NRLF B M 315 117 IWRART THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OF MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDECEE, 1906 i 0 FLORA OF LOS ANGELES AND VICINITY BY LE ROY ABRAMS, A. M. INSTRUCTOR IN BOTANY IN LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY OF THE UNIVERSITY STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS APRIL 5, 1904 A' 3 7 Copyright, 1904, by LEROY ABRAMS STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PREFACE. As a student of the flora of southern California, the author has long felt the need of some one book contain- ing descriptions of those plants known to occur in our region. While it is essential that one doing critical work should laboriously search through scattered liter- ature, the average student, and especially the novice, will find such a course impossible. In an endeavor to supply this need, the author has written this book. Not that he feels that the flora is so well known that such a work will prove adequate for years to come, but rather to bring together what knowledge now exists concerning the systematic side of our most interesting plant life. That many mistakes must unavoidably occur, and that many plants are yet to be added, is clearly apprehended. The exact area included in this volume is the coast slope of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. This terri- tory comprises a large portion of the great southern California valley, as well as the following mountain ranges, in each of which we name the culminating point : Sierra Santa Monica (Castro Peak 3946 ft.), Sierra San Fernando (San Fernando Peak 3793 ft.), Sierra San Gabriel (Mt. Gleason 6493 ft., San Gabriel Peak 6172 ft., Mt. San Antonio 10080 ft.), Sierra Santa Ana (Santiago Peak 5675 ft.). Not a few of the more conspicuous and common plants of southern California not known to occur within our boundaries are included, however, so that the student will find that a great majority of the 1477?: iv Preface plants to be met with on the coast slope south of Point Conception are described. In the preparation of the text the author has made frequent use of published descriptions, especially original ones, only such changes being made as seemed necessary either on account of uniformity or to bring out unob- served characters. Published lists of our local flora have also been constantly consulted, but it is only jus- tice to the author to say that he has personally collected nearly all the plants included in this work and has added many species not heretofore reported from our region. Duplicates of these specimens, as well as many .others from southern California, are to be found in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Herbarium. The author wishes to express his thanks to the follow- ing persons for assistance in various ways: Mr. S. B. Parish, Dr. A. Davidson and Dr. H. E. Hasse for valuable notes; M*s$ Alice Eastwood for the privilege of examin- ing the niaterial in the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium 5 J)r. N. L. Britton, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. E. L. Greene,$r. P. A. Rydberg and Dr. J. K. Small for notes on doubtful forms ; finally to Prof. William R. Dudley, who has not otnly given many critical notes and valuable suggestions which have aided greatly toward the completion of the work, but has also shown many personal favors which have rendered the task a pleasant one to the author. KEY TO THE FAMILIES SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE. Represented with us by 1 family. PINACEAE, 1. CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE. Cotyledons 1 ; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Cotyledons 2; stem exogenous. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONS. SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Leaves usually parallel-veined; flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous. Perianth of minute scales or bristles, or wanting. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or scattered, the clusters surrounded at base by a spathe, or foliaceous or membranaceous bract; perianth of minute scales or bristles, or wanting. Reed-like or flag-like marsh plants; flowers unisexual. TYPHACEAE, 8. Immersed aquatic plants. NAIADACEAE, 9. Marsh or subaquatic plants; flowers perfect. JDNCAGINACEAE, 14. Minute floating plants. LEMNACEAE, 77. Flowers in the axils of scales (glumes) ; perianth wanting. Glumes 2 to each flower. GRAMINEAE, 18. Glumes 1 to each flower. CYPERACEAE, 64. Perianth of 6 distinct chaff-like scales. JUNCACEAE, 79. Perianth petalold. Carpels distinct, numerous. ALISMACEAE, 16. Carpels united, usually 3, forming a 3-celled or 3-valved ovary. Ovary superior. LILIACEAE, 82. Ovary inferior. Stamens 3; perianth regular. IRIDACEAE, 92. Stamens 1 or 2; perianth irregular. ORCHIDACEAE, 93. vi Key to the Families SUBCLASS II. DICOTYLEDONS. Leaves mostly netted-veined ; flowers seldom 3-merous or 6-merous, usually 4-merous or 5-merous. Petals separate and distinct from each other or sometimes wanting, rarely somewhat united. Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting. Series 2. SYMPETALAE. SERIES I. CHOKIPETALAE. Petals distinct, at least at base, except in some species of Silene and Crassulaceae. Petals wanting. (A) flowers unisexual, one or both kinds in aments,' trees or shrubs. Staminate flowers in aments, pistillate becoming a nut. Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACEAE, 96. Leaves entire or variously lobed or toothed. FAGACEAE, 104. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments. Leaves opposite; flowers dioecious. GARRYA, 293. Leaves alternate. Pistillate flowers becoming wax-coated berries. MYRICACEAE, 97. Pistillate flowers becoming capsules. SALICACEAE, 98. Pistillate flowers with their scales becoming a woody cone in fruit. BETCLACEAE, 103. (B) Flowers not in aments. * Ovary superior. 1. HERBS. Calyx and corolla both ivanting. Flowers perfect, in spikes, these surrounded at base by a conspicuous white involucre. ANEMOPSIS, 96. Flowers monoecious. Aquatic plants. Leaves dissected. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 150. Leaves entire. CALLJTRICHACEAE, 237. Terrestial plants; flower-clusters surrounded by a petaloid involucre; ovary 3-celled, raised above the Staminate flowers; the whole appear- ing as a single flower. EDPHORBIACEAE, 231. Key to the Families vii 15. EPICAMPES Presl. Tall perennial tufted Brasses with usually very long spike-like panieles. Spikclets small, 1-ilowered. Empty glumes '2. membranous, slightly unequal, convex on the hack, carinate. often finely )>-nerved ; flowering glumes .'{-nerved, obtuse or emarginate, a little shorter or about equaling the empty glumes, usually tipped with a slen- der rather short awn. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short ; stigmas plumose. Grain free, included within the glumes. 1. E. rigens Benth. Perennial, tufted ; culms rigid, erect, smooth, 5-10 dm. high; sheaths longer than the internodes, loose, smooth ; ligule 4-6 mm. long ; leaves scabrous, rigid, in- volute apex attenuate, 1-3 dm. long ; panicle exserted or some- what included, erect dense spike-like, 2-5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. broad; spikelets minutely scabrous, elliptic; empty glumes white, about 3 mm. long, nearly equal ; flowering glume awnless, minutely pubescent, about 2 mm. long. Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, in canyons, confined mostly to the upper portions of the chaparral belt. 16. POLYPOGON Desf. BEARD-GRASS. Annual or rarely perennial grasses with decumbent or erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike- lets 1 -flowered. Glumes 3 ; the outer 2 empty, each ex- tended into an awn, the third smaller, usually hyaline, short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palea and perfect flower. Palea shorter than the glume. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free, en- closed in the glume and palea. 1. P. Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual; culms erect orgenicu- late, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths about equaling the nodes, the upper slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle spike-like, oval or cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, pale often yellowish- green ; spikelets numerous, nearly concealed by the slender 36 Agrostideae awns ; empty glumes pubescent or ciliate, obtuse, elliptic ; awns 4 mm. long; flowering glume 1 mm. long, hyaline, truncate- jagged; awn equaling or shorter than the glume or wanting; palea 2-toothed. Common in low moist places along the coast and along streams through- out our range, ascending the mountains to the pine belt. 2. P. littoralis Sin. Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, ascending from rootstocks; sheaths nearly equaling the internodes, the upper slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle dense, somewhat lobed, 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; awns equaling the empty elliptic glumes; flowering glume 1 mm. long, truncate, hyaline, its awn nearly twice as long; palea 2-toothed. Occasional along streams in the valleys and foothills. 17. AGBOSTIS L. BENT-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flow- ered. Glumes 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, keeled, acute ; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, some- times bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower. Palea shorter than the glume, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens generally 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. 1. A. verticillata Vill. Perennial from slender rootstocks; culms decumbent, 3-6 dm. high, often rooting from the lower nodes; sheaths inflated, smooth; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrid above; panicle loosely contracted, 4-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide ; empty glumes nearly equal, obtuse, 1-nerved, scabrous; callus naked; flowering glume 1 mm. long, 5-toothed, glabrous ; palea nearly equaling the glume. Common along streams in the mountains and valleys throughout our range. Native of southern Europe. 2. A. asperifolia Trin. Annual; culms erect, tufted, leafy, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths minutely scabrid ; leaves 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle interrupted, lobed and dense above, 10-15 cm. long; branches crowded, erect; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, scabrous on the nerves; Bent-grass Tribe 37 callus with a tuft of minute hairs at the base of each margin of the flowering glume; flowering glume 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, minutely 2-toothed at the apex, awnless ; palea obsolete. Occasional in low moist places in the coast valleys. 3. A. Diegoensis Vasey. Perennial from slender stoloniferous rootstocks ; culms erect, 4-8 dm. high ; sheaths minutely scabrid ; blades 6-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, scabrid; panicle lax, narrow, 6-14 cm. long, its branches erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, scabrid; callus hairy at the base of each margin of the flowering glume ; flowering glume 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrid especially on the margins, 4-toothed ; palea obsolete. Not known within our limits, but occasional in San Diego County and ex- tending north to Washington. 18. GASTBIDIUM Beauv. NIT-GRASS. Caespitose annuals with flat leaves and shining spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite ; rachilla prolonged behind the palea. Empty glumes 2, equal, enlarged or saccate at the base, keeled above ; flowering glume much shorter than the empty ones, hyaline, truncate or obtusely 2-lobed, awnless or bearing a slender awn just below the apex. Palea narrow, about the length of the glume. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis- tinct ; stigmas plumose. Grain subglobose, free, included within the ventricose base of the glume. 1. G-. lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Culms more or less tufted, erect, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth ; leaves, 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, pale green and shining; spikelets lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous above ; flowering glume hairy, bearing a slender awn below the middle. Common on dry ground in the chaparral belt throughout our range. Na- tive of southern Europe. 38 Aveneae Tribe 5. AVENEAE. OAT TRIBE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; outer empty glumes usually longer than the first flowering glume ; 1 or more of the flowering glumes awned on the back or from be- tween the teeth of the bifid apex ; awn usually twisted or geniculate. Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the empty glumes. 19. HOLCUS. Spikelets not articulate below the empty glumes. Awns dorsal. Spikelets small, less than 1 cm. long. 20. DESCHAMPSIA. Spikelets 1 cm. long or more. 21. AVENA. Awns terminal, rising from between the lobes or teeth. 22. DANTHONIA. 19. HOLCUS L. VELVET-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike- like or open panicles. Spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered ; lower flowers perfect, upper staminate. Glumes 4 ; the 2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short awned ; flowering glumes chartaceous, the upper ones bearing a bent awn. Palea narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, enclosed in the glume. 1. H. lanatus L. Densely and softly pubescent throughout; culms 4-6 dm. high, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves 3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long; empty glumes white-vilious, the upper awn-pointed ; flowering glumes 2 mm. long, smooth and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2- toothed and bearing a hooked awn below the apex. Santa Anita and Oak Knoll, McClatchie, Davidson. 20. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. HAIR-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2- Oat Tribe 39 flowered ; both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla ex- tended beyond or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Glumes 4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persistent ; the flowering glumes similar in tex- ture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, toothed at the apex. Palea narrow. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, free and enclosed in the glume. 1. D. calycina Presl. Annual; culms slender, 1-6 dm. high; sheaths smooth; leaves few, 3-6 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less; panicle spreading, about % the length of the culms, bearing 1-5 spikelets above the middle, the lowest of which are on spreading pedicels; spikelets 2-flo\vered ; empty glumes about 2 mm. long, hairy below, shining above, 5-nerved, emarginate with 4 minute ciliate teeth ; awn inserted below the middle, about 6 mm. long, bent near the middle and twisted below. Occasional on dry mesas or in open places in the foothills and mountains. 21. AVENA L. OAT. Annual or perennial grasses with generally flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-several-flower- ed or rarely 1-flowered ; the lower flowers perfect, the upper usually staminate. Glumes 4-many, the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent ; flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, apex often 2-toothed. Palea narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the glume and palea, free or sometimes adherent to the latter. 1. A. fatua L. (WILD OAT.) Culms usually tufted, 5-15 dm. high; leaves scabrid, rather long and broad; panicle 1-4 dm. long, its branches unequal, long filiform ; spikelets drooping, 2-3- flowered ; empty glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, 20-25 mm. long, 9-11-nerved; flowering glumes 18 mm. long, acute, bifid, yellowish hairy especially below, 9-nerved ; awn from near the 40 Aveneae middle of the glume, 1-2 cm. long, geniculate; palea 15 mm. long, hairy on the nerves. Very common in all the valleys and on grassy hills. Native of southern Europe. 2. A. fatua glabrescens Coss. (BASTARD OATS.) Like the type except that the flowering glumes are glabrous. In this re- spect resembling A. saliva L., the cultivated oat, but it is easily distinguished from that by its longer and geniculate awn and wide, 9-nerved flowering glume. A . saliva is awnless or has a short straight awn and a 7-nerved glabrous flowering glume. Occasional in our valleys. San Bernardino, Parish; Inglewood. 22. DANTHONIA DC. WILD OAT-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many- flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper stami- nate ; rachilla pubescent extending beyond the flowers. Glumes 5— many, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, sub- equal, persistent, generally extending beyond the upper- most flowering glume ; flowering glumes rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous ; the awn arising from be- tween the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent. Palea hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. 1. D. Californica Boland. Perennial, tufted; culms 4-8 dm. high, erect or somewhat decumbent at base; sheaths smooth, villous or bearded at the summit ; blades flat or convolute, 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spikelets 1-5, terminal, 15-25 mm. long, usually purplish ; pedicels slender, spreading, minute- ly hirsute ; empty glumes equaling the spikelet ; flowers usually 7; flowering glume about 8 mm. long, hairy on the callus and margins below the middle, teeth about 2 mm. long; awn about equaling the glume, scabrous. In dry usually stony ground. Newhall, Davidson. Chlorideae 41 Tribe 6. CHLORIDEAE. FINGER-GRASS TRIBE. Spikelets 1-several-flowered in 1-sided spikes or racemes ; the racemes digitate or fasciculate, rarely soli- tary ; flowering glumes usually keeled, entire and un- armed or toothed and with 1-3 straight awns. Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, forming unilateral spikes, which are scat- tered along a common rachis. 24. SPABTINA. Spikes 2-6, digitate. 23. CYNODON. Spikes slender, alternating and more or less remote along a common axis. 25. LKPTOCBLOA. 23. CYNODON Pers. BERMUDA-GRASS. Perennial mostly from running rootstocks, with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikes digitate, slender. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Glumes 3 ; the 2 outer empty, keeled ; the third broader membranous, compressed. Palea a little shorter than the flowering glume, hyaline 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. 1.0. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Culms 1-3 dm. high, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons, smooth; sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons; ligule pilose; leaves 25-50 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, 12-25 mm. long, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; empty glumes hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, about % as long as the broad and strongly compressed third one. Common along irrigation ditches and roadsides. Native of Europe. Commonly called Bermuda Grass and extensively used for lawns. 24. SPABTINA Schreb. CORD-GRASS. Perennial glabrous grasses with long horizontal root- stocks, flat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of 1-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered narrow deciduous, borne in 2 rows on the rachis, 42 Chlorideae articulated on very short pedicels below the glumes. Glumes 3 ; the outer 2 empty keeled very unequal, the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equaling or shorter than the second. Palea often larger than its glume, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated ; stig- mas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. 1. S. glabra Muhl. Culms simple, stout, 6-15 dm. high; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones crowded; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, usually flat, tapering to a long involute tip, smooth; panicles 2-4 dm. long, strict; spikes 5-15 cm. long; spikelets crowded, 10-14 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous or sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first 6-8 mm., the second 10-14 mm. long; flowering glume 8-10 mm. long; palea slightly exceeding the glume. Occasional in the salt marshes along the coast. Wilmington. 2. S. foliosa Trin. Culms erect, 6-8 dm. high, stout; sheaths smooth, crowded at least above; leaves 2-3 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, smooth, tapering to a long involute tip; panicle 10-15 cm. long, nearly cylindric; spikes 2-5 cm. long, appressed ; spikelets crowded, 12-14 mm. long, glabrous or the empty glumes usually stoutly ciliate on the keels ; the first empty glume narrow, 7-8 mm., the second 12-14 mm. long; flowering glume 10-12 min. long, slightly shorter .than the palea. This has been found at San Diego and may occur within our limits. It is easily recognized by its dense spike-like inflorescence and leafy culms. 25. LiEPTOCHliOA Beauv. Mostly rather tall annual grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets 2— many-flowered, flattened, alternating in 2 rows on one side of the rachis. Glumes 4-many, the 2 lower empty, keeled, 3-nerved. Palea 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palea. 1. !L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. Culms 3-9 dm. high, erect, branched, smooth; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule short, lacerate-toothed ; leaves 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes numerous, slender, rigid, ascend- Festuceae 43 ing or sometimes spreading, the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, about 2 mm. long; empty glumes shorter than the spikelets, acute, 1-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keel ; flowering glumes 2-toothed at the apex, ciliate on the nerves. Common in the San Joaquin Valley and at Imperial along irrigating canals. Known within our limits only from near Santa Monica, Davidson. Tribe 7. FESTUCEAE. FESCUE TRIBE. Spikelets 2-mnny-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedicellate in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes dense and spike-like. Flowering glumes usually larger than the empty glumes, awnless or with 1-several straight, rarely bent, awns, which are either terminal or borne just below the apex. Spikelets of 2 kinds in the same inflorescence, hermaphrodite and sterile. Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, awnless. 32. CYNOSURUS. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, long awned. 33. LAMABCKIA. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. Plants dioecious, saline or maritime. Spikelets solitary, concealed in the axils of the crowded short and rigid leaves. 26. MONANTHOCHLOE. Spikelets in exserted spike-like panicles. 30 DISTICHLIS. Plants not dioecious. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved or nerveless. Annual; inflorescence a lax panicle. 27. ERAGROSTIS. Perennial; inflorescence a spike-like panicle. 28. KOELERIA. Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Nerves of the flowering glumes prominent. 29. MELICA. Nerves of the flowering glumes obscure or manifest only near the apex. Flowering glumes obtuse and awnless. 34. POA. Flowering glumes acute, often awned. Flowering glumes entire, acute or awned from the apex. 35. FESTUCA. Flowering glumes usually awned just below the entire or 2-toothed apex. 36. BROMUS. Flowering glumes compressed or keeled. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the ends of the few panicled branches. 31. DACTYLIS. Spikelets 1-2 cm. long; glumes short-awned. 36. BROMUS. Spikelets smaller; glumes awnless. 34. POA 44 Festuceae 26. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. A creeping or stoloniferous grass with stout rigid crowded leaves. Spikelets 2-3-flowered unisexual some- what unlike usually sessile in 4's and concealed within the leaf fascicles, the upper floral leaves becoming smaller at .length reduced to sheaths and resembling the outer glumes. Flowering glumes membranous rigid obtuse or denticulate. Palea 2-nerved included within the flower- ing glume. Stamens in the staminate plants 3. Styles in the pistillate plants distinct, elongated ; stigmas bar- bellate. Grain free, included within the glume and palea. 1. M. littoralis Engelm. Culms firm, creeping or ascending; leaves crowded, subulate, usually about 1 cm. long, conduplicate ; flowering glumes 9-12-nerved. Occasional on salt marshes along the coast. San Pedro; San Diego. ARUNDO DONAX L. (GIANT-REED.) A tall reed-like grass with hollow culms, broad flat leaves and ample terminal panicles. In- troduced from southern Europe and cultivated for ornament, sometimes found as an escape. GYNERIUM ARGENTIUM Nees. (PAMPAS-GRASS.) Tall reed-like grass with solid culms, long narrow leaves and large showy plu- mose panicles. Introduced from South America and cultivated for ornament. 27. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and con- tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2— many-flowered, more or less flattened. Glumes 4-many ; the 2 outer empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved or the second 3-nerved ; flowering glumes mem- branous, keeled, 3-nerved. Palea shorter than the glumes, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually per- sisting on the rachilla after the glume has fallen. Sta- Fescue Tribe 45 mens 2-3. Styles distinct, short. Grain free, loosely en- closed in the glume and palea. 1. E. major Host. Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect or decumbent at base, usually branched, smooth; sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes, sparingly pilose at the throat, otherwise smooth ; blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascend- ing, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-15 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, flat; empty glumes obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, lateral nerves prominent. Along ditches and streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana. 2. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Annual, 4-5 dm. high, somewhat tuft- ed, smooth; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; leaves flat, 8-15 cm. long, smooth ; panicle spreading, 15-30 cm. long ; rays decompound, smooth or slightly bearded in the axils; spikelets on pedicels 4-8 mm. long, narrowly linear, 5-8 mm. long, 7-20- flowered, dark lead color or purplish; empty glumes lanceolate, first 1.5 mm. long, second 2 mm. long, flowering glume ovate, 1.5-1.8 mm. long; palea about equaling its glume, scaberulouson the keel; grain 1 mm. long. (E. Orcuttiana Vasey.) Occasional along irrigating ditches about San Bernardino and Santa Ana. 28. KOELEBIA Pers. Tufted annual or perennial grasses with flat or setace- ous leaves and mostly spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2- 5-flowered. The 2 outer glumes empty, narrow, unequal, acute, keeled, scarious on the margins ; flowering glumes 3-5-nerved. Palea hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea. 1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial; culms erect, tufted, 3-7 dm. high; sheaths smooth, equaling or shorter than the inter- nodes; basal leaves %~/4 as l°ng as the culms, culm leaves 2-4, 6-12 cm. long, all glabrous; panicle spike-like, somewhat lobed and interrupted, 5-12 cm. long ; axis and branches soft-pubescent ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 4-5 mm. long ; first glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, second 3-4 mm. long; flowering glume equaling the second empty one. Common on grassy hills. 46 Festuceae 2. K. cristata pinetorum. Closely resembling the type in habit and floral characters, but the sheaths and leaves soft-pubes- cent. (K. cristata pubescens Vasey, not of Beauv.) Occasional in open pine forests. Wilson's Peak; San Bernardino Moun- tains; San Jacinto Mountains. 29. MEL.ICA L. MELIC-GRASS. Perennial often tufted grasses with usually flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 1-several- flowered, often secund. The rachilla extended beyond the flowers and generally bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded glumes, convolute around each other. Two outer glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved ; flowering glumes larger, rounded on the back, 7-13-nerved, some- times bearing an awn, the margins more or less scari- ous. Palea broad, shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the palea and glume. 1. M. imperfecta Trin. Culms slender, somewhat tufted, 3-10 dm. high; sheaths exceeding the internodes; blades 6-7, flat or becoming involute, usually glabrous or more or less scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches in remote clusters, unequal, the longer 5-7 cm. long; spikelets scabrid 1-flowered, with an imperfect flower or rarely 2-flowered: empty glumes ovate or nearly so, the first about 3 mm. long, 3-nerved, second slightly longer, 5-nerved; flowering glume about 4 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved, often purplish; palea nearly as long as its glume. Common on grassy slopes on the mesas and grassy hills. March-May. 2. M. imperfecta flexuosa Boland. Much resembling the type in habit and foliage, but the branches of the panicle few- flowered, generally in pairs, often reflexed; spikelets larger, acuter, paler and more coriaceous. Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson. 3. M. imperfecta minor Scribn. Usually densely tufted ; culms compressed or angular; leaves mostly basal ; branches of Fescue Tribe 47 the panicles short, divergent or reflexed ; spikelets smaller than in the species ; the outer glumes shorter and more obtuse. San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park. 4. M. imperfecta refracta Thurb. Densely velvety-pubescent throughout; panicle slender, flexuous, its branches few, distant, strongly refracted ; spikelets very acute. Santa Monica, Davidson. 30. DISTICHLIS Raf. SALT-GRASS. Dioecious grasses of saline or maritime habit with rigid culms, creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened more on the staminate plants than on the pistillate. Two outer glumes ejnpty, narrow, keeled, acute ; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, many-nerved, acute, rigid ; palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea. 1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. (SALT-GRASS.) Culms rather stout, from creeping scaly rootstocks, rigid, erect, 1-5 dm. high; sheaths numerous, glabrous, bearded at the throat; blades pale green, 3-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide at base, spreading, rigid, margins minutely ciliate ; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm. long, its branches ap- pressed ; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, keeled; empty glumes obtuse, first 2-3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; flowering glume ot sterile spikelets 3-5 mm. long, of fertile spikelets 5-6 mm. long. Very common in low subsaline places along the coast and in our interior valleys. 31. DACTYLIS L. ORCHARD-GRASS. A tall perennial grass with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, short pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters. Flowers perfect or the upper staminate. The 2 outer empty glumes thin membran- ous, unequal, keeled, mucronate ; flowering glumes larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the mid- nerve extended into a point or short awn. Palea shorter 48 Festuceae than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea. 1. D. glomerata L. Culms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, erect, simple, smooth ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough; ligule 2-4 mm. long; blades 7-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 7-18 cm. long, its branches spreading or as- cending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 25-60 mm. long; spike- lets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes 1-3- nerved, the first shorter than the second; flowering glumes 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short awned, ciliate on the keel. Occasional in yards about Los Angeles. 32. CYNOSUBUS L. Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets consisting of narrow empty glumes with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader glumes with articulate rachilla, and subtending perfect flowers. The 2 outer glumes broad, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short awned ; upper glumes narrower, usually empty. Glumes of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, linear-subulate; 1-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Grain finally adherent to the palea. 1. C. cristatus L. Perennial; culms tufted, erect, slender, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; blades of the culm flat, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide ; spike near- ly cylindric, oblong or linear, 3-10 cm. long; the clusters of spike- lets all turned to one side, the empty ones forming involucres to each cluster. On lawns, rarely seen. Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of Europe. 33. LAMABCKIA Moench. A low annual grass with flat leaves and showy 1-sided panicles of crowded fasciculate spikelets, the fertile spikelets nearly enclosed by the numerous sterile ones. The terminal spikelet of each fascicle fertile, the others Fescue Tribe 49 (1-3) linear and consisting of many distichously imbri- cated obtuse empty glumes. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, with rachilla prolonged into a slender stipe and bearing a small empty awned glume or reduced to an awn. Empty glumes 2, 1-nerved, acuminate or short-awned, slightly unequal; flowering glume broader, 1-nerved, bearing a slender awn just below the apex. Palea nar- row, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct ; stig- mas barbellate. 1. L. aurea (L.) Moench. (GOLDEN-TOP.) Annual; culms tufted, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths smooth; blades 5-8 mm. wide; panicle linear or oval, 5-8 cm. long; empty glumes of the fertile spikelets narrow, keeled, 4-4.5 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm. long, oval, bearing a dorsal awn a little below the apex, 6-9 mm. long. Common on grassy plains and hills. Native of southern Europe. 34. POA L. MEADOW-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-6- flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Glumes membran- ous, keeled ; the 2 lower empty, 1— 3-nerved ; the flower- ing glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved, the mar- ginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one. Palea a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free or sometimes adherent to the palea. * Annuals. 1. P. annua L. Annual; culms weak, compressed, 5-30 cm. long, decumbent ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades of the sterile shoots Mt~% as l°ng as the culms ; culm leaves 3, flat; panicle subsecund, ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, its branches usually in pairs, the longest 2.5 cm. long, bearing spikelets above the middle; spikelets nearly 50 Festuceae sessile, 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; empty glumes compressed, about 2.5 mm. long; flowering glume ovate, smooth, erose at apex, 2.8-3.1 mm. long, with soft hairs on the keel and lower part of the lateral nerves; palea 2.5-2.8 mm. long, ciliate or pubescent on the keels. Common in moist places in all our valleys. Native of Europe. 2. P. infirma H. B. K. Annual; culms slender, spreading, 1-2 dm. long; sheaths compressed, loose; ligule 2 mm. long; leaves smooth; panicle ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, its branches mostly in pairs bearing 2-5 spikelets above; spikelets subsessile, oblong, 2-4- flowered, 3-4 mm. long; empty glumes scarious on the tips and margins, the second larger than the first, 2-2.2 mm. long; flower- ing glume broadly oval, about 3 mm. long, scarious toward the apex and on the margins, ciliate on the keels and margins below ; palea nearly equaling the glume, ciliate on the keels. In moist rather shady places. Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek. ** Perennials. 3. P. pratensis L. (KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS.) Perennial; culms terete, glabrous, from running rootstocks, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths smooth ; ligule truncate, 1.5 mm. long ; leaves of the ster- ile shoots flat, abruptly concave-pointed, those of the culms 3, smooth or scabrous; panicle usually rather open pyramidal, its branches in half whorls of 3-6, densely flowered on tiie upper half; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 4-7 mm. long; empty glumes acute, scabrous on the keels, first 2.5-3 mm. long, second 3-3.5 mm. long; flowering glume webbed at the base, scabrous toward the apex, pubescent on the marginal nerves and on the keel below; palea linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous on the keels. Frequent in lawns and occasional in mountain -meadows. Bear Valley; Cuyamaca. 4. P. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Perennial; culms tufted, 3-7 dm. high, usually dioecious; leaves of sterile shoots usually flat, 6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, culm leaves 2-3, conduplicate, 1-10 cm. long; ligule 3-5 mm. long; panicle spike-like, 8-12 cm. long, its branches in 2's or 3's, flower-bearing on the upper half; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flattish, often tinged with purple, 3-7- flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, compressed, 4-5 mm. Fescue Tribe 51 long; flowering glume oblong, 4-5 mm. long, often denticulate at the apex, scabrous; palea lanceolate, scabrous, shorter than or equaling its glume. Frequent on dry open hillsides in the chaparral belt. 5. P. scabrella (Thurb.) Vasey. Perennial; culrns slender, 4-7 dm. high, scabrid ; leaves of the sterile shoots flat or con- duplicate, 12-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, those of the culm 2-3, £-7 cm. long; ligule 5-12 mm. long; panicle rather open, 12-15 cm. long, its branches in pairs, the longest 5-7 cm. long; spikelet flower-bearing at least above the middle; spikelets 5-6 mm. long, 3-5-flowered ; first empty glume 2.5 mm., the second 3 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm. long, rough, hairy on the lower part of the nerves, apex denticulate; palea slightly shorter. Occasional in the canyons of our coast mountains. Pasadena, Davidson; Santa Monica Mountains. 35. FESTUCA L. FESCUE-GRASS. Mostly tufted perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-several- flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty, more or less un- equal, acute, keeled ; flowering glumes membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute and often awned at the apex. Palea scarcely shorter than the glume. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, dis- tinct. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the glume or palea. 1. F. microstachys (Munro) Nutt. Annual; culms slender, erect, tufted, 1-4 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or pubescent; ligule 0.5 mm. long or less; culm-leaves 2-4, erect, 3-8 cm. long, very narrow; panicle 3-10 cm. long, its branches secund, divergent, remote, the longec 3-5 cm. long; spikelets remote, 5-10 mm. long, 1-5-flowered; empty glumes awnless, scabrous or glabrous, the first 3 mm., the second 5 mm. long; flowering glume 3-4 mm. long, scabrous; awn slender, 6-8 mm. long. Occasional in the chaparral belt and in our dry interior valleys. 52 Festuceae 2. F. microstachys Grayi. Spikelets or at least the flower- ing glumes more or less densely pubescent. Otherwise as in the type. (F. microstachys ciliata Gray.) Cuyamaca Mountains. Not known within our limits, but intermediate forms have been collected near San Bernardino. 3. F. Myuros L. Annual; culms slender, smooth, mostly erect, 2-5 dm. high ; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes; culm-leaves 3-5, erect, slender, 5-10 cm. long; panicle narrow, 7-25 cm. long; branches scabrous, erect, appressed ; spikelets 5-8- flowered, 8-10 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous, the first 2 mm. long or less, second involute, 4-6 mm. long; awn 5-8 mm. long; palea lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, nearly equaling its glume, with 2 short awns. Occasional in grassy places that have been pastured. Capistrano. Na- tive of Europe. 4. F. Myuros ciliata Coss. Empty glumes slightly more un- equal; flowering glumes, at least the uppermost, conspicuously ciliate above the middle. Common on mesas and grassy hillsides, and along streets and waste places. Native of southern Europe. 5. F. octoflora Walt. Annual; culms usually tufted, 15-30 cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; culm- leaves 2-5, erect, slender, 3-6 cm. long ; panicle simple erect, 5-10 cm. long, rather narrow; spikelets oval, 6-10 mm. long, 7-13- flowered; empty glumes involute, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; flowering glume involute, acuminate, scabrous 3-4 mm. long; awn 1-7 mm. long; palea lanceolate, scarcely as long as the glume ; stamens 2. Frequent throughout the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains. 36. BROMTJS L. BROME-GBASS. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter- minal panicles thickened at the summit. Spikelets few- many-flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty, unequal, acute ; flowering glumes rounded on the back or some- times compressed and keeled below the summit. Palea shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens generally 3. Stigmas sessile, inserted below a hairy cushion at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palea. Fescue Tribe 53 * Awns very slender, usually twisted or bent. 1. B. hordeaceus L. Annual; culms erect, 2-8 dm. high, usually pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft pilose- pubescent; ligule 1.5-2 mm. long laciniate; leaves linear, pilose- pubescent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; pan- icle contracted, 5-14 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide; spikelets 5-13- flowered, 12-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, be- coming obtuse; empty glumes coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubes- cent, the lower 3-5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, the upper 5-7-nerved, 7-8 mm. long; flowering glume 8-9 mm. long, coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent; awn rather stout, rough, straight or some- times becoming twisted, 6-9 mm. long. (B. mollis L.) Frequent in our coast valleys along roadsides. Native of southern Europe. 2. B. secalinus L. Annual; culms 3-7 dm. high, smooth throughout or somewhat pubescent on the nodes ; sheaths smooth or sometimes sparsely pilose-pubescent; leaves 1-2 dm. long, coarsely and sparsely pubescent above, smooth beneath ; panicle 8-18 cm. long, erect, the upper part drooping in fruit; spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, 10-18 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide in fruit; empty glumes smooth, obtuse, the first 4-6 mm. long, 3-5-nerved, the second broader, 6-7 mm. long, 7-nerved ; flowering glume 7- nerved, 6-8 mm. long, elliptic, obtuse, smooth or scabrous; awn undulate, 3-5 mm. long; palea equaling the glume. Los Angeles River, Davidson. 3. B. Trinii Desv. Annual ; culms 3-6 dm. high, often branched above, smooth or pubescent at the nodes ; sheaths pilose-pubescent or nearly smooth; leaves 6-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually pilose-pubescent throughout or nearly smooth; panicle rather crowded and narrow, suberect, 8-20 cm. long; branches slender ascending; spikelets lanceolate, 5-7-flowered, 1.5-2 cm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the first 1-nerved, 8-11 mm. long, the second broader, 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long; flowering glume coarsely and rather sparsely pubescent, 5-nerv- ed, 12-15 mm. long, acuminate, with 2 narrow teeth 2-3 mm. long; awn 15-20 mm. long, twisted below, bent below the mid- dle. (Trisetum barbatum Steud.) Occasional in the foothills and in the dry interior valleys. Pasadena; Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino; San Diego. 54 Festuceae 4. B. Trinii pallidiflorus Desv. A more robust and larger plant, 6-12 dm. high; sheaths pilose-pubescent; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, smooth or somewhat sparsely pilose-pubescent; panicle more elongated, mostly 2-4 dm. long; branches mostly 6-12 at the lower whorls, weak and spreading. Same range as the last and apparently more common. ** Awns stout, straight. •*- Awns over 1 cm. long. 5. B. Madritensis L. Annual; culms 3-7 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth or the lower sparsely pubescent; ligule about 2 mm. long; leaves linear, puberulent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle erect, 5-12 cm. long, lower branches 2-4, 1-3 cm. long, unequal, spreading in flower, slender; spikelets 3-4 cm. long, nearly smooth or scabrous-puberulent, 7-11-flower- ed; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, 9-12 mm. long, the second 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long; flowering glume linear-lanceolate, 15-18 mm. long, glabrous or scabrous; awn stout, tapering, rough, somewhat curved, 16-22 mm. long; palea pectinate-ciliate on the keels, equaling the insertion of the awn. Santa Ana Mountains, on the Santiago Peak trail, altitude 3000 feet. 6. B. maximus Gussoni Parl. Annual; culms erect or as- cending, 4-7 dm. high, smooth; sheaths pilose-pubescent; ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, pilose on both sides; panicle somewhat drooping, secund, lax, 1-2 dm. long; lower branches 2-4, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 5-7-flowered, 3.5-5 cm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the first 15-20 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second broader, 25-30 mm. long, 3-nerved; flowering glume 5-nerved, 25-30 mm. long, strongly scabrous, 2-toothed, teeth hyaline, 3-4 mm. long; awn stout, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, rough; palea somewhat shorter than its glume. Common along streets and in waste places. 7. B. rubens L. Annual; culms about 2-5 dm. high, erect, puberulent above; sheaths pubescent; ligule 1-2 mm. long, leaves 3-15 cm. long, pubescent on both sides; panicle erect, compact, usually purplish, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; empty glumes acuminate, pubescent or scabrous, the first narrow, 1-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, the second 3-nerved, 10-12 mm. long; flowering glume 13-16 mm. long, lanceolate, Fescue Tribe 55 acute, 5-nerved, scabrous or appressed scabrous-pubescent, teeth 4-5 mm. long; awn 18-21 mm. long; palea long ciliate-pectinate on the keels. Common in sandy soils along the coast and in our interior valleys. Port Ballona; Fullerton; Capistrano; San Bernardino. -«- -*-Awns less than 1 cm. long. 8. B. Richardson! Link. Perennial; culms 6-13 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths smooth below or sparsely pilose, pilose at the throat; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, usually scabrous above and glabrous be- neath; panicle drooping, 15-25 cm. long; spikelets drooping, terete, acuminate, becoming oblong-larrteolate and compressed, 2-3 cm. long, 6-11-flowered; empty glumes smooth, the first acut- ish, 8-10 mm. long, the second 9-12 mm. long; flowering glume obtuse, 7-nerved, 12-15 mm. long, appressed ciliate-pubescent nearly to the apex; awn straight, 3-5 mm. long; palea slightly shorter than its glume. Frequent on wooded slopes and in canyons in all our mountains and foot- hills. 9. B. Orcuttianus Vasey. Perennial; culms erect, 8-12 dm. high, puberulent near the nodes, leafy below; sheaths glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubescent ; ligule 1-2 mm. long ; leaves smooth, broadly linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle erect or nearly so, 10-15 cm. long, its branches few, widely divar- icate in fruit and rather rigid; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, on short, stout pedicels, terete, acuminate, 5-9-flowered ; empty glumes smooth or scabrous, the first acute, 6-8 mm. long; the second broader, obtuse, 3-nerved, 8-10 mm. long; flowering glume 10-12 mm. long, obtuse, scabrous to scabrous-pubescent, 5-7-nerved, apex emarginate; awn about 5-7 mm. long; palea about equaling its glume. Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, in the upper altitudes of the chaparral belt. 10. B. unioloides (Willd.) H. B. K. Annual ; culms 5-10 dm. high, smooth; sheaths usually pilose-pubescent, sometimes smooth; ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, scabrous on both sides or sparingly pilose-pubescent; panicle erect or nearly so, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, its lower branches 2-4, short or on larger plants spreading or somewhat drooping; spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. broad, 7-11-flowered ; empty glumes broad, subacute, smooth 56 Festuceae or faintly scabrous, the first usually 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, the second 7-nerved, 10-13 mm. long; flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous, more or less scabrous, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, 13-16 mm. long; awn rarely exceeding 2 mm. in length; palea K~% the length of its glume. Occasional along streets and irrigating ditches about Los Angeles. Fruitland. 11. B. unioloides Haenkeanus (Presl) Shear. Smaller than the type, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths retrorsely pilose; leaves linear, narrow, retrorsely pilose-pubescent on both sides ; panicle erect, 5-10 cm. long. Reported from Mentone, Leiberg. 12. B. marginatus Nees. Perennial; culms 6-12 dm. high, mostly puberulent to pubescent ; sheaths pilose-pubescent ; ligule 3-3.5 mm. long; leaves rather sparsely pilose-pubescent through- out and scabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle erect, 1-2 dm. long, its lower branches 2-4, erect or spreading in flower, unequal, the lowest about 7 cm. long and bearing 2 spike- lets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, laterally compressed, 7-9-flowered, erect or ascending; empty glumes scabrous to scabrous-pubescent, the first subacute, 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second 5-7-nerved, 9-11 mm. long; flowering glume coarsely pubescent, acute, 11-14 mm. long, mostly 7-nerved, teeth very short, subacute ; awn 4-7 mm. long; palea ciliate-pectinate on the keels, equaling its glume or nearly so. Frequent in all our mountains in the pine belt and in the upper portions of the chaparral belt on wooded slopes. 13. B. carinatus H. & A. Annual or biennial; culm 5-8 dm. high, slightly pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft pilose ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; leaves flat, mostly narrow, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sparsely pilose on both sides; panicle rather lax, 1-2.5 dm. long, lower branches 3, spreading or drooping; spikelets compressed, 2.5-3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, 5-9-flowered ; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous- pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second 5-7-nerved, 9-10 mm. long; flowering glume puberulent or short pubescent, 7-nerved, 13-16 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at apex and tapering into an awn 7-10 mm. long; palea nearly equaling its glume, ciliate-pectinate on the keels. Rather common in grassy places in the lower hills and valleys. Verdugo Hills ; Inglewood ; San Bernardino. Hordeae 57 14. B. carinatus Californicus (Nutt.) Shear. Sheaths and blades nearly smooth ; flowering glumes merely scabrous, other- wise as in the type. Occasional in the coast valleys. Ballona Creek near Mesmer. Tribe 8. HORDEAE. BARLEY TRIBE. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike. Glumes awned or awnless. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis. Spikes very slender; spikelets 1-2-flowered. 38. LEPTDRUS. Spikes stout; spikelets usually 2- (or more) flowered. Spikelets placed with one edge against the rachis. 37. LOLJUM. Spikelets placed with one side against the rachis. 39. AGROPYRON. Spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis. 40. HORDEUM. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the rachis. Axis of the spike continuous ; empty glumes entire. 41. ELYMUS. Axis of the spike articulate; empty glumes usually 2-many-cleft. 42. SlTANION. 37. LOLIUM L. DARNEL or RAY-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses, with simple erect culms, flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several- flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rigid, the first in the lateral and the 2 lower in the terminal spikelets empty ; flowering glumes rounded on the back, 5-7-flowered. Palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct, very short ; stigmas 2. Grain adherent to the palea. 1. L. perenne L. (ENGLISH RAY-GRASS.) Perennial; culms 3-6 dm. high, erect or commonly geniculate at the base, smooth; sheaths smooth; leaves scabrid on the edges and upper side; spike 1-3 dm. long, bearing 6-10 spikelets; rachis smooth, chan- neled; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, smooth, shining, 7-11-flowered ; empty glumes strongly ribbed, much shorter than the spikelet; 58 Hordeae flowering glume linear-oblong, terete, obtuse to shortly awned, ribbed. Occasional in moist places along irrigating ditches and in low ground. Flowering the year round. 2. L. perenne multiflorum (Lam.) Auct. Annual or biennial ; spikes often purplish, somewhat curved ; spikelets 15-30-flowered ; flowering glumes usually with a short, slender awn. In similar locations and apparently more common than the type. 3. L, temulentum L. (DARNEL.) Annual; culms rather stout, 3-8 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths smooth, usually somewhat exceed- ing the nodes; spikes stout, with 9-15 spikelets; spikelets 5-7- flowered ; empty glumes not ribbed, equaling or usually exceeding the spikelets; flowering glume turgid, awnless or commonly with a straight awn 2 cm. long or less. Occasional along roadsides and in grain fields. 38. LEPTUBUS R. Br. HARD-GRASS. Mostly low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated slender spikes ; spikelets 1-2- flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the jointed rachis. Empty glumes 1-2, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved ; flowering glumes much shorter, hyaline, keeled, 1-sided to the rachis. Palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Sta- mens 3 or less. Styles short, distinct. Grain narrow glabrous free, enclosed in the glume. 1. L. cylindricus Trin. Culms slender, erect, straight, 2-4 dm. high, somewhat tufted, simple or commonly branched, smooth; sheaths smooth, much shorter than the internodes; leaves ascending, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-8 cm. long, smooth; spike green, 5-15 cm. long, straight; empty glume very acute, about 4 mm. long. Occasional on borders of salt marshes toward the coast. Mesmer; Wil- mington; Oceans ide. 2. L. incurvatus (L.) Trin. Culms much branched, internodes more or less curved, more or less purplish throughout; spikes numerous, incurved ; empty glumes 2, about 6 mm. long, narrow, acute. Not known within our limits, but it occurs on the salt marshes at San Diego and about San Francisco. Barley Tribe 59 39. AGBOPYRON J. Gaertn. WHEAT-GRASS. Annual or perennial uTasses with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 3— many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at eaeli notch of the rachis, the sides of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. The lower glumes empty, narrower and usually shorter than the flowering glumes, acute or awned ; flowering glumes rijrid, rounded on the hack, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex. Palea 2-keeled, the keels often eiliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palea. 1. A. Parishii Scribn. & Smith. Culms 5-10 dm. high, smooth, retrorsely pubescent on the nodes; sheaths pubescent below, sparingly eiliate on the margins, the lower shorter, the upper longer than the internodes; leaves smooth below, scabrous above and on the margins, the lower 1-2 dm. long, the uppermost 2.5-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide at the somewhat constricted base, linear attenuate ; spike composed of 8-12 compressed oblanceolate spike- lets; spikelets 5-7-flowered, 16-20 mm. long, shorter than the internodes of the rachis, these scabrous on the margins ; empty glumes % as long as the spikelet, nearly equal, linear, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering glume lanceolate, acute, 9-11 mm. long, 5-nerved and scabrous above, minutely 3-toothed, awnless or awned; awn straight, slender, 6-8 mm. long; palea equaling its glume, acute or obtuse. Occasional in the San Bernardino Mountains. First collected in Water- man's Canyon by S. B. Parish. 2. A. Parishii laeve Scribn. & Smith. Habit of the type, but nodes and sheaths glabrous; awns equaling or exceeding the glumes in length. Ballona Creek, near Mesmer; Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino Mountains. First collected in the Cuyamaca Mountains by Palmer. 40. HOBDEUM L. BARLEY-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter- minal cylindric spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short 6Q Hordeae stalked and imperfect ; rachilla produced beyond the flower. Empty glumes 2, all alike and subulate ; flowering glumes narrow lanceolate, rounded on the back, rigid, persistent, obscurely 5-nerved above, usually awned. Palea nearly equaling the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the glume, hairy at summit. 1. H. nodosum L. Perennial; culms erect, slender, 2-6 dm. high, sheaths glabrous; leaves often deflexed, flat, scabrous, 5-8 mm. wide; spike slender, compressed, usually nodding, 6-10 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide; rachis very brittle; lateral spikelets awn- less, staminate or neutral; flower of central spikelet sessile; empty glumes not flattened or dilated above the base, all alike and subulate; flowering glume including its awn 14-18 mm. long; awn usually brownish or purplish. Frequent in moist places in all our valleys. 2. H. uodosum depressum Scribn. & Smith. Lower and more tufted than the type; culms geniculate at the base or erect, 1-3 dm. high ; upper sheaths inflated ; leaves shorter than in the type, usually pubescent; empty glumes 18 mm. long; fertile flowering glume with an awn equaling its own length. Occasional in marshes along the coast. Resembling the next in habit. 3. H. maritimum L. Annual, rather glaucous ; culms more or less decumbent at base, tufted, 1-2 dm. high; spikes 2—4 cm. long, rather pale ; lateral spikelets neutral or sometimes stami- nate, their inner empty glumes obliquely lanceolate, 1 mm. wide; fertile flower sessile. Occasional along the coast. San Diego. 4. H. Gussoneanum Parl. Much resembling the last in habit, but the inner empty glumes only narrowly flattened instead of wing-margined along the inner side, 0.5 mm. wide. Occasional along the coast marshes. 5. H. murinum L. Annual ; culms tufted, decumbent at base, 2-5 dm. high; upper sheaths smooth, scarious on the margins, often dilated, the lower pilose; leaves softly pubescent and sca- brous; spikes stout, compressed, 5-10 cm. long; central spikelet pedicelled; empty glumes lanceolate, flat, ciliate; awns 18-24 mm. Barley Tribe 61 long; outer empty glumes of lateral spikelets similar, the inner awn-like and not ciliate; flowering glume about 12 mm. long, scabrous above; awn 2-5 cm. long; flowering glumes of the lat- eral spikelets smaller; awn 15-40 mm. long; palea ciliate on the keels. A very common and troublesome grass in all our valleys, especially in pastured land. Commonly called Fox-tail. 41. ELYMUS L. WILD RYE. Mostly erect rather tall grasses with flat leaves and closely flowered terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile, in 2's rarely in 3's or 4's at the alternate notches of the continuous or articu- late rachis ; rachilla articulate above the empty glumes and between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or awn-pointed, persistent, and subtending the flowers like an involucre ; flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, obscure- ly 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or awned from the apex. Palea a little shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Sta- mens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grains adherent to the glumes and palea, hairy at the summit. 1. E. condensatus Presl. Culms stout, from stout creeping rootstocks, 10-25 dm. high ; sheaths smooth : ligule 2-4 mm. long ; leaves 3-5 dm. long, 25 mm. wide or less at the base, long acuminate, smooth or nearly so toward the base, becoming sca- brous toward the apex, flat, the edges somewhat involute above; spike rather dense and ample or somewhat lobed, 2-5 dm. long, erect; spikelets imbricated in 2's or 3's or more, 4-5-flowered ; empty glumes subulate, scabrid, about 12 mm. long; flowering glumes scabrous below, 11 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 7-nerved; palea equaling the glume, scabrous and ciliate on the keels above. Frequent in canyons and in somewhat moist places on all the hills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains. 2. E. triticoides (Xutt.) Buckley. Culms rather slender, smooth and usually glaucous, from slender rootstocks, 6-10 dm. high; sheaths smooth; ligule a ciliate ring; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves above; 62 Hordeae spike 9-18 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide or less; rachis puberulent and with a narrow ciliate wing; spikelets in 2's or 3's, rather dis- tant below, crowded in the middle, often single above, 4-6-flower- ed; empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the nerves above; flowering glumes 6-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 9- nerved, glabrous; palea about equaling its glume, scabrous on the keels. Common in low ground, especially in the coast valleys. 3. E. Orcuttianus Vasey. Culms usually several from short rootstocks, 5-10 dm. high, slender, leafy; sheaths smooth; ligule a short ciliate ring; leaves erect, 15-25 cm. long, "3-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spike 10-15 cm. long, erect, loosely flowered; spikelets 2 or frequently only 1 at each joint, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, rigid, long- pointed, 8-12 mm. long; lower flowering glumes 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded and smooth on the back, scabrous at the apex, 5-nerved on the inside, the upper ones shorter and more scabrous; palea K-/-S shorter than its glume, ciliate on the keels. ' Elysian Park, Davidson; near San Diego, Orcutt. Closely related to the preceding and possibly only a form of it. 4. E. glaucus Buckl. Culms erect and tufted, from stolonifer- ous rootstocks, 6-10 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths smooth or mi- nutely scabrid ; ligule about 0.5 mm. long, entire ; leaves flat, sca- brid on both sides, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest about 2 dm. long; spike linear, erect, 6-15 cm. long, 5—8 mm. wide; spikelets usual- ly in 2's, sometimes in 3's, 3-4-flowered ; empty glumes 8-12 mm. long; awn-pointed, scabrid on the 2-4 prominent nerves; flower- ing glumes scabrid above, 9-12 mm. long, tapering into a straight awn 7-14 mm. long; palea scabrid, 9-10 mm, long, emarginate; rachis scabrid on the margins. Frequent in open shady places in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt. San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. June-July. 42. SITANION Rafin. Csespitose perennials, with usually flat leaves and bearded spikes. Spikelets usually 2 (1-3) at each joint of the articulate rachis of the spike, 2-several-flowered. Barley Tribe 63 Empty glumes 2 or sometimes 3, many-parted from near the base or bifid or subulate and entire, awned ; flower- ing glumes terminating in a single awn or trifid or 3-awned. Palea as long as its glume, entire, bidentate or 2-awned. Stamens 3. Styles short. Grain adherent to its glume and palea, hairy at the summit. * Empty glumes deeply cleft into 3-11 or more sectaceous awns. l.S. jubatum Smith. Culms erect, 6-9 dm. high, smooth; lower sheaths hirsute, the upper minutely pubescent or sparsely hirsute, becoming smooth ; ligule 1 mm. long; leaves 10-18 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, strigose-pubescent throughout and sparsely hirsute above, midnerve prominent beneath ; spike 1-2 dm. long, densely flowered ; empty glumes 4, 3-many-parted from about the middle, the lobes setaceous, mostly 8-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-4- flowered, the second hermaphrodite, the other sterile or the upper staminate; flowering glume linear-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth below, sparsely scabrous above, 5-nerved, trifid at the apex, lateral lobes setaceous, the middle prolonged into a slender scabrous awn, 8-12 cm. long; internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm. long, glabrous. Ojai Valley, Hubby; Coldwater Canyon, San Antonio Mountains, growing under pines at about 7000 feet altitude. 2. S. multisetum Smith. Culms tufted, 3-5 dm. high, gla- brous or minutely strigose-pubescent ; sheaths scarious on the margins, strigose-pubescent and hirsute ; ligule very short ; leaves 5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, linear, pungently pointed, sparsely hirsute on the back, scabrous on the margins, hirsute and scabrous above ; spike erect, 5-8 cm. long, usually reddish ; usually only 1 spikelet at each joint fertile; empty glumes 3-rnany-parted nearly to the base; awns slender, scabrous, mostly 2-6 cm. long; lowest flowering glume of the sterile spikelet subulate, resembling the segments of the empty glumes; flowering glume of fertile spikelet 8-9 mm. long, smooth below, keeled and scabrous above, 3-awned, the middle awn 5-6 mm. long ; palea equaling its glume ; internodes of the rachis 4-5 mm. long, smooth, scabrous on the margins, compressed. Rather common on mesas and grassy hills. March-May. 64 Cyperaceae ** Some of the empty glumes bifid above the middle or all entire and subulate-setaceous. 3. S. Californicum Smith. Culms tufted, ascending, 1.5-2.5 dm. high, rather densely pubescent above; lower sheaths densely hirsute, the upper minutely puberulent ; ligule obsolete ; leaves 2-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins, densely puberulent on the back; spike rather loosely flowered, 5-8 cm. long ; lowest flower of one or both spikelets sterile ; empty glumes 4, entire, 3-5 cm. long ; flowering glume linear, 10-12 mm. long, finely scabrous, awn stout, about 4 cm. long; palea 2 mm. shorter than its glume, scabrous on the nerves below ; internodes of the rachis 4-5 mm. long, scabrous throughout. Rather common in open pine woods in the San Gabriel and San Bernar- dino Mountains. June-August. Another closely related species, S. glabrum Smith, is frequent in the San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains. It is read- ily distinguished by the glabrous culms and sheaths. 4. S. anomalum Smith. Culms erect, scarcely or not at all tufted, 5-6 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth or the lower sparsely hirsute, ciliate on the margins, shorter than the inter- nodes ; ligule 1 mm. long; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous throughout; spike rather loosely flowered, 1-1.5 dm. long, reddish; spikelets 4-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, entire, those of the lowest spikelets bifid above the middle with short awn 1-4 cm. long; flowering glumes 10 mm. long, linear- lanceolate, smooth below, scabrous above, 3-awned ; lateral awns 1-2 mm. long, the middle one erect 3-4.5 cm. long; palea shorter than its glume, scabrous on the margins. ? First collected near Pasadena by O. D. Allen. Ballona Creek, near Mesmer, and on the South Fork of the Santiago Creek, Santa Ana Mountains. Family 7. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY. Grass-like or rush-like annual or perennial herbs from fibrous roots or running rootstocks. Stems slender solid, triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, 1 or rarely 2 in the axil of each scale, and arranged in spikes. Spikes solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricat- Sedge Family 65 ed, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, com- posed of bristles or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more ; filaments slen- der or filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehis- cent. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or stipitate ; ovule 1, ana- tropous, erect ; style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or 2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular plano-convex or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. Flowers perfect. Scales 2-ranked. Spikelets flattened; perianth none. 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets scarcely flattened; perianth of 3-6 bristles. 5. SCHOENUS. Scales spirally imbricated. Styles not dilated at base. 2. SCIRPUS. Styles dilated at base. Spikelets solitary, terminal, bractless. 3. ET.EOCHARIS. Spikelets in umbels, involucrate. 4. FJMBRISTYLIS. Spikelets polygamous; scales spirally imbricated, only the terminal perfect. 6. CLADIUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; pistillate enclosed in a sac-like perigynium. 7. CAREX. 1. CYPERTJS L. GALINGALE. Annual or perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple, triangular, leafy near the base and with 1 or more in- volucrate leaves at the base of the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal. Spikelets flat or nearly terete, composed of few-many persist- ent or deciduous scales, these concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Styles 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the lenticular or 3-angled achene. 1. C. diandrus capitatus Britton. Stems tufted, slender, 1-4 dm. high; leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 1-2, elongated ; spikelets sessile in a capitate cluster, appearing some- 66 Cyperaoeae what lateral, 8-20 mm. long, linear or linear-oblong; scales with brown margins appressed, coriaceous, obtuse, shining; stamens generally 3 ; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted ; achene lenticular, oblong or oblong-ovate, somewhat pointed, dull. (C. diandrus castaneus of the Bot. Cal.) Occasional in moist sandy places on river bottoms. Los Angeles; San Bernardino. 2. C. laevigatus L. Perennial, with slender creeping rhizomes ; stems tufted, slender, 8-15 cm. high, terete, with 2-3 short brown sheaths at the base, the upper bearing a short, erect, subtriangu- lar leaf, otherwise naked ; involucre of usually 2 leaf-like bracts, 1 a continuation of the stem, erect, the other spreading, 3 cm. long or less ; umbel sessile, capitate, apparently lateral ; spikelets sessile, many-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, pale green; scales broad, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; rachis deeply pitted transversely; stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; achene broadly obovate, 12 mm. long. Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles and San Bernardino. 3. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems very slender, tufted, 3-15 cm. high ; leaves 2 mm. wide or less, nearly equaling the stems, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel ; umbel sessile, usually capitate; spikelets linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, 6-10-flowered ; scales pale brown, lanceolate, firm, tapering into a long recurved awn ; stamen 1 ; style 3-cleft ; rachis narrowly winged, the wings persistent ; achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. (C. aristatus Boeckl.) In moist sandy soil. Laguna, San Joaquin Hills, Orange County; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. 4. C. esculentus L. Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bear- ing rootstocks; stems rather stout, 3-6 dm. high; leaves light green, 4-8 mm. wide, usually longer than the stem, with promi- nent mid vein, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much exceed- ing the umbel; umbel 4-10-rayed, usually compound ; spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-colored or yellowish brown, spreading, 12-24 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. Frequent in river bottoms about Los Angeles, Santa Ana and San Ber- nardino. 5. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems tufted, usually rather stout, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves 3-8 mm. wide, equaling or ex- Sedge Family 67 ceeding the stem, rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-7, the longer much exceeding the umbel ; umbel mostly compound ; spikelets linear, subacute, 6-20 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, many-flowered, clustered in oblong nearly or quite sessile spikes ; scales chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate; rachis with membranous wings separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, half as long as the scale. Reported from Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, and Baldwin's Ranch by McClatchie. 2. SCIBPUS L. BULRUSH. Annual or perennial often rush-like sedges with leafy stems or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or umbellate, usually subtended by a 1-several-leaved in- volucre. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile or the lowest sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Peri- anth of 1-6 bristles or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-3. Styles 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly decid- uous from the achene or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. * Roots fibrous. 1. S. cernuus Vahl. Stems tufted from fibrous roots, slender, 5-20 cm. high, sheathed at base; upper sheath bearing a short slender leaf; involucral bract slender, 2-20 mm. long; spikelet solitary, ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long; scales brownish with a pale midvein, concave; bristles none; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled-obovoid, the sides convex, smooth or somewhat granular, dark brown, scarcely 1 mm. long. (S. riparius Spreng.) Occasional on river bottoms 'about Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. Re- sembling E< arts in habit. ** Perennials from rootstocks. •*- Inflorescence apparently lateral. 2. S. Americanus Pers. Perennial by long rootstocks; stems sharply 3-angled, with concave sides, erect, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves 68 Cyperaceae 1-3, narrowly linear, shorter than the stem, keeled; involucral bract solitary, leaf-like, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if lateral, sessile in capitate clusters of 1-7, acute, 8-16 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft, the midvein extended into a subulate awn, the margins scarious, ciliate or glabrous; bristles 2-6, retrorsely barbed, shorter than or equaling the achene; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. (S. pungens Vahl.) Occasional on river bottoms about Los Angeles; Santa Ana; San Diego. April-July. 3. S. Olneyi Gray. Perennial by long stout rootstocks ; stems stout, 6-25 dm. high; sharply 3-angled with concave sides; leaves 1-3, 3-12 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; involucral bract stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if lateral, capitate in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or obovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly shorter than or equaling the achene, retrorsely barbed; stamens 3; styles 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, b:own, mucronate. Common in marshes and along running steams throughout our ra/ige. June-September. 4. S. lacustris occidentalis Wats. Stems stout from creeping rootstocks, terete or rarely obscurely 3-sided, 1-3 m. high, leafless or the basal sheaths bearing a short nearly terete leaf; involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence; spikelets numer- ous, scattered or more or less clustered in an irregularly com- pound umbel, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, usually pubescent; bristles 6, equaling or longer than the achene, slender, retrorsely barbed; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, abruptly mucronate, grayish. - Common along streams and marshes. This and the next are commonly called "Tule." June-September. 5. S. Californicus (C. A. Myer) Britton. Much resembling the last in habit and size ; stems obtusely 3-angled ; involucral bract very short, stoutly subulate ; umbel compound ; spikelets 6-10 mm. long, oblong; scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed by the excurrent midvein; bristles shorter than the achene, rather stout, strongly ciliate at least below; style 2-cleft; achene obo- Sedge Family 69 vate, plano-convex, nearly white or brown, narrowed above into a short point, contracted at base, 1-1.25 mm. broad. (8. Tatora Kunth.) With the last and apparently more common. Typical forms are readily distinguished by the stouter and shorter strongly ciliate bristles, stouter filaments, and smaller achene tapering at the apex. Intermediate forms, apparently hybrids, are occasionally found. •«-•*- Inflorescence terminal; stem leafy. (>. S. robustus Pursh. Perennial by large rootstocks ; steins stout, sharply 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 6-15 dm. high; leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, smooth, 5-10 mm. wide, midvein prominent; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated, erect, sim- ilar to those of the stem, often 3 cm. long; spikelets in a dense, often compound terminal cluster of 6-20, ovoid-oblong, obtuse or eubacute, 16-24 mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad; scales ovate, brown, puberulent, lacerate or 2-toothed, midvein excurrent into an at length reflexed awn; bristles 1-6, shorter than the achenes, or none ; style 3-cleft ; achene compressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, 3 mm. long. (S. maritimus of the Bot. Gal., not of L.) Common in marshes, especially in somewhat saline places. June-October. 7. S. atrovirens Muhl. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems 3-angled, rather slender, leafy, 6-12 dm. high; leaves elongated, nodulose, rough on the margins, 6-12 mm. wide, 1-2 usually exceeding the inflorescence; involucral leaves usually several, unequal, the longer equaling or exceeding the rays ; um- bel 1-2-compound or rarely simple ; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, densely capitate in 6's-20's at the ends of the rays or raylets; scales greenish-browrn, oblong, acute, midvein excurrent ; bristles usually 6, retrorsely barbed above, naked below, about equaling the achene; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull. Marshes in Los Angeles and Glendale, Davidson. 8. S. microcarpus Presl. Perennial; stems 6-12 dm. high, rather stout; leaves rough-margined, exceeding the stem; the longer involucral leaves usually exceeding the inflorescence ; um- bel 1-2-compound; spikelets 3-25 together in capitate clusters at the ends of usually spreading raylets, ovoid-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 70 Cyperaceae acute; scales brown, with a green midvein, blunt or subacute; bristles 4, barbed nearly or quite to the base, somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; styles 2-cleft; achene oblong- obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed. Rather common in meadows and along streams in the pine belt of all the mountains. Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie. 3. ELEOCHARIS E. Br. SPIKE-RUSH. Annual or perennial herbs, with simple, usually terete stems, and leaves reduced to mere sheaths or the lower rarely bearing a blade. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated. Perianth of 1-12 usually retrorsely barbed bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-3. Styles 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene more or less distinctly 3-angled. Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. 1. E. palustris (L.) R.jfe S. Perennial by horizontal root- stocks; stems stout, terete or nearly so, striate, 3-8 dm. high; basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylindric, 6-24 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, thicker than the stem ; scales ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, purplish-brown, with scarious margins and a green midvein; bristles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene, sometimes wanting; stamens 2-3; style 2-3- cleft; achene brownish or yellowish-brown, smooth, obovate; tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at the base, flattened, %-% as long as the achene. Common in wet places along streams throughout our range. May-August. 2. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Perennial by filiform rootstocks or stolons ; stems filiform, tufted, obscurely 4-angled and groov- ed, erect or spreading, 4-10 cm. long; sheaths truncate; spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, 1 mm. broad ; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, pale green, with a nar- row band of brown on each side of the midvein, deciduous, many usually sterile ; bristles 3-4, fugacious, shorter than the achene ; Sedge Family 71 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, obscurely 3- angled, with a rib on each angle and 6-9 intermediate ones, con- nected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, ^ as long as the achene. Frequent in moist places along streams and on borders of ponds. April- June. 3. E. montana (H. B. K.) R. & S. Perennial ; stems slender, sulcate, 15-45 cm. high, erect ; basal sheaths brown ; spike oblong or sometimes ovate, 4-10 mm. long, rounded at the apex; scales numerous, closely imbricated, ovate, very obtuse, brown with green midvein, scarious margined; bristles 4-6, about equaling the achene; style 3-cleft; achene obtusely 3-angled, oblong- obovate, about 1 mm. long, greenish brown, smooth; tubercle broad at the base and slightly constricted, deltoid, acute. (E. arenicola Torr.) Frequent on river bottoms and borders of marshes throughout our range. 4. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial ; stems rather slender, com- pressed, strongly sulcate, 3-8 dm. high; often reclining and root- ing at the apex ; basal sheaths light colored, truncate; spike ob- long, 6-10 mm. long; scales straw-colored or pale brown, ovate, obtuse, carinate and rather firm, about 4 mm. long; bristles 6, exceeding the achene ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovate, obtusely 3- angled, about 2 mm. long; tubercle not constricted at the base, pyramidal, about 1 mm. long. (E. rostellata occidentalis Wats.) Frequent in marshes and on river bottoms about Los Angeles and San Bernardino. 4. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Annual or perennial herbs with stems leafy below. Spikelets umbellate, several-many-flowered, subtended by 1-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbri- cated, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the achene when mature. Achene lenticular, biconvex or 3-angled. 1. F. thermalis Wats. Perennial by short matted rootstocks ; stems 3-6 dm. high, flattened and somewhat roughened, striate; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, flat, becoming more or less revolute, some- 72 Cyperaceae what pubescent or nearly glabrous, rough on the margins; in- volucral bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, scabrous, 15-25 mm. long, shorter than the rays; spikelets umbellate, solitary on the ends of the rays, ovate to linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long; scales ovate, obtuse, mucronate, dull brown, pubescent; style 2-cleft, flattened and ciliate ; achene obovate, lenticular, obscurely striate, 1.5 mm. long; tubercle soon deciduous. Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Wright,' Waterman's Hot Springs, Parish. 5. SCHOENUS L. Ours perennial herbs from rootstocks, with slender erect tufted stems and slender subterete basal leaves. Involucral bract erect appearing as a continuation of the stem. Spikelets sessile in capitate lateral clusters, few- flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, the lower ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 scabrous or pubescent bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base. Achene more or less 3-angled, with a very short beak. 1. S. nigricans L. Stems tufted, slightly compressed, slender, 5-7 dm. high ; leaves rigid, subterete, channeled, rough on the mar- gins, shorter than the stems ; sheaths black ; involucral bract 3-5 cm. long; spikelets capitate clustered, ovate lanceolate, com- pressed, 6-8-flowered; rachis zigzag; scales ovate, acute, com- pressed, keeled, very dark brown; bristles 6, unequal, dilated at the base, barbed above, longer than the achene; achenes globose- oblong, 3-angled, white and shining. Arrowhead Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Parish. Otherwise known in North America only from Florida . 6. CLADIUM R. Br. Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, stout tall leafy stems and elongated channeled leaves. Spikelets small, usually clustered in terminal corymbs, panicles or cymes. Scales mostly about 5,. closely imbricated, brown, the lower empty, the terminal one fertile and the 1-2 Sedge Family 73 below it staminate. Perianth none. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, somewhat dilated at the base, continuous with the ovary. Achene ovate or oblong-ovate, smooth, acute with the obscure persistent base of the style. 1. C. mariscus Californicum Wats. Stems in rather dense tussocks, stout, 18-24 dm. high; leaves equaling the stem; pan- icle diffuse, drooping; spikelets in clusters of 2-3, narrowly ob- long, 4-6 mm. long; lower scales ovate, aciitish or acute, the upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate, light brown ; achene brown, ovate, attenuate above. " The variety has been collected in a swamp near San Gabriel (Brewer) and in southern Nevada, Wheeler." Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:234. This has not been seen by recent collectors, and it is doubtful if Brewer's plant came from San Gabriel. 7. CAREX L. SEDGE. Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks, with mostly .".-angled stems. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated or short and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of scales. Spikes either wholly pistillate or staminate, or bearing staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens. Pis- tillate of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas borne on a very short axis in the axil of a scale-like bractlet (perigynium) which completely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. * Spikelets unisexual, all distinct and sometimes remote, staminate uppermost. 1. C. Pseudo-Cyperus Americana Hochst. Stems stout, 4-6 dm. high, angles sharp and scabrous ; leaves rigid, nodose, 5-10 mm. wide, long, tapering; spikelets 4-6, densely flowered, the uppermost staminate, linear, 25-80 mm. long; pistillate spikelets 4-7 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, cylindric, approximate or the lowest remote ; scales pale, attenuate to a long hispid point, lanceolate or oblong, those of the staminate linear-lanceolate; perigynium 74 Cyperaceae coriaceous, pale olive, ovate to lanceolate, attenuate to a long beak ; beak bidentate, the teeth about 2 mm. long; nutlet obovoid, chestnut colored. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus comosa Boott.) Canyon near Burbank, Davidson. 2. C. spissa Bailey. Stems stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth or near- ly so; leaves numerous, rigid, glaucous, serrate, about equaling the stem, 10-15 mm. wide; lower bract long, leaf-like, the upper- most short or nearly obsolete; spikelets 6-12 or more, the lowest 10-15 cm. long, long-pedicelled, the upper becoming sessile, all erect, cylindric; staminate 4-6 or more, 3-10 cm. long; scales with a stout toothed awn; perigynium about 3 mm. high, elliptic or obovate, coriaceous, few-flowered, yellowish-green. Occasional in the canyons of all the mountains and foothills. 3. C. filiformis latifolia Boeckl. Stems 3-8 dm. high, stolon- iferous; leaves often exceeding the stems, 2-4 mm. wide, spike- lets 3-4, purple, staminate 1-4, linear, 3-5 cm. long, more or less pedicelled, the lower sessile; pistillate 2-4, oblong or cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, densely flowered, remote, sessile or the lowest pedicelled; pedicels scabrous; scales purple, pale in the middle, acute, ciliate at the apex; perigynium coriaceous, hispid, ovoid, obtusely angled, olive-colored; beak short, with short divergent scabrous teeth, broader and usually shorter than the scales. Occasional in fresh-water marshes in the coast valleys, Davidson. 4. C. laciniata Boott. Stems stout, sharply angled, 6-11 dm. high; leaves rather numerous, nearly equaling the stems, 4-8 mm. wide; bracts very long; spikelets 4-6, cylindric; staminate 1-2, commonly pedicelled, 2.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; pistill- ate 5-8 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, remote, the upper sessile, the lower long-pedicelled, nodding; scales purple or ferruginous, pale in the middle, ciliate, acute or with rough awn ; perigynium abruptly or gradually beaked, nearly entire to bidentate with serrate teeth, compressed-lenticular, punctate, sparingly toothed on the upper margins. First collected at Santa Barbara by Nuttall. Occasional in marshes in- our coast valleys. 5. C. Barbaras Dewey. Stems 5-10 dm. high, leafy, glaucous, sharply angled and rough at least above; bracts leaf-like, the lower long; pistillate spikes 2-4, 25-75 mm. long, narrow, the Sedge Family 75 lower with slender pedicels, 7.5-10 cm. long, attenuate at the base, usually truncate at the apex, scales white backed and brown edged, obtuse ; perigynium nerveless, abruptly contracted into a short distinct beak. Occasional in marshes about Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. 6. C. triquetra Boott. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slightly scabrous, leaves pale, 2-5 mm. broad, equaling or shorter than the stem; spikelets 3-5, oblong ; staminate about 18 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, subsessile; pistillate 12-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, erect, the upper approximate, the lower pedicelled, all with abortive flowers above; scales pale chestnut, ovate, numerous, margins hyaline; perigynium pale, covered with long white hairs, ellipsoidal, sharply 3-angled, acute at each end, with a short bidentate beak, 1-4-nerved, longer and broader than the scale; nutlet filling the perigynium. Frequent on dry ground in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 7. C. multicaulis Bailey. Culms very numerous, 3-6 dm. high, stiff and wiry, terete, smooth or minutely scabrous beneath the flowers ; sheaths leafless or produced into stiff and appressed tips, 2 cm. long or more, or on sterile stems 8-15 cm. long and spreading ; the lower scales leaf-like and prolonged into a slender tip, dilated and hyaline at the base ; pistillate flowers 2-6, the lower often remote; perigynium 6-8 mm. long, strongly 3-angled, many-nerved; beak very short, entire; nutlet punctate, com- pletely filling the perigynium. Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of all our mountains. ** Spikelets androgynous, rarely dioecious, usually clustered in rather compact spikes. 8. C. siccata Dewey. Rootstock creeping, clothed with short lanceolate scales; stems slender, sharply angled, 15-60 cm. high, scabrous above; leaves rather rigid, 1-4 mm. wide, shorter than the stems, scabrous on the margins above ; bracts scale-like, the lowest cuspidate, usually shorter than its spikelet ; spikes oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, ferruginous; spikelets 4-12, alter- nate, simple, ovoid, 4-16 mm. long, 2-8 mm. broad, crowded or distinct below, the terminal pistillate at least at base, the in- termediate staminate or all variously mingled; scales ovate- lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, with broad hyaline margins ; peri- 76 Cyperaceae gynium oval or ovate, tapering to a long, sharply bidentate beak, fissured on the outer side, unequally serrate on the margins, plano-convex, nerved, about equaling the scale ; nutlet oblong, dark chestnut. Common on borders of marshes throughout our ranges. Cienega ; Ballona ; Santa Ana; San Bernardino. 9. C. xnarcida Boott. Stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above; leaves 2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spike 2-4 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, dull brown ; spikelets many, crowded or contigu- ous, closely imbricated, 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, the lower compound; bracts clasping, scale-like, setaceously pointed, the lowest exceeding its spikelet; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, margin .hyaline, brownish; perigynium nearly black in fruit, orbicular with a short, or ovate and with a longer bidentate beak, stipitate, plano-convex, margins incurved, serrate above, nerved, equaling the scales; nutlet ferruginous, lenticular, produced at the base. Frequent in marshes in the coast valleys. 10. C. teretiuscula Gooden. Stems slender, pale green, erect, scabrous at least above, 3-7 dm. high; leaves usually 2 mm. wide, shorter than the stems ; bracts minute or none ; spike nar- rowly oblong, compact or interrupted, 25-50 mm. long; spikelets several-many, staminate above; scales thin, ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned ; perigynium ovate-oval, smooth, few- nerved, tapering to a beak of about its own length, serrate on the margins above. In canyons near Altadena, McClatchie. 11. C. occidentalis Bailey. Glaucous; stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves nearly equaling the stems; spike slender, 25-50 mm. long; spikelets somewhat crowded, or the lowest usually distinct; bracts scale-like, minute; scales muticous; perigynium turgid, ovate, abruptly short beaked, nearly marginless. " East Santa Monica Range," Davidson. 12. C. Hookeriana Dewey. Stems slender from creeping rootstocks, 2-6 dm. high, sharply angled, scabrous ; leaves shorter than the stem, 2 mm. wide, tapering to a slender setaceous tip; bracts ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spikelet, the lowest setaceous and often 25-50 mm. long; spike 2-4 cm. long, oblong or cylindric ; spikelets 4-10, approximate ; staminate flowers few ; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute, chestnut-colored with green Lemnaerat 77 midnerve, margin liyaline; perigynium oval, abruptly tapering to a sharply bidentute beak, serrate above on the sharp incurved margins, shorter than the scale. Frequent on borders of the coast marshes. Family 8. LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY. Minute perennial floating plants without leaves or with only very rudimentary ones. The plant body con- sisting of a disk-like thallus, with usually 1 or more rootlets from the middle below. Florets imbedded in the frond, without perianth, naked or bracteate with 1-2 stamens and a sessile 1-celled, 1-several-ovuled ovary. Style simple with funnelform stigma. Fruit a utricle ; embryo straight. Roots more than 1, fascicled. 1. SPIRODELA. Root solitary. 2. LEMNA. Roots none. 3. WOLFFIELLA. 1. SPIBODELA Schleiden. Stipe attached (peltately) to the frond back of and under the basal margin. Reproductive pouches 2, tri- angular, opening as clefts in either margin of the basal portion of the frond. Roots more than 1, fascicled. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers from the reproductive pouches ; spathe sac-like ; filaments curv- ing upward from the margin of the frond ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit rounded lenticu- lar, with wing margins. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schl. Fronds solitary or united in colonies of 2-5, roundish obovate, flat on both sides, sessile or nearly so; 5-15-nerved, 3-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide; roots 4-16; rootcap large, sharp pointed ; spathe a complete sac, opening at the upper end; pistil flask-shaped; fruit somewhat winged; seed slightly compressed, smooth. Near San Bernardino, Parish. This, as well as all the other members of the family occurring with us, is rarely fertile. 78 Lemnaceae 2. LEMNA L. DUCKWEED. Stipe attached to the basal margin of the frond. Re- productive pouches 2, triangular, opening as clefts in either margin of the basal portion of the frond. Root solitary. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers ; spathe various ; filaments curving upward from the mar- gin of the frond. Anthers 2-celled, transversely dehis- cent. 1. L. gibba L. Fronds from solitary to 4 in a colony, com- monly 2, orbicular to obovate, 2-5 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, more or less unsymmetrical, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, usually more or less gibbous beneath, usually 3-5-nerved; fruit winged with rounded lobes on either side of the stigma; seeds 1-7. Common in slow-running streams and ponds. 2. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or with 2 or more in a colony, round to elliptic-obovate, 2-4 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, sym- metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, upper surface sometimes keeled and with a row of papulae along the midnerve, obscurely 3-nerved; fruit not winged ; seeds solitary. Apparently less common than the last. 3. I*, cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Fronds commonly in colonies of 2-8, oblong to obovate-oblong, usually somewhat falcate, 2.3-4.5 mm. long, 0.7-1.5 mm. wide, usually strongly unsymmetrical; fruit elongated-ovate, slightly unsymmetrical; seed oblong-ovoid. (L. Valdiviana Phil.) Common throughout our range. 4. Li. minima Phil. Fronds commonly in colonies of 2, ob- long to elliptic, 1.5-3.9 mm. long, 0.9-2.7 mm. wide, slightly to prominently convex above, with a row of papulae along the mid- nerve, convex below, commonly nerveless; pistil short, clavate; seed oblong, pointed. Near San Bernardino, Parish; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains; Lakeside, San Diego County. 5. If. trisulca L. Fronds floating and submerged, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, with a long stipe attached to the basal margin ; often somewhat falcate, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; terminal margins serrulate and fluted, acute at apex. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. Juncaceae 79 3. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier. Stipe attached on the margin of the single reproduc- tive pouch. Pouch triangular, opening as a cleft in the basal margin of the frond. Fronds rootless, thin, uri- symmetrical, curved in the form of the segment of a band, abundantly punctate on both surfaces with brown epidermal pigment cells. Flowers and fruit unknown. 1. W. oblonga (Phil.) Hglin. Fronds solitary or in pairs, oblong or commonly tapering from the obliquely rounded base to the slightly narrower bluntly rounded apex; slightly falcate; basal portion alone exposed to the air, 0.53-1 mm. broad, 1.7-4.6 mm. long; stipe insertion at the lower angle of the two walls of the pouch. Near San Bernardino, Parish, 2. W. lingulata Hglm. Fronds solitary or rarely in pairs, ovate to oblong, tongue-shaped, slightly unsymmetrical ; 1.7-3 mm. broad, 2.7-6.6 mm. long, only a small part of the frond about the base exposed to the air; stipe insertion on the margin of the lower wall of the pouch. San Bernardino, Parish. Family 9. JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY. Perennial or sometimes annual rushes or sedge-like herbs, growing in tufts or from creeping rootstocks. In- florescence usually compound, paniculate or corymbose, rarely reduced to a single flower, bearing its flowers singly or loosely clustered or aggregated into heads or spikes. Flowers small, regular, perfect. Perianth 6-parted, the segments glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6 ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit. Ovary superior, 3-celled or sometimes 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Ovules 3-many, anatropous ; styles 3, filiform. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds small, cylindric to subglobose, often caudate or append- aged ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo minute, thick. Represented with us by a single genus. 1. JUNCUS. 80 Juncaceae 1. JUNCUS L. RUSH. Perennial or sometimes annual, glabrous plants, grow- ing usually in marshes or wet places, with simple terete or flattened, usually pithy stems. Leaves terete, chan- nelled or flat. Flowers solitary or clustered in cymes, panicles or heads, greenish or brownish. Stamens 6 or 3. Capsule 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded. * Panicle sessile, apparently lateral; stems terete, leafless or the basal sheaths bearing a few terete leaves. -*- Flowers clustered. 1. J. acutus sphaerocarpus Engelm. Stems and leaves 0.5- 1.5 m. high, stout, rigid and pungent, growing in large tussocks; panicle 6-12 cm. long, about equaling the spathe, secondary spathes long-acuminate ; clusters 2-4-flowered ; perianth segments scariously margined, outer broadly lanceolate, acute, inner obovate, deeply emarginate, 2 mm. long; capsule subglobose, apiculate, about 4 mm. long. (/. robustus Wats.) Salt marshes near the coast. Port Ballona ; Wilmington. •*--*- Flowers solitary. ++ Flowers 4 mm. long or more; capsule oblong-ovate. 2. J. Lescurii elatus Wats. Stems rigid, stout, 1.5-2.5 m. high, leafless, from a stout creeping rhizome; panicle lax and widely spreading, 6-12 cm. long; perianth segments 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, with brown margins ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; capsule oblong-ovate, acute, beakless, about equaling the perianth. Occasional along streams in our foothill canyons. What seems to be the same has been collected by the author along New River near Long Beach. 3. J. Balticus Willd. Stems rigid, rather slender, leafless, 3-4 dm. high; panicle 2-4 cm. long; perianth segments lanceo- late, acute, 4-5 mm. long, brownish; capsule rather acutely angled, beaked ; seeds distinctly reticulate. Frequent along streams and in low ground generally throughout our range. 4. J. Mexicanus Willd. Closely resembling the last, but more slender, 12-24 cm. high ; stems somewhat flattened, sheaths Rush Family 81 frequently leaf-bearing ; panicles about 2 cm. long, loosely few- flowered; perianth segments 4-5 ram. long, lanceolate, greenish or slightly tinged with brown. (J. compressus H. B. K.) Habitat similar to the last, and apparently more common. ++•»+ Flowers 3 mm. long or less; capsule obovate or subglobose. 5. J. patens Meyer. Stems rather soft, 0.5-1 m. high ; inner sheaths tipped with a short awn; panicle rather open, about 4 cm. long; perianth segments 3 mm. long, often brownish, spread- ing in fruit; stamens 6; capsule subglobose, slightly angled, obtuse, apiculate, equaling or a little shorter than the perianth. Canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse. ** Panicle terminal; stems more or less leafy. •*- Annuals. 6. J. bufonius L. Stems usually branching from the base, 5-25 cm. high, with fibrous roots; leaves 0.5 mm. wide or less ; flowers mostly solitary and remote upon the spreading branches ; perianth segments lanceolate, greenish, with scarious margins, 4-6 mm. long; stamens 6, sometimes 3, 2-3 mm. long; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than the perianth. Common in the valleys and mountains in moist ground. •*- •*- Perennials. ** Leaves not knotted. 7. J. longistylis Torr. Stems several, simple, leafy, 3-5 dm. high ; leaves much shorter than the stems, flat and grass-like, the sheaths with distinct ligules ; heads usually 5-9 in a sparingly branched panicle, exceeding the very short spathe ; few-flowered ; perianth segments greenish, narrowly ovate acuminate; stamens 6; seeds oblanceolate, minute, faintly ribbed. Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. +*+* Leaves knotted by internal transverse partitions. 8. J. Torreyi Coville. Stems 2-10 dm. high ; rootstocks slen- der, with tuberiform thickenings a few centimeters apart, each supporting a single stem ; stem stout, 1-4-leaved ; blade stout, 82 Liliaceae terete, 10-25 mm. thick, spreading; heads 1-20, exceeded by the lowest bract, each 10-16 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-7 mm. long, the segments subulate; stamens 6; capsule subulate, 3- sided, exceeding the perianth. (/. nodosus megacephalus Torr.) Occasional along streams. Los Angeles River, Davidson. 9. J. phaeocephalus Engelm. Stems from a creeping root- stock, ancipital, 3-7 dm. high; leafy; leaves flat 2-6 mm. wide, often exceeding the stems ; flowers in a single or few many- flowered heads; perianth segments brownish, 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate acuminate ; stamens 6 ; anthers usually exceeding the filaments ; style long exserted ; capsule acute ; seeds ovate, close- ly reticulated. Frequent along streams and in low brackish places. May-July. 10. J. phaeocephalus paniculatus Engelm. A more robust form of the last; heads several in a compound panicle, rather few- flowered. With the last or in similar places. Family 10. LJLJACEAE. LILY FAMILY. Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corymbs or rarely with rootstocks or a woody caudex. Leaves various. Flowers solitary or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth segments 6, distinct. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the base of its segments ; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules few or numerous, in each cavity ; styles united ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a loculi- cidal capsule ; endosperm copious. * Fruit a capsule. Herbs with bulbs or corms. Flowers not umbellate. Stems from a tunicated bulb. Styles 3, distinct. 1. ZYGADENUS. Styles united, more or less 3-clef t. 2. CHLOROGALUM. Stems from a scaly bulb. Perianth very showy, its segments reflexed. 9. LILIUM. Perianth segments not reflexed. 10. FBITILLABIA. Stems from a corm ; flowers showy. 11. CALOCHORTUS. Lily Family 83 Flowers umbellate. Perianth segments distinct or nearly so. Odor and taste alliaceous; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. 3. ALLIUM. Odor and taste not alliaceous; ovules several in each cell. Flowers greenish-white. 4. MUILLA. Flowers yellow. 5. BLOOMERIA. Perianth segments united below into a tube. Stamens 6. Perianth-tube more or less inflated; inner stamens appendaged. 6. BRODIAEA. Perianth-tube funnelform; stamens unappendaged. 8. TRITELIA. Stamens 3; staminodia 3. 7. HOOKERA. Plants with short stout woody caudex and large panicle of showy flowers. 12. HESPEROYUCCA. ** Fruit a berry. Leaves scale-like; branchlets numerous, filiform. 13. ASPARAGUS. 1. ZYGADENUS Michx. ZYGADENE. Stems simple, scale-like, from a tunicated bulb," gla- brous and somewhat glaucous, with linear mostly basal leaves and greenish-white flowers, in a raceme or panicle. Perianth nearly rotate, segments ovate to oblong-lanceo- late, with a green glandular spot at the narrowed base. Stamens free from the segments and about equaling them ; filaments subulate. Styles distinct persistent. Capsule deeply 3-lobed. Seeds brownish, angled. 1. Z. Frexnontii Torr. Bulb oblong, 2-5 cm. long, with dark coats ; stems 4-8 dm. high ; basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad at the base, somewhat falcate-curving; stem leaves few, shorter, sheathing at the base; flowers few to many in a raceme or panicle; lower pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long; segments 8-14 mm. long, the outer not clawed, the inner with a broad claw ; gland greenish-yellow, toothed on its upper margin ; stamens about as long as the segments; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long. Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills. April. 2. CHIiOBOGALUM Kunth. SOAP-PLANT. Stems from a fibrous-coated bulb, tall almost leafless paniculately branched above, the branches loosely race- 84 Liliaceae mose. Basal leaves tufted long-linear, the stem leaves much reduced. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth white or purplish, per- sistent and at length twisted over the ovary, its segments distinct ligulate spreading, with 3 closely approximate nerves down the middle. