ld.
1. R. repens, Linn. Stems decumbent or w^th divaricate branches.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, 1 in. long or rather
more, slightly hairy. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, blue, \ in. long or
rather more. Sepals lanceolate- subulate, about 3 lines long. Capsule near
\ in. long, with 4 to 6 seeds in each cell, clustered together above the middle.
— Dipteracanthus lanceolatas, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 124.

Hongkong, Wright. In the Philippines, in Java, and various parts of India, but less
common there than the allied R. p-ostrata, which has the flowers considerably larger, besides
other characters.

4. STROBILANTHES, Blume.
(Endopogon, Goldfussia, aud Phlebophyllum, Nees.)
Sepals 5, free or united. Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading, contorted
in the bud. Stamens 4 or 2. Anther-cells parallel and equal. Ovides 2 in
each cell of the ovary. Style subidate and entire to the top, or with a veiy
minute upper tooth. Capsule often flattened and seedless at the base, but
the seeds distant in each cell. Ketinacula hooked, acute. — Herbs or shrubs.
Flowers in axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate, heads or spikes.
A considerable genus, ranging over tropical Asia and Afi-ica,

Prostrate or decumbent herbs. Stamens 4.

Flowers (2 in. long) in interrupted spikes 1.5. C/'a»ij)/o>n.

Flowers (f in. long) in short heads 2. S. radicans.

Undershrubs, with stiff leaves, white underneath. Stamens 2 . . . 8. ^. apricus.

1. S. Championi, T. Anders. MSS. A glabrous herb. Stems pros-
trate or decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long, ascending lo 6 in. or rather more. Leaves
ovate or oblong, usually acuminate and toothed ; the larger ones above 4 in.
long. Flowers large, in 2 or 3 distant pairs, on axillary peduncles shorter
than the leaves. Sepals linear, herbaceous, 9 or 10 lines long when in fi'uit,

962 ACANTHACE.E. [Strobllauthes.

or the upper one ne'arly 1 in. Corolla 2 in. long; the tube curved and dilated
at the top. Stamens 4 ; the filaments shortly united. Style entire. Cap-
sule about as long as the calyx. — Bipteracanthm ? calycinus, Champ, in Kew
Joiirn. Bot. v. 133.

Ou Mount Parker, Chmnjnon ; also Harlancl. Not known out of the island.

2. S. radicans, T. Anders. MSS. Stems prostrate or creeping at the
base (6 in. long in our specimens), nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate, obtuse,
crenate, about 1 in. long, slightly hairy or pubescent. Flowers in axillary or
terminal heads, suiTounded by herbaceous bracts. Bracteoles and sepals
linear, pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long. Corolla about f line long, the lobes
ciliate, the thi'oat with 2 hairy lines. Stamens 4. Style with a small tooth
below the subulate summit. — Riidlla tetrasperma, Champ, in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 132.

Victoria Peak, Champion. Not seen in any other collection.

3. S. apricus, T. Anders. MSS. A hard undershrub about 1 foot high,
with diffuse or spreading pubescent branches. Leaves ovate-elliptical, acu-
minate, 1-^ to 3 in. long, stiff and very rough, with short haii's above, white
with appressed hairs underneath ; the veins vei*y prominent. Flowers lilac,
in dense axillary almost sessile heads, with imbricate lanceolate-acuminate
bracts, 6 to 9 lines long. Sepals shorter and naiTower. Corolla nearly 1^
in. long. Stamens 2, usually with rudiments of the 2 upper ones. Capsule
about ^ in. long. — Gutzlaffia aprica, Hancein Kew Journ. Bot. i. 143. Fhte-
hoplnjllain aprlciim, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 131.

\\o\\^kox\^, Hance ; towards Tytam and Little Hongkong, Champion; on hills of the
south side of the island, WUford. Not known out of the island, but nearly alHed to the
aS. Kunthlanus, T. Anders. {Fhlehoijhi/Uum, Nees), fi"om the Indian Peninsula.

5. BARLERIA, Linn.

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer larger than the others. Corolla tubular at the base ;
lobes 5, nearly equal and spreading, imbricate (not contorted) in the bud. Sta-
mens 4, or the upper pair sometimes abortive. Anther-cells linear, parallel,
and equal. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Style entire, with a truncate
stigma. Capsule acuminate. Seeds inserted near the base. Eetinacida
hooked. — Herbs or shrubs. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or heads ;
the bracts and bracteoles usually herbaceous or pungent.
• A considerable tropical genus, both in the New and the Old World.

1. B. cristata, Linn. ; Nees in BC. Prod. xi. 229 ; Bot. Map. t. 1615.
A large branching shrub, more or less pubescent. Leaves fi'om ovate-lanceo-
late to oblong-acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, on petioles usually short.
Flowers either solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in short heads or spikes
of 4 to 6. Bracts linear, almost pungent. Outer sepals ovate-lanceolate,
6 to 8 lines long, almost pungent and stiffly ciliate. Corolla lilac, purple,
or white, \\ in. long or more. Capsule about \ in. — B. dichotoma, Roxb. ;
Nees, 1. c. 227, and other s^^monyms adduced bv Anderson in Thwaites's
Enum. PI. Ceyl. 230.

Hongkong, Hinds. Indigenous in northern India ; but so ranch cultivated in tropical
Asiatic gardens, that its precise native range is not satisfactorily ascertained.

LepidagatJm^

^ J ACANTHACE.^.

26a

6. LEPIDAGATHIS, Wilkl

Ovules 1 or 2 in each ceU of the oTar!- r ^'"^Z"' "'^''".^ P'-"-'-'ll«l and equal,
base. Retinacnla hooked.-Herts oi ! I ule,-!; ^i llf'^"' ^-"'"'''l f™" the
dense spikes or heads, with iS a? b cts oft "''' "'"^"-^ "' ^''"rt

i. L. hyahna, iV^e* ;« _oa Prod xi 2'i2 A„ * ,• .
procumbent, coarsely pubescent perennial 1 to 2 ft ^ i ''?' ''>^'''"'^ate or
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usua ly 1 1 „ „eai g ju' ^ ^'"''' """'^ '»
decurrent on the petiole. Floweis i, dense t. '5"'^',''>«1 ^0^ or less
somewhat one-sided spikes, winch are^ oi """ ""?'« '^.v"»drical or
or.3 together, and softly ha^f Braetl a J s^o "'f '''''• '^°'-''- ^"'"''■•V
pointed, stiff though thin aiTLostt^! Tn ^ '° * "i- long, verV

the upper lip ovat? the Imve, bm ? *™f Pf «"t- «oroUa 5 or 6 lines ion/

eeu.iL..i.4:;i!::,'Rrxb'FTtd i^i'r """*" ^^''^^ ^ - -^''

7. ACAWTHTJS, Linn.

stamens 4. Anthers 1-eelfed, sut'^^'o cuL Ov^i "'•o^'!*''''*^'^ P™"""^"*-
-S^erbs^:?:tr^e:c-^^^^^^^^^

peariyto:obTo'ff^t'o%t\n^eor^"'''"? t"?^""^- ^^^^ --^ie o''
dulate prickly te^eth or sho t obS ZZ\ '"''• ""l'"'"?' '^"'^^'•"^ «'"' »"-

in. to i\ ,4. Bracir::i°tcteotf:v ra":;; "'■cir ir '^"'^'- «
=u:te%Tur4r L!:?- fe/^ --■sS.^°&s-

8. JUSTICIA, Linn.
(Adhatoda and Geudarussa Nees )

S:^rXs:-^fLrt^,A£^

lateraUy compressed below tlfe seed-bean ^ pa S Lb Z^Z^. """'''"'^
eate Eetinacula obtuse.-Herbs or shrubs.'' Flowe,f sot^'c^ in s'pikT"

A large geuus, widely distributed over the tropicd and subl,„,,ical Jinn, ,f T ,,'
mth a few speeies in the more tomiierate parts of N. America or S. Af.'ier *= °'

264 ACANTHACE.E. [Justlcla.

Erect slirubs, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Bracts broad and herbaceous.

Leaves acuminate. S|)ikes in the upper axils. Corolla above 1 iu.

lona; \. J. Adhatoda.

Leaves obtuse or nearly so. Spikes terminal, solitai-y. Corolla

7 or 8 lines long 2. /. ventricosa.

Bracts small, narrow 3. /. Gendarussa.

Prostrate or diffuse pubescent herb 4. /. Chamjjioni.

1. J. Adhatoda, Lhin. ; Bot. Mag. /f. 861. A large shrub or small tree;
the young- parts slightly hoary or pubesceut, otherwise usually glabrous.
Leaves stalked, obloug-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 5 or 6 in. long. Bracts
herbaceous, broadly ovate, ^ to | in. long; bracteoles smaller, oblong. Sepals
still narrower, 3 to*^ 4 lines long. Corolla wdiite, with coloured pinnate streaks
in the centre of the lower lip, above 1 in. long. Anther-cells less unequal
than in most species, and the lower one only slightly mucronate. Capsule
almost Avoody, above 1 in. long ; the flattened base longer than the seed-
bearing portion. — Adhatoda Fas/'ra, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 387.

In ravines near Tytam, Ef/re ; also Wright. Common in most parts of India, but fre-
quently cultivated also, and thus iutroduced into other tropical countries.

2. J. ventricosa, JVall. PI. As. Rar. i. 80, t. 93 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2766.
A large evergreen shrub, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the spike.
Leaves oval-elliptical, rather obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a short
stalk, entire and rather thick. Spikes terminal, nearly sessile, 3 to 5 in. long.
Bracts herbaceous, broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, 5 to 6 lines long, each en-
closing 3 or 4 flowers. Calyx scarcely 2 lines long. Corolla 7 or 8 lines,
white spotted with red. Upper anther-cell almost hood-shaped ; lower one
spurred. — Adhatoda ventricosa, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 407.

Hongkong, Wright. In S. China, Chittagong, and Martaban.

3. J. Gendarussa, J Ann.; Bot. Beg. ^.635. A glabrous shrub, erect,
with long straggling branches. Leaves lanceolate, stalked, entii'e, 3 to 5 in.
long. Spikes interrupted, terminal or axillary, forming a temiinal, erect,
leafy panicle. Bracts small, naiTOW, and deciduous. Plowers in sessile
clusters. Calyx small ; the segments subulate. Corolla pink, about f in.
lono-, with a slender tube. LoAver cell of the anthers with a short conical
spur'.- Gendarussa vutyarls, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 410 ; Wight, Ic. t. 468.

Hongkong, Wright. In the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
Silhet and Assam, the Malayau Peninsula, the Archipelago, and Philippines, and frequently
cultivatL'd in other localities.

4. J. Ciiampioni, T. Anders. MSS. Adiftuse or prostrate pubescent or
nearlv glabrous herb of \ to 1^ ft. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, shortly
stalked ; the larger ones about 1| in. long, but mostly under 1 in. PloAvers
small, clustered in the upper axils, with small petiolate obovate or orbicular
leaiV biacts. Sepals 1|- to 2 lines. Corolla about 4 lines long, with a short
tube. Lower cell of the anthers with a long spur. Capsule 3 lines long ;
the flattened base very short. — Adhatoda chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ.
Bot. V. 134.

Common in i-avincs of Mount Victoria, Champion ; iu a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford ;
vA--u HiuiCi' and Wright. Wol known out of the islaud. This and a few allied species nearly
coiUicct luhslt'lioria with .fusticia.

Itostellaria .1 acanthace.^. 265

9. ROSTELLARIA, Nees.

(Rostellularia, E^idl. )

Sepals 4, or with a minute fifth one. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip con-
cave entire or notched, the lower shortly 3-lobed, convex, and veined in the
centre. Stamens 2. Anthers 2-celled,'the lower cell spurred and sterile.
Style entire, obtuse at the top. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule
(very shortly) laterally compressed below the seed-bearing part. Seeds tuber-
culate. Retinacula obtuse.— Herbs. Flowers small, in spikes, with narrow
sepal-like bracts.

A small genus, limited to tlie tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World, scarcely
differing from the smaller flowered Justicias.

1. R. procumbens, Nees in Wall. PL As. Rar. iii. 101 ; Wif/Jd, Ic. t.
1539. A procumbent or prostrate more or less pubescent annual, often above
a foot long. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, | to 1 in. long. Spikes ter-
minal, cylindrical, f to 1 in. long. Bracts and sepals linear-lanceolate or
linear, acute, 3 to 4 lines long, hirsute with short stiff hairs. Corolla scarcely
longer. Capsule 2 or 3 lines, the compressed base very short. — R. Royeniana,
Nees, with the synonyms adduced by Anderson in Thwaites's Enum. PI. Ceyl.
234.

Ou roadsides and in waste places, Champion and others. Common in India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to Loochoo and Japan.

10. HYPOESTSS, Br.

Involucre calyx-like, of 4 more or less united bracts, enclosing 1 or rarely
2 or 3 flowers. Real calyx small, of 5 lobes or segments. Corolla 2-lipped,
the upper lip entire or notched, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-
celled. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovaiy. Style bifid at the top. Capsule
laterally compressed below the seed-beaiing portion. Retinacula subulate. —
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Flower-heads in axillaiy clusters or short
spikes, often numerous, and forming terminal leafy thyrsi.

A considerable genus, dispersed over Africa, tropical Asia, and Australia.

1. H. purpurea, Br. ; Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 509. A shrub, the her-
baceous branches and foliage slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves
from ovate-acuminate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about 2 in. long.
Spikes short and rather loose in the upper axils, with leafy bracts under the
heads. Involucres nan-ow, 1 -flowered, about 3 lines long. Calyx much
shorter. Corolla about 11 lines long, naiTow, reddish-purple. Capsule 4
lines long.

Near the Buddhist Temple at East Point, and at Little Hongkong, Champion ; also Ilaiice.
In S. China and the Philippines. The Assam station given in the Prodromus arose from a
mistake in the label : the specimens were from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, introduced
from Chiua.

11. RUNGIA, Nees.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lippe(l, the upper lip notched, the lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 2. Anthers 2-celled, the lower one spurred. Ovules 2 in each cell
of the ovary. Capsule short, the dissepiment separating from the valves and

266 ACANTHACEiE. \_Rungia.

turned upwards with the retinacula. — Herbs usually prostrate, or decumbent.
Flowers small, in terminal spikes. Bracts often broad and imbricate.

A small tropical Asiatic genus, with the habit and flowers of Rostellaria, and the capsule
of Bidiptera.

1. R. chinensiSy Benth. n. sp. Stems decumbent, slightly pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 1 to 1| in. long, on a petiole of 4 to 6 lines,
sprinkled with a few small hairs. Spikes 1 in. or rather longer. Outer bracts
ovate, obtuse, or scarcely acute, ciliate, but only slightly scarious at the edges.
Bracteoles similar but smaller. Sepals narrow. Capsules about 3 lines long,
shortly acuminate. Corolla not seen.

On Mount Parker, Champion. Not in any other collection. Allied to R. repens, but
with a verjf diflerent foliage.

12. DICLIPTERA, Juss.

Flowers usually sm-rounded by 4 bracts, of which 2 larger. Sepals 5.
Corolla 2-lipped, the tube twisted so that the upper entire or 2-toothed lip
becomes the lowest, and the lower 3-lobed one is uppermost. Stamens 2.
Anther-cells 2, similar, but one inserted below the other. Ovules 2 in each
cell of the ovary. Capsule short, the dissepiment separating from the valves
and tm-ned upwards with the retinacula. Seeds disk-shaped. — Herbs. Leaves
entii-e. Flowers in axillary clusters or short cymes.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old ^Yorld.

1. D. chinensis, Nae.s in DC. Prod. xi. 477. A decumbent or ascend-
ing annual or biennial, usually minutely pubescent. Leaves stalked, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers in rather loose axillaiy clusters or
shortly pedunculate cymes, the lowest pair of bracts usually (not always) veiy
narrov/ and pointed. Outer bracts of each flower from obovate to nearly or-
bicular, 8 or 4 lines long, shortly mucronate or veiy obtuse, ciliate on the
edge. Bracteoles and sepals very naiTow. Corolla pale pink, 6 or 7 lines
long. Capside small, orbicidar, pubescent. — D. Roxburghiana, and J). Bur-
ma7i}ii, Nees, I.e. 483.

On roadsides, Champion, Hance, Wright ; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. In Java, on the
Chinese continent, and in Loochoo. The Assam locality given in the Prodroraus is again a
mistake : the specimen was from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, introduced from China. The
precise shape of the bracts is very variable even on the same specimen ; and the name of
Justicia chinensis has been misapplied to several Indian plants, the synonymy of which still
remains much confused. There is little doubt however that the Chinese plant originally de-
scribed by Linnseus (J), chinensis, Nees), the one figured by Burmaun (7). Burmanni, Nees),
notwithstanding its more mucronate bracts, and Koxburgh's Calcutta garden plant, intro-
duced from China {B. Roxhaghiana, Nees), all belong to one species.

13. CODONACANTHUS, Nees.

Calyx 5-cleft. CoroUa obliquely campanulate, with a veiy short tube, 5-
lobed,* imbricate in the bud, with the lower lobe outermost. Stamens 2.
Anther-ceUs parallel, not spmred. Ovides 2 in each cell of the ovary. Stig-
ma minutely 2-lobed. Capsule laterally compressed below the seed-bearing
part. Retinacula hooked.

A genus limited to a single species.

Coclon acanthus.'] acanthace;e. 267

1. C. pauciflorus, Nees m DC. Prod. xi. 103. Rhizome oreepino; and
perennial. Stems erect, usually simple, and 6 in. to 1 ft. high, hut twice as
much when very luxuriant. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or elliptical-oblono-,
obtuse or acuminate, 1| to 3 in. long, unially glabrous. Flowers in distant
pairs, in slender terminal racemes of 3 or 4 in., often branching out into pa-
nicles. Bracts and bracteoles very small. Pedicels about 1 line. Calvx 1 i
to 2 lines. Corolla very spreading, about ^ in. diameter. Capsule 6 or 7
lines long, the compressed base about as long as the seed-bearing portion.

In ravines of Victoria Peak, C/mmpiou ; in a ravine of Mount Gough, WUford ; also
W}i(/ht. In Siltiet and Assam.

Oeder LXXXTI. VERBEI^'ACE^.

Fl owners iiTegular or rarely regular. Calyx persistent, truncate, toothed, or
lobed. Corolla with 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes, imbricate in the bud* nearly
equal, or more or less 2-lipped. Stamens usually 4, in pairs, inserted in the
tube of the corolla, and alternating with its lower lobes. Ovary not lobed,
usually 2- or 4-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Style terminal, simple,
entire or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit diy or succulent, indehiscent or
separating into 2 or 4 cocci. Seeds erect, wdthout any or with a small quantity
of albumen. Embryo straight, mth thick cotyledons. — Herbs, shrubs, trees,
or climbers. Leaves usually opposite or whorled, without stipules. Inflores-
cence various.

A large Order, ranging over both the New and the Old ^Vorld, most abundant in the tro-
pics, but with a few- extratropical species, both in the northern and southern hemispheres.

TiuBE I. Verbenese. — Inflorescence indeterminate, in racemes, spikes, or heads.
Ovules erect from the base of the cells.
Ovary 4-celled. Fruit dry, separating into small cocci. Flowers in

spikes 1. Verbena.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in heads 2. Lantana.

Tribe II. Vitieese. — Inflorescence detei-minate, in panicles, cymes, or heads. Ovules
pendulous or laterally attached.

Lower lobe of the corolla much longer than the 4 others. Tube short.
(Stamens included.)
Fruit dry, separating into 4 cocci, with acute or winged edges.

Lower lobe of the corolla fringed 3. Caryopteris.

Fruit a drupe. Lower lobe of the corolla entii-e 8. Vitex.

Corolla-lobes nearly equal.

Corolla small, usually 4-lobed, with a short tube.

Cymes or panicles terminal. Style acutely 2-lobed .... 4. Premna.
Cymes axillary. Style dilated and truncate at the top ... 5. Callicarpa.
Corolla 5 -lobed.

Corolla-tube slender, much longer than the calyx, except when (he

latter is inflated. Stamens exserted 6. Ci.f.kodknuko.n.

Corolla rather large, obliquely campanulate, with a short tube.

Stamens shorter than the corolla 7. Gmelina.

1. VERBENA, Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, and a rather uuccpial ^])read-
ing 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4 or rarelv 2. included in the tui)e. Ovarv 4-

268 VERBENACEiE. [Ferbena.

celled. Ovules erect. Fruit dry, euclosed in the calyx, separating into 4
1 -seeded nuts. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Flowers small, alternate, in temii-
nal spikes.

A genus comprising numerous American species, with only two natives of the warmer or
temperate regions of the Old World.

1. V. officinalis, Lirm. ; 8chau. in DC. Prod. xi. 547. An erect per-
ennial, 1 to 2 ft. hig-h, with long spreading wiry branches, nearly glabrous,
or pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. Lower leaves obovate
or oblong, stalked, and coarsely toothed or cut, upper ones either deeply pin-
natifid and lobed or toothed, or small and lanceolate. Flowers very small, in
long slender spikes, the low^er on(3s becoming distant as the spike lengthens,
each one sessile in the axil of a small bract.

On roadsides and in waste places, Chaminon, Hance. Widely spread over Europe and
temperate Asia, and (perhaps introduced) in America and South Africa, more rare within the
tropics.

2. LANTANA, Linn.

Calyx small and thin, truncate or sinuately toothed. Corolla-tube slender ;
the limb spreading, 4- or 5 -lobed, nearly regular or slightly 2 -lipped. Sta-
mens 4, included in the tube. Ovary 2-celled. Ovides erect. Fruit a di-upe,
the kernel 2-celled or dividing into 2-seeded nuts. — Shrubs or rarely herbs.
Flowers in peduncidate axillary heads, rarely lengthening into spikes.

A considerable genus, chiefly from tropical or subtropical America, with 2 or 3 Asiatic or
Afi'ican species.

1. Ii. Camara, Limi. ; Schau. in DC. Prod.':d. 598. A tall shnib, with
long weak branches, often armed wdth short recurved prickles, and more or
less hairy. Leaves stalked, ovate or slightly cordate, crenate, 2 to 3 in. long,
wrinkled and very rough wdth short stiff hairs. Flowers yellow or orange,
turning to a deep red ; the heads not lengthening into spikes. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, shorter than the corolla. Corolla-tube 3 to 4 lines long, lobes of
the limb short and broad. — L. creunlata, Otto and Dietr., and probably some
others enumerated by Schauer in DC. Prod. xi. 597 and 598.

A common species in tropical America, frequently cultivated for ornament, and, escaping
from gardens, now naturalized in the Happy Valley, Wilford, Wright.

3. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge.

Calyx 5 -toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube short ; the limb spreading, 5 -lobed ;
the 4 upper lobes nearly equal ; the lowest large, concave, and usually fringed.
Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary 4-cellfcd, o\T,des pendulous or laterally attached.
Style with 2 subulate stigmatic lobes. Fruit separating into 4 dry nuts, Avith
thin acute or winged edges. — Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in compact
opposite cymes ; the upper ones forming a naiTow terminal thyrsus.

A small genus, limited to central and eastern Asia.

1. C. mastacanthus, Schau. lii DC. Prod. xi. 625. An erect softly-
pubescent or tomentose perennial or undershrub, 1^ to 2 ft. high. Leaves
ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 in. long, soft, coarsely toothed. Flowers
blue (or white according to lioureii-o). Lower lobe of the corolla deeply

Caryopteris.'] vekbenace^. 269

fringed. Nuts hispid outside. — Bnrhula slnensh, Lour. Fl. Cooliinoli. 3(57.
Mastacanthns .sinemis, Lindl. Bot. Keg. 181-6, t. 2.

In ravines of the Black Moimtaiu, Chaynpion, Ilance. Also on the adjacent coul incut,
and northward to Chusan, but not known out of China.

4. PREMNA, Linn.

Calyx truncate or sinuately toothed. Corolla-tube short ; the limb spread-
ing, of 4 or rarely 5 lobes, nearly equal or slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4,
shorter than the corolla or rarely exserted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules penchilous
or laterally attached. Style mth 2 acute stigmatic lobes. Fruit a di-H])e,
with a 4-celled kernel. — Shrubs or trees. Flowers small, in terminal triclioto-
mous panicles, or in opposite cymes or clusters, forming a spike-like thyrsus.

A genus rather numerous in species, limited to the tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old ^Vorld, but extending to North Australia and the Pacific Islands.

1. P. serratifolia, Linn. ; ScJiau. in DC. Prod. xi. 632. A tree, eitlier
quite glabrous or with a slight pubescence on the young shoots and inflo-
rescence ; the old stems said to be thorny. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, 2 to
4 in. long, obtuse or acuminate, entire or with a few coarse obtuse tcetli,
rounded or cordate at the base. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in dense ter-
minal trichotomous cymes or corymbose panicles. Calyx truncate. Stamens
slightly exserted.

Near the seacoast, Champion, Wright. Common on the seacoasts of tropic;il Asia.

5. CALLICABPA, Linn.

Calyx truncate or 4- (rarely 5-) toothed. Corolla with a short tube, the
limb 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), nearly regular. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), ex-
serted. Ovaiy 4-celled, ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style dilated
and truncate at the top or rai'ely shortly and obtusely 2-lobed. Fruit a small
juicy berry or di"upe, with 4 distinct seed-like nuts or kernels. — Shrui)s, rarely
undershrubs, more or less cottony or wooUy with stellate hairs, or rarely
glabrous, and often with numerous resinous glandular dots, especially on the
under side of the leaves. Flowers small, in axillary cymes.

A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or
American species.

Calyx-teeth long, subulate. Flowers in small deusc globular heads, on

the short branches of the cymes \. C. touientosa.

Calyx truncate, or the teeth shorter than the tube. Flowers loosely
cymose to the last.
Leaves very floccose or woolly underneath.
Calyx hairy or tonientose.

Leaves toothed 2. C. macrophijUa.

Leaves quite entire 3. C. iiifeg,'rriiti,i.

Calyx glabrous 4. C. R^'evesii.

Leaves green on both sides or slightly floccose underneath.

Leaves glabrous above, narrowed or rarely rouiuled at the base . h. C. loiKiifoVui.
Leaves sprinkled with hairs on the upper side, cordate at the base 6. C. rubfUa.

1. G. tomentosa, Willd. ; Schnu. iu DC. Prod, xi. 647. A tall shrub
or small tree ; the branches, petioles, and inflorescence thickly clothed with a

270 VERBENACE^. [Callicarj)a.

tawiiy wool intermixed with copious spreading hairs. Leaves from oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 8 in, long, wrinkled and minutely lioaiy
above, floccose-cottony underneath. Cymes dichotomous ; the short branches
terminating in dense globular hirsute heads. Bracts subulate, as long as the
calyx. Calyx-teeth subulate; much longer than the tube. Corolla hairy out-
side. Stamens much longer than the corolla, with small anthers. — C. Rox-
burghii, Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 640, but not C. incana, Eoxb.

Common in ravines, Chamjnon and others. Also about Canton, but not known out of
south China.

2. C. macrophylla, VaJil, Symb. iii. 13, ^. 53 ; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi.
644. A tall shrub, with the foliage nearly of the last, but very difterent in
inflorescence and calyx. Branches and petioles thickly clothed with a floccose
wool, but without long hairs. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or rarely ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, crenately toothed, 6 to 10 in. long, wrinkled and nearly
glabrous above, floccose-cottony or woolly underneath. Cymes much branched,
with very numerous small flowers, all distinct. Bracts small, linear. Calyx
hairy, truncate ; the nerves protruding into minute or sometimes linear teeth,
but always much shorter than the tube. Corolla slightly pubescent. Stamens
much exserted. — P. Incana, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393.*

Hongkong, Seemaun, WrigJit ; also on the adjacent continent, and frequent in northern
and eastern India.

3. C. integerrima, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. v. 135. A shrub of 8 or
10 ft., the branches petioles and inflorescence clothed with a dense floccose
yellowish tomentum or wool. Leaves fi"om broadly ovate to nearly oblong,
shortly acuminate, 4 to 6 in, long, quite eutii'c, glabrous or nearly so above,
densely tomentose or wooUy underneath. Cymes loose, with very numerous
small flowers. Calyx tomentose, truncate or sinuately toothed. CoroUa gla-
brous. Anthers small, the filaments much exserted.

Common in Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. Also on the adjacent continent, but
not known out of S. China. It comes nearest to the C. Wallichiana from the Himalaya, but
that has much larger flowers, with large oblong anthers on short filaments.

4. C. Reevesii, Wall.; Schau. in DC. Prod. v. 641. A shnib, the
branches, petioles, and inflorescence covered with a short close m.ealy tomentum.
Leaves oval-oblong, acute or acuminate, 5 to 8 in. long, entire or irregularly
toothed, glabrous and nearly smooth above when full-gro\\m, white-cottony
underneath. Cymes on rather long peduncles, very much branched. Flowers
very numerous, glabrous, and larger than in the foregoing species. Calyx
truncate or sinuately toothed. Anthers small, the filaments much exserted,
—a nudiflora, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 206, t. 46.

Hongkong, Champon, Wright. Plentiful at East Point, Wilford. Also on the adjacent
continent, but not known out of S. China.

5. C. longifoliaj Lam. ; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 645, var. brevijjes. A
shrub, sometimes glabrous, but more frequently more or less sprinkled with

* Specimens were distributed by Roxburgh under the name of C. cana ; but the C. cana
of his Flora is tlie true C. cana, Linn., and was originally named C. deutata by Roxburgh.
Specimens of the C. macrophyJla have been distributed by Wallich as C. Ro.cburghii, n. 1833,
as well as under the n. 1832, which has occasioned much confusion between this species and
the preceding one.

CaUicarpa.'] VERBENACEiE. 271

a floccose stellate tomentum. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, 3 to 6 in, long-, acuminate, entire or irnjgularly sinuate, mostly acute
at the base, but occasionally rounded or the lower ones almost cordate, green
on both sides. Flowers glabrous or nearly so, in small nearly sessile cymes,
but each flower distinctly pedicellate. Calyx truncate or sinuately toothed.
Anthers oblong, about as long as the exserted part of the filament.

At Say wail, Champion ; also Wright and Wilford. This is the variety figured in Hook.
Fl. Exot. ii. t. 133, and in Bot. Reg. t. 864. The only specimens I have seen are from
gardens or from Hongkong. The original form figured by Lamarck, with numerous small
flowers in loose cymes, smaller anthers on longer filaments, and long narrow almost entire
leaves, has been gathered by Hanee near Canton, and by Caming in the Philippines (n. 1330).
A third variety, more common in India and the Archipelago, and found also in S. China by
Fortnne, has the flowers and inflorescence of Lamarck's plant, but shorter and broauer leaves,
always tapering at the base. This is the C. lanceolaria, Roxb., and is sometimes scaix-ely
to be distinguished from the American C. americana, Linn. One of Chcuiqauns lloiig-
kong specimens is in some measure intermediate between the var. brevipes and Lamarck's
form.

6. C. rubella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 883; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 645,
A shrub or undershrub of 2 or 3 ft. ; the loose floccose tomentum not al)un-
dant, and often mixed with a few simple hairs. Leaves shortly stalked,
obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed below tlie middle,
but rounded-cordate at the base, green on both sides or slightly tomentose
underneath, with scattered single hairs on the upper surface. Cymes loose,
on slender peduncles. Calyx tomentose, truncate or sinuately toothed. Co-
rolla pink. Anthers oblong, on short filaments. — C. tenuijlora, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. v. 135.

At Say wan. Champion ; also Wright. On the continent of S. China, in Khasia and Assam.

6. CLEEODEE-DROK", Linn.

Calyx campanulate or inflated, 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla-tube slender,
much longer than the calyx, except when the latter is inflated; the Km!)
spreading, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, usually nuich exserted.
Ovary 4-celled ; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute
stigmatic lobes. Fruit a drupe; the kernel usually large, sepai-ating into
2 two-celled or 4 one-celled nuts. — Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs. Flowers
loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal panicles or thyrsi, or rarely axillary.

A considerable tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or American species.

Leaves glabrous. Flouers axiUary.

Peduncles 3-flowered. Calyx small. Corolla -tube long and slender . \. C. inermc.

Peduncles 5-9-flovvcred. Calyx 5-angular, inflated, as long as the

corolla-tube 2. C. lividum.

Leaves softly pubescent. Flowers in compact heads, forming a teruiinal

corymb 3. C. cancsceus.

1. G. merme, Br. ; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. fiGO. A glabrous shnib,
or slightly pubescent when young. Leaves stalked, ovate,. obtuse or shortly
acuminate, entire, 1 to 3 in.'^long. Peduncles axillary, often nearly as long
as the leaves, bearing 3 pedict'liate flowers. Calyx truncate, not 2 lines long
when in flower, above 3 when in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, about 1 in. long ;

272 VERBENACEiE. \Clerodendron .

lobes about 4 lines. Stamens much longer. Drupe ovoid, about twice as
long as the calyx.

Very common near the sea, Champion and others. Widely spread along the seacoasts of
tropical Asia, the Arcliipelago, and islands of the Pacific.

2. C. lividum, Lincll. Bot. Reg. t. 945. A low glabrous shrub. Leaves
varying from broadly oblong and about 3 in. long, to naiTow^ oblong-lanceo-
late and 5 or 6 in. long, entire or coarsely and irregularly toothed. Cymes
axillary, 5- to 9-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. Calyx of a livid
pm'ple, inflated, 5 -angled, 5-lobed, about 5 lines long. Corolla nearly white;
the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens shortly exserted. — C. pen-
tagoniim, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 238.

Hongkong, Champion, ffance, Wright, Wilford. In the Happy Valley, Seemann. Also
on the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

3. C. canescens, Wall.; Schau. in BO. Prod. xi. 665. A small tree;
the branches, young leaves, and inflorescences softly pubescent. Leaves
broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. 4 or 5 in. long. Flowers
in dense capitate pedunculate cymes, formiiig a short terminal corymb or flat
panicle, each head surrounded by ovate imbricate bracts as long as the calyx.
Calyx 5-lobed, about 3 lines long when in flower, becoming much enlarged,
spreading and I'ed when in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, above | in. long.
Stamens much exserted. Drupe globular, shorter than the calyx. — C. limna-
tocalyx, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 238.

Common near the level of the sea, Champiov and others. Also on the adjoining conti-
nent, but not known out of S. China

7. GMELINA, Linn.

Calyx 4- or 5 -toothed. Corolla obliquely campanulate or funnel-shaped,
narrowed into a short tube ; the limb broadly 4- or 5-iobed. Stamens 4, in
pairs, shorter than the corolla. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Ovules pendulous or
laterally attached. Style unequally 2-lobed at the top. Fruit a (h'upe with
a 2- or 4-celled kernel. — Trees or tall shrubs. Flowers large for the Order,
yellow^ or pale pink, in irregular terminal panicles, sometimes ahnost reduced
to simple racemes. Calyx often bearing a few scattered glands.

A small genus, extending over tropical Asia and the Archipelago to North Austraha.

1. G. chinensis, Beuth.y n. sp. Leaves stalked, ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, entire, 3 or 4 in. long, cuneate and 3-nerved at the base, glabrous above,
hoary "with a minute meal underneath, with occasionally 2 or 3 glands at the
base between the nei-ves. Panicle short and narrow, slightly tomentose or
pubescent. Bracts small, oblong. Calyx campanidate, about 4 lines long-
when in flower, truncate at the top with 5 minute distant teeth, slightly hoai-y
outside with a few small glands. Corolla above an inch long, not downy,
but only whitish with a minute meal, broader, less oblique, and with a shorter
tid^e than the other species knowqi to me, usually 4-lobed, but one flower of
the specimen has 5. Ovary 4-celled. Smaller lobe of the style very minute.

Hongkong, Wright. 1 have seen only one specimen, and it is not in any other collection.

FUex.] VERBENACEiK. 273

8. VITEX, Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube short; the limb spreadinu:, 5-lobed;
the lower lobe larg-er and longer than the others (as in Teiicr'ium). Stamens 4,
in paii-s, exserted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules pendulous. Style acutely 2-lobe(l
at the top, Fi-uit a 4-ceIled drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually digi-
tately compound. Flowers in cymes, sometimes axillary, but usually in ler-
minal panicles, either simple and spike-like or branched.

A considerable tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic or African, with a few American
or Australian species, and one extending into south Eui'ope.

Stem decumbent. Leaves mostly simple, white underneath. Calyx 2

lines long 1. F. trifolia, var.

Stem erect. Leaves digitate. Calyx about 1 line long.

Leaflets white underneath 2. V. Negundo.

Leaflets green on both sides 3. T. Luureiri.

1. V. trifolia, Linn.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 683, var. nnifullolata.
A decumbent shrub ; the branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence
mealy-v.hite. Leaves simple, stalked, obovate or rounded, 1 to 1^ in. long,
glabrous or nearly so above, at least when old. Flowers few, in nearly sessile
opposite cymes, forming short simple terminal spike-like or narrow panicles.
Calyx about 2 lines long, very shortly 5-toothed, the corolla twice as long,
and both mealy-white outside. Drupe globular. — V. ovata, Thunb. ; Hook,
and Arn. Bot. Beech. 206, t. 47.

Common in the maritime sands. Champion and others ; the Hongkong specimens are
all simple-leaved. The species is widely spread along the seacoasts and great rivers of
eastern tropical xVsia and the Pacific islands, and often has 3 leaflets longer and narrower
than in the simple variety, and the cymes more developed, but it has always the flowers nearly
twice as large as in V. 'Negundo.

2. V. Negundo, Llmi.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 684; WigJd, Ic. t.
519. A shrub, usually erect; the branches, under side of the leaves, and in-
florescence mealy-white as in V. tnfuUa. Leaves all compound with 3 or 5
leaflets oblong or lanceolate, entire or deeply toothed or pinnatifid, glabrous
or nearly so above, the central one 2 to 4 in. long, the lateral ones usually
smaller. Flowers small, in close ojjposite cymes, forming simple or branched
spike-like panicles, or very rarely the cymes become loosely dichotomous.
Calyx tomentose, not above 1 line long. Corolla much longer, usually to-
mentose outside, and hairy at the base of the loAver lobe. — V. hicolor, ^^ illd. ;
Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 683 (when the cymes are looser). V. iucisa, Lam. ;
Schau. 1. c. 684 (the cut-leaved forms).

On the seacoast, Hance, both with entire and cut leaflets. Conunon in tropical Asia,
and northwards to Chinese Mongolia. It is readily distinguished from the more western
V. Agnus-castus, by the flowers not half the size.

3. V. Loureiri, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 206, /. 48 ; Schnu. in DC.
Prod. xi. 686. A shrub or small tree, minutely hoary, pubescent on the
branches under side of the leaves and inflorescence, not white as iu F. Negundo
which it otherwdse resembles. Leaflets 5 or rarely 3, oblong or lanceolate,
deeply toothed. Flowers small and inflorescence of F. Negundo. Calyx
tomentose. Corolla glabrous.

Hongkong, Wright ; also on the adjoining continent, but not scon from (-Iscwhcrc.

T

274 LABIAT.E. \Lahiai(B.

Order LXXXIIl. LABIATE.

Flowers in-egiilar or rarely nearly regular. Calyx persistent, usually
5 -toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube and 4 or 5 lobes, usually forming 2
lips, rarely nearly equal. Stamens 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube of the
corolla, and alternating mth its lower lobes. Ovary 4-lobed, with one erect
ovule in each lobe. Style single, arising from the centre, with 2 short stig-
matic lobes at the top. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into 4 small
seed-like nuts. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, fi'equently aromatic. Leaves oppo-
site or whorled. Flowers in opposite cymes or rarely solitaiy, either forming
axillary clusters, called false-ivhorh (verticillasters), or in terminal spikes, or
racemes, or spike-like panicles or tliyrd, or in loose panicles.

A large Order, distributed over every part of the globe.

Stamens 2 ; the filaments branched, one branch with a perfect cell, the

other with an imperfect or mdimentary one 6. Salvia.

Stamens 4.

Stamens nearly straight and equal, or bending downwards.
Calyx 2-lipped.

Stamens bending downwards, exserted. Anthers 1-celled . . 1. Mesona.
Stamens not longer than the corolla. Anthers 2-ceUed ... 4. Pekilla.
Calyx nearly regular, 5-toothed.

Filaments woolly-hairy. Stamens much exserted.

Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Flowers in dense clusters,

forming interrupted spikes 2. Pogostemon.

Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in close cyHndrical spikes . 3. Dysophylla.

Filaments glabrous 5. Mentha.

Stamens ascending in pairs.

Stamens shorter than the upper Hp of the coroUa.
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed.

Calyx tubular, 15 -nerved. Upper stamens longest .... 7- Nepeta.
Cal)x 5-nerved. Lower stamens longest. Leaves deeply cut . 10. Leonurus.

Calyx nearly equally 10-toothed 11. Leucas.

Calyx with 2 entire lips, and an appendage on the back of the

upper one 8. Scutellaria.

Stamens projecting beyond the upper lip or lobes of the corolla.
Short upper lip of the corolla enthe behind the stamens. Nuts

smooth 9. Anisomeles.

Short upper lip deeply cleft into 2 lobes, between which the

stamens protrude. Nuts reticulate 12. Teucrium.

L MESONA, Blume.

Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed; the lower entii-e, truncate. Co-
rolla with a short tube ; the limb campanulate ; the upper lip broad, truncate
or 4-toothed ; the lower longer, oblong, concave. Stamens 4, declining ; upper
filaments with a tooth or appendage at the base. — Herbs. Flowers small,
the false-whorls in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube transversely wrinkled when
in fruit.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. IVI, chinensis^ BentJi. Stems decumbent, scarcely a foot long, slightly
pubescent or haiiy. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 to 1| in. long, slightly
toothed, and narrowed into a rather long petiole. Floral leaves or bracts
ovate or lanceolate, scarcely longer than the flowers, mostly coloured at the

Mesona~\ labiat^e. 275

base. Calyx veiy small at first, about 2 lines long when in fruit. Lower
lobe of the corolla hairy outside.

At Say wan, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere, unless it be a variety of M. Wallichiana,
Benth., from Silhet and Assam. Tiie latter is, however, a coarser and more hairy plant, and
the leaves are always acuminate, and have much shorter petioles.

2. POGOSTEMON, Desf.

Calyx equally 5 -toothed. Corolla Avitli a short tube ; the limb somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower lip entire and somewhat longer.
Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted, the filaments often bearded. Anthers termi-
nal, 1-celled. — Herbs. Plowers in dense clusters or false-whorls, arranged in
terminal spikes or close panicles.

A rather considerable tropical Asiatic genus.

1. P. parviflorus, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 152. Stems decumbent at
the base, ascending to 2 ft. or more. Leaves ovate or oval-oblohg, more or
less toothed, usually 2 to 4 in. long, on rather long petioles, tliin and glabrous
or slightly pubescent. Flowers small, in dense globular clusters, surrounded
by ovate or oblong pubescent bracts nearly as long as themselves, and arranged
in somewhat broken and one-sided spikes forming terminal panicles. Calyx
pubescent, nearly 2 lines long. Hairs of the filaments purplish.

On Mount Parker, Champion. Common in the hilly districts of India, from the Nilgher-
ries to Upper Assam.

3. DYSOPHYLLA, Blume.

Characters of Pogostemon, except that the corolla is more regular, the
lobes being equal or nearly so, and the false-whorls of small flowers are in a
single close cylindrical slender spike.

A small genus from tropical Asia, which ought perhaps to be united with Poyostemon.

1. D. auricularia, Blume ; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 156; IJlyht, Ic.
^.1445. A procumbent perennial, hirsute in every part with spreading hairs,
usually of a yellowish-brown. Stems often 2 or 3 feet long. Leaves sessile
or very shortly stalked, 1| to 2 in. long, ovate-oblong or almost lanceolate.
Spike dense, but narrow, 2 to 4 in. long, composed of very numerous false-
wdiorls of small flowers. Calyx less than a line long.

In ditches and moist \A-dces, C//ampio>i. Abundant in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and south China.

4. PSEILLA, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5 -cleft, becoming when in fruit 2-lipped, with an en-
larged tube, the upper lip 3-toothed, the loAver 2-cleft. CoroUa with a short
tube, the limb shortly 5 -cleft, the lowest lobe rather the longest. Stamens
4, not exserted, nearly straight. Anthers 2-celled. Nuts globidar, reticulate.
— Annuals. Mowers solitary and pedicellate, in the axils of the opposite
bract-like floral leaves, forming terminal or axillary racemes.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.
Plant hairy. Leaves about 2 in., deeply toothed, ])ur])lc underneath . . \. P. arf/u/a.
Plant whitish-hoary or glabrous. Leaves not 1 in., slightly toothed . . 2. P. Janceolnta.

T 2

276 . LABIAT.E. [Ferilla.

1. P. arguta, Beutk. in DC. Prod. xii. 164. An erect, more or less
hairy, rather coarse branching annual, 1 to 1| ft. high. Leaves on rather long
petioles, broadly ovate, deeply toothed, usually about 2 in. long, stained with
puq^le underneath, or sometimes on both sides. Eacemes 1 -sided, 3 to 5
in. long. Mowers small. Calvx-tube hispid. — Mentha reticulosa, Hance in
Walp. Ann. iii. 247.

Cultivated for its seed, but also fouud wild in the island, Hance. Also on the Chinese
continent and in Japan. The leaves are nearly those of P. ocimoides, var. crispa, or Denti-
clia nmikinensis. Lour. ; but the spikes are more slender, the calyx less hairy, and longer
when in fruit. We are not however sufficiently acquainted with the native form of the plant
to judjje how far it may be really specifically distinct from the common Indian P. ocimoides.

2. P. lanceolata, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 164. An erect much-
branched annual, seldom 1 ft. high, glabrous or more or less hoary w^ith a
minute pubescence, but without stift" hairs. Leaves ovate or the upper ones
lanceolate, ^ to f or rarely 1 in. long, slightly toothed, on petioles of 3 or 4
lines. Eacemes slender, 1 -sided. FloAvers smaller than in P. arguta. Calyx
slightly hoary but not hauy. Anthers of the upper stamens smaller than the
lower ones, but with 2 perfect cells. — Hedeoma tiepalensis, Seem. Bot. Her.
404 ; not Benth.

In waste places, Hance ; also Wright. On the adjoining continent to Amoy. The true
Hedeoma nepalensis is very like this plant, but is more or less hispid, and has always the 2
upper stamens rudimentary or sterile, a distinction which in this family has always been regarded
as generic, although in this instance the H. nepalensis might be more naturaUv removed to
Perilla.

5. MENTHA, Linn.

Calyx nearly regular, 5 -toothed. Corolla ^vith a short tube and a campa-
nulate 4-lobed limb, nearly regular, or the upper lobe rather broader, and
sometimes slightly notched. Stamens 4, equal and erect ; the anthers 2-celled.
Nuts smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers rather small, in dense false-whorls,
w^hich are either collected in terminal heads or spikes, or axiUary and distant.

A genus not numerous in species, widely diffused over the greater part of the globe, with-
out the tropics, one species extending also into the tropical regions of the Old World.

1. M. arvensiSy Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 171, var. javanica.
Stem decumbent or ascending, more or less hoary wdth closely reflexed hairs.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 1^ in. long, narrow^ed into a short
petiole, the upper ones smaller; false-whorls globular, many-flowered, all
axillary and distant; the uppermost paii* of leaves often without flowers.
Calyx usually about 1 line long. — M. javanica, Blume ; Benth. in DC. Prod,
xii." 173.

In ditches, Saywan, Hance. Very strongly aromatic. The same variety occurs in Ceylon,
the Indian Archipelago, the Philippines, and northward to Chusan. The species itself ranges
aU over Europe and temperate Asia, where the leaves are generally (but not always) broader
and not narrowed at the base, but the North American forms {M. canadensis, Linn.,) connect
the Javanese with the European too closely to be any longer regarded as specifically distinct.

6. SALVIA, Linn.
Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip entu'e or with 3 minute teeth, the loAver one
2 -cleft. Corolla with the upper lip erect, concave or arched ; the lower spread-
ing, 3 lobed, the middl lobe often notched or divided. Stamens 2, Init easily

Salvia.'] LABiAX.f:. 277

mistaken for 4, i'(;r the anthers have along slender connectivmn (like branches
of the filament), with a perfect cell at the upper end, and at the lower end a
small empty cell, usually much deformed or quite rudimentary.

A very large genus, widely spread over the temperate and warmer regions of the globe,
although within the tropics the majority of species are mountain plants.

Leaves mostly with 3 ovate petiolulate segments. Corolla \ in. long . . 1. 5. Fortunei.
Leaves undivided. Flowers minute 2.6'. idebeia.

1. S. Fortunei, Smth. in BO. Prod. xii. 354. An erect ratlier slender
and nearly glabrous lierb, 1^ to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked, divided into 3
ovate petiolidate segments, the terminal one 1 to 1^ in, long, the lateral ones
smaller, and the uppermost pair of leaves often tmdivided, FloAvers about
\ in. long, in false-whorls of about 6, forming a long loose terminal raceme.
Upper lip of the calyx entire. Lower end of the connectivum of the anther
dilated or with a small empty cell.

In ravines, Champion, Hance ; also Fortune. Not known out of S. China.

2. S. plebeia, Br. ; Benlh.in DC. Prod. xii. 355. An erect branching
pubescent or hairy coar.se annual, 1 to 2 or even 3 ft. high. Leaves stalked,
oblong, obtuse or acute, 1|- to 3 in. long, wrinkled. Flowers very small, in
false-whorls of 6, forming branching paniculate racemes. Calyx pubescent,
ovoid and 1 line long Avlien in flower, campanulate and 2 lines long aaIicu in
fruit ; the upper lip entire and obtuse. Corolla scarcely longer than the
calyx.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in India, from Ceylon and Aflfghanistan to the Archipelago,
extending into tropical Australia and northward as far as Pekin.

7. NEPETA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 15 -ribbed, its mouth oblique and 5 -toothed, the upper teeth
usually the longest. Corolla with a rather long tube ; the throat enlarged ; the
upper lip erect, slightly concave, notched or 2-lobed ; the lower lip spreading
and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, the upper or inner
pair the longest. Anthers 2-celled. — Herbs. Flov.-ers usually blue, in axil-
lary false- whorls or terminal spikes.

An extensive European and Asiatic genus, the great centre of which is western Asia.

1. N. glechoma, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 391. A more or less hairy
perennial, creeping and rooting at the base, often to a great extent; the
flowering stem shortly ascending. Leaves orbicular, crenate, deeply cordate
at the base ; the lower ones on )-ather long stalks. Flowers blue, from | to
near 1 in. long, in axillary false-whorls of about 6 ; tlu^ tube of the corolla at
least twice as long as the calyx.

At Sheako, but rare in Hongkong, Hance. Common in Europe ami temperate Asia,
extending eastward to Japan.

8. SCUTELLARIA, Linn.

Calyx divided into 2 entire lips ; the upper one bearing on its back a hollow
scale-like protuberance. Corolla with a rather long tube aiiil small nearly
closed lips, the upper one concave, the lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in
pairs ; the anthers of the lower pair 1 -celled. Nuts raised on a short, oblique,

278 LABIATE. IScutellarla.

or curved stalk. — Herbs or rarely shrubs. Flowers solitary, either opposite
and axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes.

A rather large genus, widely distributed over the temperate and some of the warmer re-
gions of the globe.

1. S. indica, Linn.,- BentJi. in DC. Frod. xii. 417. A procumbent,
pubescent, or hairy perennial, with shortly ascending flowering stems. Leaves
stalked, orbicidar, creiiate, cordate at the base, from less than ^ to near 1 in.
long, seldom vaiying to broadly ovate. Flowers opposite, in a simple short
terminal 1 -sided raceme. Appendage of the calyx broad and membranous.
Corolla blue, 6 or 7 lines long ; the tube dilated upwards.

In ravines and to the tops of the hills, Champion and others. Ap])arently common in
S. China ; also in Java, and northwards to Loochoo and Japan ; indeed the larger-flowered S.
jajjonica, Morr. and Dene., is probably only a variety of the same species. Notwithstanding
its name, it is not known from India.

9. A]SriSOMELES, Br.

Calyx 5 -nerved, 5 -toothed. Corolla-tube the length of the calyx, upper
lip erect and entire, lower lip longer, spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe 4-
notched or 2-cleft. Stamens 4, in pairs, projecting from the upper lip of the
corolla. Anthers of the upper stamens 1-celled, of the lower 2-celled, all the
cells parallel and transverse. Nuts smooth. — Coarse herbs. Flowers in loose
cymes or in dense false-whorls, axillary or in terminal racemes.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia, or scarcely extending into East
Africa.

1. A. ovata, Br. ; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 455 ; WigJit, Ic. t. 865. An
erect, coarse, softly hairy or pubescent perennial, rarely nearly glabrous, 2 or
3 ft. high, with a strong unpleasant smell. Leaves usually ovate, crenate,
about 2 in. long. Flowers pui'plish, numerous, in dense false-whorls ; the
lower ones axillary ; the upper forming a long terminal raceme or spike.
Calyx 3 to 5 lines long, with lanceolate teeth.

In the Happy Valley, Champion, oi Little Hongkong, TFi/fc;rr/; also Wright. Common
in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya
and S. China.

10. LEOTq-URUS, Liim.

Calyx 5 -nerved, truncate at the top, with 5 subulate or prickly teeth. Co-
roUa-tube rarely exceeding the calyx ; the upper lip erect or oblong or hooded,
the lower more or less spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens
4, in pairs, ascending under the upper lip. Anthers 2-ceUed, with parallel
transverse cells. Nuts smooth, truncate at the top. — Herbs. Leaves often
deeply cut. Flowers in dense false-whorls.

A small European or Asiatic genus, of which one species is spread as a weed over many
other parts ot the world.

1. Ij. sibiricus, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Frod. xii. 501; Sw. Brit. Fl.
Card. t. 204. An erect branching glabrous or slightly pubescent annual or
biennial, 2 to 5 or 6 feet high. Leaves stalked, the lowest ovate, with a few
broad lobes, the others deeply divided into 3 or more deeply cut oblong-linear
lobes, or the uppermost sometimes narrow and entire. Flowers red, nu-

Leonurus.] labiat^e. 279

merous ; the \ovcv false-whorls axillai-y and distant, the upper forming a lonj^
terminal spike. Bracts and calyx-teeth subulate, almost prickly. Corolla
about 5 lines long', pubescent outside.

On roadsides, Ckmnpion and others. Probably of Asiatic origin, now a vcit coraiuou
roadside weed over the greater part of tropical and temperate Asia, tropical Africa, and some
parts of tropical America.

11. LEUCAS, Br.

Calyx usually 10-ribbed, straight or oblique at the top, 10- or rarely 8-
toothed. Corolla-tube not exserted ; the upper lip erect, concave, and very
haiiy, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with a large often notched middle lobe.
Stamens 4, ascending in pairs under the upper lip. Anther-cells divaricate,
confluent. Nuts obtuse at the top. — Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers usually
white, rarely purple, in axillary false-whoris or terminal spikes.

A considerable genus, confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World.
1. L. niollissimiiin, TFall. ; Benth. in I)C. Prod. xii. 525. A peren-
nial, with decumbent or ascending pubescent or hairy stems, 1 to 2 ft.
long. Leaves, ovate, crenate, i to 1 in. long, softly haiiy, pale or white un-
derneath. False- whorls all axillaiy and distant, 10- or more floAvered. Bracts
minute. Calyx 3 lines long, straight, pubescent, with 10 very short erect
subulate teeth.

On roadsides, Little Hongkong, Champion ; also Hance and Wright. On the adjacent
continent, and frequent in the mountains of northern India.

12. TEUCRIUM, Linn.

Calyx 5 -toothed, either regular or the upper tooth much broader. Corolla-
tube short ; 4 upper lobes short, erect, or tmiied forwards ; the lowest lobe
much larger, spreading, often concave. Stamens 4, in paii-s, exserted between
the 2 uppermost lobes of the corolla. Nuts attached laterally near the base,
more or less reticulate. — Herbs or shnibs, varying much in inflorescence.

A large genus, widely distributed over most parts of the globe.
False-whorls 6- to 10-flowered, in a simple terminal spike. Calyx in-
flated after flowering \. T. inflatum.

Flowers in pairs, in one-sided terminal racemes or panicles.

Plant slightly hairy. Petioles rather long. Calyx inflated after

flowering? 2. T. stoloniferum.

Plant very hairy. Petioles short. Calyx not inflated . . . . 3. Z quadrifarium.

1. T. inflatum, Siv.; Benili. in DC. Prod. xii. 581. A pidjescent or
haiiy perennial, with a creeping rhizome and erect stems 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, hoaiy un-
derneath. Flowers (pale pm-ple?) in whorls of 6 to 10, collected into a sim-
ple terminal leafless spike of 3 or 4 in. Calyx much inflated after flowering,
contracted at the mouth ; the teeth ovate and obtuse, the uppermost much
broader.

In waste places, Hance. A tropical American species, but abundant also in the Fccjee
and Friendly Islands, in the Pacific, and in some islands of the eastern Arcliipelago.

2. T. stoloniferum. Ham.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. Khizome
perennial, with creeping stolones. Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high ; the whole
plant glabrous or pubescent. Leaves on rather long petioles, bi-oadly ovate,

280 LABIAT.E. [Teucritan.

not so coarse and less ^viinkled than in T. quadrifai'ium, deeply crenate, 1 to
2 in. long. Flowers (pale yellow ?) pedicellate, in pairs, in loose branching
tenninal one-sided racemes. Bract -like floral leaves shorter than the calyx.
Calyx more or less inflated after flowering ; the upper tooth much broader
than the others.

In waste places, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent and eastern India, from Sikkim
and Khasia to the Archipelago.

3. T, quadrifariuxn. Ham.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. Rhizome
creeping, but perhaps less so than in the last species. Stems erect, 1 to 1| ft.
high in the Chinese specimens, often double that in India, densely hii'sute
with spreading haii's, often assuming a golden hue. Leaves on short stalks
or nearly sessile, ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, sen'iilate, wrinkled and vil-
lous, riowers (pm'ple or whitish ?) pedicellate, in pairs, in loose branching
tenninal one-sided racemes. Bract-like floral leaves ovate, often longer than
the calyx, but sometimes much smaller. Upper tooth of the calyx much
broader than the others ; the tube scarcely inflated after flowering. — T. For-
tunei, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. T.fulvum, Hance inWalp. Ann. iii. 270.

Common in ravines. Champion and others. Frequent in the mountains of northern India.

Order LXXXIV. PLANTAGINE^.

Flowers regular. Sepals 4. Corolla smaQ, scarious, with an ovate or cy-
lindrical tube and 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted in the tube and
alternating with the lobes of the corolla, usually very long. Ovary 1-, 2-, or
4-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell. Style terminal, simple. Cap-
sule opening transversely or indeliiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Em-
bryo parallel to the hilum. — Herbs, with radical, tufted, or spreading leaves,
rarely branched and leafy. Flower-stalks leafless, bearing a simple spike or a
single terminal flower.

A small Order, widely spead over the globe, but most abundant in the temperate regions
of the Old World.

1. PLANTAGO, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes on a leafless peduncle. Capsule
2- or 4-celled, with 2 or more seeds ; the other characters and geographical
range those of the Order, of which this genus contains all the species but two.

1. P. major, Linn.; Dene, in DC. Prod, xm.part i. 694. A perennial,
with a short thick root-stock. Leaves all radical, erect or spreading, broadly
ovate, often 4 or 5 in. long, entire or toothed, glabrous or pubescent, marked
Avith 7 (rarely 9 or 5) prominent ribs converging into a rather long petiole.
Peduncles usually longer than the leaves, bearing a long slender spike of small
sessile flowers. Sepals about 1 line long, green, with a scarious edge. Cap-
side 2-celled, with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell.

la waste places. Champiou and others. A common weed in Europe and temperate Asia,
and spread with cultivation over almost every part of the globe.

Plumbaginca.'] PLUMBAGlNEiii. 281

Order LXXXV. PLUMBAGINE^.

Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, often enlarged and scarious or petal-like
at the top. Petals 5, often united at the base. Stamens 5, inserted at the
base of the corolla or between the petals. Ovary single, L-celled, with ] sus-
pended ovule. Styles 5, distinct or united at the base. Capside 1-seeded,
indehiscent or opening irregidarly. Seed albuminous. Embryo axile, straight ;
the radicle superior. — Herbs or rarely undershrubs, usually hard and stift".
Leaves mostly radical. Mowers in temiinal heads,, spikes, or panicles.

A small family, exteudiug over most parts of the world, but chiefly wilhiu the iuflucuce
of the sea air or occasionally on high mountains.

1. STATICE, Linn.

Calyx more or less expanded at the top into a dry membranous coloured
and slightly 5-lobed limb, each lobe traversed by a green or tlark nerve.
Petals slightly united at the base. Styles glabrous. — Flowers solitary or 2
or 3 together in little spikelets forming one-sided spikes, aiTanged in dicho-
tomous or trichotomous panicles or rarely in simple spikes.

The principal genus of the family, ranging chiefly over maritime districts in the northern
hemisphere.

1. S. sinensis, Gir.; Boiss. in DC. Prod. xii. 162. Stock short and
thick. Leaves aU radical, obovate-oblong, \\ to 3 in. long, quite entii'e, nar-
rowed into a petiole of variable length. Scape 9 to 18 in. high, repeatedly
forked so as to form a broad corymbose panicle, with a small green bract un-
der each branch, and in some specimens there are a few entire or forked
barren branches, ^ to 1-| in. long, at the base of the panicle. Flowers nu-
merous, in short dense unilateral spikes, scarcely distributed into spikelets,
with an obtuse broadly oblong bract under each flower. Calyx pale pink at
the top, wdth short obtuse teeth. Petals yeUow, rather longer than the calyx
at first flowering. — S. Fortimei, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 63.

In estuaries, salt-water pools, and bogs, Champion. On the adjacent continental coasts,
and northward to Amoy and Loochoo. It is probably the same species as the S. bicolor,
Bunge, from N. China ; but not having seen specimens of the latter I have hesitated to adopt
the name.

The Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn., belonging to the Order Nyctaginecp, is in several of tiie
islands of the Canton river, but has not yet been received from Hongkong.

Order LXXXVI. CHENOPODIACE^.

Perianth small ; segments 5 or in some flowers fewer, herbaceous. Stamens
5, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovaiy free, with a single erect ovule.
Styles 2 or 3, either free or united at the base. Fmit consisting of a single
seed, in a very thin or sometimes succulent pericai-p, and enclosed in the per-
sistent calyx, which is sometimes enlarged or altered in form. Seed usually
orbicular and flattened. Embryo coiled round a mealy albumen, or spirally
twisted, without or with scarcely any albumen. — Herbs or undershrubs, often
succulent. Stipules none. Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite, some-
times none. Flowers in sessile clusters, either in axillary or terminal spike.-

282 CHENOPODIACE.E. [Chenopodiacecs .

or panicles, and often unisexual. Bracts inconspicuous or in a few genera 2
lateral ones (or bracteoles) to each flower, adhering to the perianth, and then
often described as an outer 2-lobed calyx.

A considerable Order, spread over the greater part of the world, but most abundant in
maritime or saline situations.

Stems erect or procumbent, not twining. Bracteoles free or incon-
spicuous.

Leaves flat. Embryo coiled round a mealy albumen 1. Chenopodium.

Leaves semi-cylindrical, succulent. Embryo spiral, without albumen 2. Su^eda.
Stems twining. Bracteoles adhering to and enclosing the perianth . 3. Basella.

1. CHENOPODIUM, Linn.

Perianth of 5 (rarely fewer in a few flowers) equal segments, which enclose
the ripe fi-uit, without appendages or alteration excepting a slight enlargement
or thickening. Stamens 5 (rarely fewer). Sjtyles 2 or 3, often connected at the
base. Embryo curved or coiled round a mealy albumen. — Herbs, eithei* gla-
brous or covered with a mealy dust. Leaves alternate, flat.

The species are rather numerous, widely distributed over the globe, with fewer strictly
maritime ones than in most other genera of the Order.

Lower leaves sinuately toothed or angular \. C.

All the leaves quite entire 2. C. acuminatum,

1. C. album, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. ^iii. part ii. 73. A tough an-
nual, usually erect, sometimes under 1 ft., sometimes 2 ft. high or more, of a
pale green or more or less mealy-white, especially the flowers and under side
of the leaves. Leaves stalked; the lower ones ovate or rhomboidal, more or
less sinuately toothed or angular, the upper ones Usually narrow and entire.
Clusters of flowers in short axillary spikes, either dense or interrupted, the
upper ones forming a long panicle, leafy at the base. Seeds entii'ely enclosed
in the perianth and all horizontal.

In waste places, Hance. A common European and Asiatic weed, carried out with culti-
vation to most parts of the world.

2. C. acuminatum, Willd. ; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 62. Stems
1 to 2 ft. high, usually decumbent at the base ; the -whole plant pale green or
mealy-white like the G. album, but the young shoots and spikes often assume
a reddish coloiu-. Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, seldom above
1 in. long, allentii'e; the lower ones obtuse, the upper acute orwdth a minute
point. Clusters of flowers small, globular, in internipted slender spikes,
forming the branches of a terminal leafless panicle. Seeds of C. album. — C.
Vachellii, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 269.

In waste places, Hance. On the adjacent continent, and northward to Loochoo and east-
em Siberia.

2. SUiEDA, Forsk.

Flowers and fruit of Clienopodiiim, except that the embryo is coiled
into a flat spii'e with little or no albumen. — Herbs or underslu'ubs. Leaves
small, linear, semi-cylindrical, and succulent. Clusters of flowers mostly ax-
illary.

A genus of very few species, ranging over the seacoasts of most parts of the globe.

Suceda.] CHENOPODiACEiE. 283

1. S. australis, Moq. A glabrous aimiial or biennial, with simple and
erect or branched and spreading stems of 6 to 8 in., hard and apparently
woody at the base, succulent at the top. Leaves usually about ^ in. long
and 1 line broad, thick and fleshy. Flowers very small, in axillai^ clusters
of 3 to 5 or rarely solitary. Seed entirely enclosed in the perianth and always
horizontal. — Cheuopodium austral is, Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. ]G3.
Suada indica. Seem. Bot. Her. 406 ; but not of Moq.

In maritime marshes, Hance. Extends probably from Australia to eastern tropical Asia,
and northward to Loochoo. The Hongkong specimens appear identical with Australian ones
which J. D. Hooker refers to the common European S. maritiina. It lias, however, much
thicker leaves, more like those of S. indica and S. nudiflora ; but these are much more
shrubby species, with vertical seeds.

3. BASELLA, Linn.

Bracteoles adhering to the perianth and united in a 2-lobcd extemal calyx.
Perianth ovoid, shortly 5-lobed. Style single, with 3 oblong stigniatic lobes.
Fruit enclosed in the globidar siicculent perianth and Israels. Seed vertical.
Embryo spiral, with little or no albumen. — Stems twining. Leaves alternate,
flat, but succulent. Flowers sessile, in simple or branched spikes.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus

1. B. rubra, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. yim. partii. 222. A glabrous her-
baceous twiner of considerable length. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate, succu-
lent, about 2 in. long. Spikes axillary, pedunculate, simple, 2 or 3 in. long.
Flowers about 1 line long, pale red, sessile, at first close together, but becom-
ing distant as the spike lengthens. Berries (or fruiting perianths) dark pur-
ple, about 3 lines diameter.

On the sides of a pond in the Happy Valley, Wilford. A species of uncertain origin, pro-
bably Asiatic, commonly cultivated in India, and readily establishing itself on roadsides and
in waste places.

Ordeii LXXXVn. AMAEANTACE^.

Herbs, with the characters of Cheuojmdlum, except that the perianth is
usually more scarious, wdth the segments more distinct ; the bracts and brac-
teoles more prominent -and scarious, and in one tribe there are several ovules
in the ovary, attached to a free central placenta as in Carrjopliyllca. Leaves
alternate in a few genera, opposite in the others, without stipides, and not
succident.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical and American, with a few species spread over Ihc
Old World, and some, chiefly weeds, extending into more temperate regions.

Leaves alternate.

Ovides and seeds several I- Celosia.

Ovules and seeds soHtary 2. Amakantus.

Leaves opposite.

Flowers green and reflexed, in long terminal spikes. Anthers 2-
celled.

Elowers with 1 pungent bristle on each side 3. Achvkamiiks.

Elowers with a cluster of hooked bristles on each side ... 4. Cyatui'I.a.
Flowers white, in axillary clusters. Anthers l-celled .... 5. Alteknantheha.

284 AMAHANTACE.E. [Celosia.

1. CELOSIA, Linn.

Perianth of 5 neariy equal segments. Stamens 5, united at the base. An-
thers 2-ceUed. Ovary with several ovules. Style single, with a capitate or
TTiinutely 2-lobed stigma. Capsule opening transversely. Embryo coiled
round the albumen. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or colom-ed,
in terminal spikes.

A tropical genus, dispersed over the New as well the Old World.

1. C. argentea, Lbm.; Mog. In DC. Prod. xiii. jmrt ii. 242; TFi^ht,
Ic. ^.1767. An erect glabrous annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked, from
ovate to lanceolate or linear, acuminate, 1 to 3 or 4 in. long, green on both
sides. Spike cylindrical, 1 to 4 or 5 in. long. Perianth-segments white and
scarious, lanceolate, about 4 lines long ; the bracts similar but smaller.

In waste places, Chamjjion, Hance. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, and introduced
into some parts of America.

Var. cristata. Spikes dilated at the top or variously branched, and usually on a shorter
peduncle. Tlowers often smaller, and many of them barren. — C. cristata, Linn. ; Moq. 1. c.

In waste places, Hance. A much cultivated variety, which is also frequently sent as wild,
but probably of garden origiu.

2. AMARANTUS, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Perianth of 5 equal segments. Stamens 5 or rarely
3, free and slightly perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovule solitary. Style
divided to the base' into 2' or 3 stigmatic lobes. Utricle opening transversely
or indehiscent. Embryo coiled round the albumen. — Annuals. Leaves al-
ternate. Plowers small, green or reddish, clustered in axillary or terminal
spikes or panicles. Perianth thin, but less scarious than in most genera.
Bracts small.

A genus not numerous in species, but widely diffused over the warmer regions of the
globe.

Spines axillary. Stigmas usually 2. Utricle opening transversely . . . \. A. spinosus.
Plant unarmed. Stigmas usually 3. Utricle indehiscent or bursting ir-

reo"ularly 2. A. viridis.

1. A. spinosus, Linn. ; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 260 ; Wight,
Ic. t. 513. A branched, spreading, glabrous, hard-stemmed annual, extending
to 1 or 2 ft., armed with 1 or 2 straight spines in each axil. Leaves stalked,
from ovate to lanceolate, of a didl green, the pinnate veins prominent under-
neath. Flowers numerous, greenish, in dense axillary clusters, the upper
ones forming long dense terminal spikes, either simple or panic ulately branched.
Stigmas usually 2. Utricle opening transversely.

In waste places all over the island, Ranee, Seemann, Wilforcl. A common weed in tro-
pical and subtropical countries both in the New and the Old Vvorld.

2. A. viridis, Linn. A glabrous spreading annual like the last, but
without spines, the leaves usually rather broader and more obtuse, the clusters
of floAvers looser, and the terminal spikes broader and shorter. Stigmas usually
3, and the utricle has a much thinner and closer pericarp, which either rots
away or bursts irregularly. — Enxulns viridis, Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii.
273.

Jmarantns.'] AMARANTACEiE. 285

Hongkong, Hance (a loose specimen with those of A. spinosus). A common tropical and
subtropical weed both in the New and the Old World.

3. ACHYRANTHES, Liiin.

Perianth usually glabrous, of 5 slightly unequal segments, hardened after
flowering, with 1 subulate almost spinous bracteole on each side. Stamens
5, united in a cup at the base, with as many small scales between them. An-
thers 2-celled, Ovule solitaiy. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Em-
bryo coiled round the albumen. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Tlowers green,
or rarely scarious, reflexed, in terminal spikes or rarely heads.

A tropical or subtropical genus, widely spread over the Old World, or as introduced weeds
iu America.

1. A. aspera, Linn. ; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. pcwt ii. 314, var. obtusi-
folia ; Wight, Ic. L 1111. An erect or spreading annual or biennial, with a
hard almost woody base, more or less hoary with a soft pubescence. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate or orbicular, 1 to 1| in. long, usually in this variety
obtuse or very shortly pointed. Flowers of a shining almost silvery gTcen, in
long slender "^terminal spikes. Perianth 1| to near 2 lines long, closely re-
flexed after flowering ; the 2 subulate rigid bracteoles nearly as long, and sca-
rious at the base only.

In waste places, C//a?)ipwn, Hance. A very common and troublesome weed in tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa, and some parts of America. The variety with acuminate
leaves {A. argentea, Lara.) correctly restored to the A . aspera by Grisebach, occurs on the
Chinese coast, but I have seen no specimens from Hongkong.

4. CYATHULA, Lour.

Habit, inflorescence, and flowers of Achjranthes, except that on each pe-
dicel, besides 1 or sometimes 2 perfect perianths, there is on each side a
cluster of stiff hooked bristles, slightly dilated at the base, consisting of bracts
and abortive perianth-segments.

A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. C. prostrata, Bhime ; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 326. A slen-
der perennial, more or less hoaiy or softly pubescent, procumbent and rooting
at the lower nodes, ascending to a foot or more. Leaves very shortly stalked,
ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1^ in. long. Flowers small, green,
pubescent, reflexed, on very short pedicels, in long slender terminal racemes.
Perianth about 1^ lines long, the clusters of hooks rather shorter.— i>(^Av//o-
chcBta prostrata, DC; Wight, Ic. t. 733.

On roadsides, Hance, Wilfonl, Wright. Dispersed over tropical America, Africa, Asia,
and the Pacific islands.

5. ALTERNANTHERA, Br.

Perianth of 5 nearly equal scarious segments, not enveloped in wool. Sta-
mens 5 or somerimes fewer, very shortly imitcd at the base. Anthers 1 -celled.
Ovule solitary. Style short or 'scarcely any, with a cai)itate stigma. I tncle
usually flattened, ovate or obcordate, indehiscent.— Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in sessile axillary or terminal clusters or lieads.

A considerable genus, wid.'ly spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe.

286 AMARANTACEiE. {Altemantlwra.

1. A. sessilis, Br.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. pari ii. 357 ; TFigJit, Ic.
t. 1121. A prostrate branching glabrous or slightly pubescent annual, extend-
ing sometimes to 2 ft. or more. Leaves narrow, oblong-lanceolate, or rarely
nearly obovate, about 1 in. long, tapering at the base. Flowers white, scari-
ous and shining, in axillary clusters, surrounded by a few short woolly hairs.
Perianth-segments about 1 line long, rather acute, but not pungent, longer
than the otherwise similar bracts. Stamens very short, 3 only, without inter-
vening teeth or appendages. — Telcmtliera polygonoides. Seem. Bot. Her. 407,
not of Moq.

On roadsides and in waste places, Ilance ; also Wright. Common in tropical and sub-
tropical Asia, Africa, and America. In Hance's specimen the internodes are shorter than
usual, and the flower-clusters more abundant and conspicuous. It is not, however, the A.
iwlygonoides, which has much longer sepals, the outer ones pungent, and 5 fertQe stamens.

Order LXXXVIII. POLYGONACE^.

Perianth of 6, 5 or fewer segments, regular and equal, or the inner ones
enlarged. • Stamens variable in number, usually 9, 8, or 6. Ovary free, with
a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas 2, 3, or rarely more. Pniit a small
seed-like nut, usually with as many angles as styles, enclosed in or scarcely pro-
tiTiding from the persistent perianth. Embryo straight or cm'ved, in a mealy
albumen. — Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules usually thin
and scarious, rarely herbaceous, forming a sheath or ring round the stem within
the petiole. Flowers small, herbaceous or sometimes coloured, clustered in
the axils of the leaves, or in spikes or racemes forming terminal panicles.

A considerable Order, dispersed over every part of the globe.

Fruiting perianth of 6 segments, the 3 inner ones enlarged 1. Rumex.

Fruiting perianth of 5 nearly equal segments 2 Polygonum.

1. RUMEX, Linn.

Perianth-segments 6, the 3 inner ones enlarged after flowering, and closing
over the triangular nut. Stamens 6. Styles 3, very short, with fringed stig-
mas. Herbs or rarely shrubs. Flowers numerous, small, herbaceous, but
often turning red, usually pedicellate, in whorl-like clusters, axillary, or in
terminal simple or paniculate racemes.

A considerable genus, widely distributed over most parts of the globe, but more especially
in temperate regions.

1. R. crispus, Linn.; Meim.in DC. Prod.xiN. 44. A perennial, with a
thick root -stock, and erect fiuTowed stems 2 to 3 ft. high; the branches few
and short. Radical leaves naiTOw, usually 6 to 8 in. long, much waved and
crisped at the edges, the upper ones smaller, passing gradually into bracts.
Stipules sheathing, ragged at the edges. Whorls of flowers numerous, and
when in fruit much crowded in a long narrow panicle. Inner segments of
the fruiting perianth broadly ovate, 2 to 3 lines long, with a colom'ed grain
or tubercle on the midrib.

Roadsides at Saywan, Champion ; also Hance. Common in Europe and temperate Asia,
and now naturalized in many other parts of the globe. The Chinese specimens, like all those
grown in warm or dry climates, have tubercles on all the inner perianth-segments. More
northern specimens have them frequently on one segment only of each perianth.

Polygonuin.] polygonace^. 287

2. POLYGONUM, Linn.

Perianth of 5, rarely fewer, segments, all equal, or the 2 or 3 outer ones en-
larged. Stamens 8 or sometimes fewer in the same species. Styles 3 or 2,
sometimes united at the base ; the stigmas entire. Nut triangular or flattened,
enclosed in or surrounded by the persistent perianth. — Herbs varying much
in habit. Mowers small, pale green or red, or with white edges, clustered or
rarely solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, or in little clusters surrounded
by a sheathing bract, and collected in terminal spikes, heads, or panicles.

A large genus, with almost the ubiquitous range of the Order.

Flowers in axillary clusters. Stems prostrate 1. P.pleheium.

riowers in terminal spikes. Stems erect, ascending, or climbing.
Stipules sheathing, wholly scarious, truncate or ciliate.
Styles 3.

Stems very hispid. Peduncles glandular-hairy 2. P. viscosum.

Stems and peduncles glabrous. Sheathing stipules hairy%

with long bristles at the top * . 3. P. barbatum.

Styles 2.

Spikes slender and interrupted. Perianth glandular-dotted.

Stipules shortly ciliate 4. P. Ili/dropiper.

Spike slender but coutinuous. Perianth not dotted. Stipides

not ciliate 5. P. glahrum.

Spike short, oblong or cylindrical. Perianth slightly glandu-
lar-dotted. Stipules scarcely ciliate 6. P. lapathifoliton.

Stipules green and spreading at least at the top.

Tall, erect, hairy plant. Stipules sheathing at the base. Leaves

ovate-cordate 7. P. orient ale.

Glabrous prickly climber. Stipules spreading from the base.

Leaves triangular 9. P. ferfoliaUim.

Flowers in little heads, in dichotomous panicles. Stems erect or

climbing 8. P. chinense.

1. P. plebeium, Br. ; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 94. A much branched
prostrate annual, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, glabrous, or the branches slightly hoaiy.
Sheathing stipules short and scarious, ragged at the edges, but not ciliate.
Leaves linear, narrow-oblong, or slightly spathulate, rarely above | in. long.
Flowers small, in clusters of 2 to 5 in the axils of most of the leaves. Styles
3. Fruiting perianth not a line long; the segments green, with a narrow
white edge. Nuts triangular, veiy smooth and shining. — F. heruiarloideSy
DC; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 94. F. MiqneUanum, P. effm/nn, P. Roxbi(r<jhiiy
P. illecebroides, P. cliffortioides, P. Perrottdii, and P. cUiosmu, ]Mcisn. I.e.
93, 94, and 95.

In cultivated and waste places, Champion and others. Exceedingly common all over tro-
pical Asia, extending into Africa and Australia. After a careful examination of very nume-
rous specimens, neither Dr. Hooker nor myself have been able to detect any tangible diller-
ences between the Egyptian, Indian, and Australian specimens. All come very near to the
common European P. aviculare, but the nuts are always very smooth aud shiuing, besides
that the stems are shorter, more leafy and prostrate, and the llowers considerably smaller.

2. P. viscosum. Ham. ; Meim. in DC. Prod. xiv. 102, An erect or
ascending annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, the stem hispid with long stifl" spreading
hairs, intermixed with a glandular pubescence. Stipides loosely sheathing,
rather short, hispid aiul ciliate. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous or hairy. Spikes

288 POLYGONACEiE. \Folygomm.

on long terminal glandular hairy peduncles, slender but continuous, about 1
line long. Style 3 -cleft.

Hongkong, Hance. Also in Nepal, Assam, and Silhet.

3. P. barbatum, Linn.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 104; JJ'igJdJc. 1. 1798.
Stems ascending or erect, glabrous, 2 to 3 ft. high. Stipules sheathing,
haiiy outside, fringed at the top with long fine bristles. Leaves lanceolate,
varying much in breadth and size, usually sjDrinkled with a]:)pressed hairs,
especially underneath. Spikes in the slender forms near 3 in. long, with the
lower flowers distant, as in P. Hydropiper, shorter and more continuous in the
stouter s])ecimens. Style 3-cleft. Nut triangidar, smooth.

lu swamps and wet places, Hance, Harland. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, ex-
tending northwards to Amoy and Shanghae.

4. P. Hydropiper, Linn. ; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 109. A slender
erect or decumbent glabrous annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Stipules sheathing, but
rather short, ciliate at the top. Spikes slender and interrupted, the lower
clusters usually axillaiy. Perianth, and often the bracts also, dotted with
i^dands, and the whole plant more or less biting or acrid to the taste. Style
usually 2-cleft. Nuts flat.

In rice-fields, Wilford. Widely spread, aud generally common in Europe, central Asia,
and North America.

5. P. glabrum, Willd. ; Meisn. in BC. Prod. xiv. 114; JFigJd, Ic. t.
1799. An erect or ascending branching annual or perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high,
o-labrous in every part, and the sheathing stipules truncate, without hairs or
bristles. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base. Spikes terminal, rather
slender, but nearly continuous, 1 to 2 in. long. Perianth small, not dotted.
Style usually 2-cleft. Nut flattened.

In ditches, Kance. Frequent in the tropical regions both of the New and the Old World.

6. P. lapathifolium, Linn. ; Meisn. in BC. Prod. xiv. 119. An erect
or ascending annual, 1 to 2 feet high; the branches glabrous or slightly
hoary. Leaves lanceolate, shortly stalked, either glabrous or nearly so on
both sides, or more or less hoary or cottony-white underneath. Stipules
sheathing, usually slightly hairy, and sometimes fringed with minute fine
bristles at the top. Peduncles always with a few glandidar hairs. Spikes
oblong or cylindrical, thicker than in any of the above species, seldom above
an inch long, usually of a pale-green colour. Perianth slightly glandular-
dotted, ^tyle 2-cleft. Nuts flat, but rather thick, concave on both sides. —
P. orientate, var. discolor, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 494.

Hono-kong, Hinds. Widely difiFused over the northern hemisphere, but most abundant in
N. America. The Hongkong specimens have the leaves cottony-white underneath, as is de-
scribed of the P.glutinosmn, Wall. (Meisn. 1. c. 120), which I have not seen, but which is
probably the same species, as the same characters occur in some S. European specimens,
distino-uished as P. incamnn. Some specimens from other islands of the Canton river are
glabrous, as in the more common varieties of the plant.

7. P. crientale, Linn. ; Meisn. iuBQ. Prod. xiv. 123 ; Bot. Mar/, t. 213.
An erect, softly pubescent or hairy annual, 2 to 4 ft. high. Stipides very
hairy, sheatliing- and scarious at the base, but all, except the uppermost, ex-
panded at the top into a green, spreading limb. Leaves stalked, ovate, or

Polygonum.'] polygonace.«. 289

cordate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in, long. Spikes continuous, ratlier slender, llto
2 in. long, paniculate. Stamens usually 7. Style 2-cleft. Nut Hat. Em-
bryo curved, at right angles with the cotyledons, not parallel with them as in
all the preceding species.

Hougkong, Champion, Hance. Common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to t!te
Archipelago, extending also into Africa and Australia, and northward to Japan, but in nuuiy
places cidtivated as an ornamental plant.

8. P. chinense,Xm«.; Meisn. hi DC. Prod. xiv. 130; iright, Ic. 1. 1806.
A weak, erect or half-climbing, dichotomously branched perennial, glabrous or
nearly so. Stipules sheathing and scarious, but with the addition of short,
reniform, green appendages at the base of the petiole. Leaves ovate or ob-
long, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers in little globular heads,
forming dichotoinous, corymbose panicles ; the branches and pedicels glandu-
lar-pubescent, with broad bracts at their base. Stamens usually 7. Styles
3 -cleft. Nut triangular.

In ditches, Hinds and others. Very common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.

9. P. perfoliatum, Linn. ; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 132. A glabrous,
slender climber, armed with small recurved prickles on the young stems and
petioles. Stipules leafy, orbicular, and spreading. Leaves on long petioles,
nearly triangular or broadly hastate, more or less peltate, 1^ to 2 in. broad.
Spikes solitaiy, on long peduncles, slender but continuous, about 1 in. long,
with an orbicular, leafy bract at their base.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Dispersed over various parts of India from Nepal to Java
and northwards to China, Mantchuria, and Japan.

Order LXXXIX. LAURINE^.

Perianth herbaceous, with 6 or rarely fewer divisions, imbricate in the bud,
in 2 series or rarely wanting. Stamens usually as many or twice as many,
opposite the perianth-segments, either all fertile, or the 3 innermost reduced
to barren staminodia, or abortive. Anthers adnate, 2- or 4-celled ; the cells
opening by persistent valves turned upwards. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 1 or
rarely 2 pendulous ovules. Style simple, with an entire, usually disk-shaped,
or shortly 2- or 3-lobed stigma, Fruit a 1 -seeded berry or drupe ; the per-
sistent perianth or part of it often enlarged under or round it. Seed without
albumen. Cotyledons large. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely irre-
gTilarly opposite leaves, usually entii'e or evergreen ; or in one genus leafless
twiners. Stipides none. Flowers usually small, in panicles, umbels, or la-
teral clusters.

A considerable tropical Order, both in Asia and America, with a few African or Australian
species, and a very few penetrating into more temperate regions in the northern hemisphere.

Leafless twiner 9. Cassyta.

Trees or shrubs.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 9, with 4-celled anthers, of which
3 reversed, with 2 glafids at the base. Staminodia 3.
Perianth-segments breaking off iu the middle, leaving a persistent

6-lobed cup or disk under the fruit 1. Cinnamomi M.

U

290 LAURiNEiE. [Laurinea.

Perianth-segments breaking oif at the base, leaving a persistent

entire cup or disk under the fruit 2. Camphora.

Perianth wholly persistent 3. Machilus.

Perianth wholly deciduous 4, Alseodaphne.

FloAvers dioecious. No starainodia.

Flowers in pedicellate involucres. Stamens 9 or more. Anthers

4-celled 5. Tetranthera.

Flowers in sessile clusters, with bracts at the base.
Stamens 9.

Anthers 4-celled " 6. Actinodaphne.

Anthers 2-celled 7. Daphnidium.

Stamens 6. Anthers 4-celled 8, Lits^a.

1. CINNAMOMUM, Burm.

Flowers hennaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth. 6 -cleft, the upper half of
each segment deciduous. Stamens 9, with 4-celled anthers, 6 (opposite the
perianth-segments) opening inwards, without glands, 3 (opposite 3 of the
above) opening outwards, and bearing a gland on each side at the base.
Staminodia 3 (opposite the 3 other outer stamens), with capitate or cordate
abortive anthers. Beny resting on the enlarged 6-lobed base of the perianth.
— Trees. Leaves 3-neiTed, irregularly opposite.

A genus of several species, all from tropical Asia.

I.e. dulce, Nees, Syst. Laur. 62 ; Wigld, /c. i. 138. A taU, slender,
glabrous tree. Leaves from ovate-acuminate and 2|- in. long by 1\ in. broad,
to oblong-acuminate and 4 in. long by \\ in. broad, coriaceous and shining,
but not thick. Panicles terminal, usually much shorter than the leaves, and
seldom so much developed as represented in the above figm-e, slightly hoaiy.
Perianths pale-yeUow, about 2 lines long, on pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, fertile
stamens not much shorter than the perianth, with oblong anthers as long as
the filaments. Staminodia short, with pui-ple heart-shaped heads. Berry
small, ovoid.

In the woods, at East Point, near the Buddhist Temple, Champion ; behind the Govern-
ment House, probably not wild, Wilford ; cultivated in the island, Hance ; also Wright. A
native of China, but also frequently cultivated.

The C. zeylanica, Nees, or true Cinnamon, with much larger and more coriaceous leaves,
larger, loose panicles, etc., is also cultivated in Hongkong.

2. CAMPHORA, Nees.

Characters of Cinnamomum, except that the segments of the perianth faU
off entirely, the beny resting upon the somewhat enlarged cup-shaped or
disk-shaped, entire or slightly sinuate, base or tube. — Trees, with evergreen,
alternate leaves, either 3 -nerved or penni-neiTed. Flowers small, in short pe-
dunculate panicles, at first terminal, but becoming lateral by the elongation of
the shoot.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. C. Parthenoxylon, Nees in Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 72. A tall gla-
brous tree. Leaves scattered, ovate, shortly acuminate, the larger ones 3 to
4 in. long by 2 to 2^ wide, those on the flowering branches much smaller,
pinnately nerved. Panicles or cymes 5- to 10-flowered, on pedicels of about

Camphora.'] laurine.e. 291

^ in., lenj^tliening to 1 in. when in fruit. Perianth about 1 line long, hairy
inside at the base. Staminodia hairj^ — Sassafras Parthenoxyhti, Nees, Syst.
Laur. 491. Parthenoxylon porrectum and P. Pseudosassafras, Blume, Mus.
Bot. i. 323. Phcebe latifoUa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 197.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others : also in the Indian Archipelago. The
3 inner fertile stamens appear to me always to have their anthers opening outwards, as in
the allied genera, not inwards, as stated by Nees.

3. MACHILUS, Eumph.

Characters of C'mnamommn and CampJwr'a, except that the perianth-seg-
ments persist entirely around or under the berry without any enlargement or
thickening of the pedicel, and that the glands of the inner fertile stamens are
decidedly stipitate, one on each side of the base of the filament. — Trees, with
alternate pinnately veined leaves. Panicles terminal or becoming lateral by
the elongation of the shoot. Outer segments of the perianth usually equal
to or longer than the inner ones.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Leaves and branches glabrous. Panicles loose, pedunculate at the base of

the young shoots \. M. rimosa.

Leaves and branches softly hairy. Panicles dense, sessile, and terminal . 2. M. velutbia.

1. M. rimosa, Blume ; Mus, Bot. i. 330? A tree, glabrous, except the
silky-haiiy scales of the leaf-buds. Leaves from obovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, shortly acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, narrowed at the base into a pe-
tiole of |- to 1 in., more or less glaucous underneath. Panicles loosely oblong
or pyramidal, longer than the leaves. Pedicels about 3 lines. Perianth-seg-
ments 3 lines long when fully open, narrow-oblong, slightly hoary. Stamens
about as long, on slender filaments. Stigma scarcely dilated. Benies glo-
bular.— M. Thmibergiiy Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198, but probably not
of Sieb. and Zucc.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright, also in Samtong Island, Wright. This is very near the
common Indian M. odoratissima, but has larger and looser panicles and larger flowers, and
agrees very well with Blume's character of the Javanese M. rimosa, but I have no specimens
to compare. I had formerly referred it to the Japanese M. Thunbergii, but some specimens
of Wilford's from that country, which are probably the true plant, difler from ours in the
shape of the leaves as well as in the perianth.

2. M. velutina. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198. Branches, under
side of the leaves, and inflorescence clothed with a soft yellowish velvety
pubescence. Leaves elliptical-oblong, obtusely aciuninate, 3 to 5 in. long,
naiTOwed into a petiole of 4 to 9 lines, glabrous and shining above. Leaf-buds
softly haii-y. Panicles contracted into a dense sessile terminal corymb. Peri-
anth velvety, about 3 lines long, persisting round the globidar beny.

At the Buddhist Temple, on Victoria Peak, Mount Parker, etc., Champion, also Wright.
Not known out of the island. It is widely removed from Actinodaphne angustifolia, to
which Seemann has, by some mistake, referred it.

4. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees.

Characters of Cinnamomum and Camphora, except that the perianth falls
off entirelv; the beiTv resting on the unchanged or slightly tliickened summit
* ' u 2

292 LAURINE^. [Alseodaphne.

of the pedicel. — Trees, with alteniate pinnately veined leaves. Inflorescence
of Chinamomum. Outer segments of the perianth usually shorter than the
inner ones.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Leaves 2 or 3 in. long. Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, 2 lines

long \. A. chinensis.

Leaves H to 2 in. long. Perianth-segments ovate, very obtuse, 1 to 1^

lines long * 2. J. breviflora.

1. A. chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198. A glabrous tree.
Leaves fi-om oljovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate,
2 to 3, or rarely near 4 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of 3 to 6 lines, cori-
aceous, slightly glaucous or rust-coloiu"ed underneath when dry. Leaf-buds
very small, glabrous or pubescent. Peduncles temiiual, 2 or 3 together, much
shorter than the leaves, each bearing a short panicle of 6 to 10 flowers. Pe-
rianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, haiiy inside at the base ; the inner ones 2
lines long, the outer shorter. Glands of the inner fertile stamens nearly
sessile. Staminodia hairy. Berry globular.

Li the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.

2. A. breviflora, Beuth., n. sp. Yen- near the last, but more glaucous.
Leaves narrower, scarcely 2 in. long, on very short petioles. Peduncles more
numerous, -| to 1 in. long ; the panicles almost contracted to umbels. Flowers
much smaller ; the perianth-segments broadly ovate, very obtuse ; the inner
ones about 1^ lines, the outer 1 line long.

Hongkong, Wright. I have seen no other specimen.

5. TETKANTHERA, Jacq.

Dowers usually dioecious. Perianth either of 6 deciduous segments, or
reduced to a few small petal-like scales, or none at all. Stamens 9, all fertile,
or sometimes, when the perianth is deficient, 12 to 15. Anthers 4-ceUed, all
opening inwards ; the 3 inner stamens, or sometimes more, with 2 glands at
the base of the filaments. Staminodia none. Beriy seated on the flat and
often somewhat enlarged base of the perianth. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves al-
ternate, evergreen or deciduous, pinnately veined. Flowers in little heads or
umbels, in a calyx-like involucre of 4 to 6 broad concave imbricate bracts ; the
involucres umbellate, or in little racemes or clusters in the axils of the leaves,
or at the leafless nodes of the previous year's wood.

A large genus, chiefly Asiatic, tropical or subtropical, with a very few western American
species.

Young branches and under side of the leaves pubescent or hoary. Leaves
evergreen, obovate or broadly oblong.

Perianth-segments 6. Involucres in dense sessile clusters .... 1. T.monopetala.

Perianth none. Involucres umbellate, on a common peduncle . . 2. 21 citrifolia.
Branches and leaves glabrous. Leaves deciduous, oblong-lanceolate . . 2>. T. poli/antha.

1. T. monopetala, Roxb. ; PI. Corom. t. 148; Nees, Syst. Laur. .525.
A small tree ; the young shoots, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence
softly pubescent. Leaves evergreen, from broadly-ovate or obovate to oval-
oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, very obtuse or rarely shortly acuminate. Involucres
scarcelv above 2 lines diameter before opening, on pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, in

Tetrantkera.'] laurine^. 293

dense axillary or lateral clusters, with scarcely any common peduncle. Flowers
5 or 6, sometimes more, in each involucre, on pedicels of scarcely 1 line. Peri-
anth-tube cup-shaped, with 6 small petal-like deciduous segments. Filaments
slender, very hairy. Berry ovoid ; the disk-shaped base of the perianth en-
larged to about 3 lines diameter.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Frequent in India.

2. T, citrifolia, Ju88. A small evergreen tree ; the young branches,
petioles, and inflorescence softly pubescent or hoaiy. Leaves obovate or ob-
long, 3 to 4 in. long and very obtuse in the Chinese specimens as in some of
the Indian ones, slightly acuminate in others, more or less hoary or pubescent
underneath, glabrous above, except the midrib. Involucres full 3 lines dia-
meter before opening, in small umbels on a common axillary or lateral pe-
duncle of \ in. or more. Flowers numerous in each involucre, on short pu-
bescent pedicels, without any perianth. Stamens usually 9. Berries globular,
on the thickened but scarcely dilated summit of the pedicel.

lu the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Frequeat iu India.

3. T. polyantha, Wall.; Nees, Syst. Laur. 545. A handsome tree,
quite glabrous except a slight silky-hoariness on the young shoots. Leaves
deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, narrowed into a
petiole of \ in. Involucres on slender pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, in numerous
clusters or short racemes along the previous year's branches, usually appear-
ing before the young leaves. Flowers of a pure white, about 6 in each in-
volucre. Perianth-segments 6, obovate. Stigma very broad.

Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, and others. Also on the mainland and
in northern India.

6. ACTINODAPHNE, Nees.

Characters of Tetrantkera, except that the flowers are either in sessile clus-
ters, surrounded by imbricate scales, or in racemes or panicles uithout in-
volucres.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Leaves oval-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long I. A. chinensis.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long 2. A. angustifoHa.

1. A. chinensiSy Nees, Syst. Laur. 600. A much-branched shrub or
small tree, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse or very shortly
acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, on very short petioles, usually glaucous under-
neath. Flowers small, in closely sessile axillary clusters, surrounded by de-
ciduous imbricated scales. Perianth-segments 6, about 1 line long. Stamens
9, with hairy filaments. Beriy globular, on the unenlarged base of the peri-
anth.— Camellia iutegrifolia, Chois, Mem. Ternstr. et Camell. 60.

Very common on hiUs and in ravines, Champion and others. Not known out of S. China.

2. A. angustifolia, Nees, Syst. Laur. 594 ; JriyJd, Ic. if. 1 841. A tree,
glabrous except a slight silky-hoariness on the young shoots. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, very coriaceous, contracted at the base
into a petiole of \ in. or more. Flowers in sessile axillary chisters. Berry
ovoid-oblong, 8 or 9 lines long, on a thickened pedicel of 2 or 3 lines, ter-
minated by the enlarged disk-shaped base of the perianth.

294 laurinEyK. \_Actinodaphne.

Happy Valley woods, Wilford ? The specimens are in fruit only ; I am therefore not
certain of their identity with the species which is frequent in India and the Archipelago.

7. DAPHNIDIUM, Nees.

Elowers dioecious. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens 9, the inner ones with
2 glands at the base. Anthers 2-celled, all turned inwards. Staminodia none.
— Inflorescence in dense axillary sessile clusters, surrounded by imbricated
scales.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. D. bifarium, Neen, Syst. Lanr. 616. A tree. Branches and under
side of the leaves softly pubescent or hairy. Leaves from oval-oblong to ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long in the Chinese specimens, 5 to 6
in. in some Indian ones, glabrous and shining above, pinnately veined, on
very short petioles. Flowers on very short hairy pedicels, in 2 or 3 clus-
ters in each axil. Anthers in the male flowers all 2-celled, in the female
flowers either 1 -celled or quite abortive.

In a ravine of Victoria Peak, Eyre, a single female specimen. Also in the Himalaya from
Nepal and Kumaou to Assam and Khasia.

8. LITSJE3A, Juss.

Flowers dicEcious. Perianth- segments 4 to 6. Stamens 6, of which 2 to
4 with glands at the base. Anthers 4-celled, aU opening inwards. Stami-
nodia none. Berry seated on the thickened summit of the pedicel. — Leaves
S-neiwed. Inflorescence in axillary sessile clusters, surrounded by imbricated
scales.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. L. ceylanica, Nees, Syst. Laur. 626; Wight, Ic. t. 1844. A tree,
the young branches covered with a minute hoaiy or rusty tomentum. Leaves
oval-oblong, acuminate, usually 1-^ to 3 in. long, but sometimes 4 in., nar-
rowed into a petiole of 3 to near 6 lines, glabrous and shining above, glaucous
or white underneath, with the veins silky-pubescent. Flowers rather small,
on shoi-t haiiy pedicels, in a single, or in 2 or 3 clusters in each axil.

On Victoria Peak and in woods at East Point, hut rare. Champion ; on Mount Gough,
Wilford ; also Wright. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, and if, as is probahle, the L.
foliosa and L. consimilis are not specifically distinct, it is widely diflFused over India and the
Archipelago.

9. CASSYTA, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth ovoid or tubular, with 3 outer equal
lobes and 3 inner minute ones. Stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands
at the base. Anthers 2-celled, those of the inner stamens turned outwards.
Staminodia 3, small. Fruit enclosed m the succulent tube of the perianth. —
Parasitical twiners, with the habit of Ciiscuta. Leaves reduced to minute
scales. Flowers sessile, in axillary spikes.

A small genus, distributed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.

1. C. filiformis, Litm. ; Nees, Syst. Laur. 642; Wight, Ic. t. 1847.
Stems flliform or wiry, glabrous or slightly pubescent when young, twining
round and attaching themselves to other plants by means of small protuber-

Cassyta.'] laurine.e. 295

ances or suckers. Flowers small, distant, in spikes of 1 to 2 in. Perianth
about 1|- lines long, the lobes about the length of the tube. Filaments of the
3 outer stamens broad and petal-like, of the 6 others filiform. Antliers all fer-
tile. Berry about 3 lines diameter, crowned by the persistent connivent
perianth-lobes.

Common all over the island, Champion and others. Widely distributed over troi)ical
Asia, extending into Africa and Australia.

Order XC. PROTEACEiE.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4, usually valvate in
tlie bud. Stamens as many, opposite to and inserted on the segments. An-
thers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 1 or 2
collateral ovules. Style simple, with an entire or rarely 2-lobed stigma.
Fruit an indehiscent nut, or a follicular or 2-valved capsule. Seeds 1 or 2,
without albumen. Embryo straight, with an inferior radicle. — Trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs. Leaves usually alternate, entii-e or divided, without stipides.

A large Order, chiefly abundant in Australia and S. Africa, with a few species dispersed
over S. America, or tropical Asia and Africa.

1. HELICIA, Lour.

Flowers regidar. Perianth-segments linear, more or less dilated at the top.
Anthers sessile on the dilated portion. Hypogynous glands 4. Ovules 2,
ascending. Style club-shaped at the top. Fruit an indehiscent nut. — Trees
or shrubs. Leaves all entire or toothed. Flowers in axillary racemes. Peri-
anth-segments rolled back.

A genus of several species, but confined to tropical Asia.

1. H. cochincliinensis. Lour.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 442. A
perfectly glabrous tree. Leaves oval- elliptical or oblong, acuminate, entire or
coarsely serrate in the upper part, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of
8 to 6 lines. Kacemes 4 to 5 in. long, flowering from the base. Pedicels
about 2 lines long, usually in pairs and often united to the middle. Perianth
slender, about 6 lines long. Hypogynous scales not half so long as the ovary,
veiy obtuse, free or slightly united at the base.

Hongkong, Wright. S. China, Herb. Hook. I have not seen authentic specimens of
Loureiro's plant, which, according to Meisner, has shorter pedicels and the hypogynous scales
acute ; but the specimens agree so well in other respects, that I have little doubt that they
belong to the same species. In that case it extends probably southward to the Archipelago.

Order XCI. THYMELEiE.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth tubular or campaiudate, 4- or
5-lobed ; the lobes imbricate in the bud, with the addition, in many genera,
of 1 or 2 small scales alternating with the lobes at their base.^ Stamens either
as many or twdce as many as lobes, or rarely 2 only, and if of the same num-
ber as the lobes, opposite to them. Anthers opening longitudinally. ^ Ovary
free, 1- or rarely 2-celled, with 1 or rarely 2 or 3 pendidous ovules. Fruit an

29C} THYMELE^. [Thymelecs.

indeliiscent nut or berry, or very rarely a 2-valved capsule. Seed without or
rarely with albumen. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle. — Shrubs or
trees, with a strinj^y bark, or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, always
simple and entire. Flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, heads, umbels,
racemes, or spikes.

A large Order, widely distributed over most parts of the globe.
Perianth 4-lobed. Ovary 1 -celled.

Stamens 4, with slender filaments, inserted at the base of the tube . 1. Cansjera.

Anthers 8, nearly sessile, in 2 rows uear the top of the tube.

Hypogynous scales none. Leaves alternate 2. Daphne.

Hypogynous scales 4. Leaves opposite 3. "Wikstrcemia.

Perianth 5-lobed. Ovarj^ 2-celled 4. Aquilakia.

1. CANSJERA, Gmel.

Perianth short, deciduous, with 4 small lobes spreading or recui-ved, without
scales at the throat. Stamens 4, with slender filaments, inserted at the base
of the perianth. Hypogynous scales 4, alternating with the stamens. Ovaiy
fleshy, with a minute cavity and 1 (or 2 or 3 when very young) pendulous
ovule. Fruit a berry, with a single erect seed. Embiyo small, towards the
summit of a fleshy albumen. — Shrubby climbers. Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, in axillary spikes.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. C. Hheedii, Gmel. ; Me'mi. in DC. Prod. xiv. 519; Wight, Ic. t.
1861. Young branches and inflorescence minutely pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves almost sessile, ovate-acuminate or broadly lanceolate, 1-^ to 3 in. long,
glabrous, evergreen, and rather thick. Spikes about 1 in. long. Flowers
yellow, sessile, distant. Perianth about 1^ lines long, with 2 minute bracteoles
at the base. — C. lanceolata, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot, i. 491.

At East Point, in the Happy Valley and at Little Hongkong, Champion; also Wright.
In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, and in the Archipelago.

2. DAPHJME, Linn.

Perianth tubidar, with a spreading 4-lobed limb, without scales at the
throat Anthers 8, almost sessile, in 2 rows, near the top of the tube. Hypo-
gynous scales none. Ovaiy with 1 pendidous ovule. Fmit a beny. Seed
without albumen. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
terminal or lateral, sessile or rarely pedunculate heads or clusters.

A considerable genus, dispersed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

1. D. Champloni, Benth., n. sp. A much branched shrub, more or less
silky-haiiT. Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, rather acute, about 1 in. long,
on veiy short petioles, silky-hairy underneath, less so above. Flowers sessile,
usually about 3 together, in axillaiy or lateral clusters. Peiianth densely
silky-pubescent, the tube 3 or 4 lines, the lobes ovate and obtuse, not 1 line
long. Ovary sessile or nearly so, hairy except at the base. — D. Fortunei,
Beuth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 196 ; not of Lindley.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance ; in a ravine among rocks at the back of Headquarter
House, Wtlford. Champion's specimens were too young to ascertain the shape of the flower,

Daphne.'] thymelej-. 097

but the line specimens we have now received from Wilford show that it differs cousiderably
from the north Chinese D. Genktva, Sieb. and Zucc, or D. Fortunei, Lindl., especially in the
lobes of the perianth, which are very small, and apparently of a pure white.

3. WIKSTRCEMIA, Endl.

Perianth tubular, with a spreading 4-lobed limb, without scales at the
throat. Anthers 8, sessile in 2 rows near the top of the tube. Hypog^nous
scales 4, or 2. Ovary with 1 pendidous ovule. Fruit a beiTy. Seed without
albumen. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Flowers
in short terminal or axillaiy racemes or spikes.

A small tropical Asiatic or Australian geims.

Leaves obovate or oblong, mostly obtuse. Spikes sessile or nearly so . 1. W. viridijlora.
Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate. Spikes pedunculate, nodding . . 2. W. nutans.

1. "W. viridiflora, Mn'mi. 'm DC. Prod, xiv 546. A glabrous nuich
branched shrub. Leaves nearly sessile, from obovate and verv obtuse to
oblong and almost acute, f to \\ in. long. Spikes very short,' terminal or
nearly so, usually quite glabrous, without bracts. Perianth gTeenish-yellow,
the tube about 3 lines, the lobes about half that leng-th. Hypogynous scales
4, but usually united in pairs so as to appear 2. Stignui large, on a very
short style. Berry scarlet, ovoid, about 3 lines long. Seed without albu-
men.— W. alpina, var., Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 195.

Common on the hills, Hinds, Champion, and others. Also on the adjoining continent, in
Chittagong and Singapore.

2. "W. nutans. Champ, in Xew Journ. Dot. v. 195. A glabrous shrub
like the last. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, and alwavs
acuminate. Spikes terminal, rather looser than in ^. viridi/lora, and always
nodding on a recurved peduncle of about | in. Flowers and fruit of PF. viri-
di/lora, but larger, the perianth-tube fidl 4 lines long.

Llills about the Happy Valley, Champion, in the woods of the valley, Wilford ; also
Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

4. AQUILARIA, Lam.

Perianth campanulate, 5-lobed, with 10 scales united in a ring at tlic
throat. Stamens 10, inserted at the thi'oat within the ring. No hypogynous
disk. Ovaiy completely or partially 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each
cell. Stigma sessile. Capsule flat, almost woody, opening loculicidally in
2 flat valves, with the narrow dissepiment in their centre. Seed produced at
the base into a long horn-like appendage. — Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers
in short terminal racemes.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. A. grandiflora, Denth.,n.sp. Young shoots and inflorescence sbghtly
hoary. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, glal)rous,
on very short petioles. Flowers few, on pedicels of i to near \ in. Periantli-
tube full 2 lines ; the lobes rather longer, ovate, spreading. Ovary ovate, very
haiiy, not so completely 2-celled as in A. afjallochum. Fruit obovate, about
1 in. long, hoary or tomentose, 2-celled. Appendage of the seed twice as
long as the seed itself, dilated upw^ards, but suddenly contracted close uiuler
the seed. — A. nialaccensis, Benth. in Kew Journ. v. 195, but not of Lam.

298 THYMELE^. ^Aqullaria.

Conimou in the Happy Valley, Champion ; also Wright, aud iu S. China, Reeves. Be-
sides the much larger flowers and usually broader leaves, this appears to differ from the more
common A. agallochum in the shape of the ovary% in the less woody capsule, and in the form
of the appendage to the seed. I had considered that it might be the A. malaccensis. Lam. ;
but I have since seen Malacca specimens of what is more probably that plant, and which
appears to be only a broad-leaved variety of A. agallochum.

OederXCII. EL^AGNACE^.

Perianth tubular, free but persistent at tlie base, and contracted above the
ovary, the upper portion deciduous and 2- or 4-lobed. Stamens equal to
and alternate with the perianth-lobes or twdce as many, inserted in the tube
or at its base. Anthers 2-celled, opening- longitudinally. Ovary 1 -celled,
with 1 erect ovule. Fruit indehiscent, usually succulent, enclosed in the
persistent base of the perianth. Seed with a very thin or without albumen.
Embryo straight, the radicle inferior. — Trees or shrubs, more or less covered
with scurfy stellate scales. Plowers in axillaiy clusters or cymes.

A smaU Order, chiefly Asiatic or European, with a very few American species.

1. EL^ AGNUS, Linn.

Flowers hennaphi-odite. Perianth 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens
4, inserted in the tube. Style subulate, recui-ved, and stigmatic along one
side at the top.

An Asiatic or European genus, with one N. American species.

1. E. Loureiri, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 196. A shrub, without
any of the thorns so common in the genus, the rusty-brown scurfy scales
abundant on the young branches, the under side of the leaves, and especially
on the flowers. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse or acute, 1^ to 3 in,
long, glabrous above. Flowers usually 2 or 3 together, in lateral clusters or
short racemes. Lower portion of the perianth enclosing the ovary, ovoid, 1^
to 2 lines long when in flower, 7 or 8 lines long and 4-angied or winged
when in fruit, upper deciduous portion campanulate, 8 or 9 lines long, neither
angular nor constricted under the lobes, Avhich are lanceolate, about 3 lines
long. Pruit slightly succulent ; the endocarp very tough and filamentous.
Seed oblong, without albumen.

On Mounts Parker and Gough, Champion ; in woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also
Wright. Not known out of the island.

Order XCIII. SANTALACE^.

Perianth-tube wholly or partially adnate ; the limb with 3 to 5 lobes or
segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes and opposite to
them, inserted at their base or within the free part of the tube. Anthers 2-
celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, ^\dth 3 to 5 ovules
suspended from a I'ree erect placenta. Pruit an indehiscent nut or berry, with
a single seed. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle. —
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire,

Sautalacece.'] santalace^. 299

mthout stipules. Flowers usually small and green, in terminal or lateral
heads, cymes, or spikes.

A considerable Order, widely spread over the temperate regions of the globe, with a few
tropical' species.

1. HENSLOWIA, Blume.

FloAvers unisexual. Periantli-lobes 5 or rarely 6, tnangular. Stamens in-
serted near their base. Style short, stigma 3- to 5-lobed. Fruit a (h'upe.
Albumen deeply lobed. — Shiiibs usually parasitical, with the habit of Vlacum.
Leaves alternate, 3 to 7-nerved. Flowers small, axillaiy.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. H. frutescens. Champ, m Keio Jonru. Bot. v. 194. An erect or trail-
ing glabrous shrub, apparently teiTestrial, but probal:)ly a parasite on under-
ground stems or roots. Leaves obovate, obtuse, 1| to 2 in. long, narrowed into
a short petiole. Peduncles axillary, clustered, 1 to 2 lines long. Male flowers
globular, not 1 line long, pedicellate, in little umbels or cymes. Female
flowers on a separate plant, solitary on each pedicel, and ovoid. Drupe ovoid,
about \ in. long, crowned by the perianth-segments. Endocaip thin, but hard,
with numerous projecting plates penetrating between the lobes of the seed.
Albumen with numerous obovoid or oblong supei-posed lobes, radiating from
a narrow continuous axis in the centre of which lies the linear embryo.

Common on the hills, Champion; in the Happy Valley woods, WUford ; also If'rir/ht. The
H. heterantha. Hook, til., from northern India, which I liad thonght might be the sjime
species, proves distinct in many points. It is easily known by the smtdl tiowers, sessile, in
little heads at the top of the peduncles.

Order XCIV. EUPHORBIACE^.

Flowers always unisexual, either without a perianth in one or both sexes,
or more frequently with a simple calyx-like perianth, or sometimes also ^\ ith
4 or 5 petals alternating with the calyx-lobes. Stamens various. Ovary
consisting of 3 or sometimes 2 or more than 3 united 1 -celled or rarely 2-
celled carpels, each with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules. Styles as many as carpels,
free or more or less united, ei.tire or divided, the stigmatic surface usuidly
lining their inner face. Fruit either capsular, separating into as many elasti-
cally 2-valved cocci as carpels, leaving a persistent axis, or succulent and in-
dehiscent, the endocarp consisting of as many indehisccnt nuts or cocci as
cai-pels. Seed laterally attached at or above the middle, with or without an
arillus. Embryo straight, with flat cotyledons and a superior radicle, in a
fleshy albumen, or very rarely the cotyledons fleshy, and little or no albumen.
— Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often abounding in acrid milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite, rarely divided or compound, usually with stipules. In-
florescence veiy varied. Flowers usually small.

A very large Order, most abundant within the tropics both in the New and the Ohl \V()rld,
gradually diminishing in numbers in more temperate regions, and very few ascending into
alpine or cold climates.

Tribe 1 . Euphorbiese. — Involucre cali/x-like, includhiy several male Jioirers (s'nigle
stamens), and 1 central female one (a single pedicellate pistil), icit/ioiit any perianth,
forming a flov)erh.ead resembling a single fiovoer 1. Euphorbia.

300 EUPHORBiACEiE. [Euphorblacece.

Tribe 2. Crotonese. — Male a7id female flowers within separate bracts in the same spike,
or in different spikes or plants, mostly with a perianth. Ovary-cells \-ooulate.
l^erianth calyx-like. Petals none.
Stamens 2 to 10, or rarely more.

Stamens 2 or 8. Anthers didymous. Styles simple. Spikes

catkin-like 2. Stillingia.

Stamens about 10. Anthers vermicular. Male spikes catkin-like.

Females in leafy bracts. Styles finely divided 3. Acalypha.

Stamens 4 to 10. Anthers didymous. Styles plumose. Spikes

panicled 4. Mappa.

Stamens on a central column. Anthers didymous. Stigma

sessile, disk-shaped. Spikes or racemes sinaple .... 5. Endospermum.
Stamens 8, in a ring. Styles long, subulate. Flowers racemose 6. Stipellaria.
Stamens indefinite.

Anther-ceUs distinct, erect from the base. Glands alternating

with the female perianth-lobes. Leaves alternate ... 7. Claoxylon.
Anther-cells distinct, collaterally attached. No glands within
the perianth. Fruit usually echinate.
Filaments simple.

Leaves mostly opposite, or racemes and branches leaf-
opposed 8. Hancea.

Leaves alternate 9. Rottlera.

Filaments branched 10. RiciNUS.

Petals within the cal}^, at least in the male flower. Styles forked
or dichotomous

Stamens indefinite. Flowers racemose 11. Croton.

Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers corymbose 12. Jatropha.

Tribe 3. Fhyllantliese. — Male and female floioers separate. Ovary-cells ^-ovulate.
Flowers monoecious (or rarely dioecious), in axillary clusters.
Leaves on short petioles.
Leaves alternate, usually distichous. Styles united or approximate
at the base.

Calyx 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5 13. Briedelia.

Perianth-segments 4 to 6, imbricate, in 1 or 2 rows.
Disk entire, or of distinct glands, at least in the males.

Perianth-segments 6, rarely 5. Stamens 3 or 2. Capsule \

dehiscent, usually 3-celled 14. Phyllanthus.

Perianth-segments 4 or 5. Stamens usually 5. Fruit

baccate, 2- to 5-celled 15. Cicca.

No prominent disk or gland within the perianth.

Perianth turbinate or campanulate at the base. Lobes 6,

inflected in the males, spreading in the females . . .16. Melanthesa.
Perianth-segments 6. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles short,

thick, and erect 17. Glochidion,

Leaves opposite. Styles distant at the base 18. Buxus.

Flowers dioecious, in panicles, racemes, or spikes.

Flowers all in lateral panicles or racemes. Petioles long.

Leaves compound. Ovary 3-ceUed 19. Bischoefia.

Leaves simple. Ovary 2-celled. Berry 1 -seeded . . . .20. Daphniphyllum.
Male flowers in catkins, females in racemes, spikes, or clusters.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 2 21. Aporosa.

Ovary 1 -celled. Styles or stigmas 3 or 4 22, Antidesma.

1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

Flower-lieads resembling single flowers. Involucre calyx-like, cup-shaped,
with 4 or 5 minute teeth, alternating with as many horizontal glands, which

Euphorbia.'] euphorbiace.e. 301

are sometimes expanded into petal-like appendages. Within are 10 to 15
male flowers, consisting each of a single stamen with an articulated filament,
and a single female flower in the centre, reduced to a stipitate 3-celled ovary
protruding from the involucre, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. . Stvfe
3-cleft, the branches (or distinct styles) entire or 2-lobed. Capsule separa-
ting into 3 2-valved cocci. — Herbs or shrubs, abounding in milky juice. Stem-
leaves alternate, without stipules, the flowering-branches, umbellate, dichoto-
mous, with usnally opposite leaves ; or all the leaves opposite and often stipu-
late ; or succulent leafless shrubs.

A very large geuus, dispersed over nearly the whole world.

Succulent shrub, leafless, or with small scattered leaves 1. ^. Tirucalli.

Herbs. Leaves below the umbel alternate '2,, E. helioscopia.

Herbs. Leaves all opposite and minutely stipulate.
Capsules glabrous.

Cymes (small) loosely dichotomous 3. jE". hypericifulia.

Flower-heads 2 or 3 together, almost sessile in the upper axils . 4. E. sanguinca.
Capsules covered with appressed hairs.

Leaves 1 to 1^ in. Flower-heads very numerous, minute, in

very dense pedunculate heads or cymes 6. J?. pUuHfera.

Leaves 2 to 3 lines. Flower-heads few, in almost sessile cymes . h. E. thymifolia.

1. E. Tirucalli, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 470. An erect nnanned
succulent shrub or small tree ; the branches cylindrical, scattered or clustered,
very divergent, of a bright shining green. Leaves none, or very few and small,
linear-oblong. Flower-heads clustered on very short pedicels in the forks of
some of the smaller branches. Glands of the involucre peltate. Capside hairy.
Styles 2-lobed.

Common in the island, Hayice. In hedges, etc., over a great part of India and the .Archi-
pelago. It seldom produces flowers, and still more rarely fruits, we possess neither in the
Kew herbaria, and I only know them from Roxburgh's description and drawing.

2. E. helioscopia, Linn.; Willd. Spec.\\. 914. An erect or ascend-
ing annnal, 6 or 8 in. to 1 ft. high, simple or with a few branches ascending
from the base. Stem-leaves alternate, obovate or broadly oblong, narrowed
into a short stalk. Umbel of 5 rays, each ray once or twice forked ; the
branches very short. Floral leaves opposite, broadly obovate or orbicular,
minutely toothed. Glands of the involucre entire and rounded. Capsules
glabrous and smooth. Seeds pitted, with raised reticulate veins. — E. Ltqjhs,
Seem. Bot. Her. 409 ; not of Linn.

Cultivated and waste places, Hance. A common weed in Europe and temperate Asia,
appearing also here and there in northern India.

3. E. hypericifolia, Linn. ; Willd. Sp. ii. 895 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. A 36.
An ascending or erect annual, 6 in. to 1 or 2 ft. high, glabrous or minutely
hoary. Leaves all opposite, from ovate to naiTOw-oblong, | to 1 in. long,
obtuse, serrulate, usually very oblique at the base. Cymes snudl, loosely dicho-
tomous, terminal or in the upper axils. Involucre about y line long; the
glands small and entire, with small orbicular white petal-like appendages,
sometimes scarcely perceptible, sometimes twice as broad as the gland. Cap-
sule about 1 line \liameter, quite glabrous. Seeds with 4 prominent angles,
and slightly wrinkled between them.

In waste places, Hance and others. A connnon weed in tropical countries, especially

302 EUPHORBiACEiE. [EupJiorUa.

America. In tropical Asia it is more commonly replaced by the nearly allied species (or
variety?) E. cassloides, Presl, with broader leaves and hairy capsules.

4. E. sangmnea, Stend. and HocJist. ; Boiss. in Herb. Hook. A dicho-
tomous mucli-branclied prostrate annual, seldom above 6 in. long, glaucous
and glabrous, or with a few white hairs. Leaves from ovate to oblong, obtuse,
serrate, very oblique, 2 to 4 lines long. Flower-heads smaller than in E. hype-
rlcifoUa, and 2 or 3 together in almost sessile axillaiy cymes, as in E. tJiymi-
folia. Involucral glands mthout petaloid appendages. Capsule glabrous, and

seeds of E. hypericifolia.

Hongkong, Harland ; on the continent of S. China, in the Punjab, and in Affghanistan.
Having long since returned the late Dr. Harland's specimens, I describe it fi'om Shanghai
and Indian ones. It is pei-haps a variety of the widely diffused E. Chamcesyce,

5. E. thymifolia, Xm«. ; Willd. Sp ii. 898. A prostrate slender much
branched annual, seldom above 6 in. long, the stems slightly hairy. Leaves
all opposite, ovate, obtuse, serrulate, and very obliquely truncate at the base,
2 or 3, or very rarely 4 lines long. Flower-heads very small, few together in
compact almost sessile axillary cymes. Glands of the involucre, hairy cap-
sules, and seeds of E. pilidifera.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. A common weed in tropical Asia.

6. E. pilulifera, Linn.; Willd. Sp.\\. 897. A decumbent or prostrate
annual, more or less hirsute with spreading hairs, 6 in. to a foot long or more.
Leaves all opposite, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 1:^ in. long,
very oblique and usually narrow at the base. Flower-heads minute and nu-
merous, crowded in head-like cymes, on short axillary peduncles. Involucre
about \ line long, the glands small and entii'e, without appendages. Capsule
f line diameter, more or less hairy with appressed hairs. Seeds ovoid, ob-
tusely 4-angled, slightly wrinkled.

Common in waste places, Hance, Wilford. A very common weed in tropical and sub-
tropical countries, both in the New and the Old World.

2. STILLINGIA, Gard.

Flowers moncecious, in catkin-like spikes. Perianth small and calyx-like,
irregularly toothed or lobed. Male flowers pedicellate, in distinct sessile
clusters, occupying the greater part or the whole of the spike, with a small
bract under each cluster. Stamens 2 or 3, free or united at the base. An-
thers globose, didymous. Female flowers few at the base of some of the
spikes, and solitary under each bract. Ovary 3-celled, wdth 1 ovule in each
cell. Style 3-cleft, with linear or oblong entire lobes. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, entire, undivided. Spikes terminal, solitary, or rarely pa-
niculate.

A considerable genus (if made to include Sainum), distributed over the tropical regions of
the New and the Old World.

Leaves rhoiuboidal, sharply acuminate, as broad as long 1. ^S". sebifera.

Leaves oval-oblong, at least twice as long as broad.

Leaves whitish underneath. Primary veins numerous, almost transverse 2. S. discolor.

Leaves green on both sides. Primary veins few and oblique . . . . 3. 5. japonica.

1. S. sebifera, A. de Juss. ; Miq. Fl. Ned. hid. iii. 693. A glabrous
tree. Leaves rhomboid, shai-ply acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long and broad, green

Stilli7igia.'\ EUPHORBiACEiE. 303

on both sides, on slender petioles, with 2 prominent glands at the base of the
limb. Spikes solitaiy, 2 to 4 in. long, the first all male, the subsequent ones
with 1 to 4 female flowers at the base. Male flowers 6 or more in each clus-
ter, very small and yellow. Female pedicels 1 to 2 lines long. Style divided
to the middle. Capsule glaucous, nearly globular, but rather acute, about \
in. diameter.

Common as a shrub, though seldom allowed to grow to a tree, Champion and others. A
native of China, and perhaps of the Philippines and the Archipelago, and has been introdu( cd
into India and tropical America.

2. S. discolor. Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. vi. 1. A glabrous, more or
less glaucous shrub. Leaves oblong or oval-oblong, shortly acuminate, 1^ to
2 in. long, glaucous or white underneath, the primary veins numerous and
almost transverse. Petioles slender, with 1 or 2 small glands at the summit.
Spikes about 2 in. long, dense like those of S. sehifera. Perianth usually 3-
lobed. Style as in S. sehifera. Capsule rather smaller and very obtuse.

Hongkong, Cham'pion, Wright. Also in Malacca.

3. S. japonica, Bieh. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. i. 37. A glabrous
shrub, with slender branches. Leaves from ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long,
acuminate or the lower ones obtuse, green on both sides, the primaiy veins
oblique and not numerous. Petioles rather shorter than in the two last, with 2
small glands at the base of the limb, sometimes wanting. Spikes slender,
about 1 in. long, the clusters rather distant. Male flowers as in the two last
species, but few in each cluster and smaller. Style of the females deeply cleft.
Capsule rather smaller, obtuse.

Hongkong, Eyre, Wright, Hance. Also in Japan.

3. ACALYPHA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth small and calyx-like. Male
flowers clustered in catkin-like spikes, with a small bract under each cluster.
Perianth 4-lobed. Stamens 8 to 16, the anthers distinct, linear, and wavy or
tortuous. Female flowers 1 to 4 together within a leafy bract. Perianth 3-
cleft. Styles 3, finely branched. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. —
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Spikes miisexual or androgynous.

A large genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe.

1. A. indica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ltd. iii. 675; Wight, Ic. t. 877. An
erect annual of 1 to 2 ft., glabrous, or the young leaves and branches slightly
hairy. Leaves ovate, toothed, 1 to 2 in. long, on slender stalks. Spikes
axillary, interrupted, with 1 to 8 distant orbicular leafy bracts, 3 or 4 lines
diameter, each containing 2 to 4 sessile female flowers, and ending in a small
slender male catkin, sometimes not longer than the last bract, sometimes twice
as long, and occasionally terminated by a single pedunculate 4-lobed flower,
often imperfectly female or hermaphrodite. Capsule hairy. Seed smooth. —
A. chinensis, Poxb. I.e. 677.

In waste places, Champion, Wilford. A common weed in tropical and subtropical Asia
and Africa.

4. MAPPA, Juss.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in racemes or panicles. Perianth small

304 EUPHORBiACEiE. \Mappa.

and calyx-like, usually 2- or 3-lobed. Male flowers clustered. Stamens 3 to
10. Anthers globular, almost 4-lobed. Female flowers solitary, \vdthin small
or leafy bracts. Ovary 2 -celled (or rarely 3 -celled), with 1 ovule in each cell.
Styles distinct, laciniate or plumose along the inner side. Capsule often bear-
ing soft prickles or subidate processes. Cocci 2-valved. — Trees. Leaves
alternate, usually peltate. Panicles or racemes axillary or lateral.
A tropical genus, hmited to the Old World.

1. M. Tanaria, Sprang.; Miq. Fl. Ned. hid. i. pars ii. 401. A dioe-
cious tree, more or less glaucous. Leaves rather deeply peltate, broadly ovate,
with a long acumen, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, entire, angular or iiTcgularly toothed,
minutely glandular-dotted and often glaucous, but not softly pubescent, as in
M. tomentom. Male panicles much branched, the peduncle minutely tomen-
tose. Bracts ovate, concave, 3 or 4 lines long, acuminate and toothed, em-
bracing the flowers. Female panicles less branched. Capsules about \ in.
broad, with a few long soft processes, sessile in a bract like those of the males
but larger. — M glabra, A. Juss. in Dene. Herb. Tim. Descr. 139,

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In the Indian Archipelago, and northward to Loochoo.

5. ENDOSPERMUM, Benth.

Flowers dioecious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth small and calyx-like,
toothed. Male flowers : Stamens 6 to 10, inserted along a central elongated
column. Anthers globular, 4-valved. Female flowers : Ovary 2-celled, very
rarely 3 -celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Style reduced to a sessile disk-
shaped stigma (or deciduous, having a disk-shaped persistent base?). Fruit
unarmed, with a slightly succulent epicarp, the endocarp of two indehiscent
cocci. — Trees or shrubs, more or less scaly-tomentose. Leaves alternate,
broad, entire. Spikes axillary.

A small genus, limited to eastern tropical Asia. The characters of the male flower are
taken solely from a Borneo species.

1. ZS. cHinense, Benth. in Journ. Soc. Linn. Lond. med. A tree. Young
branches thick, covered as well as the petioles and racemes with a minute
scaly tomentum. Stipides 1 line long. Leaves on long stout petioles, broadly
ovate, obtuse, 4 to 5 in. long, truncate at the base, nearly glabrous above,
hoary or almost silvery underneath, with 2 large convex glands at the base,
and here and there a similar one in the axils of the smaller veins. Fruiting
racemes not 2 in. long. Pedicels short or scarcely any. Fruits tomentose,
near -^ iii- diameter. The male plant is as yet unknown.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance. Not known out of the island.

6. STIPELLARIA, Benth.

(Bleekeria, Miq)

Flowers dioecious, in racemes or spikes. Perianth calyx-like, without petals.
Male flowers : Calyx of 2 to 4 segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8, or
rarely fewer, the filaments united in a ring at the base. Anthers versatile, with
contig-uous cells. Female flowers : Calyx of 5 to 8 naiTOw sepals. Ovary 3-
or 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles free almost to the base, linear-
subulate, not plumose. Capsule globular, dividing into 2-valved cocci. —

Stipella7'ia.'] euphorbiace^>. 805

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad. Racemes terminal or from the old
nodes.

A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.

1. S. trewioides, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 3. A shrub or tree,
the young branches pubescent. Leaves broadly cordate, long-acuminate, irre-
gularly seiTate, 4 to 6 in. long, glabrous when old, except on the veins, and
often turning red. Male racemes about 3 in. long, the flowers 4 to 8 toge-
ther in distant clusters. Sepals about 1 line long, concave. Female racemes
longer and stouter. Flowers solitary in the axil of a small bract. Sepals
5 or 6, lanceolate-subulate, 1| to 3 lines long. Styles | in. long. Capsule
hoary.

Common in low grounds, Champion and others. Not knosvu out of the island.

7. CLAOXYLON, A. Juss.

Flowers dioecious or rarely monfficious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth
calyx-like, without petals. Male flowers : Calyx of 3 or 4 segments, valvate
in the bud. Stamens indefinite. Anther-cells distinct, erect. Female flowers:
Calyx 3-lobed, with glands alternating with its lobes. Ovary 2- or 3-celled,
with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles free to the base, reflexed, plumose inside.
Capsule not muricate, divided into 2-valved cocci. — Trees or shrubs, glabrous
or tomentose. Leaves alternate, undivided. Spikes or racemes axillary,
loose.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of the Old ^Vorld.

1. C. parviflorum, A. Juss. in Sprenij. Syst. iii. 906 ; Hook, and Am.
Bot. Beech. 212. A shrub, softly tomentose in the young parts. Leaves
stalked, from broadly ovate-cordate to oval-oblong, with a cuneate base, 6 to
8 in. long, obtuse or acute, usually irregularly toothed, nearly glabrous and
green when full-grown. Spikes tomentose, the males slender, 4 in. to 1 ft.
long, the flowers small, several together in distant clusters. Female spikes 2
to 3 in. Capsules 3 Imes diameter, softly tomentose, often reddish. — C. indi-
cum., Endl. ; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars ii. 38.5. C. sjnci/lonis, A. Juss. in
Baill. Euph. 493.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright ; in woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford. ^Vidcly diffused
over eastern India, the Archipelago, and the Pacific isles,

8. HANCEA, Seem.

(Axenfeldia, Bcdll. Echinocroton, Y. Muell.)

Flowers mona'cious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth calyx-like, without
petals or glands. Male flowers : Calyx of 3 or 4 segments, valvate in the
bud. Stamens indefinite. Anther-cells distinct, laterally attached al)ovc the
middle. F male flowers : Calyx of 4 to 6 narrow segments. Ovary 3-eelled,
with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule muricate or echinate, dividing into 2-
valved cocci.— Shrubs or trees, glabrous or hairy. Leaves alternate, undi-
vided, all or the upper ones opposite, or opposed to the spikes or branches.
Spikes terminal or leaf-opposed.

A small tropical genus, limited to Asia and Australia. Tt is closely allicl to lioH/rra.

306 EUPHORBIACE/E. \Hancea.

Stems hispid with long hairs. Upper leaves opposed to a branch, a

spike, or a bud \. H. Hookeriana.

Glabrous or pubescent. Upper leaves opposite, in usually unequal pairs 2. H. muricata.

1. Ho Hookeriana, Seem. Bot. Her. 409, ^.96. A shrub. Branches
rather slender, veiy hispid with stiif spreading hairs. Stipules lanceolate-
subulate, 4 to 6 lines long. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, ob-
tuse or oblique at the base, entire or remotely toothed, glabrous or nearly so,
the upper ones always opposed to a bud, a raceme, or a branch. Male ra-
cemes 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers about 4 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 to
1|- lines, with a subulate bract under each. Female flowers usually solitary,
on a peduncle of 1 in. Calyx-segments lanceolate-subulate. Styles 8 or 9
lines long. Capsule \ in. diameter, glabrous, with numerous prickles.

Hongkong, Champion, Hmice, Wright ; in the ravines of the Happy Valley woods, Wil-
forcl. Not known from elsewhere.

2. H. muricata, Benth. A shnib, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Leaves mostly opposite, but of unequal size, stalked, oblong, acuminate, 3 to 6
in. long, entire or toothed, narrowed below the middle, but obtuse at the very
base. Male racemes 1 to 2 in. long, \A\h small clustered flowers, usually-
sprinkled with resinous dots. Female racemes longer, with few distant flowers.
Calyx 6-cleft. Styles much shorter than in the last species. Capsule muri-
cate with soft and usually recurved points. — Claoxylon mimcatuni, Wight, Ic.
t. 1886. Axenfeldia intermedia, Baill. Euph. 419 (fi-om the description).

Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.

9. ROTTLERA, Koxb.

Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious, in terminal racemes or panicles.
Calyx 2- to 5 -cleft, valvate in the bud, without petals or glands. Male flowers :
Stamens numerous, filaments free or shortly united at the base ; anther-cells
distinct, laterally attached to a more or less enlarged connectivum. Female
flowers : Ovary 3- or 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles simple, re-
curved, usually shortly plumose along the inner side. Capsule usually tomen-
tose or muricate, dividing into 2-valved cocci. — Trees. Leaves alternate (or
rarely opposite ?), entire, toothed, orlobed, 3- or 5 -nerved at the base, usually
with 2 depressed glands at the base on the upper surface.

A considerable tropical Asiatic and Afi-ican genus.
Leaves broad, very white underneath.

Capsule thickly covered wdth subulate plumose processes . . . . 1. ^. chinensis.

Capsule bearing long stiff subulate processes 2. ^. j)anicidata.

Leaves green or pale underneath.

Leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Capsule tomentose, red ... 3. R. tinctoria.

Leaves cordate-ovate 4. ^. cordifolia.

1. R. chiaensis, A.deJuss.; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. ^12. A shrub
or tree. Leaves on rather long stalks, very broadly ovate, acuminate, 3 to 4
in. long, entire or irregularly 3-lobed and toothed, 'truncate at the base, gla-
brous above, very white with a stellate tomentum underneath, as well as the
branches and inflorescences. Male plant not seen. Female spike terminal,
simple, 4 to 8 or even 10 in. loiig. Styles short. Capsules very densely

Rottlera.'] euphorbiace^. 307

covered with subulate plumose processes forming woolly masses of 1| in.
diameter.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

2. R. paniculata, A. Juss.; Hook, and Am. Bat. Beech. 212. A tre(\
Leaves on long stalks, broadly ovate rliomboidal, long-acuminate, 3 or 4 or
rarely 5 in. long, entire or 3-lobed, stiffer than in the last, and always cuncate
at the base, glabrous above, white-cottony or slightly ferruginous underneath.
Eacemes usually paniculate or the females rarely simple, 3 to 5 in. long.
Styles short, very plumose. Capsule brown-tomentose, Avith stiff subulate
processes, varying in number, but never so densely crowded as in R. chinemk.

Comniou in ravines, Cltawpion and others. In the Malayan Peninsula, the Archipelago,
the Philippines and S. China.

3. R. tinctoria, Roxh. 11. Lid. iii. 827; Rl. Corom. t. 168. A tree.
Leaves shortly stalked, from oblong to ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, obtuse or
acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, entire, usually rounded at the base, more coriaceous
than in the two last, glabrous above, minutely hoary-tomcntose uiulerueath.
Spikes rather dense, about 2 in. long, in short terminal panicles or the females
simple. Flowers small. Anthers usually tipped with a red gland. Styles
shortly united, Avith plumose recurved branches. Capsule 3-celled, not muri-
cate, covered with a red glandular tomentum. — R. auranliaca. Hook, and Arn.
Bot. Beech. 270.

Common in ravines, Champion and others. Widely spread over the hilly districts of India,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Himalaya, Silhet, and Assam, in S. China and the
Philippines, and northward to Loochoo ; but not received from the Malayan Peninsula or
the Archipelago.

4. R. ? COY ^iioii^i^ Benth.,n.sp. Branches slender, glabrous. Leaves
cordiform, shortly and obtusely acuminate, about 2 in. long, entire or slightly
sinuate, green and glabrous on both sides, but sprinkled with glandular dots.
Male raceme 2 in. long, slightly tomentose. Pedicels about 2 lines long.
Calyx globular, l^- line diameter, 5 -cleft. Stamens entirely those of the
genus.

Hongkong, Wright. I have seen only a single male specimen, which I refer to Rottlera,
from its evident affinity to the R. dicocca, Roxb. It is, however, much more glabrous, and
the leaves are distinctly cordate and not in the least peltate at the base.

10. mCINUS, Linn.

Mowers monoecious, in terminal raceme-like panicles ; the u]iper ones female,
the lower male. Calyx o- to 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, \\ithout petals or
glands. Male flowers : Stamens very numerous ; anthers crowded on branched
iilaments ; the cells distinct, globular. Female flowers : Ovary 3-eelleil, witii
1 ovule in each cell. Styles deeply 2-cleft and plumose. Capsule mo.«^tly
echinate, dividing into 2-valved cocci. — Trees or tall herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, peltate, palmately divided.

A tropical genus, of which the 6 or 7 pubUshcd species may pcrhtips be varieties of a
single one.

1. R. communiSy Linn.; IFilld. Sjyec. 'w.^^-^; Bot. Mar/, l. 2'2{)9. A
glaucous, glabrous, erect plant ; an amuial of 4 to 6 ft. in cold countries;
a tree of 20 ft. or more in hotter climates. Leaves large, with 7 or rarely

X 2

08 EUPHOiiBiACE.E. [Ricinus.

more broadly lanceolate seiTate lobes. Racemes or panicles 3 to 6 in. long,
sometimes becoming leaf-opposed by the development of a terminal shoot.
Male sepals about 4 lines long. Capsule ^ in. long or more.

In waste places, Seemann and others. A native probably of western Asia or Africa, but so
nuich cultivated and sowing itself so readily that it has become a common weed in many hot
countries. It supplies the castor oil.

11. CROTON, Linn.
Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, in racemes or spikes, or rarely pani-
culate. Male flowers : Calyx 5 -cleft, valvate in the bud. Petals 5, convolute
in the bud. Glands 5, alternating with the petals. Stamens usually 10 to
20, free. Anthers 2-celled, adnate. Female flowers : Calyx 5-cleft, persistent.
Petals rudimentary or none. Glands .5. Styles 3, 2-cleft or branched.
Ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule dividing into 2-valved
cocci. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, entii-e or divided. Eacemes
or spikes terminal, or rarely axillary, usually androgynous.

A large genus, widely distributed over the warmer regions of the globe, both in the New
and the Old World.

Leaves and branches glabrous. Petioles very short \. C. Hancei.

Leaves, at least underueath, and branches tomentose or hairy. Petioles
usually 4 to 6 lines.

Bi-acts entire. Stamens 10 or 12. Styles 2-cleft 2. C lachnocarpum.

Bracts divided. Stamens above 20. Styles 4-cleft 3. (7. chinense.

1 . C. Hancei, Benth., n. sp. A shrub or tree, glabrous, except a minute
scaliness on the young branches and inflorescence. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long or even more, entire or minutely seiTate, naiTowed
below the middle, but obtuse at the base, and there bearing sometimes 2 mi-
nute stipitate glands ; the petiole very short. Spikes terminal, about 1 in.
long. Bracts minute. Pedicels very short. Female flowers single at the
base. Sepals green, about 3 lines long. Glands none. Ovary globular,
hairy. Style shortly columnar, with 3 short bifid lobes. Male flowers rather
crowded, globular, about 2 lines diameter. Petals narrow. Disk small.
Stamens about 16, intermixed with a few hairs. — Croton longlfolimn. Seem.
Bot. Her. 410; not of Wall.

Hongkong, Hance. Not seen from elsewhere. It is allied to Wallich's n. 8001, fi-om
Silhet, but that has longer leaves decurreut on the petiole, looser racemes, larger female
fljwers, a more deeply divided style, the ovary glabrous. It has no connection with C. longi-
folium, Wall., which is a Tngonostemon.

2. C. lachnocarpum^ Benth. in Kew Jonrn. Bot. \d. 5. A shrub, more
or less pubescent with stellate hairs. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, acute,
and mucronate, or rather obtuse, usually 2 to 3 in. but sometimes twice
as long, serrulate-crenate, with small stipitate glands at the serratures, be-
coming glabrous above when old, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Eacemes ter-
minal, 3 to 4 in. long. Bracts minute, subulate. Pedicels about 1 line.
Male flowers clustered, about 1 line diameter. Petals oblong. Glands small.
Stamens 10 to 12. Female flowers few at the base of the raceme. Sepals
1 to 1^ lines long. Petals minute, subulate. Glands small. Ovary villous.
Styles subulate, bifid.

Common in woods. Champion; also Wright aud Hance. Not known from elsewhere.

Croton.'] EUPIIORBIACE.E. 309

3. C. chinense, Bmth., n. sp. A shrub ? Branches, leaves, and in-
florescence rather densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse
or scarcely acute, serrate or nearly entire, 2 to 3 in. long, on stalks of about
Y in., usually wrinkled and becoming nearly glabrous above. Glands stipitat(^
as in the last, but smaller or fewer. Racemes 1 to 2 in. long. Bracts divided
into subulate lobes, often tipped with a gland. Male flowers small, clustered.
Petals oblong. Glands very minute or none. Stamens above 20, intermixed
with hairs. Female flowers usually several at the base of the raceme. Sepals
about 2 lines long. Petals none. Ovary very hairy. Styles deeply 4-cleft.
Capsule about 3 lines long, very rusty-hairy.

Hongkong, Hance ; on slopes of hills at Aberdeen, '"Iford. Putoy Island, Wrhjht, and
Amoy, Hance ; but not known out of S. China.

12. JATROPHA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious in terminal cymose panicles. Calyx 5 -cleft, imbricate
in the bud. Petals 5, free or united, convolute in the bud, or none. Disk
of 5 free or united glands. Male flowers : Stamens 8 or 10, shortly united at
the base ; the 3 or 5 inner ones longer. Female flowers : Ovary 3-celled, with
1 ovule in each cell. Styles 2-lobed or dichotomous. Capsule dividing into
2-valved cocci. — Trees, shmbs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or pal-
mately lobed.

A considerable tropical American genus, with a very few species either African or geneially
naturalized in tropical Africa and Asia.

1. J. Curcas, Linn.; Roxb. II. Ind. iii. 686. A shmb or small tree,
glabrous or nearly so, with a milky juice. Leaves on long stalks, veiy broadly
cordate or peltate, 3 to 5 in. long and broad, angular or obtusely lobed.
Cyme terminal, shorter than the leaves, with numerous small yellow flowers.
Calyx deeply 5 -lobed. Petals united at the base. Stamens 10, the 5 inner
united in a column. Capsule ovoid, above 1 in. long.

In hedges and near habitations, Hance, Seemann. An American species, naturalized and
now very common in various parts of India.

13. BRIEDELIA, Willd.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in the bud.
Petals 5, small. Male flowers :' Stamens 5, inserted on a central colunm,
placed on a flat sinuate disk. Female flowers : Ovary 2 -celled (very rarely
3-celled ?), half-enclosed in a cupidar disk, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles
shortly bifid. Fruit globular or ovoid, succulent, enclosing 2 (or rarely 1) in-
dehiscent cocci. — Trees, shrubs, or climbers. Leaves alternate, on very short
petioles, more or less distichous ; the primary veins usually ]ironiiiu'nt ami
parallel.

A genus of few spe(;ies, all tropical Asiatic or African.

1. B. tomentosa, Blume ; Mlq. FL Ned. Ind. i. pars ii. 361.. A slirub,
with weak slender more or less tomentose branches. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, nearly glabrous above, glaucous and more or less
pubescent or tomentose nnderneatli. Flowers very small, in globular sessile
clusters, 4 or 5 female, and at least as many males in each axil. Drupes nearly

310 EUPHORBiACEiE. [Brieddia.

globular, about 8 lines long-, with 2 hemispherical cocci. — B. Loureiri, Hook,
and Arn. Bot. Beech. 211.

In hedges, Champion. On the adjacent continent, in Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, the jNIalayan
Peninsula, and the Archipelago. Hooker and Arnott describe it with a 3-merous ovary,
but that must have been an exceptional case.

14. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, in axillary clusters or solitary.
Perianth-segments 6, or rarely 5 or -1 in the males, imbricate in the bud, in
1 or 2 rows. Disk prominent and entii'e or lobed, or consisting of small dis-
tinct glands. Male flowers : Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 5, united in a central co-
lumn or free. Female flowers : Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Styles free or united at the base, more or less 2-lobed. Capsule separating
into 2-valved cocci or loculicidally dehiscent. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves alternate, entire, usually small and distichous, giving the smaller
branches the appearance of pinnate leaves, in some American species wholly
wanting. Stipules small, usually persistent. Flowers small.

A large genus, copiously diflfiised over the tropical and subtropical regions of both the
New and the Old World.

Herbs, either annual or of short duration.

Disk of male flowers broad, almost petaloid. Capsule ovoid-
globose 1. P. hacciformis.

Disk of male flowers of small glands. Capsule depressed-globose.
Flowers nearly sessile.

Perianth-segments ovate-oblong. Capside maricate . . 2. P. urhiaria.
Perianth-segments broadly obovate. Capsule smooth . . 5. P. maderas2)afensis.
Pedicels longer than the perianth. Capsules smooth.

Smaller branches almost filiform. Seeds striate . . . . 3. P. Nlriiri.
Smaller branches very flat. Seeds minutely tuberculate . 4. P. anceps.
Trees or shrubs.

^luch branched low shrubs. Disk thick, annular, truncate.
Male perianth-segments 6. Anthers 3. Styles united to the

middle 6. P. cinerascens.

Male perianth-segments 4. Anthers 2. Styles distinct . . 7. P. leptoclados.
Tree. Disk in the males of distinct glands, in the females cup-
shaped 8. P. Emhlica.

1. P. hacciformis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.\\\. 661. A glabrous glau-
cous annual, or a perennial of short duration. Branches diffuse, angular, 6
in. to 1 foot or longer. Leaves oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, somewhat fleshy.
Flowers nearly sessile; the males few, the females solitary. Perianth-seg-
ments broadly ovate, acute. Anthers 3, sessile on the top of the column.
Disk in the males almost petaloid, 6-lobed, lining the base of the calyx, none
in the females. Style spreading, 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, globose, full 2
lines long, smooth. — Agyneia bacciformis, A. de Juss. ; Wight, let. 1893.

Rocks on the seacoast, Hance. Common in pastures near the sea in the greater part of
India. The so-called arillus appears to be only a portion of the endocarp which separates
readily from the rest and often falls off with the seed.

2. P. urinaria, Linn.; Roxb. M. Lid. iii. 660. A glabrous annual, of
6 in. to 1 ft., erect or decumbent at the base, the stems slightly compressed.
Leaves distichous, oblong, very obtuse, about |- in. long. Flowers minute.

Phyllarilhiis.] eupiioubiace.'E. 311

almost sessile ; the females solitaiy, the males 2 or 3 together. Perianth-
segments 6, ovate in the males, narrow in the females. Disk of 6 distinct
glands. Anthers 8, on a central column. Capsule depressed-globose, about
1 line diameter, mnricate or tuberculate. Seeds angular, transversely wi-in-
kled. — P. ca)itumens'is, Hornem.; Kl. PL Meyen. 420. P. hprocarpm, Wight,
Ic. t. 1895, iv. P. lepidocarpus, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. i. 35.

In sunny places, Hance. In various parts of India, but much less common than P. Niruri ;
in Loochoo and Japan.

8. P. IXSiruri, Llmi. ; Ro,vb. PI. hid. iii. 659 ; Wujlit, Ic. t. 1894. Habit
and foliage of P. uiinaria, but usually taller and more branched. Leaves
seldom above 4 lines long. Pedicels |^ to 1 line long. Capsules quite smooth.
Seeds marked (under the microscope) with longitudinal stride, without trans-
verse wi'inkles.

Hongkong, Harland. A very common weed in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa
and some parts of tropical America. I have not now the Hongkong specimens before me,
but describe it from Indian and Philippine Island ones.

4. P. anceps, IVilld. Spec. iv. 574. An annual, or perennial of short du-
ration, decumbent and much-branched, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, glabrous and glau-
cous ; the branches all very flat, though slender, with acute angles. Leaves
from oblong and 2 to 4 lines long to linear-oblong or lanceolate and near 1 in.
long, obtuse or acute. Female pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, the males shorter.
Perianth-segments small, oblong. Glands distinct. Stamens 3, distinct or
slightly united. Capsule smooth or glandular. Seeds elegantly and regu-
larly marked with microscopical tubercles. — P. simplex, Willd. ? ; Eoxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 654. P. ussuriemis, Euppr. ; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 241.

Near the Happy Valley, WiJford ; also Wright. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago and Pacific Islands, and northward to China and jNIantchuria.

5. P. maderaspatensis, Liim.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 654; Wight, Ic. t.
1895, iii. A glaucous rigid annual, often outliving a second year and then
appearing woody, 1 to 4 ft. high ; the slender branches more or less flattened.
Leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, 8 or 4 lines to 1 in. long. Flowers nearly
sessile ; the females solitary, the males 2 or 3 together. Perianth-segments
broadly obovate. Glands distinct. Anthers 3, nearly sessile on an almost
globular column. Capsule quite smooth. Seeds very minutely tuberculate
or almost smooth.

Hongkong, Champion. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula. Some specimens of this
species have got mixed, in Wall. Cat. n. 7906 b., with those of P. ohcordatas, Roxb., a very
ditferent species.

6. P. cinerascens, Eooh. and Am. Bot. Beech. 211 ; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 97 {iiot IFall. Cat, 7915, which is Melanthesa rluunnoides, Bhnue). A
glabrous, much branched, prostrate or divaricate shrub, api)areutly dia'cious.
Leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, 8 to 5 lines long, almost coriaceous.
Stipules ciliate. Flowers 1 to 3 together. Female pedicels 2 to 3 lines
long, male ones shorter. Perianth-segments broadly ovate, very obtuse, 1 line
in the females, smaller in the males. Antliers 8, oblong, diverging from a
thick central column. Disk in the females thick, annular, truncate. Styl(;s
united to the middle, each with 2 recurved lobes. Capsule above 2 lines dia-
meter. Seeds minutelv tuberculate.

312 EUPHORBIA CE.E. \Thijllanihn.

Hongkong, Champio7i, Hance. lu ravines of Mount Gongh, Wilford ; also on the ad-
jacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

7. P. (Eeiclia) leptoclados, BeutJi., n. sp. A slender divaricate or pros-
trate glabrous shrub, the smaller branches almost filiform. Leaves obliquely-
ovate or oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, mostly mucronate, glaucous underneath.
Pedicels filiform ; the females solitary, full ^ in. long, the males 2 or 3 toge-
ther and shorter. Male flowers : Perianth-segments 4, acuminate and denti-
culate. Glands 4, broad and truncate. Anthers 2, on the top of a short
central column. Pemale flowers : Perianth-segments 6. Disk annular, trun-
cate, entire or lobed. Styles spreading, divided into 2 slender lobes. Cap-
sule depressed-globular, 2 lines diameter. Seeds minutely tuberculate.

Hongkong, Wright. Near Amoy, Hance.

8. P. Emblica, L'mn.; Roxb. Fl. Lid. iii. 671. A tree, either wholly-
glabrous or the smaller branches pubescent. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse,
about \ in. long, remarkably distichous. Male flowers very numerous, on
pedicels of about 1 line. Perianth-segments 6, less than 1 line long. Glands
very small. Anthers 3 to 5, oblong, erect on a short column. Female
flowers mixed singly with the males in the upper axils. Perianth the same.
Ovary half-immersed in an annular disk. Style wdth 3 thick recui-ved 2-
lobed branches. — Emhlica officinalis, Gsertn.; Wight, Ic. t. 1896. Dichelac-
tina twdicaulis, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 376.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance, and others ; but perhaps only where planted. Frequent in
India, but there chiefly in gardens.

15. CICCA,Linn.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters or solitary. Perianth-segments 4
or 5, imbricate in the bud. Disk of small distinct glands. Male flowers :
Stamens 4 or 5, distinct. Female flowers : Ovary 2- to 5-celled, with 2
ovules in each cell. Styles bifid and spreading or short and erect. Fruit
a di'upe or beriy. — Trees or shrubs, with the foliage and inflorescence o[ PJiyl-
lanthus. In some species the lateral short flow^ering branches are leafless and
assume the appearance of racemes.

A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. C. microcarpa, Benth., n. sp. A glabrous shrub? with slender
branches. Leaves obliquely ovate, entire, distichous, glaucous underneath,
about 2 in. long on the larger branches, scarcely 1 in. on the principal flower-
ing ones, and sometimes w^anting on the smaller ones. Flow^ers usually 1
female and several male in the same axil, on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines, 5-merous
or rarely 4-merous, the males very minute. Stamens 5 or 4, wdth short free
filaments. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles very short and
erect, as in some Gloclddions. Fruit globular, depressed, \\ lines diameter,
apparently indehiscent, with a thin succulent epicarp. — Melanthesa, sp., Seem.
Pot. Her.' 410.

Hongkong, Seemann. In a ravine on the south side of the island, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere.

16. MELANTHESA, Blume.

Flowers luonoecious, in axiUaiy clusters or solitary. Perianth campanu-

Melanthem.'] euphorbiace^e. 313

late or urceolate at the base, with 6 teeth or lobes, connivent over the stamens
in the males, spreading and persistent in the females. Disk none. Stamens 3.
Anthers sessile at the top of the central colnmn. Ovules 3-eelled, with 2
ovules in each. Styles bifid. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. — Shrubs or herbs,
with the distichous leaves and habit of Phyllanthns, but almost always turn-
ing black in drying.

A small genus, spread over tropical Asia and Australia.

1. M. chinensis, Blume, Bijdr. 592. A glabrous somewhat glaucous
shmb. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or almost acute, 1 to 1| in.
long, coriaceous when old. Flowers 2 to 4 in each axil. Males in the lower
clusters, on slender pedicels of 1 to H lines : Perianth 1 line long. Female
flowers in all the other clusters : Perianth turbinate at the base, the border
expanding to a diameter of 2 lines when in flower, twice that in fruit. Drupe
about 3 lines diameter, enclosing six 1 -seeded cocci. — Mdcmthesa cernua,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 491 ; not of Dene. PJ/yllcmthm lucens, Vow.;
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 210. P. turbinatus, Bot. Mag. t. 1862; not of
Keen. P. Simslana, Wall. Cat. n. 7920.

Tn woods, Champion and others. On the adjacent continent, in Siani, and perhaps in
Java.

17. G-LOCHIDION, Forst.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Perianth-segments 6, free or shortly
united, imbricate in the bud. Glands none. Male flowers : Stamens 3 to b
or rarely more. Anthers oblong, sessile on a central column, tipped by their
projecting connectivum. Females : Ovary 3- to 10-celIed, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Styles short, erect and connivent in an oblong or globular mass or
in a short ring, or rarely spreading. Capsule globular or depressed, loculici-
drdly dehiscent or separating into 2-valved cocci. ^Shrubs. Leaves entire,
usually distichous on short petioles, but larger and coarser than in most
Phyllanthi.

A considerable genus, extending over tropical Asia and Australia.

Anthers 3. Leaves usually under 3 in. or thin.
Branches and leaves quite glabrous.

Leaves li in. long. Ovary 3-celled \. G. Wrightii.

Leaves about 3 in. Ovary 5-celled 2. G. pJiilippinense.

Branches and leaves pubescent or hirsute.

Pubescent. Leaves oblong, glabrous above ^. G. sinicum.

Hirsute. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent above . 4. G. eriocarpum .
Anthers 5 or more. Leaves coriaceous, mostly above 3 in.

Branches and leaves softly pubescent ^. G. moUe.

Branches and leaves quite glabrous.

Capsule 4 lines diameter. Leaves 3 or 4 in 6. (?. littorale.

Capsule 6 lines diameter. Leaves 5 or 6 in 'J. G. macroplnjUitm.

1. G. Wrightii, Bmtli., n. sp. A perfectly glabrous glaucous shrub,
with slender branches. Leaves oblong, shortly acuminate, about 1 k in. long,
veiy oblique at the base, on petioles of near 2 lines. Male flowers in small
clusters, on pedicels of 1 to li lines. Perianth-segments less tlum 1 line.
Stamens 3. Female flowers 2 or 3 together, almost sessile. Perianth-seg-
ments } line long in flower, ^ line in fruit, the 3 inner smaller. Ovary 3-

314 EUPHOiiBiACE^, [Glochidion.

celled. Styles erect, oblong and connivent. Capsules scarcely 3 lines dia-
meter, veiy depressed in tbe centre.

Hongkong, Wright. Seen in no other collection. It resembles at first sight Fortune's
n. 129, from continental China, but that has broader and more obtuse leaves, 5-merous
ovaries, with a much longer style, etc.

2. G. philippinense, Bmth. Brandies and leaves quite glabrous or
rarely slightly pubescent when young. Leaves ovate -lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, oblique at the base, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines.
Male flowers nearly of G. TFrlgJiUi. Female flowers on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines.
Ovary pubescent,* 5 -celled. Styles thick, connivent in a short almost globular
mass. Capsule about 4 lines diameter, pubescent, very much depressed in
the centre. — Bradleia pJiilippica, Cav. Ic. iv. 48, t. 371.

Hongkong, Wright. In the Philippine Islands (Cuming, n. 459).

3. G. sinicum, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 210. An erect much-
branched shrub, densely but shortly pubescent. Leaves oblong, obtuse or
acute, \\ or rarely 2 in. long, glaucous and glabrous above except on the
midrib, pubescent underneath. Male flowers usually numerous, on pedicels
of 2 to 4 lines. Perianth-segments full 1 line long, narrow, erect at the base
and then spreading. Anthers 3. Female flowers clustered, the pedicels \
line long. Perianth small. Ovary tomentose, usually 5 -celled. Styles form-
ing a short thick annular disk. Capsule pubescent, 4 or 5 lines diameter. —
Bradleia si?iica, Willd. Spec. iv. 591.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also in the adjacent continent and neighbouring islands,
but not known out of S. China.

4. G. eriocarpum. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 6. A shmb, the
branches densely hirsute with short spreading often reddish hairs. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-acuminate, 1|- to 2 or rarely 3 in. long,
wrinkled and hirsute on both sides. Male flowers as in G. sinicum. Female
flowers sessile and mostly solitary. Perianth small. Ovary usually 5 -celled.
Styles shortly oblong, ei-ect and connivent. Capsule very depressed in the
centre, hirsute.

In the Happy Valley woods. Champion. Common in ravines, Wilford; also Wright,
Not known out of the island.

5. G. xnolle, Rook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 210. Branches softly pubes-
cent or hirsute. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, usually above
8 in. long, coriaceous and pubescent on both sides or at length glabrous
above. Flower-clusters or cymes often shortly pedunculate. Males many-
flowered. Pedicels 3 to 5 lines long. Perianth 2 lines. Anthers 5 to 8.
Female flowers few, on thick pedicels of 1 line. Perianth-segments ovate,
hairy, above 1 line long. Ovary usually 5 -celled. Style a short thick annu-
lar disk. Capsule pubescent, slightly depressed, about 4 lines diameter.

In a ravine at the foot of jMount Goiigh, Wilford ; also Hance and Wright. On the ad-
jacent continent, but not known out of S. China.

6. G. littorale, Blume ; Miq. M. Ned. Ind. i. part ii. 377. In the size
and shape of the leaves, and in the structure of the flower and frait, this re-
sembles the G. molle so closely that Dr. Hance beHeves it to be only a variety
of that species. It is however perfectly glabrous in evciy part ; the male pe-

Glochidion.'] EUPHORBIACEiE. 315

rianth-segments appear to be broader, the female ones much shorter, and the
style much more prominent. Capsule 4 lines diameter, usually 5- or 6-celled.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In a ravine at the foot of Victoria Peak, Wilford. Also in
Java.

7. G. macropbyllum, Boith. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 491. Near G.
lavigatum, but the capsules are full 6 lines diameter, 7- or 8-celled, witli pro-
minent angles, scarcely depressed on the top, and slightly pubescent, l^ranches
stout, glabrous. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, 5 or 6 in. long, coriaceous and
quite glabrous. Fruiting-clusters quite sessile. Flowers not seen.

Hongkong, Hinds. T have seen no other specimen, and the species mnst therefore remain
at present doubtful. Some specimens from Assam have similar large fruits, but with differ-
ently shaped leaves.

18. BUXUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Perianth calyx-like, of 4 small
segments, imbricate in the bud. Male flowers : Stamens 4, opposite the seg-
ments, filaments free, anthers adnate. Female flowers : Ovary 3-celled, with
2 ovides in each cell. Styles 3, distant at the base, undivided, but splitthig
with the capsule. Capsule coriaceous, loculicidaUy 3-valved, each valve bear-
ing the dissepiment in the centre, and crowned by 2 horns, being the halves
of 2 of the styles. — Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite entire coriaceous
leaves.

A small genus, ranging over the temperate or subtropical regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, but confined to the Old "World, unless the W. Indian jTric^m.? be admitted as congeners.

1. B. sempervirenSj Umti.; Baill. Bux. 59. A glabrous much -branched
shrub or small tree. Leaves in the Hongkong variety naiTOW-oblong, obtuse
or emarginate, and nearly 1 in. long, in other Chinese specimens obovate or
ovate. Flowers small, sessile, usually several males and 1 female in each axil ;
the small bracts and perianth-segments broadly ovate. Stamens much longer.
Capsule ovoid, 3 or 4 lines long, 3-horned till ripe, then 6-horned by the split-
ting of the valves. Seed shining black. — B. c/wiensis, Link; BaiU. I.e. 66
(from the diagnosis).

Near Taitamtuk, Ranee and Harland. In Putoy island, Wriglit. Ranges over southern
Europe and western Asia, and again in China and Japan, and if, as believed by Hooker ami
Thomson, the B. longifolia, ^o\%?,., and B. Wallichiana, Ikill., are forms of the same species
it is also abundant in northern India.

19. BISCHOFFIA, Blume.

(Stylodiscus, Benn. Microelus, Am)

Flowers dioecious, in axillary panicles. Perianth small, calyx-like ; segments
5, valvate in the bud. Male flowers : Perianth-segments very concave, enclosing
the stamens at first, afterwards reflexed. Stamens 5, opposite tlie segments,
inserted round a raised central disk, filaments very short. Fenude flowers :
Perianth-segments lanceolate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Styles linear, entire. Fmit a globidar dmpe, enclosing 3 indehiscent cocci. —
Leaves alternate, compound.

The genus is lim;<ed to a single species.

316 EUPHOKBIACE^. [Bischoffia.

1. B. javanica, Blume ; Miq. Fl. Ned. Tnd. i. part ii. 363. A large gla-
brous tree. Leaflets 3 (or rarely 5), petiolulate, from broadly ovate to oval
oblong, coarsely crenate-seiTate, 3 to 5 in. long, coriaceous when old, on a
common petiole of 3 or 4 in. Male flowers crowded in broad panicles, much-
branched, but shorter than the leaves. Female panicles looser and less branched,
sometimes reduced to simple racemes. — B. trifoliata, Hook. Ic. PL t. 844,
with the synonyms adduced (Br. and Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. t. 29 ; Dene, in
Jacqemon. Voy. t. 154).

Hongkong, Harland, Wright ; in a wood at Little Hongkong, Wilford. In the hilly dis-
tricts of India, fi'om the Peninsula to Nepal, Burmah, and the Archipelago, and northward to
the Philippines, S. China, and Loochoo.

20. DAPHNIPHYLLUM, Blume.

(Goughia, Wight)

Flowers dioecious, in axillary or lateral racemes. Perianth calyx-like, small,
of 3 to 8 segments. Male flowers : Stamens 5 to 12. Anthers ovate, thick,
on very short filaments radiating from a central disk. Female flowers : Ovary
ovoid, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles united at the
base, shortly recui-ved, undivided. Beriy ovoid, indehiscent. Seed solitary.
Embryo minute, in a thick fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, on long petioles, entire, coriaceous.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic, chiefly eastern, genus.

Perianth not \ hue long. Racemes axillary.

Styles spreading \. B. Uoxhurghii.

Perianth 1 line long. Racemes mostly lateral.

Styles erect 2. Z). calycinum.

1. D. Roxburghii, Baill. Euph. 565. A large glabrous tree. Speci-
mens turning black in diying. Leaves oblong, obtuse, acute, or shortly acu-
minate, 3 or scarcely 4 in. long, very coriaceous, on petioles of 1 in. or rather
more. Bacemes usually all axiUary, scarcely longer than the petioles. Perianth
minute, not exceeding the filaments in the males, and not half so long as the
ovary in the females. Styles short, spreading. Drupe ovoid-oblong, full ^ in-
long. — GoiigJiia Nilgherrensis, Wight, Ic. t. 1879.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright. In Ceylon, the Nilgherries, Loochoo, Corea, and Japan.

2. D. calycinum, ^e;<^/^., n. sp. A shi-ub. Leaves longer than in the last,
usually 4 to 6 in., not so coriaceous, and seldom turning black. Eacemes axil-
lary in the very young state, but before they flower their leaves appear always
to have fallen, leaving them below the leafy part of the branch. Bracts 1
to 2 lines long, but very deciduous. Perianth-segments nearly 1 line long in
the males, and as long as the ovary in the females. Styles very short, thick,
erect, and truncate. Drupe ovoid, 4 or 5 lines long.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Seemann ; in woods, at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Also
near Canton, Reeves.

21. APOROSA, Blume.
(Scepa, Lindl. Lepidostachys, Wall)

Flowers dioecious, the males in catkins, the females in axillaiy clusters or
short spikes. Perianth small, calyx-like, of 4 segments. Male flowers clustered

AjJOrosa.l EUPHORBlACEiE. 317

under small bracts. Stamens 2 to 5 ; filaments free ; anther-cells distinct,
globular. Female flowers : Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles
very shortly united, short, recurved, retuse, or 2-lobed, Drupes 2-celled, or
more frequently 1 -celled and 1 -seeded by abortion. Cotyledons broad. —
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, coriaceous ; petioles usually
short.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Female spikes very short, clustered, without anthers 1. A.frutescens.

Female spikes cylindrical, | in. long. Ovary surrounded by sterile

anthers 2. ^. leptostachya.

1. A. frutescenSy Blume, Bijdr. 514. A shrub or tree, either wholly
glabrous or the branches and young parts pubescent. Leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, shortly acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, entire or with a few broad teeth.
Stipules very deciduous, 2 to 3 lines long. Male catkins solitary, or 2 to 4
together in the axils of the leaves, sessile or shortly pedunculate, •§- to 1 in.
long. Bracts broad, ciliate. Stamens 2 or 3. Female spikes very short,
usually 2 or 3 together and quite sessile. Ovary quite glabrous or very hairy.
Drupe ovoid, 4 or 5 lines long. — Scepa chinmsis, Benth. in Kew Journ. J^ot. vi.
72, and probably several other supposed species of Scepa.

Common in the island, Champion and others. Widely distributed over a great part of
India and the Archipelago.

2. A. leptostachya, Benth., n. sp. A shrub, the young parts rusty-
pubescent. Leaves as in the last species, oblong, scarcely acuminate, entue or
with a few callous teeth, 2 in. long (or perhaps more). Stipules obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long. Male catkins 1 in. long; the flowers
densely clustered. Stamens 2 to 4. Female spikes cylindi'ical, nearly as
long as the males. Flowers clustered. Perianth-segments 4 to 6. Ovary
contracted at the base and usually surrounded by 3 or 4 sessile apparently
sterile anthers. Styles (or style-branches) short, recurved, retuse, but not
2-lobed. — Jlnus, sp. ?, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. ]15.

Hongkong, Champion. Not seen in any other collection, but a second fragnu-nt among
Champion's plants, with a female spike, has enabled me to ascertain that it belongs to Jpo-
rosa, although still insufficient to say whether it be really distinct or an abnormal state of
A.frutescens.

22. ANTIDESMA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious, the males in catkins ; the females in racemes or spikes.
Perianth small and calyx-like, of 3 to 5 segments or lobes. Male Howers :
Stamens 2 to 5, filaments free. Female flowers : Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 pen-
dulous ovides. Styles 3 or 4, very short and divergent, united at the base.
Fruit a drupe, usually somewhat flattened and oblique. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, entire.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.
Leaves glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Female flowers pedun-
culate.

Leaves 4 or 5 in. long. Male catkins long and slender .... ]. J. Biotius.

Leaves 1 to 3 in. long. Male catkins not 1 in 2. A.jciponicum.

Leaves pubescent, obovate or orbicular. Female flowers sessile . . "i. A. paniculatum.

318 EUPHORBIACE/E. [Jntidenma.

1. A. Bunius, Spreng. ; Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xv. 186 ;
Wight, /c. ^. 819. A tree, usually quite glabrous, Leaves oblong, obtuse, acute,
or shortly acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, or sometimes more, somewhat coria-
ceous and shining, on petioles of 3 or 4 lines. Male spikes slender, inteiTupted,
4 to 6 in. long. Stamens usually 3 or 4. Female raceme much shorter.
Flowers nearly sessile. Fruits about 3 lines long, on pedicels of 1 to 1^ lines.

Hongkong, Chamjnon. In the Philippines and the Indian Archipelago.

2. A. japonicum, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. M. Jap. ii. 88. A slii'ub or
small tree, glabrous, or the young parts very slightly pubescent. Leaves usually
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, sinuate, 1^ to 2 in. long, but some-
times short and ovate, or linear or narrow-oblong, and 3 in. long, rather thin,
but shining, narrowed into a short petiole. Male spikes seldom 1 in. long,
several together in the upper axils, or in a short terminal panicle. Stamens 3.
Female racemes slender, solitary, about 1 in. long. Drupes small, on pedi-
cels of about 1 line.

In the Happy Valley, Champion; in low grounds, Wilford ; also Hance and Wriglit. In
Japan.

2. A. paniculatum, Boxb., Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. Her. 3, xv. 288 ;
JFight, Ic. if. 820. A shrub or small tree, the young branches, leaves, and
inflorescence softly pubescent or tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly elliptical
or nearly orbicular, very obtuse, \\ to 2^ or rarely 3 in. long. Male spikes
dense, 1 to 2 in long, females seldom 1 in., both in short terminal panicles and
very tomentose. Stamens usually 5. Female flowers sessile. Ovaiies very
villous or glabrous. Drupes small, on short pedicels.

Near West Point, Chamiyion. "Widely diffused over the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China.

Order XCV. JUGLANDEiE.

Flowers unisexual. Male flowers in spikes or catkins. Perianth iiTcgularly
2- to 6 -cleft, adnate to entire or divided scale-like bracts. Stamens mdefinite,
sometimes very few. Female flowers solitary or in clusters or spikes. Perianth
with a small superior 3- to 5-lobed border. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled (or 2- or
4-celled at the l3ase), with 1 orthotropous ovule erect from the base of the cell,
or from the summit of the axis of the partial cells. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe,
with a hard endocarp. Albumen none. — Trees. Leaves pinnate.

A small Order, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, intermediate betvv^een Terebin-
thacece and Amentace(e, and referred by some, as a suborder, to the one or to the other.

1. ENGELHARDTIA, Lesch.

Flowers monoecious, in unisexual or androgynous spikes. Male flowers :
Perianth unequally 3- or 4 -cleft, on a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 5 to 13. Fe-
male flowers adhering to the base of a large 3- or 5-lobed bract. Perianth
superior, of 4 or 5 teeth. Styles 2 to 4, uneqtial. Drupe small, seated on the
enlarged wing-like 3-lobed bract.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Of this genus T have a single specimen from Champion, unfortunately not in a suliieiciitly

Engelhardtia.'] juglande^e. 319

perfect state for identification as to species. It may possibly be a variety of E. WaUlcldana,
Liudl., a Silhet species, with glabrous leaves and fruits, but iu our specimen the Icallets are
more numerous and narrower, and the fruiting bracts smaller and thiuer. The di-upes have
fallen away.

Order XCYI. AMENTACE^.

Flowers unisexual. Male flowers in catkins. Stamens 2 or more, either
within 1 or 3 scales, or surrounded by several scales, sometimes forming a pe-
rianth of 5 or 6 segments. Female flowers either solitary, or 3 or 3 together
within 1 or 3 scales, in catkins or heads, or surrounded by several empty
scales. Perianth none, or closely combined with the ovaiy, with a minute,
free, entire, or toothed border. Ovary 1 -celled or several-celled, with 2 or
more styles, always resulting in a 1 -celled fruit, which is either a 1 -seeded nut,
or a several-seeded capsule opening in 2 valves. Seeds without albumen. —
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually with stipules. Flowers small.
Catkin-scales usually persistent under or round the fruit.

A considerable Order, widely distributed over the globe, but chiefly in the temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres, or in mountainous districts within the tropics.

Stamens 6 to 12, surrounded by an almost regular perianth of 5 or 6 scales.
Female flowers in an involucre of many imbricate scales.
Nut completely enclosed iu a very prickly involucre or openhig in valves 1. Castaxea,
Nut either surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, or enclosed iu an in-
volucre not prickly and bursting irregularly 2. Quekcus.

Stamens 2 to 8, within i or few scales. Female flowers 1 or 2 under each

scale. Nut resinous or drupe-like 3. Mvrica.

1. CASTANEA, Tcurn.

Flowers and habit of Qaercus. Fruiting involucre completely enclosing the
nut, covered with stout, often branched prickles, and opening in valves when
ripe.

A small genus, dispersed over eastern and central Asia, S. Europe, and N. "VV, America.

1. C. concinna, Clmmp. in Kew Joiirn. Bot. vi. 115; Seem. Bot. Her.
^.86. A tree, the young branches softly tomentose. Leaves stalked, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 in. long, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
above, tomentose underneath, Avith prominent parallel veins. Male spikes
rather lax, erect or spreading, 1^ to 3 in. long, solitary in the axils of tiie
young leaves, but forming with them a terminal panicle. Stamens about 10.
Female spikes shorter and solitary. Involucres 1 -flowered. Styles 3, subu-
late, diverging. Fruiting involucre veiy densely crowded with stout clustered
branching prickles. Nut depressed-globular, \ in. diameter.

In the Happy Valley woods, but rare, CJiampiou ; also Hance and Seemann. Not known
from elsewhere.

2. QUERCUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious. I\Iale flowers : Perianth of 5 or 6
scales. Stamens 6 to 12 or rarely more, inserted round a hairy centre ; flhi-
nients slender. Female flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, within an involucre
of numerous small imbricated scales, sometimes united in a solid mass. Ovary

320 AMENTACE^. [Quercus.

3- rarely 4-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles (or style-
branches) as many as ovaiy-cells, entire. Nut 1 -seeded, either protruding
from a cup formed of the enlarged scales, or enclosed in the enlarged involucre,
which is then not prickly, and bui'sts irregularly when ripe. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, entire or sometimes much corrugated, lobed, or crumpled. — Trees or
shrubs. Leaves entii'e, toothed, or lobed. Male catkins slender and inter-
rupted. Female involucres solitary, clustered or in spikes.

A large genus, confined to the northern hemisphere both in the New and the Old World,
most abundant in temperate regions or in mountainous districts within the tropics.

Sect. 1. Castaneopsis. — hivohicre etitlrely enclosing the young nut, sometimes split-
ting Of en when ripe. Spikes usually erect, paniculate, with a glabrous rachis.

Leaves 6 or 8 in. long, lepidote underneath 1. G.Jissa.

Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, green and glabrous on both sides 2. G. Eyrei.

Sect. 2. Grsrrolecana. — Cup surrounding the nut, the scales forming entire concentric
rings. Male spikes usually tomentose, slender^ pendulous.

Leaves lanceolate, glahrous 3. (?. salicina.

licaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, tomentose or lepidote underneath . . 4. 6^. Championi.

Sect. 3. Iiepidobalanus. — Cup surrounding the nut, the scales imbricate, the tips
wore or less promiueni or distinct. Male sjnkes (in the Hongkong species) tomentose, erect,
paniculate.

Leaves glaucous or lepidote underneath. Young branches tomentose . 5. G. thalussica.
Leaves green and glabrous on both sides. Branches glabrous.

Nut brown and shining, very prominent above the cup. Leaves entire
or scarcely sinuate.
Leaves usually oblong, 5 in. or more. Minor veins mostly trans-
verse. Flowers (always ?) dioecious 6.6^. Harlandi.

Leaves rather broad, 4 in. or less. Minor veins much reticulate.

Flowers monoecious '^. G. Hancei.

Nut very broad, slightly convex on the top and scarcely prominent

above the cup. Leaves shghtly ciliate-toothed %. G. cornea.

1. Q. fissa^ CMmj). in Kew Journ. But. vi. 114; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 92.
A tree, young branches tomentose. Leaves stalked, elliptical or oblong,
shortly acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, coriaceous,
glabrous and shining above, glaucous, silvery, or yellowish underneath with a
minute tomentum. Spikes erect, 4 to 6 in. long, in a terminal panicle ; the males
usually numerous, with 1 terminal female or androgynous one, and 1 or more
female spikes solitary in the lower axils. Eachis glabrous. Stamens 10 to 12.
Styles 3, very short. Involucre ovoid, 6 to 8 lines long, enclosing the nut
when young, afterwards bursting irregularly, slightly tomentose outside, silky
inside; the scales scarcely prominent and irregularly zoned. Nut ovoid.
Cotyledons intricately crumpled.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, and at Little Hongkong, Wilford ; also Wright.
Not known out of the island.

2. Q. Eyreiy Bcnth. in Kew Journ. But. vi. 114. A glabrous tree.
Leaves stalked, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire or with a few coarse
serratures, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, coriaceous, shining, green and glabrous
on both sides. Spikes 1^ to 2 in. long, the males numerous in a terminal
panicle, the females simple and rather shorter, all quite glabrous except the
disk of the male flowers. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles 2 or 3, prominent,
obtuse, spreading.

Querc?is.] amentace.e. 321

Abundant in Wangnachung wood, on the east side of the Happy Valley, Cha7npion, but
not seen in any other collection. Although I have not seen the fruit, I have little doubt'that
this plant belongs to the section Castaneopsis. The inflorescence and flowers are prcciselv
those of Q. cusjy'ulata, Thiinb., but in that species the leaves are always more or less glaucous
or lepidote underneath. I know not on wliat grounds Seeinann refers the Q. Ei/rei%o Cns-
timea chiuensis, Spreng., with which it appears to me to have no connection in foliage, in-
florescence, or flowers.

3. Q. salicinay Blume ; Seem. Bot. Her. 415, ^. 91. A tree of 40 ft.,
the very young shoots silky-haiiy. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, entire or rarely slightly toothed, 2 to 3 m. long and seldom
\ in. wide, glabrous and green on both sides. Male spikes axillary, very
slender and pendulous, 1 to 1^ in. long, more or less rusty-tomentose.
Stamens 6 to 8. Female spikes short and erect. Styles 3 or 4, verv short,
divergent, with broad almost peltate stigmas. Fruiting involucre cup-shaped,
7 or 8 lines diameter, tomentose, with 5 or 6 concentric entire zones outside,
velvety inside. Nut half-exserted, broadly ovoid, slightly tomentose. Coty-
ledons entire.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Hance, Seeynmin, Wright, Not seen from else-
where.

4. Q. Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 113 ; Seem. Bot. Her.
^.90. A tree, with more or less of a brown, scurfy tomentnm on the young
branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence. Leaves stalked, obovate
or oblong, obtuse, entire, 3 or 4 in. long, glabrous above when full-grown.
Male spikes clustered at the base of the young shoots, or solitary in the axils
of the nascent leaves, 2 or 3 in. long, pendulous when fully out. Stamens 6
to 8. Anthers hirsute. Female spikes short and erect. Styles 3, short, with
broad stigmas. Fndting involucre cup-shaped, tomentose outside, with 3 to
5 concentric zones, silky inside.

In the Happy Valley woods, on Victoria Peak, etc.. Champion and others. Not known
out of the island.

5. Q. thalassica, Hance in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 176 (1849). A tree of
20 to 30 ft. or more, the young branches tomentose. Leaves stalked, from
narrow-oblong to ovate-elliptical, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, entire or irregu-
larly toothed towards the top, glabrous and shining above, glaucous or lepi-
dote underneath, the primaiy vehis alone prominent. Spikes stiff, erect, to-
mentose, \^ to 4 in. long, simple, and nearly solitary, or tlie males paniculate.
Stamens about 8. Fruiting spikes about 4 in. long, the fruits clustered in
the upper half. Cups short, 4 or 5 lines diameter. Nut ovoid, glabrous
and shining, about \ in. long. — Q. reversa, Lindl. ? (1850) ; Benth. in Kew
Journ. Bot. vi. 112; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 88. Q. Sleboldiana, Blum. Mus.
Bot. 290.

In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Hance, Scemann. On the Chinese continent
and in Japan. Hauce's specimens agree perfectly with the Japanese ones distributed as
§. acuta, and referred to by Elume under his Q. Sie/joldiana. Champion's liavc the haves
more acuminate and whiter underneath, and the spikes shorter and more dense. Liudley's
plant difi"eis slightly in the obovoid acorns which suggested his name, but all these arc jiro-
bably forms of one species. The Khasia plant referred here by Seemann differs in several
respects, and especially in the much more prominent scales of the acorn-cups, which are almost
nmricate.

6. Q, Harlandiy Hance in Tf'aip. Ann. 382 ; Seem. But. Htr. t. 89.

Y

322 AMENTACE^. [QueTcus.

A tree of about 20 ft., glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves long-stalked,
oblong, or elliptical, obtusely acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long, or in some speci-
mens 6 to 8 in., entire or slightly undulate, gi-een and glabrous on both sides,
the primary veins prominent underneath, with very fine transverse reticulations.
Flowers apparently dioecious. Male spikes solitary in the upper axils, 1 to 1|-
in. long, erect, tomentose. Stamens about 10. Female spikes terminal,
rigid, flexuose, 2 to 3 in. long. Styles 3 to 5, stiffly subulate, divergent.
Fruit-cups hemispherical, about 8 lines diameter, the scales very obtuse and
not prominent. Nut much exserted, about 1 in. long and 11 lines broad,
brown and shining, marked when dry with longitudinal fissures.