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segment ; anthers versatile. Style long-fili- form slightly 3-cleft, Capsule broadly turbinate, 3- valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate, somewhat rugose. 1. C. pomeridianum (Ker) Kunth. Bulbs large, about 1 dm. long, densely and coarsely fibrous-coated; stem and spreading panicle 6-15 dm. high; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 12-30 mm. broad, carinate and undulate; pedicels slender, about 6 mm. long; perianth rotate, its segments 16-20 mm. long, white with purple veins'; capsule about 6 mm. long. Common on dry hillsides and plains. May-July. 3. AL.LIUM L. ONION. Scapes from a tunicated bulb or rarely from a coated corm, with mostly narrowly linear basal leaves. Herb- age with the characteristic odor and taste of onions. Flowers in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3 membranous, separate or united bracts. Pedicels slen- der, not jointed. Perianth persistent, its segments dis- tinct or united at the base. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth segments ; filaments filiform or dilated, sometimes toothed. Style filiform, jointed. Capsule obovate-globose, obtusely 3-lobed, often crested, loculici- dally dehiscent. Seeds obovoid, wrinkled, black. 1. A. haematochiton Wats. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, somewhat compressed and 2-edged ; tunicated bulb oblong, crown- ing a horizontal rhizome, its coats deep reddish-purple, shining; leaves several, linear, flat and rather thick, 2-4 mm. broad, about equaling the scape; bracts 2, short connate; umbel erect or Lily Family 85 somewhat nodding, deep purple or rose-color; segments ovate- lanceolate acute, 6-8 mm. long; stamens and style very slender, scarcely equaling the segments; ovary truncate with very short, rounded crests; capsule obcordate, 4 mm. long. On dry rocky hillsides. Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills. April-May. 2. A. serratum Wats. Scape terete, slender, about 1 dm. high ; bulb nearly globose, without rhizome, its coats with a dis- tinct close horizontally serrate denticulation; leaves 2 or more, somewhat shorter than the scapes; bracts narrowly acuminate ; perianth segments broadly ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the inner shorter and sometimes serrulate; filaments all with a nar- rowly deltoid base; crests very narrow central. G lend ale, Davidson. 4. MUILLA Wats. Scape from a fibrous conn and bearing an umbel sub- tended by several small scarious bracts. Leaves mostly few, very narrow, nearly terete. Pedicels not jointed. Perianth subrotate persistent, of 6 nearly equal slightly united oblong-lanceolate segments, greenish- or yellowish- white with a dark 2-nerved midrib. Stamens inserted near the base ; filaments filiform, slightly thickened to- ward the base or petaloid : anthers versatile. Ovules 8-10 in each cell ; style clavate, persistent and at length splitting. Capsule globose scarcely lobed, loculicidal. Seeds compressed and angled. 1. M. serotina Greene. Scapes 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves 3-4 dm. long, subterete, the upper surfaces nearly plane, the lower convex and sharply 7-striate, the striae retrorsely scabrous ; umbel 40-70-flowered ; pedicels nearly 10 cm. long; perianth rotate about 12 mm. broad, greenish-white; outer segments oblong-linear, the inner oblong; filaments stout, subulate, little compressed; anthers 1 mm. long, lurid purple. Frequent in dry stony places in the plains and foothills. April-May. 86 Liliaceae 5. BLOOMEBIA Kell. GOLDEN STARS. Scape from a fibrous coated corm, with linear carinate basal leaves and many yellow flowers in a terminal umbel, subtended by membranous bracts. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth persistent, of 6 nearly equal distinct linear-oblong somewhat spreading seg- ments. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, and a little shorter ; filaments filiform with a somewhat cup-shaped winged and often bicuspidate appendage surrounding the base ; anthers oblong, attached near the base but versatile. Ovules several in each cell ; style filiform-clavate, persistent and splitting with the capsule. Capsule subglobose, membranous, obtusely 3-lobed^ loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds subovoid, angular and wrinkled, black. 1. B. aurea Kell. Bulb about 15 cm. in diameter, becoming densely covered with brownish fibres; scape scabrous, 2-5 dm. high ; leaf solitary, equaling or exceeding the scape, 6-12 mm. broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate; pedicels numerous 3-6 cm. long; perianth nearly rotate in bloom; segments 8-12 mm. long; appendages about 2 mm. long, bicuspidate, minutely papillose. Frequent in the foothills and on the plains. April-June. 6. BRODIAEA Smith. WILD HYACINTH. Scape tortuous or twining from a depressed fibrous, coated corm. Leaves usually 2, fleshy linear. Umbel subtended by 3 or more thin spathaceous bracts. Peri- anth tube thin, more or less inflated and angular or sac- cate, about equaled by the segments. Stamens 6, the inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side, sterile in some species, the outer ones naked ; anthers basifixed. Ovules 8-8 in each cell ; style persistent, with short divergent stigmas. Capsule ovate to oblong,, more of less attenuate above. Seeds angled, black. Lily Family 87 1. B. capitata Benth. Scape 1.5-5 dm. high, very tortuous, not rarely twining; leaves about equaling the scape carinate; bracts purple, darker than the flowers ; flowers several, capitate clustered on short pedicels 12 mm. long or less ; perianth tube funnelform, shorter than the segments; appendages connivent, forming a corona. Common on the plains and foothills. March-May. 7. HOOKEBA Salisb. Scapes erect straight from a fibrous coated corm, with few linear leaves and a solitary umbel subtended by several membranous bracts. Perianth tube thick turbi- nate, segments equaling the tube spreading at the tip. Stamens 3 opposite the inner segments, the outer stamens being reduced to staminodia. 1. H. minor (Benth.) Britton. Scape slender, 5-15 cm. high ; pedicels 2-5, mostly 2-5 cm. long; perianth about 3 cm. long, violet-purple or paler, its limb rotate, the segments with a strong mid vein, the outer narrower mucronulate ; anthers 4-6 mm. long, shorter than the retuse or emarginate staminodia. (Brodiaea minor Wats. Occasional in heavy soil. March-April. 8. TBITELEIA Dougl. Scapes slender from a fibrous coated corm, with few thin linear leaves and bearing an umbel of yellow, white, blue or purple flowers. Perianth tube rather short or funnelform, not inflated angular or saccate ; the seg- ments erect or spreading. Stamens 6 unappendaged, all antheriferous ; anthers versatile or basifixed. Ovary on a slender stipe. 1. T. laxa Benth. Scape 3-6 dm. high ; umbel 10-30-flowered ; pedicels 3-6 cm. long; perianth 3-4 cm. long, funnelform, violet, cleft nearly to the middle; anthers versatile, ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed at base, bluish or white. (Brodiaea laxa Wats.) On low hills, Los Felis, Davidson. 88 Liliaceae 9. LILIUM L. LILY. Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems and large erect or drooping flowers. Perianth deciduous funnel- form or campanulate, of 6 distinct spreading or recurved segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base within. Stamens 6, mostly shorter than the perianth, slightly attached to the segments ; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers linear versatile. Ovules numerous; style long somewhat clavate above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ob- long or obovoid loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- ous flat, packed in 2 rows in each cell. 1; Ii. Humboltii Koezl. & Leicht. Bulbs large, 5-15 cm. in diameter, white or purplish ; stems stout, purplish, puberulent or glabrous, 15-30 dm. high; leaves usually in 4-6 whorls of 10-20 each, oblanceolate, undulate, 10-15 cm. long, 20-25 mm. wide, acute, somewhat scabrous or pubescent on the margins and beneath; flowers usually many on short and widely spreading pedicels, 7-15 cm. long or more, scattered; segments 6-10 cm. long, 12-24 mm. broad, reflexed, strongly revolute above the short abruptly narrowed claw, reddish-orange with maroon spots, papillose-rigid toward the base; stamens 4-5 cm. long, about equaling the style; anthers oblong, 8-16 mm. long, red; capsule large, obovoid, acutely 6-angled. Frequent in canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountains. June-July. 10. FBITILIiABIA L. MISSION BELLS. Stems erect from scaly bulbs with thick fleshy scales. Leaves scattered or verticillate, mostly narrow and sessile. Flowers solitary or racemose leafy-bracted, mostly dull-colored, nodding. Perianth campanulate or funnelform deciduous, of 6 distinct equal oblong-oblance- olate concave segments, more or less blotched or tinged with purple or yellow or white and with a smooth nectar- iferous pit near the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the segments ; filaments slender ; anthers oblong ver- Lily Family 89 satile extrorse dehiscing laterally. Ovules many ; style slender, united to the middle or throughout, deciduous. Capsule membranous ovate oroblong, 6-angled or winged, loculicidally o-valved. Seeds flat in 2 rows in each cell, brownish. 1. F. biflora Lindl. Bulb of a few very thick and fleshy ovate scales, 0-10 cm. long; stem usually stout, 15-45 cm. high, 1-3- flowered ; leaves 2-6, mostly near the base, somewhat verticillate or scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long; perianth dark brownish-purple tinged with green ; segments spreading, oblong-lanceolate, about 25 mm. long; stamens 8-10 mm. long; anthers 4 mm. long, mucronate; styles distinct above; stigmas linear; capsule broadly obovoid, somewhat fi-angled, 12-18 cm. long. Occasional in open places in the foothills. April. 11. CALOCHOBTUS Pursh. MARIPOSA LILY. Stems usually flexuous and branching from membranous or rarely fibrous coated corms, with few linear-lanceolate leaves, those of the stems alternate clasping. Flowers few showy terminal on the branches or umbellately fas- cicled. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct more or less concave segments, the inner mostly broadly cuneate-obo- vate, usually with a conspicuous glandular pit near the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments ; anthers linear to oblong, basifixed. Ovules many; stigmas sessile recurved persistent. Capsule elliptic to oblong. * Petals arched; capsule broadly elliptical, deeply triquetrous. 1. C. albus Dougl. Glaucous; stems 15-45 cm. high, mostly branching; bracts foliaceous ; flowers subglobose, nodding; sepals shorter than the petals, greenish; -petals white, ovate-orbicular, 15-25 mm. long, bearded above the gland with long white hairs ; anthers oblong, obtuse, mucronate; capsule 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; seeds pitted. Common on shady banks in the San Gabriel Mountains. 90 Liliaceae ** Petals not arched; pedicels stout, erect. -*- Capsule oblong, obtuse at both ends. 2. C. Catalinae Wats. Stems branching, 3-6 dm. high, bulb- iferous at base, leaves and bracts linear; sepals ovate-lanceolate, purple-spotted near the base, nearly equaling the petals; petals cuneate-obovate, 3-5 cm. high, lilac, with a large ovate purplish blotch at base; gland oblong, yellow or brown, covered with brown or yellowish hairs; anthers obtuse pinkish, 5 mm. long, on filaments 3 times as long; capsule 2.5-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide. Common on the plains and in the foothills. Onofree Mountains; Santa Ana Mountains; San Pedro Hills. Extending as far north as the Santa Inez Mountains. •*-•*- Capsule narrowly oblong, attenuate into a beak. 3. C. Weedii Wats. Stems often much branched above, 3-5 dm. high; bracts linear; sepals oblong with an acuminate tip nearly as long as the petals or exceeding them, yellow orange- spotted at the base ; petals cuneate-obovate, sometimes truncate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, deep yellow, usually dotted with brown, the upper margin ciliate, densely clothed with hairs at least on the lower two-thirds ; anthers about equaling the filaments. Dry hills in the coast mountains and foothills of San Diego County. 4. C. Weedii purpurascens Wats. Like the type as to struc- tural characters, but petals more or less purplish and conspicu- ously blotched with brown. (C. Weedii vestus Purdy.) In the chaparral belt of the coast mountains from the Santa Ana to the Santa Inez Mountains. 5. C. clavatus Wats. Stems rather stout, 3-5 dm. high, bulbiferous near the base ; bracts linear ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about equaling the petals; petals cuneate-obovate, yellow, tinged with brown below, the lower half clothed with long clavate hairs ; gland circular, deep, bordered with imbricated scales ; anthers purple, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, about equaling the filaments; capsule narrow, about 5 cm. long. Santa Monica Mountains ; Newhall. 6. C. splendens Dougl. Stems single 3-6 dm. high, usually branched above, bulbiferous at base; sepals lanceolate-acumi- nate, recurved, yellowish, with an oval purple spot near the base within; petals obovate-cuneate, 3-4 cm. long and of greater Lily Family 91 width, lilac with a small purplish blotch at base surrounding the densely hairy gland, the lower third sparsely hairy to, but not below, the gland; anthers obtuse, usually shorter than the fila- ments. Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun- tains. 7. C. invenustus Greene. Stems 1-4 dm. high, bulbiferous at the base ; flowers in a 2-several-flowered umbel ; sepals ovate- oblong, shortly acuminate, striate and scarious margined, the tips not recurved, shorter than the petals; petals about 3 cm. long, obovate-cuneate, the rounded summit centrally apiculate, dull white, tinged greenish and purplish, the short claw purplish; gland oblong, covered with light hairs, and with a few scattered hairs near; anthers 5-7 mm. long, obtuse at apex, yellow, on narrowly margined filaments a little shorter, capsule 4 cm. long. Frequent in the coniferous belt of the San Bernardino Mountains; Mt. Santiago, Santa Ana Mountains. 8. C. venustus Dougl. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves and bracts narrow; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute, about equaling the petals; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, broader than long, white, shaded above with lilac, a conspicuous reddish- purple spot near the summit, a brownish-yellow arch in the cen- ter, and a brown base, or these markings sometimes obscure; gland oblong or lunate, densely hairy and surrounded by a few scattered hairs ; anthers oblong, obtuse on dilated filaments of nearly equal length ; capsule narrow, 5-7 cm. long. Open hills about Newhall, Davidson. 9. C. venustus sulphurous Purdy. Petals light yellow, with eye in center and a rose-colored blotch at summit. Newhall, Davidson. 12. HESPEROYTJCCA Baker. SPANISH BAYONET. Subacaulescent with a short stout woody caudex and straight needle-pointed rough-margined flat leaves and ample panicle. Perianth broadly campanulate, of sub- equal distinct thin broadly lanceolate concave segments. Filaments evidently adnate to the perianth below, clavate, suberect ; anthers didymously cordate. Ovary oblong- ovoid or obovoid, mostly longer than the short slender 92 Iriclaceae style ; stigma capitate, long-papillate, minutely per- forate. Fruit capsular incompletely 6-celled, 3-valved through the laciniate false septa. Seeds thin flat. 1. H. Whipplei (Torr.) Baker. Simple or sometimes c?espi- tose ; leaves ascending, rigid, 3-10 dm. long, about 15 mm. wide, plano-convex subtriquetrous or keeled on both faces, sometimes falcate striate glaucous, keenly but finely denticulate, with very fine slender pungent end spine; panicle 2-5 m. high, long peduncled, glabrous; flowers creamy-white, pendent, fragrant, capsule about 5 cm. long. (Yucca Whipplei Torr.; Y. Whipplei gramini folia Wood.) Common in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. June-July. YUCCA ARBORESCENS (Torr.) Trelease. (JOSHUA TREE.) The large yucca of the Mohave Desert. 13. ASPARAGUS L. ASPARAGUS. Stem at first simple fleshy scaly, at length much branched, the branchlets filiform and mostly clustered in the axils of the scales and usually flattened. Flowers small solitary or clustered. Perianth segments all alike. Stamens inserted at the base of the segments ; anthers in- trorse. Ovules 2 in each cell ; style slender ; stigmas 3 short recurved. Berry globose. 1. A. officinalis L. An escape from cultivation and becoming well established. May. Family 11. IKZDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY. Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect regular or irregular mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6 lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2 series, convolute in the bud withering-persistent. Sta- mens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite the outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform distinct or united ; anthers 2-celled extrorse. Ovary inferior Orchidaceae 93 mostly -'5-eelled ; ovules mostly numerous in each cell; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. Perennial tufted slender herbs with short rootstocks simple or branched 2-edged or 2-winged stems, linear grass-like leaves and rather small mostly blue terminal flowers, umbellate from a pair of erect green bracts. Perianth-tube short or none, the segments oblong or obo- vate, equal mostly aristulate. Stamens more or less monodelphous. Style branches filiform undivided, alter- nate with the anthers. Capsule globose or obovoid. Seeds mostly rounded smooth or pitted. 1. S. bellum Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high, glabrous or with sca- brous margins, with 1-3 floriferous nodes at the summit ; peduncles usually 2 at each node; spathes of 2, nearly equal bracts, sca- brous on the keel, 4-7-flowered; perianth deep blue-purple with yellowish base, 2 cm. broad or more; stamens united to near the summit; anthers very small; capsule round-obovoid, 6 mm. high ; seeds 1.5 mm. thick, obscurely pitted. Frequent on grassy slopes, both in the valleys and mountains from near sea- level to 6000 feet. April- August. Family 12. ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHID FAMILY. Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers perfect irregular bracted solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth of 6 segments : the outer (sepals) similar or nearly so ; 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike ; the third (lip) dissimilar, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther (in ours) 2-celled; pol- len in 2-8 pear-shaped usually stalked masses (pollinia), 94 Orchidaceae united by elastic threads, waxy or powdery attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak at the base of the anther or between its sacs ; stigma a viscid surface. Ovary inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled ; ovules numerous on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous minute mostly spindle-shaped ; endosperm none ; embryo fleshy. Perianth with a spur. 1. PIPERIA. Perianth spurless. 2. GYROSTACHYS. 1. PIPEBIA Rydb. REIN-ORCHIS. Somewhat leafy below, the leaves usually withering be- fore anthesis, those of the stem bract-like. Flowers green- ish or white ; sepals and petals 1-nerved ; the upper sepal ovate or lanceolate, erect ; the lateral ones spreading, linear to lanceolate, their bases united with the claw of the lip ; upper petals free, lanceolate to linear-lanceo- late, oblique ; the blade of the lip linear-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse, truncate or hastate at the base. Anther- cells parallel, opening nearly laterally. Stigma a small beak in the angle between the anther-cells ; ovary sessile, ellipsoid in fruit. 1. P. lancifotta Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves and lower stem leaves lanceolate, alternate, 10-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, withering after anthesis; spike many-flowered, lax, 2-3 dm. long; bracts ovate, acute, striate, about % as long as the flowers; flowers greenish, 11-13 mm. long; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, about 4 mm. long; blade round-ovate, scarcely at all hastate, thick with prominent medium ridge; spur filiform, slightly clavate, about twice as long as the lip and about equaling the ovary. (Habenaria Unalaschcnsis of recent authors, in part, not of Spreng.) Occasional in the canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse; San Gabriel Mountains. April. Saururaceae 95 2. P. longispica (Durand.) Rydb. Stem stout, 3-7 dm. high; basal leaves and lower stem leaves 2-4, lanceolate, acute, 10-15 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, withering about the time of anthesis; spike many-flowered, rather lax, 1-3 dm. long; bracts ovate- lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, acuminate; flowers greenish, about 5 mm. long; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; petals broad- ly lanceolate ; blade of the lip ovate-hastate, distinctly auricled and truncate at base; spur filiform, 2.5 times as long as the lip. Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse. 2. GYBOSTACHYS Pers. LADIES' TRESSES. Stems erect, leafy, from a cluster of tuberous roots. Flowers in a twisted spike, white, spurless. Sepals and petals narrow, erect or more or less connivent ; lip ob- long sessile or nearly so, the base embracing the column, with a callous protuberance on each side, the dilated summit spreading and usually entire. Column very short oblique, terminating in a short terete spike. Stigma ovate, with an acuminate bifid beak. Anther sessile or nearly so at the base of the stipe behind, acuminate. Pollen-masses 2, thin and powdery. 1. G. Bomanzoffiana (Cham.) MacM. Stems rather stout, glabrous, 1-5 dm. high, bracteate above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear; spike dense 3-ranked, conspicuously bracteate; sepals and petals connivent; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, summit wavy- crenulate; callosities smooth, sometimes obscure; the oblong- linear gland and slender bifid beak 1.5 mm. long; capsule oblong, 6-12 mm. long. (Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham.) Occasional in canyons in our foothills. Family 13. SAURURACEAE. LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY. Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves and small perfect bracteolate flowers in peduncled spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 6-8 or sometimes fewer, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- nally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled ; the carpels dis- 96 Juglandaceae tinct or united, 1-2-ovuled ; ovules orthotropus. Fruit capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4, mostly indehis- cent carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid ; endosperm copi- ous, mealy ; embryo minute, cordate. 1. ANEMOPSIS Hook. YERBA MANSE. Stems nodose scape-like, stoloniferous from aromatic creeping rootstocks. Leaves mostly radical, minutely punctate. Flowers in a compact spike surrounded at the base by a persistent colored involucre of 5-8 bracts ; each flower except the lowest also surrounded by a small colored bract. Stamens 6-8. Ovary sunk in the rachis of the spike, 1-celled ; stigmas 3-4. Capsule dehiscent at the apex. 1. A. Californica H. & A. Stem 15-50 cm. long, with a broad- ly ovate clasping leaf above the middle and a fascicle of 1-3 small petioled leaves in the axil ; basal leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded above, more or less narrowed toward the cordate base, 5-15 cm. long, on petioles 10-20 cm. long; spikes 1.5-4 cm. long; involu- cral bracts white, often reddish beneath, oblong, 1-3 cm. long; floral bracts white, obovate, unguiculate, 5-6 mm. long; ovules 6-10 on each placentia. Frequent in wet saline places throughout our range. March-August. Family 14. JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY. f Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately compound leaves and monoecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate solitary or sev- eral together. Staminate flower consisting of 3-numer- ous stamens, with or without an irregularly lobed peri- anth adnate to the bractlet. Anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscent by a longitudinal slit ; filaments short. Pis- tillate flowers bracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3-5-lobed (usually 4-lobed) calyx, or without both calyx and petals. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or incompletely Myricaceae 97 2-4-celled ; ovules solitary, erect, orthotropus ; styles 2. Fruit in ours a drupe, with indehiscent, fibrous woody exocarp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut, wrhich is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed ; endo- sperm none ; cotyledons corrugated, oily. 1. JUGLANS L. WALNUT. • Trees or large shrubs, with a somewhat resinous-aro- matic bark and foliage, superposed buds and odd-pin- nate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets. Stami- nate flowers borne on the twigs of the previous year ; perianth 3-6-lobed ; stamens 8-40, in 2 or more series. Pistillate flowers solitary or several together on a termi- nal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season ; calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the sinuses ; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large glo- bose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endo- carp rugose or sculptured, 2— 4-celled at the base. 1. J. Californica Wats. Arborescent shrub growing in clumps, 5 m. high, or rarely a tree and attaining a height of 12 m., more or less tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves 15-25 cm. long; leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 4-6 cm. long ; aments often in pairs, 7-12 cm. long ; perianth of staminate flowers 3 mm. long; stamens 30-40; drupe globose, slightly com- pressed, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; nut shallowly sulcate. Confined mostly to the foothills below 3000 feet. Frequent in the Santa Monica Mountains and Puente Hills, less so on the southern borders of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains. Family 15. MYRICACEAE. BAYBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in linear, oblong or globular, bracted aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth none. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens, 98 Salicaceae inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short, distinct or somewhat united ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit. Pistillate flowers with a solitary, 1-celled ovary, subtended by 2-8 bractlets ; ovule solitary, ortho- tropus ; style very short ; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a small oblong drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect ; endosperm none. 1. MYRICA L. WAX MYRTLE. Shrubs or small trees, with entire, dentate or lobed mostly resinous-dotted leaves, monoecious or dioecious. Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric ; stamens 4—8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose ; ovary sub- tended by 2—4 short bractlets. Fruit globose, waxy. 1. M. Californica C. & S. Thickly branched evergreen shrub, 2-3 m. high; leaves thick, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate, tapering to an acute apex, narrowed below to a short petiole, 6-12 cm. long, remotely serrate or nearly entire ; flowers monoe- cious; staminate aments below the pistillate, 2 cm. long or less; stamens 7-16, united by their filaments; bractlets 2, narrowly oblong, hairy at apex; pistillate aments in the axils of the upper leaves, 6-10 mm. long; ovary ovate, with 2 exserted styles, red; bractlets minute; fruit brownish-purple, covered with a whitish wax, 4 mm. in diameter. Rustic Canyon near Santa Monica, Basse. Family 16. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate stipulate leaves and dioecious flowers in terminal aments. Each flower subtended by a scale-like bract. Perianth none. Sta- mens 2-several, central or scattered on a glandular disk. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2-4. Fruit a 2-4-valvecl cap- sule, with numerous comose seeds. Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stigmas elongated. 1. POPULTJS. Bracts entire ; stigmas short. 2. SALIX. Willow Family 99 1. POPULUS L. POPLAR or COTTONWOOD. Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs, and broad or narrow, usually petioled leaves, the stipules minute fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire. Staminate aments dense, pendulous, their flowers with 4-60 stamens, with distinct filaments. Pistillate aments pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary sessile ; style short ; stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-valved. Coma of the seeds often very long and copious. 1. P. trichocarpa T. & G. Tree with a broad head of ascend- ing branches, 8-15 m. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, round- ed at base, acute at apex, serrulate, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, 5-8 cm. long, on terete petioles, 3-5 cm. long; staminate aments 3-5 cm. long; disk oblique, bearing 40-60 stamens, with purple anthers ; pistillate aments 5-7 cm. long, loosely flowered ; ovary hoary tomentose ; capsule 3-valved. •Frequent in the canyons of all our mountains and sometimes extending down into the valleys. March. 2. P. Fremont! Wats. Tree with a broad head of wide- spreading branches, 6-15 m. high; leaves deltoid-orbicular, 4-10 cm. long, somewhat broader; crenate or sinuate-crenate, abrupt- ly acute at apex, truncate or subcordate at base, green or yellow- ish-green on both surfaces; staminate aments 25-35 mm. long; stamens 60 or more, with dark red anthers ; pistillate aments 5 cm. long, loosely flowered; ovary glabrous; capsule on pedicels 4 mm. long, minutely rough-tuberculate. Rare within our limits. Fernando. Common in the San Bernardino Valley, and in San Diego County south of the San Luis Key River. 2. SALIX L. WILLOW. Trees or shrubs with mostly long narrow usually acute leaves, and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute stipules. Bracts entire or denticulate. : Disk gland-like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping, their flowers with' 1-11 100 Salicaceae stamens with filaments distinct or sometimes united be- low. Pistillate usually erect or spreading ; ovary sessile or short-stipitate ; style short or filiform, with 2 entire or 2 cleft stigmas. Capsule mostly 2-valved. * Stamens 3 or more; aments terminating leafy branchlets. 1. S. nigra vallicola Dudley n. var. Tree 8-12 m. high, with dark, rough hark ; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrate, nar- rowly lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely serrulate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base to petioles 4-6 mm. long, which are quite puberulent or nearly glabrous at maturity ; stip- ules lanceolate when well developed, the larger 8-10 mm. long, all glandular toothed, often with similar glands on the lower sur- face and on the serratures of the young leaves ; aments expand- ing with the leaves, terminating the short lateral branches, the starninate 3-6 cm., the pistillate 2.5-5 cm. long; stamens 5-11, their filaments tomentose below ; bracts pale, obovate or round- ish, usually very tomentose; style short; stigmas 2, lobed ; capsule ovoid, glabrous or more or less pubescent, mostly 4-5 mm. long, from slightly longer to twice the length of the smooth pedicels. The largest willow in southern California. Frequent along the Santa Ana River from Santa Ana to San Bernardino; also along the San Dieguito and San Diego Rivers in San Diego County. The type of this heretofore unde- scribed willow is the author's no. 3256, collected along the Santa Ana River near Orange. 2. S. lasiaudra Benth. A middle-sized tree with rough bark; leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, abruptly taper- ing at the base, acuminate at apex, sharply and closely serrulate, pale beneath ; petioles glandular at the base of the blade ; stipules small, glandular-serrate; aments on long peduncles, the pistillate 5-7 cm. long; bracts of the staminate yellowish, toothed; sta- mens usually 5; ovary glabrous; stigma nearly sessile, bifid; capsule lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, on pedicels 2 mm. long. Occasional along streams in the valleys. Los Angeles River, near Cahu- enga Pass. A form with smaller leaves and aments is apparently frequent along all the streams in the valleys; it is near the type, but the petioles and stipules are inconspicuously glandular. 3. S. laevigata Bebb. Tree 10-15 m. high ; branches reddish- brown ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, green Willow Family 101 and shining above, more or less glaucous beneath, 8-12 cm. long, glabrous ; petioles about 1 cm. long; puberulent above and somewhat grooved ; staminate ainents usually flexuose, 5-7.5 cm. long ; bracts more or less elliptic, woolly at base, glabrous and pallid towards the apex; stamens 5-6; filaments pubescent below; capsule conic from a thick base, acute, glabrous, on ped- icels 3-4 times as long as the gland; stigma nearly or quite sessile, emarginate. Frequent along all our streams, especially in the canyons. ** Stamens 2, rarely 1. •*- Aments subsessile on leafless peduncles. 4. S. lasiolepis Benth. Tree or large shrub, 4-8 m. high; leaves oblong or somewhat broadest above the middle, obscurely and irregularly serrulate, dull green above, more or less gray- pubescent beneath, 12-20 mm. broad, 5-7 cm. long, on petioles 5-10 mm. long; aments appearing before the leaves, suberect; the staminate 2-4 cm. long; stamens 2; pistillate 2.5 cm. long or less ; capsule acute, smooth, short pedicelled ; styles rather short ; stigmas erect. The most common willow, covering a considerable area along the Santa Ana and San Gabriel Rivers toward the coast. •*-•*- Aments terminating leafy branchlets. 5. S. Parishiana Rowlee. Slender shrub, 1-3 m. high; young twigs cinereous strigose; leaves linear-lanceolate, minutely and remotely denticulate, 5-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, silky canescent when young, glabrous and somewhat coriaceous when mature, veins few but very prominent; stipules none; aments on long leafy peduncles, 2-3 cm. long, the upper leaves of the branch much surpassing the ament; flowers dense; scales white, densely villous all over, oblong, acute; filaments scanty hairy at the base ; capsules densely villous, oblong, closely sessile; style distinct; stigmas linear. Not uncommon around San Bernardino according to Parish. This and the following species are very doubtful and might, with apparently good reasons, be put into a single species, but the author has preferred to retain them until our California forms of this difficult group are better known. 6. S. macrostachya Nutt. Shrub or small tree, 1-6 m. high, often in dense thickets; bark light brown, cinereous, young branches villous; leaves 5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, sessile or nearly 102 Salicaceae so, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute at both ends, more or less villous-pubescent; stipules none; aments on short leafy lat- eral branches, 2-3 cm. long, densely flowered, oblong; scales densely villous all over, oblong; filaments crisp villous upon the lower half; capsules clothed with long lax hairs, closely sessile; style evident ; stigmas divided, linear. Common along streams and washes throughout our valley region. 7. S. xnacrostachya leucodendroides Rowlee. Shrub 1-3 m. high ; leaves 10-12 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, densely white tomentose on both sides, largest remotely denticulate ; aments cylindric, 4-5 cm. long, otherwise as in the type. San Bernardino Valley. 8. S. exigua Nutt. Small shrub or becoming a small tree ; branches light brown ; leaves 4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, yellowish, closely sessile, entire or nearly so, canescent when young, usual- ly becoming quite glabrous at maturity, very narrowly elliptic, veins very indistinct; stipules none; aments 2-5 cm. long, on peduncles about the same length, appearing with the leaves, rather densely and evenly flowered, sometimes the lower flowers remote; scales in the staminate ament oblong to obovate, in the pistillate narrower and longer, smooth or more or less crisp villous on the margins; capsule closely sessile, lanceolate, gla- brous, light green ; stigmas short and thick, sessile, sometimes even appearing slightly sunken in the apex of the capsule. In the interior valleys, mostly beyond our limits. 9. S. exigua virens Rowlee. Leaves 10-12 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, nearly glabrous, veins conspicuous on both sides, distinctly denticulate; stipules large, oblong denticulate; aments large, the pistillate 4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, sometimes borne in 3's at the ends of the long leafy shoots. San Bernardino, Wright. 10. S. argophylla Nutt. Tree or large shrub forming clumps, young twigs puberulent, branches nearly glabrous and very tough; bark turning from brown to yellow or orange before blooming; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, closely sessile, entire or rarely minutely and remotely denticulate, clothed equally on both sides with an appressed silky pubescence ; stipules none or very minute on vigorous shoots ; aments surpassed by their leafy peduncles, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, Betulaceae 103 often in pairs or in 3's at the ends of the branches; scales oblong, obtuse in the staminate aments, narrower and more acute in the pistillate, glabrous on the back, crisp hairy on the margin and toward the base, erose above ; lower half of the filament densely crisp hairy ; capsule lanceolate, covered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas sessile, oblong, about twice as long as thick; mature capsule often becoming nearly glabrous. Mostly east of our limits in dry washes. Family 17. BETITLACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY. Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves and small flowers in aments. Staminate aments pendulous, with 1-3 flowers in the axils of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or none, and 1-10 stamens. Pistillate aments erect or drooping, spike-like or capitate, their flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the solitary 1-2-celled ovary ; style 2-cleft ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a small compound or ovoid-globose nut or samara. En- dosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy. 1. ALNUS Gaertn. ALDER. Shrubs or trees with dentate or serrulate -leaves, and both pistillate and staminate flowers in aments ; the staminate pendulous ; the pistillate erect, clustered. Staminate flowers 3-6 in each axil, consisting of a most- ly 4-parted perianth, 1-4 stamens and subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets ; ovary 2-celled ; bracts woody, per- sistent, 5-toothed or erose. Nut small, compressed, winged or wingless. 1. A. rhombifolia Nutt. Tree 7-14 m. high, with a light gray trunk ; leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to elliptic, 2.5-10 cm. long, irregularly serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath; stam- inate aments 7-15 cm. long; bracts obtuse; stamens usually 2 104 Fagaceae (1-3); pistillate aments 4-6 mm. long; cones broadly oblong, 12-20 mm. long; seeds acutely margined. Common along mountain streams and occasionally extending down into the valleys. January. Family 18. FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with evergreen or deciduous alternate petioled leaves and small monoecious flowers, the stam- inate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, the pistil- late solitary or several together, subtended by an invo- lucre of more or less united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Staminate flowers with a 4-7- lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens ; filaments slender, dis- tinct ; anther sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, only 1 in each ovary maturing, pendulous, anatropous ; styles as many as cells to the ovary, linear. Fruit a 1 -seeded nut, with coriaceous or bony exocarp. Endo- sperm none ; cotyledons large, fleshy. Represented with us by a single genus. 1. QUERCUS. 1. QUERCUS L. OAK. Trees or shrubs with persistent or deciduous leaves and small green or yellowish monoecious flowers, the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments, the pistillate solitary in many-bracted involu- cres. Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of mostly a 6-lobed campanulate perianth and 5-12 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate with an urn-shaped or oblong 3-celled ovary ; ovules 2 in each cell ; styles usually 3, short. Fruit (acorn) consisting of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending or nearly enclosing the 1-seeded coriaceous nut. Beech Family 105 * Stigmas sessile or nearly so; nuts not densely tornentose on inner surface; scales of the rather shallow cup thick and often tuberculate. White Oak. •*- Acorns maturing the first year. 1. Q. lobata Nee. (Valley Oak, Roble.) Stately tree with slender, often long and pendulous branches; leaves oblong or obovate, 6-12 cm. long, deeply lobed or pinnatifid, pale green, acorns subsessile; nut long-conic, 3-6 cm. long; cup deep- hemispheric, strongly tuberculate. Chatsworth Park and San Fernando. A single tree has also been ob- served near Santa Monica (Hasse) and another near Lamanda Park by the author, which is the southern limit of this oak as far as known. 2. Q. Douglasii H. & A. (Blue Oak.) Middle-sized tree with rounded head, branches numerous, erect-spreading ; leaves decid- uous, 5-6 cm. long, oblong, sinuate or with shallow lobes, bluish- green above, pubescent beneath ; acorn sessile or short pedun- cled ; nut elongated-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, mostly acutish ; cup hemispheric, with ovate-lanceolate, thick or somewhat tubercled scales. Encino, San Fernando Valley, Davidson. 3. Q. Engelmanni Greene. A middle-sized tree, 8-15 m. high, with light colored and rather smooth bark, trunk often 6-10 dm. thick, branches spreading to form a well rounded scarce- ly depressed head; leaves short-petioled, oblong, 5-8 cm. long, entire or sometimes with a few coarse teeth, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, those of young shoots sometimes acutish at both ends and coarsely serrate- toothed throughout, somewhat coriaceous, almost without retic- ulation, downy-pubescent when young, becoming glabrous in age ; acorns sessile or peduncled ; cup hemispheric, tuberculate ; nut oblong, about 2 cm. long. Frequent from Altedena to Monrovia; also occurring at Azusa and Glen- dora, as well as in the foothills of San Diego County. 4. Q,. duxnosa Nutt. Shrub 1.5-5 m. high, the slender branches tomento.se when young; leaves coriaceous, sometimes persistent, 2 cm. long or more, oblong, obtuse, sinuate or sinuate-toothed, dark green above, pubescent beneath; acorns sessile; nut oval, 2-3 cm. long; cup deep-hemispheric, 1-2 cm. broad, usually strongly tuberculate, occasionally with somewhat flattened scales. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. What seem to be hybrids between this and Q. Engelmanni are not infrequent wherever the range of these two approach each other. 106 Urticaceae •*- •*- Acorns developing the second year. 5. 0,. chrysolepis Liebm. (Canyon Oak.) Usually a large tree ; leaves evergreen, oblong, acute or cuspidate, obtuse or sub- cordate at base, usually entire or spinose-denticulate, pale and glaucous green above, more or less fulvous-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate in age; acorns variable in size; nut oval, obtuse, 15-30 mm. long; cup hemispheric, very thick, its scales usually almost hidden by fulvous tomentum, 1-3 cm. broad Common in the canyons of all our mountains above 2500 feet. ** Stigmas on long styles; nuts densely tomentose on the inner sur- face; scales of the deep cup thin. Black Oak. 6. Q. agrifolia Nee. (Live Oak, Encina.) Large, widely spreading tree; leaves persistent, oval to oblong, 4-7 cm. long, sinuately spinose-dentate, somewhat stellate pubescent when young, in age mostly convex above, pale and nearly glabrous beneath; acorns annual, sessile or nearly ao; nut narrow and tapering, 2-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; cup turbinate, rather deep with lanceolate slightly pubescent brown scales. The common oak of our valleys and foothills. 7. Q. Wislizeni A. DC. A spreading shrub or a small tree with us; leaves persistent, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute, entire or somewhat spinose-dentate, usually plain, green on both faces, glabrous; acorns biennial; nuts nar- row as in the last ; cup turbinate, very deep. Frequent in the chaparral belt of all our mountains except the Santa Monica Range. Q. CALIFORNICA (Torr.) Cooper. A middle-sized tree with large deeply toothed deciduous leaves ; fruit developing the second year ; cups deep, with thin scales. Common in the pine belt of the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuya- maca Mountains. Family 19. URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY. Ours annual or perennial herbs, with mostly stipulate, simple leaves and often with stinging hairs. Flowers in racemed or panicled cymes (ament-like), with small persistent bracts, monoecious or polygamous, small, Nettle Family 107 greenish. Petals none. Calyx mostly 4-parted or sepals distinct, with as many stamens opposite the lobes ; filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the bud, straightening elastically at anthesis. Ovary super- ior 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style and stigma 1. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily, not copious ; embryo straight. Herbs with stinging hairs; leaves opposite. Sepals 4, distinct. 1. URTICA. Staminate calyx 4-parted; pistillate unequally 2-4-toothed. 2. HESPEROCNIDE. Herbs without stinging hairs; leaves alternate. 3. PABIETARIA. 1. UBTICA L. NETTLE. Annual or perennial, simple or branching herbs, with stinging hairs, and opposite 3-7-nerved petioled serrate or dentate stipulate leaves. Flowers clustered in axillary geminate racemes or heads. Staminate flowers 4-mer- ous. Pistillate calyx with unequal sepals, the inner larger and at length enclosing the flattened achene. Stigma sessile, tufted. * Annual. 1. U. urens L. Erect, branching from the base or sometimes simple, 25-50 cm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, deeply and sometimes doubly serrate, 1-4 cm. long, on slender petioles of about the same length; stipules 4 mm. long; flower clusters rather dense, mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androg- ynous, mainly pistillate. Common in gardens and waste places. Native of Europe. ** Perennials. 2. U. holosericea Nutt. Stems simple, stout, 1-3 m. high or more, more or less bristly and finely pubescent ; leaves finely and densely pubescent beneath, less so above or with only a few scat- tering bristles, ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper much shorter, on petioles }£ as long, coarsely serrate ; stipules narrow- ly oblong, acute or obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; Staminate flower clusters rather loose, nearly equaling the leaves ; pistillate denser 108 Urticaceae and shorter; inner sepals ovate, densely hispid, 1 mm. long, about equaling the broadly ovate achene. Very common along streams and in low ground in the valleys and the lower altitudes of the mountains. May-September. 3. U. Breweri Wats. Much resembling the last, grayish with a short hispid pubescence or nearly glabrous and with scattered bristles; petioles slender, 2.5-5 cm. long, about \4 the length of the leaves; flower clusters rather open, scarcely exceeding the petioles; sepals obovate or somewhat rounded, obtuse, minutel)' hispid, nearly 2 mm. long and about twice the length of the broadly ovate achene. "Frequent about Los Angeles (Breiuer) and ranging eastward to southern Colorado and western Texas." Bot. Cal. 2 : 64. 1880. Not seen by us, nor has it been by recent collectors. 2. HESPEBOCNIDE Torr. WESTERN NETTLE. Annual herbs distinguished from Urtica by the pistil- late perianth, which is a membranous flattened oblong- ovate sac, with a minutely 2-4-toothed orifice. 1. H. tenella Torr. Slender and weak, 25-50 cm. high, simple or branched, somewhat hispid with branching hairs and bristly ; leaves 1-3 cm. long, thin, ovate, obtusely serrate; petioles slen- der, >£ as long ; flower clusters rather dense, nearly glomerate, shorter than the petioles; calyx thin, hispid, with hooked hairs, in fruit 1-1.5 mm. long; achene membranous, striately tubercu- late with minutely rough points. Sepulveda Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains; San Pedo Hills; also near San Diego and on Catalina Island. 3. PABIETABIA L. Ours slender annuals without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, 3-nerved petioled, without stipules. Flowers in axillary glomerate clusters, polygamous, sub- tended by leafy bracts. Calyx of the perfect flowers 4-parted, in the pistillate tubular-ventricose, 4-cleft with connivent lobes. Style slender or none ; stigma spatu- late, recurved, densely tufted. Achene ovoid, smooth Loranthaceae 109 and shining, enclosed in the dry brownish nerved calyx. 1. P. debilis Forst. Very slender, usually diffusely branch- ing from the base, 10-25 cm. high, somewhat hispid; leaves 5-10 mm. long or more, broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base or abruptly cuneate; petioles slender, about equaling the leaves ; achene 1 mm. long. Growing in moist shady places, especially in the chaparral belt. Santa Monica Mountains; Verdugo Hills; Santa Ana Mountains. Family 20. LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY. Evergreen shrubs or herbs, ours parasitic on shrubs or trees and absorbing food from their sap through special- ized roots (haustoria). Stems dichotomously branched, s woolen at the joints and bearing opposite thick coriace- ous entire exstipulate leaves, foliaceous or reduced to- connate scales. Flowers dioecious, regular, clustered or solitary, small and greenish. Petals none. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 2-5-lobed. Stamens equaling the calyx-lobes and inserted upon them ; anthers 2-celled or confluently 1-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style simple or none ; stigma 1. Fruit a berry ; seed solitary with glutinous testa and copious endosperm ; embryo straight, terete or angled. Leaves scale-like; anthers 1-celled; pollen spinulose. 1. RAZOUMOFSKYA. Leaves foliaceous; anthers 2-celled; pollen smooth. 2. PHORADBNDRON. 1. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm. Plants yellow or greenish-brown with fragile jointed angled stems. Leaves reduced to opposite connate scales. Flowers solitary or several from the same axil. Staminate flowers mostly 3-parted, compressed. An- thers sessile on the lobes, circular, 1-celled, dehiscent at the base by a circular slit ; pollen grains spinulose. Pistillate flowers ovate, compressed, 2-toothed, subsessile, 110 Polygonaceae at length exserted on reflexed pedicels. Berry fleshy compressed, dehiscing elastically at the circumscissile base. Cotyledons very short. 1. R. occidentalis (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems much branched, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick ; staminate plants brownish-yellow, bearing numerous dense spikes, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; pistillate plants olive-brown; spikes short, 5-6-flowered or with the upper reduced to 1 ; berry brown, oblong, tapering to each end, 4-5 mm. long. (Arceutho- bium occidentalis Engelm.) Frequent on pines. 2. PHOKADENDRON Nutt. MISTLETOE. Woody plants with terete usually jointed and brittle stems. Leaves foliaceous, entire, faintly nerved, or re- duced to connate scales. Flowers sunk in the jointed rachis, usually several in the axil of each bract. Stami- nate flowers with a mostly 3-lobed globose calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the inferior ovary. Berry sessile ovoid or globose, fleshy. 1. P. villosum Nutt. Foliage deep green; leaves elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, on short petioles; berries pinkish, 3 mm. in diameter. On oaks about Pasadena. 2. P. macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell. Foliage deep green; leaves orbicular-obovate, 5-7 cm. long, usually 5-nerved; spikes large ; flowers pubescent. Common on the sycamores. Family 21. POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate or verticillate leaves, which are often only radical, with sheathing stipules or none. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed Buckwheat Family 111 pedicels. Calyx of 4-9 sepals, usually petaloid, persist- ent. Stamens as many as the sepals, perigynous. Styles 2-4, distinct or somewhat united, opposite the angles of the lenticular or triquetrous achene. Seed erect; em- bryo straight within the mealy endosperm or curved around it. Leaves without stipules. Involucre bract-like. Flowers solitary, surrounded by a 2-lobed bract, becoming elongated in fruit. 1. PTEROSTEGIA. Flowers capitate, each surrounded by a bract. 2. NEMACAULIS. Involucre wanting; calyx involucre-like. 3. LASTARBIAE. Involucre tubular with 3-6 cuspidate or awned often hooked teeth. 4. CHOBIZANTHE. Involucre turbinate with 18-20 acicular awns. 5. ACANTHOSCYPHUS. Involucre campanulate or turbinate, deeply 3-5-cleft, the lobes ending in straight awns or awnless. 6. OXYTHECA. Involucre oblong, campanulate or turbinate, 4-8-toothed or lobed, awnless, usually many-flowered. 7. ERIOGONUM. Leaves with sheathing stipules. Sepals 6, the outer 3 smaller; stigmas 3, tufted. 8. RUMEX. Sepals 4-6, equal ; stigmas 2-3, capitate. 9. POLYGONUM. 1. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. Very slender annuals, diffusely dichotomous from the base, with opposite leaves and foliaceous bracts. Invo- lucres axillary, sessile, solitary, consisting of a single 2-lobed bract, shorter than the solitary sessile flower, enlarged in fruit, scarious and reticulated, loosely en- closing the achene, gibbously 2-saccate on the back. Calyx 6-parted or rarely 5-parted. Stamens 3-6, insert- ed at the base of the calyx-lobes. Achene triangular, glabrous ; cotyledons accumbent. 1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems several from the base, 10-30 cm. long or more; lower leaves petioled, 4-12 mm. long, fan-shaped, 2-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed or slightly lobed ; upper leaves obovate-spatulate, entire or more or less toothed; bracts similar, 2 mm. long; involucres 2-3 mm. long in fruit, the margins of the lobes toothed or laciniate; flowers about 1.5 mm. long, sessile ; calyx-lobes lanceolate. Common and general below 4000 feet. The whole plant often reddis when growing in exposed places. -112 Polygonaceae 2. NEMACAULIS Nutt. Slender diffuse annuals with spatulate mostly radical leaves and no stipules. Flowers capitate, each with a free herbaceous bract, perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, colored, enclosing the achene. Stamens 3. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene short-ovoid, obscurely 3-angled. 1. N. denudata Nutt. Stems prostrate or ascending, 15-30 cm. long, glabrate, reddish; leaves narrowly spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, including the short petiole, densely tomentose-hairy on both sides; bractlets of the flower clusters obovate-spatulate, 2 mm. long, the outer flowerless, the inner smaller, woolly within and glabrous without; flowers yellowish, scarcely 1 mm. long, short pedicellate, glabrous; inner segments broadest; achene 0.7 rnm. long. (N. Nuttallii Benth.) Occasional on sand-dunes along the seashore and in sandy soils in our interior valleys. 3. LASTABBIAEA Eemy. A small diffuse rigid fragile annual, with the aspect of Chorizanthe. Involucre wanting. Perianth involucre- like, coriaceous, tubular, 5-6-cleft to the middle ; the narrow teeth rigid, awned, recurved and uncinate. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat ; filaments very short, with small membranous appendages intervening at their insertions. Achene triangular ; embryo curved. 1. Li. Chilensis Remy. Branches procumbent or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, hirsute ; lowest leaves linear, obtuse, hispid-ciliate, 1-2 cm. long, cauline in whorls of 4-5, unequal; bracts 3-6 mm. long concealing the flowers; perianth 2-3 mm. long, its tube triquetrous ; teeth 5, 3 long and 2 short ; anthers small, orbicular ; style very short. Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in sandy soils. April. 4. CHOBIZANTHE R. Br. Low dichotomously branched annual herbs, with rosulate basal leaves and opposite or ternate stem-leaves, often reduced and bracteate. Involucre 1 -flowered, or Buckwheat Family 113 rarely 2-3-flowered, tubular or funnelform, sessile, 3-6- anded or costate, 3-6-toothed or 3-6-cleft, its teeth divaricate, cuspidate or awned. Flowers pedicellate or nearly sessile, included within the involucre, or the seg- ments protruding. Calyx 6-parted or 6-cleft, colored. Stamens usually 9, rarely 3 or 6, adnate to the base of the calyx-tube. Ovary glabrous. * Glabrous or glandular-pubescent. 1. C. Thurberi (Gray) Wats. Somewhat glandular-puberu- lent, usually about 1 dm. high, branching from the base; leaves 2.5 cm. long, glabrous, slightly ciliate ; bracts oblong, more or less united, 2-6 mm. long; involucres glabrous, chartaceous, tri- angular-prismatic, obscurely reticulated, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, with 3 broad straight awned spurs at base and 3-5 broad short erect teeth ; flowers 1 of 2 on slender pedicels, pubescent at base, nearly 2 mm. long; segments oblong-spatulate, obtuse or emarginate, the alternate ones slightly shorter. Occasional on dry sandy plains, mostly farther inland than our range. 2. C. leptoceras (Gray) Wats. Very slender and nearly gla- brous; leaves and bracts as in the last; involucre 4-6 mm. long, somewhat hirsute, deeply 4-6-cleft, the coriaceous turbinate base surrounded by as many rigid usually uncinate awn-like spurs ; lobes rigid, narrow, unequal, attenuate into straight rigid some- what divergent awns ; flowers 2 or 3, occasionally exserted, villous- pubescent, 1 mm. long; segments narrowly oblong to ovate, nearly equal. On dry sandy plains from San Gabriel eastward. 3. C. Californica Gray. Hirsute and glandular, 3 dm. high or less, often reddish ; bracts 1-2 cm. broad, lateral or rarely per- foliate, lobed ; involucres on contracted branchlets and often clustered in the axils, 4-6 mm. long, obtusely angled, 2-3-toothed and 2-3-sided ; segments of the perianth obovate, entire, villous- pubescent on the midvein. Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys. ** Villo us-pubescent or hirsute, not glandular. -*- Bracts notfoliaceous. 4. C. staticoides Benth. Erect or decumbent, rather stout, 1-4 dm. high, with spreading branches, villous-pubescent, often 114 Polygonaceae purplish, leaves all basal, tomentose beneath, oblong, obtuse, 2.5-6 cm. long ; bracts not acerose ; involucres in rather close cymes, 3-6 mm. long, the alternate teeth larger, nearly equal; flowers nearly sessile, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely villous on the midvein, cleft to near the middle; segments oblong, en- tire, the alternate ones about half as long and narrower; stamens inserted at base. Very common and general. May-July. 5. C. procumbens Nutt. Slender, procumbent, branching from the base and diffuse, villous-pubescent, often yellowish; leaves spatulate, 2.5 cm. long or less, not tomentose, bracts mostly small; involucres 2-3 mm. long, the alternate teeth strongly divergent, about equaling the tube, uncinate; flowers sessile, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous or somewhat villous, segments equal, narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire; stamens inserted at the base. Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson. •*- +- Bracts more or less foliaceous. 6. C. Parryi Wats. Branching from the base, 5-8 cm. high, villous-pubescent; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, not tomentose; lower bracts as large, similar, pungent; tube of the involucre 2 mm. long, the alternate teeth strongly divergent, as long or longer ; flowers nearly sessile, white or pinkish, 3 mm. long, villous on the nerves, cleft nearly to the middle; segments recurved, somewhat undulate, oblong-ovate, acutish, crenate, the inner ones about the same length, but narrower ; stamens insert- ed at the base. Scarcely reaching our eastern borders, but rather frequent on dry plains and foothills in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. 7. C. Fernandina Wats. Procumbent, rather stout, strongly silky-pubescent, 6-10 cm. long; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, not tomentose ; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper narrowly linear; tube of involucre 2 mm. long, the teeth stout, with straight awns; flowers white, 2 mm. long; lobes nearly equal, broadly oblong, the alternate ones slightly narrower. First collected in San Fernando Canyon. Otherwise only known from Chatsworth Park. 8. C. Xanti Wats. Branching diffusely from near the base, 6-15 cm. high, villous-pubescent and tomentose; leaves ovate- Buckwheat Family 115 oblong, 4-12 mm. long, tomentose beneath ; lower bracts similar or linear-oblanceolate ; involucres tomentose, in diffuse cymes, the tube 4 mm. long with strongly divergent teeth half as long or more, the alternate ones much smaller; flowers rose-colored, 5 mm. long, sessile, villous ; segments linear-oblong, entire, acutish, the alternate ones only half as long; stamens inserted at the base. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. 5. ACANTHOCYPHUS Small. Slender nearly glabrous acaulescent annual herbs, with erect wiry forking scapes. Leaves basal firm dentic- ulate with spinulose teeth, dilated at the base. Bracts scale-like, ternate, united at the bases, inclined to one side of the axes. Involucres turbinate, truncate, on wire-like peduncles, with 18-20 hard ribs, which are prolonged into as many rigid acicular awns, these sur- passing the tube in length. Flowers 5-14, of 2 kinds : staminate, included ; pistillate, exserted. Pedicels sub- tended by linear or linear-spatulate bractlets. Perianth glabrous, segments 6. Stamens 9, inserted at the base of the perianth. 1. A. Parishii (Parry) Small. Slender, 2-5 dm. high ; stems with short-stalked glands at the base and for a short distance above the forks, otherwise glabrous and more or less glaucous ; leaves 3-4 cm. long, finely spinulose-denticulate, tube of invo- lucre 2 mm. long, much surpassed by its slender whitish bristles. (Oxytheca Parishii Parry.) Common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 6. OXYTHECA Nutt. Slender dichotomously branched annuals, stipitate- glandular at the nodes. Leaves in a rosette at base. Bracts foliaceous and more or less united, usually ter- nate. Involucres, few-flowered, more or less distinctly pedicellate, campanulate or turbinate, 3-5-cleft, the 116 Polygonaceae teeth bearing an awn or awnless. Flowers equal, gland- ular-pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9. 1. O. trilobata Gray. Much branched from the base, 1 dm. high or less; leaves somewhat villous, oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long; bracts ternate, oblong-lanceolate, awned, not reflexed ; in- volucres broadly turbinate, 5-parted nearly to the base, strongly nerved, 3-4 mm. long, with awns slightly shorter than the lobes; pedicels spreading, 4-10 mm. long; flowers 3-5 in each involucre, light rose color, 2 mm. long; segments ligulate-oblong, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, slightly erose on the sides; ovary triangular. Not common within our limits, but found on dry plains in San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego Counties. 7. EBIOGONUM Michx. Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with basal, alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules, and perfect involucrate flowers. Involucre campanulate, turbinate or oblong, 4-8-toothed or 4-r8-lobed, awnless, usually many-flowered ; the more or less exserted pedi- cels intermixed with scarious narrow setaceous bracts or bractlets. Perianth 6-parted or deeply 6-cleft, petaloid. Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the perianth. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular, rarely lenticu- lar. * Involucres nerveless, pedicellate; perianth-lobes unequal. I. E. Thurberi Torr. Annual, very slender, about 15 cm. high, much branched below the middle, with ovate acute bracts at the forks, tomentose below the panicle, leaves subbasal, rounded-ovate, about 1 cm. long, undulate rugose, pubescent above, white tomentose beneath ; pedicels slender, about 2 cm. long, erect or spreading, involucres campanulate, less than 2 mm. high, cleft nearly to the middle; flowers rose-colored or white, outer segments rounded, much broader than the inner lanceolate ones. Common on dry plains and foothills from Pasadena eastward; also in the Santa Ana Mountains. Buckwheat Family 117 ** Involucres 5-6-nerved, mostly sessile; perianth-lobes similar. -«- Involucres capitate or fascicled. •** Perennials with stout short woody caudex. 2. E. latifoliuxn Smith. Caudex indurate, its branches few, short, very leafy; scapes not fistulose, 2-5 dm. high; leaves ob- long to ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, often undulate and becoming gla- brate above; bracts triangular; heads large and dense, 12-20 mm. broad, solitary and terminal or few in a simple umbel; involucre tomentose, 4 mm. long; flowers glabrous, light rose color, 3 mm. long. Bluffs near Santa Monica. 3. E. nudum Dougl. Caudex sparingly leafy; scapes rather slender, fistulose, 3-6 dm. high, sparingly branched above; leaves broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, on slender petioles, undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becoming gla- brate above; involucres usually 3-6 in each cluster, glabrous or nearly so, 4-6 mm. high; flowers glabrous or somewhat villous, 2-3 mm. long, white or rose color. Occasional on Catalina Island and on the mainland east of our territory. August-September. +*++ Perennials, shrubby, leafy; leaves often fascicled; bracts foli- aceous. 4. E. cinereum Benth. Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high, in dense clumps, hoary-tomentose throughout; leaves orbicular to oblong, 12-18 mm. long, on very short petioles, obtuse, undulate, strongly nerved; peduncles elongated, sparingly dichotomously branched, bearing few rather loose heads ; bracts short ; involucres 4 mm. long; perianth very villous, rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long-. Bluffs along the seashore at Santa Monica and San Pedro. 5. E. parvifolium Smith. Shrubby, about 3 m. high, more or less white-tomentose throughout; leaves broadly ovate to oblong, 8-18 mm. long, acute, abruptly narrowed at base to the very short petiole, revolute and undulate on the margins, becom- ing glabrate above ; lower bracts conspicuous, the upper smaller; involucres tomentose, about 3 mm. long; perianth rose-colored, glabrous, about 3 mm. long. Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. 6. E. fasciculatum Benth. (WILD BUCKWHEAT.) Shrubby, 5 dm. high or more, more or less tomentose ; leaves narrowly 118 Polygonaceae oblanceolate, revolute, tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 6-18 mm. long, much fascicled ; peduncles short or elongated, bearing a short cymosely divided umbel; bracts rather conspicuous; involucres about 4 mm. high, glabrate; flowers rose-colored or whitish, glabrous or somewhat villous. Very common on the plains and in the foothills. •*-•*- Involucres solitary, often secund along the virgate branches. ** Perennials, white-tomentose; panicle sparingly branched and virgate. 7. E. saxatile Wats. Caudex densely leafy, sparingly branch- ed; leaves rounded or obovate, obtuse, 12-16 mm. broad, cuneate at base, densely tomentose on both sides ; petioles short and thick; branches of the cymose panicle 1-2 dm. long, spreading; bracts subfoliaceous, triangular; involucres 3-4 mm. long, teeth acute ; perianth rose color, 2-3 mm. long, the lobes appressed to the nearly glabrous achene, this abruptly narrowed at base. Frequent in the higher altitudes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 8. E. Wrightii Torr. Much branched, leafy at base, 2-5 dm. high, rather slender; leaves oblong-ovate, 15-25 mm. long, acute, narrowed at base to a 4-8 mm. long petiole; bracts all small, triangular; involucres loosely spicate along the ascending branches, 3 mm. high, the teeth rigid, acute ; perianth rose color, 3 mm. long ; achene scabrous on the angles above, these acute at base. Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains in the pine belt. 9. E. Bloomeri Parish. Caudex as in the last ; leaves dense- ly white-tomentose or somewhat brownish, oval, ovate or obo- vate; scapiform peduncles numerous, 2-4 dm. high, erect, repeat- edly branched; lower bracts foliaceous; involucres distant, 4 mm. high; the teeth subacute, few-flowered; perianth 8 mm. high, attenuate at base, glabrous, yellowish; filaments hairy at base ; achene glabrous, attenuate above. Frequent in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains. 10. E. elongatum Benth. Stems erect, rather slender, from a sparingly branched base; leaves usually somewhat scattered, oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, narrowed to a short peti- ole, becoming glabrate above ; bracts ovate-triangular to lanceo- Buckwheat Family 119 late, acute; involucres distant on the few elongated branches, 5-6 mm. high, obtusely toothed ; flowers white or pale rose color, 2-3 mm. long; achene glabrous. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains, as well as in the in- terior valleys. **** Annuals. 11. E. virgatum Benth. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, tomentose throughout, branches few, ascending, elongated, strictly virgate or flexuous; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the involucres, some- times including 1 or more leaves ; involucres tomentose, narrow, 4 mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long, white or yellowish, glabrous. Frequent in the foothills. 12. E. vimineum. Dougl. Glabrous or tomentose toward the base, erect, 2-4 dm. high, much branched from near the base, the branches elongated and virgate, the lower commonly in whorls of 4-5 ; lower forks often leafy ; leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, 6-18 mm. long, white-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate above, the margins undulate, on petioles of about the same length; involucres very narrow, 2 mm. high; flowers few, pale rose color or yellowish, 2 mm. long, outer segments obovate; inner oblong. Frequent in the coast ranges. 13. E. gracile Benth. Floccose-tomentose throughout, rather diffusely branched, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or broadly oblong, tomentose on both sides or less so above ; bracts more or less elongated, the lower foliaceous ; involucres rigid, acute, often dark brown ; perianth white or pale rose color, 1.5 mm. long. Common in sandy soil, especially toward the coast. 14. E. gracile leucocladon (Benth.) Torr. Less branched, the branches strict, becoming glabrate ; flowers pale rose color. Dry sand-washes of the interior. 8. RUMEX L. DOCK. Perennial or annual leafy-stemmed herbs. Stem grooved, usually branched. Leaves entire or undulate, flat or crisped, with scarious obliquely truncate cylindric sheathing stipules. Flowers green, usually perfect, in a simple or compound often panicled raceme. Calyx 120 Potygonaceae 6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones (wings) usually bearing a grain-like callosity on the back, larger and enclosing the achene. Stamens 6 ; filaments short, glabrous ; anthers oblong. Style 3-parted ; stigmas peltate, tufted. Achenes 3-angled. * Flowers dioecious; leaves hastate. 1. B. Acetosella L. Perennial by slender running rootstocks, slender erect or nearly so, simple or branched, 2-4 dm. high, gla- brous; leaves narrowly hastate, petioled, the uppermost leaves somewhat entire; panicle narrow, naked, becoming reddish; calyx green,! mm. long; stamens exserted; achene granular, exceeding the persistent calyx. In moist grassy places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe. ** Flowers perfect; leaves not hastate. •*- Inner calyx-lobes with slender awned teeth. 2. B. pulcherL. Stems erect, 5-8 dm. high, with rigid di- varicately spreading branches ; leaves scabrous beneath, the basal oblong or lanceolate, acute, cordate or obtuse at base ; flowrers on short stout rigid pedicels; wings ovate, 2-3 mm. long, with 4-6 rigidly awned teeth on each side. Sparingly introduced, Inglewood. Native of Europe. 3. B. persicarioides L. Annual, pubescent, pale green ; stem erect, simple or branched, 2-6 dm. high, sometimes spreading, very leafy; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 2 dm. long or usually less, narrowed at the base or cordate, acute at the apex, the margins undulate and somewhat crisped; panicle simple or branched; racemes erect, leafy bracted; whorls dense, usually rather distant ; pedicels equaling or somewhat exceeding the inner calyx-lobes, jointed at the base; inner calyx-lobes oblong, 2 mm. long, with 1-3 bristles on each margin, each bearing an ovoid or oblong grain; achene about 1.5 mm. long, pointed, reddish. Frequent in moist places, especially along the margins of ponds. Native of Europe. •*- Inner calyx-lobes with entire or dentate or erose margins, herbage glabrous. 4. B. salicifolius Weinm. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous ; stems ascending or spreading, simple or branched, grooved, flexu- Buckwheat Family 121 ous, 4-8 dm. long; leaves mostly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petioled, not undulate or crisped; racemes dense, interrupted below in fruit; flowers in dense clusters; wings 2 mm. long, undulate or subdentate, each bearing a large ovoid grain ; achene 2 mm. long, dark red. Frequent in moist places along the coast and in the mountains. 5. B. conglomeratus Murr. Stems slender, erect, commonly branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 15 cm. long or less, somewhat undulate and crisped, the lower long petioled, cordate at base, acute or obtuse at apex, the upper short petioled ; panicle very loose, much branched; racemes slender, inter- rupted; flowers loosely whorled, the whorls distant; pedicels slender, shorter than or equaling the wings ; wings ovate, fiddle- shaped, 3 mm. long, toothed near the base, each bearing a large oblong grain ; achene about 1.5 mm. long, pointed, red. Common in damp land, especially toward the coast. (>. R. crispus L. Stems simple or branched above, erect, rather slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaves crisped and undulate, the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, long petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lanceolate, short petioled, all cordate or obtuse at base; panicle rather open; racemes simple or com- pound ; flowers rather loosely whorled ; calyx green ; fruiting pedicels about twice the length of the wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or notched at base, erose-dentate or nearly entire, each bearing a grain ; achene 2 mm. long, dark brown. Common in moist places. 7. B. hymenosepalus Torr. Stems erect, 4-6 dm. high, stout, leafy, simple or branched above; leaves attenuate to a short thick fleshy petiole, oblong to broadly lanceolate, often 3 dm. long, acute, strongly undulate; racemes panicled about 3 dm. long; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; wings 8-12 mm. broad, rose color, deeply cordate, strongly reticulate-veined, grains entirely wanting; achene 4 mm. long. Frequent in dry sandy soil. Canaigre of commerce. 9. POLYGONUM L. KNOTWEED. Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with alternate entire leaves and naked, ciliate or foliaceous margined sheaths. Flowers usually perfect, often colored, 122 Polygonaceae variously clustered. Pedicels jointed. Calyx 4-5-part- ed, usually petaloid, the outer segments slightly larger than the inner ones. Stamens 5-9 ; filaments glabrous ; anthers oblong. Style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft ; stigmas capitate. Achene lenticular or 3-angled, invested by the persistent calyx. 1. P. incarnatum Ell. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stem erect, simple or branched above, more or less swollen at the nodes, 8-12 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, 6-18 cm. long, acumi- nate at both ends, short petioled, sparingly punctate and ciliate; sheaths loose, long, sometimes ciliate when young, becoming naked; racemes panicled, drooping, 4-10 cm. long, linear; calyx white or pink, small ; stamens 6 ; style 2-parted to near the base ; achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, smooth and shining. Marshes about Los Angeles. Probably introduced from the Atlantic coast. 2. P. lapathifolium L. Stem simple or much branched, erect or ascending, swollen at the nodes, 3-12 dm. high, the peduncles and petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, attenuate to the apex, tapering to the short petiole, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; sheath cylindric, ribbed or striate; racemes panicled, 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping, narrow, rather dense, calyx pink, white or greenish, 5-parted ; stamens 6 ; style 2-parted to below the middle ; achene lenticular, 2 mm. long. (P. nodosum Pers.) Occasional along streams. 3. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Stems rather stout, 3-10 dm. high, erect or decumbent, clothed with short appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; sheath cylindric, loose, ciliate; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less in- terrupted, 3-7 cm. long; calyx white or whitish, often conspicu- ous; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, smooth. Frequent along streams, especially toward the coast. 4. P. aviculare L. Annual or perennial, slender, glabrous, bluish-green; stem prostrate or ascending, simple or much branched, 1-6 dm. long; leaves linear to oblanceolate, commonly oblong, 6-18 mm. long, nearly sessile ; sheath oblique, 2-parted Chenopodiaceae 123 or becoming lacerate; flower clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered; flowers small, short pedicelled; calyx green, its 5 lobes with white or pinkish margins; stamens 5-8; style short 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled, ovoid, 2 mm. long, reticulated. A common weed in waste places. 5. P. Convolvulus L. Annual, glabrous, scurvy ; stem twin- ing or trailing, branched, 1-10 dm. long; leaves ovate-sagittate, long-petioled, acuminate, slightly ciliate, 1-7 cm. long; sheath oblique, rough on the margin; axillary clusters loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pendulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely investing the achene; stamens 8; style short, nearly entire; stigmas 8; achene 3-angled, granular. Cultivated fields about Pasadena, JfcClatchie. Family 22. CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs often succulent mealy or scurvy, some- times fleshy. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, some- times wanting, without stipules. Flowers perfect or uni- sexual, with an herbaceous calyx of 2-5 often keeled rigid sepals, or sometimes wanting in pistillate flowers. Stamens distinct, as many as the sepals and opposite them or fewer ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an achene or utricle in fruit. Embryo annular and surrounding the endosperm or spiral and with the endosperm lateral or wanting. Leaves various, not semiterete and fleshy nor spiny. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-cleft or 3-5-parted. Calyx 3-cleft; stamen 1; leaves entire. 1. APHANISMA. Calyx mostly 5-cleft, herbaceous in fruit; stamens mostly 5; flowers in panicled spikes. 2. CHENOPODIDM. Calyx 3-5- toothed, dry in fruit; flowers few or solitary in the axils; leaves pinnatifid. 3. ROUBIEVA. Calyx of 1 sepal; stamen 1. 4. MONOLEPIS. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 5. ATRIPLEX. Leaves wanting; stems fleshy. 6. SALICORNIA. Leaves semiterete, fleshy. 7. DONDIA. Leaves spiny. 8. SALSOLA. 124 Chenopodiaceae 1. APHANISMA Nutt. Slender glabrous annuals, with alternate sessile entire leaves, and axillary mostly solitary perfect bractless flowers. Calyx 3-cleft, with concave segments un- changed in fruit. Stamen 1 ; filament short. Ovary depressed ; style shortly 2-3-cleft ; pericarp somewhat 5-angled, rather thick and indurate. Seed horizontal, with very thin crustaceous testa. Embryo annular sur- rounding the copious endosperm. 1. A. blitoides Nutt. Stems ascending, branched, 3-7.5 dm. high; leaves thin, oblanceolate to ovate-oblong, the upper ones ovate, acute, 6-15 mm. long; calyx minute, its lobes ovate, obtuse, closely appressed to the base of the fruit; fruit 1 mm. broad; seed shining, punctulate-rugose. San Pedro, Davidson; Catalina Island. 2. CHENOPODIUM L. GOOSEFOOT. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly introduced weeds. Leaves often white-mealy, sometimes glandular, alternate, petioled. Flowers perfect, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal often panicled spikes. Calyx herbaceous, 3-4-parted or mostly 5-parted ; the lobes usually connate or crested, more or less closely covering the fruit. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the lenticular or subglobose, horizontal or vertical seed. Embryo annular or curved around the copious endo- sperm. * Annuals; ours introduced. •*- Leaves white-mealy or glabrous. 1. C. album L. Stems erect, 0.5-2 m. high, branches ascend- ing; leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, white-mealy beneath, dentate or sinuate or the upper entire, 2-6 cm. long; Goosefoot Family 125 spikes densely flowered, often panicled; calyx about 1 nun. broad in fruit, its lobes strongly carinate. A common weed in waste fields. May-September. Nativeof the Old World. 2. C. album viride (L.) Moq. Closely resembling the type, but leaves bright green or very slightly mealy beneath. Vernon, Davidson. 3. C. murale L. Stout erect, 3-6 dm. high, the lower- branches usually spreading or decumbent; leaves 3-8 cm. long, rhombic-ovate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, acute at the apex, glabrous or slightly mealy when young ; spikes panicled, loosely flowered; calyx enclosing the fruit ; seed acutely margined. Frequent in waste places. Often flowering the year round. Native of the Old World. 4. C. rubrum L. Annual, somewhat fleshy and glabrous or commonly somewhat mealy; stem erect, leafy, 3-7 dm. high, with strict or ascending branches; leaves thick, 3-5 cm. long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate, or the upper entire, acute or obtuse at apex, narrowed at base to a rather short petiole; flowers in compound, leafy-bracted axil- lary and terminal spikes, often exceeding the leaves; calyx 3-5- parted, its segments slightly fleshy, reddish, not keeled, obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens 1-2; stigmas short; utricle horizontal, shining, rather sharp-edged. Occasional in saline flats and marshes along the coast. August-November. -*- Leaves more or less glandular-pubescent. 5. C. ambrosioides L. Stem ascending or erect, 0.5-1 m. high, much branched and leafy, more or less glandular-pubescent, strong-scented ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, subacute or acute at the apex, narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 3-9 cm. long ; flower clusters dense, axillary upon the branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes appressed ; pericarp deciduous. Frequent in waste places. Native of Europe. ** Perennials. 6. C. Californicum \Vata. Stout, erect or decumbent at base, 5-8 dm. high, from a thick fusiform root; leaves broadly triangu- lar-hastate, truncate or cordate at base, 3-9 cm. long, sharply 126 Chenopodiaceae and unequally sinuate-dentate, dark green, glabrous or slightly mealy when young ; flowers in dense clusters in terminal spikes ; calyx deeply 5-toothed, loosely enveloping the fruit; pericarp persistent; seed subglobose, about 2 mm. broad. Frequent in the valleys and foothills. March-May. 3. BOUBIEVA Moq. A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong scented, prostrate and diffusely branched, with narrow small sh'ort-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect or pistillate, solitary or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, in fruit be- coming ovoid, strongly reticulated. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Em- bryo a complete ring. 1. R. multifida (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, very leafy, 1-4 dm. long; leaves lanceolate to linear or linear-oblong, deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong, acute, entire or toothed lobes; flowers 1-6 in an axil, sessile, scarcely 1 mm. broad, some perfect, some pistillate ; fruiting calyx 3-nerved and strongly reticulate- veined ; utricle compressed. Occasionally found in waste places. Pasadena; Compton. 4. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Low branching annual herbs, with small narrow alter- nate entire, toothed or lobed leaves and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen 1. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo nearly a complete ring. 1. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Slightly mealy when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so; stem 8-24 cm. high, with many ascending branches ; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 1-6 cm. long, narrowed at base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe linear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the ascending lateral ones ; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate; utricle minutely pitted, 1 mm. broad. Cienega, Davidson. Goosefoot Family 127 5. ATBIPLEX L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby, often scurvy- canescent or silvery, with alternate petioled or sessile leaves, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or in axil- lary clusters. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 or more united bract- lets which enlarge in fruit, their margins entire or toothed, often crested or winged. Calyx none. Stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruit- ing bract lets. Embryo annular. * Annuals', monoecious. 1. A. patula L. Stems stout and succulent, erect, 2-6 dm. high, with few ascending branches, herbage green, only the grow- ing parts somewhat mealy ; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or coarsely toothed, sometimes hastate at base ; inflorescence more or less leafy below, the clusters dense in spikes or panicles; bracts rhombic-ovate, thick and subcoriaceous, 8-12 mm. long, entire or toothed, sometimes muricate. Frequent in saline places, especially toward the coast. 2. A. expansa Wats. Annual, erect, much branched, 5-10 dm. high, closely and finely mealy-scurvy; leaves 2.5-7 cm. long, broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, irregularly and sharply sinuate- toothed, the lower on stout petioles about 1 cm. long, and strong- ly 3-nerved from the base, the upper reduced to sessile more or less cordate floral bracts, as broad or broader than long ; flower clusters more or less unisexual, those of the lower clusters mostly staminate ; fruiting bracts sessile, clustered in the axils of the leaves, orbicular, mostly 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, usually emarginate at the apex, the wing sharply toothed and commonly bearing on one face a few irregular projections or crests. Occasional in the Ballona Marshes. 3. A. microcarpa Dietrich. Minutely and somewhat hoary puberulent, the numerous reddish branches nearly glabrous ; stems 128 Chenopodiaceae 15-30 cm. long, spreading and decumbent; leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, 6-10 mm. long, acute at each end, sessile; flowers in small axillary clusters, the terminal ones usually more stami- nate; fruiting bracts round-obovate, usually less than 2 mm. broad, the roundish summit narrowly bordered with 3-7 small herbaceous teeth, sides frequently somewhat muricate or 1-nerved ^ seed 0.5 mm. broad. Rather common in saline places toward the coast. 4. A. Watsoni A. Nelson in lit. Branching from the base, somewhat woody below, slender, decumbent or sometimes pros- trate, densely hoary-scurvy ; leaves mostly opposite, cuneate- rounded at base, acute or acutish, oblong-ovate, 12-25 mm. long; staminate flowers in dense clusters in short interrupted terminal spikes; calyx 5-cleft; fruiting bracts sessile, slightly cordate at base, acute, 4 mm. long and broad, compressed, united to above the middle, entire or slightly denticulate; seed nearly 2 mm. long. (A. decumbens Wats.) Not known to occur within our limits, but found at San Diego. ** Perennials; monoecious, or the last 2 dioecious. 5. A. Serenana A. Nelson in lit. Stems rather stout and more or less diffuse, 3 dm. or more long ; branches smooth and shining, straw-colored ; foliage finely grayish-scurvy ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 8-18 mm. long, thin, sharply toothed or the smaller entire ; flower-clusters unisexual, the staminate in terminal simple or compound spikes, the pistillate axillary ; fruiting bracts 2 mm. long, the margins laciniately toothed or dentate, the central tooth lanceolate and conspicuous. (A. bracteosa Wats.) Very common throughout our range in saline places. 6. A. semibaccata R. Br. Perennial ; steins much branched from the base, prostrate, woody below, branches 3-10 dm. long, branchlets slender, whitish, leafy throughout; leaves oblong- lanceolate, tapering at base to a short petiole rounded at apex, 2-4 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide, entire or commonly irregularly and remotely dentate, pale green above, silvery beneath ; staminate flowers in short capitate spikes terminating the branchlets ; fruit- ing bracts about 3 mm. long, the margins entire or minutely toothed on the lateral angles, becoming fleshy and reddish when mature. Becoming well established along roadsides and in waste places. Wise- burn; Wilmington; Santa Ana. More common about San Diego and Escon- Goosefoot Family 129 dido. Native of Australia and cultivated to some extent under the name of Australian salt-bush. 7. A. Californica Moq. Finely white-mealy; stems slender, leafy, mostly herbaceous, prostrate or scrambling among low shrubs, usually much branched and forming a mat; leaves ovate- lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm. long, sessile or narrow- ed to a short petiole ; staminate flowers in terminal spikes, the pistillate in axillary clusters ; fruiting bracts membranous, ovate,, acute, entire, loosely closed over the utricle but not united, 3 mm., long or less. Occasional in saline places along the coast and on sandy bluffs overhang- ing the sea. 8. A. leucophylla Dietrich. Densely whitish-scurvy, steins stout, 3 dm. long or more, mostly prostrate; leaves thickish, orbicular or elliptic, 8-16 mm. long, sessile, 3-nerved ; staminate clusters in a dense terminal spike, 1-2 cm. long ; pistillate flowers in axillary 2-3-flowered clusters; fruiting bracts completely united and with a short terminal wing, globose or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long. Rather common on the seabeach sands, often more or less buried. 9. A. orbicularis Wats. Subcanescent with very fine pubes- cence, woody at base, much branched and forming a compact growth, 9-14 dm. high; leaves oblong-obovate, 2 cm. long or more, retuse or obtuse and apiculate, narrowed to a very short, slender petiole ; inflorescence paniculate, naked or leafy below, the small dense staminate clusters with the pistillate flowers in sessile clusters ; fruiting bracts orbicular, somewhat coherent toward the base, entire, not appendaged on the back, 4-6 mm. broad; seed 1 mm. broad. Common along the seashore from Santa Monica to Port Los Angeles. What seems to be the same is also common on bluffs near Capistrano. 10. A. Breweri Wats. Dioecious, stout, 1.5-2 m. high, woody below, grayish-puberulent ; the branches terete, somewhat flexu- ous ; leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat rhombic-cuneate at the base, obtuse or abruptly acute, 2.5-5 cm. long; calyx deeply 4-cleft; fruiting bracts spongy, ovate to rounded, convex, united at the margin to the middle, entire, 2-3 mm. broad. Bluffs along the seashore. Port Los Angeles ; Santa Monica ; Port Ballona . 130 Chenopodiaceae 11. A. canescens (Pursh) James. Erect and shrubby, rather Strict, about 8 dm. high ; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear, 15-45 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed to the base, entire ; usually dioecious ; the flowers in panicled spikes ; calyx 5-cleft; fruiting bracts connate and indurated, not scurvy or muricate, the wings distinct and broad, veined and entire or toothed, 4-6 mm. long. Occasional in the vicinity of San Bernardino and San Diego. A common species on the desert. 6. SALICOBNIA L. Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with op- posite terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere oppo- site scales at the nodes. The flowers sunken, 3-7 together in the axils of the upper leaves, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral staminate. Calyx fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, exserted. Styles and stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx ; embryo conduplicate. 1. S. ambigua Michx. Perennial by a woody rootstock ; stem decumbent or trailing, 1-6 din. long, the branches ascending or erect, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 7-15 cm. long, pale green ; scales broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; fruiting spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, broad as the branches; flowers about all equally high and about equaling the joints. Very common in salt marshes along the coast. May-August. 2. S. subterminalis Parish. Perennial from a tufted ligneous spreading-prostrate caudex ; the herbaceous stems widely spread- ing or suberect, crowded or fascicled, 1-3 dm. high, internodes short; the numerous branchlets slender, both members of each pair often ascending on the same side of the main stem, giving it a unilateral appearance; spikes 1-3 cm. long, of few-several enlarged fertile bracts (joints broader than long) and usually about as many slender longer sterile ones ; scales acute, becom- ing divaricate-alate ; middle flower united nearly or quite to the stigmas ; fruit glabrous. Not common within our limits. Capistrano; Mesmer. Easily distin- guished from S. ambigua by its much greener slender and numerous branch- lets. Common about San Diego. Goosefoot Family 131 7. DONDIA Adans. Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suffretes- cent, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly terete entire leaves and perfect or polygamous bracteo- late flowers solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta- mens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Seed vertical or hori- zontal ; embryo coiled into a flat spiral. 1. D. Moquini (Torr.) Nelson. Erect branched, rather bushy, usually about 6 dm. high, somewhat woody at base, branches leafy, smooth or somewhat tomentose ; leaves linear subterete, narrow at base, 12-18 mm. long, acute, the floral similar ; clusters mostly 7-flowered ; perianth deeply cleft, incurved or slightly cucullate; seed vertical, 1.5 mm. broad, dark brown, finely tuber- culate. (Suaeda Torreyana Wats.) Common in saline places. July-September. 2. D. multiflora (Torr.) Heller. Somewhat shrubby, 6-10 dm. high, with slender diffuse or divaricate leafy branches, more or less tomentose; leaves numerous, small, 1 cm. long or less, ob- long, narrow at base, obtuse or acute; flowers solitary or clus- tered, shortly lobed, small ; seed mostly vertical, less than 1 mm. broad, obscurely tuberculate. (Suaeda suffrutescens Wats.) In saline places in the interior and occasional along the coast. 3. D. Californica (Wats.) Heller. Glabrous or pubescent; stems woody at base, about 2 dm. high; branches decumbent, 6-12 dm. long, woody below, bearing ascending or erect, very leafy branchlets 15-30 cm. long ; leaves broadly linear, acute, 10-14 mm. long ; flowers 4 mm. broad, 1-3 in the axils ; perianth deeply cleft; seed vertical, nearly 2 mm. broad, faintly reticulated. (S. Californica Wats.) Frequent In saline places along the coast. 4. D. depressa (Pursh) Britton. Annual, branched from the base and usually above, 2-5 dm. high; branches decumbent or ascending, usually very leafy; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, broadest at or near the base, the upper often narrowly 132 Amaranthaceae lanceolate; sepals acute, 1 or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; seed about 1 mm. broad, dull, minutely reticulated. Frequent in low alkaline places toward the coast. Hyde Park; Mesmer. 8. SALSCXLA L. Annual or perennial much-branched herbs, with prickly-pointed leaves and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclos- ing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed ; styles 2. Utricle flattened, its seed horizontal ; embryo coiled into a conic spiral. 1. S. Tragus L. Annual, more or less scabrous-pubescent, bushy-branched, the branches slender, 2-6 dm. high; leaves and outer bracts usually red at maturity, the former not noticeably swollen at base, linear, somewhat fleshy; calyx membranous, conspicuously veiny, its wings longer than the ascending lobe. Occasional along roadsides. Commonly called the Russian thistle. Family 23. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY. Ours herbs with alternate or opposite, simple mostly entire leaves. Flowers small usually green, perfect or unisexual, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct or more or less united. Corolla none. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-lobes, hypogynous; anthers 1-2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Embryo annular ; endosperm mealy, usually copious. Leaves alternate; flowers unisexual. 1. ARAMANTHUS. Leaves opposite; flowers perfect. 2. ALTERNANTHERA. Amaranth Family 133 1. AMARANTHUS L. AMARANTH. Ours annual weeds, with alternate petioled undulate or crisped leaves, and polygamous or monoecious small green or purplish flowers, in dense spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit indehiscent or circum- scissile, beaked by the persistent style. 1. A. retroflexus L. Stems stout erect, with a few erect or ascending branches from the base, 3-10 dm. high; herbage rather deep green often somewhat reddish, roughish-puberulent ; leaves rhombic-ovate, ovate or the upper lanceolate, on slender petioles, 2-6 cm. long or sometimes longer; flowers green, densely clus- tered in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, 8-14 mm. broad; bracts lanceolate-subulate, scarious except the carinate midrib, 3-6 mm. long; sepals 5, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, cus- pidate, 2 mm. long or less; stamens 5; utricle black and shining, circumscissile, about 1 mm. broad. Frequent ifi uncultivated orchards and gardens. Native of Europe. 2. A. graecizans L. Stems erect, bushy-branched, glabrous, whitish, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, slender petioled; flowers polygamous, in small axillary clusters; bracts subulate, pungent-pointed, much longer than the 3 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle slightly rugose, longer than the sepals; seeds about 0.7 mm. broad. (A. albus L.) Rather common summer weed in cultivated fields. Native of Europe. 3. A. blitoides Wats. Stems somewhat succulent, prostrate, 3-6 dm. long, whitish; leaves glabrous, deep green, shining; flowers in small axillary few-flowered spikelets ; bracts ovate- oblong, shortly acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals 4-5, 1.5-2 mm. long, oblong, obtuse and mucronulate or acute; stamens 3; utricle smooth, circumscissile; seed 1.5 mm. broad. Moist soil at Santa Monica, Davidson. Common about Rialto. 4. A. deflexus L. Glabrous, purplish-green, somewhat suc- culent; stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, 134 Batidaceae 3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate to oval, obtuse to emarginate at apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; petioles slender, often as long as the blades or the lower longer ; flowers polygamous, in dense mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capitate in the axils ; bracts shorter than the 2-3 oblong or spat- ulate sepals; utricle fleshy, 3-5-nerved, smooth, indehiscent, rather shorter than the sepals. Rgdondo, Greata. A ballast plant introduced from tropical Americf. 2. AL.TERN ANTHER A Forsk. Annual or perennial branching herbs, with opposite (at least the lower) entire leaves and perfect or dioecious flowers, in panicles or heads, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Sta- mens 5, united into a short cup at base ; sterile fila- ments minute, tooth-like ; anthers 1-celled. Style short ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Seed vertical, lenticular. 1. A. Achyrantha R. Br. Stem prostrate, pubescent; 1-3 dm. long; leaves smoothigh oval or obovate, narrowed into a petiole; heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered, dense, oval, white; sepals lanceolate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the 2 inner ones much smaller; sterile filaments subulate, equaling the fertile ones. Streets of Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of tropical America. Family 24. BATIDACEAE. BATIS FAMILY. A low maritime shrub, with opposite entire exstip- ulate leaves and dioecious bracteate flowers, in axil- lary sessile ament-like spikes. Staminate flowers dis- tinct. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic- ovate, clawed. Pistillate flowers 8-12, united into a fleshy spike, without perianth. Ovaries coherent, 4-celled, becoming a fleshy, ovoid-conical fruit; stigma sessile, capitate. Seeds 1 in each cell, erect, oblong ; testa mem- branous ; embryo slightly curved, caulicle inferior ; endo- sperm none. Represented by a single monotypic genus. Phytolaccaceae 135 1. BATIS L. Characters of the family. 1. B. xnaritima L. Glabrous, stems branched, prostrate, 9-14 dm. long, the short flowering branches erect; leaves linear to ovate-oblong, 2.5 cm. long, narrowed to the base; spikes soli- tary in the axils along the branches; the staminate 4-8 mm. long; the pistillate 2 mm. long, becoming 10-15 mm. long in fruit; bracts entire, obtuse or acute, in vertical rows, persistent, those of the pistillate deciduous; petals white; stamens 2 mm. long, exserted. San Pedro and Redondo to San Diego. Family 25. PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY. Ours perennial herbs with alternate entire leaves and perfect racemose flowers. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous, with subulate or filiform filaments ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 10-celled ; ovules solitary, amphitropous ; styles 10 ; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed ; embryo annular ; endosperm mealy. 1. PHYTOLACCA L. With the characters of the family. 1. P. decandra L. Stems branching from a perennial root, 1.5-3 dm. high, glabrous, strong smelling and succulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 1-3 dm. long; petioles 2-8 cm. long; racemes formed at the base of the branches, becoming opposite the leaf, peduncled, 5-20 cm. long; pedicels divergent, with a subulate-lanceolate bract at base and usually with 2 similar ones above; calyx white, 4-6 mm. long; sepals orbicular; ovary subglobose ; style recurved; berry dark purple, 10-12 mm. in diameter. Santa Monica, Davidson. 136 Nyctaginaceae Family 26. NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. Ours herbs with fragile stems and tumid joints, and entire petiolate exstipulate mostly opposite leaves. Flowers perfect, with a calyx-like involucre. Petals wanting. Calyx corolla-like, campanulate or salver- shaped, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary superior, enclosed by the tube of the per- sistent calyx, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style short or elongated ; stigma capitate. Fruit consisting of the hardened base of the calyx, often costate or winged, enclosing the free achene. Calyx funnelform or campanulate; fruit slightly ribbed. 1. MIRABILIS. Calyx salver-shaped; fruit winged. 2. ABRONIA. 1. MIBABILIS L. FOUR-O'CLOCK. Perennial herbs, somewhat woody toward the base, with opposite leaves and axillary solitary or paniculate ped- uncles. Involucre calyx-like, 5-cleft or 5-parted, herba- ceous unchanged in fruit, bearing 1-12 flowers. Calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, with somewhat spread- ing lobes. Stamens 5, equaling the calyx ; filaments united at the base. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong, smooth or slightly ribbed or angled. 1. M. multiflora pubescens Wats. Stems stout spreading, 0.5-1 m. long; herbage roughish pubescent throughout; leaves rather thin, 3-7 cm. long, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sometimes slightly cordate, decurrenton the slender 2-4 cm. long petioles; involucre about 20-25 mm. long, 5-cleft to about the middle, the lobes acute; flowers usually 6, broadly funnelform, 3-5 cm. long, rose color to purple, the tube greenish, acutely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, equaling the calyx, shorter than the filiform style; fruit ovate-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, with 10 shallow furrows near the base and with as many intermediate dark lines. Four-o'clock Family 137 2. M. Californica Gray. Stems ascending or spreading from a somewhat woody base, 3-6 dm. long; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves rather thick. 1-3 cm. long, broadly ovate to cordate, ob- tuse or acute; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; involucre about 6 mm. long, acutely 5-cleft to near the middle; calyx narrowly campanulate, 10 mm. long, the lobes spreading, emarginate; stamens equaling the calyx and nearly equaling the style; fruit ovate smooth, 3 mm. long. Common in the foothills throughout our range. March-June. 2. ABRONIA Juss. SAND-VERBENA. Ours perennial herbs, often prostrate and more or less viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite unequal leaves. Involucres of 5-15 somewhat scarious leaflets, enclosing numerous sessile showy and fragrant flowers. Calyx salver-shaped, the lobes usually 5, obcordate or emarginate. Stamens usually 5, unequal, adnate to the calyx-tube and included. Style included ; stigma linear-clavate. Fruit indurated, 3-5-winged ; achene smooth, cylindric. Em- bryo with only 1 cotyledon. 1. A. umbellata Lam. Stems slender, prostrate and widely branching, 3-10 dm. long, viscid-puberulent; leaves nearly gla- brous, broadly obovate to oblong, the margin rarely sinuate, 2-4 cm. long, narrowed to a slender petiole of equal length or longer ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming an umbel-like head; calyx rose-purple, rarely whitish, 12-16 mm. long, lobes 5, emarginate; fruit oblong, attenuate at each end, 8-10 mm. long, glabrous ; wings thin, broadest above and often truncate. Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. 2. A. maritima Nutt. Stems stout, the lower portion usually buried in the drifting sand, prostrate, succulent and viscid ; leaves thick, broadly ovate to oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, 3-5 cm. long, vertical on stout petioles of about the same length; ped- uncles slightly exceeding the leaves ; involucral bracts short, ovate- oblong, enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming a narrow head ; calyx 1 cm. long, deep red ; fruit viscid-pubescent; wings rather thick. Common on the beach sands along the seashore. 138 Aizoaceae Family 27. AIZOACEAE. CARPET-WEED FAMILY. Ours herbs very succulent, except Mollugo, with op- posite or verticillate leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous or petaloid, the tube adnate or free from the ovary. Petals numerous or wanting. Stamens 3-many, with slender filaments inserted on the calyx-tube. Styles 3-20. Fruit a capsule, 3-20-celled, dehiscence various. Seeds numerous, minute ; embryo annular ; endosperm scanty or copious. Ovary free from the calyx; petals none. Sepals 5; capsule 3-valved; leaves not succulent. 1. MOLLUGO. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid; capsule circumscissile; succulent. 2. SESOVIUM. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals and stamens numerous. 3. MESBMBRIANTHEMDM. 