Ill the Happy Valley woods, Hance, Chamjnon, Seemann, Wright. Not known from
elsewhere.

7. Q. Hanceiy Benth., n. sp. A tree?, glabrous like the last; the
flowering branches short and stout. Leaves long-stalked, obovate or oblong,
acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, quite entire, green and shining on both sides as
in Q. Harlandi, but more coriaceous ; the primary veins less prominent, but
the minor ones much more reticulate. Spikes tomentose, paniculate, erect,
and stiff" either aU males, and 2 or 3 in. long, or the terminal one or nearly
all female or androgynous and 3 to 6 in. long. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles
usually 3, stiff and divergent. Fniit not seen.

On Victoria Peak, Champion, in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford; also Hance and
Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

8. Q. cornea, Lour.; Seem. Bot. Her. 413, t. 87. A tree, the young
shoots tomentose. Leaves stalked, oblong, acuminate, usually 2 or 3 in., but
sometimes 4 or 5 in. long, slightly ciliate-toothed below the point, green and
glabrous on both sides when fidl-gro^\Ti, the primary veins very prominent, the
minor ones transverse. Spikes mostly androgynous, tenninal, erect, stout, 1
to 1|- in. long, tomentose. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles 3, diverging, almost
acute. Cup liroadly turbinate, tomentose, more than 1 in. diameter, muricate
mth the shortly prominent scales, the upper ones turned inwards round the
acorn. Nut hemispherical and glabrous in the enclosed part, the exserted
fiat top slightly convex and tomentose. Cotyledons lobed and furrowed. —
Synredrys ossea, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. ii. 441.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. Also S. China. This species fm-nishes the edihle
acorn kno^^^a in China, according to Seemann, under the names of Shi-Li or King-Li.

3. MYRICA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious. Male ffowers in simple or branched
catkins. Perianth none. Stamens 2 to 8 within each primaiy scale, often
with 2 or more secondary scales under them or between the lower ones. Fe-
male ffowers in short catkins or spikes, 1 or 2 within each scale. Perianth
adhering to the base of the ovary, with 2 or more projecting lobes. Ovary
1-ceUed, with 1 ovule ascending from the base. Styles or stigmas 2, linear.
Fruit a resinous nut or drupe. Seed erect, without albumen. — Shnibs or
small trees. Leaves alternate, usually resinous-dotted.

A genus of several species, dispersed over the temperate regions of the globe, or the great
mountain ranges within the tropics.

1. M. rubra, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. ii. 106. A shrub or tree.

Myrica.] amentace^e. 323

Leaves evergi'een, obovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 to 3 in. long, entire or
veiy rarely slightly toothed at the top, coriaceous and glabrous. Male catkins
about 1 in. long, solitary or clustered, not divided; but within the lower scales
are often 2, 3, or more lateral ones, sometimes with 1 or 2 stamens in their
axils, showing a tendency in the catkin to ramify. (Drupes globular, densely
covered with resinous dots.)

Hongkong, Champion. On the Chinese continent, in Loochoo and Japan. It is very near
also to the common Indian M. sapida, "Wall. ; but has mnch more obtuse leaves, and the
catkins apparently never paniculately branched as in that species.

Order XCVIT. URTICE^.

Flowers unisexual or rarely polygamous, usually in cymes or heads, not in
catkins. Perianth calyx-like, of 1 to 5 divisions. Stamens as many as peri-
anth-segments, and opposite to them, rarely reduced to fewer or one. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary free, or rarely adherent, 1-celled, with 1 ovule, rarely 2-celled,
with 2 ovules, of which 1 only comes to perfection. Style usually short or
none, with 1 or 2 long or short stigmas. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent drupe,
or winged samara, or small seed-like nut. Albumen fleshy or none. Radicle
superior. — Trees, shrubs, herbs, or climbers, fm-nished with stipules. Foliage
and inflorescence very various. A scabrous surface and a milky juice or acrid
or stinging secretions are very common.

A large Order, distributed over nearly the whole world, abundant within the tropics, less
so in temperate regions, and rare in cold climates.

Styles or stigmas 2, equal. Trees or shrubs. Flowers cyraose, polyga-
mous or dioecious. Filaments nearly erect in the bud.
Flowers polygamous, the fertile ones hermaphrodite.

Stamens not exceeding the perianth. Stigmas linear . . . . 1. Celtis.

Stamens exserted. Stigmas short, plumose 2. Sponia.

Flowers dioecious. Stigmas subulate 3. Gir'gnniera.

Style or stigma simple, unilateral, or rarely with a second shorter
branch.
Flowers minute, very closely packed on or inside a succulent recepta-
cle. Trees or shrubs.

Flowers outside a globular or oblong receptacle 4. Aetocarpus.

Flowers inside a hollow, globular, ovoid or pear-shaped receptacle. 5. Ficus.
Flowers distinct, in cymes, clusters, heads, or spikes. (Herbs or under-
shrubs.)

Female perianth 4- or 5-cleft. Stigma short, tufted 6. Pelltoxia.

Female perianth tubular, enclosing or adhering to the ovary and fruit.
Stigma filiform. Perianth enclosing the fruit.

Clusters of flowers in axillary panicles. Stigma persistent . 7- Bcehmeria.
Clusters of flowers single and sessile. Stigma deciduous.
Male perianth surrounded by a prominent ring. Leaves 3-

nervcd to the top 9. Memorialis.

Male perianth without appendages. Leaves 3 -nerved at the

base only 8. Pouzolsia.

Stigma disk-shaped. Perianth adnate 10. Villebrunia.

1. CELTIS, Linn.

Flowers polygamous, in axillary or lateral cymes. Perianth deciduous, of
4 or 5 segments, imbricate in the'^bud. Stamens as nianv, incurved, shorter

Y 2

324 URTiCEiE. [Celtis.

than the perianth. Ovary inserted on a hairy disk. Stigmas 2, oblong or
linear, recurved, not plumose. Drupe ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. —
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually 3-nerved. Cymes usually loose
and few-flowered.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old World, with a few tropical species limited to mountainous districts.

Leaves serrate in the upper half. Stigmas linear, acute 1. C sinensis.

Leaves quite entire. Stigmas rather thick, obtuse or notched . . . 2. (7. philippensis.

1. C. sinensis, Pers. ; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, x. 286.
A large tree, with slender much divided branches. Leaves obliquely ovate,
acuminate, 1^ to 2 in. long, serrate in the upper half, glabrous or with a mi-
nute rusty pubescence underneath. Flowers in little almost sessile cymes on
the nascent branches, those at the base all males, the axillary ones mostly her-
maphrodite. Stigmas linear, entire. Fraits usually solitary, on axillary pe-
dicels shorter than the petioles in these and some Japanese specimens, much
longer in other Japanese and N. Chinese specimens. — C. WilldenoiDlana, Eoem.
and Schidt. ; Planch. 1. c. 287 ?

About Victoria, but perhaps only where planted for shade, Hance, Wilford, Harland. A
native of China and Japan.

2. C. philippensis, Blanco ; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, x.
306. A tree, either quite glabrous or the young shoots and inflorescence
slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, 2
to 3 in. long, 3-nerved, smooth and somewhat shining above, pale under-
neath, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines. Pruits 2 to 5, in loose irregular racemes
of about 1 in., on pedicels of very unequal length, nearly globular, about 3
lines diameter. Styles linear, thick, apparently obtuse.

In the Happy Valley woods, Wilford, Hance. Common in the Philippine Islands. The
leaves in the Hongkong specimens are not so large nor so coriaceous as in Cuming's, de-
scribed by Planchon, but the old ones are already fallen off.

2. SPONIA, Lam.

Mowers polygamous, in axillary cymes. Perianth persistent, of 5 segments,
nearly valvate in the bud. Stamens longer than the perianth. Stigmas 2,
short and plumose, the other characters as in Celtis. — Trees. Leaves alter-
nate. Flowers small, usually numerous.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.

1. S. velutina. Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, x. 327; Tf^iffht,
Ic. 1. 1990. A tree, the young branches densely and softly pubescent. Leaves
ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, serrate, obliquely cordate at the base, 3 to 4
in. long, very rough above, veiy soft underneath with silky haii's, silvery when
young, velvety when full-grown. Cymes broad, usually rather longer than
the petioles, many-flowered. Drupes scarcely 1^ lines long, either glabrous
or very hairy. — S. argentea, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 75.

On the edges of woods, Hinds, Champion, and others. Common in India, from the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago, and northward to Sikkim, S. China, and the Philippines.

3. GIRONNIERA, Gaud.
(Helmiuthospermum, Thwaites.)
Flowers small, dioecious, in axillary cymes or branched racemes. Perianth

Giro?miera.] URTiCEiE. 325

of 4 or 5 segments, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5. Filaments slightly

incurved. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Styles 2, long and filiform. Dmpe

slightly compressed. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate.

A small tropical Asiatic genus, extending from E. Africa to N. Australia.

Young branches hairy. Leaves scabrous and prominently reticulate under-
neath I. G. chineyisis.

Branches and leaves quite glabrous. Leaves not reticulate 2. G. niticla.

1. G. chinensis, Benih., n. sp. A shrub of 3 to 8 ft., with a few long
hairs on the young branches, petioles, and midribs of the young leaves. Leaves
from ovate to oblong, shortly acuminate, serrate tow^ards the top or nearly
entire, 4 to 6 in. long, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sca-
brous underneath. Male cymes loose, longer than the petioles, with few very
divaricate branches. Perianth-segments 5, broad, glalDrous or strigose, and
thickened in the middle. Anthers tipped with a short conical connectivuni.
Female fruiting peduncles i to 1 in. long, solitary or 2 together, and very di-
verging, bearing each 1 to 5 nearly sessile fmits in a perianth of 5 segments.

Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Hance ; in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford. Not
known from elsewhere. It is near to G. nervosa. Planch., from Java, and to G. subaqiialis.
Planch. {Helminthos'permum scabridum, Thw.), from Java and Ceylon, but has not the soft
hairs of the former, and differs from both in the female perianth as well as the male being
constantly 5-merous.

2. G. ? nitida, Benth., n. sp. A tree, the wdiole specimens perfectly
glabrous. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate, shortly acuminate, entire,
about 3 in. long, rounded or cordate at the base, coriaceous, smooth and
shining, with the primary veins only prominent underneath. Male flowers in
short sessile divaricately branched cymes, quite glabrous. Perianth-segments
5. Filaments short, inflected at the top as in other Gironnieras, inserted
round a hairy nidiment. Anthers without any prominent connectivum.

Hongkong, rare. Champion. Not seen in any other collection, and our specimens are all
male. The flowers are, however, so exactly those of a Gironniera, that 1 have little hesita-
tion in placing the species in this genus.

4. ARTOCARPUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious, minute, densely packed on the outside of a globose or
oblong succulent receptacle, the males and females in separate lieads. j\Iale
flowers: Perianth of 2 to 4 segments, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 1.
Female flowers : Perianth tubular, entire. Style usually simple and linear,
protruding fi"oni the perianth. Ovary usually 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
ovule. Fruit compound, consisting of the somew^hat enlarged persistent and
consolidated perianths, each enclosing a minute nut. Seeds without albu-
men.— Trees or shrubs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire or divided.
Flower-heads axillaiy, solitary or 2 together.

A small genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Asia or the Pacific islands.

1. A. hypargyrea, Hance, n. sp. A tree, the young branches and
petioles rusty with a minute pubescence. Leaves oblong, narrow-acuminate,
3 to 5 in. long, entire or slightly sinuate-toothed, glabrous and shining above,
rough with a minute white tomentum imderneath ; the primary veins and
numerous reticulations raised and pubescent. Flower-heads obovoid, solitary,

326 URTICE.E. [Artocarj)us.

on tomentose peduncles of 6 to 8 lines. Male heads 6 to 8 lines long-. Perianth-
segments linear-spathulate, plnmose-haiiy, so densely crowded with the cla-
vate or siibpeltate bracts that it is difficult to distingnish those belonging to
each flower. Female flower-heads rather smaller. Perianths densely haiiy.
Styles shortly protruding.

Hongkong, Hance. Not £een in any other collection. It is very near to the A. glau-
cescens, Tree, from Java ; but that has not the same prominent veins on the under side of
the leaves, and the flower-heads are much smaller and nearly sessile.

5. FICUS, Linn.

Plowers unisexual, minute, enclosed in a hollow globular ovoid or pear-
shaped succulent receptacle called a Jig or syncecimn ; the minute aperture
closed by bracts turned inwards. Male floAvers usually near the mouth of the
fig. Perianth 3- to 6-lobed. Stamens usually 1 or 2, rarely more. Pemale
flowers usually lining the greater part of the cavity. Perianth entire, or of 2
or more lobes or segments. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 pendulous or laterally at-
tached ovule. Style usually lateral, with a more or less oblique, variously
shaped siigma. Pniiting fig usually enlarged, the enclosed seed-like nuts
surrounded each by its membranous or pulpy persistent perianth. Em-
bryo curved, in a fleshy albumen. — Trees or shridjs, with the juice usually
milky. Leaves alternate, or very rarely opposite, entire or divided. Pigs
(receptacles) solitary, or in clusters of 2 or more, axillaiy or on the old wood
below the leaves, usually with 3 small bracts at their base, or at the base of
the pedicel.

A very large tropical or subtropical genus, ranging over both the New and the Old World,
but most abundant in Asia.

Figs axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together.
Leaves and figs glabrous.
Figs sessile.

Petioles 1 to 2 in. long \. F. Wightiana.

Petioles under J in. long 2. F. retusa.

Kgs pedunculate.

Bracts none, or only at the base of the peduncle.

liCaves entire, abruptly acuminate 4-. F. nervosa.

Leaves irregularly angular or dentate towards the top . . Z. F. difformis.
Bracts at or near the top of the peduncle.
Erect shrubs.

Leaves (pale -green) coriaceous and very shining ; the

transverse veins very prominent 5. i^. Championi.

Leaves green above, glaucous underneath ; the transverse
veins not prominent.

Fig pear-shaped, 1 in. long or more &. F. pi/riformis.

Fig globular, \ in. long or less 1. F. variolosa.

Stems prostrate or creeping.

Leaves rounded at the base. Figs small, globular . 8. F. impressa.
Leaves unequally cordate at the base. "Figs large, pear-
shaped " 9. F. stipulata.

Leaves and figs pubescent or hispid.

Leaves glabrous above, very reticulate underneath. Figs almost

sessile. (Stem prostrate ?) " . . . 10. F. Wriylitii.

Leaves pubescent on both sides, soft. Figs pedunculate . . . 11. F. Beecheyana.
Leaves and sessile figs very hispid or bristly 12. F. hirta.

Ficus.] U11T1CE.E. 327

Figs 2 or more, in clusters on the old wood below the leaves.

Figs sessile or nearly so. Stigma subulate. Leaves oblong, loug-

stalked, glabrous I, F. Wightianu.

Figs pedunculate. Stigma peltate, concave. {Covellla.)

Figs hispid. Leaves all or mostly opposite 13. Z hupida.

Figs glabrous. Leaves all or mostly alternate.

Leaves with a short obt ise point, not cordate at the base.

Branches strigose 14. /''. Earlandi.

Leaves mostly cordate, tapering to a point at the top. Branches

glabrous 15. i^^. chlorocarpa.

1. F. Wightiana, Wall. Catal. n. 4540. A large tree, quite glabrous.
Leaves oblong, shortly acuminate, about 4 in. long and \\ to 2 in. broad,
rather stiff ; the primary veins arcuate and confluent at some distance from
the edge, 3-nerved at the base, on petioles from 1| to 2 in. long. Figs nearly
globular, about 4 lines diameter, on peduncles of about 1 line, solitary or in
clusters of 2 to 4 on the old wood below the leaves, with veiy small bracts
under the fig. — Urostignia JFigldianum, Miq. in Lond. Joui'u. Bot. vi. 560.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright ; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. This agrees well with indif-
ferent specimens we have of F. Wightiana from the Indian Peninsula, and it appears to have
been found also here and there in other parts of India. It may be a variety only of the
common Indian F. infectoria, Eoxb., which has the same foliage, but the figs are all axillary
and closely sessile.

2. F. retusa, Linn. Mant. 129. A large tree, quite glabrous. Leaves
from ])roa(]ly obovate or nearly orbicular to obovate-oblong, obtuse or ob-
tusely acuminate, 1^ to 2^ in. long, 3-nerved at the base ; the primaiy veins
rather numerous, oblique, and joining in a continuous vein near the margin.
Petioles stout, 2 to 4 lines long. Figs globular, about 4 lines diameter,
closely sessile, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves ; the subtending
bracts rather large. — F. nitida, Thunb. ; "Wight, Ic. t. 642. TJrod'ujma piaife-
rum, U. ovoidcum, U. nitidum, and TJ. retusiim, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi.
580, 581, and 582.

Hongkong, Champion, Wright ; on roadsides and near habitations, perhaps cultivated,
Seemanv, Hance. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago,
and northward to the Himalaya, Assam, and Sikkim, and common in China.

3. F, difforxnis. Lam. Diet. ii. 500? Branches glabrous. Leaves
obovate-oblong, more or less oblique, acuminate or obtuse, usually irregidarly
sinuate or angular, about 4 in. long, narrowed and 3-nerved at the base ; the
lateral nerves short and almost marginal; the primai*y veins few, arcuate,
glabrous and almost shining, but rough to the touch. Petioles 2 to 3 lines.
Figs axillary, globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter, on a pedicel of 2 or 3 lines,
with small bracts at its base.

Hongkong, Wright. Also in the Philippine Islands if this be really Lamarck's plant. The
specimen is insufiicient to describe the flowers.

4. F. nervosa, Roili, Nov. PI. Sp. 388. A large glabrous slirub or tree.
Leaves oblong, acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long, smooth and shining above ; the
primaiy arcuate veins very prominent underneath, slightly 3-nerved at the
base, on petioles of 3 to 6 or 8 lines. Figs axillary, solitaiy or in pairs, tur-
binate-globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter, on peduncles of 3 to 5 lines. Bracts
none, or ver^^ minute at the base of the peduncles. — F. aiujudifolia, Koxb. ;
Wight, Ic. t. 660. Urostigma nervosum^ Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 585.

328 uiiTicE^. [Ficus.

lu the Happy Valley woods, Champion ; also Ha7i.ce and Wright. In Silliet and Assam,
and perhaps in the Indian Peninsula.

5. P. Championi, Bentli. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 76. A tree, perfectly
glabrous, the foliage of a pale-green. Leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, naiTowed towards the base, on
petioles of 3 or i lines, coriaceous, smooth and shining ; the primaiy veins
nearly transverse, connected within the margin, prominent on both sides,
especially underneath, as well as the smaller ones. Figs globular, 5 or 6 lines
diameter, on rather slender pedicels of 4 to 6 lines, with 3 minute bracts
about 1 line below the top.

In woods of the Happy Valley, CJittmpion ; also Wright. Not known out of the island,
but veiy near to the F. vasculosa, Wall., from Penang and the Malayan Peninsula.

6. F. pyrlformis, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 216 {not of Miq.). A
shrub, the young branches pubescent. Leaves from oblong-lanceolate to nar-
row-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, with an obtuse narrow point, quite glabrous,
pale or whitish underneath ; the prim.ary veins transverse, connected very near
the margin, and, as well as the reticulate veins, darker-coloured but not pro-
minent. Petioles 1 to 2 lines, glabrous. Figs pear-shaped, 1 in. long or even
more when full-grown, mach contracted at the base. Peduncles 3 to 4 lines
long, bracteate near the top.— F. Millettii, Miq. in Loud. Journ. Bot. vii. 438.

Common in watercourses, Champion and others. On the Chinese continent, and a long-
leaved variety or closely allied species in Assam and Sikkim. Two distinct Chinese species
had been laid down in the Hookerian Herbarium as the F.pyriformis ; but ^Nliquel, in sepa-
rating them, had unfortunately omitted to compare them with the character given in the
Botany of Beechey's Voyage, and has given Hooker and Arnott's name to the hairy-leaved
instead of to the glabrous one.

7. F. variolosa, Lincfl.; Btnth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 492. A gla-
brous shrub (or ti-ee?). Leaves oblong or elliptical, obtuse or shortly and
obtusely a(;uminate, 2 to 3 in. long, with the venation of F. pyriformis. Pe-
tiole 3 to 5 lines long. Fruit nearly globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter (ovoid
when young), more or less umbonate at the top. Pedicel about 2 lines,
bracteate at the top. Stigma obliquely tmncate or notched.

Common in ravines. Hinds, Champion, and others. Not known out of S. China.

8. F. impressa. Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. vi. 76. A prostrate or
creeping much branched shrub, glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the
young branches. Leaves distichous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, entii'e, 1 to
1^ or rarely 2 in. long, stiff but not scabrous, 3-nerved Avith short lateral
nerves, and rounded at the base, the primary veins arcuate and prominent
underneath. Figs globular, 3 or 4 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 or 2 lines,
bracteate at the top. Style short, with a dilated unilateral stigma.

In ravines, creeping over rocks, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Not know^n out cf the
island.

9. F. stip-alata, Thanb.; Micj. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 439 ? A pros-
trate or creeping shrub like the last, vvith similar leaves, except that they are
deeply cordate at the base, either very unequally or nearly equally so. Fruits
saifl to be large, pear-shaped or tm'binate, bristly when young, then glabrous.

Honii;kong, Champion i' A single barren specimen, is like the equally barren ones in the
Hookerian Herbarium, from S. China, determined by Miquel to be the f. stipjulata, Thunb.

FicUS.] URTICE.E. 329

Whether (hey be really tliat species, or only barren shoots of /''. impressa, can only be dcter-
rniaed when the plant shall have been seen ia fruit.

10. F. Wrightii, ^^^//^/^., u. sp. Brandies (cliiubiiio- or prostrate!?)
emitting- clusters of libres, and pubescent when young. Leaves oval-obloug,
acuminate, entire, 3 to 4 in. long, cuneate and 3-ncrvedat the base, the lateral
nerves short and nearly m;n-ginal, the primary veins arcuate towards tlie margin,
and very prominent underneath, as well as the reticuhite smaller ones, glabrous
and smooth above, pubescent but scarcely scabrous underneath, on petioles of
3 to 5 lines. Figs small (not yet full-grown ?), axillary, globose, slightly
pubescent, on petioles of 1 line, bracteate at the top. Female flowers shortly
stipitate. Perianth-segments brown. Stigma long and subulate.

Hongkong, Wright. This much resembles the F.foveolata, Wall. {FogonotropJu',W\{\.),
but the characters are those of a Urostigma.

11. F. Beecheyana, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 271 ; M'kj. in Lund.
Joi'rn. Bot. vii. -137. Branches pubescent. Leaves from broadly ovate or
obovate to oblong, always acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, more or less cordate,
and 3-nerved at the base, on a petiole of ^ to 1 in., scabrous, hirsute above,
or nearly glabrous when old, softly pubescent underneath ; tlie primary veins
U^w and arcuate. Figs pubescent, nearly globular, 7 or 8 lines diameter, on
pedicels of 4 or 5 lines, bracteate at the top.

Hongkong, Harland, Hanre, Wright. Also Loochoo and Formosa.

12. F. Mrta, VaJd, Enmn. ii. 201 ; Miq. in Lond. Jovrn. Bot. \\\. 456.
A tall slirub, the branches, petioles, and tigs hirsute with stitf l^airs or
bristles, often of a rusty or yellowish colour. Leaves very variable in sha))e,
usually 5 to 8 in. long, seiTate-crenate, not coriaceous, but green and scabrous
on both sides, hirsute on the principal veins, either entire from oblong-hmce-
olate to broadly oblong-cordate, or shortly 3-lobed, or deeply 3- or 5-lobed,
with long lanceolate lobes, on the side branches often small and narrow.
Figs globular, from 4 or 5 lines diameter to twice that size, sessile or on very
short pedicels, bracteate at the top. — F. JiibiscifoUa, Champ, in Kew, Joiu'u.
Bot. vi. 77.

Common in ravines, Champion and others. In S. China and the Archipelago, and per-
haps in Assam and Silhet, but there generally replaced by the closely allied broad-leaved
(sjjecies or variety ?) F. Ro.rhurghii, Miq.

13. F. hispida, Linn.fil. Suppl. 442. A small tree, the young branches
hispid. Leaves mostly opposite, stalked, from ovate or obovate to oblong,
shortly acuminate, 5 or 6 in. long, crenate-seiTate, very rough on both sides
with short stiff hairs. Figs mostly on the old wood, 2 or 3 together on old
spurs, which grow out into leafless branches of 1 to 2 in., nearly globose, full
if in. diameter, shortly but densely hirsute, on short peduncles, bracteate at the
top. Female perianth truncate, nearly as long as the ovary, but so thin and
transparent that it is easily overlooked. Style short, with a concave peltate
stigma. — F. oppositifoVta, Roxb. Pi. Corom. t. 124 ; Wight, Ic. t. G38. Co-
vellia oppositifolia, Gasp. ; Miq. in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vii. 4G1, and C. Jiiapida,
Miq. I.e. 462.

Hongkong, Uarlaiul. Common in norlhcrn and eastern India, extending to the Archi-
pelago and to S. China. I can see no difference in the Ja\anesc specimens named by Miqucl
C. hispida, and if the two species are identical, the younger Liuuccus's mime is several years

330 URTiCEiE. [Ficus.

older than Roxburgh's, though not so appropriate, the plant being much less hispid than
the F. hirta. This and the two following species belong io Covellia, the most marked
among the genera proposed by Gasparrini and Miquel for the dismemberment of Ficus, but
which it seems much better to consider as sections only, of one most natui-al and weU-cha-
racterized genus.

14. F. Harlandi, Benth., n. sp. Brandies glabrous or slightly strigose.
Stipules f in. long, glabrous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, oval-oblong
or obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 to 7 in. long, entire or slightly
sinuate-toothed, rounded at the base, glabrous or minutely punctate-scabrous,
on petioles of | to 1 in. Tigs on the old wood as in F. hispida, globular,
glabrous, about \ in. diameter, very shortly contracted at the base, on pedicels
of 4 to 12 lines, bracteate at the top. Flowers of F. hispida, except that the
style is rather longer.

Hongkong, Wright, Harland. Not known out of the island. Allied to the N. Indian
F. congesta, but differs in inflorescence, the shape of the fig, and the longer style.

15. F. chlorocarpa, BentJt., n. sp. A large tree, entirely glabrous.
Stipules 3 to 4 lines long. Leaves fi-om ovate-cordate or ovate-lanceolate to
oval-oblong, acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, entire, cordate or rarely rounded at
the base, smooth and shining above, slightly punctate-scabrous underneath,
on petioles of 1 to 2 in. Figs in short clusters on the trunk and old branches,
globular, at least f in. diameter, glabrous and light-green, on pedicels of about
^ in., bracteate a little below the top. Flowers of F. hispida.

Hongkong, Champion, Wilford. Not known out of the island.

6. PELLIONIA, Gaud.

Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes or clusters, without any dilated or suc-
culent receptacle. Male flowers : Perianth- segments 5 or sometimes 4, broad,
imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many, the filaments inflected in the bud.
Female flowers: Perianth-segments 4 or 5, naiTOW and unequal. Sterile
stamens usually as many. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma sessile,
small, tufted. Nut seed-like, surrounded by the persistent perianth. Albu-
men little or none. — Herbs. Leaves distichous, alternate or unequally oppo-
site, usually very oblique.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Leaves obtuse, less than 1 in. long. Sterile stamens in the female flowers

lanceolate, inflexed 1. P. hrevifolia.

Leaves mostly acuminate, 1^ to 3 in. long. Sterile stamens in the female

flowers minute or none 2. P. scabra.

1. P. brevifolia, Beuth., n. sp. A prostrate creeping herb, the leafy
branches 6 or 8 in. long, hispid. Leaves veiy obliquely obovate, obtuse,
crenate, |- to f in. long, pubescent, very unequal at the base, on petioles
rarely 1 line long. Female cymes almost sessile or on peduncles of 1 to 3
lines, seldom above 3 lines diameter. Perianth-segments veiy unequal, linear-
lanceolate. Sterile stamens lanceolate, bent in at about the middle. Nut
tuberculate.

In ravines of Mounts Gough and Victoria, Wilford. Not seen in any other collection.
The specimens are all female.

2. P. scabra, Benth., u. sp. Stems prostrate, pubescent, 1 ft. long or

Pelliuiua.] URTICE^. 33I

uioie,^ hard at the base. Leaves alternate, oblique, narrow-elliptical or ol)lonn-
acuminate, usually 1^ to 3 in. lon^^-, seiTate above the middle, veiy unequal at
the base, very scabrous above, pubescent underneath. Male cjTnes loose, on
slender pedicels of 2 to 4 lines. Perianth-segments 1 line long, ovate, with
a green point below the top, usually 4 only. Pemale cymes v'eiy compact
and sessile. Bracts small. Periantli-segments usually 4, narrow, very un-
equal, the longest about | line long. Sterile stamens veiy minute' or none.
Nut tuberculate.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance,Wrirj]it; in ravines of jNIounts Gough and Victoria, TFiZ/yvY/.
Not known out of the island. It is allied to P. heterophi/Ua, Wedd., from Sikkim ; but
that is glabrous, or nearly so, besides diflereiices in the llowers.

7. BCEHMERIA, Jacq.

Flowers moncDecious or diacious, in small dense clusters; the clusters in uni-
sexual spikes or panicles. Male perianth usually of 4 segments, valvate in
the bud, with 4 stamens. Female perianth enclosing the ovaiy, 2- or
4-tootlied. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma subulate, continuous
with the ovary and persistent. Fruit a seed-like nut, enclosed in the thin
perianth. Seed albuminous. — Under-shrubs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves
alternate or opposite, usually toothed.

A large genus dispersed over the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics, with
a very few extra-tropical Asiatic or N. American species.

L B. nivea, Hook, and Am.; Wedd. Man. Urt. 380; Kew Journ. Bot.
iii. t. 8. An erect branching hirsute perennial or undershrub, 4 ft. lii<'-h or
more. Leaves alternate, very broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed, 4 or 5 in.'
long, cordate or cuneate at the base, green and roughly pubescent above, veiy
white underneath. Female clusters small, globular, very numerous, in axillary'
panicles. Male panicles smaller, usually below the females. Fruiting peri-
anth verv small, oblong, compressed. — tfrtica tenaclmma, Eoxb. ; Wight, Ic.
t 688. "

Conmion in ravines, Champion. Abundant, either wild or in cultivation, in various parts
of China, easteru India, and the Archipelago, furnishing the Chinese Grass-cloth.

8. POUZOLSIA, Gaud.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary or spicate clusters. Male perianth of 3 to
5 segments, convex on the back, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many. Fe-
male perianth enclosing the ovary, 2- or 4-toothed. Ovary 1-celled, with 1
ei-ect ovide. Stigma subulate, articulate on the ovary, and deciduous. Nut
seed-like, enclosed in the persistent and occasionally 2-winged perianth.
Seed albuminous. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or o])positc, usually
entire, 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves branching, and never reacliing the sununit
of the leaf.

A tropical genus common to the New and the Old World.

1. P. indica, Gaud. ; Wedd. Mon. Urt. 398. A diffusely branclu-d ])u-
bescent lierb or imdershrub, procumbent, ascending or rarely erect. T^ower
leaves usually opposite, upper ones alternate, all entire, varying mucli in si/e
and shape, in the Hongkong specimens ovate or almost cordate, about 1 in.

3-32 URTICE.E. [Pouzolsia.

long. Flowers in small sessile clusters, the males and females mixed. Male
perianth 4-mei-ous or rarely 5-meroiis. Female fruiting perianth about 1 line
long, 2 of the ribs often more raised than the others, but soarcely winged.
Nut ovoid, pointed, shining, black at the base or altogether when ripe.

Hongkong, Wright. Widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Ai-chipelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. A most variable plant, as
will be seen by the nmuerous figures of Wight, Ic, referred here by Weddell. The Hongkong
specimens, belonging to var. vidyaris 'procimihens,\\t^^., very much resemble the European
Parietaria officinalis in aspect.

9. MEMORIALIS, Ham.

Inflorescence, and flowers of Pouzolsia, except that the male perianth-seg-
ments have on the back a transverse angle or fold forming a ring round the
perianth. — Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, opposite, or the uppermost
alternate, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves undivided and continuing to near the
summit of the leaf.

A tropical genus limited to the Old World, and might be well considered as a subgenus
of Pouzolsia.

1. M. hispida, i?a;;^. ; Wedd.Mon. Urt. A^'i^. A decumbent or erect
usually pubescent herb, flowering the first year, but forming a perennial rhi-
zome. Stems 1 to 2 ft. Leaves all opposite, rarely in threes, nearly sessile,
lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long. Flower-clusters loose, axillary. Male
flowers usually numerous, .5-merous, nearly 1 line long. Females few, in the
same clusters. Fruiting perianth with the ribs all equal, or 2 or 4 expanded
into wings. Nut black.— Pouzolsia hispida, Benn. ; Benth. in Kew. Journ.
Bot. vi. 73. See also the various forms figured in Wight, Ic, referred to this
species by Weddell.

In shady places, Champion, Hance, WrigJit. In the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Himalaya, Khasia, Silhet, and the Archipelago.

10. VILLEBRIJNEA, Blume.

(ilorocarpus, Sieb. and Zucc.)

Flowers dicecious, in little axillary or lateral capitate clusters, which are
either sessile or on clustered or soUtary peduncles. Male perianth of 3 or 4
segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many. Female perianth adnate
to the ovary, 4- or 5 -toothed. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma
disk-shaped, ciliate. Fruit small and seed-like, adhering to the somewhat
succulent perianth. Seed albuminous. — Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves al-
ternate,

A small genus confined to eastern tropical or subtropical Asia.

1. V. fmtescens, Blume; Wedd.Mon. Urt.^^ho. An erect undershrub,
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong -lanceolate, acu-
minate, toothed, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, varying from nearly glabrous to
pubescent above, and ashy-white with soft hairs underneath. Male clusters
nearly sessile, the flowers always 3-merous. Female heads very shortly pedi-
cellate, with 8 to ] 2 minute flowers ; the fruiting perianth not attaining \ line.
— Morocarpus microccphalns, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 74.

Villebrunea.'] urtice^. 333

In ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion. In the Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkiin, in
Assam, Khasia, S. China, Loochoo, and Japan.

OfiDER XC^III. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE.

Mowers hermaplirodite. Perianth herbaceous, adherent at the base, witli a
superior variously shaped entire or lobed limb ; the lobes valvate in the bud.
Stamens epigynous, 5, 6, 8, or more. x\nthers 2-celle(l, opening outwards.
Ovary inferior, 3- to 6-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Style simple,
with an entire or lobed stigma. Pruit a capsule or rarely succulent. Seeds
usually angular. Embryo minute, in the top of a fleshy albumen. — Herbs or
rarely slirubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate.

A small Order common to the New and the Okl World, chiefly trojjical, with a few spe-
cies dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and a very few extra-
tropical S. American ones.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn.

Perianth tubidar above the ovaiy ; the limb expanded into an undivided or
3 -lobed unilateral lip. Anthers 6 or rarely 5, adnate to the style. Stigma 3-,
5-, or 6-lobed. Capsule 6- or rarely 3-celled. — Climbers or rarely erect herbs
or undershrubs.

The principal geuus of the Order, with nearly the same geographical range.

1. A. longifolia. Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 117. An undershrub,
with a short woody trunk and decumbent or climbing stems, 1 ft. long or
more, densely pubescent with rust-coloured velvety hairs. Leaves lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, entire, 6 or 8 in. long, nearly glabrous above, pubescent
underneath. Plowers clustered on the trunk on very hairy pedicels. Peri-
anth softly hauy and brown outside ; the tube straight and somewhat enlarged
for 1^ in., then bent back to the same length and turning up again, opening into
a nearly orbicular shortly 3-lobed lip, 2^ in. broad, of a deep purple inside.

In clefts of rocks of Mount Victoria, very rare, Champion. Not seen in any other collec-
tion. The flower I dissected was too much crushed to ascertain the precise structure of the
anthers and stigmas ; but the species probably belongs to the section (or subgenus) Siphisia
of Klotzsch.

Order XCIX. SAURURACE^.

Plowers hermaphrodite, in dense spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 3 to 6,
usually united with the base of the ovary. Pilaments distinct. Anthers ad-
nate. Ovai-y 3-lobed (rarely 4-lobed, the lobes tapering into short styles stig-
matic on the inner face, 3- (rarely 4-) celled, or with 3 parietal piacent;e.
Ovules 2 or more to each ceU or placenta. Pruit a capsule or beriy. Sei'ds
few. Embryo small, in the top of a mealy or hard albumen. — Herbs. Leaves
alternate, with stipules. Spikes terminal.

A small Order confined to central and eastern Asia and N. America.

1. HOUTTUYNIA, Thunb.
Spikes surrounded by coloured petal-like bracts. Stamens 3. Ovary l-
celied, with 3 parietal placentas.

334 SAURUKACE-'E. \IIouttuynia.

A genus limited to a single Asiatic species, unless it be extended to include the closely
allied Californian Anemonopsis.

1. H. cordata, Thunb. II. Jap. 234, t. 26 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2731. Elii-
zome creeping. Stems erect, glabrous, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked,
lieart-shaped, acuminate, entire, li to 3 in. long, glandular-dotted, glabrous
or slightly pubescent on the nei-ves. Spikes pedunculate, -^ to 1 in. long;
the outer bracts usually 4, obovate, white, 3 or 4 lines long. Stamens longer
than the ovary.

Hongkong, Wright. In the mountains of northern India, in Siam, China, Formosa, Loo-
choo, and Japan.

Order C. CHLORANTHACEiS.

Elowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens 1 or more,
epigynous in the hermaphrodite flowers. Ovary 1 -celled, ^vith 1 pendulous
ovule. Stigma sessile, thick, entire or notched. Emit a small indehiscent
drupe. Embryo minute, within the top of a fleshy albumen. — Trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, connected by sheathing stipules. Flowers
in simple or branched often articulate spikes, terminal or in the upper axils.

A small tropical or subtropical Order, with one American and one Asiatic genus.

1. CHLORANTHUS, Sw.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens consisting of a thick fleshy short filament,
inserted on (adnate to) one side of the ovary, with 1 adnate 2-celled anther,
sometimes accompanied by 2 smaller lateral 1 -celled ones.

A small genus, comprising all the Asiatic species of the Order.

Anthers single, 2-celled. (Spikes usuaUy 1 or 2.) I. C. br achy st achy s.

A single-celled anther on each side of the 2-celled one. (Spikes slen-
der^ paniculate.) 2. C. inconspicuus.

1. C. brachystachys, Blume, M. Jav. Chlor. 13, ^. 2. An erect
branching glabrous undershrub, of about 3 ft. Leaves stalked, from ovate to
oblong-elliptical, 2 to 4 in. long, serrate, shining above, pale underneath with
a few scattered glands. Spikes simple or once (rarely twice) forked, \ to near
1 in. long. Flowers green. Stamen ovoid, with a single 2-celled anther.
Drupe red, the size of a currant. — C. ceylanicus, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 802.
Barcandra chlor anilioidts, Gardn.; Wight, Ic. t. 1946.

In ravines, Champion, Hance. In Ceylon, Peuang, the Archipelago, and northward to
the Philippines and Loochoo.

2. C. inconspicuus, Sw.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 802. A glabrous
shrub. Leaves usually smaller, less coriaceous, and less toothed than in C.
brachystachys. Spikes' slender, i to 1 in. long, in branched panicles. Stamens
thick, ovate, 3-lobed ; the central lobe bearing a 2-celled anther, the 2 lateral
smaller ones each with a 1-celled anther.

Hongkong, Hance. A native of China, said to be often cultivated in Chinese and Japan-
ese gardens.

Piperace(je.'] piperace.i:. 335

Order CI. PIPERACE^.

^Flowers heraiaphrodite or unisexual, in closely packed spikes or rarely in
racemes, each with a subtending- bract. Perianth none. Stamens 2 to' 10.
Ovary 1-ceUed, with 1 erect ovule. Stigmas 2 to 6, sessile or on a short
style. Fruit a 1 -seeded berry. Embryo minute, in the lop of a fleshy albu-
men.— Herbs, shrubs, or climbers, sometimes succulent, often articulate at
the nodes. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire, with or without sti-
pules.

A considerable Order, almost entirely tropical, ranging over the New aud the Old World.

1. CHAVICA, Miq.

Flowers dioecious. Bracts stipitate, peltate. Stamens 2 to 4. Ovary ses-
sile, with 3 to 6 sessile stigmas. Benies closely packed, often uniting with
or half-immersed in the more or less succulent rhachis. — Shrubs or woody
climbers. Leaves alternate. Spikes solitary, pedunculate, leaf-opposed.

A considerable genus, confined to tropical Asia.
Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous. Female spikes 3 or 4 lines long . . 1, C. sarmentosa.
Leaves ovate or oblong, pubescent, at least underneath.

Leaves oblique at the base. Spikes erect or spreading 2. C. puherida.

Leaves deeply and equally cordate. Spikes retlexed 3. C. shiensis.

1. C. sarmentosa, Miq. Syst. Pip. 242. A glabrous shrub or under-
shrub, creeping at the base ; the flowering branches ascending or climbing.
Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
truncate or broadly cordate at the base, 5- to 7 -nerved, the upper pair united
with the midrib higher up. Male spikes said to be near 1 in. long. Fe-
male spikes 3 to 4 lines long or 5 to 6 when in fruit, on pedicels of 4 to 6
lines. Bracts peltate, glabrous, \ line diameter. Stigmas 3 to 5, at first
scarcely prominent, afterwards recurved. — Piper frmjile, Benth. in Lond. Jouni.
Bot. ii. 234. Chavica BentJiamiana, Miq. Syst. Pip. 233. Chavica Bttte^
Seem. Bot. Her. 415 ; not of Miq.

Hongkong, Hance. In Java, Borneo, and New Guinea. Besides the shape of the leaves,
this is at once known from the C Beth by the remarkably short spikes.

2. C. puberula, Benth., n. sp. Branches terete, slender, softly pubes-
cent when young. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-acumi-
nate, 2 to 4 in. long, very oblique and half-cordate at the base, 5- to 7 -nerved,
with the upper nerves united higher up, pubescent on both sides when young,
nearly glabrous above when old. Male spikes slender, 1 in. long or rather
more, on pedicels of 2 to 3 lines. Bracts stipitate, peltate, glabrous. Sta-
mens usually 3. — Pipet' arcuatum, Seem. Bot. Her. 415 ; not of ]Miq.

Hongkong, Hance. Not seen in any other collection. It has the bracts of a Chavica,
not of a Piper, and differs in several essential poiuts from Miqucl's character and figure of
Piper arcuatum.

3. C. sinensis. Champ, in Kew Jonrn. Bot. vi. 116. Stems creeping;
the young branches softly pubescent. Leaves from ovate to oblong, obtuse or
nearly so, 3 to 5 in. long, deeply and almost equally cordate ; the rounded
auricles almost overlapping, 5- or 7-nei-ved and reticulate, glabrous above,
softly pubescent underneath. Spikes reflexed, on short tiiick peduncles ; the

336 PIPERACE.E. \Chavica.

males ratlier more than 1 in., the female shorter. Bracts peltate, glabrous.
Stamens 2. Stigmas usually 3. Berries nearly distinct, half-imbedded in
the rhachis.

In ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion: creeping over rocks iu a ravine of Mount Davis,
WUford; also Earland. Not known out of the island.

Order ClI. GNETACE^.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes or heads. Male flowers 1 or
more ; stamens protruding from a split or 2-lobed bract (or perianth). An-
thers 2-celled. Female flowers a naked ovule (that is, without ovary or style),
enclosed in an entire, ovoid, or tubular bract (or perianth) open at the top.
Fruit a dmpe or beriy, consisting of the persistent succulent bract enclosing
a single seed. Embryo straight, in the axis of a copious albumen. — Trees,
shrubs, or undershrubs, the branches articulate at the nodes. Leaves oppo-
site, entii-e (in Ephedra small and scale-like).

A smaU Order, dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old
World.

1. GNETUM.

Flowers verticillate in articulated spikes, each whorl in a cup-shaped an-
nular bract. Stamen 1. — Leaves stalked, flat. Flowers small, intermixed
with articulated hau's.

A small tropical genus common to the New and the Old AYorld.

1. G. scandenSy Roxh. Fl. hid. iii. 518. A stout climbing glabrous
shrub, the specimens usually turning black in drying. Leaves oblong or oval-
oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, coriaceous. Peduncles terminal or
axillary, bearing 1 or 2 pair of opposite spikes, each about 1 or li in.
long when in flower ; the annular bracts very close, each containing a large
number of clavate male flowers opening on one side, and a single row of minute
ovoid female ones. When in fruit the rhachis lengthens to several inches
and the bracts are distant. Drupes ovoid-oblong, f to near 1 in. long. — G.
funicularey Siu.?; Wight, Ic. t. 19o5.

Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. In the hilly districts of India, from the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago. Miqiiel, after Blume, desci-ibes the G. funicular e as dioecious. The
Hongkong specimens I have examined have certainly the female flowers intermixed with the
males, as described by Roxburgh.

Order CIII. CONIFEE^.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, iu cylindrical or short catkins, with closely
packed scales, or the females solitary. Stamens inserted either on the axis of
the catkin under the scales, or the anther-cells sessile on the inside of the
scales themselves, which then form part of the stamens. Ovules and seeds
naked, that is, without ovary, style, or pericarp, either inserted under the cat-
kin-scales or solitary and quite exposed. Seeds alliuminous. Embryo axile,
usually with 3 or more cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs, mostly with resinous

Coyiifera.l coNiFEEiE. 337

secretions. Leaves stiff, in the Hongkong genera entire and subulate or linear,
in others sometimes short and scale-like or lobed or divided.

An extensive Order, spread over the whole glohc, nlthou^li witliin the tropics chiefly in
mountainous districts.

Anther-cells 2 to each scale in the males. Seeds 2 to each scale in the

female cone 1. Pinus.

Anther-cells 3 or 4 to each scale ia the males. Seeds 3 to each scale

in the female cone 2. Cijnningiiamia.

1. PINUS, Linn.

Male catkins closely imbricated, with 2 adnatc anthcr-cclls on the inside of
each scale, which is in fact the connecti^^im of the anther, and the catkin thus
really consists of imbricated sessile anthers. Female catkins short, consist-
ing of closely imbricated scales, with 2 ovules on the inside of each, the fora-
men turned downwards. Fruit a cone, consisting of more or less hardciu'd
imbricated scales, each one covering 2 winged seeds. — Trees. Leaves linear
or subulate.

A large genus, constituting the great mass of the Coniferce of the northern hemisphere,
only penetrating into the tropics in some mountain districts, and unknown in the southern
hemisphere.

1. P. sinensis, Lamh. Pin. iii. t. 2 ; Endl. Sf/n. Conif. 153. A tall ever-
green tree. Leaves subulate, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 or sometimes 3 together
in scarious sheaths of 3 to 4 lines. Male catkins short, in dense spikes of 2
to 3 in., with broadly lanceolate very pointed broAMi scales under each catkin
and protruding beyond them. Cones ovoid, 1^ to 2 in. long ; the scales
thick, the summit broad, hexagonal or rhomboidal, flat, or with a transverse
obtuse protuberance.

The most common tree in the island, Champion and others. Abundant also on the Chinese
continent and in Looehoo.

2. CUISrNIJSrGHAMIA, Br.

Characters of Finns, except that there are 3 or 4 anther-cells to each scale
of the male catkins, and 3 ovules or seeds to each scale of the females.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. C. sinensis, Br.; Endl. Sijn. Conif. 193. A lofty evergreen tree.
Leaves solitary, alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, more or less falciite, veiy
pointed and usually pungent, about 2 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and shi-
ning, glaucous underneath on each side of the prominent midnb. Male catkins
erect in a small head, with a number of small imbricated scales or bracts at
its base. Cone ovoid-globose, 1 to 1| in. long; the scales concave, witli a
thin edge, and rather spreading. — C. lanceolala, Bot. Mag. t. 2743.

In the Happy Valley, in isolated specimens, Ilance, Seemann. In S. China and I/»ochoo.

338 MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stem not distinguishable into pith, wood, and bark, but, when perennial,
consisting of bundles of fibres irregularly imbedded in cellular tissue, with a
firmly adherent rind outside. Seeds with one cotyledon, the embiyo undi-
vided, the young stem being developed fi*om a sheath-like cavity on one side.

Besides the above characters, Monocotyledons may be generally known by then- simple en-
tire alternate or radical leaves with simple parallel veins, the base nsually encircling or
sheathing the stem or the base of the next leaf ; and the parts of the flower are most fre-
quently in threes, the calyx and corolla, when present, being generally similar in appearance,
forming a perianth of six parts. In several families, however, the perianth is wholly want-
ing, or the parts reduced in number when irregular, or in the Naiadere in twos or fours ; the
leaves are exceptionally pinnately or netted-veined in Scitaminece, in most Aroidece, in Bios-
coridea and m Smilax. The stem is woody in the Palms, Screw Pines {Pandanus), and
Bamboos.

* Stem woody. Flowers 6-mero7(s, in a jionicle vAth a spatJia.

CIV. Palm.«.

** Perianth 0 or of small scales. Ovaries and stamens crovxled in heads or spikes.

CV. PANDANACEiE. Flowers in heads or branched spikes. Anthers stalked. (Stem woody.
Leaves long, prickly at the edge.)

CVI. Aroide.e. Flowers on a simple spadix, with a spatha. Anthers sessile. Leaves
sheathing at the base, often net-veined.

*** Ovaries apocarpo?is.

CVII. Naiades. Floating plants. Perianth 0 or of 1 to 4 scales. Carpels I, 2, or 4.
CVIII. Alismace.e. Perianth 6-merons. Carpels 3, 6, or more. Aquatic or marsh
plants, usually erect.

**** Ovary inferior. Perianth usually ^-merousin 2 series.

CIX. IlYDROCHARTDEiE. Aquatic plants. Flowers unisexual. Female perianth with a
tube, male without. No albumen.

ex. SciTAMiNE^. Flowers irregular, with 1 to 5 perfect stamina, the remainder of the
normal 6 being petal-like and barren or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Leaf-veins usually
pinnate.

CXI. Orchide.e. Flowers irregular. Anthers 1 or rarely 2, sessile on a column bearing
the stigma. Embryo homogeneous.

CXII. BuEMANNiACEyE. Perianth 3- or 6-lobed. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placentas. Embiyo homogeneous.

CXIII. Iride^. Perianth of 6 segments, usually petal-like. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds albuminous.

CXIV. AMARYLLIDE.E. Perianth of 6 segments, usually petal-like. Stamens 6. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds albuminous.

CXV. DioscoRiDE.E. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 3-celled. Twiners. Seeds albuminous.

***** Ovary superior, syncarpous. Perianth usually Q-merous, in 2 series.

CXVI. L1LIACE.E. Perianth regular, wholly petal-like.

CXVII. PoNTEDERACE^. Perianth usually irregular, wholly petal-hke. Aquatic plants.

CXVIII. Com:melynace^. Perianth slightly irregular, the inner segments very delicate,
the outer more herbaceous. Ovary 3- or 2-celled. Embryo on the edge of the albumen.

CXIX. Xyridace^. Perianth irregular, the outer of 1 broad petal-like segment, with or
without 2 lateral ones, inner petal-like. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas.

CXX. Juncace.e, Perianth regular, wholly stiff or calyx-like. Flowers hermaphrodite.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. 339

CXXI. RESTiACEiE, Perianth wholly stiff and calyx-like or transparent. Flowers uni-
sexual.

****** Periatith rudimentary or 0. Flowers sessile, within imbricated glumes.

CXXII, Cyperace^. Leaf-sheaths entire. Each flower usually in the axil of one gliunc,
without a palea.

CXXIII. GkaminEyE. Leaf-sheaths split open opposite the blade. Flower usually in a
secondary bract (palea), within the glume.

OitDER CIV. PALM^.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth dry and calyx-like, of 6 lobes
or segments, in 2 distinct series, contorted or valvate in the bud. Stamens
6, or rarely more, or 3 only. Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Pistil usually of
3 carpels, free or united in a 3-celled ovaiy. OviJes solitaiy or rarely 2 in
each cell, erect. Stigmas 3, usually sessile, undivided. Fruit either a 3-celled
or 1 -celled drupe or berry, or of thi-ee distinct drupes or berries. Seed erect
or laterally attached. Embryo small, in a cavity near the outside of a hard
albumen. — Stems woody, usually simple, and often attaining a great height.
Leaves large, usually at the summit of the stem, folded in the bud, and pin-
nately or palmately divided. Flowers usually sessile, in simple or paniculate
spikes, enclosed when young in large sheatliing bracts, called spatlias, and
usually with 3 small bracts or bracteoles under each flow^er.

A large tropical Order, with a very few extratropical species in the warmer parts of the
northern or southern hemispheres.

Leaves pinnate. Ovary 3-celled.

Stems climbing. Ovary and fmit covered with imbricate scales ... 1. Calamus.

Stem erect. Ovary and fi-uit without scales 2. Phgenix.

Leaves palmate. Ovaries 3, distinct 3. Rhapis.

1. CALAMUS, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Outer perianth 3-lobed, inner of 3 segments. Stamens 6.
Ovary 3-celled, with erect ovules. Stigmas 3, sessile or on a short style. Fruit
closely covered with reflexed imbricated shining scales. — Steins weak, often
climbing to an immense height. Leaves pinnate, the riiachis and sheaths
usually armed with straight or hooked prickles, and often ending in a long
armed simple tendril. Flowers in long drooping panicles below or amongst
the leaves.

A considerable genus, chiefly Asiatic, extending also into tropical Africa and Australia,
and comprising the greater number of the Rattan Palms or Rotangs.

Wright gathered one specimen of a species of this genus in the island, but I ^»a^'^ "ot
seen it; it may be the same species as the one mentioned by Secmaini (Bot. Her 410),
doubtfully as a species of Zaiacca. The leaf in Hauce's collection appears to me to be that
of a Calamus rather than of a Zaiacca, but it is insufiicicnt to dctonnme the species.
Dr. Hance wTites to me that he beUeves there ai'e three Calami in the island.

2. PHCENIX, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Outer perianth cup-shaped, 3-toothed; inner one of
3 valvate segments. Stamens 6 or 3 ; fdaments very short; anthers linear.
^ z 2

3tt0 PALM.E. [PJicenix.

Ovaiy of 3 carpels, uniting in fruit into a 1 -seeded drupe. Embryo on the
back' of the albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves pinnate, with entii-e linear
segments. Spikes paniculate, issuing from coriaceous sheathing spathas
amongst the leaves. Flowers yellowdsh.

A small genus dispersed over N. Africa aud tropical Asia.

i. P. acaulis, Roxh.? ; Griff. Palm. 137, t. 228? Leaves glaucous;
the segments folded, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, about 6 to 8 in. long,
by 5 or 6 Hues wide. Spatlias about 6 to 8 in. long, brown, narrow, usually
splitting into two. Peduncle above 1 ft. long, with numerous spreading
spikes of 3 or 4 in. Flowers small, sessile, on alternate notches of the
flexuose rhachis.

In sunny places, Hance ; also Wright ; and Champion mentions a Phoenix growing near
tiie sea. From the specimens we possess, I cannot with certainty distinguish this from the
P. jmludosa, Roxb., and I have no information as to its size. If it be the true P. acaulis,
it should have a very short bulb-shaped stem. Both species are natives of the plains of
India.

3. RHAPIS, Linn.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Outer perianth cup-shaped, shortly
3-lobed ; inner one longer, tubular or campanulate, also 3-lol)ed. Stamens 6 ;
filaments filiform ; anthers ovate. Carpels 3, distinct. Drupes 3 or fewer
by abortion. — Small Palms, with thin stems and fan-shaped leaves.

A genus of 2 or 3 species, limited to E. Asia.

1. R. fiabelliformis, Linn. ; KuntTt,Enum.\\\. 251 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1371.
Stems usually 2 or 3 feet high, not much thicker than a finger. Sheaths
splitting into brown filaments. Leaves fan-shaped, dividing to near the base
into 4 to 10 lanceolate-linear segments, 8 to 10 in. long, minutely denticiJate,
with twice as many folds at the base, on a petiole of -j to 1^ ft. Panicle
divaricately branched, about 1 foot broad. Flowers pale-yellow, sessile, scat-
tered. Drupes obo void-globular, 1, 2, or 3 ripening to each flower. — R. Kwan-
ivortsik, Herm. Wendl. ; Seem. Bot. Her. 416.

In the Happy Valley woods, Hance, WiJforcl. In S. China and lioochoo. Cidtivated in
Japan.

Order CV. PAI^DANACE^.

Flowers unisexual, densely sessile, in simple or branched spikes or lieads.
Perianth none, or rarely 3 or 4 valvate sepals. Male flowers : Stamens several ;
filaments filiform. Anthers 2 or 4-ceIled. Female flowers : Ovaries 1-ceUed,
entire, with 1 laterally inserted ovule or with many ovules on parietal placentas.
Stigma usually sessile. Fruit a berry or di-upe. Embryo small, in the base
of a fleshy or homy albumen. — Stems herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent,
often branched. Leaves entire or divided.

A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old "World.

1. PANDAiq-US, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Males in small dense spikes, sessile in the axils of leafy
or coloured bracts, forming a terminal compound spike. Stamens indefinite.

Pandanus.'] pandanace.e.

841

Anthers 2-celled. Female flowers : Ovaries very numerous, densely packed in
a globular or oblong spike or head, with 1 ascending ovule in each. Stigmas
sessile on the flat tops. Drupes cohering in clusters in a large cone-like head.
— -Stem arborescent, branching. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous,
prickly on the niidiib and edges, spreading, and generally closely inserted
round the stem in 3 spiral series.

A considerable genus, limited to the Old World.

Two species of Pandanus, or Screw Tines, are stated to have been observed in tlie island
by Wright, and C/iampion mentions one, but no specimens were collected. Ha /ice had sent
some leaves which Seemann has referred, I know not on what grounds, to /*. fasiculaiis,
Lam., for they are wholly insufficient for determining the species.

Order CVI. AEOIDE^.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely di(i3cious or hermaphrodite, closely packed in
a dense simple spike, called a spadix, with a convolute or rarely flat, coloured
or leaf-like bract, called a spatJia, at its base. Stamens and ovaries either in
different parts of the spadix, without perianth or bracts ; or stamens 6 or fewer
round each ovary, with or without a small scale or perianth-segment under
each stamen. Anthers usually 2-celled, sessile or on a short filament. Ovaries
1- to 3-ceUed, \vith 1 or more ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile or on a
simple style. Fruit a berry. Seeds in a pulpy testa, with or without albumen.
— Herbs, usually with a perennial rhizome or creeping rarely erect stem.
Leaves entire or divided, the veins usually pinnate or reticulate, as in Dicoty-
ledons, rarely parallel as in most jMonocotyledons. Spadix often bearing
barren organs (abortive stamens or ovaries) above or below the stamens, or
ending in a thickened variously shaped barren portion, called the appendix.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, but dispersed also over several more temperate re-
gions, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Stamens and ovaries in separate parts of the spadix or in different
spadices. (Flowers unisexual.)
Anther-cells terminal.
Ovary 1-celled.

Spadix androgynous. Leaves entire or lobed L Arum.

Spadix unisexual. Leaves of 3 or more entire segments . 2. Abis.ema.
Ovary 2-celled. Spadix androgynous. Leaves of 3 pinnately

divided segments 3. Amohphopii.m.lus.

Stamens united, 2 or more together, in peltate or truncate masses,

with the anther-cells lateral. Leaves entire, large ... 4. Colocasia.
Stamens 6 or fewer round each ovaiy. (Flowers hermaphrodite.)

Perianth none. (No scales or bracts under the stamens.) . . 5. Rhai'IIIDoimioka.
Perianth-segments 6 or fewer. (A scale or bract under each stamen.)
Spatha concave or convolute. Leaf-veins pinnate and reticu-
late 6. POTIIOS.

Spatha linear and leaf-like. Leaf-veins parallel 7- Aconus.

L ARUM, Linn.

Spatha convolute or tubular at the base. Spadix androgynous, the ovaries
at the base, the stamens higher up, with barren organs either between the
ovaries and stamens, or above the stamens, or both ; the riiachis cndhig in a

842 AROiDE.E. [Arum.

club-shaped or pointed appendix. Stamens distinct. Anthers 2-celled, sessile
or on short filaments. Ovaries 1-celled, '^\ath 1 or more ovules. — Khizome
usually tuberous. Leaves entire or 3-lobed, on long radical petioles. Scapes
radical, without bracts under the spatha.

A considerable genus, spread over the temperate regions of the Borthern hemisphere in
the Old World, extending in x\sia into the mountainous districts within the tropics ; that is,
if taken in what appears to be the most natural limits of the genus. It has, however, been
very much split up by modern authors, and the following as well as most other Asiatic species
excluded from it.

1. A, divaricatunttj Linn. Leaves cordate-hastate, acuminate, 2 to 4
in. long, the 2 basal lobes or auricles ovate-lanceolate or oblong and divergent.
Spatha tubiilar and green at the base for^ to f in., then expanded into a deep
purple ovate lamina, near 2 in. broad, and tapering into a point of fidl 3 in.
Spadix deep pui-ple. Ovaries at the base in several rows, with. 1 or 2 erect
ovules in each ; then follow several rows of short subulate erect barren organs,
and after an interval of 3 or 4 lines, several rows of sessile anthers, the rhachis
terminating in a slightl}' thickened appendix tapering to a point full 3 in.
long. — TypJio)iliim divaricaUim, Blume, Eumph. t. 36; Schott, Prod. Aroid.
106. Ai'um trilohatum, var., Bot. Mag. t. 2324.

Hongkong, Chamj)io7i, Eance. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.

The A. ternatum, Thunb. {PineUia tuherifera. Ten.; Schott, Prod, Aroid. 20), a common
Chinese and Japanese plant, was gathered by Wright in Putoy Island, and will probably be
fomid in Hongkong. It is readily known by its narrow obtuse spatha, adhering at its base
to the spadix, the subulate point of which protrudes several inches beyond it.

2. APvIS^MA, Mart.

Characters of Arum, except that the spadices are miisexual, bearing the
flowers at or near the base, and usually barren organs below the point.
Antbers usually in distinct scattered clusters of 2 to 4 or 6 cells. — Habit of
Arum, except that the leaves are usually divided into 3 or more distinct seg-
ments.

A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia and N. America.

1. A. laminatum, Blume, Riimph. i. t. 27; ScJiott, Frod. Aroid. 33.
Leaf-segments 3, ovate-lanceolate or oval-oblong, acuminate and aristate,
3 or 4 in. long ; the central one petiolulate, the lateral ones oblique at the base
and almost sessile. Spatha convolute at the base, the concave part 1|- in.
long, truncate at the top, with a broadly ovate lamina ending in a fine point
of -^ to 1 in. Spadix ending in a subidate point, extending to 1 or 2 in. above
the flowers, and bearing near the top, or immediately above the flowers, or
both, a few scattered subidate barren organs. Stamens in the males loosely
scattered, occuppng about f in. of the base. Ovaries in the females closely
packed for 5 or 6 lines. Ovules about 4, Stigma raised on a short style.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright. Also in Java.

3. AMOBPHOPHALLUS, Blume.

Spatha of Arum. Spadix continuously androgynous, without barren organs,
ending in an appendix sometimes acquiring enormous dimensions. Anthers

AmorpJio]jhallus.'\ aroide^. 343

sessile, 2-celletl. Ovaries distinct, 2-, 3-, or rarely 4-celled, with 1 erect ovule
in each cell. — Habit of Arum, except that the leaves are divided into 3 seg-
ments, which are again once or twice pinnately divided. Spadix often livid-
purple and very fetid.

A small tropical Asiatic and perhaps African genus, lately split up almost to single species,
the following one being then excluded from it.

1. A. variabilis, Blnme, RumjjJda, t. 35, 37; Kimth, Ennm. iii. 33.
Petiole divided at the top into 3 pinnse of 8 to 10 in., which are again once
or twice forked, bearing 8 to 12 or more segments of veiy unequal size, mostly
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and sessile, or decurrent on the
rhachis, the longest about 3 in. Spatha 4 to 5 in. long, obtusely acuminate
or obtuse (variously coloured), with longitudinal streaks. Ovaries densely
imbricated for about f m. at the base of the spadix, then stamens for about
1 in. ; the appendix rather thin, straight, about 3 in. long in the Hongkong
specimens (perhaps not full-grown), twice that as figured by Blume. — Brachj-
spatha variabilis, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 127.
Hongkong, Harland. Also Java, and perhaps Ceylon.

4. COLOOASIA, Kay.

Spatha of Arum. Spadix androgynous, with ovaries at the base, stamens
higher up, and ban-en organs in the interval and sometimes above the stamens
also, the appendix club-shaped. Stamens united several together in short trun-
cate or peltate masses, wdth the anthers laterally adnate. Ovaries 1 -celled
or partially 3-celled, with several- ovules. — Herbs, with a tuberous and root-
like or caulescent stock. Leaves usually large and glaucous, cordate, and
sometimes peltate. Spadix usually sweet-scented.

A small genus limited to tropical Asia, unless where introduced by cultivation.

Appendix of the spadix as long or longer than the flowering part. Auricles of

the leaf divided to the petiole 1 . C. indica.

Appendix much shorter than the rest of the spadix. Aiu-icles shortly united

below the petiole 2. C. odora.

1. C. indica, Kuntli, Emmi. iii. 39 ; JFigJit, Ic. t. 794. Leaves ovate-
cordate, attaining 2 or 3 ft. in length, the broadly ovate basal lobes or auricles
distinct to the petiole. Spatha 6 to 8 in. long or more when full-grown, of a
pale greenish-j^ellow, convolute at the base, the lamina oblong, obtuse or with
a short point. Spadix rather shorter, the flowers densely packed, the ovaries
occupying about 1 in. of the base, then about 1 in. of barren organs, and 1 .j
or 2 in. of stamens; the appendix marked with reticulate furrows (indicating
abortive stamens ?), as long or longer than the rest of the spadix. — Alocusia
indica, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 14^.

Hongkong, Harland. A native of various parts of S. Asia, much cidtivated for its sue
culent stems and small tubers; it may be doubtful whether the spicimen may not have becu
an escape from cidtivation.

2. C. odora, Brongn.; Kunili, Emm. iii. 39 ; irujld, Ic. t. 797. Vc-ry
nearly allied to C. indica, but the leaves are usually slightly peltate, the auri-
cles being shortly coimate below the insertion of the petiole; t lie spadix is
shorter than the spatha, and the appendix very much shorter than the flower-

844 AROiDEiE. [Colocasia.

ingpart. — Alocasia macrorrhiza, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 146, and ^. commutata,
Schott, I.e. 148.

Hongkong, Hance. In Khasia and Burmali. Cultivated, like the last, of which it may-
be a variety.

5. RHAPHIDOPHOBA, Hassk.

Spatlia sessile, deciduous, convolute or concave. Mowers hermaphrodite,
in a cylindrical spike, without scales or perianth. Stamens 4 round each
ovaiy. Filaments flat. Anthers terminal, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled or in-
completely 3-celled, with several ovules. Stigma sessile on the truncate top.
Berry 1 -seeded. Seed albuminous. — Climbers, or creeping herbs or sliiiibs.
Leaves stalked, entii-e or pinnately divided.

A small genus limited to tropical Asia, unless it be extended to include the whole or the
greater part of the American Monster'ma of Schott, in which case the genus would take the
name of Monstera.

1. R. Peepla, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 380. Stems rooting and attaching
themselves to trees or rocks. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, acuminate,
more or less falcate, 6 to 8 in. long, entii'e, coriaceous, mth numerous parallel
veins diverging from the midrib. Peduncles inserted in long sheathing bracts.
Spatha convolute, deciduous, scarcely longer than the spike. Spike about 1|-
in. long. — PotJios Peepla, Roxb. ; AVight, Ic. t. 780. RJiaphidopJiora liongkong-
ensis, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 378. R. lancifolia, Schott, 1. c. 380, and (a rather
broader-leaved form) R. calopJiylla, Schott, 1. c. 380.

Hongkong, Champion, a single leaf upon which Schott founded his R. hongkongensis, but
which appears to me precisely similar to those of the Khasia specimens of R. Peepla, which
I here describe. The species appears to be common in Sikhim, Khasia, and Siihet.

6. POTHOS, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in a globular or cylindrical spike, usually stipitate
above the convolute or concave spatha. Perianth of 6 small concave scales or
segments. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-scales. Filaments flat. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 to 3 erect ovules. Stigma sessile. Berries
1- or 2-seeded. Albumen none. — Stems usually creeping or clmibing. Leaves
entii-e, coriaceous, usually articidate on the more or less dilated petioles. Pe-
duncles axillary, often bracteate below the spatha.

A tropical Asiatic genus, extending from E. Africa to N. Australia.

1. P. scandens, Linn. ; KuntJi, Enum. i. 65 ; Bot. Reg. ^.1337. Petioles
winged, varying from 2 or 3 lines to above 1 in. in length, or sometimes at
the base of the branches much longer with an abortive lamina ; the lamina
usually oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, coriaceous, but varying much in
breadth as well as length. Peduncles recm-ved (when the flowering branches
hang), seldom | in. long, vAi\\ 3 to 5 concave ovate bracts, the uppermost
(the spatha) rather larger and more spreading. Spike globiuar or slightly
ovoid, 3 or 4 lines diameter. Beriy red. — P. Seemmini, Schott, Prod. Aroid.
564, and probably the whole of the first 19 species enumerated in that work.

Common in ravines, creeping over rocks, Champion and others. Frequent in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China,

Pothos.] AROIDE^E. 345

and exceedingly variable both in the absolute and relative size and breadth of the petiole and
lamina. The common Hongkong variety is precisely the Chinese one ligured in the plate
above quoted.

7. ACORUS, Linn.

"Flowers hermaphrodite, in a cylindrical spike, the spatha linear and contiini-
ous with the scape. Perianth of 6 concave scales or segments. Stamens 6,
opposite the segments. Filaments linear, flat. Anthers temiinal. Ovary 3-
celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile on the obtuse top.
Seeds albuminous.

A genus probably limited to the following species, and to one other closely allied but
much smaller one, a native of China and Japan, but not found in Hongkong.

1. A. Calamiis, Linn. ,- Kiinth, Enum.m. 87. A hiti^dy aromatic reed-
like perennial, with a thick shortly creeping rhizome. Leaves linear, erect, in
some specimens only 1 ft., in others 2 to 3 ft. long, and from ^ to ^ in.
broad. Scape as variable in length, the linear leaf-like spatha sometimes
scarcely exceeding the spike, in other specimens a foot long or more. Spike
1|- to 3 in. long, of a yellowish green. — A. Calamus, and probably the 6
following species in Schott, Prod. Aroid. 578.

Common in watercourses at Little Hongkong, Et/re ; in a ravine of ^Slount Victoria, Wil-
ford ; also Wright and Ilance, both the large and the small states. Extends over Euroj)e,
central and temperate Asia, and N. America. Frequent in gardens in India, and wild in the
northern mountainous districts.

OnDER CYII. HAIADE^.

Plowers usually proceeding from a small sheatliing bract. Perianth none,
or of 4 small scale-like segments. Stamens 1, 2, or 4. Ovaries either of 2
or 4 distinct carpels, each with a single ovule and a separate stigma, or single,
with 1 ovule and 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit of 1, 2, or 4 seed-like nuts, each
with 1 seed, without albumen. — Aquatic floating or submerged herbs. Leaves
either sheathing at the base or accompanied by slieathing stipules, alternate or
rarely opposite. Flowers axillary, inconspicuous, solitary or s]nked.

An Order not numerous in species, but abundantly diifused over all parts of the world, in
shallow seas as well as in fresh-waters.

1. K-AIAS, Willd.

Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Male flowers consisting of a single
nearly sessile anther, enclosed in a little tubular membranous bract. Female
flowers a single ovaiy, sessile in the sheathing base of the leaf, with 2 to 4
subulate stigmas or style-branches. Fruit a small seed-like luit. Kiubryo
straight. — Submerged plants. Leaves opposite or tcrnate, often crowded in
clusters, usually serrulate. Flowers axillary.

A genus of few species, widely dispersed over the greater part of the globe.

1. r^. minor, AIL; Kiinth, Emm. iii. 113. Leaves narrow-linear, usually
opposite, |- to 1 in. long, with minute serratures, the sheath short and toothed.
Flowers monoDcious, solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the same axil, with 1 or

346 NAIADES. [Naias.

more leaf-like or small bracts. Ovary sessile, tapering into a bifid style. —
N. indica, Cham., and N. tenuifoUa, Br. ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 113.

Hongkong, WrigJit. Common in tropical Asia, extending on the one hand into Em-ope,
on the other into Australia. I find no difterence whatever between the Indian and the S. of
France specimens. Some from near Berlin are stiffer, with shorter more recurved and more
distinctly toothed leaves, but the Indian ones are also variable in these respects.

Order CVIII. ALISMACE^.

Perianth of 6 segments, either all similar or 3 outer small and sepal-like, and
3 inner ones large and petal-like. Stamens 6, 9, or indefinite. Ovaiy of 3,
6, or many carpels, either 'distinct from the first or separable when in ripe
fmit, each with 1, 2, or many ovules. Seeds consisting, within the testa, of
a homogeneous mass, usually considered as an undivided embiyo without albu-
men.— ^llarsh or water plants, with radical leaves and leafless flowering stemxS,
or rarely with leafy stems. Flowers in terminal umbels, panicles, or racemes.

A small Order dispersed over the greater part of the world.

1. SAGITTARIA, Linn.

Flowers unisexual. Perianth of 3 outer herbaceous segments and 3 larger
inner ones, petal-like and very delicate. Stamens niunerous, carpels numer-
ous, 1-seeded, in a dense globular head. — Aquatic herbs. Leaves long-
stalked, usually cordate or hastate. Plowers in a raceme or narrow panicle,
the lower ones female, the. upper male.

A small genus dispersed over the northern hemisphere and extending into S. America.

1. S. cordifolia, Roxh. ; Kunth, Euum. iii. 161. — An annual, growing
in tufts at the bottom of the water. Leaves floating on the surface, broadly
ovate or orbicular, and deeply cordate, 1\ to near 3 in. long. Scapes shortly
emersed, bearing a raceme of 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 in. long. Plowers in clusters
of 2 or 3, the lower female ones sometimes with a few stamens also, the upper
ones male only. Cai-pels very numerous (3 to -iOO), much flattened, with a
deeply-toothed edge.

Hongkong, Harland. Frequent in standing waters in India, extending westward into
E. Africa, and eastward over the Archipelago.

Order CTX. HYDEOCHAEIDE^.

Plowers mostly unisexual. Perianth of 3 or 6 segments, either all petal-
like, or the 3 outer ones smaller and herbaceous, with a tube adherent to the
ovary in the females, without any tube in the males. Stamens 3 to 12. Ovary
inferior, 1-ceUed, with 3 parietal placentas, or 3-, 6-, or 9-celled. Styles 3,
6, or 9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit small, ripening under water, in-
dehiscent. Seeds several, without albumen. — Aquatic herbs. Leaves undivided.
Flowers inclosed when young in an involucre or spatha of 1 to 3 leaves or
bracts.

A small Order, widely diffused over the globe.

Blyxa."] HYDROCHAKIDE^. 347

1. BLYXA, Thoufirs.

Flowers usually dioecious, in a long tubular spatha, 2 -toothed at the top.
Male flowers several in the spatha, protruding from it as they expand. Perianth
of 3 outer herbaceous and 3 inner petal-like segments. Stamens 8 or 9.
Anthers linear. Female flowers solitary in the sheath, with a long filiform
perianth-tube, the segments as in tlie males. Ovary linear, with 3 parietal
placentas. Stigmas 3, entire. Capsule linear, with few seeds.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. B. Roxburghii, Rich.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. iii. 237. Leaves sub-
merged, sessile, in tufts at the bottom of the water, linear, pointed, 3 or 4 in.
long in shallow still Avater, but attaining sometimes a foot or more. Flowers
small, raised above the surface of the water on a lengthened peduncle. Outer
segments about 2|- lines long, inner ones narrow-linear, twice as long.—
Diploslphon oryzetorum. Dene, in Jacquem. Yoy. 166, t. 167.

Hongkong, Wright, Hance ; in watercourses near Little Hongkong, Wi/ford. Frequent
in India, from Ceylon, the Peninsula, and Cashmere, to the Archipelago and N. Australia. I
find the flowers almost always unisexual, even in Jacquemont's specimens, but J have seen a
few stamens in some fertile flowers, and it is probably the examination of one of these flowers
which induced Decaisne to distinguish a hermaphrodite genus.

OiiDER ex. SCITAMINE^.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite and iiTegular, rarely unisexual. Perianth
superior, in 2 series, both petal-like, or the outer one herbaceous or stitf, each
3-toothed, or 3-lobed, or of 3 segments. Stamens normally 3 or 6, but in
most genera only one bears an antlier ; the others are wanting or ban-en and
petal-like, and then often called the inner corolla; one of these, usually larger
and opposite the fertile stamen, is then called the labellum. Anthers 2- or 1-
celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, or rarely
1 -celled. Style single, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or cap-
sule. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, usually with a perennial rhizome. Stem
usually short or formed of the convolute leaf-sheaths, and then attaining a
considerable height. Leaves entire, Avith long sheathing petioles ; the limb
often very large, with numerous parallel veins diverging from the midrib.
Flowers often very showy, in racemes or panicles, on a radical or terminal
scape or peduncle.

A considerable tropical or subtropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.

Fertile stamens 5. Perianth of 1 outer and 1 inner segment. Leaves

very large, their sheaths forming a tall stem 1. IMesA.

Fertile stamen 1.

Barren stamens (or inner corolla) of one petal-like labellum, with or

without a very small one on each side 2. A mm ma.

Barren stamens 3, all petal-like and as long or longer than the true perianth 3. Canna.

1. MUSA, Linn.

Flowers usually unisexual. Perianth of 2 concave coloured entire or 3-
lobed segments ; the outer erect, the inner siiorter and reciu'ved. Fertile
stamens 5. Anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Stigma

348 sciTAMiNEaE. [Musa.

concave. — Tall often tree-like herbs, the convolute sheaths of their large long-
leaves forming a stem of considerable height. Scapes protruding fi-om the
centre of the leaf-sheath. I'lowers clustered in the axils of large coloiu'ed
bracts, and forming a long di'ooping terminal spike or raceme.

A tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus, only known in America where introduced.

Of this genus the common 31. sainentum, Linn., is often cultivated, and Champion ob-
served a species wild in the ravines of Mount Parker, but did not bring any specimea.

2. ALPINIA, Linn.

Outer perianth tubular or campanulate, stiff, 3 -toothed, and often splitting
to the base. Inner perianth petal-like, united at the base, with the stamens
in a tube ; the limb of 3 usually unequal lobes. Staminal whorl consisting
of one large petal-like labellum, opposite to a single fertile stamen, and in
some species a small linear lobe on each side between the labellum and sta-
men. Filament not dilated. Anther 2-celled. Style filiform, with a concave
terminal stigma. Ovary 3-celled, wTith many ovules. Fruit globular, scarcely
succulent, but not opening in valves. Seeds few, arillate. — Erect herbs, with
a tuberous rhizome. Panicles terminal, naiTow and raceme-like.

A small tropical genus, limited to the Old World except where introduced from culti-
vation.
Panicle di'ooping, the rhachis downy. Labellum full 1^ in. long, with-

out lateral lobes 1. A. nutans.

Panicle erect. Flowers less than 1 in. long. A small lobe on each side
between the labellum and stamens.

Flowers near 1 in. long. Labellum on a long claw 2. J. (jalangas.

Flowers about 8 lines long. Labellum sessile 3. ^. chinensis.

1. A. nutans, Rose, in Linn. Trans, viii. 846 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1903 ; WigJit,
Ic. t. 2027. Stems 4 to 6 ft. high. Leaves bifarious, broadly lanceolate, 1
to 3 ft. long, glabrous. Panicle raceme-like, drooping ; the rhachis and ovaries
softly hairy. Bracts under each flow^er concave, splitting longitudinally, 1 in.
long, of a pure white tipped with pink. Outer perianth like the bracts but
smaller. Inner perianth lobes pale-pink, the largest 1^ in. long ; the 2 others
rather smaller. Labellum fuU I^ in. long, sessile, ovate-cordate, obscurely
3-lobed, of a deep orange -yellow^ "\\dth a crimson ground, without any accessory
lobes at the base. Fruit globular, 1 in. diameter.

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Chamjnoji, Hance. In Ceylon, eastern India, the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Philippines. Frequently received in tropical collections from
the New as well as the Old World ; but in most cases either cultivated or escaped from cul-
tivation.

2. A. galangas, Sw. ; Roxb. Fl. Lid. i. 59. Stems nearly erect, 6 to
7 ft. high according to Eoxbm-gh. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, I to
2 ft. long, with a short round ligida at the base of the blade. Panicle erect,
oblong, 8 to 12 in. long, slightly pubescent ; the lower branches often bear-
ing 5 or 6 flowers. Outer perianth tubidar, 4 or 5 lines long. Inner perianth-
tube as long ; the lobes narrow, nearly equal, about f in. long. Labellum
broadly ovate, 2-lobed, contracted into a long claw, with a short lanceolate
lobe on each side at the base. — Galanga major, Rumph. Amb. v. 143, t. 63.
Languas vulgare, Keen, in Iletz. Obs. iii. 64. Alpinia alba. Rose, in Linn.
Trans, viii. 346.

Alpinia.] scitamine^e. 34,9

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, Uance. In Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula,
and the Archipelago, and frequently cultivated for its aromatic rliizoiucs.

3. A. chinensis. Rose, in Linn. Trans, viii. 346. Allied to the last
but of smaller stature, with smaller naiTOwer leaves. Panicle naiTower and
quite g-labrous ; the lower branches usually 3 -flowered. Perianth ncariy as in
A. galangas, but much smaller ; tlie inner lobes scarcely exceeding 4 lines.
Labellum sessile, broadly ovate, slightly emarginate, and the small lateral
linear lobes at the base turned towards the stamen. — Galangaminor, Humph.
Amb. V. 143. Hellenia chinensis, Willd. Spec. PL i. 5.

In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion ; in shady woods of the Happy Valley, Wilford ;
■d\&o Wright. Not Icnown out of S. China. Fortune's plant from N. China, n.'CS, and the
Boniu plant referred in the Botany of Bcechey's Voyage, with doubt, but erroneously to
Glolha Hura, Roxb., are closely allied to Alinnia chinensis, but in some measure iutcr-
mediate between that species and A. yalangas. Both have a more campanulate outer peri-
anth. ^ In Fortune's specimens the labellum is sessile as in u4. chinensis ; in the Bonin ones
it is stipitate, but much less so than in A. galangas. "Whether these differences ai'e specific,
or whether the labellum is variable, is a point which remains to be determined.

3. CAK-^A, Linn.

Outer perianth of 3 short stiff persistent segments. Inner perianth petal-
like, united at the base in a tube with the stamens, and deciduous with thcni ;
the Kmb of 3 nearly equal segments. Staminal whorl consisting of 4 petal-
like segments, 3 barren (often called inner corolla) ; the fourth bearing a 1-
celled anther on one side. Ovary 3-celled, with several ovules. Style flat-
tened, with a terminal stigma. Capsule muricate, 3-valved. — Herbs with erect
stems. Plowers in a terminal inteiTupted simple or branched spike.

A tropical genus, chiefly American, but abundant also in the Old "World, esi)ecially as es-
capes from cultivation, producing numerous vai'ieties published as species; \Nhilst it is pro-
bable that the permanent indigenous forms are but few.

1. C indica, Linn. ? ; Roxb. FL Ltid. i. 1. Stems 3 or 4 feet high.
Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers
red or yellow. Outer perianth-segments ovate, obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long ;
inner ones naiTow, erect, acute, above 1 in. Petal-like stamens (or inner co-
rolla) longer, more highly coloured, spreading towards the top.

Introduced, on hill-sides near rivulets, IFright and others. A species probably native of
eastern India or the Archipelago, but now so abundantly dispersed over tropical Asia as au
escape fi-om cultivation, that it is impossible to fix the limits of its really indigenous stations.

OrvDEii CXI. ORCHIDE.^.

Perianth superior, ii-regular, of 6 usually petal-like segments; the 3 outer
ones called sepals, and 2 of the inner ones called petals, usually m-arly similar ;
tlie third inner one, called the labellum or Up, dillering from the others in
shape, or direction, or insertion. Opposite to the labellum, iu the axis of the
flower, is the column, consisting of 1 or rarely 2 stamens combined with the
style ; the 2-celled anther or anthers being variously situated on the style it-
self, and each cell of the anther sometimes spuriously or partially divided into
2 or 4 smaller cells. Pollen usually cohering into 1, 2, or 4 pairs of oblong or
globular pollen-masses, tapering at one end into a pouit, and in many genera

850 ORCHiDE^. [Orchidea.

attached in pairs to a stalk or caudicle, or all coheiing by their points or
caudicles to a gland, detaching itself from the stigma. Ovaiy inferior, with
3 parietal placentas. Stigmas usually forming a hollow disk on the top of
the colimni, often wath an erect projection in front of the anthers, called the
rostellum, Capside 3-valved. Seeds innumerable, minute, resembling fine saw-
dust. Embiyo a solid apparently homogeneous mass. — Herbs (rarely shrubs),
always perennial, either by means of a continuous stem or rhizome, or by an-
nually renewed tubers ; terrestrial or epiphytes ; in the latter case the stems
or leaf-branches are often thickened at the base into false-bulbs. Leaves en-
tire, parallel- veined, usually sheathing at the base. Plowers usually in racemes
or spikes, sometimes solitary or panicled, with a bract under each flower.

A large Order distributed over all parts of the globe, but most abundant within the
tropics.

Tribe I. Operculatae. — Anther terminal and lid-like, not adnate, and usually decidu-
ous. Pollen-masses of a waxy consistence. Ehizome or base of the stem usually continu-
ously perennial, often producing false-bulbs, or the stems thickened at the base. Flowers
usually pedicellate.

Racemes terminating the more or less leaf// stem.

Leaves 1 to 3 at or near the base of the flowering stem.

Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the column

and forming with it a pouch or short spur 4. Eria.

Labellum sessile at the base of the column.

Sepals and petals very spreading. Flowers small.

Column elongated. Labellum entire 1. Liparis.

Column short. Labellum 3-toothed or lobed .... 2. Dienia.
Sepals and petals erect.

Anther-cells opening transversely in 2 valves .... 5. Pholidota,

Anther-cells opening longitudinally 6. Ccelogyne.

Leaves numerous, distant, distichous.

Labellum convolute round the column. Flowers large. Leaves

long and narrow 7. Arundina.

Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the co-
lumn, and forming with it a spur or pouch. Flowers

scarcely 4 lines. Leaves short 17. Appendicula.

Racemes or flowers on, leafless scapes p-oceeding from the rhizome
or creeping stem.
Labellum spm-red at the base, convolute round the column . . 8. Phaius.
Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the column,
and forming with it a short pouch.
Pollen-masses 2, fixed to glands at the base. Flowers large,

yellow. Labellum large, concave 12. Cyrtopera.

PoUen-masses 8, without glands. Sepals narrow. Labellum flat.
Scapes 1 ft. high or more, several-flowered.

Sepals and petals scarcely spreading, pubescent. Eaceme

1-sided 10. Pachystoma.

Sepals and petals veiy spreading, glabrous. Raceme loose 11. Ania.

Minute plant, with short filiform peduncles 4. Eria.

Labellum sessile at the base of the column, not saccate.

Stems creeping and rooting. Peduncles at the base of 1-

leaved false-bulbs 3. Bolbophyllum.

Rhizome underground, shortly creeping or tuberous. No
false-bulbs. Leaves long.

Middle lobe of the labellmn unguiculate .9. Spathoglottis.

Labellum entire or with a sessile middle-lobe 13. Cymbipium.

OrcliidecB^ ORCHiDEiE. 351

Racemes or flowers on peduncles or scapes inserted on the leafy
shoots amongst or below the leaves.
Pollen-masses 2 or 4. Leaves usually coriaceous or succulent.
Racemes leaf-opposed or axillary.

Leaves tei-ete 16. LuisiA.

Leaves flat.

Labellum constricted in the middle, 2-lobed at the extremity 14. Cottonia.

Labellum undivided at the end 15. Acampe.

PoUen-masses 8. Leaves thin, with prominent veins, llacemes

on long scapes from below the leaves 18. Limatodes.

Tribe II. Heottieae. — Anther adnate on the back of the column. Pollen-masses granu-
lar. Flowering stems usually leafy, without false-bulbs. Flowers usually sessile.
Spikes very short, mostly lateral. Lower sepals connate under the

labellum. Stem tail, leafy 19. Tropidia.

Spikes elongated, terminal. Stems leafy near the base. Rhizomes
shortly creeping or tuberous aud annually renewed.
Sepals and petals erect or slightly spreading at the top, 2 lines
long or less.
Flowers in one spiral row. Labellum oblong, denticulate at the

end. Leaves linear 20. Spirantiies.

Flowers in a dense spike, not evidently spiral.

Labellum concave at the base, shortly recurved at the end.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate 22. Goodyera.

Labellum connate with the column at the base, the lower part
narrow, with a transverse folding dilatation at the end.

Leaves linear 21. Zeuxine.

Lower sepals very spreading, 3 lines long or more. Labellimi

concave at the base, with a transverse dilatation at the end . . 23. H^maria.

Tribe III. Ophrydese. — Anther terminal, but adnate on the face of the column.

Pollen-masses gtanular. Flowering stems usually leafy at the base, the rhizomes tuberous
or fasciculate, annually renewed. Flowers usually sessile.
Labellum with a spur at the base.

Glands of the pollen-masses enclosed each in a pouch or cavity of

the stigma. (Lateral lobes of the labellum long, filiform.) , . 24. Glossaspis.

Glands of the pollen-masses naked 25. Habenaria.

Labellum without a spur. (Leaves small, radical.) 26. iVopla.

Tribe IV. Cypripediese. — Anthers 2, one on each side of the base of a petal-like
appendage to the column.
Labellum large and inflated 27. Cypripedium.

1. LIPARIS, Rich.

Sepals and petals free, spreading, all alike, or the petals naiTOwer. Lip
erect or ascending, shortly united with the column at the base, entire. Column
elongated, incurved, winged at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like. Tollcn-
masses waxy, in 2 pairs, attached by their summit, but spreading laterally
into the 2 anther-cells. — Terrestrial or epiphytes. Leaves at or near the base
of the stem, which is often thickened at the base. Flowers small, greenish-
yellow or wdiite, in a terminal raceme.

A considerable genus, chiefly Asiatic and tropical, with a very few species from temperate
Asia, Europe, or N. America.

Leaves thin, 2 or 3 times as long as broad. Perianth of 3 or 4 lines. Labellum with 2
tubercles at the base.

852 OECHIDE.E. [Liparis.

Perianth purple-white and green. Column-wings angular-toothed . . \. L. nervosa.

Perianth all green. Column-wings not angular 2. X. odorata.

Leaves rather thick, 8 or 10 times as long as broad. Perianth scarcely 1

line. Labellum without tubercles 3. Z. longipes.

1. la. nervosa, ZzW^. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 26. Stems sliort, slightly
tliickencd at tlie base. Leaves 2 or 3, rarely 4, thin, ovate or oblong, acumi-
nate, 2 to 4 in. long. Eaceme 3 to 6 in., loose. Sepals and petals of a pale
purple, about 4 lines long, the 2 lower sepals nan'ow-oblong, the upper one
and the petals linear. Labellum greenish-pui-ple, ovate or obovate, obtuse or
emarginate, with 2 often stipitate tubercles at the base. Column white, the
wings forming an acute angle or tooth on each side.

In clefts of rocks, Victoria Peak, Champion; in a ravine of Mount Parker, Wilford;
also Hance. In Japan.

2. He. odorata, Lincll. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 26. Very near the L. nervosa,
and perhaps a variety, but the column has an even not an acutely toothed
margin ; the sepals are oblong and very fleshy ; the flowers also appear to be
whole-coloui'ed and green.

Hongkong, Champion. Also at Chekiou in China, and in the Indian Peninsula. The
species requires further investigation when more satisfactory specimens shall have been ob-
tained.

3. L. longipes, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 30 ; Wall. PL As. Rar. i. t. 35;
Wight, Ic. t. 906. Steins longer and more readily thickening at the base
than in the last. Leaves 2 or 3, rather thick, linear-oblong or lanceolate, 6
to 8 in. long, and i to f in. broad. Raceme 4 to 6 in, long, with numerous
smaU flowers, white, with a yellow labellum. Perianth not 1 line long. Column
narrowly winged at the top. Labellum ovate, fleshy, free from the column,
without tubercles at the base.

In clefts of rock. Champion. In India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Nepal and
Khasia.

Champion's collection contains a single specimen of what appears to be a distinct species
of Lifaris allied to L. nervosa, but without the tubercles at the base of the labellum. The
specimen is, however, not sufficient for accurate determination.

2. DIENIA, Lindl.

Character and habit of Liparls, except that the column is short and straight,
and the labellum is very concave, adnate to the column at its base, without
tubercles.

A small genus dispersed over tropical aud central Asia, and Mexico.

1. I>. congesta, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 22. Stem very shortly leafy,
scarcely thickened at the base, 1 ft. high or more, including the raceme and
long peduncle. Leaves (of Liparis nervosa) ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acu-
minate, 4 to 6 in. long. Raceme dense. Flowers small, (white, with a yellow
labellum ?). Sepals about \\ lines long, linear-oblong. Petals as long, but
veiy narrow. Labellum shorter, very broad, concave or almost saccate, with
3 short thick lobes at the end. Column shorter, with 2 narrow wings at the
top.

Hongkong^ Hance, Harland. In Nepal, Khasia, and S. China.

Bolbophyllum.] orchide.e. 353

3. BOLBOPHYLLUM, Thouars.

Sepals acuminate, nearly equal ; the lateral ones oblique and united with
the column at their base. Petals shorter, usually vei-y short. Labellum arti-
culate on the base of the column, usually entire. Column very short, with 2
teeth or horns in front. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, waxy,
one of each pair often much smaller. Ehizome or stem creeping and often
epiphyte, with false-bulbs at the nodes, each usnally bearing one leaf. Pe-
duncles 1- or several-flowered, arising by the side of the false-bulbs.

A cousiderable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.

1. B. radiatum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orcli. 55. False-bulbs narrow-ovoid
or oblong. Leaves rather thick, oblong, obtuse or notched, f to 1 in. long.
Peduncles slender, about 2 in. long, with a small terminal umbel of 4 to 6
white flowers surrounded by a few lanceolate fine-pointed membranous bracts.
Sepals near 4 lines long ; the short broad base tapering to a long fine point.
Petals about half as long. Labellum linear-lanceolate, rather thick, twice as
long as the column.

Abundant in a ravine on Victoria Peak, Champion ; also Wright. In Tavoy and Khasia.

4. ERIA, Lindl.

Sepals unequal; the lateral ones very oblique at the base, and connate
with a long projection from the base of the column into a short spur or pouch.
Petals equal to or smaller than the upper sepal. Labellum articulate at the
end of the projection from the column and folded over it and against the
column, 3-lobed or rarely entii'e. Anther- terminal and lid-like. Pollen-
masses waxy, usually 8, free or cohering, 4 of them sometimes much smaller.
Stems usually succulent at the base, or forming false-bulbs, often epiphyte.
Leaves usually folded. Eacemes simple, erect, 1- or many-flowered.
A considerable tropical Asiatic genus.

Minute tufted plant, with small false-bulbs and leaves. Peduncles filiform,

1- or 2-flowered 1. E. pu.silh.

Stems erect, 6 to 8 in. Leaves nearly as long 2. E. rosea.

1. E. pusilla, Lindl. inJourn. Linn. Soc. iii. 48. A dwarf plant, form-
ing close patches consisthig of an intricate mass of rhizomes and minute fiJse-
bulbs. Leaves 2 to 4 lines long, usually 2 on each false-bidb. Peduncles
filiform, 3 to 5 lines long, bearing 1 or 2 flowers of a dirty yellowish-green,
and slightly fetid. Sepals and petals about 2 lines long, all acuminate.
Labellum liiiear-lanceolate, folded, entii-e, or minutely serrulate. — Couchidium
pusillum, Griff. Notul. t. 310. Phreatia uniflora, Wight, Ic. t. 1734. Eria
.sinica, Lindl. in Joum. Linn. Soc. iii. 48.

On bare rocks on the top of Victoria Peak, Chaminon. Also in Khasia.

2. E. rosea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 978 ; Joiiru. Linn. Soc. iii. 50. False-
bulbs ovoid, veiy thick, bearing usually a single leaf; flowering stems 6 to 8
in. high, with I'or 2 leaves at the base. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate,
thick,°nearly as long as the stem. Flowers 2 to 4, pink, distant. Bracts
linear, 1 to'H i"- lo^g- Sepals and petals broadly oblong, obtuse, erect, 6 to
7 lines long. Labellum broadly obovate, 3-lobed ; the 2 lateral lobes erect ;

2 A

354 ORCHiDEiE. [Eria.

the middle one large, emarginate, witli 1 raised crest along the centre, and 2
short lateral ones at its base.

On rocks on the top of Mount Gough, Champion, Wilford. Not known out of S. Chma,
although certainly nearly allied to the E. carinata, Gibs., from Khasia, which Lindley had
formerly associated with it.

5. PHOLIDOTA, Lindl.

Sepals equal, distinct, erect. Petals smaller. Labellum concave, entire or
3-lobed, inserted at the base of the column, and parallel with it. Anther ter-
minal, lid-like, each cell opening transversely in 2 valves. Pollen-masses 4,
waxy, globular, distinct. — Stems succulent or producing false-bulbs. Flower-
ing branches leafy at the base, with a terminal spike usually distichous.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. P. chinensis, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 308. Rhizome
thick, shortly creeping. False-bulbs ovoid, bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Flowering
stems 4 to 6 in. long, with 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves oblong or oval-oblong,
acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, stiff and folded. Eacemes incurved, with 6 to 8
distant greenish-white flowers. Bracts lanceolate, concave. Sepals ovate,
about 5 lines long. Petals linear, rather shorter. Labellum broadly obovate,
veiy obtuse, with a small point in the centre, which is ultimately bent down
so as to make the labellum appear 2-lobed. Column wdnged at the top.

Abundant on rocks, Victoria Peak, and other places, Champion ; on mountain-sides, For-
tune ; also Wright, Hance, Seemann. Not known out of S. China.

6. CCELOGYNE, Lindl.

Sepals equal, distinct. Petals similar or narrower. Labellum concave, in-
serted at the base of the column, and parallel with it, 3-lobed or entire, with
longitudinal crests. Column winged. Anther lid-like, inserted below the top
of the column. Pollen-masses 4, waxy, free. — Ehizomes creeping, producing
false-bulbs. Flowering stems leafy at the base, 1- or several-flowered.

A considerable tropical Asiatic genus.

1. C. fimbriata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 868. False-bulbs ovoid. Leaves
usually 2, oblong-lanceolate, thick, about 3 in. long. Peduncle on the false-
bulb between the leaves, and about theii- length, with several imbricate sheath-
ing scales at the base. Flowers 2 or 3, of a pale dirty-yellow ; the labellum
paler, crested with pmiDle. Bracts deciduous. Sepals 10 or 11 lines long,
broadly oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals naiTow-linear. Labellum 3-lobed,
the middle lobe fringed on the edge, with 2 raised nearly parallel plaits on the
disk.

Common in ravines, Champion, Wilford. In S. China and Khasia.

7. ARUNDINA, Blume.

Sepals lanceolate, equal. Petals usually broader. Labellum broad, con-
volute round the column, entire or 3-lobed, not spun-ed. Column club-shaped
at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, waxy, equal. — Stems
erect, leafy, from a perennial rhizome, without false-bulbs. Leaves distichous.
Flowers few, large.

A small tropical and subtropical Asiatic genu3.

Arundina.] orchide^. 356

1. A. chinensiSy Blame; Lhidl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 125. Stems erect,

1 ft. high or more, leafy to near the top. Leaves stitl", linear, 4 to 7 in. long,
4 to 5 lines broad. Flowers (pink ?) 2 to 5, on short pedicels. Bracts short,
concave. Sepals and petals I in. long or more. Labellum rather longer,
loosely enveloping the colnmn, spreading and broadly 3-lobed at the top, the
middle lobe larger, notched or 2-lobed, with 3 longitudinal veins more or less
prominent. — A. PJdUppi, lleichb. fil. in Linnsea, xxv. 227.

Common ia Hongkong, Champion and others. On the adjoining continent and northward
to Amoy.

8. PHAIUS, Lour.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, free. Labellum broad, convolute round the
column, entire or 3-lobed, spurred at the base. Column semi-cylindrical.
Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 8, waxy, nearly ecpial. — Tall erect
herbs with large leaves. Scapes radical, leafless except sheathing scales.
Flowers large and showy.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.

1. P. grandifolius. Lour.; Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 126. Stems
tufted, usually thickened into short tubers or false-bulbs at the base, bearing

2 or 3 ovate-lanceolate or oblong leaves, often above 1 ft. long, narrowed into
a long petiole. Scape 2 or 3 ft. high, bearing a raceme of showy flowers,
usually white outside and cinnamon-brown inside; the labellum white, shaded
and streaked with crimson. Sepals and petals near 2 in. long. — BItlia Tan-
kervilla, Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 1924.

Common by the sides of streams, Champion and others. Also on the Chinese continent,
and frequently cultivated in gardens.

9. SPATHOGLOTTIS, Blume.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, free, spreading, the petals rather broader.
LabeUum articulate at the base of the column, not spun-ed, but concave or
saccate, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe contracted into a claw, and tubercu-
late or cristate. Column mnged or petal-like. Anther terminal, lid-like.
Pollen-masses 8, waxy. — Ehizomes underground. Leaves nan-ow. Scapes
radical, leafless.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. S. Fortune!, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 19. Rhizome tuberous.
Leaves radical, usually 2 together, linear-lanceolate, 6 to 10 in. long. Scape
pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high, leafless except a few sheathing scales. Flowers 3
to 8, yellow, distant. Bracts short, lanceolate. Perianth-segments \ in. long
or rather more. Lateral lobes of the labellum broadly oblong-falcate, michlle
lobe obovate, emarginate, the broad claw with 2 lateral angles at its base and
2 much raised longitudinal plaits above the middle.

Common in the island, Yortane, Champion, and others. Not known from elsewhere, un-
less it be but a slight variety of the S. pubescens, Lindl., from Khasia and Silhet.

10. PACHYSTOMA, Blume.

(Apaturia, Lindl.)

Sepals and petals erect or slightly spreading, nearly equal, or the petals

2 A 2

356 ORCHiDE^. {Pachystoma.

narrower. Labellum saccate at the base, articulate on a sliort projection of
the base of the column, erect, 3-lobecl, crested in the centre. Anther tenninal,
lid-like, half-immersed in the dilated summit of the column. Pollen-masses
8, waxy, nearly equal. — Terrestrial leafless herbs, with a tuberous rhizome.
Scapes erect, with scarious sheathing scales and bracts. Tlowers pubescent,
in a 1-sided spike.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. P. chinense, Reichb. fl. in Bonplandia, 1855, 251. Scapes 1 to
ly ft, high, with a terminal raceme of about 3 in. Bracts lanceolate, scarious
with fine points. Ovary densely pubescent. Perianth also pubescent, of a light
lilac, about ^ in. long. Sepals lanceolate, pubescent, the upper one rather
naiTower, the petals linear. LabeUum yellow, rather shorter, the 2 lateral
lobes broadly oblong, obtuse ; the middle one rather longer, broadly oblong,
with a short point ; and 3 or sometimes 5 longitudinal crests or rows of tu-
bercles on the disk. — Apaturia chhiensh, Liudl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 131.

In marshy spots on the top of Mount Gough, Chamjnon ; also Seemann, Hance, WWight.
Not known out of S. China.

11. ANIA, Lindl.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Labellum connate with the
base of the column in a short spur or pouch, 3-lobed, flat, with raised plates
on the disk. Column wnnged. Anther terminal, lid- like. Pollen-masses 8,
of which 4 often smaller, waxy. — Khizome creeping. Leaves radical, proceed-
ing from a false-bulb. Scapes leafless except the sheathing scales. Flowers
glabrous, in loose racemes.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. A. angustifolia, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 129. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, 6 to 10 in. long, | to 1^ in. broad, narrowed into a long petiole,
proceeding from an ovoid false-bulb. Scape 1| ft. long or more. Flowers
distant. Bracts naiTow, very pointed. Sepals and petals full 7 lines long,
lanceolate, with, short fine points. Labellum concave at the base, fonning
with a projection from the base of the column an obtuse spur of rather more
than 1 line ; the lamina 6 lines long, obovate-cuneate, entii-e or slightly 3-lobed,
with 8 slightly raised longitudinal plaits.

In a ravine of ISIount Parker, Wilford ; also Wright ; and probably the same species seen
by Champion and gathered past tlower by Hance ; and supposed to be the N. Indian A.
latlfolia, Lindl. These specimens however agree in every respect with the spurred-flowered
A. angustifolia, from Tavoy, except that I find the pollen-masses nearly equal in size, instead
of 4 being smaller as described. They had already fallen away in the flower I examined of
my Tavoy specimen, but I believe that Dr. Lindley now considers this character as less con-
stant than he at first supposed it to be.

12. CYRTOPERA, Lindl.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading, the petals broader. Labellum
connate at the base, with a projection from the column into a short broad
pouch ; the lamina concave, broadly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes erect. Anther
terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 2, usually 2-lobed, waxy, with a short tri-

Cyrtopera.'] ORCiiiDEiE. 357

angular caudicle. — Tall herbs. Barren stems leafy, on a succulent or false-
bulbous base. Scapes leafless, bearing a raceme of showy flowers.
A small genus, dispersed over S. Asia, Africa, aud S. America.

1. C. flava, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 189 ; Royle,lUustr. t. 88. Leaves
long-lanceolate. Scapes 2 to 3 ft. high, wdth a long raceme of large yellow
flowers. Sepals pointed, li in. long. Petals as long, but broader and less
pointed. Concave base of the label! um prcjecting 4 lines from the pedicel. —
a Cullenii, Wight, Ic. t. 1754.

Hongkoug, Wright. On the adjacent continent, and in the mountains of N. India.

13. CYMBIDIUM, Sw.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Labellum sessile, free or shortly
connate with the base of the column, concave, entire or 3-lobed. Column
erect. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 2, usually 2-lobed, waxy,
almost sessile, on a triangular base. — Ehizome creeping or stems tufted.
Leaves radical, or on false-bulbs, or on barren stems. Scapes usually leafless.
Flowers in racemes, usually large.

A considerable tropical aud subtropical genus, common to the New aud the Old World,
and extending in Africa to the southern extremity.

4. C. ensifolium, Sw. ; Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 162; Bot. Mag. t.
1751 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1976. Leaves radical, tufted, linear or linear-lanceolate,
often above a foot long, rather stift". Scapes usually shorter, leafless except
sheathing scales, with 3 to 6 distant flowers. Bracts much shorter than the
ovary. Sepals about 1 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, of a dirty white, green, or
yellowish, with purple streaks. Petals rather smaller and less coloured. La-
beUum oval-oblong, entire or obscm-ely 3-lobed, recurved towards the top,
greenish-yellow with spots.

On rocks, Champion ; also Hance. Not known out of S. China.

C. xiphiifolium, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 529, is also included in Reichenbach's enumeration of
Hance's Hongkong Orchidece. I have not seen the specimens, but believe it to be only a
variety of C. ensifoRum, with the flowers wholly yellowish-green, without streaks or si)ots.

14. COTTONIA, Lindl.

Sepals spreading, obovate. Petals rather smaller. Labellum conciwe, con-
stricted in the midclle, the upper half 2-lobed, the lower half with 2 tubercles
at the base. Column erect, with membranous edges. Anther terminal, lid-
like. Pollen-masses either 2 and 2-lobed, or 4 ; caudicles flliform. — Stems
leafy, succulent. Flow^ers in axillary or leaf-opposed racemes.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. C. Champioxii, Lindl. in Kew Jonrn. Bot. vii. 35, and Jonrn. Linn.
Soc. iii. 39. A small epiphyte. Leaves distichous, linear-oblong, entire or
notched at the summit, 1| to 2 in. long. Eacemes leaf-opposed, few-flowered.
Flowers yellow, inconspicuous, with a pale piu'ple column. Sepals aud petals
nearly equal. Labellum " half-boatshaped, short, with a process at thi' ex-
tremity ending in 2 setiform forks."

On Victoria Peak, Champion. Also in Khasia. Reichoubach (Seem. Rot. Her. 419) men-
lions a plant without flowers, which he thinks might be the 8arcanthtu rostratm, Lindl.

358 ORCHIDE^. [CoUonia.

Collect, t. 89 B. In that state, however, he might easily have mistaken the Cottonia for a
Sarcanthus.

15. ACAMPE, Lindl.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading, fragile. Labellum fleshy, adnate
to the unproduced base of the column, hollowed into a spur or pouch in the
lower part, the upper part undivided. Column short, thick, usually 2-pointed.
Anther ovate, terminal. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, with a subulate caudicle
longer than themselves. — Epiphytes, with coriaceous distichous leaves. Flow-
ers densely racemose, on short lateral peduncles.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. A. multiflora, Liiidl. Fol. Orchid, i. Leaves linear-oblong, 6 to 8
in. long by about \\ in. broad, obliquely obtuse at the top, thickly conaceous.
Peduncles branching, shorter than the leaves. Flowers small, in short racemes
or corymbs, yellow dotted with red. Labellum ovate, rather acute ; the spur
short, with raised lines or folds.

Common in ravines, Channnon, Seemann. Not known out of S, China.

16. LUISIA, Gaudicli.

Sepals herbaceous, the upper one smaller. Petals tliinner, usually longer.
Labellum undivided, usually auriculate, continuous with the column, not ap-
pendiculate, convex or concave. Column very short, fleshy. Anther termi-
nal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 2, mth a short broad caudicle. — Stems rush-like,
leafy. Leaves stifl", terete. Flowers small, dark green or purple, in lateral
racemes.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Chaminon found a species, apparently of this genus, on rocks in the island : but his spe-
cimens are not in flower, and cannot be identified. Lindlcy believes them to be the L. teres,
Blume, a Javanese plant.

17. APPENDICULA, Blume.

Sepals connivent, the lower ones connate witli a projection from the base of
the column into an obtuse spur. Petals smaller. Labellum connate with or
inserted on the projection of the column, sessile, concave, appendiculate at the
base or bordered by a raised margin ; the lamina entire or 3-lobed. Column
short, tapering into an emarginate beak. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 8,
rarely 6 or 4, w^axy, attached by 2 membranous caudicles. — Epiphytes with
short distichous oblique leaves. Flowers small, in lateral or terminal racemes
or rarely solitary.

A small tropical Asiatic species.

1. A, bifaria, Lindl. in Keio Journ. Bot. vii. 35. Leaves numerous, ob-
long, 1 in. long or rather more, obtuse and usually notched, with a minute
point in the notch. Spikes terminal, scarcely longer than the last leaves.
Flowers nearly 4 lines long, including the broad obtuse poucli or spur. Sepals
and petals nearly equal. Labellum " oblong, with a circular membranous ap-
pendage and an ovate tooth on the lamina."

In ravines of Mount Gough, Champion. Also in Penang, if the species be really the same.

Limatodes.] orchide.^. 359

18. LIMATODES, Blume.

Sepals and petals spreading, free, nearly equal. Labellum inserted at the
base of the very short column, concave or convolute, entire or lobed, with
folds or tubercles on the disk. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 8, waxy, at-
tached in fours to a divisible gland. Stems leafy. Scapes or peduncles leaf-
less, erect, inserted at the base of the stem below the leaves.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. Ij. gracilis, Lindl. in Keio Joiirn. Bot. vii. 36. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves oblong, 6 to 8 in. long, tapering to a fine pomt, thin, with prominent
veins. Scapes 6 in. to 1 ft. long, with several obtuse sheathing scales and a
short loose raceme of yellow-green flowers, without bracts at the time of flower-
ing. Sepals and petals nearly \ in. long, recurved and wavy at the top. La-
bellum oblong, not spurred, convolute in the lower half, with 2 small lateral
lobes ; the middle lobe large, very much waved on the edge, with 2 raised
lines on the disk. — Calanthe gracilis, Lindl. in Bot. Mag. t. 2714.
On Victoria Peak, Champion. Also in Khasia and Silhet.

19. TROPIDIA, Lindl.

Sepals and petals connivent, the 2 lower connate at the base in a short
pouch. Labellum concave or saccate at the base within the lower sepals ; the
limb erect or spreading, undivided. Column oblique, with an acute or 2-cleft
beak. Anther acuminate, adnate on the back of the column. Pollen-masses
2, glandular, affixed by the caudicle to a common gland. — Stems leafy, erect,
often branching. Spikes short, terminal or lateral.

A small, tropical Asiatic genus.

1. T. curculigoides, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orcli. 497. Stems tall, erect,
-glabrous. Leaves distichous, oblong-lanceolate or Hnear-lanceolate, long-acu-
ninate, 6 to 8 in. long, sessile on a close striate sheath. Spikes veiy short
tnd few -flowered, terminal or leaf-opposed. Bracts small, herbaceous, striate.
Flowers greenish-white, about 5 lines long. Sepals and petals naiTow, more
or less falcate. — Ptychochilus septem7iervis, Schauer in PI. Meyen. 431, t. 12,
i.B.

In a ravine of the Wanguachang woods in the Happy Valley, Chamjnon. In Ceylon, the
Indian Archipelago, the Malayan Peninsula, Khasia, Sikkim, and the Philippines. The
Hongkong specimens come nearest to the variety described as T. squamata, Blume, with the
bracts ovate-lanceolate or liueax'-lanceolate, but usually without the line point of the Ceylon
and Malacca specimens originally described by Lindley.

20. SPIRANTHES, llich.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, erect or spreading at the tips ; the 2 lower
sepals oblique, covering the base of the labellum, the upper one coliering with
the petals. Labellum adhering to a projection from the base of the column,
with 2 tubercles or protu1)erances below tlie middle. Anther attached to the
back of the short column. Pollen-masses 2, granular, united at the top to a
single gland. — Terrestrial herbs. Leaves at the base of the stems or on the an-
nually renewed tuberous rhizome. Flowers small, usually in 1 or 2 spiral rows.

A conside ble genus, dispersed over the greater part of the world.

360 ORCHIDE.E. [Spb'anflies.

1. S§, australis, Lindl. Geti. et Sp. Orch. 464, way. pudica. Leaves few,
at the base of the stem, Imear or linear-lanceohate, the longest about 3 in.
long. Stems | to 1^ ft. high, including a spiral spike of 2 to 4 in. ; the
rhachis glabrous or nearly so in the Chinese variety, pubescent in others,
riowers white, tinged with red, about 1 line long. Labellum oblong, with an
ovate base, the upper half crisped on the edge. — S. pudlca, Lindl. Coll. Bot.
t. 30.

Trequent in marshy places, Chamjnon and others. Common in central Asia and the moun-
tain districts of S. Asia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and in Australia,
but usually pubescent and with larger flowers than in China, and perhaps not specifically
distinct from the European S. aestivalis.

21. ZEUXIWE, Lindl.

Sepals, petals, and anther of Spirantlies. Labellum concave and cohering
at the base to the very short column ; the lamina thick, transversely dilated
at the end into 2 lobes, which fold face to face. — Terrestrial herbs, leafy at
the base. Flowers small, in dense spikes not distinctly spiral.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. Z. sulcata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 485, and Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 186.
Stems seldom above 3 or 4 in. higli. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, \ to

1 in. long. Spikes short and dense. Elowers about '^\ lines long. Sepals
and petals connivent, white, with a yellow tinge. Labellum narrow, concave,
of a bright yellow.

On the race-course in the Happy Valley, Ei/re, Wilford. Widely spread over India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Nepal, Khasia, and the Archipelago.

22. GOODYERA, Lindl.

Sepals, petals, and anther of Spiranthes. Tiabellum entire, concave, and
without protuberances at the base, but often with callosities on the disk higher
up. Column very short. — Terrestrial herbs. Ehizome often creeping. Flowers
small, in spikes not distinctly spiral, on stems leafy at least at the base.

A small genus ranging over the northern hemisphere.

1. G. procera. Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 39; Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 493.
Stems 1 to 1|^ ft. high. Leaves towards the base ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

2 to 4 in. long, tapering into rather long petioles, the upper ones reduced to
a few sheaths. Flowers white, mixed with green, in a spike of 3 or 4 in.
Sepals ovate, concave, about 1 line long. Petals narrower. Labellum almost
saccate at the base and glandular inside ; the lamina narrow, recurved, rather
thick, with 2 ovate protuberances on the disk. Anther half-buried in a pouch
at the back of the stigma. — Neottia procera, Bot. Reg. t. 639.

On Mounts Gough and Victoria, Champion ; also Hance and Seemami. In the hiUy dis-
tricts or India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Assam and Sikkim.

23. HJSMARIA, Lindl.

Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the upper sepal and petals cohering in a
helmet over the column, the 2 lower spreading. Labellum free, slightly sac-
cate, with 2 tubercles at the base, flat, witli a transverse dilatation at the end.

Ilamaria.] ORCHiDEiK. 361

Column narrow at the base, dilated at the top into a 2-lobed cup. Anther
adnate to the hinder lobe. Pollen-masses 2, granular, connected by a gland
at the top.

f^. genus limited to a single species.

1. H. discolor, Limll. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 490. Rhizome at the base of
the stem slightly succulent and creeping. Stem pubescent, ascending to G or
8 in. Leaves 2 or 3, near the base, stalked, ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, the uj)-
per ones reduced to sheaths. Flowers white, in a loose spike of 2" or 3 in.
Ovaries pubescent, near \ in. long. Sepals ovate-oblong, 4 to 5 lines long.
Petals narrow. Labellum full 4 lines long, wavy on the edge, with a tenriinal
transversely oblong dilatation. — Goody era discolor, Bot. Re^^. t. 271.

On rocks in ravines behind the town of Victoria, and in a ravine of the Happy Valley,
very rare, Champion ; also Wright and Hance. Not known out of S. China.

24. GLOSSASPIS, Sprang.

Habit and characters of the small-tlowered Hahenarias, except that the ter-
minal glands of the caudicles of the pollen-masses are received into distinct
cells of the stigma.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. G. tentaculata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 284 ; Bot. Beg. t. 862.
Tuber ovoid. Leaves 2 to 4, at or near the base of the stem, ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long. Stem 8 in. to 1 ft. including the slender spike.
Bracts about the length of the ovary. Plowers green. Sepals and petals
scarcely 2 lines long, converging over the column. Labellum deeply 3-lobed,
with filiform lobes full f in. long. Spur very short, vesicular. — G. antennifera,
Reichb. Fil. in Linnsea, xxv. 225.

Very common in moist situations, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent,
but not known out of S. China.

25. HABENABIA, WiUd.
(Pei'istylus, Blume, and Platanthera Rich.).

Sepals and petals nearly alike; or the petals naiTow, all converging over the
column, or the lower sepals spreading. Labellum spreading, 3-lobcd or rarely
entire, with a short or long spur at the base. Column short, with a short
beak erect under the anther. Anther terminal but adnate on the face of the
column ; the cells parallel or diverging, and sometimes free at the tips. Pollen-
masses 2, granular; the caudicles terminating in glands, distant from each
other, and not immersed in cells of the stigma. — Rhizome tuberous, but
annually renewed by the formation of a fresh tuber, when the previous one
decays. Stems also annually renewed, erect, usually leafy at the base ; the
leaves passing into sheathing scales. Flowers sessile in a terminal spike, with
a bract under each.

A large genus, dispersed over the greater part of the woild.

Sjmr much shorter than the ovary.

liabellum narrow, 3-lobed. Flowers small, greenish.
Spur very small, vesicular or ovoid.

Lateral lobes of the labellum short, linear-falcate .... \. H. lacertift^ra.

Lobes of the labellum very long and filiform 24. Gi.ossAsris.

Spur cylindrical, half as long as the ovary 2. H. stcnustachi/u.

362 ORCHiDE^. [Hahenaria.

Labellum broadly obcordate or rounded. Bracts leafy, mostly longer

thau the flower. Spur very broad at the base 1. H. galeatidra.

^jjii)- longer than the ovary.
Lateral lobes of the labellum entire.

Lateral lobes very short, middle lobe long and linear .... 4. ^. linguella.

Lobes of the labellum all 3 linear and nearly equal ^. H. leptoloba.

Lateral lobes broad, deeply frino;ed, middle lobe linear.

Sepals about 4 lines long. Labellum 6 to 8 lines broad . . . h. H. Miersiana.

Sepals about 1 in. long. Labellum 2 to 3 in. broad . . . . 6. -ff. Susanna.

1. H. lacertifera, -Sg^^/^ Tubers small, globular. Leaves few, oblong-
aiiceolate, 2 to 3 in. long. Stem 6 to 10 in., including a somewbat spiral
spike of 2 or 3 in. Bracts as long as the ovary. Plowers light green, about
\\ lines long; the sepals all connivent. Spur very short and vesicular.
Labellum rather longer than the sepals, with a raised protuberance on the disk,
and divided to the middle into 3 short linear lobes ; the 2 lateral ones diverging
and somewhat falcate. Anther-cells slightly diverging. — Coeloglossiim lacer-
tlferum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 302. Peristylas cJdorantJia, Lindl. in Kew
Jom-n. Bot. vii. 37.

In marshy spots and slopes on the top of Victoria Peak, Champion. In Khasia and
Tavoy.

2. H. stenostachya, Bentli. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. (or more?) including
a many-flowered spike of 2 to 4 in. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long. Sepals
and petals about 2 lines long, linear, obtuse, rather thick, connivent or slightly
spreading. Bracts as long as the ovary, ending in a short fine point. Spur
slender, shorter than the ovary, usually about 2 lines long. Labellum nearly
equally 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes linear-lanceolate and divaricate ; the middle
one usually (perhaps always) short and obtuse. — Platanthira stenostachya,
Lindl. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 37. Coeloglossiim cernuum^ Reichb. fil. in
Eonplandia, 1855, 250, corrected to C. peristyloides in Bonplandia, 1856,
321.

Hongkong, Clmmpion. Also in IMoulmein {Loll, n. 363). I have not seen Hance's
specimen, but Reichenbach's first description as CcBJoglossum cermium agrees very well with
Champion's plant. The corrected description appears to have been somewhat modified to
include the C. peristyloides, Wight, Ic. t. 1702, a species from the Indian Peninsula, cer-
tainly very nearly allied, but differing iu the long middle lobe of the labellum, and some
other points.

3. H, leptoloba, BentU., n. sp. Stem rather slender, 6 in. to 1 ft. in-
cluding a slender and rather long spike. Leaves lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3
in. riowers distant, with small bracts. Ovary shortly beaked. Sepals and
petals ovate-lanceolate, 2 lines long, the upper ones converging over the column;
the 2 lower spreading. Labellum rather longer, deeply divided into 3 narrow-
linear lobes, adhering at its base to the column with a minute tooth on each
side between the labellum and the anther. Spur 5 or 6 lines long, thickened
towards the lower end. Anther-cells very diverging, nearly horizontal.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Not known from elsewhere.

4. H. linguella, Lhidl. Gen. d Sp. Orch. 325. Stem leafy, | to 1 ft.
higii. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Spike dense, 1 to 3 in. long. Bracts
subulate-acuminate, nearly as long as the beaked ovaiy. Elowcrs at first pure

Habenaria.] ORCHlDEiE. 863

yellow, afterwards brown. Sepals and petals broadly ovate, concave, near 3
lines lon<i:; the upper ones forming a helmet; the 2 lower more spreading;.
Labellum 3-lobed, adhering at the base to 2 lateral processes of the column ;
lateral lobes short, divaricate, close to the base, middle lobe narrow-linear,
longer than the sepals. Spur nearly 1 in. long, thickened towards the lower
end. Anther-cells very divergent.

In marsliy spots on Victoria Peak, Champion. On the Chinese coast and iu Ceylon.

5. H. Miersiana, Champ, in Keio Journ. But. vii. 37. Tuber ovoid.
Stem 1 ft. high or more. Leaves 2 or 3, oblong, scarcely pointed, the largest
4 in. long. Spike short. Flowers few, pure white. Sepals ovate, acute, about
4 lines long ; the uppermost with the rather smaller petals connivent ; the 2
lower more spreadhig. Labellum longer, 6 to 8 lines broad, with 3 lobes of
equal length, the 2 lateral broad and deeply fringed, the middle one narrow
and entire. Spur \^ in. long, slightly thickened towards the end.

in a ravine on Victoria Peak, Champion. Not seen in any other collection, but nearly
aUied to the H. geniculata, Don, from Nepal and Burniah.

6. H. Susannse, Br. Prod. 312. Stems leafy, attaining 3 or even 4 ft.
Lower leaves from ovate to oblong, 3 to 4 in. long ; the upper ones passing
into lanceolate bracts of 2 in. Raceme of 3 or 4 large greenish-white fragrant
flowers. Sepals ovate, 1 to 1-| in. long. Petals linear, about as long. La-
bellum 2 to 3 in. across, with 2 lateral broad deeply fringed lobes, the middle
one oblong-linear and entire. Spur 2| to 3 in. long. — Flatauthtra Sumnna,
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 295. Habenaria gigantea, llook. Bot. Mag. t.
3374.

Common on the grassy slopes and summits of the hills, Champion and others. In the hilly
districts of India, from the Concan mountains to the Himalaya, Khasia, and the Archipelago.

7. H. galeandra, Bantli. Tubers small, globular. Stem 6 to 8 in.
high. Leaves oval-oblong ; the larger ones 1 to 2 in. long, passing into the
bracts, which are all oblong, leafy, and spreading, the lower ones as large as
the stem-leaves. Flowers distant, white variegated with lilac, mostly shorter
than the bracts. Sepals lanceolate, 3 lines long, the upper one arching over
the linear petals, the 2 lower spreading when fully open. Labellum clawed,
broadly obcordate or nearly orbicular, 5 lines long, waved on the margin.
Spur or pouch veiy broad al the base, short and obtuse. Anther-cells nearly
parallel. — Blatanthera gahandra, Reichb. til. in Linnrea, xxv. 226. P. Cham-
pi,oni, Lindl. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 38.

Common on Victoria Peak, Champion; also Fortune, Hance, and Wright. Not known
out of the island, but nearly allied to the N. Indian Plat, obcordata, Lindl., which is chiefly
distinguished by a very much narrower spur.

26. AOPLA, Lindl.

Characters of Habenaria, except that the labellum is not spurred, and has
the margins connate with the very short column into a sort of cup, with a
curved process on each side.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. A. reniformis, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. OrcJi, 304. Leaves 2 or 3,
radical, rosulate, ovate-cordate, about \ in. long. Stem slender. al)()ut 6 in.

364 ORCHiDE^. [Aoj)la.

high, with a few sheathing scales. Mowers 3 to 6, distant. Bracts small.
Sepals oval-oblong, 2|- lines long, the upper one arched over the linear petals,
the 2 lower spreading. Labelluni linear, entire, 3 lines long, the 2 processes
at its base almost hooked. Anther-cells very divergent. Pollen-masses with
long caudicles.

Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Also in Nepal.

27. CYPRIPEDIUM, Linn.

Sepals and petals spreading, the 2 lowest often united into one under the
labelluni. Labellum large, inflated. Column very short, terminating in a
dilated incurved petal-like lobe, with 2 distinct 2-celled anthers, one on each
side. Pollen granidar. — Herbs with fibrous rhizomes. Leaves radical or on
the stems. Plowers large, solitary or few in a terminal raceme or panicle.

A considerable Asiatic and N. American genus, with one species extending into Europe.

1. C* purpuratum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1991 ; Gen. et Sp. Orch. 530;
Bot. Mag. t. 4901. Khizome shortly creeping, with thick succulent fibres.
Leaves radical, oblong, 4 to 5 in. long, marked with darker-coloured blotches.
Scape 8 in. to 1 ft. high, pubescent, bearing a single large flower with a
sheathing bract at the base. Upper sepal very broad, acuminate, about 1^ in.
long, white, with purple veins. Lower ones united in a single oblong-lanceo-
late one. Petals oblong, \\ in. long, pui-ple, fringed with a few small hairs,
without the tubercles of C. barbatum. Labellum also pui-ple, full 1^ in. long,
broadly inflated.

In moist ravines, ou the hills, Champion and others ; also in Khasia (and in the Malayan
Peninsula?).

Order CXIL BURMANNIACE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth superior, persistent, tubular or
campanulate, usually 6-lobed, the 3 inner lobes often smaller or sometimes
wanting. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted in the tube and shorter than the perianth.
Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, or with 3 parietal placentas and
numerous ovules. Style single, with 3 entire or 2-lobed usually radiating
stigmas. Pruit a capsule. Seeds minute. Embi-yo apparently homogeneous.
— Herbs. Leaves usually radical or nearly so, or reduced to scales. Flowers
terminal, solitary or several, in spikes, racemes, cymes, or umbels.

A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.

1. GONYANTHES, Miers.

Perianth tubular, 3 -angled or wanged, the 3 inner lobes minute (or want-
ing?). Anthers 3, nearly sessile below the inner lobes. Ovary 3-celled.
Capsule opening by transverse fissures opposite the cells. — Delicate leafless
herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose.

A small tropical Asiatic genus, differing from Burmannia only in the dehiscence of the
capsule.

1. G. Wallichii, Mkrs in Linn. Trans, xviii. 537, iJ. 38, /. 2. Stem
filiform, 1 to 3 in. high, either simple with a single terminal blue flower, or

Gonyanthes.'] burmanniace.e. 365

divided into 2 or 3 1 -flowered branches. Leaves replaced by minute scales.
Perianth narrow-tubular, about 3 lines long, with 3 prominent angles, often
dilated into narrow sinuate wings. Outer lobes short, ovate ; inner ones very
minute.

Among long grass, on the sloi)€ of Mount Gough, Wilford. In Buriuah and Tavoy.

Order CXIII. IRIDEJE.

Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Perianth superior, with 6
petal-like segments. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the segments. Anthers
erect, opening outwai'ds. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with several ovides in each
cell. Style single, with 3 stigmas, sometimes dilated and petal-like or fringed.
Capsule opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds albuminous, with a smaU
embryo, the radicle next to the hilum. — Herbs with usually a tuberous, creep-
ing, or bulbous rhizome. Leaves usually either radical or equitant, that is,
alternately sheathing on opposite sides of the stem, and vertically, not hori-
zontally, flattened. Flowers usually terminal, solitary or in spikes, racemes,
or panicles.

A large Order, consisting chiefly of natives of the tenqKjrate regions of the northern he-
misphere, or of southern Africa, with a few tropical or Australian species.

1. PARDANTHUS, Ker.

Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stamens nearly straight ; stig-
matic lobes linear, dilated upwards and channelled. Seeds globular, succulent
and beny-like.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. P. chinensis, Ker. in Keen. Ann. Bot. i. 217. Rhizome thick and
fleshy. Stems erect, 3 to 5 ft. high, with equitant leaves, 8 in. to 1 ft. long
or more. Flowers orange-coloured, spotted with crimson, in a terminal pani-
cle, with clustered, stift", divergent branches, of very unequal length. Bracts
sheathing, more or less scarious. Perianth-segments oblong, about 1 in. long.
— Ixia cJiinensis, Bot. Mag. t. 171.

On the sandy sea-beach at Saywan, Champion. In similar situations in Fonnosa, and
said to be also wild in the mountains of northern India; also much cultivated in gardens both
in India and China.

Order CXIV. AMARYLLIDEiE.

Perianth superior, of 6 divisions, lobes, or teeth, all or the 3 inner ones
colom'ed and petal-like. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth. Anthers opening
inwards. Ovaiy inferior, 3-celled, with several, or rarely 1 or 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds albuminous. Embryo straight or
nearly so. — Herbs, usually perennial, either bulbous or with a tufted or tuber-
ous stock. Leaves entire, parallel-veined. Flowers solitary or in imibels,
clusters, or spikes, with sheathing membranous bracts.

A considerable Order, dispersed over the greater part of the world, but most numerous in
tropical America and S. Africa.

368 AMAEYLLlDEuE. [AmarylUdedS.

Fruit succulent. Hairy plant, with a tufted or tuberous stock.

Flowers small, yellow, in an almost sessile spike 1. CURCULIGO.

Fruit capsular. Glabrous bulbous plants. Flowers large, white, umbel-
late.

Stamens inserted at the base into a cup within the periaath-lobes , . 3, Pancratium.

Stamens separately inserted on the perianth, the filaments not dilated 2, CaiNUM.

1. CURCULIGO, Gcertn.

Perianth regular, the tube long, often filifonn, the limb of 6 equal deciduous
segments. Ovules several in each cell of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ob-
long, succulent, crowned by the persistent perianth-tube. Seeds enveloped in
a fleshy ]Dulp, with a lateral beak-shaped hilum. — Tufted plants, usually haiiy.
Leaves long, mostly radical. Flowers sessile, in sheathing bracts, in a sessile
or pedunculate head or spike.

A tropical genus, limited to the Old World, with the exception of one S. American species.

1. C. orchioides, Roxb. PL Corom. i. 14, t. 13 ; £ot. Mag. t. 1076,
var. minor. Leaves radical, gi'ass-like, and seldom above 6 in. long and 3
lines wide in the Hongkong specimens, sometimes in India twice as long and
broad. Spike nearly sessile, with narrow sheathing bracts. Perianth haiiy ;
the tube filiform, about f in. long ; the limb yellow, 5 or 6 lines long, with
lanceolate pointed segments. Ovaiy long and naiTOw, 3-ceIled. Capsule
succulent, usually 1-ceUed, with very few seeds separated by a spongy sub-
stance.— Hypoxia minor. Seem. Bot. Her. 419 ; not of Don.

Common in spring, Champion, Seemann, Hance. Dispersed over India, from the Penin-
sula to Khasia and the Archipelago, It is also closely allied to the S. American Hypoxis
scorzonerafolia. Lam., which is sm-ely a Curculigo, and to the Australian C. eusifolia. It is
only at first sight that it resembles the Hypoxis minor, Don, which has no tube to the
perianth,

2. CRINUM, Linn.

Perianth with a long tube and a regular 6-cleft limb, the segments spread-
ing or recm'ved. Stamens inserted at the summit of the tube ; filaments free,
filiform ; anthers linear, versatile. Ovules usually few in each cell. Style
filiform, with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Capsule globular, depressed, burst-
ing ii'regularly. Seeds few, nearly globular, often converted into fleshy bulbs.
— Large bulbous glabrous herbs. Leaves radical. Plowers usually large,
white or tinged with pui-ple, in an umbel or head proceeding from a 3- or 3-
leaved spatha.

A tropical or subtropical genus, dispersed over the New and the Old World.

1. C. asiaticum, Linn. ; Kunth,Enum. v. 547; Bot. Mag. t. 1073. Bulb
large and long. Leaves 1 to 3 ft. long, 1 to 3 in. broad. Scape about 1 ft.
high. Spatha reflexed, membranous. Flowers numerous, sessile or shortly
pedunculate. Perianth-tube about 3 in. long; the segments linear, about %
in. Ovules solitary in each cell of the ovary.

On the seashore at Say wan. Champion ; at Sheko, Hance. Generally on the sandy sea-
coasts of tropical Asia.

3. PANCRATIUM, Linn.
Flowers of Crinum, except that the filaments are united at the base into a
petal-like cup, the margin of which is truncate, toothed or lobed between the

Pancratium.'] amaryllide^. 367

filaments. Ovules several in each cell of the ovary. Capsule opening loouli-
cidally in 3 valves. — J3ulbous herbs, with the habit of Critium, and flowers
usually large and white.

A small genus, the species chiefly maritime, and limited to the Old ^Vol•Kl if the Auicrican
Hymenocallis be really to be separated from it.

1. P. biflorum, Roxh. FL. Ind. ii. 125. Leaves several, 1 to 1 ^ ft. long,
1 to 2 in. broad. Scape short, 2- or 3-flowere(l, with a spatha of 2 or 3
lanceolate bracts. Perianth-tube slender, 4 to 5 in. long. Segments narrow-
linear, nearly as long. Staminal cup about | as long, sinuately toothed be-
tween the filaments, which are at least as long as the cup.

On the seacoast, Champion, Hance. Scarce iu India (Roxburgh). The Hongkong speci-
mens agree very well with Roxburgh's description and unpublished drawing of P. bijlorum,
but not with the figure of P. verecimdum, Bot. Reg. t. 413, to which Herbert refers it.

Order CXV. DIOSCORIDE^.

Flowers unisexual, usually dicecious. Perianth of 6 lobes or divisions.
Stamens 6 or 3, inserted on the perianth and shorter than its lobes. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell.
Stigmas 3, entire or 2-cleft, on a single or distinct styles or sessile. Fruit a
beiTyor 3-angled capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. — Herbs,
usually twining, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves with digitate or parallel
nerves and reticulate veins, sometimes compound. Flowers small, in axillai-y
spikes or racemes, simple or paniculate.

An Order of few genera, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.

1. DIOSCOREA, Linn.

(Helmia, KtintJi.)

Flowers dioecious. Capsule 3-angled or 3-lobed, opening loculicidally at
the angles, often leaving the nerve-like edge fi*ee. Seeds winged. — Stems
twining.

A large tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old M'orld.

Perianth-segments orbicular. Capsule broader than long. Seeds winged
aU round. (Leaves mostly opposite.)

Leaves oval-oblong or lanceolate \. D. opposiiifolia.

Leaves broadly cordate ..2.1). Batatai.

Perianth-segments nan'ow. Capsule longer than broad. Seeds winged

at the base 3. 2). satii-a.

1. D. oppositifolia, Li7i7i. ; Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 804 ; TTit/Z/f, Ic.t.S\S.
A glabrous twiner. Khizome tuberous. Leaves stalked, mostly opposite,
from oval-oblong to lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, 3- to 7-nen'ed. Male spikes
when fully out 1 to 1^ in. long, in axillary clusters or panicles. ^ Flowers
distant, sessile. Perianth-segments orbicular, about 1 line long, slightly im-
bricate in 2 series. Anthers 6, nearly sessile, on a somewhat thickened disk,
without any mdiment of the ovary. Female racemes simple, with few dis-
tant flowers. Capsule of 3 flat wing-like romided lobes, each near ^ in.
broad, the axis rather longer. Seeds flat, winged all round.

Hongkong, Hance, Wriyht. Iu Ceylou, the Indian Peninsula, Kliasia, and Silhct.

368 DioscoRiDEiE. [Dloscorea.

2. D. Batatas, Bene, in Rev. Hortlc. 1854, 243, atw^ 1855, 69, icith a fig.
A glabrous twiner like the last, with a similar inflorescence and flowers.
Leaves mostly opposite, ovate-triangular or broadly cordate, with rounded
basal lobes, shortly pointed but not really acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, and
almost as broad. Eruits of D. opjJOsltifoUa, but usually much larger, the
wing-like lobes measuring 9 lines in breadth, and the axis 10 lines in length.

A native of China, introduced to Europe as the Chinese Yam. Two Hongkong speci-
mens, both in fruit, appear to me to belong to this species ; one from Hance, confounded
by Seemann with the following, B. sativa, under the name of B. aculeata, the other fi'ora
Wright, sent with the B. oppositifolia. It is very closely allied to B. glabra, Roxb., a
common Silhet plant, which is said to have small subfusiform tubers, and may be a wild state
of B. Batatas. B. aculeata, Wight, Ic. t. 2060, but not of Linn., appears to be the same
as B. glabra.

3. D. sativa, Linn. Spec. 1463; Hart. Cliff, t. 28, but not of Kunth,
Enmn. Stems glabrous, often bearing green globular bulbs in the axils of
the leaves. Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, 7- to 11 -nerved, more or less
acuminate, very variable in size. Male spikes slender, 1 to 2 in. long when
fully out, usually numerous in long narrow axillary panicles. Flowers very
small. Perianth-segments narrow, almost valvate in each series ; the inner
ones linear. Stamens 6 ; the anthers almost sessile round a rudimentary
style. "Female flowers in slender simple spikes. Capsule oblong, full f in.
long ; the lobes scarcely 3 lines broad. Seeds winged at the lower end only.
— J), bulbifera, Wight, Ic. t. 878, but not of Linn. Helmia bulbifera^ Kunth,
Enum. v. 435.

Hongkong, Hance, and perhaps Wright. The former specimen male, the latter in leaf
only. In various parts of India. The Linnseau names of B. sativa and B. bulbifera appear
to have been transposed by nearly all modern botanists, although all the figures quoted by
Linnfcns show that in dividing the species he had originally formed upon both, he placed the
Helmia under B. sativa, and the broad-fruited one under B. bulbifera. The figure in the
' Hortus Cliflfortianus,' which must be taken as the original of B. sativa, is a very good repre-
sentation of our plant. That in. the Hort. Malab. viii. t. 51, is probably a different species,
nearer to B. deltoidea, Wall.

Order CXVI. LILIACE^.

Flowers usually regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth inferior,
petal-like, with 6 divisions or teeth. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the
segments or in the tube (or very rarely 3 of the stamens or of the perianth-
segments are wanting). Ovary free, 3-celled (very rarely incompletely so), with
several ovules or one only in each cell. Style single, with an entire or 3-lobed
stigma, or rarely 3 sessile stigmas. Pmit a beny or capsule. Embryo im-
mersed in a fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs, with a creeping bulbous or
clustered root-stock, and either radical leaves and peduncles, or annual, biennial,
or rarely perennial leafy stems.

A large Order, distributed over nearly every part of the globe.

Flowers dirocious (small). Stems branched. Fruit a berry.

Leaves flat, with digitate nerves and reticulate veins. Stems climbing.

Flowers in umbels 1. Smilax.

Leaves subulate or vertical, usually clustered in the axil of a scale.

Flowers chistered or racemose 2. Asparagus.

Liliacers.] liliace.t:. 360

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leafy stem sim])le or none.
Stock not bulbous. Stem leafy at the base only.
Fruit a berry. (Flowers pale-blue or greenish.)

Flowers in a raceme. Filaments slender 3. Ophiopogox.

Flowers paniculate. Filaments thickened under the anther . . 4. Dianella.
Fruit a ca])sule.

Flowers blue, in a terminal umbel. Inner segments very thin

aud involute ou the edges 5. Ti£YSanotus.

Flowers small, white, distant in a raceme or panicle. Cai)sule

acutely angled or 3-lobed G. Antfiericum.

Stock bulbous.

Leaves and scape radical. Flowers small, racemose 7. Scilla.

Stem leafy. Flowers 1 or few, very large 8. Lilum.

I. SMIL AX, Linn.

(Coprosmanthus, Kiiuth.)

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spreading- segments, all equal, or the
3 outer larger, or the 3 outer united, and the 3 inner wanting. ISIale flower.s :
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments, or rarely 3, free or nionadcl-
phous. Female flowers : Stamens rudimentary. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 or 2
erect ovules in each cell. Stigmas 3, sessile, distinct, or shortly united. Fmit
a globular berry. Embryo minute, remote from the hilum. — Climbers. Leaves
with digitate nerves and reticulate veins, usually coriaceous and shining ; the
petioles usually bearing 2 simple tendrils, and oi'ten winged below tlie tendrils.
Flowers small, usually white, in sessile or peduncidate axiUary umbels, often
forming terminal panicles.

A large genus, dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe.

Perianth-segments 6, in 2 series. Stamens 6, free.

Leaves glaucous or white underneath. Filaments shorter than
the anthers.
Outer perianth-segments broadly obcordate. Female umbels

many-flowered. Leaves acuminate L S. glabra.

Outer perianth-segments ovate. Female umbels few-flowered.

Leaves not acuminate 2. S. hypoglauca.

Leaves green on both sides. Filaments longer than the anthers.

Umbels solitary, in the axils of full-grown leaves .... 3. .S. lancecpfolia.
Umbels solitary, in the axil of the lowest leaf of the young

shoots . . ' 4. -S'. ferox.

Umbels in axillary panicles. I<eaves large 5. 5. ovalifoUa.

Perianth oblong, 3-toothed. Stamens 3, monadelphous ....&. S. Gavdichandiana.

1. S. glabra, Uoxh. FL hid. iii. 792; Knntli, Enum. v. 162; Seem.
Bot. Her. t. 100. Unarmed. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long,
coriaceous, green and shining above, 3- or 5-nerved, glaucous or white under-
neath, the old ones rarely green on both sides. Umbels axillary, solitary,
sessile or shortly peduncuhite, without scales at the base of the peduncle.
Flowers numerous both in the males and females. Buds 3-lobed ; the outer
segments being short, thick, fleshy, very broadly obcordate, concave in tlie
centre ; the inner segments very much smaller, orbicular. Anthers short,
sessile or nearly so.

Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, Ilance. Also in Khasia.

2. S. hypoglauca, Benth., n. sp. Unarmed. Leaves oblong or lan-

2 B

370 LiLiACE.^. [Smilax.

ceolate, rarely almost ovate, green above and white underneath, as in S. glabra,
but obtuse or with a very short callous point. Male inflorescence as in 8. glabra.
Elower-buds ovoid, about 1 line long ; the outer segments ovate, concave,
rather obtuse ; the inner shorter and lanceolate. Anthers shorter than the
perianth, on thick filaments almost as long as themselves. Female flowers
very few in the umbel, larger than the males ; outer segments broadly ovate,
obtuse ; inner ones as large, with a minute point. Berry rather larger than in
S. glabra.

Abundant in the Happy Valley woods, Ilance, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere. It is allied to S. glycTjiihijUa, Sm., from Australia, hut distinct in inflo-
rescence and some other characters.

3. S. lancesefolia, lioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 792; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 99.
Unarmed (or rarely with a few short recurved prickles). Leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, lanceolate or oval-oblong, usually shortly acuminate with a callous tip,
3 or 4 in. long, 3- or 5-nerved, green and shining on both sides. Umbels
solitary in the axils of full-grown leaves, on short peduncles issuing from
2 or 3 thick concave often united scales. Perianth fidl 2 lines long, cylin-
drical when in bud ; segments narrow-oblong, all six nearly equal. Filaments
as long as tlie perianth. Anthers small. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.

Hongkong, Sefima,m,Hance ; common in ravines, Wilford. In the east frontier of India
{Roxburgh). The S. o.rgphyUa, Wall. ; Kunth, Enum. v. 238, a common Sikkim and Khasia
plant, may be only a variety differing in its usually prickly stem, less coriaceous leaves, and
smaller flowers. Both belong to the biovulate group [Coprosmanthns, Kunth).

4. S. ferox, Wall.; Kunth, Enum. v. 251. Stems prickly or rarely un-
armed. Leaves when fidl grown oval, obovate, or almost orbicidar, about 2 in.
long, coriaceous and shining; when young often much narrower and more
acute at both ends. Umbels pedunculate, solitaiy in the lowest axil of each
young shoot, or rarely in the 2 lowest axils, without scales at the base of the
peduncle, although there is always one at the base of the shoot. Perianth,
stamens, and biovulate cells of the ovary as in S. lanceafolia. — Copromiantlius
japonicus, Kunth, Enum. v. 268 ?

Hongkong, Harland, Ilance ; in ravines, Wilford. In Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim, near
Amoy, and perhaps in Japan.

5. S. ovalifolia, Roxb. Tl. In J. iii. 794; WigJd, Ic. t. 809. Stems
stout, prickly, climbing to a great height. Leaves from nearly orbicular to
ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 8 in. long, 5- or 7-nerved. Umbels pedunculate,
several together in axillary racemes or panicles. Perianth about 2 lines long,
with narrow lobes. Filaments rather longer than the linear anthers. Ovary
globular, witli 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles shortly united at tlie
base. — S. macrophylla, Eoxb., FL Ind. iii. 793, and 8. prolifera, Eoxb. 1. c.
795.

Hongkong, Ilance, judging from a single specimen without flowers, w^hich is probably
correctly ascribed to this species by Seemann. The specimens I describe are fi"om India,
where it is widely diffused from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Kumaon, Sikkim, and Burmah.

6. S. Gaudichaudiana^ Kmdli, Enum. v. 252. Unarmed. Leaves
broadly ovate-cordate or almost orbicular, 5-, 7-, or 9-nei'ved, 1^ to 3 in. long,
gTcen on both sides and rather thin. Umbels solitary, on simple axillary
somewhat flattened peduncles of ^ to | in., without scales at the base.
Perianth about 2 lines long, oblong, minutely 3 -toothed. Stamens shorter,

Smilax.l liliace.e. 37I

tlie filaments united in a column with 3 sessile anthers, the inner periantli-
segments and inner stamens entirely deficient. Female flowers not seen.
Berry 1- or 2-seeded. — S. Jiongkongensis, Seem. Bot. Her. 420.
Won^iong, Hance, Wn(jht,Seemaiin. S. Cliiua [Gaudichaud).

2. ASPARAGUS, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 distinct nearly equal spreading segments,
Stamens 6, free. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 o\ules in each cell. Style sino-le.
with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a transverse
embryo. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect or with half-clind)ing branches.
Leaves usually clustered, subulate or laterally flattened (theoretically described
as abortive pedicels), surrounded by short scarious scales (theoretically consi-
dered to be leaves or bracts). Flowers small, axillary, solitary, clustered or
racemose.

A cousiderable genus extending over the tropical and temperate regions of the Old "World.

1. A. luciduSy Lliidl. ; Kimth,Enmn. v. 71. Stems straggling or half-
climbing, much branched, attaining 2 or even 3 ft., veiy smooth and shining,
with short frequently reflexed prickles under most of t:he branches. Leaves
usually in threes, flat, linear, much falcate, almost pungent, not | in. long in
some specimens, above 1 in. in others. Flowers usually 2 or 3 together or
sometimes solitary, on pedicels of ^ to 1 1 lines. Perianth scarcely more than
1 line long. — A. falcaim, Benth. in Lond. Journ.i. 493; Seeni. Bot. Her.
421 ; not of Linnseus.

Common in the island, Hinds, Champion, and others. In S. China, Loochoo, and Japan.
Very near to the true A.falcaius, Linn., a Ceylon species, represented by 13urmann with
leaves twice as long and more numerous in the clusters, and pedicels 2 or 3 times as long as
in A. lucidus. Hance suggests that our ])!ant may be the Ihdanthiuhi cochitichinense.
Lour. Fl. Coch. 216. The description agrees well, except that the fruit is stated to be cap-
sular. Our specimens are indeed not in fruit, but there is every reason to believe it to be a
ben-y, as in all other Asparagi.

3. OPHIOPOGOTQ", Ker.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stamens
6, free, inserted at their base ; filaments short. Ovary attached by a broad
base (or half- inferior), 3-celled, with 2 or few ovules in each cell. Fruit a
globular berry, 1- or few-seeded. — Rhizome creeping. Leaves radical, linear,
parallel-veined. Flowers small, usuall\ blue, clustered, in a simple raceme
on a leafless scape.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.

1. O. spicatus, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 593 ; Kiinth, Bnnm. v. 299. Leaves
tufted, on a short tiiick horizontal rhizome, 1 to 2 ft. long, grass-like, but
stiff. Scapes from 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers blue, in clusters of 3 to 6 in
the axil of a scarious bract and surrounded by several smaller bracts, forming
a rather dense narrow raceme of 2 to 4 in. Pedicels 1 to 1 3- lines. Perianth-
segments usually about 2 lines long, but vaiying in size. Ovary inserted on
a broad base, biit Avholly superior. Style undivided. Berry blue, usually 1-
seeded. — 0. gracilis, Kunth, Enum. v. 298.

2 B 2

373 LiLiACEiE. [OpUopogon.

In grassy places, Hance, Champion, Wright. On tlie adjacent continent, in the Philip-
pine islands, and in Loochoo. Ai'ter carefully comparing the original garden specimens of
0. spicatus with the smaller Chinese ones of 0. gracilis, I can find no definite distinction
even in the size of the flowers. I always find the style undivided in both.

4. DIANELLA, Lam.

Peiianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stamens 6, inserted at tbeir base ;
filaments short, thickened under the erect anther. Ovary 3-celled, with se-
veral ovules in each cell. Style filiform ; stigma entire. Fruit a beny. Seeds
flat. Embryo small. — Herbs, with a short rhizome, and stems leafy at least at
the base. Leaves long and narrow, parallel-veined. Flowers usually blue,
pendulous, in terminal panicles.

A small tropical Asiatic or Australian genus, with one species from tropical America.

1. D. ensifolia. Red. ; Kunth, Enum. v. 50 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1404. Leaves
bifarious almost as in IrldecB on the short base of the stem, erect, stiff, above
1 ft. long and 6 to 9 lines broad. Peduncle as long as the leaves, with 2 or
3 sheathing scales, and a terminal panicle of 2 to 4 in. ; the branches few and
short, simply racemose or forked. Perianth greenish-white or pale blue, the
segments lanceolate, 5 -nerved, about 5 lines long. Berry purple. — D. odorata,
Blume; Kunth, Enum. v. 51.

Common in grassy yjlaces on the hillsides. Champion and others. In the IManritius, Su-
matra, Java, the Philippines, Khasia, S. China, and Loochoo, and frequently cultivated in
India. The Chinese and Khasia specimens are usually almost or quite without the minute
serratures which are supposed to distinguish the leaves of the true D. ensifolia ; but occa-
sionally leaves may be found having them ahnost as marked as those of the Mauritius
specimens.

5. THYSANOTUS, Br.

Perianth of 6 spreading segments, 3 -nerved in the centre ; the 3 outer with
thin flat edges, the 3 inner ones very delicate and rolled inwards in the bud
or ciliate on the edge. Stamens 6, inserted at their base ; filaments flat ; an-
thers erect, the 3 inner longer. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules attached to the
centre of each cell. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds (when both ripen) 1 erect, the
other pendulous in each cell ; testa black, funiculus thick and fleshy. Embryo
cui-ved. — Phizome perennial, with fibrous or tuberous roots. Leaves almost
radical, usually narrow-linear or subulate. Flowers blue, in a raceme or panicle
sometimes contracted into an umbel on a leafless scape or peduncle.

A genus entirely Australian, except the following species.

1. T. chinensis, Benth.,n. sp. Phizome short. Leaves radical, linear-
subulate, erect and stift', 6 to 8 in. long. Scape as long, with a terminal um-
bel of 6 to 10 flowers. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, short and scale-like, with
white edges. Pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, recm'ved after flowering. Perianth-
segments near 4 lines long, the inner ones with broad veiy delicate involute
edges, but without the fringe of the Australian species. Capsule ovoid, often
with only 1 seed in each cell, but always occupying either the upper or the
lower half only.

Hongkong, i7«;?c^. I describe this from a specimen gathered on the continent of S.
China by the Rev. Dr. Krone, and transmitted to me by Dr. Hance as having been also found
by himself in Hongkong. It too closely resembles the T. chrysantherus, F. MiilL, from

Thysanotus.'] liliace.f. 373

N. Australia, in foliage, inflorescence, flowers, and fruit, to be geuericall)' bcparatcd on ac-
count of the want of the fringe to the petals.

6. ANTHERICUM, Linn.

(Phalangium, Jkss., and Chlorophytum, Ker.)

Periauth-segments 6, spreading-, nearly equal, persistent. Stamens 6, in-
serted at their base ; filaments filiform, not liairy ; anthers versatile. Ovary
3-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Style filiform ; stigma entire.
Capsule 3-valved, usually prominently 3-angled or 3-lobed. Seeds few, black.
• — Khizome short, thick, with fasciculate roots. Leaves radical or nearly so,
linear. Flowering stems leafless, erect, often branched. Flowers white or
greenish, solitary or clustered.

A small genus widely dispersed over both the New and the Old World.
1. A, parviflorum, Benth. Leaves distichous as in Iridecs, crowded
in a flat tuft, linear, falcate or ciu'ved, 4 to 8 in. long. Scapes arising from
amongst the leaves, usually shorter than them, slender but still", with 1 to 3
branches. Flowers distant, soKtary or 2 together under each bract, on slender
pedicels of 1 to 2 lines, at first erect, then recurved. Perianth about 1 line
long. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovaiy. Capsule near 2 lines long and 3
broad, with 3 acute angles or lobes. — Phalangium parviforum, Wight, Ic. t.
2039. Ph.falcatum, AVaU. CataL n. 5057.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In Ceylon and the Indian peninsula, and in Borneo. This
species has more the characters of Chlorophyton than of Fhalanf/ii(m, but the two appear to
me to run too much into one another to remain separate; and if the old Linufcan name Anthe-
ricum be not retained for the group so fonned, it becomes entirely suppressed. The few
species retained by Kunth under that name are all doubtful, and none of them Linnscan.

7. SCILLA, Linn.
(Barnardia, Lindl., and Ledebouria, Roth.)

Perianth-segments 6, nearly equal, free or nearly so, spreading or forming
a bell-shaped or tubular flower. Stamens 6, inserted below the middle or at
the base of the segments. Ovary with 1, 2, or several ondes in eacii cell.
Stigma entire or nearly so. Seeds few, black, oblong or globular. — Ikdbous
herbs. Leaves radical, parallel-veined. Flowers pink or blue, in a simple
raceme on a leafless scape.

A considerable genus, ranging over the northern hemisphere in the Old World, with a few
species from western S. America.

1. S. chinensis, Benth. Leaves naiTOw-linear, fi to 8 in. long. Scape
1 to li ft. high. Flowers small, pink, in a raceme of 1| to 3 in. l^racts
small, linear. Pedicels 1 to 3 lines long. Perianth-segments oblong, s})read-
ing, 1 to 1^ lines long. Filaments flattened at the base, tai)ering to a point.
Ovary nearly globular, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. — Barnardia scil-
loides, Lindi. Bot. Reg. t. 1029 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3788.

At Chuckchew, Champion. On the adjacent continent, and a somewhat broader-leaved
variety in Loochoo. The htibit and essential characters are entirely those of the uniovulate
*S' iiarciflora, Desf., from Algeria, or of the biovulate S. autimnalis, L., from the Mcdilcr-
rauean region ; both of them pink-flowered. Other biovulate species (including L-dffiouria
hyacinthina, Roth ; Wight, Ic. t. 2040, which appears to be the same as Barnardia indica'

374 LiLiACEiE. [Scilla.

Wio-ht, Tc. t. 2041) have blue flowers, and pass gradually into the more commou several-
oviilate species. Hooker and Arnott referred Orniiliogalatn sinense. Lour., to the 6'. chiuensis,
hut it is surely different, if correctly described as having the perianth- segments not divided
to the base and the bracts spathaeeous.

8. LILIUM, Linn.

Periantli-seo-ments <listinct, narrowed and erect at the base, spreading or
recniTed at tlie top. Stamens 6, inserted at their base. Anthers linear.
Ovary 3-celled, with numerous horizontal ovides. Style elongated ; stigma
3-angled or 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds horizontal, winged. — Tall
herbs, with scaly bulbs and simple leafy stems. Mowers few, large, terminal.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the teuiperate regions of the northern hemisphere or
the mountainous districts of tropical Asia.

1. Li. longiflorum, Tlumh. ; Knntli, Envm. iv. 266; Bot. Beg. t. 560.
Steins 2 ft. high or more. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long ; the upper
ones smaller. Flowers white, solitaiy, or 2 or 3 on short pedicels, nodding,
full 5 in. long, narrow-eampanulate and much contracted below the middle.

On the sides of hills amongst grass. Champion, Hance, and on the Chinese continent.

Order CXVIL PONTEDEHACE^.

Flowers usually in-egidar, hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, petal-like, of
6 segments or lobes, in 2 series. Stamens 6 or 3, often dissimilar. Ovaiy
3-celled or with 3 projecting parietal placentas, with 1 or more ovules to each
cell or placenta. Style single, with a 3-lobed or 6-toothed stigma. Fruit
capsular, superior, but sometimes enclosed in the persistent tube of the peri-
anth. Seeds albuminous, Avith a slender embryo. — Aquatic herbs. Leaves
usually petiolate, parallel-veined. Flowers usually blue or wdiite, in spikes
or racemes proceeding from the sheath of the last leaf (or sometimes of the
only leaf of the scape), usually with 1 or 2 sheathing bracts at the base of the
peduncle.

A small Order, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, or in N.
America extending into more temperate districts.

1. MONOCHOBIA, Presl.

Perianth nearly regular, divided to the base into 6 spreading segments.
Stamens 6, unequal, 1 usually larger, with a small tooth or spur on the fila-
ment. OWes numerous in each cell of the ovary. Capsule free, 3-valved,
many-seeded. — Leaves radical, on long petioles. Scapes with 1 petiolate leaf,
the short raceme in its axil appearing to proceed from the middle of the pe-
tiole. Flowers few.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Leaves ovate-cordate. Flowers 6 to 12 1. M. vaginalis.

Leaves lanceolate. Flowers 1 to 3 2. M. plantaginea.

1. M. vaginalis, Pri-^Z; A""ww^//,^/^?<;;^iv. 134. Leaves and scapes form-
ing dense tufts from a creeping rhizome. Petioles long, hollow, sheathing at the
base. Leaves cordate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to near 2 in" broad.

MonocJioria.'] po^^tedeuace.e. 375

Racemes appearing to proceed from the side of a petiole, 1 to 2 in. long, erect
at first, afterwards reflexed, bearing 6 to 12 blue flowers. Perianth-segments
abont 5 lines long, the outer ones oblong, the inner obovate. — Poutederia va-
ffinalis, Eoxb. PI. Corom. t. 110.

In a ditch in the Happy Valley, IVilford. Commou in India and the Archipelago.

2. M. plantaginea, Kmith, Enuni. iv. 135. An annual, much smaller
than the last. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely cordate, 1 to 1| in. long. Eacemes
loosely 1- to 3 -flowered or very rarely 4 -flowered. Plowers deep blue, rather
smaller than in M. vaginalis, the inner segments rather narrower than the
outer.

Hongkong, Wright. Common in India and the Archipelago, extending northward to
Amoy.

Order CXVIII. COMMBLYNACEiE.

Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, usually slightly iiTcgular.
Perianth of 3 outer (sepals) thin but calyx-like segments, rarely united at the
base, and 3 inner (petals) very delicate petal-like segments or lobes. Stamens
6, or fewer by abortion. Anthers 2 -celled, or some deformed or barren. Ovary
3 -celled or rarely 2 -celled, with 1, 2, or more ovules in each ceU. Style sim-
ple, with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule, or rarely indehiscent.
Seeds peltate or angular, the testa usually Avi'inkled. Embryo small, partly
sunk in a cavity in the apex or side of the fleshy albumen. — Herbs, often
creeping at the base. Leaves parallel-veined, with sheathing petioles. Flowers
usually blue, pui-ple, or white, in panicles, umbels, or clusters, either terminal
or issuing from the leaf-sheaths.

A considerable Order, chiefly tropical or subtropical, common to the New and the Old
World.

Stamens 6 or 4, of which one half differently shaped and barren. Ovaiy
3-celled.

Flowers few, enclosed in a folded cordate or peltate-tm'binate oblique

bract or spatha. Capsule 2-valved 1. Commelyna.

Flowers paniculate. Bracts small. Capsule 3-valved 2. Aneileaia.

Stamens 6. Anthers all with 2 parallel cells.

Perianth-segments free. Bracts small.

Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the cells 1 -ovulate 3. Floscopa.

Ovary 3-celled. Ovules numerous. Fruit globular, indehiscent . 4. Pollia.

Periantii-segments united in 2 series. Bracts usually falcate, en-
closing the flower 5. Cyanotis.

1. COMMELYNA, Linn.

Perianth irregular, 2 sepals larger than the third, and one petal differently
shaped or more sessile than the 2 others. Stamens 6 or rarely fewer, of which
3 fertile, one of them larger than the others, 3 barren, with deformed anthers.
Ovaiy with 1 uniovidate and 2 biovulate cells. Capsule 2-valved. — Flowers
few, on 2 peduncles enclosed in a folded cordate or peltate-turbinate oblique
bract or spatha, which is usually pedunculate from a split leaf-sheath opposite
the blade.

A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old ^Vorld.

376 COMMELYNACE^E. \Commdyna.

Spatha cordate, folded, falcate, glabrous.

Spalha acuminate. Sessile petal very broad \. C. salicifolia.

Spatha scarcely acuminate. Sessile petal ovate or lanceolate . . 2. C. communis.
Spatha turbinate* peltate (a flattened inverted oblique or falcate cone,

open at the top only), pubescent 3. C. henghalensis.

1. C. salicifolia, Hoxh. Fl. hid. i. 172; Kuntli, Ennm. iv. 39. Stems
creeping at the base, branching and ascending to 1 ft. or more, the whole plant
glabrous. Leaves usually lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, or the lower ones small
and ovate, the sheaths ciliate on the edge. Bracts cordate, folded, much fal-
cate, usually acuminate. Lower peduncle usually 1 -flowered, the upper one
short, about 3-flowered. Petals nearly orbicular, 2-clawed, the third nearly
sessile. Sterile anthers with distinct orange-coloured cells spurred at the base ;
fertile ones parallel-celled, one much larger. — C. caspitosa, Koxb, Fl, Ind. i.
17J^ ? C. ochreata, Schauer in PL Meyen. 447.

Hongkono;, Wright. Common in India and in the Archipelago. Wilford gathered a
variety in which the lower peduncle in each spatha appears to be constantly without tlowers,
which would remove it to another section of Kunth's, but I can find no other difference in
the specimens.

2. C. communis, Linn. ; Kimth, Emim. iv. 36. Very near the last,
but the leaves are usually shorter and less acuminate, their sheaths shorter and
scarcely ciliate, the spathas also shorter and rather acute than acuminate, the
flowers rather smaller, 2 of the petals have longer claws, and the sessile one is
ovate or lanceolate, not nearly so broad as the others.

Hongkong, Hance ? A common species in India and the Archipelago, to which I believe
Hauce's specimen has been correctly referred, although I have been unable to examine any
flower.

3. C. benghalensis, Linn.; KimtJi, Emm.iv. 50; TFigM,Ic. t. 2065.
A creeping pale-green perennial, more or less hairy or pubescent, especially on
the bracts. Leaves usually ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, more rarely lanceolate and
longer, the sheaths and petioles ciliate. Spathas opposite the upper leaves,
or 2 to 4 together above them, Avith the subtending leaves reduced to short
sheaths, broadly turbinate and compressed, the margins united, so as to form
an inverted cone open at the top, and oblique or somewhat falcate. Lower
peduncle longer than the spatha, with 1 male flower, upper one shorter, with
2 or 3 hermaphrodite flowers. — C. canescens, Vahl ; C. Blamei, Dietr, ; C. mol-
lis, Jacq., and perhaps some others of Kunth, Enum. iv. 49 to 52.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa, and America,
although apparently not so common in India as the two last species.

2. ANEILEMA, Br.
Flowers nearly regular. Perianth-segments free. Stamens 6 or 4, of
which 3 or 2 have diff"erently shaped barren anthers. Ovary 3-celled, with 2
to 5 ovules in each cell. Capside 3-valved.— Flowers usua'lly small, in ter-
minal panicles. Bracts small.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old World.

1. _A. nudiflorum, Br. ; Kunth, Ennm. iv. 66. A slender diffuse or
creeping glabrous annual (perhai)s occasionally forming biennial tufts) ascend-
ing to 6 in. or rather more. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, with short

Anellema.'] commelynace^. 377

loose ciliate slieaths. Panicle of few irregular slender brandies, each bearino-
a short raceme of 3 to 10 small flowers. Stamens 2 fertile and 2 small and
baiTen. Filaments hairy. Capsule about ]| lines long, with 2 seeds in each
cell. — J. dehile, Wall. Catal. n. 5215. A. diandrum. Ham. in Wall. Catal.
n. 5210. A. compressinn, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 138.

Common in marshy places about Victoria, Wllford. "Widely spread over India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending to Australia, and northward to Loo-
choo. The 3 ovules in each cell seen by Dalzell must have been in an accidentally abnormal
flower. I tind 2 only in his own specimens.

Var. ? rigidior. More tufted at the base, taller and stiffcr. Leaves longer, sometimes
pubescent underneath and on the sheaths. Flowers rather larger.

Hongkong, Wright.

3. FLOSCOPA, Lour.

(Dithyrocarpus, Kunth.)

Mowers nearly regular. Perianth-segments free, one petal usually narrower.
Stamens 6, all fertile. Ovary contracted at tlie base or stalked, 2-celled, with
1 ovule in each ceU. Capsule flattened, didymous, 2-valved. Seed laterally
attached by the broad truncate base. — Erect or ascending herbs, usually creep-
ing at the base. Flowers small, in terminal panicles. JBracts small.

A small tropical gemis, common to the New and the Old World.

1. F. paniculata, Hassk. ; Miq. FL Ned. Lid. iii. 5-12. Stems ascend-
ing to 1 or 2 ft., usually glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, scabrous on the upper side ; the sheath fringed with
long hairs, at least at the top. Flowers small, in a dense terminal ovate hir-
sute panicle 1|- to 2 in. long, sometimes leafy at the base ; the branches sim-
ple or the lower ones forked. Sepals very hairy, 1 line long or rather more.
Petals bright blue, scarcely longer. Stamens exserted. — F. rufa, Hassk.,
with the synonyms quoted by Miq. FL Ned. Ind. iii. 542. Tradescantia
paniculata, Roxb. PI. Corom. t. 109. Dithyrocarpus capensis, D. Meyenia7ins,
B. paniculatus, and B. rvfus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 78 and 79. B. petiolutus, B.
Rothii, and B. undulatus, Wight, Ic. t. 2079 and 2080. Aneilema kispidum,
Don.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 70; and probably also Floscopa scandeus, Lour. Fl.
Cochinch. 193 ; and Bithyrocarpus Jiirsutns, Kunth, Enum. iv. 77.

Hongkong, Harland. Widely ditfused over India, from the Peninsula to the Himalaya,
the Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago, and northward to the Philip])incs and S. China.
Also in S. Africa and Brazil, for I cau discover no ditference whatever bctweeu specimens
from thence and the Indian ones.

4. POLLIA, Thunb.
(Aclisia, E. Mey.)

Flowers nearly regular. Perianth-segments free, one petal rather narrower.
Stamens 6 ; anthers all with 2 parallel cells, but 3 usually barren. Ovarv 3-
celled, Avith numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit globular, slightly succulent,
indehiscent, shining and brittle when dry. Seeds angular. — Stems ascending
or erect. Leaves large. Flowers in terminal })anicles. Bracts small.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.

1. P. sorzogonensis, Endl. ; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. iii. 5^1: Glabrous or

378 COMMELYNACE^. [PolUa.

slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, 4
to "6 in. long in the Hongkong specimens, 8 or 9 in. in some Javanese ones,
narrowed into a rather loiig petiole above the sheath. Panicle pedunculate,
ovate or oblong, 2 or 3 in. long, usually pubescent. Sepals nearly orbicular,
about li lines long. Petals smaller. ' Pruit 3 or 4 lines Ai^meiex. —Aclma
sorzogonensis, E. Mey. in Eel. H^nk. i. 138, t. 24. Anilema didymum, Seem.
Bot. Her. 422, not of Hamilt.

Hongkong, Ha7ice, Wright. Also in the Philippines and Java. The true A. didymum.
Ham., is an'allied species of Follia from Khasia, with the leaves sessile or nearly so, larger
more persistent sepals, etc.

5. CYAT^OTIS, Don.
Plowers reg-ular. Sepals united at the base. Petals united more or less
by their claws in a 3-lobed corolla. Stamens 6 ; tilaments bearded towards
the top; anthers uniform. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell attached to its
centre. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds, one erect, the other pendulous. — Creeping
or ascending herbs. Flowers in short dense spikes or clusters, either within
the leaf-sheaths, or pedunculate and surrounded by imbricate falcate bracts.
A small Asiatic or African genus, chiefly tropical.

Leaves linear. Flowers few, within the leaf-sheaths \. C. axillaris.

Leaves lanceolate, often white-woolly. Flower-spikes hracteate, in ter-
minal or lateral clusters . . * 2. C.fasciculata.

1. C. axillaris, Bcem. and Sch. ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 105. A glabrous
annual with long creeping branches. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2 to
4 in. long. Plowers 2 or 3 together, nearly sessile within the short loose leaf-
sheaths. Sepals about 2 lines long, divided nearly to the base. Corolla deep
blue, the tube longer than the sepals, the lobes ovate. Pilaments thickened
above a dense tuft of articidate hairs.

Hongkong, Bance. Common in wet fields in Lidia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago.

2. C. fasciculata, Hoem. and Sch. ; Kunth, Enuni. iv. 104 ; TFighf, Ic.
^.2086. A perennial, ascending to about 1 ft., more or less clothed with a
white loose wool, which readily wears oft". Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long.
Plowers blue, in little heads or short spikes, 2 or 3 together, unequally pe-
dunculate or nearly sessile, terminal or in the upper axils, and each head sur-
rounded by 8 to 10 lanceolate much falcate imbricate bracts, the lower 5 or
6 lines long, the others gradually smaller, filameuts white-woolly below the
anthers.^ — C. lanata, Benth. in Hook. Nig. PI. 542.

Hongkong, Harland. In Nepal, the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, and tropical Africa.

Order CXIX. XYEIDACE^.

Plowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Perianth of 3 outer segments,
one of which nmch larger, more jjetal-like, and within the others, or reduced
to that one only, and 3 or 2 inner petal-like segments sometimes united into
1. Stamens 3, either all bearing anthers or 2 barren and petal-like, inserted
at the base of the inner perianth. Ovary with 3 parietal placentae, sometimes
meeting or even united in the centre. Ovules numerous. Capsule 3-valved.

Xyridacece.'] xyridace.e. 379

Seeds numerous, very small, albuminous. — Erect stiff herbs. Leaves radical
or disticlious and equitant, narrow and erect. Mowers yellow, in terminal
heads or in interrupted spikes.

A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.

rioAvers in short terminal heads. Perianth double, each of 3 segments

or lobes 1. Xyris.

Flowers in a long interrupted s])ike. Perianth of 2 broad petal-like seg-
ments 2. Philvdrum.

1. XYHIS, Linn.

Perianth of 2 lateral outer segments (bracts ?) keeled and compressed, a
tliii'd broader and more petal-like, enveloping the 3 inner petal-like segments
or lobes. Stamens 3, fertile, opposite the inner segments, and sometimes 3
sterile penicillate filaments between them. Placentas parietal. — Paish-like
herbs. Leaves equitant, radical or nearly so, excepting one (sometimes re-
duced to a sheath) sheathing the base of the otherwise leafless scape. Flowers
yellow, in small dense terminal heads, with coriaceous imbricated glume-like
bracts or scales.

A genus of several species, distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the
New and the Old World.

Scales of the flower-head very broad, with a lighter-coloured margin.

Leaves denticulate (under a lens) 1. X. pauciflora.

Scales of a uniform brown. Leaves quite entire 2. X. schwnoides.

1. 2C pauciflora, JFilld. ; Kmith, Enum.iY.ll, Leaves naiTOw, grass-
like, acute, 2 to 4 in. long, minutely denticulate, when seen under a lens.
Scape 4 in. to 1 ft. long. Flower-head broadly ovoid -globular, about 4 lines
diameter. Scales veiy broad, dark and shining in the centre, with a broad
thinner and lighter-coloured margin. Perianth-segments 2 outer narrow and
acute, the keel winged ; the third broad, but Avith a rather stiff and prominent
midrib. Inner perianth 3-lobed, with an anther almost sessile at the base
of each. Sterile stamens none or veiy minute.

In marshes and swamps, Hunce, Wright, WiJford. In India, from Ceylon and the Pen-
insula to Khasia, Sikkim, and the Malayan Peninsula. In Australia and the Philippines,
and probably all over the Ai'chipelago.

2. X. sclioenoides. Mart.; Kiinth, Enurn. iv. 16. Leaves naiTow and
acute, usually 2 or 3 in. long, but without the minute denticulation of the last
species. Scapes usually above a foot long and slender. Flower-heads usually
smaller and more ovoid than in X panc'ijiora, the scales of a more luiiform
brown. Lateral outer perianth-segments more obtuse, the third very broad
and thin, completely enclosing the inner perianth. Anthers larger, and the
penicillate sterile stamens more conspicuous.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In various parts of India.

2. PHILYDRUM, Banks.

Perianth of 2 nearly equal petal-like segments (the 2 outer wanting, and
the 3 inner united into one). Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the inner
segment ; filaments dilated, the middle one bearing an anther, tJie 2 lateral

380 XYRiDACE.E. [PhUydrum.

broader and more petal-like, visually without anthers. Placentas parietal, but
projecting to the centre of the cavity and 2-lobed.

A genus now limited to a single species.

1. P. lanuginosum. Banks ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 380; Guillem. Ic. PL
Amtral. t. 5 ; Bot. Mag. t. 783. Stems leafy, about 2 ft, high, with more
or less of a loose white wool, wearing away with age. Lower leaves nearly 1
ft. long, equitant at the base, upper ones passing into short lanceolate sheath-
ing bracts. "Flowers yellow, sessile, and solitary or in pairs in the sheaths
of distant bracts. Perianth-segments hairy, about \ in. long. Capsule about
as long.

In marshes at Saywan, Chamjuon, Hance, Wright. Also in Australia.

Order CXX. JUNCACE^.

Perianth regular, dry and calyx-like, of 6 free segments. Stamens 6 or
rarely 3 only, inserted at their base. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules
in each cell, or 1 -celled, with 3 or more ovules. Styles usually 3. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds albuminous, with a very small embryo. — Herbs usually stiff,
with narrow sometimes cylindrical and stem-like leaves, and small herbaceous
flowers in terminal or apparently lateral clusters or panicles.

A small family, abundantly spread over all parts of the globe.

1. JUNCUS, Linn.

Ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Leaves usually cylindrical, at least
in the upper portion ; the other characters and geographical range those of
the Order.

1. J. Leschenaultii, /. Gay; KuntJi, Enum.m.2>2>^^. A tufted annual,
from 2 or 3 in. to near 1 ft. high. Leaves sheathing below, cylindrical up-
wards, 1 to 3 in. long, slightly divided inside by cross partitions of pith, giv-
ing them a jointed appearance. Flowers in little clusters of fioni 3 or 4 to 8
or 10, in a more or less compound terminal panicle Avith a small leaf-like bract
at its base. Perianth-segments 1^ to 2 lines long, narrow, very acute. Stamens
usually 3. Capsule narrow, pointed, full 2 lines long. — /. sinensis, J. Gay;
Kunth, Enum, iii. 336.

Hongkong, Wright ; in a ditch in the Happy Valley, Wiiford. Common in India. It
is chiefly distinguished from the Em-opean ./. articulatus by the much longer perianth-seg-
ments and capsules. The smaller specimens have almost the habit of J. bufonius, a cosmo-
politan species, which I have reason to believe may also be Ibund in Hongkong. It is a
small animal, readily known by the leaves not jointed and its flowers mostly solitary or rarely
2 together.

Order CXXI. RESTIACEiE.

Plowers unisexual. Perianth dry and glume-like or very thin and trans-
parent, of 6 or rarely 4 segments in 2 series, the inner ones sometimes united
at the base. Male flowers : Stamens 6, 4, 3, or 2, usually inserted on the
perianth-segments or at the summit of the tube. Female flowers : Ovary 1-

Restlacea^ EESTiACEiK. 381

to 3-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, simple
or 3-lobed. Fmit a capsule or a 1-seeded nut. Embryo lenticular on the
outside of the albumen, remote from the hilum. — Her1)s, usually stiff. Leaves
narrow, parallel-veined, the sheaths split lengthwise. FloAvering scapes or
peduncles usually with 1 or more sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal heads
or spikes, rarely paniculate.

A considerable Order, widely distributed over a great part of the globe ; most abuudant in
S. Afi-ica or Australia, aud one genus \\4thiu the tropics, but almost absent from Europe or
northern Asia.

1. ERIOCAULOW, Linn.

Flowers sessile, in androgynous or rarely dioecious heads, with imbricated
bracts 1 under each flower, and a few outer ones empty. Male flowers : Peri-
anth of 6 or 4 segments ; the outer free or united, inner ones united at the
base into a solid stalk. Anthers 2-celled Female floAvers : Perianth-segments
all distinct or the inner shortly united. Style single, with 3 or 2 stigmas.
Capsule 3- or 2-lobed, opening at the angles. — Aquatic or marsh plants.
Leaves all radical or crowded on a shoi*t stem. Scapes with 1 sheathing scale
or short leaf at the base and 1 terminal head. Male and female flowers irre-
gularly mixed in the Chinese species, the inner perianth-segments usually
bearing a small black gland.

A large genus chiefly tropical in the New and the Old World, extending also into the
cooler regions of N. America, and one species crossing over to N.W. Em-ope. The greater
number of tropical American species have however been recently separated, by purely artifi-
cial characters, under the name of Fcepalanthus.

Bracts coriaceous, more or less mealy-white at the tips. Flowers very
flat, the 2 outer segments winged (tall species).
Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Heads sHghtly mealy . . . 'i. E.Wallichianum.

Leaves linear, hairy. Heads very mealy 2. E. australe.

Bracts thin, the floral ones transparent, glabrous or hairy. Perianth-
segments not winged (smaller species).
Heads above 2 lines diameter. Outer male perianth of 2 or 3 dis-
tinct segments.
Bracts shining. Outer male perianth of 2 segments ; inner lobes

minute 3. jE". truncatum.

Bracts not conspicuous. Outer male perianth of 3 segments ; in-
ner lobes unequal, very plumose and exserted 4i. E. cristatiim.

Heads not 2 lines diameter. Outer male perianth spathaceous, 3-
toothed (small slender species).
Outer female perianth of 2 slender segments, inner one wanting.

Leaves radical ft. E. heierantkum.

Outer female perianth of 3 obovate segments, inner of 3 spathu-

late ones. Stem leafy at the base &. E. setaceum.

1. E. Wallichianum, i¥<7r^. ; Wall, PL As. Ear. t. 249; Koern. in
Linncea, xxvii. 687. Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, very pointed, about
4 to 6 in. long and 2 to 3 lines broad. Scapes sometimes scarcely longer,
sometimes near 1 ft., scarcely angular. Flower-heads ovate-globose ; the
scales very closely imbricated, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse or with a
very short inflected point, and slightly mealy at the tip. Perianth veiy flat,
the 2 outer segments both in males and females boat-shaped with a winged
keel. Inner male perianth filiform, with 3 minute lobes and 6 stamens. In-

382 RESTIACE.E. [Enocaulon.

ner female periantli of 3 narrow short segments, sliglitly plumose at the top.
Ovary 3-celled. Style long', with 3 short filiform stigmas.—^, cmitoniense.
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 219.

Common in moist situations, Chawpion and others. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula,
in Tavoy and S. China. The E. longifolium, Nees, is probably the same species witli the
flowers accidentally 3-androus; at least, in the Chinese specimen from Fortune, n. 120, re-
ferred to it by Koei-nicke, I find the flowers usually 3-merous and 6-androus, even in my spe-
cimen from Fortune ; although in one instance I found only 5 stamens, and occasionally only
2 seeds ripen.

2. E. australe, Br.; Kwm. in Lmn^a, xxvii. 686. Veiy near the last,
and with flowers of the same structure. Leaves narrower, more or less hairy.
Scape 1 to 11 ft. high, prominently 7-angled. Flower-heads rather larger,
exceedingly compact, much more mealy-white ; the floral scales more turned
in and pointed.

Hongkong, Ilance, Wri(/Jit. Also in tropical Austraha.

3. E. truncatum. Ham.; Koern. in Linnaa, xxvii. 631. Leaves all ra-
*dical, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to near 2 lines broad. Scape

2 to 6 in. Head hemispherical or at length nearly globular, about 2^ lines
diameter. Outer scales as long as the disk, thin, rather scarious, yellowish
and shining ; inner ones obovate-oblong, veiy thin and transparent, minutely
ciliate but glabrous. Outer perianths of 2 naiTow falcate segments ; inner
male with 3 minute black glandular lobes ; inner female of 3 linear slightly
fringed segments. Style divided to nearly the middle into 3 filifonn stigmas.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright, Wllford. Widely dispersed over India from Ceylon and the
PeninsSa to' the Archipelago, and northward to Khasia and Silhet, the Philippines, and S.
China.

4. E. cristatum, Mart.; Kcern. in Linnr^a, xxvii. 609. Leaves all ra-
dical, narrow-linear or ahnost subulate, usually 3 or 4 in. long. Scape usually
twice as long, stift' and angular. Heads hemispherical, full 3 lines diameter,
dark-coloured at first, then very white as the plumose perianths expand.
Outer scales broacUy obovate, shorter than the disk ; inner ones thin, narrow-
obovate or cuneate, dark at the top and fringed with short white haii'S. Outer
perianth-segments 3, nearly equal, dark at the top and fringed like the bracts.
Inner segments of the females and lobes of the males very white, plumose, one
much longer, and aU projecting beyond the scales. Style short, with 3 fili-
form stigmas. — E. miseruw, Koera. 1. c. 607.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in Khasia.