1. MOLLUGO L. CARPET- WEED. Annuals, ours prostrate, glabrous, much-branched, with verticillate stipulate leaves. Stipules scarious, mem- branous, deciduous. Flowers axillary on long slender pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; sepals scarious- margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Ovary ovoid or globose, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculici- dally dehiscent. 1. M. verticillata L. Stem much branched, prostrate, 10-20 cm. long, glabrous, not succulent; leaves in whorls of 5's or 6's, spatulate to linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, 10-25 mm. long, narrowed to a short petiole; flowers 1.5-2 mm. broad; sepals oblong, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule; capsule rough- ened by the projecting seeds; seeds minute, smooth and shining or slightly granular. Growing in damp places near borders of pools. Garvanza, Davidson; Laguna, Orange County. 2. SESUVIUM L. SEA PURSLANE. Stems prostrate or decumbent, fleshy with opposite ex- stipulate leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils, sessile or Carpet-weed Family 139 on short stout pedicels. Calyx-tube turbinate, free from the ovary, the lobes 5, often purplish within, oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5-many ; filaments united at the base into sets. Ovary 3— 5-celled, with as many styles. Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong, cir- cumscissile at the middle. Seeds many, minute, smooth. 1. S. sessile Pers. Stems prostrate, much branched, 1-3 dm. long or more; leaves broadly sp&tulate or linear, 1-4 cm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so, 6-10 mm. long; sepals ovate-lance- olate, scarious-rnargined, 6 mm. long; filaments united below the middle, red. Occasional in low saline places. June-September. 3. MESEMBBIANTHEMUM L. ICE-PLANT. Ours very fleshy maritime herbs, with opposite exstip- ulate leaves. Flowers large and showy, terminal and in the forks of the branches. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the lobes 5, unequal, herbaceous. Petals numer- ous, linear. Stamens very numerous, with slender fila- ments, inserted with the petals on the tube of the calyx. Capsule 4-20-celled, with as many styles, dehiscing at the depressed summit by stellate valves. Seeds minute, many. 1. M. aequilaterale Haw. Stems prostrate, often forming extensive mats; leaves 3-angled, 4-6 cm. long, smooth; flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so, about 3 cm. broad; calyx- tube tur- binate, 2-4 cm. long; the larger foliaceous lobes nearly as long; petals red ; styles 6-10. Common along the seashore. 2. M. crystallinum L. Annual or biennial, prostrate and widely branching, the herbage covered with white glistening pa- pillae; leaves flat, fleshy, clasping, broadly ovate or spatulate, undulate; flowers axillary sessile or nearly go, white or pink; calyx-tube campanulate, 6-10 mm. long, lobes ovate, retuse or acute ; stigmas 5. Common in low saline places near the coast. May-June. 140 Portulacaceae 3. M. nodiflorum Haw. A prostrate branching annual with rather slender terete leaves; flowers white or whitish, small, about 1 cm. broad. Not known within our limits, but occurring on Catalina Island and along the shore of the mainland from near Capistrano south. Abundant about San Diego. Family 28. PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY. Herbs generally fleshy or succulent, with alternate or opposite leaves and regular but unsymmetrical per- fect flowers. Sepals commonly 2. Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, hypogynous, equal in number to the petals and opposite them or fewer ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-3-cleft or divided ; ovules 2-many, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, circumscissile or 3-valved. Seeds 2-many, reniform-globose or compressed ; embryo curved ; endo- sperm farinaceous. Sepals 2, distinct, free from the ovary, persistent. Ovary 3-valved. Styles 2-cleft; sepals unequal, hyaline. 2. CALYPTRIDIUM. Styles 3-cleft; sepals equal, herbaceous. Stamens more than 5; seeds many, smooth. I. CALANDRINIA. Stamens usually 3; seeds few, tuberculate. 3. MONTIA. Sepals 2, united at the base, adnate to the ovary; ovary circumscissile. 4. PORTULACA. 1. CALANDBINIA H. B. K. Low succulent herbs with alternate or radical leaves, and purplish flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 2, green and persistent. Petals mostly 5. Stamens 5-15 or sometimes only 3. Ovary free, many-ovuled, style 3-cleft, short. Capsule ovoid, membranous, 3-valved. Seeds smooth or minutely tuberculate. 1. C. caulescens Menziesii (Hook.) Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 10-30 cm. long, leafy ; Purslane Family 141 leaves linear to oblanceolate, the lower petioled, 3-6 cm. long; flowers scattered along the branches; sepals ovate, acute or acu- minate, carinate, the keel and margins entire or sparsely ciliolate ; petals broadly obovate, 5-15 mm. long, rose-red or rarely white; seeds black and shining. (C. Menziesii (Hook.) T. & G. ; C. ele- gans Spach.) Common on the mesas, especially in the coast region. February-May. 2. C. maritima Nutt. Stems glaucous, depressed, 6-10 cm. long; leaves mostly rosulate at the base, obovate to obovate- spatulate, the upper bract-like; flowers in a loose naked cyme; calyx ovate, acute, about 3 mm. long; petals 5-6 mm. long, rose- purple; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long, acutish ; seeds dull grayish. Along the seashore at Santa Monica ; Davidson. 2. CALYPTBIDIUM Nutt. Glabrous and rather succulent herbs, branching from the base, the branches prostrate or ascending. Flowers small, ephemeral, solitary or clustered in scorpioid spikes Sepals 2, broadly ovate or cordate-orbicular, scarious, persistent. Petals 2-4. Stamens 1-3. Style bifid. Cap- sule membranaceous, 2-valved, 6-12-seeded. 1. C. monandrum Nutt. Stems prostrate, much branched, 2-8 cm. long; leaves spatulate, about equaling the branches, mostly radical, the cauline similar but usually smaller; sepals 2, narrowly scarious margined, 1.5mm. long; petals 2-3, about equal- ing the sepals; stamens 1, shorter than the petals; filaments subu- late ; style short, shortly 2-lobed or entire ; capsule linear, be- coming much exserted, bearing the withered petals at the apex ; seeds 5-10. Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore and occasional in the foot- hill region. March-May. 3. MONTIA L. MINER'S LETTUCE. Low glabrous and succulent herbs with delicate pale rose-colored or white flowers in loose axillary or ter- minal, simple or compound racemes. Sepals 2, rarely 3, persistent. Petals usually 5, rarely 3 or wanting, more 142 Portulacaceae or lesss united at base, usually slightly unequal. Sta- mens 3-5, inserted on the corolla opposite the lobes. Ovary 3-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. 1. M. perfoliata (Bonn) Howell. Scapose stems 10-30 cm. high; leaves long petioled, oblanceolate to ovate or deltoid; involucral bracts completely joined, forming a perfoliate disk ; flowers in short or rather long peduncled racemes ; sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long; petals 3-5 mm. long, white or rose color; seeds lenticular, black and shining, minutely granular. (Claytonia perfoliata Donn.) Common in moist shady places below 4000 feet altitude. February-May. 2. M. spathulata (Dougl.) Howell. Low and rather dense, 3-10 cm. high ; radical leaves linear or spatulate-linear, little ex- ceeded by the flowering stems; cauline leaves from spatulate- ovate to lanceolate, almost distinct or connate upon one side into an obcordate or 2-lobed involucre; inflorescence 1-2 cm. long; flowers small; petals 2-4 mm. long; seeds black, shining, granu- lated. (Claytonia spathulata Dougl.) Kings Canyon, Davidson. May. 4. PORTTJLACA L. PURSLANE. Low succulent prostrate or ascending herbs with alter- nate or opposite leaves and scarious or setaceous stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal, ephemeral, (ours) yellow. Sepals 2, coherent at the base into a tube and adnate to the base of the ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. Petals 4-6. Stamens 4-20, perigynous with the petals. Style 1, deeply 3-8-cleft. Capsule circum- scissile near the middle, many-seeded. 1. P. oleracea L. Stems prostrate, 1-5 dm. long; leaves fleshy, glabrous, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the apex ; flowers sessile, axillary; stipules minute; sepals acute, carinate ; petals yellow, 2-4 mm. long; stigmas 5; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds dull black, finely tuberculate. Cultivated grounds and waste places. May-August. Caryophyllaceae 143 Family 29. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely lignescent at base, with nodose stems and opposite entire leaves. Flowers regular perfect or rarely unisexual by abortion. Sepals 4-5, united into a tube or distinct. Petals as many (or none), often emarginate-toothed or deeply bifid. Sta- mens usually as many as petals and alternating with them ; filaments sometimes slightly cohering at the base, anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, free or united below ; ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-5-celled at the base ; placenta axial ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by 2-5 entire or bifid valves, or 1-seeded and indehiscent. Embryo straight or curved ; endosperm present. Ovary several-many-seeded, becoming a capsule. Sepals united. 1. SILENE. Sepals distinct. Stipules none. Styles 3-4; petals divided nearly to the base. 2. ALSINE. Styles 5. Petals retuse or bifid. 3. CERASTIUM. Petals entire or slightly emarginate. 4. SAGINA. Styles 3; petals entire. 5. ABENARIA. Stipules present. Leaves not cuspidate. Petals rather large or rarely none; styles distinct. Leaves whorled. 6. SPEBGULA. Leaves opposite. 7. TISSA. Petals minute ; styles united below. 8. POLYCABPON. Leaves cuspidate. 9. LOEFLINGIA. Ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a utricle. 10. PENTACAENA. 1. SILENE L. CATCH-FLY. Annual or perennial herbs with clustered or solitary stems and bright red or usually white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved. Petals 5, narrow, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4—5 ; ovary 144 Caryophyllaceae 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled. Capsule dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds usually spiny or tubercled. * Calyx 18-30-ribbed. 1. S. multinervia Wats. Animal, erect, 25-35 cm. high, pubes- cent throughout and somewhat viscid-glandular above; leaves narrowly oblong or linear, acute ; inflorescence cymose with un- equal branches; calyx ovate in fruit, contracted above, 10 mm. long, 18-23-ribbed ; petals small not exceeding the subulate calyx- teeth, purplish, unappendaged ; capsule narrowly ovate. Occasional about Santa Monica, Hasse. ** Calyx 10-nerved. •*- Annuals. 2. S. Anglica L. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, 25-40 cm. high, hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves spatulate- obovate, hirsute on both sides, 2-4 cm. long; racemes terminal, 1-sided; flowers on pedicels 2-4 cm. long; calyx villous-hirsute, slender, becoming ovoid in fruit ; petals little exceeding the calyx, their blades obovate, somewhat bifid, toothed or entire. (S. Gal- lica L.) A common introduced plant of fields and roadsides. Native of Europe. March-May. 3. S. antirrhina L. Stems erect, slender, sparingly branched, the middle of the upper internodes with a viscid belt, otherwise glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 2-3 cm. long, usually acute; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels filiform, 1-3.5 cm. long; calyx glabrous, bright green, ovoid in fruit, 8 mm. long; petals small, pink, or white, emarginate or bifid; ovary nearly sessile. Frequent in the foothills. April. *- •*- Perennials. 4. S. laciniata Cav. Finely pubescent, glandular above; stems usually much branched and widely spreading, erect or decum- bent, 3-10 dm. long; leaves lanceolate-linear, scabrous, ciliolate, narrowed to a sessile base; calyx subcylindric or clavate, 15-20 mm. long; petals bright scarlet, 4-cleft, much exceeding the calyx ; capsule oblong, usually exserted at maturity. Common in the chaparral belt. May-August. Pink Family 145 5. S. verecunda Wats. Finely hoary pubescent, glandular- viscid above; stems several, usually erect, 20-40 cm. high, leafy below ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatulate to linear, acute, 3-5 cm. long ; flowers terminal on the short branches or borne in 3-flowered lateral cymes; calyx in fruit clavate or obovate; petals rose color, blades shorter than the pubescent claws, 2-cleft, appendages oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and often toothed at the apex ; capsule ovoid, stipitate. Common in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in the coniferous belt; also summit of Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mountains. 2. ALSINE L. Tufted annuals, diffuse with cymose white flowers. Sepals usually 5. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-parted, rarely none. Stamens 10 or less, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled, srveral-many-ovuled. Styles commonly 3, rarely 4-5, usually opposite the sepals. Capsule globose to oblong, dehiscent by twice as many valves as styles. Seeds smooth or roughened. 1. A. media L. Weak and decumbent or ascending, 10-40 cm. long, glabrous except a line of hairs along the stem and branches ; leaves ovate or oval, 1-3 cm. long, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; flowers 4-8 mm. broad, in terminal leafy cymes or axil- lary ; pedicels slender ; sepals oblong, mostly acute, longer than the 2-parted petals ; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx ; seeds rough. (Stellaria media Cyrill.) Common in shady places. February-April. 2. A. nitens (Nutt.) Greene. Very slender, erect annual; stems filiform, several times forked, pubescent below ; leaves mostly basal, the lowest ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long, on slender petioles of about the same length, the upper sessile, lance-linear, acute, 6-10 mm. long; sepals very acute, scarious-margined, 1-3-nerved ; petals half as long as the sepals or wanting ; capsule oblong, about equaling the sepals. (Stellaria nitens Nutt.) Common in the foothills in somewhat shady places. March-May. 3. CEBASTIUM L. CHICKWEED. Annual or perennial, pubescent or hirsute herbs, with terminal dichotomous cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5, 146 Caryophyllaceae rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid, rarely wanting. Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite them, or fewer. Capsule cylindric, 1-celled, many-ovuled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8 apical teeth. Seeds rough. 1. C. viscosum L. Annual, tufted; stems ascending or spreading, densely viscid-pubescent, 10-30 cm. long; leaves ovate or obovate, or the lower spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse; bracts small, herbaceous; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, in glomerate cymes, becoming paniculate in fruit; pedicels shorter than or equaling the acute sepals ; petals shorter than the sepals, bifid. Frequent in waste places. 2. C. vulgatum L. Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent, tufted, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. long ; lower leaves spatulate- oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves oblong, 12-25 mm. long, acute or obtuse; bracts scarious-margined ; inflorescence cymose, loose, the pedicels at length much longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse or acute; petals exceeding the sepals, 4-6 mm. long, 2-cleft; cap-: sule usually curved upward. (C. trivale Link.) Frequent in lawns. 4. SAGINA L. Low tufted annual or perennial herbs, with subulate leaves and small pedicelled whitish flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none. Stamens of the same number or twice as many or sometimes fewer. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule 4-5-valved, at length de- hiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. 1. S. occidentalis Wats. Very slender glabrous annual, with several decumbent or ascending stems, these 5-15 cm. long; leaves nearly filiform but flattened above; pedicels exceeding the leaves, 14-25 mm. long; flowers 5-merous, 4-5 mm. broad; capsule 3.5 mm. long. Occasional in the Santa Monica Mountains and the Verdugo Hills. Pink Family 147 5. ABENARIA L. Annual or perennial herbs, with sessile leaves and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely axillary and solitary white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely emarginate, rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles usually 3, rarely 2-5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule globose or oblong, dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth as there are styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed. * Valves of the capsule 2-cleJt or 2-toothed. 1. A. Fendleri Gray. Stems numerous from a thick perennial root, glaucous, glandular-pubescent above, erect, leafy, 10-35 cm. high; basal leaves gramineous, setaceous, ciliolate or smooth, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat pungent; cauline becoming reduced, connate and sheathing at the base ; inflorescence dichotomous, few-many-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, alternate, glandular, 4-6 mm. long; petals white or pale yellow, obovate, slightly exceed- ing the sepals; capsule 3-4 mm. long. Los Angeles, Nevin. ** Valves of the capsule entire. 2. A Douglasii Fenzl. Annual, glabrous or sparsely glandu- lar-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; stems much branched, 5-30 cm. high; leaves filiform ; peduncles filiform ; flowers numerous, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, thin-margined, obscurely or rather distinctly ribbed; petals obovate, slightly exceeding the calyx; capsule subglobose, somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds about 1.5 mm. broad, reniform, broadly margined, smooth or with fine radiating striae. Frequent in the foothill region, in open stony places. March-May. 3. A. paludicola Robinson. Perennial, glabrous and flaccid, stems several, subsimple, procumbent, rooting at the lower joints, leafy throughout ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 cm. long, somewhat connate, margins slightly scarious; peduncles solitary in the axils, 2-5 cm. long, spreading or recurved; sepals nerve- 148 Caryophyllaceae less, acutish, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long. (A. palustris Wats.) Growing in marshy ground, near Los Angeles, Davidson. 6. SPEBGULA L. CORN SPURRY. Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves, much fascicled in the axils. Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 3, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Seeds compressed, acutely margined or winged. 1. S. arvensis L. Slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branching from the base, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. high; leaves narrowly linear or subulate, 2.5-5 cm. long, clustered at the nodes, appearing verticillate; stipules minute, connate; flow- ers 4-6 mm. broad, numerous, in loose terminal cymes; pedicels slender divaricate; sepals ovate, 3-4 mm. long, slightly longer than the petals; stamens 10 or 5; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. Occasional about Los Angeles and Pasadena. Native of Europe. March-April. 7. TISSA Adans. Low annual or perennial herbs, with fleshy linear or setaceous leaves, and small pink or whitish flowers in terminal racemose, bracted or leafy cymes. Stipules scarious, usually conspicuous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fewer or none, entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1-celled many- ovuled ; styles 3. Capsule 3-valved to the base. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuber- culate. (Buda Adans.; Spergularia Pursh.) * Annual, roots fibrous. 1. T. marina (L.) Britton. Stout, erect or ascending, more or less glandular-pubescent, 3 dm. high or less ; leaves fleshy, 2-4 cm. long, linear, clustered in the axils; petals rose color; stamens Pink Family 149 10; mature capsule 5-8 mm. long; seeds smooth or somewhat roughened, sometimes margined. Common in salt marshes toward the coast. 2. T. tennis Greene. Slender, diffusely branching, forming depressed mats about 3 dm. broad, glabrous or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, 2.5 cm. long; stipules inconspicuous; flowers minute, numerous, cymosely crowded on all but the lower parts of the branches, subsessile; sepals obtuse, less than 2 mm. long; petals wanting; stamens 2; styles 3; capsule 3-sided, 6-8 mm. long; seeds numerous, minute, reddish-brown, smooth, wingless. Santa Monica, Nevin. 3. T. gracilis (Wats.) Britton., Much resembling the last, but the flowers on pedicels 2-4 mm. long; capsule 2 mm. long; seeds triangular-pyriform, strongly rough-tuberculate. Occasional on the mesas in low adobe soil ; Wilmington ; Inglewood. March-April. ** Perennial, roots fleshy. 4. T. macrotheca (Hornem.) Britton. Perennial, from a fleshy root; glandular-pubescent or nearly smooth ; stems stout, ascending, 4 dm. high or less, branching from the base; leaves broadly linear, 4 cm. long or less; flowers on pedicels usually about 15 mm. long; calyx-lobes 6-8 mm. long; petals rose color; stamens 10; capsule equaling the calyx-lobes; seeds winged, smooth. Common in salt marshes and alkaline flats. May-July. 8. POLYCARPON L. Low diffuse, dichotomously branched annuals with flat stipulate leaves and minute cymose flowers. Sepals 5, carinate-concave. Petals 5, minute, hyaline. Sta- mens 3-5. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. 1. P. depressum Nutt. Very slender, prostrate, the many branches 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves opposite, spatulate, glabrous; stipules small, narrow; flowers minute; the pedicels with small bracts; petals very narrow, shorter than the sepals, entire; cap- sule globose, 6-1 2-seeded. On seashore sand-dunes, and in sandy soil in the foothills. Not common. March-May. 150 Ceratophyllaceae 9. LOEFLINGIA L. Low much branched rather rigid and pungent-leaved annuals. Leaves with adnate and connate setaceous stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves and branches. Sepals 5, rigid, carinate. Petals minute or none. Capsule 2-valved, several-seeded. 1. I*, squarrosa Nutt. Much branched, prostrate or ascend- ing, 5-15 cm. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves and sepals subulate setaceous, rigid and recurved, the leaves 4-6 mm. long, the sepals somewhat shorter; capsule elongated, triquetrous, exserted, many-seeded. Streets of Los Angeles and Pasadena, Davidson, McClatchie. 10. PENTACAENA Bartl. Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and silvery-hyaline stipules. Flowers sessile clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger and with a stout divergent terminal spine. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3-5, inserted at the base of the sepals. Style very short, 2-cleft. Utricle enclosed in the rigid persistent calyx. 1. P. ramosissima H. & A. Stems prostrate, forming dense mats 15-30 cm. broad, woolly-pubescent; leaves crowded on the stems, 6 mm. long; sepals woolly, except the divergent apex; utricle apiculate. Common in sandy soil along the coast. Family 30. CERATOPHYL.L.ACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY. Submerged aquatics with slender widely branching stems and verticillate leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the axils. Perianth many- parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numer- ous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle ; anthers ses- sile or nearly so, linear oblong, extrorse, appendaged. Ovary superior, 1 -celled ; ovule 1, pendulous ; style fili- Ranunculaceae 151 form. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none ; cotyledons 4, verticillate. 1. CEBATOPHYLLUM L. HORNWORT. Leaves crowded in verticils, linear or filiform, spinu- lose-serrulate, forked. Staminate and pistillate flowers, generally at different nodes. Stamens 10-20 ; anthers about equaling the perianth. Ovary and fruit slightly exceeding the sepals, the fruit beaked with the long per- sistent style. 1. C. demersum L. Stems 2-9 dm. long, leaves 2-3-times forked, the end of the segments capillary and rigid, 8-25 mm. long, fruit oval, 4-6 mm. long, smooth or tuberculate, sometimes winged or with 2 basal spurs on each side. In ponds and slow streams, frequent throughout our range. May-July. Family 31. RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs or rarely climbing shrubs, with alternate or opposite, simple or compound, exstip- ulate leaves. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like. Petals usu- ally of the same number, sometimes wanting. Stamens many, hypogynous, longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels many or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Endosperm present. Flowers perfect. Fruit a follicle. Sepals herbaceous, persistent. 1. PAEONIA. Sepals petal-like, deciduous. Petals all spurred. 2. AQUILEGIA. Upper sepal spurred. 3. DELPHINIUM. Fruit an achene. Woody climbers ; petals wanting. 4. CLEMATIS. Herbs. Achene longitudinally nerved. 5. OXYGRAPHIS. Achene not longitudinally nerved. 6. RANUNCULUS. Flowers dioecious, greenish; petals none. 7. THALICTBUM. 152 Ranunculaceae 1. PAEONIA L. PEONY. Perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5 or 6, herbace- ous and persistent. Petals of the same number, borne with the numerous stamens on a fleshy disk. Style short or none. Follicles 2-5, thick and leathery, several- seeded. 1. P. Brownii Dougl. Glaucous and somewhat fleshy, 20-40 cm. high; leaves mostly radical, ternately or biternately divided, the lobes obovate to linear-spatulate ; peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; petals about equaling the sepals, brownish-red; fol- licles usually 5, broadly oblong, smooth, 2-4 cm. long. Occasional in the foothills throughout our range. March-April. 2. AQUILEGIA L. COLUMBINE. Erect branching perennial herbs with ternately de- compound leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave,- spurred at base. Stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming heads of follicles in fruit. 1. A. truncata F. & M. Glabrous or somewhat viscid-pubes- cent, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves large, biternate, the leaflets roundish, cuneate at base, incised, the segments lobed or crenately toothed, long-petioled ; flowers scarlet, tinged with yellow, reflexed ; sepals truncate, widely spreading, shorter than the spurs ; follicles 2-3 cm. long, veined, beaked by the long persistent style. Occasional in moist shady places, mostly above 2500 feet altitude. May- July. 3. DELPHINIUM L. LARKSPUR. Annual, or ours perennial, erect branching herbs with palmately divided leaves, and racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. Petals usually 4, the 2 posterior spurred. Carpels few, becoming many-seeded follicles. Crowfoot Family 153 * Flowers usually blue or purple, at least not red. 1. D. Parryi Gray. Glabrous or minutely and sparsely puber- ulent; stems erect, 4-8 dm. high, from rather simple or few- fascicled elongated roots, neither fusiform nor tuberiform ; leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions and few lobes linear, obtuse; raceme virgate, at length rather loose ; sepals mostly broadly oblong, about 10-15 mm. long, equaling the spur, deep blue, sparsely and minutely puberulent or glabrate ; upper petals white-mar- gined, 7-8 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long, apparently glabrous and shining, but minutely puberulent under a lens. Frequent in the foothills throughout our region. April-June. 2. D. variegatum T. & G. Usually hirsute-pubescent below; stems erect and rather rigid, 3-6 dm. high, from rather short and closely fascicled, somewhat fusiform roots; leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions and lobes broadly linear, obtuse ; raceme mostly few- flowered and rather close, sepals roundish-obovate or oval, 15-20 mm. long, equaling or exceeding the spur, violet-blue or purple, at least the spur grayish puberulent ; upper petals entirely white or nearly so, about 10 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long, grayish puberulent. Port Ballona. March-May. 3. D. decorum F. & M. Glabrous throughout or pedicels slightly puberulent; stem lax, 2-5 dm. high; lowest leaves reni- form or orbicular in outline, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the divisions round-ovate to cuneate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed ; upper leaves with narrow divisions ; raceme often paniculate, sparsely flowered ; pedicels slender, spreading ; sepals oval, 10-15 mm. long, equal- ing the spur, blue; follicles 10-12 mrn. long, erect or slightly spreading. Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, apparently less so in the Santa Monica Mountains and foothills about Los Angeles. 4. D. decorum patens (Benth.) Gray. More slender than the type, sometimes obscurely and sparsely pubescent; stems erect; raceme closer; pedicels ascending in fruit; sepals 8-10 mm. long. Frequent in the foothills of all our mountains. ** Flowers red. 5. D. cardinale Hook. Stems about 1 m. high, branching above; leaves deeply parted into narrow divisions, with long 154 Ranunculaceae linear or lanceolate lobes ; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, many-flowered; sepals obovate, 10-15 mm. long, half as long as the narrow spur, deep red ; petals usually somewhat yellowish. Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3500 feet altitude. June-July. 4. CLEMATIS. VIRGIN'S BOWER. Ours woody climbers with opposite mostly pinnately divided leaves. Sepals usually 4, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, becoming achenes with long plumose styles. 1. C. lasiantha Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent; leaves 3 foliate; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, mostly broadly ovate, somewhat 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, the teeth rounded; flowers polygamous, solitary or 3-5 on bibractiolate peduncles, 3-6 cm. broad ; sepals broadly oblong, cream-colored; achenes pubescent. Common in the chaparral belt, clambering over shrubs. April-May. 2. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate, or the lowest pair of leaf- lets again 3-foliate, ovate, cordate or obtuse at base, acute or acu- minate, mostly incised or rather sharply toothed ; inflorescence paniculate, many-flowered ; flowers 2-4 cm. broad, cream-colored ; achenes densely silky-pubescent. Common in canyons in all our mountains and occasionally extending into the valleys along streams. May-July. 5. OX YGB APHIS Bunge. Perennial herbs with crenate, dentate or lobed, long petioled leaves and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usu- ally 5, spreading, at length deciduous. Petals 5—15 with a nectar-pit near the base of each. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong or oval or rarely sub- globose. Achenes compressed, longitudinally striate, without a hard coat. 1. O. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. Low, glabrous, spreading by runners ; leaves mostly basal, slender petioled, cordate-oval or reniform crenate, 4-18 mm. long; scapes 2-12 cm. long, some- Crowfoot Family 155 times bearing one or more leaves at the base; flowers 1-7, 6-8 mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long; achenes com- pressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp- pointed. (Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh.) Frequent throughout our range in low moist places. March-July. 6. RANUNCULUS L. BUTTERCUP. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or mostly basal simple entire, lobed, divided or dissected leaves, and yellow, white or sometimes red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number or more, conspicuous or minute, bearing a nectariferous pit and sometimes a scale at base of blade. Achenes capitate or rarely spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or pectinate, sometimes transversely wrinkled, beaked with a minute or elongated style. * Terrestrial herbs; flowers mostly yellow. 1. B. Californicus Benth. Mostly pubescent and hirsute; stems branching, 2-6 dm. high ; radical leaves usually pinnately ternate, the leaflets lanciniately cut into 3-7, usually linear lobes ; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; petals 7-15; achenes 3.5 mm. long, flat- tened, slightly margined, beaked with the short straight or slightly curved style. Frequent on the mesas and in open places in the foothills. February- April. 2. B,. hebecarpus H. & A. Slender, 15-30 cm. high, branched, pilose-pubescent; leaves of rounded outline, deeply lobed or cleft, the segments 3-lobed; flowers minute, on filiform pedicels; achenes few in a globose head, rounded and flattened, papillose and pubescent; beak short, recurved. Growing in moist shady places, not common. Oak Knoll; Santa Monica Mountains. March-May. ** Aquatics with finely dissected leaves and white flowers. 3. B. trichophyllus Chaix. Submerged; stems branching, usually 3 dm. long or more; leaves petioled, 2.5-5 cm. long, flaccid and collapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeat- edly forked with capillary divisions; flowers white, 12-18 mm.. 156 Berberidaceae broad, on stout peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; achenes transversely wrinkled. Occasional in ponds and slow-running streams. May-August. 7. THAL.ICTRUM L. MEADOW-RUE. Erect perennial herbs with ternately decompound leaves and (ours) with small greenish dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals none. Stamens many. Achenes few-ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. 1. T. polycarpum Wats. Usually robust, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous throughout; leaves of rather thin texture; achenes numerous, forming a globular head in fruit, 6 mm. high, vesic- ular, obovate or somewhat orbicular, usually only the midveins apparent. Common in the foothill region, mostly below 4000 feet altitude. April- June. Family 32. BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal, simple or compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal, perfect flowers. Sepals an,d petals generally imbricated in several series. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous ; anthers extrorse, opening by valves. Pistil 1 ; style short; ovules 2-many, anatro;pous. Fruit a berry .or capsule. 1. BERBERIS L. BARBERRY, Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark, bitter. Leaves mostly pinnately compound and spinulose-den- tate. Flowers racemose, yellow. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted, each with 2 glands at base. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the stigma when touched on the inner face near the base. Pistil 1 ; stigma peltate. Berry .1-few-seeded. Lauraceae 1 57 1. B. dictyota Jepson. Shrub, 4-12 dm. high, rather sparsely leafy ; leaflets 5-7, glaucescent on the upper surface, somewhat paler beneath and prominently reticulate-veiny, strongly undu- late, the margins spinose-dentate, the teeth few and rather remote; racemes terminal, clustered, 2-5 cm. long; berries blue- black, with bloom. Occasional on dry ridges. Near Glendale, Davidson; Switzer's trail, San Gabriel Mountains. 2. B. Nevinii Gray. Shrub 2-3 m. high; leaflets pale, lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, often acuminate, teeth not remote, spinulose-serrate, 1-2.5 cm. long; racemes loosely 5-7 flowered, equaling or surpassing the leaves ; pedicels slender. Fernando, where it was first collected by Nevin. FAMILY 33. LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY. Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate entire minute- ly punctate exstipulate leaves and perfect or unisexual yellow or greenish- flowers, in panicles or racemes. Calyx 4-6-parted, segments imbricated in 2 series. Co- rolla none. Stamens in 3-4 series, some of them often imperfect ; anthers 2-4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, 1-celled ; ovule sol- itary, anatropous, pendulose ; style 1 ; stigma 1. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 1. UMBELLULABIA Nutt. CALIFORNIA LAUREL or BAY TRBE. Trees with thick evergreen petioled leaves and perfect flowers, borne in terminal or axillary pedunculate umbels, which are included before expansion in an involucre consisting of 4 broad deciduous bracts. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Stamens 9, inserted on the throat in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a fleshy 2-lobed stipitate gland at the base, alternating with 3 ligulate staminodia ; anthers 4, 4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. The stigma dilated, somewhat lobed. Drupe subglobose or ovoid, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx. 158 Papaveraceae 1. U. California (H. & A.) Nutt. Tree 4-15 m. high, grow- ing parts and inflorescence somewhat puberulent; leaves shining, dark green, lanceolate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long; peduncles in 4 ter- minal panicles or solitary in the upper axils, 6-10-flowered ; sepals 3-5 mm. long, oblong-ovate; stamens included; drupes solitary or 2-3 in a cluster, 2 cm. long, becoming dark purple with thin pulp and stone. Throughout our range in canyons, or on mountain slopes where it is often reduced to an arborescent shrub. January-April. Fruit in November. Family 34. PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY. Herbs or rarely shrubs with white, yellow or color- less sap and alternate exstipulate leaves or the upper rarely opposite. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect, regular or irregular. Sepals distinct or united into a •calyptra, caducous, 2, rarely 3 or 4. Petals 4-6 or rarely none, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens numerous or few, hypogynous, distinct, filaments filiform ; anthers open- ing by a longitudinal slit. Ovary 1, many-ovuled, mostly 1-celled, the carpels rarely becoming distinct in fruit ; style short, stigma simple or divided ; ovules an- atropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by pores or valves. Flowers regular. Uppermost leaves opposite. Filaments very broad; carpels distinct in fruit. 1. PLATYSTEMON. Filaments filiform or nearly so; capsule 1-celled. 2. PLATYSTIGMA. Leaves all alternate. Flowers large, white. Perennial; capsule many-celled. 3. ROMNEYA. Annual; capsule 1-celled. 7. ARGEMONE. Flowers yellow or orange. Shrub; flowers yellow. 4. DENDROMECON. Herbs; flowers usually orange. 5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Flowers reddish. Stigmas tufted at the end of the short style. 6. MECONOPSIS. Stigmas sessile, radiate. 8. PAPAVER. Flowers irregular. 9. BICUCULLA. Poppy Family 159 1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. CREAM CUP. Low villous annuals with entire mainly opposite leaves and cream-colored flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many with flattened filaments and linear an- thers. Carpels 6-25, at first united ; stigmas linear free. Fruit of as many distinct linear indehiscent torulose pods, 3-8-seeded, at length breaking transversly between the seeds. 1. P. Californicum Benth. Slender, branching from the base, more or less decumbent, 15-30 cm. high, pilose; leaves 5-8 cm. long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear; peduncles erect, 8-20 cm. long; sepals villous; petals 6-12 mm. long, cream-yellow, sometimes shading to yellow toward the base; carpels 6-25, forming an oblong head, 10-20 mm. long, beaked by the persist- ent stigmas. Common in sandy soil throughout our range ;below 3000 feet altitude. March-May. 2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth. Low slender annuals with leaves, sepals and petals as in Platystemon. Stamens 6-12 ; filaments filiform or nearly so. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae, somewhat 3-lobed or nearly terete ; stigmas ovate to subulate. Capsule 3-valved, dehiscent through the placentae. 1. P. denticulata Greene. Glabrous, branching, 8-25 cm. high; lower leaves spatulate or the small blade rhombic-ovate and narrowed into a broad petiole, 1-3 cm. long; upper spatulate or linear-oblong, entire or denticulate; petals narrow, oblong, 2-4 mm. long; stamens 6-9; anthers linear, equaling or exceed- ing the filaments. Occasional in shady places in the foothills. March-May. 3. ROMNEYA Harv. MATILIJA POPPY. Smooth stout erect perennial herbs, with colorless juice, pinnately divided alternate leaves and very large 160 Papaveraceae showy flowers. Sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing. Petals 6. Stamens numerous, with fili- form filaments somewhat thickened below, and oblong anthers. Ovary oblong, densely setose, more or less 'completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many- ovuled placentae ; valves 7-12, opening from the summit downward. Seeds finely tuberculate. 1. B. Coulter! Harv. Herbaceous stem 1-2.5 m. high, from a soft woody base, branching above, glabrous glaucescent ; leaves of firm texture, pinnately parted or divided, petioled, 6-12 cm. long ; divisions 3-9, cuneate-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, the ter- minal 3-clef t, margins and rachis often sparsely ciliolate-spinulose ; flowers terminating the branches; sepals smooth, petals delicate, 4-6 cm. long. Occasional in canyons. Santa Ana Mountains; Puente Hills. It also occurs in Ventura County. 2. Bi. trichocalyx Eastwood. Closely resembling the last in habit, leaves thinner, divisions narrower; sepals setose. Occasional in the canyons of San Diego. County, also in Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. To be expected within our range. 4. DENDBOMECON Benth. BUSH POPPY. Smooth branching shrubs with alternate vertical thick rigid entire or ciliolate-denticulate leaves, and showy yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numer- ous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, 1-celled and with 2 nerve-like placentae, elastically 2-valved from the base upward ; valves striate- costate. Seeds oval or globose, finely pitted, carunculate at the hilium. 1. D. rigidum Benth. Shrub 1-3 m. high, with many slender branches and light-colored bark; leaves pale or glaucescent, lanceolate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse with rigid mucro, entire or rarely ciliolate-denticulate, reticulate- veiny with strong midrib, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long; flowers bright yellow, 2-4 cm. broad ; capsule arcuate, 4-6 cm. long. Frequent in the chaparral belt. Flowering nearly throughout the year. Poppy Family 161 5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. CALIFORNIA POPPY. Smooth glaucous annual or perennial herbs, with colorless bitter juice, finely dissected leaves and bright orange or yellow flowers. Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, deciduous at anthesis from a dilated torus. Petals 4, borne on the torus. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentae ; styles short ; stigmas divided into 4-6 linear unequally divergent lobes. Capsule elongated, 10-nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent by 2 valves >« -pa rating from placenta! ribs. Seeds globose, reticulate or rough tuberculate. 1. E. Californica Cham. Root perennial, thick and branch- ing; stems branching decumbent or ascending, leafy; herbage glabrous ; calyx about 2 cm. long, conical ; petals flabelliform , 4 cm. long or less, usually orange, sometimes paler; rim of torus expanded, 2-4 mm. wide; seeds reticulated. Not common within our limits. Sierra Madre; San Fernando Mountains near Chatsworth Park. March-May. 2. E. peninsularis Greene. Annual, smooth and rather glau- cous ; scapose or at length freely branching, 10-25 cm. high; petals golden yellow or orange, flabelliform or broadly cuneate, 4 cm. long or less; rirn of torus expanded, 2-4 mm. broad; seeds reticulated. Common in sandy soil throughout our range in the valleys. March-May. 3. E. hypecoides Benth. Scabrous or hirsute, pubescent below, glabrous above, glaucescent ; branches many and rather slender from an annual root, decumbent at base, about 30 cm. high or less, leafy; leaf segments few, linear, cuneiform; calyx oblong-conic, 1 cm. long; petals 2 cm. long or less, orange; torus short, tubular or turbinate, without expanded rim to the outer margin, the inner erect, hyaline; seeds faintly reticulated. Santa Monica Mountains, not common. 6. MECONOPSIS Vigner. Ours slender erect leafy annuals, with orange-colored juice and scarlet or orange-red flowers. Sepals 2. 162 Papaveraceae Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary and capsule tipped with a style and with a globose mass of stigmas, 1-celled and with 4-8 more or less intruded placentae, dehiscent by only as many short teeth or valves at the summit. 1. M. heterophylla Benth. Glabrous or sparsely pilose- pubescent below, 3-6 dm. high, simple or branching; leaves somewhat succulent, pinnately parted or divided, mostly petioled ; peduncles slender; petals 1-2 cm. long, brick-red; capsule tur- binate to obovate, dehiscent by 8 operculate lids. Frequent in shady places in the foothills and mountains below 4000 feet altitude. March-April. 7. AB.GEMONE L. Setose and spinulose-dentate chiefly annual herbs with orange-yellow and acrid juice and sinuate or pinnat- ifid leaves. Sepals with cornute tip or appendage below the apex. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens numerous. Ovary densely setose 1-celled, with 4-5 nerviform placentae, stigmas oval, somewhat radiate and united on the sum- mit of the very short obsolete style. 1. A. platyceras hispida (Gray) Prain. Stem erect, simple or rarely branching, 3-6 dm. high, hispid throughout and more or less armed with rigid bristles or prickles ; leaves 6-10 cm. long, the lower narrowed to a winged petiole, the upper sessile ; flowers white, 5-8 cm. broad; capsule oblong, 3 cm. long, very prickly; seeds 2 mm. in diameter. Occasional in dry exposed slopes or dry canyon floors in all our mountains. June-August. 8. PAPAVEB L. Annual or perennial herbs with narcotic juice milky or rarely turning yellow, mostly pinnately lobed or dis- sected leaves and showy flowers solitary on long pedun- cles. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary capped by the closely sessile circular flat or somewhat Poppy Family 163 conical disk of the combined radiate stigmas, dehiscent only under the edge of it by as many dentiform short lids ; placentae 4-20, mostly projecting far into the cell. 1. P. Californicum Gray. Annual, erect, simple or branch- ing, 3-6 dm. high, sparsely pilose-pubescent, leafy below ; petals brick-red with greenish spot at base, 2 cm. long or less; capsule 1 cm. long or more, clavate-turbinate, 6-11-nerved. Frequent on shady slopes in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Moun- tains. March-May. 9. BICUCULLA Adans. Perennial glabrous herbs, with compound and much- dissected leaves and more or less irregular flowers. Se- pals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4 in 2 pairs ; the outer pair with more or less spreading tips, spurred or saccate at base ; inner pair narrower, callous tipped, cohering over the enclosed stigma. Stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 each ; anthers of middle stamens 2-celled, the others 1-celled ; filaments slightly united or distinct. Ovary 1 -celled with 2 parietal several-ovuled placentae ; stigma 2-lobed contrary to the placentaB. Fruit a silique-form capsule. 1. B. chrysantha (H.& A.) Coville. Pale and glaucous; stem erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaves twice pinnate, and the more or less confluent divisions pinnately 3-5-cleft or incised; inflorescence compound thyrsoid-paniculate, many-flowered; flowers yellow, erect, subterete, 1-15 dm. long, deciduous; outer petals soon spreading or recurving to below the middle, slightly gibbous at base, but little larger than the inner ; these dorsally crested with a long and wide undulate or crisped wing. (Dicentra chrysantha H. & A.) Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. May-July. 2. B. ochroleuca (Engelm.) Heller. Much like the last in habit, but the flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, ochroleucous ; only the tips of the outer petals spreading ; the inner with purple tips and with large wing crest. (Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm.) Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains. 164 Cruciferae Family 35. CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY. Herbs or rarely suffrutescent with acrid juice, alter- nate leaves and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous or persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, concave or saccate at base. Petals 4, rarely 2 or none, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, rarely fewer, hypogynous, tetrady- namous. Pistil 1, compound, consisting of 2 united car- pels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma discoid or more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, usually 2-celled, 2-valved or rarely indehiscent. Endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate. ** Pods dehiscent into 2 valves to the base. Pods elongated-linear, at least twice as long as wide. Flowers white or purplish, or yellow in some species of Roripa. Subaquatic or marsh plants. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. 12. CARDAMINE. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 11. RORIPA. Not aquatic or marsh plants. Rootstocks tuberous. 13. DENTARIA. Roots fibrous. Petals fiat. Pods usually compressed, seeds flat, winged. 22. ARABIS. Pods terete; seeds oblong or globose, wingless. 2. THELYPODIUM. Petals undulate-crisped or twisted. Pods terete or nearly so; cotyledons incumbent. 3. CAULANTHUS. Pods compressed; cotyledons accumbent. 4. STREPTANTHUS. Flowers yellow. Pods borne on a long stipe. 1. STANLEYA. Pods terete or 4-angled, sessile or short stipitate. Pubescence simple or none. Pods spreading. Seeds globose or oblong. Seeds in 2 rows. 7. DIPLOTAXIS. Seeds in 1 row. 8. BRASSICA. Seeds flat. 10. BARBAREA. Pods erect, appressed to the stem. 6. ERYSIUM. Pubescence branched or stellate. Leaves entire or faintly toothed. 23. CHEIRANTHUS. Leaves deeply 2-pinnatifid. 21. SOPHIA. Pods flat. 14. TROPIDOCARPUM Mustard Family 165 Pods short, never twice as long as broad except in Draba. Pods compressed parallel with the partition. Pods many-seeded. 18. DRABA Pods 2-seeded. 24. KONIG. Pods compressed contrary to the partition. Pods many-seeded. Pods heart-shaped. 17. BURSA. Pods elliptic. 16. HUTCHINSIA. Pods 2-seeded. 5. LEPIDIUM. ** Pods indehiscent. Pods of 2 indehiscent cells. 15. DITHYREA. Pods 1-celled, 1-seeded, orbicular. Pods winged. 20. THYSANOCARPUS. Pods wingless. 19. ATHYSANDS. Pods elongated jointed. 9. RAPHANUS. 1. STANLEY A Nutt. Mostly tall erect branching glabrous and glaucous perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnately divided leaves and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals nar- row, long-clawed. Stamens 6, nearly equal ; anthers twisted. Ovary short, stipitate ; style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, somewhat compressed, dehiscent ; the valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Cotyledons straight. 1. S. pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stems stout, 15-25 dm. high ; lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided or rarely entire, 12-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, long-petioled ; upper leaves similar or less divided or oblong-lanceolate and entire, short-petioled ; flowers numerous, yellow; petals 16-24 mm. long; filaments Ali- form exserted ; siliques 5-8 cm. long, on stipes about % as long. Occasional on the dry plains and foothills of all our interior valleys. 2. THELYPODIUM Endl. Erect annual or biennial herbs, glabrous or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers racemose or subspicate, purplish or whitish. Siliques nearly terete, linear, short-stipitate or sessile ; valves 1-nerved, dehiscent ; style short ; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, mar- ginless. Cotyledons incumbent. 166 Cruciferae 1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Erect annual, simple or spar- ingly branched above the middle, hispid below, often smoothish above; leaves oblanceolate in outline, irregularly sinnuate- toothed or pinnatifid with spreading acute entire or toothed seg- ments, 4-12 cm. long, distinctly petioled or the upper sessile by a narrow base; inflorescence racemose; sepals oblong, ^ as long as the petals; these narrow, spatulate, 3-5 mm. long, pale rose color or yellowish-white; siliques usually deflexed or widely spreading, slender attenuate, 3-5 cm. long, on pedicels 2-3 mm. long. (Sisymbrium reflexum Nutt.) Common in dry ground both in the valleys and foothills. 2. T. lasiophyllum inalienum Robinson. Size and habit of the type; petals yellow or yellowish; siliques erect or slightly spreading. (Sisymbrium acutangulum Brew. & Wats.) Hills about Los Angeles. 3. CAULANTHUS Watson. Stout erect biennials, with pinnatifid, toothed or nearly entire leaves and purple or greenish-white flowers. Se- pals about equal, saccate at base. Petals slightly longer, undulate-crisped, claw broad, blade rhomboidal scarcely broader than claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed, the lobes parallel with the valves. Pods terete, elongated, sessile upon the receptacle ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flattened, scarcely or not at all margined. Cotyledons incumbent. 1. C. amplexicaulis Wats. Glaucous annual, rather slender and flexuous, simple or more frequently with several spreading branches; leaves elliptic-oblong or the upper broadly cordate- clasping, subentire often ascending; pedicels 8-24 mm. long, widely spreading. • Near San Fernando, Davidson. 4. STBEPTANTHUS Nutt. Erect branching often glaucous annual or biennial herbs, with entire or toothed rarely pinnatifid leaves Mustard Family 167 and purple or white flowers. Sepals ovate or oblong, equal at base or 1 or rarely both pair saccate at base, usually colored, their tips erect or spreading. Petals narrow or with a well developed blade and channeled claw, twisted or undulate. The longer filaments some- times connate ; anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Pod linear, compressed ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, flattened and more or less winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 1. S. heterophyllus Nutt. More or less pubescent through- out with spreading simple hairs; stem usually simple, 1 m. high or less; leaves linear, at least the lowest pinnatifid with divaricate lobes or toothed, the upper usually entire; flowers purplish or white, 8-12 mm. long; calyx narrow; sepals slightly saccate; pods abruptly reflexed on slender pedicels 5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, beaked by a slender style; seeds small and crowded, narrowly winged. Occasional throughout our range; confined mostly to the chaparral belt. April-May. 5. LEPIDIUM L. PEPPERGRASS. Erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent, annual or rarely biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid, lobed or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers. Petals small or rarely wanting. Stamens often fewer than 6. Stigmas, in ours, sessile or nearly so. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, more or less emarginately winged at the apex ; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each cell, flattened. Coty- ledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. * Capsule merely emarginate. •*- Pedicels terete. 1. L. medium Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple below, branching above, erect, 2-9 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, dentate, rarely pinnatifid; stem leaves entire; pedicels slender, 168 Cruciferae terete, spreading or divaricate, longer than the capsule ; stamens 2-4 ; capsule orbicular retuse, glabrous. Common in the valleys and mountains throughout our range. •*- •*- Pedicels flattened. 2. Ii. lasiocarpum Nutt. Low, branching from or near the base, decumbent or ascending, hirsute with spreading hairs or somewhat tomentulose; lower leaves pinnately parted, segments usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly toothed or entire; racemes several ; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally spreading, 3 mm. long; capsule suborbieular, thin-margined near the apex, hispid pubescent upon both faces or at least upon the margins. Sand-dunes along the seashore. 3. L. nitidum Nutt. Erect or usually branched from the base and spreading, 1-3 dm. high, glabrate or somewhat pubescent; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow rachis and alternate segments; the upper leaves often entire; racemes 1-several, loosely flowered ; petals considerably exceeding the sepals ; pedi- cels strongly flattened, spreading; capsule smooth, shining, often purplish, 4-5 mm. long. Very common on grassy plains and hills. February-March. ** Apex of capsule produced into 2 distinct teeth or lobes. 4. L. acutidens (Gray) Howell. Branching from the base, decumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long, pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs; leaves linear tapering at both ends, entire or faintly and remotely denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, about 2mm. wide; branches flowering about % their length; racemes rather loose; pedicels strongly flattened, appressed to the stem to near the middle, then curving outward; pod strongly reticulated, sparsely pubescent, 4 mm. long including the acute teeth, about 3 mm. broad; sinus about 1 mm. deep and 2 mm. broad at tip. (L. dictyotum acutidens Gray.) In saline places toward the coast. Cienega; Santa Monica. 6. EBYSIMUM L. HEDGE-MUSTARD. Erect annual, somewhat hirsute at least below with simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid. Inflorescence spici- Mustard Family 169 form with several divaricately spreading branches. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques terete, tapering almost from the base to the apex ; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. A monotypic genus as here understood. 1. E. officinale L. Stems 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves lyrately and somewhat runcinately pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, the upper shorter, lanceolate, subentire or hastate; pods 1 cm. long, nearly sessile, erect and closely appressed to the rachis. (Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Common along streets and in waste places. Native of Europe. 7. DIPLOTAXIS DC. SAND ROCKET. Erect annual or perennial herbs with pinnatifid or lobed leaves and rather large yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated linear flat or flattish, short beaked or beakless ; valves mostly 1-nerved. Style slen- der. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyle- dons conduplicate. 1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Annual, branched from the base, sparingly hispid or glabrous, the slender branches 3-6 dm. high, leafy only below ; leaves oblanceolate, sinnuate-lobed or some- times pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed at the base, mostly slender-petioled ; fruiting racemes long, loose ; flowers 12-16 mm. broad ; pod about 3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, flattish ; fruiting pedicel 18-30 mm. long. Occasional along ditches about Los Angeles, Pasadena and Santa Ana. Native of Europe. 8. BBASSICA L. MUSTARD. Erect branching annual or biennial herbs, with pin- natifid basal leaves, those of the stem dentate or often nearly entire, and showy yellow flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile on the receptacle, terete or 4-angled, tipped with a persistent usually 1 -seeded beak ; valves 1-3-nerved ; stigma truncate or 170 Cruciferae 2-lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, globose. Cotyle- dons conduplicate. * None of the leaves clasping the stem. 1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Erect 1-3 m. high, freely and widely branching, pubescent or glabrate; lower leaves slender- petioled, deeply pinnatifid, with 1 terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lat- eral ones ; segments all dentate ; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, pinnatifid or dentate or the uppermost entire; flowers 6-10 mm. broad; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long in fruit; pods nar- rowly linear, 4-angled, smooth 10-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, ap- pressed against the stem ; beak slender 2-4 mm. long; seeds dark brown. Common in poorly cultivated fields, especially in adobe soils. April-May. 2. B. alba (L.) Boiss. Erect, branching above, 3-10 dm. high, more or less pubescent with simple hairs ; leaves all pinnatifid or the upper only dentate; pods spreading, pubescent, tipped with a flattened beak of about equal length ; seeds pale yellow. Near the Soldiers' Home, Hasse. ** Upper leaves clasping. 3. B. campestris L. Stems 3-10 dm. high, glabrous and glau- cous or rarely slightly pubescent below; lower leaves petioled, pubescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid, the upper glabrous, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuseish, sessile and clasping at the base, entire or dentate; pedicels spreading or ascending, often 2 cm. long in fruit; pods 3-5 cm. long; beak 8-10 mm. long. Frequent in waysides and neglected gardens. January-April. In favored places often flowering nearly throughout the year. 9. BAPHANUS L. RADISH. Erect or widely branching from the base, annual or biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated linear, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous amd spongy between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds globose. Cotyledons conduplicate. 1. B. sativus L. Biennial or annual from a more or less elongated fleshy root; erect and freely branching, 3-5 dm. high, Mustard Family 171 sparsely pubescent with stiff "hairs or nearly glabrous above; lower leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid; segments crenate or dentate; flowers 12-18 mm. broad, yellowish or commonly whitish with purple veins; pods 2-4 cm. long, constricted between the seeds when mature; seeds 2-several ; beak conical, 1-2 cm. long. Frequent in poorly cultivated fields and waste places, especially in sandy soils. April-June or often throughout the year. 10. BARBAREA R. Br. Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs with angled stems, pinnatificl leaves and racemose yellow flowers. Silique elongated, linear, 4-angled ; valves keeled or ribbed ; style short ; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless. Cotyle- dons accumbent. 1. B. Barbarea (L.) MacM. Tufted stems erect, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves petioled, 5-12 cm. long, lyrately-pinnatifid, segments oval or obovate, repand-toothed or sometimes entire ; upper leaves sessile, rarely clasping; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. broad; pods spreading or ascending, about 2 cm. long, obscurely 4-angled; pedicels about 4 mm. long. (B. vulgaris R. Br.) Moist places in the mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt. June- August. 11. RORIPA Scop. Branching herbs with simple or pinnate-lobed, dissected or rarely entire leaves and yellow or white flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens often less than 6. Pods short or elongated, terete or nearly so, sessile on the receptacle ; valves faintly 1-nerved or nerveless. Styles short or slender. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. * Flowers white. 1. B. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. (WATERCRESS.) Aquatic, gla- brous; stems branching, floating or creeping, rooting from the nodes; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, 172 Cruciferae nearly entire; racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; petals twice the length of the sepals; pods 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, spreading and slightly curved upward, on pedicels of about their own length. (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) Common in streams. May-October. ** Flowers yellow. 2. B. curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. Annual or biennial, spar- ingly pubescent or glabrous, with erect or ascending, usually much branched stems, 15-45 cm. high; leaves mostly oblanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or toothed, the lower 25-75 mm. long; racemes short; flowers pale yellow, 4 mm. broad; petals slightly exceeding the sepals; style short; pods linear, 8-15 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, strongly curved upward; pedicels spreading or ascending. Frequent in low ground, about ponds and on river bottoms. Variable in foliage characters. 12. CABDAMINE L. Erect or ascending herbs mostly growing in marshes or along watercourses, with running rootstocks or fibrous roots, entire, lobed or divided leaves and racemose or corymbose, white or purple flowers. Stamens usually 6. Siliques elongated, flat, generally erect ; valves nerveless, elastically dehiscent at maturity, sessile on the receptacle. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, compressed, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent, equal or unequal. 1. C. Gambellii Wats. Rather stout, 6-9 dm. high, branched, decumbent at base and rooting at the lower joints, glabrous or sparingly soft villous; leaves mostly basal, persisting in a rosu- late cluster, pinnately divided; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate to oblong-linear, usually cuneate at base and acute, mostly few- toothed, 6-24 mm. long; raceme nearly sessile, becoming elon- gated ; flowers white, 6-8 mm. broad ; pedicels slender, divaricate ; pods about the same length, narrow, erect or ascending, often curved ; style slender, 2 mm. long. Frequent in marshes and wet places in the valleys. .Mustard Family 173 13. DENT ARIA L. Perennial herbs growing in damp woods, with fleshy tuberous rootstocks, erect mostly unbranched stems and more or less divided leaves. Flowers large, white or often tinged with purple. Petals much longer than the sepals with slender claw and ovate spreading blades. Siliques linear, flattened, their valves nerveless. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons thick often mu'qual, accumbent. 1. D. Californica Nutt. Rootstock slender, tubers small; stem 2-3 dm. high, rather stout, simple or branched above, gla- brous or nearly so; basal leaves entire or 3-foliate, the leaflets petiolulate, suborbicular, sinuate or coarsely toothed; cauline 2-4, mostly shortly petioled and above the middle of the stem, deeply lobed or pinnately 3-5-foliate, rarely simple, the leaflets mostly petiolate, ovate to lanceolate-linear, entire or toothed, 2-7 cm. long; flowers white or rose-colored ; pods 2-6 cm. long; style 4-6 mm. long; seeds oblong. Frequent in damp shady places in the mountains and foothills. March- April. 14. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook. Slender erect branching annuals, more or less hirsute- pubescent with simple hairs or writh a few forked ones intermingling. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, borne in loose leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals concave, spreading, equal at base. Petals spatulate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous ; anthers short, rounded. Stig- ma circular or slightly emarginate, on a slender style. Silique partially or completely 2-celled, ours obcom- pressed, sometimes twisted. 1. T. gracile Hook. Stems slender, erect or spreading, usu- ally 15-25 cm. long, more or less pubescent; leaves shallowly or deeply pinnatifid, the segments acutish, cleft or entire ; cauline leaves reduced; pedicels axillary, spreading, 6-20 mm. long; 174 Cruciferae pods lance-linear to linear, 1-2 cm. long, strongly obcompressed throughout; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Frequent in our interior valleys. March-May. 2. T, dubium Davidson. Much resembling the last in habit, foliage and pubescence; capsule linear, 2-celled and strongly obcompressed above the middle, by a twist becoming compressed below and only 1-celled. Frequent about Los Angeles. This species is very closely related to the last and may prove to be only a tortological form. March-May. 15. DITHYBEA Harv. Low branching annuals, with stout stems and thickish ovate or orbicular subentire leaves, the whole herbage more or less cinerous-tomentose with stellate hairs. In- florescence racemose, dense, often branched. Flowers whitish or purple. Sepals ovate to oblong, erect or spreading, pubescent. Petals conspicuous with spreading blade and slender claw. Stamens 6 with linear sagittate anthers. Pods strongly obcompressed, 2-celled ; the cells nearly orbicular, indehiscent with a thickend mar- gin, separating at maturity from the persistent linear axis, 1-seeded. Seeds flat, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. 1. D. Californica maritima Davidson. Branching from the base, 15-30 cm. high; leaves thick, fleshy, densely pubescent, the basal narrowed to slender petioles, the upper sessile, coarsely toothed or subentire; racemes short, very dense, elongated in fruit; flowers about 12-15 mm. broad; limb purplish; pedicels dark purple ; pods 8-10 mm. wide, half as long, emarginate above and below, pubescent on the margins. Occasional along the seashore between Redondo and Port Ballona. 16. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. Low slender mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubes- cent with forked hairs, ours annual with entire or pin- nately lobed leaves and minute white flowers in terminal Mustard Family 175 racemes. Stamens 6. Style none or very short. Sili- cles oval, obcompressed, the valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds numerous in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 1. H. procumbens (L.) Desv. Branching from the base, slender, ascending or procumbent, 5-20 cm. long; lower leaves short-petioled, pinnatifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, 1-2.5 cm. long ; uppear leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or lobed ; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 6-12 mm. long in fruit; pods elliptic or oval, obtuse, rarely emarginate, 3-4 mm. long. (Capsella divaricata Walp.; C. elliptica Meyer.) In moist saline places throughout our range. March-April. 17. BUBSA Weber. SHEPARD'S PURSE. Erect annual herbs, pubescent with forked hairs. Basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate-obcordate, obcompressed, the valves keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. 1. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Erect, branching, 15-40 cm. high, pubescent below, mostly glabrous above; basal leaves lobed or pinnatifid, forming a rosette, 5-12 cm. long; cauline leaves few, lanceolate, auricled, dentate or entire; flowers 2 mm. broad ; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 10-14 mm. long in fruit; pods triangular, more or less deeply emarginate at the apex, rarely truncate, 4-6 mm. long. (Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic.) Common weed in gardens and waste places. Flowering at all times of the year. 18. DRABA L. Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with sea- pose or leafy stems, simple leaves and racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or rarely linear, compressed. Stigma entire or nearly so. Valves dehiscent nerveless. Cotyledons accumbent. 176 Cruciferae 1. D. cuneifolia Nutt. Annual, loosely stellate-pubescent throughout, branching from the base, the branches slender, 8-15 cm. long, leafy below; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish, entire or few-toothed, 1-5 cm. long; raceme peduncu- late, at length elongated, loosely flowered; flowers small, white; pods linear-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, many-seeded, hispid with appressed simple hairs; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 2-6 mm. long ; stigma sessile or nearly so. Occasional in dry sandy soil in the foothills and the interior valleys. The two varieties are more common. 2. D. cuneifolia integrifolia Wats. Smaller than the type, 2-5 cm. high; leaves smaller, mostly entire; capsule glabrous; pedicels 2 mm. long or less. Same range as the type and apparently more common. 3. D. cuneifolia Sonorae (Greene) Parish. Much resembling the type in size and habit ; racemes often nearly sessile ; capsules- hispid with stellate hairs. Same range as the type and the most common form with us. 19. ATHYSANUS Greene. .Slender diffuse annual, leafy only near the base- Leaves simple, toothed. Sepals equal. Petals without claws. Stamens 6, equal. Silicles orbicular not winged or margined, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. 1. A. pusillus, (Hook.) Greene. Hirsute-pubescent; stems filiform, branching from the base, the branches mostly ascend- ing, unilaterally racemose throughout ; leaves few, ovate, sparingly toothed, 1 cm. long ; flowers minute, often apetalous ; pods lentic- ular, more or less uncinate hispid, 2 mm. long or less. Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-May. 20. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. LACE POD. Erect and slender, sparingly branched annuals with minute white or rose-colored flowers in slender elongated racemes. Stamens 6, tetradynamous or rarely only 4. Capsule compressed, orbicular, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, inde- hiscent, winged ; the wings entire crenate or perforated. Mustard Family 177 1. T. curvipes Hook. More or less hirsute, 2 dm. high or more, branching above; basal leaves rosulate, oblong, pinnatifid with short blunt lobes or dentate; upper leaves lanceolate, sag- ittate-auriculate, clasping at base, 1-2 cm. long; pedicels very slender, 3-6 mm. long, strongly recurved ; capsule usually pubes- cent; wings entire or crenate. Frequent on grassy slopes. March-April. 2. T. laciniatus Nutt. Smooth or nearly so, and somewhat glaucous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves rather thin, the basal ones not form- ing a rosette, linear, entire to deeply pinnatifid into narrow linear segments, upper leaves entire, 20-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, narrowed at base, racemes 10-20 cm. long; pods elliptic to orbic- ular, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, including the entire or slightly crenate wing, reticulate, glabrous or sometimes somewhat pubes- cent; pedicels slender, spreading and becoming more or less deflexed. Occasional on shaded slopes in the canyons of the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. 21. SOPHIA Adans. Annual or perennial herbs, canescent or pubescent with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, these becoming elongated in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, the valves 1-nerved. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. 1. S. pinnata (Walt.) Howell. Densely canescent through- out, pale; stem erect, branched, 2-7 dm. high, slender, the branches ascending; leaves 5-10 cm. long, oblong, 2-pinnatifid into very numerous small, toothed or entire, obtuse segments ; pedicels very slender, widely spreading, 10-15 mm. long; pods horizontal or ascending, oblong or linear-oblong, somewhat com- pressed, 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, canescent or glabrous; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. (Sisymbrium canescens Nutt.) Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys. April-June. 2. S. incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat glandu- lar-hairy, 3-6 dm. high, freely branching; leaves pinnately 178 Cruciferae divided, the segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate; petals lanceolate-spatulate, surpassing the petals; pedi- cels 4-6 mm. long, spreading, exceeded by the spreading or curved-ascending, nearly or quite glabrous capsule ; seeds in 1 row in each cell. Frequent in the pine belt of the San Bernardino Mountains and to be ex- pected within our range. 22. ABABIS L. Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs with entire, lobed or pinnatifid leaves and white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, compressed, with smooth or keeled mostly 1-nerved valves, not elastic, dehiscent at maturity. Stigma nearly entire or 2-lobed. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged or wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. * Seeds in 1 row in each cell. 1. A. Virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or rarely biennial, glabrate; stems ascending or decumbent, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, 2.5-7 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; pedicels spreading or ascend- ing, 4 mm. long in fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 16-24 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad; seeds in 1 row in each cell, nearly as broad as the pod, orbicular, wing-margined. (A. Ludoviciana C. A. Meyer.) Inglewood in low ground. Our plants have the leaves often merely dentate. March. 2. A. repanda Wats. Biennial; stem stout, branching, 3 dm. high or more, pubescent throughout with mostly stellate hairs, usually longer and simple at base ; leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire, those of the stem narrowed to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse ; flowers white, small ; petals narrow, 4 mm. long, slightly exceed- ing the calyx ; pods recurved-spreading, faintly 1-nerved at the base, seeds elliptic, broadly winged. Occasional in the upper portions of the pine belt in the San Gabritl and San Bernardino Mountains. Mustard Family 179 ** Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 3. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Biennial; erect, pubescent below, glabrous and glaucous above, simple or somewhat branched, 5-10 dm. high; basal leaves petioled, 5-15 cm. long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, pubescent with simple hairs, those of the stem with sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the lower dentate, 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish ; flowers yellowish white, 4 mm. broad; pedicels 4-10 mm. long, erect; pods narrowly linear, 5-7 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, erect and appressed; seeds in 2 rows in each cell, marginless; style none. (A. perfoliata Lam.) Frequent in the foothills throughout our range. 23. CHEIBANTHUS L. WALLFLOWER. Ours biennial or perennial more or less pubescent herbs, with simple entire or toothed leaves. Flowers mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled; valves strongly keeled. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in 1 row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at apex. Cotyledons incumbent. (Erysimum.) 1. C. angustatus Greene. Perennial; rather stout, erect, 5 dm. high or more; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or few-toothed, few and scattered above, densely clothing the basal part of the herbaceous stem and short sterile branches of the short subligneous caudex, the whole plant subcinerous with appressed 2-forked hairs; calyx-lobes 10-12 mm. long; petals yellow, the lower pair parallel to each other, the upper divergent from each other; pods in a long lax raceme, 4-sided, ascending. Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Moun- tains. 2. C. suffrutescens Abrams. Perennial; often much branch- ed, the branches woody, 1 m. long or less, usually straggling among low shrubs, rough from the persistent bases of the old leaves, usually about 5 mm. thick; floral branches clustered at the ends of the main branches, slender, 3-4 dm. long; leaves scattered along the floral branches, densely clothing their bases, very narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 2-3 mm. broad, entire or remotely and obscurely denticulate, these as well as the branches 180 Capparidaceae cinerous with appressed 2-forked hairs; calyx-lobes 6-7 mm. long; petals yellow, cruciform; pods in rather short but lax racemes, on pedicels about 8 mm. long, widely spreading, straight or slightly curved upwards, 4-sided, 1.5-1.75 mm. broad, 5-6 cm. long; beak slender, scarcely 1 mm. broad and but little longer; seeds brownish, about 1.5 mm. long. Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly the year round. 24. KONIG Adans. SWEET ALYSSUM. Perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in ter- minal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slen- der, with 2 small glands at the base. Capsule compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. 1. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. Ascending or sometimes pro- cumbent, freely branching, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs ; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers white, fragrant, about 4 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels ascending, 6-8 mm. long; capsules glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly orbicular, 2-3 mm. long. (Alyssum maritimum L.) An escape from gardens, along streets and in waste places. Flowering nearly throughout the year. Family 36. CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY. Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees with pungent or acrid watery juice, simple or palmately compound alternate leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose, mostly regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 4. Petals 4, sessile or clawed. Stamens usually 6, equal, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers oblong, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or stipitate, 1-celled ; ovules many, borne on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds mostly reniform ; endosperm none ; cotyledons some- wrhat coiled. Herbs. 1. CLBOME. Shrubs. 2. ISOMERIS. Caper Family 181 1. CLEOME L. Ours branching herbs with digitately 3-5-foliate leaves and yellow flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 4, often persistent. Petals 4, cruciate, entire, equal. Sta- mens 6. Ovary stipitate with gland at the base. Cap- sule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded. 1. C. lutea Hook. Erect, glabrous, branching, 4-12 dm. high ; leaves 5-foliate, slender-petioled or the upper 3-foliate and sub- sessile ; leaflets oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, short-stalked or sessile, narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, 1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong, mucronulate; flowers densely racemose; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long; pod linear, acute, 3-6 cm. long, borne on a stipe nearly as long. Field near Downey, Davidson. 2. ISOMEBIS Nutt. Ill-scented shrubs with puberulent branches, 3-foliate petioled leaves and large yellow flowers axillary or in bracteate racemes. Sepals 4, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, equal. Receptacle dilated with a hemispherical torus. Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle, enlarged and glan- dular on the upper surface. Ovary long-stipitate, many- ovuled on the placentae ; style short ; stigma minute. Capsule oval or nearly globose, inflated, tardily 2-valved. Seeds smooth. 1. I. arborea Nutt* Widely branching shrub, 1-3 m. high, with hard yellow wood and puberulent branches ; leaves 3-foliate ; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, equaling the petioles, entire, mucro- nate ; flowers in terminal bracteate racemes ; bracts simple ; petals yellow, 10-16 cm. long, twice longer than the sepals; cap- sule oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, attenuate into the stipe and abruptly tapering at the apex. Frequent on bluffs and hills along the coast, Ballona Harbor; San Pedro; San Joaquin Hills. February-July. I. ARBOREA GLOBOSA Coville. This subspecies, which differs from the type in having globose capsules, has been reported from Oceanside and may occur within our limits. 182 Resedaceae Family 37. RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves, gland- like stipules and racemose or spicate bracted unsymmetri- cal flowers. Calyx 4-7-parted, more or less irregular. Petals 2-6, usually laciniate or dentate. Stamens hypog- ynous, 3-40, borne on the base of the calyx or on a dilat- ed nectariferous and oblique disk, declined or unilateral. Ovary 1, composed of 3-6 carpels, at least the tips dis- tinct ; ovules many. Fruit capsular. Seeds reniform ; endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent. Petals 4; disk present. 1. RESEDA. Petals 2; disk wanting. 2. OI.IGOMERIS. 1. RESEDA L. Erect or decumbent herbs with entire, lobed or pinnat- ifid leaves and small spicate or narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on the inner surface of the disk and on one side of the flower. Capsule 3-6- lobed, horned at the top before maturity. 1. B. lutea L. Ascending or decumbent, somewhat pubes- cent with short stiff hairs or nearly glabrous ; leaves 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovate or oblong, deeply lobed or divided, some- times pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong with undulate margins ; flowers in narrow racemes, 4-6 mm. broad, greenish yellow; pedicels ascending, about 4 mm. long in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly cleft; sepals of the same number; cap- sule oblong, about 8 mm. long, with 3 or rarely 4 short teeth. An occasional escape from gardens. 2. OLIGOMEBIS. Low glaucous chiefly annuals with linear and entire leaves, and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes. Stamens usually 4. Petals 2, posterior, free or united at the base, entire or 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none. Crassulaceae 183 Stamens 3-10. Ovary 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule 4-sulcate, many-seeded, opening at the summit. 1. O. glaucescens Camb. Annual or biennial; 15-30 cm. high, branching at base, the branches ascending; leaves often fascicled and somewhat fleshy, 1-2 cm. long; spikes elongated terminal, the stem-like branches bracteate, densely flowered; petals oblong, obscurely lobed, posterior; stamens 3, posterior; capsule depressed globose, 3 mm. in diameter, 4-lobed, 4-cuspi- date ; seeds smooth . In low saline places. Portugese Bend; Elsinore; also at San Diego and Tia Juana. April-May. Family 38. CRASSULACEAE. STONE-CROP FAMILY. Mostly succulent or fleshy herbs with cymose or rarely solitary, regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4— 5-cleft or 4-5-parted. Petals equal in number to the calyx- lobes, distinct or somewhat united below, persistent. Stamens of the same number or twice as many with fili- form or subulate filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels eqUal to the calyx-lobes in number, distinct or united below, with subulate or filiform styles and numerous ovules. Follicles membranous or coria- ceous, 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute ; embryo terete, imbedded in fleshy endosperm. The descriptions of most of the species and genera are adopted from Britton and Rose's recent article, " New or Noteworthy North American Crassulaceae," Bui. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3:1-45. 1903. Plants not minute. Petals spreading, distinct at base; leaves not linear. 1. SEDUM. Petals spreading, yellow, slightly united at base; leaves linear; peren- nials by conns. 2. HASSEANTHUS. Petals spreading, united at base; leaves narrow; perennials by root- stocks. 3. STYLOPHYLLUM. Petals erect, united at base; carpels erect. 4. DUDLEYA. Plants minute, succulent. 5. TILLAEA. 184 Crassulaceae 1. SEDUM L. Fleshy mostly glabrous erect or decumbent herbs with mostly alternate entire or dentate leaves and per- fect flowers in terminal often 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigy- nous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals, their filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the recep- tacle entire or emarginate. Carpels distinct or united at the base ; styles short. 1. S. obtusatum Gray. Glaucous and often mealy, from a branched rooting caudex, 10-15 cm. high, simple; leaves very thick, obovate or spatulate, flat, 15-20 mm. long ; cymes of rather numerous scattered branches; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; petals oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute, pale yellow, 6-8 mm. long, little exceeding the stamens and style ; calyx broadly campanu- late, sepals 3-4 mm. long, broad, obtuseish. Mount Disappointment, Davidson, 2. S. spathulifolium Hook. Similar in habit to the last, but the cyme approximate; pedicels shorter or the flowers sessile; sepals 3 mm. long, ovate, acute; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style. Lytle Creek Canyon near the falls. 2. HASSEANTHUS Rose. Stems several, arising from small globose or oblong corms. Basal leaves linear, terete, narrowed below into flattened petioles ; stem-leaves narrowly ovate, turgid but somewhat flattened. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla-seg- ments united at base into a short tube, yellow or white changing to purple. Carpels 5, united at base, widely spreading. 1. H. elongatus Rose. Stems slender, 10-15 dm. high ; leaves linear, elongated, not at all variegated ; cyme branches simple, widely spreading, 2-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes oblong; corolla bright yellow. Described from specimens collected in the San Joaquin Hills by the author. What seems to be the same has also been collected in the Santa Ana Mountains by Helen D. Geis. Stone-crop Family 185 2. H. multicaulis Rose. Perennial by an oblong corm, 2-3 cm. long; stems 2-5., rather stout, 1-1.5 cm. high, variegated, glabrous, not at all glaucous; basal leaves 3-4 cm. long, terete, acute; stem leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, ovate-oblong, acute or acumi- nate, turgid or somewhat flattened ; inflorescence of several secund, many-flowered racemes; flowers subsessile; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; flower-buds pinkish, obtuse; corolla-lobes widely spreading above the middle, pale yellow, tinged with red, 7-8 mm. long, slightly united at base. Described from specimens collected by Dr. Hasse on sterile clay bluffs near Santa Monica. 3. STYLOPHYLLUM Britton & Rose. Perennials with more or less branched rootstocks ; basal leaves linear elongated or flattened but always nar- row, sometimes abruptly widened below into a broad clasp- ing base ; flowering stems with long sessile leaves not clasping at base. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, equal and small. Corolla campanulate, not angled, white, red or yellowish, its lobes broad, thin and spreading, united below into a tube. Stamens 10, borne on the corolla-tube. Car- pels 5, united below, generally spreading. 1. S. insulare Rose. Stems very thick and woody, 6-8 cm. in diameter, crowned by a rosette of spreading leaves, the old leaves somewhat persistent; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. broad above the base, 2 cm. broad at base, fleshy, much flattened except toward the apex, acute, more or less glaucous, especially when young; flowering branch stout, purplish, 3-4 dm. long; inflorescence paniculately branched ; primary branches short, nearly equal, 2-3-dichotomous, the ultimate branches short and few-flowered; calyx 3 mm. long, its lobes twice as long as the tube, ovate, acute; corolla 7 mm. long, reddish, somewhat cam- panulate, its tube about the length of the carpels ; carpels united at base, widely spreading. Described from specimens collected on Catalina Island by Blanche Trask. 2. S. Hassei Rose. Caudex elongated, sometimes about 3 dm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, somewhat branching, covered with the old persistent leaves, crowned with a dense erect rosette; 186 Crassulaceae leaves very glaucous, linear, not tapering, except toward the apex, 10 cm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, somewhat flattened below, terete above, flowering stems weak, their primary branches 1-2-dichotomous, the ultimate branches slender and many- flowered ; calyx widely spreading in age. Described from specimens collected on Catalina Island by Dr. Hasse. 3. S. densiflorum Rose. Glaucous throughout from more or less branching rootstocks ; leaves numerous, erect, nearly terete, acute, 6-12 cm. long; flowering branches slender and weak; inflorescence a rather dense compact cyme, its ultimate branches rather short, 4-8-flowered; pedicels short, 1-3 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. long, its lobes twice as long as its tube, broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse; corolla white or pinkish, 6 mm. long, its seg- ments spreading, distinct nearly to the base. (Cotyledon nudi- caule Abrams.) Frequent on rocky cliffs in the San Gabriel Canyon. 4. DUDLEYA Britton & Rose. Caulescent or acaulescent perennials with flat linear to ovate basal leaves and yellow, orange, red or rarely white flowers, mostly in panicles. Leaves of the flower- ing branches usually much shorter and relatively broader than the basal ones, sessile or clasping. Calyx conspicu- ous, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, linear-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acuminate. Corolla nearly cylindric, or some- what angled, the segments united below the middle, erect, or their tips somewhat spreading, obtuse to acumi- nate. Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes, dis- tinct. Carpels erect, many-seeded. (Cotyledon in part.) * Leaves spatulate to ovate, rather thin. 1. D. pulverulenta (Nutt.) B. & R. Densely white-mealy throughout ; caudex short and very stout ; rosulate leaves rather thin and flaccid, in a flattened large rosette, broadly spatulate, abruptly acute, 5-10 cm. long; scapes 4 dm. high or more, stout with broadly cordate rather numerous acute leaves, the lower sometimes ovate, acuminate; inflorescence of 2-6 elongated simple racemes; pedicels mostly horizontal, slender, 6-15 mm. long; Stone-crop Family 187 flowers erect or ascending; sepals ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; corolla somewhat contracted above, reddish, about 14 mm. long, petals carinate with a prominent mealy-glaucous midvein. (Coty- ledon pulverulenta Benth. & Hook.) Frequent in the chaparral belt on rocky slopes in all our mountains. July-August. 2. D. minor Rose. Acaulescent, or very old plants with a carrot-shaped rootstock 5 cm. long, crowned by a small rosette of spreading leaves ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, the large ones 5-7 cm. long, narrowed at base, abruptly acuminate, glaucous ; in- florescence slender, with a few elongated 1-sided racemes; pedi- cels slender, 10-15 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long, its lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellow or pale orange, 12 mm. long, its tube 2 mm. long. Originally described from plants collected by Dr. Hasse in the San Gabriel Canyon, altitude about 2000 feet. Wilson's trail, altitude 2500 feet, on rocky banks 3. D. ovatifolia Britton. Glabrous, low, green, 1.5 dm. high or less; flowering stems rigid ; basal leaves ovate, shining above, acute, about 2 cm. long; leaves of the flowering stems ovate, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or the lower acute, 5-8 mm. long; cymes few-flowered; pedicels very slender, 1 cm. long or less; flowers about 1 cm. long; calyx segments triangular-ovate- lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, nearly as long as the corolla- tube ; corolla bright yellow, its segments lanceolate, acute. Described from specimens collected in the Santa Monica Mountains by H. M. Hall. ** Leaves rather thick, lanceolate to nearly linear or strap-shaped. 4. D. Brauntoni Rose. Csespitose, the rootstocks crowned by 6-8 rosettes of leaves; leaves elongated, strap-shaped, becom- ing 20 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, but often at flowering time only 10 cm. long and 1 cm. broad, pale green and very glaucous on the face, acute; flowering stems usually stout, 3-6 dm. long, pale green, their lower leaves often quite large, the upper ones ovate, acute, thickish, slightly cordate at base; inflorescence at first somewhat compact, of 3-4 branches, these finally much elongated, 1-2 dm. long; pedicels very short, 1-3 mm. long, not elongated in fruit; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acute; seg- ments of corolla pale greenish yellow, 10-12 mm. long, erect. Described from plants collected by Ernest Braunton on Elysian Hills, Los Angeles. 188 Saxifragaceae 5. D. elongata Rose. Stems elongated, at length 2-4 dm. long, simple or branched ; leaves nearly linear, broadest near the base, very glaucous, 4-8 cm. long, 9 mm. wide or less, acute to acuminate; flowering stems leafless below, leafy above; the leaves ovate, acute, cordate, 1 cm. long or less; inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; pedicels very short, 1-2 mm. long; calyx- lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. long, twice as long as the tube; corolla 12 mm. long, at first reddish yellow, in age deep red. Along the coast. Described from specimens from near San Pedro, col- lected by Dr. Hasse. 6. D. lurida Rose. Acaulescent; basal leaves ascending or nearly erect, very numerous, not at all glaucous at flowering time, at last deeply bronzed, lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 cm. long, 10-22 mm. broad at the middle, fleshy but not very thick; flowering stems stout, purplish, 4-5 dm. tall, their leaves broadly ovate, 8-12 mm. long, rather slender; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 5-6 mm. long, reddish ; corolla reddish, 12-15 mm. long, the seg- ments erect, acute. Frequent in the Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills. 5. TILLAEA. Minute somewhat succulent and glabrous herbs with opposite entire leaves and minute axillary mostly white flowers. Sepals and petals 3-5, distinct or united at the base. Stamens as many. Carpels as many, distinct ; styles short-subulate ; ovules 1-many. Seeds striate longitudinally. 1. T. minima Miess. Diffusely branched, 2-6 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaves about 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, connate at base ; flowers in short leafy axillary panicles ; sepals 4, scarcely 1 mm. long, oblong-ovate, acute, slightly exceeding the linear- lanceolate acuminate petals ; carpels of about the same length, acute ; seeds usually solitary. Common on sandy ground throughout the valley region. Family 39. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with alternate opposite or basal, chiefly exstipulate leaves and mostly perfect solitary, Saxifrage Family 189 , racemose, cymose or paniculate flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-parted, free or adnate to the ovary, usually per- sistent. Petals 4-5, perigynous. Stamens equaling the petals in number or twice as many, perigynous. Car- pels 1-several, more or less united into a compound super- ior or inferior ovary ; styles distinct or united. Fruit a capsule, follicle or berry. Seeds usually numerous ; en- dosperm generally copious, fleshy ; embryo small, terete. Herbs. Ovary with 2, rarely more, cells. Stamens 5. 1. THEROFON. Stamens 10. 2. SAXirRAGA. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 5. 3. HEUCHERA. Stamens 10. 4. LITHOPHRAGMA. Shrubs. 5. RIBES. 1. THEBOFON Raf. Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks and leafy stems. Leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed with callous glandular tips ; petiole mostly with a stipular dilation at base. Flowers white, paniculate or in corymbose-cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the ovary, at length globular or ovate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens short, alternating with the petals ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent down the styliferous beaks. Seeds ovoid, minutely papillose. 1. T. elatum (Nutt.) Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or somewhat glandular-pubescent, the dilated bases of the peti- oles with brown bristly hairs, otherwise smooth or nearly so; leaves thin membranous, 5-7 cm. broad, deeply 5-7-lobed; calyx- lobes lanceolate-triangular, often slightly toothed above; tube oval, urceolate in fruit; petals cuneate-elliptic, obtuse, 3.5 mrn. long, much exceeding the calyx-lobes; claw very short. (Boy- kinia occidentalis T. & G.) Topango Canyon, Davidson. 2. T. rotundifolium (Parry) Wheelock. Stem villous-pubes- cent and glandular, 4-8 dm. high, leafy; leaves 5-10 cm. broad, 190 Saxifragaceae crenately incised and toothed, thin, nearly glabrous above, peti- oles densely villous, the slightly dilated base with brown bristly hairs; peduncles axillary and terminal; flowers short-pedicelled, secund on the few elongated branches ; calyx campanulate, be- coming broadly urceolate in fruit, its lobes entire, acute; petals 2-2.5 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes, spatulate ; the claw twice as long as the rounded blade. (Boykinia rotundi- folia Parry.) Frequent in canyons in the San Gabriel Mountains, 2500-4500 feet altitude. May-July. 2. SAXIFBAGA L. SAXIFRAGE. Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with alternate or mostly basal leaves and corymbose, paniculate or rarely solitary small flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, its tube free or adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, equal, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals ; fila- ments filiform ; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 or rarely 3, distinct or more or less united into a 2-celled ovary ; styles distinct, persistent, at length divergent. Fruit of 2 follicles or a 2-lobed or 2-beaked capsule, dehiscent down the beaks or the ventral suture. Seeds smooth. 1. S. California Greene. Scape 15-45 cm. high; leaves few, rather thick, reddish veined, sparsely glandular-villous, oval, oblong or elliptic, 25-50 mm. long, coarsely crenate to repand- denticulate; petioles rather broad, 12-25 mm. long; inflores- cence cymose-paniculate ; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its segments reflexed ; petals oblong, 3 times as long as the calyx, white or rose-tinted ; filaments subulate, inserted under the edge of an elevated perigynous disk. Arroyo Seco, McOlatchie; near Glendale, Davidson. 3. HEUCHEBA L. Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, mostly basal long-petioled rounded usually cordate leaves, and slen- der scapes. Inflorescence in ours paniculate, bracteate, bearing small mostly purple flowers. Calyx campanu- Saxifrage Family 191 late or in fruit somewhat urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse and sometimes unequal, the tube coherent with lower half of the ovary. Petals unguiculate, small, en- tire, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, ex- serted or included ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary and cap- sule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, more or less 2-beaked, the beaks tapering into the slender styles, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute, papillose. 1. H. elegans Abrams. Scape 25-35 cm. high, villous-hirsute; leaves thickisb, round-cordate, 1-2 cm. broad, crenately lobed and toothed, the margins ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long, villous; stipules scarious, the free portion nar- rowly lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, ciliate with long slender hairs ; panicles 14-18 cm. long, villous-pubescent throughout and some- what glandular, its branches cymose, 3 cm. long, usually 9-flow- ered, the uppermost becoming reduced ; bracts subtending the branches about 4 mm. long, lacerate, those subtending the pedicels similar but somewhat reduced ; calyx pink, villoua, 8-10 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, its lobes narrowly oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals white, lanceolate-spatulate, 5-6 mm. long, narrowed below to a slender claw ; stamens included. Frequent in rocky places in the higher altitudes of the chapparal belt. Mount Gleason; Mount Lowe; Mount Wilson. 4. LITHOPHRAGMA T. & G. Slender perennial herbs from mostly grumous roots, with chiefly basal round-cordate toothed or lobed leaves, their petioles stipuliform at base, cauline few on the simple stems. Flowers few in a simple terminal raceme. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, free from the ovary or more or less adnate to it. Petals 5, exserted, 3-7-lobed or sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included ; anthers cordate. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placen- tas ; styles 3, short. Fruit a 3-valved, many-seeded cap- sule. 192 Saxifragaceae 1. L. affinis Gray. Stems 1 or several, 15-40 cm. high, sca- brous-hirsute; basal leaves few, round-reniform, slightly lobed, 2-3 cm. broad; cauline 3-lobed to the middle, the lobes coarsely toothed ; calyx 5 mm. long, turbinate, the tube more or less ad- herent to the ovary; pedicels about equaling or slightly exceed- ing the calyx ; lower petals 8-10 mm. long, 3-toothed, the upper slightly smaller, entire; seeds faintly striate-pitted or almost smooth. Occasional on shady banks in the foothills, below 4000 feet altitude. March-May. 5. BIBES L. Erect branching shrubs with alternate palmately lobed, often resinous-glandular or viscid leaves. Stipules when present adnate to the petiole. Flowers racemose, rarely solitary on 1-2-leaved axillary shoots ; pedicels subtended by a bract and usually bearing 2 bractlets at about the middle. Calyx-tube adnate to the globose ovary and more or less produced above it. Petals 5 or rarely 4, erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes. Stamens equaling the petals in number and alternate with them. Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae ; styles 2, more or less united ; stigmas terminal. Fruit a berry, crowned with the withered remains of the flower. * Thornless. CURRANT. -*- Flowers yellow; leaves convolute in bud. 1. R. tenuiflorum Lindl. Shrub, 1-3 in. high, nearly gla- brous, glandless ; leaves light green, 3-5-lobed at apex, not cor- date ; racemes many-flowered ; bracts green, conspicuous ; flowers bright yellow; calyx salver-shaped, tube 1 cm. longer more; lobes oval, % as long as the tube ; berry glabrous, amber color. • Eaton's Wash, near Sierra Madre. February-March. •*- •*- Flowers not yellow; leaves plaited in the bud. 2. K. xnalvaceum viridifoliuxn Abrams. Shrub 1-2 in. high, the young branches short-pubescent and more or less densely glandular with stalked glands; leaves rather thick, 3-7 cm. Saxifrage Family 193 broad, slightly or not at all rugose, minutely scabrous and some- what glandular with sessile glands above, pale and glandular- pubescent beneath ; petioles beset with stalked glands and more or less puberulent; inflorescence glandular-pubescent, racemes rather long-peduncled, drooping, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, 1 cm. long, ciliate-toothed above ; pedicels 3-4 mm. long ; calyx rose- colored below, becoming nearly white above, its tube cylindric, pubescent within, 12 mm. long; its lobes broadly ovate, rounded at apex, 4-5 mm. long; petals rounded, 2 mm. broad; anthers nearly sessile, 2 mm. long; style pubescent; berries becoming reflexed at maturity, on short pedicels, pubescent and rather sparsely beset with coarse gland-tipped hairs, purplish. 1 cm. long. Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains, below 4000 feet altitude. March-April. 3. B. Nevadense Kell. Rather slender, loosely branching shrub, 1-2 in. high, older bark flaky deciduous; leaves 5-10 cm. broad, thin, not , rugose, bright green and glabrous above, paler beneath and sparsely pubescent ; stipular base of petiole ciliate- margined with long coarse plumose hairs ; racemes rather short and dense, on rather long pendulous peduncles ; flowers rose- colored ; calyx-tube urceolate, 3mm. long, lobes spreading, about equaling the tube; berry small, globose, glabrous, black. Strain's Camp, Mount Wilson. Frequent along streams in the San An- tonio and San Bernardino Mountains, in the pine belt. May. ** Thorny. GOOSEBERRY. •*- Flowers 5-merous. 4. B. divaricatum Dougl. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, spreading, glabrous or nearly so, thorns single or sometimes triple; leaves roundish, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incisely toothed ; peduncles slender, elongated, drooping, 3-9-flowered; pedicels with broad bract at base; calyx green without, purplish within, 5-7 mm. long; tube short, campanulate, much exceeded by the oblong lobes; petals white, fan-shaped, margins convolute; filiform filaments and style much exserted ; berry small, glabrous, black. Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie. March. 5. B. amarum McClatchie. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, the rigid stems and branches beset with yellow-brown commonly triple spines, often hispid; leaves inflorescence and young branches 194 Platanaceae glandular-hirsute; leaves thin, 1-4 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed and incised ; peduncles 1-2-flowered ; bracts round-ovate, usually 3-lobed, 6 mm. long; calyx-tube oblong-campanulate, 6 mm. long; lobes reflexed, 6 mm. long, purplish red; petals pinkish white, rounded, erose-toothed at summit; stamens equaling or slightly exceeding the petals; anthers sagittate, mucronate, purplish; berry 12-20 mm. broad, densely covered with glandu- lar bristles. Frequent on shaded slopes in the San Gabriel Mountains below 4000 feet altitude. February-March. 6. R. hesperium McClatchie. Shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, with spreading branches ; stems smooth, beset with dark-colored com- monly single spines ; inflorescence and young branches puberu- lent; leaves thin, 12-20 mm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incised; peduncles 1-2-flowered; bracts broad, fan-shaped with ciliated membranous pink margins; calyx-tube campanulate, slightly inflated, about 2 mm. long, lobes greenish-red, 6-8 mm. long, petals cuneate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-toothed at summit or entire; filaments 4-6 mm. long; anthers mucronate, greenish ; berry 12-20 mm. in diameter, densely beset with rather long spines. Common in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains below 3000 feet altitude. January-February. •*--«- Flowers 4-fnerous. 7. R. speciosum Pursh. Evergreen shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, with leafy red bristly branches ; subaxillary spines 3, united at base; leaves subcoriaceous, dark green, smooth and shining above, rounded, 3-lobed, lobes short, crenately toothed; peduncles pen- dulous, 2-5-flowered; flowers bright red, drooping; calyx 12-18 mm. long, its tube short, somewhat inflated, lobes oblong, not spreading ; petals about % the length of the calyx-lobes ; filaments filiform, much exceeding the calyx; anthers small, oval; berry small, densely prickly. Frequent in the foothills. March-April. Family 40. PLATANACEAE. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Large trees with thin exfoliating bark, alternate petioled palmately lobed leaves and small green monoe- Rosaceae 195 cious flowers in dense globular heads. Receptacle some- what fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally minute sepals. €orollas of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate flowers with stamens as many as sepals and opposite them ; filaments short ; anthers longitudinally dehis- cent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct pistils ; ovary linear, 1-celled ; style elongated ; stigma lateral. Fruit .a dense head, composed of numerous narrowly obpyra- midal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long hairs ; seed pendulous ; endosperm thin ; cotyle- dons linear. 1. PLATANUS L. PLANE-TREE or SYCAMORE. Characters of the family. 1. P. racemosa Nutt. A large widely branching tree, 10-25 m. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, becoming gla- brate, 10-15 cm. broad and scarcely as long, mostly 5-lobed, trun- cate or somewhat cordate at base ; lobes acute, the lower smaller, bluntly cuspidate at the ends of the veins ; petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules larger on young twigs; staminate heads .several ; pistillate heads 3-5. Common along all the streams, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. March. Family 41. ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate mostly stipulate leaves and regular flowers. Calyx free from or adnate to the ovary, usually 5-lobed, sometimes bracteolate. Pet- als distinct, equal in number to the calyx-lobes or none. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the calyx ; an- thers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent or rarely by pores. Carpels 1-many, distinct or united. Ovary 1-several-celled. Seeds 1 or fewr in each cell, anatropous ; •endosperm present or wanting. 196 Rosaceae Herbs. Petals present. Styles terminal; ovules pendulous. Petals yellow. 4. POTENTILLA. Petals white. 7. HORKELIA. Styles lateral; ovules ascending. 5. ARGENTINA. Styles nearly basal. 6. DBYMOCALLIS Petals none; pistil 1. 10. ALCHEMILLA. Shrubs. Stems unarmed. Fruit a pome. 2. HETEROMELES. Fruit an achene or follicle. Flowers solitary or somewhat fascicled. 8. CERCOCARPUS. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed. 1. HOLODISCUS. Leaves fascicled, entire, minute. 9. ADENOSTOMA. Fruit a cluster of drupelets, berry-like. 3. RUBUS. Fruit a drupe. 12. PRDNUS. Stems prickly. Calyx not fleshy ; fruit a cluster of drupelets. 3. RDBUS. Calyx fleshy; enclosing the achenes. 11. ROSA. 1. HOLODISCUS Maxim. Unarmed shrubs with simple toothed or lobed exstipu- late deciduous leaves and terminal panicles of numerous white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-clef t, nearly rotate. Petals 5, rounded. Stamens 20, inserted on an annular perigynous disk. Pistils 5, distinct, becoming 1-seeded hairy carpels, tardily dehiscent by the dorsal suture or indehiscent. 1. H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; the branches short, rigid ; bark grayish brown, more or less shreddy; leaves ovate, cuneately narrowed to a short winged petiole, pin- nately lobed or toothed above the middle, green and nearly gla- brous above, whitish tomentose beneath ; panicles erect, branch- ing; carpels hirsute. (Spirea discolor Pursh.) Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt. 2. H, discolor dumosus (Nutt.) Wats. Lower and more compact; panicle smaller, unbranched. Mount San Antonio near the summit. 2. HETEBOMELES Roem. CHRISTMAS BERRY. A small evergreen tree or sometimes shrubby, with simple coriaceous toothed leaves and terminal corymbose Rose Family 197 panicles of small white flowers. Calyx turbinate, 5-parted, the lobes at length inflexed over the carpels and becom- ing fleshy. Petals rounded, concave. Stamens 10 ; fila- ments dilated at base and somewhat connate. Ovary 2-3-celled, 4-6-ovuled ; styles 2-3. Fruit a red ovoid berry-like pome ; carpels free from the fleshy calyx-tube above the middle. 1. H. arbutifolia (Poir.) Roem. Usually 3-6 m. high, nascent parts tomentulose; leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, remotely serrate or dentate, dark green and shin- ing; fruit about 6 mm. long. Common in the chaparral belt. May-June. 3. BUBUS L. Low shrubs or trailing vines, usually prickly, with alternate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, racemose or pani- cled, white or purplish, mostly perfect. Calyx persist- ent, bractless, deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted on the calyx, distinct. Carpels many, inserted on a convex or elongated receptacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2, 1 abortive ; style terminal, slender. Seed pendulous. * Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stems unarmed. 1. B. parviflorus Nutt. (SALMON BERRY.) Stems erect, 1-2.5 m. high, without prickles; bark smooth or somewhat glandular- pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy; leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 10-15 cm. broad, gla- brous, or somewhat tomentose on the veins beneath ; petioles and peduncles hirsute-glandular; flowers few, corymbose, white, 2-4 cm. broad; calyx-lobes tipped with a long slender appendage; fruit separating from the receptacle when ripe, hemispheric, red. (R. Nutkanus Mocino.) In moist shady places in the San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains in the pine belt. April-June. 198 Rosaceae ** Leaves 3-5-foliate; stems prickly. 2. B. leucodermis Dougl. (RASPBERRY.) Stems erect, 4-8 dm. high, glaucous, armed with stout, straight or recurved prickles ; leaves 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate-acuminate, doubly serrate, white tomentose beneath ; the veins, petioles and peduncles prickly; stipules setaceous; flowers few, corymbose, 1 cm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, long acu- minate, exceeding the petals ; ovaries tomentose ; fruit separat- ing from the receptacle when ripe, yellowish red with a white bloom and agreeable flavor. Occasional in all our mountains in the pine belt. May-June. 3. B. vitifolius C. & S. (BRAMBLE or BLACKBERRY.) Stems woody, weak and trailing or suberect, somewhat glaucous, armed with straight, slender prickles, 1-6 m. long; leaves pin- nately 3-5-foliate or those of the flowering branches only deeply lobed; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less pubescent ; flowers imperfect, staminate large with elongated petals ; pistillate small with broad petals ; fruit per- sistent on the receptacle, oblong, black and sweet. Frequent in the foothills and valleys, mostly along streams. January- April. 4. POTENTIAL A L. Ours perennial or rarely annual herbs with digitately or pinnately compound leaves and cymose yellow perfect flowers. Calyx persistent, its tube concave or hemi- spheric, 5-bracteolate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, mostly obovate and emarginate. Stamens commonly 20, inserted on an annular disk very near the base of the receptacle ; filaments filiform or spatulate but not flattened. Pis- tils many, becoming dry achenes in fruit, inserted on a hemispheric or conic receptacle ; style terminal or nearly so, deciduous ; ovules pendulous, anatropous. 1. P. multijuga Lehm. Perennial; stems erect, 3-7 dm. high, slightly silky-strigose, more or less leafy; stipules large, 1-2 cm. long, ovate, entire; basal leaves numerous, often 2-3 dm. long, slightly hairy or glabrate, pinnate with 6-13 pairs of leaflets ; leaflets obovate, cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed above Rose Family 199 the middle ; cauline leaves smaller and with fewer leaflets ; flowers about 15 mm. broad, in rather narrow cymes; pedicels slender; bractlets oblong, about % as long as the ovate calyx-lobes ; petals broadly obcordate, about 1/3 longer than the calyx-lobes; style filiform. Ballona, Basse, Apparently a rare plant not otherwise known. 5. ARGENTINA Lam. Perennial herbs growing in damp ground and spread- ing by slender runners, with thick and fascicled roots and pinnate leaves. Flowers borne on simple pedicels from the axils of the leaves formed on the runners, 5-merous and with 5 bractlets. Calyx nearly wheel- shaped. Petals yellow, broadly elliptic to nearly orbicu- lar, obtuse. Stamens 20-25, inserted closely around the base of the receptacle ; filaments filiform, rather short. Receptacle hemispheric, bearing numerous pistils, these becoming dry achenes in fruit. Style filiform, lateral, attached at the middle of the ovary, somewhat persist- ent. Seeds ascending and amphitropous. 1. A. Anserina (L.) Rydb. Main stem inconspicuous, pro- ducing many long runners ; leaves 1-2 dm. long, abruptly pinnate with 9-31 larger leaflets and with smaller ones interposed, usually prostrate, slightly silky and green above, white-silky and tomen- tose beneath; larger leaflets oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, deeply and sharply serrate; flowers 1-2 cm. broad, on pedicels 3-20 cm. long; petals much exceeding the calyx. Rather common in damp ground in the valleys. Flowering through the summer. (Potentilla Anserina L.) 6. DBYMOCALLIS Tourr. Erect more or less glandular or viscid herbs from perennial rootstocks, with pinnate leaves and cymose yellow 5-merous bracteolate flowers. Calyx saucer- shaped or hemispheric. Petals obovate, elliptic or nearly orbicular, obtuse. Stamens 20-30 on a persistent disk 200 Rosaceae at base of receptacle. Receptacle hemispheric with numerous pistils which become dry achenes. Style basal, slightly thickened and glandular below, tapering at both ends or nearly filiform, rather persistent. Seed attached near the base, ascending, orthotropous. 1. D. glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, rather slender, slightly striate, viscid and glandular hairy at least above, nearly simple below, branched above ; lower stipules lanceolate, the upper ovate and usually deeply toothed; basal leaves petioled, pinnate ; leaflets 3-4 pairs, sparingly hairy, nearly glabrous above, obovate, mostly obtuse, simply or doubly serrate with broad teeth, 1-3 cm. long, the upper generally somewhat larger; cauline leaves short petioled, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets; flowers in an open many-flowered cyme, 10-15 mm. broad ; bract- lets linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the oblong or obovate- lanceolate acute sepals ; petals obovate, about equaling the sepals, stamens 25. (Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.) Frequent in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. Ours not typical, having usually smaller flowers and less acute sepals. March-July. 2. D. glandulosa monticola Eydb. A more slender and smaller mountain form with smaller leaflets, more open but smaller cymes, shorter sepals, pale yellow petals, and often only 20 stamens. (Potentilla glandulosa Nevadensis Wats.) Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains. May-August. 7. HORKELIA Cham. & Sch. Perennial herbs with a thick woody caudex or root- stock covered with brown scales, pinnate leaves and cymose flowers. Calyx deeply campanulate to saucer- shaped, deeply 5-lobed, with 5 bractlets alternating with the lobes. Petals variable, unguiculate, white or rarely pale yellow. Stamens 5—20, inserted in the throat of the calyx-tube and remote from the base of receptacle ; fila- ments dilated, petaloid. Receptacle hemispheric or conic with numerous pistils. Styles long and slender, generally thickened and somewhat glandular at base, deciduous. Ovules and seeds pendulous, anatropous. Rose Family 201 1. H. sericea (Gray) Rydb. Stem rather stout, 3-6 dm. high, silky-pubescent, scarcely glandular; stipules ovate or lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, often toothed ; basal leaves numerous, rather short- petioled ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, rather thick, densely and finely silky-canescent, obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rather coarsely some- what crenately toothed, the upper confluent; cauline leaves simi- lar but smaller with 2-5 pairs of leaflets; cyme rather dense; calyx cupulate ; bractlets entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; lobes similar, slightly exceeding the bractlets ; petals white, spatulate, 5-6 mm. long. (H. Californica sericea Gray.) Near Port Ballona, not otherwise known south of Santa Barbara. March- May. 2. H. platycalyx Rydb. Stem rather stout, 3-10 dm. high, glandular-pubescent, often tinged with red ; stipules ovate, 1-2 cm. long, often toothed ; basal leaves several, more or lessglandu- lar-puberulent; leaflets 5-7 pairs, obovate, crenate, 1-2 cm. long; cauline leaves similar but with fewer leaflets ; cyme open and branched ; pedicels often 2.5 cm. long; flowers 15-20 mm. broad; calyx-tube saucer-shaped ; bractlets ovate, slightly exceeded by the ovate-triangular calyx-lobes ; petals oblong or spatulate, exceeding the calyx-lobes by about %. Occasional in the dry interior valleys; Claremont. 3. H. puberula (Greene) Rydb. Stems mostly several, 3-6 dm. high, branched, finely glandular-puberulent, leafy; stipules obovate, often toothed; basal leaves numerous, puberulerit or glabrate; leaflets 5-8 pairs, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers about 1 cm. broad; calyx-tube cupulate; bractlets broadly lanceolate, exceeded by the ovate-lanceolate calyx-lobes ; petals oblong-spatulate, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes. Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. March-May. 8. CEBCOCABPUS H. B. K. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. Unarmed evergreen shrubs or trees with simple stipu- late leaves and small axillary or terminal solitary or somewhat fascicled apetalous flowers. Calyx salver- shaped, the 5-lobed limb deciduous. Stamens many, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Pistil 1 ; style ter- minal ; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous terete villous achene, included in the elongated calyx- 202 Rosaceae tube, caudate with the elongated plumose twisted style. Seed linear ; endosperm none. 1. C. betulaefolius Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high, with rather thin flaky gray bark and spreading or somewhat recurved branches; leaves thick, obovate, cuneate, entire below the middle, serrate toothed above, sometimes faintly so, distinctly veined on both surfaces, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; calyx open campanulate, 6 mm. broad, the tube becoming 12-14 mm. long in fruit, somewhat contracted above; achene coriaceous, the plumose style about 7 cm. long. Rather common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Flowering in March and fruiting in July. 9. ADENOSTOMA H. & A. CHAMISO. Unarmed evergreen shrubs with small coriaceous en- tire fascicled stipulate leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed, 10-striate. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens 10-15, inserted in bundles alternate with the petals. Pistil 1, simple ; style lateral ; ovary 1 -celled, 1— 2-ovuled. Achene en- closed by the hardened persistent calyx-tube. 1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Shrub 1-4 m. high with reddish virgate branches and grayish bark, becoming shreddy; stipules small, acute, leaves fascicled, linear-subulate, 4-8 mm. long, pun- gently acute, glabrous, often resinous ; flowers crowded, sessile ; calyx bracted at base, green, 2 mm. long, its lobes shorter than the small petals; ovary obliquely truncate. Very common in the chaparral belt. April-June. 10. ALCHEMILLA L. LADY'S MANTLE. Ours small annual herbs with leafy stems and minute green flowers in the axils of the palmately lobed leaves. Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-parted with alternat- ing minute bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1 or 2, minute. Pistils 1 or 2, slender ; style rising from near Rose Family 203 the base of the ovary ; ovule 1, ascending. Achene ovate, compressed, enclosed in the persistent calyx. 1. A. arvense (L.) Scop. Slender simple or much branched from the base, 4-10 cm. high; floriferous and hirsute through- out; leaves 3-parted, the segments 2-3-cleft; calyx-tube much contracted under the 4-parted limb. Occasional in shady places or along streams in the foothills. 11. ROSA L. ROSE. Prickly shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, adnate stipules and large solitary or corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube globose or urceolate ; its limb 5-parted ; bractlets none. Petals 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens many on the silky disk, which lines the calyx-tube. Pistils many, included in the calyx-tube, but free and distinct ; styles subterminal ; ovules solitary pendulous. Achene bony, enclosed in the fleshy enlarged red berry-like calyx-tube. 1. B. Californica C. & S. Erect, branching, 1-3 m. high; prickles few, stout, usually recurved; foliage of firm texture, more or less glandular and tomentose; stipules entire; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong ; serratures mostly simple, spreading ; corymb mostly few-flowered; pedicels pubescent and glandular; calyx- lobes foliaceous-tipped ; fruit globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter; persistent lobes erect. Frequent throughout our range both in the valleys and mountains. Flowering often nearly the year round 12. PBUNUS L. CHERRY. Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen usually serrate leaves and white or rose-colored flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or corymbs. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-25, inserted with the petals. Ovary solitary, free ; style terminal ; ovules 2, pendu- lous. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe with a bony stone ; seeds 1 or rarely 2. 204 Leguminosae 1. P. demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Shrub, 1-4 m. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, with 1 or 2 glands at the base of the blade; racemes 5, terminal, 7-10 cm. long, many-flowered; drupe globose, red or purple, astringent; stone globose. Occasional in the San Bernardino and San Antonio Mountains in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt. 2. P. ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-6 m. high, bark grayish brown; leaves coriaceous, glossy above, gla- brous throughout, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely spinose- toothed, 2.5-5 cm. long, on short petioles; racemes axillary, 2.5-5 cm. long, leafless ; flowers small ; drupe 1 cm. long or more, thick, slightly obcompressed, sweetish, scarcely astringent. Common in the chaparral belt. May-June. Family 42. LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate stipulate com- pound or rarely entire leaves and irregular or regular flowers. Leaflets mostly entire, the upper somtimes converted into tendrils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, its tube exceeding the perigynous disk, which bears the petals and stamens. Petals 4-5, regular, with numerous stamens or more commonly 5 and irregular ; the stand- ard superior larger and external, covering in the bud the 2 lateral ones (wings), these covering the 2 infer- ior pair which are more or less united above, forming the keel. Stamens and pistils enclosed in the keel. Fila- ments 10, 9 commonly united below into a sheath about the pistil and 1 distinct (diadelphous) , or all united (monadelphous) , or distinct ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent longitudinally. Pistil simple, free, becoming a legume in fruit ; ovules few or many on the single parietal placenta ; style usually incurved. Legume 1-celled, 2-valved, sometimes falsely 2-celled by the intrusion of the placenta. Endosperm usually wanting. Pulse Family 205 Flowers regular, stamens distinct. 1. PROSOPIS. Flowers irregular. Stamens distinct; shrub; flowers solitary, purple. 2. XYLOTHERMIA. Stamens diadelphous or monodelphous. Leaves palmately 5-1 1-foliate. 3. LUPINUS. Leaves 3-foliate. Herbage not glandular-dotted. Herbs. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. Pods spirally coiled. 5. MEDICAGO. Pods small, wrinkled. 6. MELJLOTUS. Flowers capitate. 7. TRIFOLIUM. Shrub. 4. CYTISUS. Herbage glandular dotted. 9. PSORALEA. Leaves unequally pinnate; tendrils wanting. Herbage glandular-dotted. Shrub; pods not prickly. 10. AMORPHA. Perennial herb; pods prickly. 12. GLYCYRRBIZA. Herbage not glandular-dotted. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 11. ASTRAGALUS. Flowers solitary or umbellate. 8. LOTUS. Leaves pinnate; tendrils present. Style villous all around at apex. 13. VICIA. Style villous on l side. 14. LATHYRUS. 1. PROSOPIS L. Trees or shrubs often armed with axillary spines or spinescent stipules. Leaves bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae and usually numerous small entire leaflets. Flowers greenish, regular, in cylindric or globose axillary pedunculate spikes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth very short and valvate. Petals 5, valvate. united below the middle or at length free, woolly on the inner side. Stamens 10, free and exserted ; anthers tipped with a deciduous gland. Ovary villous ; style filiform. Pod linear compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or twisted, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually pulpy with- in. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed. 1. P. juliflora (Swartz) DC. (ALGAROBAOF MESQUIT.) A shrub or small tree, much branched, the branches widely spreading ; spines axillary ; petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulent ; leaflets 8-12 pairs, the pairs about 1 cm. distant, linear, 12-15 mm. long, 206 Leguminosae 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, sparsely puberulent at least on the margins ; spikes nearly sessile, 5-8 cm. long, usually dense; flowers very short-pedicelled, 2 mm. long; pods straight or slightly falcate, only 1-3 developing, 10-15 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, longitudi- nally veiny, on stipes about 5mm. long, straw-colored and sweet- ish when mature. River bottoms about San Bernardino. Common on the Colorado Desert. 2. P. pubescens Benth. (TORNILLA or SCREW-BEAN.) A shrub or small tree resembling the last in habit, more or less puberulent ; stipules spinescent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, the pairs 3-5 mm. distant, oblong, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse at apex; spikes on peduncles about 1 cm. long, 4-6 cm. long, often lax; flowers sessile, 3 mm. long,, pods usually several-many developing, twisted into a straight cylinder, 25-35 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, on stipes less than 2 mm. long. River bottoms about San Bernardino, with the last. 2. XYLOTHEBMIA Greene. A rigid much branched spinescent shrub with small nearly sessile 1-3-foliate exstipulate leaves and large solitary subsessile purple flowers. Calyx campanulate, repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal ; standard orbicular, the sides reflexed ; keel petals distinct, oblong, obtuse. Stamens distinct. Pod linear, compressed, straight, sev- eral-seeded. 1. X. montaua (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 1-2 m. high, the branches widely spreading; leaves crowded; leaflets 6-18 mm. long, oblanceolate, acute, entire, somewhat silky-pubescent when young; flowers near the ends of the stiff spinescent branchlets, on short 2-bracteolate peduncles, rose-colored or purple, 15-20 mm. long. (Pickeringia montana Nutt.) Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range. 3. LUPINUS L. LUPINE. Annual or perennial herbs or woody plants, with pal- mately 5-15-foliate leaves and adnate mostly inconspicu- ous stipules. Leaflets entire. Flowers in terminal Pulse Family 207 racemes, verticillate or scattered. Calyx deeply bilabiate ; upper lip notched ; lower entire or sometimes 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Standard broad, the sides reflexed ; wings united above, enclosing the incurved beaked keel. Sta- mens monadelphous, dimorphous ; 5 anthers oblong, basifixed, the other 5 rounded, versatile. Stigma bearded. Pod 2-valved, compressed, straight. * Ovules several in each pod. , •+• Annuals. •+«• Flowers not verticillate. 1. L. truncatus Xutt. Usually rather stout, sparingly branched, 3-6 dm. high, finely and sparsely pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 5-7, linear-cuneiform, apex truncate, entire or 3-toothed, 2-4 cm. long, scarcely equaling the petiole; upper calyx-lip 2-cleft; petals deep purple, 8-10 mm. long; the standard shorter; keel 2-3 mm. long. Common in the open foothills and valleys. March-May. 2. L. sparsiflorus Benth. Slender, sparingly branched, 3-6 dm. high, villous with spreading hairs; leaflets 5-9, linear, obtuse at apex, 1-2.5 cm. long; petioles 2-4 times longer; upper calyx- lip 2-parted; petals violet, 10 mm. long; standard shorter; keel ciliate on the claws and on the lower % of the blade ; pod 1-2.5 cm. long. Frequent in the foothills. March-May. 3. L. hirsutissimus Benth. Rather stout, 2-3 dm. high, very hispid with viscid stinging hairs; leaflets 5-7, broadly cuneate- obovate, retuse, obtuse, or rarely acute, mucronulate, 1.5-3 cm. long; petioles twice as long; racemes loose; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft; petals reddish purple, nearly equal, 12 mm. long; keel ciliate on the claw only ; pod hirsute, 2.5 cm. long. Frequent in the foothills and interior valleys, mostly in sandy soil. March-May. 4. L. concinnus Agardh. Low 10-15 cm. high, spreading, densely villous or hirsute; leaflets 5-8, oblanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, obtuse ; petioles slender, 2-4 times longer ; racemes short, dense, subsessile; bracts linear-setaceous persistent; upper calyx-lip 2-parted, lower deeply trifid ; petals 8 mm. long, violet ; 208 Leguminosae standard shorter with a yellow spot in the center ; keel scarcely falcate, naked, slightly exceeding the wings ; pod 4-seeded. Occasional in dry washes in the interior valleys. 5. L. gracilis Agardh. Low, slender, 6-15 cm. high, spread- ing, rather densely pilose; leaflets 5-7, cuneate-obovate, 6-12 mm. long; racemes short lax; bracts short; upper calyx -lip bifid, lower 3-toothed; petals 6 mm. long, blue and white; stand- ard shorter; keel slightly exceeding the wings, nearly straight, naked; pod 1 cm. long. San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park. April. .«. ++ pioyiers verticillate. 6. "Li. micranthus Dougl. Rather slender and weak, branched from the base, 12-20 cm. high, pilose-pubescent, not at all suc- culent; leaflets 5-7, narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, 1-3 cm. long; petioles twice as long; racemes pedunculate; verticils 3-5, often indistinct ; pedicels 3 mm. long or in fruit 6 mm. long ; upper calyx-lip 2-clef t, the lobes divergent, lower longer entire ; petals 4 mm. long, blue except the white and dotted middle of the erect mucronulate standard; keel woolly-ciliate above the middle; pods 5- seeded. Common in all our valleys. March-May. 7. L. affinis Agardh. Stout and succulent, branching above, 3-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous or somewhat short pubescent; leaflets 7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 2.5-4 cm. long; petioles 2 or 3 times as long; racemes with 3-7 whorls; bracts equaling the calyx; upper calyx-lip bifid, lower entire or 3-toothed; petals 10-12 mm. long, bluish-purple; keel broad, naked. Frequent in the valleys and foothills, mostly in heavy soils. •*-•*- Perennials. +* Herbaceous. 8. Ij. latifolius Agardh. Rather stout, erect, branching, 6-12 dm. high, minutely appressed-pubescent ; stem not striate, shin- ing, leafy ; basal leaves long-stalked ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaflets 5-7, broadly oblanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long ; racemes slender- ped uncled, loose; verticils of ten distinct ; pedicels slender; calyx- teeth elongated, the upper slightly notched at the narrow apex; Pulse Family 209 petals blue, 12-14 mm. long; keel ciliate below the middle. (L. rivularis latifolius Wats.) Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse. 9. I«. cytisoides Agardh. Taller than the last, 1-2 m. high; stems striate ; pubescence minute, appressed ; stipules lanceolate- subulate ; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or more ; raceme much elongated, dense; flowers not verticillate ; calyx as in the last; petals usually rose-purple, 12-14 mm. long; keel strongly falcate, densely ciliate below the middle. Frequent in the canyons of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains. April-August. •«- •*- Suffrutescent or shrubby. 10. L. longifolius (Wats.). Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high, often from a trunk-like base and much branched above; petioles 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or less, somewhat canescent with appressed pubescence on both sides ; racemes rather loosely flowered, 15-25 dm. long; flowers verticillate, 12-15 mm. long, deep blue or nearly white; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft, the lower entire ; standard with a whitish spot near the middle, changing to rose-purple; keel ciliate above the middle to near the tip, the claw naked; seeds oval, 4 mm. long, brownish. (L. Chamissonis longifolius Wats.) Frequent in the foothills and on bluffs along the seashore, but not on the dunes. It is impossible from the meagre description of this in Bot. Cal. to be sure what plant Dr. Watson had in mind. But the plant above de- scribed seems to be the only one in southern California that could belong here, so we feel justified in using his name. 11. Li. Grayi Wats. Stems decumbent or ascending from a woody branching caudex, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky pubescent throughout; leaflets 5-9, cuneate-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flow- ers verticillate, 12-15 mm. long, deep blue; standard with a per- manent yellow spot in center; keel ciliate from near the apex to the base and on the claw. Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. 12. L. Chamissonis Esch. Shrubby, 4-8 dm. high, forming rather dense tufts, leafy throughout ; leaflets usually 9, cuneate- obovate, obtuse and mucronulate or acute, 1-3 cm. long, very silky on both sides ; racemes rather dense, mostly on short ped- uncles; flowers subverticillate, 10-12 mm. long; upper calyx- 210 Leguminosae lip cleft, lower entire; petals blue or lavender; standard with permanent yellow spot; keel naked. Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly the year round. 4. CYTISUS L. BROOM. Shrubs with green, leafy or sometimes nearly leafless, more or less angular branches. Leaves palmately or pinnately 3-foliate ; leaflets entire. Flowers solitary or racemose, usually yellow. Calyx bilabiate. Petals broad ; keel obtuse. Stamens monadelphous. Pod compressed, several-seeded. 1. C. Canariensis (L.) Link. Much branched, 1-2 m.'high, soft pubescent, leafy; leaflets 6-12 mm. long; flowers yellow, 15-20 mm. long, fragrant, in terminal racemes ; upper calyx-lip deeply 3-toothed, the lower slightly so. An occasional escape from cultivation. A native of the Old World. 5. MEDIC AGO L. Annual or perennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliate leaves and 2-3 or many flowers in axillary peduncles. Stipules adnate, often laciniate. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod 1-several-seeded, coiled into a spiral. 1. M. sativa L. (ALFALFA.) Stems erect from a deep perennial tap-root, glabrous, 5-10 dm. high ; leaflets cuneate-obldng to ob- lanceolate, toothed above ; flowers many in a short raceme, violet ; pod spirally coiled, unarmed. An occasional escape. Native of Europe. 2. M. denticulata Willd. (BUR-CLOVER.) Slender, much branched, decumbent, glabrous annual; leaflets obovate to obcor- date, toothed above ; flowers small, yellow, 2-3 or rarely more on axillary peduncles ; pods coiled, their margins armed with hooked prickles. Everywhere common. Native of Europe. 3. M. apiculata Willd. Stems branched from the base, spreading, 3-6 dm. long; leaflets deltoid, 10-12 mm. long, den- Pulse Family 211 ticulate except near the base; pod spirally coiled; 3-5 mm. broad, unarmed, strongly reticulated, the reticulations extending to the edge and appearing as a row of tubercles on either side of the margin. Occasional in lawns, Los Angeles ; Pasadena. Native of Europe. 4. M. orbicularis All. Much branched and spreading; leaves obcordate, denticulate above; stipules laciniate; peduncles 1-2- flowered ; pods coiled, unarmed, veiny, about 1 cm. broad. This species, a native of southern Europe, was collected in a field near Santa Ana by Helen D. Geis in 1902. We are not aware that it has here- tofore been reported from North America. 5. M. lupulina L. More or less pilose-pubescent; stems procumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long; leaflets broadly obovate, denticulate above ; flowers in short spikes on slender peduncles, yellow, scarcely 2 mm. long; legume 1-seeded, smooth, reniform, the acuminate tip coiled. Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek. Native of Europe. 6. MEL.ILOTUS L. SWEET CLOVER. Erect annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foli- ate leaves, the leaflets serrulate. Stipules adnate. Flowers small in slender pedunculate racemes. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod ovoid, small, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. 1. M. Indica (L.) All. Annual; glabrous, erect, 3-20 dm. high, branching; leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, dentic- ulate, 2.5 cm. long or less; racemes many, bearing small, nearly sessile, yellow flowers. Common in damp ground. Native of Europe. 2. M. alba Lam. Annual; glabrous, erect, 6-20 dm. high, branching; leaflets truncate; racemes many, elongated ; flowers white, the standard exceeding the other petals. Habitat of the last and as generally distributed but much less common. Native of Europe. 7. TBIFOLIUM L. CLOVER. Annual or perennial herbs with palmately 3-foliate leaves. Leaflets usually denticulate. Stipules adnate. 212 Leguminosae Flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely few or solitary, on more or less elongated axillary or terminal peduncles. Calyx 5-cleft with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Petals persistent, all more or less adnate to the staminal tube by their claws, or the stand- .ard sometimes free : wings narrow ; keel mostly obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Pods membranous, shorter or slightly exceeding the calyx, 1-6-seeded, dehiscent or indehiscent. * Heads not involucrate. •*- Calyx-teeth not plumose; flowers pedicellate, reflexed in age. 1. T. gracilentum T. & G. Erect, slender, 2-5 dm. high, gla- brous or peduncles and calyx sparsely villous; stipules lanceo- late; leaflets cuneate-obcordate, serrulate, 1 cm. long; heads 15-25-flowered ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acu- minate, 3 times the length of the tube; petals slightly exceed- ing the calyx-teeth, purple or rose color; pods exserted, 2-seeded. Common throughout our range on the plains and grassy hills. March- April. 2. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, pale green or glau- cous ; peduncles and calyx more or less villous ; stipules ovate- lanceolate, entire; leaflets linear-cuneate, the sides remotely toothed, apex bifid and mucronulate; heads 6-15-flowered ; calyx- teeth subulate-setaceous, about equaling the minute pale rose- colored corolla ; pod included, 1-seeded. Morgans Station, Davidson. 3. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous ; stip- ules narrow, acuminate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong or obovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate; calyx-teeth lanceolate, very acute, rigidly ciliolate ; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, purple. (T. ciliatum Nutt.) Common on grassy hillsides and in the valleys. 4. T. repens L. Perennial, diffuse, creeping, with erect long-stalked leaves and heads; leaflets obcordate, denticulate; calyx-teeth unequal, lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla white ; pods usually 4-seeded. The white clover of our lawns, occasionally appearing as an escape. Pulse Family 213 •*- Calyx-teeth plumose; flowers subsessile, not reflexed in age. 5. T. pratense L. Rather stout, erect perennial, 2-3 dm. high, pubescent; leaflets oval or obovate, often retuse, 2-3 cm. long ; corolla elongated-tubular, rose-purple. Sparingly cultivated and occasionally appearing as an escape. 6. T. Macraei albopurpureum (T. & G.) Greene. Much branched, ascendmg or erect, 1-4 dm. high; stipules ovate to lanceolate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the middle, 12-20 mm. long; heads long-peduncled, ovate; calyx- teeth longer than the tube, slender, plumose, equaling the small white-tipped purple corolla. (T. albopurpureum T. & G.) Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. March-April. ** Heads involucrate. •*- Flowers not inflated. ** Involucre flat. 7. T. Wormskjoldii Lehm. Perennial, spreading under- ground by slender rootstocks ; stems decumbent, often 3 dm. long or more; herbage flaccid, glabrous; stipules lanceolate-acum- inate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pecti- nate-denticulate, 2 cm. long or more; involucre 1-2 cm. broad, laciniate-aristate ; calyx-tube scarious, 10-striate; teeth linear- subulate, much longer than the tube, all entire or 1 or more se- taceously 2-3-parted; standard deeply emarginate, pale purple, the other petals darker. (T. involucratum of Bot. Cal. in part.) Frequent in low ground in the valleys. March-July. 8. T. spinulosum Dougl. Perennial with rather slender de- cumbent or ascending stems, 2 dm. long or more ; leaflets nar- rowly oblong, acute at both ends, spinulose denticulate, ending in a stiff spinulose cusp; stipules ovate-acuminate, spinulose- serrate; involucre deeply cleft or divided, smaller than in the last; calyx-teeth narrowly subulate, stiff and pungent, about equaling the corolla. Frequent in the meadows of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains. Closely related to the last, and intermediate forms may be found. 9. T. variegatuxn Nutt. Annual ; glabrous, decumbent or pros- trate with many slender branches; stipules lanciniately cleft; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; leaflets of the lower leaves obcordate, those of the upper obovate-oblong, minutely 214 Leguminosae spinulose-serrate ; involucre laciniate, shorter than the 3-15-flow- ered heads; calyx-tube 15-nerved; teeth broadly subulate, taper- ing to a setaceous point, longer than the tube; corolla exceed- ing the calyx, purple and whitish-tipped. Frequent in grassy openings in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt. 10. T. tridentatum Lindl. Annual; erectr2-4 dm. high, gla- brous ; stipules setaceously laciniate ; leaflets linear or lanceolate, sharply serrate, 2-6 cm. long; head 2-3 cm. broad; involucre laciniate, much shorter than the flowers ; flowers about 1 cm. long, bright purple with darker center; tip of standard sometimes whitish; calyx-tube 10-nerved; the teeth rigid, broad at base, abruptly narrowed to a subulates pinulose-tipped apex which is usually subtended by a short stout tooth on each side. Frequent on the plains and grassy hillsides. Very variable as to foliage. March-April. 11. T. obtusiflorum Hook. Annual; stems stout, erect, flex- uose. purple, with ascending branches; leaves dull green, soft pubescent throughout and very clammy, acidulous; stipules spreading or reflexed; leaflets 2-3 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, pectinately setulose; heads 2-3 cm. broad on long peduncles; calyx-tube with 10 prominent and as many lesser nerves ; corolla whitish with a dark purple center. (T. roscidum Greene.) Occasional on moist shady slopes and along streams in all our mountains, confined mostly to the chaparral belt. **** Involucre cup-shaped. 12. T. microcephalum Pursh. Annual; slender, much branch- ed, decumbent, soft pubescent ; stipules ovate-acuminate, nearly entire ; leaflets obovate-cuneiform or obcordate, denticulate ; heads small, subglobose, many-flowered, on slender peduncles; involu- cre many-cleft, the segments entire; calyx-teeth subulate, broad, scarious and sometimes toothed at base ; corolla minute, pinkish ; pod globose, 1-seeded. Common in the foothills and mountains in open places. April-August. •*- •*- Flowers becoming inflated. 13. T. furcatum Lindl. Usually stout and fistulose, branch- ing from near the base, decumbent, 3-6 dm. long ; herbage light green, glabrous and somewhat succulent; stipules large, mem- Pulse Family 215 branous, nearly or quite entire; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, broadly obovate, obtuse or retuse, dentate or spinulose-denticulate ; ped- uncles stout, much exceeding the leaves ; involucral bracts con- nate at base, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined , heads hemispheric, 2-4 cm. broad; calyx-teeth short, entire and unequal ; corolla 1-2 cm. long, ochroleucous or somewhat reddish tinged; pod stipitate, 3-8-seeded; seed rounded, minutely granu- late. Occasional on grassy hillsides in rather heavy soil. Elysian Park, David- son; Chats worth Park. 14. T. stenophyllum Nutt. Diffuse annual with slender stems and branches, often purplish, decumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. long ; leaflets linear, remotely serrate-toothed ; peduncles filiform, much longer than the leaves ; segments of the involucre oblong, cuneate at the base; head small, hemispheric; corolla purple or white, inflated from a narrow base to a broad, almost truncate apex; pod 2-seeded; seeds obliquely heart-shaped, strongly rugose. Frequent on grassy slopes. March. 15. T. depauperatum Desv. Low, diffuse, glabrous, annual, branching from the base, decumbent, flaccid, 6-15 cm. long, few- leafed ; leaflets 1 cm. long, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, denticulate; head long-peduncled, few-flowered; involucre much reduced, with truncate short lobes ; corolla less inflated, not at all truncate at apex ; pod 1-2-seeded ; seeds somewhat angular, tuberculate-rugose. Same range as the last and much resembling depauperate forms of it, but easily distinguished by floral characters. 8. LOTUS L. Annual or perennial herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants, with pinnately 3-many foliate leaves, and minute gland-like or rarely foliaceous or scarious stipules. Flowers solitary or umbellate, naked or subtended by 1-5-foliate bracts, sessile or on axillary peduncles. Calyx about equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal ; standard ovate or rounded, the claw often remote from the others ; \vings 216 Leguminosae obovate or oblong ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse or acutely beaked ; stamens diadelphous. Style incurved. Pod -linear, compressed or nearly terete, straight or arcuate, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. (Ho- sackia.) * Stipules not gland-like; perennials. 1. L. oblongifolius (Benth.) Greene. Erect, slender, 3-4 dm. high, somewhat appressed-pubescent ; leaflets 7-11, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, acute; stipules small, acute ; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 5-7-flowered ; bract sub- sessile, 1-3-foliate; flowers 15 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, nearly equaling the tube; corolla yellow, turning purplish or brownish ; pod slender, 5 cm. long. Occasional along mountain streams. 2. L. latnyroides (D. & H.) Greene. Slender, branching and somewhat flexuose, 2.5-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends; stipules triangular, 2 mm. long, scarious, ovate-acuminate; umbels 1-3-flowered, with or without a linear-lanceolate bract; flowers 10 mm. long; calyx-teeth linear, acute ; pod as in the last. Along streams near Los Angeles and in San Gabriel Canyon. ** Stipules gland-like. •*- Pod straight or nearly so, dehiscent. • +«• Leaflets 1-3, on a linear rachis. 3. "Li. Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Annual; erect or decum- bent, 2-6 dm. high, more or less villous ; leaflets 1-3 or rarely 5, ovate to oblong, acutish, 12-15 mm. long; peduncles slender, exceeding the leaves; bracts 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary, salmon-colored or often whitish; calyx-tube short; the teeth linear, equaling the corolla; pod 2-3 cm. long; seeds oblong, smooth, dark-colored. (H. Purshiana Benth.) Frequent in the foothills and mountains. June-September. ** +* Leaflets more than 3, on a dilated rachis. = Flowers solitary ; bracts wanting ; standard approximate. 4. L. Wrangelianus F. & M. Annual; much branched, de- cumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; sparsely or canescently Pulse Family 217 villous, leafy ; leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate to oblong, 6-12 mm. long; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, equaling the tube; corolla 6 mm. long, yellow; standard broadly ovate, erect; pod pubescent, straight, 14-20 mm. long, 5-7-seeded. (H. subpinnata T. & G.) Frequent on dry hillsides and plains. March-May. 5. L. humistratus Greene. Much resembling depauperate forms of the last but more diffuse ; herbage soft villous ; flowers nearly sessile, yellow ; calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube ; pod oblong, 1 cm. long, pilose, 2-3-seeded. (H. brachycarpa Benth.) Habitat of the last and as generally distributed, but less common. = = Peduncles few-many- flowered; bracts usually present; standard rather remote from the other petals, more or less reflexed. (a) Annuals. 6. It. micrantlius Benth. Erect, slender, 5-20 cm. high, gla- brous; leaflets 3-5, obovate and small to narrowly oblong and 12-16 mm. long; peduncles filiform; bracts 1-3-foliate; flowers 4 mm. long or less, yellow, turning reddish ; keel sharply incurved at apex, about equaling the wings; blade of standard cordate; pod 2.5 cm. long, compressed, constricted between the seeds; seeds oval or roundish, slightly compressed, smooth. (H. parvi- flora Benth.) Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains in open grassy places. Not common. April-June. 7. L. salsuginosus Greene. Ascending or decumbent, minute- ly strigose or nearly glabrous, somewhat succulent, the branches 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 4-6, obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; ped- uncles about equaling the leaves, 1-4-flowered ; bracts 1-3-foliate or sometimes wanting; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. long; calyx- teeth linear-subulate, about equaling the tube; standard and wings equaling the straight keel ; pod scarcely compressed, 2-3 cm. long, 1 0-20- seeded ; seeds obliquely oval, smooth. (H. mari- tima Nutt.) In moist places on the plains and in the canyons of the foothills. March- May. 8. It. rubellus (Nutt.) Greene. Slender, prostrate, strigose- pubescent, or nearly glabrous, not at all succulent ; leaflets 6-10, linear-oblong, mostly acutish ; early peduncles shorter than the 218 Leguminosae leaves, bractless, 1-flowered, the later bracted, 2-flowered; corolla usually reddish, 4-5 mm. long; pod straight or slightly curved at tip, less than 2 mm. broad, 2.5 cm. long, 1-10-seeded; seeds quadrate, minutely granulate, 1 mm. long or usually less, light tawny. Common in sandy soil along the coast. March-April. 9. L, strigosus (Nutt.) Greene. Strigose-pubescent, decum- bent or prostrate; peduncles usually somewhat exceeding the leaves, 2-flowered and 3-foliate-bracted ; flowers 9-12 mm. long, yellow; pod pubescent, slightly curved upward, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5 mm. broad; seeds quadrate, more or less notched at both ends as well as at the hilium, rugose and faintly tuberculate, mostly olive-green. Very common in open grassy places both on the plains and foothills below 2000 feet. March-May. 10. L. nudiflorus (Nutt.) Greene. Strigose-pubescent, decum- bent or ascending; leaves shorter and broader than in the last; peduncles exceeding the leaves, usually 2-flowered and 3-foliate- bracted; flowers yellow, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; seeds quadrate, seldom notched except at hilium, 2 mm. broad, strongly mottled with black. Occasional in open stony places in the San Gabriel Mountains. (b) Perennials. 11. L. grandiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Perennial ; erect, 3-10 dm. high or more, slender, with few leaves and long internodes, nearly glabrous, or somewhat silky-pubescent ; leaflets 5-7 on an elongated rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, acutish ; peduncles slender, elongated, small-bracted, 5-8-flowered ; flowers 2 cm. long, deep yellow, turning orange; calyx half as long; the subulate teeth nearly equaling the tube ; pod slender, elongated, glabrous. Rustic Canyon, near Santa Monica, Basse. .+- •*- Pod more or less arcuate, long-pointed, indehiscent. *+ Perennials. 12. L. glaber (Torr.) Greene. Suffrutescent, tufted and reedy, 5-10 dm. high, erect or decumbent, nearly glabrous; leaflets mostly 3, oblong to linear-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, obtuse or Pulse Family 219 acute; umbels numerous, sessile; flowers 6-8 mm. long, yellow, turning reddish; calyx 3-5 mm. long; the teeth subulate, erect, slightly less than half as long as the tube. (H. glabra Torr.) Common throughout our range in dry places below 3000 feet. Flowering nearly the year round. 13. L. junceus (Benth.) Greene. Much resembling the last, erect, shrubby ; leaflets obovate to oblong, 4-8 mm. long ; umbels short-pedunculate to sessile; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx 4 mm. long or less; teeth short and blunt. Said to occur along the seacoast of Los Angeles County, but we have been unable to detect it. 14. L.. leucophyllus Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, much branched and ascending, having the habit of L. glaber, but sil- very canescent with a close short silky pubescence ; leaflets 3, cuneate-oblong to linear, 12-15 mm. long; umbels few-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled ; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx half as long, with short slender teeth. • (H. sericea Benth.) San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson. 15. L. argophyllus (Gray) Greene. Densely silvery-silky throughout; stems herbaceous, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long ; leaflets 3-7, obovate and rounded, or oblong and acute, 5-12 mm. long; umbels dense, capitate, on short simple bracted ped- uncles; flowers 8-10 mm. long; calyx half as long; the teeth filiform, nearly as long as the tube, silky. In the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 16. L. Davidson! Greene. Suffrutescent at the very base, the slender branches 3-6 dm. long, prostrate or decumbent, only sparsely leafy, floriferous chiefly near the ends; herbage canes- cent with an appressed silky pubescence ; leaflets 3-5,'cuneate- obovate, obtuse or acutish, 4-8 mm. long; umbel unifoliate- bracted, many-flowered, on a slender peduncle, 2.5 cm. long or less, usually exceeding the leaves; calyx-tube 2 mm. long; the teeth slender, 1 mm. long; corolla about 6 mm. long, sulphur- yellow, becoming deep red in age; pod strongly arcuate. Wilson's Peak, where it was first collected by Davidson. This specie's is very close to L. argophyllus and will no doubt prove to be only a form of it. May-July. 17. L. Nevadensis (Wats.) Greene. Branches mostly prostrate, wiry at base and more or less woody, 3-6 dm. long; sparingly 220 Leguminosae villous or somewhat tomentose; leaflets 3-5, cuneate-obovate, acute, 6-10 mm. long; umbel many-flowered, short-peduncled ; bract 1-foliate; calyx-tube 2 mm. long; the teeth slender, half as long; pod strongly arcuate. Frequent in the San Bernardino and San Antonio Mountains in open pine woods. •**•** Annuals. 18. L. Heerxnaxmi (D. & H.) Greene. Branches numerous, flexuose, weak and prostrate, 3-10 dm. long ; pubescence spread- ing and slightly tomentose; leaflets 5-7, obovate or cuneate- oblong, 4-8 mm. long; umbels on short peduncles or sessile; flowers 4-5 mm. long; calyx half as long, somewhat villous; the teeth filiform, about equaling the tube. Canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, below 4000 feet. 9. PSORALEA L. Punctate with dots and heavy-scented perennial herbs or rarely shrubby. Stipules free from the petiole. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate or rarely palmately 3— 5-foli- ate. Calyx-lobes nearly equal, the upper often connate. Keel united with the wings, broad and obtuse above. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous ; anthers all alike. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1-seeded. * Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. •*- Stems erect. 1. P. macrostachya DC. Simple or more or less branched, 1-4 m. high, nearly glabrous, pubenilent or often somewhat tomentose; stipules small, lanceolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes cylindric, silky-villous ; bracts broad, acuminate, equaling the flowers; lower calyx-tooth longest, about equaling the corolla; tenth stamen nearly free; pod villous, ovate-oblong, acute, com- pressed, 6-8 mm. long. Along streams in the foothills and in the valleys. June-August. 2. P. physodes Dougl. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaflets ovate, acute, 2-3 cm. long; peduncles about equaling the leaves; racemes short, Pulse Family 221 dense; bracts small; calyx with sessile glands and somewhat villous with black hairs, becoming enlarged and inflated in fruit; teeth short, nearly equal ; corolla 1 cm. long, twice as long as the calyx, ochroleucous, often with a deep purple tinge; stamens monadelphous; pod rounded, compressed, 6 mm. long. Frequent in the upper chaparral belt throughout our range. •*- •*- Stems prostrate. 3. P. orbicularis Lindl. Stem prostrate, creeping, the leaves and racemes erect, long stalked ; leaflets 2.5-4 cm. long, the termi- nal one nearly orbicular, the lateral pair obovate ; raceme often 2 dm. long ; bracts large, deciduous ; calyx villous and pedicellate- glandular, cleft nearly to the base, the lower tooth equaling the purplish corolla; stamens diadelphous; pod ovate, acute, 6 mm. long. Occasional in the valleys throughout our range; rare in the coast region. ** Leaves palmately 5- foliate. 4. P. Californica Wats. Low, tufted ; pubescence short, silky, appressed; stipules scarious, lanceolate, deciduous; leaflets broadly lanceolate, acutish, 2-4 cm. long; peduncles short; ra- cemes rather loose, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender; calyx silky-villous, 1 cm. long; the lobes linear, acuminate, slightly surpassing the corolla ; pod thin, villous, oblong, with a lanceolate beak. San Bernardino Mountains in the chaparral belt. 10. AMORPHA L. Glandular-punctate and heavy-scented shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves, caducous stipules, and small purple flowers in terminal spikes. Calyx obconic-cam- panulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard erect, concave, unguiculate ; wings and keel wanting. Stamens mona- delphous at the base. Pod short, exceeding the calyx, sessile, indehiscent, 1— 2-seeded. 1. A. Californica Nutt. 1-3 m. high, puberulent, the nascent parts villous-pubescent ; leaflets 11-15, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 2 222 Leguminosae cm. long; spikes slender, 5-15 cm. long; calyx-teeth acute, broadly triangular. Occasional in the upper chaparral belt in all our mountains. 11. ASTRAGALUS L. RATTLE- WEED or Loco- WEED. Annual or perennial herbs or sometimes woody at base, with unequally pinnate leaves, persistent stipules, and rather small flowers arranged in axillary spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with narrow blade and slender claw ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma terminal, minute. Pod various, coriaceous and turgid, or thin and bladdery-inflated, 1-celled or becom- ing 2-celled by intrusion of one or both sutures. Seeds few to many, small, on slender funiculi. * Annuals. 1. A. didymocarpus H. & A. Slender, 3dm. high, pubescent with fine, somewhat scattered hairs ; leaflets 9-15, cuneate-oblong to linear, emarginate, 6-10 mm. long; spikes long-peduncled, dense, ovate or oblong, 2-3 cm. long; flowers 3-5 mm. long, dull purplish; pods erect, 4 mm. long, and about as broad, scarcely exserted from the calyx, strongly wrinkled, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Frequent on the plains and on grassy slopes of the foothills, mostly in the interior region. 2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Stems very slender, 1-2 dm. high, slightly pubescent; leaflets as in the last; spikes less dense, cylindric, 2 cm. long ; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx, •slightly wrinkled, strongly obcompressed ; closely related to the last, but easily distinguished by fruit. Not known within our limits, but it has been reported from Newhall and €atalina Island. March-May. 3. A. strigosus (Kell.) Sheldon. Slender, sparsely and mi- nutely pubescent, 15-20 cm. high ; leaflets 9-15, linear or cuneate, acute or retuse ; flowers many, capitate, on a slender peduncle, purple and white; pod 15 mm., long, slender, incurved, 2-celled, 5-10 seeded. In low ground near the coast. March-May. Pulse Family 223 ** Perennials. +-Pods bladdery-inflated. -"•Pods stipitate. 4. A. leucopsis Torr. (RATTLE- WEED.) Stems erect, 3-5 dm. high, tomentulose-canescent ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oval or oblong, obtuse, 1 cm . long or more ; spike-like racemes , 3-6 cm. long or some- times more; flowers 12 mm. long; calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth subulate, more than half as long as the tube; pod thin, bladdery, oval, unequally sided, 2-3 cm. long, tapering to a stipe 12 mm. long or less. Frequent on the plains. March-May. +++* Pods sessile. 5. A. Parishii Gray. Nascent parts sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrous or nearly so ; stems somewhat fistulose, much branched from the base and decumbent ; leaves about 1 dm. long,, bearing about 32 leaflets ; leaflets 10-25 mm. long ; racemes 2-4 cm. long; flowers greenish-white-, 1 cm. long; pods sessile, 2-& cm. long and nearly as thick. Chats-worth Park. ** Pods not bladdery-inflated. . 6. A. Antiselli Gray. Stems slender, erect, 3-5 dm. high, cinereous-pubescent, leaflets 21-29, linear-oblong, crowded, 4-& mm. long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; raceme loosely few-flowered ; flowers small, greenish- white ; calyx-teeth half the length of the campanulate tube; pod thin, linear-oblong, com- pressed, glabrous, 1-celled, 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, tapering to a stipe of about half its length. On grassy hillsides in our interior valleys. April. 7. A. pycnostachys Gray. Stout, erect, 6 dm. high, more or less villous-hoary ; leaflets about 21, oblong, 12 mm. long; flowers yellowish, in dense cylindric short-peduncled spikes; pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated, ovate, acute, laterally flat- tened, thin-coriaceous, glabrous, coarsely reticulate, 1-celled. In moist subsaline soil near the sea. July-September. 8. A. Brauntonii Parish. Stems lignescent at base, 1-1.5 m. long, erect or reclining; herbage canescent throughout with a short soft pubescence ; leaflets 15-20 pairs, oblong, 2-5 cm. long ; 224 Leguminosae flowers and fruit reflexed in compact many-flowered spikes ; calyx-teeth slender, equaling the tube ; corolla light purple ; pod sessile, coriaceous, oblong, 1 cm. long, 2-celled by the nearly com- plete infolding of the dorsal suture to near the apex; seeds 2-3. Occasional in dry places in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse, Braun- ton. 12. GLYCYRRHIZA L. LICORICE. Glandular-viscid erect perennial herbs with unequal- ly pinnate leaves more or less persistent, and flowers in dense axillary peduncled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals narrow. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; the alternate anthers smaller ; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Pod short, compressed, often curved, prickly, in- dehiscent, few-seeded. 1. G. glutinosa Nutt. Erect or decumbent, 6-9 dm. high, nearly glabrous and viscid with minute sessile resinous dots, or glutinous by a villous or hirsute glandular pubescence ; leaflets 13-19, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long ; stipules ovate-acuminate to lanceolate, persistent; spikes oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, on ped- uncles a little shorter; pod bur-like. Occasional in canyons below 4000 feet, in our interior region. 13. VICIA L. VETCH. Herbs with angular stems, more or less climbing by the tendrils at the ends of the pinnate leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the upper teeth often shorter. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Sta- mens diadelphous or nearly so ; anthers uniform. Style filiform, inflexed, the apex surrounded by hairs. Pod flat, 2-valved. Seeds globular, usually many. * Perennials. 1. V. Americana Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so, weak, 6-15 dm. high, climbing by branched tendrils; leaflets 8-12, thin- membranous, vivid green above, pale beneath, mostly broadly oblong and obtuse, mucronulate, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles shorter Pulse Family 225 than the leaves, 4-8-flowered ; flowers purplish or bluish, about 18 mm. long; calyx-tube 4 mm. long; the lower teeth about 2 mm. long, the upper shorter, approximate, incurved. Our forms all seem to belong to the two varieties. V. AMERICANA TRUNCATA (Nutt.) Brew. Leaflets oblong-elliptic or the lower broadly linear, 15-30 cm. long, truncate or broadly retuse at summit, otherwise like the type. Occasional on shaded slopes in the chaparral belt. V. AMERICANA LINEARIS (Nutt.) Wats. Leaflets narrowly linear, acute, strongly veined beneath, 12-25 cm. long. Frequent in the chaparral belt, usually in more open places than the last. 2. V. Californica Greene. Erect or decumbent, rather strict and seldom climbing, 1.5-4 dm. high, villous-pubescent ; tendrils short, stiffish, seldom branched ; leaflets 8-12, subcoriaceous, deli- cately feather-veined, cuneate-obovate, truncate or retuse, 10-15 mm. long, more or less dentate toward the mucronulate apex; racemes exceeding the leaves, 3-5-flowered; calyx-teeth all broad and short; corolla 12-18 mm. long, deep purple. Summit of Mount Santiago, Orange County, and in the pine belt of the Cuyamaca Mountains. ** Annuals. 3. V. sativa L. Stoutish, erect or nearly so, 6-9 dm. high, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets 8-12, obovate-oblong, truncate or retuse, mucronate; flowers 1 or 2, subsessile, 15 mm. long, red- purple. Rarely seen as an escape. Native of Europe. 4. V. exigua Nutt. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, slightly pubescent ; leaflets 4-6, oblong-linear, obtuse; peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, 1-2-flowered ; calyx-teeth lanceolate from a broad base; corolla white or purplish, 4-6 mm. long; pod glabrous, 4-5-seeded. Occasional on grassy hills, mostly in sandy soil. 5. V. Hassei Wats. Taller and less delicate than the last; leaves longer and more numerous, deeply notched at apex ; flowers 6 mm. long; pod shortly stipitate, 5-8-seeded. Same range as the last and probably only a robust form of it. 226 Leguminosae 14. LATHYBUS L. WILD PEA. , Much resembling Vicia, but usually larger with broader leaves and flowers. Style-branches dilated and flattish above, hairy along the inner side. 1. L. violaceus Greene. Sparsely and minutely pubescent throughout; stems slender, shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high, acutely angled ; stipules entire, narrow, less than half as long as adjacent leaflet ; leaflets about 12, elliptic, obtuse, with a deflexed mucro ; peduncles surpassing the leaves, many-flowered and rather dense ; flowers 16 mm. long; lateral calyx-teeth much longer than the tube ; the lowest equaling these and half as broad ; the upper pair short, slightly connivent ; petals purple ; standard strongly obcor- date; wings slightly shorter than keel. Common in the foothills, especially in the chaparral belt. 2. Li. laetiflorus Greene. Sparsely and minutely appressed pubescent; stems slender, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves of rather firm texture, elliptic- lanceolate; peduncles surpassing the leaves, loosely many- flowered ; flowers about 22 mm. long ; lateral pair of calyx-teeth broadly subulate, about equaling the tube, the lowest subulate, longer than the tube, the upper pair very short, connivent at tip ; petals nearly white, faintly flesh color; standard obcordate, the sides abruptly reflexed, purple-veined ; wings meeting and con- cealing the keel from above. Less common than the last, but having about the same range. 3. Li. Alfeldi White. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent through- out ; stem rather stout, flexuose, wingless ; stipules semicordate, acuminate, thick, strongly reticulated, %-}4. as long as the leaf- lets and often nearly as broad, the lower coarsely lobed, acu- minately toothed ; leaflets 6-10, oblong to obovate, thick and stiff, prominently reticulated, glabrous ; peduncles 6-10-flowered, much exceeding the leaf ; flowers 2-3 cm. long, purple ; pedicels longer than the calyx-tube ; calyx pubescent, upper teeth short, broadly triangular, acute, lateral pair oblong-lanceolate, equaling the tube, the lowest of equal length, subulate. Frequent in the foothills of our interior region. L. SPLENDENS Torr. Flowers very showy, deep rose-purple. A very handsome species of Riverside and San Diego County, said to have been first collected at Cucamonga. Geraniaceae 227 Family 43. GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY. Herbs with alternate or opposite, palmately lobed or pinnate leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, usually persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogynous. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as many ; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Carpels 5, united about a central axis, each 1-2-ovuled, indehiscent, at length elastically splitting away from below, and beaked by the long style. Anthers 10; carpel tails not hairy on the inside. 1. GERANIUM. Anthers 5; carpel tails hairy on the inside. 2. ERODIUM. 1. GERANIUM L. GERANIUM. Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves and axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, .5-merous. Sepals imbricated. Petals hypog- ynous, imbricated. Stamens 10, generally 5 longer and 5 shorter. Style persistent, naked on the inner surface, becoming recurved. Carpel opening 'along the inner face. 1. G. Carolinianuxn L. More or less spreading, 15-30 cm. high, loosely gray pubescent and glandular; leaves incisely 3-5-parted, 3-5 cm. broad; segments cuneate, more or less deeply toothed or dissected; peduncles 2-flowered, about 2 cm. long; petals rose color, 4-5 mm. broad; beak of fruit villous or glandular; carpels villous-hispid, usually black; seed reticulate. Frequent on grassy hillsides of the valleys and foothills, March-April. G. RICHARDSONI F. & M. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin, 5-12 cm. broad, incisely 3-5-parted; flower 18-20 mm. broad, white or lavender with rose-colored veins. Frequent in open pine woods and meadows* in- the' San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. June-August. 2. EBODIUM L'Her. ALFILERILLA. Herbs with mostly jointed nodes, opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and axillary umbellate nearly regular 228 Oxalidaceae flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated, the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5. Anther-bearing stamens 5, with slightly dilated filaments alternating with as many sterile filaments. Styles be- coming spirally coiled after splitting away, pubescent on the inner face. Carpels closed. * Leaves rounded, crenately toothed or lobed. 1. E. macrophylluxn H. & A. Mostly nearly or quite acau- lescent, tomentose with copious interspersed long glandular hairs at least on the pedicels; leaves triangular-ovate or reniform, crenate-serrate, sometimes crenately-lobed ; peduncles exceeding the leaves, accrescent, at length 1 cm. long; petals equaling the sepals, dull white; carpel clavate, densely velvety-pubescent; seeds smooth. Occasional in dry grassy places in the valleys or low foothills. ** Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 2. E. xnoschatum Willd. Acaulescent and prostrate or with ascending branches, mostly rather stout and glandular; leaves rather ample; stipules large, obtuse; leaflets unequally and doubly serrate ; peduncle several-flowered ; flowers rose color or purple, on rather short, stout pedicels ; sepals not terminated by long bristles ; antheriferous filaments 2-toothed. The more prevailing species in the coast valleys. Native of southern Europe. 3. E. cicutariuxu (L.) L'Her. Much resembling the last, but more slender and less glandular, often coarsely canescent ; leaf- lets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow, acute lobes; pedicels slen- der ; petals rose color or purple ; sepals with 1-2 terminal bristle- like hairs; filaments not toothed. The prevailing species of the interior valleys and foothills. Family 44. OXALIDACEAE. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. Annual or perennial, leafy stemmed or acaulescent herbs, often with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, with sour sap (oxalic-acid), and mostly palmately 3-foliate leaves. Linaceae 229 Stipules commonly present as scarious margins to the bases of the petioles ; leaflets mostly obcordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes or rarely solitary, on mostly rather long peduncles. Sepals 5, often un- equal. Petals 5, white, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles united or dis- tinct ; ovules 2-many in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal, globose or columnar capsule. Embryo straight ; endo- sperm fleshy. 1. OXALIS L. WOOD- SORREL. Sepals imbricated, regular. Petals hypogynous. Sta- mens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter, all anther-bearing. Ovules several in each cell ; styles 5, distinct, persistent ; stigmas terminal. Seeds with a loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat. 1. O. Wrightii Gray. Caespitose perennial, the prostrate and rooting or ascending stems suffrutescent and more or less branched below, 15-20 cm. long or more, from a short, erect, woody caudex; leaves 3-foliate; leaflets 4-10 mm. long, often broader ; petiole somewhat stipular-dilated at base ; flowers 6-10 mm. broad, yellow, 1-3 on elongated, axillary peduncles which are short-bracteate at summit ; petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx, usually emarginate; capsules oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long. Common in the chaparral belt throughout our range. 2. O. corniculata L. Annual, csespitose, prostrate and root- ing at the nodes, somewhat rough-villous ; leaflets 6-10 mm. long, mostly broader ; stipules evident, rounded or truncate at summit, adnate; flowers 6 mm. long, solitary or umbelled, otherwise as in the last. Occasional about lawns and greenhouses. Family 45. LINAGE AE. FLAX FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect regular flowers. Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. Petals of the 230 Polygalaceae same number and alternate with them ; filaments mona- delphous at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary 1, 2-5-celled or falsely 4-10-celled. Styles 2-5. Fruit capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, oily ; endosperm little or none ; embryo straight. 1. LINUM L. FLAX or LINSEED. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, sessile leaves, and perfect flowers. Inflorescence axillary or paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands or wanting. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugaceous. Stamens 5, sometimes with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled or falsely 8-10-celled ; ovules 2 to each cell. Capsule 5-10-valved. 1. I*, usitatissmum L. Annual ; often tufted, erect, branching above, 3-5 drn. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves alternate, 3-nerved, lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; stipules none; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle; flowers blue, 12-16 mm. broad, on slender pedicels ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the inner ones ciliate and 3-ribbed ; petals obcuheate, crenulate, twice the length of the sepals; capsule ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. long, ihdehiscent; seeds compressed. Occasional along streets about Los Angeles. Family 46. POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or Whorled, exstipulate leaves and racemose, spicate or solitary and axillary flowers. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at base. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 5? hypogynous, more or less. united into a tube, the lower ones often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in 1 or 2 sets. Ovary 2-c'elled ; styles simple ; stigma curved, dilated or lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous. Euphorbiaceae 231 Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled, often hairy ; embryo straight. 1. POL YG ALA L. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or whorled leaves and racemose, spicate or rarely solitary flowers. Petals 3, united into a tube, which is split on the back and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6, monadelphous below or diadelphous. Capsule membran- ous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin ; seeds usually hairy. 1. P. Californica Nutt. Stems many, slender, 5-20 cm. high, from a woody base, mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers rose-purple, on bracteate pedicels, 2-6 mm. long; wings 5 mm. long, rounded, saccate at base, inner sepals broadly spatulate, 1 cm. long or less; lateral petals linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate, equaling the broad obtuse somewhat curved beak of the rounded hood ; fruit mostly from cleistogamous flowers ; capsule glabrous, broadly ovate, 3 mm. long, retuse, narrowly margined ; seed pubescent ; caruncle calyp- triform, wrinkled and bladdery. A more northern plant growing in shady places; rare within our limits, being known only from the Mount Wilson trail at about 3000 feet altitude, McClatchie. Family 47. EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY. Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees with acrid, often milky juice. Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, sometimes with glands at the base ; stipules present or wanting. Inflorescence various. Flowers sometimes apetalous, often reduced and subtended by an involucre, which resembles a calyx. Stamens few or numerous, in 1 or many series ; filaments distinct or united. Ovary usu- ally 3-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous ; styles equaling the cells in number, simple, divided or many- 232 Euphorbiaceae cleft. Fruit mostly a 3-lobed capsule separating often elastically into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight or slightly curved ; endosperm fleshy or oily ; cotyledons broad. Flowers with true calyx, not involucrate. Stellate-pubescent. Perennial; capsule 3-celled; dioecious. 1. CROTON. Annual; capsule 1-celled; monoecious. 2. EBEMOCARPDS. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves small, entire. 3. STILLINGIA. Leaves large, palmately lobed. 4. RICINUS. Flowers subtended by an involucre; calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of the filament-like pedicel. 5. EUPHORBIA. 1. CROTON L. CROTON. Stellate-pubescent, more or less glandular and strong- scented herbs or shrubs, with mostly alternate, entire, toothed or lobed leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. Staminate flowers uppermost ; calyx usually 5-parted ; petals usu- ally present, small or rudimentary, alternating with the glands ; stamens 5 or more, inflexed. Pistillate flowers clustered below the staminate ; calyx 5— 10-parted ; petals usually wanting ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ; styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule splitting into usually 2-valved carpels ; seeds smooth or minutely pitted. 1. C. Californicus Muell. Arg. Suffrutescent, procumbent or ascending, 4-12 dm. high, dichotomously branched ; the branches slender, cinereous throughout with a dense appressed scurf ; peti- oles slender, 2-3.5 cm. long; stipules obsolete; leaves generally oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, entire, 3-5-nerved; dioe- cious; staminate plants more slender and short-branched; ra- cemes simple; flowers about 3 mm. broad, on pedicels 4-6 mm. long ; sepals 5, ovate ; stamens 12-15 ; filaments ciliate ; pistillate raceme mostly 2-3-flowered ; styles 3, palmately 3-5-clef t or twice 2-cleft. Capsule usually 5-6 mm. high; seeds oval or globose, 4.5-5 mm. long, black. Common in dry ground throughout our range. Spurge Family 233 2. C. Californicus tenuis (Wats.) Ferguson. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. high, with very slender branches, densely scaly-stellate; leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide, entire; petioles 5-10 mm. long, less than half the length of the leaves ; staminate flowers about 2mm. broad ; stamens 10-12 ; seeds 3-4 mm. long. Same range as the type, and perhaps best considered only a form of it. 2. EREMOCARPUS Benth. Stellate-pubescent glandular and heavy-scented an- nual herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petiolate exstipulate leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-6-parted, slightly imbricate in the staminate flowers, wanting in the pistillate. Sta- mens 6-7, central on the hairy receptacle ; filaments exserted. Ovary with 4-5 small glands at the base, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style simple, filiform, stigmatic at the apex. Capsule obovate-oblong, 2-valved. Seed smooth and shining ; endosperm fleshy. 1. E. setigerus Benth. Low spreading heavy-scented annual, hoary pubescent with a dense stellate and spreading hispid pubescence; leaves ovoid or rhomboid, 2-5 cm. long, on slender petioles, the upper crowded and appearing opposite or verticil- late; staminate flowers few, long-pedicelled ; calyx with oblong, obtuse segments, 2 mm. long; pistillate 1-3 in the axils; ovary and style densely pubescent; capsule and seed 4 mm. long. A common autumnal weed in all our valleys. Known as turkey weed. 3. RICINUS L. CASTOR-BEAN. A tall monoecious herb, often persisting for several years and becoming a small tree. Leaves alternate, large, peltate, palmately lobed and toothed. Flowers numerous, small, apetalous, greenish, in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx and numerous crowded stamens ; filaments branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous 234 Euphorbiaceae calyx. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Capsule subglobose or oval, smooth or spiny, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid or oblong, mottled. 1. R. communis L. An introduced plant which is becoming well established. In protected places it often becomes woody and tree-like. 4. STILLINGIA L. Glabrous herbs or shrubs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire or toothed leaves, often with 2 glands at the base, and monoecious bracteolate apetalous flowers in terminal spikes ; bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate flowers several together in the axils of the bractlets ; calyx slightly 2-3-lobed ; stamens 2-3, exserted. Pistil- late flowers solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets ; calyx 3-lobed ; ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ; styles short, somewhat united at the base. Capsule 2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid or subglobose. 1. S. linearifolia Wats. Herbaceous, branching from the somewhat woody base; the stems and branches slender, terete, ascending, 3 dm. high or more ; leaves linear, entire or rarely ob- scurely glandular-toothed, acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spikes slender, open, 2.5-4 mm. long, with 2-7 scattered pistillate flowers below; bracts very small, ovate, acute, minutely glandular on both sides, 1-flowered ; staminate flowers minute ; calyx turbinate ; stamens 2; pistillate calyx none ; capsule 3 mm. broad; seed round-ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, smooth, somewhat viscid. Occasional about San Bernardino and eastward in dry barren places, and in similar places about San Diego. 5. EUPHORBIA L. Monoecious herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves, and cymose flowers borne in sessile or peduncled, turbinate or campanulate involucres, sub- Spurge Family 235 tended by bracts which are often brightly colored. Sinuses of the involucre usually bearing glands, naked or append- aged. Staminate flowers scattered over the inner surface of the involucre, consisting of a stamen, jointed on a fila- ment-like pedicel which is subtended by a minute bractlet, supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate flowers solitary, consisting of a 3-celled ovary usually exserted on a stalk ; styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsules often nodding, 3-lobed, separat- ing into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds sometimes caruncled, variously pitted, ridged or wrinkled. * Glands of the involucre mostly with white or colored membranous margins. •*- Leaves entire ; margins of glands conspicuous. 1. E. albomarginata T. & G. Glabrous; stems numerous from a woody perennial base, prostrate or decumbent, 5-30 cm. long; leaves nearly orbicular, 4-8 mm. broad, often retuse above and somewhat cordate at base, with a thin whitish edge; stipules united into a conspicuous membranous white triangular scale, entire or somewhat lacerate; involucres mostly solitary, cam- panulate or turbinate, about 1.5 mm. long; glands maroon color with a conspicuous entire white or rose-colored dilated append- age ; capsule about 2 mm. long, the lobes angled on the back ; seeds oblong, 4-angled. Common and general. Flowering all summer. 2. E. polycarpa Benth. Glabrous or somewhat finely pubes- cent; stems numerous from a perennial woody base, prostrate or decumbent, 5-30 cm. long; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, usually slightly cordate, 2-6 mm. long; stipules minute, short-triangular to lanceolate, ciliate, distinct; involucres mostly solitary, about 1 mm. long; glands mostly dark purple, the white or rose-colored somewhat crenate margins often very narrow; capsule small with angled lobes; seeds oblong, 4-angled, about 1 mm. long. Occasional in the foothills, especially in the Santa Ana Mountains. 3. E. melandenia Torr. Cinereous with a dense soft pubes- cence, much branched from the base, the branches ascending forming tufts; root simple, somewhat lignescent, but apparently annual; leaves mostly ovate, short-petioled, usually oblique at 236 Euphorbiaceae base, one side being somewhat cordate; stipules minute, ciliate, distinct ; involucres solitary ; gland purple, its appendages with a white or rose-colored margin; capsule densely hirsute. (E. polycarpa vestitus Wats.) Common in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun- tains. -«-•*- Leaves serrulate ; margins of glands smaller, greenish-white. 4. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Glabrous, annual; stems prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; leaves mostly oblong, of ten narrowed toward the oblique base, serrulate at the rounded or retuse sum- mit, 4-12 mm. long; stipules distinct, setaceous or lacerate; in- volucres solitary or in loose leafy clusters, campanulate, about 1 mm. long; glands small, greenish, the margin narrow, crenate or entire; capsule angled, 2 mm. long; seeds sharply 4-angled, the sides somewhat rugose. Rather frequent throughout our range in moist places, especially on borders of ponds. ** Gland destitute of colored margin; stipules none. 5. E. dictyosperma F. & M. Glabrous, annual; stem simple or sometimes branching below, dichotomously branched above, 15-45 cm. high ; stem leaves scattered, oblong-spatulate to obo- vate-spatulate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, often retuse, 1-3 cm. long; on the branches opposite, broadly ovate to oblong, the floral ones roundish-ovate, subcordate, mucronate, 4-12 mm. long; rays usually 3 times forked; involucres and glands small; styles bifid or parted ; capsule with rounded and warty lobes, 2-3 mm. long ; seeds subglobose, delicately netted-veined, dark colored . Occasional in rather moist places in all our foothills and mountains, con- fined mostly to the chaparral belt. 6. E. nutans Lag. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stems branched, ascending or erect, 2-6 dm. long, branches often recurved at the ends; leaves opposite ; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-oblong, oblique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, short - petioled; stipules triangular, slightly lacerate; involucres nar- rowly obovoid, 1 mm. long; glands subtended by small rounded reddish appendages; capsule glabrous; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 4-angled, transversely rugose. This species, heretofore not known west of the Rocky Mountains, has been recently collected near Santa Ana by Helen D. Geis. Callitrichaceae 237 Family 48. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STAR- WORT FAMILY. Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with slender or capillary stems, opposite exstipulate entire leaves, and minute perfect monoecious axillary flowers. Perianth none. Bracts 2, sac-like or none. Stamens 1 ; filaments elongated, filiform ; anthers cordate, 2-celled, opening by lateral slits. Pistil 1 ; ovary 4-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ; styles 2, filiform. Fruit com- pressed, lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled on the margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish 1-seeded carpels. Seed anatropous, pendulous ; endo- sperm fleshy ; embryo straight or slightly curved. 1. CALLITBICHE L. Characters of the family, this being the only genus. 1. C. xnarginata Torr. Usually rooting in the mud, small, with linear-oblanceolate leaves, 4-6 mm. long or less, sometimes floating with slender stems and the upper leaves spatulate ; styles elongated, reflexed, deciduous; fruit on slender spreading pedi- cels, 2-8 mm. long, deeply emarginate above and below, the margins of the thick carpels widely divergent, narrowly winged. Soldiers Home, Hasse. Near San Diego in shallow pools on the mesa. Family 49. LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. Annual herbs with alternate petioled exstipulate pin- nately divided leaves and perfect regular axillary long- peduncled flowers. Sepals 2-5, valvate, persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating with as many small glands ; the nearly perigynous stamens twice as many, distinct. Carpels as many as sepals and opposite them, 1-ovuled, nearly distinct ; the single style slender, 238 Anacardaceae arising from the center as in the Geraniaceae, cleft above into as many stigmas as there are carpels. Fruit very deeply 2-5-lobed, the carpels indehiscent, rough or tuber- cled. 1. LIMNANTHTJS R. Br. Low diffuse annuals, growing near water, with showy white or rose-colored flowers solitary on axillary ped- uncles. Carpels subglobose, at first fleshy, becoming hard and rugose. 1. Li. Douglasii R. Br. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branch- ed from the base, the weak and succulent stems 15-45 cm. long; leaflets incisely lobed or parted with linear acute lobes ; ped- uncles 5-10 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long; petals oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate, 12-16 mm. long, yel- low; style very slender, 6-8 mm. long. Growing in wet places. Reported from Los Angeles and San Bernardino. Family 50. ANACARDACEAE. SUMAC FAMILY. Shrubs or trees with a resinous and usually acrid juice, alternate simple or compound exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, regular, mostly 5-merous, often polygamous or dioe- cious, variously clustered. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary free, 1-celled and 1-ovuled ; styles sometimes 3. Fruit drupaceous. 1. BHUS L. Shrubs or small trees with simple or pinnate decidu- ous or evergreen leaves, and small flowers in axillary and terminal panicles or sometimes in racemes or spikes. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens as many or twice as many, with subulate filaments inserted under the edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. Fruit a small dry drupe. Seed pendulous upon a slender funic- ulus rising from the base of the cell. Sumac Family 239 * Inflorescence paniculate; fruit glabrous. 1. B. diversiloba T. & G. (Poisox OAK.) Erect, 1-3 m. high, or ascending trees by aerial roots to a considerable height ; leaves 3-foliate, deciduous ; leaflets ovate, obovate or elliptic, very obtuse or roundish at apex, variously lobed or toothed, or rarely entire; flowers greenish, in small axillary open spreading or drooping panicles; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, with a thin glabrous deciduous epicarp and granular waxy persistent mesocarp ; stone rugose or undulate. Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. April-May. 2. B. laurina Nutt. Erect evergreen shrub, 2-4 m. high, exhaling the odor of bitter almonds ; leaves thin, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, mucronate, 7-10 cm. long, rounded at base on rather long petioles ; flowers polygamous, very small, white, numerous in ample terminal panicles; drupes whitish, 2-3 mm. in diameter, smooth; mesocarp waxy; stone minute, smooth. Very common in the foothills and extending well up into the chaparral ; less common in the interior. June-July. ** Inflorescence glomerate or spike-like; fruit viscid, reddish. 3. B. integrifolia (Nutt.) B. & H. Low evergreen shrub, 1-2 m. high, often more or less depressed, with short stiff branches; leaves oval, rigid-coriaceous, very obtuse at both ends, or acutish at base, entire or sometimes serrate, 2.5-4 cm. long, dark green and shining above, veiny and paler beneath ; petioles 5-8 mm. long; inflorescence and young parts cinereous or canescently puberulent; flowers white or rose-colored, glomerate, sessile, sub- tended by rather thick orbicular bracts within which are 2 simi- lar but thinner bractlets ; sepals oval-orbicular, scarious-margined, ciliolate; drupes very viscid and acid, about 10 mm. in diameter. Bluffs along the seashore; rarely extending inland on our range, Cahuenga Pass; rather frequent in the foothills back of San Diego. February-March. 4. B. ovata Wats. Erect or spreading evergreen shrub, 1.5-3 m. high ; leaves rigid-coriaceous, very smooth and shining, ovate or subcordate, acute at apex, entire or sharply Serrate ; inflores- cence glabrous or glabrate ; bracts as in the last ; calyx scarcely or not at all ciliolate; fruit 8 mm. in diameter, otherwise as in the last. Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-April. 240 Aceraceae 5. R. trilobata Nutt. Low branching deciduous aromatic shrub, more or less pubescent when young ; leaves 3-foliate ; the terminal leaflet 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed above the middle; the lateral pair 1-1.5 cm. long, round-ovate, scarcely lobed, crenate; flowers yellowish, appearing before the leaves in short spike-like clusters ; drupes viscid-hirsute. Frequent in the foothills and mountains throughout our range. March. Family 51. ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY. . Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite simple and palmately lobed or pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal cymose or racemose regular polyg- amous or dioecious flowers. Calyx generally 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Petals of the same number or none. Disk thick, annular, lobed, sometimes obsolete. Stamens 4-12, often 8 ; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2, inserted between the lobes. Fruit of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the base and 1-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Seeds compressed, ascending ; cotyle- dons thin, folded. 1. ACER L. MAPLE. Characters of the family. 1. A. macrophyUum Pursh. Becoming a tall tree with thick rough and furrowed bark ; leaves large, deeply 3-5-parted, the lobes irregular, coarsely toothed, soft pubescent when young, becoming glabrate above and minutely puberulent below; flowers polyg- amous, in many-flowered drooping racemes ; sepals and petals rather broad, nearly equal; filaments pubescent at the base, in- serted above the disk ; anthers sagittate ; carpels covered with stiff tawny hairs ; wings 2.5-4 cm. long, diverging at an acute angle. Occasional in all our mountains in canyons between 3000 and 6000 feet. Family 52. RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple, stipulate, generally alternate. Stipules Buckthorn Family 241 small, deciduous. Inflorescence commonly of axillary or terminal cynics or panicles. Flowers small, regular, per- fect or polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic or cylindric, the limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite them ; anthers short, versatile: Disk fleshy. Ovary. sessile, free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous, ascending. Fruit a drupe or capsule, often 3-celled. Endosperm fleshy, rarely none ; embryo large ; cotyledons flat. Petals clawless or wanting. 1. RHAMNUS. Petals long-clawed. 2. CEANOTHUS. 1. BHAMNUS L. BUCKTHORN. Shrubs or small trees with alternate pinnately veined (in ours) evergreen leaves, and small axillary cymose perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-o-toothed. Petals 4-5, nearly sessile, some- what emarginate and hooded, or none. Disk free from the 3-4-celled ovary ; style 3-4-cleft. Drupe berry-like, oblong or globose, containing 2-4 nut-like stones. 1. B. crocea Nutt. Low, much branched, the branches with short spine-like branchlets, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves rigidly coriace- ous, about 1 cm. long, bright green above, of ten yellowish beneath, roundish-ovate, glandular-denticulate; flowers about 3 mm. in diameter, reddish. Occasional on the dry plains and in the chaparral belt of our interior region. 2. B. crocea ilicifolia (Kell.) Greene. Shrub, sometimes arborescent, branches scarcely spinescent ; leaves green on both sides, often 2.5 cm. long; flowers often 5-merous; fruit some- what larger than in the type. Common in the chaparral belt throughout our range. In foliage closely resembling Prunu* ilicifolia. 3. B. California Esch. Shrub, sometimes arborescent, 1-4 m. high, young parts pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves thin- 242 Rhamnaceae coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate, 3-5 cm. long; flowers in small umbel-like clusters, 5-merous; petals small, ovate, emarginate; stamens exserted; fruit globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Commonly called wild coffee. 4. B. Californica tomentella (Benth.) Brew. & Wats. Leaves tomentose beneath, the margins revolute, entire, otherwise as in the type. The more common form in the mountains, especially in the interior region. 2. CEANOTHUS L. CALIFORNIA LILAC. Unarmed or spinescent, often arborescent shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and small but showy white, blue or purple usually fragrant flowers, in often long- peduncled dense axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, long-clawed. Ovary im- mersed in the disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed. Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 3-cleft. Fruit somewhat 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets. * Fruit hornless, sometimes keeled or crested; stipular base not enlarged; leaves alternate. •*- Leaves not glandular-toothed. 1. C. integerrinms H. & A. Tall, loosely branching and sometimes arborescent with green or at length somewhat brownish branches, slightly angled when young, not at all spinescent; leaves ovate, 2-6 cm. long, prominently or sometimes indistinctly 3-veined, entire, somewhat loosely hairy above when young, paler beneath and glabrescent or with a few soft hairs ; petioles slender, somewhat villous, 6-8 mm. long; inflorescence 6-16 cm. long and 3-10 cm. broad; flowers blue, varying to white; fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter, somewhat lobed at apex, nearly smooth and with low but broad, deeply dorsal evanescent crests. Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains and in the uppermost por- tions of the chaparral belt. 2. C. spinosus Nutt. Tall shrub or somewhat arborescent, with at length cinnamon-brown, more or less divaricate, sparingly Buckthorn Family 243 slender-spiny glabrous twigs; leaves elliptic, very obtuse or emarginate, rounded or acutish at base, coriaceous, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long, entire, petioles glabrous or appressed-pubescent, 4-8 mm. long; thyrsus 10-15 cm. long and half as broad; flowers pale blue; carpels depressed, 6 mm. in diameter, scarcely lobed, smooth, crestless. Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains, in canyons ; extending northward to Santa Barbara, where it was first found by Nuttall. 3. C. divaricatus Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with pale green glabrous or puberulent mostly very glaucous twigs, divergent, some ending in spines ; leaves ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, obtuse or acutish, glabrous and glaucous, coriaceous, 3-nerved, 10-15 mm. long; inflorescence 5-7 cm. long, mostly narrowly oblong, dense, glabrate; flowers pale blue; capsule smooth, not lobed, and scarcely crested, clammy, becoming dry. Very common in the chaparral belt. -*- •«- Leaves glandular-toothed. 4. C. tomentosus Parry. Shrub 2-4 m. high, with slender gray or reddish, at first tomentose and usually densely verrucose branches ; leaves round-ovate or elliptic, conspicuously glandular- toothed, minutely velvety above, densely white or brownish tomentose beneath, 1-3 cm. long, short-petioled ; inflorescence loosely tomentose, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue or rarely white; capsule 4 mm. in diameter, somewhat depressed, smooth, slightly crested, distinctly lobed. Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, 3000-5000 feet altitude. 5. C. sorediatus H. & A. Shrubby or somewhat arborescent, 2-4 mm. high, with olive or at length purplish twigs; leaves oblong-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, glandular-dentate, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous and glossy or sparingly pubescent when young above, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath, silky- pubescent on the principal veins and petioles; inflorescence at first villous, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue; capsule globose, 4 mm. in diameter, smooth or slightly wrinkled, slightly lobed, crestless. A species of the coast mountains of central California, said to occur in the San Gabriel Mountains, but not seen by the author. 244 Vitaceae 6. C. hirsutus Nutt. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-5 m. high, with grayish or reddish, densely villous, rather flexible twigs; leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base, obtuse or acute, 2-4 cm. long, hirsute with rather long appressed hairs above, loosely hirsute beneath especially along the veins ; inflorescence loosely puberulent, villous, 2.5-5 cm. long ; flowers deep blue to purplish ; capsule depressed, smooth, slightly lobed, strongly crested. (C. oliganthus Nutt.) Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. 2500-4500 feet. ** Fruit crested and with horns; stipular base large and corky. •*- Leaves alternate. 7. C. macrocarpus Nutt. Shrubby, 2-3 m. high, with gray or reddish, at first appressed-pubescent twigs ; leaves rather thick, spatulate or obovate, cuneate, obtuse to emarginate, glabrous and dull above, minutely canescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long, margin slightly revolute, entire or rarely denticulate; capsule 8-12 mm. in diameter, laterally horned, apical crests low, scarcely lobed. Frequent in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Ranges. •*-•*- Leaves opposite. 8. C. cuneatus Nutt. Much resembling the last, but the branches more rigid ; leaves similar but opposite, capsule slightly oblong, 5 mm. in diameter, with 3 conspicuous horns near the top. Occasional along the southern rim of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges. 9. C. crassifolius Torr. Shrub, 2-3 in. high, with grayish white or rusty tomentose twigs ; leaves thick, elliptic-obovate, cuneate or rounded at base, obtuse, somewhat revolute, pungently den- tate or rarely entire, 1.5-3 cm. long, minutely roughened, at length glabrous and pale green above, densely tomentose beneath ; stipules very large ; capsules 8 mm. in diameter, with 3 stout, erect horns near the tip. Common In the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Family 53. VITACEAE. GRAPE FAMILY. Climbing or erect shrubs, with nodose joints, alternate petioled leaves, and small flowers in panicles, racemes or Malvaceae 245 cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separ- ate or coherent, valvate. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals ; filaments subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes. Disk sometimes obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed in the disk, 2-6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascend- ing, anatropous. Fruit a 1-6-celled. commonly 2-celled, berry. Testa bony ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo short. 1. VITIS L. WILD GRAPE. Climbing or trailing woody vines, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed or detate. Stip- ules generally small, caducous. Flowers mostly dioe- cious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, coherent in a cap and decidu- ous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style very short, conic ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy. 1. V. G-irdiana Munson. Strong climbing vine with thick diaphragms ; leaves 15 cm. broad or less, broadly cordate-ovate, with a rather deep and narrow sinus, obscurely 3-lobed, and with many small and acute teeth, closely ashy tomentose beneath; flower clusters large, very compound; berries small, black, slightly glaucous ; seeds pyriform. Occasional along streams in the foothills. June. Family 54. MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly palmately veined leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regu- lar, perfect, or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Calyx often bracted at the base. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, more or less united, usually valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. Stamens many, hypogynous, monadelphous, forming a central column around the pistil, united with 246 Malvaceae the bases of the petals ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several- celled, entire or lobed ; styles united below, distinct above, mostly as many as the cells of the ovary ; ovules 1 or several in each cell. Fruit capsular, rarely a berry, several-celled ; the carpels falling away entire or else loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo curved ; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate ; endosperm scanty or copious. Carpels 2-several-seeded. 1. MODIOLA. Carpels 1-seeded. Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style branches. Stamens monadelphous. 2. MALVA. Stamens united in phalanges in 2 series. 3. SIDALCEA. Stigmas capitate or truncate. Flowers rose- purple or rarely white. 4. MALVASTRUM. Flowers cream-colored. 6. SIDA. 1. MODIOLA Moench. Prostrate or ascending herbs often rooting from the nodes, with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and small axillary peduncled flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3., distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. Cells of the ovary many, with 2-3 ovules in each. Style branches stigmatic at the summit. Carpels 15-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves, with awn-pointed tips, and aris- tate on the back. 1. M. Caroliniana (L.) Don. Decumbent, annual or biennial, more or less pubescent, freely branching ; stems 15-45 cm. long ; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 cm. wide, petioled, pedately 3-5-clef t, rarely simply dentate or incised ; flowers axillary, 6-10 mm. broad, red; peduncles at length elongated,, slender; fruit depressed-orbicular, the carpels hispid-aristate along the back. In rather low moist places. El Monte; Santa Anita. 2. MALVA L. MALLOW. Pubescent or glabrate herbs with dentate lobed or dis- sected leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or clus- Mallow Family 247 tered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucre 3, rarely none. Petals 5. Ovary many-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels arranged in a circle, beakless, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. 1. M. parviflora L. Glabrous or sparingly hairy annual, with erect or ascending stems, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves rounded, slightly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 3-10 cm. broad ; pedicels short ; bract- lets linear; calyx accrescent, the broadly lobed limb rotately spreading away from the mature fruit ; petals white or pale blue, about equaling the calyx-lobes ; achenes glabrous or pubescent, transversely and sharply rugose on the back, the acute winged margins distinctly toothed. A common vernal weed. 2. M. pusilla Smith. Much resembling the last in foliage and habit ; pedicels somewhat longer ; calyx-lobes mostly closed over the fruit ; petals bluish, 10-15 mm. long, surpassing the calyx- lobes ; achenes reticulate-rugose, the margins acute, entire. Known within our region only from low ground along Ballona Creek, near Mesmer. 3. SID ALOE A Gray. Erect annual or (ours) perennial herbs with mostly palmately or pedately parted or deeply cleft leaves, small stipules, and purple or pink or sometimes white rather showy flowers, in terminal racemes or spikes, not rarely polygamous by the abortion of the anthers. In- volucre rarely present. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, com- monly emarginate or truncate. Staminal column usu- ally distinctly double, the exterior series of 5 distinct 4-10-antheriferous phalanges, the inner or terminal one of about 10 mostly 2-antheriferous phalanges. Carpels 5-9, reniform, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 1. S. malvaeflora (Moc. & Sesse) Gray. Hirsute or stems and petioles hispid with few-forked and some simple hairs ; stems ascending or erect from decumbent base, 2-6 dm. high, from a thick stock or root, simple ; basal leaves rounded crenate-incised, 248 Malvaceae the upper more dissected ; flowers in simple few-many-flowered spiciform racemes; petals rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; mature carpels rugose-reticulate. (S. humilis Gray; S. delphinifolia Nutt.) Frequent on the grassy hills and mesas. March-May. 2. S. parviflora Greene. Stems glabrous at least below, sub- simple, terminating in long slender loose racemes; lowest leaves orbicular, crenate- toothed, the others deeply divided, the divisions lobed; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, subtended by simple linear bracts of scarcely the same length ; petals 8-12 mm. long, rounded at apex ; carpels reticulated. In low subsaline places throughout our range. Much resembling the last, but easily recognized by the glabrous stems and leaves, and by the usually smaller flowers. 4. MALVASTBUM Gray. Low annual herbs or shrubs, often densely stellate- pubescent. Bractlets 1-3 or rarely wanting. Calyx- lobes 5. Petals 5, often showy. Staminal tube simple, antheriferous at the summit. Styles filiform ; stigmas capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, rarely 2-valved. Seed ascending. * Annuals. 1. M. exile Gray. Stems decumbent, branching from the base, 2-4 dm. long, pubescent; leaves 12-18 mm. broad, broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, deeply 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, on slender petioles of about the same length ; flowers mostly solitary and axillary on slender pedicels, 2-3 cm, long; bractlets 3, linear, persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals obovate, purple, 4-6 mm. long; carpels 12-15, orbicular, glabrous, transversely rugose-reticulated. Chatsworth Park. ** Perennials. •*- Upper surface of the leaves densely stellate-tomentose and hoary. 2. M. Fremontii Torr. Shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high, densely soft-tomentose with long-rayed stellular pubescence; leaves roundish, shallowly or scarcely at all cordate, crenate-toothed, Mallow Family 249 2.5-5 cm. broad; flowers in axillary sessile or short pedunculate clusters, interrupted spicate ; bractlets about equaling the calyx- lobes ; calyx densely lanate tomentose, its lobes triangular, acute, 4-5 mm. long, mucronate with a more naked tip; petals rose color, about 1 cm. long. In the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 3. M. Davidsonii Robinson. Tall shrub or arborescent, 2-4 m. high, densely stellate-tomentose throughout; bractlets stout; leaves deeply cordate, with narrow sinus, 5-angled or shallowly 5-lobed, varying to 3-lobed, irregularly crenate-dentate, 5-7.5 cm. broad ; inflorescence a dense racemose panicle ; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes; calyx canescent-tomentose without more naked mucronate tips, faintly 1-nerved or enervose; petals rose-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long; carpels stellate-tomentose above/ San Fernando Valley and La Canada in washes. •«--«- Upper surface of the leaves green, sparsely stellate-pubescent. 4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray. Tall shrub or somewhat arborescent, 2-4 m. high, with wand-like branches, covered with a dense short stellate-tomentum ; leaves angular, 5-lobed and rather coarsely toothed, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, sparsely so above, 3-5 cm. broad ; inflorescence racemose, or amply racemose-paniculate; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes, these triangular, as broad as long, acute; petals rose- purple, 2-2.5 cm. long. (M. Thurberi Gray; M. splendidum Kell.) Common in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt. 5. SIDA L. Herbs with serrate, crenate or lobed leaves and soli- tary or clustered axillary or terminal perfect flowers. Bractlets of the involucre none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Staminal tube anther-bearing at the summit. Carpels 5-many, 1-ovuled ; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only. Carpels indehis- cent or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. 1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) T. & G. Perennial, stoutish, erect- spreading or prostrate, leafy, 2-4 dm. long, hoary- tomentose or 250 Sterculiaceae yellowish-tomentose throughout; leaves short-petioled, about 2.5 cm. long, reniform, oblique at the base, serrate or crenate; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, on slender at length reflexed pedicels; bractlets 1 or 2, linear; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals 2cm. long, cream color; fruit short-conical, smooth ; carpels 6-10. Common in subsaline places. May-September. Family 55. STERCULIACEAE. STERCULIA FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or herbs (mostly tropical or subtropical) much resembling the Malvaceae. Calyx 5-parted, imbri- cated, in ours petal-like. Petals wanting in ours. Sta- mens in ours 5. monadelphous ; anthers adnate, extrorse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-celled or rarely 4-celled, with numerous horizontal anatropous ovules in the axils. Style simple, terminated by a minute undivided stigma. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds oval or ovoid ; embryo straight. 1. FBEMONTODENDBON Coville. CALIFORNIA SLIPPERY- ELM. Shrub with hard wood and dark colored bark. Leaves tawny-canescent or ferruginous beneath. Bractlets 3, sometimes 5, minute, caducous. Sepals roundish, rotately spreading in anthesis, nectariferous-pitted at base. Sta- mens regular ; filaments adnate to the calyx at the base, monadelphous to or above the middle ; anthers elongated- oblong, emarginate at both ends, adnate to an incon- spicuous connective. Capsule ovoid, firm-coriaceous. Seeds smooth. 1. F. Calif ornicum(Torr.) Coville. Branching shrub or arbor- escent, 2-7 m. high ; leaves subcoriaceous, round-cordate to round- ovate, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-cleft, 2-5 cm. broad; flowers short-ped- uncled on short lateral branches ; calyx nearly glabrous, accrescent, thin, 5-7 cm. in diameter, light yellow in anthesis, becoming marcescent in age, within hairy at base and with a small nectarifer- Elatinaceae 251 ous pit ; capsule 2.5 cm. long, hispid with short pungent hairs, the cells villous within. (Fremontia Calif ornica Torr.) Frequent in the upper altitudes of the chaparral belt of our interior region. June-July. Family 56. ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY. Low herbs with opposite or verticillate stipulate entire or serrate leaves, and small axillary or fascicled regular perfect flowers. Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous. Stamens of the same num- ber or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5 ; ovules many, anatropous. Capsule with septicidal dehis- cence ; placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose or ribbed. 1. ELATINE L. Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves, and minute axillary mainly solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, mem- branous. Capsule membranous, globose, 2-4-valved. Seeds straight or slightly curved, striate longitudinally and transversely. 1. E. brachysperma Gray. Terrestial or sometimes aquatic, spreading, tufted, 2-5 cm. long ; leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 4-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; sepals, petals and stamens mainly 2; capsule globose, about 1 mm. in diameter; seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about 0.5 mm. long, marked by 6-7 longitudinal striae and 10-12 transverse ones. Occasional along borders of ponds toward the coast. Family 57. FRANKENIACEAE. FRANKENIA FAMILY. Low perennial herbs or undershrubs with opposite entire exstipulate leaves, sessile and often united at the 252 Cistaceae membranous and somewhat sheathing base. Flowers small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the axils of the branches and branchlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic, furrowed, its lobes 4-5, valvate. Petals as many as calyx-lobes, hypogynous, narrowed to a claw which bears an appendage on its inner face. Stamens 4—7 or rarely more, hypogynous ; anther 2-celled, longitudinally de- hiscent. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae ; styles 2-4-cleft into filiform divisions. Capsule invested by the persistent calyx. Seeds few, on slender funiculi which are attached to the margin of the valves. 1. FBANKENIA L. Characters of the family. 1. F. grandiflora Ch. & Sch. Stem much branched from a somewhat woody base, more or less erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous or soft-pubescent, very leafy ; leaves obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, revolute, 6-12 mm. long, dull green; calyx linear, 6 mm. long, strongly furrowed, the lobes short, acute; petals small, red, the blade 2 mm. long or more, erose at the summit, the appendages of the claw bifid ; stamens 4-7 ; style 3-cleft ; cap- sule shorter than the calyx, linear, angular; seeds numerous. Common in saline marshes. Flowering all summer. Family 58. CISTACEAE. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Shrubs or low woody plants with alternate or opposite simple leaves, and solitary, racemose, clustered or panic- ulate, regular, generally perfect flowers. Sepals 3-5, persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior smaller and bract-like, the inner 3 convolute. Petals 5 or 3 or sometimes want- ing, fugacious. Stamens many, hypogynous. Ovary 1, sessile, 1 -several-celled ; ovules orthotropous, stalked ; style simple ; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehis- cent by valves.. Seeds several or numerous; embryo slender ; endosperm present. Violaceae 253 1. HELIANTHEMUM L. ROCK-ROSE. Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching, mostly with showy yellow flowers. Petals 5, yellow, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae or false septa 3, ovules few-many ; style short or filiform or spatulate, jointed with the ovary ; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Embryo curved. 1. H. scoparium Nutt. Stems tufted, slender, somewhat woody below, sparsely stellate-pubescent, 2.5-3.5 dm. high ; leaves few, narrowly linear, 8-20 cm. long; flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or cymose at the ends of the branches; sepals 6 mm. long, acuminate, the 2 outer linear and much shorter; petals 6-8 mm. long; stamens about 20; capsule equaling the calyx. Frequent on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all our mountains and foothills. Our plants are slightly more pubescent than the form about Monterey (which is typical), being often cinereous, and may prove to be a good subspecies. H. ALDERSONII Greene. A larger, nearly glabrous plant, with petals 10-15 mm. long. Common in the foothills of San Diego County. Family 59. VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY. Ours herbs with alternate or basal simple entire or lobed leaves, and axillary or scapose usually solitary perfect irregular flowers. Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the lower one spurred. Perfect stamens 5, hypogynous ; anthers erect, connivent in a ring, sessile or on short filaments. Ovary 1, 1-celledj with 3 parietal placentae ; style simple. Cap- sule dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous with a crus- taceous testa ; embryo straight ; endosperm copious. 1. VIOLA L. VIOLET. Characters of the family. The later flowers often produced on runners or on short peduncles, and are 254 Violaceae apetalous, or cleistogamous and abundantly fertile, while the early showy ones are often sterile. * Flowers blue or white. 1. V. palmata cucullata (Ait.) Gray. Acaulescent, the leaves and scapes directly from rather short and thick rootstocks, glabrous or somewhat villous-pubescent ; leaves rounded-cordate, renif or m or hastate-reniform, tbe basal sides often cucullate-involute ; corolla only saccate-spurred, blue or violet-purple, rarely white ; lateral petals bearded toward the base; style gibbous-clavate, beardless at summit. In swamp-lands about Los Angeles, Davidson. 2. V. blanda Willd. Acaulescent, leaves and scapes from slender filiform rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, ovate-cordate to round-reniform, crenulate; petals oblong to ovate-lanceolate ; petals white with purple veins on the lower and sometimes the lateral ones, usually beardless; spur short and saccate. Occasional about cold springs in the upper portions of the pine belt of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. ** Flowers yellow, at least within. 3. V. pedunculata T. & G. Stems 5-15 cm. long, prostrate or ascending, puberulent or nearly glabrous ; leaves rhombic- cordate, usually almost truncate at the broad base, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or incised ; peduncles erect, much exceeding the leaves, 10-20 cm. long; con- spicuously bibractiolate ; flowers 2 cm. broad or more, yellow, the upper petal dark brown without, the others purple- veined within, the lateral ones bearded. Frequent in open grassy places in the lower foothills and on the mesas. March-April. 4. V. lobata Benth. Rootstocks erect ; stems stoutish, erect, 15-30 cm. high, leafy to the summit, puberulent or nearly gla- brous; leaves renif orm or cordate in outline, 5-10 cm. broad, palmately cleft into 5-9 narrowly oblong lobes, the central largest or longest, some of the basal leaves often less lobed or merely coarsely toothed ; petals 12 mm. long, yellow, the upper brownish without, the lateral slightly bearded. Occasional on the borders of mountain meadows in the San Bernardino Mountains. Bear Valley. Loasaceae 255 5. V. Douglasii Steud. Stems clustered from a deep fascicled root, mostly subterranean, only the leaves and flowers appearing above the ground, more or less pubescent; leaves large, bipin- nately dissected into long linear or oblong segments; stipules lanceolate, entire or toothed; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves ; petals 10-14 cm. long, yellow, the upper brownish purple without. ( V. chrysantha Hook.) Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. Family 60. LOASACEAE. LOASA FAMILY. Erect or climbing branching herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with alternate or oppo- site exstipulate leaves, and solitary, racemose or cymose, regular and perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens many, inserted with the petals ; filaments filiform, commonly arranged in clusters, opposite the petals ; anthers in- trorse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, rarely 2-3-celled with 2-3 parietal placentae ; styles filiform, entire or 2-3-lobed ; ovules anatropous ; endosperm scanty. 1. MENTZELIA L. Erect herbs with alternate entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and terminal solitary or cymose, usually showy flowers. Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud, usually yellow. Styles 3, more or less united. Capsule dehiscent at the tip, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat, some- times winged, roughened or smooth. * Petals 5, less than 15 mm. long. 1. M. integrifolia (Wats.) Rydb. Slender, about 3 dm. high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or entire, the upper- most often ovate; flowers clustered near the ends of the many branchlets; calyx-lobes 2 mm. long, shorter than the petals; filaments all filiform ; capsule narrowly linear-clavate, 12-18 mm. 256 Loasaceae long; seeds usually in 1 row, short- prismatic, the 3 angles grooved, the sides faintly tuberculate. (M. albicaulis integrifolia Wats. ; M. dispersa Wats.) Said to occur in our mountains, but not seen by us. 2. M. affinis Greene. Stems stouter, 3-6 dm. high, simple and leafy below, widely branching above; leaves lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnate; flowers scattered, 12 mm. broad; calyx- lobes attenuate, subulate, 4-6 mm. long; filaments all filiform; capsule 2.5 cm. long, almost linear, hispid with short stiff hairs ; seeds prismatic, with grooved angles. Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among the pines. May-July. 3. M. micrantha T. & G. Rather slender, 3-6 dm. high, simple below, corymbosely and rather compactly dichotomous above; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate or sinuate- toothed or entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers small, shorter than the floral leaves; calyx-lobes 2 mm. long; petals oval, 3 mm. long ; 5 outer stamens with dilated filaments ; capsule cylindric or nearly so, 6-12 mm. long, few-seeded; seeds prismatic, with a very shallow groove, the sides faintly tuberculate. Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range. 4. M. gracilenta T. & G. Stems rather stout, 3-4 dm. high, branching from the base ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid, with many narrow lobes, or only sinuate-toothed ; flowers usually clustered ; calyx-lobes 4-10 mm. long ; petals obovate to oblanceo- late, 8-16 mm. long; filaments subulate-filiform ; capsule slightly clavate-dilated, 12-24 mm. long; seeds in 3 rows; irregularly angular, minutely tuberculate, 1.5 mm. long. Frequent on the plains and foothills and also on the sand-dunes along the seashore. ** Petals usually 10, 25 mm. long or more. 5. M. laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. (BLAZING STAR.) Bien- nial; stem stout, erect, branched above, 6-10 dm. high, often white; leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, 5-15 cm. long; flowers sessile on short branches, 6-8 cm. broad, light yellow, diurnal; calyx-tube naked; calyx-lobes 2.5 cm. long or more; petals 10, rarely 5, oblanceolate, acute; stamens numerous, about equaling the petals in length, the outer with dilated filaments; capsule 3 cm. long; seeds many in double rows on the 3 placenUe, Datiscaceae 257 horizontally flattened and winged, minutely tuberculate, 3 mm. broad. Frequent in dry washes in our interior valleys and canyons. May-Sep- tember. Family 61. DATISCACEAE. DATISCA FAMILY. Ours smooth stout perennial herbs with unequally laciniate pinnatifid leaves, and small dioecious or some- times perfect flowers arranged in leafy racemes. Calyx of sterile flowers very short with 4-9 unequal lobes ; stamens 10-25, with short filaments. Pistillate flowers with calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed ; stamens when present 3, alternate with the teeth. Styles 3, bifid, the linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule 1-celled, opening at the apex between the styles. Seeds many, small, in several rows on the 3 parietal placentae ; embryo cylindric ; endosperm present. 1. DATISCA L. DURANGO ROOT. Characters of the family. 1. D. glomerata (Presl) B. & W. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, simple or sparingly branched; leaves ovate or lanceolate in out- line, acuminate, about 15 cm. long, the floral shorter; flowers 4-7 in each axil of the long leafy raceme; petals minute or want- ing; the fertile flowers perfect; anthers subsessile, 4 mm. long, yellow ; styles exceeding the ovary ; capsule oblong-ovate, 6-8 mm. long, slightly narrowed toward the truncate, triangular, 3-toothed summit. Frequent along the streams in all our mountains, mostly in the upper portions of the chaparral belt. Family 62. CACTACEAE. CACTUS FAMILY. Fleshy plants with flattened, terete, rigid or tuber- culed, continuous or jointed stems, leafless or with small leaves, generally spiny, the spines developed from cush- ions of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary, 258 Cactaceae sessile, terminal or lateral, perfect, regular and showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-lobed or with distinct sepals. Petals numerous in several rows, mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx, with filiform filaments and small anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous anatropous ovules borne on several parietal placentae. Style ter- minal, elongated ; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy. Seeds smooth or tubercled, the testa usu- ally crustaceous or bony ; endosperm scanty or copious. Spines never barbed ; flower-bearing areolae distinct from those bearing the spines. 1. CEREDS. Spines minutely barbed; flowers from the same areolae as the spines. 2. OPUNTIA. 1. CEBEUS Haworth. Stems oval or cylindric, with the spine-bearing areolse on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or fully de- veloped parts of the plant bursting through the epider- mis just above the bunches of spines, usually about as long as broad, sometimes elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with spines or scales, or nearly naked. Seeds black ; endo- sperm none ; embryo straight or curved. 1. C. Emoryi Engelm. Stems spreading, branching from the base, cylindric, with 16-20 ribs, closely set with prominent hemi- spheric areolse, bearing numerous thin straight yellow interlocked spines; radials 40-50, very slender ; central solitary, stouter and much longer ; flowers greenish yellow, 3-6 cm. broad, crowded on one side near the end of the branches ; fruit globose, very spiny, 3.5 cm. in diameter; seeds obovate, acutely keeled, shining and minutely tuberculate, 2.4-2.8 mm. long. Said to occur from San Diego to the Salinas Valley, but we have not seen it north of San Diego. 2. OPUNTIA Mill. Plants with flat or cylindric more or less tuberculate joints and conspicuous but caducous leaves. These each Cactus Family 259 with an axillary pulvinus, which is usually clothed with soft wool intervened with barbed bristles at the upper edge and usually bearing spines at the lower edge. Flowers developed from the bristle-bearing part of the pulvinus, with rotate corollas. Ovary covered with caducous leaves bearing axillary wool and often bristles and spines. Fruit dry or succulent. Seeds large, flat- tened and discoid, often margined, whitish ; cotyledons foliaceous, curved about the endosperm. * Joints flattened . PRICKLY PEAR. 1. O. Lindheimeri occidentalis (Engelm.) Coult. Erect and spreading, 1-3 m. high, usually forming thickets; joints often 3 dm. long and 2 dm. wide; pulvini remote, about 4 cm. apart, with very fine closely set bristles, 1-3 white (dusky at base) de- flexed spines; fruit sour, very juicy; seeds 5-6 mm. broad, their margins crenulate. Frequent in our valleys and foothills from Los Angeles eastward. 2. O. Lindheimeri littoralis (Engelm.) Coult. Erect or spread- ing, about 10 dm. high ; joints often 30-45 cm. long and 20-25 cm. wide; pulvini usually about 2.5 cm. apart; spines straw color (dusky at base), deflexed, slender; seeds 3-4 mm. broad, their margins undulate. Frequent on bluffs along the seashore. ** Joints cylindric. 3. O. Bernardina Engelm. Stems erect or nearly so, loosely branched, slender, 6-15 dm. high, with reticulate wood; joints cylindric, 7.5-30 cm. long, with slender oblong tubercles, 2.5-3 cm. long; pulvini with a dense row of very short, dark, more or less persistent bristles at upper edge ; spines yellow, the sheathed ones 4-5, 1-3 cm. long, the lowest longest and usually reflexed; and 4 appressed short radial ones mostly on lower edge of pul- vinus; flowers greenish yellow, tinged with red without, 2.5-4 cm. broad; fruit ovate, less than 2.5 cm. long, at length dry; seed flat, 6 mm. broad, with a channeled commissure and con- spicuous persistent funiculus. Frequent on the interior plains east of Monrovia ; also in the Santa Clara Valley, Ventura County. 260 Lythraceae 4. O. prolifera Engelm. Stems 1-3 m. high, much branched and often forming thickets, with reticulated wood; joints cylin- dric, dark green, 7.5-15 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. thick ; pulvini tomen- tose and the older with fine straw-colored bristles ; spines 8-10, variable, with large loose yellowish or rusty sheaths, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1 subcentral, the others stellate-spreading; flowers dark red, 3.5 cm. broad ; fruit clavate to subglobose, strongly tubercu- late like the joints, often proliferous; seeds large, 6 mm. broad with broad commissure. Common about San Diego. Known in our region only at San Pedro, where it is growing on bluffs near the bay. Family 63. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, free from the ovary, but generally enclosing it, the limb toothed and often with accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals as many as primary calyx-teeth or none. Sta- mens various, inserted on the calyx ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-6-celled, or some- times 1-celled ; style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; ovules many, rarely few, anatropous. Capsule 1-several-celled, variously dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. Endo- sperm none ; cotyledons flat, often auricled at base. Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric. 1. AMMANNIA. Calyx-tube cylindric. 2. LYTHRUM. 1. AMMANNIA L. Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu- late, globose or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, decidu- ous. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube ; fila- ments slender or short. Ovary enclosed in the calyx- tube, nearly globose, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. Onagraceae 261 1. A. coccinea Rottb. Erect, glabrous, branching below, 15-45 cm. high; leaves linear lanceolate, all obtusely cordate, auriculate, dilated at the somewhat clasping base, acuminate or acute at the apex, entire, 2. 5-7.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad ; flowers 1-5 in each axil, sessile or nearly so; petals purple, fugacious; style very slender, more than half the length of the capsule. Soldiers Home, Hasse. 2. LYTHBUM L. Herbs or shrubs with 4-angled stems, opposite, alter- nate or rarely verticillate entire leaves, and solitary cymose-paniculate and terminal flowers. . Calyx-tube cylindric, 8-12-ribbed, with 4—6 primary teeth and as many accessory ones inthe si nuses. Petals 4—6, rarely wanting. Stamens 8—12, inserted on the calyx-tube. Capsule enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds flat or angular. 1. L. Californicuxn T. & G. Stems erect from a perennial stoloniferous root, simple below, paniculately branched above; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper and floral linear, acute at apex, tapering below to a sessile base; calyx with 12 strise and very short teeth ; stamens not at all exserted and the style elon- gated, or the stamens much exserted and exceeding the short style. Common in damp ground along streams, both in the valleys and moun- tains. July- October. Family 64. ONAGRACEAE. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alter- nate or opposite leaves, no stipules or mere glands in their places, and axillary spicate or racemose, generally perfect regular or sometimes irregular flowers. Calyx- tube adnate to the ovary, often prolonged beyond, the limb 2-6-lobed, usually 4-lobed. Petals 2-9, mostly 4, convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens commonly as many or twice as many as the petals and inserted with them on the summit of the calyx-tube, or on the 262 Onagraceae epigynous or perigynous disk. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually 4-celled ; styles united ; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit usually a capsule. Seeds mostly small, sometimes with a coma ; endosperm scanty or none ; embryo straight. Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary, its lobes persistent. 1. JUSSIAKA. Calyx-tube usually produced above the ovary, the free portion and lobes deciduous. Seeds comose. Flowers showy, scarlet. 2. ZAUSCHNEBIA. Flowers small, white or purplish. 3. EPILOBIUM. Seeds naked. Anthers attached at or near the base and remaining erect. Flowers minute ; calyx-lobes erect. 4. BOISDUVALIA. Flowers showy ; calyx-lobes erect or united at the tip and turned to one side in anthesis. Petals distinctly clawed. 5. CLARKIA. Petals sessile. 6. GODBTIA. Anthers attached in the middle and versatile. Capsule 4-celled. Stigma 4-lobed; calyx-tube much exceeding the capsule. 7. ONAGRA. Stigma capitate. Calyx-tube with a lobed disk at the throat. 8. EULOBUS. Calyx-tube naked at the throat. 9. SPHAEROSTIGMA. Capsule 2-celled ; flowers minute. 10. GAYOPHYTUM. 1. JUSSIAEA L. Perennial herbs with alternate, usually entire leaves, and white or yellow axillary solitary flowers. Peduncles mostly 2-bracted at the summit. Calyx-tube elongated, cylindric or prismatic, adnate to the ovary but not pro- longed beyond it, the limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes acute, per- sistent. Petals 4—6, rarely more, inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens 8-12 in 2 rows, inserted with the petals ; filaments short. Ovary 4-6-celled ; stigma 4-6-lobed ; ovules many. Capsule linear, oblong or club-shaped, angular or ribbed, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. 1. J. Californica (Wats.) Jepson. Perennial; stems stout, 3-12 dm. long, floating or nearly prostrate on mud; leaves obo- Evening-primrose Family 263 vate to obovate-oblong, or on the floating stems sometimes lance- olate, obtuse or acute, 2.5-6 cm. long, on petioles 1-2.5 mm. long; stipules gland-like or somewhat scale-like; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, deep yellow ; the petals obtuse; fruit 2.5 cm. long, spongy, indehiscent; pedicel 1 cm. long or more. (/. repens Californica. Wats. ; Ludwigia diffusa Californica Greene.) In stagnant water or muddy bottoms, in marshes toward the coast. Cienega ;Mesmer; Alamitos. 2. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl. Perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants ,, spreading by subterranean shoots. Leaves opposite, except those of the floral branches. Flowers racemose along the leafy branches, large, scarlet. . Calyx-tube globose, inflated just above the ovary, then becoming funnelform, 4-lobed, bearing 8 small scales within at the upper end of the short proper tube, 4 erect and 4 reflexed. Petals 4, little exceeding the calyx-lobes, obcordate or deeply cleft. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate with the petals, inserted lower down and appearing shorter ; anthers linear-oblong, attached by the middle. Style long, exserted ; stigma peltate or capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule slender fusiform, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved, many- seeded. Seeds small, comose. 1. Z. Californica microphylla Gray. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. high, somewhat woody at base; herbage canescent with dense firm tomentum; leaves many, fascicled, narrowly linear, some- what mucronate ; flowers usually somewhat fascicled, 1-2 ter- minating the branchlets; calyx narrowly funnelform, 3 cm. long, its lobes lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; petals slightly ex- ceeding the calyx-lobes, rather deeply 2-lobed, narrowed toward the base, the lobes rounded at apex ; stamens about equaling the petals. Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet. 2. Z. Californica latifolia Hook. Stems herbaceous, 3-6 dm. high; herbage somewhat canescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly smooth. This subspecies is common in the coniferous belt of the San Bernardino Mountains. 264 Onagraceae 3. EPILOBIUM L. WILLOW-HERB. Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx-tube linear, produced beyond the ovary, the limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, mostly obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8, anthers oblong or linear, short. Ovary 4-celled ; united styles slender or filiform ; stigma club-shaped or 4-lobed. Capsule elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent by 4 valves. Seeds small, numerous, with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the summit. 1. E. paniculatum Nutt. Stems erect at base, slender, terete, loosely dichotomously branched, glabrate at base, somewhat glandular-pubescent above or nearly smooth, 3-8 dm. high; leaves chiefly fascicled and alternate, lanceolate or linear-lance- olate, acute, sparingly denticulate, tapering to a slender winged petiole, 3-5 cm. long, becoming smaller and bract-like above; flowers scattered toward the ends of the branches ; petals about £ mm. long, violet; capsules fusiform, falcate, about 2 cm. long; seeds about 1 mm. broad, 2 mm. long, papillate. Frequent in dry ground in the foothills and mountains. June-August. 2. E. holosericeum Trelease. Stems slightly woody, loosely branching, 5-8 dm. high, at least the upper leaves and branches canescent with subappressed hairs; leaves 5 cm. long, oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, undulately low-serrulate, narrowed, or abruptly contracted and then cuneately narrowed into short petioles; flowers in long succession along the elon- gated branches, pale, barely 5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels about 1 cm. long; seeds short-beaked, very finely papillate, 0.4 mm. broad, 1 mm. long. Frequent in low ground in all our valleys. 3. E. Californicum Haussk. Rather slender, 5-10 dm. high, somewhat branched above, glabrous below, the inflorescence and buds whitish with rather long coarse ascending hairs ; leaves often 7-10 cm. long, lanceolate, subcordate, acute, remotely ser- rulate, rounded or acutely tapering to short petioles, soon gla- brous; petals 3-5 mm. long, rose-colored; fruiting peduncles Evening-primrose Family 265 slender, sometimes nearly equaling the leaves; capsules some- what pubescent, at length nearly glabrous, about 5 cm. long \ seeds faintly papillate, 0.4 mm. broad, 0.9 mm. long. In marshes near the coast. Cienega, Davidson; Alamitos. May-July. 4. E. Parishii Trelease. Rather stout and intricately branched even from the base, 5-8 dm. high, glabrous below, the inflores- cence and capsules very sparingly, the young buds densely white- tomentose; leaves 25-75 mm. long, lanceolate, very obtuse or the reduced uppermost acutish, somewhat unequally or abruptly nar- rowed to slender more or less elongated petioles, rather thin and glabrous; flowers at length numerous, rose-colored; fruiting peduncles about 15 mm. long; seeds short-beaked, 0.4 mm. broad, 1-1. 25 mm. long. Common in damp land in the valleys and along streams below 4000 feet. 4. BOISDUVALIA. Annual erect or decumbent rather rigid herbs, with numerous alternate sessile leaves, and small purple flowers in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx-tube funnelform above the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes erect in flower. Petals 4, obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 87 all perfect, unequal ; filaments slender, naked at base ; anthers oblong, fixed near the base. Ovary 4-celled, several-ovuled ; stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate. Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete, acute, dehiscent at the base. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, naked and smooth. 1. B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. Usually much-branched, the branches decumbent or ascending, bluish green, densely soft- villous to glabrous; leaves about 12 mm. long or more, ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrulate, the upper similar; flowers in a ter- minal cluster and a few shorter lateral spikes, also occasionally in the lower axils, shorter than the subtending leaves; petals about 2 mm. long, violet; capsules rather slender, nearly straight, usually acute, about 7 mm. long, subterete, with 4 broad nerves or laterally somewhat 2-keeled, loculicidal ; seeds about 6 in each cell, subfusiform. about 0.35 mm. broad, 1 mm. long. Low ground. Santa Monica; Mesmer; San Diego. July-October. 266 Onagraceae 5. CLARKIA Pursh. Erect sparingly branched annuals with alternate petiolate leaves, and racemose or spicate flowers nodding in the bud. Calyx-tube more or less prolonged above the ovary, deciduous. Petals 4, clawed, often lobed or cleft. Stamens normally 8, those opposite the petals often sterile, rudimentary or wanting ; anthers oblong or linear, fixed by the base. Ovary 4-celled ; style elon- gated ; stigma 4-lobed, the lobes spreading. Capsule linear, alternate above, coriaceous, straight or somewhat curved, 4-angled, 4-valved to the middle. Seeds angled or margined. 1. C. elegans Dougl. Glabrous or somewhat puberulent, glaucous, 3-15 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched, rather stout and rigid ; leaves broadly ovate to linear, repand-dentate ; petals entire, the rhomboidal limb about equaling the linear claw; filaments all perfect, with a densely hairy scale on each side at base ; capsule 1-2 cm. long, stout, sessile, 4-angled, some- what curved, often hairy. Frequent in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast, extending south to San Luis Rey River. 2. C. rhomboidia Dougl. Puberulent or glabrous, 3-10 dm. high, rather slender, branching above; leaves thin, entire, ob- long-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long; blade of petal rhomboidal, the claw short, broad, often toothed ; stamens all perfect, the filaments with hairy white scales at base ; capsules pedicellate, 16-24 mm. long, 4-angled, glabrous, curved near the base. Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains. 6. GODETIA Spach. Erect simple or branching annuals, with alternate entire or denticulate leaves, and mostly purple flowers, showy in leafy spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube obconic or short-funnelform, deciduous. Petals 4, broad, sessile, entire, emarginate or cleft. Stamens 8, unequal, the fila- Evening-primrose Family 267 ments opposite the petals shortest ; anthers perfect, elongated, basifixed, erect or arcuate-recurved. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled ; style short ; stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided, coriaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, obliquely angled, the upper part tuberculate-margined. * Flowers erect in the bud. 1. G. quadrivulnera Spach. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate; calyx-tube obconic, 4-6 mm. long; petals purplish, often with a dark spot at summit, 6-12 mm. long ; stigma-lobes purple, short; capsule 12-18 mm. long, attenuate at apex, bicostate at the alternate angles, puberulent or somewhat vil- lous. Common on dry hillsides and open places in the chaparral belt. 2. G. viminea Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals purple, 2-3 cm. long; stamens short, nearly equal ; stigma-lobes purple, linear-oblong ; capsule 2-3 cm. long, somewhat bicostate on the sides, pubescent. Occasional in open grassy places in the foothills. ** Flowers drooping in the bud. 3. G. Bottae Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nascent parts puberulent, otherwise glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, denticulate ; flowers abruptly reflexed in the bud; well developed bud about 2 cm. long, acutish ; petals pink, often paler below and specked with purple, mostly 2.5-3 cm. long, cuneate, tapering from the truncate apex to the sessile base; stigma-lobes broadly obovate, usually purple; capsule linear, about 4 mm. long, not at all costate, its beak short and nearly as broad, cinereous with a short appressed pubescence. Common in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the foothills about Los Angeles. G. pulcherrima Greene is apparently the same, Dr. Greene having evidently confused this species with the next. 4. G. Dudleyana. Stems erect, simple below, more or less branched above, 3-6 dm. high ; herbage puberulent throughout with rather short curved hairs; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire 268 Onagraceae or rarely faintly and remotely repand-denticulate ; flower- buds drooping, elliptic-ovate, tapering above to a rather long acuminate tip, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-tube 1.5-2 mm. long; petals obovate, truncate at the apex, abruptly tapering near the base to a short (2 mm. long) and narrow claw, 15-20 mm. long, pink, often with purple specks below the middle; stamens slightly unequal, the longest 12 mm. long, anthers yellow; style filiform, glabrous, 12-14 mm. long; stigma-lobes oblong, 1.5 mm. long, yellow; cap- sule linear, abruptly tapering at base to a short pedicel, and at the ape* to a slender beak, about 2.5 cm. long, each cell laterally bicostate. Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. The type is the author's number 2635, collected in the Little Santa Anita Canyon at 2500 feet altitude. This species has been confused with G. Bottae, but it is much nearer G. hispidula Wats. 5. G. epilobioides (Nutt.) Wats. Stems slender, somewhat branched above, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals cream-colored or rarely faintly tinged with rose, 8-10 mm. long, rounded at apex or somewhat acutish ; stigma-lobes short ; cap- sule 15-25 mm. long, acuminate at apex, attenuate at base to a short base or nearly sessile, not costate. Common in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast. First col- lected by Nuttall at San Diego. 7. ONAGB.A Adans. Annual or biennial caulescent herbs with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate or toothed, ses- sile or somewhat petioled. Flowers yellow, nocturnal, in terminal spikes. Calyx-tube elongated, terete, gradu- ally enlarged at the throat ; the segments narrow, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens many, equal in length ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled ; styles united, filiform ; stigma 4-cleft ; ovules numerous, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, more or less tapering, locu- licidally dehiscent. Seeds more or less prismatic-angled. Evening-primrose Family 269 1. O. Hookeri (T. & G.) Small. Biennial; stem reddish, stout, angular, 1-2 m. high, herbage canescently pubescent and somewhat villous; leaves lanceolate, sessile, acute, obscurely denticulate, calyx-tube 3 cm. long; the segments nearly as long; petals about 4 cm. long, obcordate, pale yellow, turning to rose color; stigma-lobes yellow, spreading; capsule 2 cm. long, ses- sile, canescent with a fine close pubescence; seeds brown, 1 mm. long, faintly striate, not wing-angled. (CEnothera biennis hirsu- tissima Gray.) Frequent in moist ground, usually along streams, both in the valleys and mountains. May-August. 8. EULOBUS Nutt. A smooth erect annual with alternate leaves and middle-sized flowers ; sessile along the virgate branches. Calyx-tube scarcely at all produced beyond the ovary, the limb 4-parted, reflexed. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, sessile, pale yellow turning reddish. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong, attached near the middle. Ovary 4-celled ; stigma capitate. Capsule linear, elongated, 4-angled, 4-valved, imperfectly 4-celled, reflexed. Seeds numerous, ovate-oblong, naked. 1. E. Californicus Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high, rather stout, simple or with a few spreading virgate branches ; leaves linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, sinuately pinnatifid, with numerous unequal divaricate acute teeth; calyx-tube prolonged less than 1 mm. above the ovary; petals 8-10 mm. long, pale yellow or nearly white; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds 3-angled. Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. 9. SPHAEBOSTIGMA F. & M. Annual or perennial herbs with erect branching or spreading stems, the bark often exfoliating and shiny. Leaves alternate, entire or dentate, petioled or sessile. Flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal spikes, usu- ally yellow, rarely white or rose color, often with a brownish spot at the base, turning green or reddish in 270 Onagraceae age. Stamens 8 ; anthers versatile, oblong. Style fili- form ; stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, usually linear, 4-angled, often contorted, membranous, sessile, dehiscent loculicidally. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. * Flowers yellow, axillary. •*- Capsule more or less contorted. •"Flowers more than 1 cm. broad. 1. S. viridescens (Lehm.) Walp. Silvery-canescent, with a short and dense appressed pubescence; branches prostrate or ascending, 3-8 dm. long, somewhat woody ; leaves rather thick, spatulate-oblong or linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, sessile, usually entire, 2 cm. long or more; petals 12-16 mm. long, turning green- ish in age ; anthers linear-oblong, fixed below the middle ; cap- sule short-pubescent. (CEnothera viridescens Lehm.; (E. chei- ranthifolia sujfruticosa Wats.) Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering nearly through- out the year. 2. S. spirale (Lehm.) Walp. Stems herbaceous, prostrate or ascending, 3-6 dm. long; leaves rather thick, spatulate to ovate- cordate, the lowest short-petioled, entire or dentate, more or less hirsute; calyx-pubescent; petals 8-12 mm. long, turning red or tawny in age ; anthers linear-oblong, fixed in the middle ; cap- sule acutely 4-angled, hirsute. (CE. cheiranthifolia of Bot. Cal.) With the last but less common. 3. S. bistorta (Nutt.) Walp. Stems prostrate or ascending, 2-5 dm. long; leaves thinner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the upper mostly sessile and rounded or cordate at base, all denticu- late or dentate; calyx hirsute; petals 8-14 mm. long; capsule 8-18 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or more; beak very short. (CE. bistorta Nutt.) Very common in sand-washes about San Diego, where it was first col- lected by Nuttall; extending north to Santa Barbara. 4. S. Veitchianum (Hook.) Small. Stems decumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long ; leaves linear-oblong, lanceolate or ovate, more or less hirsute; calyx hirsute; petals 10-15 mm. long; cap- sule 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, attenuate into a long beak. (CE. bistorta Veitchiana Hook.) Very common in all our valleys in sandy soil. Evening-primrose Family 271 **** Flowers less than 1 cm. broad. 5. S. hirtellum (Greene) Small. Stems stoutish, erect, sim- ple or with a few ascending branches from the base, 15-30 cm. high, the herbage purplish, short-hirsute ; radical leaves oblanceo- late, denticulate ; stem leaves ovate, sessile, coarsely toothed and more or less undulate-crisped ; petals 4 mm. long or more ; capsule hirsute, narrow, attenuate upwards, once or twice coiled. (OS. hirtella Greene.) Frequent in the foothills and mountains. 6. S. micranthum (Hornem.) Walp. Stems prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long; leaves all narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong, hirsute, 3-5 cm. long, dentate, acutish, some- what undulate; petals 2-4 mm. long, often emarginate; capsule 4-angled, contorted, sparsely hirsute. (CE. micrantha Hornem.) Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore, but not strictly maritime as reported by some, for it is also frequent in sandy soil in all our valleys. •«- •*- Capsule not contorted. 7. S. contortum (Dougl.) Walp. Slender, erect-spreading, 15-45 cm. high, somewhat pubescent with short appressed or incurved white hairs ; leaves about 12 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, acutish, denticulate; subsessile; petals 3 mm. long, turning deep red ; anthers roundish, basifixed ; capsule about 2 cm. long, sessile, straight or arcuate, scarcely attenuate at apex. (CE. strigulosa T. & G.) Common in sandy soil in the valleys and foothills toward the coast. 8. S. contortum Greenei Small. Stems erect, usually simple below, more or less hirsute pubescent and somewhat viscid, other- wise as the type. (CE. strigulosa epilobioides Greene.) The common form in the interior valleys and foothills. 9. S. campestre (Greene) Small. Branched from the base, 15-30 cm. high and as broad, more or less hirsute-pubescent throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, dentate; petals 8-10 mm. long, turning brick-red; anthers linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, fixed toward the middle and versatile; pods more than 2.5 cm. long, narrowly linear, slightly incurved with a slen- der beak. (CE. dentata Wats, not Cav.) Hills and mountains of San Bernardino County; common in the San Joaquin Valley. 272 Onagraceae 10. S. campestre Parishii. Much resembling the type in habit; cinereous throughout with a short appressed pubescence, not at all hirsute; petals about 8 mm. long; pods very slender, often much contorted. Plains about San Bernardino, Parish. The type of this apparently good subspecies was collected by Parish near San Bernardino in May, 1900, and is in the author's herbarium. ** Flowers white or rose color, in loose spikes. 11. S. alyssoides (H. & A.) Small. Erect or with few ascending branches from the base, 1-3 dm. high, canescently puberulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowed into a slender petiole, repand-denticulate or entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; spike elongated, many-flowered; petals rose-purple, 4-8 mm. long, capsule 2-5 cm. long, slender, attenuate above, con- torted ; seeds ash color, minutely pitted. ( CE. alyssoides H. & A . ) 10. GAYOPHYTUM Juss. Erect very slender diffusely branching annuals, with alternate linear entire leaves and axillary white or purplish flowers. Calyx-tube not prolonged above the ovary, the 4-parted deciduous limb reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8, the alternate ones usually minute and sterile ; filaments filiform ; anthers subglobose, fixed near the middle. Ovary oblong or linear, compressed, 2-celled ; stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule membranous, cla- vate, 4-valved. Seeds few-many, in 1 row in each cell, smooth, naked, mostly oblong. 1. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Stem intricately dichotomous with filiform branches 15-60 dm. high, glabrous below, appressed canescent above or rarely with spreadingliairs throughout ; leaves mostly narrow, usually appressed against the branches; petals nearly white, turning rose color, 1-2 mm. long; stigma about 0.4 mm. in diameter; capsule about 1 mm. thick, oblong to subcla- vate, often torulose, erect or refracted on filiform pedicels ; seeds nearly erect in a single series, papillate, 0.5 mm. broad, 1.3 mm. long. Common in the pine belt in all our mountains. Haloragidaceae 273 G. PUMILUM Wats. A lower, less branched species with nearly sessile capsules; seeds very oblique in the cells, smooth. Not known -within our limits, but occurs in Bear Valley and similar places in the San Bernardino Mountains. Family 65. HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or verticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect or monoe- cious or dioecious, axillary in interrupted spikes, solitary or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small, 2-4 or none. Sta- mens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong or short cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet or drupe, com- pressed, angular, ribbed or winged, indehiscent, of 2-4 1-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons minute. Ovary 1-celled. 1. HIPPURIS. Ovary 4-celled. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. 1. HIPPURIS L. Aquatic herbs writh simple erect stems and verticillate entire leaves. Flowers small, axillary, perfect or some- times neutral or pistillate. Limb of the calyx minute, entire. Petals none. Stamens 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Style filiform, stigmatic its whole length, lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe. 1. H. vulgaris L. Stem slender, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1-20 mm. long, in crowded verticils of 6-12; stamens with a short thick filament and com- paratively large 2-celled anthers, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds ovoid ; stigma persistent. Not known within our limits, but occurring in the San Bernardino Moun- tains. 274 Araliaceae 2. MYBIOPHYLLUM L. Aquatic herbs with verticillate or alternate leaves, the emersed ones entire, dentate or pectinate, the submerged ones pinnatifid into capillary segments. Flowers axil- lary, often interrupted-spicate, commonly monoecious, 2-bracted. The upper flowers generally staminate with very short calyx-tube, the limb of this 2-4-lobed or wanting; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Intermediate flowers often perfect. The lower pistillate, the calyx more or less deeply 4-grooved, with or without minute lobes ; ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous ; styles 4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity into 4 bony, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. 1. M. spicatum L. Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's, dissected into capillary divisions ; floral leaves ovate, entire or serrate, usually shorter than the flowers or sometimes none ; spike 2.5-7.5 cm. long; petals 4, deciduous; stamens 8; fruit about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. thick ; carpels rounded on the back, with a deep groove between them, smooth or rarely slightly rugose. Occasional in deep pools or lakes in all our mountains. Family 66. ARALIACEAE. GINGSENG FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate rarely opposite leaves, and perfect or polygamous, vari- ously clustered flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb truncate or toothed. Petals usually 5, valvate or slightly imbricate, sometimes cohering together, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, rarely none, inserted on the epigynous disk ; filaments filiform or short ; anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled ; styles as many ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds flattened or somewhat 3-angled ; the testa thin ; endosperm copious ; embryo small. Umbelliferae 275 1. ABALIA L. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate digitate or compound leaves, and small flowers in a mostly simple umbel, these either solitary, racemed or panicled. Pedi- cels jointed. Bracts small. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles free or united at base, becoming divaricate ; stigmas ter- minal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3-5-angled, fleshy externally ; endocarp chartaceous. 1. A. Californica Wats. (CALIFORNIA SPIKENARD.) Herba- ceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, stout, 2-4 m. high, from a large thick root ; leaves bipinnate or the upper pinnate, with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, these cordate-ovate, 10-20 cm. long or more, shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth ; uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate : umbels in loose, ter- minal and axillary, compound or simple racemose panicles which are 3-6 dm. long, more or less glandular-tomentose ; rays numer- ous, 8-12 mm. long ; involucres of several linear bractlets ; flowers 3-4 mm. long; disk and stylopodium obsolete; styles united to the middle; fruit about 4 mm. long, reddish, becoming nearly black. Frequent in canyons above 2000 feet. May-July. Family 67. UMBELLIFERAE. CARROT FAMILY. Herbs with alternate decompound, compound or some- times simple leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base, the stems usually hollow. Stipules none or rarely present and minute. Flowers small in compound or simple umbels or rarely in heads, often polygamous. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involu- cellate. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, its mar- gin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the mar- gin of the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip. Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk ; filaments filiform ; 276 Umbelliferae anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, distinct, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatrop- ous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels, separating at maturity along the plane of their contiguous faces (com- missure); either flattened laterally (at right angles to the commissure), or dorsally (parallel with the, commis- sure), or nearly terete. Carpels after parting supported on a slender axis (carpophore), more or less ribbed or winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usu- ally containing oil-tubes between the ribs and on the commissural side. Seeds usually adnate to the pericarp, their inner faces flat or concave ; -endosperm cartilagi- nous ; embryo small. Flowers in dense, usually rather spiny heads. 4. ERYNGIUM. Flowers umbellate. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 3. SANICULA. Fruit with bristles only on the ribs. Bristles barbed at tip. 22. DAUCUS. Bristles short, neither hooked nor barbed. 5. WASHINGTONIA. Bristles hooked. 6. CAUCALIS. Fruit not bristly. Oil-tubes obsolete or obscure. Leaves decompound. 8. CONIUM. Leaves simple. Fruit strongly flattened laterally. 1. HYDKOCOTYLE. Fruit hot strongly flattened laterally. 2. BOWLESIA. Oil-tubes distinct. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally. Flowers white. Caulescent. 18. SPHENOSCIADIUM. Accaulescent or nearly so. 19. LOMATIUM. Flowers yellow. Plants leafy-stemmed. 21. PASTINACA. Plants with mostly basal leaves. Leaflets large, sharply toothed. 20. EUBYPTERA. Leaflets narrow or small, not sharply toothed. 19. LOMATIUM. Fruit not strongly flattened dorsally, usually flattened laterally. Oil- tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopodium conical. Flowers yellow. 17. FOENICULUM Flowers white. Leaflets, at least the upper, linear or filiform. 13. CARUM. Leaflets broader. 12. CICUTA. Carrot Family 277 Stylopodium flat or wanting. Ribs thick and corky. Dorsal ribs filiform. 16. OENANTHE. All the ribs prominent and corky. 11. APIUM. Ribs obscure or obsolete. 7. APIASTRUM. Oil-tubes more than 1 in the intervals. Stylopodium conic. 15. BERDLA. Stylopodium flat or wanting. Seed-face involute, inclosing a central cavity. 10. DRUDEOPHYTUM. Seed face deeply sulcate. 9. DEWEYA. Seed-face plane. 14. SIUM. 1. HYDROCOTYLE L. PENNEYWORT. Low herbaceous perennials growing in or near water, with slender creeping stems, orbicular peltate or reni- form leaves, and small white flowers in simple or prolif- erous umbels, without involucres. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular, strongly flat- tened laterally. Carpel with 5 primary ribs, broad or filiform. Oil-tubes wanting or obscure. 1. H. umbellata L. Descending branches of the rootstocks with round tubers; leaves orbicular-peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles; umbels many-flowered, simple, rarely slightly proliferous; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; fruit with a thin pericarp except at the broad thick corky dorsal and lateral ribs, strongly notched, 2 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, with dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse. Frequent on borders of marshes and streams. Apparently more common in the interior valleys. 2. H. ranunculoides L. Floating or creeping in mud ; leaves round-reniforin, 3-7-cleft, with crenate lobes; peduncles much shorter than the petioles, reflexed in fruit ; umbel capitate, 5-10- flowered; fruit corky, thickened throughout, ribs all filiform, rather obscure. • Common in pools or slow-running streams, especially toward the coast; extending south at least as far as San Diego. 2. BOWLESIA Pv. & P. Slender branching annuals with stellate pubescence, opposite simple lobed leaves, scarious lacerate stipules, 278 Umbelliferae and simple few-flowered umbels of white flowers on axil- lary peduncles. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit broadly ovate with narrow commissure and stellate pubescence. Carpels turgid, becoming depressed on the back, with neither ribs nor oil-tubes ; the whole dorsal region inflated, the seed-cavity being on the commissural side of the carpel. Seed flattened dorsally, the face and back plane or convex. 1. B. septentrionalis C. & R. Stems weak, 0.5-6 dm. long, dichotomously branching; leaves thin, cordate to reniform, 1.5-3 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or toothed, on long slender petioles; umbels 1-4-flowered, on short peduncles; fruit about 2 mm. long, sessile or nearly so. (B. lobata of recent authors, not of R. & P.) Common throughout our range in the valleys and foothills, usually grow- ing on shaded slopes. 3. SANICULA L. Smooth perennial herbs with almost naked or few- leaved stems, palmate or sometimes pinnate leaves with more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes, involucre and involucels, and greenish yellow or purple flowers in irreg- ularly compound few-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth some- what foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose, densely covered with hooked bristles or tuberculate. Carpels without ribs. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes mostly large, 5 (3 dorsal and 2 commissural) or in ours 3-many and irregularly distributed. Seed-face plane to deeply concave or sulcate. • * Leaves palmately divided. 1. S. Menziesii H. & A. Stem solitary, erect, 3-10 dm. high, branching; leaves round-cordate, 5-10 cm. broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed, the broad segments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth bristle- tipped ; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed; rachis scarcely winged; umbel with 3-4 Carrot Family 279 slender rays ; involucre of 2-3 small leaf-like bracts ; involucels of 6-8 small entire bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones short-pedicelled ; fruit sessile but distinctly stipitate, obovate, 2-4 mm. long, covered with strong bristles; seed-face sulcate. Frequent in the foothills in moist woods. 2. S. arguta Greene. Stems more or less branching, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, from a thickened rootstock ; leaves palmately 5-parted, the middle division elongated and distinct, all the divisions more or less palmately lobed and toothed, decurrent upon the rachis, forming a broad toothed wing, teeth spinosely pointed ; umbel 3-5-rayed; involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucels of linear to linear-lanceolate spinosely pointed bractlets ; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 3-4 mm. long; fruit obovate, tapering into a stipitate base, somewhat naked below, more bristly above, 6 mm. long. Frequent on grassy hillsides and mesas, extending from Santa Barbara to San Diego. 3. S. laciniata H. & A. Usually slender, branching from the base, 1-6 dm. high; leaves broadly ovate-orbicular in outline, from slightly 3-lobed to deeply 3-parted, the divisions from toothed to laciniately cut, with bristle-tipped teeth; umbel 3-5-rayed; involucre of leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small apiculate bract- lets ; flowers yellow; fruit orbicular, not at all stipitate, 3 mm. long. Rather common on hillsides and in open places in the chaparral belt. 4. S. Nevadensis Wats. Low, with very short stems, the numerous stoutish peduncles arising from near the base, 2 dm. high or less; leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed, the segments lobed or toothed; umbels with 3-10 rays; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small, oblong, acute, more or less united bractlets; fruiting rays 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 2-3 mm. long; fruit bristly all over, 3 mm. long; seed-face concave. Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and pine belt. Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mountains ; San Bernardino Mountains. * Leaves pinnately divided. 5. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems 3 dm. or more high, from a thickened rootstock, with usually a cluster of leaves at the base, and 1-3 leaves above; leaves pinnately 3-7-parted, the divisions 280 Umbelliferae incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the rachis, and forming a toothed wing ; teeth acute or slightly pointed ; umbel with 3-4 elongated rays ; involucre of leaf-like bracts ; involucels of small narrow acute bractlets ; flowers purple, in dense heads, the sterile ones pedicelled; fruit bristly all over, 3 mm. long; seed-face broadly concave with a prominent central longitudinal ridge. Occasional on grassy hillsides. 6. S. bipinnata H. & A. Slender, 2-4 dm. high, from a slender fusiform root ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with divisions not at all decurrent on the rachis, cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely and mucronately toothed; umbel 3-4-rayed; involucre of leaf- like bracts; involucels of a few small bractlets more or less united; flowers yellow; fruit 3 mm. long, with strong tubercles tipped with short hooked bristles ; seed-face deeply sulcate, some- times inclosing a central cavity, with a central longitudinal ridge. Los Angeles River, San Fernando Valley; Oak Knoll, Pasadena 7. S. tuberosa Torr. Stems 1-6 dm. high from a small globose tuber; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, usually very finely divided, ultimate segments very small ; umbel 1-4-rayed ; bracts leaf-like ; bractlets unequal, united; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on long pedicels; fruit broader than long, rather strongly flattened later- ally for the genus, 2 mm. long, tuberculate and not at all bristly ; seeds somewhat laterally flattened, with plane face. Occasional in open places in the foothills. 4. EBYNGIUM L. Glabrous perennials, with often rigid coriaceous spi- nosely toothed or divided leaves, and white or blue flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads. The outer bracts form the involucre, the inner bractlets intermixed with the flowers represent the involucels. Sepals prominent, rigid, persistent. Fruit ovoid, flattened laterally, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles. Carpels with ribs obsolete. Stylopodium wanting ; styles short or long, often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly 5, 3 dorsal and 2 commis- sural. Seed-face plane. 1. E. Parishii C. & R. Stems slender, much branched, erect or spreading, 1-4 dm. long; basal leaves simple or pinnate, the Carrot Family 281 blades or segments laciniate-toothed or cleft, tapering into a long more or less spinosely toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning near the base, diffusely branching; the heads on very short ped- uncles, nearly globose, about 6 mm. long; bracts very narrow, rigid, 12-18 mm. long, with a few spinose bristles at the base, not at all scarious-margined; bractlets about the size of the bracts, short, scarious-margined below, broadening upward to a short lobe on each side, the margined base inclosing the fruit and fall- ing with it; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, 1.5 mm. long, tapering to a cuspidate bristly tip; styles longer than the sepals. In low heavy ground toward the coast. First collected by Parish near Oceanside. 5. WASHINGTONIA Raf. Glabrous or hirsute perennials from thick aromatic roots, with ternately decompound leaves and white or purple flowers in few-fruited umbels. Calyx-teeth obso- lete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, more or less attenu- ate at base, acute or beaked at apex, glabrous or bristly on the ribs. Carpels slightly or not at all flattened dorsally. Stylopodium conic, sometimes depressed. Oil- tubes obsolete in mature fruit, often numerous in young fruit. Seed-face from slightly concave to deeply sulcate. 1. W. brachypoda (Torr.) Heller. Stems rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, pubescent or sometimes glabrous; leaves ternately compound; leaflets 2-3 cm. long, acute, laciniately lobed or toothed; umbel 1-6-rayed; involucre and involucels of linear bracts, the latter equaling or exceeding the flowers ; rays, 3.5-10 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; fruit 12-16 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, short-attenuate at base, rough-bristly on the very prom- inent ribs; stylopodium and style 3 mm. long; the former broad and somewhat depressed ; seed-face very concave, nearly inclosing a central cavity. (Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr.) Occasional in all our mountains on shady slopes. 6. CAUCALIS L. Mostly hispid annuals with pinnately dissected leaves and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally. Carpel with 5 filiform 282 Umbelliferae bristly primary ribs and 4 prominent winged secondary ones, with barbed or hooked bristles. Stylopodium thick, conic. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals under the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face deeply sulcate. 1. C. microcarpa H. & A. Erect slender, 1-3 dm. high, more or less hispid ; leaves much dissected, the segments small ; um- bels at the ends of the stem and branches, very unequally 3-6- rayed ; involucre of foliaceous divided bracts ; involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets ; rays slender, 7.5 cm. long or less ; pedicels very unequal ; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, armed with rows of hooked prickles ; the primary lateral ribs near margin of commissural face. Frequent in sandy or stony places in the valleys and mountains below the pine belt. 2. C. nodosa Hudson. Stems erect with few branches, re- trorsely scabrous ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets bipinnately dissected ; umbels scattered along the stems opposite the leaves on very short peduncles, simple or with supplementary short proliferous umbel; fruit 1-4 mm. long, the outside of the umbel with the exterior carpel densely covered with hooked bristles, the inner carpel as well as the inner fruits smooth or with tubercles. Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie. 7. APIASTRTJM Nutt. Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves having filiform or linear segments, and small white flowers in naked unequally few-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or cordate, with obscure or obsolete ribs, more or less tuberculate. Carpel with thin pericarp. Stylopodium minute, de- pressed ; styles short. Oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals and beneath the ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face narrowly concave or sulcate. 1. A. angustifolium Nutt. Slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, usually much branched ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, biternately or triternately divided, with linear or nearly filiform segments; umbels sessile; Carrot Family 283 rays from 2.5 cm. long to wanting; pedicels 12 mm. long or want- ing; fruit with narrow commissure, cordate in outline, 1 mm. long. Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys. 8. CONIUM L. POISON HEMLOCK. Tall biennial glabrous herbs with spotted stems, pin- nately decompound leaves, and small white flowers in compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involu- cels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened later- ally. Carpels strongly many-ribbed. Large oil-tubes none, but with a layer of oil-secreting tissue next the deeply concave seed. 1. C. maculatum L. Erect, much branched, 6-15 dm. high; lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, all pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ulti- mate segments dentate or incised ; petioles dilated and sheathing at the base; umbels 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; rays slender, 2.5-4 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; fruit 3 mm. long, its ribs very prominent when dry. Occasional in waste places, especially in damp ground. 9. DEWEYA T. & G. Caulescent plants with simply pinnate leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong, flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel with 5 prominent very acute ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore divided. Oil-tubes several in the intervals and on the commissural side. Seeds nearly terete, the face deeply sulcate. 1. D. arguta T. & G. Glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, rarely acau- lescent ; leaves simply pinnate; petioles of the lowest pair, of leaflets sometimes prominent, giving a divaricate appearance; leaflets 5-7, ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the lowest often subcordate, finely and sharply mucronate-serrate, the terminal and the lowest 284 Umbelliferae often 3-lobed ; umbel 12-16-rayed ; rays 5-9 cm. long; pedicels short, 3-10 mm. long; fruit oblong, smooth, 8 mm. long; oil- tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side. ( Velaea arguta C. & R.) Frequent in dry open ground in the chaparral belt. 10. DBUDEOPHYTUM C. & R. Caulescent or acaulescent plants with usually ter- nately compound leaves and yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth evident or wanting. Fruit orbicular, flattened laterally, glabrous or pubescent. Carpel with 5 slender filiform ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore variable, oil- tubes several in the intervals and on the commissual side. Seeds nearly terete, the inner face with a narrow and deep sulcus, which enlarges into a central cavity. 1. D. Parishii C. & R. Glabrous throughout, nearly acaules- cent, 3-4 dm. high; leaves thickish, ternate-pinnatifid, the seg- ments ovate, irregularly cuspidate-toothed and lobed; umbel 20-rayed, with no involucre; bractlets few, setaceous; rays 5-7.5 cm. long; pedicels about 4-7 mm. long; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit oblong, glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; carpophore 2-parted; oil- tubes 3-4 in the intervals, 4-5 on the commissural side. ( Valaea, Parishii C. & R.) Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains. 11. APIUM L. Annual or perennial glabrous herbs with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves and white or greenish yellow flowers in compound umbels. Calylx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or short-conic. Fruit ovate or broader than long, smooth or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled. Oil- tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis- sural side. Seed terete or nearly so. 1. A. graveolens L. Glabrous; stems erect, 3-9 dm. high, several-leafed; leaves pinnate, the basal and lower ones long- Carrot Family 285 petioled, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, thin, broadly ovate to oval, coarsely toothed and often incised, 1-3 cm. long; umbels opposite the leaves and terminal, 3-7-rayed; involucre and involucels small or none ; flowers minute, white, very short- pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely 1 mm. long, the ribs somewhat winged. Common in low marshy places. 12. CICUTA L. WATER-HEMLOCK. Smooth poisonous marsh perennials with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets and white flowers. Calyx-teeth rather.prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong to orbicular, glabrous. Carpel with strong flat- tish corky ribs, the lateral ribs largest without strength- ening cells. Stylopodium low, sometimes low-conic. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally flattened, with face plane to slightly concave. 1. C. occidentalis Greene. Stout, 9-18 dm. high; rootstock short, giving rise to slender roots above and a fascicle of thick and elongated ones below; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets from linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, sharply serrate and conspicuously reticulate beneath ; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, con- stricted at the commissure, the ribs apparently equal, but laterals largest in section, the intervals broad; oil-tubes large. Frequent in marshes toward the coast. 13. CABUM L. Smooth erect slender herbs with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots, pinnate leaves with few linear leaflets, and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent for the size of the fruit. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular to oblong, glabrous. Carpel with filiform or inconspicuous ril>s. Stylopodium conic. Oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened, more or less sulcate beneath the tubes, the face plane or slightly concave. 286 Umbelliferae 1. C. Gairdneri (H. & A.) Gray. Stem 3-12 dm. .high from fascicled tuberous or fusiform roots ; leaves few, usually simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear-filiform leaflets, 5-15 cm. long; umbels 6-15-rayed ; bracts several or none ; bractlets linear, acuminate ; rays 2.5-4 cm. long; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 1-2 mm. long, with small ovate calyx-teeth, low conic stylopodium and long slender styles ; seed terete. Occasional along borders of marshes. 2. C. Lemmoni C. & R. Resembling the last, but fruit oblong, tapering somewhat at base and apex, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, with conspicuous ribs, each of which contains a small group of strengthening cells ; calyx-teeth prominent, concealing the stylopodium ; styles long and slender. Occasional in marshes toward the coast. 14. SIUM L. Smooth perennials growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves, serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involu- cres and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous. Carpel with promi- nent corky nearly equal ribs. Stylopodium depressed ; styles short. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Seed sub- angular, with plane face. 1. S. cicutaefoliuxn Gmel. Stout, 6-8 dm. high; leaflets 3-8 pairs, linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acumi- nate, 5-13 cm. long, lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected; umbel many-rayed; rays 2.5-4 cm. long; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 2-6 on the commissural side. Oak Knoll, McUlatchie. 2. S. heterophyllum Greene. Stems stout, angular and flexu- ose, 1 m. high; lowest leaves with a single lamina which is rather broadly rhombic-lanceolate, serrate or laciniate-cleft, 5-20 cm. long; petiole stout, fistulose; the other leaves 3-lobed or divided and passing to the truly pinnate, with 2 pairs of broadly lanceolate, acute, serrate leaflets ; bracts broadly lanceolate, taper- ing at both ends ; fruit 3 mm. long, strongly ribbed. Near Pasadena, Davidson. Carrot Family 287 15. BEBULA Hoffm. Smooth aquatic perennial herbs with simple pinnate leaves, variously cut leaflets, and small white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous. Carpel nearly glo- bose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs, thick corky pericarp and no strengthening cells. Stylopodium conic. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, closely sur- rounding the seed-cavity. Seed terete. 1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 1.5-9 dm. high; leaflets 5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate; serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniate-lobed, sometimes crenate, 1-7.5 cm. long; umbels many- rayed ; rays 5 cm. long or less ; bracts usually conspicuous ; bract- lets narrow; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long. Occasional along watercourses. 16. OENANTHE L. Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems, pinnate or decompound leaves, and usually involucrate umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally if at all, gla- brous. Carpel semiterete in section, with broad obtuse corky ribs ; laterals the largest ; a band of strengthen- ing cells investing the seeds and oil-tubes. Stylopodium very short-conic, with elongated styles. Oil-tubes soli- tary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed sulcate beneath each oil-tube. 1. O. sarmentosa Californica (Wats.) C. & R. Succulent stems, 6-15 dm. high ; leaves ternate and biternate ; leaflets approximate, acute or acutish, toothed, often lobed at base, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbels many; bracts few, linear or none; bractlets similar, more numerous; rays 2.5 cm. long or less; pedicels numerous, short; fruit about 4 mm. long, with commissural face as well as ribs very corky. Frequent along slow-running streams. 288 Umbelliferae 17. FOENICULUM Adans. FENNEL. Erect biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pin- nate compound leaves, linear or capillary leaflets, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and in- volucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex. Stylopodium long, conic. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so. Car- pels half terete, dorsally flattened, prominently ribbed. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat or slightly concave. 1. F. Foeniculum (L.) Karst. Perennial, branched, 7-20 dm. high; leaves very finely dissected into capillary segments; petioles broad, clasping ; umbels large, 9-25-rayed ; rays glaucous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long, slender; fruit about 6 mm. long. (F. vulgare Gaertn.) In waste places and along streets. Native of Europe. 18. SPHENOSCIADIUM Gray. Nearly simple thick-rooted perennials, with stout stems glabrous up to the tomentose umbel, once or twice pinnate leaves with bladdery dilated petioles, and scari- ous white or purplish flowers sessile on an enlarged receptacle and forming a compact head. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, cuneate-obovate, hir- sute. Carpel strongly flattened at base, winged above, the dorsal and intermediate wings narrow, the lateral broader. Stylopodium small and conic or flat in flower. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis- sural side. Seed-face plane. 1. S. capitellatum Gray. Very stout, 3-14 dm. high; leaves large and glabrous; the leaflets oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, with rather few laciniate teeth or lobes, more or less entire below ; umbel equally 4-15-rayed, with globose umbellets of sessile pubescent flowers ; bractlets few, deciduous ; rays 2.5-5 cm. long; fruit cuneate-obovate, about 5 mm. long. Cienega, Davidson. Carrot Family 289 19. LOMATIUM Raf. Acquiescent or short caulescent dry-ground perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, ternate sometimes pin- nate to dissected leaves, no involucre, and yellow, white or purple flowers. Calyx-teeth usually obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, oblong to orbicular. Carpel with filiform and approximate dorsal and intermediate ribs, and winged laterals coherent until maturity with those of the other carpel ; pericarp thin with strengthen- ing cells beneath each rib. Stylopodium wanting. Oil- tubes 1-several in the intervals, rarely obsolete, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened with plane or rarely slightly concave face. (Peucedanum.) 1. L. utriculatum (Nutt.) C. & R. Caulescent or nearly aeau- lescent, ceespitose to 3 dm. high or more, from a more or less thickened root, puberulent or glabrous; petioles very broadly dilated; leaves ternately or pinnately decompound, with ulti- mate segments narrowly linear 12 mm. or less long; umbel unequally 5-20-rayed ; bracts much dilated, mostly obovate, often toothed ; rays 5 cm. long or less ; pedicels 4-10 mm. long ; flowers yellow; fruit broadly elliptic, glabrous, 4-10 mm. long, 2-7 mm. broad, with wings nearly as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes large, solitary in the intervals, 4-6 or sometimes 2-3 on the commissural side, very short accessory ones in the intervals ; seed-face somewhat concave. Frequent on the mesas and grassy foothills. 2. L. Vaseyi C. & R. Short, caulescent, 15-20 cm. high; slightly pubescent; petioles wholly inflated; leaves small, 2.5-5 cm. long, bipinnate, with the small ovate segments irregularly 3-5-lobed; umbel equally 2-5-rayed ; bractlets obovate, petiolu- late, toothed; rays 2.5cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, emarginate, glabrous, 12-14 mm. long, 8 mm. broad, with wings twice as broad as the body, and mostly prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side. Frequent in heavy soil on the mesas throughout our range. 290 Umbelliferae 3. Ij. dasycarpum (T. &G.) C. & R. Very short, caulescent or acaulescent, with several stout peduncles, 1.5-3 cm. long, from a common root, tomentose-pubescent ; leaves rather small, pin- nately decompound, with numerous short linear segments ; umbel somewhat equally 6-15-rayed ; bractlets linear to ovate, more or less tomentose; rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long; pedicels 6-10 mm. long; flowers white ; fruit nearly orbicular, coarsely pubescent, becom- ing almost glabrous, 8-14 mm. long, 7-12 mm. broad, with thin membranous wings, broader than the body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs ; oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals (an occasional secondary one in the lateral intervals) , 4 on the commis- sural side ; seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face. Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in the interior region. 20. EUBYPTEBA Nutt. Acaulescent or caulescent glabrous perennials, with elongated roots, branching only from the base, leaves once or twice compound, with usually broad sharply toothed leaflets. Flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, orbicular to shortly oblong. Carpel with filiform ribs, and with broadly winged laterals, these often distinct at base and becoming cordate or emarginate, cohering until maturity with those of the other carpel ; pericarp thin. Stylopodium wanting ; disk impressed. Oil-tubes 1-sev- eral in the intervals. Seed strongly dorsally flattened, with plane face. 1. E. lucida Nutt. Short, caulescent, glabrous, rather stout, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaves ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, some- what lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbel equally 8-15-rayed ; bractlets lanceolate ; rays 1-5 cm. long ; pedi- cels 12 mm. long; fruit nearly orbicular, emarginate at each end, glabrous, 10-14 mm. in diameter, with wings more than twice as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side. Occasional on dry ground in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. Carrot Family 291 2. E. Hassei C. & R. Caulescent, stout, 6 dm. high or more, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, from a long slender woody root; leaves biternate on very long petioles (sometimes 2.5 dm., including petiole) ; leaflets broadly ovate with cuneate base, irreg- ularly lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 2. 5-10 cm. long, becom- ing 6 cm. broad; umbel long-peduncled, equally 8-18-rayed; bractlets varying from rather short linear-setaceous to oblanceo- late, foliaceous, entire or toothed and much exceeding the pedi- cels; rays 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 12-16 mm. long; fruit as in the last. " Sierra Madre Canyon," ffasxe. We have seen no specimens that answer the description of this plant, but forms of the last found in the Santa Monica Mountains seem to approach it. No doubt it will be found to be only a robust form of the last species. 21. PASTINACA L. Tall erect mostly biennial branching herbs, with thick roots, pinnate leaves, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally ; dorsal and in- termediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, coherent with those of the other carpel and forming a broad mar- gin to the fruit. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, and 2-4 on the commissural side. Seed very flat. 1. P. sativa L. Usually biennial, glabrous or somewhat downy-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high; the root long conic, fleshy; lower and basal leaves petioled, pinnate, often 4.5 dm. long; leaf- lets rather thin, ovate or oval, obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised and sharply dentate, 2-6 mm. long; upper leaves generally much reduced ; umbels several or numerous, 5-15 cm. broad, 7-15-rayed ; the rays slender, 1-5 cm. long; pedicels very slender, 6-12 mm. long in fruit; fruit broad, the dorsal and intermediate ribs not prominent, but the oil-tubes conspicuous. Rather frequent in marshes, especially toward the coast. 22. DAUCUS L. Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom- pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, 292 Cornaceae entire or toothed bractlets, and usually white flowers in concave umbels which become connivent in fruit. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally. Carpel with 5 slender bristles, primary ribs and 4-winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, under the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed flattened dorsally> the face somewhat concave or almost plane. 1. D. pusillus Michx. Stems mostly simple, papillate, hispid, 2.5-60 cm. high; leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear seg- ments ; umbels unequally few-many-rayed, forming a rather compact head; rays 1-3.5 cm. long; pedicels very unequal ; fruit 3-5 mm. long. Frequent in open dry ground in the chaparral belt and on the planes ihroughout our range. 2. D. Carota L. (WILD CARROT.) Hispid, usually biennial, erect, 3-9 dm. high, the root fleshy, deep conic; lower and basal leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller, less divided; bracts parted into linear or filiform lobes; umbels 5-10 cm. broad; rays numerous, crowded, 1-5 cm. long; the outer ones longer than the inner* pedicels very slender, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; flowers usually white, the central one of each umbel often purple ; fruit 3-4 mm. long, bristly on the winged ribs. Occasional in waste places. Family 68. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Trees or shrubs or rarely herbs, with simple and entire opposite or rarely whorled leaves, and flowers in cymes or spikes, perfect or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate or 4-5-lobed or none. Petals generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, usually valv- ate spreading, inserted at the base of the epigynous disk. Stamens as many as the petals or more numerous, inserted writh them ; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary Dogwood Family 293 inferior, 1-2-celled ; styles 1 or 2 ; ovules pendulous. Fruit a drupe or berry, 1-2-seeded. Flowers perfect; petals present. 1. CORNUS. Flowers dioecious; petals wanting. 2. GARRYA. 1. CORNUS L. DOGWOOD. Shrubs or trees or rarely herbs, with simple mostly entire and usually opposite, rarely verticillate leaves, and small flowers in cymes or heads, the latter involu- crate with large white bracts. Calyx-limb minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovules 1 in each cell. Drupe ovoid or globose, the stone 2-celled and 2-seeded. 1. C. occidentalis (T. & G.) Coville. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, with smooth purplish branches ; leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, acute or somewhat acuminate, shortly cuneate at base, 5-10 cm. long, paler beneath and more or less pubescent with loose silky hairs, especially on the veins ; cyme spreading, round-topped, 3-5 cm. broad; fruit white, subglobose ; stone 5 mm. broad, some- what compressed, furrowed on the edges. (C. pubescens Nutt.) Occasional in moist ground, especially in the mountains, but reported from Cienega by Davidson. 2. GARRY A Dougl. SILK-TASSEL TREE. Evergreen shrubs with 4-angled branchlets, opposite entire coriaceous leaves, the short petioles connate at the base, and dioecious apetalous flowers in axillary aments, solitary or in 3's between the decussately con- nate bracts. Calyx of staminate flowers 4-parted, writh linear valvate segments. Stamens 4, wath distinct fila- ments. Disk and ovary none. Pistillate flowers with the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete. Disk and stamens none. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 2 ; styles 2, stig- matic on the inner side, persistent. Berry ovoid> 1-2-seeded. 294 Pyrolaceae 1. G. Veatchii Palxneri (Wats.) Eastwood. An erect, branch- ing shrub, 18-25 dm. high; branchlets sparsely pubescent with close appressed silky hairs when young, becoming smooth with age; petioles short, 2-6 mm. long; leaves coriaceous, oval or oblong-ovate, slightly undulate or entire, acute at apex and aris- tate, rounded or cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so above, densely tomentose beneath with matted hairs, 2.5-5 cm. long; bracts prominent, acute or acuminate, the lower foliaceous ; fruit cuneate at base, the lower short-pedicelled, densely silky, becom- ing glabrate ; calyx-teeth prominent and close to the base of the styles. (G.flavescens Palmeri Wats.) Rather frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Antonio and Cuyamaca Mountains. January. 2. G. Veatchii undulata Eastwood. Leaves elliptic or ellip- tic-ovate, obtuse or aristate at apex, cuneate at base, the margins undulate; fruit densely clustered, concealing the upper bracts; calyx-teeth hidden in dense wool and some distance below the base of the styles. Occasional on Mount Wilson and Mount Lowe. 3. G. pallida Eastwood. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute and with a recurved mucro, entire, sparsely silky-pubes- cent beneath, with straight upwardly appressed pubescence; racemes short; bracts about 3 mm. long; calyx-teeth close to the base of the styles and concealed in the young fruit by dense hairs. Santa Ana Mountains, where it was collected by the author on the trail to Santiago Peak. Family 69. PYROLACEAE. WINTERGREEN FAMILY. Low mostly very green perennials, with branched rootstocks, simple petibled leaves, and nearly regular white or purple perfect flowers, racemose solitary or corymbose. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Corolla very deeply 4-5-parted, or of 5 distinct petals. Stamens twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse in the bud, inverted at anthesis, opening by pores or short slits ; pollen grains in 4's. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled ; style short or slender, often declined ; stigma 5-lobed or 5-crenate ; ovules very numerous, anatropous. Ericaceae 295 Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds very numerous, minute, the loose cellular coat much larger than the almost undifferentiated embryo. 1. CHIMAPHXLA Pursh. Perennial herbs with decumbent stems, ascending leafy branches, opposite or verticillate evergreen short- petioled serrate leaves, and spreading or nodding white or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs or rarely soli- tary. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular, sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, the filaments usually dilated above and somewhat pubescent. Ovary globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles very short, obconic ; stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate. 1. C. Menziesii Spreng. More or less branched from the base, 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 12-36 mm. long, sharply serrulate, the upper surface often mottled with white; peduncle 1-3-flowered ; bracts ovate or roundish; fila- ments slender, with a round dilated portion above the middle, villous; flowers about 1 cm. in diameter. Mount Wilson under pines. Frequent in the San Antonio, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. SARCODES SANGUINEA Torr. (SNOW-PLANT.) Stems stout, red- dish, 15-35 cm. high, more or less glandular-pubescent, clothed with firm fleshy scales, the upper narrower, passing into the linear bracts, these ciliate-margined, exceeding the flowers; corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, 5-lobed, persistent; stamens 10, unappendaged ; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled. Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains above 7000 feet. This interesting parasitic plant belongs to the closely related family Monotropaceae. Family 70. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. Shrubs, perennial herbs or trees, with simple exstipu- late leaves, and mostly perfect sympetalous or rarely 296 Ericaceae choripetalous flowers. Galyx free from the ovary, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regu- lar or rarely somewhat 2-lipped and irregular, usually 4-5-toothed, lobed or divided. Stamens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes ; filaments mostly separate ; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filament by the back or base, the sacks often pro- longed above into tubes, dehiscent by terminal pores or chinks, often awned. Disk crenate-lobed or often none. Ovary usually 2-5-celled ; style elongated or short ; stigma peltate or capitate : ovules usually numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds numerous or sometimes only 1 in each cavity ; endo- sperm fleshy. Fruit granular, baccate. 1. ARBUTUS. Fruit not granular, smooth or pubescent, drupaceous. 2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 1. ARBUTUS L. Trees or shrubs, with evergreen and coriaceous alter- nate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla urceolate with 4-5 small recurved teeth. Ovary on an hypogynous disk, 4-5-celled ; ovules crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angles of each cell. Style rather long ; stigma obtuse. Fruit a many- seeded berry. 1. A. Menziesii Pursh. (MADRONO.) Commonly 5-10 m. high; bark exfoliating, deep red; leaves glabrous, elliptic or ovate, green above, glaucous beneath, 5—10 cm. long, entire or those of young shoots denticulate; petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers in an ample terminal panicle or dense racemes; berry fleshy, red, subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, surface granular. Mount Wilson and Sturtevant trails at about 3000 feet altitude, and in Los Tunas Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains. Heath Family 297 2. ABCTOSTAPHYLOS Aclans. MANZ ANITA. Shrubs or small trees with evergreen coriaceous alter- nate leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers, in racemes, spikes or panicles.- Bracts and bractlets present, scale-like. Ovules solitary in the cells, which become bony nutlets or combine into a few-several-celled stone. Fruit a drupe with a hard surface and a mealy or almost bony pulp between it and the nutlets. * Leaves plane, alike or nearly alike on both sides. «- Ovary and pedicels smooth or glabrate. 1. A. Manzanita Parry. Shrubby or arborescent, 2-8 m. high ; bark mahogany-red, exfoliating, twigs and petioles minute- ly tomentose-pubescent ; leaves dull green, commonly vertical by a twist in the short petiole, rigid, ovate-oblong, glabrous on both surfaces, 2.5-5 cm. long; petioles 6-10 cm. long; bracts less than 4 mm. long; pedicels smooth, corolla pinkish; ovary smooth; fruit irregularly depressed-globose, 8-12 mm. broad, reddish brown ; nutlets irregularly separable, rough-carinate. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the San Ber- nardino Range. In both confined mostly to the upper portions of the chapar- ral belt. 2. A. patula Greene. Diffusely branched shrub, 1-1.5 m. high ; young twigs rusty puberulent or nearly smooth ; leaves smooth, bright green, ovate to broadly cordate, 2-5 cm. long, entire, obtuse ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels smooth ; fruit smooth r depressed-globose, about 6 mm. in diameter ; nutlets united into a deeply lobed stone. Occasional on dry ridges in the open pine woods of the San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains, 5000-8'JOO feet altitude. -*- •*- Ovary and pedicels tomentose or glandular-pubescent. 3. A. tomentosa Dougl. Shrubby, erect, 1.5-3 m. high, twigs, foliage and pedicels minutely tomentose when young, the twigs often also hispid with scattered hairs ; leaves glaucescent, paler and tomentose beneath, ovate to elliptic, entire or some times denticulate; bracts conspicuous, foliaceous, usually exceeding the short pubescent or somewhat hispid pedicels; ovary densely 298 Primulaeeae hirsute, 7-10-celled ; fruit hirsute, minutely roughened ; nutlets all separate or some united in pairs. Common in all our mountains in the upper chaparral belt. The common form in the San Gabriel Mountains is usually more or less glandular and must be referred to A. glandulosa Eastwood; but all gradations occur, so that it does not seem possible to separate them. 4. A. glauca Lindl. Shrubby, erect, 3-6 m. high, smooth throughout; leaves glaucous, ovate, entire or denticulate; bracts foliaceous, conspicuous ; pedicels stout, glandular-pubescent ; ovary viscid-glandular, 6-8-celled; fruit dark red, very viscid; stone with longitudinal ridges, sharply apiculate. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the San Antonio and San Bernardino Ranges. 5. A. Pringlei Parry. An erect, branching shrub, 1.5-2 m. high ; twigs and petioles hispid and glandular-pubescent ; leaves ovate to obovate, mucronate, rough, with ciliate margins, on petioles 4-8 mm. long ; infloresence in dense divaricate panicles ; bracts linear-lanceolate; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long, glan- dular pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, densely glandular, ovary glandular-hispid ; nutlets consolidated into a rough carinate stone, or separable. Occasional in the pine belt of the San Bernardino. San Jacinto and Cuya- maca Mountains. ** Leaves revolute, smooth above, tomentose beneath. 6. A. bicolor (Nutt.) Gray. Shrub, 1-2 m. high ; leaves ovate or oblong, 4-6 cm. long, margins entire, strongly revolute, gla- brous above, white tomentose beneath, short-petiolate ; inflores- cence in few-flowered compact racemes; bracts stout, pedicels lanceolate; calyx-lobes and ovary tomentose; fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, dark brown, puberulent or smooth; nutlets united into a round solid, nearly smooth stone. Frequent in the foothills of western San Diego County. Reported from Catalina Island. Family 71. PRIMUL.ACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs with alternate opposite or basal leaves and per- fect regular flowers in terminal or axillary racemes spikes umbels or corymbs, or solitary in the axils. Primrose Family 299 Calyx free from the ovary, usually 5-parted ; persistent or rarely deciduous. Corolla sympetalous, usually 5-cleft, the lobes (in ours) spreading or reflexed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, inserted on the tube or at the base of the ovary ; anthers introrse, attached by their backs to the filaments, 2-celled, longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; placenta central, free ; style 1 ; stigma simple, capitate. Capsule 2-6-valved ; valves erect, entire or 2-cleft. Seeds few or many ; endosperm present. Sterile filaments alternate with the corolla-lobes. I. SAMOLUS. Sterile filaments wanting. Flowers axillary on leafy stems. 2 ANAGALLIS. Flowers in umbels at the ends of scapes. 3. DODKCATHEON. 1. SAMOLUS L. BROOKWEED. Low glabrous herbs with alternate entire leaves and small white flowers in loose racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with a slender tooth borne at each sinus. Stamens 5, short and included, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Capsule globular, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. 1. S. floribundus H. B. K. Erect or ascending, branched at least at the base, 15-45 cm. high ; leaves membranous, 25-75 mm. long, obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into pet- ioles, the basal often rosulate; flowers email, less than 2 mm. broad, usually numerous, in loose elongated panicled racemes; pedicels filiform, spreading, bracteolate near the middle; calyx- lobes acute, shorter than the corolla ; capsule 2-3 mm. in diame- ter, the 5 apical valves spreading at maturity. (S. Valerandi Americanus Gray.) Occasional along watercourses. Lytle Creek; San Bernardino Valley. 2. ANAGALLIS L. PIMPERNEL. Annual or perennial diffuse or erect branching mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or verticillate sessile or 300 Primulaceae short-petioled leaves entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments puberulent, distinct or united into a narrow ring at the base ; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose ; ovules numerous ; stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, circumscissile. Seeds minute, flat on the back. 1. A. arvensis L. Annual, diffuse, usually much branched ; stems 1-3 dm. long, 4-sided; leaves ovate or oval, numerous, opposite, sessile or somewhat clasping, obtuse or acutish, 6-20 mm. long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, 1-4 cm. long, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes keeled, rather rigid, slightly shorter than the crenate glandular ciliate corolla-segments ; flowers scarlet or salmon color, usually with a dark center, 4-6 mm. broad ; capsule glabrous. Common in waste places and gardens. Flowering nearly all the year. 3. DODECATHEON L. SHOOTING-STAR. Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with entire or repand basal leaves, and rather large flowers in involucrate umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the lobes reflexed, slightly unequal, the tube very short, thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short, flat, monadelphous, connivent into a cone, exserted ; anthers linear or lance- olate, connivent, attached by their bases to the filaments. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, superior ; style filiform, ex- serted ; stigma 5— 6-valved at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa punctate. 1. D. Cleveland! Greene. Pale green and glandular, 3-6 dm. high ; roots formed at the beginning of the dry season and remain- ing dormant, no tubers formed; leaves scarcely fleshy, ascend- ing or erect, spatulate-obovate, the margins erose ; corolla bright purple with a yellow base; filaments purple, becoming yellow Plumbaginaceae 301 at the base of the anthers; anthers purple except the midvein, about twice the length of the staminal tube, the apex blunt, retuse ; capsule oblong, circumscissile at the top. Frequent on dry mesas and grassy hillsides. March-April. Family 72. PLUMBAGINACEAE. PLUMBAGO FAMILY. Perennial, mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal tufted leaves and small perfect regular clustered flowers. Calyx tubular or funnelform, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hypogynous clawed segments, connate at the base or united into a tube. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypog- ynous ; filaments separate or united at the base ; anthers 2-celled, attached by the backs to the filaments, longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous ; styles 5, separate or united. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary ; endosperm mealy or none. 1. LIMONIUM Adans. MARSH ROSEMARY. Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous very small flowers cymose-paniculate on the branches of bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, form- ing 1-sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Styles 5, separate, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. 1. Li. Californicum (Boiss.) Small. Leaves 15-25 cm. long, obovate-oblong, entire, fleshy-coriaceous; scape 3-6 dm. high; spikes corymbose-panicled : calyx-tube more or less hairy on the angles. Occasional in salt marshes along the coast. 302 Oleaceae Family 73. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with opposite or rarely alternate simple or pinnate exstipulate entire or dentate leaves, and regular perfect, polygamous or dioecious, 2-4-parted flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, cymes or fasci- cles. Calyx free from the ovary, usually small, some- times none. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the corolla ; fila- ments usually short, separate ; anthers mostly large, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; ovules few in each cell ; style usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. Seeds erect or pendulous ; endosperm present or wanting ; embryo straight. 1. FRAXINTJS L. ASH. Trees or tall shrubs with opposite and usually odd- pinnate leaves, and small dioecious or polygamous, rarely perfect, greenish fasciculate flowers, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregu- larly toothed, entire or none. Petals none or 2-4, separ- ate, or united in pairs at the base, induplicate valvate. Stamens 2, rarely 3-4, inserted on the base of the petals or hypogynous ; filaments short-elongated ; anthers ovate, oblong or linear. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous ; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat samara, winged at the apex only or all around, usually 1-seeded. Seed oblong. 1. F. Oregana Nutt. A small or middle-sized tree; leaves tomentose or glabrate in age; leaflets 5-9, oval to oblong-lanceo- late, entire, sessile, 5-10 cm: long; flowers all with minute calyx and no petals ; fruit marginless at base, margined upwards into oblanceolate or spatulate retuse wing, the whole 2.5-4 cm. long. San Gabriel and Lytle Creek Canyons. 