5. E. heteranthum, Benth., n. sp. Leaves all radical, veiy narrow, 1
to 1^ in. long, ending in fine points. Stems slender, 3 to 4 in. high. Heads
at first hemispherical, ovoid-globose when full grown, nearly 2 lines diameter.
Outer bracts broad, obtuse, nearly as long as the disk ; inner ones obovate-
oblong, rather acute, veiy thin and transparent, glabrous. Male outer peri-
anth spathaceous, 3-toothed, inner of 3 short plumose lobes. Stamens 6.
Female outer perianth of 2 linear-subidate acute segments, fringed with a
vei-y few long hairs, inner perianth entirely deficient. Style long, with 3 su-
bulate lobes.

Hongkong, ^^«C(?, Wright; in paddy-fields at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere. Allied to E. achiton, Kcern., by the absence of any inner perianth to the

M'iocaulon.] RESTiACEiE. 383

female flowers, but in that species the outer male perianth has 2 iiai-rovv segments ; tlie fe-
male segments are firmer and less pointed than in om-s, and the mature heads are broadly
obconical, not ovoid.

6. E. setaceum, Liii/i. ; Kcern. in LlnncBa, xxvii. 603. Stems, when
submerged, more or less elongated and leafy. Leaves iiliform, \ to \\ in.
long, slightly enlarged at the base. Scapes very slender, 2 to 4 in. long.
Flower-head ovoid-globose, about 1^ lines diameter. Outer bracts broad,
rather shorter than the disk ; inner ones obovate-oblong, acute, thin and
transparent, with a few Avhite hairs at the tip. Outer male perianth spa-
thaceous, 3 -toothed, inner lobes minute. Female outer segments 3, obo-
vate, 3 inner ones spathulate, all narrowed at the base, thin and transparent,
slightly fringed at the top. Style deeply 3-cleft.

Hongkong, Wright. In Ceylon and Tavoy.

Order CXXII. CYPEEACEiE.

Flowers in little green or brown spikes called spikelets, consisting of several
scale-like bracts called glumes, either distichous as in Gi^aminew, or imbricated
all round with one sessile flower in the axil of each, or the lower ones empty.
Perianth either none or replaced by a few bristles or minute scales. Stamens
3, rarely 2 or 1 or more than 3. Ovary (in the same or in a distinct glume)
simple, 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule. Style more or less deeply divided into
2 or 3 branches or linear stigmas. Fruit a small seed-like nut, flattened
when the style is 2-cleft, triangular when it is 3-cleft. Seed albuminous,
with a small lens-shaped embryo in its base. — Herbs, resembling in aspect
the Jtincea, or more frequently the Graminea ; but usually stiffer than the
latter, with solid stems and the sheaths of the leaves closed all round. Spike-
lets terminal (or apparently lateral when a leafy bract appears to continue the
stem), solitaiT or several in a simple or compound cluster, spike, umbel, or
panicle. Inflorescence and its branches almost always subtended by bracts,
which are usually leaf-like under the general inflorescence, glume-like under
the spikelets. When the inflorescence is umbellate it is very irregularly so,
one spikelet, cluster, or partial umbel being always sessile, wliilst the others
are supported on peduncles or rays of very unequal length.

A large Order, abundantly distributed all over the globe, but more especially in moist
situations or on the edges of waters.
Flowers, at least the fertile ones, hermaphrodite.

pikelets several-flowered, with only 1 or 2 empty glumes below
the flowering ones.
Glumes distichous, at least in the young spikelet.

Style not thickened at the base. Spikelets in clusters or
spikes, on the scape or on the rays of a simple or com-
pound umbel 1. Cyperus.

Style thickened at the base and articulate on the nut. Spike-
lets single on the scape or the umbel-rays 5. Abildgaakdia.

Glumes imbricate all round.

No h\q)ogynous bristles or scales.

Style thickened at the base and articulate on the nut . . G. Fuibuistvles.
Style falling off above the thickened base, which remains
as a beak or tubercle on the nut 7- Isolepis.

384 CYPERACE.E. {Cyperacece.

Hypogyiions bristles 4 or G 8. SciRPUS.

HYpogynous scales 3, flat 9. Vuirena.

Spikelets \-jfowered (or ivith a second male flower), closely im-
bncaie in small heads or spikes resembling spikelets.

Scales under the spikelets small or aone 2. Kyllingia.

Scales under the spikelets as long as them, imbricate and glume-
like.
Spikes in a sessile head. Glumes concave (very thin) ... 3. Lipocarpha.

Spikes paniculate. Glumes flat, keeled 4. Hypoelytrum.

Spikelets 1- or feic-flowered, ivith several empty glumes beloiv
them ; in panicles, clusters, or spikes, but not imbricate.
Hypogj' nous bristles 6. Nut crowned by the base of the style 10. Rhynchospora.
No hypogynous bristles.

Nut thick, tapering at the top. Spikelets paniculate . . .11. Cladium.
Style articulate below the bulbous base. Spikelets in a ter-
minal head. No leaves 12. Arthrostylis.

Stamens 4 to 6, very long and persistent. Spikelets clus-
tered in spikes, forming a narrow panicle 13. Gahnia.

Nut seated on a thickened toothed disk. Spikelets clustered

in compound spikes 14. Lepidosperma.

Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets.

Nut very hard, seated on a thickened entire or lobed disk . . .15. Scleria.
Nut enclosed in a 2-toothed utricle 16. Carex.

1. CYPERUS, Linn.

Spikelets several-flowered (very rarely 2- or 3 -flowered). Glumes disti-
chous, all nearly equal, with 1 flower in each, or 1 or 2 lowest rarely empty.
Flowers hermaphrodite, without h}^og\^ious scales or bristles. Stamens 3
or fewer. Style continuous with the ovary, not bulbous at the base. — Spike-
lets in clusters, heads, or spikes, which are usually several together in a simple
or compound irregular umbel.

A very large tropical and subtropical genus, represented by a few species in more tempe-
rate regions, and quite disappearing in the extreme north and south.

Style 2-cleft. Nut flattened.

Spikelets obtuse. Nuts ovate or obovate.

Spikelets pale-coloured, rather narrow, shining. Glumes scarious

on the edge. Stamens 2 \. C. vulgaris.

Spikelets broad. Glumes edged with red-brown. Stamens 3 . . 2. C. Eragrosiis.
Spikelets acute, densely clustered. Nuts narrow-oblong .... 3. C. poly st achy a.
Style 3-cleft. Nuts more or less 3-angled.

Spikelets obtuse. Nuts as long as the very obtuse glumes.

Spikelets in dense globose heads. Glumes dark-brown, scarcely

one-third line long 4. C. difformis.

Spikelets in loose clusters or spikes. Glumes at least two-thirds of a
line long.

Spikelets very flat, yellowish-green 5. C. Iria.

Spikelets narrow-linear, more or less brown 12. C distans.

Spikelets acute or tapering to the end.
Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long.

Spikelets clustered at the ends of the rays.

Slender plant. Glumes scarcely pointed, not \ line long, all

flowering &. C. Haspan.

Low stifi" plant. Glumes above 1 line long, with prominent

points, the lower 2 smaller and empty 7. C. radians.

Cyperus.'] CYPERACEii^.. 385

Spikclets spicate along the rays.

Rhachis of the spikes glabrous. Glumes closely imbricate.
Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, nearly cylindrical, densely imbricate

in cylindrical spikes 8. 6". umheUatus.

Spikelets 6- to 10-flowered, rather flattened, very spreading,

in rather dense spikes 9. C. pennatus.

Rhachis pubescent or hairy. Spikelets loosely 6- to 10-llowered,

flat, in loose spikes 10. C pilosus.

Spikelets 5 to 10 lines long.

Spikelets few, in short spikes on each ray. Glumes closely imbri-
cate 11. C rotundas.

Spikelets very slender, in loose spikes. Glumes alternate, scarcely

imbricate 12. C. distans.

1. C. vulgaris^ Sieh.; KuntJi, Enum.ii. 4. Stems tufted, rather slen-
der, f to 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, shorter than the stem. Umbel of seve-
ral rays, the longest 1 to \\ in., with 2 or 3 long leafy unequal bracts.
Spikelets 3 to 10 or more in each cluster, very spreading, ^ to ^ in. long,
flat but narrow. Glumes 20 to 30 or even more, obtuse, pale brown, with a
green keel and narrow scarious edges. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut
obovate, dark brown.

Hongkong, Hance ; a single specimen mixed with other species. Widely spread over tro-
pical and subtropical Asia, extending from eastern Africa and some parts of the Mediterra-
nean region to the Indian Archipelago, and northward to Shanghai.

2. C. EIragrostiS) Vald ; Kunth, Emim. ii. 7. Rhizome slender and
shortly creeping. Stems 8 to 10 in. or rarely 1 ft. liigh. Leaves much
shorter, grass-like. Umbel usually contracted into a single dense head or
cluster, or accompanied by 1 or 2 pedunculate ones. Outer bracts leafy, one
very long. Spikelets 4 to 10 or more in the cluster, obtuse and very flat,
seldom above 4 lines long. Glumes 10 to 20 or rather more, not ^ line long,
very obtuse and broad, green on the keel, pale brown, with dark spots on the
side, but bordered with a rich red-brown, giving a dark or variegated colour to
the spikelet. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut ovate, dark-brown.

On the edges of paddy-fields, Wilford. In the Malayan Peninsula and Singapore.

3. C. polystachyus, Rottb. ; Kutiih, Ennm. ii. 13. Stems tufted from
a short horizontal rhizome, \ to above 2 ft. high. Leaves much shorter.
Umbel usually contracted into a dense head, surrounded by 3 to 6 unequal
leafy bracts. Spikelets numerous, flat but very narrow, acute, about \ in. loug.
Glumes about 20, narrow, Avith short points, of a rather pale brown, with
lighter-coloured keel and edges. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut
narrow-oblong.

Hongkong, Hance, Wnqht. Widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of
the New and the Old World.

6'. cominessus, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 23. A widely diffused species, readily known
among the 3-gyuous Ci/peri by its very flat spikelets, with broad acutely keeled and pointed
glumes of a pale greenish colour. It appears to be common in S. China, and will probably
be found in Hongkong, although I have not as yet seen any specimens from thence.

4. C. difformis, Linn.; Kunth, Ennm. ii. 23. A tufted annual, | to 1
ft. or rarely higher. Leaves shorter than the stems. Umbel of several un-
equal rays, rarely contracted into a single head ; the outer bracts long and
leafv. Clusters small, globular, consisting of very munerous obtuse spikclets

2 c

386 CYPERACE^. [Cyperus.

about 2 lines long. Glumes 10 to 20, loosely imbricate, shortly obovate and
very obtuse, dark brown, with pale edges. Style short, 3-cleft. Nut about
as long as the glume.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wnght. Common in the tropical and subtropical regions of
the Old World, extending northward into S. Europe in the west and to Amoy in the east.

5. C. Iria, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 38. Stems -^ to 1-^ ft. high or even
more. Leaves flaccid, often nearly as long. Umliel of several rays, the longer
ones often branched. Spikelets loosely and iiTegularly clustered or spicate, 2
to 4 lines long, obtuse, very flat. Glumes usually 8 to 12, but sometimes at
least 20, distant or veiy loosely imbricate, obovate, very obtuse, of a pale
yeUow-brown colom'. Style short, 3-cleft. Nut as long as the glumes.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright ; in wet situations at East Point, WiJford. In India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Philippines,
and S. China. In some specimens the inflorescence is more contracted and the spikelets
longer, so as to give the plant the aspect almost of the diandrous C.flavescens.

6. C. Haspan, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 34. Stems slender, tufted,
acutely triangular, fi'om a few inches to \\ ft. high. Leaves short, sometimes
all reduced to sheaths. Umbel-rays often numerous, the. longer ones com-
pound, the outer leafy bracts seldom as long as the rays. Spikelets 3 or more
together in terminal clusters, lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 lines long. Glumes 10
to 20 or sometimes more, not \ line long, scarcely pointed, reddish-brown on
the sides, with a broad green keel. Styles long, 3-cleft. Nut not half the
length of the glumes.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright ; in marshes in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Common
in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, and also not unfrequent in America.

7. C. radians, Nees in Limiaa, ix. 285, and in PI. Meyen. 63. Stems
short, densely tufted. Leaves rigid with broad sheaths. Umbel simple or
compound, each ray terminating in a dense cluster or head, with leafy bracts
at its base, a long pointed bract usually under each spikelet, and several long
leafy bracts under the general umbel. Spikelets lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long.
Flowering glumes 3 to 8, broad, strongly veined, with a prominent point, gi'cen
on the back, more or less red-brown on the sides, and there are usually 2 or
3 shorter glumes at the base of the spike, either empty or with a male flower.
Style long, 3-cleft. Nut much shorter than the glumes. — C. radlcans, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 95.

Hongkong, Wright. Iq Sikkim, Malacca, Singapore, and Borneo.

8. C. umbellatus, Beuth. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, pale-
gTeen, often as long or longer. Umbel of many rays but veiy dense, often
contracted into a head, and seldom above 2 in. diameter. Spikelets 2 or 3
lines long, linear, acute, only slightly compressed, erect or spreading, and
very densely crowded in cylindrical spikes, ^ to | in. long, occupying often
the whole length of the rays. Glumes 4 to 6, the lowest 1 or 2 usually
empty, the others narrow, green, several-nerved, above 1 line long. Style 3-
cleft. Nut narrow, not much shorter than the glume. — Mariscus umbellatus,
Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 118. M. cyperinus, Vahl ; Seem. Bot. Her. 422.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions
of the Old World. A. Gray has already adopted, what many botanists had suggested, the re-

Cyperus.'] cyperace^.. 387

union of Marlscus with Cyperus, no character existing to separate them, and the habit being
nearly identical in some species of each.

9. C. pennatus. Lain.; Kunth, Eimm. ii. 80. A coarse species, of a
glaucous or pale green colour. Stem 2 ft. high or more. Leaves often longer,
rather stiff, with very rough serrulate edges. Umbel compound, often with
numerous rays, but veiy compact, seldom above 4 in. diameter ; the leafy bracts
very long. Spikelets lanceolate, not much flattened, about 3 lines long, very
spreading, in dense spikes occupying the whole length of the partial umbels.
Glumes 6 to 10, closely imbricate, many-nerved, not keeled, of a pale whity-
brown colour. Styles 3-cleft. Nuts about half as long as the glume. —
C. canescens, Vahl; Nees in PL Meyen. 61.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, the Malayan
Peninsula, the Archipelago, Pacific islands, and S. China.

10. C. pilosus, VaJd ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80. A coarse species, much
resembling the last in habit, but greener, the leaves and leafy bracts not quite
so long nor so rough at the edges. Umbels similarly compounded but larger
and looser, some of the rays often 4 in. long. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, veiy
spreading, in loose spikes occupying the whole length of the partial rays ; the
rhachis always hairy on the edges, whilst in all the aUied species it is glabrous.
Glumes 6 to 10, loosely imbricate and more or less spreading at the tips, pale
brown, with scarious edges. Style 3-cleft. Nut about ^ as long as the glume.
— C. obliquiis, Nees; Kunth, Enum. ii. 69.

Hongkong, Wriglit. In northern and eastern India and the Archipelago.

C. marginelhis, Nees in Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 22?-, apparently common in S. China
as well as in northern and eastern India, but not yet received from Hongkong, is perhaps a
variety only of C. pilosus, differing in the longer spikelets (about 4 hues), and more numer-
ous glumes usually of a darker reddish-brown.

11. C. rotundus, Lmn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 58. Stems | to 1^ ft. high,
from a short sometimes slightly creeping rhizome, the fibrous roots occasion-
ally forming small tubers. Leaves flaccid, much shorter than the stems.
Umbel-rays not numerous, the outer leafy bracts seldom so long as the longest
rays. Spikelets linear, acute, usually about 6 lines, but sometimes 10 or 11
lines long, 3 to 8 together, in short spikes at the ends of the rays. Glumes
numerous, imbricate, narrow-ovate, scarcely pointed, red-brown, with a green
keel and light-coloured edge. Style long, 3-cleft. Nut much shorter than
the glume.

Hongkong, Hance and others. Widely diffused over the tropical and temperate regions of
the New and the Old World.

12. C. distans, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 93. A coarse species, with a
horizontal or slightly creeping rhizome. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high or even more.
Leaves often as long or longer. Umbel more or less compound, with numer-
ous slender rays, and 1 or 2 of the outer leafy bracts much longer than the
rays. Spikelets slender, ^ in. long or more, in loose spikes along the rays of
the partial umbels. Glumes narrow, rather distant, so as scarcely to overlap
each other, red-brown on the sides, more or less green on the keel. Style rather
short, 3-cleft. Nut narrow, nearly as long as the glume.

Hongkong, Wright. DiflPused over the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Afj'ica,
and Australia, occurring also in some parts of tropical America.

2 c 2

388 CYPERACEiE. [Kyllingia.

2. KYLLINGIA, Linn.

Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second male flower, closely imbricate in
globular or oblong heads or short spikes resembling spikelets; the bracts
under each spikelet very small or altogether wanting in the interior of the
spike. Glumes distichous, 1, 2, or 3 empty ones below the flowering one.
Flowers hermaphrodite, without hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 3 or
fewer. Style 2-cleft. Nut flattened. Spikes usually solitary or few together,
sessile or shortly pedunculate within 2 or 3 long leafy bracts.

A small genus, chiefly tropical, but extending also into N. America and S. Africa.

1. K. monocephala, Lhin. ; Knnik, Emm. ii. 129. A small tufted
plant with a creeping rhizome ; the stem usually 4 to 8 in. rarely 1 ft. high.
Leaves flaccid, shorter than the stem. Spikelets very numerous, in a single
sessile head of about 3 lines diameter, between 2 or 3 veiy long leafy bracts.
Glumes usually 3, the lowest very small, transparent, obtuse and empty ; the
next also empty, pointed, with a gTcen ciliate keel ; the third flowering one
similar, but rather longer. Nut obovate, about half as long as the glume,
and falling away from it when ripe.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely diffused over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia,
and probably the tropical American R. ccespitosa, Nees, may not be distinct. It varies with
the head of spikelets quite simple or with 2 short lateral branches.

3. LIPOCARPHA, Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered, closely imbricate in globular or oblong heads or short
spikes resembling spikelets ; the glume-like bracts under each spikelet as long
as the spikelets themselves. Glumes 2, very thin and transparent, concave
and scarcely keeled, one or both falling off with the nut when ripe. Flowers
hermaphrodite, without hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 3 or fewer.
Style 2- or 3-cleft. Nut slightly compressed or obtusely 3-angled. — Herbs
with the habit of Kyllingia. Spikes usually 3 or 5, rarely solitary, sessile
between leafy bracts.

A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old ^Yorld. The spikes are usually
described as spikelets, the subtending bracts as glumes, and the glumes as inner scales, but
the view above taken of the nature of the different parts appears to me to be more correct,
especially when they are compared to those of the closely allied genus Kyllingia.

Leaves and bracts linear. Glume-like scales with very short erect

points \. L. argentea.

Leaves and bracts subulate. Spikes squarrose with the spreading or

recurved points of the glume-like scales ' . . 2. Z. microcephala.

1. Ii. argentea, Br.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 266. A tufted plant, with
slender but stiff stems i to 1 ft. high. Leaves much shorter, narrow-linear,
rather stiff. Spikes 3 to 7, ovoid-globose, about 3 lines diameter, closely
sessile within 2 or 3 spreading stiff leafy bracts. Glume-like scales spathu-
late, closely imbricate, thin and scarious, with short erect points. Spikelets
rather shorter. Glumes very thin, the inner one slightly keeled. Style 2-cleft.
Nut obovoid-oblong, about half as long as the glumes.

Hongkong, Haiice, Wright ; in wet places in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Extends over
the greater part of tropical Asia, Africa, and America, and northward to Amoy.

2. L. microcephala, Br.; KimtJi, Enum. ii. 268. A slender annual.

Lipocar})ha.'\ CYPERACEiE. 389

with almost filiform stems, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves short, subulate. Spikes
3 or 1, ovoid or nearly globular, about 2 lines diameter, with 1 or 2 long
subulate leafy bracts. Glume-like scales linear-cuneate, with long spreading
or recurved subulate points, giving the spikes a squarrose appearance. Glumes
narrow and exceedingly delicate, 3-nerved. Style short (2-cleft?). Nut
oblong, nearly as long as the glumes.

Hongkong, Wilford. In Java and Australia, and apparently a larger variety in tropical
Africa. This species so closely resembles in aspect the Isolejns squarrosa, Roem. and Sch. (an
Indian plant, not found in Hongkong) as scarcely to be distinguished except by the presence
of the inner scales or glumes, and by the differently shaped nut.

4. HYPOELYTRUM, Rich.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, densely crowded in ovoid or cylindrical spikes resem-
bling spikelets, the imbricated glume-like bracts under each spikelet as long as
the spikelets themselves. Glumes 2, veiy flat, acutely keeled. Flowers her-
maphrodite without hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 8 or fewer.
Style 2- or 3-cleft. Nut slightly compressed or obtusely 3-angled, falling
away from the glumes when ripe. — Herbs usually coarse. Spikes broAvn, re-
sembling the spikelets of Schyus, pedicellate in coiymbose panicles like those
of RhyncJiospora.

A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. H. latifolium. Rich.; KimiJi, E?ium. ii. 271. Stems acutely triangular,
2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves usually longer, |- to 1 in. broad, with 3 prominent
nerves, and more or less rough on the edges and midrib. Panicles 2 to 4 in.
diameter, with 2 or 3 long leafy bracts. Spikes oblong-cylindrical when in
flower, ovoid when in fruit, 2 to 3 lines long. Glume-like bracts brown,
mostly obtuse, or the lower ones acute. Spikelets shorter, very flat. Glumes
pointed, ciliate on the keel. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut nearly globular,
scarcely beaked, more or less reticulate with raised veins. — H. trmervimn,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 272. AlUkk'm scirpoides, Presl, Eel. Hsenk. t. 35, and A.
schcenoides, t. 34.

Hongkoug, Harland, Hance, Wright. Widely diffused over tropical Asia and Africa.

5. ABILDG-AARDIA, Vahl.

Spikelets several-flowered, flattened, often becoming spiral when old. Glumes
distichous ; the lower 2 or rarely 3 empty. Plowers hermaphrodite, without
hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 3-cleft, often
thickened at the base and articulate on the nut, below the bulb. — Habit of
Fimbristyles, from which it only difi'ers in the distichous glumes.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

Spikelets solitary \. A mo no si achy a.

Spikelets several in an irregularly compouud umbel. .

Leaves glabrous, 1 line broad. Glumes pale brown, scarcely pointed 2. A. Eragrostis.

Leaves pubescent, \ line broad. Glumes rich-brown narrow-pointed 3. A.fusca.

1. A. xnonostachya, VaJd ; Kimih, Umcm. ii. 241 . A densely tufted
almost bulbous perennial. Leaves linear- subulate, stift', 4 to 8 in. long.
Stems slender, stifi", 8 in. to 1 ft. long, bearing a single flat ovate-lanceolate

390 CYFERACE.^. [Ahlldgaardla.

spikelet about \ in. long. Glumes pale straw-colour, very pointed, acutely
keeled. Style hairy, with a thickly conical base. Nut obo void-triangular,
minutely tul)ercidate.

Honakong, Harland, Wright. Widely distributed over tropical Asia, tropical and southern
Africa, and tropical America.

2. A. Eragrostis, Vald ; Kuntk, Emm. ii. 249. Densely tufted, stiff,
and glaucous. Leaves linear, obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long, about 1 line broad.
Stems 1 to li ft. high, angular. Umbel irregularly compound. Spikelets 3
to 4 lines long, often early becoming spiral, so as to lose the distichous appear-
ance. Glumes pale brown, broad, shortly pointed, or the lower ones obtuse.
Nut obovoid, minutely tuberculate. — Finibrlstyles ciidnqumigularis, Munro in
Seem. Bot. Her. 422 ; not of Kunth.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also in Khasia.

3. A. fasca, Nees ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 249. Habit and inflorescence of
A. Eragrostis, but a rather smaller and more slender plant, with much narrower
leaves more or less pubescent. Spikelets narrower, of a rich uniform brown,
3 to 4 lines long. Glumes lanceolate, very pointed, regularly distichous.
Stamens 3. Style glabrous. Nut obovoid, with 3 prominent angles; the
sides tuberculate, almost muricate.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In Nepal, Java, and Borneo.

6. FIMBRISTYLES, Yahl.

Spikelets several-flowered, the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of
the lowest empty. Flowers hermaphrodite, without hypogynous scales or
bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2- or 3-cleft, nsually thickened at the
base and articulate on the nut below the bulb. — Leaves usually radical or
sheathing the stem at its base, sometimes all reduced to sheaths. Spikelets
solitary on the scape, or more frequently on the rays of a simple or compound
umbel, one always sessile, or rarely clustered in a single head or on the rays
of the umbel.

A large genus, widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe,
extending also sparingly into the warmer temperate zones.

Spikelets 1 or few, rarely 5 or 6, 1 sessile, the others pedunculate.

Spikelets solitarj^ (about 4 lines long). Nuts with deep transverse furrows.

Spikelets ovoid-oblong, brown, more or less nodding . . . . \. F. nutans.

Spikelet narrow, pale straw-colour, erect 2. JP. acuminata.

Spikelets 1 to 3, pale straw-colour, very obtuse. Nuts smooth or

nearly so, sessile 3. i*'. schoenoides.

Spikelets 1 to 6. Nuts smooth or neai'ly so, stipitate.

Spikelets 7 to 10 lines long, usually solitary ^. F. subbispicata.

Spikelets about 5 lines long, usually 3 to 6 5. F. podocarpa.

Spikelets several, often numerous, in a more or less compound irregu-
lar umbel. Muts sessile.
Styles 2-cleft (occasionally 3-cleft, with 1 branch smaller).

Stems f to H ft. high. Leaves stiff. Spikelets brown. Nuts
more or less conspicuously striate.
Umbel scarcely compound. Leaves very short. Glumes hoary

at the top 6. F. ferruginea.

Umbel usually compound. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long. Glumes

perfectly glabrous 7. -f.

Fimbristyles.'] cyperace^e. 391

Stems 2 to 6 in. Nuts minutely tuberculate.
Leaves narrow, flaccid. Spikelets usually green.

Bulb of the style with a few hairs reflexed on the nut . . 8. Z sqnarrosa.

Bulb of the style quite glabrous 9. i^. astivalis.

Leaves stiff, spreading. Umbel very compact. Spikelets brown 10. ¥. Wigldiana.
Styles 3 -cleft.

Spikelets numerous, distinct, in loose compound umbels.

Stem much flattened. Spikelets oblong, 3 to 4 lines long . . 11. 7^. complanata.
Stem slender, 4-angled. Spikelets ovoid or globular, 1 line long 12. F. miliacea.
Spikelets (very small) in 2 or more dense clusters, 1 sessile, the

others pedunculate 13. i^. leptoclada.

1. F. nutans, Valil ; KuntJi, Enum. ii. 221. Stems tufted, slender, 6
in. to 1 ft. liigb, with a short sheath at their base. No other leaves. Spike-
let solitary, terminal, usually oblique or nodding, with a short glume-like
bract at the base, ovoid -oblong, rather acute, about 4 lines long. Glumes
broad, pale brown, striate, obtuse or with a minute point. Style 2-cleft, flat-
tened, ciliate on the edges. Nut white or pale bro\\Ti, transversely marked
with deep ridges and fuiTOws.

Hongkong, Harland. In Ceylon, Bengal, Silhet, and Borneo.

2. F. acuminata, VaJil ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 221. Very near the last,
but the spikelet is erect, nan-ower and more acute, of the pale straw-colour of
F. scJioenoides. The nuts when fuUy ripe, as weU as the style, appear to me
to be quite the same. — F. setacea, Benth. in Hook. Jom-n. Bot. ii. 139.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In Nepal, Java, and Borneo.

3. F, schoenoides, Vahl ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 222. Stems and leaves
filiform, densely tufted ; the stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high ; the leaves shorter.
Spikelets 1, 2, or rarely 3 ; 1 sessile, the others pedunculate, about 3 lines
long, ovate and very obtuse, with a subulate leafy bract usually rather longer
or sometimes scarcely any. Glumes broad, obtuse or scarcely pointed, pale
straw-colour, scarious on the edges. Style 2-cleft, flat, ciliate on the edges.
Nut white or brown, obovate, sessile, minutely punctate or tuberculate under
a strong lens.

Hongkong, Wright. Widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya.

4. F. subbispicata, Nees, PI. Meijen. 75. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, slen-
der and rush-like, with 2 or 3 sheaths at the base bearing short narrow leaves.
Spikelet solitary (or sometimes 2 ?), 7 to 10 lines or sometimes near 1 in. long,
with a stiff subulate leafy bract at the base often longer than the spikelet.
Glumes broad, thin, brown, 1-nerved. Style 2-cleft, flattened, ciliate on the
edges. Nut raised on a conspicuous stalk, rounded, minutely punctate under
a strong lens.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright. On the adjoining continent and in the Philippines.

5. F. podocarpa, Nees, PI. Meyen. 77. Nearly allied to the last, of
which it has the stipitate nuts. The leaves are longer, the involucral leafy
bract shorter, and there are usually 3 to 6 spikelets, one sessile, the others
pedunculate, each one only 4 to 5 lines long.

Hongkong, Ilance, Wright. In the Peninsula of India, in the Himalaya and the Indian
Archipelago.

6. F. ferruginea, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 236. Stems | to 1 ft. high,

392 CYPERACE.E. [Flmbristyles.

slig-htly compressed or 3-aiigled at the top. Leaves very short, narrow-linear
and stiff. Spikelets oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, usually 5 to 7 in a simple or
slightly compound lunbel, with 1 to 3 naiTow leafy bracts, seldom exceeding
the longest peduncle. Glumes broad, rounded at the top, with a minute
point, brown, but more or less lioaiy in the upper part. Style 2-cleft, flat-
tened, ciliate. Nut sessile, brown, smooth and shining. — F. arcensis, Vahl ;
Kunth, Enuni. ii. 237.

Hongkoug, Hance, Harland. Dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the
New and the Okl World, but evidently not so common as some other species.

7. F. diphylla, FaJd, Emmi. ii. 289. Stems slender, f to 1|- ft. high.
Leaves tufted, naiTow-linear, glaucous, glabrous or pubescent, much shorter
than, or sometimes nearly as long as, the stem. Spikelets ovoid-oblong,
scarcely acute, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less numerous in a compound umbel.
Glumes broad, shortly mucronate, quite glabrous, brown, with a pale or green
keel or centre. Style 2-cleft, flat, ciliate on the edges. Nut sessile, obovate,
white or pale brown, with minute longitudinal strise. — F. commnnis, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 234.

Hongkong, Wright ; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Common in tropical and subtropical
Asia and Africa; also in tropical America, if the F. hrizoides, Nees, is not really distinct.

Var. tomentosa. Leaves, especially their sheaths, softly hairy. — F. tomentosa, Vahl,
Euum. ii. 290.

Hongkong, Wright. Occurs here and there in tropical Asia with the glabrous form.

Var. ? leptophylla. Leaves narrow, almost subulate, like those of F. hispidtda, Kunth,
but perfectly glabrous. Spikelets and nuts entirely as in the common form.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. I do not find precisely the same form in any of
o<ir Indian collections, although some of the narrower-leaved ones come very near to it.

8. F. squarrosa, Valil ; Kimtk, Unum. ii. 224:. A small densely-tufted
pale-green species, seldom attaining 6 in. Leaves narrow-linear or subuhite,
flaccid, shorter than the stem. Umbel compound, with 3 or 4 narrow leafy
bracts seldom exceeding the rays. Spikelets oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, green
or pale brown. Glumes ovate, glabrous or pubescent ; the green keel pro-
jecting into a point, often spreading and sometimes very long. Style 2-cleft,
scarcely ciliate, but the bulb of the base fringed with a few long hairs, which
are closely reflexed on the ovary and fruit. Nut obovate, sessile, smooth or
minutely punctate.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright ; in paddy-fields, Wilford. Very common in tropical and
subtropical Asia and Africa.

9. F. aestivalis, Vahl; Kunth, Euum. ii. 226. A small, densely tufted

plant, like F. squarrosa, and not always easily distinguished from it except by

the constant absence of the reflexed hairs at the base of the style. Leaves

usually very few, the leafy bracts longer than the umbel. Spik'elets usually

rather smaller than in F. squarrosa, and the glumes less mucronate.

Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Gathered with the last and dispersed with it over tropical
Asia.

10. F. Wightiana, Nees ; Kunth, Ennm. ii. 241. Eh izome creeping.
Leaves densely tufted, short, stitt', naiTow-linear, rather obtuse, falcate or
spreading. Stems 3 or 4 in. to near 1 ft. high. Umbel compound, but very
compact \ the leafy bracts very short. Spikelets ovate, obtuse, about 2 lines
long. Glumes brown, broad, obtuse, with a scarious margin. Style deeply

Fimbristyles.'\ CYPERACEi^. ' 393

2 -cleft, glabrous or the branches slightly ciliate. Nut sessile, dark-coloured,
smooth or minutely tuberculate. — F. jimciformis, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her.
422, not of Nees.

Hongkong, Hance. In the neighbouring Samtong Island, Wright. In the Indian Penin-
sula, in Bengal, and some other parts of India. The spikelets although crowded are distinct,
not in detached clusters as in the true F.juncifolius,

11. P. coxnplanata^ Link ; Kimth, Enum. ii. 228. Stems 1 to 1^ ft.
high, stilt" and distinctly flattened. Leaves glaucous, firm, obtuse, 1 to 1^
lines broad, usually much shorter than the stem. Umbel compound, like that
of F. diphyUa, with 1 to 3 short stilf erect leafy bracts. Spikelets usually
numerous, 3 to 4 lines long. Glumes brown, pointed, usually wath narrow
scarious edges. Style 3-cleft, glabrous. Nut sessile, minutely tuberculate.

Hongkong, Harhind, Wright. "Widely spread over tropical Asia, occurring also in Africa
nd in tropical Brazil.

12. F. xniliacea, VaJd ; KmitJi, Enum. ii. 230. Stems slender, attain-
ing 1 to 2 ft. in height, more or less flattened and acutely 4-angled. Leaves
distichous at the base, narrow-linear, shorter than the stem, ending in long
fine points. Umbel compound, with 1 to 3 short fine leafy bracts. Spikelets
numerous, ovoid-globular, seldom above 1 line long. Style 3-cleft, ciliate to-
wards the top. Nut sessile, slightly striate and tuberculate.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. In Wrighfs
and Wilford's collections are a few dwarf specimens scarcely 3 in. high.

13. F. leptoclada, Benth., n. sp. A densely tufted slender species,
apparently annual. Stems filiform, 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves filiform, rather
shorter. Spikelets about 1 line long, obtuse, in clusters of 4 to 8, of which
there are in our specimens always 2, 1 sessile, with a leafy bract of 4 to 6
6 lines, the other pedunculate. Glumes brown, very obtuse and emarginate,
strongly keeled, slightly scarious and minutely ciliate on the edge. Stamen 1.
Style 3-cleft, glabrous or nearly so, bidbous at the base. Nut sessile, but
only seen in a very young state.

Hongkong, Wright. Not seen in any other collection. From the remarkable glumes it
must be very near to the F. ciliolata, Steud., from Java; but Steudcl's character differs in
too many other points for mc to venture on referring our species to his without actual com-
parison.

7. ISOLEPIS, Br.

Characters and habits of Scirpus, except that there are no hypogynous scales.

A considerable geuus, having the same vnde range as Scirpus, and might more natiu'ally
be re-amalgamated with some of the sections of that genus.

Spikelets about 2 lines long, in a dense terminal globular head. Stem and

leaves subulate 1. /. harhata.

Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, few together in an apparently lateral cluster.

Leaves very short or none 2. /. supitia.

1. I. barbata, -Sr. ; Kuuth, Fnnm.ii. 20S. Stems tufted, veiy slender,
6 to 10 in. high. Leaves shorter, subidate. Spikelets narrow, acute, about
2 lines long, in a dense terminal globular head, with 2 to 4 subulate leafy
bracts longer than the head. Glumes acute, with a strong green keel, brown

394 CYPERACE.E. [Isolepis.

on the sides, scarious on the edges. Style 3-cleft. Nut pale-coloured,
crowned by the minute persistent bulbous base of the style.

Hono-kong, Harland, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

3. I. supina, Br.; Knnth, Enum. ii. 196. Stems cylindrical, tufted,
3 in. to near 1 ft. long, erect or decumbent, with a single short leaf often re-
duced to the sheath. Spikelets oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, 2 to 10 together
in an apparently lateral cluster, the leafy bract continuing the stem. Glumes
acute or mucronate, with a strong green keel, brown on the sides with scarious
edges. Style 3-cleft. Nut dark-coloured, transversely wrinkled and almost
muricate, croAvned by the very short slightly thickened persistent base of the
style.

Hougkong, Wright ; common in paddy-fields, Wilford. Frequent in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World, extending into S. Europe.

8. SCIRPUS, Linn.

(Eleocharis, Br.)

Spikelets several-flowered ; the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of
the lowest empty. Flowers hermaphrodite. Hypogynous bristles usually 6,
sometimes fewer or more. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2- or 3-cleft, either
not thickened at the base or breaking off above a smaU bulbous thickening
which remains attached to the nut. — Stem leafy or leaves all radical, or re-
duced to a sheath at the base of the stem. Spikelets solitary or clustered, in
terminal or apparently lateral heads, or simple or compomid umbels.

A large genus, distributed over every part of the globe.

Stems leafless, except a short sheath at the base.
Spikelets solitary, terminal.

Spikelet very obtuse. Glumes closely imbricate. Style 2-cleft . . \. S. capitaUis.

Spikelets rather acute. Glumes looser. Style 3-cleft 2. 5. afflatiis.

Spikelets 1 to 3, in an apparently lateral cluster Z. S. juncoides.

Stem tall, leafy. Spikelets immerous, in an irregularly compound umbel 4. S. chinensis.

1. S. capitatus, Willd. Stems tufted, 3 to 6 in. high, leafless except
a short sheath at the base. Spikelets terminal, solitary, erect, ovoid or oblong,
very obtuse, 2 to 3 lines long ; the subtending bract not differing from the
glumes. Glumes very closely imbricate, pale straw-coloured, broad, very
obtuse, scarious on the edges. Hypogynous bristles 4 to 8, rather longer
than the nut. Style 2-cleft. Nut obovate, smooth, dark-coloured, crowned
with the white flattened bulbous base of the style. — Eleocharis capitata, Br. ;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 150.

Hongkong, Wright. Widely diff'ased over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
and the Old World.

2. S. afELatus, Benth. Apparently an annual, tufted and slender, 3 to 6
in. high. Leaves none, except a short sheath at the base of the stem. Spike-
let solitary, erect, ovoid-oblong, 1| to 3 lines long, rather acute, with 1 or 2
broad transparent very obtuse deciduous glume-like bracts at the base.
Glumes obtuse or the upper ones rather acute, of a reddish-brown, wdth a
green or brown keel, and often scarious at the edges. Hypogynous bristles
about 6, rather longer than the nut. Style 3-cleft. Nut crowned by the

SclrjJUS.] CYPERACE^. 395

beak-like persistent bulbous base of the style. — Eleocharis afflata, Steud Svn
Cyper. 76.

Hongkong:, Champion, Harland, Wright. In Nepal, Khasia, and the Archipelago. I refer
this to E. afflata from Steudel's character. It is very near the European S. muHicmiKs, Sm.,
but there is no creeping rhizome, the spikelets are smaller, the glumes more numerous,
smaller, and perhaps broader.

3. S. juncoides^ Roxb.; Kunth, Emm. ii. 160. Stems tufted, leaf-
less, except a very short sheath at the base, as in the two last species, but
much firmer, f to \\ ft. high. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 3 to 6 lines long-,
usually 3 together, sessile in an apparently lateral cluster ; the outer leafy
bract continuing the stem to the length of 1 or 2 in. Glumes loosely im-
bricate, very broad and concave, obtuse, or very shortly pointed, of a greenish
straw-colour or pale brown. Hypog^aious bristles 4 to 6. Style 2-cleft or
with a third smaller branch. Nut crowned by the short slightly thickened
persistent base of the style.

Hongkong, Harland ; common in paddy-fields, Wilford. Widely diffused over India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago.

4. S. chinexisisy Munro in Seem. Bot. Her. 422. A coarse leafy species,

2 ft. high or more. Leaves glaucous, as long as the stem or longer, ^ to i in.
wide, rough on the midrib and edges. Spikelets numerous, ovoid, about 2
lines long, either closely sessile in clusters of 3 to 8, or rarely solitaiT on the
unequal rays of a compound umbel. Leafy bracts few, very long. * Glumes
brown, thin, veiy broad and concave, and very closely imbncate. Hypogy-
nous bristles 2 or 3, with the teeth pointed upwards, not downwards as" in the

3 preceding species. Style deeply 2-cleft. Nut flat, shining, crowned by the
short slightly thickened persistent base of the style.

Hongkong, Wright. In Assam, Khasia, and Boniu.

9. FUIRENA, Linn.

Characters of Scirpus, except that there are 3 obovate or obcordate hypogy-
nous scales, and, in some species, 3 bristles alternating with them.— Stems
'usually leafy. Spikelets green, often hairy and squarrose with the spreading
tips of the glumes, usually in dense clusters forming an irregidar terminal
narrow panicle.

A tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, extending also
more sparingly into the more temperate regions of N. America and S. Europe.

Stem H to 3 ft. Leaves not ciliate. Hypogynous scales narrowed at

the base ]_, F. timheUata.

Steins under 1 ft. Leaves ciliate. Hypogynous scales cordate at the

base and stipitate 2. F. glomerata.

1. F. umbellata, RotJi ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 185. A perennial 1|- to 3 ft.
high. Stem and leaf-sheaths 4- or 5 -angled, glabrous. Leaves also glabrous,
the larger ones usually 4 to 6 in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad, the lower ones with
long sheaths and very short blades, the uppermost passing into small floral
leaves. Spikelets brown-green, usually 3 to 4 lines long, rather acute, in
very dense clusters, of which 1 or 2 terminal, the others more or less pedun-
culate, 1 or 2 together in the axils of the u})permost leaves. Hypogynous
scales brown, obovate, near | line long, truncate and mucronate at the top,

896 CYPERACE.E. [Fuirena.

narrowed at the base, but nearly sessile. Nut mucronate with the slightly
thickened persistent base of the style. — F. pentagona, W. and Arn. ; Kunth,
Enura. ii. 185.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Widely diffused over the tropical regions of the
New and the Old World.

2. F. glomerata. Lam.; Kimth, Fnum.ii.lS4^. A much smaller plant
than the last, and apparently annual, seldom 1 ft. high. Leaves more or less
pubescent, or at least ciliate on the edges. Spikelets rather longer than in
F. umbellata, with longer and finer points to the glumes, either in a single
terminal head with a leafy bract at the base, or more frequently with the addi-
tion of 1 or 2 almost sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves. Hypo-
gynous scales distinctly stipitate, broadly cordate at the base. — F. Rott-
boellil, Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 94.

Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Aiistralia.

10. BHYNCHOSPORA, Br.

Spikelets 1- or 2- (rarely 3-) flowered, oblong, more or less pointed.
Glumes imbricate aU round, several outer ones shorter and empty. Hypogy-
nous bristles 6 or sometimes more. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2-cleft.
Nut globular or rarely flattened, crowned by the persistent continuous base
of the style. — Stems usually leafy. Spikelets usually clustered and of a rich
brown, in tenninal or axillary heads or corymbs, sometimes forming large
terminal leafy panicles.

A considerable genus, nearly as widely distributed as Scirpus over the sui'face of the globe.

Spikelets in a single dense terminal head I. R. Wallichiana.

Spikelets clustered in a branching panicle.

Spikelets full 4 lines long, in dense clusters. Beak of the nut long

and thick, deeply furrowed on each side 2. E. aurea.

Spikelets about 3 lines long, in loose clusters. Beak not longer nor

thicker than the nut and not furrowed 3. ^. laxa.

1. R. Wallichiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 289. A densely tufted peren-
nial, the stems slender, 3-angled at the top, i to 1^ ft. high. Leaves much
shorter, narrow, stiff" and pointed. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, acute, densely
crowded in a terminal head, suiTounded by several leafy bracts, dilated and
ciliate at the base, the longest much longer than the head. Glumes of a rich
brown, the 3 lowest short and empty, the fourth longer, with a hermaphrodite
flower, the next stiU longer, with a male flower, and enclosing a terminal linear
empty glume. Hypogynous bristles minute. Style long, 2-cleft at the top.
Nut laterally flattened, crowned by the bulbous base of the style. — R. HcB7ikei,
Presl ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 290. SjjhcBroschcenus Wallicliii, Nees, PL Meyen. 97.

Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Wright. In various parts of India and the Archipelago.

2. R. aurea, VaJil; Kunth, Enum. \\.2^2>. A coarse glabrous perennial,
2 to 3 ft. high or even more. Leaves long, pointed, very scabrous on the
edges. Spikelets very pointed, full 4 lines long, in clusters arranged in com-
pound coiymbs, forming an irregidar terminal panicle, with smaller corymbs in
tlie axils of the upper leaves. Glumes of a rich brown, the lower ones short,
pointed, and empty, one much larger with a hermaphrodite flower, and 1, 2

Rhynchospora.'] CYPEBACEiE. 397

or rarely 3 narrow ones with male flowers. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7,
longer than the nut. Nut obovate, thickened at the top, and crowned by a
thick conical beak, furrowed on each side and longer than the nut itself.

Hongkong, Harland. Widely distributed over the tropical regions of the New and the
Old World.

3. R. laxa, Br. ; Kimth, Enum. ii. 298. Like the last, but much more
slender, although 2 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow. Spikelets about 3
lines long, in clusters forming small loose corymbs, of which 1 terminal and

2 or 3 axillary and remote. Glumes as in R. aurea, but shorter, and there
are usually 2 hermaphrodite flowers. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7. Style
long, 2-cleft at the top. Nut not thickened at the top, marked with minute
transverse wiinkles, the conical beak not longer than the nut nor so thick,
and not fuiTOwed.

Hongkong, ^««<?^, Wright; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Widely distributed over the
tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. The R. chinensis, Necs, PL Meyeu. 108,
is a more slender variety, with rather smaller spikelets.

11. CLADIUM, Br.

Characters of RhjncJiospora, except that the nut has a thick almost fleshy
outer coating, tapering at the top into the style, but without any distinct beak.
— Habit of the larger paniculate RhyncJiosporas.

A small but widely dispersed genus, common to the New and the Old World, sometimes
extended to include several Australian species with a somewhat different habit.

1. C. Mariscus, Br.; Kimth, Enum. ii. 303. Ehizome creeping. Stems

3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves nearly erect, the lowest nearly as long as the stem,
with smooth sheaths, the keel and edges very rough and cutting. Spikelets
about 2 lines long in the Chinese specimens, from that to 3 lines in others,
rather pointed, in small but numerous clusters arranged in coi-ymbose panicles
in the upper axils, the whole forming an oblong leafy panicle, often above a
foot long. Glumes bro^vn, the 4 or 5 outer ones shorter and empty, one with a
hermaphrodite and one with a male flower. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft.
— C. chinense, Nees, PL Meyen. 116.

Hongkong, Hance. Widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the Old
World, occurring also, but more sparingly, in America. I can perceive no difference what-
ever between the Chinese and the European specimens, except that the spikelets are rather
smaller than they are usually with us ; but this is a variable character in Europe, and in
several African and Asiatic specimens they are quite as small as in China.

12. ARTHROSTYLES, Br.

Characters of Rliynclios'pora except that there are no hypogynous bristles,
and the style (usually 3 -cleft) is articulate upon the ovary and nut below the
dilated base, as in Abildgaardla and Flmbristyles. — Stems tufted, leafless, ex-
cept a sheath at the base. Spikelets in a terminal head.

Besides our species, the genus comprises one fi-om Australia and another from the Mauritius.

1. A. chinensis, Bentli., n. sp. Stems slender, almost subulate, 3-angled,
1 to 1^ ft. high, with a short sheath at the base. Spikelets narrow, pointed,
near 3 lines long, 3 to 6 together in an oblique terminal head, the longest
leafy bract about the length of the head and appearing sometimes to continue

398 CYPERACE.E. \_Arthrostyles .

the stem. Glumes finely pointed, 1 or sometimes 3 innermost with a herma-
phrodite flower, about 4 others g-radually shorter and empty. Stamens 3, with
very short filaments. Style 3-cleft, with a bulbous swelling evidently articu-
late, although the nut is still very young in our specimens.
Hongkong, Wright. Not known from elsewhere.

13. GAHNIA, Forst.

Spikelets 1-flow^ered or ^\dth a second male flower. Glumes imbricate all
round, the outer ones empty. Flowers hermaphrodite, ^vithout hypogynous
bristles or scales. Stamens 4 to 6, the filaments verj^ long and persistent.
Style 3-cleft, the subulate branches often 2 -cleft. — Tall rigid rush-like peren-
nials. Spikelets densely ckistered in compound spikes, an-anged in a narrow
terminal leafy panicle.

A small genus spread over Australia, the Pacific islands, and eastern tropical Asia.

1. G. tristis, Nees ; Steucl. Syn. Cyp. 163. Stems cylindi'ical, stiff and
hard, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves long, narrow, with subulate points, very rough
on the edges. Panicle 8 in. to near 1 ft. long, consisting of a number of erect
dense compound spikes, the lower ones 1 to 1|- in. long, the upper ones gradu-
ally shorter, each in the axil of a leafy bract. Spikelets dark brown, about 4
to 5 lines long, clustered in the axils of short glume-like or sometimes almost
leafy bracts, with a smaU bract under each spikelet. Glumes, 5 or 6 outer
empty ones, of which the lowest short, the inner ones longer and very pointed ;
and within them 3 or 4 more, much shorter, very broad and obtuse, closely
enveloping the flowers. Stamens usually 4. Style with 3 long hair-like simple
black branches. Nut obovoid, near 2 lines long, smooth and shining, pale
coloured, with a minute black slightly raised tip.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright ; common on the hills, Wilford. Also on the adjacent
continent, but not known out of S. China.

14. LEPIDOSPERMA, Labill.

Spikelets wdth 2 or 3 flowers, all apparently hermaphrodite, but only one
fertile, wdth several outer empty glumes. Hypogynous scales 3 to 6, short and
thick or sometimes veiy minute or wanting, and no bristles. Stamens 3. Style
3-cleft. Nut obovoid, triangular, surrounded at the base by the hardened scales
or seated on a hardened disk as in Scleria. — Stems rigid and rush-like, leaf-
less, but enclosed at the base by the sheaths of the radical leaves.

A small genus, chiefly Australian, extending also over the Pacific islands and tropical Asia.

1. Lb. cMnensis, Nees, PI. Meyen. 117. Stems nearly cylindrical, 2 to 3 ft.
high. Leaves rather shorter, cylindrical, stiff', shortly sheathing the stem at
the base. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, densely clustered in compound erect
spikes of i to 1 in. long, forming a terminal interrupted spike or oblong
panicle of 1^ to 4 in. Subtending bracts oblong, dark brown or glaucous,
shorter than the spikes. Glumes dark brown, almost distichous, the inner
flowering ones the longest. Plowers usually 3, of which the lowest fertile.
Hypogynous scales reduced to the minute, often scarcely projecting teeth of
the thickened disk. Nut dark, spotted with white.

Hongkong, Hinds, Ranee ; very common in marshy places, Wilford. Also on the adja-
cent continent, but not known out of S. China.

Scleria.] CYPERACEiE. 399

15. SCLERIA, Linn.

Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, with several empty
glumes below the flowering ones. Male spikelets several-flowered. Stamens
3 or rarely fewer. Females 1 -flowered. Style 3-cleft. Androgynous spike-
lets with the lowest flower female, the others male. Nut bony or brittle,
seated on a thickened entire or 3-lobed disk. — Grass-like herbs with leafy
stems. Ligula or projection of the leaf-sheath opposite the blade often very
conspicuous. Spikelets in clusters or small corymbose or oblong panicles,
terminal and in the upper axils, forming either an oblong leafy panicle or an
interrupted spike.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
and the Old World, extending also into the temperate regions of N. America. The species
can scarcely be determined unless the nuts are fuUy formed.

Peduncles scarcely branched, bearing few rather distant small clusters.

Nut smo(^ and shining. Disk entire 1. -S^. Uthosperma.

Nut reticulate and pitted. Disk with 3 lanceolate lobes .... 2. 5. tessellata.
Peduncles bearing more or less branched panicles.

Nuts smooth and shining. Panicle spreading 5. 5'. Icevis.

Nuts tuberculate or irregularly reticulate.

Leaves pubescent or hairy. Panicle little branched, not spreading.

Disk-lobes lanceolate, entire 3. ^S". ptihescens.

Leaves glabrous, distant. Panicle rather spreading. Disk-lobes

very short and broad 4. 5. chinensis.

Leaves long and numerous, the sheaths often pubescent. Panicles

long and spreading (disk-lobes obtuse ?) 6. 5. purpnrascens.

1. S. lithcsperma, TFilld. ; Kimth, Enum. ii. 349. Stems slender, 3-
angled, 1 to 1^ ft. high. Leaves naiTow-linear, seldom 1 line broad, in the
Hongkong specimens the upper ones passing into subulate bracts. Peduncles
axillary and terminal, bearing each 1 to 4 distant clusters of 2 or 3 spikelets
each, 1 or rarely 2 female, the other male. Inner glumes very pointed, about
2 lines long. Nut ovoid, white, vei-y smooth and shining, seated on a short
broad entire disk.

Hongkong, Harland. Spread over India, fi-om Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. This is certainly the plant described
by Kunth, who had seen Willdenow's specimen. Nees however describes a 8-lobed disk,
which I have never found.

A specimen fi-oni Wright, in young flower, has much the aspect of the above species, but
the spikelets are all androgynous, about 8 lines long, with 1 female flower and 5 or 6 males
above it. The disk is entire, but the nut is too young to characterize the species or even to
determine with certainty that it belongs to the genus.

2. S. tessellata, TFilld. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 343. Stems slender. Leaves
narrow-linear, glabrous or nearly so, smooth or rough on the edges. Pedun-
cles short, axillai-y and tenninal, bearing I to 4 not very distant clusters of
2 or 3 spikelets as in the last species. Glumes of the female pale-colom-ed,
rather broad, the longest scarcely 2 lines, and 1 or 2 inner ones much smaller.
Nut globular, obtuse, white, tipped with the small black persistent base of
the style, elegantly and regularly pitted, slightly pubescent on the raised
netted lines. Disk with 3 lanceolate lobes. — S. Steudellaua, Miq. PL Ned.
Ind. iii. 344.

400 CYPERACE^. [Sderia.

Hongkong, Hance. Spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipe-
lago. Likethe last, it appears to vary in India with much broader leaves than in Hong-
kong.

3. S. pubescens, Stend. Syn. Cyp. 168. Stems stiif, 3-angled, 1 to 2
ft. liio-li. Leaves rigid, linear, 3 to 4 lines broad, pubescent, the sheatlis acutely
3-angled, but rarely winged. Peduncles usually 1 terminal and 1 axillaiy,
each branching into a small pyramidal panicle. Spikelets not numerous,
solitai-y, or 2 or 3 together. Nut white, ovoid, triangular, slightly tubercu-
late and pubescent. Disk with 3 lanceolate lobes.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Also in Java. This plant is certainly veiy near
the S. hebecarpa, Nees, to which Munro (in Seem. Bot. Her. 423) referred it, but in that
species the nuts, although pubescent, are smooth and shining as in S. litJwsperma, and the
leaves are glabrous or nearly so The S. pubescens has the disk of S. tessellata, with the
nuts and inflorescence more like those of S. chinensls.

4. S. chinensis, KuntJi, Enum. ii. 357. Stem acutely 3-angled, 1^ to
3 ft. high. Leaves linear, rather obtuse, 3 to 4 lines broad, the sheaths 3-
winged, the ligida often 4 to 5 lines long. Peduncles several, af illary and
terminal, each bearing numerous spikelets in a narrow somewhat pyramidal
close panicle, 1 to 2 in. long. Bracts subulate, with a broad and usually ciliate
base. Spikelets usually in pairs, 1 female, the other male. Nut white,
nearly glabrous, marked with irregularly reticulate raised transverse tubercles.
Disk with 3 short broad obtuse lobes. — S. ciliaris, Nees in Wight, Contrib.
117; not of Mich.

Abundant in ravines. Hinds, Champion, and others. In Bengal, Silhet, and S. China. Munro
(in Seem. Bot. Her. 423) refers Hance's specimens to the S. scrobiculata, Nees, but in that
species the panicle is more spreading and pyramidal, and the leaf-sheaths are not winged.
The limits however of the different species of Scleria are often very difficult to fix.

5. S. Isevis, Retz ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 342. A coarse species, 3 or 4 ft.
high, the stems acutely 3-angled. Leaves long, \ io ^ in. broad, acute, often
very rough, the sheaths acutely 3-angled or Avith very naiTow wings, the ligula
very short. Peduncles axillaiy and terminal, bearing short pyramidal pani-
cles with spreading branches. Bracts subulate. Nuts ovoid or nearly glo-
bular, veiy smooth and shining, of a dark or leaden colom-. Disk with 3 short
obtuse entire lobes.

Hongkong, Hance. In Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago.

Var. scaberrima. Leaves i to | in. broad, exceedingly rough, the sheaths more evidently
\vinged. Panicles rather looser. Nut often white.

Hongkong, Harland. This may be the Chinese plant which Nees refers as a variety to
the S. American S. communis, Kunth, but my Brazilian specimens of that species have always
a small much depressed nut.

6. S. purpurascens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 169? A stout species, several
feet high, often acquiring a pui-ple tint, especially the panicle and leaf-sheaths.
Leaves numerous, often above 1 ft. long, the lower sheaths usually pubescent,
angled, but not AAdnged. Ligula rounded, often ciliate. General panicle
narrow- pyramidal, 8 in. to 1 ft. long, the partial ones much branched with
subulate bracts mostly short except a leafy one at tlie base of each panicle.
Spikelets numerous, of a deep reddish-purple. " Disk with 3 entii-e obtuse
lobes."

Hongkong, Harland. The specimens are only in very young flower, and I am therefore

Scleria.] cyperace.^. 401

unable to identify them with certainty. They agree exceedingly well, as far as they go, with
the descriptions given of Steudel's plant. They may possibly however belong to the 6'. suma-
trensis, Retz, a common species in southern India and the Archipelago, but in that species
the upper leaves are almost always clustered in twos or threes, whilst in ours they are nearly
equidistant, although mostly so near together that the sheaths overlap each other. In the
true S. sumatrensis the 3 disk-lobes are 3-toolhcd at the top.

16. CAREX, Linn.

Flowers unisexual, the males and females in distinct spikelets or in differ-
ent parts of androgynous spikelets. Glumes imbricated all round the axis.
Stamens in the males 3 or rarely fewer, without scales or bristles. Ovary in
the females enclosed in a bottle-shaped or inflated utricle, contracted at the
top, with a small oblique or 2-toothed opening, through which protrudes the
style, which is 3-cleft in the Hongkong species, 2-cleft in a few others. Nut
enclosed in the persistent utricle. — Leaves grass-like, mostly radical, or on the
lower part of the stem. Spikelets either solitary or few, one terminal, the
others mostly distant or stalked, or forming a terminal compound spike or
panicle. Within the utricle there is occasionally a small bristle, but never
hooked nor so strong as in Uuchiia.

A very large and well-defined genus, widely spread over Europe, northern and central
Asia, and N. America, extending also into mountain ranges within the tropics, and into the
extratropical regions of the southern hemisphere.

Spikelets numerous, small, sessile in a compound panicle . . . . \. C. henghalensis.
Spikelets few in a simple raceme.

Spikelets 2 or 3 terminal male, 2 to 4 lower female. Dwarf plant 2. C. pumila.
Spikelets 1 terminal male, 2 to 4 lower female (rarely with a few
male flowers at their base).
Glumes scarcely pointed.

Glumes obtuse, with a broad scarious margin 3, (7. ligata.

Glumes acute, not margined. Utricle glabrous. Nut stipitate 4. C. nexa.
Glumes keeled, shortly pointed. Utricle pubescent . . . 5. (7. manca.

Glumes with long subulate points 6. (7. chinensis.

Spikelets 1 terminal male, 2 or more andi'ogynous, male at the top.
Utricles long-beaked.
Stems elongated. Leaves narrow\ Androgynous spikes all re-
mote I.e. tenebrosa.

Stems short. Leaves long and very broad. Upper androgynous

spike close to the male 8. (7. Harlandi.

Spikelets several, all short, androgynous and remote. Utricles

short 9. C cri/ptostacJii/a.

1. C. benghalensis, Roxh. ; Boott, Ilhistr. Car. 85, tt. 240 to 243.
An erect leafy perennial, 1^ to 3 ft. high, resembling at first sight the Scleria
scrohiculata and its allies. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, 3 to 5 lines broad at the
base, tapering into long fine points, nearly smooth. Spikelets 3 to 5 lines
long, androgynous, female at the base, veiy numerous, sessile, and spreadhig
in dense compound oval or oblong panicles. Glumes closely imbricate, brown,
pointed. Utricles small, ovoid-triangular, with several veiy prominent veins
on each face, and a rather long slender beak.

Hongkong, Champ on and others. Common in India, and considered by Munro (in Seem.
Bot. Her. 423) to be a form of the true C. iudica, Linn, ; Boott, however, retains the latter as
a distinct species, with a more simple inflorescence, besides minor diflcrences in the glumes
and utricles.

2 D

403 CYPERACE.E. [Cavex.

2. C. pumila, Thunb.; Kunth, Emm. ii. 517. Stems about 6 in. liigh
from a creeping rhizome. Leaves narrow, 8 to 10 in. long, stiff but spread-
ing. Male spikelets 2 or 3, the terminal one 1 to 1|- in. long, the lower 1 or
2 sessile immediately under it, and much shorter ; female spikelets 2 to 4,
sessile or shortly pedicellate, alDout i in. long. Bracts leafy, scarcely sheath-
ing except the lowest. Glumes lanceolate, with short points. Utricles longer
than the glumes, brown, triangular, turgid, with a rather long beak, glabrous,
thick and coriaceous, without prominent nerves. — C. littorea, Labill. PL Nov.
Holl. ii. 69, t. 219.

Hongkong, Wright. In maritime sands, Japan, Loochoo, and N. Australia.

3. C. ligata, Boott, n. sp. Stems slender, tufted with the leaves, 6 to
10 in. high. Leaves narrow, rough, I to 1|- ft. long. Terminal spikelet male,
slender, 1 to 1^ in. long. Females usually 2, distant, pedmiculate, -^ to f in.
long, rather loose. Bracts with browai sheaths and gi-een subulate leafy points.
Glumes veiy obtuse, broadly scarious on the margin, with 1 to 3 green central
nerves about 1^ lines long. Utricle rather longer than the glume, with a
short beak. Nut triangidar, obconical at the base but sessile, tapering up-
wards to a truncate almost concave apex.

Hongkong, Harland, Hance^ Wright ; in ravines of Mounts Gough and Parker, Wilford.
Not known from elsewhere.

4. C. nexa^ Boott, n. sp. Leaves long and narrow, and stems slender,
with the inflorescence of C. llgata, but the stems are often above a foot high,
and the spikelets longer and more numerous. Terminal male spikelets usually
2 to 2\ in. long ; the glumes lanceolate, acute or nearly so, pale browii, and
almost scarious throughout, or rarely with a green nerve, and often 3 lines
long. Pemale spikelets usually 3 or 4, very loose, and often above 1 in. long.
Utricle somewhat curved, acuminate, naiTowed at the base, many-nerved,
glabrous. Nut narrowed into a distinct stalk at the base.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Not known fi'om elsewhere.

5. C. manca, Boott, n. sp. Very nearly allied to C. nexa, but the glumes
are distinctly keeled, the keel projecting into a short point, and the utricles are
pubescent.

Hongkong, Harland. The nuts are not fully formed in the only specimens I have seen,
and the plant may not improbably, when better known, prove to be a vai'iety of C. nexa.

6. C. chinensis, Retz ; Boott, Illustr. Car. 74, /. 36. A rather coarser
species than the last 3 ; the radical leaves often 2 ft. long and 3 lines broad ;
the inner ones smaller. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Bracts mth loose sheaths
and leafy tips. Terminal spikelet male, 1 to 1|- or rarely 2 in. long, dense.
Lower spikes 2 to 5, distant, either all female or with a very few male flowers
at their base, and very rarely male at the top, all usually as long as the male
spikelet and rather dense. Glumes scarious on the margin ; the keel produced
into a long subulate point. Utricle somewhat incurved or oblique, acuminate,
tapering at the base, many-nerved, pubescent. Nut obconical at the base but
sessile, very obtuse at the top.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Only known from S. China.

7. C. tenebrosa, Boott, Illustr. Car. 88, t. 256. Stem stiff though
slender, 1^ to 2 ft. high. Leaves rigid, 1 to 1^ ft. long, 2 or rarely 3 lines

Carex.] cyperace^. 403

broad. Spikelets 3 to 5, each about 3 in. long, the terminal one male, the
others distant, androgynous, male in the upper half. Bracts sheathing, with
subulate leafy points. Utricles triangular, glabrous, many-nei'ved, narrowed
at the base, and tapering upwards into a long slender beak, the whole utricle
above 3 lines long.

lu the Happy Valley woods, Chatnpion, Harland, Wilford. Not known out of the
island. The specimens appear always to dry almost black.

8. C. Harlandi, Boott, Illustr, Car. 87, t. 355. Eadical leaves l|-to 3
ft. long, and mostly 1 in. broad. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high ; the central ones
with long broad leaves, 1 or 3 lateral ones with only a few short leaves.
Spikelets 1-j to 3 in. long, usually 3 close together at the summit ; the ter-
minal one male, often rather shorter than the 3 next, which as well as a fourth
lower down are usually androgynous, shortly male at the top, the remainder
female. Glumes mostly rounded at the top, the keel projecting into a short
point. Utricles 4 to 5 lines long, narrowed into a stalk at the base, tapering
upwards into a long beak.

Hongkong, Harland ; in the woods behind the Buddhist Temple and in a ravine at West
Point, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere,

9. C. cryptostachya, Brongn.; Boott, Illustr. Car. 103, t. 310. Leaves
1|- ft. long or more, very stiff, rough, and glaucous, keeled, and full 3 lines
broad at the base, tapering upwards to long subulate points. Stems 6 in. to
1 ft. high, flowering almost from the base. Spikelets 6 to 10 or more, rarely
"I in. long and often much shorter, aU distant, nearly sessile, androgj^nous,
male at the top. Bracts sheathing, with short leafy points. Glumes ovate,
acute or shortly pointed. Utricles about 3 lines long, 3 -angled, many-nerved,
slightly pubescent, contracted at the base, the beak short.

Hongkong, Harland, Wright, Wilford. In Penang and the Archipelago.

Order CXXIII. GRAMINE^.

Flowers hermaplirodite or unisexual, in spikelets, without any perianth. Each
spikelet consists of 3 or more (very rarely 3 or 1) chaff-like concave glumes
(scales or bracts) an-anged alternately on opposite sides of the spikelet, their
concave face towards the axis. Two (sometimes 1 or 3) lowest glumes empty
and often differently shaped from the others, the succeeding oy floicer lug glumes
(lower palecB of most authors), each enclosing a smaller scale or palea {upper
palea of most authors), placed either between the glume and the axis of the
spikelet, with its back to the axis, or nearly opposite the glume at the end of
the axis. Within the palea, or apparently between the floAveriug glume and
palea, is the real flower, consisting usually of 3 lodicules or minute microsco-
pical scales besides the stamens and pistil. The flowering glume and palea
are however generally included in the term flower. Stamens usually 3, occa-
sionally reduced to 3 or 1, or in some genera 6 or more ; anthers versatile,
3-celled. Ovaiy 1-ceUed, with 1 ovule. Style 3- or 3-lobed, or more frequently
divided to the base into 3 or 3 more or less feathery styles, Fruit 1 -seeded
and seed-like, called a grain or caryopsis, fi'ee or adhering to the persistent
palea, or enclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume. Pcricai-p very

3 D 3

404 GRAMiNE^. [Grami?ie(S.

thin, adhering to the seed or rarely loose or opening in 2 valves.- Embiyo
small, at the base of a mealy albumen. — Herbs, with stems usually hollow ex-
cept at the nodes, sometimes shrubby or arborescent in theii- stature and hard-
ness of the stem, but veiy unlike dicotyledonous trees or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, entire, parallel-veined (usually long and narrow), sheathing the stem at
their base, but the sheaths split open on the side opposite the blade, and often
end within the base of the blade in a scarious appendage called a ligiila.
Spikelets an-anged in terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles.

A very large Order, abimtlantly diffused over the whole world, and supplying many of the
most important articles of food and raiment, or applied to a great variety of economical pur-
poses. The terminology here used in describing the spikelets is in conformity with the views
of Mohl and others, which appear to me to be at once more plausible in theory, and practi-
cally more in conformity with appearances than that more generally adopted, in which the
flowering glume and palea are both considered as floral envelopes under the name of lower
and npper paleas. Under this view all empty glumes except the 2 lowest (or sometimes one
of the two lowest, even when these are exactly alike) are called sterile florets, the name glume
being reserved exclusively for the one or two lowest.

A. Spikelets 1-flowered, i. e. with one fertile flower, with or without a second male one
below it, or 1 or more additional empty glumes besides the outer ones. (See also B, 3.)

1. Bpikelets sessile or sJiortly 'pedicellate, forming a demise cylindrical spiJce, raceme, or
spike-like panicle.

Flowering glumes awned.

Spikelets flat. Awn very slender and short, on the back

of the glume 1. Alopecukus.

Spikelets convex, in pairs, surrounded by long hairs. Awn

terminal, twisted at the base 22. Pogonatherum.

Outer glumes awned.

Racemes simple. Awns much longer than the glumes . 15. Perotis.
Panicle branched but dense and spike-like. Awns very

short 31. POLYPOGON.

Glumes aU awnless.

Spikelets surrounded by long awn-like bristles.

Panicle branched though dense and spike-like, the bris-
tles irregularly intermixed 4. Panicum (n. 8).

Raceme or spike long and simple, the bristles forming

an involucre round the spikelets 5. Gymnothrix.

Spikelets enveloped in long silky hairs 18. Imperata.

Spikelets without bristles or long hairs.

Outer glumes 3 ; flowering glume hard 4. Panicum (n. 17).

Outer glume 1; flowering glimfie very thin . . . .16. Zoysia.

2. Spikes singly sessile or in pairs, in 2 or rarely 4 rows, in a simple usually \-sided
spike, or in the sessile spike-like branches of a simple panicle.

Spikelets awnless or with straight awns.
Spikelets hermaphrodite.

Flowering glume enclosing the grain, as stiff as or
harder than the outer ones.
Glumes concave, 3-neived. Fertile flowers terminal.

Two outer empty glumes besides the flowering one 2. Paspalum.
Three outer glumes all empty or the third with a

male flower, the lowest olten very minute . . 4. Panicum (n. 1 to 7).
Glumes strongly keeled. Axis of the spikelet pro-
jecting beyond the palea.
Axis ending in a minute point at the back of the

palea 36. Cynodon.

GraminecB.] iGEAMlNEiE. 405

Axis bearing several empty shortly awued glumes
above the fertile flower.

Spikes digitate 39. Chloris.

Spikes distant, iu a long panicle 44. Lophatherum.

Flowering glumes andpalea small, very thin and trans-
parent.
Spikelets singly sessile or indented.

Spikelets scarcely indented in the axis ; 2 stiff

outer glumes 35. Microchloa.

Spikelets indented in the axis ; 1 hard outer glume 13. Opmiurus.
Spikelets indented in the axis in pairs, 1 sessile, the
other pedicellate.

Both spikelets l-flowered, fertile 14. Hemarthria.

Sessile spikelet with a second male flower ; pedi-
cellate one reduced to a rudimentary glmue , 28. Ischjjmum.
Spikelets mostly unisexual.

Spikelets in a simple spike, the upper ones male, the

lower fertile 9. Thouarea.

Spikelets dioecious, the males in clustered spikes, the

females solitary amidst clustered bracts .... 8. Spinifkx.
Spikelets with a twisted a\vn proceeding from the flowering
glume.
Spikelets singly sessile or accompanied by a rudimentary
pedicel.

Glumes acute 17. Dimeria.

Outer glumes broad and truncate 23. Apocopis.

Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate.
Both spikelets fertile and awned.

Fertile flower solitary in each spikelet 21. Pollinia.

One fertile and 1 male flower in each spikelet , .29. Spodiopogon.
Sessile spikelet fertile and awned ; pedicellate one male
and awnless or rudimentary.
Fertile flower alone in the sessile spikelet . . . .25. Andropogon (n. 1 and 2).
One fertile and 1 male flower iu the sessile spikelet 28. Isch^mum.
Sessile spikelets female, cylindi'ical, awned ; pedicellate

ones larger, flat, and awnless. (Pedicel very short) 26. Heteropogon.
3. Spikelets or spikes more or less pedicellate in an irregular or spreading panicle.
Spikelets singly pedicellate, awnless or with a straight or
rarely twisted awn.
Two empty glumes besides the flowering one.

Flowering glume and palea hardened over the grain and
not longer than the second outer one.
Spikelets awnless, ovoid-oblong, resting on a callous

base 3. Eriochloa.

Spikelets awnless or with a fine awn, narrow, with-
out a callous base 11. Garnotia.

Flowering glume convolute, with 3 awns. Spikelet

narrow 32. Aristida.

Flowering glume awnless, longer than the outer glumes.

Grain uncovered 80. Sporobolus.

Three glumes besides the floioering one, all empty or the
third with a male flower.
Two flowers fertile (or at least with hardened glumes)

in most spikelets 7. Isacune.

One flower in each spikelet fertile, with a coriaceous
glume and palea.
Palea ciliate, with long spreading hairs. Spikelets

minute 12. Thysanol^na.

6 GRAMiNE^. IGraminea.

Palea scarcely ciliate.

Flowering glume awnless, with a small scale or

oblong scar on each side at the base .... 6. Ichnanthus.
Flowering glume without appendages at the base,

awiiless or with a straight awn 4. Panicum (9 to 16).

Flowering glume with a twisted awn .... 10. Arundinella.
Spikelcts either in pairs, 1 sessile the other pedicellate, form-
ing pedicellate spikes, or ] sessile between 2 pedicel-
late, on a common pedicel. Flowering glumes very-
thin, transparent, with a twisted awn or rarely awnless.
Panicle tvith sheathing bracts at its ramifications.

One sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets in each bract . 24. Apluda.

Two short spikes in each bract 25. Andropogon (6).

Panicle without bracts.

Outer glumes thin, enveloped in long silky hairs. Pa-
nicle large.

Rhachis articulate. Spikelets awnless 19. Saccharum.

Rhachis continuous. Flowering glume awned . . 20. Eulalia.
Outer glumes stiff, usually longer than the outer hairs.

'Spikelets in pedicellate spikes 25. Andropogon (3 to 5).

Spikelets in threes, 1 sessile between 2 pedicellate . 27. Chrysopogon.

B. Spikelets with 2 or more hermaphrodite or fertile flowers, or the uppermost unisexual.

1. SjpiJcelets all pedicellate and panicled.

Awns long and twisted. (Spikelets large) 41. Avena.

AwTis none or short and straight.

Flowering glumes surrounded by long dense silky hairs.
Tall Reeds wdth large panicles.

Lowest flowers all fertile 33. Arundo.

Lowest flower male 34. Phragmites.

Hairs few or short or none in the spikelets.
Spikelets small, with 2 flowers.

Glumes of similar consistence, the outer ones shorter

and unequal. Panicle narrow 42. C(ELACHNE.

Flowering glumes firmer than the 2 outer equal ones.

Panicle short, spreading 7. Isachne.

Spikelets flat, with 3 or usually many more flowers . 43. Eragrostis.

2. Spikelets sessile, in 1 or 2 r02vs along one side of the spike-like branches of a simple
panicle.

Spikes digitate.

Spikelets awTriless or with short points.

Spikelets very flat, closely imbricate. Glumes shortly

pointed 37. Dactyloctenium.

Spikelets narrow. Glumes obtuse 38. Eleusine.

Aa\tis longer than the glumes 39. Chloris.

Spikes alternate or clustered in a long panicle 40. Leptochloa.

3. Spikelets (awnless) sessile, irregularly clustered or solitary, in simple or branched
payiicles.

Herbs with small flat spikelets 43. Eragrostis.

Tall shrubby or tree-like Bamboos, with large spikelets.

Stamens 3 45. Arundinaria.

Stamens 6.

Several fertile flowers in each spikelet 46. Bambusa.

One fertile flower in each spikelet 47. Schizostachyum.

Among the Tribes adopted by Colonel Munro for the distribution of the numerous genera
of Graminece, the following 11 are represented in our Flora: —

Graminea.] GRAMiNEiE. 407

* Spikelets with 1 fertile terminal floiver, with or without a male or imperfect Jloiver
below it (Panicacej];).

1. Phalaridese. Flowering glume and palea becoming hardened and enclosing the
grain after flowering. Two outer empty glumes nearly equal, compressed, keeled and longer
than the flowering one. Genus: — 1. Alopecukus.

2. Panicese. Mowering glume and palea becoming hardened and enclosing the grain
after flowering. Outer empty glumes usually unequal and smaller. Genera: — 2. Paspa-

LUM; 3. ErIOCHLOA; 4. PaNICUM; 5. GyMNOTHRIX ; 6. ICHNANTHUS ; 7. ISACHNE ;

8. Spinifex; 9. Tpiouarea.

3. Tristegineae. Spikelets nearly as in Panicea, but usually with a twisted awn as in
Andropogonece. Panicles loose. Genera: — 10. Aeundinella; 11. Garnotia ; 12. Thy-

SANOL^NA.

4. Andropogonese. Flowering glume small, exceedingly thin and transparent, with a
twisted awn rarely entirely wanting. Genera: — 13. Ophiurus; 14. IIemarthria ; 15.
Perotis; 16. ZoYSiA; 1?. DiMERiA ; 18. Imperata ; 19. Saccharum; 20. Eulalia ;

21. POLLTNIA ; 22. PoGONATHERUM ; 23. ApOCOPIS ; 24. APLUDA ; 25. AnDROPOGON ;

26. Heteropogon; 27. Ciirysopogon ; 28. Ischjsmum ; 29. Spodiopogon.

** Spikelets with one or more perfect flowers ; the male or rudimentary flowers, if any,
above the perfect ones, or the axis ending in a yninute point (Po^ace^e).

5. A^rostidese. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually pedicellate and small. Flowering glume
thin, awnless or with a simple awn. Grain free. — 30. Sporobolus; 31. Polypogon.

6. Stipacese. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually pedicellate, and often rather large. Flower-
ing glume firm, with a simple or 3-cleft awn, articulate on the glume or with 3 or more awns,
and closely enveloping the grain. Genus : — 32. Aristida.

7. Arundinese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, pedicellate, the rhachiswith long hairs
between the glumes. Flowerino; glumes like the empty ones or thinner. Grain free. Genera :
— 33. Arundo ; 84. Phragmites.

8. Chloridese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, sessile along one side of the simple
linear branches of a panicle (or of a simple spike). Genera: — 35. Microchloa ; 36. Cy-
NODON ; 37. Dactyloctenium ; 38. Eleusine , 39. Chlorts ; 40. Leptochloa.

9. Avenacese. Spikelets 2- or few-flowei'ed, pedicellate. Flowering glumes usually
shorter than the outer ones, their awns often bent or twisted. Genus: — 41. Avena.

10. Festucacese. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate, glabrous between the glumes
or shortly hairy. Genera: — 42. Ccelachne; 43. Eragrostis; 44. Lophatherum.

11. Bambusese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, usually sessile and clustered. Tall
shrubby or tree-like Grasses. Genera: — 45. Arundinaria ; 46. Bambusa ; 47. Scmzo-

STACHYUM.

1. ALOPECURUS, Linn.

Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, and densely crowded into a cylindrical spike or
spike-like panicle. Outer glumes boat-sliaped, with a prominent keel, but
not awned. Flowering glume sliorter, with a very slender awn inserted on the
back (sometimes concealed under the outer glumes). Palea entirely wanting.

A small genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions of both the northern
and southern hemispheres, only penetrating into the tropics among occasional weeds.
Outer glumes 3 lines long, united to the middle, glabrous or nearly so \. A. agrestis.
Outer glumes not 1^ lines long, free or scarcely united at the base,

hairy on the keel 2. A. geniculatus.

1. A. agrestis, Linn. ; Kunth, Ermm. i. 23. An annual, 1 to 2 ft.
high, erect or slightly decumbent at the base. Leaves rather short, with long,
not very loose sheaths. Spike 2 to 3 in. long, the spikelets not so closely

408 GRAMINE^. [Jlopecuriis.

packed, nor so much flattened as in other species, about 3 lines long, usually
quite glabrous, the 2 outer glumes united to about the middle, the hair-like
awn of the flowering one projecting 2 or 3 lines beyond them.

Hongkong, Harlancl, probably introduced among European seeds. It is a common weed
in Europe and temperate Asia, but ahnost unknown in tropical regions.

2. A. geniculatus, Linn.; KuntJi, Enum. i. 24. A perennial or some-
times annual only, glabrous except the spike. Stem usually procumbent at
the base, bending upv/ards at the lower nodes, sometimes only 3 or 4 in.,
often a foot high or more. Spike 1 to 2 in. long, closely imbricate but slen-
der. Outer glumes haiiy on the keel, scarcely pointed, and usually but little
more than 1 line long, the hair-like a^ras of the flowering glumes, not pro-
jecting above a line beyond them.

In rice-fields, Seemann, Wright, Wilford. Common in the temperate and colder regions
of the northern hemisphere, and naturalized as a weed in many parts mthin the tropics, or
in the southern hemisphere.

2. PASPALUM, Linn.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, not a^\Tied, not callous at the base, solitary or in pairs
along one side of slender spikes, either forming the branches of a simple pa-
nicle, or rarely solitary. Outer glumes 2, both empty. Flowering glume
concave, of a firmer texture. Palea like the flowering glume, but smaller and
usually 2-nerved. Grain enclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume.

A large genus, chiefly tropical or North American.

Spikelets orbicular, obtuse 1. P. scrohiculatufn.

Spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute 2. P. brevifolium,

1. P. scrobiculatum, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 53. An erect or ascend-
ing grass, 1 to 2 ft. high, usually glabrous, except a few^ long hairs at the base
of the leaf-blade. Spikes usually 2 or 3, alternate, shortly stalked, 1 to 2 in.
long, vaih. a broad flat rhachis. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in 2 rows, or-
bicular, obtuse, more or less flattened, 1 to 1| lines long. Outer glumes thin,
glabrous, 3 -nerved.

Common on roadsides, Wright, Seemann, Wilford. Frequent in tropical and subtropical
Asia, Africa, and Australia.

2, P. brevifolium, Flilgge ; Kuntli, Enum. i. 48. Stems decumbent or
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes, slender, and ascending to a foot or
more. Leaves usually short, seldom 2 in. long, glabrous. Spikes 2 to 5,
very near together, slender, 1^ to 2 in. long, the rhachis slightly dilated.
Spikelets in 2 rows, but not crowded, ovoid-oblong, acute, about f line long.
Outer glumes thin, but prominently nerved, pubescent or ciliate on the edges.
— P. chinense, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 41.

Hongkong, Seemann, Wright ; on the racecourse in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Widely
spread over India.

3. ERIOCHLOA, Humb. and Kunth.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, often shortly pointed, but not awned, with a small
callous base, articidate on short pedicels along the branches of a panicle.
Glumes, palea, and grain of Paspalimi.

A small genus, chiefly tropical or subtropical, common to both the New and the Old
World.

Eriochloa.'] GiiAMiNEiE. 409

1. S. annulata, Kunth, Enum. i. 73. A perennial grass, 1 to 2 or 3
ft. high, tufted and erect, or decumbent at the lower nodes, usually glabrous.
Leaves nan-OAV. Panicle oblong, 3 to 5 in. long ; the branches slender, simple
or scarcely branched, and somewhat 1 -sided ; the rhachis glabrous or nearly
so. Pedicels |- to 1 line long, often bearing at the top a few long hairs for-
merly mistaken for an involucre. Spikelets about 1^ lines long. Outer glumes
haiiy, narrowed into a point full \ line long. Plowering glume glabrous,
faintly 3-neiTed, obtuse, with a short fine point. Palea rather smaller, 2-
neiwed, without any point.

Hongkong:, Wright ; also on the adjoining continent. Frequent in tropical and subtro-
pical Asia and Africa, and closely allied to the S. American E. imuctata.

4. PANICUM, Linn.

(Digitaria, Juss. ; Oplismenus, Beauv. ; Setaria, Beauv.)

Spikelets usually small, 1 -flowered, or with a second male flower below it,
awnless or rarely awned, either along one side of the simple branches of a pa-
nicle, or in a loose branching or close and spike-like panicle. Glumes always
4, the lowest small, sometimes veiy minute and empty, the next usually larger
and always empty, the tliird empty or with an imperfect or male flower in its
axis, the innermost or flowering glume of a firmer texture, smoother, and more
faintly 3-nerved. Palea like the flowering glume, but smaller and more or
less 2-nerved. Grrain enclosed in the hardened flowering glume and palea.

A vast genus, chiefly tropical or N. American, with a very few species spreading into
Europe and temperate Asia.

Panicle shnple, with sessile one-sided spike-like branches.

Spikelets not awned, in pairs, one or both pedicellate. Spikes digi-
tate or crowded at the summit of the stem. {Digitaria^
Spikes 2, long and stiff. Pedicellate flower covered with long

hairs 1. P. harhatmn.

Spikes several, clustered. Pedicellate flower glabrous or hairy.
Stem decumbent, ascending. One spikelet of each pair usually

sessile ; second glume much smaller than the third . . . 2. P. sang^dnale.
Stems tufted at the base, erect. Spikelets all pedicellate ; se-
cond glume nearly as long as the third . 3. P. comniutidum.

Spikelets not awned, sessile, alternating in 2 row^s. Spikes distant 4. P. distachyuin.
Spikelets often awned, sessile and crowded or clustered.
Spikelets crowded in 4 or more close rows, in dense spikes.
Spikes nearly equal, distant, forming a long slender panicle.

Spikelets 1 line long, not awned 5. P. colonum.

Lower spikes longer than the upper, in a close pyramidal pa-
nicle. Spikelets 1^ lines long, often awned 6. P. Crus-gaUi.

Spikelets awned, in distinct clusters, forming interrupted spikes. 7- P. comjjositum.
Panicle contracted into a cylindrical spike.

Spikelets intermixed with long awn-like bristles 8. P. glaucum.

Spikes without a\vns or bristles 16. P. indicum.

(See also Cixlachne.)
Panicle cowpound, icith slender branches, more or less spreading.
Spikelets interspersed with a few long awn-like bristles.

Panicle loose or spreading, the lower branches 4 to 8 in. long.

Leaves 1 in, broad or more 9. P. plicatum.

Panicle narrow, the lower branches 1 to 2 in. long. Leaves not

i in. broad . 10. P. cvcurrens.

410 GRAMiNEiE. [Panicum.

Panicle without awns or bristles.

Spikelets clustered or in short spikes along the branches . . .11. P. 7iodosum.

Spikelets not clustered, 2 lines long Ichnanthus.

Spikelets distinct, all pedicellate, i to 1^ lines long.
Leaves rather narrow, tapering or rounded at the base.
Stem creeping at the base, then simjile and ascending.

Panicle little branched. Outer glume short and round . 12. P. repens.
Stem scrambling, branched. Panicle much branched.

Outer glume f as long as the others 13. P. sarmentosum.

(See also Isachne australis.)
Leaves broad, cordate at the base.

Leaves lanceolate, 4 to 10 in. long 14. P. montanum.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2 in. long 15. P. ovalifoliiim.

Leaves ovate, \ to near 1 in. long. Spikelets minute . . Isachne pulchella.

1. P. barbatum, KwitJi, Emim. i. 84. Stems decumbent, habit and
foliage of P. sanguinale. Spikes 2 only, or very rarely 3, more rigid than in
that species, and'often 3 to 5 in. long. ' Spikelets 1^ to 2 lines long, in pairs,
one sessile, the other on a pedicel as long as the spikelet. Lowest glume
very minute and thin, the 2 next nearly equal, both empty and prominently
5-, 7-, or even 9-nerved, thickly covered ^x\i\l long spreading hairs in the
pedicellate spikelet, much less hairy in the sessile one. — P. hetemnthum, Nees,
PI. Meyen. 174.

In the sands of the Happy Valley, Wright ; also on the continent 'near Amoy, Hance.
Only seen besides from the Indian Peninsula.

2. P. sanguinale, Linn. ; Kuntli, Pmim. i. 82. An annual with stems
1 to 2 ft. long, more or less spreading or creeping at the base, then ascending
or erect. Leaves flat, naiTOw, more or less haiiy. Panicle consisting of 3 to
10 or 12 simple slender branches, 2 to 4 in. long, and aU usually spreading
from nearly the same point so as to appear digitate. Spikelets in pairs along
one side of these branches, one sessile, the other pedicellate, each about 1 line
long. Lowest glume veiy minute, almost microscopic, the second concave,
about half the length of the third, which is nearly flat and 5 -nerved, both
glabrous, or more or less ciliate on the edges, and empty.

Rice-fields, very abundant, Hance and others. One of the commonest weeds in all tropical
and warm regions.

3. P. commutatum, Nees in Linnaa, \\\. 274. Veiy near the P. san-
guinale, of which it may be only a variety. Stems less creeping, usually
forming a perennial stock, with a dense tuft of the remains of old leaves, and
frequently woolly-haiiy. Leaves naiTOw. Spikes slender and less spreading
than in P. sanguinale. Spikelets all pedicellate, the second ghnne but little
shorter than the third, the latter prominently 5-neiTed, and both usually
ciliate or haiiy.

On hills on the south of the island, Wilford. Occurs in various parts of India, in South
Africa, and in Brazil.

4. P. distachyuxn, Linn. ; Kuntli, Enum. i. 91. Stems decumbent or
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to a foot or rather more.
Leaves flat, often haiiy. Spikes 2 or 3, sessile, distant and alternate, in a
simple panicle, each one 1 to near 2 in. long. Spikelets sessde and alternate,
in 2 rows merging into 1, all on one side, each one 1^ to 2 lines long. Outer

Panicum,] gramine^e. 4.II

glumes glabrous, 3 -nerved, the lowest from I to -^ as long as the second and
third, which are nearly equal.

Hongkong, Uance. Widely distributed over tropical Asia and Africa.

5. P. colonum, Linn. Stems erect or decumbent at the base, 2 ft.
high or more. Leaves flat, glabrous. Spikes about 8 or 10, sessile, one-
sided, distant and usually erect, in a long narrow simple panicle, each one \
to f in. long, and not diminishing much upwards. Spikelets about 1 line
long, sessile, and densely crowded in about 4 rows. Outer glumes coarsely
pubescent, the lowest nearly \ as long as the second and thii'd, which are
nearly equal, often ending in short points ; the third with a palea in its axil.
— OpUsmenus colomim, Kunth, Enum. i. 142.

Hongkong, Seemann, Wrigld. Common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World, and occurring occasionally also in tropical America.

6. P, Crus-galli, Linn. A coarse decumbent rather broad-leaved an-
nual. Panicle 4 to 6 in. long, irregularly pyramidal and rather one-sided.
Spikelets pubescent, as in P. colonum, but rather larger, crowded and clus-
tered along the spike-like branches, the lowest of which are 1 to 2 in. lono-,
diminishing gradually to the top. Lowest glume very short and broad, the
second and third about equal ; the one empty and awnless, the other ending
in either a short point or a long coarse awn, and has often a thin palea in its
axil, riowering-giume awnless, smooth and shining. — OpUsmenus Crus-galli,
Kunth, Enum. i. 143.

Hongkong, Wright. A common weed in most hot and some temperate countries.

7. P. compositum, Linn. Stems decumbent at the base, 1 or rarely
2 ft. high, rather slender but stiff. Leaves broadly lanceolate, sprinkled with
a few long haii's. Spikes few, slender, one-sided, and distant, the lower ones
1 to 2 in. long, the upper shorter. Spikelets above a line long, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, in distant clusters of 2 or 3, usually sun'ounded by a few
bristly hairs. Lowest glume shorter than the flower, with a rather long awn,
the second scarcely longer, with a smaU point or short awn, the third longer,
awnless, with a rudimentary flower in its axil. — OpUsmenus compositus, Eoem.
and Schult. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 141.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Frequent in most tropical and subtropical countries, espe-
cially in the Old World, and extending northwards to Amoy, Loochoo, and Bonin.

8. P. glaMCum, Linn. An erect annual, of a pale green, 1 to 2 ft. high,
with fiat leaves, rough on the edges. Spikelets small, crowded into a com-
pact cylindrical spike (or spike-like panicle) 1 to \\ in. long, interspersed with
very numerous awn-like bristles, inserted under the spikelets, but projecting
beyond them ; these are rough with minute erect teeth, felt oidy when the
spike is pushed upwards tlu'ough the fingers. Lowest glume very smaU, the
second not quite so long as the third, the flowering glume marked with nu-
merous minute transverse wrinkles, visible especially as the seed ripens. —
Setaria glauca, Beauv. ; Kmith, Enum. i. 149.

Common on the lower hills, Seemann, Hance, Wilford. Very frequent in tropical and
subtropical countries, extending more sparingly into temperate Asia and Europe.

9. P, plicatum. Lam. ; Kunth, Lnum. i, 94. A stoat erect grass, 3 to 4
or 5 ft. high, glabrous or with hairy sheaths. Leaves long, the larger ones

412 GRAM1NE.1:. [Panicum.

1 to li or even 2 in. broad, Antli numerous longitudinal folds. Panicle oblong,
loose, above a foot long, composed of long slender branches at first erect
but aftei-wards often drooping. Spikelets mostly sessile or nearly so, but
scattered, interspersed with a few fine ami-like bristles much longer than
themselves. Outer glumes 5 -nerved, the lowest about i, the next f as long
as the thu'd, which has often a short point and contains a small palea. Flower-
ing glume rather shorter, with a minute point. — P. nervosum and P. plicatum,
Eoxb. jFI. Ind. i. 311. P. nepaleuse, Spreng. ; Kuntli, Enum. i. 94.

Hongkong, Harland (a single specimen seen in his lierbarium, but not now before me to
compare with the following species). Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa, extend-
ing northwards to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Philippines.

10. P. excurrens, Trin.; Kunth, E)iumA.^^. A^ery near the P. 7-?/ica-
tum, but more slender, the leaves much narrower, and not so much folded,
the panicle narrow, 8 to 10 in. long, with short erect branches, the spikelets
rather larger, the second and thii-d glumes have often 7 nerves, and the latter
has in its axil a more developed palea and often a male flower. — P. Forbesia-
7ium, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 98.

Hongkong, Hance ; also Shanghai and in the Himalaya.

11. P. nodosum, KuntJi, 'Emim. i. 97. A rather slender branching grass,
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves
rather narrow, rounded at the base, glabrous or haiiy. Panicle 6 to 10 in.
long, the spikelets in clusters or short spikes along its long slender branches.
Each spikelet narrow-elliptical, but scarcely acute, about 1 line long. Glumes
faintly nerved, the 2 outer scarcely unequal, and not half so long as the tlurd,
wliich is usually empty. — P . Aniottianum, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 59.

In the Happy Valley woods, Wilford. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and S. China.

12. P. repens, Linn. ; Kuntli, Enum. i. 103. Stems creeping and root-
ing at the base, the flowering branches ascending to 1 or rarely 2 feet, simple
and rather stift". Leaves naiTOw, more or less pubescent or haiiy at the base.
Panicle slender, not much branched, erect or at length spreading. Spikelets
all pedicellate and distant, about \\ lines long. Outer glume veiy short and
rounded, the second and third nearly equal, pointed, the latter often with a
male flower in its axil. — P. ischcemoides, Retz ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 98.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in the maritime regions of S. Asia, N. Afi'ica, and S. Em'ope ;
also on the coasts of Brazil.

13. P. sar-nie3[itosiini, Roxh.; Kuntli, Knum. i.l26. A tall scrambling
branching grass, more or less covered with a minute soft pubescence. Leaves
rather broad, rounded at the base. Panicle veiy much branched, sometimes
4 or 5 in., sometimes near a foot long, with filiform spreading branches.
Spikelets all pedicellate, ovoid, obtuse, less than a line long, pubescent, the
lowest glume fidl f as long as the second and third. — P. incomptum, Trin. ;
Kunth, Enum. i. 112. P. cuncinnum, Nees in Kew Joum. Bot. ii. 97.

In the wood behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford ; also Harland. Extends over eastern
tropical Asia, from Assam and Khasia to the Archipelago, the Philippines, and S. China.

14. P. montanum, Boxh. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 126. Stems firm, erect,
3 to 4 ft. high. Leaves broad, cordate at the base, somewhat hairy and ciliate

Panicum.] GRAMiNEi^:. 418

at the edges. Panicle much branched and veiy slender, often a foot long or
more, the branches almost capillary, erect or spreading. Spikelets all pedi-
cellate and distant, about 1 line long, acute. Lowest glume more than half
the length of the second and third, which are both empty.

Hongkong, Wright. Dispersed over the hilly districts of India, from the Peninsula to
Bnrmah, the Archipelago, the Philippines, and S. China.

15. P. ovalifolmxn, Foir. ; Kunth,Enuin.\. 113. Stems creeping and
rooting at the loAver nodes, weak and ascending to about a foot. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, seldom above 2 in. long and f to near 1 in. broad, cordate at
the base, and ciliate with a few long hairs. Panicle about 4 in. long, with
numerous capillary spreading branches. Spikelets all pedicellate, not 1 line
long, scarcely acute, the 3 outer glumes nearly equal in length, the second veiy
concave, the third often with a male flower in its axil.

In ravines, WrigJit, WiJford, Hance. Dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa, and occurs
also in eastern Brazil. The habit is very near that of several Isachnes.

16. P. indicusn^ Linn.; Kimth, Emim. i. 113. A small grass T\ith the
habit almost of an Alopeciirus. Stems decumbent at the base, ascending to
6 in. or a foot. Leaves naiTOw. Panicle contracted into a dense cylincMcal
spike, |- to 1 in. long in the Hongkong specimens, often 2 in. or more in
Indian ones, without awns or bristles. Spikelets acute, 1 to 1^ line long,
crowded but somewhat spreading, glabrous or pubescent. Lowest glume about
\ as long as the second and thii-d. Flowering glume considerably shorter.
— P. angustum^ Trin., and P. contractum, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 84.

Common about Victoria, WUford, Harland, Wright. Dispersed over India from the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago, and northward to Silhet, Assam, S. China and the PhiHppines.

5. G-YMNOTHRIX, Beauv.

Spikelets and flowers of Panicum, but each spikelet surrounded by an invo-
lucre of long simple awn-like bristles, and all arranged in a long cyUndiical
simple and dense spike or raceme.

A small tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. G. japonica, KuntJi, Eiiwn. i. 159. A tall erect stiff grass. Leaves
narrow-linear, very long, the edges rolled inward when diy. Stem usually
hairy under the spike. Spike 4 to 8 in. long, conspicuous from the numerous
purplish awn-like bristles that almost conceal the flower, those of each invo-
lucre iinequal, the longest near 1 in. long. Spikelets solitary within each
involucre, narrow, pointed, 3-4 lines long, on very short pedicels. Lowest
glume a minute almost microscopical scale, the second full half as long as the
spikelet, the third about as long as the flowering one, but empty, all glabrous.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in S. China, and northward to Japan.

6. ICHNANTHUS, Beauv.

Spikelets and inflorescence of the large-flowered awnless paniculate Panicums,
except that the flowering glume has on each side at the base a small scale-
like oblong appendage, either free or in some species so closely adnate as to
appear as a depressed scar.

A small tropical American genus, of which one species also extends into the Old World.

414 GEAMlNEiE. [Ichnaittkus.

1. I. pallens, Munro. A weak decumbent branching grass, creeping
and rooting at the lower nodes, 1 to 3 ft. long, and usually more or less pubes-
cent. Leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, rounded or cordate
at the base. Panicle 3 or 4 in. long, the branches slender, but not veiy
spreading. Spikelets scattered, pedicellate or nearly sessile, fuU 2 lines long.
Outer glumes lanceolate, the lowest about i shorter than the second, and both
empty, the third rather shorter, usually with a male flower. Terminal flower-
ing glume about half as long, shortly stipitate, obtuse and coriaceous, with a
small scar or depression on each side at the base, indicating the scales of the
other species. — Panicum pallens, Sw. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 89.

Hongkong, Wright. A common weed in tropical America, occm'ring also in many parts
of tropical Africa and Asia.

7. ISACHNE, Br.

Spikelets 2-floAvered, the upper flower female or rarely hermaphrodite, the
lower male or sometimes hermaphrodite, and both articulate on the rhachis.
Outer empty glumes 2, nearly equal, and often very deciduous. Both the
flowering glumes, as well as the palese, of a firmer consistence than the outer
ones, all awnless. Grain enclosed in the glumes and palea as in Panicum,
but very frequently those of both flowers attain matm-ity. Inflorescence of the
small-flowered paniculate Panicums, except that the articulation of the spike-
let is usually above, not below the insertion of the outer glumes.

A small tropical genus, common to both the New and the Old World.

Panicle with very numerous short capillary branches. Spikelets about

\ line long 1. /. pnlchella.

Panicle loose. Spikelets | to 1 in. long.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, very rough. Outer glumes glabrous . . . 2. /. ausiralis.
Leaves ovate, not 1 in. long. Outer glumes pubescent 3, /. myosotis.

1. I. pulchella. Roth, Nov. PI. Spec. 58. Stems slender, creeping,
branching, ascending sometimes to near 1 ft. Leaves ovate, seldom 1 inch
long, deeply cordate, rough, elegantly marked with numerous parallel veins,
the edges bordered by long haii's or bristles, the sheaths very hairy. Panicles
ovate, 1 to 1-| in. long, with numerous capillary but stiff spreading branches.
Spikelets about \ line long, the 2 outer glumes falling off very early. Plower-
ing glumes pubescent, the lower flower usually male, but sometimes both
flowers are fertile. — Pa?iicum miUaceum, Trin. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 113. Gray la
elegans, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 119.

Hongkong, Wright, Harland. In Ceylon, the Indian Peninsida, Malacca, and Silhet.

2. I. australis, Br. Prod. 196. Stems rather slender, decumbent,
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to 1 ft. or more. Leaves
lanceolate, very rough wdth a minute pubescence. Panicle ovoid, spreading,
1 to 2 in. long, rather loose. Spikelets all pedicellate, obtuse, nearly 1 line
long. Outer glumes glabrous. Lower flower usually male, vaih. a glabrous
glume, the upper one stipitate, female, and pubescent. Pedicels mostly marked
with a pellucid discoloration or gland. — IsacJme miliacea of most modern au-
thors, but probably not of Eoth. Panicum atrovirens, Trin. ; Kunth, Enum.
i. 127. P. batavicum, and P. Benjaynini, Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.

Isachne.'\ gramine^. 415

Hongkong, Hance^ Wright. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, and northward to Amoy.

3. I. xnyosotis^ Nees in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 98. Stems slender, de-
cumbent, often branched, from a few inches to 1\ ft. long. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, \ to near 1 in. long, with hairy sheaths and ciliate edges, and rough
on the surface. Panicle ovate, very spreading, few-flowered, about 1^ in.
long. Spikelets pedicellate, veiy obtuse, about 1 line long. Outer glumes
strongly nerved and shortly hirsute. Flowering glumes rather longer, gla-
brous or nearly so, the upper one female, the lower usually hermaphrodite. —
Panicum myosotis, Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.

In damp situations, about Victoria, WUford ; also Wright. And in the Philippine Islands.

8. SPINIFEX, Linn.

Spikelets dioecious, sessile, awnless. Barren ones in spikes, each one with
2 male flowers, and 2 outer empty glumes. Fertile spikelets solitary, with
2 outer empty glumes, the third empty or with a male flower, the terminal
one with a hermaphrodite flower. Spikes in the male plants, and single flow-
ers in the fertile ones, collected in dense globular clusters intermixed with
long stiff often prickly bracts.

A genus of very few species, confined to the seacoasts of tropical Asia and Australia.

1. S. squarrosus^ Linn.; KimtJi, Emim. i. 175. A glabrous glaucous
hard perennial, creeping and much branched. Leaves clustered, naiTow, and
very rigid, often pungent, 4 to 6 in. long, the broad short sheaths often im-
bricate. Male spikes 2 or 3 in. long, the bracts mostly shorter, the rhachis
often pungent. Spikelets alternate and distant, each 4 or 5 lines long, the
outer empty glumes unequal and both shorter than the flowering ones. Fer-
tile spikelets almost concealed by the long rigid bracts, the glumes rather
longer than in the males, and the outer ones usually the longest.

On the sands of the seabeach, Hance. Frequent in the maritime sands of tropical Asia.

9. THOUAREA, Pers.

Spikelets in short one-sided androgynous spikes, in the axil of a sheathing
bract. Upper spikelets with 2 male flowers, lower ones with a terminal her-
maphrodite and lower male flower, and all with only one outer empty glume.

The genus is apparently limited to a single species.

1. T. sarmentosa, Pers.; Kiintli. Eniim. i. 174. A glabrous or pu-
bescent perennial, creeping to a great extent vdih. short leafy flowering branches.
Leaves short and flat, with broad sheaths often almost covering the stems.
Spikes ^ to f in. long ; the sheathing bract about as long, and as the seed
ripens turning down over it like a hood. Spikelets about 2 Lines long, the
outer empty glume rather shorter than the flowering ones.

On the sands of the seabeach, Hance. In similar situations in Ceylon, the Archipelago,
North Australia, and the Pacific islands.

10. ARUNDINELLA, Kaddi.

Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second male flower below it in a loose ter-
minal panicle. Glumes 4 ; the 2 lowest empty, pointed but not awned ; the

416 GRAMiNE.f:. [Arundinella.

thii-d similar but often with a male flower in its axil ; the terminal flowering
one smaller, thinner, with an awn. twsted at the base, and bent back at or
below the middle. Palea smaller, awnless. Grain enclosed in the slightly
stifl'ened glume and palea.

A tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or S. American species.

Flowering glume ending in 2 fine bristles between which arises the awn . 1. A. setosa.
Flowering glume slightly pointed on each side of the awn 2. A. nepalensis.

1. A. setosa, Trin.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 114. A rather slender erect
perennial, 2 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow. Panicle slender, 6 to 8 in.
long ; the branches erect or slightly spreading. Spikelets numerous, solitai-y,
or 2 together on pedicels of unequal length. Lowest giame usually about 2
lines long, shortly pointed ; the second tapering into a longer point ; the third
thinner, smaller, and scarcely pointed, with a male flower ; flowering glume
ending in 2 very fine bristles nearly as long as itself, between which arises
the awn. — A. stricta, Nees in Kew Joum. Bot. ii. 102.

Hongkong, Wright. On the mainland and northward to Amoy, in the Philippines, and
more rarely in the mountains of northern India and the Peninsula.

2. A. nepalensis, Trin. Ic. t. 268; Steiid. Syn. Gram. 115. An erect
perennial, with narrow leaves, like the last but often taller. Panicle narrow, a
foot long or more. Spikelets nearly as in A. setosa, but the flowering glume
is oidy slightly notched at the top ; the minute points on each side of the awn
not produced into bristles. — Acratherum miliaceiim, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.
i. 230. Arimdlnella miliacea, Nees in Kew Joum. Bot. ii. 102. A. Eckloni,
Nees, PI. Afr. Austr. Gram. 80.

Hongkong, Hance. Widely distributed over the hilly districts of tropical Asia, exteuding
also to S. Africa and N. Australia.

11. GARNOTIA, Brongn.
(Miquelia, Nees ; Berghausia, Endl.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a loose terminal panicle. Outer empty glumes 2,
pointed but not awmed. Plowering glume smaller, thinner, usually with an
awn twisted at the base, and bent back in the middle, but sometimes straight
or reduced to a minute point. Palea awnless, usually with 2 amides at the
base. Grain enclosed in the slightly stiftened glume and palea.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

Awn of the flowering glume longer than itself, straight 1. G. patnla.

Awn reduced to a minute point 2. G. stricta.

1. G. patula, Mmiro. An erect somew^hat glaucous perennial, 2 to 4 ft.
high, with a short creeping rootstock. Leaves rather narrow, the lowest vni\\
loose distichous sheaths. Panicle 8 in. to 1 ft. long ; the slender branches
not above 2 in. long, but very spreading. Spikelets about 2 lines long,
naiTow, minutely hairy. Outer glumes ending in fine points sometimes length-
ened into a bristle or short awn in the second. Plowering glume smaller,
notched, with a fine straight awn of 4 or 5 lines. — Berghausia patula, Munro
in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 362.

Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Not known from elsewhere.

2, G. Stricta, Brongn. in Duperr. Toy. 133, t. 21. An erect grass, l\

Garnotia.] gkamine^. 417

to 3 ft. high, usually not so stiff as the last. Leaves naiTOw, scarcely dis-
tichous. Panicle naiTow, often a foot long; the branches short, erect or
slightly spreading. Spikelets like those of G. pahila, hut nearly glabrous ;
the points of the empty glumes much shorter, and the awn of the flowering
glume reduced to a minute often microscopical point. — Berghausla nmtica^
Munro in Proceed. Amer. Acad. iv. 362. Miquelia barbulata, Nees in PI.
Meyen. 178?

Ofi rocky cliffs, Hongkong, Wright. Also in Ceylon. As far as Nees's description goes,
of the plant gathered by Meyen on the Syngraoou channel (probably in Lautao), it agrees
perfectly with this species.

12. THYSANOLiENA, Nees.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, minute, awnless, crowded along the slender branches
of a large panicle. Glumes 4 ; the 2 outer empty and very short ; the third
also empty but much longer and more pointed ; the flowering glume rather
smaller and thinner, with a veiy small point, and edged with long spreading
hairs.

The genus is limited to a single species, placed by Nees among TruteginecBy but scarcely
distinct from Panicea proper.

1. T. acarifera, Nees, Fl. Meyen. 181. Stems stout, erect, 4 to 12 ft.
high. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, and 1 to 2 in. broad at the base. Panicle 1 to
2 ft. long, the numerous slender branches drooping or spreading. Spikelets
when fuUy expanded about f line long, the long spreading hairs of the flower-
ing glume very conspicuous. — Melica latifolia, Koxb. PL Ind. i. 328. Fanicum
acariferum, Trin. Ic. t. 87. Jgrostis rnaxima, Roxb. I.e. 317. Thysanolcena
Jgrodis, Nees, PI. Meyen. 182.

Frequent in ravines, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over the hilly districts
of northern and eastern India, but apparently not in the Peninsula as stated by Nees, through
a mistaken quotation from Roxburgh.

13. OPHIUBUS, Br.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, singly sessile in notches on alternate sides of
a simple spike ; the axis articulate at each notch. Lowest empty glume hard ;
the 2 next empty ones, the flowering glume, and the palea all very thin and
transparent, and completely enclosed under the outer one.

A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.

1. O. monostachyus, Fred; Kuutli, Mu{m.i.464>. Stems ascendin
rather slender, -^ to 1 ft. high, simple or slightly branched. Leaves narrow
Spike terminal, pedunculate, slender, cylindrical, 1^ to 2 in. long, straight or
slightly curved. Outer glume about It lines long, ovate, thick and hard,
slightly convex, the veins scarcely conspicuous. — 0. uudatiis, Nees in Kew
Joum. Bot. ii. 102.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Also in the Philippine Islands.

14. HEMARTHRIA, Br.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, usually awnless, inserted in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate in notches on alternate sides of a simple spike, the axis not arti-

2 E

fc)'

418 GR AM IN E ^ . [Ilemarthria .

ciilate. Lo^yest empty glume keeled, rigid, several-nerved ; the second similar
but more pointed in the pedicellate flower, thinner and half-transparent in the
sessile one, and more or less cohering to the concave pedicel of the other ;
the third empty glume, flowering glume, and palea, all very thin and trans-
parent.

A small genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe.

1. H. fasciculata, Knnth, Emm. i. 465. Stems creeping and root-
ing at the base, ascending to 1 or 1^ ft., more or less compressed and some-
times branched. Leaves narrow. Spikes 2 to 2|- in. long, slightly compressed,
all axillary ; the peduncles not longer than the sheaths, and bearing 2 or 3
sheathing' bracts. Outer glumes about 2 lines long, acute or with short points,
green and striate.

Hongkong, Hance. Widely distributed over Asia and the Mediten-anean region.

15. PEROTIS, Ait.

Spikelets 1 -flowered in a simple spike-like raceme. Outer empty glumes
2, linear, stiff, with terminal awns. Flowering glume and palea very small,
thin, and transparent. Grain longer than the flowering glume, enclosed in
the two outer ones.

Besides the following, the genus comprises one other Australian species.

1. P. latifolia^ Ait.; Kxintli, Enmn. i. 470. Stems decumbent and
branched at the base, ascending to 1 ft. or more. Leaves flat, rather broad,
from \ in. to near 1 in. long. Racemes peduncidate, usually 2 to 4 in. long.
Spikelets rather crowded, spreading, on very short pedicels, each spikelet near
2 lines long, with awns of ^ in. in most of the Chinese specimens, much
shorter with shorter awais in other varieties. — P. patula, Nees, and P. longi-
flora, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 186 (the long-flowered variety). P. hordei-
formis, Nees, and P. glabrata, Steud. 1. c. (the shorter-flow^ered variety).

Hongkong, Wright. Widely diffused over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, ex-
tending northward to Japan, and southward to S.E. Africa.

16. ZOYSIA, Willd.

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, nearly sessile in a simple spike, the axis not
articidate. Outer empty glume 1, keeled, stiff', shortly pointed, the edges
often united below^ round the flower. Flowering glume much shorter, thin
and transparent. Palea veiy small or none. Grain free but enclosed m the
onter glume.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. 2a. pungens, TFilld.; Kimth, Emim.'i. -^ll. Stems creeping or diff'use,
and shortly ascending. Leaves narrow and very pomted, sometimes pungent,
varying fi'om \ to 2 in. long in ditferent specimens. Spikes peduncidate,
about 1 in. long. Spikelets erect, full 2 lines long in the Chinese specimens,
scarcely more than 1 line in many others. Outer glume smooth, except the
keel, and almost cartilaginous, usually ending in a short point. — Z. temdfolia,
Willd., and Z. japonica, Steud. Syn. Gram. 414. Z. cwistata, Z. Brownei,
Z. Griffithimia, and Z. sedoldes, C. MiiU. in Bot. Zeit. 1855, 272 to 274.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in maritime sands in tropical and subtropical eastern Asia
and Australia, extending northward to Japan.

Dimeria.] gtiamine.-e. 419

17. DIMERIA, Br.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, almost sessile, inserted singly on the alternate notches
of slender unilateral spikes, which are either solitary or more frequently 2 or
3 together on a terminal peduncle ; the rhachis not articulate, and a tuft of
short hairs under each spikelet. Outer empty glumes 2, linear, stiff, keeled,
not awned ; third empty glume smaller, thin and transparent, not awned ;
flowering glume thin and transparent, notched or 2-lobed with an interme-
diate awn, twisted at the base, and bent back at or below the middle. Palea
minute or none. Seed free, but enclosed in the outer glumes.

A small tropical Asiatic or Australian genus.

1. D. fuscescens, Trin. ; Steiid. Syn. Gram. 413. Stems erect, rather
slender, 1 to 1|^ ft. high. Leaves narrow, erect, veiy pointed, fringed with
long hairs, the sheaths somewhat flattened and distichous. Spikes 2 or rarely
3 together, digitate at the summit of a slender peduncle, each \\ to 2 in.
long. Pedicels short and flat. Outer glumes fringed with hairs on the keel
and edges. Inner glumes also ciliate. Awn about 4 lines long. Palea
usually deficient.

Hongkong, Hance. On the Chinese continent to Amoy, in Nepal and in Ceylon.

18. IMPERATA, Cyr.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, mostly pedicellate, in a dense cylindrical
spike-like panicle, the rhachis not articidate. Glumes all thin and transpa-
rent, 2 outer empty ones keeled, covered Avith very long silky hairs, third also
empty, smaller, without haii's, flowering glume and palea still shorter, often
jagged at the top. Grain free, enclosed in the outer glumes.

A very smaU genus, widely diffused over the warmer regions of the globe.

1. I. arundinacea, Cjjr. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 477, var. Kcenigii. A stiff
erect perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous except a tuft of hairs at the nodes.
Leaves erect, narrow, often longer than the stem. Spike-like panicle 3 to 5
in, long, silvery-white with the long silky hairs of the glumes, concealing the
spikelets. Spikelets in this variety usually all pedicellate, the outer glumes
about 1^ lines long, and often slightly coloured. — /. Kcenigii, Beq,uv.

Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Frequent in tropical Asia and Africa. The
form originally described with glabrous nodes and rather larger spikelets, many of them
sessile, is equally abundant in the Mediterranean region and in some parts of tropical and
northern America. The two varieties run too much mto each other to be separable as
species.

19. SACCHARUM, Linn.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, surrounded by long silky hairs, in pairs, both
sessile or 1 pedicellate along the branches of a large panicle, the rhachis arti-
culate at each pair. Two outer empty glumes keeled, thin but rather stift',
third empty glume, flowering-glume, and palea, all smaller and very thin and
transparent.

A small Asiatic or African tropical or subtropical genus.

1. S. oiHcinaruxn, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 474. Stems firm, erect, 6
to 12 ft. high. Leaves long, flat, 1 in. broad or more, very rough at the

^2 E 2

420 GRAMINE^. [^Saccharum.

edges. Panicle temiinal, compoiuid, spreading, 1 to 3 ft. long, of a grey
silveiy colour fi'om the long hairs surrounding the spikelets. Spikelets all
sessile or one of each pair slightly pedicellate, the outer glumes about 2 lines
long, pointed.

Hongkong, Harland, probably cultivated here as in India and other hot countries. We
have no authentic record of any really wild station of this the common Sugar-cane.

20. EULALIA, Trin. (not of Kunth).

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in pairs, along the slender inarticulate branches of a
compound panicle, each spikelet surrounded by long silky hairs. Outer empty
glumes 2, rather stiff, awnless, the lowest 3- o)' 5-nerved, the second keeled;
third empty glume smaller, very thin and transparent or deiicient ; flowering-
glume very thin and transparent, notched, with a fine awn twisted at the base.
Palea small or none.

A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus, diiFering fi-om Eriantkus in the inarticulate
branches of the panicle, from Pollinia in the branched inflorescence.

1. B.japonica, Trin.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 412. An erect perennial, 3
to 6 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Panicle \ to 1^ ft. long, spreading and much
branched, the silky hairs usually assuming a bro^m or purplish hue. Spikelets
both shortly but unequally pedicellate. Outer glumes about 1^ lines long,
with short points. K.\w\ of the flowering glume veiy fine, 3 to 4 lines long.
— Eriardhus jajjonicus, Beauv. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 479. Saccharum densum,
Nees in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 100. Eulalia densa, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her.
424. Saccharum p7'ceg7'ande, Steud. Syn. Gram. 408.

Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, and others. Extends to the Philippines and Borneo, and
northward to Japan.

21. POLLINIA, Trin.
(Eulalia, Kunth.)

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate along the
spike-like branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis articulate at each paii*,
each spikelet surrounded by silky haii's. Outer empty glumes 2, stiff", diVax-
less or with a hair-like point, the lowest with 2 of the lateral nerves promi-
nent, the central one faint or wanting ; second glume keeled, third smaller,
very thin and transparent ; flowering glume small and thin, with a fine awn,
twisted at the base.

A small tropical and subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic and African, with a few American
or Austrahan species.

Spikes (3 or 4) dense, 3 to 4 in. long, very hairy. Outer glumes 2 fines

long, the second pointed 1. P. villosa.

Spikes (3 to 5) slender, H to 3 in. long, shortly hairj'. Outer glumes li

lines long, the second with a long hair-like point 2. P. tenuis.

1. P. villosa, Munro, MSS. An erect glabrous perennial, about 2 ft.
high. Leaves narrow, usually pubescent. Spikes cylindidcal, dense, 3 to 4
in. long, 3 or 4 together at the summit of the peduncle. Spikelets closely
erect along the rhachis, A\dth silky hairs shorter than the glumes at their base,
on the pedicels, and on the back of the outer glumes. Lowest glume about 2
lines long, usually 4 -nerved, with 2 of the lateral nerves veiy prominent ;

PolUnia.] . gramine.e. 421

second glume keeled, scarcely pointed. Awn of the flowering glinne | to f
in. long. — ErimitJins tristackyus, Nees, PI. Meyen. 1 84 (but not Judropoyon
tristachijus, Roxb.). Eidalia villosa, Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. Gram. 91.

Hongkong, Hance. Also ou the adjacent continent, and northward to Amoy, and in
S. Africa.

2. P. tenuis, Tr'in.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 402. Stems slender, creeping
and branched at the base, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves flat, spreading,
narrowed at the base. Spikes slender, 1|- to 3 in. long, usually 3 to 5 at the
summit of the peduncle, the hairs of the pedicels much shorter than the
glumes. Spikelets about Ij lines long. Lowest glume 4-nei'ved, strongly
ciiiate ; second glume keeled, slightly ciliate, with a hair-like point full half
as long as the glume in the sessile spikelet, usually very short in the pedicel-
late one. Awn of the minute flowering glume very fine, about | in. long.

U ougliong, Hance ; common about Victoria, Wilfovd. Also in northern India and in the
Philippines.

22. POGONATHERUM, Beauv.

Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate in a simple spike, the
rhachis articulate, each spikelet surrounded by long silky hairs. Pedicellate
spikelet with 1 female flower ; sessile one with 1 hermaphrodite and 1 male
flower below it. Glumes all thin and transparent, the lowest 3-nerved, awn-
less, the second keeled, with a long awn, the third smaller and awnless, empty
or w4th the male flower, the terminal flowering one very small with a long
awn, the awns twisted.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. P. saccharoideum, Beauv. A slender, branching, often tufted grass,
6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, spreading, I to 1^ in. long. Spike \ to
1 in., on a slender terminal peduncle, the silky hairs and awns often assuming
a golden hue. Spikelets less than 1 line long, the 5 spreading hair-like awns
i to f in. long. — P. criuitum, Trin. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 478. P. I'efradum,
Nees, PI. Meyen. 152.

Common in the island, Hance and others. "Widely diffused in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines, S. China, and Loochoo.

23. APOCOPIS, Nees.
(Amblyachyrum, Hochst)

Spikelets 1 -flowered or with a second male flower, solitary or accompanied
by a rudimentary pedicel of a second spikelet, in a dense simple or double
spike, the rhachis articulate. Outer empty glume stift", broad and truncate,
second similar but smaller, third smaller, very thin and transparent, aAvnless,
terminal flowering glume narrow, emarginate, with a twisted awn, or awnless
in the lower spikelets.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. A. Wrightii, Munro in Proceed. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. Stems slender,
slightly branched, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves rather short, narrow, usually
hairy. Spikes 1 in. or rather longer, erect, simple or divided into 2 closely
erect branches.' Outer glumes full 2 lines long, broad and very obtuse at

422 GRAMlNEiE. • [ApOCOpis.

the top, with a naiTOw reddish ciliate margin, closely imbricate and usually
concealing the remainder of the spikelet as well as the hairs at its base, and the
rudimentaiT hairy pedicel. Awns protruding to 5 or 6 lines in the upper spike-
lets, but very deciduous, and often deficient in the lower part of the spike.
Hongkong, on the Syngnioon channel, Wright ; also in Borneo.

24. APLUDA, Linn.

Spikelets with 1 fertile and 1 male flower, sessile between 2 flattened
pedicels, bearing each a rudimentaiy glume or one of them a perfect spikelet,
the whole embraced by a sheathing bract, the bracts clustered on the branches
of a leafy panicle. Lowest glume of the sessile spikelet concave and striate,
the second keeled, transparent, but stift'; flowering glumes very thin and trans-
parent, the terminal one often awned. In the pedicellate flower both the
glumes concave and striate.

A genus of 2 or 3 species fi'om tropical Asia or Africa.

1, A. xnutica, Linn.; KimtJi, Enum. i. 516. Stem creeping or climbing,
several feet long, \di\\ erect branching flowering shoots. Leaves long, some-
what distichous. Panicles loose and leafy, 1 to 2 ft. long. Flowering bracts
3 or 4 lines long, veiy concave, with short sometimes awn-like points, in
clusters of 5 or 6. Sessile spikelet shorter than the bract; pedicellate spike-
lets, when present, protruding beyond it. Awns of the flowering glume very
minute or entirely deficient.

Hongkong, Ecmce, Wright. Common in the Indian Archipelago, extending northward
to Amoy, and to the eastern districts of India, but less common there than the A. aristata.

25. ANDROPOGON, Linn.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, in a simple
spike or along the spike-like branches of a simple or compound panicle, the
rhachis articidate at each pair, and at the terminal article 2 pedicellate spike-
lets, one on each side of the sessile one. Sessile spikelet hermaphrodite, the
lowest glume stifle, with 2 of the lateral nerves most prominent, the second
keeled, third empty glume very thin and transparent ; flowering glume small
and transparent, with a long twisted awn. Palea very small and thin or none.
Pedicellate spikelet smaller, male only, or reduced to a single glume. Grain
free, enclosed in the outer glumes.

A large genus, widely distributed over the globe within the tropics, with a few species ex-
tending into more temperate regions, both in the northern and the southern hemispheres.
Spikes single and solitary {Schizachyriuni).

Spike full 2 in. long. Rudimentary spikelet on a flat pedicel, with a

point shorter than itself 1. A. zeylanicus.

Spike not 1 in. long. Rudimentary spikelet on a narrow pedicel, with

an awn longer than itself 2. ^. brevifolius.

Spikes pedunculate, in a loose or compound panicle.
Panicle without bracts {Amphilophis).

Outer glumes narrow-oblong, rather thin. Hairs of the pedicels
short and pale.

Spikes not \ in. long, with 2 or 3 articulations ?>. A. montanus.

Spikes 1 to near 2 in. long, with numerous articulations . . . 4. ^. Vachellii.
Outer glumes ovate-oblong, hard. Hairs of the pedicels very con-
spicuous, of a rich brown .5. J. tropicus.

Panicle with a leafy bract at most of the rajnihcations {Cgmbopogon) 6. A. Martini.

Andropo()on?\ graxMINE.-e. 423

1. A. zeylanicus, ^m. ; notofNees. Stems rather slender, ascending
or erect, slightly branched, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, obtuse or scarcely
pointed. Spikes simple and solitary on short terminal peduncles or in the
upper axils, 2 to 2|- in. long, slender. Sessile spikelets about 3 lines long,
naiTOw, the outer glumes very pointed, the awn of the flowering glume pro-
truding to about i in. Pedicel of the ban-en spikelet flat, ciliate on both
edges, the spikele"t usually reduced to a single very pointed almost awned
glume. — A. pseudograya, Steud. Syn. Gram. 365.

Hongkong, W rigid ; at Amoy, and a var. with very hairy si)ikes at Whampoa, Hance ;
also in Ceylon.

2. A. brevifolius, Sw.; Kmitli, Enum. i. 488. Stems slender, decum-
bent, much branched, i to 1^ ft. long. Leaves narrow, 1 to 2 in. long, ob-
tuse or with a very short oblique point. Spikes solitary, veiy slender and
seldom above 1 in. long. Sessile spikelet not 2 lines long, the outer glume
not pointed, the awn of the flowering glume protruding about 4 lines. BaiTcn
pedicel slender, not ciliate except at the base, bearing a small rudimentary
glume with a long awn-like point.

Hongkong, Hance, Wright. On the adjacent continent, in Silhet, the Indian Archipe-
lago, and tropical America.

3. A. montanus, Uoxh. Tl. hid. i. 267. Stems decumbent at the base,
branching and ascending to 3 or 4 ft. Leaves narrow, rather long. Panicles
terminal, very loose, about 4 in. long, with slender almost filiform clustered
branches of unequal length and little branched. Spikes not \ in. long, all
pedicellate, consisting usually of 2 or 3 articulations, with a tuft^ of hairs at
each articulation and at the branches of the panicle. Sessile spikelet 1-^ in.
long. Outer glumes shortly ciliate. Plowering glume reduced to a fine
twisted awn 8 or 9 lines long. Pedicellate spikelet male and awnless, with
a few long hairs on the pedicel.—^. (Rhaphis) villomlus, Nees in Steud. Syn.
Gram. 397. A. parvisplca {Rhaphis microstachya, Nees), Steud. I.e. Rha-
phis stricta, Nees in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 99.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in the hilly districts of northern India ; also in S. China
and in the Philippines.

4. A. Vachellii, Nees, PI. Meyen. 188. Stems and foliage oi A.monta-
nus, but the panicle is longer, closer, and less branched, and the spikes, on
pedicels of i to 1 in., are from 1 to 2 in. long, with numerous articulations.
Spikelets as in A. moutanus, except that the pedicellate barren ones appear to
be always without stamens. — Chrysopogou strict us, Nees in Kew Journ. Bot.
ii. 95.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland ; on roadsides at Aberdeen, Wilford. On the adjacent con-
tinent, and very nearly allied to the north Indian J. pimctatus, Roxb.

5. A. tropicus, Sjrreng. ; Kimth, Enum i. 503. Stems rather slender,
2 ft. or more, with a dense tuft of short hairs at the nodes. Leaves narrow,
rough at the edges. Panicle loose, 4 to 6 in. long, conspicuous for the rich
brown colour of the hairs of the glumes and pedicels ; the capillaiy branches
of unequal length, clustered and each bearing a single spike or the lower ones
slightly branched. Spikes usually about i in. long, consisting of from 2 to 5
articulations, not so readily separable as in most species. Spikelets 11 to 2

424 GRAMINE^. [Andropoffon.

lines long, the sessile ones nearly ovoid, the twisted awn usually protrading
to I or f in., but sometimes wanting, the pedicellate one naiTOwer, male or
neuter and awnless.

Hongkong, Hance. In Ceylon and the plains of India, in the Archipelago, extending to
N. Australia, and northward to the Philippiaes and S. China. Allied to A. halepensis, Linn.,
but readily known by the much smaller spikelets and the brown hairs.

6. A. Martini, Uoxh. ; Nees, PL Meyen. 189. Stems erect, often
branching, 3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves long and narrow. Panicle narrow, 4 to
6 in. long, with a leafy or sheathing bract at each ramification, the last sheaths
about \ in. long, each containing usually 2 spikes of about \ in., on a short
common pedicel. Rhacliis and pedicels silky-hairy. Sessile spikelets about
2 lines, 2 nerves of the lowest glume and keel of the second bordered by a
narrow wing. Flowering glume wdth 2 almost filiform points between which
arises a very slender twisted awn of about \ in.

Hongkong, Hance. On the adjacent continent and in the hilly districts of N. India, the
Peninsula, and Ceylon.

26. HETEROPOGON, Pers.

Spikelets moncecious, 1 -flowered, in pairs, in a simple 1 -sided spike, the
rhachis articulate, at least towards the top. Female spikelets sessile, cylin-
drical, turned to one side of the spike, the outer glume hard and convolute,
the second keeled, the third very thin and transparent, the flowering glume
reduced to a long stiff twdsted awn ; palea small or none. Male spikelets
lanceolate, herbaceous, awnless, imbricate on the other side of the spike on
short pedicels. At the base of the spike the spikelets are often all male or
neuter.

A genus of several species, chiefly tropical, both in the New and the Old World.

1. H. hirtus. Per 8. Syn. ii. 353. Stems ascending, slightly branched, 1
to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow^ ciliate with a few long hairs, the sheaths flat-
tened. Spikes pedunculate, 1 to 2 in. long without the awns. Male or barren
spikelets about 4 lines long, green, ciliate, closely imbricate in 2 rows along
the back of the spike, almost concealing the females, which are brown, narrow,
very stiff, rough with short hairs, and suiTounded by brown silky haii'S at the
base, the stout twisted brown awns protruding to above 2 in. — Andropogon
cuntortus, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 486.

On roadsides, Hance and others. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, and in some parts
of tropical America.

27. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, naiTow-lanceolate, 3 together, tenninating the branches
of an erect panicle, the central one sessile and hermaphrodite, the 2 lateral
ones pedicellate and male. Glumes and flowers of Andropogon, sect. Amphi-
lophis from which this genus differs in all the spikes being reduced to the ter-
minal article.

A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, with
one species extending into southern Europe.

1. C. aciculatus, Trln. Stems tufted or creeping and rooting at the
base, then erect and stilt", about a foot high. Leaves short, the lower ones

Chrysopogon.l GRAMlNEiE. 425

crowded, the upper ones few, with long sheaths. Panicle narrow, 2 to 3 in.
long, glabrous except a short tuft of hairs under the spikelets. Outer glumes
of the sessile spikelet about 1^ lines long, with short points, the awn of the
flowering glume protruding to 3 or 4 lines. Male spikelets full 3 lines long,
with longer points to the glumes, and no awns. — Rhaphis trlvialls, Lour. Fl.
Coch. 553. Andropofjon acicidaris, Retz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 505. A. (Rhaphis)
javanlcus, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 396.

On roadsides, Wilford, Wright. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, extending to Australia and the Pacific islands, and northward to the Philip-
pines and China.

28. ISCH-SIMUM, Linn.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, 2 -flowered, the lowest flower male, the other
pedicellate, usually male or rudimentary, in a simple spike or in the spike-like
sessile branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis articulate, at least towards the
top. Outer glumes 2, stift" and awnless, the lovvest with 2 prominent lateral
nerves, the second keeled. Flowering glumes and paleas smaller, thin and
transparent, all awnless or the glume of the terminal flower with a twisted
aAvn.

A tropical or subtropical Asiatic and Australian genus.

Spikes simple, slender, unilateral, unawned.

Outer glumes not winged, fringed with long bristles 1.7. leersioides.

Outer glumes entire or minutely toothed, winged at the top . . . 2. 7. oph'mroides.

Spikes rather thick, divided into 2 erect branches, with twisted awns . 3. 7. harbatum.

1. I. leersioides, Munro In Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. Stems tufted
and leafy at the base, ascending to 6 in. or 1 ft., rarely branched. Leaves
narrow, rather pointed. Spike solitary on a long peduncle, simple, slender, 1
to 1|- in. long and often curved. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets ovate
and loosely imbricate on one side of the rhachis, 1^ to 2 lines long, slightly
pubescent, scarcely obtuse, not winged but elegantly bordered by long spread-
ing bristles. A\vns none. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to a short point on a
somewhat dilated pedicel.

Hongkong, Hance ; in open places on the hills, Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent,
but not known out of S. China, unless it prove to be a variety of the Indian 7. pedinatum,
which has the outer glume winged as well as fringed.

2. I. ophiuroides, Munro in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. A small
tufted grass like the last, but the leaves usually shorter and more obtuse.
Spikes 1|- to 2 in. long, rather firmer than in /. leersioides, the outer glumes
of the sessile spikelets more closely imbricated, broader and more obtuse,
bordered at the top by a scarious wing, with a few minute tooth-like cilia
towards the base. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to an abortive glume on a flat
stitt' green striated pedicel, as long as the fertile spikelet.

Hongkong, Hance ; and in some other islands of the Canton river, but not known out of
S. China.

3. I. barbatuniy Retz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 513. Stems ascending or erect,
branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, usually with tufts of short hairs at the nodes.
Leaves very pointed, the lower ones long. Spikes divided to the base into
2 erect branches 1| to 2 in. long, the outer glumes, pedicels, and rhachis very

426 GRAMINE.E. {Iscliamim.

hairy. Sessile spikelets 3 lines long, the outer glume pointed and marked at
the base with a few transverse wrinkles, the twisted awn of the upper flower-
ing-ghime protruding to about \ in. Pedicellate spikelet not much smaller,
male, on a veiy short flat pedicel. — MeoscJiium lodiculare, Nees, PL Meyen.
195, and M. Meyenianum, Nees, I.e. 197.

Common in the island, Hinds, Champion, and others. Also in the Indian Archipelago.

29. SPODIOPOGOIT, Trin.

Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, in simple, branched,
or paniculate spikes, both 2-flowered, the lower flower male ; the rhachis an-
gular and articulate, at least at the top. Outer glumes stift', the lowest con-
vex, the second keeled. Flowering glumes and palea very thin and transpa-
rent, the glume of the fertile flower with a twisted awn.

A small cenus dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the New and the
Old World.''

1. S. obliquivalvis, Nees, PI. Meyen. 185. Stems tufted or creeping
and rooting at the base, ascending or erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, w^tli tufts of hairs
at the nodes. Leaves acute, more or less haiiy. Spikes 1 to 1^ in. long,
divided into 2 erect branches, the rhachis and pedicels more or less ciliate.
Spikelets about 2 lines long, the outer glume wrinkled on the back, the awn
of the fertile flower slender, 4 to 6 lines long. Pedicel of the upper spikelet
and rhachis, both angular, separated by an obtuse sinus giving the appear-
ance of a little circular perforation. — Andropogon malacophyllus, Steud. Syn,
Gram. 372.

Hongkong, Hance. Common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago,
and northward to Amoy.

Var. villosus. Sheaths of the leaves A\-ith long spreading hairs. — Androjtogon patentivillo-
sus, Steud. Syn. Gram. 373.

Hongkong, Wright. Also on the continent of S. China.

30. SPOROBOLUS, Br.

Spikelets small, 1 -flowered, awnless, in a loose spreading or rarely spike-
like panicle. Outer glumes 2, keeled, one or both usually shorter and never
longer than the acute flowering glume. Palea nearly as long, usually 2 -nerved.
Grain free, short, deciduous, the seed separating from the thin pericarp.

A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, both in the New and the Old World, dif-
fering bnt little from Vilfa and Acjrostis.

1. S. indicus, Br.; Kunth, Enwn. i. 211. Stems tufted at the base,
erect, simple, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, pointed, convolute when dry.
Panicle contracted, linear, 6 to 8 in. long, interrupted at the base, the short
more or less compound branches all erect. Spikelets nearly 1 line long,
pointed, shining. Outer glumes usually unequal, obtuse or the second acute,
about half as long as the flowering glume. Seed brown, obovate-truncate.

Common on roadsides, Hance and others. Widely diffused over the warmer regions of
the globe.

31. POLYPOGOIf, Desf.

Spikelets smaU, 1-flowered, in a dense spike-like or slightly spreading pani-
cle. Outer glumes 2, narrow, keeled, ending in a fine straight awn, some-

Polypog07l,\ GRAMINE^, 437

times very short. Flowering glume shorter, with or without an awu. Palea
smaller and thin. Grain oblong or linear.

A small genus very widely distributed over the globe.

1. P. littoralis, Sni.; Kimth, Enum. i. 233. Stems procumbent at the
base, ascending to a foot or more. Leaves flat, rather flaccid. Panicle con-
tracted into a dense cylincWcal or branched spike, 1 to 2 in. long, of a pale or
pm-plish green. Spikelets about 1 line long. Outer glumes notched at the
top, with an awn usually reduced to a very short point, and seldom as long as
the glume. Flowering glume awnless.

Hongkong, Harland, Usually a seacoast plant, scattered here and there on the shores of
the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but also found in Affghanistan, in various parts of N. India,
and in Japan,

32. ARISTIDA, Linn.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, cylindrical, pedicellate in a raceme or panicle. Outer
empty glumes 2, pointed or«shortly awned. Flowering glume convolute with
3 terminal awns. Palea minute. Grain cylindrical, enclosed in the flowering
glume.

A large genus, widely distributed over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World,
chiefly in dry or sterile localities.

1. A. chinensis, Munro in Proc. Amer, Acad. iv. 363. Stems slender,
erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, with fine convolute leaves. Panicle loose, 8 in. to 1 ft.
long ; the long slender branches solitary or in pairs, with a tuft of hairs in
their axils. Spikelets not numerous, slender, 4 or 5 lines long without the
awns, which are \ in. more. Outer glumes very pointed, the lowest longer
than the second. Flowering glume neither twisted nor articidate at the top,
the awns not plumose.

Hongkong, Hance, Harlaud, Wright ; and in other islands of the Canton river, but not
known out of S. China.

33. ARUNDO, Linn.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, with long silky hairs on the axis and flower-
ing glumes, all pedicellate in a large much branched panicle. Glumes thin,
keeled, distichous and distant, 2 outer ones empty, the flowering ones as
long or rather longer, pointed or shortly awned, the terminal one small, empty
or rudimental. Palea small. — Tall reeds.

A small genus, widely distributed over the warmer regions of the Old World.

1. A. madagascariensis, Kunth, Enum. i. 247. A stout handsome
perennial, 6 ft. high or more. Leaves rather narrow. Panicle 1^ ft. long,
with very numerous spikelets about 3 lines long. Flowering glumes usually 4
or 5, about 1| lines long, ciliate with long white hairs on the inner edges, 'the
fine awns seldom so long as themselves. — A. Reynaudlaua, Kunth ; Steud. Syn.
Gram. 194.

Common in the island, Champion and others. In northern and eastern India, in the
Archipelago, the Philippines and China, and in tropical Africa.

34. PHRAGMITES, Trin.
Characters and habit of Arundo, except that the lowest flower is usually
male, and that the silky hairs are all on the axis not on the glumes, which
are often more herbaceous than in Arundo.

&'

428 GRAMINE/E. [Phragmites.

A small genus (or subgenus of Arundo), with a still wider geographical range, extending
into the temperate regions both of the New and the Old World.

1. P. Roxburghii, Kunth ; Nees^ PI. Meyen. 173. Stem stout and
erect, 8 to 13 ft. high, covered with the leaf-sheaths. Leaves flat, 1 to 1|^
in. broad. Panicle erect or slightly drooping, often 1^ ft. long or more.
Spikelets numerous and crowded, with 3 to 5 distant flowers. Lowest glume
about 2 lines long, the next 3 or 4 lines, the third or lowest flowering glume
6 lines long, tapering into a long point but not aw^ned, and usually male, the
others rather smaller and more pointed, the terminal pedicel small, with a mi-
nute rudimentary glume.

Hongkong, Hance. Widely dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago^ and northward to the Himalaya, China, the Philippines, and Japan.

35. MICROCHLOA, Br.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, aimless, singly sessile on one side of a slender simple
spike. Outer glumes 2, nearly equal ; the lowest wdth a double nerve, the
second keeled. Tlowering glume and palea small, very thin and transparent.

A genus of very few tropical or subtropical species, dispersed over the New and the Old
World. Although placed by most botanists next to Cynodon among Chloridece, it appears to
me to have more affinity with the Androjwgonece.

1. M. setacea^ Br.; Kunth., Enum. i. 258. Stems slender, tufted, from
3 or 4 to 8 or 9 in. high. Leaves fine, convolute when diy, acute. Spike 1
to 3 in. long, veiy slender and curved, Spikelets rather more than 1 line
long, the outer glumes very pointed. Flowering glume hairy outside, but very
transparent.

Hongkong, Wright. Scattered over the tropical and subtropical regions of both the New
and the Old World.

36. CYNODON, Pers.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of the
slender spike-like almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. Outer empty
glumes 2, keeled. Flowering glume thinner and broader. Palea naiTower,
folded, with a smaU bristle at its base, being the prolongation of the axis, and
sometimes bearing a rudimentary glume.

A genus of very few species, all perhaps varieties of a single one,

1. C. dactylon, Pers.; Kunth, Emim. i. 259. Stems prostrate, often
creeping and rooting to a great extent, the flowering branches shortly ascend-
ing. Leaves short, of a glaucous green. Spikes 3 to 5, each 1 to 1|- in.
long. Spikelets less than 1 line long ; the outer glumes nearly equal, open,
naiTow, pointed. Flowering glume rather longer and much broader, becom-
ing hardened when in fruit.

Honskong, Hance. A common and ti'oublesome weed in all hot countries, extending also
into some of the more temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,

37. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, very flat and closely imbricated along one
side of the spike-like digitate branches of a simple panicle. Glumes spread-
ing, keeled and compressed, transparent but stifl', the lowest smaller, the

Dactyloctenium.'] gramine^. 429

second shortly awned, the flowering ones gradually smaller and less pointed,
the terminal one usually barren or rudimentary. Palea smaller, folded.
A single species, perhaps not sufficiently distinct as a genus from Eleusine.

1. D. segyptiacuxn, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. i. 261. Stems tufted or
creeping and rooting or shortly ascending, or rarely 1 ft. high or more.
Leaves flat, ciliate, flaccid, with long points. Spikes usually 3 to 5, 1 to 1^
in. long ; the angular rhachis very prominent on the upper or inner side, and
the spikelets regidarly and very closely packed at right angles to it on the
o})posite side ; the largest glumes about 1^ lines long, theii- short fine stiff
points very prominent.

Hongkong, Hance. A very common weed in all warm countries.

38. ELEUSINE, Gim-tn.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows along one side of
the spike-like almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. Glumes keeled,
usually obtuse, the 2 outer empty ones unequal and shorter than the flowering
ones. Paleas rather smaller, folded, the axis usually slightly continued beyond
the last one. Seed transversely wrinkled.

A small, widely spread, tropical genus.

1. S. indica, Gartn.; KuntJi, Emwi. i. 272. A coarse erect tufted grass,
1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, the sheaths flattened and distichous, ciliate
with a few long hairs. Spikes 5 to 7, 2 to 3 in. long, digitate, with usually
one inserted rather lower down. Ehachis prominent on the upper or inner
side ; the spikelets loosely imbricate on the opposite side. Each spikelet li
to 2 lines long, containing 3 to 5 flowers. Glumes obtuse, the lowest small
and 1 -nerved, the second empty one and the lower flowering ones usually
3 -nerved.

Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in tropical countries.

39. CHLOmS, Linn.

Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 fertile flowers, and 1 or more empty or rudi-
mentary glumes above it, singly sessile on one side of the spike-like digitate
branches of a simple panicle. Glumes keeled, 2 outer empty ones pointed
or shortly awned, the others usually awned or the upper empty ones awnless.
Grain free.

A tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. C. barbata, Sw. ; Kiinth, Enum. i. 264. Stems creeping at the base
and branched, in large tufts, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves narrow, veiy pointed,
glaucous, the lower sheaths much flattened and distichous. Spikes 5 to 10,
closely digitate, 1|^ to 2 in. long. Outer glumes very unequal, persistent,
pointed, the longest about 1 line. Flowering glume about as long, ciliate
with long hairs on the inner edges, notched at the top with a fine straight
awn of about 2 lines. Upper empty glumes usually 2, truncate, with short
awns.

On the seabeach at Saywan, Wilford. Very common in pastures in India as in most hot
countries.

430 GRAMiNEif. [LeptocJiloa.

40. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, awnless, sessile or very shortly pedicellate
along one side of the slender or spike-like branches of a long panicle. Glumes
keeled, pointed or obtuse; the 2 outer ones empty; the axis ending in a
short pedicel above the last flower, bearing sometimes a rudimentary glume.

A small genus, chiefly tropical or subtropical, both ia the New and the Old World.

1. L. chinensis, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 209. Stems branched, creeping
and rooting at the base, ascending to 2 or 3 ft., glabrous and slender. Leaves
naiTow, pointed, flaccid. Panicle slender and elegant, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, the
branches almost filiform, 2 to 4 in. long, alternate or clustered, and turned all
to one side. Spikelets not quite sessile, usually distant, narrow, 1 to 2 lines
long, 4- to 6-flo\vered. Outer empty glumes rather unequal, pointed, flower-
ing ones broader and obtuse. — L. tenerrima, Roem. and Schult. ; Kunth,
Enum. i. 270.

Hongkong, Hance. Frequent in wet places in India, from the Peninsula to Burmah, and
northward to Silhet, S. China, and Amoy.

41. AVENA, Linn.

Spikelets several-flowered (usually 3- to 5 -flowered), in a loose panicle.
Glumes scarious, at least at the top, 2 outer empty ones lanceolate, tapering
to a point ; the flowering ones smaller, 2-cleft at the top, with a long twisted
awn on the back of the glume ; the terminal glume often small and empty or
rudimentary. Axis of the spikelet hairy under the flowering glumes.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions of both hemi-
spheres, but in the tropics only in the higher mountains, or as introduced weeds.

1. A. fatua, Linn. ; KujitJi, Enum. i. 302. An erect, glabrous annual,
2 to 3 ft. high, with a loose panicle of large spikelets hanging from filiform
unequal pedicels, arranged in alternate branches along the main axis. Outer
glumes near f in. long. Flowering glumes 2 or 3, scarcely so long, of a firm
texture at the base, and covered outside with long brown hairs. Awn full
twice as long as the spikelet, twisted at the base, abruptly bent about the
middle.

In waste, rubbishy places, Hance. A common weed of cultivation in aU corn countries,
of doubtful origin, but probably a native of the east ISIediterranean region.

42. CCELACHNE, Br.

Spikelets 2-flowered, awnless, small and numerous, in a contracted panicle;
the upper flower unisexual, usually female, the lower hermaphrodite. Glumes
very concave and obtuse, the 2 outer empty ones smaller than the flowering
ones. Paleas rather smaller, 2 -nerved. Axis of the panicle not haiiy.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. C. pulchella, Br. Trod. 187 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 2. An annual, usually
about 2 in. high, but sometimes drawn up to 3 or 4 times that height.
Leaves light-green, narrow, seldom above 1 in. long. Panicle contracted into
a linear interrupted spike of 2 to 3 in., or the lower branches slightly spread-
ing. Spikelets about 1 line long. — Panicuni (haclme) sim/plicimculum ^ W.
and Am. in Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.

Ccelachne.'] gramine^:. 431

In a ditch at Little Hongkong, WiJford. Also in Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, Nepal,
Tavoy, and Australia.

43. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.

Spikelets several-flowered, flattened, awnless, numerous in a spreading or
compact panicle. Glumes keeled, very regularly distichous, obtuse or pointed,
but not awned, the 2 outer empty ones not longer, and often one or both
smaller than the others. Paleas prominently 2 -ribbed, often persistent after
the glumes have fallen. Axis of the spikelet not hairy, and very rarely arti-
culate.

A considerable genus, or subgenus of Foa, widely diffused over the tropical and subtropical
regions of the globe, a few species spreading into more temperate climates, but neither so
far north or south, nor to so great elevations as l^oa proper. The latter genus differs chiefly
in the less flattened spikelets, with fewer flowers, the axis always articulate, and often (but
not always) bearing a tuft of hairs under each flower. One species extends to the adjoining
Chinese continent, but has not yet been found in Hongkong.

Spikelets not 1 line long, very numerous in a narrow but spreading 2)a-
nicle. Axis of the spikelet articulate.

Paleas glabrous 1. ^, tenella.

Paleas ciliate with long spreading hairs 2. ^. plmnosa.

Spikelets 2 to 4 lines long, the axis not articulate.
Spikelets all pedicellate.

Spikelets linear, very loose, not -| line broad Z. E. pilosa.

Spikelets ovate or ovate-oblong, 1^ lines broad, very closely im-
bricate 4. ^. miioloides.

Spikelets linear-oblong, imbricate, f to 1 line broad.

Leaves very hairy 5. ^. pilosissima.

Leaves glabrous.

Spikelets loosely pedicellate, f Hue broad. Flowering glumes

obtuse Q. E. orientalis.

Spikelets shortly pedicellate, I line broad. Flowering glumes

tapering almost to a point ']. E. Brownei.

Spikelets sessile ox nearly so.

Spikelets solitary or in distinct clusters along the branches of a

narrow or spreading panicle 8. ^. zeylanica.

Spikelets crowded in a short spike-like panicle ^. E. geniculata.

1. E. tenella, Beauv. An erect annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves long
and narrow. Panicle narrow and slender, occupying the greater part of the
plant, with very numerous short capillary branches. Spikelets shortly pedi-
cellate, ovate, about \ line long, usually 3- or 4-flowered; the axis articulate
as in Foa. Flowering glumes obtuse, spreading. Palea not ciliate. — Foa
tenella, Linn. Spec. PI. 101 (except the reference to Plukenet). E. tenuis-
sima, Schrad. ; Nees, Fl. Afr. Aust. 410, with the synonyms there given.
U. aurea, Steud. Syn. Gram. 267. Sporobolus verticillatus, Nees in Kew
Journ. Bot. ii. 101.

Hongkong, Hance ; also on the adjacent continent, in northern and eastern India, in the
Phihppines, and northward to Amoy. Nees appears to have mistaken Cuming's Philippine
Island specimen, n. 545, for a Sporobolus. Our specimens of that n. are certainly the E.
tenella, but the upper flowers of each spikelet fall readily off, lea-v ing very often only a sin-
gle one with the outer glumes, so as to appear 1-flowei'ed.

2. E. plumosa, Linh ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. Stems slender, tufted
or decumbent at the base, ascending to 6 in. or 1 ft. Leaves very pointed,

432 GR AMINES. [Era^rostis.

narrow, but flat. Panicle oblong, usually 2 or 3 in., but sometimes twice as
long, with numerous short slender branches. Spikelets all pedicellate, usually
drooping, ovate, about 1 line long, 4- to 6 -flowered, the axis more or less ar-
ticulate. Glumes rather pointed, especially the lower ones. Paleas ciliate on
the ribs, with rather long spreading hairs, often persistent in the lower part
of the spikelet. — Foa pluniosa, Retz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 338. Poa amabiUs,
Linn. Spec. 100 (and Herbarium).

Hougkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Common in tropical Asia.

3. E. pilosa. Beam. ; Steud. Spi. Gram. 263. A tufted erect or ascend-
ing annual, 1 to near 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Panicles 6 in. to 1 ft.
long, narrow at first, spreading when in fruit, compound, with numerous fili-
fonn branches alternate or clustered, and generally with a few long hairs in
their axils. Spikelets linear, about 2 lines long, wdth 6 to 10 flowers loosely
alternate on a zigzag inarticulate axis. Glumes thin, keeled, rather pointed,
the 2 outer empty ones unequal, but both smaller than the flowering ones.
Paleas often persistent, slightly ciliate on the ribs. — Poa pilosa, Linn.; Kunth,
Enum. i. 329. P. vertlcillata, Cav. ; Kunth, 1. c.

Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in southern Europe, northern Africa, central Asia,
and some parts of north and south America.

4. E. unioloides, Nees ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 264. Stems tufted and
erect, 6 in. to 1 ft. high or more. Leaves rather narrow. Panicle 3 to 6 in.
long, more or less spreading ; the branches slender, but short and little divided.
Spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, veiy flat, with 16 to 20 or even more
flowering glumes very regidarly and closely distichous. Outer empty glumes
narrower, but fully as long and more pointed. — E. amabilis, W. and Arn. ;
Nees, PL Meyen. 205. Poa unioloides, Eetz; Kunth, Enum. i. 335.

Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Common in dry situations in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China.

5. E. pilosissixna. Link; Steud. Syn. Gram. 280. Very near the E.
orientalis, but the panicle is more spreading, the pedicels longer and more
slender, and the leaves flatter, and covered as weU as their sheaths with long
soft hairs. — Poa pilosissima, Kunth, Enum. i. 330. Eragr. Millettii, Nees,
PI. Meyen. 206.

Hongkong, Harland. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known for certain out of
S. China,

6. E. orientalis^ Trhi. ; Nees, PI. Meyen. 205. Stems rather slender,
erect, ^ to 1^ ft. high. Leaves very narrow, glabrous, convolute when diy,
rather short. Panicle spreading, 3 or 4 in. long, but little branched. Spike-
lets pedicellate, oblong-linear, 2 to 3 lines long, about f line iDroad, with 8 to
20 or even more flowers, not very closely imbricated, on a zigzag continuous
axis. Glumes firm, the flowering ones very obtuse, the outer empty ones
rather shorter and scarcely more pointed.

Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent and in northern India. It
is very nearly allied to the E. foaoides, Beauv., a common species in southern Europe and
central Asia.

7. E. Brownei, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 279. Closely allied to the
E. orientalis, and perhaps a variety. The panicle is not so loose, the pedicels
shorter, the spikelets flatter and broader, usually about 3 lines long and 1 line

Eragi'ostls.'] GRAMiNEiE. 433

broad, the flowering glumes taper almost to a point, and the seeds are much
narrower. — Foa polymorpha, Br. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 333.

Very common throughout the island, Wilford, Hance, and others. Widely spread over
tropical Asia and Australia.

8. E. zeylanica, Nees hi PL Meyen. 204. This species is again very
nearly allied to the two last, and has the same narrow leaves, but it ap})ears
to be more rigid and probably perennial. The panicle is stifl' and less spread-
ing, with few branches, and sometimes reduced to an interrupted spike.
Spikelets as in E. Brotoiei, about 1 line broad, with almost pointed flowering
glumes, but sessile or nearly so, in clusters of 2 or 3, or sometimes solitary
along the branches of the panicle.

Hongkong, with the last, Hance ; at Little Hongkong and Aberdeen, Wilford. Widely
spread over India and the Archipelago, probably iu drier and hotter localities than the B.
3rov:nei.

9. E. genicTilata, Nees in PL Meyen. 203. Stems rather stiff, branch-
ing or decumljent at the base, ascending to 6 or 8 in. or rarely 1 ft. Leaves
narrow and veiy pointed. Spikelets mostly sessile, in a dense spike-like pa-
nicle of 1 to 1^ in., the short branches usually hairy in the axils. Each
spikelet oblong, very flat, 6- to 10-flowered, about 3 lines long and near 1
line broad, much like those of E. zeylanica. Glumes all pointed.

Hongkong, Wright; Cum Syng Moon, Meyen; Amoy, Hance. Not known out of S.
China.

44. LOPHATHEHUM, Brongn.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, sessile on alternate sides of the simple branches of a
panicle. Gluraes keeled, green, with scarious edges, 2 outer empty ones ob-
tuse or slightly pointed, the third or flowering one similar, but with a short stiff
awn, and several smaller empty ones with short awns terminating the axis.
Palea transparent, folded, with 2 prominent green ribs. Grain free.

A genus limited probably to a single species.

1. Is. gracile, Brongn.-, Kunth, Enum. i. 391. Stems ascending to 2 or
3 ft. Leaves i to 1 in. broad, very pointed, and often stalked above the
sheath as in Banibusa. Panicle consisting of a few distant stift' branches 3
or 4 in. long. Spikelets distant, lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, the short awns
of the terminal empty glumes forming a little tuft. Glumes often ciliate on
the edges. Aavus of the flowering one always shorter than the glume itself. —
L. Lekmanni, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 300.

Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Philippines, and S. China.

45. ARUISTDIITAKIA, Rich.

Habit of a Bambiisa. Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, compressed, not
clustered, in simple racemes or branched panicles. Glumes stifl", distichous,
often distant, concave, smooth or ribbed, pointed, the 2 outer empty ones
smaller and unequal, 1 or 2 upper ones empty or rudimentary. Stamens and
styles 3.

A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

3 F

434 GRAMINE.E. {Arundinaria.

1. A. "Wightii, Nees; Rupr. Bamh. 26. Flowering stems not above 3
lines diameter, sometimes shortly spinous at the nodes. Upper leaves broadly
lanceolate, about ^ in. broad, the midrib and principal veins prominent un-
derneatli. Panicles short, loose, and more slender than in most Bamboos.
Spikelets about | in. long, all pedicellate, 3- or 4 -flowered, the rhachis shortly
silky-hairy. Glumes ribbed, the flowering ones 3 or 4 lines long, the outer
empty ones rather shorter.

Hongkong, Wright. In the Indian Peninsnla and Silhet. Inserted on the authority of
Cob Munro." I have not seen Chinese specimens, and can only describe it from imperfect
Indian ones.

46. BAMBUSA, Linn.

Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, sessile, and clustered along the brandies
of a panicle wliich is also nsually clustered. Lower flowers of each spikelet
usually male, and sometimes the uppermost also. Glumes concave, stiff, the
2 or 3 outer empty ones smaller. Paleas narrow, about as long as the glumes,
enclosing the flower. Stamens 6. Stems shrubby or arborescent. Leaves
broad, often stalked above their sheath.

A tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World. Although called shrubby or
arborescent from their great height and hard branching stems, the Bamboos bear little re-
semblance to ordinary trees, and in many species the stems attain thek full height of 60
or 70 feet in the course of a few weeks.

Spikelets dense, ovate or ovate-oblong. Glumes very broad . . . 1. ^. verlicUlata.
Spikelets loose, lanceolate or linear. Glumes narrow.

Glumes rather obtuse, \ in. long 2. B. Talda.

Glumes very pointed, 4 or 5 Hnes long 3. i?. Arundo.

1. B. verticillata, Willd. ; Kuntli,Bnum.'\.^^1. Stems 6 or 7 ft.
high or more. Leaves 2 or 3 in. broad, the midrib prominent. Liflorescencc
simple or slightly branched, often 2 ft. long or more, the rhachis pubescent,
the spikelets in clusters of 3 to 6, at regular intervals of 1 to 1^ in. Each
spikelet ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed, f in. long. Glumes veiy
broad, stiff and shining, shortly ciliate and often pubescent on the edges, the
lowest flower usually male, the others all fertile. Palea hairy. Style very
long, with shori stigraatic lobes.

Hongkong, Hance. Possibly planted by the Chinese, as it is in other parts of China, in
eastern India, and the Archipelago.

2. B. Tulda, Roxh. Fl. Lid. ii. 193. A very tall species; the stems
according to Koxburgh attaining 20 to 70 ft., and 6 to 12 in. in diameter, in
the course of about thirty days. Leaves |- to I in. broad; the midrib pu-
bescent and prominent underneath. Plowering shoots leafless, forming one
long waving compound panicle, with deciduous sheatliing bracts at the rami-
fications. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together along the last ramifications,
1 in. long or more, with 4 to 8 alternate distant flowers, often all hermaphro-
dite. Outer empty glumes very short, flowering ones about ^ in. long, lan-
ceolate, mostly obtuse. Ovai-y obovate, hairy. Style veiy short, with 3
plumose stigmas.

Hongkong, Ranee. Also near Canton, common in Bengal and other parts of India.

3. B. Arundo, Klein ; Rupr. Bamh. 53. Stems tall. Leaves broad.

Banibitsa.'] gramine^. 435

Panicle large, with numerous clustered branches, and usually spinous at the
nodes. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together, about 1 in. long, sessile, or on
short pedicels covered with alternate glume-like bracts. Flowers 4 to 8,
almost all male in the spikelets examined. Flowering glumes 4 or 5 lines
long, narrow, very pointed. Style semi-bifid.

Hongkong, Ilance. Also near Canton and dispersed over various parts of India. The
Chinese specimens I have seen are very imperfect.

47. SCHIZOSTACHYUM, Nees.

Habit of Bambusa. Spikelets 1 -flowered, in distant irregidar clusters, ar-
ranged in interrupted spikes which are often clustered, with imbricate glume-
like bracts at the base of each cluster. Glumes 2, 3, or more ; the outer ones
short ; the inner ones longer, more pointed, and convolute ; the uppermost
one alone flowering. Palea none. Stamens 6. Style 3-lobed.

A small tropical Asiatic genus with perhaps one Brazilian species.

1. S. dumetorum, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her. 424. Stems 4 to 6 ft.
high or more. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous, very pointed, ^ to 1 in. broad,
on very short petioles. Flowering spikes simple and terminal or clustered,
3 to 6 in. long. Spikelets ^ to f in. long, slender, terete, and veiy pointed,
either sessile or on short branching pedicels enveloped in glume-like bracts.
Flowering glume usually full \ in. long and very pointed, closely rolled round
the stamens and ovary. Outer glumes several, gradually shorter and less
pointed. Style nearly as long as the glume, triangidar, with 3 short stigma-
tic lobes. — Bambusa dumetorum, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 781.

In hedges and woods, Hmice ; in a i-avine of Mount Davis, Wilford. Not known from
elsewhere.

Class III. CEYPTOGAMS.

No real flowers, that is, neither stamens, nor pistils, nor true seeds ; the
fructification consisting of minute, often highly microscopic granules called
spores, variously enclosed in small, often minute or microscopic capsules or
spore-cases, wdiich are either sessile or stalked, solitary or crowded in masses,
superficial or imbedded in the substance of the plant.

The few Hongkong Cryptogams included in the present volume have all of them roots
and stems or rootstocks very similar in structure to some of the Monocotyledons, and some
have leaves nearly the same or reduced to small scales, hut in others they are replaced by
foliaceous expansions of the fruiting branches, bearing the fi'uctification on their surface or
edges. These foliaceous branches are distinguished by the name oi fronds. In the remain-
ing Orders of Cryptogams, called Cellular, there is no distinct stem, or the stem docs not
contain any fibres or vascular tissue. They are comprised in the five Orders : Masci,
HejmilccP, Lichenes, Fungi, and Alga. They have as yet been little attended to by the ex-
plorers of the island of Hongkong, and are altogether beyond the scope of the present Flora.

CXXIV. LYCOPODIACE.E. Capsulcs in the axils of leaves or of small scale-like bracts.
CXXV. FiLiCKS. Spore-cases clustered on the backs or margins of fronds, either simi-
lar to the barren ones or contracted and spike-like.

2 F 2

436 LYCOPODIACE^. \Ijycopodiacece.

Order CXXIV. LYCOPODIACE^.

Leaves distinct, radical or alternate, usually small or reduced to minute
scales. Spores enclosed in ca]3sules, sessile or nearly so, either at the base or
in the axils of the leaves or bracts, or forming a terminal spike interspersed
^^dth bracts.

An Order which, besides the two following, comprises but very few genera and species,
dispersed over various parts of the globe.

Capsules in the axils of crowded leaves or in terminal spikes .... 1. Lycopodium.
Capsules distant, on minute bifid scale-like bracts 2. Psilotum.

1. LYCOPODIUM, Linn.

Capsules sessile in the axils of the upper stem-leaves or of bracts usually
thinner and broader than the stem-leaves and forming a terminal spike ; the
capsules either all opening transversely in 2 valves and tilled with minute,
powdery granules or spores, or some of them 3- or 4-valved, and containing
a very few much larger gramdes. — Perennial herbs, usually much branched
and creeping, crowded with small moss-like entire or minutely seiTated leaves.

A large genus widely spread over every part of the globe, and readily divisible into two
sections, the true Lt/copodia, to which belongs the first of the following species, with all the
capsules filled with minute powdery granules, and the SehigineUas, comprising the four re-
maining Hongkong species, which have capsules of both kinds.

Leaves subulate, scattered all round the elongated much branched stem.

Spikes terminal, nodding 1. L. cer.rmnn.

Leaves distichous, in two rows, with two inner longitudinal rows of smaller
leaves on one side.
Stems very short, thick and erect, with short crowded dichotomous

branches erect or curved inwards when dry 2. Z. involvens.

Rhizomes or stems decumbent or creeping.

Leafy branches dichotomous throughout. Inner leaves parallel and

closely appressed to the rhachis 3. Z. atroviride.

Leafy branches mostly pinnate. Inner leaves curved over the
rhachis.

Leafy stems procumbent or trailing and rooting 4. Z. caiidatam.

Leafy stems erect from a creeping rhizome, simple at the base,

* (the branching part about 6 in. long) 5. L.flabellatum.

1. L. cernuum, Linn.; Sjjrinff, Monop-. Lycojj. i. 1 9, and ii. SI. Stems
hard, rising to 2 ft., or when very luxuriant to 5 or 6 ft. in height, with
numerous spreading flexuose repeatedly forked branches. Leaves fine, subu-
late, spreading all round the stem, incurved, 1 to 2 lines long. Spikes ter-
minal, nodding, sessile above the last leaves, 2 to 3 lines long. Bracts ovate-
lanceolate, ciliate, imbricate in 8 rows, longer than the capsules. — L. amenti-
gerimi, Goldm. in PI. Meyen. 468.

In woods, Champio7i and others. Common throughout the tropics, in the New as well as
the Old ^Vorld.

2. Jjt, involvens, Sw. Stems very short and thick, when old erect and
simple, attaining 2 in. or rather more in height, with numerous dichotomous
leafy branches 1 to 3 in. long, erect or turned inwards when dry, spreading
with moistm-e. Leaves in 4 rows ; the outer distichous ones about 1 line
long, obliquely ovate-falcate, acute with a short fine point ; the midrib ex-

Lijcopodinm?^ LYCOPODiACEiE. 487

centric and indented on the back ; tlie inner leaves rather smaller, with more
prominent points. Spikes very short ; the bracts nearly similar to the inner
stem-leaves. — Selaglnella involve?is, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 63.

Hongkong, Champion, Wrir/ht. In the Indian Peninsula, the Archipelago, the Philip-
pines, China, and Japan.

3. L. atroviride, JFall. ; Hook. Gen. Fll. t. 117 B. Stems trailing
and rooting among the leafy branches, dichotomous from the first or the
primary branches irregularly pinnate. Leaves usually dark-green and shining,
in four rows ; the outer distichous ones very regidarly spreading, 1| to 3 lines
long, obliquely oblong-falcate, scarcely pointed, often minutely punctate on
tlie upper side, pale underneath, often but not always with a lateral nerve on
each side of the michib. Inner leaves from -§- to i as long, fine-pointed, semi-
cordate at the base, closely ajipressed to the rhachis and parallel or slightly
diverging. Spikes i to 1 in. long; the bracts ovate-lanceolate, fine-pointed,
imbricate in 4 rows. — Selayindla atromrldis. Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 124,
and 8. monospora. Spring. I.e. 135.

In ravines, Harland, JJrqnhart, Wright, Wilford. In India from Ceylon and the Pen-
insula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Poochowfoo, and Chusan. The
specimen of Hance's, referred hy J. Sm. (in Seem. Bot. Her. 431) to Sclaginella cuncinna,
Spring, appears to me rather to belong to the present species.

4. Li. caudatum, Desv. Stems trailing to a considerable length and
rooting among the leafy branches which are loosely pinnate from the base.
Leaves in 4 rows, the outer distichous ones obliquely ovate or oval-oblong, 1
to 2 lines long ; inner ones i to f as long, semicordate at the base, falcate,
fine-pointed and converging over the rhaohis. Spikes 3 to 9 lines long ; the
bracts keeled, fine-pointed, imbricate in 4 rows. — Selaginella caiidala, Spring,
Monogr. Lycop. ii. 139. S. argentea, Spring?; Sm. in Seem. Eot. Her. 431.

Abundant in ravines, JJrqnhart, Wilford, Wright, frequent in India and the Archipelago.
This species appears to me to include a considerable number of forms described by Spring as
distinct species.

5. Is. Habellatum, Linn. Ehizome creeping and rooting to a great
extent, emitting erect leafy branches, simple for 2 to 4 in., then expanding
into an ovate-triangular form about 6 in. long; the branches about twice
jDinnate. Foliage nearly of L. caudatum, or the outer leaves more distinctly
falcate. Spikes precisely as in L. caudatum. — Selaginella fiahdlifera, Spring,
Monogr. Lycop. ii. 174? 8. argentea. Spring, I.e. 154?

Hongkong, Harland, Wright. In the Philippines, the Indian Archipelago, and in tropi-
cal America. Sir W. Hooker considers this to be the true L.Jiabeltatutu, the specimens
agree well \Yith Spring's character of L. argentea, and probably 8. caulescens, "Wall., and
several others are mere forms of it. The species of the Selaginella section have been im-
mensely multiplied upon characters extremely dillicult to appreciate, especially in di'ied speci-
mens, and apparently very variable in natiu'e.

2. PSILOTUM, Sw.

Stems dichotomous, wdth few very minute distant scale-like leaves. Cap-
sides distant, sessile upon minute bifid bracts, 3-lobed, 3 -celled, opening locu-
licidally hi 3 valves, containing numerous minute spores.

A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.

1. P. triquetrum, Sw.; Hook. Gen. Fit. i. t. 87; Fil. Exot, t. 63.

438 LYCOPODIACE.E. [FdLotum.

Kliizome short, tliick, and intricately branched. Stems erect (or pendulous
when the plant is epiphytal), from 3 or 4 in. to a ft. high, repeatedly dichoto-
mous, the fertile branches 3 -angled, the barren ones flattened. Leaves few,
distant, very minute, scale-like, subulate, and entire, those which subtend the
fruits also small and distant, but forked, bearing each at the base of their
fork a single globular capsule of about 1 line diameter.

Hongkong, Bill ; on a rock in a ravine of Mount Gough, WUford. In most tropical or
subtropical moist regions, both in the New and the Old World, although apparently rare in
Africa.

Oeder CXXV. FILICES.

No true leaves, but the fridting branches expanded into leaf-like fronds.
Spores enclosed in minute capsules or spore-cases, sessile or pedicellate, and
collected together in clusters or patches called sori, on the under surface or
on the margin of fronds, which are either similar to the barren ones or more
contracted, sometimes resembling simple or branched spikes ; the sori either
naked or accompanied by an involucre or indusium, either cup-shaped or
covering the sorus when young, and opening on the side or at the top, or in
3 valves. — Main stem usually perennial, either erect and Avoody, or more fre-
quently reduced to a short stock, or to a creeping rhizome, very rarely annual.
Fronds radical or alternate, simple or variously lobed or compound ; the stalk,
called a stipes, and the rhachis frequently bearing narrow brown glossy scales,
always more numerous at the base of the stipes and on the rhizome. In the
majority of genera, including all those foimd in Hongkong, the frond is
when young rolled inwards at the top.

A ver}' large Order, abundantly diffused over the whole surface of the globe, especially in
moist climates ; more rare, but seldom entirely absent, in the driest countries. The genera
have of late years been multiplied to an extraordinary degree, founded chiefly upon charac-
ters derived from the venation, which however useful, in Terns as in PJianerogams, for the
distribution of species into sectional groups, and however constant they may prove occa-
sionally in both classes in large genera or groups of genera, are often far too vague and un-
certain to be relied on implicitly for the formation even of purely artificial genera. To me
it appears that by maintaining the large genera Acrostichum, Adiantum, Pleris, Asjjlenium,
Aspidium, Folypodium, etc., nearly as proposed by Swartz and his immediate followers, they
are at once better defined, more easily understood by the general botanist, and therefore
more practically useful, and not more artificial than the innumerable small genera upon
which modern Pteridologists have expended so much ingenuity. And in these views I be-
lieve I am doing no more than following the example of Sir W. J. Hooker, than whom no one
has had more experience nor more ample materials to work upon in this beautiful Order,
nor shown more ability and tact in the use he has made of them.
Spore-cases globular or ovoid, opening by a longitudinal slit or in
2 valves (as readily seen with an ordinary lens).
Spore-cases (not numerous), arranged in 2 rows in oblong or shortly
linear sori.
Sori without indusia, raised and placed side by side in a conti-
nuous row on the under siu-face of the frond-segments. Large

erect Ferns 1. Angiopteris.

Sori, with scale-like indusia projecting from the margin of the

segments. Climbing Ferns . . . , . 3. Lygodium.

Spore-cases numerous, covering the contracted fertile segments of
the frond.

Filices.] filices. 439

No indusium. Spore-cases very crowded 2. Osmunua.

Indusiuin of the recurved margins of the segmeut. Spore-
cases loosely scattered 5. CEjiATOPXEins.

Spore-cases very small, dotted, few together over the under surface

of the ])inuate- segments of dichotoniously-branclied fronds . . 4. Gleichenia.
Spore-cases (iielmet-shaped, with a vertical or oblique ring, and usually
pedicellate) very small and numerous, in sori witli or without au
indusium or involucre.
Son longlttid'mal (elongated and parallel to the midrib), or cover-
ing tlie whole u?ider surface of the fertile segments.
Sori continuous along the whole, or nearly the whole, length of
tlie segment.
Sori occupying the whole under surface.

No indusium. Spore-cases densely crowded G. AcRosriCHi;M.

Indusium of the recurved margins of the frond. Spore-
cases loosely scattered 5. Ceiiatopteris.

Sori in two distinct lines, at least when young.

Sori between the midrib and margin (covering the surface

when old). No indusium 7. Drymoglossum.

Sori next the midrib, with an indusium 8. Blechnum.

Sori interrupted (at least when young) along the midrib.

Indusium longitudinal 9. Woodwaudia.

No indusium , . . 20. Brainea.

Sori marginal, more or less continuous along the margin or ends
of the segments or their lobes.
Indusium longitudinal, parallel to the margin or formed by
the margin.

Indusium opening along the outer edge 10. Linds^a.

Indusium opening along the inner edge.

Spore-cases fixed to the inside of the indusium. Frond-
segments usually reniform or fan-shaped . . . .11. Adiantum.
Spore-cases fixed to the frond under the indusium. Seg-
ments lanceolate-oblong or obovate.

Sori continuous along the margin 12. Pteris.

Sori short, terminating the lobes 13. Cheilanthes.

Indusium cup-shaped.

Small creeping Ferns, with half-pellucid fronds . . . .24. Trichomanes.

Fronds erect, firm, pinnate or decumbent 23. Davallia.

Indusium coriaceous, 2-valved 22. Cibotium.

No indusium (see below, Polgpodieai).
Sori globular or oblong, variously arranged over the surface or, if
linear, not parallel to the margin or midrib.
Sori indusiate.

Indusium straight or slightly curved. Sori linear or ob-
long, oblique 15. Asplenium.

Indusium peltate or reniform. Sori circular 16. Aspidium.

Indusium cup-shaped or 2-valved. (See above, Sori mar-
ginal.)
No indusium {PolypodiecB).

Sori along the margin 14. Notiiol^na.

Sori linear, oblique 17. Grammitis,

Sori short, parallel to the midiib.

Sori in several rows 18. Meniscium.

Sori in a single row near the midrib , , 20. Brainea.

Sori round, or rarely slightly oval.

Herbaceous Ferns. Sori circular or slightly oval, on a

flat or slightly convex receptacle 19. Polypodium.

Tree-ferns. Sori globular on a raised receptacle . . . .21. Alsopuila.

440 FiLiCES. [Auf/iopteris.

SERIES I. SPURIOUS PERKS.
Sjwre-cases sessile or shortly ipediceUate, opening at the top or olliquely hy a longitudinal
fissure in 2 valves, without any or loith an incomplete or transverse ring.

1. AK"aiOPTERIS, Hoffm.

Sori oblong-, raised, placed side by side in a continuous row near the mar-
gin on the under surface of the frond-segments ; each sorus consisting of a
small number of spore-cases arranged in two rows, at first connate, at length
distinct, and all opening inwards in 2 short valves. Indusium none. Fronds
large and decompound.

A genus consisting of a single species.

1. A. evecta, Hoffm.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. li>. Stem forming an erect
thick trunk, sometimes attaining 2 or 3 ft. in height, and even more in diameter.
I'ronds twice pinnate, spreading very broad, and sometimes 12 to 15 ft. long,
on a more or less downy stipes, but otherwise quite glabrous, dark-green,
and shining. Segments linear- oblong, 3 to 8 in. long, abruptly acuminate,
crenate-serrate or rarely entire. Veins simple, forked, nearly parallel. Sori
usually consisting of 8 to 13 spore-cases.

Hongkong, Bov:man, Wilford. In S. Asia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, in the Pacific islands, Bonin and Japan, and in Madagascar. It varies in the form
and venation of the frond-segments, hut not nearly to the extent one might suppose from
its having heen proposed to suhdivide it into 60 species, very judiciously re-nuited with the
original one hy Hooher in the ahove-quoted work.

2. OSMUNDA, Linn.

Spore-cases stipitate, globular, without any ring, opening in 2 valves,
densely clustered and covering the contracted segments of a portion of the
frond or rarely of separate fronds. Indusium none. — Herbaceous Ferns, with
a thick rhizome. Fronds erect, once or twice pinnate.

A small genus, spread over the greater portion of the glohe.
Fronds twice pinnate, the fertile branches forming a terminal panicle or

a separate frond \. 0. regalis.

Fronds twice pinnate, the fertile branches lateral 2. 0. bipinnata.

Fronds once pinnate, the fertile brauches lateral 3. 6>. javanica.

1. Oo regalis, Linu. ; Hook, in Kew Jouni. Bot. ix. 360, var. blformis.
Fronds twice pinnate, \\ to 2 ft. high in our Hongkong specimens, but often
very much taller in other countries, quite glabrous. Barren segments oblong-
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, serrulate or nearly entire, very oblique at the base.
Fertile segments linear, \ to 1 in. long, on separate fronds from the barren
ones in our Hongkong specimens as in many Indian ones, forming in the
more common variety a terminal panicle above the barren branches. —
0. japouica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 330.

In ravines, Harland, Urqiihart, Wilford. "Widely distributed over Asia, Europe, North
America and South Africa; the variety biformis, chiefly in India, China, and Japan.

2. O. bipinnata, //ooA'. Fd. Exot. t. 9. Fronds l^ to 2 ft. high or
more, glabrous, bipinnate. Larger barren primary pinuEe attaining 4 in. in
length, with about 10 pair of oblong-ovate segments, each about \ in. long,
with a terminal oblong or lanceolate one full twice as long, the upper pinnag

Osmunda.'] filices. 441

passing- into the segments of the sinnply pinnate summit of the frond. Fertile
pinnae below the barren ones with linear segments seldom above 4 or 5 lines
long.

Hongkong, Ilarland ; Tank Ravine, Urquhart. Not known out of the island.

3. O. javanica. Bin me ; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 360. Fronds 1
to 2 ft. high or more, glabrous, simply pinnate. Barren segments linear or
linear-lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire or more or less deeply serrate. Fer-
tile pinufe occupying the centre, or rarely the base or summit of the frond,
each pinna pinnatifid or almost pinnate, with numerous globular or oblong
segments (or clusters of spore-cases). — 0. Vachellu, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 15.

In ravines, Hinds, Champlou, and others. Widely spread over India and the Archipelago,
extending northwards to Mantchuria and Japan.

3. LYGODIUM, Sw.

Sori oblong or linear, covering the under side of small lobes Avhich either
protrude from the margin of the frond-segments or form distinct parts of the
frond, each sorus divided into 2 rows of compartments containing each a
single spore-case and covered by a bract-like indusium. Spore-cases trans-
versely oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit, the upper end turned downwards
and marked Vvdth longitudinal strise. — Climbing Ferns. Fronds pinnately or
dichotomously divided, inserted on the main stem or branches, in divaricate
pairs, usually on a very short common petiole.

A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old Woi'ld, one spe-
cies extending into temperate N. America.

Fronds in each pair dichotomously divided 1. L. circinatuvi.

Fronds in each pair pinnately divided.

Segments articulate on the thickened end of the petiolule .... 2. i. scandens.

Segments continuous with and decurrent on the petiolule .... 3. L.japonicmn.

1. L. circinatiaxn, Sw. ; Bred, Tent. Bterld. Suppl. 100. Stems climb-
ing to a great height, and as well as the fronds perfectly glabrous. Fronds
of each pair stipitate, either deeply pedately lobed, or divided into 2 deeply
2- or 3 -lobed segments ; lobes linear-oblong, from a few inches to above a
foot long, i to 1 in. broad when barren, narrower in the fruiting part, continu-
ous with and slightly decurrent on the petiolule. Sori 1 to 2 lines long, pro-
jecting from the margin, usually in the lower half of the lobes. — L. dichoto-
mum, Sw. ; Presl, 1. c. ; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fl. t. 55.

Hongkong, Dill, IVright ; in the Happy Valley, JJrquhart ; in a ravine of Mount Gough,
and plentiful behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford. In the Malayan Peninsula, the Archi-
pelago, and the Philippines.

2. Ix. scandens, Sw. ; Bred, Tent. Bterld. Suppl. 102. Stems rather
slender but climbing to a considerable extent, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Pairs of fronds usually petiolate. Each frond pinnate. Segments 5 to 1 0 or
more, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate or hastate, varying hi the Hong-
kong specimens from \ to 1^ in. long, but much longer in some Indian ones,
often shortly lobed at the base, and always articulate on a slight thickening of
the apex of the petiolide, which persists on the conmion rhachis alter the
segments have fallen off. Sori short, protruding from the margin of segments

4^2 riLlCEs. {Lygodium.

usually shorter and broader than the barren ones. — L. salicifoUum, Presl, 1. c.
L. microphyllum, Br. Prod. i. 162.

Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, Wright. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, extending eastward to N. Australia, and northward to the Himalaya and
S. China. Very closely allied also to the tropical American L. voluhile, Sw.

3. L. japosiicum, Sw.; Presl, Tent. Tter'id. Suppl. 109. A rather
slender tall climber like the last, but usually pubescent, at least on the petioles
and rhachis. Fronds once or twice pinnate, the segments always continuous
with and more or less decurrent on the petiolule, but otherwise exceedingly
variable in shape, the barren ones usually palmately lobed, v/ith one long lan-
ceolate lobe and 1 or 2 small ones on each side, the fertile ones usually at
least twice pinnate, with small ovate or lanceolate lobes. Sori either protru-
ding from the margin or occupying the whole under surface, the segment being
thus divided to the base into small narrow lobes.