2. F. dipetala H. & A. Shrub 2.5-4 m. high ; leaves 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 3-9, green above, yellowish green beneath when Gentianaceae 303 young, oblong, coarsely serrate above the middle, mostly petioled, 2-4 cm. long; flowers mostly perfect; calyx less than 2 mm. long ; petals 2, oval, narrowed at base to a short claw, 6 mm. long ; white; style slightly lobed at apex; fruit linear-oblong to spatu- late-oblong, the terminal wing frequently emarginate at apex. Occasional in canyons. Family 74. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY. Bitter, mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite rarely verticillate exstipulate entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx persistent, 4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla funnelform, campanu- late or rotate, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alter- nate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform or dilated at the base. Ovary superior, 1-celled or partly 2-celled ; ovules numerous ; style simple or none ; stigma entire or 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed ; endosperm copious ; embryo small, straight. 1. EBYTHBAEA Neck. CANCHALAGUA. Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and pink or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-divided, the lobes narrow, keeled. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-5-lobed, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, filiform ; anthers linear or oblong, becoming spirally twisted. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed. 304 Apocynaceae Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. 1. E. venusta Gray. Simple and cymosely several-flowered at the summit or corymbosely branched, 8-20 cm. high ; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, obtusish; calyx-lobes very narrow to the base ; corolla bright pink with a yellow cen- ter, the limb 2 cm. broad, lobes oval or obovate; anthers oblong- linear; seed spherical. Frequent in our interior valleys. May-June. Family 75. APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY. Perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly with acrid milky juice, simple opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular cymose, solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, the lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes convo- lute in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted in the tube or throat ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, 2-celled. Ovary superior or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules few or numerous ; style simple or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged by a coma ; endosperm present ; embryo straight. 1. APOCYNTJM L. DOGBANE. Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and small white or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla campanu- late, the tube beading within 5 small triangular append- ages alternate with the stamens. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers sagittate connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels ; ovules numerous Asclepiadaceae 305 in each carpel ; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds small, tipped with a large coma. 1. A. cannabinum L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Root deep, vertical ; stem much branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous ; leaves oblong or lanceolate- oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at apex, narrowed or rounded at base, glabrous above, sometimes pubes- cent beneath, 5-15 cm. long ; petioles 2-12 mm. long or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; flowers 5-7 mm. broad; calyx-lobes about equaling the tube of the greenish white corolla; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles about 10 cm. long, narrowed at the apex. Occasional in moist places along streams. Family 76. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY. Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, opposite verticillate or alternate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx- tube very short, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments com- monly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adherent to one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla ; filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous or distinct ; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, in- trorsely 2-celled ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious membrane or unappendaged ; pollen coherent into waxy or granular masses. Ovary of 2 carpels ; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma ; ovules numerous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com- pressed, usually appendaged by a long coma. Plants twining. 1. PHILIBEBTELLA. Plants erect or decumbent, not twining. 2. ASCLEPIAS. 306 Asclepiadaceae 1. PHILIBERTELLA Vail. Twining herbs or somewhat shrubby, with opposite leaves and umbellate flowers. Calyx small, 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute or obtuse, with a shallow entire or undulate ring forming an outer crown in its throat. The inner staminal crown consisting of 5 turgid fleshy or hard scales or flattish appendages, attached in a circle at the base of the sessile or slighly stalked column, forming a hollow entire or undulate spreading surface near the level of the conic stigmas. Follicles naked, slender, attenuate at both ends or obtuse at base. 1. P. Hartwegii heterophylla (Engelm.) Vail. Stems slen- der, twining, glabrous, puberulent or somewhat pubescent above; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, variable, some tapering into the petiole, others with rounded and more with dilated or auricu- late-cordate or truncate base; corolla scarcely puberulent, 1cm. broad, its lobes acute; column sessile. Occasional on dry hillsides in our interior valleys, growing over low shrubs or herbs. 2. ASCLEPIAS L. MILKWEED. Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite ver- ticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and flowers in ter- minal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the lobes acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the lobes mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave, erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Filaments connate into a tube ; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane ; winged, the wings broadened below the middle ; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or Convolvulaceae 307 5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds usu- ally comose. 1. A. eriocarpa Benth. Erect, 5-8 dm. high; densely floccose- woolly, the loose wool hardly deciduous except from the angled stem below ; leaves not rarely ternate and the uppermost alter- nate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcor- date at base, short-petioled, 10-20 cm. long; umbels few or several, on stout peduncles; flowers dull white; corolla at first woolly outside; the lobes longer than the pedicels; column short but distinct; hoods shorter than the anthers, rather spreading, ventricose, semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth barely enclosing the filiform acute horn ; ovaries glabrous, the summit of the styles villous; follicles more or less woolly. Frequent on dry mesas and in the foothills, also occasionally in the pine belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. 2. A. Mexicana Cav. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; leaves in whorls of 3-6 or the lower and uppermost opposite, linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. broad, short-petioled ; umbels many, corymbose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels; flowers greenish-white; corolla-lobes 4 mm. long; hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded by the stout subulate incurved horn. Frequent on the mesas and in the foothills. Family 77. COITVOLVTJIjACEAE. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), the stems twining or ascending, trailing or erect, with alter- nate exstipulate leaves and regular perfect axillary, cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla often funnelform or campanulate, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the 308 Convolvulaceae tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, ses- sile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct carpels. Seeds erect, villous, pubescent or glabrous ; embryo plaited or crumpled. Stigmas capitate. 1. IPOMOEA. Stigmas filiform or oblong. 2. CONVOLVULUS. 1. IPOMOEA L. MORNING-GLORY. Twining, trailing, ascending or rarely erect herbs with large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens equal or unequal, included ; filaments filiform or dilated at the base ; anthers globose or ovoid ; ovary 2-4-celled, 4-6- ovuled ; style filiform, included ; stigmas 1-2, capitate or globose. Capsule septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. 1. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Annual, pubescent; stem retrorse- ly hairy, twining or trailing; leaves broadly ovate, deeply cor- date, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. broad; peduncles slender, 1-5-fiowered ; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute toward the base ; corolla 5-7 cm. long, blue or purple vary- ing to white ; ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-celled ; capsule depressed- globose, shorter than the sepals. An escape from gardens. Introduced from tropical America. 2. CONVOLVULUS L. Herbs, mostly perennials with slender rootstocks and trailing, twining or erect stems. Flowers axillary, soli- tary or clustered, large and showy. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at or near its base. Corolla and stamens as in Ipomoea. Ovary 1-2-celled ; style filiform ; stigmas 2, Morning-glory Family 309 filiform, oblong or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so, i-4-celled, 2-4-valved. * Bracts remote from the calyx, small, subulate. 1. C. arvensis L. Perennial, prostrate; the stems 3-10 dm. long; leaves oblong, sagittate or hastate, 2.5-5 cm. long, the basal lobes short; pedicels 1-3-fl owered , with a pair of subulate bracts near the base ; corolla white with a tinge of purple on the outside, neither lobed nor angled ; stigma filiform. Occasional in cultivated fields and waste places. May-November. * Bracts usually embracing the calyx, foliaceous. 2. C. Soldanella L. Low, glabrous, slightly succulent; stems 15-30 cm. long, prostrate; leaves reniform, deep green and shin- ing, 2.5-5 cm. long; corolla 4 cm. broad, pinkish; capsule 1-celled; stigma ovate-oblong, thickish. On the sandy beaches along the seashore. May-June. 3. C. repens L. Stems from a horizontal slender running rootstock, 6-10 dm. long, twining or more commonly prostrate; herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent ; leaves sagittate, obtuse or acutish, the basal lobes obtuse or rounded, entire; bracts ovate-cordate acute, completely enfolding the calyx; corolla pinkish, 5 cm. long or more; stigma oblong. In moist meadows in the coast region. 4. C. occidentalis Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent; stems freely twining over shrubs; leaves slender-petioled, from angular-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the upper hastate; the basal lobes often 1-2-toothed; peduncles elongated, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered ; bracts at base of the calyx ovate or obscurely cordate, rnembranaceous, equaling it or somewhat longer, mostly obtuse ; corolla campanulate-funnelform, white or pinkish, 3-5 cm. long; stigma linear. Common in the chaparral belt in all our foothills and mountains. 5. C. occidentalis tenuissimus Gray. Much resembling the typical form; leaves narrowly hastate or sagittate; the middle and basal lobes mostly narrowly lanceolate ; bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Frequent in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, south to San Diego. 310 Cuscutaceae Family 78. CUSCUTACEAE. DODDER FAMILY. White or yellow slender twining parasites, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed or 4-5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla usually campanulate, 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales ; anthers short, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity ; styles 2, separate or rarely united below ; stigmas capi- tate or linear. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds globose or angular ; embryo linear, curved or spiral ; cotyledons none. 1. CUSCUTA L. DODDER. Characters of the family. Stems filiform, parasitic on herbs and shrubs by minute suckers. * Ovary and capsule depressed-globose. 1. C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems filiform, pale yellow; flowers nearly sessile in small clusters; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse; corolla campanulate, its lobes as long as the tube, acute or acu- minate, reflexed ; scales large, ovate, equaling or exceeding the tube, densely fringed all around ; capsule depressed-globose. On various herbs about Los Angeles, Davidson. 2. C. Californica Choisy. Stems capillary, low ; flowers 2-4 mm. long, pedicelled in loose cymes; calyx-lobes acute; corolla- lobes lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the campan- ulate tube ; filaments nearly equaling the linear oblong anthers ; appendages none or rudimentary ; style slender. Occasional along the coast and In the interior, growing on various low shrubs. Polemoniaceae 311 ** Ovary and capsule pointed. 3. C. salina Engelm. Stems slender; flowers 3-5 mm. long, pedicelled in loose cymes ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the denticulate corolla-lobes; corolla-tube shallow-cam- panulate; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; fringed scales shorter than the corolla-tube; capsule conic, usually 1 -seeded. In salt marshes along the coast, growing over Salicornia, etc. 4. C. subinclusa D. & H. Stems rather coarse, ascending small shrubs to the height of a meter or more; flowers 5-7 mm. long, sessile or short-pedicelled, at length in clusters 1-2.5 cm. thick ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, much shorter than the cylindric or urn-shaped corolla- tube ; corolla-lobes much shorter than the tube, minutely crenulate or papillose ; anthers oval, subsessile; scales narrow, fringed, reaching to the middle of the tube ; capsule conic, capped by the marcescent corolla. Common in the foothills, usually on shrubs or coarse herbs. Family 79. POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY. Herbs or rarely low shrubs, with alternate or opposite, entire, lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or nearly so flowers, corymbose-capitate, cymose or panicu- late. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the seg- ments slightly imbricated. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes contorted. Stamens 5, inserted on the tip of the corolla and alternate with its lobes.; filaments slender ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled ; ovules few-many in each cell ; style simple, filiform ; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds various. Leaves alternate; annual herbs, or 1 species perennial and lignescent at base. Calyx scarious between the angles, ruptured by the distended capsule. 3. GlLIA. Calyx scarious or coriaceous at base. 2. NAVABRETIA. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; shrubby. 4. LEPTODACTYLON. Leaves opposite and — Entire, the floral alternate. 1. MICROSTERIS. Palmately lobed, upper verticillate. 5. LINANTHUS. 312 Polemoniaceae 1. MICBOSTEBIS Greene. Small much branched annuals with entire leaves, all except floral ones opposite, and minute flowers scattered singly or in pairs in the axils of the alternate leaves. Calyx tubular, 5-clef t, the lobes acute, scarious-margined. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube narrow. Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Capsule 3-celled, at length distending and rupturing the calyx- tube. Seeds few, large, the coat when moistened develop- ing a thick glutinous mass. 1. M. Californica Greene. Slender, 1-2 dm. high, loosely and somewhat dichotomously branched from the middle ; leaves from obovate-subulate in the lowest to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, all more or less pubescent with scattered hairs, a few fine gland-tipped hairs on the flowering branches and calyx ; calyx-teeth slightly shorter than the tube ; corolla red, the lobes emarginate, little surpassing the calyx; capsule ovoid. (Collomia gracilis of recent authors, not of Douglas.) Occasional in shady places in the foothills. COLLOMIA GRANDIFLORA Dougl. A strict erect annual, with entire oblong-lanceolate leaves, and large salmon-colored flowers in terminal and axillary heads. Common in open pine woods in the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuya- maca Mountains. 2. NAVABBETIA R. & P. Glabrous and scentless or viscid-pubescent and heavy- scented annual herbs, with leaves all alternate setace- ously or spinosely pinnatifid, or the lowest subentire. Flowers in crowded bracted clusters at the ends of the branches. Calyx-tube scarious between the green angu- lar or costate segments, unequal, erect or spreading, pungent-tipped or pungent-cleft, the 2 outer sometimes spinulose-toothed or -cleft. Corolla-tube funnelform or salver-shaped. Stamens and style exserted or included, straight or declined. Capsule 1-3-celled, 1-many-seeded, Phlox Family 313 partially dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds commonly mucilaginous and sending out threads containing each a spiral coil. 1. N. prostrata (Gray) Greene. Glabrous or nearly so ; flower clusters sessile near the ground, the few branches radiating from beneath and prostrate; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad and strap-shaped, the segments short and spreading; calyx-tube minutely white-hirsute, thin-hyaline between the stout costae, constricted over the capsule, the segments spreading, 2 subulate and entire, 3 spinulose trifid ; pericarp a transparent indehiscent utricle close-fitted to the amalgamated mass of glutinous seeds, breaking transversely or irregularly when soaked ; seeds 4 in each cell. (Gilia prostrata Gray.) In low adobe places on the mesas of the coast valley. Inglewood. 2. N. viscidula Benth. Viscid-pubescent, at length much branched, erect, 5-8 cm. high, rather stout; leaves narrowly linear but firm, laciniate-pmnatifid or parted into setaceous-sub- ulate ascending lobes ; the bracts ovate-dilated ; flowers densely glomerate; corolla violet or purple, 8-10 mm. long; capsule of firm texture, dehiscent, normally 3-6-seeded. (Gilia viscidula Gray.) Dry places of the interior plains and foothills. May-June. 3. N. atractyloides (Benth.) H. & A. Pubescent and very viscid, rigid-branched, spreading or procumbent, 5-15 cm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, rigidly coriaceous and in age reticulate, the margins beset with divaricate spinose-subulate teeth ; flowers less glomerate; corolla narrowly funnelform, 12-18 mm. long, deep purple; capsule dehiscent, 6-10-seeded. (Gilia atractyloides Steud.) Frequent in dry washes. May-June. 3. GILIA R. & P. Annual herbs, rarely perennial or shrubby, with alter- nate entire or pinnately toothed, lobed or divided leaves, and small or showy flowers more or less clustered at the ends of the branches. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, scarious between the ribs or angles. Corolla funnelform. Stamens inserted equally on the 314 Polemoniaceae throat. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the calyx. Seeds several in each cell, becoming mucilaginous when wetted. * Leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately dissected, not pungent; flowers usually in capitate bractless clusters. 1. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 4-6 dm. high, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5-9 linear and entire or toothed lobes ; flowers few in the clusters, subsessile or on more elongated pedicels; calyx-teeth erect or recurved in fruit, the hyaline margin very narrow ; corolla deep or rather pale purple, its proper tube shorter than the obovate lobes; stamens included ; capsule ovoid. Frequent on the plains and foothills in our coast region. 2. G. achilleaefolia Benth. Stems 3-5 dm. high, glandular- puberulent throughout ; leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into linear, somewhat recurved segments; branches few, naked, bear- ing a dense cluster of usually deep blue flowers ; calyx glandular- pilose, mainly hyaline, its lobes incurved in fruit; corolla-tube cylindric ; throat very short and broad ; lobes oblong, scarcely spreading ; stamens exserted. Common on dry plains and foothills throughout our range. 3. G. abrotanifolia Nutt. Herbage glabrous throughout or very sparsely pilose on the petioles and calyx; stems 3-6 dm. high, with a few ascending branches or simple naked above, bear- ing a terminal dense cluster of large pale blue flowers; leaves large, thin, 3-pinnately dissected, the segments very narrowly linear ; calyx glabrous or sparsely pilose, mainly hyaline, recurved or spreading in fruit ; corolla with funnelform throat and obovate lobes ; stamens included or scarcely exserted. Frequent in open places in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. Thia and the next have been called G. capitata Dougl., but that is a small-flowered species of Oregon. 4. G. staminea Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit; stems and leaves sparsely pilose ; calyx densely arachnoid-villous,. mainly hyaline, its lobes recurved ; stamens well exserted, nearly white. This species is common in the San Joaquin Valley and may occur within our limits. Phlox Family 315 5. G. inconspicua Dougl. Stems simple or branching from the base, often somewhat woolly when young, and viscid-glandular above, 18-36 cm. high; lower leaves bipinnatifid, the upper pin- nately-parted or pinnatifid, becoming small and entire; flowers somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled ; corolla violet or purplish, 6-15 mm. long, narrowly funnelform, the tube scarcely equaling the calyx. Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains. ** Leaves, at least the cauline, entire or pinnatifid ; flowers scattered, rarely clustered in the first. 6. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or diffuse, 2-5 dm. high, commonly villous and glandular throughout ; basal leaves and the lower cauline leaves pinnately-parted into narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or rarely all so divided, or the upper palmately divided into 3-5 obovate or lanceolate divisions; corolla 8-12 mm. long, salver-shaped, blue-purple ; sta- mens unequally inserted ; capsule globose ; seeds 1-2 in each cell. (Collomia gilioides Benth.) Frequent in shady places in the chaparral belt throughout our range. 7. G. latiflora exilis Gray. Diffusely paniculate-branched above, 3-4 dm. high, glabrous below or the young parts some- what arachnoid-tomentose, more or less glandular above; basal and lower leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, with short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes, these often enlarged and toothed or lobed; the cauline few, becoming entire and subulate above; paniculate cymes very loose; flowers mostly on elongated almost capillary pedicels, about 1 cm. long, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube, which equals or slightly exceeds the calyx, its lobes rounded-obovate, purple, the throat yellowish below; capsule obovoid. Wilson's Peak under pines, and similar places throughout the San Gabriel Mountains. 8. G. tenuiflora altissima Parish. Loosely paniculate, branch- ed above, 5-8 dm. high, hispid pubescent below, glandular above; basal leaves 4-6 cm. long, bipinnately parted or divided ; the upper becoming simple, small and entire ; branches loosely few- flowered; pedicels shorter than the flowers; corolla 2.5-3 cm. 316 Polemoniaceae long, lilac color with purple tube, narrowly funnelform, tapering to the long slender tube ; capsule ovoid-oblong. Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. *** Leaves slender, entire or with a few slender lobes, pungent; flowers crowded in leafy-bracted clusters; bracts and calyces woolly-matted. 9. G. virgata Steud. Annual, white-floccose, becoming gla- brate ; stems slender, either simple and virgate or with virgate branches from the base and paniculately branched above, 1-3 dm. high; leaves slender-filiform, the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely more than 3-parted; corolla blue or lavender, its tube 8-12 mm. long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes; anthers linear-sagittate, 2 mm. long. Frequent in the foothills and plains in the interior region, mostly east of our limits. 10. G. virgata floribunda Gray. Branches few, terminated by large, compact flower clusters; most of the leaves pinnately 3-7- parted ; corolla somewhat larger than in the type. On dry plains from Azusa eastward. 11. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial, canescent-lanate when young, becoming glabrate in age; stems rigid, branched from the woody base, usually somewhat spreading, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short subulate, spinulose lobes; flowers densely clustered, capitate-glomerate; corolla violet-blue, its tube about 12 mm. long, 2-3 times the length of the calyx ; anthers sagittate. Occasional in open places, mostly on dry ridges, in the pine belt of all our mountains. 4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. More or less woody or shrubby, commonly tufted, very leafy plants. Leaves commonly alternate, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted, acerose- subulate, rigid and pungent. Flowers showy, solitary and sessile or few in clusters at the summit of the branches or branchlets. Corolla salver-shaped, the throat some- what funnelform. Filaments short, attached equally in Phlox Family 317" or below the throat ; anthers short, included. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds not mucilaginous. 1. L. Calif ornicum H. & A. Shrubby, 6-12 din. high, the branches and very crowded leaves tomentose-pubescent and more or less glandular, leaf-segments narrowly linear, about 1.5 cm. long; corolla rose color or lilac, its limb 2-4 cm. in diameter, with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margins often minutely erose ; ovules 20 or more in each cell. (Gilia Calif ornica Benth.) Frequent in the chaparral belt. March-June. 5. LINANTHUS Benth. Mostly low or slender annuals, with leaves opposite, or the upper rarely alternate, palmately divided to the base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (appear- ing as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire. Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx- tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal. Corolla varying from salver-shaped to subrotate. Stamens equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few-many seeds in each cell. * Corolla funnel form. 1. Ii. dianthiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Branching from the base, the branches decumbent or simple and erect, 4-12 cm. high, more or less pubescent ; leaves all simple, narrowly linear ; corolla short-funnelform, 2 cm. long or more, lilac with a darker or yellowish throat, the ample lobes from denticulate to strongly fringed-toothed ; filaments inserted near the base of the tube; ovules 12-20 in each cell. (Gilia dianthoides Endl.) Common in sandy soil in the coast and interior valleys. February -April. 2. L. liniflorus( Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, dichotomous- ly branched, about 3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-segments about 3, filiform; flowers on long slender pedicels in a loose cymose panicle; corolla with nearly obsolete tube; the limb rotate, 12-24 mm. broad ; the obovate entire lobes white, marked with 7 deep blue veinlets ; stamens nearly as long as the corolla-lobes ; 318 Polemoniaceae filaments with a dense pilose ring near the base ; ovules 6-8 in each cell. (Oilia liniflorus Benth.) Frequent on plains and foothills nearly throughout the state, but known within our limits only on low hills near Trabuco Canyon, Santa Ana Moun- tains. 3. Ii. pusillus (Benth.) Greene. Stems very slender, diffusely dichotomously branched, pubescent; pedicels capillary; calyx 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, barely half as long as the tube, hispid-ciliolate ; corolla short-funnelform, little or not at all exceeding the calyx; seeds 3-4 in each cell. (Gilia pusillus Benth.) Occasional on dry hillsides in our interior Region. 4. L. aureus (Nutt.) Greene. Nearly simple or more commonly diffusely branched, 5-15 cm. high ; leaf-segments narrowly linear, 6 mm. long, hispidulous ; pedicels seldom longer than the flowers ; corolla open-funnelform, golden yellow; the lobes rounded obo- vate, widely spreading, equaling the tube; filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base; seeds about 10 in each cell. (Gilia aurea Nutt.) Frequent in the interior in dry washes. 5. L. Lemmoni (Gray) Greene. Stems widely branching, about 10-15 cm. high, hirsutely pubescent; leaf-segments linear, 5-6 mm. long; flowers solitary or few in the axils and subsessile, but more densely clustered at the ends of the branches; calyx turbinate-prismatic, strongly 5-costate; lobes acerose-subulate, equaling the throat of the yellowish short-funnelform corolla; capsule many-seeded. (Gilia Lemmoni Gray.) Open places in the chaparral belt. ** Corolla salver- shaped, the tube long-exserted. 6. Ii. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, branched from the base, 8-15 cm. high ; leaf-segments linear or narrowly oblanceolate ; corolla-tube very slender, 18-25 mm. long; throat yellow ; lobes oval, 4-6 mm. long, mostly pale yellow or nearly white, tinged with red or brown on the outside; style and fila- ments half or more than half as long as the corolla-limb. (Lepto- siphon parviflorus Benth. ; Gilia micrantha Steud.) Common on the plains and foothills throughout our range in sandy soil. March-April. Hydrophyllaceae 319 7. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near the last, but small, 5-7 cm. high; flowers rose-purple, the elongated corolla-tube 12-18 mm. long, the limb 4-6 mm. broad. (Leptosiphon bicolor Nutt. ; Gilia tenella Benth.) Wilson's Peak, Davidson. 8. I*, ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, strict, 1-2 dm. high, scabrous-pubescent; internodes long; leaves with 5-9 linear, rigidly and densely ciliate segments ; corolla rose color, scarcely exceeding the floral leaves, its limb 4 mm. broad or less. (Gilia ciliata Benth.) Wilson's Peak, growing in open grassy places among the pines. We have not seen Davidson's specimens, but we strongly suspect that they belong to this species rather than to L. bicolor, as listed by him. May-July. Family 80. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. Herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly hirsute pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers in scorpioid cymes, spikes or rarely solitary. Calyx deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla funnel- form or more or less spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or 1-celled with 2 placentae ; styles 2, separate or united below; stigmas small, terminal ; ovules few-many. Seeds various, usually pitted or somewhat roughened. Style 1, 2-cleft or 2 parted. Ovary 1-celled; the placentae expanded and forming a sac-like lining tO' the pericarp. Calyx with a reflexed lobe at each sinus. 1. NKMOPHILA. Calyx naked at the sinuses. 2. EUCRYPTA. Ovary 1-celled or becoming 2-celled by the meeting in the axis of the narrow or slightly dilated placentae. Corolla never yellow, or rarely yellowish, deciduous. 3. PHACELIA. Corolla yellow, persistent. 4. EMMENANTHE. Styles 2, distinct. Herbs. 5. CONANTHUS. Suffrutescent or shrubby. 6. ERIODICTYON. 320 Hydrophyllaceae 1. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Low diffuse slender or fragile more or less hirsute annual herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pinnati- fid or lobed leaves, and mostly showy flowers, solitary and peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading append- age in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-cam- panulate, usually with 10 small appendages within at the base. Stamens included, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 1-celled ; style more or less 2-cleft ; ovules 4-20.- Cap- sule 2-valved. Seeds carunculate. 1. N. aurita Lindl. Herbage scabrous with stout recurved prickly hairs, the smaller often uncinate; stems weak, clinging to other plants for support by means of the prickles; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat reflexed ; petioles winged, clasping at base ; flowers in few-flowered racemes at the ends of the branches; corolla 12-25 mm. broad, purplish violet; scales triangular, covering the base of the filaments; capsule globose ; seeds 4, globular, favose-reticulated. Common on shady slopes throughout our range below 3000 feet. March- April. 2. N. racemosa Nutt. Resembling the last in habit, but less prickly; leaves often bipinnatifid ; petioles not strongly winged, not clasping ; flowers distinctly racemose, less than 10 mm. broad, usually pale; scales narrow, the upper half commonly free. Frequent among shrubs on shady slopes in the vicinity of San Diego, where it was first collected by Nuttall. It has also been collected on Catalina and San Clemente Islands. March-May. 3. N. insignia Dougl. Stems much branched, spreading, 1-3 dm. long, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent with more or less retrorse hairs ; leaves mostly bipinnatifid, pubescent with spread- ing hairs, 2-5 cm. long, lobes elliptic-ovate; peduncles mostly 25-45 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla 15-25 mm. broad, rotate-campanulate, the tube scarcely half the length of the lobes, usually deep blue, slightly hairy toward the Water-leaf Family 321 base; scales rather broad, ciliate; seeds usually 12, corrugate- roughened. Frequent on sandy or dry plains and foothills throughout our range. The rather persistent cotyledons are usually spatulate. March-April. 4. N. integrifolia (Parish). Stems usually much branched, rather weak and spreading, somewhat densely pubescent through- out with spreading hairs, the petioles nearly ciliate ; leaves 2-3- toothed or pinnatifid, seldom entire; peduncles slender and usually exceeding the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute and mucronulate; corolla usually less than 1 cm. broad, rotate-cam- panulate to nearly rotate, pale blue or nearly white, with darker veinlets, hairy toward the base; scales linear, the upper half usually free, hairy; seeds usually 8-12, corrugate-roughened, sometimes minutely so, globose. (N. Menziesii integrifolia Parish . ) Rather common in the chaparral belt in all the hills and valleys, especi- ally away from the coast. April-May. 2. EUCRYPTA Nutt. Erect paniculately branched viscid annuals, with small racemose flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla small, tubular-campanulate, without appendages. Capsule globose, 1-celled, with 2 dilated placentae lining the pericarp, 2-valved, 8-seeded, 2 seeds remaining in each valve between the pericarp and the placentae after dehiscence. Seeds corrugated or smooth. 1. E. chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene. Stems rather slender, widely branching, 3-9 dm. high; leaves ample, 2-3-pin- natifid ; racemes short and close, scarcely surpassing the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; corolla white or bluish, scarcely sur- passing the calyx-lobes; free seeds oblong-oval, corrugated, the concealed ones flattened, smooth. (Ellisia chrysanthemifolia Benth.) Common in the chaparral belt and in the open foothills. March-May. 3. PHACELIA Juss. Annual rarely perennial mostly hirsute or hispid herbs, or rarely suffrutescent, with entire or variously lobed or dissected leaves, and often showy flowers in 322 Hydrophyllaceae scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, commonly more or less accrescent, unappendaged. Co- rolla from nearly rotate to campanulate, tubular or funnelform, deciduous, the tube commonly with internal lamellate projections or appendages. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla-tube. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placentae adherent. * Ovules 4 ', corolla-tube with 10 laminate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. 1. P. Magellanica (Lam.) Coville. Hispid and the foliage strigose, more or less canescent, 2-5 dm. high, from a perennial or biennial root; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole, and commonly some of them with 1-2 pairs of smaller lateral leaf- lets; inflorescence hispid, the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested ; corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes ; filaments much exserted sparingly bearded. Frequent on dry hillsides in the valleys and mountains. 2. P. ramosissima suffrutescens Parry. Perennial ; stems much branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, lignes- cent at base, often 2 cm. or more in diameter; herbage hispid pubescent and more or less glandular above ; leaves 5-9-divided or -parted, with oblong or narrower pinnatifid-incised divisions ; spikes glomerate, short and dense ; flowers subsessile, ascending in fruit; sepals ovate to obovate-oblanceolate ; corolla bluish or dirty white; its lobes spreading or somewhat reflexed, short, scarcely as long as the diameter of the throat ; stamens and style moderately exserted; capsule globose-ovoid; seeds deeply pitted, oval. Common in the chaparral belt and on sand-dunes along the seashore. Specimens from Port Ballona show 5 annular rings near base. 3. P. hispida Gray. Annual (as are all the following species), 5 dm. high or less, diffusely branched, setose-hispid with long slen- der white bristles ; leaves with rather few, coarse divisions, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised ; spikes soon loose and loosely paniculate ; flowers on short slender horizontal pedi- cels ; corolla very pale blue, rotate or campanulate ; lobes rounded Water-leaf Family 323 at apex ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuate base nearly equaling the corolla, in fruit 8-12 mm. long and almost 4 times the length of the globose capsule; seeds short-oval, roughish- scrobiculate. Very common in the chaparral belt in open grassy places. April-June. 4. P. distans Benth. Stems much branched, ascending, 3-5 dm. high; herbage with scattered hispid hairs and close fine pubescence; leaves pinnately 9-17-clivided into linear-oblong 1-2- pinnatifid or cleft divisions; spikes scattered, solitary or gemi- nate; sepals unequal, narrowly obovate to spatulate; corolla 6-8 mm. long, rotate-cam panulate, usually blue, rarely paler, the lobes rounded ; internal appendages semiovate with free pointed tips ; stamens little or not at all exserted. Very common in the plains and foothills. March-May. 5. P. tanacetifolia Benth. Much resembling the last, but usually stouter, erect, sparsely branching or simple ; leaves simi- lar, larger and less finely dissected; spikes terminating the branches, approximate, 6-9 cm. long; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in fruit little exceeding the oval capsule ; corolla open-campanulate, 6-8 mm. long, lavender, the lobes blunt, not rounded ; internal appendage entirely adnate, the tip rounded. Slender specimens of this species were collected on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains, between Cahuenga Pass and Encino, by the author in April, 1901 ; otherwise it is not known within our limits. 6. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather simple ascending branches, 2-4 dm. high, herbage scabrous, otherwise glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions ob- long, toothed or incised ; spikes rather short, becoming loose in fruit; pedicels short or almost wanting; calyx-lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, chartaceous, 7-10 mm. long in fruit, with thick- ened midrib and reticulations, sparsely bristly-ciliate ; corolla blue; stamens shorter or about equaling the corolla; capsule ovate, mucronate, about half the length of the calyx-lobes, which are arched over it; seeds oval, favose. Open grassy hills, not common. Hollywood; Capistrano. ** Ovules mostly numerous. •*- Appendages none. 7. P. viscida (Benth.) Torr. Stem erect, mostly simple, 3-6 dm. high, very glandular above ; leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, 324 Hydrophyllaceae doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate, 2.5-6 cm. long; calyx- lobes linear or obscurely spatulate, obtuse, 7-8 mm. long; corolla deep blue with purplish or whitish center, rotate-cam pan ulate, 10-20 mm. broad; capsule ovate, abruptly cuspidate-pointed, equaling the calyx. Frequent in all the mountains bordering our coast valleys, especially common on fire-swept places in the chaparral belt. March-May. P. VISCIDA ALBIFLORA (Nutt.) Gray. Flowers white, otherwise as in the typical form. Same range as the last but less common. 8. P. grandiflora (Benth.) Gray. Closely resembling the last, but usually more robust and more viscid; leaves larger; calyx-lobes linear .8- mm. long; corolla rotate-campanulate, 2.5-4 cm. broad, purplish or pale bluish; capsule equaling the calyx, the cuspidate persistent and indurated, base of the style 2 mm. long. Same range as the last and growing in similar places. April-May. •*- •*- Appendages 5, small truncate or emarginate scales, 1 adnate to the inner base of each filament. 9. P. Whitlavia Gray. About 3 dm. high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular; leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed ; calyx-lobes linear; corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube, usually about 2 cm. long and twice the length of the lobes, purple ; appendages to the exserted filaments hairy. Occasional on low hills and in the chaparral belt. Verdugo Hills; San Gabriel and Sants Ana Mountains. 10. P. Parryi Torr. Stems more or less branching, the branches somewhat spreading; herbage hirsute or somewhat his- pid and glandular ; leaves ovate, irregularly and incisely doubly toothed or lanciniate or the lowest sometimes pinnately lobed, the upper longer than the petioles, the lower on rather long slen- der petioles; racemes very loose; pedicels filiform, widely spread- ing ; calyx-lobes narrow ; corolla cleft beyond the middle, rotate- campanulate, deep violet, 2 cm. broad; filaments bearded, ex- serted; ovules on each placenta 20-30, and seeds 15-20. Occasional in the chaparral belt in our interior region. Rather common in the Santa Ana Mountains and throughout the western part of San Diego County. 11. P. longipes Torr. Much resembling the last but more slender, loosely branching; cauline leaves roundish -oval or sub- Water-leaf Family 325 cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about 12 mm. long, all shorter than the petioles; corolla about 1 cm. long, nearly white, 5-cleft barely to the middle; ovules on each placenta 8-10; seeds fewer. " Rare and local in the San Gabriel Mountains,1' Davidson. *** Ovules several (6-12} or more numerous on each plancenta; ap- pendages of 10 vertical salient lamellx. •*- Seeds areolate, reticulate or favose-pitted but not transversely rugose; styles cleft to the middle. 12. P. brachyloba (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched, erect, 3-6 dm. high, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular above; leaves pinnatifid, elongated, oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, lobes 7-15, entire or obtusely few-toothed; spikes crowded, solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender ; pedicels very short ; corolla white, campanulate, the lobes about half the length of the tube ; the long narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens ; ovules about 6, rarely more, on each plancenta ; cap- sule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranous, shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes; seeds oval, reticulated. Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. April-June. 13. P. Douglasii (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched from the base; the branches prostrate or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long; herb- age pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several-many pairs of lobes, the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined ; racemes becoming elongated ; pedicels filiform, 1-2 cm. long; calyx-lobes spatulate; corolla rotate-cam- panulate, pale blue, about 1 cm. broad ; appendages semi-oblance- olate ; ovules to each dilated placenta 12-14 ; capsule ovate, mucro- nate; seeds roundish, oval, scrobiculate. Frequent near the coast along the borders of the sand-dunes. Much re- sembling some of the large-flowered Nemophilas. 14. P. Davidsonii macrantha Parish. Stems branched from the base, decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, rather soft pubescent and villous ; leaves deeply pinnatifid into 2-4 tri- angular entire lobes and a much larger terminal one. the evident veins of which are nearly parallel, the upper leaves commonly entire and slender petioled; pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx-lobes ; calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate, fully twice the length 326 Hydrophyllaceae of the ovate capsule; corolla 1 cm. high or more, the lobes dark purple, the throat and tube yellowish. Frequent in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains. May-August. -<- •*- Seeds strongly corrugated transversely; style cleft only at apex. 15. P. Fremontii Torr. Much branched from the base, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves pinnatifid into 7-15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions; flowers crowded in the at length elongated spiciform racemes ; corolla broadly funnelform, twice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and nar- row appendages united below with the filaments or. almost free from them; capsule oblong; seeds 20-30, oblong, strongly and somewhat evenly corrugated. Los Angeles River; Wilson's Peak, Davidson. Summit of Santiago Peak. 4. EMMENANTHE Benth. Annuals with the habit of Phacelia and differing from that genus only by its yellow or cream-colored persist- ent corollas, destitute of appendages. 1. E. penduliflora Benth. (WHISPERING BELLS.) Erect, usually much branched from the base, 2-4 dm. high, villous- pubescent and somewhat viscid ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short-toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending; pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, these soon pendulous; calyx-lobes ovate, 6-8 mm. long; corolla cream- colored, campanulate, about 1 cm. long; filaments adnate to the base of the corolla; seeds about 16, pitted. Common throughout the chaparral belt of all the mountains. April-June. 5. CONANTHUS Wats. Low herbs or suffrutescent plants with entire leaves and purple, bluish or white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salver-shaped, the tube destitute of internal appendages. Stamens often unequal and unequally inserted, included. Styles 2, distinct to the base or rarely united ; stigmas some- Water-leaf Family 327 what capitate. Capsule thin, completely or incompletely 2-celle.d by the meeting of the 2 thin and dilated placen- tae, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds usually numerous. 1. C. demissus (Gray) Heller. Annual ; stems much branched from the base and erect-spreading, 5-15 cm. high, pubescent, hir- sute or somewhat hispid ; leaves linear-spatulate, at least the lower tapering into a petiole; flowers subsessile in the forks; sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broadened above, 4-5 mm. long; corolla bright purple, about 1 cm. long; capsule oblong, about 3 mm. long, 10-16-seeded. Occasional in dry places in the San Gabriel Mountains. Frequent on the desert. 2. C. stenocarpus (Gray) Heller. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, the branches 1.5-3 dm. long, leafy, villous- pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves oblong, the upper with a broad sessile somewhat clasping base, the lower spatulate; flow- ers sessile or on short pedicels becoming rigid in fruit; corolla f unnelform, somewhat exceeding the linear sepals ; capsule cylin- dric, 6 mm. long, nearly equaling the sepals ; seeds very numerous. Growing about the borders of ponds. Santa Monica, Davidson; Soldiers Home. 6. ERIODICTYON Benth. Low shrubs or rarely herbaceous, with alternate more or less dentate leaves, and funnelform or campanulate flowers in terminal panicles or scorpioid cymes. Sepals narrow, not dilated above. Filaments more or less adnate to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted> sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 2-celled by the meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis. Capsule first loculicidal then septicidal, thus 4-valved ; each valve with a short beak or acumination and closed on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-parti- tion. 1. E. Californicum (H. & A.) Greene. Shrub, commonly 10-20 dm. high ; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, tapering below and fre- quently above, dentate at least above the middle, very glutinous. 328 Boraginaceae the areas between the veins on the under side with a close dense felt; calyx 2 mm. long, with linear lobes; corolla white or pale blue tubular-funnelform, 8-12 mm. long; stamens and styles included. (E. glutinosum Benth.) Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. More common on the dry plains east of our range, as well as in the San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains, where it extends up to the pine belt. May- August. 2. E. tomentosum Benth. Shrub, 25-30 dm. high, whitish tomentose with a more or less dense coat of short villous hairs, sometimes rusty-colored, branches leafy to the top ; leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse, 5-10 cm. long ; cymes at length broad ; calyx densely villous, the corolla slightly so; corolla somewhat salver- shaped and about twice the length of the calyx. Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun- tains. April-June. 3. E. Parryi (Gray) Greene. Stems about 8-18 dm. high, woody below ; branches rather simple and erect, hirsute or vil- lous, viscid-glandular and strong-scented; leaves 5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. broad in the middle, tapering above to an acute apex and below to a very short petiole ; the leaves at the base of the branches often much reduced, bullate and the margin strongly revolute; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about 4 mm. long; corolla tubular-funnelform, about 15 mm. long, blue; stamens included, unequal; ovary oval, about 3 mm. long; seeds 4 or sometimes more. (Nama Parryi Gray.) Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains. Occurring in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the lower por- tions of the pine belt. June-August. Family 82. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY. Herbs or rarely shrubs with mostly alternate exstipu- late entire and pubescent leaves, and perfect regular or nearly so flowers in scorpioid spikes, racemes or cymes or rarely scattered. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, sometimes crested or append- aged in the throat. Stamens inserted in the tube or throat, alternate with the lobes ; anthers 2-celled, lon- gitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, of 2 2-valved Borage Family 329 carpels, these commonly 2-lobed appearing as 4 1-ovuled carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets. Ovary not lobed; glabrous perennial. 1. HELIOTROPIUM. Ovary 4-lobed; hispid or pubescent annuals. Flowers white. Nutlets divergent, wing-margined and bristly, at least at apex. 2. PKCTOCARYA. Nutlets erect. Nutlets inserted at the base; scar rounded. 3. ALLOCARYA. Nutlets laterally inserted. Scar rounded. 6. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, Scar linear, often bifurcate at base. Calyx circumscissile near the middle. 5. PIPTOCALYX. Calyx not circumscissile. Roots imparting a purple stain; spikes leafy bracted. 4. EREMOCARYA. Roots not imparting a stain; spikes naked. 7. CRYPTANTHE. Flowers yellow. 8. AMSINCKIA. 1. HELIOTBOPIUM L. HELIOTROPE. Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly entire petioled leaves, and small blue or white flowers in scorpioid spikes or scattered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear. Corolla salver-shaped or funnelform, naked in the throat. Stamens included ; filaments short or none. Style ter- minal, short or slender ; stigma conic or angular. Fruit 2— 4-lobed, separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets or into 2 2-seeded carpels. 1. H. Curvassavicum L. Annual, fleshy, glabrous through- out, more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 15-45 cm. long; leaves oblanceolate or sometimes linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles or the upper ses- sile ; scorpioid spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pairs ; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; corolla white or rarely lavender ; stigma annular. Common in low saline places. 2. PECTOCARYA D. C. Low slender annuals with strigose-hirsute pubescence, small narrow leaves, and small white flowrers scattered 330 Boraginaceae along the stems and branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading or reflexed in fruit, persistent. Corolla with a circle of processes or crests which almost close the throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, radiately divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of hooked bristles. 1. P. linearis (R. & P.) DC. Stems slender, diffusely branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, canescent throughout with appressed hairs, the leaves with spreading hairs; nutlets oblong, 4 mm. long, becoming recurved, the winged margins toothed, the teeth ending in an uncinate bristle, the apex thickly beset with slender uncinate bristles. Frequent on the mesas in the coast valleys and in moist places in the interior region. 2. P. penicillata (H. & A.) DC. Closely resembling the last in habit, usually smaller and densely canescent with appressed hairs throughout ; nutlets oblong, 2 mm. long, the apex covered with slender uncinate bristles, the winged margin entire, in- curved, somewhat broader at the base and sometimes bearing 1 or 2 uncinate bristles. Common in all our valleys and foothills, mostly in dry ground. 3. P. setosa Gray. Stems erect, 4-6 cm. high, yellowish green, canescent with appressed hairs; calyx with a few strong hispid hairs ; nutlets broad, about 1 mm. long, beset on the mar- gins and inner surface with uncinate bristles. First collected on the Mojave Desert. Common on the desert slopes of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. 3. ALLOCABYA Greene. Mostly low spreading annuals, with linear entire leaves, the lowest opposite, and small flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit and persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the seg- ments narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth or rough, attached Borage Family 331 at their bases or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of the attachment concave or raised. 1. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. Stem branching from the base, decumbent, 3 dm. long or less, rough with a rather coarse and somewhat spreading pubescence ; racemes leafy almost through- out ; segments of the calyx linear, widely spreading ; corolla very small ; nutlets ovate, straight, carinate on both sides, the dorsal keels and nearly straight transverse rugse dentate-interrupted ; scar suborbicular, nearly basal. In low ground near Inglewood. 4. EREMOCARYA Greene. Hirsute-canescent low annuals with numerous leafy- bracted racemose branches. Roots imparting a purple stain. Leaves in a basal rosulate tuft. Racemes dense, biserial, leafy-bracted ; pedicels filiform, short and per- sistent with the calyx. Calyx 5-parted to the base, campanulate in fruit, its lobes nerveless, not bristly. Corollas small, white. Nutlets neither margined nor car- inate, erect, attached for their whole length, the groove open, slightly dilated and not furcate at base. Style enlarged in fruit and persistent. 1. E. micranth.a (Torr.) Greene. Hirsute-canescent through- out; stems slender, erect, diffusely branched from the base, 6-12 cm. high ; leaves linear, 4-10 mm. long; flowers crowded ; corolla scarcely 2 mm. long, its lobes about 1 mm. long, obscurely append- aged at the throat; nutlets oblong-ovate, acuminate, smooth or nearly so, about 1 mm. long. Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys. 2. E. lepida (Gray) Greene. Stems stouter than in the last, 8-15 cm. high ; corolla larger, its limb 4-6 mm. broad, append- ages conspicuous ; nutlets nearly 2 mm. long, pectinate-scabrous. Frequent in the dry interior foothills of San Diego and San Bernardino Counties. 5. PIPTOCAiLYX Torr. Hispid-canescent low diffusely branching annuals, leafy-racemose throughout. Calyx villous-hispid, 5-cleft 332 Boraginaceae to the middle, circumscissile near the middle, the lower scarious part together with the short pedicel persistent ; the lobes herbaceous, filiform, hispid-bristly, nerveless. Nutlets 4, not carinate, margined, scabrous-roughened or smooth and shining, the ventral groove divaricate- forked at base. 1. P. circumscissus (H. & A.) Torr. Strongly hirsute-canes- cent throughout ; sterns much branched from the base, forming rounded tufts, 4-6 cm. high; leaves linear, those of the racemes 4-5 mm. long; flowers crowded; corolla minute, naked; nutlets oblong-ovate, acute, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous. Frequent in dry stony or sandy places in the interior foothills and moun- tains. Mount Wilson; Ly tie Creek Canyon; Bear Valley. 6. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. POP-CORN FLOWER. Rather large but slender annuals with most of their leaves in a close basal tuft, the elongated branches erect or decumbent. Racemes spike-like, elongated, loose, naked or leafy-bracted ; pedicels very short, filiform, per- sistent. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, closed or campanu- late, often irregularly circumscissile near the base. Nut- lets carinate on both sides toward the apex, usually with well-defined lateral margins, the back very irregularly rugose ; insertion almost medial on a depressed gymno- base ; areola or scar rounded, rarely stipitate. * Nutlets not stipitate. 1. P. canescens Benth. Stems much branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long; pubescence pale, soft- villous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, the segments broadly lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; nutlets 2 mm. long, incurved- connivent, rugose-reticulate, the areola longer transversely, the lateral angles very distinct. Frequent in grassy places in our interior valleys and foothills. 2. P. nothofulvus Gray. Stems 1-several from the depressed rosulate tuft of leaves, erect or suberect, 3-6 dm. high, branching mostly above, silky-villous, the hairs reddish when young, espe- Borage Family 333 ciall y on the calyx ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; spikes leafless ; calyx cleft only to the middle, 3 mm. long in fruit, cir- cumscissile below the middle; nutlets with dot-like granulations between the rather prominent rugae. Frequent on rather moist grassy hillsides about Los Angeles and on mesas in the coast region. ** Nutlets stipitate. 3. P. Cooperi Gray. Diffusely branched from the base with slender sparsely-leaved ascending flowering stems, 1.5-3 dm. long, hispidulous ; leaves spatulate-linear to oblong-lanceolate ; spikes at length sparsely-flowered, sparingly bracteate or above bract- less; corolla-limb 4-6 mm. broad; nutlets trigonous and reticu- late-rugose, dentate-muriculate on the reticulations. Occasional on moist grassy slopes in the coast valleys. 7. CRYPT ANTHE Lehm. Mostly low erect branching setose or hispid annual herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous, •erect or spreading in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat. Stamens in- •cluded ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style short ; stigma capitate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, the margins obtuse acute or winged, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, scar elongated. "* Nutlets muriculate. 1. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Rather stout, branch- ing, rough-hirsute or hispid, 2-4 dm. high, with well-developed irather dense spikes, mostly in 2's and 3's at the ends of the branches; calyx about 3 mm. long, lanceolate; corolla 4-6 mm. ilong; nutlets 2 mm. long, muricate-papillose and somewhat rugose on the back; ventral groove and its basal bifurcation mostly closed, lateral angles acutish, distinct. Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt •of all our mountains. 334 Boraginaceae 2. C. barbigera (Gray) Greene. Rather stout, much branched, 2-4 dm. high, hispid and hirsute; leaves narrowly linear; spikes elongated, the flowers becoming rather distant; calyx-lobes lin- ear, attenuate, 6-8 mm. long in fruit, covered with long shaggy bristles, usually intermingled with long white villous hairs ; corolla often 6 mm. broad; nutlets rarely acuminate, about 2 mm. long, grayish, muricate-papillose ; scar open, dilated at base. Common in open dry places on the plains and foothills. March-May. 3. C. intermedia (Gray) Greene. Resembling the last in habit; calyx-lobes 3-5 mm. long, armed with rather rigid and pungent, whitish or rusty-yellowish bristles ; corolla usually less than 4 mm. broad; nutlets grayish, about 2 mm. long, oblong- ovate, thickly rough -muricate; scar wholly or partly open, with an open areola. Frequent on dry open ridges and on the plains in the interior region. March-May. 4. C. ambig-ua (Gray) Greene. Stems rather slender, loosely branching, 20-25 cm. high, sparsely hispid and hirsute; leaves rather broadly linear ; flowers becoming scattered ; calyx-lobes 5-7 mm. long, beset with rather short, rigid bristles; corollas about 3 mm. broad ; nutlets deltoid-ovate, 2 mm. long, brownish, sparsely and faintly muricate. Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among the pines. May-July. ** Nutlets smooth and shining. 5. C. flaccida (Lehm.) Greene. Slender, strict, 3-6 dm. high, strigulose with minute close pubescence; leaves linear, minutely more or less strigulose-hispid ; calyx erect in fruit, appressed to the rachis, 4-5 mm. long; sepals filiform-linear, thickish below, their bases very hispid with deflexed and strong, somewhat hooked bristles; nutlets solitary, scarcely flattened ventrally, the groove of attachment enlarged at base but not fur- cate. (Krynitzkia oxycarya Gray.) Known in our region only from Chatsworth Park. 6. C. xnicrostachys Greene. Rarely over 3 dm. high, much branched from the base, hispidulous or hispid; calyx in fruit ascending or erect, but not appressed to the rachis, 2-3.5 mm. long ; sepals linear, hispid with widely spreading, but not deflexed, straight and somewhat pungent hairs ; nutlet solitary, somewhat Borage Family 335 flattened laterally, the groove of attachment divaricately forked and somewhat open at the base. Frequent in sandy soil in the foothills throughout our range. Our plants usually somewhat canescent, but otherwise not differing from the northern form. 7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from the base, 1-3 dm. high ; spikes leafy bracted, the terminal larger and interrupted, the lateral short and glomerate; sepals short- linear, hispid bristly; nutlets 4, narrowly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the ventral groove not forked or scarcely so. Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore. 8. AMSINCKIA Lehm. Hispid annual herbs with erect or spreading branched stems, alternate linear leaves, and yellow flowers in elon- gated scorpioid spikes. Calyx herbaceous ; sepals 5 or 4, hy the union of 2 into 1 broader one. Corolla salver- shaped, the throat somewhat funnelform with more or less distinct folds but destitute of crests or processes. Filaments short. Style filiform ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Nutlets crustaceous, erect or incurved, smooth or rough, triquetrous or ovate-triangular. 1. A. spectabilis F. & M. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, often branched at base, the branches spreading or decumbent ; herbage sparsely hispid, the hairs with very pustulate bases ; leaves linear- lanceolate, bright green; calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear, hispid with usually fulvous hairs; corolla orange-colored, usually 8-10 mm. long, the throat glabrous ; anthers unequally inserted in the throat; nutlets reticulate-rugose and granulate, dark-colored. Common in sandy soil near the coast, and apparently passing into the next. These plants have long been considered as belonging to A. lycopsoides Lehm., but that is a small-flowered species which has a bearded throat It belongs to the seaboard and ranges from San Francisco to Vancouver Is- land. In applying the name A. spectabilis 'to the narrow-leafed plant of the interior valleys of middle California, recent authors have clearly erred; for Fischer and Myer's specimens came from the seacoast at Bodega Bay, "where the form we have in mind is common. February-June. 2. A. intermedia F. & M. Stems erect, in robust plants much branched and more or less spreading ; herbage hirsute and 336 Verbenaceae hispid throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, often canes- cent; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, much exceeding the nutlets, hispid with white or somewhat fulvous hairs ; corolla orange or yellow, usually less than 8 mm. long, the throat glabrous ; nut- lets reticulate-rugose and granulate, usually pale. A very common weed in all the valleys and foothills. February-June. Family 83. VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with usually opposite or verticillate leaves, and perfect more or less irregular flowers in ter- minal or axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regu- lar or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric, the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, composed of 2 carpels with 2 ovules ; style simple ; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, separ- ating at maturity into 2 or 4 nutlets, or a drupe con- taining the 2-4 nutlets. Corolla 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. VERBENA. Corolla 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. LIPPIA. 1. VERBENA L. Herbs, mostly with opposite leaves and variously colored bracted flowers in terminal solitary, corymbose or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled,. more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped or funnelform, its limb spreading, 5-lobed and slightly 2-lipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous or rarely only 2, included ; connective of anthers unappendaged or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules- 1 in each cell ; style usually stout, 2-lobed, only 1 of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx,, Vervain Family 337 at length separating into 4 1-seeded, linear or linear- oblong, smooth or rough nutlets. * Bracts shorter than the flowers. •*- Flowers, or at least the fruit, scattered. 1. V. urticifolia L. Stems minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous, erect, 10-16 dm. high; leaves thin, petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or doubly serrate; spikes slender-filiform, panicled; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, shorter than the calyx; corolla 2-4 mm. long, white or purplish. Occasional in marshes. 2. V. polystachya H. B. K. Scarcely as tall as the last, scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, paniculately branched; leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, sessile by a narrowed base or short-petioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, occasionally somewhat lobed ; spikes thicker and denser than in the last. Occasional in marshes, less common than the last. •*- •*- Fruit mostly crowded. 3. V. prostrata K. Br. Soft-villous to hirsute, diffusely spreading, at length much branched, 5-9 dm. long; leaves obo- vate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-cleft; spikes solitary or somewhat clustered, elongated, hirsute or villous; bracts sub- ulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 4 mm. long; nutlets oblong. Common on the plains and in the foothills throughout our range. ** Bracts exceeding the flowers. 4. V. bracteosa Michx. Hirsute, much branched from the base, the branches diffuse or decumbent, 2-4 dm. long; leaves cuneate-obovate, narrowed into a short-winged petiole, pinnately incised or 3-cleft and coarsely dentate; spikes thick, terminating the branches ; lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised, the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid, all exceeding the flowers; corolla purplish or blue. Occasional in low ground, especially in the bottoms of dried up ponds. June-September. 338 Labiatae 2. LIPPIA L. Perennial herbs with opposite sometimes verticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary or terminal heads or spikes. Calyx small, mem- branous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla cylindric, the limb oblique spreading, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the lobes broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthers not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; style short ; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry with a membranous exocarp, at length separating into 2 nutlets. 1. I*, lanceolata Michx. Green, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent with forked hairs ; stems slender, weak, procumbent or ascending, often rooting at the nodes, simple or little branched , 3-6 dm. long; leaves thin, oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate to below the middle, nar- rowed at base, 2.5-7 cm. long ; peduncles axillary, slender, usually longer than the leaves ; heads at first globose, becoming cylindric, about 15 mm. long in fruit ; bracts acute ; calyx flattened, 2-cleft ; corolla pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. Occasional atong slow-running streams in marshy places. June-August. Family 84. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY. , Aromatic punctate herbs or shrubs, with mostly 4-sided stems, simple opposite exstipulate leaves, and irregular perfect flowers variously clustered. Calyx regular or 2-lipped, 54oothed or 5-lobed, or rarely 4-toothed or 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla mostly 2-lipped ; upper lip usually 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, generally 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2 with or without staminodia ; anthers 2-celled, introrse or confluently 1-celled. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted ; style 2-lobed. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets. Mint Family 339 Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx gibbous on the upper side. 2. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. Trailing herbs; flowers small. 8. MICROMERIA. Shrubby; flowers large. 7. SPHACELE. Flowers not solitary. Calyx regular or its teeth nearly equal. Corolla slender curved; stamens fully twice the length of the corolla. l. TRICHOSTEMA. Corolla nearly regular. Flower-whorls axillary. Stamens 4. 12. MENTHA. Stamens 2. 11. LYCOPDS. Flowers in terminal bracteate heads. 9. MONARDELLA. Corolla evidently bilabiate, Stamens included in the corolla-tube. 3. MARRUBIUM. Stamens exceeding the corolla-tube. Lower pair of stamens the longer. 4. STACHYS. Stamens nearly equal. 10. KOELI.IA. Calyx bilabiate or its teeth unequal. Upper corolla-lip erect; filaments short; the connective transverse, the lower portion evident. 5 SALVIA. Upper corolla-tip spreading; connective nearly continuous with the filament, the lower portion not evident or indicated by a tooth. 6. RAMONA. 1. TRICHOSTEMA L. BLUE-CURLS. Annual or perennial strong-scented herbs or rarely shrubby, with lanceolate, oblong or linear, entire or slightly repand leaves, and small or middle-sized, usu- ally blue or purple flowers, paniculate or in axillary loose or dense clusters. Calyx campanulate, very un- equally 5-lobed. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or in- cluded, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair longer ; filaments filiform, spirally coiled in. the bud, long exserted ; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. 1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Strong-scented annual, simple or branching from near the base, 1.5-3 dm. high, very leafy, herbage cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves 340 Labiatae lanceolate, acuminate, sessile or the lowest subsessile, with 3-5 strong, nearly parallel nerves, 2 cm. long; cymes short-peduncled or nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform, some- what pubescent, blue. Frequent in dry fields, especially on the mesas in our interior valleys. June-September. 2. T. lanatum Benth. (ROMERO or WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.) Shrubby, about 1 m. high, very leafy; leaves thickish, narrowly linear and with revolute margins, 1-nerved, glabrate and shining above, canescent-tomentose beneath, sessile, many fascicled in the axils, uppermost reduced to bracts; cymes in a naked terminal, interrupted thyrsus, whole inflorescence clothed with a dense violet or purple wool; corolla 1 cm. long; the filaments fully twice as long. Occasional in the chaparral belt on dry ridges in all the mountain ranges and extending northward as far as Monterey County. 2. SCUTELLABIA L. SKULLCAP. Annual or perennial herbs, with flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils or in bracted racemes or spikes. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, bilabiate, the lips entire, the upper with a crest or protuberance upon its back, often deciduous in fruit, the lower persistent. Corolla much exserted, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, upper lip arched, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and some- what connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, sometimes emarginate, the margins mostly recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat shorter ; anthers ciliate, the upper pair 2-celled, the lower 1-celled. Style unequally 2-cleft at the apex ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate. 1. S. tuberosa Benth. Perennial by tuberiferous rootstocks, soft-pubescent or villous ; stems slender, often diffuse, 3-12 cm. high, rather sparsely leafy; leaves mostly ovate, truncate or cuneate at the base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed or Mint Family 341 nearly entire, 1-4 cm. long, nearly all petioled; floral about equaling or longer than the flowers; corolla narrow, about 15 mm. long, blue. Occasional in shady places in all the hills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains. April-June. 2. S. Bolanderi Gray. Perennial by filiform rootstocks, pubes- cent; stems slender, simple or branched from the base, about 3 dm. high, very leafy to the summit; leaves ovate-elliptic, very obtuse, closely sessile by somewhat cordate base, 2.5 cm. long or less; flowers short-pedicelled, seldom equaling the leaf; corolla yellowish, throat inflated, villous within. Moist woods, El Monte, Davidson. 3. MABBUBIUM L. HOARHOUND. Perennial, mostly woolly herbs, with dentate rugose leaves, and small flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5- 10- toothed, the teeth acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emar- ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the posterior pair the shorter ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. 1. M. vulgare L. Stems stout, tufted, erect, white-woolly, 3-10 dm. high; leaves roundish crenate, except at the cuneate, truncate or subcordate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath, green above, 2-4 cm. long; flowers whitish ;x calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate. Common in waste places. Flowering nearly all the year. 4. STACHYS L. HEDGE-NETTLE. Annual or perennial, commonly pubescent or hispid herbs, with mostly purplish flowers loosely clustered in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, erect or spreading, pointed. Corolla-tube not dilated at the 342 Labiatae throat, narrow; the limb strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip erect or slightly turned back, overarched or concave, entire or emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader than the often deflexed lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the anterior pair the longer, some- times deflexed or twisted after anthesis ; anthers con- tiguous in pairs. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. 1. S. ajugoides Benth. Villous with very soft white hairs, 1.5-3 drn. high ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 2. 5-7 cm. long, roundish or acutish at base, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the floral as long as the subtended flowers; flower-clus- ters mainly distant; calyx short-campanulate or becoming tur- binate in fruit, very slightly villous, the teeth triangular-ovate, aristate-acuminate, nearly equaling the corolla-tube ; corolla whitish, its lips 4-6 mm. long, the upper woolly on the back. Frequent along streams in the valleys and in the lower altitudes of the mountains below the pine belt. April-August. 2. S. albens Gray. Soft-tomentose or lanate with white wool, 3-15 dm. high, leafy; leaves oblong to ovate, usually with a more or less cordate base, acutish at apex, 5-8 cm. long, the lower short-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, the floral mostly shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spikes; calyx turbinate-campanulate, the teeth triangular, aristulate, nearly equaling the corolla-tube; corolla as in the last. Frequent along marshes and streams in the valleys and extending into the pine belt of all our mountains. May-August. 3. S. Californica Benth. Stems rather slender, simple from the base or branched, 4-8 dm. high, sparsely retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles, and more or less glandular with sessile glands; leaves ovate-oblong,. subcordate at the base, the lowest rather long-petioled, sparsely villous-hispid, crenate; flowers about 6 in the whorls, these rather remote; calyx campanulate- turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, spreading in age; co- rolla purple, its tube about twice the length of the calyx, with a horizontal hairy ring at its base within. Frequent on shaded slopes and in canyons in all the mountains and foot- hills. April-July. Mint Family 343 5. SAL VI A L. Herbs or suffrutescent plants, aromatic and bitter, with clustered usually showy flowers. Calyx bilabiate, its upper lip usually 3-toothed or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, erect, entire, emargi- nate or 2-lobed, usually concave, the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emarginate. Anther-bearing sta- mens 2, the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary ; fila- ments usually short ; connective of the anthers trans- verse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or some- times bearing a small or rudimentary anther-sac. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. 1. S. carduacea Benth. (THISTLE-SAGE.) Rather stout erect annual, 2-5 dm. high; stem with a cluster of ample sinuate- pinnatifid spinulose-toothed leaves at base, these and the whole plant white-woolly and thistle-like; flowers in 1-4 dense head- like verticillate clusters, these 2-3 cm. broad, equalled or sur- passed by the ovate-lanceolate pectinate-toothed bracts; calyx long-woolly, many-nerved ; corolla light blue, 2.5 cm. long ; upper lip erose-denticulate and cleft; lower with a large flabelliform fimbriately many-cleft middle lobe ; filaments very short ; lower arm of the long filiform connective bearing a polleniferous anther- cell. Occasional in sandy soil in all the valleys and in the foothills. March- May. 2. S. Columbariae Benth. (CniA or SAGE.) Slender annual, branching and leafy below, 2-5 dm. high, naked and peduncle- like above, more or less grayish pubescent with rather short re- flexed hairs ; leaves rugulose, 1-2-pinnatifid into toothed or incised divisions ; flowers in 1-several dense verticillate clusters, these about 1 5-2 cm. broad, scarcely equalled by the rounded bracts; bracts tipped with a slender awn, sparsely ciliate on the margins; calyx-lobes purplish tipped, the upper lip large, arched, tipped with a pair of partly connate short-awned teeth ; corolla deep blue, hardly exceeding the calyx, the upper lip small, notched, 344 Labiatae the lower with small lateral lobes and a large unguiculate trans- versely oval 2-lobed middle one. Frequent throughout our range in the foothills and on the plains. March- May. 6. BAMONA Greene. Perennial aromatic herbs or shrubby plants, with rugose veiny mostly crenulate leaves, and rather showy flowers, capitate-glomerate or sometimes more open and paniculate. Calyx bilabiate, mostly deeply cleft on the lower side as if spathaceous. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate. Anther- bearing stamens 2 ; filaments slender, exserted, appar- ently simple and bearing a linear 1-celled anther, or with an articulation showing that the portion above it answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which some- times projects into a subulate point. Otherwise as in Salvia. (Audibertia Benth.) 1. R. grandiflora (Benth.) Briquet. Herbaceous, very villous and glandular, aromatic; stems stout, 3-6 dm. high ; lowest leaves hastate-lanceolate, obtuse, 8-20 cm. long, on margined petioles, the upper oblong, sessile, all very rugose, sinuate-crenate, white- tomentose beneath; flowers densely capitate-glomerate in large interrupted spicate heads ; bracts broadly ovate, entire ; calyx spathaceous, the orifice oblique, 2 lower teeth very short ; corolla crimson, 3 cm. long. Frequent on shaded banks in all the mountains. March-May. 2. K. nivea (Benth.) Briquet. Shrubby below, 9-12 dm. high, hoary white throughout with a close tomentum ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lowest ovate, obtuse; the upper with truncate base, very short-petioled ; flowers in dense verticillate glomerules and interrupted spicate, much bracteate ; bracts her- baceous oval, or oblong, obtuse and muticous; calyx splitting down anteriorly, at length emarginate posteriorly, its teeth obtuse and muticous; corolla light purple, about 1 cm. long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx ; stamens and style much exserted ; connective almost continuous with the filament. Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and San Fernando Moun- tains. April-July. Mint Family 345 3. R. stachyoides( Benth.) Briquet. (BLACK SAGE.) Cinereous- tomentose or glabrate, shrubby, 1 m. high or more, branching and leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short- petioled, crenate, green and rugose above, cinereous-tomentose beneath ; flowers in interrupted spicate heads or whorls ; the floral leaves much reduced, these and the ovate or oblong bracts as well as the calyx-teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acumi- nate or spinulose-aristulate ; corolla white or lilac-tinged, about 1 cm. long, the tube longer than the limb; style, and especially the stamens, little exserted ; subulate appendages of the connect- ive often manifest. Common on the low hills throughout our range. April-June. 4. B. polystachya (Benth.) Greene. (WHITE SAGE.) Shrubby below, 1 in. high or more, minutely tomentose-canescent, the branches virgate; leaves mostly very white on both surfaces, oblong-lanceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 5-8 cm. long; inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, 3-6 dm. long; the floral leaves, bracts and bractlets small and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped ; flowers sessile, loose ; upper lip of calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than the triangular-subulate lower lip; corolla white or nearly so, the lower lip much enlarged, the middle lobe rounded, emar- ginate at apex, unguiculate, the upper lip short; tube very short ; style and divergent stamens long-exserted ; filiform connective continuous with the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth. Very common on the dry plains toward the foothills and ascending these to about 3000 feet. April-July. 7. SPHACEL.E Benth. Shrubby or suffrutescent aromatic plants with the floral leaves gradually reduced with rather large flowers solitary in their axils, forming a leafy raceme. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membranous in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a broad tube, with a hairy ring at its base within, and 5 broad or roundish and plane, rather erect lobes. Stamens 4, distant, somewhat ascending; filaments naked ; anther- sacs divergent. 346 Labiatae 1. S. calycina Wallace! Gray. Shrubby at base, 6-9 dm. high, copiously villous, the branches leafy ; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex, truncate or hastate-subcordate at base, petioled, crenate, obtusely serrate or entire, rugose-veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long; the uppermost and bracts sessile ; calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a rather narrow base, over 1 cm. long; corolla purplish, about 2.5 cm. long. Occasional in all our mountains, mostly in the upper portion's of the chaparral belt, on shaded slopes. May-June. 8. MICBOMEBIA Benth. Erect branching or trailing perennial aromatic herbs, with small pedicelled flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. Calyx oblong or tubular, about equally 5-toothed and 12-15-nerved. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, naked within, upper lip erect, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 4 ; filaments arcuate- ascending ; the upper pair longer ; anthers 2-celled. 1. M. Chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. (YERBABUENA.) Stems slender, trailing or creeping, 3 dm. long or more, herbage slightly pubescent; leaves round-ovate, crenate, glandular-punctate, 2.5 cm. long or less; petioles 4-6 mm. long; flowers about 8 mm. long; calyx minutely hispidulous; corolla pubescent without. (Af. Douglasii Benth.) Santa Monica Mountains in shady places, not common. May-June. 9. MONABDELLA Benth. Annual or perennial aromatic herbs, with flowers in terminal heads which are subtended by broad often more or less colored involucral bracts. Calyx tubular, narrow, 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Corolla glabrous within, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower 3-parted, all the lobes linear or narrowly oblong. Stamens 4, distinct, strongly or moderately unequal, exserted, straight ; an- thers often divergent or divaricate. 1. M. lanceolata Gray. Annual, green and glabrous or the stems puberulent, brachiately branched, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves Mint Family 347 rather few, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, taper- ing below into a slender petiole^ the upper acute, all with entire and even margins ; bracts foliaceous or nearly so, ovate or oblong, mostly acute with many cross veinlets between the ascending or parallel veins ; calyx-teeth densely hirsute within, sparsely if at all so without, inconspicuously nerved; corolla bright rose color or purple, sometimes with darker spots. Frequent in dry ground in the interior region both in the valleys and mountains. June-August. 10. KOEI/LIA Moench. Perennial erect herbs with small flowers in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, equally or more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal or the lower pair a little the longer ; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent or roughened. 1. K. Californica (Torr.) Kuntze. Aromatic, herbage whitish with a very fine and close soft pubescence; stem erect, simple or with a few terminal branches, 5-9 dm. high; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile by an obtuse or subcordate base, entire or denticulate, 3-9 cm. long; heads terminal and compact; calyx pubescent, the tips of the teeth very woolly exteriorly ; corolla white, resin-dotted. (Pycnanthernum Californicum Torr.) Occasional in the canyons of all our mountains. April-July. 11. LYCOPUS L. WATER-HOARHOUND. Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric, equaling or exceeding the calyx, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or 1 of the lobes broader and emarginate. Per- fect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary 348 Labiatae or wanting ; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender, 2-cleft. Nutlets truncate at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth. 1. L. lucidus Turcx. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple or some- times branched, 3-9 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sessile or nearly so, 5-15 cm. long, sharply serrate; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acu- minate-subulate, the outer ones often as long as the flowers; calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx ; rudimentary stamens slen- der, thickened at the apex ; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. Occasional along stream banks in the San Bernardino Valley, Parish. 12. MENTHA L. Erect or diffuse aromatic herbs with simple mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular, 10-nerved, regular or slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat regular, the pos- terior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or exserted ; filaments glabrous ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted ; style 2-cleft. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. 1. M. piperita L. (PEPPERMINT.) Perennial by subterranean suckers; stems glabrous or sparsely puberulent, mostly erect, branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous except the veins beneath; whorls of flowers in terminal, dense or interrupted spikes, 2.5-7 cm. long in fruit; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth subulate, ciliate, half as long as the tube or more; corolla glabrous. Occasional along streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana. August- December. Solanaceae 349 2. M. spicata L. (SPEARMINT.) Perennial by leafy stolons; herbage glabrous; stems branched, 3-5 dm. high ; leaves lanceo- late, short-petioled or sessile ; whorls of flowers in terminal nar- row, acute, usually interrupted spikes, these becoming 5-10 cm., long in fruit; calyx campanulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrater subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. (M. viridis L.) Frequent in low ground along streams. August-December. Family 85. SOLANACEAE. POTATO FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines or rarely trees, with alternate or rarely opposite exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx mostly 5-lobed. Corolla varying from rotate to salver-shaped, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on the tube alternate with them, equal (4 and didynamous in Petunia, the fifth being smaller or obsolete) ; anthers 2-celled apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary entire, 3-5-celled, usually 2-celled ; ovules numerous on the axillary placentae ; style slender, simple ; stigma ter- minal. Fruit a berry or capsule. Fruit a pulpy berry. Anthers not connivent ; fruiting-calyx inflated. 1. PHYSALIS. Anthers connivent; calyx not becoming inflated. 2. SOLANUM. Fruit a nearly dry berry; shrubby. 3. LYCIUM. Fruit a capsule. Capsule prickly; flowers large, showy. 4. DATURA. Capsule not prickly. Flowers paniculate or racemose. 5. NICOTIANA. Flowers solitary. 6. PETUNIA. 1. PHYSALIS L. GROUND-CHERRY. Annual or perennial herbs with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. Peduncles in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled 350 Solanaceae or prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclos- ing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly corinivent. Co- rolla open-campanulate, or rarely nearly rotate, plicate in the bud. Stamens inserted near the base of the co- rolla ; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender ; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numer- ous, reniform, finely pitted. 1. P. ixocarpa Brot. Annual, at first erect, later widely spreading, much branched ; stem angled, glabrous or the young parts sparingly hairy ; leaves cordate to ovate, with a cuneate, somewhat oblique base, sinuately dentate or entire, 2.5-6 cm. long; peduncles 2-5 mm. long; calyx sparingly hairy, its lobes short, triangular; corolla bright yellow, with purple throat, 10-15 mm. broad ; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled ; berry purple. (P. aequata Jacq. f.) Frequent in cultivated fields. June-September. 2. P. Greenei Rose. Annual, erect-spreading, the flexuose branches angular, 2-3 dm. long ; herbage viscid-pubescent through- out; leaves ovate or rhombic, acutish, entire or with few shallow teeth, 2-3 cm. long, on slender petioles of about the same length ; corolla greenish yellow, 12-15 mm. broad; fruiting calyx 10-15 mm. long, pendulous on the slender peduncle, which exceeds it in length. (P. pedunculata Greene.) San Joaquin Hills, Orange County; Santa Margarita Ranch, San Diego County. First collected on Cedros Island. April-July. 2. SCXLANUM L. NIGHTSHADE. Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent. Flowers cymose, paniculate or racemose, white, blue, purple or yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited in the bud, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short ; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone; the anther-sacs dehiscent by a terminal pore or by a short introrse terminal slit, or longitudinally. Ovary Potato Family 351 usually 2-celled ; stigma small. Fruit a several-seeded berry. 1. S. villosum Lam. Rather low and mostly spreading annual, villous and more or less viscid; leaves conspicuously angulate- dentate; filaments somewhat pubescent; berries yellow. 2. S. Douglasii Dunal. Usually somewhat woody, 1-2 in, high ; stems angular, the angles somewhat denticulate-scabrous, otherwise more or less puberulent; leaves variously angular- dentate, or some nearly entire ; umbels nearly opposite the leaves, several-flowered ; flowers white or pale purplish, 8-14 mm. broad, pubescent without, deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate; anthers yellow, 4-5 mm. long; filaments about 1 mm. long, stout, hairy, nearly equaling the slender style; fruit black. A common plant both in the valleys and mountains at lower altitudes. Often appearing as an introduced plant along roadsides and in waste places. 3. S. Xanti Gray. Stems woody, 3-10 dm. high, the younger angled, moderately villous with many-celled unbranched, mostly gland-tipped hairs ; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, the largest 4-6 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the base, the margins entire; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, usually deep violet, angu- lately 5-lobed ; berry greenish. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. 4. S. Xanti intermedium Parish. Stems woody, lax, 2 m. high or less, viscid; leaves cordate to oblong, at least obtuse at base, often with lateral lobes near the base, 3-15 cm. long ; corolla 2-4 cm. broad. Common in all our low hills and in the mountains. 5. S. Xanti glabrescens Parish. Stems woody, slender, 10-15 dm. high, glabrate or above hirsutulous with short, mostly 1-celled hairs ; leaves oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, mostly atten- uate or acute at the base, 2-6 cm. long; corolla 2 cm. broad. Occasional in the valleys and foothills, mostly in dry and rather exposed places. 6. S. Wallace! (Gray) Parish. Stems woody, about 1 m. high, densely tawny with long many-celled glandular, mostly simple hairs; leaves thickish, usually smoother than the stems, crenate, the lower ample, cordate, the upper ovate, rounded or subcordate at base; calyx narrowly funnelform, deeply cleft or 352 Solanaceae less so and broader; corolla 2-4 cm. broad, deep violet; style glabrate or villous below ; fruit dark purple. Santa Catalina Island. 7. S. rostratum Dunal. Annual, erect, branching, 1-3 dm. high, pubescent with long yellowish stellate hairs and armed with long straight prickles; leaves pinnatifid; calyx densely prickly, its lobes narrow, nearly half the length of the corolla and enclosing the fruit; corolla about 2 cm. broad, yellow; anthers linear-lanceolate, the lowest much longer and larger, with an incurved beak. Occasional in waste places and along roadsides. Inglewood; Soldiers Home; Santa Monica. Native of Texas. 3. LYCIUM L. BOX-THORN. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with small alternate entire leaves, and white, greenish or purple axillary or terminal solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu- late, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-toothed, not enlarged in fruit, per- sistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform, salver-shaped or campanulate, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the base ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry globose to oblong. 1. Ii. Californicum Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, much branched, about 6-12 dm. high; leaves thickish, 2-6 mm. long, obovate or spatulate to nearly linear ; pedicels often nearly obso- lete; corolla white, its tube about 3 mm. long, included in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx, its limb rotate, 4-parted, scarcely 4 mm. broad. On bluffs near the sea. Redondo; Long Beach; Laguna. First collected by Nuttall at San Diego. 2. Ii. Richii Gray. Stem slender ; leaves narrowly spatulate, 2-4 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, 8-10 mm. long; calyx- teeth lanceolate, nearly or quite equaling the corolla-tube ; corolla- lobes oval, slightly exceeding the tube. A Mexican species reported from Santa Catalina Island. Potato Family 353 3. L. Parishii Gray. Puberulent, branches slender; leaves spatulate and lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its limb shortly 5-lobed ; corolla narrowly funnelform, about 10 mm. long, its lobes 2 mm. long, ovate', obtuse, at length equaled by the stamens. Dry mesas in the San Bernardino Valley, Parish. 4. DATURA L. THORN-APPLE. Annual or perennial erect branching narcotic herbs, with alternate petioled entire or sinuate-dentate leaves, and large showy solitary short-peduncled flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, 5-cleft or spathe-like, circumscissile near the base. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Sta- mens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla ; fila- ments filiform, elongated. Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled ; style filiform ; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Cap- sule 4-valved from the top or bursting irregularly, ovoid or globose, prickly. 1. D. Stramonium L. (STRAMONIUM or JAMESTOWN- WEED.) Annual, green, glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed ; calyx prismatic ; corolla white, about 8 cm. long; capsule erect, thickly armed with short stout prickles. Introduced at Ballona, Davidson. 2. D. meteiloides DC. Prunose-glaucescent, erect, branching, 6-10 dm. high from a perennial root ; leaves unequally ovate, more or less coarsely repandodentate or nearly entire; calyx cylindric, about 8 cm. long; corolla white or tinged with violet, 15-20 cm. long, the limb about 10 cm. broad, with 5 slender subulate teeth ; capsule drooping in fruit, 5 cm. in diameter, densely prickly. Frequent in sandy soil throughout our range. July-September. 5. NICOTIANA L. TOBACCO. Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent or rarely gla- brous narcotic herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate entire or slightly undulate leaves, and medium-sized 354 Solanaceae often yellowish or greenish flowers, in terminal often bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanu- late or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, salver-shaped or nearly tubular, the tube usually elongated, the. limb 5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers 4-celled, style slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved or some- times 4-valved at the summit, smooth. Seeds numerous, small. * Herbs. 1. N. Cleveland! Gray. Viscid-pubescent or the stem villous, 2-6 dm. high; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, the lower obtuse and with margined petiole not dilated at base, the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad and rounded or truncate base into an acuminate apex; bracts lanceolate ; flowers paniculate-racemose ; calyx-lobes linear, unequal ; the longer fully twice the length of the tube, more than half the length of the corolla; corolla greenish- white, tinged with violet, almost glabrous, 2.5 cm. long, salver-shaped, the somewhat 5-lobed limb 1 cm. broad ; filaments slender, equally inserted low down on the tube of the corolla. Sand-dunes along the seashore near Port Ballona. 2. N. Bigelovii Wats. Viscid-pubescent ; stems 3-6 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, the lower 12-18 cm. long, with tapering base, the upper 4-8 cm. long, more acuminate, with acute or some with broader and clasping base ; inflorescence loosely racemiform; the upper flowers bractless; calyx-teeth unequal, linear-subulate, about equaling the tube ; corolla white, its tube 3-5 cm. long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat, the limb 5-angulate-lobed, 15-25 mm. broad; filaments somewhat unequally inserted high up on the corolla-tube. Occasional in dry washes about Los Angeles. ** Trees. 3. N. glauca Graham. Arborescent, 3-6 m. high, glaucous and glabrous; leaves long-petioled, ovate, subcordate; flowers loosely paniculate; corolla greenish-yellow, 3-5 cm. long, tubular, contracted at the throat, its limb erect, 5-crenate. A well-established introduced plant; rather common along streams. Flowering all the year. Scrophulariaceae 355 6. PETUNIA Juss. PETUNIA. Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs, with entire leaves and axillary or terminal solitary flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnel form or salver-shaped, its limb plicate spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, per- fect, the fifth smaller, obsolete ; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. 1. P. parviflora (Lehm.) Juss. Small, prostrate or diffusely spreading, more or less pubescent, annual ; leaves oblong-linear or spatulate, rather fleshy, nearly sessile,. 12 cm. long or less; peduncles very short; calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves; corolla purple, the tube pale or yellowish, 8 mm. long, funnel- form, its lobes short, retuse, slightly unequal; capsule small, ovoid. Occasional on margins of ponds and along streams, especially in subsaline places. June-August. Family 86. SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate exstipu- late leaves and perfect irregular flowers. Calyx per- sistent, 4-5-toothed or 4-5-divided. Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous or nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled or confidently 1-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled ; ovules mostly numerous, borne on the axillary placentae ; style simple ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or locu- licidally dehiscent. Seeds often reticulated or striate. 356 Scrophulariaceae Leaves alternate. Anther-bearing stamens 5. 1. VERBASCUM. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Calyx-tubular, 2-cleft, the segments entire or toothed. 11. CASTILLEJA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-cleft. 12. ORTHOCARPUS. Calyx spathe-like, of 2 distinct bract-like divisions, or the anterior division wanting. 13. ADENOSTEGIA. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 2-5-toothed; leaves pinnately divided. 14. PEDICULARIS. Leaves opposite or the upper sometimes alternate. Corolla-tube with a sac at the base. 3. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla-tube with a spur at the base. 2. LINARIA. Coralla-tube without a sac or spur at the base. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 4. SCROPHULARIA. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a sterile filament. 5. PENTSTEMON. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth represented by a gland at the base of the corolla. 6. COLLINSIA. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen wholly wanting. Shrubs ; calyx prismatic. 7. DIPLACUS. Herbs; calyx prismatic. 8. MIMULUS. Stamens 4, 2 sterile. 9. MIMETANTHE. Stamens 2; corolla nearly regular. 10. VERONICA. 1. VERBASCUM L. MULLEN. Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large showy flowers in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly un- equal. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, unequal ; filaments of the 3 upper or of all pilose ; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovules numerous ; styles dilated and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved ; the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, rugose. 1. V. virgatum With. Stems about 1 m. high, stout, pubescent and glandular throughout ; lowest leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate, the upper similar but smaller and decurrent on the stems ; raceme narrow, spike-like, 5 dm. long or more ; flowers somewhat clustered or solitary in the axils of the much reduced bract-like leaves, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled -f Figwort Family 357 calyx ovate, 5-6 mm. long; corolla yellow, about 15 mm. broad ; filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs ; capsule subglo- bose, about 6 mm. in diameter. Frequent along roadsides and in waste places, especially in the interior valleys. San Gabriel; El Monte; Lordsburg; Pomona. May-August. 2. LINARIA Juss. Herbs with alternate leaves or the lower opposite or verticillate, and regular flowers in terminal bracted racemes or spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbri- cated. Corolla spurred at the base or the spur rarely obsolete, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included ; filaments and style filiform. Cap- sule ovoid or globose, opening by usually 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, rugose, angled or sometimes winged. 1. L. Canadensis (L.) Dumont. (WILD TOAD-FLAX.) Bien- nial or annual, glabrous; flowering stem erect or ascending, very slender, simple or branched, 2-7 dm. high, the sterile shoots spreading or procumbent leafy; leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, entire, sessile; flowers 6-8 mm. long in slender long racemes; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, erect and appressed in fruit, minutely bracted at the base ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about equaling the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer; palate white, corolla otherwise blue. Occasional in cultivated fields, especially in sandy soil. 3. ANTIRRHINUM L. SNAP-DRAGON. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves or the lower opposite, and mostly rather large flowers in terminal racemes or solitary in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular gibbous or saccate at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly 358 Scrophulariaceae or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- cluded ; filaments filiform or dilated above. Style fili- form. Capsule obovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous. 1. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stems stout, erect, 1-1.5 m.high, glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, destitute of prehen- sile branches, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile above, gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal, the longer equaling the cap- sule; corolla rose-colored; filaments somewhat dilated above. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt. 2. A. Nuttallianum Benth. Stems branched from the base, the branches mostly procumbent, 5-10 dm. long, glandular- pubescent throughout; leaves ovate or subcordate, the largest about 2.5 cm. long, nearly all distinctly petioled ; peduncles, at least the lowest ones, longer than the flowers, sometimes disposed to be tortile ; sepals shorter than the tube of the violet corolla ; corolla about 8 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal ; palate very prominent; seeds almost alately costate. Occasional in sandy soil, especially toward the coast. 3. A. subsessile Gray. Similar to the preceding but less dif- fuse and erect, strongly glandular-pilose; leaves ovate, all sessile or nearly so ; pedicels shorter than the somewhat larger flowers ; lower lip of the corolla larger in proportion. Reported from Santa Catalina Island. Rather frequent on the mainland about San Diego. 