In ravines. Champion, and others. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Himalaya, China, and Japan.

4. GLEICHENIA, Sm.

(Mertensia, IFilld.)
Sori small, globular or dot-like, scattered on the under surface of the frond-
segments without any indusium, each sorus consisting of 2 to 5 small sessile
globular spore-cases with a transverse ring and opening at the top in 2 valves.
— Procumbent or straggling Perns, with a dichotomous stipes, the ultimate
branches bearing 2 pinnae, either deeply pinnatitid, or pinnate with deeply
pinnatifid pinnules.

A considerable tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, extending also
into extratropical Australia and S. Africa.

Pinnre deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) 1. G. dichotoma.

Pinnse pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnules (almost bipinnate) . . 2. G. e.xcelsa.

1. G. dichotoma, Willd. ; Hook. Spec. Yd. i. 12. Stipes terete, dicho-
tomous, bearing a pair of sessile pinnse at the end of each ultimate branch
and an opposite pair also under the last or under each of the two last forks.
Pinnse lanceolate, more or less falcate, often 8 or 10 in. long, pinnatitid
almost to the midrib. Segments or lobes numerous, linear, obtuse or emar-
ginate, often 1 in. long, rigid, glabrous or nearly so, but glaucous underneath,
the lowest pair often longer and pinnatifid. — Poly podium dichotomum, Thunb.
PI. Jap. t. 37.

Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, and others. Abundant in most tropical countries in the
New and the Old World.

2. G. excelsa, /. Sm. ; Hook. Sjjec. Fil. i. 5, t. 4 JB. Ehizome long and
creeping. Fronds several feet high, the stipes forked, the ultimate branches
bearing 2 pinnate pinnae, the pinnides numerous, distinct, deeply pinnatifid or
almost pinnate, very similar to the pinuEe of G. dichotoma. Segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, glaucous underneath. Khachis of the pinnae veiy smooth and
brown, with an acute elevated line on the upper side. — Mertensia glaMca, J.
Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 430 ; but not of Swartz.

Hongkong, Seemann. At Poochowfoo and in the Philippines. Very closely allied to the
G. glauca, Sw., from Japan and the Pacific islands.

Cerato^teris.] filices. 443

5. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn.

Spore-cases globular, opening in 3 valves with an incomplete or rudimen-
taiy ring, arranged along the longitudinal veins of tlie naiTow segments of
the fertile fronds, and loosely covering their nnder surface. Indusium con-
tinuous and membranous, formed of the revolute margins of the segments.
Spores marked with 3 series of concentric rings. — An aquatic annual, the
barren and fertile fronds distinct.

A genus limited to a single species.

1. C thalictroides, Brongn.; Hook. Spec. Fll. ii. 235; Gen. Fll.
^.12. Fronds bipinnate, the fertile ones erect, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, with linear
acute segments f to 1 in. long ; the margins revolute and covering the fruc-
tification their whole length. Barren fronds shorter and more spreading,
the segments cuneate, with 2 or 3 oblong or lanceolate lobes, of a soft half-
succulent texture. Veins reticidate. — ParJceria pteridloides, Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 147 and 231 ; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Y\\. t. 97.

Hongkong, Seemann ; in the Happy Valley, at the water's edge, WiJford. Widely distri-
buted over tropical Asia, AMca, America, and Australia.

SERIES II. TRUE PERNS.

Spore-cases erect, helmet-shaped, v:ith a vertical ring opening by a transverse fissure, usually
stipitate, very small and crowded in the sori.

6. ACROSTICHUM, Linn.

Spore-cases not distributed in distinct sori, but densely crowded and cover-
ing the whole under surface of the fertile segments, which are either on the
same or on distinct fronds from the barren ones, and usually narrower. In-
dusium none. — Herbaceous Fenis. Fronds in the Hongkong species all
simply pinnate, simple or variously divided in others.

A large genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World.

Barren segments coriaceous, the veins aU equally reticulate, the fertile on

the same frond \. A. aureum.

Barren fronds membranous, the primary veins pinnate, fertile fronds distinct.
Segments 3 to 5 (rarely 1), broadly oblong, 6 to 10 in. long, decurrent

at the base 2. A. decurrens.

Segments numerous, lanceolate, usually petiolulate, 3 to 5 in. long . 3. ^. repandum.

1. A. aurewm, Linn. ; Moore, Ind. Fit. 5. Fronds firm, 1 to 3 or 4 ft.
high, pinnate. Barren segments linear-oblong, about 4 to 8 in. long, very
oljtuse, oblique at the base and petiolulate, the midrib prominent, the very
numerous equally reticulate veinlets covering the under surface. Fertile seg-
ments usually occupying the upper part of the frond and rather smaller than
the barren ones, the fructification of a rich golden colour wdien fresh.

Hongkong, Wright ; at Tytamtook, JJrquharf. Common in most tropical and subtro-
pical countries.

2. A. (Gymnopteris) decurrens. Hook. Fll. Exot. t. 94. Fronds 1|-
to 2 ft. high, pinnate or the outer barren ones rarely simple ; the stipes rich
brown, with subulate scales at the base. Segments of the barren fronds
usually 3 or 5, oblong, acuminate, the lateral ones 5 to 9 in. long, the teimiual

444 FILICES. [Acrostic/ium.

often miicli longer, and all more or less decurrent on the rhachis. Primary
veins pinnate, the secondary reticulate, with free branches in the areoles. Fer-
tile fronds like the barren ones, but the segments narrower and smaller.

Hougkong, Harland; among rocks near the top of Mount Gough, WUford. Also in
Formosa.

3. A. repandum, Blume, Enum. Fl. Jav. 104. Rhizome thick, shortly
creeping. Fronds 1 to 1| ft. high, pinnate. Segments of the barren ones
11 to 21, lanceolate, more or less sinuate; the terminal one longer, almost
pinnatifid, ending in a point, often \dviparous ; lateral ones mostly petiolidate.
Primary veins pinnate, sparingly branched, and anastomosing, with here and
there a free branch. Fertile fronds distinct, with the pinnae rather smaller. —
Heteroneiit'ou proUferum, Fee ; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 359. A. J/dero-
6'//i^«y/2, Presl, Eel. Ha^nk. i. 15, t. 2, f. 2. Pwcilopterh heterocUta, Presl;
and P. repauda, J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 426.

Hongkong, Hance ; Tank Ravine and Water Ravine, UrquJiart, In India, the Archipe-
lago, S. China, and Formosa.

7. DHYMOGLOSSUM, Presl.

Sori forming two continuous lines between the midrib and tlie margin, at
length covering nearly the whole under surface of the narrow fertile fronds.
Indusium none. — Ehizome creeping. Fronds small, undivided, the barren
ones broader than the fertile. Veins reticulate.

A small tropical Asiatic genus.

1. D. camosuxn. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 78 A, midin Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 358.
A small Fern, with slender creeping rhizomes. Barren fronds varying from
nearly orbicular, 4 or 5 lines diameter and almost sessile, to ovate or oblong-
elliptical, 1|- to 2 in. long, and narrowed into a petiole of 3 to 4 lines, all
rather thick and succulent. Fertile fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, petiolate,
the lines of fructification when young about midway between the midrib and
the margin.

Hongkong, Wright. In the mouutaius of N. India, in S. China, and Loochoo.

8. BLECH2^UM, Linn.

Sori forming two continuous lines parallel to and either close to the micbib
or between the midrib and the margin, with a longitudinal indusium distinct
from the margin. — Fronds pinnate, rarely simple or bipinnate ; the fertile
and barren nearly similar. Veins simple or forked, rarely anastomosing.

A genus of several species, chiefly tropical or subtropical, common to the New and the
Old World, one species extending into N. W. America.

1. B. orientale, Linn.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 52; Fll.Exot.i. 77. Stem
short, thick, erect or ascending. Fronds pinnate, 1 to 3 ft. long, with narrow
glossy scales at the base of the stipes. Segments numerous, sessile, linear-
lanceolate, entii-e, mostly 6 to 8 in. long, or sometimes near 1 ft. ; the lower
pairs suddenly abbreviated or reduced to small scales. Veins closely parallel
and usually simple. Sori close to the midrib, almost concealing it when old.

Abundant in the island. Champion and others. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago, aud in the Pacific islands, extendiug northward to the Himalaya and S.
China.

Wood war diar^ filices. 445

9. WOODWAEDIA.

Sori ol)lono- or shortly linear, more or less immersed in the substance of the
frond, near and parallel to the midrib of the pinna or of its segments, and
sometimes confluent when old, Avith a stiff longitudinal indusium. — Stem or
rhizome decumbent or creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate ; the stipes
scaly at the base.

A small genus, disiocrsed over the temperate regions of the northern heniisphcre, more
rarely penetrating within the tropics.

Pinnae of the fertile fronds 3 to 7, entire \. W. Harlandi.

Pinnae more than 7, pinnatifid 2. IF. japonica.

1. W. Harlandij Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 70 ; Yd. Exot. t. 7. llhizome
creeping, with small subulate scales. Fronds \ to \\ ft. high, including the
long stipes. Fertile pinnae 3 to 5, lanceolate, 4 to 8 in. long, more or less
decurrent or confluent at the base, rather rigid, entire or serrulate. Veins re-
ticulate. Sori at first distinct, at length confluent along both sides of the
midi'ib, and sometimes with short lateral sori diverging from it. BaiTen
fronds usually cordate at the base, simple or deeply 3-lobed, the segments
shorter and broader than in the fertile ones.

Hongkong, Harland, Lorrain ; among long grass and low bushes on the first hill going
to Victoria Peak, IViJford. Not known from elsewhere.

2. W, japonica, 8w.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 69. Ehizome creeping, with
copious linear-lanceolate acuminate scales. Fronds 1 to 1|- ft. high, pinnate.
Pinnae about 6 to 8 pair, all distinct, or the upper paii- confluent with the
terminal one, pinnatifid with short obtuse lobes, all ending in a lanceolate en-
tire point. Veins reticulate, with a principal vein corresponding to each lobe.
Sori linear, distinct or confluent along the midrib of each lobe, more rare
along the midrib of the pinna, and only in its upper portion. Barren fronds
smaller, with fewer and broader pinnse than the fertile ones. — Blechnum ja-
povicum, Linn. ; Thunb. Fl. Jap. t. 35.

On hills and in the Happy Valley, Urquhart, Harland. On the Chinese continent and
in Japan.

10. LIHDS^A, Dryand.

Sori linear, continuous or interrupted along the margin of the frond-seg-
ments, wdth a longitudinal indusium opening along the outer edge (next the
margin). — Ehizome usually creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate very rarely
(in species not Chinese) simple. Veins forked or reticulate.

A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
Segments short, obliquely fan-shaped, the dichotomous veins proceeding

from the base of the segment 1. L. flahellulaia.

Segments mostly lanceolate, the veins anastomosing, proceeding from a
midrib.

Primary pinnre undivided, 4 to 8 in. long 2. Z. ensifoHa.

Primary pinnrc pinnate, pinnatifid or under 2 in. long 3. Z. IieteropJii/Ua.

1. Is. fiabellulata, Dryand.; HooJc. Spec. Fil. i. 211. Fronds usually
simply pinnate, tufted, the outer barren ones spreading, 2 to 3 in. long ; the '
inner fertile and erect, \ to 1^ ft. high, occasionally bipinnate in the lower

446 FiLiCES. [Linchaa.

portion ; tlie stipes slender, without scales. Segments numerous, nearly ses-
sile, obliquely fan-shaped, seldom above i in. broad ; the dichotomous veins
starting from the base Avithout a midrib. Sori continuous all round the outer
margin. Barren segments acutely denticulate. — L. poli/morj)ha. Hook, and
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 75.

In ravines and in the Happy Valley woods, Urqukarf, Lormin, Wilford, Wright. In
tropical Asia from Assam and Khasia to the Archipelago, in N. Australia, and northwards to
S. China.

2. Ij. ensifolia, Sw.; Hook. Spec. Ml. i. 220; Hook, and Grev. Ic.
Fit. t. 111. Rhizome rather thick, shortly creeping. Fronds erect, firm, 1
to 1-|- ft. high, simply pinnate. Segments usually 5 to 9, rarely 12 or 13, or
in the outer fronds 3 only, oblong-linear or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or
obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long, very shortly petiolulate, or the upper ones confluent,
aU undivided. Veins starting from a midrib, forked and mostly anastomosing.
Sori usually continuous a great part of the length of the segment.

In ravines and in the Happy Valley woods. Champion and others. Dispersed over the
tropical regions of the Old World.

3. Ii. heterophylla, Dryand. ; Hook. Spec. Til. i. 223. Ehizome short,
thick, horizontal. Fronds erect, slender but stiff, f to \\ii. high, usually
bipinnate in the lower portion. Primary pinnae numerous ; the lower ones
when pinnate often 3 to 4 in. long, ^vith the lower segments short and rhom-
boidal, and ending in a lanceolate one ; the upper pinnae passing into shorter
lanceolate undivided ones, or sometimes all the pinnae lanceolate and undi-
vided, but then never more than 2 in. long, and usually much less. Veins
proceeding from a midrib, forking and anastomosing almost as in L. ensifolia.,
excepting in the shortened lower segments of the pinnae where they are often
dichotomous from the base as in L.flahellulata. — L. variabilis, Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech. 257, t. 52.

In woods and shady places, Champion and others. In S. China, the Philippine Islands,
and the Malayan Peninsula, and northward to Loochoo.

11. ADIANTUM, Linn.

Sori continuous or interrupted along the margin of the frond-segments,
with an indusium proceeding from the margin and opening along the inner
edge. Spore-cases inserted on the inside of the indusium. Fronds usually
tufted or sometimes with a creeping rhizome, simple, pinnate, or decompound ;
the stipes usually slender, black, and shining, with subulate scales or hairs at
their base ; the segments oblique, and often fan-shaped or renifomi. Veins
forked or anastomosing.

A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old World, chiefly tropical or sub-
tropical, with a few species extending into more temperate regions, both in the northern and
southern hemispheres.

Frouds simply pinnate.

Segments articulate on a slender petiolule \. A. himdatum.

Segments nearly sessile, lobed, hairy 2. ^. caudatum.

Stipes forked or pedate. Pinufc pinnate 3. A.fiahelhdatum.

1. A, lunulatuxn, Burm.; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 11; Hook, and Grev.
Ic. Fil. t. 104. Fronds tufted, 6 to 10 in. long, simply pinnate. Segments

Adiantufn.'] filices. 447

articulate on a petiole of 1 to 4 lines, ol)liqucly oblong-falcate, usually near 1
in. long- and 3 to 4 lines broad, rounded on the outer edge, and nearly entire,
with almost continuous sori, thin and glabrous. Veins dichotomous, proceed-
ing from the base or lower edge. Hhachis in the Chinese specimens usually
terminating in a segment rather longer than the lateral ones, in others it is
often leafless and rooting at the extremity.

Hoii2;kong, Ilarland. Extends over the tropical regions both of the New and the Ohl
World.^

3. A. caudatum, //oo/?-. Spec. Yd, ii. 13; Exot. II. t. 104. Fronds
tufted, 1 to H ft- long, simply pinnate, usually leafless and rooting at the ex-
tremity. Segments numerous, small, sessile or nearly so, obliquely oljlong-
falcate, cuneate at the base ; the upper side more or less deeply divided into
narrow-cuneate lobes, each bearing at its extremity a short sorus. Veins
forked, primary ones prominent and fan-like. Both surfaces as w^ell as the
rhachis more or less hairy ; the larger segments 5 to 8 lines long, gradually
decreasing towards the top of the frond.

In moist situations about Little Hongkong, WUford, Urquhart ; also Wriglit. Through-
out India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Hima-
laj-a, S. China, and Japan.

3. A. flabelliilatum, Linn. ; HooJc. Spec. Til. ii. 30. Fronds tufted
f to li ft. high; the stipes forked and pedate or dichotomous, or rarely with
3 or 4 pinnate branches, each pinna 3 to 6 in. long and pinnate. Segments
numerous, obliquely fan-shaped or almost trapezoid, 4 to 8 lines long, articu-
late on a short petiolule, thin and glabrous. Veins dichotomous, starting
from the base. Sori interrupted, oblong or linear, either occupying the whole
outer edge, or a portion of it barren and denticulate.

Common in the island, Lorrain, Urquhart, Wilford. In Ceylon, northern India, the
Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago, and common in S. China, extending northward to
Foochowfoo and Chusau.

12. PTERIS, Linn.

Sori linear, continuous along the margin of the frond-segments, with a
continuous indusium proceeding from the margin and opening along the inner
edge. Spore-cases inserted on the frond itself, under the indusium. — Fronds
usually large and compound, from a tufted stock or creeping rhizome, rarely
small or nearly simple. Veins simple, forked or reticulate, with or without a
midrib.

A Large genus distributed over the greater part of the globe.

Pronds simply pinnate with entire pinnaj, not decurrent 1. P. longifolia.

Fronds very unequally bipinnate or pinnate with the lower pinna3 di-
vided, the uppermost conllucnt or decurrent.

Lower primary pinnpc divided on one side only 2. P. semip'imiaia.

Lower primary piuna; divided on both sides or 2-lobed.

Primary pinntc all distinct except the terminal one 3. P. crenata.

Primary pinnrc mostly decurrent and confluent 4. P. serrulata.

Fronds pinnate, or with the lower pinnec divided. Pinufc numerous,

regularly pinnatifid, with numerous segments 5. P. nemoralis.

Fronds thrice pinnate, with numerous piunrc and segments .... 6. P. aquilina.

1. P. longifolia, Xi;?w. ; HooJc. Spec. Fll.lol. Rhizome short, knotty.

448 FiLTCES. [Pteris.

Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long, simply pinnate. Pinnse numerous, linear-lanceolate,
entire, sessile and cordate at the base, but not decurrent or adnate, mostly
about 4 in. long, the lowest shorter. Sori along the greater part of the
margin, the ban-en portion minutely serrulate. — R. costata, Bory ; Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 51.

Hongkong, Lorrain, Wright ; on dry banks about Victoria, Wilford. "Widely dispersed
over the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, extending northward to south
Europe ; more rare in America, and chiefly in the West Indies.

3. P. semipinnata^ Linn.; Hool\ Spec. Fil. 169. Ehizome thick,
shortly creeping. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. liigh, pinnate, the upper pinnae undi-
vided and more or less continent, passing into the pinnatitid apex, the lower
3 to 6 pairs all distinct, quite entire on the upper side, deeply cut on the lower
side into 2 or more very unequal oblong or lanceolate lobes, and all ending
in a long lanceolate lobe ; occasionally the lowest pinna of all is again semi-
pinnate. Sori usually occapj'ing nearly the whole margin of the fertile seg-
ments, the barren ones serrulate.

Common in ravines and ditches, Hinds and others. In the hUly regions of India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Silhet and Khasia ; in the Archipelago, and northward to China
and Japan.

3. P. crenata, /S'?^.; iZoo^'. ^ec.i^iV.ii. 163. Ehizome creeping. Fronds
1 to 2 ft. high, pinnate, with few distant pinnae, the lower ones or nearly all
again pinnate, with few usually confluent or decurrent segments, the fertile
ones linear or linear-lanceolate, entii'e, 2 to 3 in. long, or the terminal one
much longer ; the sterile pinnae or segments much shorter and usually broader
and more or less seiTulate. Occasionally the whole frond reduced to 5 or 3
segments,

Frequent in ravines, Champion and others. Widely dispersed over tropical Asia, Australia,
and the Pacific islands, extending northward to Loochoo and Chusan.

4. P. sernilata, Linn, fil.; Llook. Spec. Fil. ii. 167. Fronds rather
slender, 1^ to 2 ft. high, pinnate. Pinnae few, distant, linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, the upper ones entire and decurrent along the rhachis
nearly or quite to the next pair, the lower ones more or quite distinct, and
either the lowest pair or the greater number deeply pinnatiiid, with few long
segments or at least deeply 2-lobed. Sori along the greater part of the margin
of the fertile segments ; the barren segments usually serrulate.

Hongkong, Champion. Ou the adjacent continent, and perhaps in Japan. Not known
from elsewhere, but very closely allied to the widely diffused P. cretica, Linn., of which it
may possibly prove to be a variety.

5. P. nemoralis, Willd. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 203. Trunk short, erect.
Fronds large (usually above 2 ft. long), pinnate, with numerous pinnas, the
lowest often divided or again pinnate ; all distinct, regularly and deeply pin-
natitid ; the segments numerous, oblong or lanceolate, more or less falcate and
obtuse, the lowest often above 1 inch long, the upper ones tapering to the
end. Sori occupying the whole or the greater portion of the margin. Barren
segments scarcely broader. — P. quaclriaurita, lietz ; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 179,
t. 134 B.

Common in the island, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over the tro-
pical regions of the New and the Old World. The only character by which the P. qvadri-

I

Fteris.] filices. 449

aurita and P. nemoralis are distinguished by modern Pteridologists is, that in the former
the lowest lateral veins of 2 adjoining segments never meet before they reach the sinns, and
that they do so occasionally in P. nemoraUs. In the Chinese specimens liy far the grcatei-
number reach the sinus without meeting each other, but there is scarcely a specimen in
which the junction will never occur. In the original P. biaurita, Linn., the complete junc-
tion of the two lower veins and the emission of several branches towards the sinus, appears
more constant ; but yet it is not improbable that all the above forms may be mere varieties
of the old Linnscan species.

6. P. aquilina, Limi. ; Hook. Spec. Ml. ii. 196. Rlnzome thick and
creeping. Fronds from 1 or 2 to 8 or 10 ft. higli, usually thiice pinnate.
Primary pinnae distant, the lowest pair much larger and more compound, the
upper gradually decreasing, giving the whole frond a broad triangular outline.
Secondary pinnse numerous, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnat(%
always ending in an undivided more or less elongated obtuse segment ; the
lateral segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, entire, all of a firm consistence,
glabrous aljove, often pubescent underneath. Sori continuous along the mar-
gins of the fertile segments, the ban-en ones seldom broader.

On the hills and in ravines about Victoria, TJrqnliart, Wilford ; also Wright. In almost
all tropical and temperate regions of the globe,

13. CHEILANTHES, S\v.

Sori globular and distinct, or oblong by the confluence of 2 or more, all
marginal, with an indusium proceeding from the margin and turned over
them. Spore-cases, as in Pteris, inserted on the frond under the indusium.
— Small usually slender Ferns, either tufted or with a creeping rhizome.
Fronds usually twice or thrice pinnate, with small lobed segments, the stipes
black and slender.

A considerable genus, wddely distributed over a great portion of the globe. It differs
from Pferis chiefly in habit, and in the sori, or at least the receptacles, short and distinct.

1. C. tenuifolia, /S?^. ; Hook. Spec Fll. ii. 82. Rhizome rather slender,
creeping. Fronds glabrous, oblong, lanceolate or ovate-triangular in outline,
3 to 6 in. long, on a slender stipes as long or longer, twice or thrice pinnate,
with small oblong crenate or lobed segments. Sori along the margin often
confluent, with a more or less continuous indusium which, as the fructification
advances, opens out flat, and can scarcely be distinguished from the margin
of the frond.

In ravines. Champion, Urquharf, Wright, Wilford. In India, chiefly in hilly districts,
from Ceylon to the Himalaya and the Archipelago ; also in Australia.

14. NOTHOL^NA, Br.

Sori small, contiguous and becoming confluent in a line usually marginal,
without any indusium. Small tufted Ferns. Fronds pinnate or decompound,
with small-lobed segments, usually covered underneath with hairs, scales, or
a waxy meal.

A small genus, chiefly tropical, with the habit of Cheilanthes, from which it only diff"ers
in the absence of any indusium.

1. N. ^\jlc2i\,2iyUnk,Enum. Hort.Berol. ii. 3C^l,andFil. Cult. 14G. Fronds
tufted, 6 to 8 in. high, twice pinnate, ovate or triangular in outline, more or

2 G

450 FILICES. [Notliolana.

less densely covered underneath ^vith rust-coloured hairs, more loosely scat-
tered on the upper side. Larger pinnae about 1 in. long ; segments 1 to 3
lines, lobed or pinnatifid, ovate-oblong or obovate. Sori marginal when
young, with the edge of the segment slightly turned down over them ; when
old often occupying the greater portion of the under surface. — N. pilosa,
Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 74 and 255.

Hongkong, Bill, Wriffht, Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent and in the Pacific
islands.

15. ASPLENIUM, Linn.
(Diplasium, Sw))

Son linear or oblong, scattered on the under smface of the frond-segments,
more or less oblique (with reference to the midrib), along one or both sides of
a vein, with a longitudinal indusium, straight or slightly curved, proceeding
from the vein and opening along the opposite edge. — Rhizome short, with
tufted fronds, or creeping. Fronds very various.

A large genus, distributed over nearly the whole globe.

Fronds simple.

Fronds 2 ft. long or more, sessile or nearly so 1. ^. yiidus.

Fronds less than 1 ft., on a long stipes 2. ^. lancetim.

Fronds divided.

Fronds simply pinnate. Segments lanceolate, cuneate or acute
at the base (rarely ohtuse). Veins forked.
Segments rigid, lanceolate-falcate, serrate. Sori much raised,

veiy oblique, all single ^. A. macrophyllum .

Segments few, oblong-lanceolate, entire or scarcely crenate.

Sori rather oblique, often double 6. A . fraxinifolium .

Fronds twice or thrice pinnate. Segments small, cuneate. Veins
forked.
Segments or lobes 3 to 6 lines long, with 2 or more sori in each 4. A. cuneatum.
Segments or lobes 1 to \\ lines long, Avith a single sonis on each 3.-4. davallioides.
Fronds once to thrice pinnate, with long crenate or pinnatifid
segments, truncate or cordate at the base. Veins pinnate.
Vein-branches of each set free from those of the adjoining set.
Fronds once, rarely twice pinnate, with crenate or scarcely

lobed pinnse T. A. sylvaticum.

Fronds once pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnse . . . %. A. Schkuhrii.

Fronds twice or thrice pinnate ^. A. dilatatum.

Outer vein-branches of each set anastomosing with those of the

adjoining set. Fronds mostly thrice pinnate 10. A. esculentum.

(The insertion oi A.fontanum, Bernh., in the Enumeration of Hongkong Ferns in Seem.
Bot. Her. 428, appears to have originated in a mistake.)

1. A. nidus, Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 77 ; Bot. Mag. i!. 3101. Fronds
simple, entire, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, in large regular tufts, hollowed
in the centre, the larger ones 2 to 6 ft. long, and 3 to 5 in. broad. Veins
numerous, nearly transverse, parallel, simple or forked. Sori along the upper
or inner side of nearly all the veins, mostly reaching from the midrib to \ or
nearly f of their length. — Neottopteris nidus, J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 427.

In the Happy VaUey, Urquhart ; behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford; also Fiance and
Seemann. Common in tropical Asia, extending to Australia, and northward to Bonin and
Chusan.

Jsplenium.] filices. 451

2. A. lanceum, Thmib. ; Hook. Spec. Fll. iii. 235. Rhizome slender,
creeping, with snbnlate scales. Fronds simple, entire or slightly crenate,
lanceolate, 4 to 9 in. long, and ^ to 1 in. broad, narrowed into a stipes of 2
to 4 in. Veins nearly transverse, mostly twice forked, and not very close.
Sori along their upper or both sides, linear, but usually commencing at some
distance from the midrib, and not reaching the margin. — A. suhsinuntum,
Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 27.

Hongkong, Harland, Lorrain, Hance, Seemann. In Ceylon, the Himalaya, China, and
Japan.

3. A. davallioides. Hook. Spec. Fll. iii. 212; Cent. Ferns, ii. t. 40.—
Fronds tufted, 6 to 8 in. high, including a stipes of 2 to 3 in., twice or thrice
pinnate at the base, passing upwards into simply pinnate ends, the rhachis
flat and almost winged ; the segments cuneate at the base, entire or divided
into entire oblong divaricate almost recm-ved lobes, 1 to 1^ lines long. Each
lobe bears a single sorus occupying almost the whole of its under surface.

Hongkong, Bill. On the adjoining continent, in Loochoo and Japan.

4. A. cuneatum, Lam. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 168. Rhizome thick,
shortly creeping, with subulate scales. Fronds 1 to near 2 ft. high, including
a rather long stipes, twice or tlirice pinnate. Segments rigid, cuneate, obo-
vate, or the encl ones lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less toothed or
lobed at the top, narrowed at the base, and mostly petiolidate. Sori 2 to 5
on each lobe or segment, linear, very oblique, along the upper or inner side
of the vein (that next the centre of the lobe or segment). — A. laset'pitiifoUum,
Lam. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 171, t. 203.

In the Happy Valley, Urqnhart ; also Hance and Wright. Spread over the tropical and
snhtropical regions of the New and the Old World ; extends northward to Bonin and
Chusau.

5. A. macrophyllum, Stc; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 158. Rhizome thick,
shortly creeping. Fronds tufted, 8 in. to 1^ ft. high, simply pinnate. Pinnte
usually 11 to 21, obliquely falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly sinuate,
cuneate at the base, and shortly petiolulate, 2 to 3 in. long in the Hongkong
specimens, but much longer in some others ; the terminal larger pinna often
shortly lobed at the base. Sori linear, very oblique, extending from near the
midrib almost to the margin, along the upper or inner side of the veins, or
here and there in the lower part of the pinna, on the outer or lower side. —
A. oxyphyllum, J. Sm. ; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 342.

Hongkong, Bowring, Wright. In the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, the
Archipelago, and Paciiic islands, extending northward to Assam, S. China, and Bonia.

6. A. fraxinifolium, TFall. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. /*. 40 ; Cent. Ferns,
ii. ^.19. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high, simply pinnate.
Pinna? 3 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, or the terminal
one longer, entire or very slightly serrulate, cuneate or very rarely almost
rounded at the base, on a short petiolule. Veins slender, once or twice
forked, almost always free (not anastomosing). Sori linear, along one or both
sides of every second or thii-d vein, sometimes extending almost from the
midrib to the margin, but often much ^XiOYiew—Diplasinm elegans, Hook, in
Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 343.

2 G 2

452 FILICES. \_Asple7iium.

In ravines, Urquhart, Wilford ; also Hance and Wright. In Khasia, Assam, Peuang,
and Singapore.

7. A. sylvaticum, Hool\ Spec. Yd. iii. 248. Ehizome ascending, with
a short stem. Fronds from 1 ft. high, simply pinnate, with about 9 pinnae,
to twice that height, with numerous pinuBS, the lower ones sometimes again
pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Pinnae usually 3 or 4 in. long, lan-
ceolate, slightly crenate or wdth very short broad lobes, oblic|nely truncate or
slightly cordate at the base. Veins pinnate, in transverse sets, proceeding
from tiie midrib, the branches few, those of each set distinct, not anastomosing
with the adjoining ones. Sori usually few and simple, and often along the
outer or lower side of the lowest branch of the set of veins, so as to be slightly
curved, occasionally on the upper or inner side, rarely on both. — Biplasium
Sw.

In ravines, Urqnhart, Wilford ; also Hance. In the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malayan
Peninsula, and the Ai'chipelago. Some of the Hongkong specimens are of a firmer texture
than the southern ones, and the pinna3 broader, but others are precisely similar, and all ap-
pear to me to agree much better \vith the character aud specimens of A. sylvaticum than of
A. dilatatum, of which Hooker thinks they inay be a simply-pinnate variety.

8. A. Scbkuhrii, Met I en. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 351. Rhizome (at
least in the smaller varieties) slender and creeping, fronds | to 2 ft. high, always
simply pinnate, the young stipes and rhachis bearing a few pale bro\\Ti
scales. Pinnae in the larger specimens attaining 6 in., diminishing gradually
to the pinnatifid apex, and the lower rather "shorter, all lanceolate, deeply pin-
natifid, with a broad usually truncate base ; the lobes numerous, oblong or
ovate, obtuse or almost acute, sernilate or entire. Veins pinnate in each lobe,
with 4 to 8 branches on each side, not anastomosing with the adjoining ones.
Sori usually on all the veins, and thus regularly pinnate as in A. esculentum,
simple or the lower ones double.

Hongkong, Ilance. In northern India, the Malayan Peninsula, the Feejee Islauds, China,
Loochoo, Corea, and perhaps Japan.

9. A. dilatatum. Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 258. Fronds 2 ft. high or more,
twice (or thrice ?) pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Stipes with black
subulate scales at the base. Pinnules about 2 in. long and pinnatifid at the
base, but passing on the one hand into longer ones pinnate at the base, on
the other into shorter more entii'e ones. Veins pinnate, with few branches,
not anastomosing with -adjoining sets. Sori usually short, not on all the vein-
branches in the Hongkong specimens, more numerous on others, simple or
double. — Biplasium dilafatum, Blume.

In ravines, TJrquhart, Wilford. In Ceylon, northern and eastern India, the Archipelago,
and Pacific islands.

10. A. esculentum, Presl; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 268. Stem stout, erect.
Fronds large, twice or thrice pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Ulti-
mate pinnides lanceolate, acuminate, usually broadly truncate at the base
and shortly petiolulate, the longer ones 6 in. long and deeply pinnatifid, pass-
ing into shorter broadly crenate ones. Veins pinnate, each set with 5 to 10
branches on each side; the outer ones more or less anastomosing with those of
the adjoining ones, thus at once distmguishing this species from A. dilatatum,
which the specimens sometimes resemble. Sori usually on almost all the vein-

Asjjleuium.'] filices. 453

branches so as to appear regularly pinnate ; the lower ones of eaeh set usnally
double, the upper ones simple on the inner side of the vein-branehes. — Dipla-
sium escidentum, Sw. ; Willd. Spec. v. 354.

In raviues, Urquhart ; also Hance and Lorrain. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Himalaya, in Moulmein, Java, the Feejee Islands, and S. China.

16. ASPIDIUM, Sw.

Sori cii'cular, variously dispersed over the under sia-face of the frond-seg-
ments, covered when young by an indusium attached by the centre or by a
point near one side, so that when raised all round by the growth of the spore-
cases it becomes peltate or more or less reniform. — Rhizome short and thick
or creeping. Fronds once, twice, or tlmce pinnate, rarely simple.

A large genus, distributed over almost every part of the globe. It is now usually divided
at least into two genera {Aspidium and Nep/irod'mm), according to whether the indusium is
peltate or reniform ; but in several of the Hongkong species both forms occur in the same
fronds, and generally the adoption of that character does not appear to me to constitute better
defined nor more natural genera than Aspidium retained as a whole, and the very numerous
smaller genera into which many pteridologists break it up are perhaps still more vague unless
when reduced to single species.
Fronds once pinnate.

Pinnte 3 or 5, the lower pair and often the terminal one deeply and

irregularly lobed 3. y/. trifoliatum.

Pinnse entire or crenate.

Pinnae large or few, Sori dispersed over the surface.

Pinuse oblong, 9 to 13 ^. A. podophyllum.

Pinnae ovate-falcate, numerous 5. A.falcatum.

Pinnae very numerous, articulate on the pctiolule. Sori in a sin-
gle row near the margin.

Pinnae 1 to 3 in. long, mostly obtuse \. A. exaltatum.

Pinnae 6 in. long, acuminate 2. /4. hiserratum.

Pinnae regularly pinnatifid, with numerous lobes.
Veins of adjoining lobes free fi'om each other.
Pinna) deeply pinnatifid.

Lobes oblong, straight or nearly so " . A. Thehjptens.

Lobes lanceolate, very falcate 8. A.falcilobam.

Pinnae semi-pinnatiiid 6. ^. ciliatim.

Lower veins of adjoining lobes anastomosing.

Sori distinct, either near the midrib or scattered 9. ^. jnolle.

Sori in a close row near the mai-gin of the lobes 10. ^. unitum.

Fronds bipiunate.

Lowest primary pinnae largest and most compound. Segments

truncate or aduate at the base 11. A. opacum.

Lowest primary pinnae not larger than the next. Segments obtuse

or recurved at the base \'2. A. Chawpioui.

Lowest primary pinnae largest and most couipouud. Segments

oblitpioly cuneate or narrowed at the base 13. J. arisiatum.

1. A. exaltatun}, 8w.; Willd. Spec. v. 229. Rhizome short and thick,
the fibrous roots forming here and there globular tubers. Fronds 1 to 3 ft.
long, weak, simply pinnate. Pinnae numerous, regidarly approximate and
distichous, oblong-linear or lanceolate, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 in. long, serrate,
sessile, truncate at the base, with a protruding angle on the inner side. Stipes
with subulate scales, which pass into short woolly hairs 011 the rhachis or un-
der side of the segments. Veins forked, proceeding from the midrib. Sori

454 FiLiCES. [Aspidium.

in a single row veiy near the margin. Indusium reniform, fixed at the deep
sinus or sometimes becoming regularly peltate. — A. hirsutulum, Sw. ; Willd.
Spec. V. 232. Nephrolepis tuberosa/Vvesl; Hook, in Kew Jomii. Bot. ix.
339 ; J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 429, but not Asp. tuberosum, Willd. Ne-
phrolepis Jdrsidula, J. Sm. 1. c.

In ravines, Hinds, Champion, TJrquhart. Common in the tropical regions of the New
and the Old World ; the American specimens usually more glabrous than the Asiatic ones.
The tubers, which are said always to be present in the Indian variety at least, are often
eaten.

2. A. biserratum, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 231. Nearly allied to the last,
but glabrous or nearly so ; the pinnse lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 in. long,
the auiicle on the inner side of the base more obtuse than in A. exaltatum,
the sori not so near the margin, and the indusium more frequently peltate.

Among rocks on the hillside near the Happy Valley, Wilford. In the ^lauritius, in tro-
pical Africa, and in tropical America.

3. A. trifoliatum. Sic; Willd. Spec. v. 213. Ehizome thick, hori-
zontal; fi-onds erect, from a few inches to 1^ ft. high including the slender
stipes, the smaller ones cordate, oblong, and 3-lobed, more commonly -with a
broader outline, pinnate with 3 or 5 pinnpe, the lower pair and the terminal
one 3-lobed, the middle lobe and intermediate pinnae (when present) broadly
lanceolate and in-egularly pinnatifid, 4 to 6 in. long, pubescent or glabrous.
Veins pinnate, the smaller ones anastomosing. Sori rather large, dispersed
over the frond, but usually at some distance from the midrib. Indusium
usually peltate. — A. variolosum, Wall. Catal. n. 379. A. intermedium, J. Sm.
in Seem. Bot. Her. 428 (a very luxuriant specimen).

Hongkong, Champion ; in ravines, TJrquhart ; on rocks in the Happy Valley, Wilford.
In southernlndia, Ceylon, Chittagong, Silhet, the Malayan Peninsula, the Archipelago, and
S. China ; also in tropical America. The American specimens have most frequently 3 pinnse,
the Asiatic 5, but both forms are met with in both districts. Many of the Hongkong speci-
mens pass from the one to the other.

4. A. podophyllum. Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot.\. 236, t. 1. Ehizome
thick, horizontal, with dark brown or black subulate scales. Fronds 1 to 2 ft.
high, including a rather long stipes, glabrous, simply pinnate. Pinnae usually
9 to 13, lanceolate, often slightly falcate, obtuse or acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long,
entire or crenate, lobed, rounded or truncate at the base, and veiy shortly pe-
tiolulate, of a firm consistence ; the pinnate veins rarely conspicuous. Sori 2
to 5 to each set of veins, rather large, distant both from the margin and the
midiib. Indusium peltate, with a central or slightly eccentric attachment.

Common in ravines, Champjion and others. Also Foochowfoo and Chusan. It is referred
by J. Smith to the Japanese A. Sieholdi, Mett. ; but I cannot but agree with Hooker (Fil.
Exot. t. 31) in considering that species as quite distinct.

5. A. falcatum, Sw. ; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 92. Fronds tufted, stout, 1
to 3 ft. long, simply pinnate, with large brown scales at the base of the stipes.
Pinnae numerous, ovate, falcate-acuminate, 2 to 4 in, long, entire or slightly
crenate, firm and rather thick, with a prominent midrib and irregularly forked
and anastomosing veins. Sori rather large and numerous, scattered over the
surface. Indusium peltate. — Polypodium falcatum, Linn. ; Thunb. Fl. Jap.
t. 36. Cyrtomium falcatum, Presl ; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 340.

Near Tytam Bay, Hinds. On the Chinese continent and in Japan.

Aspidium.] filices. 455

6. A. cilia.t\xmy JFall. Catal.ti. Sol. Stems short, asccndiiiir. Fronds
simply pinnate, i to 1 ft. liigh, with a few short brown scales on' the stipes,
and more or less hispid or domiy especially on the rhachis and principal veins'.
Pinnce numerous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, re-^ularly
pinnatifid, the longer ones 1 to 2 in. long, passing into a pinnatifid apex, and
the lowest 1 or 2 pair mucli shorter ; the lobes ovate-falcate, reaching about
halfway to the midrib. A^eins pinnate, those of adjoining lobes free! Sori
few to each lobe, usually near the midrib. Indusium rcniform or sometimes
peltate, ciliate. — Lastrea ciliata. Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 338.

Common in ravines, Boivwan ; in a ravine near the top of Mount Gough, IFilford. In
the Indian Peninsula and in Khasia. Nearly allied to and perhaps a variety of the Javanese
A. calcaratum, Blume, but that appears always to have much longer, narrower, and more
acute lobes to the piunre.

7. A. Thelypteris, Siv. ; TFilld.Spec.N.2^^. Ehizome creeping. Fronds
■I to 2 ft. high, slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, simply pinnate, with-
out scales to the stipes. Pinuce numerous, sessile, lanceolate or linear-oblong,
deeply pinnatifid, the longest 1| in. to 2^ long, passing into the pinnatifid apex,
the lowest pair smaller. Lobes numerous, usually oblong and obtuse. Veins
pinnate, those of adjoining lobes free. Sori in 2 rows not for from the margin
of the lobes, often covering the whole surface when old. Indusium usually
reniform but soon disappearing. — Lastrea gracilescens, Hook, in Kew Journ.
Bot. ix. 338.

\lo\\^\o\\g, Harla?id ; on the banks of a ditch at Pockfoolan, Wilford. "Widely distributed
over Europe, temperate Asia, and N. America ; also in northern India and in Java and New
Zealand, if the A. gracilescens, Blume, and A. squamulosuiii, Kaulf., be really specifically
identical, as they appear to be.

8. A. falcilobum^ Hook. Veiy near the last, but taller and firmer, the
rhachis much more pul)escent and often the pinnae also ; the pinnre falcate,
more acuminate, attaining 4 in. in length, and their lobes lanceolate-falcate
and acute. — Lastrea falciloba, Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 338.

Hongkong, Harland. Also in Eastern Bengal.

9. A. molle, Sw. ; Willd. Spec. v. 246. Ehizome horizontal or shortly
creeping. Fronds 1 to 2 or sometimes 3 feet high, simply pinnate, more or
less pubescent, and rather slender, usually of a light green. Pinnae lanceo-
late, acuminate, the longest 2 to 4 in. long, pinnatifid, truncate at the base ;
lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse, sometimes very short, sometimes reaching half-
way to the midrib, the lowest inner one often longer. Veins phmate, the
lowest of adjoining lobes anastomosing. Sori distinct, only near the midrib
or in 2 rows, but not close to the margin. Indusium reniform^ usually ciliate
and soon disappearing. — Nephrodium molle, Schott ; Hook, in Kew Journ.
Bot. ix. 340.

Common in ravines, Hinds and others. Abundant in most tropical countries in the New
and the Old World, and everywhere variable in size, pubescence, and arrangement of the sori.

Var. latipinna. Seldom above 1 ft. high and often much smaller, the jjubesccnce usually
minute. Pinnte few, thin, of a light green, 1 to 2 in. long, broader and less deeply lokd
than in the common varieties, the apex of the frond long-lanceolate, broad and deeply pmna-
titid.

Hongkong, Chanqnon, Harland, Hance ; among rocks, in damp situations, at Little Hong-
kong, WiJford.

456 • FILICES. [Asjpidium.

10. A. unitum, Sw. ; Willd. Spec. v. 241. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. high,
pubescent and simply pinnate, ■\\dth semipinnatifid pimise as in the last, but
the pubescence, although more rigid, is much less conspicuous, and the whole
frond is firmer and usually larger. Pinnse often 5 in. long or more ; the lobes
very regularly ovate, the lowest of each pinna usually smaller, giving its base
a rounded appearance. Pinnate veins very conspicuous, the lowest of adjoin-
ing lobes anastomosing as in A. molle. Son usually in a close row along the
margin of the lobes.

Hongkong, Bill, Urqahart, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, and closely alHed
to (if really distinct from) the common tropical American A. serm, Sw.

11. A. opacuxn. Hook. Pronds broad, t^Wce pinnate or the lower pin-
nules again pinnate at the base, often 6 to 8 in. long, all tapering rapidly to
the pinnatitid apex ; the stipes and rhachis with subulate black scales. Seg-
ments somewhat coriaceous but not glossy, lanceolate-falcate, ^\\i\\ a broad
truncate or adnate base, often 1 to 2 in. long, pinnatitid or crenate. Veins
scarcely conspicuous. Sori large, in 3 rows. Indusium peltate, but often
excentrically so, with a more or less indented sinus. — Lastrea opaca. Hook,
in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 339.

Hongkong, Boivriny ; in the Tank Ravine, Urquhart. On the China coast and in Japan.

12. A. (Lastrea) Championi, Benth., n. sp. Pronds broadly lanceo-
late, twice pinnate, the stipes and rhachis covered with bro\\Ti lanceolate scales.
Lowest pinnse 4 or 5 in. long, not longer nor more compound than the 2 or
3 next pairs, which afterwards pass gradually into the short pinnatitid apex.
Segments lanceolate-falcate, distinct, sessile and broadly rounded at the base,
but not adnate, seldom 1 in. long, serrate-crenate or the lowest pinnatitid, the
inner lowest lobe rather larger. Veins scarcely conspicuous, pinnate with
forked veinlets. Sori rather large, in 2 rows in each segment. Indusium
peltate, or rarely reniform. — Polystichum vestitum ?, Hook, in Kew Jomii.
Bot. ix. 339.

Hongkong, Champion, Urquhart. Not known out of the island. Col. Urquhart's speci-
mens are old and Col. Champion's too young, but on carefully examining them with Sir W.
Hooker, we have been unable to match them with any known species. They evidently belong
to Lastrea and are allied to the A. opacum, but differ in the scales and in the general shape
of the frond as well as in that of tbe segments.

13. A. aristatum, S-w. ; Willd. Spec. v. 264. Pronds 1 to 2 ft. high,
broadly ovate-triangular in outline, twice pinnate or the low^r pinnee again
pinnate at the base, firm but thin, light-green and glossy ; the stipes slender,
with a few^ black scales. Segments veiy obliquely oblong or lanceolate, \ to
1 in. long, narrowed or cuneate and acute at the base, bordered at the end
with a few^ teeth often ending in short stiff bristle-like points. Sori small, not
numerous, loosely arranged in 2 rows. Indusium small, renifonn. — Polysti-
chum aristatum, Presl; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 340,

Among rocks, in ravines, Urquhart, Bowring, Lorrain, Wilford. In New Zealand, the
Pacific islands, China, and Japan, and closely allied to some Indian forms as well as to
A. drepanum from Madeira.

17. GRAMMITIS, Sw.
Sori oblong or linear, straight, more or less oblique with reference to the
midrib, proceeding from a branch of the forked or anastomosing veins. In-
dusium none. — llhizome \isually creeping. Pronds simple or pinnate.

Grammilis.'] filices.

457

A considerable genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World, difTcrin"
from Asplenium in the absence of any iudusium, and from the closely allied Gumnogramme
chiefly in habit, and in the sori always simple and straight, not forked.

1. G. decurrens. Wall.; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fit. t. 6. Rhizome
rather thick, creeping, with black or brown scales. Fronds erect, 1 to 2 ft.
high, quite glabrous, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate. Segments 3 to 17, lan-
ceolate, 3 to 5 in. long, acuminate, naiTOwed at the base, rather distant, but
usually connected by a decurrent wing, or the lower ones quite IVce, all rallier
thick. Veins proceeding from the midrib and immediately forked, in the fer-
tile segments one branch bears a straight linear sorus, the other, like botli
branches in the barren segments, is flexuose and anastomosing, and from botli
are emitted a few short free branches. — Sdlicjuea decurrens, Presl ; Hook, in
Kew Joum. Bot. ix. 358.

In ravines, Champion and others. In the Indian Peninsula, the Himalaya, Khasia, ihe
Philippines, Loochoo, and Corea.

18. MENISCIUM, Schreb.

Sori oblong, transverse, (parallel to the midrib) and arranged in parallel
rows between the primary pinnate veins. Indusium none.

A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, only difl'ering from
Folypodium in the shape of the sori.

1. M. simplex, Hook, in Lond. Joum. Bot. i. 294, t. 11, aiid Fil. Exot.
^.83. Ehizome creeping. Frond simple or 3-lobed at the base, lanceolate,
acuminate, 3 to 8 in. long on a stipes of 3 to 6 in., cordate at the base, i to 2^
in. broad, pubescent. Veins numerous and parallel, diverging from the
midrib, and connected by numerous transverse veinlets which, in the fertile
fronds, bear the sori.

Common on hillsides. Hinds, Champion and others. Also in Chusan.

19. POLYPODIUM, Linn.

Sori circular or rarely somewhat oval, variously arranged on the under sur-
face of the frond. Indusium none. Receptacle not raised. — Plerbaccous
Ferns. Fronds simple or once, twice, or thrice pinnate.

A large genus, as widely dispersed over the surface of the globe as Asplenium and
Aspidium.

Fronds all simple, thick, the veins inconspicuous or the primary ones
scarcely prominent.

Sori in a single row on each side of the midrib 1. P. Wight ia num.

Sori scattered in several rows 2. P. hymenodes.

Sori very closely packed in numerous series occupying the whole
breadth of the fertile fronds.

Fertile fronds linear, always barren at the base 3. P. adnascens.

Fertile fronds oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mostly covered

with sori from the base 4. P. Lingua.

Fronds 3-lobed, or sometimes simple, thin, with prominent veins . . 5. P. tridactylon.
Fronds simply pinnate. Veins parallel, prominent. Sori on transverse
veinlets between them.

Pinnje few, distinct . . C. P. granulosum.

Pinnffi numerous, confluent, the sessile base of the frond dilated and

shortly lobed 7. P. coronam.

Fronds thrice pinnate 8. P. tenericaule.

458 FILICES. [Poll/podium.

1. P. Wightianum, JF'all. Catal. n. 2222. Rhizome shortly creeping.
Fronds linear-lanceolate and acuminate, or rarely linear and obtuse, from 1
to 2 in. long in some specimens, near 8 in. in others, narrowed into a short
stipes, thick, with immersed inconspicuous reticulate veins. Son in a single
row on each side of the midrib, large and sometimes occupying nearly the
whole breadth from the margin to the midrib ; in other specimens the frond
is tliinner and broader in proportion to the sori. When young the spore-cases
are concealed under several peltate scales, which soon disappear. — Pleopeltis
nuda. Hook. Exot. M. t. 63 ; Gen. Pil. t. 18. Drynaria subspathulata. Hook,
in Kew Jom*n. Bot. ix. 356.

Hongkong, Harland. Common on the Chinese coast and extends all over India, and
northward to Japan.

2. P. hymenodes. Wall. Catal. n. 283. Rhizome creeping. Fronds
simple, lanceolate, .5 to 9 in. long in the Hongkong specimens, narrowing into
a stipes of 1 to 3 in., obtuse or acuminate, f to 1 j in. broad, glabrous, rather
thick ; the pinnate and reticulate veins immersed and inconspicuous. Sori
rather large, distinct, in 3, 4, or rarely 5 longitudinal row^s on each side of the
midi'ib, (3, 4, or 5 in each obliquely transverse row).

On rocks in a ravine, Wilford. In northern and eastern India, in China, and northward
to Corea. It is not unlikely that this and the preceding species may be both refei'able to
some older published Indian or Javanese ones, but the genus FoJypodium is at present in too
great confiision to ascertain the synonymy without a general revision.

3. P. adnascens, Sw.; TFilld. Spec. v. 145. Ehizome slender, creep-
ing, with lanceolate, ciliate, or fringed scales. Fronds simple, entire, thick
and coriaceous, more or less covered, especially on the under side, with mi-
nute stellate scales or haii's. BaiTcn ones oblong, very obtuse, -f to 1^ in.
long, on a stipes sometimes veiy short, rarely \ in. long. Fertile fronds linear,
obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, covered from about the middle or from rather lower
down to the apex with numerous closely packed small sori, arranged in oblique
rows, occupying the whole interval from the midrib to the margin, and sepa-
rated from each other by dense stellate hairs or scales. — NipJiobolus adnascens,
Kaulf. ; Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 425. Polypodium pertusum,^oxh.; Hook.
Exot. Fl. t. 162. NipJiobolus carnosus,'B\\m\e.; and N. pe?iusus, Spreng. ;
Hook, in Kew Joura. Bot. ix. 355.

Common in ravines, Hinds, Champion, and others. In Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, and
Bengal.

4. P. Lingua^ Sic; TFilld. Spec. v. 162. Very near the last, with the
same habit and indumentum, but the fronds are usually larger, oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, more or less narrow^ed towards the apex, the fertile ones fully
as broad as the barren and usually longer, covered from the base with closely
serried sori, except in a few imperfectly fruiting fronds, where they generally
fail at the top as well as the base. The fronds vary from 1 to 5 in. in length.
— Acrostichwn Lmgua, Thunb. Fl. Jap. t. 33.

Appears to be equally common with the last, being sent with it in most collections from
the island. Also on the Chinese continent and in Japan.

5. P. tridactylon. Wall.; Hook, and Grev. Tc. Til. t. 209. Rhizome
creeping. Fronds 3 to 8 in. long, naiTow^ed into a stipes of 1 to 3 in., some-
times lanceolate and entire, but more frequently divided into 3 lanceolate lobes.

Poly podium,'] filices. 459

the lateral ones divergiiig and half as long as the central one, all acuminate
entn-e, thni and glabrous. Veins reticulate, the primary branches diver-inc^
from the midrib halfway to the margin. Son rather smaU, on the anastolno''.
sing veinlets, 1 to 3 between each 2 primary veins.

Hongkong, Champion, Harland ; in a wet shady situation at Little Hongkong, Wilford
In Ceylon, Khasia, Assam, and the Philippines.

6. P. granulosum, Tred, Rel. Hank. 24, t. 4,/. 2. Fronds 1 ft. iiigli or
more, pubescent at least on the rhachis and principal veins, simply pinnate.
Pinnae 5 to 7 or sometimes more, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sl'ightly fal-
cate, 4 to 5 in. long, entire, rounded at the base and shortly petiolulare. Veins
very prominent, the primary ones numerous, parallel, with regularly pinnate
transverse veinlets meeting in an intermediate line as in Meuiscinm. ISori at
the junction of the veinlets, in a single row between each 2 primars' veins in
the Hongkong specimens, more frequently (but not always) in a double row in
the Indian ones. — P. nrophylliim, Wall.'Catal. n. 299. Nephrodiuin (jlandu-
losum, J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 428.

Hongkong, Hance ; in Water Ravine, Urqnhart. In Ceylon, Khasia, Sikkini, the Malayan
Peninsula, the Archipelago, and northward to Chusan. One or two of the peltate scales 'in-
termixed with the sori occasionally persist a long time, so as to have been mistaken for the
indusium of an Aspidium.

7. P. coronans. Wall; Hook. Yd. Exot. ^.91. Ehizome stout, clon-
gated. Fronds densely tufted, sessile, 2 to 3 ft. high or more, stiffly coria-
ceous, glabrous and shining, deeply pinnatifid or almost pinnate. Lobes nu-
merous, the longer ones lanceolate, acuminate, from 3 or 4 in. to twice that
length, divided almost to the rhachis in the centre of the frond, becoming
gradually shorter and more obtuse below the middle, until the frond again
expands into a cordate base often 6 to 8 in. broad, Avith short loimded lobes.
Veins prominent and parallel, starting fi'om the midrib, and connected by
transverse reticulations. Sori in I row between each 2 primary veins.

Near Victoria Peak, Wilford. In the mountains of northern and eastern India.

8. P. tenericaule^ JJ^all. ; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 353. Fronds
1^ to 2 ft. high, twice pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnules; the stipes
glabrous, not muricate, with a few brown scales at the base. LowTr primary
pinnae 6 to 8 in. long, the upper ones passing into the pinnatifid apex. Pinnje
lanceolate, the longer ones 2 in. long, the principal veins bearing a few stiif
hfiirs. Segments oblong-linear; the lower ones deeply seiTate, the upper
short and entire. Sori 1 to 4 on each side of the midrib of the segment.

Near the church of Victoria, Wilford ; in Tank Ravine and Washerman's IXiw'xw^^Urqnhart.
In India, from Concan to Assam, in Singapore and the Archipelago, and northward to the
Philippines and S. China.

20. BRAINEA, Hook.
(Bowringia, Hook ; not Champ^

Son at first short and distinct, parallel to and near the midrib, at length
usually confluent along the midrib and covering nearly the wliole surface of
the fertile segments. Indusium none.

A genus limited to a single species.

460 FILICES. [Brainea.

1. B. insignis, Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 354 ; Fil. Exot. ^.38.
Trunk erect, attaining 3 to 4 ft., with dark-brown scales. Fronds 2 to 3 ft.
or more, including the short stipes, simply pinnate. Pinnse numerous, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, minutely serrate, cordate at the base, the larger barren
ones 4 to 6 in. long, the upper ones tapering into the pinnatifid apex, the
lowest also diminishing in size ; the fertile ones rather smaller and narrower.
Veinlets numerous and parallel, diverging from a series of arched veins along
the midrib. Sori either on these arched veins only or continued along the
veinlets. — Bowringia insignis, Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 237, t. 2.

Hongkong, Bowring, Champion, and others. Also in Khasia.

21. ALSOPHILA, Br.

Sori globular, dispersed over the under surface of the frond-segments, with
an elevated receptacle frequently villous. Indusium none, except, in a few
species, a minute indistinct membrane or scale at the base of the sorus. —
Tree-ferns. Fronds usually large, twice or several times pinnate. Veins
pinnate, the branches free, simple or forked.

A considerable tropical genus both in the New and the Old World, but the spurious spe-
cies have probably been much multiplied in books : for herbarium specimens are usually
very insufficient for exhibiting the several forms observable in the different parts of the large
fronds of these Tree-ferns.

1. A. podophylla. Hook, in Kew Journ. ix. 334. Trunk 4 to 8 ft.
high. Fronds attaining 8 or 9 ft. in length, twice to 4 times pinnate. Stipes
glossy, often rough with minute raised points, the base tliick, sometimes
muricate and bearing long black scales. Ultimate pinnules or segments lan-
ceolate, acuminate, the large ones 4 to 5 in. long, sinuately toothed, truncate
at the iDase and shortly petiolulate, all diminishing upwards and passing into
the pinnatifid apex. Sori rather small, globose, scattered, the spore-cases veiy
closely packed.

Hongkong, Bowring, Harland, Lorraln ; in ravines, Urquhart, Wilford. Also in Chusan.
Some fronds called by Wilford " young fronds," but probably the first ones of a fresh growth,
are simply pinnate with deeply pinnatifid pinnae.

22. CIBOTIUM, Kaulf.

Sori contained in a prominent coriaceous deeply 2-valved indusium, of
which the outer valve proceeds from the margin of the segment. — Tall Ferns
with twice pinnate fronds.

A small genus, limited to eastern Asia, the Pacific islands, and west-central America,

1. C. glaucum. Hook, and Am. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 82. Fronds bipin-
nate, glabrous and shining on the upper side, glaucous underneath, with occa-
sionally a few hairs on the rhachis. Pinnules deeply pinnatifid, lanceolate, acu-
minate, 4 to 5 in. long, the upper ones diminishing and tapering into the
pinnatifid apex. Lobes or segments numerous, more or less falcate. Veins
simple or forked in difterent parts of the frond, or both mixed. Indusia very
prominent and coriaceous, usually 2 to 4 on each margin of each lobe, or some-
times only 1 on each side at the base. Valves concave, very nearly equal, or
the inner one rather narrower. — 0. glaucescens, Kunze ; Hook. Spec. Fil.
i. 82. C. Jssamicum, Hook. 1. c. i. 83, t. 29 B.

Cibotium.] filices. 461

Common in ravines, Champion and others. In Assam, S. China, and the Sandwich
Islands. The number of sori to each segment, and the proportion of simple uud forked
veins, is very variable on the same specimen.

23. DAVALLIA, Sm.

Sori inserted at the end of a vein at or veiy near the mariiin, g]ol)ular, con-
tained in a more or less enp-shaped indusinni, more or less adnate to the frond,
and open at the free trnncate top, next to the margin of the frond. — Riiizoni('
usnally creeping. Fronds simple, pinnate, or decompound. Veins forked
and diverging from a more or less prominent midrib.

A large genus, chiefly tropical or subtropical, common to the New and the Old "World,
but more abundant in the latter.

Fronds triangular, pinnate or pinnatifid, coriaceous, 2 to 3 in. long . 1. B. p/'da/a.
Fronds shnply pinnate, pubescent, with long lanceolate segments . 2. I). Uookeriana.
Fronds decompound, 1 ft. long or more.
Fronds glabrous, smooth and shining.

Sori terminating the lobes CD. tenuifolia.

Sori on the under surface within the margin.

Sori cylindrical or oblong 4. D. elegayis.

Sori as broad as or broader than long 5. i), Griffilhiana.

Fronds pubescent, thin and pale green. Sori in the sinus of the

lobes 3. D. fohjpodioides.

1. D. pedata, Sw.; Hook. Spec. Til. i. 154, t. 45 A. Ehizome creeping
to a considerable length, covered with brown scales. Fronds erect, ovate-
triangular, 2 to 3 in. long, on a stipes about as long, cordate at the base,
coriaceous, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate at the base. Segments oblong-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, sinuate or the lower pair pinnatifid. Veins forked, coalescing
into a central one not more prominent than the branches. Sori close to the
margin, towards the ends of the segments. Indusium nearly orbicular.

Hongkong, Hinds, Dill, Wright ; on a rock at the top of Victoria Peak, Wilford. In
the Mauritius, Ceylon, Silhet, and the Indian Archipelago.

2. D. Hookeriana, Wall.; Hook. Spec. Fil. \. 172, t. 47 B. Fronds
1 to 2 ft. high, simply pinnate, pubescent. Pinn?e lanceolate, serrate, 2 to 4
in .'long, truncate at the base, with a prominent angle or lobe on the inner
side, diminishing from the lowest pair to the pi'nnatifid apex. Veins forked,
numerous, parallel, from a prominent midrib. Sori in a row just within the
margin of the segment. Indusium broad and short.

In the path to Poke-Fallum, Urquhart. In Kumaon, Silhet, and Khasia.

3. D. polypodioides, Don; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. iSl. Rhizome creep-
ing. Fronds 2 to 3 ft. high, twice or thrice pinnate, light gi-een, flaericl, and
more or less pubescent. Primary pinnae distant, the 1 or 2 lowest pair sniallcr
than the following, which are often 6 in. to 1 ft. long, gradually diniinishing
to the apex. Segments from lanceolate to oblong or obovate, tlic larger ones
deeply lobed, with obovate obtuse lobes. Sori solitary under each sinus of
the lobed segments or near the margin of the entire ones. Indusium short
and broad.

Common in ravines, Urquhart, Wilford. Widely spread over the tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old World, appearing also in tropical America.

4. D. elegans, Sw. ; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 164. Rliizome creeping, thick,

462 riLiCES. [Bavallia.

scaly and woolly. Fronds 2 ft. high or more, very broad, glabrous, firm,
smooth and shining, 3 or 4 times pinnate. Pinnae and pinnules all acuminate,
passing into a pinnatifid apex. Segments lanceolate or oblong, acute at the
base, but only slightly decmTent on the rhachis, the larger ones sen-ate. Veins
few, diverging fi'om a raised midrib. Sori usually oblong, partially sunk in
the under siu-face of the lobes or smaller segments, with a naiTOW cup-shaped
indusium.

Hongkong, Champion. In Madagascar, Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, the Archipelago,
Australia, and the Pacific islands. The Hongkong specimens belong to Hooker's var. S
co7iiifolia.

5. D. Griffithiana, Hook. Spec. FiL i. 168. Habit of B. elegans, but
not so large. Fronds usually twdce or thrice pinnate, \^ to 2 ft. high, the
segments shorter and broader than in B. elegans, and more confluent at the
base. Sori shorter, and inserted on the under side at a considerable distance
from the margin or apex of the lobes.

Hongkong, Wright. In Khasia, Assam, S. China, and northward to Chusan.

6. D. tenuifolia, Siv.; Hook. Spec. i^/Z. i. 186. Ehizome thick, shortly
creeping, covered with thick brown scales. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous,
finu, smooth, and often shining, twice to four times pinnate, the primary
pinnae more or less acuminate. Ultimate segments or lobes small, linear-
cuneate in the typical fonn, but in other varieties passing to broadly cuneate
or obovate, the fertile ones terminating in 1 or 2 short broad sori, the edge of
the indusium usually on a level with the margin of the lobe. In the barren
fronds the segments are usually broader and denticulate. — D. chinensis, Sw. ;
Hook. I.e. 187.

Abundant in the island, Hinds^ Champion, and others. Generally distributed over India,
the Archipelago, and Pacific isles, and northward to S. China and Bonin. The majority of
the Hongkong specimens are intermediate between the narrow-lobed Indian varieties, and
the broad-lobed small forms considered as re])resenting B. chinensis, of which a "very well-
marked specimen is among Hinds's, from Hongkong.

24. TRICHOMANES, Sm.

Sori inserted at the end of a vein, and contained in a tubular indusium' at
or near the margin of the frond, and usually projecting beyond it. Recep-
tacle filiform, often bristle-like, protruding from the indusium, with the spore-
cases at its base within the indusium. — Herbaceous Fems, often very small,
the half-pellucid fronds variously divided, and inserted on a creeping often
densely matted rhizome.

A large genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World, with 1 species
extending northward into western Europe.

Fronds fan-shaped, 3 to 6 lines diameter \. T. parvulum.

Fronds pinnatifid, | to 1 in. long 2. T. intramarginale.

1. T. parvulum, 'Pair.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 118, t. 39 ^. Ehizome
slender, tomentose, and densely matted. Fronds orbicular-fan-shaped, 3 to 6
lines diameter, on a filifonn stipes about as long, deeply and unequally divided
into linear-obtuse or obtusely toothed lobes or segments. Sori rare, sunk as
it were into the ends of teeth or lobes, which are usually shorter than the
barren ones.

I

Trichomanes.'] filices. 4G3

Hongkong, Wriffkt. In the Mauritius and Madagascar, the Indian Archinelago and
northward to the Philippines and S. China. '

2. T. intramarginale, Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fll. t. 211 ; Hook. Spec.
III. i. 120. A small slender densely matted half-pellucid Fern like tlie last.
Fronds ovate or oblong in their outline, i to 1 in. long, deeply pinnatilid^
with few broadly linear entire or 2-cleft obtuse lobes, the base of the frond'
narrowed into a short stipes. Sori immersed in the ends of lobes similar to
the ban-en ones, with a rather loiig projecting bristle.

Hongkong, Wright. Also in Ceylon.

465

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

The synonyms are printed in italics.

Page

Ahdmoschus

moscJiatus, McEiicli . 34

Abild-'aardia .... 389
Era-rostis, VaJd . .390
fosca, Nees . . . 390
monostachya, Vahl . 389

Abrus . . \ . . . 91
precatorius, Linn. . 92

Abutilon 33

indicum, Dou . . . 33

Acacia 101

conciuna, DC. . . .101
fariiesiana, Willd. . 101

Acalypha 303

ehinensis, Eoxb. . .303
indica, Linn. . . . 303

Acampe . ' . . . . 358
miiltitlora, Lindl. . .358

Acanthacese . . . .259

Acanthus 263

ilicifoliiis, Linn. . . 2C3

Acer 47

obloiig'um, Jf^a//. . . 47
reticulatum, C/iamp. 47

Achyranthes . . . .285
aspera, Linn. . . .285

Aclisia

sor::oyonensis,E.Mey. 378

Acmeua 1]9

Champioui, i>(?;/M. . 119

Acorus 345

Calamus, Linn. . .345

Acratherum

miliacetim, Liiik . .416

Acrostichuin . . . .443
aureum, Linn. . . 443
decurrens, HooJc. . 443
heteroclitum, Presl . 444
lingua, Thunb. . .458
repandum, Blume . 444

Actiuidia 26

Championi, Benth. . 26

Page

Page

Actinodaphne . .

. 293

fraa;rans, Champ. .

. 192

angustilblia, Nees .

. 293

Albikkia

chineusis, Nees .

. 293

schwnoidrs, Prcsl

. 389

Adamia

scirpoides, Prcsl .

. 389

chineuMS, Gardn.

. 128

Albizzia ....

. 101

ct/anea, AVall. . .

. 128

Championi, Benth.

. 102

versicolor. Fort. .

. 128

Milletti, Benth. .

. 102

Adenostemma . .

. 171

stipulata, Benth. .

. 102

viscosum, Forst. .

. 171

Alismacere . . .

. 346

Adhatoda

Allanianda . . .

. 217

ehinensis. Champ.

. 264

cathartica, Linn. .

. 217

Vasica, Nees . .

. 264

Allomorphia

ventricosa, Nees .

. 264

pancijlora, Benth.

. 116

Adiantuni . . .

. 446

AlocaMa

caudatiim, Hook.

. 447

commutata, Schott

. 344

flabellulatimi, Linn

. . 447

indica, Schott

. 343

lunulatum, Burm.

. 446

macrorrhiza, Schott

. 344

Adina

. 146

Alopccurus . . .

. 407

globiflora, Salish.

. 146

agrrstis, Linn.

. 407

peduncnlata, DC.

. 146

geniculatus, Linn.

. 408

Jichmaudra . . .

. 124

Alpinia ....

. 348

odorata, Hook.

#•

alba. Rose.

. 348

Thorns. . . .

. 124

ehinensis, Rose. .

349

jEgiceras ....

. 207

galangas, Sw. . .

. 348

majus, Gcertn.

. 208

nutans, Rose. . .

348

^ginetia . . . .

. 257

Alseodaphuc . . .

291

indica, B-Oxh. . .

. 257

breviliora, Benth.

. 292

Jilschynanthus . .

. 258

ehinensis. Champ.

292

acuminatus, "Wall.

. 258

Alsophila ....

460

bracteatus, Wall.

. 258

podophylla, Hook.

460

ehinensis, Gardn.

. 258

Alternanthera . .

2S5

iEschyuomene .

. 79

sessilis, Br. . .

286

indica, Linn. .

. 79

Alysicarpus . . .

80

Aganosnia . . .

. 221

buplevrifolius, DC.

. 81

Isevis, Champ. . .

. 221

nmnmHlariiPfoHns, DC. 81

Agcratum ....

. 171

vaginalis, DC.

. 80

conyzoides, Linn.

. 171

Alyxia

. 219

Agrostis

sinensis, Champ. .

. 219

maxima, Roxb.

. 417

Aniarantacero . .

. 283

Agyneia

Amarantus

. 284

hacciformis, Juss.

. 310

spiuosiis, Linn. .

. 284

Aiusliea ....

. 191

viridis, L/i/n. . .

. 284

466

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

Page

Page

Amarvllitlepe . .

. 365

parviflorum, Benth. .

116

Artemisia

186

Amhhjachyrum .

. 421

Antbericuni . . . .

373

annua, Linn. . . .

187

Ameletia

parviflorum, Benth. .

373

indica, Willd. . .

187

rohmcUfoUa, "STigbt . 112

Antidesma . . . .

317

japonica, Thunh. . .

186

siwspicata, Beiith

. 112

Buuius, Spreng. .

318

lejjtosiachys, DC.

187

Amentacefe . . .

. 819

japonicum, Sieb. ^

vulgaris, Linn. . ..

187

ATnTnaania . . .

. Ill

Zncc

218

Arthrosprion

rotundifolia, Boxb

. Ill

paniculatum, Eoxi. .

318

stipnlaturnt Hassk. .

101

suhspicaia, Beuth

. 112

Aopla

363

Arthrostyles . . . .

397

Amorphophallus . .

. 342

reniforniis, Lindl. .

363

chinensis, Benth.

397

variabilis. Bin me .

. 343

Apatnria

Artocarpus . . . .

825

Ampelideffi

. 52

chinensis, Lindl. . .

356

hypargyrea, Ha7ice .

325

Ampelopsis

Aplectrum . . . .

116

Arum

341

heterophjlJa, Sieb

. 53

Aplotaxis

divaricatum, Linn.

342

Amphirluqns

carthamoides, DC.

168

ternatum, Thunb.

342

leiocarpa, Benth.

. ]79

Apluda ....

422

trilobatum, Bot. Mag

342

Ancistrolohns

mutica, Linn. . .

422

Arundina ....

355

hrevipes, Turcz. .

. 24

Apocopis

421

chinensis, Blume .

855

ligustrinus, Spach

. 24

Wrightii, Munr. .

421

Philippi, Reichb. fil.

855

Androglossum

Apocynacete . . .

216

Aru.ndiuaria . . .

433

reiiculaium, Benth. . 70

Aporosa ....

316

Wightii, Nees . .

434

Andi-opogon , . .

. 422

frutcscens, Blume

317

Arundinella . . .

415

acicularis, Retz .

. 425

leptostachya, Benth.

317

Eckloni, Nees

416

brevifolius, Siv. .

. 423

Appendicula . . .

358

miliacea, Nees . .

416

contortus, Linn. .

. 424

bifaria, Lindl.

358

nepalensis, Trin. .

416

javanicus, Nees .

. 425

Aquifoliacese . . .

64

setosa, Trin. . .

416

7iudacop//i/ni!s, SieixA. 426

Aquilaria ....

297

stricta, Nees . .

416

JSIartini, Eoxb. .

. 424

grandiflora, Benth.

297

Amudo ....

427

montanus, Bo.rd. .

. 423

Tdcdaccensis, Bcntli.

297

raadagascariensis.

parvispica, Steud.

. 423

Aralia

135

Knnth . . .

427

patentivillosus, Steud. 426

chinensis, Linn. .

185

Reynaiidimia, Kunth

427

psendograya, Steud. . 423

Araliacese ....

135

Asclepiadeffi . . .

223

tropicus, Spreng,

. 423

Ardisia ....

206

Asclcpias ....

. 225

Vachellii, Nees

. 423

chinensis, Benth.

207

ciu-assavica, Linn.

225

villosuhis, Necs

. 423

crenata, Bot. Mag.

206

Asparagus ....

371

zeylauicuSj Am.

. 423

crispa, A. DC. .

206

falcatus, Benth. .

. 371

Angiopteris . .

. 440

japonica, Benth. .

207

lucidus, Lindl. .

. 371

evecta, Eoffm,

. 440

paucifiora, Heyne.

206

Aspidium ....

. 453

Aula ....

. 356

primulrefolia, Gardn

. 207

aristatum, Sw.

. 456

angustifolia, Llnd

I. . 856

punctata, Lindl. .

. 206

biserratum, Sio. .

. 454

Auilema .

. 376

Argenione

. 15

Championi, Benth.

. 456

compressvni, Dalz

. . 377

mexicana, Linn. .

. 15

ciMatum, Wall. .

. 455

deUle,^2\\. .

. 377

Argyreia ....

. 236

exaltatum, Sw. .

. 453

diandnim, Hance

. 377

acuta, Beuth. . .

. 237

falcatum, Sw. . .

. 454

didymum, Seem.

. 378

Champioui, Benth.

. 236

i'alcilobum, Hoolc.

. 455

hupidum, Don

. 377

Ariseeraa ....

. 342

gracilescens, Blume

. 455

nudiflorum . .

. . 376

laminatum, Blume

. 342

hirsutulum, Sw. .

. 454

Anisocalyx

Aristida ....

. 427

iiifermedium, J. Sm

454

linvnanthifiorus.

chinensis, Munr. .

. 427

molle, Sw.

. 455

Hance . .

. . 249

Aristolochia . . .

. 333

opacum, Hook. .

. 456

Anisomeles . .

. . 278

longifolia. Champ.

. 333

podophyllmn, ILook.

454

ovata, Br. . .

. . 278

Aristolochiaccee . .

. 333

Sieboldi, Mett. .

. 454

Anisopa])pus .

. . 180

Aroidere ....

. 341

squamidosu7n, Kaulf

455

chinensis, IIoolc.

^

Artabotrys . . .

. 10

Thelniteris, Sw. .

. 455

Am. .

. 180

Bhimei, Hook, tj

trifoliatimi, Sic. .

. 454

Auouaccec . . .

. 9

Thorns. . . . '

. 10

tuberosum, "WiUd.

. 454

Aiipl^'clrum . .

. 116

odoratissima, Br.

. 10

unitum, Siv. .

. 456

INDEX OF GEJJEllA AND SPECIES.

467

Page
variolosiim, Wall. . 454

Asplcuium , . . .450
cuueatum. Lam. . .451
davallioides, Hook. . 451
dilatatum, Hook. . 452
csciilentum, Presl . 452
fraxinifolium, Wall.. 451
lanceum, Thimh. . .451
laserjntufolitan, Lam. 451
inacrophyllum, Sto. . 451
uidus, Linn. . . . 450
o.r//p////llH,'i/, J. Sm. . 451
Sdiku'hrii, 3fett. . .452
subsiniiatum. Hook. &

Grev 451

sylvaticum. Hook. . 452

Aster 174

baccliaroides, Steetz . 175
Bcnthami, Steetz , 175
brevipes, Benth. . .175
striatus, Champ. . .174
trinervins, Tioxh. . .174

Asteronicva

indica, Blumc . .174

Atalantia 51

huxifolia, Oliv. . . 51
Hiudsii, Oliv. . . 51
monophjUa, Beatli. . 51

Atylosia 90

scarabseoides, Benth. 90

Aucuba 138

chiuensis, Benth. . 138

Auraiitiacete .... 49

Avena 430

fatua, Linn. . . , 430

Averriioa 56

Caranibola, Linn. . 50
siiiica, Hauce ... 71

Axenfeldia

intermedia, Baill. . 306

Azalea 201

iudica, Linn. . . . 201
myrtifolia. Champ. . 201
ovata, Lindl. . . .201
squamata, Lindl. . . 201

Bfcckea 118

Cumingiana, Scliau. 118

frutescens, Linn. . 118

Balanophova .... 140

Harlaudi, Hook. . . 140

Balanophox'cse . . .140

Balsaminete . . . . 55

Bambusa 434

Anmdo, lutein . .434
dumetoruiu, 1 lance . 435
Tulda, Ro.vb. . . . 434

Page

PURO

verticillata, Willd. .

434

oriciiudc, Linn. .

444

Barbula

Bteekeria, ^V\i\. . . .

304

sinensis, Lour.

260

Bletia

Barkhav.sia

Tankervilhc, Br. . .

355

tenella, Beuth. . .

193

Bliunca

177

Barleria

262

clata, BC. . . . .

177

cristata, Linn. . .

262

chincnsis, DC. . .

177

dichotoma, Roib.

202

crinita, Slcetz . .

178

Barnardia

Dregeana, BC. . .

179

seilloidcs, Lindl. . .

373

glandulosa, BC. . .

177

Basella

283

hieracilblia, BC. . .

17H

rubra, Lauh. . . .

283

holosericea, DC. .

178

Bauhinia

99

javanica, ZoU.

178

Ciiampioui, Benth. .

99

lacera, BC. ...

178

glanca, IFall. . . .

99

"Wightiana, BC. . .

178

Begonia

Boioriyiyiana, Champ

126

]31yxa

347

126

Roxburghii, Rich. .

347

laciniata, Roxb. . .

126

Bffihmeria ....

331

Beg-oniacere ....

125

nivea, Hook, ^y Arn.

331

Bellis

Bolbophyllum . . .

353

stipitata, LabiU. .

173

radiatum, Lindl. . .

353

Benthamia ....

137

Boltonia

173

japonica, Sieb.^ Ziicc

.138

indica, Benth.

174

Ber])eridefE ....

14

Bounaya

252

Bercheraja ....

67

hyssopioides, Benth.

252

lineata, BC. . . .

67

verbentefolia, Sprcug

252

lineata, Benth. .

67

vcronictclblia, Spreng

252

x?iQ.&\\m%^,Sieb.^Zmc. 67

Boraginete ....

233

sessiliflora, Benth. .

68

Borreria

Berghaitsia

discolor, Bartl. . .

163

midica, Munr. . .

417

eryngioides,C\\.S>L^i:\\\.. 1 63

paticla, Munr. . .

416

Bothriospernuini

235

Bidens

183

tenellura, Fisch. c)

bipiunata, Liun. ,

183

Meg

235

denudata, Turcz. . .
leucantha, Willd.

184
183

T^rwvTiiicnfi

95

jjtj\* 1 Illicit* . . • •

callicarpa, Champ. .

95

pilosa, Linn. .

183

insignis. Hook. . .

460

sundaica, Bl. .

183

Bogmia

Wallichii, DC. . .

183

glabrifoUa, Champ. .

59

Bigelowia

Brachgramph us

gracilis, Miq. . " .

163

ramosissimus, Benth.

193

Kleinii, W. & Arn. .

163

Brachgspatha

IcBvicaidis, Miq. . .

163

variabilis, Schott

343

lasiocarjM,\i . & Am.

163

Bradlria

myriantha,\^ . & Arn.

163

philippica, Cav. .

31 1.

Ro.vburghiana, W. &

siuica, AY ill J. . . .

31 !■

Arn

163

Brainea

459

Bischoffia

315

insignis. Hook. . .

460

javanica, Blnme . .

316

Briedclia

309

trifoliata. Hook. . .

316

Lonreiri, 1 1 ook . ic A rn

.310

Bixacere

19

tomcntosa, Blame

309

Blackwellia

Brucca

60

fagifolia, Lindl. . .

122

suniatraua, Roxb.

CO

Lonreiri, Benth. . .

122

Brgonia

padijlora, Lindl. .

122

oJorata, Ham.

124

Blechnum

444

umbel lata. Ham.

124

japonicum, Thunb. .

445

Bryophyllum . . .

127

468

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

calycinum. Salts b.

127

Buclinera

253

cruciata, Ham. . .

253

densijlora, Hook. &

Arn

253

strict a, Benth. . .

253

Buddleia

230

asiatica, Lour. . .

231

Lindleyana, Fort.

231

Buettucria ....

89

aspcra, Colelr.

39

BiiettneriaceEe . .

38

Burmanaiacese .

364

Biixus

315

cJdnensis, Link .

315

semper\'ireus, Limi.

315

CBesalpinia . . .

97

chinensis, Roxb. .

97

Nuga, Alt. . . .

97

paniculata, Desf.

97

vernalis. Champ. .

97

Cajanus ....

89

bicolor, DC. . .

89

iudicus, Spreng. .

89

Calamus ....

839

Calanthe

gracilis, Lindl. .

. 359

Callicarpa ....

269

incana, Roxb.

270

integerrima, Champ .

270

longifolia, Lam. .

270

macrophylla, Vahl

270

nudiflora, Hook. &

Arn

. 270

Reevesii, Wall. .

. 270

Roxhurghii, Schau.

. 270

rubella, Lindl. .

. 271

temdjlora. Champ.

. 271

ton^entosa, Willd .

. 269

Calonyction

speciosum, Chois.

. 239

Calophyllum . . .

. 25

membranaceum,

Gardit. .

. 25

spiectahile. Hook.

. 25

Calypdranthes

mangiferifolia, Hance 119

Camellia ....

. 29

assimilis, Champ.

. 30

axillaris, Bot. Mag.

. 29

hongkongensis. Seen

. 30

integrifolia, Chois.

. 293

reticulata, Lindl. .

. 30

salicifolia, Champ.

. 30

spectabilis. Champ.

. 30

Campauulaccjc . .

. 195

Page

Camphora 290

Partheuoxylon, Nees . 290

Canavalia 88

gladiata, DC. . . . 88

Canna 349

indica, Linn. . . . 349

Cansjera 296

lanceolata, Benth. . 296
Rheedii, Gmel. . . 296

Canthium 158

didymum, Gartn. . 159
horridum. Blame . 159
nnd/clatum, Chavap. . 159

Capparidese . . . . 17

Capparis 18

membranacea. Gar da.

^ Champ. ... 18
pumila, Gardn. , . 18

Caprifoliacese . . .142

Capsella 16

Bursa-pastoris, DC. . 16

Carallia 110

integerrima, DC. .111
sinensis, Arn. . .111
zeylanica, Arn. . .111

Cardamine .... 16
hirsuta, Linn. ... 16

Cardiospermum ... 46
Halicacabum, Linn. . 46

Carex 401

benghalensis, Roxb. . 401
chinensis, Retz . . 402
cryptostachva, Boott 403
Harlandi, Boott . . 403
indica, Munr. . , 401
ligata, Boott . . .402
littorea, Labill. . . 402
nianca, Boott. . . 402
nexa, Boott . . . 402
pumila, Thimb. . . 402
tenebrosa, Boott . . 402

Carvophyllefc . . .21

Caryopteris .... 268
mastacanthus, Schau. 268

Casearia 121

glomerata, Roxb. . 122

Cassia 98

ajigustissima. Lam. . 98
mimosoides, Linn. . 98
obtusifolia, Linn. . 98
occidentalis, Linn. . 98
tora, Linn. ... 98

Cassyta 294

filiformis, Linn. . . 294

Castanea 319

chinensis. Seem. . .321
concinna, Champ. . 319

Page

Catha

Benthami, Gardn. . 64
monosperma, Benth. 63

Celastrace^e .... 61

Celastrus 63

Championi, Benth. . 64
ILindsii, Benth. . . 63
monosperma, Roxb. . 63

Celosia 284

argentea, Linn, . . 284
crista fa, Linn. . . 284

Celtis 323

philippensis, Blanco 324
sinensis, Pers. . .324
Willdenowiana, Rocm.
& Schult. . . .324

Centipeda

orbicularis. Lour. . 186

Centranthera . . , . 254
hispida, Br. . . . 254

Cerastium
petiolare, Hance . . 21

Ceratopteris .... 443
thalictroides, Brongn. 443

Cerbera 219

Odollam, Gcertn. . .219

Chavica 335

Benthamiana, Miq. . 335
Betle,^QQm. . . . 335
puberula, Benth. . .335
sinensis, Champ. . . 335
sarmentosa, 3Iiq. . 335

Cheilanthes .... 449
tenuifolia, SiO. . . 449

Chenopodiaceee . . .281

Chenopodina

australis, Moq. . .283

Chenopodium . . . 282

acuminatum, Willd. . 282

album, Linn. . . .282

Vachellii, Hook. &

Arn 282

Chirita 259

sinensis, Lindl. . .259

Chloranthaccae . . .334

Chloranthus .... 334
brachystachys,J?/M?;z^ 334
ceylanicus, Miq. . .334
incouspicnus, Sw. . 334

Chloris 429

barbata, Sw. . . . 429

Choripetahim
Benthamianum,

Hance . . . .205
obovatum, Benth. . 205

Chorisis

repens, DC. . . .194

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES,

469

Page

Chiysantheniuni . . .184
indicmn, Linn. . .184

Chiysopogon .... 424
aciculatus, Trin. . . 424
strictus, Nees . . .423

Cibotium 460

Assamicum, Hook. . 460
glaiicescens, Kunze . 460
glaucura, Hook. ^
Am 460

Cicca 312

microcarpa, Benth. . 312

Cinuamomum . , .290
dulce, Nees . . . 290

Cirsium 168

chiuense, Gardn. . 168
oreithffles, Ilance . 168

Cissus

angustifolia, Roxh. . 54
cantoniensis. Hook.

& Arn 54

cordata, Roxb. . . 54
diver sifolia, Walp. . 54

CitruUus 125

vul2;aris, Schrad. . .125

Cladium 397

cJdnense, Nees . .397
Mariscus, Br. . .397

Claoxylou 305

indicum, Endl. . .305
muricatum, Wight . 306
parviflorum, Jtiss. . 305
spicijlormn, Juss, . 305

Clansuna 50

Wampi, Oliv. ... 50

Clematis 6

crassifolia, Benth. . 7
hedysarifolia, Bot.

Reg 6

Meyeuiana, TFa^;. . 6
oreopJiila, Hance . 6
parviloba, Gardn. ^'

07/ an?]) 6

uncinata, Champ. . 6

Clerodeudron . . .271
cauescens, Wall. . . 272
hamatocaly.r, Hance 272
inerme, Br. . , .271
lividimi, Lindl. . . 272
fentagonwn, Hauce . 272

Cleyera
duhia, Champ. . . 27
fragrans, Champ. . 27

Cocciilus . . . .12
macrocarpus, W. J""

Am 12

ovalifolius, DC. . . 13

Page

Codouacanthus . . . 266
pauci floras, Nees . .267

Coelachue 430

pulchella, Br. . . .430

Coeloglossum . . . .362
cernmim, Reichb. fil. 362
lacerilferum, Lindl. . 362
peristgloides, Wight 362

Ccelogyue 354

fimbi-iata, Lindl. . 354

Colocasia 343

indica, Kunth . . 343
odora, Brongn. . ' 343

Commelyna . . . .375
benghalensis, Lin7i. . 376
Blumei, Dietr. . .376
Cicspilosa, Roxb. . .376
cadcscens, Vahl . . 376
communis, Linn. . 376
mollis, Jacq. . . . 376
ochreata, Schau. . .376
salicifolia, Ro.rb. . 376

Commelyuaecre . . . 375

Compositiie . . , .165

Conchidium
pusillum, Griff. . .353

Conifera; 336

Connarus
piglandifolius, Hook.

&Arn 69

microjjhyllus. Hook.

&Ain 71

Ro.vburghii, Hook. &
Arn 71

Connaracese .... 70

Convolvulacese . . .235

Convolvidus

ianthinus, Hance . 239
pentanthus, Jacq. . 240

Couysa 176

ambigiia, DC. . .176
pjgrifolia, Lam. . .176
verouicfefolia, Wall. 176

Cookia
punctata, Retz . . 50
IFampi, Blanco . . 50

Coprosmanthus
japonicus, Kunth . 370

Coi chorus .... 40
acutangidus, Lam. . 40
capsularis, Linn. . . 40

Coriandrimi .... 134
sativum, Linn. . .135

Coniaceae 137

Cottouia 357

Charapioni, Lindl. . 357

Cotula . , . .185

Page
anthcmoides, Linn. . 185

Covellia

hispida, Miq. . . .329
oppositifolia, Miq. . 329

Crassulacete . . . .127

Cratoxylon .... 24
polyanthum, Korlh. . 24

Crcpis

japonica, Benth. . 194

Crinum 366

asiaticum, Li)in. . . 36G

Crotalaria 73

albida, Ileyne ... 74
brevipes, Champ. . 74
calycina, Schranck . 74
elliptica, lioxb. . . 75
leiocarpa, Vog. . . 75
retusa, Linn. ... 74

Croton 308

chinense, Benth. . . 309
Hancci, Benth. . . 308
lachnocarpon, Benth. 308
longifolium. Seem. . 308

Crucifcra; 15

Cucurbitaccjc . . . .123

Cunninghamia . . . 337
lanceolata, Bot. Mag. 337
sinensis, Br. . . . 337

Citpia

densijlora, DC. . .150
rnollissima. Hook. &
Arn 157

Curculigo 366

orchioides, Roxb. . 366

Cuscuta 240

japonica, Chois. . .241

Cyanitis

sylvalka, Bl. . . .128

Cyanopis
pubescens, Bl. . .169

Cyanotis 378

axillaris, Bvern. J- Sch. 378
fasciculata, Boem. ^

Sch 378

lanata, Benth. . . 378

Cyathula 285

prostrata, Blnme . 285

Cyclea, Arn 13

doltoidea, Miers . .34

Cymbidium . . . .357
cnsifolium, Lindl. . 357
xi])hiifolinm, Lindl. . 357

Cyminosma .... 59
peduncnlata, DC. . 60
resiiiosa, DC. ... 60

Cynodou 428

dactylon, Fers. . . 428

470

I>^DEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

Page

Page

Cyperacese . . .

383

Dendropanax . . . .

136

oppositifolia, Linn. .

367

Cyperus ....

384

parvillora, Benth.

137

sativa, Li)i.n. .

368

canescens, VaM .

. 387

protea, Benth.

136

Dioscoridese ....

367

corapressus, Li7in.

. 385

Devris ......

93

Diospyros ....

210

difformis, Linn. .

. 385

chinensis, Benth.

94

eriantha, Champ. .

210

distans, Linn. . .

. 387

trifoUata, Lour. . .

94

Morrisiana, Hance .

210

Eragrostis, VaM .

. 385

uliginosa, Benth.

94

vaccinioides, Lindl. .

210

Haspan, Linn.

. 386

Besmochceta

Biplasium

Iria, Linn. . . .

. 386

prostrata, DC.

285

dilatatum, Blumc

452

marginellus, Nees

. 387

Desmodium . . . .

82

elegans. Hook. . .

451

obliquus, Nees

. 387

acrocarpnm , Hance .

83

esculentum, Sw. . .

453

pennatus, Lam. .

. 387

elegans, Benth. .

83

sylvaticum, Sw. .

452

pilosus, Vahl . .

. 387

gangeticum, BC. . .

84

Diplolepis

225

polystachyus, Hottd.

. 385

nervosum, Vog. .

84

apiculata, Liiidl. . .

225

radians, Nees . .

. 886

parvifolium, BC. .

84

Biplopappus

radicans, Kuutli .

. 386

polycarpuui, BC. .

84

asperrimus, DC. . .

175

rotundus, Linn. .

. 387

pulchcUum, Benth.

83

baccharoides, Benth.

175

uinbellatus, BentJi.

. 386

reticulatum, Champ.

84

lax us, Benth. .

175

vulgaris, Sieb.

. 385

triflorum, BC. .

83

Biplosiphon

Cypripedium . . .

. 364

triquetrum, BC. .

83

oryzetorum, Dene. .

347

pui-puratum, Lindl.

. 364

Biacacarpium

Di])lospora ....

157

Cyrta

rotund//olium,llassk

. 138

viridillora, BC. .

157

suberifolia, Miers

. 214

Dianella ....

372

Bipteracanthus

Cyrtomium

ensifolia, Bed.

372

calycinus. Champ. .

262

falcatum, Sw.

. 454

odorata, Blumc .

372

lanceolatus, Nees .

262

Cyrtopera . . .

. 356

Bicerma

Discbidia

228

CuUenii, Wight .

. 357

elegam, DC. . .

83

chinensis. Champ.

228

flava, Lindl. . .

. 357

pulchellnm, DC. .

83

Dissochajta ....

115

Bichelactina

Barthei, Hance . .

115

Dactyloctenium . .

. 428

nodicaulis, Ilance

312

Distylium ....

133

Ecgyptiacum, JFilld.

. 429

Dichondra

240

racemosuni, Sieb. ^

Dalbergia ....

. 92

repeus, Borst. . .

240

Zucc. . . .

133

Hancei, BentJi. .

. 93

Dichroa ....

128

Bithyrocarpus . .

377

MiUetti, Benth. .

. 92

Cyaiiitis, Miq.

128

Bolichos

monosptrma, Dalz.

. 93

febrifuga, Lour. .

. 128

phaseoloides, Roxb.

86

polyphy/ia, Benth.

. 93

latifolia, Miq.

128

Bollingera

rubiginosa, Roxb.

. 93

Dichrocephala

173

trichocarpa, DC. .

174

Daphne ....

. 296

capensis, DC. . .

173

Dopatrium . . .

249

Charapioni, Benth.

. 296

latifolia, BC. . .

173

juuceum. Ham. .

249

Fortunei, Benth.

. 296

sonchifolia, DC. .

. 173

Boratometra

Dapbnidium . . .

. 294

Dicliptera ....

. 266

Boicringiana, Seem

126

bifariuni, Nees .

. 294

Burmanni, Nees .

. 266

Drosera ....

129

Daphniphyllum . .

. 316

chinensis, Nees .

. 266

Biu-manni, Vahl

129

calycinum, Benth.

. 316

Boxhurghiana, Nees

. 266

'Lom-e\v\,Hook.^Arn. 130

Roxburghii, Baill.

. 316

Dicotyledons . . .

. 1

Drymaria ....

22

Datura ....

. 245
. 245

Dienia

. 352

cordata, Willd. .
Dr}^^loglossum .

22

alba, Nees , . .

congesta, Lindl. .

. 352

444

Davallia ....

. 461

Biyitaria ....

. 409

carnosum. Hook. .

444

chinensis, Sw.

. 462

Bilivaria

Brynaria

elegans, Sw. . .

. 461

ilicifolia, Juss. .

. 263

subspathulata, Hook

. 458

Griffithiana, Hook.

. 402

Dilleuiacese . . .

. 7

Bubycsa

Hookeriana, JFall.

. 461

Dimeria ....

. 419

ramosissima, Ilance

193

pedata, Siv. . .

. 461

fuscescens, Trin. .

419

Buhaldea

polypodioides, Bon

. 461

Dioscorea ....

. 367

chinensis, DC.

180

tenuifolia, Siv.

. 462

aculeata, Wight .

. 368

Dunbaria ....

89

Dclima ....

7

Batatas, Bene.

. 368

conspersa, Benlh.

89

sarmeutosa, Liun.

. 7

bulbifera, Wight .

368

Dysophylla .

275

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

471

Page
am'iculai'ia, Blume . 275

Ebeuacefc 209

Ecdysanthera . . . 222
micrantba, yl. I)C. . 222
rosea, Hook. ^'- Am. 222

EcJiinocroton, Y. Muell. 305

EcJiites

saiif/na, Delile . . 221

Eclipta 181

alba, Eanl-e . , .181
erect a, Linn. . . .181
prostrata, Linn. . . 181

Ehretia 234

longiflora, Champ. . 234

Elfcaguacese . . . .298

Elfeaguus 298

Loureiri, Champ. . . 298

Elreocarpus .... 42
cbinensis, Hook.fd. . 43
lancescfolius, Roxb. . 42
serratns, Benth. . . 43

Eleocharis

offlata, Steud. . .395
capitata, Br. . . . 394

Elephantopus . . .170
scaber, Limi. . . .170

Elcusme 429

indica, Gcertn. . . 429

Elodea

chinensis, Ilance . . 24

Embelia 204

Ribes, Burm. . . .204

Emblica

officinalis, Gtertn. . 312

Endospernium . . . 304
cbiuense, Benth. . .304

Enuelbardtia . . . .318

Enkyauthus . . . .200
quinqueflorus, Lo/o'. . 200
reticulatas, Lindl. . 200
unifiorus, Benth. . 200

Eragrostis 431

amaJjitis, W. & Arn, 432
aurea, Steud. . . .431
Browuei, Nees . . 432
geuiculata, Nees . .433
Millettii, Nees . .432
orientalis, Trin. . . 432
pilosa, Beanv. . .432
pilosissima, Link. . 432
plumosa, Lhik . .431
tenella, Beauv. . .431
temdssima, Scbrad. . 431
unioloides, Nees . .432
zeylanica, Nees . . 433

Eiia 353

Page
pusilla, Lindl. . .353
rosea, Liudl. . . .353
sinica, Lindl. . . .353

Erianthus
japonicus, Beauv. . 420
tristachi/iis, Nees. . 421

Ericacese 199

Erigeron 175

a,ml)iguus, Scb. Bip. . 176
Uuifolius, Willd. . . 176
pyrifolius, Benth. . 176

Eriobotrya . . . .108
fragrans, Champ. . . 108

Eriocaulon . . . .381
australe, Br. . . . 382
cant07iiense. Hook. &

Arn 382

cristatum, Mart. . . 382
heterantbnm, Benth. 382
miserum, Kocrn. . .382
setaceum, Linn. . .383
truncatuni, Llam. . 382
Wallicbianum, Mart. 381

Eriochloa 408

annulata, Kunth . . 409

Eriosema 91

chinense, Vog. . . 91

Erycibe 236

glaiicescens, Hook. &

Arn 236

obtusifolia, Benth. . 236

Eugenia

cerasoides, Roxb, . 119
opercidata, Roxb, . 1]9
Paniata, Roxb. . .119

Eulalia 420

densa, Munr. . . . 420
japonica, Trin. . . 420
villosa, Nees . . . 421

Eupatorium . . . .171
clihicnse, Thunb. . 172
Lindleyanum, VC. . 172
nodljlorum, Wall. , 172
Fundaanum, Wall. , 172
Reevesii, Wall. . ,172
Wallichii, BC. . .172

Enpborbiacere . . . 299

Euphorbia . . . .300
hclioscopia, Li)m. . 301
by perici folia, Linn. . 301
Feplus, Seem. . .301
pilnlifera, Linn. . .302
sanguinea, Steud. ^

Hochst 302

thymil'olia, Linn. . . 302
Tirucalli, Linn. . .301

Eurya 27

Page

chinensis, Champ. , 28

japonica, Thimh. . . 28

Macartucyi, Champ. . 28

Eustigma 132

oblongifolium. Card. 132

Euxolus

viridis, Moq. . . . 284

Evodia 58

Lamarckiana, Benth. 59

melitetolia, Benth. . 58

Evolvulus 240

alsinoides, Linn. . . 240

linifolius, Linn. . . 240

pudicus, Hance . . 240

Evonymus .... 62

hederaccus, Champ. . 63

laxiflonis. Champ. . 63

longifolius, Champ. . 62

uitidus, Benth. . . 62

Exacum 233

helium, Hance , , 233

IIorsJieldianum,Wi(\^. 233

tetragonum, Boxb. . 233

Eijrea

vernalis, Champ. . . 48

Fagara

tripliylla. Lam. . , 59

Farfugium . . . .191
Kfcmpferi, Benth. .191

Ficus 326

angustifolia, Roxb. . 327
Beecheyana, Hook. ^

Arn 329

Championi, Benth. . 328
chlorocarpa, Benth. . 330
difformis. Lam. . .327
Harlandi, Boith. . 330
hihiscifoUa, Champ.. 329
hirta, Vahl . . .329
hispida, Linn.fil. .329
imprcssa. Champ. . 328
Millettii, Miq. . . 328
nervosa. Roth . . . 327
nitida, Thunb. . . 327
opj)osififolia, Roxb. . 329
pjTiibrmis, Hook. ^

Am 328

retusa, Linn. . . , 327
stipulata, Thunb. . . 328
variolosa, Lindl. . . 328
Wightiana, Wall. , 327
Wrightii, Benth. . . 329

Filices 438

Fimbristyles .... 390
acuminata, ?^ahl . .391
fcstivalis, Vahl . . 392

472

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page
arvensis, Valil . .392
brizoides, Nees . .392
communis, Kimth . 392
complanata, Link. . 393
diphyUa, VaJil . . 392
feiTuginea, VaJd . .391
jundformis, Munr. . 393
leptoclada, Benth. . 393
miliacea, FaM . .393
nutans, FaM . . .391
podocai'pa, Nees . .391
quinquangularis,

Munr 390

schcenoides, FcM . 391
squaiTosa, FaJil . .392
subspicata, Nees . .391
tomentosa, Vahl . . 392
Wiglitiaua, Nees . .392

Firmiana
platanifolia, Br. . . 36

rioscopa 377

paniculata. Hassle. . 377
rufa, Hassk. . . .377
scandenS) Lour. . .377

Fraxinus 214

retusa, Chamj). . . 214

Friesia

cJmiensis, Gardn.. . 43

Fuii-ena 395

glomerata. Lam. . .396
pentaffo?ia,'W . & Am. 396
Rottbcellii, Nees . .396
umbellata. Both . .395

Gfertnera 232

hongkongensis, Seem. 232

Gahuia. ^ . . . .398
tristis, Nees . . .398

Galanga
major ^ Rumpli. . .348
minor, Rumph, . .349

Galium . . . c . 164
Aparine, Linn. . .164
sororium, Hance . .164

Garcinia 24

multiflora, Champ. . 25
oblongifolia, Cham]).. 25

Gardenia 153

daphnoides, Hance . 157
florida, Linn. . . . ]53

Garnotia 4] 6

patula, M/inro . .416
stricta, Bronyn. . . 416

Gtlsemium . . . .'229
elegans, Benth. . . 229

Gendarussa
vulgaris, "Nees . . 264

Page

Page

Gentianacea; . . . .

233

discolor, Bot. Ree

^ . 361

Gerbera

191

procera, Hoolc.

. 360

amahilis, Hance .

191

Gordonia . . .

. 29

ovalifolia, DC. .

191

anomala, Spreng.

. 29

piloseUoides, Cass.

191

javanica, Hook.

. 29

Schimperi^ Sch. Bip.

191

Goughia

Germaria

Nilgherrensis, Wi

ght 316

iatifolia, Presl .

104

Gramineffi . .

. 403

Gesneriaceae . . .

257

Grammitis , . ,

. 456

Gironuiera . .

324

decurrens, Wall.

. 457

chinensis, Benth. .

325

Grangea . . .

. 185

nitida, Benth. . .

325

maderaspatana, Poir. 185

Gleditschia ■. . .

100

Gratiola

sinensis, Linn. " .

100

veroniccefolia, Roxb. 252

Gleiehenia . . .

442

Grayia

dichotoma, JFittd.

442

elegans, Nees .

. 414

excel sa, /. Sm. .

442

Grewia . . .

. 41

Glochidiou . . .

313

glabrescens, Benth. . 42

eriocarpum, Champ.

314

microcos, Linn. .

. 42

littorale, Blime .

314

Grumilia

macrophyUum,

Meevesii, Hook.&Arn. 161

Benth. . . .

315

Guettardella . . .

. 158

moUe, Hook. ^^ Am

314

chinensis, Champ

. 158

pbilippinense, Benth

314

Guilandina . . .

. 96

&\mc\xm, Hook. ^' A rn

314

BonduceUa, Linn.

. 96

AVrightii, Benth. .

313

Guttiferee . . .

. 24

Glossaspis. . . .

361

Gntzlaffia

antennifera, Hance

361

aprica, Hance

. 262

tentaculata, Lindl.

361

Gymnema . .

. 227

Glossogyue .

184

affiue. Bene. .

. 227

teuuifolia, Cass. .

184

sghestre, Benth..

. 227

Glycosmis. . . .

50

Gymnopteris

citrifolia, Lindl. .

51

decurrens. Hook,

. 443

Gmelina ....

272

Gymuothrix .

. 413

chinensis, Benth.

272

japonica, Kunth

. 413

Gnaplialium . . .

187

Gynopachys

confertum, Benth.

188

attenuata, Korth.

. 156

confusum, DC. .

188

oblongata, Miq.

. 156

bypoleucuin, DC.

187

Gynura . . .

. 189

javanum, DC. .

188

auriculata, DC. .

. 189

iudicum, Linn. .

188

hulbosa,\\<io\.hkxvi. 189

multiceps, Walt. .

188

ovalis, DC. .

. 189

niliacum, Raddi .

188

pseudochina, DC.

. 189

purpui'eum, Liiin.

188

ramigerum, DC. .

188

Habenaria . . .

. 361

Bximoardtiamim,

galeaudra, Benth.

. 363

Miq

188

gigantea. Hook.

. 363

Guetaceee ....

336

lacertifera, Benth

. . 362

Gnetum ; . . .

336

leptoloba, Benth.

. 362

funiculare, Sm. .

336

linguella, Lindl. .

. 362

scandens, Roxb. .

336

Miersiana, Cham]

. . 363

Goniocarpus

stenostachya, Benth. 362

scaler. Keen. . .

139

Susanna?, Br. .

. 363

Gonyanthes . . .

364

Hffimaria ....

. 360

Wallichti, Miers .

364

discolor, Lindl. .

. 361

Goodeuiacese . . .

198

Haloragefc . . .

. 139

Goodyera ....

360

Haloragis ....

. 139

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

473

Page

Page

Page

scabra, Bentli.

. 139

latifoHa, Gardn. .

. 26

Jasminac.'cfc . . .

214

Haiuamelidea3

130

Hedtiera ....

. 36

Jnsmiuuin . .

216

Haiicea ....

. 305

litt oralis, Ait.

. 36

paniculaturn, Roxb.

216

Hookeriana, Seem.

306

Ilerpcslis ....

. 249

Jati-opha ....

309

r.iuricata, Benth. .

306

Mouuieri, H. B. ^-K. 249

Carcas, Linn. . .

309

HarJandia

Iletcroneuron

Ichnaiithus ....

413

hrijonioides, Haiice

124

pro/ifertim. Fee .

. 444

pallcus, Munro .

414

Hedeoma

Heteropogou . . .

. 424

Ilex

64

nepalensis, Seem.

276

hirtus, Fers. .

. 424

asprella, Champ. .

65

Hedera

Hibiscus ....

. 34

ciuerca, Champ. .

64

hjpoylauca, Hance

54

Abelmoschus, Linn.

. 34

graciliflora, Champ.

65

parvijfoi'a, Champ.

137

tiliaceus, Linji. .

. 35

memccylilblia, Champ. 65

proiea, Champ. .

137

Hippocratea . . .

. 61

pubescens, Hook. &"

Hedyotis ....

147

obtusifolia, Ro.rb.

62

Arn

65

acutangula, Champ.

148

Hiptage ....

. 49

viridis, Champ. . .

65

alata, Keen. . .

152

JNTadablota, Gcertn.

49

Ilysatitiics ....

251

ahiuafolia, AVall.

151

Hisutsua

hyssop^oides, Benth.

252

angustifolia, Ch. &

cantoniensis, DC.

174

Irapatiens ....

55

Schl. . . .

151

serrata. Hook. & An

.174

chinensis, Linn. .

55

approximata, Wall. .

151

Holarrhena

fasciculata. Lam.

55

auricularia, W. ^-A rn

. 150

affinis. Hook. & Arn

221

Imperata

419

biflora, Br. . , .

152

Holostemma . . .

224

arundiuacea, Cyr.

419

borrerioides, Champ.

149

pictum, Cltamp. .

224

Kcenigii, Beauv. .

419

Barmanniana^ .h A

.151

Homalium . . .

122

Indigofera ....

76

cephalopJiora, Wall. .

149

fagifolium, Benth.

122

anceps, Vahl . . .

76

costata, WaU. . .

150

Houttuyuia .

333

Auil, Linn. . . .

77

diffusa, WiUd. . .

151

cordata, Thunb. .

334

astragalina, DC.

76

extensa. Wall.

151

Hoya

228

decora, Lindl.

77

herbacea, Linn. . .

151

caruosa, Br. .

228

endecaphylla, Jacq. .

76

hispida, Retz . . .

151

Hydrocharidese .

346

hirsuta, Linn.

76

itdermedia, W. & A.

]51

Hydrocotyle . . .

134

Kteinii, W. & Arn. .

76

logauioides, Benth. .

149

asiatica, Linn.

134

Schimperiana, Hochs

t. 76

nervosa. Wall.

150

lurida, Hauce

134

venulosa. Champ.

77

racemosa. Lam. . .

152

perexigua, Hance

134

Lnga

recm-va, Benth. . .

148

rotuudifolia, Ro.rb.

134

■ (5^^^;;^«^<^,Hook.&Arn

.102

scandens, lloxb. .

149

Ilygrophila . .

261

dimidiata. Hook. &

micinella, Hook. ^-'

quadrivalvis, Nees

261

Arn

103

Am

149

salicifolia, Nees . .

261

Inula

180

Vachellii, Benth. .

148

Hypericineee ....

23

Cappa, DC. . . .

180

Helicia

295

Hypericum ....

23

oblonga, DC. . . .

180

cochinchinensis, Lour

.295

carneiiyn. Wall. . .

24

pseudocappa, DC.

180

Helicteres . . . .

37

japouicum, Thunb. .

23

Ipomtca

237

angustifolia, Linn. .

37

nervatum, Hauce

23

bona-nox, Linn. . .

238

Heliophi/tmn

Hypoelytrum . . .

389

chryseidis, Ker. . .

239

indicum, DC. . . .

235

latitbiium, Rich. .

389

cymosa, Rwm. ^'•

Heliotropium . . .

234

trinervium, Kuuth .

389

Schu/t

238

iudicmn, Linn. . .

235

Hypoestes ....

265

filicaulis, Bhime .

238

Hellenia

purpurea, Br.

265

pentadavtylis, Chois.

238

chinensis, Willd. .

849

LLtjpoxis

pes-caprie, Sw.

238

Helmia

minor. Seem, . . .

366

quiuata, Br. . .

237

bulbifera, Kuuth . .

368

Jlypserpa

sinensis, Chois. . .

239

Helminthospermurii

324

nitida, Meirs . . .

12

liideaj

: 65

Hemarthria . . . .

417

Isachne

414

fasciculata, Knnth .

418

Jacquemoutia

239

australis, Br. .

414

Heuslovvia , . . .

299

violacea, Chois. . .

239

viiliacea, Auct. .

414

frutescens. Champ. .

299

Jainbosa

120

myosotis, Nees . .

415

Hepiaca

vulgaris, BC. . . .

120

piilchella, Roth . .

2 I

414

474

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page
simpliciuscula, W. &
Arn 430

Isclisemmn , . . .425
barbatum, Retz . .425
leersioides, Munr. . 425
ophiuroides, Munr. . 425

Isolepis 393

barbata, 5r. . . .393
supina, Br. . . .394

Itea 129

chinensis, Hook. ^
Arn 129

Ixia

chinensis, Bot. Mag. 365

Juglaudese .• . . .318

Juncacese 380

Juncus 380

Lescbenaultii, /. Gay 380
sinensis, J. Gay . . 380

Jussisea 109

octofila, DC. . . . 109
villosa, Linn. . . .109

Jnsticia 263

Adbatoda, Li7in. . . 264
Championi, jT. ^;2^/^/".y. 264
Geiidarussa, Linn. . 264
ventricosa, Wall. . 2G4

Ixeris 193

debilis, A. Gr. . .193
rainosissima, A. Gr. 193
repens, A. Gr. . .194
versicolor, LC. . .193

Ixora 158

stricta, RG.rh. . . .158

Kadsura 8

chinensis, Hance . . 8
Kandelia 110

Rbeedii, Am.. . .110
Karivia 124

umbellata, Arn. . .124
. Kuoxia 164

coiTmbosa, Willd. . 164
Kyllirigia . . . . ' . 388

monocepbala, Linn. . 388

Labiatffi 274

Lactuca 192

brevirostris, Chamj). 192

Lagenopbora . . . .172
Billardieri, Cass. . 173
Harveyi, Tbw. . .173
sundana, Miq. . .173

Lagerstroemia . . .112
indica, Linn. . . .112

Languas

vulgare, Kocn. . .348

Page
Lantana 268

Camara, Linn. . . 268

erenulata, Otto &

Dietr 268

Lasianthus . . . .160

bract eatus, Wight . 160

chinensis, Benth. . 160

cyanocarpus, Jack. . 160

Jackianns, "Wight . 160

Ro.rburghii, Wight . 160
Lastrea

ciliata, Hook. . .455
fafciloba, Hook. . .455

gracilescens, Hook. . 455
. opaca, Hook. . . .456

Lauiinese 289

Layia

emarqinata, Hook. &

Arn 96

Ledeboiiria . . . .373
Leguminosee . . . . 71
Lentibulaceffi . . . .254
Leontoglossnm

scabrmn, Hance . . 7
Leonurus 278

sibiricus, Linn. . . 278
Lepidagathis .... 263

hyalina, Nees . . . 263
Lepidosperma . . . 398

chinensis, Nees . . 398
Lepidostachys . . .316
Lepta

triphylhi, Lour. . . 59
Leptochloa .... 430

chinensis, Nees . . 430

tenerrima, R. & Sch. 430
Leptopderis

smnatrana, Blume . 229
Lespedeza 85

cuneata, Don ... 85

striata, Hook. ^" A rn. 8 5

viatorum, Champ. . 86
Leucas 279

moUissima, Wall. . 279
Leucfena 100

glauca, Bent/i. . .100
Ligidaria

Kampferi, Sieb. &

Zncc 191

Ligustrnm . . . .215

sinense. Lour.. . .215

Liliacefe 368

Lihum 374

longiflorum, Thunb. . 374
Limacia 12

cuspidata. Hook. ^'
Thorns 12

Limatodes . . .

gracilis, Lindl.
Limnophila .

hivsuta, Benth.

punctata, Blume
Limonia

bilocularis, Roxb
parvifolia, Bot. Mag
Linaria

elatine, 3Iill. .
Lindssea . .

ensifolia, S20. .

flabellulata. Dry

heterophylla, Dry

polyynorpha, Hook
Grev. . .

variabilis, Hook
Ai-n. . . .
Liparis . .

lougipes, Lindl.

nervosa, Lindl.

odorata, Lindl.
Lipocarpha . .

argentea, Br. .

microcephala, Br.
Liquidambar . .

chinensis. Champ.
Litssea ....

ceylanica, Nees
Lobelia . . .

affinis. Wall. .

chinensis, Lour.

trialata. Ham.

trigoua, Roxb.
Loganiacese . .
Lonicera . . . ,

hirtiflora. Champ,

japjonica, Andr.

longiflora, DC.

macrautha, DC.

multiHora, Champ

reticulata, Champ
Lophatherum

gracile, Brongyi. .

L^ehnunni, Nees
Loranthacese . .
Loranthus . ,

chinensis, DC.
Lourea . . .

ob cor data, Desv.
Ludwigia . . .

jvssiaoides, W^aU

parviflora, Roxb.
Luisia ....

teres, Lindl. .
Lycimma

suaveolens, Hance

. 218

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

475

Lyciimi 2-14

chinense, Mill. . . 245
meglstocarpum, Duu. 245
vutgare, Dun. . .245

Lycopodiacese . . .436

Lycopodium . . . .436
anient iff eriim, Goldm. 436
atroviride, JFall. . .437
caudatum, Beso. . .437
cernuum, Linn. . . 436
flabellatum, Litin, . 437
involveus, Sio. . .436

Lygodiuin 441

circinatum, Siv. . .441
dichotomum, Sw.. . 441
japonicum, Sw. . . 442
microphyllam, Br. . 442
salicifolium, Presl . 442
scaudens, Sw. . . .441

Lysimachia .... 202
alpestris. Champ. . 202

Lythrariese . . . .111

Machilus ....

rimosa, Blmne .

Thunlergii, Benth

velutina, Champ. .
Machlis

hemisphcBrica, D(j,
Msesa

coriacea, Champ. .

iudica, J[. i)/7. .

montana, A. DC

sinensis, A. DC. .
Magnolia 8

Chanipioni, Benth.

pumila, Bluine .
Magnoliacese .
Malachiwm

aqtiaticum. Fries .
Malouetia.

asiatica, Sieb. & Zucc
Malpigliiacese
Malvaceae . . .
Malvastrum . .

ruderale, Hance

tricuspidatum, A.
Mappa. . . .

glabra, A. Juss.

Tanaria, Sprang.
Mariscus

cyperinuSf Vahl

umbellatus, Vahl
Marlea. . , .

begoniaefolia, Rox
Marquartia

tomentosa, Vog.

Gr.

291
291
291
291

186
203
204
203
204
203

8

7

21

221

48

31

31

32

32

303

304

304

386
386
138
138

78

Page

Marsdenia .... 225
lachuostoma, ^6'-'/^/i.. 'It^
tinctoria, Br. . . . 226

Mastacanthus

sinensis, Lindl. . . 269

Mazus 247

rugosus, Lour. . . 247
vandellioides, Hance 247

Medicago 75

lupulina, Linn. . . 75

Medicia

elegans, Gardn. . . 229

Megabotrya

melicefolia, Hance . 59

Melantliesa . . . .312
cernua, Benth. . .313
chinensis, ^/w»2^ . . 313

Melastouia . . . .113
calycinum, Benth. . 114
candidum, Don . .114
decenifidum, Roxb. . 114
homostegium, Naud. 114
macrocarpou, Don . 113
repens, Lam. . . .113
sanguineum, Lindl. . 114

Melastomacese . . .112

Melica

latifolia, Roxb. . .417

Melodinus . . . .218
fusiformis, Champ. . 218
latus, Champ. . .218
monogynus, Roxb. . 218
suaveolens, Champ. . 218

Memecylon . . . .117
Mgustrifolium, Champ . 117
sciitellatum, Hook. &
Arn 117

Memorialis . . . ,332
hispida, Ham. . . 332

Meniscium . . . .457
simplex, Hook. . .457

Menispermacese ... 11

Mentha 276

arvensis, Linn. . . 276
javanica, Blume . .276
reticulata, Benth. . 276

Meoschium

lodiculare, Nees . . 426
Meyeniunum, Nees . 426

Mephiiidia

chinensis, Champ. . 160

Mertensia
glauca, J. Sm. . . 442

Mesona 274

chinensis, Benth. . 274

Microcarptea .... 253
muscosa, Br. . . .253

Microchloa . . . . 42S
setace^, Br. . . .428

Microehis, Ai'n. . . .315

Microglossa

volubilis, DC. . . . 176

Millcttia 78

Charapioni, Benth. . 79
nitida, Benth. . . 78
speciosa, Champ. . . 78

3Iiqicelia

barbulata, Nees . .417

Mitrasacme . . . .230
capillaris. Wall. . .230
chinensis, Griseb. . 230
malaccensis, Wight . 230
nudicaulis, Reinw. . 230

Mollugo 23

stricta, Linn. ... 23

jMomordica . . . .1:^5
chai-autia, Linn. . .125

Monochoria . . . .374
plantaginea, Kunth . 375
vaginalis, Fresl . . 3]4

Monocotyledons . . .338

Iloqiiinia

eriosematoides,'Wa][). 180

Morinda 159

umbellata, Linn. . .159

Jlorocarpus

microcephaluSjBenih. 332

Mucuua 87

Championi, Benth. . 87
macrobotrya, Hance 87

Murray a 50

exotica, Linn. ... 50

Musa 347

Musssenda . . . .152
erosa. Champ. . .153
frondosa, Linn. . .153
pubescens, Ait. , .153

Myrica 322

rubra, Sieb. ^ Zucc. 322

Myriogyne . . . .18(5
minuta, Less. . . .186

Myrsinacete .... 202

Myrsine 205

capitellata, Wall. . 205
neriifolia, Sieb. &

Zucc 206

philippinensis, A. DC. 20(5

Myrtacese 117

Myrtus

tomentosa, DC. . .121

Naiadese 345

Naias 345

indica, Champ. . . 346

476

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

la<r<-

minor, All. . . .

345

tenui folia, Br. ' .

346

Nastiu'tium . . . .

Ifi

montaimm, Wall.

16

Nauclea

adina, Sm.

146

adinoides, Liodl. .

146

Neottia

procera, Bot. Reg.

360

Neottopteris

nidus, J. Sm.

45U

Nepeta ....

277

glechoma, Benth.

277

Nephelium . . .

46

Litschi, Camb. .

47

Nephrodium.

glandulo.mm, J. Sm.

459

molle, Schott . .

455

Nephrolepis

hirsnhihi, J. Sm.

454

tuberosa, Presl .

454

Nephroica

cynanchoides, Miers

13

ovalifolius, Miers

13

pubiiiervis, Miers

13

Neustanthus .

86

chiuensis, B/^nth.

86

phaseoloides, Benth.

86

Nicandra ....

244

phvsalodes, Gartn.

244

Niphobolus

adnascens, Kaulf.

458

carnosus, Blurae .

. 458

pertusus. Sprang.

. 458

Notholpena . . .

. 449

pi.losa, Hook. & Am

. 450

sulcata, Litik .. .

. 449

Ochranfhe

arguta, Lindl. . . 43

Olafticepe 52

Oldenlandia . . . .150
anfiustit'oli'i, Benth. . 151
bijiora, Linn. . 151, 152
hrachiata, Wight. . 151
bracht/poda,J)0. . . 151
dichotoma, Keen. . 151
herbacea, DC. . .151
hispida, Poir. . . .150
paniculata, Zmw. . . '52
pterita, Miq. . . .152

Olea 215

consanguinea, Hance 216

marginata, Champ. . 215

Walpersiana, Hance 216

Onagracefe .... 108

Ophiopogon . . . .371

Page
gracilis, Kunth . .371
spicatns, Ker . . . 371

Ophiorrhiza .... 147
Eyrei, Champ. . . 147
pumila, Cliaiiip. . . 147

Ojihiiirus 417

monostachyns, Fresl 417
vvdatiis, Nees . . 417

Oplismenus

colonuin, Kunth . .411
cowpositus,'^.h'$iQkv. 411
Cms -gain, Kunth . 411

Orchidete 349

Oruiosia 95

emarginata, Benth. . 96
pachycarpa. Champ. . 96

Orobanchacese . . .257

Osbeckia 114

angustifolia, Don . 115
chinensis, Linn. . .114
decora, AVall. . . .115
glabrata, Wall. . .115
linearis, Blume , .115

Osmunda 440

bipinnata, Hook. . 440
japonica, Thunb. . 440
javanica, Blume . . 441
regalis, Linn. . . . 440
Vachellii, Hook. . 441

Oudemansia

integerrima, Miq. . 38

Oxalidete 55

Oxalis 56

corniculata, Linn. . 56
corgmbosa, DC. . . 56
Martiana, Zucc. . . 56
Crgceros
sinensis, Lour. . .155

Oxyspora 115

pauciflora, Betith. . 116

Pachy stoma , . . .355
chinense, Beichb.fil. 356

Ptederia 161

foetida, Linn. . . .162

Paliurus 66

Aubletii, Schult. . . 66

Palmfe 339

Pancratium .... 366

biflorura, Bo.rb. . . 366

Pandanaceae .... 340

Paudauus 340

Panicum 409

acariferum, Trin. . 417
angustum, Trin. . .413
Arnottianum, Nees . 412
atrovirens, Trin. . . 414

Page

barbatum, Kunth

410

batavicum, Steud.

414

Benjamini, Steud. ,

414

colonum, Linn. . .

411

corainutatum, Nees .

410

compositum, Linn. .

411

concinnum, Nees

412

contractu.m, Nees

413

Crus-galli, Linn. .

411

distachyum, Linn.

410

excurrens, Trin. .

412

Forbesia?ium, Nees

412

giaucum, Linn. .

411

heteranthiim, Nees

410

incomptum, Trin.

412

indicum, Linn.

413

ischismoides, Retz

412

miliaceiim, Trin,

414

montauum, Roxb.

412

mgosotis, Nees .

415

nepalense, Spreng.

412

nervosum, Roxb.

412

nodosum, I\unth .

412

ovali folium. Voir .

413

pallens, S\v. .

414

plicatum. Lam.. .

411

repens, Linn. . .

412

sangumale, Linn.

410

sarmentosum, Roxb.

412

simp liciuscu Imn ,

Steud. . . .

430

Papaveracese . .

15

Paratropia . . .

. 136

cantoniensis, Hook. <^

Am. . . .

. 136

Pardauthus .

. 365

chinensis, Ker. .

. 365

Parechites

Thunbergii, A. Gr.

221

Paritium

tiliaceum, St. Hil.

. 35

Parkeria

pteridioides. Hook.

. 443

Parthenoxglon

porreetum, Blume

. 291

pseudo-sassafras.

Blume . . .

. 291

Paspalum ....

. 408

brevifolium, Flugge

. 408

chinense, Nees .

. 408

scrobiculatum, Linn

408

Passiflora ....

. 123

foetida, Linn. . .

. 123

Passiflorese . . .

. 122

Pavetta ....

. 157

indica, Linn. .

. 157

Pcllionia ....

. 330

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

477

Page

Pap;e

brevifolia, Benth.

830

maderaspatensi3,Z?/«?

.311

scabra, Benth. . .

330

Niruri, Li)m. .

311

Pentaphylax . . . .

28

simpte.v,\YiM. . .

311

euryoides, Garcln. .

28

Simsiana, Wall. . .

313

Pentasacme . . . .

227

turbinatns, But. Mag

313

Chanipioni, Benth. .

228

urinaria, Liiin. . .

310

Pericampylus . , .

13

ussnriensis, Rujipr. .

311

inoanus, Miers . .

13

Bhyllodium

Perilla

275

elegans, Desv. . .

83

arguta, Benth. . ,

276

pvlchellum, Desv. .

83

lauccolata, Benth. .

276

Physalis

244

Beristylus

angulata, Linn. . .

244

chlorantha, Lindl. .

362

capsicifolia. Dun. .

244

Perotis

418

Lin Man a, Nees .

244

latifolia, Ait. . . .

418

Picrasma

61

Phaius

355

quassioides, Benn. .

61

grandifolius, Loiir. .

355

Piddingtonia ....

196

BhaJangium

nummularia. A. DC.

196

falcatmn. Wall. .

373

Binellia

farmflorum, Wight .

373

tuberifera, Ten. . .

342

Bhanera

Pinus

337

Championi, Benth. .

99

sinensis, Lamb. . .

337

corpnbosa, Benth. .

99

Biper

Phaseolus

88

arcuatmn, Seem.

335

minimus, Ro.vb. . .

88

fragile, Benth. .

335

Philydrimi . . . .

379

PiperacejE ....

335

lanuginosum, Banks

380

Pithecolobium . . .

102

Bhleliophyllum

clypearia, Benth.

103

apricum, Benth. .

262

lucidum, Benth. .

102

Bhoheros

Pittosporacea; . .

18

chinensis, Lour. .

19

Pittosporum ,

19

scevus, Hance . ,

19

glabratum, Lindl.

19

Pheehe

Plantaginese . . .

280

latifolia, Champ.

291

Plantago ....

280

Phoenix ....

339

major, Lifvi. .

280

acaulis, Eoxb.

340

Bl at anther a

Pholidota ....

354

Championi, Lindl.

363

chinensis, Lindl. .

354

galeandra, Reichb. fil. 363

Photinia ....

107

stenostachga, Lindl.

362

prunifolia, Lindl.

107

Susannce, Lindl. .

362

Phragniites .

427

Blatycodon

Roxburghii, Kunth

428

chinense, Lindl. .

197

Bhreatia

grandiflorum, A. LC

197

unijfom, Wight .

353

Bleioggne

Phyllanthus . . .

310

anthemoides, C. Koch 186

anceps, IFilld. .

311

cardiosperma, Edg.

186

bacciformis, Linn.

310

Bleopeltis

can ton ?>«.? w, Horncm

.311

nuda. Hook. .

458

cinerascens. Hook. ^

Pluehea ....

. 179

Arn. . . .

311

iudica. Less. . .

. 179

Emblica, Linn. .

312

Plumbaginese . .

. 281

lepidocarpiis, Sieb. &

Boa

Zucc. . . .

^ 311

amabilis, Linn. .

. 432

leprocarptts, Wight

311

pilosa, Linn. . .

. 432

leptoclados, Benth.

. 312

pilosissima, Kunth

. 432

Incens, Vow. .

. 313

plumosa, Rclz

. 432

Page
pohjmorpha, Br. . . 433
tenella, Linn. . . 431
ttnioloides, Retz . . 432
verticillata, Cav. . 432

Fceciloptc7-is

heteroclita, Presl . 444
repanda, J. Sm. . . 444

Pogouathevum . . . 421
crinitum, Trin. . .421
refr actum, Nees . .421
8accharoideum,jB^rt?a-. 421

Pogostenion . . . .275
parviflorus, Benth. . 275

Polanisia 17

viscosa, L)C. . . . 18

PoUia 377

sorzogonensis, Endl. 377

Pollinia 420

tenuis, Trin. . . . 421
villosa, 3Ii':nro . . 420

Polycarpa'a .... 22
corymbosa, Lam. . 22

Polygala 44

arillata. Ham. . . 45
elegaus, IVall. . . 44
glomerata, Lour. . 44
Loureiri, Gardn. . . 45

Polygalacesc .... 43

Polygonaceaj . . . 286

Polygonum .... 287
barbatum, Linn. . . 288
chinense, Linn. . . 289
ciliosum, Meisn. . . 287
cliff or tioides, Meisn, 287
effusum, Meisn. . . 287
glabnmi, Willd. . . 288
herniarioides, DC. . 287
Hydropiper, Linn. . 288
ilU'ccbroides, Meisu. 287
lapathifolium, Lijin. . 288
Miqneliam(7n, Mcisa. 287
orientalc, Linn. . . 288
perfoliatum, Linn. . 289
Berrottetii, Ucku. . 287
plebeium, Br. . . 287
Bo.rbnrghii, ^Nlcisu. . 287
viscosum. Ham. . . 287

Polypodiiuu .... 457
adnascens, Sw. . . 458
coronans. Wall. . . 459
dichotomum, Thunb. 442
falcatam, Linn. . . 454
granulosum, Bresl . 459
hymenodcs, Wall. . 458
Lingua, &w. . . .458
pertusnm, Roxb. . . 458

478

II^DEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page
tenericaiile, Wall. . 459
tridactylon, Wall. . 458
urophjllum. Wall . 459
Wightianum, Wall. . 458

Polvpo2;oa .... 426
llttoraUs, Sm.. . . 427

Polyspora

axillaris, Don . . 29

Polystichum

arislatiim, Presl . .456
vestitum. Hook. . .456

Pongamia .... 94
glabra, Vent. ... 94

Poutederacese . . .117

Pontederia

vaginalis, Roxb, . . 375

Porophyllum

Jiieracioides, DC. . 189

Portidaca 127

oleracea, Linn. . . 1 27

Portulacese . . . .126

Pothos 344

Peepla, Ptoxb. . . 344
scandens, Limi. . . 344
Seemanni, Schott . 344

Pottsia 221

caiitonieiisis, Hook. ^

Am 222,

Hookeriana, Wight . 222
ovaia, A. DC. . . 222

Pouzolsia 331

hispida, Benn. . . 332
iadica, Gaud. . . .331

Premna 269

serratifolia, Linn. . 269

Prenanthes
japonica, Linn. . .194

Primulaceae .... 202

Prinos

asprella. Hook . & Ai-n. 6 5

Proteacesi . . . .295

Psidium 120

Guyava, Lhm. . . 120
pomiferiim, Linn. . 120
pyrifermn, Liun. . 120

Psilotura 437

triqnetrum, Sw. . . 437

Psychotria . . . .161
elliptica, Ker . . .161
Reevesii,^^. . . 161
scandens. Hook. &

Arn 161

serpens, Linn. , .161

Pteris 447

aquilina, Linn. . , 449
costata, Bory . .448

Page

crenata, Sw. . . . 448

longifolia, Linn. . . 447

nemoralis, Willd. . 448

quadriaurita, Retz . 448

semipinnata, Linn. . 448

serrulata, Linn.f. . 448

Pteroloma

triquetmrn, Desv. . 83

Pterospermum, Schreb. 39

acerifolium, Willd. . 39

Pterostigma .... 247

capitatum, Benth. . 248

grandifloi'uui, BentJi. 247

Ptychochilus

septemnervis, Sch.au. 359

Pycnospora . . . . 91

hedysaroides, Br. . 91

nervosa, W, & Am. . 91

Pygeum 103

latifolium, Miq. . .104

Pyrethrimi

indicum, Cass. . .184
sinense. Sab. . . .184

Pyrrhotricliia

tuberosa, W. & A. . 91

Quercus ....

319

Championi, Benth.

321

cornea. Lour. .

322

Eyrei, Benth. . .

. 319

fissa, Champ. . .

319

Hancei, Benth. .

322

Hai'landi, Hance

321

reversa, Lindl. .

321

salicina, Blunie .

321

Sieboldiana, Blume

321

tbalassica, Hance

321

Randia 154

cauthioides, Champ. . 155

densiflora, Benth. . 155

dumetorum. Lam. . 154

leueocarpa, Champ. . 154
sinensis, Poem. ^^

Schult 155

Ranunculacese ... 5

Ranunculus

sceleratus, Linn. . . 6

Raphanus 17

sativus, Linn. ... 17

Reevesia 37

thyrsoidea, Linn. . 37

Reptonia 208

laui-iua, Benth. . . 208

Restiacese 381

Rhamnaceae . . . . 66

Page

Rhamnus . . , ... 68
virgatus, Roxb. . . 68

Rhapliidophora . . . 344
calophylla, Scliott . 344
honcjkongensis, Schott 344
lancifolia, Schott . 344
Peepla, Schott . .344

Rhaphaolepis .... 107
indica, Lindl. . . . 107
phaostemon, Lindl. . 108
rubra, Lindl. . . .108
salicifolia, Lindl. . 108

Rhaphis

trivialis, Loiu'. . . 425
striata, Nees . . . 423

Rhapis 340

tiabelliforniis, Linn. . 340
Kwamvortsik^ QVi^. 340

Rhizophorese . . . .109

Rhododendron . . .200
Championse, Hook. . 200
indicum. Sweet . .201

Rhodoleia 131

Champioui, Hook. . 131

Rhodomyrtus . . .120
tomentosa, DC. . .121

Rhus ...... 69

hypoleuca. Champ. . 69
succedaueum, Linn. . 69

Rhynchosia .... 90
volubilis. Lour. . . 90

RhjTichospermum . . 220
jasniinoides, Lindl. . 221

Rhynchospora . . . 396
aurea, Vahl . . .396
chinensis, Nees . .397
Hcenkei, Presl . . 396

laxa, Br 397

Wallichiana, Kunth 396

Ricinus 307

communis, Linn. . . 307

Rosa 106

Brunonis, Lindl. . . 106
moschata. Mill. . .106
multiflora, Thunb. . 107
nivea, DC. . . .106
sinica. Ait. . . . 106

Rosacete 103

Rospidios 209

vaccinioides, A. BC. 210

Rostellaria .... 265
procumbens, Nees . 265
Royeniana, Nees . . 265

Rottlera 306

aurantiaca, Hook. &
Arn 307

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

479

Page

Page

chinensis, Jnss. . .

30(5

Saussurea

167

cordifolia, Benth.

3U7

cartharaoides, Benth.

168

paniculata, Juss. . .

307

japoiiica, DC. .

167

tiuctoria, Roxb. .

307

linearis. Champ. .

168

Rourea

71

Saxifragacese ....

127

microphylla. Planch.

71

Scsevola

198

santaloides, JF.^Arn.

71

Koenigii, Vahl

198

Rubiacepe

144

lativaga, Hance . .

198

Rubus

104

Lobelia, Linn.

198

(jJaherrimus, Champ.

105

Scejpa

leucaiithus, Hance .

105

chinensis, Benth.

317

parvifolius, Linn.

105

Schima

28

reflexus, £ot. Reg. .

104

Noronhsc, Reinw. .

29

RueUia

261

superba, Gardn. . .

29

dependens^ Roxb.

263

Schistocodon

repens, Linn. . . .

261

Meyeni, Schau. .

224

tetrasimma, Cbamp

262

Schizostachyum . . .

435

Rumex

286

dumetorum, Munro .

435

ciispus, Linn. . .

286

Schcepfia

52

Rungia

265

chinensis, Gardn. .

52

chinensis, Benth.

266

Scilla

373

Rutacese ....

57

chinensis, Benth.

373

Scii-pus

"394

Sabia

70

aflQatus, Benth. . .

394

limoniacea, Wall.

70

capitatus, Willd.

394

Saccharum . . .

419

chinensis, Munr. .

395

densim, Nees . .

420

juncoides, Roxb. . .

395

oflO-cinarum, Linn.

419

Scitaminese . . . .

347

prcegrande, Steud.

420

Scleria

399

Sageretia ....

68

chinensis, Kunth

400

theesans, Brongn.

68

ciliaris, Nees . . .

400

Sagittaria ....

345

communis, Knnth

400

cordi folia, Roxb. .

346

hebecarpa, Mnnr.

400

Salomonia . . .

43

Isevis, Retz . .

400

cautouiensis, Lour.

44

lithosperma, Willd.

399

oblougifolia, DC.

44

pubescens, Steud.

400

obovata, AVight .

44

pm-purascens, Steud.

400

Salvia

276

scrobiculata, Nees

400

Fortune!, Benth. .

277

Steudeliana, JNIiq.

399

plebeia, Br. . .

277

tessellata, Willd. .

399

Samara ...

. 205

Sclera initrion

longifolia, Benth.

205

an gusli folium, Benth

. 151

obovata, Benth. .

205

hispidum, Korth.

151

Samydacese . . .

121

tetraquetrum, Miq.

151

Santalacese . . .

298

Sclerostyles

Sapindacea; . . .

. 45

aialantioides, W. &

Sapotacese . . .

. 208

Arn

51

Sarcandra

buxifolia, Benth.

51

cJdoranthoides,(jidxi[u. 334

IJindsii, Champ. .

51

Sarcanthis

venosa, Champ. .

51

rostratus, Reichb. fi]

. 357

Scolopia ....

19

Sassafras

chinensis, Clos .

19

Parthenoxylon, Nees 291

Scoparia ....

252

Saurauja ....

. 26

dulcis, Linn. . .

252

tristyla, DC. . .

. 27

Scrophularinese .

245

Saururacese .

. 333

Scutellaria . . .

277

Page
indica, Linn. . . .278

Securidaca .... 45
scandens, ILam. . . 45

Selaginella

argentea, Spring . . 437
atroviridis. Spring . 437
candata. Spring . .437
concinna. Spring . 437
fab el If era. Spring . 437
incolvens. Spring . 437
mo7iospora, Spring . 437

Selliguea

decMrrens, Presl . .457

Senccio 189

campylodes,'DQ. . . 190
chinensis, DC. . .190
Hindsii, Benth. . . 190
sonchifolius, Mcench 189
Kcempferi, DC. . .191
Stauntouii, DC. . .190

Serratula

carthamoides, Roxb. 168

Setaria
yhiuca, Beauv. . .411

Severinia

buxifolia. Ten. . . 51

Sida 32

acuta, Burvi. . . . 32
cordifolia, Linn. . . 33
fallax, JFalp. ... 33
humilis, ffilld. . . 32
rhombifolia, Linn. . 32

Sideroxylou . . . .209
Wightiaiium, IIooA\
^- Arn 209

Siegesbeckia . . . .182
iberica, AVilld. . .182
orientahs, Linn. . . 182

Simarubacea) .... 60

Smilax 369

fcrox. Wall. . . .370
Gaudichaudiana, Kth. 370
glabra, Roxb. . . .369
honglcongen&is, Seem. 371
hypoglauca, Benth. . 369
lancea^folia, Roxb. . 370
viacropJiylla, Roxb. . 370
ovaliColia, Roxb. . .370
prolifera, Roxb, . . 370

Solanaccce .... 241

Solanum 241

biflorum. Lour. . . 242
Calleryanum, Dun. . 242
Cumin gii. Dun. . . 243
decemde]itatum,^a-^. 242
ferox, Linn. . . . 243

480

INDEX OF GENEEA AND SPECIES.

hierochunthmm, Duu. 243
hirsutum, Roxb. . . 243
immane, Hance . .243
indicum, Linn. . . 242
involucratu.m, Blame 243
laslocai-pum. Dun. . 243
moUissimum, Blume 242
. 242
. 242
. 243

nigrum, Linn.
Osbeckii, Dun
sanctum, Linn
sch(£nbru7menseiJ)\m. 243
stramonifoliiim, Dun. 243
^\'\g]xii\, BentJi. . 243

Solidago

Vii'ga-aurea, Linn.
Sonchus ....

ciliatus, Lam.

oleraceus, Lhm. .
Sopliora ....

japonica, Linn. .
S^jathoglottis . . .

Fortunei, Lindl. .
Spermacoce .

articularis, Linn, fi]

fiUna, Wall. . .

hispida, Linn.

natalensis, Hoclist.

pusilla. Wall. .

rainosa, Wall.

scabra, Willd.

semierecta, Roxb.

strict a, Linn.fil. .
SphcerornorplKjea

centipeda, DC. .
Sph (erosclwen us

WcdlicJdi, Nees .
Spinifex ....

squaiTOsns, Linn.
Spiraea

cautoniensis, Lour.

corymbosa, Roxb.

lanceolata, Poir. .

Reevesiana, Lindl.
Spiranthes

australis, Lindl. .

pudica, Lindl.
Spodiopogon .

obliquivalvis, Nees
Sponia

argentea, Benth.

velutina, Planch.
Sporobolus .

indicus, B)\ . .

verticillatus, Nees
Staphjlea

simplicifolia, Gardu

179
179
194
195
194
95
95
355
355
162
164
163
163
163
163
163
164
163
162

186

415
415
105
105
105
105
105
359
360
360
426
426
323
323
323
426
426
431

48

Page

Statice 281

Fortunei, Lindl. . . 281
sinensis, Gir. . . . 281

Stauutouia .... 14
chinensis, BC. . . 14

Stellaria 21

aquatica. Scop. . . 21
fecvjtda, Hance . . 21
leptophylla, Hance . 22
media, Vill. ... 21
uliginosa, Murr. . . 2^

Stephauia 13

lieniaudifolia, Walp. 13

Stepbanotis .... 226
chinensis. Champ. . 227

Sterculia 35

lanceolata, Cav. . . 86
platanifolia, Linn. . 36

Sterculiaceffi .... 35

StiUingia 302

discolor, Chamj). . .303
japonica, Sieb. cf"

Zucc 303

sebifera, Juss. . . .302

Stipellaria 304

trewioides, Benth. . 305

Striga 253

hirsuta, Benth. . . 254
Masuria, Benth. . . 254

Strobilanthes . . . .261
apricus, T. Anders. . 262
C\i^mYi.om,T. Anders. 261
radicans, T. Anders. . 262

Stropbantbus .... 220
divergens, Grah. . .220

Strycbnos 231

angustiflora, Benth. . 232
colubrina, Benth. . 232
paniculata. Champ. . 232

Stylidieee 195

Stylidium 195

sinicum, Hance . .195
uligiQosum, Sw. . . 195

Stylocor^Tie . . . .156
densijlora, Wall. . .156
moUissima, Walp. . 156
Webera, A. Rich. . 156

Stylodiscus, Beun. , .315

Styracacese . . . .211

Styrax 213

odoratissima, Chamj). 213
suberifolia, Rook. ^
Am 213

Sujcda 282

australis, Moq. . .283
indica. Seem. . . . 283

Page
Symplocos .... 211
congesta, Benth. . .211
crassifolia, Benth. . 212
microcarpa. Champ. . 212
spicata, Ro.vb. . .212
Si/ncedrijs

ossea, Lindl. . . .322

Syzygium 118

angkolamim, Miq. . 119
buxifolium. Hook. ^

Am. .... 118
costal um, Miq. . .119
nervosum, BC. . .119
nodosum, Miq. . .119
odoratura. Hook. ^''
Am 119

Tatauma

pamila, Champ. , . 8
Tartixacum .... 192

Deus-leonis, Besf. . 192
Tel anther a

jiolygonoides. Seem. . 286
Tephrosia 77

purpurea, Bers. . . 78
Terebintbacete ... 69
Ternstroemia .... 27

japonica, Thunb. . . 27
TernstroemiaceEe ... 25
Tetrauthera .... 292

citrifolia, Juss. . .293
floribunda. Champ. (*)

monopetala, Roxb. . 292

polyantba. Wall. . . 293
Tetrathyrium . . .132

subcordatum, Benth. 133
Teucrium 279

Fortunei, Benth. . 280
fulvum, Hance . . 280

inflatum, Siv. . . . 279

quadrifarinm. Ham. . 2b0

stoloniferum. Ham. . 279
Thea

assimilis, Seem. . . 30

salicifolia, Seem . . 31
Thouarea 415

saruientosa, Pers. . 415
Thunbergia . . . .260

grandiflora, Ro.vb. . 260
Thymelete . . . .295
Thysanoleena . . . .417

acarifera, Nees . .417

* This is T. poli/antha. Wall. ;
the syuonym was accidentally
omitted, p. 293.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

481

Page

Page

agrostis, Nees

. 417

Urticese ....

. 323

Thysanospermum

. 146

Utricularia

. 255

diffusuin, Champ.

146

bifida, Linn. .

. 256

'Ihysanotus .

372

coei-ulea, Linn.

. 256

chiiiensis, Bentli.

372

diantha, Rcem. J

Tiliacese ....

40

SchuU. . . .

. 256

Toddalia .....

59

e.rtensa, Hance .

. 255

aculeata, Pers.

59

fascicidata, Roxb.

. 255

florihiinda. Wall. .

59

flexuosa, VaJd

. 255

Torenia ....

250

gJochidiata, Wight

. 257

con col or, Liudl. .

250

Harlandi, Oliv. .

. 257

flava, Ham.

250

htimilis, Wight .

256

rubeiis, Bentli. .

250

orbiculata, Wall. .

256

Toxocarpus .

224

racemosa, Wall. .

256

WightiaiiQs, Hook. &

uliginosa, Valil .

256

Am

224

Uvaria

9

Tradescantia

badiiflora, Hauee

10

panimlata, Roxb.

377

microcarpa, Champ.

10

Trichomanes . . . .

462

plati/petala, Champ.

9

intramardnale, HooJq

purpurea, Blume .

9

ct Grev. . . .

463

rhodantha, Hance

9

parvulura, Foir. . .

462

Triumfetta . . . .

41

Vaccinium

199

angulata, Lam. . .

41

chinense, Champ.

199

raj/ a, Blume . . .

41

Vachellia

pilosa, Eof/i .

41

farnesiana, W. & Arn

101

Tropidia

359

Vandellia ....

250

curciiligoides, Li»dl.

359

Crustacea, Benth. .

251

squamata, Blume

359

oblonga, Benth. . .

251

Turpinia

48

scabra, Benth. . .

251

arguta, Seem. . . .

48

Vangaeria

nepaleasis, Walp.

4S

dieocca, JNIiq. . . .

159

Tylophora

225

Ventilago

66

hispida, Bene. . .

225

leiocarpa, Benth. .

67

T)jj)1ioniiim

maderaspatana.

divancatum, Blume .

342

Benth

67

Verbena

267

Umbelliferie . . . .

133

officinalis, Linn. .

268

Unona

Verbenacese . . . .

267

discolor, Vahl .

11

Verbesina

Uraria

81

chinensis, Linn. . .

180

comosa, DC. .

81

scandens, Roxb, . .

183

crinita, Besv. . . .

81

Vernonia

168

macrostacluju, DC. .

81

chinensis. Less. . .

169

Urena

33

ciuerea. Less. .

169

lobata, Linn. .

34

congesta, Benth. .

180

sinuata, Linn. . .

34

Cumingiana, Benth. .

170

JJrostigma

solanifolia . . . .

169

nervosum, Miq. .

327

Vibm-num . . . .

142

nitidum, Miq. . .

327

nervosum, Hook. &

ovoideum, Miq. .

327

Arn

143

pisiferum, Miq. ,

327

odoratissiraum, Lindl

143

retusum . . . .

327

venulosum, Benth. .

142

WigJitianum .

327

Villebrunea . . . .

332

Urtica

frutesceus, Blume .

332

tenacissima, Roxb. .

831

Viuca

219

Page
rosea, Linn. . . .220

Viola 20

confusa, Champ, . . 20
diffusa, Ging. ... 20
Patrinii, BC. . . . 20
tenuis, Benth. . . 20

Violacctc 20

Viscuui 14]

articulatum, Burm. . 141
mo7iiliforme, Blnme . 141
orientale, Jnild. . 141

Vitex 273

bicolor, Willd. . . 273
incisa. Lam. . . . 278
Lom-eiri, Hook. ^'•

Arn 273

Negundo, Linn. . . 273
ovata, Thunb. . . 273
trifolia, Linn. . . 273

Vitis 53

angustifolia, TTall. . 54
cautoniensis, Seetn. . 54
corniculata, Benth. . 54
cordata, Wall. . . 54
flexuosa, Thunb. . . 53
heterophyUa, Thunb. 53
lanata, Roxb. ... 53
parvitblia, Roxo. . . 53
succisa, Hance . . 53

Wahlcnbergia . .

. 197

agrestis, A. BC. .

. 197

gi-andiflora, Schrad.

. 197

Waltheria ....

. 38

americana, Linn. .

. 38

indica, Linn. . .

. 38

Webera

densijlora, Wall. .

. 150

Wedelia ....

. 182

caleudulacea. Less.

. 182

Wikstroemia . . .

. 297

alpiiia, Benth. .

. 297

nutans. Champ. .

297

viridillora, 3feisn.

297

Wollastonia . . .

. 182

bitlora, BC. . .

183

seabrinscula, DC.

. 183

sfrigiilosa, DC. .

183

Woodwardia . . .

. 445

Harlandi, Hook. .

445

japonica, Siv. . .

445

Xauthium ....

181

indicnm, Roxb. .

181

strumarium, Linn.

181

Xanthoxylou . . .

57

482

INDEX or GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page
Avicennse, DC. . . 58
cnspidatum, Champ. 58
Lamarckianiim,C\mva.. 59
lentiscifolium, Champ. 58
nitidum, DC. . . . 58
ptelecrfolmm. Champ. 59
triphylhim, Wight . 59
Xvridacefc . . . .378
X'vris 379

Page
pauciflora, Willd. . 379
sclioenoides, Hart. . 379

Yormgia

debilis, DC. .
japonica, DC.
mauritiana, DC.
Th unh ergia na, DC.

194
194
194
194

Zaiacca 339 |

Zehneria

mysorensis. Seem
Zeuxine . . .

sulcata, Lindl.
Zoniia ....

diphylla, Fers.
Zoysia ....

pungens, Willd.

Page

124
360
360
80
80
418
418

JOHN IDWAKD TAYLOR, IP.IXXEE,
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Eoyal Gardens of Kew.

THE DRA"WINGS BY W. FITCH, F.L.S.

The attention of horticulturists having been increasingly directed of late years to this lovely
tribe of plants, than which few are more easy of cultivation, and, as is now clearly demonstrated,
few more easily imported from distant regions of the globe, it is intended to issue a special Work
for their Illustration and Descrij)tion, uniform in size and style with. ' Curtis' Botanical Maga-
zine.' As it may be considered a supplement to that work, the comparatively few Ferns among
the 5,200 Specie's of Plants there Figured and Described, will not be repeated ; nor will those so
lieautifully and faithfully depicted by Mr. Fitch in the recently-completed volume on Exotic
Ferns.*

The rich Collections of the Eoyal Gardens of Kew would alone afibrd ample materials for
such a work ; but it is by no means intended to be exclusive. Contributions of good samples of
species of great rarity, hitherto imdescribed, will be thankfully received and fully acknowledged.

The greatest pains will be taken to give accurate delineations, and such analyses as the Species
or Genus requu'es, accompanied by such descriptions as may render each individual as clear to
the mind of the Student or Cultivator as the subject and the size of the page will admit.

The Author, while he willingly acknowledges the great difficulty of defining the exact limits
of Genera and Species in plants so notorious for their sportive character as are the Ferns, con-
fesses that he has no sympathy with those who do much to increase that difficulty by the needless
mutiplication of both Genera and Species. Synonyms and references to standard authors will
be carefully recorded.

A Number, consisting of Four Coloured Plates, will appear on the 1st of January, 1861, and
be continued Monthly, price 2s. 6d.

* 'Pilices Exoticse,' being Figures and Descriptions of Exotic Ferns cultivated, chiefly, in the Royal
Gardens of Kew. By Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., etc. Handsome Quarto, 100 Coloured Plates, £6. Us.
Published by Lovell Reeve.

LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

L. REEVE & CO.'S

PUBLICATIONS IN

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And so complete, but only he that owes them."

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LONDON :
L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COYENT GARDEN.

1869.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

NEW SERIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

3

BOTANY

.. 5

FERNS

.. 11

MOSSES AND SEAWEEDS

.. 12

FUNGI

.. 13

SHELLS AND MOLLUSKS

.. 14

INSECTS ...

... 16

ANTIQUARIAN

... 18

MISCELLANEOUS

... 20

RECENTLY PUBLISHED

... 23

FORTHCOMING WORKS ...

... 24

All Books sent post-free to any part of the United Kingdom on receipt of a remittance fo.

the published price.

Post-Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden.

LIST OE WOEKS
PUBLISHED BY L. REEVE & CO

L. REEVE AND CO.'S NEW SERIES OF NATURAL
HISTORY FOR BEGINNERS.

*^* A good introductory series of books on Natural History for the use of
students and amateurs is still a desideratum. Those at present in use have
been too much compiled from antiquated sources ; while the figures, copied
in many instances from sources equally antiquated, are far from accurate, the
colouring of them having become degenerated through the adoption, for the
sake of cheapness, of mechanical processes.

The present series will be entirely the result of original research carried to its
most advanced point ; and the figm-es, which will be chiefly engraved on steel, by
the artist most highly renowned in each department for his technical knowledge
of the subjects, will in all cases be drawn from actual specimens, and coloured
separately by hand.

Each work will treat of a department of Natural Histoiy sufficiently limited
in extent to admit of a satisfactory degree of completeness.

The following are now ready:—
BRITISH BUTTERI^LIES AND MOTHS; an Introduc

lion to the study of our Native Lepidoptera. By H. T. Stainton.
Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Steel Plates, containing Figures of 100 Species,
engraved from Natural Specimens expressly for the work by E, "\V. Robin-
son, and Wood-Engravings, 10*. &d.

BRITISH BEETLES; ati Intro :luction to the Study of our

Indigenous Coleoptera. By E, C. Rye. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
Steei Plates, comprising Figures of nearly 100 Species, cngrnved from
Natural Specimens, expressly for the work, by E. VV. Robinson, and 1 1
Wood-Engravings of Dissections by the Author, 10*. 6^/.

L. IIEEVE AND CO. S PUBLICATIONS.

BUITISH BEES ; an Introduction to the Study of the Na-

tural History and Economy of the Bees indigenons to the British Isles.
By W. E. Shuckard. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Steel Plates, containing
nearly 100 Figures, engraved from Natural Specimens, expressly for the
work, by E. W. Robinson, and Woodcuts of Dissections, 10^. %d.

BEITISH SPIDERS ; an Introduction to the Study of the

Araneiu.e found in Great Britain and Ireland. By E. E. Staveley.
Crown Svo, 16 Plates, containing Coloured Figures of nearly 100 Species,
and 40 Diagrams, showing the number and position of the eyes in various
Genera, drawn expressly for the work by Tuffen West, and 44 Wood-
Engravings, 10.y. 6</.

BRITISH GRASSES ; an Introduction to the Study of the

Grasses found in the British Isles. By M. Plues. Crown Svo, 16
Coloured Plates, drawn expressly for the work by W. Fitch, and 100 Wood-
Engravings, 10^. &d.

BRITISH PERNS ; an Introduction to the Study of the Ferns,

Lycopods, and Equiseta indigenous to the British Isles. W^ith Chapters
on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, Diseases, Uses, Preservation,
and Distribution of Ferns. By Margaret Plues. Crown Svo, 16 Coloured
Plates, drawn expressly for the work by W. Fitch, and 55 Wood-Engrav-
ings, 10.?. 6f/.

BRITISH SEAWEEDS; an Introduction to the Study of

the Marine Alg^ of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. By
S. O. Gray. Crown Svo, 16 Coloured Plates, drawn expressly for the
work by W^. Fitch, 10s. &d.

Other Works in preparation.

L. REEVE AND CO. S PUliLICATIONS.

BOTANY.

BEITISH WILD FLOWERS, Familiarly Described in tlic

Four Seasons. A New Edition of 'The Field Botanist's Conipanion.' J}y
Thomas Moore, F.L.S. One volume, Demy 8vo, 424 pp. ^Vitli
24 Coloured Plates, by W. Fitch, 16^.

An elegantly-illustrated volume, intended for Beginners, describing the plants
most readily gathered in our fields and hedgerows, with tlie progress of the sea-
sons. Dissections of the parts of the Howers are introduced among the Figures,
so that an insight may be readily obtained not only of the Species and name of
each plant, but of its structure and characters of classification.

HANDBOOK OF THE BRITISH FLORA; a Descrip-

tion of the Flowering Plants and Ferns indigenous to, or naturalized in, the
British Isles. For the Use of Beginners and Amateurs. By Gkokgk
Bentham, F.R.S,, President of the Linnean Society. New Edition, Crown
8vo, 680 pp., 12^.

Distinguished for its terse and clear style of description ; for the introduction
of a system of Analytical Keys, which enable the student to deteniiiiie the family
and genus of a plant at once by the observation of its more striking characters ;
and for the valuable information here given for the first time of the geograpliical
range of each species in foreign countries.

HANDBOOK OF THE BRITISH FLORA, Illustrated

Edition ; a Description (with a "Wood-Engraving, including dissections, of
each species) of the Flowering Plants and Ferns indigenous to, or natu-
ralized in, the British Isles. By George Bentham, F.R.S. , President of
the Linnean Society. Demy 8vo, 2 vols., ] 154 pp., 1295 Wood-Engravings,
from Original Drawings by W. Fitch, £3. 10*.
An illustrated edition of the foregoing Work, in which every s[)ecics is ac-
companied by an elaborate Wood-Engraving of the Plant, with dissections of its
leading structural peculiarities.

OUTLINES OF ELEMENTARY BOTANY, as Intro-

ductory to Local Floras. By George Bentham, F.R.S., President of the
Linnean Society. Demy 8vo, pp. 45, 2s. Qd.

LAWS OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE adopted by

the International Botanical Congress, with an Historical Introduction and
a Commentary. By Alphonse de Candolle. 2s. Gd.

L. l^EEVE AND CO. S PUBLICATIONS.

BRITISH GRASSES; an Introduction to the Study of tlie

Graminete of Great Britain and Ireland. By M. Plues. Crown 8vo, 100
\Vood-Eugraviugs, 6^. ; with 16 Coloured Plates by W. Fitch, 10,y. &d.

One of the 'New Series of Natural History,' accurately describing all the
Grasses found in the British Isles, with introductory chapters on the Structure,
Cultivation, Uses, etc. A Wood-Engraving, including dissections, illustrates
each Species ; the Plates contain Coloured figures of 43 Species.

CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, comprising New and

Rare Plants from the Royal Gardens of Kew, and other Botanical Establish-
ments. Bv Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens.
Royal 8vo. 'Published Monthly, with 6 Plates, 3*. 6d. coloured.' Vol. XXIV.
of the Third Series (being Vol. XCIV. of the entire work) now ready, 42^.
, A Complete Set from the commencement may be had.
Descriptions and Drawings, beautifully coloured by hand, of newly-discovered
plants suitable for cultivation in the Garden, Hothouse, or Conservatory.

THE ELORAL MAGAZINE, containing Figures and De-
scriptions of New Popular Garden Flowers. By the Rev. H. Honywood
DoMBRAiN, A.B. Imperial 8vo. Published Monthly, with 4 Plates, 2.?. 6d.
coloured. Vols. I. to V., each, with 64 colom-ed plates, £2. 2s. Vols. VI.
and VII., 48 coloured plates, 31s. Gd. each.

Descriptions and Drawings, beautifully coloured by hand, of new varieties of
Flowers raised by the nurserymen for cultivation in the Garden, Hothouse, or
Conservatory.

THE JOURNAL OE BOTANY, BRITISH AND

FOREIGN. By Dr. B. Seemann. Monthly, 2^. 6d.

THE TOURISrS ELORA ; a Descriptive Catalogue of the

Flowering Plants and Ferus of the British Islands, France, Germany,
Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian Islands. By Joseph "Woods, F.L.S.
Demy 8vo, 504 pp., 18^.

Designed to enable the lover of botany to determine the names of any wild
plants he may meet with while journeying in our own country and the countries
of the Continent most frequented by tourists. The author's aim has been to
make the descriptions clear and distinct, and to comprise them within a volume
of not inconvenient bulk.

A ELORA OE ULSTEE, AND BOTANISTS GUIDE

TO THE NORTH OF IRELAND. By G. Dickie, M.J)., F.L.S.,

Professor of Botany in the University of Aberdeen. A pocket volume,
pp. 17c, 3^.

L. REEVE AISD CO. S PUBLICATIONS.

A SECOND CENTUEY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS,

selected from the subjects published in Curtis's ' Eotauical Magazine' since
the issue of the ' First Century.' Edited by James Bateman, Esq., E.ll.S.
Complete in 1 Vol., royal 4to, 100 Coloured Plates, £5. 5*.
During the fifteen years that have elapsed since the publication of the ' Cen-
tury of Orchidaceous Plants,' now out of print, the 'Botanical ^lagazine ' has
been the means of introducing to the public nearly two hundred of this favourite
tribe of plants not hitherto described and figured, or very imperfectly so. This
volume contains a selection of 100 of the most beautiful and best adapted for
cultivation. The descriptions are revised and in many cases re-written, agreeably
with the present more advanced state of our knowledge and experience in the
ciJtivation of Orchidaceous plants, by Mr. Bateman, the acknowledged successor
of Dr. Lindley as the leading authority in this department of botany and hor-

ticult

ure.

MONOGEAPH OF ODONTOGLOSSUM, a Genus of the

Vaudeous Section of Orchidaceous Plants. By Jamks Bateman, Esq.,
F.R.S. Imperial folio. Parts I. to IV., each with 5 Coloured Plates, and
occasional "Wood Engravings, 21.y.

Designed for the illustration, on an unusually magnificent scale, of the new
and beautiful plants of this favoured genus of Orchidacea, which are being now
imported from the mountain-chains of Mexico, Central America, New Granada,
and Peru.

SELECT ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS. By Robert War-

NEK, F.R.H.S. ^Vith Notes on Culture by B. S. Williams. In Ten
Parts, folio, each, with 4 Coloured Plates, \2s.^d.; or, complete in one
vol., cloth gilt, £6. 6^.
Second Series, Parts I. to IV., each, with 3 Coloured Plates, 10^. 6^.

PESCATOREA. Figures of Orchidaceous Plants, chiedy

from the Collection of M. Pescatoke. Edited by M, Lixdkn, with the
assistance of MM. G. Ludbeman, J. E. Planchon, and M. G. IIeiciien-
BACH. Folio, 48 Coloured Plates, cloth, witli morocco back, £5. hs.

THE RHODODENDRONS OF SIKKIM-HIMALAYA;

^' being an Account, Botanical and Geographical, of the llhododcndrons re-

centry discovered in the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya from Drawings

and Descriptions made on the spot, by Dr. J. D. Hooker, E.1\.S. By Sir

W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Polio, 30 Coloured Plates, £4. Us. Q>d.

Illustrations on a superb scale of the new Sikkim Rhododendrons, novy being

cultivated in England, accompanied by copious observations on tlicir distribution

and habits.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENUS CAREX. By

Fkancis Boott, M.D. Part IV. Folio, 189 Plates, £10.

GENERA PLANTARUM, ad Exemplaria imprimis in Her-

bariis Keweusibus servata definita. By George Bentham, F.R.S., Pre-
sident of the Lianeau Society, and Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S., Director
of the Royal Gardens, Kevv. Vol. I. Part I. pp. 454. Royal 8vo, 21^.
Part II., 14j. ; Part III., 15s. ; or Vol. I. complete, 50s.
This important work comprehends an entire revision and reconstruction of the
Genera of Plants. Unlike the famous Genera Plantarum of Endlicher, which is
now out of print, it is founded on a personal study of every genus by one or
both authors. The First Vol. contains 82 Natural Orders and 2544 Genera.

ELORA OF THE ANTARCTIC ISLANDS. By Dr.

J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 4to. 2 vols., 574 pp., 200 Plates, £10. 15^.

coloured. Published under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of

the Admiralty.
The 'Flora Antarctica' illustrates the Botany of the southern districts of South
America and the various Antarctic Islauds, as the Falklands, Kerguelen's Land,
Lord Auckland and Campbell's Island, and 1370 species are enumerated and
described. The plates, which are executed by Mr. Fitch, and beautifully colom-ed,
illustrate 370 species, including a vast number of exquisite forms of Mosses and
Seaweeds.

ELORA OE TASMANIA. By Dr. J. D. Hooker, E.R.S.

Royal 4to, 2 vols., 972 pp., 200 Plates, £17. 10^., coloured. Published
under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

The 'Flora of Tasmania' describes all the Plants, flowering and flowerless, of
that Island, consisting of 2203 Species, collected by the Author and others.
The Plates, of which there are 200, illustrate 412 Species.

ON THE ELORA OE AUSTRALIA, its Origin, Affini-

ties, and Distribution ; being an Introductory Essay to the ' Flora of Tas-
mania.' By Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. 128 pp., quarto, 10*.

ELORA HONGKONGENSIS; a Description of the Elow-

ering Plants and Ferns of the Island of Hongkong. By George Ben-
tham, P.L.S. With a Map of the Island. "Demy 8vo, 550 pp., 16^.
Published under the authoi'ity of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

The Island of Hongkong, though occupying an area of scarcely thirty square
miles, is characterized by an extraordinarily varied Flora, partaking, however, of
that of South Continental China, of which comparatively little is known. The
number of Species enumerated in the present volume is 1056, derived chiefly
from materials collected by Mr. Hinds, Col. Champion, Dr. Hance, Dr. Harland,
Mr. Wright, and Mr. Wilford.

L. REEVE AND CO.'s PUBLICATIONS.

FLpRA OF TROPICAL AFRICA. By Daniel Oliver,

^ F.R.S., RL.S. Vol. I., 20.y. Published under the authority of the First
Commissioner of Her Majesty's Works.

This important and much-needed work embodies the researches of a long list
of explorers, tlic results of whose labours have been accumnlatiui? at the Roval
Gardens, Kcw, and other museums, for many years past. The present voluino
contains the Orders UanuncidacecB to Connaracea.

HANDBOOK OF THE NEW ZEALAND FLORA; .1

Systematic Description of the Native Tlauts of New Zealand, and the Chat-
ham, Kermadec's, Lord Auckland's, Campbell's, and iMacquarric's Islands.
By Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. Demy 8vo. Part L, 16.?.; Part IL, 14.?.;
or complete in one vol., 305. Published under the auspices of the Govern-
ment of that colony.

A compendious account of the plants of New Zealand and outlying islands,
published under the authority of the Government of that colony. The first
P;irt contains the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Jiycopods ; the .Second the re-
maining Orders of Cnjptorjamia^ or llowerless Plants, with Index and Cata-
logues of Native Names and of Naturalized Plants.

FLORA-- AUSTRALIENSTS; a Description of the Plants of

the Australian Territory. By Geokge Bentham, F.R.S. , President of the
Ijinnean Society, assisted by Feudinand Mueller, F.R.S., Government
Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. Demy 8vo. Vols. I. to IV., 20.?. each. Pub-
lished under the auspices of the several Governments of Australia.

Of this great undertaking, the present volumes, of nearly two thousand
closely-printed pages, comprise about one-half. The materials are derived
not only from the vast collections of Australian plants brought to this country
by various botanical travellers, and preserved in the herbaria of Kew and of the
British Museum, including those hitherto unpublished of Banks and Solander,
of Captain Cook's first Voyage, and of Brown in Flinders', but from the very
extensive and more recently collected specimens preserved in the Govcmnient
Herbarium of Melbourne, under the superintendence of Dr. Ferdinand Mueller.
The descriptions are written in plain English, and are masterpieces of accuracy
and clearness.

FLORA OF THE BRITISH WEST INDIAN ISLANDS.

By Dr. Grisebach, F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 800 pp., 37*. Ck^. Published
under the auspices of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Containing complete sv^ematic descriptions of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of the British West Indian Islands, accompanied by an elaborate mdcx of
reference, and a list of Colonial names.

10 L. REEVE ANJ) CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.

FLOllA VITIENSIS ; a Description of the Plants of the

Viti or Fiji Islands, with an Account of their History, Uses, and Pro-
perties. By Dr. Bekthoi-d Seemann, F.L.S. Royal 4to, Parts I. to IX.
each, 10 Coloured Plates, IS^. To be completed in 10 Parts.
This work owes its origin to the Government Mission to Viti, to which the
author was attached as naturalist. In addition to the specimens collected, the
author lias investigated all the Polynesian collections of Plants brought to this
country by various botanical explorers since the voyage of Captain Cook.

CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE ELOEA OF MENTONE,

AND TO A WINTER FLORA OF THE RIVIERA, INCLUDING

THE COAST FR0:M IMARSEILLES TO GENOA. By J. Traherne

MoGGRiDGE. Roval 8vo. Parts I., II., and III., each, with 25 Coloured

Plates, 15s.

In this work a full page is devoted to the illustration of each Species, the

drawings being made by the author from speciincns collected by him on the spot,

and they exhibit in vivid colours the beautiful aspect which many of our wild

flowers assume soutli of the Alps.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NUEVA QUINOLOGIA

OF PAVON, with Observations on the Barks described. By J. E. Howard,
F.L.S. With 27 (coloured Plates by W. Fitch. Imperial folio, half-
morocco, gilt edges, £6. Qs.
A superbly-coloured volume, illustrative of the most recent researches of Pavon
and his associates among the Cinchona Barks of Peru.

REVISION OF THE NATURAL ORDER HEDERA-

CEM, being a reprint, with numerous additions and corrections, of a series
of papers published in the ' Journal of Botany, British and Foreign.' By
Berthold Seemann, Ph.D., F.L.S. 8vo, 7'Plates. lOs. Gd.

THE LONDON JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Original

Papers by eminent Botanists, Letters from Botanical Travellers, etc. Vol.
VII., completing the Scries. Demy 8vo, 23 Plates, 30^.

JOURNAL OF BOTANY AND KEW MISCELLANY.

Original Papers by eminent Botanists, Letters from Botanical Travellers,
etc. Edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Vols. IV. to IX., Demy 8vo.
12 Plates, each £1. 4^.

ICONES PLANTARUM. Figures, mth brief Descriptive

Characters and Remarks, of New and Rare Plants, selected from the
Author's Herbarium . By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. New Series, Vol. V.
Royal 8vo, 100 plates, 3 1 J. 6^. ,, . / f /_^ -^

L. liEEVfc; AND CO.'S PUIUJCATIONS. 11

FERNS.

BRITISH EERNS; an Introduction to the study of the

Ferns, Lycopods, and Equisf.ta indigenous to the British Isles. Witli
Chapters on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, Diseases, Uses, Pre-
servation, and Distriljution of Ferns. By M. Pj.uks. Crown 8vo, 55
Wood-Engravings, 6^.; with 16 Coloured Plates by W . Fitch, 10*. (jd.
One of the ' New Series of Natural History for Beginners,' accurately de-
scribing all the Ferns and their allies found in Britain, with a Wood-Engraving
of each Species, and Coloured Figures of 32 of the most interesting, including
magnified dissections showing the Venation and Fructification.

THE BRITISH FERNS; or, Coloured Figures and De-

scriptions, with the needful Analyses of the Fructification and Venation, of
the Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, systematically arranged. By Sir
W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 66 Plates, £2. 2*.

The British Ferns and their allies are illustrated in this work, from the
pencil of Mr. Fitch. Each Species has a Plate to itself, so that there is ample
room for the details, on a magnified scale, of Fructification and Venation. The
whole are delicately coloured by hand. In the letteiprcss an interesting account
is given with each species of its geographical distribution in other countries.

GARDEN FERNS ; or, Coloured Figures and Descriptions,

with the needful Analyses of the Fructification and Venation, of a Selection
of Exotic Ferns, adapted for Cidtivation in the Garden, Hothouse, and Con-
servatory. By Sii- W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 64 Plates, £2. 2*.
A companion volume to the preceding, for the use of those who take an in-
terest in the cultivation of some of the more beautiful and remarkable varieties
of Exotic Ferns. Here also each Species has a Plate to itself, and the details of
Fructification and Venation are given on a magnified scale, the Drawings being
from the pencil of Mr. Fitch.

FILICES EXOTIC.E ; or, Coloured Figures and Description

of Exotic Ferns, chiellv of such as arc cultivated in the Royal Gardens of
Kew. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 4to, 100 Plaies, £6. 11*.
One of the most superbly illustrated books of Foreign Ferns that has been
hitherto produced. The Species are selected both on account of their beauty of
form, singular structure, and their suitableness for cultivation.

FERNY COMBES; a Ramble after Ferns in the Glens and

Valleys of Devonshire. By Charlottte Chanter. T/thd Editi
Fcp. 8vo, 8 coloured plates by Fitch, and a Map of the County, hs

on.

NATURE-PRINTED FERNS, prepared according to a new

patented process. By H. C. Baildon. The Descriptions by Thomas
Moore, F.L.S. Folio, 4 Plates, printed in colours. 10s. 0(/.

12 L. IIEEVE AND CO. S PUBLICATIONS.

MOSSES.

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES, containing all that

arc known to be Natives of the British Isles. By the Rev, M. J. Bkukelky,
M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, pp. 360, 24 Coloured Plates, 21*.

A very complete Manual, comprising characters of all the species, with the
circumstances of haljitation of each; with special chapters on developmeat and
structure, propagation, fructification, geographical distribution, uses, and modes
of collecting and preserving, followed by an extensive series of coloured illustra-
tions, in which the essential portions of the plant are repeated, in every case ou
a magnified scale.

SEAWEEDS.

BRITISH SEAWEEDS ; an Introduction to the Study of

the Marine Alg/E of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. By
S. O. Gray. Crown 8vo, &s.; with ]6 Coloured Plates, drawn expressly
for the work by W. Fitch, 10s. &d.

One of L. Reeve and Co.'s ' New Series,' brielly but accurately describing,
according to the classification of the best and most recent authorities, all the
Algai found ou our coasts.

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA; or. History of British

Seaweeds, containing Coloured Figures, Generic and Specific Characters,
Svnonvms and Descriptions of all the Species of Al<ia3 inhabiting the
Shores of the British Islands. By Dr. W. H. Harvey, F.R.S. Royal
8vo, 4 vols., 765 pp., 360 Coloured Plates. \^New Edition in the Press.

This work, originally published in 1851, is still the standard work ou the
subject of which it treats. Each Species, excepting the minute ones, has a
Plate to itself, with magnified poi'tions of structure and fructification, the whole
being printed in their natural colours, finished by hand.

PHYCOLOGIA AUSTRALICA; a History of Australian

Seaweeds, comprising Coloured Figures and Descriptions of the more cha-
racteristic Marine Algtc of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South
Australia and Western Australia, and a Synopsis of all known Australian
AlgK. By Dr. Harvey, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 5 vols., 300 Coloured Plates,
£7. 13^.
This beautiful work, the result of an arduous personal exploration of the
shores of the Australian continent, is got up in the style of the ' Phycologia
Britannica ' by the same author. Each Species has a Plate to itself, with ample
magnified delineations of fructification and structure, embodying a variety of
most curious and remarkable forms.

L. IIEEVE AND CO.'s PLBLICATIONS. 13

NEREIS AUSTiiALlS; or, Algae of the Southern Oceuii,

beiug Figures tiud Descriptious of Marine Plauts coUeeted on the Slioris
of the Cape of Good Hope, the extratropical Australian Colonies, Tas-
mania, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Regions. By Dr. IIauvky, F.K.S.
Imperial 8vo, 50 Coloured Plates, J^2. 2^.

A selection of Fifty Species of remarkable forms of Seaweed, not included in
the ' Phycologia Australica,' collected over a wider area.

FUNGI.

OUTLINES OF BRITISH EUNGOLOGY, containing

Characters of above a Thousand Species of Fungi, and a Comj)kte List of

all that have been described as Natives of the British Isles. Jiy the Kcv.

M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 484 pp., 24 Coloured Plates,

30*.
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THE ESCULENT FUNGUSES OF ENGLAND. Con-

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ignorance or prejudice, are left to perish ungathered. " I have indeed grieved,"
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orders, to see pounds of extempore beefsteaks growing on our oaks, in the shape
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SHELLS AND MOLLUSKS.

ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY; an Introduction to the

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THE LAND AND FJ^ESHWATER MOLLUSKS indi-

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CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA ; or, Figures and Descriptions

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Genera. Plates. £. «.

ACHATINA 23 1 9

achatinella 6 0 8

Adamsiella 2 0 3

Amphidesma 7 0 9

Ampullaeia 28 1 15

Anastoma 1 0 1

Anatina 4 0 5

Ancili^akia 12 0 15

Anculotus 6 0 8

Anomia 8 0 10

Arca 17 1 1

Argonauta 4 0 5

Artemis ]0 0 13

aspergilltjm 4 0 5

AvicuLA 18 1 3

BucciNXJM 14 0 18

Bl'lisils 89 5 13

liULI-lA 4 0 5

CALYPTRiEA 8 0 10

Canckllaria 18 1 3

Capsa 1 0 1

Capsella 2 0 3

Cardita 9 0 11

Cardium 23 1 8

Carinaeia 1 0 1

Cashidaria 1 0 1

Cassis 12 0 15

Cerithidea 4 0 5

Ceeithium 20 1 5

Chama 9 0 11

Chamostrea 1 0 1

Chiton 33 2 2

Chitonellus 1 0 1

Chondkopoma 11 0 14

Circe 10 0 13

columbella 37 2 7

CONCHOLEPAS 2 0 3

CoNUS 5fi 3 11

COEBULA 5 0 6

Crania 1 0 1

Crassatella 3 0 4

Crenatula 2 0 3

Crepidula 5 0 6

Crucibulum 7 0

CycLOPHOBUS 20 1 5

Ctclostoma 23 1 9

Ctclotus 9 0 11

Cymbium 26 1 13

Ctpr^a 27 1 14

CrpRICARDIA 2 0 3

Cytheeea 10 0 13

Delphinula 5 0 6

DioNE 12 0 15

DoLiuM 8 0 10

DONAX 9 0 11

Eeuena 1 0 1

Erato 3 0 4

EULIMA 6 0 8

Fasciolaeia 7 0 9

FiCULA 1 0 1

FiSeUEELLA 16 1 0

Fusus 21 1 6

Glauconome 1 0 1

Halia 1 0 1

Haliotis 17 1 1

Harpa 4 0 5

Helix 210 13 5

IIEjIIPECTEN 1 0 1

Uemisinus 6 0 8

HiNNITES 1 0 1

Hippopus 1 0 1

6
6
0
6
0
0
0
6
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
6
6
6
G
6
6
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
6
9 0
6
0
6
0
6
0
0

Genera. I'lates

Ianthina 5

lo 3

ISOCAEDIA 1

Lampania 2

Leiosthaca 3

Lkptopoma 8

LlNGULA 2

LixnoDOMUs 5

LiTTOKINA 18

LUCINA 11

lutraeia 5

Mactra 21

Malleus , 3

Mangelia 8

Marginella 27

Melania 59

Mklanopsis 3

Melatoma 3

jSIfkoe 3

I\1esalia & Eglisia... 1

Mesouesma 4

Meta 1

MiTRA 39

MODIOLA 11

monoceeos 4

Murex 37

Mtadoea 1

Myochama 1

MVTILCS il

Nassa 29

Natica 30

Nautilus 6

Naticella & Latia ... 8

Nerita 19

Neeitina 37

Niso 1

Oliva 30

Oniscia 1

Oebicula 1

OVULUM 14

Paludina 11

Paludomus 3

Paetula 4

Patella 42

Pecten 35

Pectunculus 9

Pedum 1

Pebna 6

Phasianella 6

Phoeus 3

Pinna 34

PlEENA 2

Placunanomia 3

Pleurotoma JO

Potamides 1

psammobia 8

Psammotella 1

Pterocera 6

Pterocyclos 5

Purpura 13

Pyramidella C

Pyrazus 1

Pyrula 9

Kanella 8

KiCINULA 6

Kostkllaria 3

Sanguinolabia 1

Scaeabus 3

SlGAUETUS 5

SlMPULOPSlS 2

SiPHONAEIA 7

£. .. ./.

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(J 4 l>

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3 14 6

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2 7 0

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1 17 0

1 18 0

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0 10 6

1 4 0

2 7 0

0 1 6

1 18 0

0 1 6

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0 18 0

0 14 0

0 4 0

0 5 6

2 13 0

2 4 6

0 11 6

0 1 6

0 8 0

0 8 0

0 4 0

2 3 0

0 3 0

0 4 0

2 10 6

0 1 0

0 10 6

0 16

0 8 0

0 6 G

0 16 G

0 8 0

0 1 G

0 11 G

0 10 6

0 8 0

0 4 6

0 1 6

0 4 0

0 fi H

0 3 0

0 9 0

16

L. REEVE AND CO.'s PUBLICATIONS.

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Terkbra 37 1 14 6

Terebkllum 1 0 16

Terebbatula & Kyn-

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Thracia 3 0 4 0

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TRIDACIfA 8 0 10 6

Tbigonia 1 0 1 6

(Jencra. Plates.

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CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA ; or, Complete System of

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300 Plates, £10. 10^. coloured.
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THE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF GEEAT BRITAIN AND

IRELAND, with the modes of cooking them. By M. S. Lovell. Crown
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INSECTS.

CUETIS'S BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. Illustrations and

Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland,
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."■.■.■.■ 1 .'."

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32 ..

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BRITISH BEETLES; an Introduction to the Study of our

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MAN^S AGE IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO

HOLY SCRIPTURE AND SCIENCE. Bv an Essex Rector. Demv
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The Author, recognizing the established facts and inevitable deductions of
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WHITNEPS ^^ CHOICE OF EMBLEMES;^' a Facsimile

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THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN; An Examination of Sir

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THE NATURALIST IN NORWAY; or, Notes on the

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CALIPHS AND SULTANS ; being Tales omitted in the

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MANUAL OF CHEMICAL ANALYSTS, Qualitative and

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PHOSPHORESCENCE ; or, the Emission of Light by Mine-

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CAUSE AND EFFECT ; or. The Globe We Inhabit. By

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THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SA-

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