4. A. Coulterianum Benth. Stem 5-10 dm. high, erect, or gaining support by its filiform tortile branches acting as tendrils, glabrous, except the inflorescence which is villous-pubescent with viscid and often glandular hairs ; leaves distant, linear to oval ; spike virgate, 5-20 cm. long ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; sepals linear or lanceolate, obtuse, all shorter than the oval or ovate-oblong glandular-pubescent capsule ; corolla violet- purple or usually white with yellowish palate, the lower lip large, the tube about 6 mm. long. Frequent in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of all our mountains and occurring on the fans at the base of the mountains. 5. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect, nearly simple, 3-6 dm. high, the tortile branches none; lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate, Figwort Family 359 the upper ones linear or the floral filiform, much shorter than the tortile racemose peduncles ; corolla violet-purple, about 1 cm. long, with hairy palate and gibbous base ; capsule crustaceous, globose, strongly exceeding the calyx, tipped with the straight style of equal length. Occasional at lower altitudes in all our mountains and foothills. 4. SCBOPHULABIA L. FIGWORT. Perennial strong-smelling herbs, with mostly opposite large leaves, and small flowers in terminal panicled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes mostly obtuse. Corolla irregular, the tube globose or oblong, not gibbous or spurred at the base, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther- bearing, didynamous, declined, the fifth sterile and re- duced to a scale on the roof of the corolla-tube ; anther- sacs confluent into 1. Style filiform ; stigma capitate or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds rugose. 1. S. Californica Cham. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous below, above finely glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate, cordate at base, serrate or incised-serrate, 6-18 cm. long; flowers about 8 mm. long; corolla dull red. Frequent in the foothills and mountains below the pine belt. March- June. 5. PENTSTEMON Soland. Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and large showy flowers in terminal racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, tubular and often inflated, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 4 antheriferous and didynamous, the fifth sterile, as long or shorter than the others; anther- sacs divergent or connivent. Style filiform ; stigma 360 Scrophulariaceae capitate. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- ous, mostly angled. * Anther-cells dehiscent for their whole length or nearly so. •*- Corolla-tube not dilated. 1. P. cordifolms Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by long sarrnentose branches, very leafy, scabrous-puberulent and the inflorescence somewhat glandular ; leaves subcordate or ovate with truncate base, acutely serrate or dentate, 2.5 cm. long or less ; thyrsus short and leafy ; peduncles several-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; corolla scarlet, the tube about 2.5 cm. long, the lips about 15 mm. long, the upper lip erect, the lower more or less spreading ; sterile filament bearded down one side ; anthers dehiscent through the apex. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. April-July. 2. P. ternatus Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering branches glaucous, 1-2 m. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, 15-35 mm. long, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth, the upper ternately verticillate ; flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus; sepals ovate-acuminate; corolla pale scarlet, 2.5 cm. long, the lobes about 6 mm. long; stamens as in the last. Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Mountains. May-August. 3. P. labrosus Hook. f. Glabrous; stems herbaceous, slen- der, erect, simple, 4-5 dm. high ; leaves all entire, the lowest oblanceolate, 5-6 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, the upper linear- lanceolate, reduced; bracts minute; flowers in a simple raceme; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, 4 mm. long; corolla scarlet, 2.5-3 mm. long, destitute of beard ; tube narrow ; upper lip erect, the 3 lobes of the lower one equaling the upper one in length, reflexed, about two-thirds the length of the tube; sterile filament glabrous; anthers closed toward the apex. Frequent in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in open places among the pines. June-August. 4. P. centrantliifolius Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate, 4-8 dm. high; leaves all entire, the lower lanceolate, the upper clasping, ovate-lanceolate; panicle narrow, usually 3 dm. long or more ; pedicels slender ; corolla deep scarlet, narrow, tubular and obscurely bilabiate; the short oblong lobes alike, except that the Figwort Family 361 posterior are united higher; anthers opening widely, splitting through the apex. Common in the foothills and mountains mostly below the pine belt throughout our range. April-July. •*- Corolla-tube dilated. "5. P. spectabilis Thurber. Pale or glaucescent and glabrous throughout, 6-12 dm. high; leaves thinnish-coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute, the upper pairs acu- minate and their broad bases connate-perfoliate, spinulosely den- tate or denticulate; thyrsus many-flowered, elongated pyramidal or sometimes virgate, 3-6 dm. long; peduncles and pedicels slen- der; corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb blue, 2.5cm. long ; the narrow proper tube twice the length of the short ovate calyx-lobes, then abruptly dilated into the campanulate-ventricose or broadly funnelform throat, somewhat bilabiate, the oval or roundish lobes 6-8 mm. long; sterile filament glabrous; anthers dehiscent from the base toward but not to the apex. Frequent on dry hillsides. May-July. 6. P. Parishii Gray. Size and habit of the last ; leaves entire or minutely denticulate ; upper clasping by subcordate base but not connate; corolla red, more dilated. Not known within our limits. Cucamonga ; San Bernardino. 7. P. Palmeri Gray. Stems 6-9 dm. high ; glabrous except inflorescence, that glandular or primose-puberulent ; leaves cori- aceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, from sharply dentate to nearly entire, upper from closely sessile to completely con- nate-perfoliate ; thyrsus elongated pyramidal, racemiform ; corolla cream-white, suffused with pink; the short narrow proper tube hardly surpassing the ovate appressed sepals, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat, about 2 cm. long and as broad at orifice; the lips broad, the upper erect, 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base ; sterile filament densely bearded above with long yellowish hairs. Occasional above 5000 feet in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains. ** Anther-cells remaining closed below and saccate. 8. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent, gla- brous throughout or rarely primose-puberulent ; stems or branches 362 Scrophulariaceae slender, 6-15 dm. high, from a woody base; leaves lanceolate or linear or the lower oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base ; thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated; sepals ovate; corolla 2.5 cm. long or more, the narrow tube rose-colored or pink, some- times changing to violet, ventricose f unnelform ; the bud often yellowish ; sterile filament glabrous. Occasional in the chaparral belt. Santa Monica Mountains; Verdugo Hills; Santa Anita Canyon. 6. COLLINSIA Nutt. Annuals with simple verticillate or opposite leaves, and irregular flowers in whorls forming racemes, or soli- tary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla declined, the proper tube very short, the abruptly ex- panded and gibbous throat forming an angle with it, deeply bilabiate, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft ; the lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or droop- ing, flat, the middle one conduplicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didynamous ; filaments filiform ; anther-sacs confluent at the apex. The fifth stamen represented by a gland on the upper side of the corolla-tube near the base. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or glo- bose, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate, concave on the inner side. * Flowers verticillate, showy; upper pair of filaments bearded at base. 1. C. bicolor Benth. Simple or branched above, 1.5-4 dm. high, glabrous or finely pubescent and often viscid above; leaves broadly oblong or the upper narrowed from the broad base to the apex, serrulate, 5 cm. long or less ; flowers crowded in whorl-like clusters, the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts ; pedicels shorter than the oblong or lanceolate calyx-lobes ; corolla about 2 cm. long; the lower lip usually rose-purple ; the upper lilac or white, its lobes nearly as long as those of the lower; throat saccate, bristly within; gland conic. Common in open places in the hills and mountains, mostly below 2000 feet altitude. April-May. Figwort Family 363 2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Resembling slender forms of the preceding in habit; herbage nearly or quite glabrous below, strongly viscid above and giving off a brownish stain ; calyx-lobes linear or oblong-linear, obtuse; corolla pale purplish or nearly white and streaked with purple, 12-15 mm. long, the lobes of the upper lip very short, reflexed. Frequent on shady slopes in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. April-June. ** Flowers usually scattered, small; filaments glabrous. 3. C. Paryi Gray. Stems puberulent throughout, simple or more or less branched, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves thinnish, the lower oblong, crenate, petioled, the upper lanceolate-linear, ob- tuse, mostly entire and closely sessile, 2-4 crn. long; pedicels solitary or the upper in 2's or 3's, as long as or the lowest exceed- ing the flowers; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla deep blue, 6-8 mm. long, twice the length of the calyx, the lips about equal in length, not longer than the throat; capsule about equaling the calyx. Occasional in dry ground in the chaparral belt. Verdugo Hills. 4. C. callosa Parish. Stems dichotomously branched, 10-30 cm. high, glabrous except the slightly glandular pedicels and calyces; leaves opposite or ternate, oblong to acutely ovate, 2 cm. long or less, the upper much reduced, sessile, entire, rather thick, the margins somewhat revolute ; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute; corolla light blue, 5-8 mm. long; the lips about equaling the moderately gibbous throat, their lobes entire, equal in length ; capsule globose, shorter than the calyx-lobes. First collected in Swartout Canyon, San Antonio Mountains, Hall; Mt. Gleason, Elmer. 7. DIPLACUS Nutt. Low evergreen glutinous shrubs, with opposite leaves which are revolute in the bud, and large red, orange or salmon-colored flowers, solitary in the axils. Galyx tub- ular, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla with funnelform tube and rather broad bilabiate limb. Stamens 4. Stigma of 2 flat lobes closing together when irritated. 364 Scrophulariaceae Capsule firm, coriaceous, opening down the upper suture only, the valves spreading out nearly flat. 1. D. longiflorus Nutt. Low, suffrutescent, 5-10 dm. high, more or less branched throughout, viscid- pubescent or the in- florescence and growing parts villous and somewhat glandular; leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate, more or less acute, 3-7 cm. long, rather thin, the margins often revolute, denticulate or den- tate ; calyx about 2.5 cm. long and about 8 mm. broad ; the lobes 5-7 mm. long, the upper a little longer, villous with viscid hairs; corolla about 5 cm. long; the lobes of the upper lip shallowly 2-lobed, their margins wavy or erose; those of the lower lip usu- ally truncate, more or less deeply crenately toothed. Common on all the foothills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains. We have seen no specimens with the strongly arachnoid pubescence which is found on the plants about Santa Barbara, the type-locality of this species. Two quite different forms occur with us: the one from which the above description is drawn occurs in the Santa Monica Mountains, and is nearest the type; but about Los Angeles and Pasadena the plants are usually less villous and have a slender (about 5 mm. broad) calyx, and narrower corolla- throat which tapers gradually to the slender tube. 2. D. puniceus Nutt. Resembling the last in habit; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate, the margins strongly revolute ; calyx 15-20 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, viscid, not at all woolly, its lobes 4-5 mm. long; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, scarlet, the lobes of the lower lips rather narrow, emarginate or retuse. Common on dry hillsides about San Diego and ranging northward to the Santa Margarita River, where it seems to intergrade with D. longiflorm. 8. MIMULUS L. MONKEY-FLOWER. Herbs with opposite leaves and mostly showy yellow or red flowers solitary and axillary or in a terminal raceme. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co- rolla from tubular to funnelform with strongly bilabiate limb or the lobes nearly equal, a pair of bearded ridges extending down the lower side of the throat. Stamens 4, the fifth entirely wanting. Stigma mostly of 2 flat lobes closing together when irritated. Capsule dehiscent by both sutures or on one side only, or cartilaginous and indehiscent. Seeds many. Figwort Family 365 * Flowers sessile or nearly so; style pubescent or glandular. 1. M. Bigelovii Gray. Low annual branching from the base, glandular pubescent; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth nearly equal, very acutely subulate from a broad campanulate tube; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, the limb rotate, crimson with yellow center; the throat cylindraceous; capsule oblong-lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx, valves membranaceous. Occasional in the pine belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. June-August. 2. M. Fremont! (Benth.) Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse ; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish, less than a quarter the length of the tube; corolla crimson; otherwise as in the last. Frequent in sandy places in the interior valleys. April-May. 3. M. brevipes Benth. Stem simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high, very viscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear, 3-10 cm. long, entire or commonly denticulate; calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate, the posterior fully half the length of the broadly cam- panulate tube; corolla yellow, 2.5-4 cm. long, the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes; capsule ovate-acuminate, firm-coriaceous. Common on the dry plains and in the foothills. March-June. ** Flowers on slender pedicels ; styles glabrous. -*- Herbage viscid-pubescent. 4. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 8 dm. high ; branched from the base, with ascending branches, viscid-pubescent ; leaves elliptic-ovate, 5 cm. long or more, dentate, sessile; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx with equal triangular teeth ; co- rolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long, the throat yellowish with crimson lines, the tube little exserted, upper lip erect, deeply 2-lobed, the sides turned back until they meet, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle lobe spreading. Frequent along streams in the foothills and mountains below the pine belt. May-August. 5. M. moschatus Dougl. Soft-villous and very viscid, musk- scented ; stems weak and reclining, rooting at the nodes, 2-6 dm. long, from perennial creeping rootstocks ; leaves oblong-ovate, about 2.5 cm. long, remotely dentate, petiolate; calyx-teeth 366 Scrophulariaceae somewhat unequal, about half the length of the tube ; corolla yellow, 1.5 cm. long; capsule ovate, acute. Occasional along streams about Los Angeles. May-July. M, MOSCHATUS SESSILIFOLIUS Gray. Stems ascending, corolla 2.5 cm. long; otherwise as in the type. Frequent in all the mountains in the pine belt and often extending along1 the streams down into the chaparral belt> 6. M. floribundus Dougl. Annual, slender, diffuse, 1-3 dm. high, villous and very slimy, musk-scented; leaves ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, dentate, short-petioled ; pedicels mostly longer than the leaves; calyx narrowly campanulate, 4-6 mm, long; the teeth nearly equal, 1 mm. long; corolla light yellow, mostly twice as long as the calyx ; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. Frequent along streams, especially in the foothills and mountains. April- August. 7. M. Parish.il Greene. Annual, erect, rather stout, 3-6 dm. high, very villous and slimy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, sessile, 2.5-5 cm. long, dentate or denticulate ; pedicels mostly rather short; calyx cylindraceous, 10-12 mm. long in fruit; its teeth short-triangular; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx- teeth, light rose color. Occasional along streams. April-July. •*- -*- Herbage not viscid-pubescent. 8. M. Langsdorfii grandis Greene. Perennial from stolon- iferous or creeping basal branches, glabrous .or sparsely pubes- cent; stems stout, fistulous, often 6-8 dm. high; leaves mostly elliptic, often 6-8 cm. long, irregularly dentate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; calyx in an the- sis 8-12 mm. long, in fruit somewhat longer and nearly twice as broad ; upper calyx-teeth somewhat longer ; corolla yellow with purple or brown dots in the throat, 2.5-5 cm. long. (J/. luteus in part of recent authors, not of L.) Frequent along streams and variable. March-June. 9. M. nasutus Greene. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubes- cent, decumbent at base, 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly subbasal, ovate-cordate to reniform-cordate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed, the lowest on broad petioles, the floral reduced to bracts; peduncles hardly exceeding the mature calyx or the lower much Figwort Family 367 elongated; calyx broadly campanulate, its teeth acute, very unequal, the upper one twice the length of the others ; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, little surpassing the calyx, deep yellow, with or without a large purple blotch on the lower lip. Common along streams in the mountains and foothills below the pine "belt. April-August. 10. M. micropliyllus Benth. Annual, glabrous below, some- what pubescent above ; stems terete, slender, with ascending branches or commonly simple, 1-3 dm. high; flowers in short racemes or in depauperate forms, solitary ; leaves ovate to orbicu- lar, often cordate at the base, denticulate or coarsely toothed ; peduncles slender; calyx often dotted, oblique at the orifice; the teeth obscure or prominent, the upper one largest; corolla 1-2 cm. long, throat rather narrow, the limb broad, usually without purple dots. Occasional along streams in the pine belt of all our mountains. June- August. 9. MIMETANTHE Greene. Erect branching annual, with long villous white hairs, opposite leaves, and small yellow flowers. Calyx short- campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube slightly 5-sulcate, not prismatic angled. Corolla obscurely bilabiate, its lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2-fertile. Capsule pointed, loculiciclal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side and on the lower side along the apical attenuation. 1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched, leafy, flowering from near the base, 1-3 dm. high, herbage glan- dular-viscid ; leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; flowers on slender pedicels; the upper tooth of calyx much longer than the others, equaling the tube ; corolla yellow, the lower lobes usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding the calyx, 6-8 mm. long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate. (Mimulus exilis Durand.) Frequent along streams in the valleys and in the mountains. May- August. 10. VERONICA L. SPEEDWELL. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite and alter- nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small terminal 368 Scrophulariaceae or axillary racemose spicate or solitary flowers. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted. Corolla rotate, its lobes very short, deeply and more or less unequally 4-lobed or rarely 5-lobed. Stamens 2, divergent, insert- ed on either side at the base of the upper corolla-lobe. Anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule more or less compressed, emarginate, obcordate or 2-lobed, loculicid- ally dehiscent. 1. V. peregrina L. Annual, glabrous or somewhat glandular- puberulent; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 1-3 dm. high; leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 6-20 mm. long, the lowest opposite, short-petioled or sessile, broader than the upper and mostly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower in its axil ; flowers nearly white, about 2 mm. broad ; cap- sule nearly orbicular, obcordate, 2-3 mm. high. Occasional along the margins of streams and in the dry beds of winter pools. April-July. 2. V. Byzantina (S. & S.) B. S. B. Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, crenate-dentate or somewhat incised, 8-24 mm. long, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate, each with a slender-peduncled flower in its axil; pedicels filiform, equaling or exceeding the leaves; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, blue; capsule 6 mm. broad, half as high, shallowly and broadly emar- ginate. ( V. Buxbaumii Tenore.) Occasional about Los Angeles, Davidson. 11. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate sessile leaves and red or yellow flowers in terminal leafy- bracted spikes, the bracts and calyx often brightly colored. Calyx tubular, cleft in front or behind or commonly 'both, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla very irregular, its tube about equaling the calyx, the limb 2-lipped ; the upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, Figwort Family 369 concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens ; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one pendulous from its apex. Style filiform ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehis- cent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated. * Annuals. 1. C. stenanthe Gray. Stems mostly simple, erect, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent and somewhat viscid throughout; leaves linear- lanceolate, entire, the upper with red linear tips which become spirally coiled ; flowers scattered in a loose raceme, short-pedi- celled ; calyx wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at the apex ; corolla about 3 cm. long; galea usually red- dish, slightly falcate, a half longer than the tube ; capsule oblong. Frequent in all our mountains along streams in moist places. May- August. ** Perennials. 2. C. Martini Abrams. Stem rather slender, branching from near the somewhat woody base, decumbent at base, the branches ascending, villous and viscid throughout ; lower leaves linear or broadly-linear, 2.5-3 cm. long, the upper mostly somewhat broader, divided to near the middle into 3 lobes, the 2 lateral lobes spreading, narrower than the middle one ; bracts similarly lobed, somewhat dilated, scarlet-tipped; racemes narrow and rather loose, 1-2 dm. long; calyx 14-16 mm. long, cleft nearly to the middle behind, scarcely as deep in front, the segments broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, the ante- rior one much the shorter; galea reddish in front, 1 cm. long, equaling or slightly exceeding the tube ; capsule acute, 1 cm. long. Common on dry ridges and slopes in all our mountains, confined mostly to the chaparral belt. April-August. 3. C. Californica Abrams. Stems slender, fragile, branched from a scarcely woody base, erect, more or less branched above, 4-5 dm. high, sparsely and minutely puberulent; upper cauline 370 Scrophulariaceae leaves linear, remotely and ^obscurely denticulate or entire, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, obtuse, with short slender leafy branch- lets in their axils; inflorescence at first viscid-pubescent, becom- ing nearly glabrous, 1-2 dm. long ; bracts red or red-tipped, about 2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 very short lateral teeth toward the apex ; calyx about 2.5cm. long, cleft about equally before and behind; the lobes 1 cm. long, cleft at the apex, the teeth lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, galea about three-fourths the length of the tube, green on the back, the face bright red, the tube greenish-yellow. Occasional in dry washes and fans in the interior valleys. 4. C. foliolosa H. & A. Suffrutescent with many stems from the base, 3-4 dm. high, white woolly throughout; leaves linear and entire, rather crowded below and fascicled in the lower axils, 3 cm. long or less; the uppermost and bracts 3-parted into linear lobes; bracts with lobes spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle lobe largest, shallowly 3-lobed ; spikes rather dense ; flowers about 18 mm. long, galea only slightly exceeding the calyx, shorter than or as long as the tube ; calyx-lobes truncate or retuse ; capsule about 1.5 cm. long. Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills. 12. OBTHOCABPUS Nutt. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alter- nate leaves, and yellow white or purple flowers in bracted usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or sometimes split down both sides. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip but little exceeding the inflated 3-plaited or 3-saccate lower one. Otherwise as in Castil- leja. * Filaments pubescent; galea bearded on the back. 1. O. purpurascens Benth. (OWL-CLOVER.) Annual, erect, rather stout, at length much branched from the base, 1.5-5 dm. high, villous-pubescent ; leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform Figwort Family 371 lobes, or the upper palmately cleft ; spike thick and dense ; bracts equaling the flowers, somewhat dilated, their lobes crimson- colored, as are also the calyx and corolla; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, the lip moderately saccate, white-tipped, with yellow and purple markings; galea densely purple-bearded on the back, incurved at tip; filaments hairy. Common in sandy soils in the valleys and hills. ** Filaments glabrous; galea not bearded. 2. O. densiflorus Benth. Annual, erect, simple or branched from the base, 1-3 dm. high, soft-pubescent above; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or with a few slender lobes; spike dense, the lowest flowers sometimes distant ; bracts about equal- ing the flowers, 3-cleft into linear purple lobes ; corolla 18-20 mm. long, purple ; lip moderately ventricose and somewhat 3-saccate for its whole length, the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong- linear; galea narrow, puberulent or nearly smooth. Hills near Los Angeles, Greata. 3. O. Parishii Gray. Annual, nearly glabrous, about 2 dm. high ; leaves 3-5-cleft into linear-filiform divisions, or the lower entire; floral ones similar, the lobes purple-tipped; spikes dense and short; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, half the length of the tube; corolla rose-purple, little pubescent in the throat; lip con- spicuously 3-saccate ; the sacs as broad as long, the teeth very short; galea lanceolate, obtuse, puberulent. Near Garvanza, Davidson. 13. ADENOSTEGIA Benth. Annuals with alternate narrow entire or 3-5-parted leaves, and irregular flowers scattered along the usually many branches or in terminal clusters or heads. Bracts and calyx never colored. Calyx spathe-like, consisting of an anterior and a posterior leaf -like division or the anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, somewhat enlarged above ; its lips about equal in length, the lower obtusely 3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2, anther-cells 372 Scrophulariaceae unequal, ciliate or minutely bearded. Capsule flattened ; seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one end. 1. A. filifolia (Nutt.)- Stems erect, branched, 3-6 dm. high; leaves all filiform, 3-parted to near the base ; herbage pubescent with short reflexed hairs intermingled with scattered spreading hispid hairs; heads several-flowered, terminating the branches; bracts 3-lobed to near the base, the entire portion about 1 mm. broad, strongly 3-nerved ; the lobes all filiform and usually nearly equal, the outer surface very hispid with stout spreading hairs rising from postulate bases, the inner surface concave, pubescent, slightly elongated at the apex and tipped with a blackish, more or less retuse gland; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm. long. (Cordy- lanthus filifolius Nutt.) Common on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. Aden- ostegia rigida Benth., to which our southern plants have been referred, has broader leaves and bracts which are less hispid. 2. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Cory mbosely branched, 1-3 dm. high ; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent, often tinged with purple ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, about 2 cm. long, entire; flowers in short spikes; bracts oblong-lanceo- late, entire or commonly 3-toothed, the 2 lateral teeth much the smaller ; flowers purple, equaling or slightly exceeding the bracts. Occasional in salt marshes near the sea. June-September. 14. PEDICULABIS L. Perennial herbs with alternate opposite or rarely verticillate pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves, and irregular flowers in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx 2-5-cleft, corolla tubular, strongly bilabiate ; galea arched and compressed ; lower lip of 3 small rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4 ; anthers approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal. Cap- sule flattened, oblique at apex, loculicidally 2-valved. 1. P. densiflora Benth. Stems simple, erect, 2-3 dm. high, commonly several from the scaly caudex ; herbage nearly gla- brous or somewhat soft-pubescent; leaves pinnately divided or Orobanchaceae 373 parted, the segments oblong, doubly serrate-toothed or incised ; spike terminal, dense or at length loose; bracts linear, ciliate or serrulate toward the apex, mostly shorter than the flowers ; calyx 5-angled, equally or unequally 5-toothed, 6-8 mm. long; corolla crimson, 2.5 cm. long or more; galea large, somewhat broader above, strongly arched, lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth ; fila- ments glabrous. Laurel Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson. February. 2. P. semibarbata Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, more or less pubescent ; leaves in a basal tuft, 15-20 cm. long, on petioles mostly exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, 2-pinnately parted or nearly so, the oblong lobes laciniately few-toothed; corolla yellowish, tinged with purple, pubescent without, about 2 cm. long; galea nearly straight; filaments villous above. Frequent on dry ridges in the open pine forests of all our mountains. May-July. Family 87. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Erect simple or branched, brown, yellow, purplish or nearly white root-parasites. Leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, sessile in terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx 4-5-toothed or 4-5-cleft, or split on one or both sides nearly or quite to the base. Corolla more or less oblique, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted in the tube of the corolla alternate with the lobes, a fifth rudimentary one sometimes present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentae ; ovules numerous ; style slender ; stigma discoid, 2-lobed or 4-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Flowers bractless, nearly regular. 1. THALESIA. Flowers bracteate, strongly 2-lipped. 2. OBOBANCHE. 374 Qrobanchaceae 1. THALESIA Raf. Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellowish, white or violet per- fect bractless flowers. Calyx campanulate or hemi- spheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acumi- nate. Corolla oblique ; the tube elongated, curved ; the limb slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included ; anther-sacs mucro- nate at the base. Ovary ovoid ; style slender, decidu- ous ; stigma peltate or slightly 2-lobed. 1. T. fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high, densely glandular-pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15 naked 1-flowered peduncles, 2.5-10 cm. long; calyx broadly campanu- late, 6-10 mm. long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular- ovate, acute, equaling or shorter than the tube; corolla about 2 cm. long, purplish-yellow, puberulent within; the curved tube 3 times as long as the limb; the lobes oblong, obtuse. (Aphyllon fasciculatum Gray. ) Occasional in rather dry ground in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Moun- tains; growing on the roots of various shrubs. May-July. 2. OBOBANCHE L. Glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or branched herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and spicate or racemose perfect bracted and some- times bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emar- ginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included ; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base. Plantaginaceae 375 Ovary ovoid ; style slender, commonly persistent ; stigma peltate to funnelform, entire or slightly 2-lobed. 1. O. Californicum C. & 8. Viscid-pubescent; stems stout, usually simple, 5-15 cm. high ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme; pedicels 2-4 or the lower sometimes 10 cm. long; bract- lets close to the calyx; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equaling the yellowish or purplish corolla, this 2-2.5 cm. long; anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. Elysian Park, Davidson. 2. O. tuberosa (Gray) Heller. Pruinose-puberulent ; stems stout, with a thickened tuber-like base, 15 cm. high or less ; spikes dense, corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thickened stem ; flowers subsessile or on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, equaling the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish, about 10-15 mm. long; anthers glabrous. Echo Mountain among shrubs, McClatchie. Family 88. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Annual or perennial mostly acaulescent rarely stolon- iferous herbs, with basal, in the caulescent species oppo- site or' alternate, leaves, and small perfect, polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense terminal long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx persistent,. 4-parted. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat ; filaments fili- form ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehis- cent. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules 1-several in each cell. Fruit a membranous or coriaceous capsule, circumscissile at or below the middle. Seeds peltate. 376 Plantaginaceae 1. PLANTAGO L. PLANTAIN. Characters of the family. * Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a beak. 1. P. hirtella H. B. K. Perennial from a thick root, hirsute, especially the scape and leaves; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly oblong, 5 dm. long or less, tapering below to a short petiole, sparsely dentate ; scape usually longer than the leaves, stout, erect; spike 15-30 cm. long, dense, except at base; corolla persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule; seeds 3. Occasional in low ground in the coast valleys. ** Corolla remaining expanded over the mature capsule. •*- Perennials. 2. P. lanceolata L. More or less villous with tufts of brown- ish hairs at the base of the leaves; leaves erect or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole, strongly 3-5-ribbed, 3 dm. long or less, entire; scapes exceeding the leaves, channeled, slender; spike very dense, becoming cylindric, 10 cm. long or less ; sepals ovate, with green midrib and scarious margins ; pyxis oblong; ovary obtuse, 2-seeded, circurnscissile at about the middle. Common in low ground throughout our range. 3. P. major L. Glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent; leaves spreading, long-petioled, mostly ovate, narrowed or round- ed at base, entire or coarsely dentate, 2 dm. long or less ; scapes exceeding the leaves, erect, 3 dm. long or less; spikes 2 dm. long or less; pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle, 5-16- seeded. Frequent in low ground. •*- •«- Annuals. 4. P. erecta Morris. Annual, silky pubescent, 6-15 cm. high; leaves erect, narrowly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, about two- thirds the length of the scapes or nearly equaling the shorter ones ; scapes 1 or few ; spikes few-many-flowered, capitate or oblong, 15 cm. long or usually less; calyx-lobes obtuse, scarious-margined Rubiaceae 377 with brownish midrib; pyxis ovate, truncate, purplish above, circumscissile at the lower third ; seeds 2. Very common on dry plains and in the foothills throughout our range. 5. P. erecta obversa (Morris). A more robust form ; leaves with few to several callous denticulations ; scapes usually numerous ; spikes 15-40 cm. long; capsule circumscissile near the middle. (P. obversa Morris.) Occasional in sandy soil toward the coast, also on Catalina Island. In our opinion not a good species and scarcely worthy of varietal distinction. 6. P. Bigelovii Gray. Very slender, annual, 1 dm. high or ess; leaves very narrowly linear or filiform, glabrous; scapes very slender, slightly pubescent above ; spikes slender, about 15 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, often much shorter and reduced to 4-5 flowers; calyx broadly scarious-margined ; pyxis oblong-ovate, much exceeding the calyx, circumscissile at the lower third. Known within our limits only from Inglewood, where it occurs in low ex- siccated places. Family 89. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY. Herbs or woody plants with simple, opposite or verti- cillate, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimor- phous or trimorphous regular flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb various. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehis- cent. Ovary inferior, 2-5-celled ; style simple or lobed ; ovules 1-many in each cell. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds various. 1. GALIUM L. BEDSTRAW. Annual or perennial herbs or rarely suffrutescent, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate leaves, and small white green yellow or purple flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Calyx- 378 Rubiaceae tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed or wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 1 in each cavity. Styles 2, short ; stigmas capi- tate. Fruit biglobular, dry or fleshy, smooth, tubercu- late or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. * Annuals. 1. G. Aparine L. Diffuse, weak, climbing over herbaceous plants, setulose or hispidulous-roughened ; leaves in whorls of 7-8, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, mucronate, tapering to a rather narrow base, 15-45 mm. long ; flowers white or whitish ; fruit thickly beset with whitish hooked hairs. Frequent on grassy hillsides in shady places. March-April. ** Perennials. •*- Fruit dry, smooth; flowers perfect. 2. G. trifidum subbiflorum Wiegand. Perennial with slender rootstock and slender weak wholly herbaceous ascending stems, 4 dm. high or less, much branched and intermangled, sharply 4-angled, somewhat scabrous ; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, very unequal, 8-10 mm. long, obtuse, cuneate at the base, flaccid and nearly smooth; pedicels capillary, equaling the leaves, nearly glabrous, rarely 2-3-flowered ; corolla minute, white, its lobes trifid, very obtuse; fruit glabrdus. Occasional in shady places, mostly in the interior valleys. •*-•*- Fruit dry, hispid. 3. G. angustifolium Nutt. Suffrutescent at base, 3-8 dm. high, with rigid virgate branches, glabrous or minutely scabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, 12-20 mm. long ; dioecious ; cymes small, in narrow panicles, the fertile ones more or less condensed ; corolla dull white, about 3 mm. broad ; bristles of the fruit about the length of the body. Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore, and in the foothills, often ascending to 4000 feet altitude. 4. G. siccatum Wight. Somewhat suffrutescent below, branched and bushy, sometimes reclining, the whole plant ciner- eous-puberulent ; leaves linear, 8-16 mm. long, not rigid, barely Madder Family 379 mucronulate; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; flowers polyga- mous, greenish-yellow; fruit 2 mm. broad, densely hispid with straight hairs. Wilson's Peak, McClatchie; Santa Monica Mountains. -«--«--*- Fruit fleshy or berry-like, hispid, pubescent or smooth. 5. G. grande McClatchie. Suffrutescent, evergreen, the woody steins 6-10 mm. in diameter, 10-24 dm. long, erect or reclining on bushes ; herbaceous branches and leaves cinereous-hirsute or his- pidulous ; leaves in 4's, elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long ; flowers numerous, polygamous, greenish-yellow, termi- nal or sometimes axillary, 1-5 on a peduncle, 2-5 mm. broad ; ovary densely hirsute; mature fruit baccate, clothed with stiff hairs, at first white, becoming black, about 4 mm. broad. Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. 6. G. Californicum H. & A. Wholly herbaceous, from slen- der creeping rootstocks, often in low tufts, 8-30 mm. high, hirsute throughout; stems slender; leaves in 4's, thin, ovate to elliptic, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers polygamous, few, terminal, yellowish-white; fruit baccate, clothed with scattered hairs, pearly white, changing to black in drying, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Frequent in all the mountains, mostly above 3000 feet altitude. 7. G. Nuttallii Gray. Suffrutescent below, often climbing, 6-15 dm. high, the angles of the stems and margins of the leaves roughened or hispidulous, otherwise glabrous ; leaves in 4's, thickish, oval to linear-oblong, mucronulate or obtuse, 3-6 mm. long; fruit glabrous, purple, 4 mm. broad. Common in the foothills throughout our range. 8. G. Andrews!! Gray. Densely matted, the prostrate stems rooting at the joints, 5-10 cm. long, grayish, sparsely scabrous or smooth ; leaves crowded, acerose-subulate, 4-8 mm. long; flowers dioecious, male slender-pedicelled in few-flowered terminal cymes, female solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves which are longer than the at length reflexed pedicel; berry whitish, becoming dark-colored. On dry ridges in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and extending into the pine belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Moun- tains. 380 Caprifoliaceae Family 90. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves, and perfect, regular or irregu- lar, mostly cymose flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted on the corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes ; anthers versa- tile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 1-6-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate or 2-5-lobed ; ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. Leaves pinnately compound; flowers rotate. 1. SAMBDCUS. Leaves simple. Berry white; corolla short campanulate. 2. SYMPHOBICABPCS. Berry red or black; corolla tubular, somewhat irregular. 3. LONICERA. 1. SAMBUCUS L. ELDER. Shrubs or trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments slender. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style 3-parted ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5 1-seeded nutlets. 1. S. glauca Nutt. Bushy or arborescent, 2-5 m. high, the largest specimens tree-like ; leaves coriaceous, glabrous ; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, ovate or obovate, mostly abruptly acuminate, ser- rate except at the acuminate apex, 2.5-8 cm. long; inflorescence 5-rayed, each ray again 1-3 times 5-rayed, forming a flat-topped cyme, 8-15 cm. broad; flowers white, 7 mm. broad; fruit blue beneath the white bloom. Frequent on low hills and in washes in all the valleys. May-June. Honeysuckle Family 381 2. SYMPHOBICABPUS Juss. SNOWBERRY. Shrubs with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple leaves, and small white or pink perfect flowers in axil- lary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, the limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or salver- shaped, regular or sometimes gibbous at the base, 4-5- lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules, the others each with a single suspended ovule ; style filiform ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or globose 4-celled 2-seeded berry. 1. S. mollis Nutt. Low, much branched shrub, about 3 dm. high, the branches mostly erect; leaves oval or elliptic, mostly 1 cm. long, pubescent on both surfaces or more so on the lower sur- face; corolla rose-red, barely pubescent within; berry globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter, pulp snowy. Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the mountains and foothills. 3. LONICEBA L. HONEYSUCKLE. Erect or climbing shrubs with opposite entire leaves, and usually somewhat irregular spicate, capitate or gem- inate flowers. Calyx- tube ovoid or nearly globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform or campanulate, often gibbous at base, the limb 5-toothed, more or less oblique or 2-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules numer- ous in each cell, pendulous ; style slender ; stigma cap- itate. Berry fleshy, usually 2-3-celled, few-seeded. 1. L. subspicata H. & A. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular above, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves rounded to elliptic, 2 cm. long or less, all distinct and petioled, coriaceous, pale beneath ; inflorescence in rather short interrupted spikes, terminating leafy branches; flowers yellow, glandular-pubescent without; corolla- tube 4-5 mm. long ; limb equaling the tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip with 4 short rounded lobes, the lower narrow, entire, somewhat gibbous at base; anthers 4 mm. long; filaments pubescent below. Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains. 382 Valerianaceae Family 91. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY. Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and usually small perfect or polygamous flowers, in corymbed, panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla epigynous, some- what irregular, its tube narrow, sometimes gibbous or spurred at base ; limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed. Sta- mens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, 1 of the cells containing a single suspended ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a single suspended seed. 1. PLECTBITIS DC. Annual herbs with simple or rarely with very slen- der branches and usually entire leaves, the cauline commonly sessile. Flowers small, borne in glomerules at the end of the stem or branches, or the glomerules in interrupted or dense spikes. Calyx-limb obsolete. Corolla usually pink, more or less bilabiate, spurred or gibbous at base. Wings of the fruit commonly in- curved and forming a circular hollow or cavity on the side. 1. P. minor (Hook.). Slender, 1-2 dm. high; leaves linear or narrowly oblong; corolla about 2 mm. long ; the spur longer than the tube ; fruit more or less hispid, dorsally carinate ; the carina 2-grooved ; lateral wings broad, each with a more or less obvious lobe at apex, spreading or incurved. ( Valerianella macrocera Gray; P. congesta minor Hook.) Occasional on shady hillsides. March. Dipsaceae 383 Family 92. DIPSACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY. Herbs with opposite or verticillate exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, borne on an elongated or globose recep- tacle, bracted and involucrate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped or disk-shaped, or divided into spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments distinct. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma undi- vided, terminal or lateral ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx- lobes. 1. DIPSACUS L. Rough-hairy or prickly, tall erect biennial or peren- nial herbs, with opposite dentate or pinnatifid, usu- ally large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads. Bracts of the invo- lucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-toothed. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigmas oblique or lateral. Achene free or adnate to the in- volucel. 1. D. fullonum L. (FULLER'S-TEASEL.) Biennial, stout, with numerous short prickles on the stem, branches, midribs of the leaves and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high ; leaves sessile or the upper ones connate-perfoliate, lanceo- late or oblong, entire, the lower obtuse, crenate; leaves of the involucre spreading or reflexed, shorter than the head; heads ovoid, becoming cylindric, 6-10 cm. long; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips, about equaling the flowers; flowers lilac, 8-12 mm. long. Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe. 384 Cucurbitaceae Family 93. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY. Herbaceous vines, climbing or trailing by means of tendrils, with alternate petioled leaves, and solitary or racemose monoecious or dioecious flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate or united. Stamens mostly 3, 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther ; filaments short, often somewhat united. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style simple or lobed ; ovules few or numerous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or burst- ing irregularly. Seeds usually flat. Flowers yellow, large; fruit indehiscent, smooth. 1. CUCURBITA. Flowers white or greenish, small; fruit dehiscent at summit, prickly. 2. MlCRAMPELIS. 1. CUCURBITA L. Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves which are often cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, usually 5-lobed. Co- rolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes recurving. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers linear, more or less united. Pistillate flowers with 1 pistil ; ovary oblong, with 3-5 many-ovuled pla- centae ; style short, thick ; stigmas 3—5, each 2-lobed, papillose ; staminodia 3. Fruit large fleshy, with a thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent. 1. C. foetidissima H. B. K. (CALABAZILLA or MOCK-ORANGE.) Stems stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length of 2-5 m. ; root very large, carrot-shaped; leaves ovate-triangular, cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, 1-3 dm. long, denticulate, usually slightly 3-5-lobed, rough above, canescent beneath, on stout petioles, 8-15 cm. long; peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla 7-10 cm. long; pepo globose, 5-10 cm. in diameter, smooth. Frequent on dry sandy soil throughout our range. Campanulaceae 385 2. MICBAMPELIS Raf. Mostly climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed divided or angled leaves, and small white or greenish- white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-toothed. Corolla very deeply 5-6-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate. flowers ; the anthers more or lese coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled ovary ; style very short ; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit fleshy or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled, dehiscent at the summit, 1. M. macrocarpa Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems much branched, climbing over shrubs, from a very large fusiform root; leaves about 1-1.5 dm. "broad, with a closed sinus, 5-cleft to the middle or below it, the divisions slightly 3-5-lobed, mucronate; fruit ovoid-oblong, 8-12 cm. long, usually densely echinate with stout but rather soft spines, the longest often 5 cm. long, usually 12-14-seeded ; seed ovoid, 18 mm. long, light brown, encircled by a dark marginal line. Frequent in the hills and in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. February-May. Commonly called chilicothe or wild cucumber. Family 94. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Herbs with alternate exstipulate entire dentate or rarely lobed leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and racemose, spicate, paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided into separate petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla on the calyx where it becomes free from the ovary ; filaments separate or connate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate or united. Ovary 2-5-celled or rarely 6-10-celled, the placentae pro- jecting from the axis or with 2 parietal placentae ; style 386 Campanulaceae simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds numerous and small ; embryo minute, straight; endosperm fleshy. (Including the family Lobeliaceae of some authors.) Corolla regular; stamens separate. Capsule opening on the side by 2-3 valves, which leave small round per- forations. 1. LEGOUZIA. Capsule opening by a hole left by the falling away of the base of the style. 2. GlTHOPSIS. Corolla irregular; stamens more or less united. Anthers free, filaments more or less united ; flowers minute. 3. NEMACLADUS. Anthers connate. Corolla-tube open to the base on 1 side. 4. LOBELIA. Corolla-tube closed. 5. PALMERELLA. 1. LEGOUZIA Durand. Annual herbs with long slender stems and branches, alternate toothed or entire leaves, and axillary 2-bracted flowers sessile or nearly so. The earlier flowers small, cleistogamous, the latter with a blue or purple, nearly rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the earlier flowers 3-4, in the latter 4-5. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat ; anthers separate, linear., Ovary 3-celled or rarely 2-celled or 4-celled ; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule opening by lateral valves. 1. L. biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem simple or branched, roughish on the angles, 15-30 cm. high; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper lanceolate, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with few teeth or entire, 8 20 mm. long; the calyx-lobes of the earlier flowers ovate to lanceolate, of the later lanceolate-subulate ; capsule oblpng-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, opening by valves close under the calyx-teeth. (Specularia biflora Gray.) Occasional on grassy slopes. 2. GlTHOPSIS Nutt. Slender annuals with rather small linear-oblong coarse- ly toothed sessile leaves. iFlowers simply terminating Bellflower Family 387 the branches or becoming lateral, erect, all alike. Calyx- tube club-shaped, ,strongly 10-ribbed, adnate to the sum- mit of the ovary, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Fila- ments short, dilated at the base ; anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-lobed, Capsule club-shaped, coriaceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-seeded,opening when the somewhat persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. 1. G. specularioides Nutt. Stems simple or with 1-2 prolifer- ous branches, 5-20 cm. high, hirsute or glabrate; leaves linear- oblong, 6-10 mm. long, the lower obovate, 2-4 mm. long, all sharply few-toothed; calyx-lobes 6-18 mm. long, shorter than or much exceeding the corolla; corolla purplish, its lobes shorter than the tube ; capsule turgid, tapering into a very short peduncle. Hills about Soldiers Home, Basse. 3. NEMACLADUS Nutt. Low and diffusely branched annuals, with numerous capillary branches, cauline leaves minute, sessile, sub- tending the dichotomous branches. Flowers minute on rather long capillary pedicels. Calyx partly or wholly free. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or 2-parted, the lower 3-lobed or 3-parted. Filaments monadelphous to near the base ; anthers oval, glabrous. Style incurved at the tip ; stigmas capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved from the tip, 7-40-seeded. 1. N. ramosissimus montanus (Greene) Gray. Glabrous throughout or sparsely puberulent below and occasionally with some villous hairs at the base of the pedicels ; stems diffusely and diehotomously branched, very slender, 1-2 dm. high ; basal leaves obovate, denticulate, 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, curved upward; calyx about 2 mm. long, the lobes equaling the tube; corolla white, slightly exceeding the calyx; capsule 7-12-seeded; seeds favose-reticulated, ovate-oblong. Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 388 Campanulaceae 2. N. raxnosissimus pinnatifidus (Greene) Gray. Much re- sembling the last; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid, the cauline toothed ; capsule 15-25-seeded ; seeds short-oblong. San Gabriel Mountains, Allen. 4. LOBELIA L. Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose, spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted flowers. Calyx- tube adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique or incurved, divided to the base on 1 side, 2-lobed ; the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other 3, which are somewhat united. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous at least above ; 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tip, all united. Ovary 2-celled ; the 2 parietal placentae many-ovuled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Cap- sule loculicidally 2-valved. 1. L. splendens Willd. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, commonly simple, 4-8 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or almost linear, glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile, 10 cm. long or less; flowers in a rather close often elongated raceme; calyx-tube hemispheric, 4 mm. long, the lobes linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long; corolla bright red, 2 cm. long, the tube narrow, the lobes about 8 mm. long; seeds oblong, somewhat rugose-tubercu- late. Along streams in wet places in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. 5. PALMERELLA Gray. Slender erect or spreading herbs, glabrous or nearly so, with mostly lanceolate entire or serrate leaves, and blue flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx-tube tur- binate, the lobes slender. Corolla-tube elongated, linear and straight, not at all dilated at the throat ; the short limb abruptly spreading ; 2 lobes small, spatulate-linear and recurving, the 3 larger obovate or oblong, slightly united at the base. Filaments more or less adnate to Compositae 389 the corolla up to near the throat, then monadelphous and free, or adnate on 1 side only ; anthers oblong, the 3 larger naked, the 2 shorter tipped with a tuft of very short bristles. Ovary and capsule as in Lobelia. 1. L. debilis serrata Gray. Stems simple or rarely branched above, 2-6 dm. high, very leafy, glabrous except the inflorescence, this puberulent ; cauline leaves lanceolate-linear or lanceolate, the lower broader, spatulate to obovate, all sharply serrate, the uppermost passing into slender bracts ; racemes few-many- flowered ; pedicels slender ; calyx-lobes narrowly-subulate, twice the length of the tube, and nearly equaling the corolla ; corolla- tube slender, 2 cm. long, in age splitting up from the base as in Lobelia, pale blue ; the larger lobes deep violet, 6-8 mm. long. Frequent in moist places in the canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. Family 95. COMPOSITAE. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers in heads, borne on the enlarged summit of the peduncle (receptacle) and surrounded by the bracts of the involucre. Receptacle naked or with bracts subtending the flowers or with bristles among the flowers. Calyx-tube united with the ovary, the limb when present called pappus, and consisting of awns, hairs, bristles, scales or paleae. Corolla tubular and 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the limb strap-shaped (ligulate) and toothed or entire at the apex, those of a head all tubular, all ligulate or of both kinds. When both kinds are present the marginal ones are ligulate and are called ray-flowers, the inner are tubular and are called disk- flowers. Stamens 5 ; filaments free ; anthers united and forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in Ambrosiae and the filaments more or less cohering. Styles 2-lobed, the lobes stigmatic on the inner surface. Ovary 1-celled, becoming an achene in fruit. Pappus commonly per- sistent. 390 Eupatorieae KEY TO THE TRIBES. Heads all alike, composed of both ray- and disk-flowers or of disk-flowers only. Anthers not caudate at base. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre well-imbricated. Style-branches stigmatic only below the middle; flowers never yellow; rays none. l. EDPATORIEAE. Style-branches of the perfect flowers stigmatic to or above the middle, the upper sterile portion forming a flattened ap- pendage. 2. ASTEBEAE. Style -branches stigmatic up to the truncate apex. Bracts herbaceous ; herbage not aromatic. 7. HELENIEAE. Bracts with soarious margins; herbage aromatic or strong- scented. 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. Bracts usually in 1 series; pappus generally capillary. 9. SENECIONEAE. Receptacle fimbrillate. 7. HELENIEAE. Receptacle chaffy. Bracts of the involucre not scarious. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, more or less enclosing the ray-achenes. 6. MADIEAB. Bracts of the involucre in 2 or more series not enfolding the ray- achenes. 5. HELIANTHEAE. Bracts of the involucre scarious, at least on the margins. 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. Anthers caudate at base. Anthers not appendaged at apex; involucre usually scarious. 3. INULEAE. Anthers appendaged at apex; bracts usually spinescent. Corollas regular, all tubular. 10. CYNAREAE. Corollas 2-lipped; rays wanting. 11. MDTISIEAE. Heads of 2 kinds : staminate heads clustered above the pistillate, anthers more or less free ; pistillate heads few-flowered, flowers completely enclosed in the prickly involucre. 4. AMBROSIEAE. Heads all alike, composed of ligulate flowers only. 12. CICHORIEAE. Tribe 1. EUPATORIEAE. EUPATORY TRIBE. Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with white or flesh- colored perfect disk-flowers and no rays. Receptacle naked. Anthers not caudate at base. Style-branches stigmatic only below the middle. Achenes 5-angled. 1. EUPATORIUM. Achenes 10-ribbed. 2. COLEOSANTHUS. 1. EUPATORIUM L. Erect mostly branching perennial herbs, with opposite verticillate or alternate often punctate leaves, and cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white blue or purple Eupatory Tribe 391 flowers. Involucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts im- bricated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, naked. Corolla regular, its lobes slender, 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Style-branches flattened above, stigma tic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles, arranged in a single row. 1. E. Pasadense Parish. Stems slender and apparently her- baceous, glandular-puberulent ; upper leaves opposite, short- petioled, ovate-deltoid, acute at apex, cordate at base, serrate, thin, minutely atomiferous beneath; cymes rather compact, on dichotomous peduncles longer than the leaves; pedicels 1 cm. long, with 2-3 linear bracts; heads 20-30-flowered ; involucral bracts lanceolate, firm, 4 mm. long, prominently 2-ribbed, the acute tips softer; corolla 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, white, the fili- form tube twice the length of the abrubtly expanded throat ; pappus scabrous, equaling the corolla, early deciduous; achenes smooth, 5-angled, slightly arcuate, 1.5 mm. long;- receptacle somewhat rounded. Wet bank of a pool in a canyon south of Pasadena, McClatchie. 2. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Herbaceous perennial or partly shrubby plants, with opposite or alternate leaves and discoid heads of whitish or pink flowers in panicles or cymes. Involucral bracts well-imbricated in several series, striate. Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes 10-striate or -ribbed. Pappus a single row of numerous rough or serrate bristles. 1. C. Californicus (T. & G.) Kuntze. Shrubby at base, 6-9 dm. high, paniculately branched; herbage somewhat glandular- puberulent; leaves alternate, ovate, somewhat triangular or slightly cordate, obtuse, irregularly crenate- toothed, 3-ribbed from the base, veiny, roughish, 2-4 cm. long, short-petioled ; heads spicate or racemose along leafy branches, about 1 cm. high, 10-15-flowered ; involucral bracts with thinnish, mostly obtuse straight tips. (Brickellia Calif ornica Gray.) Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. 392 Astereae 2. C. Nevinii (Gray) Kuntze. Herbage white-woolly ; leaves repandodentate ; heads 30-40-flowered ; otherwise as in the last. Newhall, Nevin. Tribe 2. ASTEREAE. ASTER TRIBE. Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with usu- ally scentless herbage and alternate leaves. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre commonly well-imbri- cated. Disk-flowers commonly yellow. Rays present or wanting. Anthers not caudate. Pappus of bristles or awrns. Pollen grains echinate. Pappus of several caducous awns; heads large. 3. GRINDELIA. Pappus of several short scales; heads small. 4. GUTIERREZIA. Pappus of a few persistent slender bristles. 5. PENTACHAETA. Pappus of many persistent slender bristles. Rays present, yellow. Rays without pappus. 6. HETEROTHECA. Rays with pappus like that of disk-flowers. Pappus of 2 kinds, the outer short and scale-like. 7. CHRYSOPSIS. Pappus of 1 kind only. Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs. Heads small, in scorpioid racemes. 8. SOLIDAGO. Heads small in corymbose panicles. 9. EDTHAMIA. Evergreen woody plants with punctate, flat or terete leaves. 10. CHRYSOMA Rays present, not yellow. Pappus rusty-brown; anthers with slender appendages at apex. 14. CORETHROGYNE. Pappus dull white. Bracts in more than 2 series. 15. ASTER. Bracts in 1-2 series. Rays exceeding the disk. 16. ERIGERON. Rays inconspicuous, shorter than the disk. 17. LEPTILON. Rays none. Outer flowers enlarged and more deeply cleft on the inner side. 13. LESSINGIA. Outer flowers not enlarged. Flowers yellow. Herbage glandular and glutinous. 12. HAZARDIA. Herbage pubescent. 11. ISOCOMA. Flowers not yellow. Outer flowers pistillate, truncate; inner hermaphrodite. 18. CONYZA. Dioecious shrubs or perennial herbs. 19. BACCHARIS. Aster Tribe 393 3. GRINDELIA Willd. Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants with sessile rigid mostly serrate leaves and rather large hemi- spheric heads terminating corymbose branches. Invo- lucral bracts with usually narrow herbaceous squarrose- recurved tips. Flowers of both ray and disk many, permanently yellow. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Achenes short, thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 deciduous stout awns or bristles. 1. G. camporum Greene. Herbaceous; stems white and shin- ing, tufted from a perennial root, about 6 dm. high, glabrousr very leafy up to the loosely corymbose heads, even the branches of the corymb conspicuously leafy-bracted ; basal leaves almost wanting ; stem leaves oblanceolate-spatulate, sessile and clasping, 5 cm. long, saliently serrate-toothed; bracts of flowering branches nearly entire, spreading; involucre 12-20 mm. wide, its bracts with long linear recurved tips; ray-achenes obscurely 3-sided with 3 or more pappus awns ; disk-achenes compressed, obliquely biauriculate or unidentate at the summit. Adobe mesas near Wiseburn. June-August. 2. G. robusta Nutt. Stems herbaceous, stout, ascending from a perennial root, about 5 dm. high ; leaves broadly cordate-oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, about 3.5 cm. long, often 2.5 cm. broad, subcoriaceous, pubescent on the margins, otherwise glabrous; heads very few, large, corymbosely disposed; outer bracts of involucre rather leafy, the others narrow and squarrose ; pappus awns 2. Open grounds about Los Angeles and toward the coast. First collected at San Pedro by Nuttall. May-July. 3. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Bushy and suffrutescent, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous; leaves thickish and rather fleshy, 7-10 cm. long, cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong, entire or sparsely dentate, clasping at the broad base ; involucre about 12 mm. high, glutin- ous, its bracts all with squarrose green tips; pappus awns usually several, compressed barbellulate. Borders of salt marshes along the coast. September-November. 394 Astereae 4. GUTIERREZIA Lag, Herbaceous or suffrutescent, freely branching, some- what resiniferous, nearly glabrous plants, with alternate linear entire leaves, and numerous small heads corym- bosely arranged at' the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts coriaceous, the outer successively shorter. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. Achenes angled or striate, mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous. 1. G. divergens Greene. Suffrutescent, 4-7 dm. high, gla- brous or merely granular-scaberulous, the panicled branches nearly destitute of foliage at flowering time; involucres 6 mm. high, obovate-turbinate, their obovate obtuse bracts well-imbri- cated and with blunt green tips; disk-flowers 5-7; rays about 5; pale£e of the pappus 9-12, very unequal, narrow and acute. Common on the interior plains and foothills, especially common on the fans at the base of the mountains. July-August. 5. PENTACHAETA Nutt. Small slender nearly glabrous annuals, with alternate linear entire leaves, and mostly small heads solitary or somewhat clustered at the ends -of more or less naked branches. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, scarious-margined, appressed, mucro- nate. Ray-flowers white, yellow or wanting. Disk-flowers yellow, very slender. Style-appendages filiform-subulate, hispid. Achenes pubescent. Pappus of 3-5 slender bristles. 1. P. aurea Nutt. Diffusely branching, 1-3 dm. high, some- what villous-pubescent ; heads about 10-15 mm. broad, many- flowered ; flowers all yellow ; rays obtuse, 20 or more ; involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, with green middle portion and scarious margins ; achenes somewhat villous- pubescent ; pappus bristles 5-8. Arroyo Seco, Davidson. Frequent in the Santa Ana Mountains and com- mon throughout the coast slope of San Diego County. Aster Tribe 395 2. P. Lyoni Gray. Hirsute, at least the margins of the plane linear or spatulate-linear leaves, 1-1.5 dm. high, with the sparing ascending branches leafy up to the head or short peduncle ; in- volucre hirsute ; its bracts linear-lanceolate and of nearly equal length, green, with narrow scarious margins ; pappus-bristles 9-11 or commonly 12. San Pedro; Santa Catalina Island, Lyon. Not seen by us. The above is a copy of the original description. 6. HETEROTHECA Nutt. Annual or biennial hirsute herbs, with alternate leaves and a terminal corymbose panicle of middle-sized heads. Involucre ovate, its bracts closely imbricated in many series, without spreading tips. . Flowers yellow, those of the ray pistillate, of the disk perfect. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers ovate or lanceolate. Achenes com- pressed, pubescent, those of the ray thin-triquetrous, with caducous pappus or none. Pappus of disk-achenes of an outer series of sparse short bristles and an inner series of copious longer ones. 1. H. grandifolia Nutt. Annual or biennial, 1-2 m. high, hirsute, the inflorescence viscid and strong-scented ; stem leaves oval or oblong, coarsely toothed, partly vertical by a twist in the petiole, this bearing at base 2 stipuliform lobes; involucre about 1 cm. high ; ray-achenes without pappus; those of the disk with but faint traces of the outer and shorter bristles. Frequent in waste places in sandy soil. June-November, or in favored places flowering throughout the year. 7. CHRYSOPSIS Ell. Low perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent, with sessile usually entire leaves, and middle-sized heads ter- minating corymbose or fastigiate branches. Involucre ovate or broader, its bracts narrow, regularly imbricated in several series. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Achenes compressed, obovate to linear-fusiform. Pappus brownish, of many 396 Astereae capillary scabrous bristles, with or without an outer series of short bristles of paleae. 1. C. sessilifolia Nutt. Slender, sparsely pilose-hispid, viscid- glandular ; leaves oblanceolate, sharply pointed, the longest often 3-4 cm. long; corymbose branches ending in about 3 subsessile heads; these about 12 mm. high, leaf y-bracted at base; involu- cral bracts viscid-glandular; achenes slender-fusiform, silky- pubescent; outer pappus slenderly squamellate. Along the coast, Davidson. 2. C. fastigiata Greene. Stems several, ascending, 3-6 dm. high, rigid and brittle, densely clothed with small ascending, erect leaves ; these strongly crisped, 12 mm. long or less, sessile, acute, densely silky-tomentose on both sides; heads narrow, numerous, in a fastigiate corymb at the ends of the branches; bracts of the narrow turbinate involucre rather softly strigose-pubescent ; rays few, short and inconspicuous; achenes silky- villous ; outer series of pappus wanting. Frequent on dry plains and in the lower portions of the chaparral belt. 8. SOIiIDAGO Vail. GOLDENEOD. Strict simple-stemmed perennial herbs, with alternate more or less serrate leaves, and many small heads in ter- minal clusters which are usually in scorpioid racemes and forming a panicle. Involucre narrow, its bracts in 2 or more series, neither herbaceous-tipped nor glutinous. Flowers all permanently yellow, the outer and ligulate shorter, the inner narrow-funnelform. Style-appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or prismatic, 5— 10-nerved, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus a series of unequal sca- brous permanently white bristles. 1. S. confinis Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence some- times minutely pubescent, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, the stem leaves shorter, about 5-8 cm. long, the basal often oblanceo- late or obovate, heads about 4 mm. long, crowded in a dense oblong panicle, not secund ; rays not surpassing the disk-flowers ; achenes canescently pubescent. Occasional in low marshy places. Cienega; San Bernardino. July-Octo- ber. Aster Tribe 397 2. S. Californica Nutt. Roughish with an almost cinereous short pubescence, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves larger and more numer- ous below, passing from obovate to oblong-lanceolate, and from obtuse to acute, the lower and broader more or less serrate; panicle virgate, rather loose, the racemiform clusters secund ; heads 6 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear, obtusish ; rays 7-12 ; achenes pubescent. Frequent in open places in the lower portions of the chaparral belt in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Ranges. June-October. 9. EUTHAMIA Cass. Erect glabrous perennial very leafy more or less dis- tinctly corymbose branched herbs, with narrow entire pellucid -punctate leaves, and small heads clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts firm, im- bricated, glutinous. Ray-flowers about twice as many as disk-flowers, all permanently yellow. Achenes short, turbinate, villous-pubescent. 1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Somewhat paniculately branching, 1-2 m. high ; leaves lanceolate-linear, obscurely 3-nerved ; involu- cral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays 16-30 ; disk-flowers 8-14, their style-tips obtuse. Frequent in low ground and along streams in our valleys and foothills. August-November. 10. CHRYSOMA Nutt. Low evergreen shrubs with mostly narrow subterete punctate leaves and terminal cymose or corymbose clusters of small heads. Involucre turbinate, its bracts mostly lanceolate, very regularly imbricated, margins subscarious. Flowers permanently yellow. Disk-flowers slender with subcampanulate throat and deeply cleft limb. Style-appendages filiform, acuminate, hirsutulous. Achenes more or less distinctly prismatic. Pappus of scabrous slender bristles, dull-white or yellowish, becom- ing reddish. 398 Astereae * Leaves flat. 1. C. Parishii Greene. Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves lanceo- late, 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acute, subcoriaceous, strongly punctate, glutinous ; heads numerous in crowded corymbs, termi- nating the erect branches, small, 10-12-flowered ; involucre tur- binate ; the bracts few, irregularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute, with a green midrib ; achenes turbinate, minutely silky. (Bige- lovia Parishii Greene.) Occasional in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Ranges. August-October. 2. C. cuneata (Gray) Greene. Freely branching and spread- ing, about 3 dm. high; leaves coriaceous, cuneate-obovate or spatulate-obovate, often retuse, 10-14 mm. long, resinous-punctate, glutinous; heads about 12 mm. high, in a terminal fasciculate corymb; bracts lanceolate or linear, obtusish ; rays 1-5 or none ; achenes pubescent. (Aplopappus cuneatus Gray.) On rocky ledges in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains . ** Leaves very narrow and subterete. 3. C. ericoides (Less.) Greene. Diffusely branching, 8 dm. high or less, the branches fastigiate-corymbose, very leafy through- out ; leaves linear, terete, those of the branches about 1 cm. long,, deflexed, bearing in their axils very short branchlets hidden by 2-ranked closely imbricated shorter ones; involucres turbinate, about 6 mm. high; bracts tomentose-ciliate, all erect, the outer successively shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the very short leaves; rays about 3-5, short; achenes glabrous, (Ericameria microphylla Nutt.) Frequent on bluffs and sand-dunes along the seashore. 4. C. Palmeri (Gray) Greene. Paniculately much branched r about 1 m. high or less; leaves all filiform terete, those of the branches about 2 cm. long; lower bracts of the involucre green- ish-tipped ; rays 3-4; achenes pubescent. (Aplopappus Palmeri Gray.) Occasional in the foothills about Los Angeles and San Diego. 5. C. pinifolia (Gray) Greene. Rather stout, with rigid, erect branches, 15 dm. high or less; stem-leaves filiform, 2.5 cm. long or more, mucronate ; heads rather few in a contracted panicle, or scattered, campanulate ; proper bracts of the involucre broadly Aster Tribe 399 lanceolate and with a greenish midrib, the loose outer ones subu- late, shorter than the inner and passing into the small leaves of the flowering branchlets ; rays usually 6-10; achenes glabrous or nearly so. (Aplopappus pinifolius Gray.) Frequent in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the lower alti tudes of the chaparral belt. August-November. 11. ISOCOMA Xutt. Rather rigid tufted erect suffrutescent plants, with thick leaves and a corymbose terminal cluster of rather small rayless heads. Involucral bracts coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous, appressed. Corollas permanently yellow ; tube slender ; limb ventricose, its segments more or less connivent about the style. Style- appendages ovate or somewhat narrower, pubescent. Achenes short, compressed or subterete, silky-pubescent. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal, the inner longest and often flattened and awn-like, faintly scabrous. 1. I. vernonioides Nutt. Glabrous or commonly loosely pubescent, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaves oblanceolate, more or less serrate, 2-4 cm. long, often with many fascicled ones in their axils; heads 8 mm. high, campanulate; bracts of the involucre obtusish; pappus-bristles stout, none very perceptibly flattened. (Bigelovia veneta Gray.) Common on dry hillsides and plains. Santa Monica; Los Angeles; Santa Ana Mountains ; San Joaquin Hills. July-November. 12. HAZABDIA Greene. Low shrubs or suffrutescent plants, with subcoriaceous more or less persistent toothed or serrate leaves, and spicate or somewhat thyrsoidly congested heads. Invo- lucre oblong or obconic, its numerous bracts in many series, often with squarrqse-spreading tips. Heads 20-40- flowered. Rays yellow or none. Disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-toothed, yellow, changing to red or brown. Style-tips linear-subulate. Achenes fusiform, slightly compressed, few-nerved. Pappus reddish. 400 Astereae 1. H. squarrosa (H. & A.) Greene. Suffrutescent, erect, 6-10 dm. high, glandular and glutinous; leaves oblong, about 2 cm. long, spinulose-dentate ; heads many, spicately thyrsoid toward the summit of the branches, 1 cm. long; bracts of the involucre rigid, appressed, in many series, their tips abruptly spreading; rays none; achenes sparsely pubescent. (Aplopappus squarrosus H. & A.) Occasional on dry hillsides throughout our range. November. 13. LESSINGIA Cham. More or less floccose-woolly and sometimes glandular annuals, with alternate more or less serrate leaves, and small cymosely panicled heads. Flowers yellow or often whitish or purplish, all perfect. Corollas with slender tube and long narrow lobes, the outer ones more deeply cleft on one side and imitating a palmatifid ligule. In- volucre campanulate or turbinate, its bracts much imbri- cated, appressed, herbaceous tipped. Anthers with slender subulate appendages. Style-appendages obtuse or truncate, densely hispid, often with a setiform cusp among the hairs. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform, silky-villous. Pappus-bristles rigid, scabrous, red or brownish. 1. L. glandulifera Gray. Stems diffusely branched from a short erect stem, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, glabrous or glabrate above; basal leaves oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lower stem leaves spinulose-dentate, those of the branches 5 mm. long or less, thick and rigid, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, the margins commonly beset with yellowish tack-shaped glands ; involucre campanulate or turbinate, its bracts appressed, some or all glanduliferous ; flowers yellow. Common on the dry interior plains of our region. June-September. 14. CQRETHBOGYNE DC. Perennial herbs covered with a white woolly tomentum at least when young. Inflorescence glandular. Leaves alternate entire or serrate, heads middle-sized, solitary, Aster Tribe 401 corymbose or panicled. Involucre hemispheric to turbi- nate, its bracts much imbricated, scar ions except the herbaceous tips. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers sterile. Anthers appendaged at the apex. Style-appendages comose or with a bearded tuft. 1. C. virgata Benth. Stems erect, often 1 m. high; herbage floccose-woolly ; leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, serrate- toothed above; inflorescence a large virgate panicle, viscid with short-stalked glands, usually bearing many heads; involucre turbinate-campanulate, 10-12 mm. broad ; bracts rather broadly linear, their tips usually somewhat reflexed. Common in sandy soil near the coast. June-August. 2. C. virgata Bernardina. Stems erect or ascending, 6-8 dm. high; herbage densely floccose-woolly; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, serrate-toothed above ; inflorescence somewhat virgate- branched ; heads not numerous, only the involucres and the uppermost portion of the peduncles glandular ; involucres turbi- nate-campanulate, 6-8 mm. broad; bracts narrowly linear, their tips somewhat recurved. Common on the dry plains of the interior valleys, especially in the San Bernardino Valley. The type of this variety is the author's no. 2931, collected at Mentone. 15. ASTER, L. Leafy stemmed autumnal perennial or rarely annual herbs with alternate leaves and panicled or somewhat corymbose heads. Involucre hemispheric to campanu- late, its bracts imbricated in several series, tips herbace- ous. Ray-flowers many, commonly bluish or pinkish, pistillate. Disk -flowers perfect, yellow changing to red- purple ; corolla-tube slender ; limb funnelform. Style- branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceo- late or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous, usually in 1 series, dull white. i * Perennials. 1. A. Menziesii Lindl. Strictly erect, about 4-6 dm. high, usually simple and very leafy up to the mostly simply racemose or 402 Astereae racemose-paniculate inflorescence, the whole plant cinereously and roughly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7.5 cm. long, remotely and faintly serrate; heads numerous in an ample cymose panicle ; involucres nearly hemispheric, about 6 mm. high; bracts in rather few series, spatulate-linear, very obtuse, wholly green-herbaceous; rays dull pale purplish. Occasional on dry wooded hills about Los Angeles and eastward. 2. A. hesperius Gray. Stems paniculately branched, 6-10 dm. high, varying from nearly glabrous to scabrous-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations, 5-10 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide; heads crowded, 8-10 mm. high; involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradually acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated or with some loose and slender herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner ; rays either white or violet, 6-8 mm. long. Cienega, near Los Angeles, and in low ground about San Bernardino. 3. A. Greatae Parish. Stems erect or assurgent, '4-17 dm. high, glabrous or above sparsely hirtellous ; leaves thin, ovate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, the scabrid mar- gins few-toothed or entire, the base clasping ; the uppermost usually reduced to linear or linear-lanceolate bracts; heads 5 mm. high, in an ample panicle; involucral bracts loosely imbri- cated in a few series, lanceolate, green, minutely ciliate; rays 30-40, light purple, narrow, acute, 5-10 mm. long; achenes hir- sute. Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains, mostly in the upper portions of the chaparral belt. ** Annuals. 4. A. exilis Ell. Stem erect, 6-12 dm. high, rather stout be- low, paniculately branched above into numerous slender branches ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper linear, mostly entire ; heads small, numerous, about 6 mm. high, narrow; bracts of the invo- lucre linear-subulate; rays 15-40, bluish-purple or pinkish. Frequent in low subsaline places, especially along the coast. August- October. 16. ERIGERON L. Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves and corymbose, paniculate or solitary heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric Aster Tribe 403 or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, usu- ally imbricated in but 1 or 2 series. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers purplish or whitish, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, 5-lobed. Style-appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, mostly 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles scabrous, in 1 series or with an outer shorter series. 1. E. Philadelphicus L. Perennial by stolons, soft-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous ; stems slender, mostly branched above, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 2.5-7 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; upper leaves clasping, often cordate at base, entire or dentate ; heads several or many, corymbose-paniculate, 1-2 cm. broad ; peduncles slender, thickened at the summit; involucre depressed hemi- spheric ; its bracts linear, usually scarious-margined ; rays 100-150, 4-8 mm. long, light rose-purple ; pappus simple ; achenes puberu- lent. Occasional in low moist ground. 2. E. foliosus Nutt. Scabrous and somewhat strigose-pubes- cent, 4-8 dm . high , leafy throughout ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire, about 4 mm. broad, 3-6 cm. long, those of the branches reduced; heads hemispheric, 12-14 mm. broad; rays about 30, narrow, purple ; achenes with a few coarse bristly short hairs. Frequent in sandy soil toward the coast. 4. E, fragilis Greene. Stems erect, rigid, 5-7 dm. high, minutely scabrous, leafy; leaves linear-filiform, 3-5 cm. long, rigid, rough with minute incurved hairs; heads usually 10-15, arranged in a loose corymbose panicle on spreading branches; involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 3 series ; rays 30-40, very narrow, deep violet; achenes nearly glabrous. Frequent on the dry plains and foothills away from the coast. 17. L.EPTILON Raf. Annual or biennial herbs with small racemose or panicled heads of white flowers. Involucre mostly cam- panulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, pistillate, or none. Disk-flowers perfect, usually 4-toothed or 404 Astereae 4-lobed. Style-branches short. Achenes flattened. Pap- pus-bristles in 1 series. 1. L. Canadense (L.) Britton. Stem hispid-pubescent or gla- brate, 2 m. high or less, paniculate, much branched ; leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the lower spatulate, dentate or entire, 5-10 cm. long, the upper linear and mainly entire ; heads very numer- ous, about 4 mm. broad ; involucre 2-3 mm. high ; its bracts linear, acute, glabrate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. (Erigeron Canadense L.) A common weed in waste places and cultivated fields. 18. CONYZA L. Ours a viscid pubescent branching annual, with alter- nate leaves, and small many-flowered heads in a crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle. Involucre campanulate, its bracts narrow, appendiculate, in 2-3 series. Pistillate flowers much more numerous than the hermaphrodite, their filiform or slender corollas shorter than the disk and style, truncate or 2-4-toothed. Achenes small, com-, pressed. Pappus a single series of soft capillary bristles, sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones. 1. C. Coulter! Gray. Stems simple belowr, branching above, about 1 m. high or less, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, with many- jointed hairs ; stem-leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- oblong and with partly clasping base, dentate to laciniate-pinnat- ifid, 2.5-5 cm. long; involucre 2-4 mm. high, hirsute with soft spreading hairs ; flowers whitish ; corolla-tube of pistillate flowers truncate, half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5-7; achenes nearly glabrous ; pappus bristles several, sca- brous. Occasional in subsaline places. July-September. 19. BACCHARIS L. Dioecious perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tubu- lar flowers. Involucre of scale-like imbricated bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla of the pistillate flowers Aster Tribe 405 slender, truncate or minutely toothed, that of the stami- nate tubular, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the fertile flowers smooth exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the pistillate flowers copious, capillary, very fine and soft, becoming elongated in fruit, that of the staminate flowers shorter. * Achenes 10-nerved. 1. B. pilularis DC. Compactly branched evergreen shrub, 2-4 m. high or lower and depressed when growing along the sea- shore ; branchlets angular from the leaf-bases ; leaves subcori- aceous. glutinous, 2 cm. long or less, cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed or some entire; involucre nearly hemispheric, 4 mm. long, its bracts oval or oblong, all but the innermost very obtuse; flowers white; fertile pappus not over 8 mm. long. Near Santa Monica, Davidson. 2. B. Emoryi Gray. Erect with slender branches, 1-5 m. high ; leaves mostly oblong, or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base and the larger somewhat petioled, more or less 3-nerved, often 2-4-toothed, pale ; those of the branches oblanceo- late-linear, mostly entire, 1-nerved ; involucre campanulate or oblong, 6-8 mm. long; bracts firm-coriaceous, the outermost oval obtusish, the innermost thin, bearded toward the tip; pappus of the pistillate 12 mm. long in fruit. In low ground toward the coast. Redondo; San Pedro; Santa Ana; San Bernardino. ** Achenes 5-nerved (rarely 4-nerved). 3. B. Plummerae Gray. Loosely pubescent throughout, not at all glutinous ; stems herbaceous from a woody base, 6-12 dm. high, somewhat branched; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, irregu- larly and acutely serrate, 5 cm. long or less, obscurely 3-nerved; heads 8 mm. long; involucral bracts linear; achenes somewhat compressed, puberulent, obscurely 5-nerved; pappus in fruit 8 mm. long. Topacgo Canyon, Davidson. 4. B. Douglasii DC. Glabrous and somewhat glutinous; stems herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, erect, 12 dm. high or less, simple up to the terminal corymb; leaves glutinous, 406 Inuleae ovate-lanceolate, either entire or serrulate, 3-nerved from near the base, 7-14 cm. long; heads about 6 mm. high; involucral bracts erose-ciliate, thin and pale with a greenish center; pappus of pistillate flowers scarious, 4 mm. long, soft, of staminate clav- ellate and barbellate at the summit. Occasional along streams in our coast region. Ballona Creek; Los Angeles River. August-October. 5. B. glutinosa Pers. Stems herbaceous above, woody below, 1-3 m. high; branches striate-angled ; leaves very glutinous, lanceolate, acute, denticulate or repandodentate, 5-7 cm. long; heads in ample cymose panicles at the ends of simple slender branches, mostly 6 mm. high; involucre stramineous, destitute of green center or distinct costa. Occasional on borders of marshes. August-November. 6. B. vixninea DC. Shrubby and willow-like, producing short lateral flowering branches, these terete and minutely striate; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, ob- scurely 3-nerved, 5-7 cm. long; heads about 4 mm. high, hemi- spheric, in small cymose clusters; involucre tawny, destitute of green center or costa. Very common along all our streams throughout our range. April-July. Tribe 3. INULEAE. EVERLASTING TRIBE. Annual or perennial mostly white-woolly plants, with alternate or opposite leaves and small dioecious heads. Involucral bracts often white or scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers mostly white, with filiform corollas. Anthers caudate at base, unappendaged at apex. Pappus capillary or none. Involucral bracts many; receptacle naked. Bracts dry, but not scarious. 20. PLUCHEA. Bracts scarious. 25. GNAPHALIUM. Involucral bracts few or none; receptacle chaffy. Bracts completely enclosing their achenes; pappus none. Achenes gibbous. 21. MICROPUS. Achenes straight or somewhat curved. Receptacle columnar. 22. STYLOCLINE. Receptacle globose or ovoid. 23. PSILOCARPHUS. Bracts of 2 kinds, the lower completely enclosing their achenes; the others chaff-like, surrounding a central cluster of flowers. 24. FILAGO. Everlasting Tribe 407 20. PLUCHEA Cass. Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal cymose clusters. Involu- cral bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, her- baceous. Receptacle flat. Outer flowers of the head pis- tillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate. Central flowers perfect, but mostly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft. Achenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a series of capillary scabrous bristles. 1. P. sericea (Nutt.) Coville. (ARROWWOOD.) Shrub, 4 m. high or less, with suberect slender willowy branches, very leafy up to the cymose clusters of rather small heads; leaves silky- pubescent, 2.5-5 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; involucre campanulate ; outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomen- tose ; inner ones narrowly linear, deciduous; flowers whitish, tinged with purple or red ; pappus copious, the bristles of the sterile flowers clavellate-dilated, of the fertile slender. (P. borealis Gray.) Rather common along the streams, especially in the interior valleys, May-July. 2. P. camphorata DC. Annual, stoutish, minutely and some- what viscid-pubescent, leafy, 6 dm. high; leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, toothed or denticulate, the larger 7-12 cm. long, petioled ; heads short-pedicelled, dull purple, crowded in a corymbose cluster; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often colored. Occasional along streams and marshes about Los Angeles; Ballona Creek. 21. MICBOPUS L. Low floccose annuals with alternate entire leaves and several-flowered scattered heads. Pistillate flowers in 1 or 2 series on a small receptacle, each enclosed in a con- duplicate bract which has a scarious, appendiculate lip. Hermaphrodite sterile flowers central, few, mostly naked. Involucre outside of the fruiting bracts scanty and scarious. Achenes gibbous, obovate, each enclosed in its bract and falling away with it. Pappus none. 408 Inuleae 1. M. Californicus F. & M. Slender, erect, 1-3 dm. high; leaves mostly linear; fructiferous bracts 5-6, becoming firm-cori- aceous, somewhat semicordate or semiobovate in outline, straight anteriorly, the soon erect bract-like tip mostly scarious. Frequent on open hillsides in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the foothills about Los Angeles. 22. STYLOCL.INE Nutt. Low and diffuse white-woolly annuals, with alternate leaves and terminal subglobose heads. Bracts of the involucre and of the receptacle deciduous with the mature fruit, those of the fertile flowers involute or sac- cate-conduplicate, embracing the obovate or oblong obcompressed achene ; those of the sterile flowers plane or concave. Pappus wanting in the fertile flowers, com- posed of a few caducous bristles in the sterile ones. 1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Stems 5-10 cm. long; leaves linear or the upper oblong, obtuse ; fruiting bract hyaline, broadly ovate, woolly on the back. Occasional in open ground, on wooded slopes, and in the chaparral belt. April-June. 23. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. Small, usually depressed and much branched floccose annuals, with opposite leaves and globose heads which are sessile in the axils or at the forks. Fruiting bracts numerous, crowded on the globular or oval receptacle, cucullate-saccate, semiobovate or semiobcordate, rounded at the tip, somewhat membranaceous, apex introrse, the ovate or oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or erect. Achene loose within the bract, oblong or narrow, straight, slightly compressed. 1. P. globiferus Nutt. Branched from the base and spread- ing or prostrate ; leaves linear or narrowly spatulate, the upper- most little surpassing the very woolly heads; achenes obovate- oblong, about 1 mm. long. Frequent on the plains and hills, especially in exsiccated places. April- May. Everlasting Tribe 409 24. FILAGO L. Erect slender floccose-woolly annuals with alternate entire leaves and small discoid heads in capitate lateral and terminal clusters. Bracts of the involucre few and scarious. Receptacle convex or subconic, chaffy, each chaff-scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers of the heads in several series, pistillate, their corollas filiform, minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. 1. F. Californica Nutt. Slender, erect, annual, 2 dm. high or usually less ; leaves linear or the lowest spatulate; heads ovate, slightly angular; pistillate flowers 8-10-bracteate, their bracts broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, somewhat arcuate-incurved, very woolly, with broadish and obtuse hyaline tips; inner bracts oblong, concave, nearly glabrous; achenes narrowly oblong, minutely papillose-granular; pappus of the embraced none; of the others copious. Frequent on dry hillsides and plains, especially in sandy soil. April- June. 25. GNAPHAL.IUM L. EVERLASTING. Woolly erect or diffusely branched annual, biennial or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and discoid heads of pistillate and perfect flowers. Involucral bracts scarious, white or yellowish, imbricated. Recep- tacle flat, naked. Pistillate flowers in several series, their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Achenes not ribbed. Pappus a single series of scabrous capillary bristles, sometimes thickened above. * Pappus-bristles not united at base. •*- More or less glandular-pubescent and heavy-scented. 1. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Biennial, erect, 6-15 dm. high, paniculately much branched above the middle ; the panicle often 410 Inuleae rather narrow and virgate ; herbage glandular and very sweet- scented, only the stem slightly arachnoid ; leaves green on both sides, distinctly decurrent ; heads narrow, 4 mm. high, rose color ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, acutish. Occasional on wooded slopes about Pasadena and Los Angeles. 2. G. Californicum DC. Biennial, 6-10 dm. high, stoutish, corymbosely branched at the summit, bearing rather loose cymosely disposed clusters of broad heads ; leaves lanceolate, gla- brate above, glandular and balsamic-scented, s'trongly adnate- decurrent; heads 5-7 mm. high, nearly as broad, white or yellow- ish; outer bracts ovate or oblong, the inner acute. Rather common on the dry plains and foothills. April-July. 3. G. leucocephalum Gray. Perennial from a lignescentroot; stems several, 4-6 dm. high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy; herbage white with close wool except the under sides of the leaves ; stem -leaves narrowly linear, attenuate, acute, erect, short- decurrent at the narrow base, viscid-glandular above; heads in a small close cyme ; involucre broadly campanulate, much imbri- cated, pearly white; bracts ovate and oblong, obtuse. Occasional in dry washes. Santa Anita Wash, near Monrovia. -*- -*- Not at all glandular or heavy-scented. 4. G. Chilense Spreng. Stems rather stout, from an annual or biennial root, 3-6 dm. high, loosely floccose or the upper faces of the leaves often nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or the lower often spatulate or oblanceolate ; heads in close clusters at the ends of the corymbose branches ; involucre hemispheric, with a yellowish-green tinge; bracts oval or oblong, obtuse. Common along the seashore on the sand-dunes and frequent in our foot- hills and mountains, extending into the pine belt. 5. G. microcephalum Nutt. Biennial; stems slender with several erect branches, 5-8 dm. high, loosely corymbose-paniculate above, the whole herbage white with a persistent wool, not at all glandular or heavy-scented ; leaves linear or the lower spatulate, slenderly decurrent ; heads rather few or loose in the paniculately or cymosely disposed clusters; involucres ovate; bracts white, ovate or oblong, obtuse, except the inner. Frequent in dry washes and in the chaparral belt. June-September. 4. G. palustre Nutt. Low, branching annual, 5-15 cm. high, floccose with long wool ; leaves spatulate to oblong and lanceo- Ambrosiae 411 late; heads glomerate, leafy-bracted ; involucres about 2 mm. high, embedded in loose wool; bracts linear, obtuse, brownish- green, the tips white. Occasional along river bottoms and on the margins of ponds. May- October. ** Pappus united at the base, deciduous in a ring. 5. G. purpureum L. Biennial, simple or branching, erect or decumbent at the base, 2-3 dm. high, canescent with a dense close wool ; leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate and green above; heads crowded in an elongated more or less interrupted spiciform inflorescence ; involucre brownish ; achenes sparsely scabrous. Lincoln Park, Davidson. Tribe 4. AMBROSIAE. RAGWEED TRIBE. Herbs with mostly alternate leaves and greenish or white unisexual flowers. Staminate heads racemose or clustered above the few axillary pistillate ones. Pistil- late heads usually 2-flowered, destitute of pappus and corolla, completely enclosed by the more or less spiny involucre and becoming a bur in fruit. Staminate flowers many. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla present. Anthers distinct or scarcely coherent. Involucral bracts of Staminate heads united. Involucres of pistillate heads armed near the apex with a single row of prickles. 26. AMBROSIA. Involucre of pistillate heads armed with several rows of prickles. 27. GAERTNERIA. Involucral bracts of Staminate heads distinct. 28. XANTHIUM. 26. AMBROSIA L. RAGWEED. Monoecious branching herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-ovoid, closed, 1-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines ; 412 Ambrosiae corolla none ; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate heads hemispheric, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered ; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed ; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped. 1. A. psilostachya DC. Stems erect from horizontal root- stocks, 5-8 dm. high, with strigose pubescence and somewhat scabrous ; leaves once or twice pinnatifid ; fruit mostly solitary in the axils, turgid-ovoid, about 3 mm. long, obtusely short- pointed, rugose-reticulate, either unarmed or with 4 short or sharp tubercles. A common weed in low ground, especially in our coast valleys. June- September. 27. GAERTNERIA Med. Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads of discoid flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Invo- lucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4- celled, 1-4-beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in fruit ; corolla none ; style-branches exserted ; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the cells ; pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-ped- uncled, their involucres broadly hemispheric, open 5-12- lobed ; receptacle chaffy ; corolla regular, with short tube and 5-lobed limb ; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped. 1. G. tenuifolia (Gray) Kuntze. Perennial, erect, 4-15 dm. high, leafy throughout, hispid or varying to glabrate; leaves mostly 2-3-pinnately parted or dissected into narrow oblong or linear lobes, the narrow rachis often with a few interposed small lobes, the terminal elongated ; staminate racemes elongated and paniculate; pistillate heads in numerous glomerules below, in fruit minutely glandular, about 2 mm. long, armed with 6-18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips usually hooked and Ragweed Tribe 413 with an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola about each. (Franseria tenui folia Gray.) Rather common about Cahuenga Pass. 2. G. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. Annual, diffuse, hir- sute or hispid; the stems and branches 3-10 dm. long; leaves ovate or roundish in outline, 2.5-7 cm. broad, bipinnatifid ; sterile racemes numerous, short; fruiting involucre 6-8 mm. high, with flat lanceolate-subulate spines. (Franseria acanthicarpa Hook.) Not uncommon on the dry plains of the interior valleys. July-September. 3. G. bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Perennial, procumbent ; stems 6-10 dm. long, hirsute; leaves ovate in outline, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-3-pinnately parted, with oblong lobes, canescent with soft tomentum or finely hirsute ; staminate spikes or racemes dense ; fruiting involucre ovate-fusiform, 6-8 mm. long, armed with rather short and thick flattish spines, their acute tips somewhat incurved. (Franseria bipinnatifida Nutt.) Common along the seashore on beach sands and on the sand-dunes. Flowering nearly throughout the year. 28. XANTHIUM L. COCKLE-BUR. Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate leaves, and father small heads of greenish flowers, the staminate ones capi- tate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Involucre of the staminate heads with short distinct bracts in 1-3 series ; receptacle chaffy ; corolla tubular, 5-toothed ; anthers not coherent, mucronate at apex ; filaments united. Involucre of pistillate heads ovoid or oblong, closed, covered with hooked spines, 1-2- beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 ovoid or oblong achene ; corolla none ; pappus none. 1. X. spinosum L. Widely branching from the base, about 6 dm. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less lobed or pinna- tifid, glabrate and green above, white-tomentose beneath ; axils each with a short-stalked sponged yellow spine about 2 cm. long; burs about 10 mm. long, armed with short weak prickles. Frequent along roadsides and in waste places. August-October. 414 Heliantheae 2. X. Canadense Mill. Stems stout, branched above ; leaves broad-ovoid, slightly lobed, rough -scabrous ; burs about 2 cm. long, densely beset with stoutish hooked prickles and strongly 2-horned at the apex. Rather common in low ground, especially in sandy soil. July-October. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. SUNFLOWER TRIBE. Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with opposite or basal leaves, and commonly balsamic-resinous juice. Rays present, usually showy. Involucral bracts her- baceous or foliaceous. Receptacle chaffy ; chaff sub- tending each flower. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns or cup-like, or rarely of rather stout plumose bristles. Rays usually present. Rays usually present; pappus paleaceous. Involucral bracts imbricated in several series. Rays sterile. Achenes quadrangular-compressed, glabrous. 29. HELIANTHUS. Achenes flattened, villous, cilate on tne margins. 30. ENCELIA. Rays fertile. 31. VERBESINA. Involucral bracts of 2 dissimilar series. Rflys present, fertile. 32. LEPTOSYNE. Rays sterile or none. 33. BIDENS. Rays wanting; pappus of plumose bristles. 34. BEBBTA. 29. HELIANTHUS L. SUNFLOWER. Erect annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular and ray-flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow brown or purple. Involu- cre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff subentire. Ray-flowers sterile. Disk-flowers perfect, with short tube and 5-lobed limb. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. Sunflower Tribe 415 1. H. annuus L. Robust, hispid or scabrous; stems often 2.5 cm. high, thick, mottled or spotted with purple; leaves all but the lowest alternate, acute or acuminate, more or less regu- larly dentate or denticulate, 10-25 cm. long, petiolate; involu- cral bracts broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-acuminate ; disk 2 cm. broad or more, dark purple or brown; rays often 5 cm. long. A common weed in all the valleys. 2. H. Oliver! Gray. Rather stout, 2-4 m. high, leafy through- out, soft-villous and somewhat tomentose, not at all roughened; leaves all alternate, lanceolate, 10-17 cm. long, tapering to an acute point, and at base into a short-margined petiole, nearly entire, obscurely 3-nerved near the base; involucre villous, its bracts linear-subulate, not surpassing the disk ; rays 2.5 cm. long ; palea of pappus subulate from broad base. Cienega; East Los Angeles. 3. H. Parishii Gray. Stems slender, 2-5 m. high, simple or branched above; leaves elongated-lanceolate, softly cinereous- puberulent or canescent beneath, scabrous above; heads 10-15 mm. high ; rays 20-35 mm. long ; involucral bracts linear-subulate, longer than the disk, villous toward the base; disk-corollas with a silky-villous ring or 2 tufts above the short proper tube ; paleae of the pappus slender-subulate. Oak Knoll, Grant. Rather frequent in the San Bernardino Valley. 30. ENCELIA Adans. Herbs or low shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves, and usually with large peduncled heads of both ray- and disk-flowers, the rays neutral yellow, the disk yellow or brownish, perfect. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy ; chaff usually soft and mainly scarious. Achenes flattened, thin-edged, often villous. Pappus none or an awn or its rudiment to each margin of the wingless achene. 1. E. Californica Nutt. Woody at base, branched above, 6-12 dm. high, strong-scented, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely denticulate or toothed, about 5 cm. long, green and glabrate ; heads commonly solitary, the disk about 2 cm. broad, brownish or purplish; involucre white-villous ; rays 416 Heliantheae 16-20, 2.5 cm. long or more, golden-yellow; achenes obovate with very shallow notch and no pappus, the margins very long villous. Very common in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of all the moun- tains; also on the low hills about Los Angeles and along the coast. Rang- ing from Monterey to San Diego. In the San Bernardino and Riverside Valleys and eastward it is replaced by E.farinosa Gray, which has the leaves cov- ered with a silvery tomentum. 31. VEBBESINA L. Perennial or annual, pubescent or scabrous herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, often decurrent, and corym- bose or solitary heads of both ray- and disk-flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucral bracts imbri- cated in few series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistil- late or sterile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile. Achenes flattened or those of the rays 3-sided, their margins winged or wingless. Pappus of 1-3, usually 2, subulate awns, sometimes with 2-3 intermediate scales. 1. V. encelioides(Cav.) Gray. Annual ; stems densely puberu- lent, much branched or rarely simple, 3-6 dm. high; leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely den- tate, green and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canes- cent beneath, all alternate or the lowest opposite, narrowed at the base to a margined petiole, these often with dilated append- ages at the base, heads several or many, 2.5-5 cm. broad; involu- cral bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, golden-yellow, 3-toothed ; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged ; pappus of 2 subulate awns, those of the rays rugose, thickened, often wingless. Occasional in moist alluvial soils along our valley streams. Los Angeles; San Fernando Valley. April-June. 32. LEPTOSYNE DC. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubby, with dissected leaves, and usually long scapiform erect peduncles, bearing rather large heads of yellow flowers. Involucral bracts in 2 series, the outer of narrow foliace- Sunflower Tribe 417 ous spreading bracts, the inner of broad membranous erect ones. Rays broad, pistillate and often fertile, sometimes neutral. Chaff of receptacle linear, thin, scarious, deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat or somewhat concavo-convex, margined. Pappus a minute callous cup or a pair of palese. 1. L. Douglasii DC. Annual, 3 dm. high ; leaves mostly basal, 2-3-parted into filiform divisions ; rays 10-15 cm. long; the ring of the disk-corollas distinctly bearded; achenes sparsely beset with capitate rigid bristles, the margin becoming corky; cup- like ring in place of pappus entire. Common on dry plains and in open places in the lower portions of the chaparral belt. March-May. 2. I*, gigantea Kell. Perennial; stems stout, fleshy, 6-20 dm. high, bearing at the summit an ample tuft of leaves and stout peduncles of corymbosely arranged heads; leaves 3-pinnately divided into filiform segments ; achenes oblong or ovoid, obscurely 3-5-nerved, narrowly callous-winged ; pappus a slight coroniform cup. Bluffs along the sea near Santa Monica. Common on the islands. 33. BIDENS L. Annual or perennial herbs with opposite serrate or usually lobed or dissected leaves, or the upper mostly alternate, and usually rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowrers or the rays none. Involucral bracts in 2 series, distinct or somewhat united at base, the outer often foliaceous and much longer than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays when present neutral, usually yellow. Disk-flowers perfect. Achenes flat, quadrangu- lar or nearly terete. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, barbed or hispid. 1. B. speciosa Parish. Aquatic, perennial by stolons, gla- brous throughout; stems erect or ascending, stout, 10-25 dm. high, branched at the nodes; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 418 Madieae toothed, narrowed to the connate base; heads on peduncles 4-8 cm. long, erect, nodding in fruit; outer involucral bracts 4-8, foliaceous, reflexed; the inner bracts 8, membranous, acutely oval; rays golden-yellow, ovate-oblong, 2 cm. long; chaff linear > equaling the disk-flowers; achenes black, flat, 5 mm. long; awns 2, 3 mm. long, or with a third half as long, awns and edges of the achene retrorsely barbed. Frequent in shallow streams about San Bernardino, apparently less com- mon toward the coast. August-November. 2. B. pilosa L. Annual ; stems erect, usually branched from the base, 4-6 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent ; leaves pinnate, pilose-pubescent; leaflets 3-5, irregularly serrate- or incised, 15-25 mm. long; heads scattered, few, 10-12 mm. broad; rays none; achenes narrow, linear, about 1 cm. long. Frequent along streets and irrigating ditches. Native of tropical America. 34. BEBBIA Greene. Much branched suffrutescent plants with few mostly opposite narrow leaves, and scattered discoid heads. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 3-4 series, the inner somewhat scarious and striate. Recep- tacle chaffy ; the chaffy bracts persistent, lanceolate, partly embracing the achenes, nearly equaling those of the involucre. Corollas tubular, yellow. Achenes tur- binate, slightly obcompressed. Pappus consisting of 1 series of long rather stout plumose bristles. 1. B. juncea (Benth.) Greene. Much branched from a woody base, 10-15 dm. high ; flowering branches rush-like, nearly Leaf- less, pale green and glabrous or minutely and sparsely scabrous ; leaves mainly opposite, linear; heads scattered, terminating the branchlets, 1 cm. high; pappus-bristles equaling the slender corollas ; achenes appressed-pubescent. Occasional in dry washes. Santiago Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains, Geis; Highlands. Tribe 6. MADIEAE. TARWEED TRIBE. Annual or perennial herbs, with usually glandular viscid or heavy-scented herbage. Leaves alternate or Tarweed Tribe 419 opposite. Involucral bracts in 1 series, each partly or wholly enclosing an achene. Bracts of the receptacle commonly in a single series between ray- and disk- flowers. Rays always present and fertile, destitute of pappus. Disk-flowers sterile or fertile, their pappus paleaceous, awn-like or none. Ray-achenes laterally compressed, completely enfolded by the involucral bract. Rays inconspicuous. Disk-flowers several. 35. MADIA. Disk-flowers 1-4. 40. HARPAECARPUS. Rays showy. 36. MADARIA. Ray-achenes somewhat obcompressed, half enclosed by the bracts. Leaves spiny ; flowers yellow. 37. CENTROMADIA. Leaves not spiny. Herbage somewhat glandular; flowers yellow. 38. DEINANDRA. Herbage not glandular; flowers white or rose color. 39. CALYCADENIA. Ray-achenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enfolded by their bracts. Bracts 5; herbage canescent. 41. LAGOPHYLLA. Bracts more than 5. Rays showy, yellow or white. 42. BLEPHARIPAPPDS. Rays inconspicuous; pappus becoming showy. 43. ACHYRACHAENA. 35. MADIA Mol. TARWEED. Glandular and viscid heavy-scented herbs with at least the upper leaves alternate entire or toothed. Heads axillary and terminal. Involucre angled by the salient carinate backs of the uniserial involucral bracts, these usually completely enclosing the ray-achenes, their tips herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, bearing a single series of chaff united and forming a cup between the ray- and disk-flowers, the inner portion naked or fimbril- late. Ray-flowers yellow, rather short, 3-lobed, fertile. Disk-flowers sterile. Pappus none. Achenes laterally compressed, smooth, beakless. 1. M. sativa Mol. Stem simple with a few short ascending branches above, erect, stout, 3-9 dm. high, pubescent with slen- der hairs and beset with stalked very viscid glands ; leaves lance- olate, nearly entire, glandular-pubescent; heads 12 mm. high, 420 Madieae short-peduncled or sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the short branches; cup of receptacle broadly campanulate, enclosing many disk-flowers; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong, 4-angled ; ray-achenes falcate-obovate. Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. July-September. 2. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, loosely branching, 5-7 dm. high, viscid; heads scattered, broad-ovate, about 6 mm. high; cup of receptacle ovoid, not closed; achenes thin, not an- gular. On wooded slopes in the Santa Monica Mountains. May-July. 36. MADARIA DC. Erect glandular pilose or somewhat hispid annuals, with lanceolate usually entire leaves, and corymbosely panicled heads of showy yellow flowers. Involucral bracts wholly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle convex densely fimbrillate-hirsute and with a circle of bracts between ray- and disk-flowers. Disk-flowers sterile. Ray-flowers fertile, showy, their achenes laterally com- pressed, smooth, not incurved. Pappus none. 1. M. elegans (Don.) DC. Stems rather stout, 8-15 dm. high; leaves scattered, lanceolate, entire or serrate, sessile by a broad base; whole herbage viscid with stalked glands, the peduncles and involucres hirsute with long white hairs ; heads numerous in an ample corymbose panicle ; rays 12-15, about 2 cm. long, yellow, often with dark red base; achenes rather thin and flat, dark brown or blackish. Near Fairmont, Davidson; Trabuco Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains. June- September. 37. CENTBOMADIA Greene. Rigid corymbosely or diffusely branching annuals, with alternate pinnatifid or entire spinescent leaves. Herbage more or less resiniferous or glandular through- out. Involucral bracts subulate, pungent, half enclosing the ray-achenes, persistent. Ray-flowers 15-40, yellow, small, fertile. Disk-flowers sterile. Receptacle convex. Tarweed Tribe 421 chaffy throughout, the chaff distinct and persistent. Achenes triangular, the inner angles terminated by a short apiculation, nearly smooth or faintly rugose-tuber- culate. Pappus none. 1. C. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Stout with rather rigid ascending or spreading branches, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute or hispid, scarcely viscid, nearly or quite scentless; lower leaves 2-pinnati- fid, the upper 1-pinnatifid, the lobes pungent-tipped; chaff of receptacle rigid-pungent ; disk-achenes destitute of pappus ; ray- achenes nearly black, about 2 mm. long, the ventral angle cari- nate, the plane sides and rounded back faintly tuberculate- rugose. Common in the plains in heavy, rather moist soil. July-November. 2. C. Parryi Greene. Widely branching, 3-6 dm. high, sparsely hirsute, minutely resinous-glandular, aromatic; lowest leaves pinnatifid,the cauline linear, entire, sharply pungent, spreading, the uppermost pilose-ciliate toward the base ; heads scattered ; ray- achenes dull black, 1.5 mm. long, somewhat compressed, smooth on the sides, with a few coarse tuberculations on the back ; disk- achenes with 3 or more paleee exceeding the corollas ; chaff of the receptacle not pungent. Brackish flats toward the coast. June-August. 38. DEINANDRA Greene. Erect, rigid and brittle, balsamic-viscid annuals, with mostly small few-flowered panicled heads, and entire or serrate leaves. Involucral bracts few, half enclosing their achenes, their tips short, rigid and erect. Rays usually 5, broad, 3-toothed, diurnal. Receptacle chaffy only next the rays. Ray-achenes gibbous, tuberculate- rugose, the terminal areola raised upon a distinct curved beak from the angle of the ventral face of the achene ; disk-achenes mostly sterile, with or without a paleaceous crown. 1. D. fasciculata (DC.) Greene. Hirsute or hispid below, glabrous and viscid-glandular above, 2-5 dm. high ; heads small, 422 Madieae subaessile, usually fasciculate-clustered; involucral bracts gla- brous or glandular-hispidulous ; bracts of the receptacle slightly united; pappus of the disk-achenes of 6-10 linear palese. (Hem- izonia fasciculata T. & G.) Very common and general on the plains and lower hills. June-September. 2. D. Wrightii (Gray) Greene. Slender, diffusely and widely branching; the filiform branchlets terminating in a single head; lower leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; pappus of disk-achenes com- posed of 8-9 firm distinct palese, laciniate at apex. Frequent in the interior valleys beyond our range. San Bernardino; Riverside; Elsinore. It has also been reported from Catalina Island. 3. D. Kelloggii Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit; heads solitary, terminating the slender paniculate branches; pappus of the tubular flowers united to near the lacerate sum- mit. Apparently rare in southern California; known only from near Pasadena, where it was recently collected in an old field by Joseph Grinnell. 39. CALYCADENIA DC. Erect virgate or diffusely branching, more or less hir- sute or hispid annuals, with narrowly linear entire leaves, all but the lowest alternate. Floral leaves usu- ally subulate and often ending in a saucer-shaped gland. Receptacle flat, the chaff herbaceous and only enclosing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 1-5, white or yellow, ves- pertine, palmately 3-lobed or parted. Ray-achenes obovoid-triangular, the terminal areola low, nearly cen- tral. Disk-achenes turbinate-quadrangular, the outer fertile. Pappus chaffy. 1. C. tenella (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, paniculately diffusely branched above, 1-5 dm. high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent; the filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular; leaves almost fili- form, the margins involute, destitute of glands; heads scattered; involucre cylindraceous-campanulate ; ray-flowers 3-5, 3-parted to the slender tube, white or often tinged with rose ; ray-achenes rugose, short-stipitate and abruptly rostellate-apiculate ; disk- flowers 5, white, cleft into oblong-linear lobes ; their pappus of 4-5 lanceolate palese tapering into stout rough awns and as many Tarweed Tribe 423 intermediate short lanceolate truncate ones. (Hemizonia tenella Gray.) Common on dry barren places in our interior valleys and in open places in the chaparral belt. June-August. 40. HARPAECARPUS Nutt. Small slender viscid-glandular sweet-scented annuals with entire narrow mostly alternate leaves, and numer- ous pedicellate small few-flowered heads. Ray-flowers fertile, 4-8, minute. Disk-flowers 1-4. Bracts of the receptacle united and forming a cup which encloses the disk-flowers, receptacle otherwise naked. Achenes slender compressed or obcompressed. Pappus none. 1. H. exiguus Gray. Slender, 8-15 cm. high, hirsute, glan- dular above, paniculately branched; the small heads on long filiform naked peduncles ; leaves linear, alternate ; involucral bracts 5-8, lunate, almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular; cup of receptacle prismatic and very narrow, enclosing a single straight obliquely obovate laterally compressed achene; ray- achenes obovate-lunate, pointed by a small disk. Frequent on wooded hillsides in open places. May-August. 2. H. minimus (Gray) Greene. Stems branching, only about 2.5 cm. high; leaves mostly opposite, the lowest oval or oblong, the others linear, about 6 mm. long; achenes of the ray broadly obcompressed, rounded at the summit, beakless. (Hemizonia minima Gray.) Wilson's Peak, Davidson. 41. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Slender, villous or hirsute, rigid and brittle, panicu- lately branched annuals, with mostly alternate com- monly entire leaves, and many small heads of pale salmon-colored or yellow vespertine flowers, subtended by foliaceous bracts. Bracts of the involucre 5, thin, herbaceous, flat on the back, completely enclosing its obcompressed achene and deciduous with it. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft, their achenes obovate-oblong, 424 Madieae smooth, nearly straight, pointless. Receptacle flat ; chaff a single row of distinct bracts surrounding about 5 perfect but sterile disk-flowers. Pappus none. 1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Canescent with a loose silky pubes- cence, 2-8 dm. high, diffusely paniculate ; lowest leaves spatulate- obovate, stem-leaves lanceolate to linear, all entire; heads 6 mm. high, 12 mm. broad, including the expanded rays; achenes 3 mm. long. Frequent in open places in the foothills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains. May-September. 42. BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook. Vernal annuals with alternate leaves or the lowest opposite, and usually showy heads of white or yellow flowers terminating the branches. Bracts of the invo- lucre flattened on the back, more or less completely enfolding their obcompressed achenes. Rays 8-20 3-lobed ; their achenes obovate or narrower, destitute of pappus. Disk-flowers with cylindraceous funnelform 5-lobed corollas ; their achenes linear-cuneiform, usually with a pappus of bristles or awns. Receptacle flat, bear- ing a series of chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk- flowers. (Layia.) ^Pappus-bristles villous below the middle. 1. B. hispidus Greene. Diffusely branched from the base or simple, 3 dm. high or less, hispid throughout with spreading hairs and with a few small dark-stalked glands on the uppermost leaves and involucres ; leaves all narrow and entire ; rays white, about 1 cm. long; pappus bright white, the bristles densely vil- lous below the middle. Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys. Big Tejunga ; La Canada ; Arroyo Seco. 2. B. elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Habit of the last but taller, sparsely hirsute and more or less stipitate-glandular throughout; lower leaves pinnately toothed, the upper entire; rays yellow, Helenieae 425 about 1 cm. long; pappus white, bristles densely villous below the middle. Frequent on our dry interior plains. San Fernando Valley; Pasadena; Santa Ana Mountains. ** Pappus-bristles naked. 3. B. platyglossus (F. & M.) Greene. Stems usually about 3 dm. high and sparingly branched, hirsute and stipitate-glan- dular; lower leaves pinnatifid into linear lobes ; rays 10-15 mm, long, yellow with cream-colored tips ; disk-achenes silky-hirsute; pappus of 15-20 scabrous tawny bristles. Frequent in sandy soil, especially along the coast. 43. ACHYBACHAENA Schauer. Soft-pubescent sparingly branched annual, with nar- row leaves, all but the lowest alternate, and rather large oblong-campanulate heads terminating pedunculiform branches. Involucral bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the low convex recep- tacle membranous in a single row between ray- and disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 6-8, very short, 3-cleft ; their achenes slightly obcompressed, destitute of pappus. Disk-flowers mostly fertile, clavate, 10 striate, bearing a showy pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery- scarious palese. 1. A. mollis Schauer. Erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaves linear,, entire or serrulate ; heads 2.5 cm. long or less in flower ; rays very short and involute, yellow, changing to reddish-brown ; heads ex- panded in fruit, forming a globose cluster ; pappus becoming very showy. Occasional in the coast valleys, on grassy plains or in grain fields. Ex- tending south to San Diego. Tribe 7. HELENIEAE. SNEEZEWEED TRIBE. Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or oppo- site leaves. Receptacle naked or with a few fimbrillae. Involucral bracts in 1-2 series or rarely in 3 series. Pappus of palese, awns or bristles, or wanting. 426 Helenieae Leaves opposite. Involucral bracts in more than 1 series. 44. JAUMEA. Involucral bracts in 1 series. Bracts distinct. 47. BAERIA. Bracts united into a toothed cup. 48. LASTHENIA. Leaves alternate. Rays present. Rays with toothed appendages opposite the ligules. 49. MONOLOPIA. Rays unappendaged. Bracts of the involucre erect. Herbage pubescent and viscid-glandular. Bracts equal, in 1-2 series. 46. PERITYLE. Bracts imbricated, in 2-3 series. 54. HULSEA. Herbage more or less floccose-woolly. Perennial or suffrutescent plants. 50. ERIOPHYLLUM. Low annuals. 51. ACTINOLEPIS. Outer bracts foliaceous, spreading. 45. VENEGASIA. Bracts reflexed. 55. HELENIUM. Rays wanting. Bracts 5-6; herbage viscid; heads small. 52. AMBLYOPAPPUS. Bracts more numerous ; heads middle-sized. 53. CHAENACTIS. 44. JAUMEA Pers. Succulent and glabrous perennial herbs, with opposite entire subterete fleshy leaves, and solitary terminal short-peduncled middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, its bracts broad and imbricated, the outermost short and fleshy. Rays pistillate, fertile. Receptacle naked, conical. Disk- flowers yellow. Style-branches papillose or hairy. Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus none. 1. J. carnosa (Le&s.) Gray. Stems rather slender, prostrate, many from fleshy crown of the tap-root, mostly simple, 1-2 dm. long, rooting at the nodes; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long; heads about 1 cm. high; rays about 6, linear, not surpassing the disk; achenes glabrous. Common in salt marshes along the coast. April-October. 45. VENEGASIA DC. Stout perennial leafy branching herbs with scattered large and showy heads of yellow flowers. Involucre Sneezeweed Tribe 427 hemispheric, broad, the round-ovate bracts imbricated in several series, the outer somewhat foliaceous, the innermost narrow and scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray-flowers many, long, narrow, entire or 3-toothed. Disk-flowers glandular-bearded especially at the base of the tube, 5-angled and many-nerved. Pappus none. 1. V. carpesioides DC. Stems widely branching, 1.5 m. high or less, glabrous ; leaves thin, ovate-deltoid or ovate-cordate, acute, crenate, 7-10 cm. long, petioled, resinous-dotted beneath; heads terminal and from the upper axils, short-peduncled, about 2 cm. broad ; rays about 15, and about 2.5 cm. long. Frequent in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. 46. PEBJTYLE Benth. Mostly annuals with dentate or palmately lobed leaves, all but the lower alternate, and small or middle- sized heads terminating the branches. Involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts distinct, more or less overlapping, cari- nate-concave and partly embracing the outer achenes. Receptacle flat or concave. Ray-flowers yellow or white, pistillate or none. Disk-flowers yellow, narrow, 4-toothed. Achenes flat, cartilaginous-margined, usually strongly ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown and commonly a slender awn from one or both of the angles. 1. P. Californica nuda (Torr.) Gray. Somewhat pubescent and viscid-glandular ; leaves roundish-cordate, about 1 cm. broad, incisely lobed, the lobes coarsely dentate ; heads narrowly oblong ; achenes oblong, densely hispid- villous on the margins; pappus none. Bluffs along the sea at Santa Monica, Hasse. 47. BAERIA F. & M. Low mostly slender annuals, commonly pubescent, with opposite linear entire or laciniate-pinnatifid leaves, and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers on slender 428 Helenieae peduncles. Involucre campanulate, its bracts usually in 1 series, distinct, usually carinate below. Ray-flowers few or many, often short. Achenes clavate, linear or linear-cuneiform. Pappus of few awns or palese or both or rarely none. * Leaves entire. 1. B. chrysostoma F. & M. Stems slender, freely branching, 2 dm. high or less, hirsute-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, entire; heads 6-8 mm. high; bracts of the involucre 7-12; rays 7-12, 6-8 mm. long; achenes clavate-linear, slightly contracted at the summit, glabrous; pappus none. Rather common in open places in our coast valleys and foothills. Port Ballona; Santa Monica Mountains. April-May. 2. B. gracilis (DC.) Gray. Closely resembling the last; stems slender, usually about 1 dm. high ; leaves narrowly linear ; bracts and rays 10-12 or sometimes less; rays 4-6 mm. long; achenes linear-cuneate, broad at the summit, commonly canescent ; pap- pus of white, lanceolate or ovate, slender, awned palese or the palese sometimes almost obsolete. Common on dry hillsides throughout our range. April-May. ** Leaves dissected. 3. B. affinis (Nutt.) Gray. Erect, sparingly branched, 10-15 cm. high, minutely pubescent, obscurely or not at all glandular; leaves with filiform divisions; rays 6-8, oblong, short; involucral bracts ovate-oval; pappus of 8-10 oblong or lanceolate palese with laciniate-setulose margins, fully equaling the corolla-tube, some or most of them produced into an awn almost equaling the disk-flowers, or in the rays blunt and awnless. Occasional in dry sandy places in our interior valleys. Chatsworth Park; Verdugo Hills; Arroyo Seco. 4. B. tenella (Nutt.) Gray. Closely resembling the last and associated with it, but pappus of 6-10 short and firm quadrate or broadly cuneate palese with the truncate muticous summit den- ticulate or nearly entire, not surpassing the tube of the corolla. Sycamore Grove, Greata. 5. B. mutica (Nutt.) Gray. Stems slender, erect, branching, 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent; rays 10-15, elongated-oblong; Sneezeweed Tribe 429 pappus of 6-8 quadrate-oblong paleae with obtuse or truncate erose summits. In sandy soil along the coast near Port Ballona; common about San Diego. April-May. 48. LASTHENIA Cass. Low slender glabrous and usually succulent annuals, with opposite linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly entire leaves, their sessile bases connate around the stem. Heads middle-sized on peduncles terminating the stem and branches, composed of yellow flowers. Invo- lucral bracts a single series connate by their edges into -a 5-15-toothed glabrous green cup. Rays usually pres- ent. Disk-flowers all fertile, 4-5-lobed. Achenes linear or narrowly oblong, compressed, sometimes slightly 2-3- nerved. Pappus of 5-10 firm subulate-tipped paleae or none. 1. L. glabrata Coulter! Gray. Somewhat fleshy, rarely slightly pubescent; stems erect, branching, 2 dm. high or less; peduncles somewhat enlarged under the erect heads; involucre hemispheric; rays 5-10 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate- oblong, with obtuse edges and with minute scattered rough points or glands. Common in saline marshes, especially along the coast. 49. MONOLOPIA DC. White-woolly annuals with alternate entire or den- ticulate leaves and large peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts united into a cup with broad triangular teeth or distinct to the base. Receptacle conical, naked. Ray-flowers 3-4-toothed, bearing at the base of the ligule an oblong or roundish denticulate appendage. Disk-corollas somewhat hairy on the lobes. Achenes angular, black. Pappus none. 1. M. major DC. Stoutish, nearly simple or with several pedunculiform naked monocephalous branches, about 5 dm. high ; 430 Helenieae heads about 3 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre joined into a broad campanulate-toothed cup; achenes 4 mm. long. Occasional on grassy hills mostly toward the coast, especially on heavy soils. Santa Monica Mountains, north slope ; San Pedro Hills. 50. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Annual or perennial floccose herbs or suffrutescent plants, with entire or divided alternate leaves, and mostly middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts of firm texture and per- manently erect. Rays usually few, short and broad. Disk-flowers with slender tube, commonly glandular and hairy. Style-branches truncate or obtuse. Achenes clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of firm pointless palese. 1. E. confertiflorum (DC.) Gray. Stems suffrutescent, 4-6 dm. high, usually branched from the woody base, with a close dense, at length deciduous tomentum ; flowering branches leafy ; leaves 1-4 cm. long, ternately or pinnately 3-7-parted into nar- rowly linear divisions ; heads many in compact terminal clusters, 3-4 mm. high ; involucre obovoid-oblong, its bracts about 5, ovate ; rays 4-5, 3-4 mm. long; palese 8-10, nearly equal, about half as long as the achene. Common throughout the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt in all our mountains and hills. March-August. 51. ACTINOLEPIS DC. Small floccose-woolly simple or freely branching annuals, with small heads of yellow flowers. Involucre obovate or oblong, its bracts few, thinnish, sometimes concave and partly embracing the achenes. Receptacle convex or nearly flat. Ray-flowers few, broad and usu- ally short. Achenes oblong subclavate and 4-angled. Pappus composed of several scarious or somewhat opaque paleaceous scales. 1. A. Wallace! Gray. Diffusely branched or, when dwarfed, simple, 4-8 cm. high, densely white-tomentose ; leaves alternate, Sneezeweed Tribe 431 obovate or spatulate, entire; heads short-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre about 8, becoming somewhat carinate-concave, with scarious margins embracing the ray-achenes; ray-flowers short and broad, yellow; achenes glabrous; palese 10, very short, obtuse. Dry washes in the interior valleys. La Canada; San Fernando Valley. April-May. *• 52. AMBLYOPAPPTJS H. & A. Rigidly erect panicled small maritime annual with gummy sweet-scented very bitter herbage, narrow entire alternate leaves, and small discoid heads of yellow flowers. Involucral bracts 5-6, broadly obovate, their middle part becoming somewhat carinate-concave. Re- ceptacle small conical. Corollas all short, tubular, those of the pistillate flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, of the perfect 5-toothed ; the teeth soon connivent. Achenes obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8-12 oblong obtuse palese about equaling the corollas. 1. A. pusillus H. & A. Somewhat corymbosely much branch- ed, 10-25 cm. high, the lowest leaves pinnately 3-5-parted and opposite, their segments narrowly linear; involucre 4 mm. high. Occasional on bluffs overhanging the sea. Port Los Angeles ; Playa del Rey. June-August. 53. CHAENACTIS DC. Annual herbs, often more or less woolly, with com- pound leaves and discoid heads mostly solitary and peduncled. Involucre campanulate, the linear bracts equal, uniserial, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas with short tube, long narrow throat and short teeth, those of the outer row sometimes more ample and resembling rays. Achenes slender, smooth. Pappus of hyaline nerveless paleae. * Corollas yellow, the outer somewhat enlarged and unequally lobed. 1. C. lanosa DC. Stems short, branching, bearing few- many long naked peduncles, 1-2 dm. high, the earlier scapiform; 432 Helenieae herbage floccose-woolly when young; leaves thickish, simply pin- nately-parted into few narrowly linear lobes, or the uppermost entire; heads about 12 mm. high; the outer flowers only moder- ately enlarged, not surpassing the disk; involucral bracts nearly linear ; pappus of 4 equal long palese. Common on plains and foothills, especially in sandy soil. 2. C. glabriuscula DC. Taller and more caulescent, branch- ing above, 2-3 dm. high, herbage thinly floccose, becoming gla- brate; peduncles long, stout; heads 15-20 mm. high; involucral bracts glabrate, broader, thickish, obtuse; marginal flowers ample, much exceeding the others; pappus of 4 equal narrowly oblong acutish palese. Common on sandy soil or rocky ground in the lower hills and along the coast. ** Corollas whitish or at least not yellow. 3. C. santolinoides Greene. Subacaulescent perennial ; leaves all crowded on short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown, white-tomentose, linear in outline with broad rachis, thickly beset with small oblong obtusely few-lobed crispate divisions ; peduncles scapiform, 10-15 cm. long, simple or once or twice forked, glan- dular and viscid; heads 12 mm. high, rather narrow; outer flowers scarcely or not at all enlarged; pappus of 8-10 linear- ligulate palese a little shorter than the flowers. In the higher altitudes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, in open pine woods. June- August. 4. C. artemisiaefolia Gray. Stems paniculately branched or nearly simple, 3-8 dm. high, furfuraceous-pubescent, somewhat viscid, above glandular-hirsute; leaves 2-3-pinnately divided or parted into short linear or oblong lobes; heads loosely cymose- paniculate, about 12-15 mm. high; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute; flowers all alike; achenes clavate, flattened; pappus a small minutely annular disk. Common in the chaparral belt of all our mountains. April-June. 54. HULSEA T. & G. Viscid or floccose-woolly leafy herbs with alternate entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, sessile or nearly so, Sneezeweed Tribe 433 and large solitary or scattered heads. Involucral bracts thin, herbaceous, linear to oblong, in 2-3 series. Recep- tacle flat. Ray-flowers yellow or purplish. Disk-flowers with long narrow throat and 5 short lobes. Achenes linear-clavate or cuneate-oblong, villous. Pappus of 4-5 hyaline palese, either erose or lacerate at the sum- mit or dissected into capillary bristles. 1. H. heterochroma Gray. Annual, stout, 6 dm. high or more; leaves oblong, saliently dentate; involucre about 2 cm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute; ray-flowers many, 6-8 mm. long, rose-purple, occasionally reduced or obso- lete ; palese oblong, the 2 over the angles of the achenes longer than the others, the shorter truncate-lacerate. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the upper portions of the chaparral belt. Mount Lowe, Dudley; Wilson's Peak. 55. HELENIUM L. SNEEZEWEED. Erect perennial resinous-dotted herbs, with alternate leaves sessile except the lowest and often decurrent on .the stem. Heads solitary or corymbose, borne on long naked peduncles. Flowers yellow, those of the ray several, usually small and drooping, those of the disk numerous, minute, often brownish. Bracts of the invo- lucre linear, reflexed. Receptacle globose or hemi- spheric, naked. Achenes turbinate, ribbed, usually more or less pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin or hyaline palese. 1. H. puberulum DC. Puberulent, paniculately branched, 6-12 dm. high, the branches ending in slender peduncles; leaves lanceolate or narrowly linear or the longest oblong, sessile and strongly decurrent on the stem ; heads globose, 10-15 mm. broad ; ray-flowers and bracts of the involucre reflexed, short and incon- spicuous; disk-flowers brownish; pappus-scales ovate, with a short slender awn; achenes about 1 mm. long. Frequent along mountain streams, especially in the chaparral belt. 434 Anthemideae Tribe 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. MAYWEED TRIBE. Strong-scented or aromatic herbs, with alternate, mostly dissected, pinnately parted or pinnatifid leaves. Involucral bracts imbricated, commonly dry and scari- ous or with scarious margins. Receptacle naked or with chaff-like bracts. Rays present or none. Pappus none or a short scarious crown. Receptacle chaffy; rays present. Heads solitary; rays 14-20. 56. ANTHEMIS. Heads in a terminal corymb; rays 4-5. 57. ACHILLEA. Receptacle naked; rays none. Marginal flowers destitute of corollas. 59. COTULA. Marginal flowers not apetalous. Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches. 58. MATBICARIA. Heads small, in panicled racemes or spikes. 60. ARTEMISIA. 56. ANTHEMIS L. Annual or perennial ill-scented branching herbs, with finely dissected alternate leaves, and radiate heads soli- tary on terminal peduncles. Involucre hemispheric, its. bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy at least toward the summit ; the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fer- tile or neutral, white or yellow. Disk-flowers perfect, yellow, the limb 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, ribbed or striate. Pappus none. 1. A. Cotula L. (MAYWEED.) Annual, glabrous or some- times pubescent above, glandular, much branched, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves mostly sessile, finely 1-3-pinnately dissected into narrow acute lobes; heads about 2 cm. broad, including the rays; these 10-18, white, neutral, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle conic, its chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers ; achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate. Common in moist places in all our valleys. Native of Europe. April- June. Mayweed Tribe 435 57. ACHILLEA L. (YARROW, MILFOIL.) Perennial herbs, with finely dissected, leaves, and small heads of both tubular and ligulate flowers corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, its bracts compressed, imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy ; chaff mem- branous, subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus none. 1. A. lanulosa Nutt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple or corymbosely branched above, 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves and those of the sterile shoots petioled, those of the stem sessile, all narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline, finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid segments; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad, in terminal compound dense corymbs; rays 4-6, white. Rather common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. 58. MATBICABIA L. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves dis- sected into filiform or narrowly linear segments, and discoid or radiate peduncled heads. Involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle conic or elongated, naked. Rays in ours wanting. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, 4— 5-toothed. Achenes 3— 5-ribbed. Pappus a coroniform border or none. 1. M. matricariodes (Less.) Porter. Annual, glabrous; stems leafy, becoming much branched, often more or less decumbent, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes; heads numerous, 6-8 mm. broad; involucral bracts oval or oblong, green with broad white scarious margins, much shorter than the ovoid disk ; achenes oblong, faintly nerved ; pappus an obscure crown. (M. discoidea DC.) Frequent along roadsides and in waste plases. May-July. 436 Anthemideae 59. COTULA L. Low annual or perennial herbs with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and slender peduncled discoid short- hemispheric heads. Involucral bracts in about 2 series, greenish. Receptacle naked, flat or nearly so. Marginal flowers pistillate and apetalous. Disk-flowers 4-toothed, fertile or sterile. Achenes pedicellate, compressed, spongy-margined or narrowly winged. Pappus none. 1. C. coronopifolia L. Perennial, usually subaquatic, some- what succulent and glabrous; stems clustered, stoutish, decum- bent, 25-30 cm. long ; leaves linear-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid or the upper entire, clasping or sheathing at the base ; heads much depressed, 8-12 mm. broad; apetalous flowers in 1 row, their achenes with a thick spongy wing; disk-flowers yellow, their achenes with wing reduced. Common in wet places along streams and marshes, especially toward the coast. Flowering nearly throughout the year. 2. C. australis Hook. Annual, slender and diffusely branched, pubescent with soft spreading hairs, not at all succulent, 5-12 cm. long; leaves 1-2-pinnately divided into linear lobes; heads 2-3 mm. broad ; involucral bracts brownish-tipped, scarious-margined ; apetalous flowers in 2-3 rows, pedicellate, their achenes minutely hispid on both faces, the margins smooth. In waste places along streets, not common. January-March. 60. ARTEMISIA L. Mostly aromatic and bitter herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and panicled spikes or racemes of small discoid heads. Involucral bracts imbricated in few series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked or pubescent, riot chaffy. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3- toothed. Central flowers perfect, sterile or fertile, or flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers often tipped at apex with subulate appendages. Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded or truncate at the Senecioneae 437 summit, with a small terminal areola. Pappus none or minute and coroniform. 1. A. heterophylla Nutt. Perennial; stems erect, somewhat woody at base, 1-2 m. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate or elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, sparingly pinnatifid, cleft or often entire, green above, white-tomentose beneath ; heads mostly erect in dense terminal panicles, the axis leafy; involucre oblong ; margi- nal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, all fertile. (A. vulya- ris Calif ornica Bess.) Common in low ground and along streams in the foothills. July-October. 2. A. biennis Willd. Annual; stems erect, virgate, 3-10 dm. high, leafy to the summit; herbage deep green, glabrous and nearly tasteless, aromatic ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceo- late or broadly linear laciniate or toothed lobes, or the upper- most only pinnatifid; heads small, in close glomerules on the spiciform short branches and stems; involucre hemispheric; achenes with small epigynous disk. Occasional in low moist ground about Los Angeles. Native of Europe. 3. A. dracunculoid.es Pursh. Perennial; stems clustered, herbaceous, 6-12 dm. high, virgately branched, glabrous, pungent- scented when bruised, tasteless ; lowest leaves 3-cleft at summit, the others linear, entire; heads numerous, nodding on very slen- der short peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters some- times secund ; involucre hemispheric, about 2 mm. broad ; margi- nal flowers fertile ; disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Frequent in the valleys and foothills throughout our range. August- October. 4. A. Californica Less. (CALIFORNIA SAGE.) Shrubby, with numerous ascending branches, 6-12 dm. high, aromatic; leaves cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, the lowest parted into a few linear filiform segments, the upper entire; heads many, nodding in long racemose leafy panicles ; involucre hemi- spheric, about 4 mm. broad ; achenes truncate at summit, with a squamellate or coroniform-dentate pappus. Common on dry hillsides in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt. September-December. Tribe 9. SENECIONEAE. GROUNDSEL TRIBE. Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or basal leaves. Involucral bracts little or not at all imbricated, 438 Senecioneae mostly in 1-2 series. Receptacle naked. Pappus-bristles soft, commonly copious and usually white. Shrubby or suffrutescent plants. Rays wanting. Bracts imbricated; leaves mostly scale-like. 61. LEPIDOSPARTUM Bracts in 1 series ; herbage woolly. 62. TETRAD YMIA. Rays present. 63. SENECIO. Herbs; rays present or wanting. 63. SENECIO. 61. LEPIDOSPARTUM Gray. A low rigid green scaly-bracted almost leafless shrub, somewhat fastigiately branching, and bearing some- what corymbose or racemosely arranged heads of pale yellow flowers. Involucral bracts of 2 sets, the inner long, linear, 8-12 in 2 or more series, the outer much shorter and imbricated. Receptacle naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers with long tube and lanceolate-linear spread- ing lobes. Achenes oblong, terete, 8-10-nerved, with large epigynous disk. Pappus copious, of soft white capillary bristles. 1. L. squamatum Gray. Branching shrub, broom-like, 6-12 dm . high ; young seedlings and shoots floccose-tomentose, and with spatulate entire leaves, becoming glabrous and nearly leafless in age; heads 6-10 mm. high, terminal on the branches. Frequent in dry washes in all our interior valleys. July-October. 62. TETBADYMIA DC. Low rigid canescently tomentose shrubs with alter- nate narrow entire leaves and cymose-clustered discoid heads of yellow flow^ers. Involucre long and narrow, of 4-6 bracts. Corollas with long tube, the narrow spreading lobes longer than the campanulate involucre. Achenes terete, short, 5-nerved, from long-villous to gla- brous. Pappus of fine and soft long capillary white or whitish bristles. 1. T. comosa Gray. Branches erect, elongated, 4-8 dm. high ; primary leaves linear, softly floccose-tomentose, the earlier 5-7 cm. Groundsel Tribe 439 long, and 4 mm. wide, plane ; those of the branches often filiform, deciduous, some of the upper changed to long soft spines; heads corymbose or glomerate at the summit of the branches ; involucre 5-9-flowered, its bracts 5-6; pappus fine, concealed by the long wool of the achene. Dry washes of the interior valleys, perhaps not within our region but found as far westward as Cucamonga. July-August. 63. SENECIO L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered heads of both tubular and ray-flowers or only tubular, in ours yellow. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, distinct or united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, mostly naked. Rays when present pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, o-toothed. Achenes terete or those of the marginal flowers so ewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or canescent and usually emitting a pair of spiral threads after wetting. Pappus copious, of white scabrous or smooth capillary bristles. 1. S. vulgaris L. Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stems slightly fleshy, 1-3 dm. high, more or less branched ; leaves clasp- ing at the base, pinnatifid, the lobes and sinuses sharply toothed ; heads 7-9 mm. high; bracts black-tipped; rays none; achenes slightly canescent. Common in neglected gardens and yards. Flowering throughout the year. Native of Europe. 2. S. Californicus DC. Annual, glabrous or becoming so, slender 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate in outline, varying from denticulate to pinnatifid, the lobes short and obtuse, all but the lowest sessile and auriculate-clasping, 2.5-5 cm. long; involucre 6-8 mm. high, its bracts narrow; rays oblong, 6-8 mm. long, light yellow ; achenes canescent. Common in sandy soil in dry places in our interior valleys and foothills, and on the sand-dunes along the seashore. February-May. 3. S. ilicetorum Davidson. Stems erect, from a biennial or perennial root, 5-10 dm. high, very floccose-woolly, at length 440 Cynareae glabrate above; basal leaves thin, 2-3 dm. high, elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, coarsely dentate, the teeth spreading, triangu- lar, callous-tipped, the sinuses rounded and the larger denticulate, lower leaves resembling the basal, the uppermost narrow lanceo- late, entire or irregularly dentate; heads 1-2 cm. broad, less than 1 cm. high, 6-10 in a close cluster at the ends of the peduncles ; rays none; flowers all fertile. Wilson's trail at 2500 feet altitude, Davidson. 4. S. Douglasii DC. Suffrutescent, usually about 1 m. high, branching from the base, whitish-tomentose or becoming gla- brate; lower leaves pinnately divided into about 5 narrowly linear lobes, the uppermost entire, all with revolute margins; heads rather few, corymbose, 10-15 mm. high; rays light yel- low, 10 mm. long; achenes hoary with a short pubescence. Common on dry plains and foothills, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. July-November. Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. THISTLE TRIBE. Herbs with alternate prickly leaves and mostly large heads. Involucral bracts imbricated, usually spinescent, Receptacle bristly or hairy. Rays none. Corollas tubu- lar, deeply and narrowly lobed. Anthers caudate at the base and appendaged at the apex. Pappus bristly or plumose, rarely paleaceous. Pappus bristles plumose, deciduous in a ring. Pappus in 1 series. 64. CARDUUS. Pappus in several series. 65. CYNARA. Pappus bristles setose. 66. CENTAUREA. 64. CARDUUS L. THISTLE. Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, with alter- nate or basal sinuate dentate lobed or pinnatifid usu- ally spiny leaves, and large many-flowered solitary or clustered discoid heads of crimson purple or white flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickly- tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Recep- tacle flat or convex, bristly. Flowers all tubular, per- Thistle Tribe 441 feet and fertile or rarely dioecious, their corollas slender, with deeply 5-cleft limb. Filaments pilose or rarely glabrous. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of slender plumose minutely serrulate or simple bristles, connate at base. 1. C. edulis (Nutt.) Greene. Stout, 1-2 m. high, pubescent, leafy up to the short panicle ; leaves oblong or narrower, sinuate- pinnatifid, weakly prickly; heads 3-4 cm. high, depressed-glo- bose, few in a terminal cluster, leafy-bracted at base; involucre arachnoid when young; flowers deep purple, their segments shorter than the throat. Pasadena, McClatchie. 2. C. Californicus (Gray) Greene. Rather slender, 6-12 dm. high, canescently woolly; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, moderately prickly; heads solitary on long peduncles, about 4 cm. high; involucres somewhat woolly ; the lower bracts coriaceous-acerose, spreading and incurved, the others straight, all subulate-spines- cent at the tip ; flowers lilac-purplish or rose color ; lobes shorter than the throat. Occasional in open places in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. May-July. 3. C. occidentalis Nutt. Stout, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, glabrate above, canescently tomentose beneath; heads solitary on stout peduncles ; involucre subglobose; bracts straight, subulate-lanceolate, with short spines, densely covered with cobwebby hairs ; flowers deep red-purple ; lobes longer than the throat. Common on sandy soil, especially toward the coast. May-July. 65. CYNABA L. ARTICHOKE. Stout perennial prickly herbs, with pinnatifid sessile leaves, their lobes spinescently tipped, and large heads of purple tubular flowers. Involucral bracts well-imbri- cated, coriaceous, spinescent. Receptacle fleshy, fimbril- late. Achenes obovate, compressed and somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of many series of plumose bristles. 442 Mutisieae 1. C. Scolynms L. Stout and low, with very ample hoary- tomentose bipinnatifid leaves; involucral bracts ovate obtuse or emarginate. An occasional escape from gardens., June-July. 66. CENTAUREA L. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate entire den- tate or pinnatifid leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of variously colored flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, tipped with a stout spine. Receptacle flat, bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or somewhat 4-angled, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle. Pappus of many slender scabrous bristles or scales or rarely none. 1. C. Melitensis L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Erect, branching, 5-8 dm. high, cinereous-pubescent or when young somewhat woolly; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent; principal bracts with slender spines of about their own length, spines pectinate-spinulose at base, innermost with spinescent tips ; flowers yellow ; pappus of very unequal rather rigid bristles or squamellate. A common weed in waysides and fields. July-November. Native of southern Europe. Tribe 11. MUTISIEAE. PEREZIA TRIBE. Ours perennial herbs with subcoriaceous setulose- ciliate alternate leaves. Involucral bracts imbricated. Corollas 2-lipped, the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed. Anthers caudate and with a long appendage at the apex. Represented with us by the single genus. 67. PEREZIA. 67. PEREZIA Lag. Perennial herbs with mostly reticulated often setulose- ciliate or spinulose leaves, and solitary cymose or panic- ulate middle-sized discoid heads of rose-purple white or blue flowers. Involucral bracts imbricated in few- Cichorieae 443 several series, dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Recep- tacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Corollas 5-lobed and somewhat bilabiate. Achenes narrowed at apex. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous rigid or soft bristles. 1. P. microcephala Gray. Tall, branching above, 1.5-2 m. high, leafy; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, cordate-clasping, 8-12 cm. long, thin-coriaceous, minutely glandular-scabrous, veiny, closely spinulose-denticulate; heads corymbose at the summits of the paniculate branches, 12-15 mm. high; involucral bracts very acute, coriaceous; flowers 10-15 in a head, their corollas 8-10 mm. long, rose-purple. Frequent on the dry interior plains and foothills. July-August. » Tribe 12. CICHORIEAE. CHICORY TRIBE. Herbs with milky juice and alternate or basal leaves and perfect flowers with ligulate corollas. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Pappus paleaceous. Paleae not awned ; flowers blue. 68. CICHORIUM. Paleee with a slender awn or bristle. Palese cleft at the apex, the bristle or awn proceeding from the cleft. 70. UBOPAPPUS. Palete not cleft at the apex. 69. MICBOSERIS. Pappus of rather rigid plumose bristles. Receptacle chaffy. 71. HYPOCHAERIS. Receptacle naked. Achenes not beaked. 72. PTILORIA. Achenes, at least the inner, with a slender beak. Flowers white. 73. NEMOSERIS. Flowers purple; pappus brownish. 74. TRAGOPOGON. Pappus of soft capillary scabrous bristles. Achenes beakless. Achenes not flattened. Pappus deciduous, or 1-2 outer bristles persistent. 75. MALACOTHRIX. Pappus persistent. Pappus white. . 80. CREPIS. Pappus tawny. 81. HIERACIUM. Achenes flattened. 77. SONCHUS. Achenes beaked. Achenes flattened. 78. LACTUCA. Achenes not flattened. 79. AGOSERIS. 444 Cichorieae 68. CICHOBIUM L. Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and large heads of usually blue flowers ped- uncled or in sessile clusters along the branches. Invo- lucral bracts in 2 series, herbaceous, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and subtending or partly enclosing the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked or slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, trun- cate, beakless. Pappus of 2-3 series of short blunt scales. 1. C. Intybus L. (CHICORY.) Perennial from a long deep tap- root; stems slightly hispid, stiff, branched, 3-9 dm. high; basal leaves spreading on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 8-16 cm. long, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasp- ing or auricled at the base; heads numerous, 25-40 mm. broad, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted branches ; flowers bright blue, rarely white. Occasional in waste places. Hyde Park; Shermans. 69. MICBOSEBIS Don. Acaulescent glabrous or slightly puberulent annuals, with basal tufted leaves pinnatifid with mostly linear and often falcate lobes or entire. Heads solitary in long leafless scape-like peduncles, these nodding in bud, becoming erect in fruit. Involucre narrowly oblong to ovoid or subglobose. Ligules short, yellow. Achenes slender-fusiform or cylindric, ribbed, mostly truncate. Pappus paleae 5, mostly short, abruptly or gradually passing into the scabrous awn. 1. M. aphantocarpha tenella Gray. Scapes usually decum- bent at base, 15-35 cm. high ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; invo- lucre calyculate; achenes slender, 3-4 mm. long, oblong-clavate ; Chicory Tribe 445 palese ovate, scarcely 1 mm. long; bristles 6-8 mm. long, slender, fragile or deciduous. Near Santa Monica, Davidson. 2. M. cyclocarpha Gray. Scapes 2-4 dm. high ; leaves nar- row, 1-2 dm. long; heads about 10 mm. broad; achenes oblong- turbinate, 5 mm. long, the outer ones white-villous ; palea of the pappus ovate, 2-3 mm. long, about half the length of the slender persistent bristles. Occasional in open grassy places on the north slope of the Santa Monica Mountains. 70. UROPAPPUS Nutt. Nearly acaulescent annuals with pinnatifid or entire leaves and solitary heads on scape-like peduncles. Heads erect, oblong. Involueral bracts about equal, with shorter ones at the base, all membranous. Ligules short, yellow. Achenes 10-12-ribbed. Pappus-paleae 5, elongated, tipped with a very short awn or bristle which proceeds from the cleft summit. 1. U. linearifolius (DC.) Nutt. Stems or peduncles usually several from the base, erect, 2-4 dm. high, in robust plants thick- ened and fistulose under the oblong head ; leaves linear, 7-15 cm. long; 2-4 mm. wide, with 2-several pairs of more or less serrate salient attenuate lobes; achenes attenuate above into a beak, 10 mm. long; pappus silvery-white, 12-14 mm. long; the awn deli- cate, about half the length of the deeply notched palea. Common on grassy hillsides in the foothills. March-May. 2. U. Lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. Stout, 2-4 dm. high; peduncles scarcely thickened under the head ; leaves as in the last or some- what broader; achenes brownish, 10 mm. long, slightly narrowed above; pappus dull brown or sordid, 12-14 mm. long; awn nearly equaling the palese, from a very shallow notch. Same range as the last, but not common. 71. HYPOCHAERIS L. Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched stems, mostly basal tufted leaves pinnatifid or entire, 446 Cichorieae and mostly large long-peduncled heads. Involucre oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Flowers yellow. Achenes oblong to linear, 10-ribbed, contracted above or the outer truncate. Pappus of 1 row of plu- mose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones. 1. H. radicata L. Perennial ; steins several, slender, 3-6 dm. high, branched or rarely simple; leaves spreading on the ground, oblanceolate to obovate, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 5-15 cm. long, hirsute; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more; achenes rough, all with slender, long beaks. Pasadena, McClatchie. 72. PTILOR.IA Raf. Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect simple or branched usually rigid stems, alternate or basal entire or runcinate-pinnatind leaves, those of the branches often small and scale-like, and small erect heads of usually pink flowers paniculate or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylin- dric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious- margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous short exterior ones. Flowers pinkish, opening in the morning. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, terete, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at summit. Pappus of 1 series of rather rigid plumose bristles. 1. P. virgata (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, 3-10 dm. high, virgate, glabrous throughout and the herbage deep green ; leaves runcinate ; heads 6-8 mm. high, subsessile along the naked upper part of the stem and branches, 4-8-flowered ; achenes subclavate or oblong, ribbed and with as many mostly closed grooves, rugose ; pappus white, plumose almost throughout, rather persistent. Common on dry ground, especially toward the coast. July-September. 2. P. pleurocarpa Greene. Taller and stouter than the last, virgate-paniculate, glabrous and glaucous; heads rather small, Chicory Tribe 447 fe\v-flowered ; achenes fusiform, rugose-tuberculate between the salient rib-like angles, intervening grooves wanting; pappus- bristles numerous, distinctly plumose to the base, bright white, soft, early deciduous. Common in fields and along waysides about Pasadena and eastward to San Bernardino. July-August. 3. P. cichoriacea (Gray) Greene. Perennial, 3-8 dm. high, rather stout, tomentulose at least when young; leaves lanceolate, sparsely denticulate to runcinate-laciniate ; heads sessile along naked branches; involucre 12 mm. high; mature achenes short- linear, smooth, slightly and acutely 5-angled; pappus sordid, persistent. Frequent in rocky canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains. July-Septem- ber. 73. NEMOSERIS Raf. Glabrous and slightly succulent branching annuals with pinnatifid leaves and rather large heads of white or rose-tinged flowers. Involucre conic or cylindric, of 7-15 linear acuminate equal bracts, somewhat fleshy at base, and a few loose calyculate outer ones. Achenes terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenu- ate into a slender beak. Pappus white, of 10-15 slender bristles, softly long-plumose from the base to near the tip. 1. N. Californica (Nutt.) Greene. Rather stout, glabrous; stems white, 6-9 dm. high; leaves oblong, pinnatifid, sessile and clasping, the upper reduced ; heads many in a paniculate-corym- bose inflorescence, 1.5-2 cm. high; ligules rather short; outer achenes pubescent; beak slender, equaling the body; pappus •dull white. (Rafinesquia Californica Nutt.) Common on rather shady slopes in the foothills and in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. May-August. 74. TBAGOPOGON L. Biennial or perennial erect usually branched some- what succulent herbs, with slender fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves 448 Cichorieae clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of purple or yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, its bracts in 1 series, acuminate, united at the base. Ligules trun- cate, 5-toothed. Achenes linear, terete or 5-angled, 5-10- ribbed, with slender beaks or the outer beakless. Pappus bristles in 1 series, plumose, connate at the base. 1. T. porrifolius L. (SALSIFY.) Erect, somewhat branched, 5-8 dm. high, glabrous and somewhat succulent; peduncles thickened and hollow for some distance below the head ; bracts exceeding the purple flowers; achenes often 4 mm. long, the outer ones with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs ; beak long, slender ; pappus tawny. A frequent escape from cultivation, especially in the coast valleys. 75. MALACOTHBIX DC. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate or basal mostly pinnatifid leaves and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow rarely white flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in 1—2 series, equal or nearly so, with several series of short exterior ones. Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at apex. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous, 10-15-ribbed, truncate or margined and 4— 5-toothed at the summit. Pappus bristles in 2 series, the inner naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer few, more persist- ent. 1. M. Californica DC. Annual, scapose, 3 dm. high or less; leaves basal, tufted, laciniately 1-2-pinnatifid into narrow linear lobes, when young woolly with long, loose, soft hairs ; heads soli- tary on naked scapes, large and showy, 5 cm. broad or less; in- volucre broadly campanulate, about 2 cm. high; outer bracts slender-subulate; flowers pale yellow; achenes narrow, faintly striate-costate ; outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles, the inner capillary, deciduous. Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys. March- May. Chicory Tribe 449 2. M. Cleveland! Gray. Annual, paniculately branched, 5 dm. high or less; stems and branches rather naked ; only some of the basal leaves pinnatifid ; heads numerous; involucre about 6 mm. high, narrow, few-flowered ; bracts usually purplish- tipped ; flowers yellow ; achenes oblong-linear, minutely striate- costate, 4-5 of the ribs more prominent; outer pappus of 1 persistent bristle and a conspicuous circle of narrow white setu- lose teeth. Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in the mountains and foothills of Riverside and San Diego Counties. May-July. 3. M. saxatilis tenuitblia (Nutt.) Gray. Somewhat suffru- tescent and leafy, paniculately branching, perennial, minutely tomentose, soon becoming glabrate or glabrous, 6-12 dm. high ; the long slender loosely-paniculate branches bearing slender pedunculate heads; involucre broadly campanulate, about 1 cm. high ; the loose calyculate bracts numerous, subulate, passing into similar bractlets on the peduncle ; flowers white, changing to rose color; achenes narrowly oblong, 10-15 costate, becoming some- what 4-5-angled, apex slightly contracted, bearing a very short multidenticulate white border. Common in stony places in the foothills, especially toward the coast. April-May. 77. SONCHUS L. SOW-THISTLE. Annual succulent herbs with alternate mostly auricu- late-clasping entire or pinnatifid prickly-margined leaves and yellow flowers in corymbose or paniculate heads. Involucre usually becoming thickened and more or less conic at base, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flattened, 10-20-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of copious soft white simple capillary bristles usually fall- ing away connected. 1. S. oleraceus L. Stoutish, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly leafy, glabrous or with a few glandular hairs on the pedicels and involucre, glaucescent ; leaves obovoid or narrower, runcinate- pinnatifid, toothed but not prickly-margined, amplexicaul, the auricles straight, acute; achenes striate-nerved, transversely rugulose-scabrous. Common everywhere, flowering at all seasons. Native of Europe. 450 Cichorieae 2. S. asper (L.) All. Stouter than the last, the stems distinctly angled, very leafy ; leaves entire or pinnatifid, prickly-margined, the auricles helicoid and appressed to the stem ; achenes 3-nerved on each side, otherwise shiooth. A less common weed than the last. Native of Europe. 78. LACTUCA L. Tall leafy herbs with small panicled heads. Involu- cre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flat- tened; 6-10-ribbed, beaked. Pappus of copious white or brownish capillary bristles. 1. L. Scariola L. Biennial, glaucous; stems leafy, panicu- lately branched, hirsute at the base or glabrous throughout, 6-18 dm. high ; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-mar- gined, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping, midrib spinulose or hispid ; heads 4-8 mm. broad, 6-12-flowered, very numerous, in an open panicle ; involucre cylindric ; ligules yellow; achenes obovate-oblong, about equaling the filiform beak ; pappus white. Rather common in streets about Los Angeles. Native of Europe. 79. AGOSEBIS Raf. Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted basal leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the ends of naked or bracted scapes. Involucre campanulate to oblong, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked or faveolate. Achenes not flattened, 10-ribbed, beaked at the summit. Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles. 1. A. plebeia Greene. Robust, 4-6 dm. high; leaves nar- rowly oblanceolate, pinnatifid into slender ascending lobes, apex usually entire and slenderly acuminate; ligules short, deep yel- low, scarcely or not at all surpassing the involucral bracts, these woolly at the base ; achenes 4-5 mm. long; the beak 10-12 mm. long ; pappus soft, white. Occasional in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. May-July. Chicory Tribe 451 2. A. retrorsa (Benth.) Greene. Peduncles usually about 3 dm. high; herbage woolly-pubescent, the wool more or. less de- ciduous in age; leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate retrorse segments ; outer involucral bracts broad, inner linear, narrowly acuminate, equaling the pappus; ligules short; achenes 5-6 mm. long, beak slender, 18-20 mm. long. Summit of Santiago Peak. May-July. 80. CBEPIS L. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle- sized heads, usually paniculate-corymbose, of yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its princi- pal bracts in 1 series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones, 10-20-ribbed or -nerved, not transversely rugose, beakless. Pappus copious, of very slender white bristles. 1. C. biennis L. Annual or biennial, pubescent or hirsute, leafy at least below, branched above,, 6-9 dm. high; leaves run- cinate-pinnatifid, oblong or spatulate, at least the upper clasp- ing; heads several, subcorymbose, 2.5-4 cm. high; involucre canescent or pubescent, 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear- lanceolate, downy within; achenes glabrous, 13-striate. Occasional along streets in Los Angeles and Pasadena. 81. HIEBACIUM L. Perennial hispid or villous herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate, small or middle-sized heads of usually yellow flowers. Invo- lucre with its principal bracts in 1-3 series, the outer gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller. Recep- tacle flat, naked or short fimbrillate. Achenes terete or 4-5-angled, 10-15-ribbed, beakless. Pappus copious, of 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brownish bristles. 1. H. Parishii Gray. Puberulent above with no glandular hairs, leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, 3-6 dm. high; 452 Appendix lower leaves shaggy-hirsute, lanceolate, 12-18 cm. long, tapering to the base or margined petiole, with 5-8 salient teeth to each margin ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; peduncles seldom much longer and often shorter than the heads ; involucre pale, granulose-puberulent, oblong-campanulate, of rather numerous narrow acute or acutish bracts; flowers 15-30, yellow; achenes columnar, about 3 mm. long; pappus sordid or dull white. Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. June- August. APPENDIX ONAGRACEAE. [This species should follow Onagra, page 269.] Anogra Californica (Wats.) Small. Stems decumbent from a running rootstock, 1-2 dm. long, branching; herbage hoary- pubescent and more or less villous ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, sinuately toothed or pinnatifid, 6-8 cm. long; ovary and calyx villous; calyx-tube about 2 cm. long; petals white turning pink, lobed at apex, with a rounded sinus ; capsule 4-6 cm. long. ( (Enothera Californica Wats. ) Occasional in sandy soil. Near Santa Ana, Gets; Cucamonga. CONVOLVULACEAE. [This species should precede Ipomoea, page 308.] Cressa Truxillensis H. B. K. Perennial herb, much branched from the base, erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. high, silky-villous, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 4-7 mm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils; corolla deeply 5-cleft, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, white, silky-pubescent with- out. Frequent in saline places throughout our range. June-October. GLOSSARY (icaiilescent, apparently stemless; the proper stem being very short or subterranean. accrescent, growing larger after flow- ering. decumbent, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they lie with their edges against the caulicle. acerose, needle-shaped. achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded fruit. acicular, needle-shaped, more slender than acerose. aculeate, armed with prickles. acuminate, taper-pointed. acute, ending in a point less than a right angle. adherent, sticking to, or growing fast to another body. adnate, born adherent. festival, produced in summer. (estivation, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud. alate, winged. alliaceous, with the odor of onions. alternate, one after another. alveolate, honeycomb-like. ainent, the scaly spike of trees, like the alder and willow. amphitropous, attached by the middle and having the micropyle at one end and the chalaza at the other. amplexicaul, clasping the stem by the anatropous, inverted, when the micro- pyle is at the same end as the hilum. ancipital, 2-edged. androgynous, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster. annual, producing flowers and fruit the first year and then dying. anterior, in a flower, is the part next the bract. See posterior. anther, the part of the stamen which bears the pollen. antheriferous, anther-bearing. anthesis, the period of flowering. antrorse, directed upward. apetalous, destitute of petals. apical, belonging to the apex. apiculate, tipped with a small point. apophysis, any irregular swelling. aquatic, growing in water. arachnoid, cobwebby. arborescent, tree-like. arcuate, bent or curved. areolate, marked out into little spaces. aristate, awned. aristulate, short-awned. articulated, jointed. ascending, rising obliquely upward. assurgent — see ascending. aunculate, with auricles or ear-like appendages. awl-shaped, sharp- pointed from a broader base. awn, a bristle or beard-like append- age. axillary, occurring in an axil. baccate, berry-like. barbate, bearded. berry, a fruit, pulpy or juicy through- out, as a grape. 454 Glossary biennial, flowering and dying the second year. biftd, 2-cleft to about the middle. bifurcate, 2-forked. bilabiate, 2-lipped. bladdery, thin and inflated. blade, the expanded portion of a leaf or petal. bloom, a whitish powder. brachiate, in pairs, each pair arrang- ed at right angles to the next. bract, the leaf of an inflorescence. bractlet, bracts that occur on flower- pedicels. bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean. bullate, appearing as if blistered or bladdery. caducous, dropping off very early. ccespitose, growing in tufts. callous, hardened. calyptra, a hood. calyx, the outer set of the perianth. campanulate, bell-shaped. canescent, grayish-white, caused usu- ally by a covering of fine whitish hairs. capitate, having a head. capsule, a dry dehiscent fruit formed from a compound pistil. carinate, keeled. carpel, a pistil-leaf or sporophyll. caruncle, an excrescence at the hilum of some seeds. catkin, see ament. caudate, tailed. caudex, an upright stock. caudicle, the stalk of a pollen-mass. caulescent, having an obvious stem. caulicle, rudimentary stem of a seed- ling. cauline, belonging to the stem. cell, the cavity of an anther or ovary. chaff, small membranous scales on the receptacle of Compositae. chaparral, a thick growth of shrubs, such as manzanita or scrub-oak chartaceous, of the texture of paper. ciliate, beset on the margin with a fringe of hairs or bristles. clavate, club-shaped. claw, the stalk-like base of some petals. cleistogamous, fertilized in closed buds. cleft, cut into lobes. comose, bearing a tuft of hairs. commissure — see page 276. connate, united or grown together. connivent, converging. convolute, rolled up lengthwise. cordate, heart-shaped. coriaceous, leathery in texture. corm, a solid bulb. cornute, horned. corolla, the inner set of perianth leaves. corona, a crown. corymb, a flat or convex flower-clus- ter. corymbose, in corymbs. costa, a rib. cotyledons, the seed-leaves. creeping, growing flat on the ground and rooting. crenate, with rounded teeth. cruciate, cross-shaped. cucullate, hood-shaped or hooded. culm, the stem of grasses or sedges. cuneate, wedge-shaped. cuspidate, tipped with a sharp stiff point. cyme, a cluster of centrifugal inflor- escence. cymose, with cymes. deciduous, falling off. decompound, several times com- pound. decumbent, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise. decurrent, prolonged on the stem be- neath the insertion. decussate, arranged in pairs, which successively cross each other. dehiscence, the regular splitting open of a capsule or anther. dentate, toothed, the teeth pointing outward. diadelphous — see page 204. dichotomous, 2-forked. Glossary 455 , spreading widely and irregu- larly. (tii>ii<:»ts, the partitions in a com- pound ovary. diurnal, expanded during the day, closed at night. distichous, 2-ranked. distinct, free. divaricate, widely divergent. divided, cut into divisions down to the midrib. drupe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone, as the plum. ec/iinafe, armed with prickles. elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded. emarginate, notched at the summit. emersed, raised out of water. endocarp, the inner layer of a peri- carp. endosperm, the nutritive matter in a seed, surrounding the embryo. ephemeral, lasting for a day or less. cpigynons, upon the ovary. eguitant, folded longitudinally, and each embracing the next within. erase, eroded as if gnawed. exocarp, outer layer of a pericarp. extrorse, turned outward. falcate, scythe-shaped. farinaceous, mealy in texture. fascicle, a close cluster. fastigiate, close, parallel and upright faveolate, favose — see alveolate, ferruginous, resembling iron-rust. filament, the stock of a stamen. filiform, thread-like. fimbriate, fringed. .fixtulose, hollow and cylindric. fiabelliform, fan-shaped. flavescent, yellowish. fiexuous or fiexuose, bending in op- posite directions, zig zag. Jtoccose, woolly. foliate, provided with leaves. follicle, a pod composed of a single carpel, opening down the inner suture. fruit, the mature ovary and all that is connected with it. frutescent, somewhat shrubby. fugacious, soon perishing or falling off. fulvous, tawny. funiculus, the stock of an ovule or seed. furfuraceous, bran-like. fusiform, spindle-shaped. galea, a helmet-shaped body. geniculate, bent abruptly. gibbous, somewhat swollen or enlarg- ed. glabrate, becoming glabrous or al- most so. glabrous, smooth, not hairy. glands, small cellular organs which secrete certain substances, such as oil. glandular, with glands. glaucescent, slightly glaucous. glaucous, covered with a bloom. glomerate, closely aggregated in a dense head. glume, floral bracts in grasses. gramineous, grass-like. habit, the general aspect of a plant. habitat, the place where a plant grows. hairy, beset with rather long hairs. hastate, halberd-shaped. herb, a plant that is not woody. hilum, the scar of a seed, the place of attachment. hirsute, with stifflsh hairs. hirsutulous, minutely hirsute. hispid, beset with stiff hairs. hoary — see canescent. horn, a spur. hyaline, transparent or partly so. imbricate, overlapping one another, like shingles. immersed, growing wholly under wa- ter. 456 Glossary incised, cut rather deeply and irregu- larly. incumbent — the cotyledons are in cumbent when the back of one of them lies against the caulicle. inferior, growing below some other organ. inflorescence, the arrangement of the flowers on a stem. insertion, the place or mode of attach- ment. introrse, turned or facing inward. involucel, a small involucre. involucre, a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel or head. keel, a projecting ridge. lacerate, appearing as if torn. laciniate, slashed. lanate, woolly. lanceolate, lance-shaped. legume, a simple pod which dehisces in 2 pieces. lenticular, lens-shaped. ligneous, woody. ligulate, strap-shaped. limb, the border of a corolla. linear, narrow and flat, the margins parallel. loculicidal, dehiscent through the back of each cell. lodicule — see page 18. lunate, crescent-shaped. lyrate, lyre-shaped. marcescent, withering without falling off. maritime, belonging to the seacoast. membranous, thin and soft, like a membrane. merous, the number of parts in a circle. mesocarp, the middle part of a peri- carp. monoecious, having stamens or pistils only. mucronate, tipped with an abrupt short point. mucronulate, diminutive of the last. muricate, beset with short prickly points. muticous, blunt, pointless. nectar, a sweet secretion in flowers. nectariferous, having nectary. nerve, veins, usually confined to those that are parallel. nervose, conspicuously nerved. nodose, knotty. oblong, 2-4 times as long as broad. obovate, inversely ovate. obtuse, blunt or rounded at the end. ochroleucous, yellowish- white. oculate, with eye-shaped markings. opposite, on opposite sides of the stem, in pairs. orbicular, circular in outline. orthotropous, straight, when the mi- cropyle is on the opposite end from the hilum. oval, broadly elliptic. ovary, that part of the pistil contain- ing the ovules. ovate, shaped like an egg, with the broad end downward. ovoid, ovate or oval. ovuliferous, ovule-bearing. palea, chaff. palmate — see digitate. panicle, an open and branched cluster, a compound raceme. papilionaceous, butterfly -shaped. papilla, little nipple-shaped protu- berances. papillate, papillose, covered with pa- pillae. pappus, the bristles, scales, etc., at the apex of the achenes in the Composite. parasitic, living on another plant or animal. parietal, attached to the walls of the ovary. pectinate, pinnatifid into narrow di- visions, like the teeth of a comb. pedate, like a bird's foot. pedicel, the stalk of each flower in a cluster. pedicellate, pedicelled. peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a cluster. peltate, shield-shaped. pepo, a fruit like the melon. Glossary 457 perennial, lasting from year to year. perfect, having both stamens and pis- til. perianth, the floral leaves — the calyx and corolla. perigynium, bodies around a pistil; see page 73. pcrigynous, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx. personate, masked; a bilabiate flower with a palate in the throat. petal, a leaf of the corolla. petaloid, petal-like. petiole, a stalk of a leaf. petiolulate, a stalked leaflet. pilose, clothed with long slender hairs. pinnate, with leaflets arranged along the side of a common petiole. pinnatifld, same as pinnately cleft or divided. pistil, the seed-bearing organ of a flower. pistillate, having a pistil. placenta, the part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached. plaited, folded lengthwise. plumose, feathery. pollen, the fertilizing powder -con- tained in the anthers ; the micro- spores. polygamous, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers. pome, a fleshy fruit, such as the apple and pear. posterior portion of a flower is that toward the axis. primordial, earliest formed. procumbent, trailing on the ground. proliferous, where a new branch rises out of an older one, or one cluster of flowers out of another. prostrate, lying flat on the ground. pr ui nose, frosted. puberulent, with fine short pubes- cence. pubescent, with fine soft hairs. punctate, dotted with minute holes. puncticulate, minutely punctate. pungent, prickly pointed, pyriform, pear-shaped. raceme, with 1-flowered pedicels ar- ranged along a common peduncle. racemose, bearing racemes. rac fit's, the axis, especially of a spike. receptacle, the axis or support of a flower. regular, all the parts of a circle simi- lar in shape. reniform, kidney-shaped, repand, wavy-margined. reticulated, netted. retuse, with a blunt somewhat in- dented apex. revolute, rolled back. rootstock, root like, usually under- ground stems. rosulate, in a rosette. rotate, wheel-shaped. rugose, wrinkled. runcinate, coarsely saw- toothed. runner, a slender prostrate branch rooting at the ends o.r joints. saccate, sac-shaped. sagittate, arrow-shaped. salmginous, growing in brackish places. salver-shaped, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube, samara, a winged fruit or key. scabrous, rough or harsh to the touch. scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it. scapiform, scape-like. scarious, thin, dry and membranous. scor2)ioid, curved or circinate at the end. scrobiculate, pitted. scuttelate, saucer-shaped. secund, 1-sided. segment, a subdivision or lobe. sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx. septate, divided by partitions. seirticidal, where the dehiscence is through the partitions. serrate, the margin cut into teeth pointing upward; saw-toothed. serrulate, minutely serrate. sessile, not stalked. seta, a bristle, or bristle-like, setaceous, bristle-like. 458 Glossary silicle, a short silique. siliquc, capsule of the mustard family. sinuate, with margins alternately bowed inward and outward. sinus, the angle between two lobes. smooth, not rough, or same as gla- brous. sordid, dirty in hue. spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers. spathaceous, resembling, or furnished with, a spathe. sjjathe, a bract which enwraps an in- florescence. si)atulate, club-shaped. spike, flowers sessile on an elongated rachis. spinescent, tipped with a spine. spinose, spiny. spur, any hollow appendage which looks like a spur. squamate, furnished with scales. squarrose, where scales, leaves or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set. stalk, stem, petiole, peduncle, etc. stamen, the organ which bears the pollen, composed of an anther and usually a filament. staminate, furnished with stamens. staminodium, an abortive stamen. standard, the upper petal of a papili- onaceous flower. stellate, star-like. stigma, the receptive part of the pis- til. stipe, the stalk of the pistil. stipitate, furnished with a stipe. stipules, appendages situated on either side of the base of some leaves. stolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot. stomata, breathing pores of leaves. stramineous, straw-like. striate, marked with slender longi- tudinal stripes. strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow. strigose, beset with stout appressed hairs or bristles. style, the stalk between the ovary and stigma. stylopodium, an enlargement at the base of the style. subulate, awl-shaped, tapering from a broad base to a sharp point. suckers, shoots from subterranean branches. suffrutescent, somewhat woody or shrubby at the base. sulcate, grooved longitudinally. superior, above. suture, the line of junction of con- tiguous parts grown together. sympetalous, petals united. tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. tendril, a thread-like organ used in climbing. terete, cylindrical. ternate, inS's. testa, the outer seed coat. throat, the expanded portion between the lobes and the proper tube in a sympetalous corolla. thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes. torus, the receptacle of the flower. trifld, 3-cleft. trifoliolate, with 3 leaflets. triquetrous, sharply 3-angled. truncate, as if cut off at the top. tuberculate, bearing little pimple-like bodies. tunicate, coated, as an onion. turbinate, top-shaped. umbel, an inflorescence in which a number of pedicels of nearly equal length spring from the same point, as in the parsley family. umbellate, in umbels. unarmed, destitute of thorns or spines, etc. uncinate, hook-shaped. undulate, wavy-margined, or wavy. unguiculate, clawed. unisexual, having stamens or pistils only. Glossary 459 urceolate, urn- shaped. utricle, a small thin-walled, 1-seeded fruit. valve, one of the pieces into which a dehiscent fruit splits. ralvate, opening by valves ; in aesti- vation when the parts just meet and do not overlap. venation, the veining of leaves. ventral, the opposite of dorsal. ventricose, inflated on one side. verrucoBe, warty. versatile, attached by a point so that it may swing to and fro. verticil, a whorl. vespertine, appearing or expanding in the evening. virgate, wand-like. viscid, having a glutinous surface. wedge-shaped, broad above, tapering to the base by straight lines. whorled, arranged in whorls or circles. INDEX Abies, 6 Allium, 84 Anagallis, 299 concolor, 6 haematochiton, 84 arvensis, 300 Abronia, 137 serratum, 85 Andropogon, 20 maritima, 137 Allocarya, 330 glomeratus, 20 umbellata, 137 trachycarpa, 331 ?nacrourus, 20 Acanthocyphus, 115 Alnus, 103 saccharoides. 21 Parishii, 115 rhombifolia, 103 ANDROPOGONEAE, 20 Acer, 240 Alopecurus, 33 Anemopsis, 96 macrophyllum, 240 geniculatus, 33 Californica, 96 ACERACBAE, 240 Alsine, 145 Anogra, 452 Achillea, 435 media, 145 Californica, 452 lanulosa, 435 nitens, 145 ANTHEM IDEAE, 434 Achyrachaena, 425 Alternanthera, 131 Anthemis, 434 mollis, 425 Achyrantha, 134 Cotula, 434 Actinolepis, 430 Alyssum, 180 • Antirrhinum, 357 Wallace!, 431 maritimum, 180 Coulterianum, 358 Adenostegia, 371 Amaranth, 133 glandulosum, 358 fllifolia, 372 Amaranth Family, 132 Nuttallianum, 358 maritima, 372 AMAKANTHACEAE, 132 strictum, 358 Adenostoma, 202 Amaranthus, 133 subsessile, 358 fasciculatum, 202 albus, 133 Aphanisma, 124 Agoseris, 450 blitoides, 133 blitoides, 124 plebeia, 450 deflexus, 133 Aphyllon, 374 retroraa, 451 graecizans, 133 fasciculatum, 374 Agrostis, 36 retroflexus, 133 Apiastrum, 282 asperifolia, 36 Amblyopappus, 431 angustifolium, 282 Diegoensis, 37 pusillus, 431 Apium, 284 verticillata, 36 Ambrosia, 411 graveolens, 284 Agropyron, 59 psilostachya, 412 Aplopajipus ctmeatus, Parishii, 59 AMBROSIAE, 411 Palmeri, 398 laeve, 59 Ammannia, 260 pinifolius, 399 AIZOACEAB, 138 coccinea, 261 squarrosus, 400 Alchemilla, 202 Amorpha, 221 APOCYNACEAE, 304 arvensis, 203 Californica, 221 Apocynum, 304 Alder, 103 Amsinckia, 335 cannabinum, 305 Alfalfa, 210 intermedia, 335 Aquilegia, 152 Alfllerilla, 227 lycopsoides, 335 truncata, 152 Algaroba, 205 spectabilis, 335 Arabis, 178 ALJSMACEAE, 16 ANACARDACEAE, 238 glabra, 179 Index 461 Arabis Ludoviciana, 178 Aster, 401 perfoliata, 179 exilis, 402 repanda, 178 Greatae, 402 Virginica, 178 hesperius, 402 Aralia, 275 Menziesii, 401 Californica, 275 Aster Tribe, 392 AKAMAOKAE, 274 ASTEREAE, 392 Arbutus, 296 Astragalus, 222 Menziesii, 296 Antiselli, 223 ArcenthobiHin, 110 Brauntonii, 223 occidentalis, 110 didymocarpus, 222 Arctostaphylos, 297 leucopsis, 223 bicolor, 298 nigrescens, 222 glandulosa, 298 Parishii, 223 glauca, 298 pycnostachys, 223 Manzanita, 297 strigosus, 222 patula, 297 Athysanus, 176 Pringlei, 298 pusillus, 176 tomentosa, 297 Atriplex, 127 Arenaria, 147 hructeosa, 128 Douglasii, 147 Breweri, 129 Fendleri, 147 Californioa, 129 paludicola, 147 canescens, 130 palustris, 148 decumbens, 128 Argemone, 162 expansa, 127 platyceras hispida, 162 leucophylla, 129 Aristida, 28 microcarpa, 127 Americana bromoides, orbicularis, 129 28 patula, 127 purpurea aequiramea, semibaccata, 128 29 Serenana, 128 fjitrjji/rea Californica, 29 Watsoni, 128 Arrow-grass, 14 Audibertia, 344 Arrow-grass Family, 14 Australian salt-bush, 129 Arrow-head, 17 AVENEAE, 38 Artemisia, 436 A vena, 39 biennis, 437 fatua, 39 Califoruica, 437 glabrescens, 40 dracunculoides, 437 sativa, 40 heterophylla, 437 vulgaris Californica, 437 Baccharis, 404 Artichoke, 441 Douglasii, 405 Arundo, 44 Emory i, 405 Donax, 44 glutinosa, 406 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 305 Plummerae, 405 Asclepias, 306 pilularia, 405 eriocarpa, 307 viminea, 406 Mexicana, 307 Baeria, 427 Ash, 302 afflnis, 428 Asparagus, 92 chrysostoma, 428 offlcinalis, 92 gracilis, 428 Baeria mutica, 429 tenella, 428 Barbarea, 171 Barbarea, 171 vulgariH, 171 Barberry, 156 Barberry Family, 156 Barley Tribe, 57 Bastard Oats, 40 BATIDACKAE, 134 Batis, 135 maritima, 135 Batis Family, 134 Bay Tree, 157 Bayberry Family, 97 Bebbia, 418 juncea, 418 Bedstraw, 377 Beech Family, 104 Bellflower Family, 385 Bent-grass Tribe, 27 BERBERIDACEAE, 156 Berberis, 156 dictyota, 157 Nevinii, 157 Berula, 287 ereota, 287 BETUL.ACEAE, 103 Bicuculla, 163 chrysantha, 163 ochroleuca, 163 Bidens, 417 pilosa, 418 speciosa, 417 Bigelovia Parishii, 398 veneta, 399 Birch Family, 103 Blackberry, 198' Blazing Star, 256 Blepharipappus, 424 elegans, 424 hispidus, 424 platyglossus, 425 Black Sage, 345 Bloomeria, 86 aurea, 86 Blue-curls, 339 Boisduvalia, 265 glabella, 265 Borage Family, 328 BORAGINACEAE, 328 462 Index Bowlesia, 277 CACTACEAE, 257 Carex marcida, 76 lobata, 278 Cactus Family, 257 multicaulis, 75 septentrionalis, 278 Calabazilla, 354 occidentalis, 76 Boxthorn, 352 Calandrinia, 140 Pseudo-Cyperus Ameri- Boykinia, 189 caulescens Menziesii,140 cana, 73 occidentalis, 189 elegans, 141 siccata, 75 rotundifolia, 190 Menziesii, 141 spissa, 74 Bramble, 198 California Laurel, 157 teretiuscula, 76 Brassica, 169 California Lilac, 242 triquetra, 75 alba, 170 California Poppy, 161 Carpet-weed, 138 campestris, 170 California Sage, 437 Carpet-weed Family, 138 nigra, 170 California Slippery-elm, Carrot Family, 275 Brickellia, 392 250 Carum, 285 California, 392 California Spikenard, 275 Gairdneri, 286 Bristly Foxtail, 25 CALLITRICHACEAE, 237 Lemmoni, 286 Brodiaea, 86 Callitriche, 237 CAKYOPHYLLACEAE, 143 capitata, 87 marginata, 237 Castilleja, 368 tea, 87 Calochortus, 89 Californica, 369 minor, 87 albus, 89 foliolosa, 370 Bromus, 52 Catalinae, 90 Martini, 369 carinatus, 56 clavatus, 90 stenanthe, 369 Californicum, 57 invenustus, 90 Castor-bean, 233 hordeaceus, 53 splendens, 90 Catch-fly, 143 Madritensis, 54 venustus, 91 Cat-tail, 8 marginatus, 56 sulphureus, 91 Cat-tail Family, 8 maximus Gussoni, 54 Weedii, 90 Caucalis, 281 mollis, 53 purpurascens, 90 microcarpa, 282 Orcuttianus, 55 vestus, 90 nodosa, 282 Richardsoni, 55 Calyptridium, 141 Caulanthus, 166 rubens, 54 monandrum, 141 amplexicaulis, 166 secalinus, 53 CAMPANULACEAE, 385 Ceanothus, 242 Trinii, 53 Canary-grass Tribe, 26 crassifolius, 244 pallidiflorus, 54 Cauchalagua, 303 cuneatus, 244 unioloides, 55 Caper Family, 180 divaricatus, 243 Haenkeanus, 56 CAPPABIDACEAE, 180 hirsutus, 244 Brookweed, 299 CAPBIFOLIACEAE, 380 integerrimus, 242 Broom, 210 Capsella, 175 macrocarpus, 244 Broom-rape, 373 Bursa-pastoris, 175 oliganthus, 244 Buckthorn, 241 divaricata, 175 sorediatus, 243 Buckthorn Family, 240 elliptica, 175 spinosus, 242 Buckwheat Family, Cardamine, 172 tomentosus, 243 110 Gambellii, 172 Cenchrus, 26 Btida, 148 Carduus, 440 tribuloides, 26 Bulrush, 67 Californicus, 441 Centaurea, 442 Bur-clover, 210 edulis, 441 Melitensis, 442 Bur-head, 16 occidentalis, 441 Centromadia, 420 Bur-reed, 9 Carex, 74 Parryi, 421 Burs a, 175 Barbarae, 74 pungens, 421 Bursa-pastoris, 175 filiformis latifolia, 75 Cerastium, 145 Bush Poppy, 160 Hookeriana, 76 trivale, 146 Buttercup, 155 laciniata, 74 viscosum, 146 Index 463 Cerastium vulgatum. 146 Chrysoma Palmeri, 398 Convolvulus repens, CEHATOPH VM.ACKAK, 150 Parishii, 398 309 Ceratophyllum, 151 pinifolia, 398 Soldanella, 309 demersum, 151 Chrysopsis, 395 Conyza, 404 Cercocarpus, 201 fastigiata, 396 Coulter!, 404 betulaefolius, 2U2 sessilifolia, 396 Corilijlanthus, 372 Cereus, 258 CICHOHIEAE, 443 fllifoliu*, 372 Emory i, 258 Cichorium, 444 Corethrogyne, 400 Chaenactis, 431 Intybus, 444 virgata, 401 artemisiaefolia, 432 Cicuta, 285 Bernard ina, 401 glabriuscula, 432 occidentalis, 285 Corn Spurry, 148 lanosa, 432 Cistaceae, 252 COKNACEAE, 292 santolinoides, 432 Cladium, 72 Cornus, 293 Chaetochloa, 25 mariscus Californicum, occidentalis, 293 glauca, 25 73 pubescens, 293 imberbis, 25 Clarkia, 266 Cottonwood, 99 Chamiso, 202 elegans, 266 Cotula, 436 Cheiranthus, 179 rhombifolia, 266 australis, 436 angustatus, 179 Claytonia, 142 coronopifolia, 436 suffrutescens, 179 perfoliata, 142 Cotyledon, 186 CHKNOPODIACEAE, 123 *l>3 Bigelovii, 354 Cleveland!, 354 purpurascens, 370 Osmorhiza, 281 brachypoda, 281 OXALIDACEAE, 228 Oxalis.229 glauca, 354 Nightshade, 350 NYCTAGINACEAE, 136 corniculata, 229 Wrightii, 229 Oxygraphis, 154 Oak, 104 Cymbalaria, 154 Oat, 39 Oxytheca, 115 Wild, 39 Parishii, 115 Oat Tribe, 38 trilobata, 116 CEnanthe, 287 Owl-clover, 370 470 Index Paeonia, 152 Petunia parvifiora, 355 Pinus flexilis, 2 Brownii, 152 J'eucedanum, 289 Jeffreyi, 4 Palmerella, 388 Phacelia, 321 Lambertiana, 2 debilis serrata, 389 brachyloba, 325 monophylla, 3 PANICEAE, 22 ciliata, 323 Murrayana, 4 Panicum, 23 Davidsonii macrantha, Parryana, 3 capillare, 24 325 ponderosa, 4 colonum, 24 distans, 323 Sabiniana, 4 Crus-galli, 23 Douglasii, 325 Torreyana, 3 pube.8ce.ns, 24 Fremontii, 326 tuberculata, 5 sanguinale, 23 grandiflora, 324 Piperia, 94 scoparium, 24 ,; hispida, 322 lancifolia, 94 Papaver, 162 longipes, 324 longispica, 95 Californicum, 163 Magellanica, 322 Piptocalyx, 331 PAPAVEKACEAE, 158 Parry i, 324 circumscissus, 332 Parietaria, 108 ramosissima suffrutes- Plagiobothrys, 332 debilis. 109 cens, 322 canescens, 332 Paspalum, 22 tanacetifolia, 323 Cooperi, 333 distichum, 22 viscida, 323 nothofulvus, 332 Pastinaca, 291 albiflora, 324 Plane-tree, 195 sativa, 291 PHALABIDEAE, 26 Plane-tree Family, 194 Pectocarya, 329 Phalaris, 27 PLANTAGINACEAE, 375 linearis, 330 Lemmoni, 27 Plantago, 376 penicillata, 330 minor, 27 Bigelovii, 377 setosa, 330 Philibertella, 306 erecta, 376 Pedicularis, 372 Hartwegii heterophylla, ob versa, 377 densiflora, 372 306 hirtella, 376 semibarbata, 373 Phleum, 33 lanceolata, 376 Penneywort, 277 pratense, 33 major, 376 Pentacaena, 150 Phoradendron, 110 obversa, 376 ramosissima, 150 villosum, 110 Plantain, 376 Pentachaeta, 394 macrophyllum, 110 Plantain Family, 375 aurea, 394 Phyllospadix, 13 PLATANACEAE, 194 Lyoni, 395 Torreyi, 14 Platanus, 195 Pentstemon, 359 Physalis, 349 racemosa, 195 centranthifolius, 360 Greenei, 350 Platystemon, 159 cordifolius, 360 ixocarpa, 350 Californicum, 159 heterophyllus, 361 pedunculata, 350 Platystigma, 159 labrosus, 360 Pbytolacca, 135 denticulata, 159 Palmeri, 361 decandra, 135 Plectritis, 382 Parishii, 361 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 135 congesta minor, 382 spectabilis,361 Pickeringia, 206 minor, 382 ternatus, 360 montana, 206 Pleuchea, 407 Peony, 152 Pimpernel, 299 borealis, 407 Peppergrass, 167 PlNACEAE, 1 camphorata, 407 Perezia, 442 Pine, 2 sericea, 407 microcephala, 443 Pine Family, 1 PLUMBAGINACEAE, 301 Perezia Tribe, 442 Pink Family, 143 Plumbago Family, 301 Perityle, 427 Pinus, 2 Poa, 49 Californica nuda, 427 attenuata, 5 annua, 49 Petunia, 355 Coulteri, 5 Fendleriana, 50 Index 471 Poa inflrma, 50 Prosopis juliflora, 205 Ranunculus hebe- pratensis, 50 pubescens, 206 carpus, 155 scabrella, 51 Prunus, 203 trichophyllus, 155 Poison Hemlock, 283 demissa, 204 Raphanus, 170 Poison Oak, 239 tlicifolia, 204 sativus, 170 Pokeweed Family, 135 Pseudotsuga, 5 Raspberry, 198 POLEMONIACEAE, 311 macrocarpa, 6 Rattle- weed, 222, 223 Polycarpon, 149 Psilocarphus, 408 Razoumofskya, 109 depressum, 149 globiferus, 408 occidentalis, 109 Polygala, 231 Psoralea, 220 Rein-orchis, 94 Californica, 231 Californica, 221 Reseda, 182 POLYGALACEAE, 230 macrostachya, 220 lutea, 182 POLYGONACEAE, 110 orbicularis, 221 RESEDACEAE, 182 Polygonum, 121 physodes, 220 RHAMNACEAE, 240 avioulare, 122 Pterostegia, 111 Rhamnus, 241 Convolvulus, 123 drymarioides, 111 Californica, 241 hydropiperoides, 122 Ptiloria, 446 tomentella, 242 incarnatum, 122 cichoriacea, 447 crocea, 241 lapathifolium, 122 pleurocarpa, 446 ilicifolia, 241 nodoftum, 122 virgata, 446 Rhus, 238 Polypogon, 35 Pulse Family, 204 diversiloba, 239 littoralis, 36 Purslane, 142 integrifolia, 239 Monspeliensis, 35 Purslane Family, 140 laurina, 239 Pondweed, 10 Pycnanthemum, 347 ovata, 239 Pondweed Family, 9 Californicum, 347 trilobata, 240 Pop-corn Flower, 332 PYROLACEAE, 294 Ribes, 192 Poplar, 99 amarum, 193 Poppy Family, 158 Querous, 104 divaricatum, 193 Populus, 99 agrifolia, 106 hesperium, 194 Fremonti, 99 Californica, 106 malvaceum viridifoli- trichocarpa, 99 chrysolepis, 106 um, 192 Portulaca, 142 Douglasii, 105 Nevadense, 193 oleracea, 142 dumosa, 105 speciosum, 194 PORTULACEAE, 140 Engelmanni, 105 tenuiflorum, 192 Potentilla, 198 lobata, 105 Ricinus, 233 Anserina, 199 Wislizeni, 106 communis, 234 glandulosa, 200 Rock-rose, 253 Neradensis, 200 Radish, 170 Rock-rose Family, 252 multijuga, 198 Bafinesquia Californica, Romero, 340 Potamogeton, 10 447 Romneya, 159 foliosus Californicus, 11 Ragweed, 411 Coulteri, 160 fluitans, 10 Ragweed Tribe, 411 trichocalyx, 160 lonchites, 10 Ramona, 344 Roripa, 171 natans, 10 grandiflora, 344 curvisliqua, 172 pauciflorus Californicus, nivea, 344 Nasturtium, 171 11 polystachya, 345 Rosa, 203 pectinatus, 11 stachyoides, 345 Californica, 203 Potato Family, 349 RANUNCULACEAE, 151 ROSACEAE, 195 Primrose Family, 298 Ranunculus, 155 Rose, 203 PBIMTJLACEAE, 298 Californicus, 155 Rose Family, 195 Prosopis, 205 Cymbalaria, 155 RUBIACEAE, 377 472 Index Rubus, 197 Sambucus glauca, 380 Sedum spathulifolium, 184 leucodermis, 198 Samolus, 299 Senecio, 439 Nutkanus, 197 floribundus, 299 Californicus, 439 parviflorus, 197 Valerandi Americanus, Douglasii, 440 vitifolius, 198 299 ilecetorum, 439 Rumex, 119 Sand Rocket, 169 vulgaris, 439 Acetosella, 120 Sand-verbena, 137 SENECIONEAE, 437 conglomeratus, 121 SANICULA, 278 Sesuvium, 138 crispus, 121 arguta, 279 sessile, 139 hymenosepalus, 121 bipinnata, 280 Shooting-star, 300 persicarioides, 120 bipinnatifida, 279 Sida, 249 pulcher, 120 laciniata, 279 hederacea, 249 salicifolius, 120 Menziesii, 278 Sidalcea, 247 Ruppia, 11 Nevadensis, 279 delphinifolia, 248 maritima, 11 tuberosa, 280 humilis, 248 Rush, 80 Sarcodes, 295 malvaeflora, 247 Rush Family, 79 sanguinea. 295 parviflora, 248 Russian Thistle, 132 SAUBTTRACEAE, 95 Silene, 143 Roubieve, 126 Saxifraga, 190 Anglica, 144 multifida, 126 California, 190 antirrhina, 144 SAXIFBAGBACEAE, 188 Gallica, 144 Sage, 343 Saxifrage, 190 laciniata, 144 Sagina, 146 Saxifrage Family, 188 multinervia, 144 occidentalis, 146 Schoenus, 72 verecunda, 145 Sagittaria, 17 nigricans, 72 Silk-tassel Tree, 293 calycina, 17 Scirpus, 67 Sisymbrium acutangulum, latifolia, 18 Americanus, 67 166 variabilis, 18 atrovirens, 69 canescens, 177 SALICACEAE, 98 Californicus, 68 offlcinale, 169 Salicornia, 130 cernuus, 67 reflexum, 166 ambigua, 130 lacustris occidentalis, Sisyrinchium, 93 subterminalis, 130 68 bellum, 93 Salix, 99 maritimus, 69 Sitanion, 62 argophylla, 102 microcarpus, 69 anomalum, 64 exigua, 102 Olneyi, 68 Californicum, 64 virens, 102 pungens, 68 jubatum, 63 laevigata, 100 riparius, 67 multisetum, 63 . lasiandra, 100 robustus, 69 Sium, 256 lasiolepis, 101 • Tatora, 69 cicutaefolium, 286 macrostachyia, 101 Screw bean, 206 heterophyllum, 286 leucodendroides, 102 Scrophularia, 359 Skullcap, 340 nigra vallicola, 100 Californica, 359 Snap-dragon, 357 Parishiana, 101 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 355 Sneezeweed, 433 Salmon Berry, 197 Scutellaria. 340 Sneezeweed Tribe, 425 Salsify, 448 Bolanderi, 341 Snowberry, 381 Salsola, 132 tuberosa, 340. Snow-plant, 295 Tragus, 132 Sea Purslane, 138 Soap-plant, 83 Salvia, 343 Sedge, 73 SOLANACEAE, 349 carduacea, 343 Sedge Family, 64 Solanum, 350 Columbariae, 343 Sedum, 184 Douglasii, 351 Sambucus, 380 obtusatum, 184 rostrata, 352 Index 473 Solanum villosum, 351 Sporobolus, 84 Teasel Family, 383 Wallace!, 351 airoides, 34 Tetradymia, 438 Xanti, 351 asperifolius, 34 comosa, 438 glabrescens, 351 Spruce, 6 Thalesia, 374 intermedium, 351 Big-cone, 6 fasciculata, 374 Solidago, 396 False, 5 Thalictrum, 156 Californica, 396 Spurge Family, 231 polycarpum, 156 confinis, 397 Stanleya, 165 Thelypodium, 165 Sonchus, 449 pinnata, 165 lasiophyllum, 166 asper, 450 Star-thistle, 442 inalienum, 166 oleraceus, 449 titellaria media, 145 Therofon, 189 Sophia, 177 nitens, 145 elatum, 189 incisa, 177 Stercula Family, 250 rotundifolium, 189 pinnata, 178 STERCULIACEAE, 250 Thistle, 440 Sorghum, 21 Stillingia, 234 Thistle-sage, 343 Halepense, 21 linearifolia, 234 Thistle Tribe, 440 Sorghum Tribe, 20 Stipa, 29 Thorn-apple, 353 Sow-thistle, 449 coronata, 30 Thysanocarpus, 176 Spanish Bayonet, 91 eminens, 30 curvipes, 177 Sparganium, 9 Andersonii, 30 laciniatus, 177 eurycarpum, 9 Hassei. 29 Tillaea, 188 Spartina, 42 Parishii, 30 minima, 188 folios a, 42 setigera, 31 Timothy, 33 glabra, 42 speciosa, 31 Tissa, 149 Specularia, 386 viridula, 31 gracilis, 149 biflora, 386 Stone-crop Family, 183 macrotheca, 149 Speedwell, 367 Stramonium, 353 marina, 148 Spergula, 148 Streptanthus, 166 tenuis, 149 arvensis, 148 heterophyllus, 167 Tobacco, 353 Spergularia, 148 Stylochine, 408 Tornilla, 206 Spike-rush, 70 gnaphalioides, 408 Tragopogon, 447 Spiranthes, 95 Stylophyllum, 185 porrifolius, 448 Romanzoffiana, 95 densiflorum, 186 Trichostema, 339 Spirodela, 77 Hassei, 185 lanatum, 340 polyrhiza, 77 insulare, 185 lanceolatum, 339 Sphacele, 345 Suada, 131 Trifolium, 221 calycina Wallacei, 346 Californica, 131 albopurpureum, 213 Sphaerostigma, 269 mffrutescens, 131 bifidum, 212 alyssoides, 272 Torreyana, 131 ciliatum, 212 bistorta, 270 Sumac Family, 238 ciliolatum, 212 campestre, 271 Sunflower, 414 depauperatum, 215 Parishii, 272 Sunflower Family, 389 furcatum, 214 contortum, 271 Sunflower Tribe, 414 gracilentum, 212 Greenei, 271 Sweet Alyssum, 180 involucratum, 213 hirtellum, 271 Sweet Clover, 211 Macraei, 213 micranthum, 271 Sycamore, 195 albopurpureum, 213 spirale, 270 Syntherisma, 23 microcephalum, 214 Veitchianum, 270 sanguinalis, 23 obtusiflorum, 214 viridescens, 270 pratense, 213 Sphenosciadium, 288 Tarweed, 419 repens, 212 capitellatum, 288 Tarweed Tribe, 418 roscidum, 214 474 Index Trifolium spinulosum, 213 Verbesina, 416 Waterwort Family, 251 stenophyllum, 215 encelioides, 416 Wax Myrtle, 98 tridentatum, 214 Veronica, 367 Western Nettle, 108 variegatum, 213 Buxbaumii, 368 Whispering Bells, 326 Wormskjoldii, 213 Byzantina, 368 White Fir, 6 Triglochin, 14 peregrina, 368 White Sage, 345 maritima, 15 Vervain Family, 336 Wild Buckwheat, 117 Trisetum barbatum, 53 Vetch, 224 Wild Cucumber, 385 Tropidocarpum, 173 Vicia, 224 Wild Grape, 245 dubium, 174 Americana, 224 Wild Hyacinth, 86 gracile, 173 linearis, 225 Wild Pea, 226 Typha, 8 truncatus, 225 Wild Rye, 61 angustifolia, 8 Californica, 225 Wild Toad-flax, 357 latifolia, 8 exigua, 225 Willow, 99 TYPHACEAE, 8 Hassei, 225 Wintergreen Family, 294 sativa, 225 Wolfflella, 79 UMBELLIFERAE, 275 Viola, 253 lingulata, 79 Umbellularia, 157 bland a, 254 oblonga, 79 Californica, 158 crysantha, 225 Wood-sorrel, 229 Uropappus, 445 Douglasii, 255 Wood-sorrel Family, 228 Lindleyi, 445 lobata, 254 Woolly Blue-curls, 340 linearifolius, 445 palmata cucullata, 254 Urtica, 107 pedunculata, 254 Xanthium, 413 Breweri, 108 VlOLACEAE, 253 Canadense, 414 holosericea, 107 Violet, 253 spinosum, 413 urens, 107 Violet Family, 253 Xylothermia, 206 URTICACEAE, 106 Virgin's Bower, 154 montana, 206 VlTACEAE, 244 Valerian Family, 382 Vitis, 245 Yerba Buena, 346 VALERIANACEAE, 382 Girdiana, 245 Yerba Manse, 96 Valerfonella, 382 Yucca, 92 macrocera, 382 Wallflower, 179 arborescens, 92 Velaea, 284 Walnut, 97 Whipplei, 92 arguta, 284 Walnut Family, 96 graminifolia, 92 Parishii, 284 Washingtonia, 281 Venegasia, 426 brachypoda, 281 Zannichellia, 12 carpesioides, 427 Watercress, 171 palustris, 12 Verbascum, 356 Water-hemlock 285 Zauschneria, 263 virgatum, 356 Water-hoarhound, 347 Californica latifolia, 2€ Verbena, 336 Water-leaf Family, 319 microphylla, 263 bracteosa, 337 Water-milfoil Family, 273 Zostera, 13 polystachya, 337 Water-plantain Family, marina, 13 prostrata, 337 16 Zygadene, 83 urticifolia, 337 Water-starwort Family, Zygadenus, 83 VERBENACEAE, 336 237 Fremontii, 83 . / OF THE -^\ ; 'V OF Jt ERRATA Page 19, line 8 — for " Andropogyneae " read "Andropogoneae." " 28, " 26 — for " Pleum " read "Phleum." " 159, " 1 — for " Cream Cup " read " Creamcup." " 230, " 15 — for "L. usitatissmum " read " L. usitatissi- mum." " 265, " 15 — after " Boisduvalia " insert " Spach." " 351, after line 5 insert "Occasional in waste places about Los Angeles." JIQLOGY USftARl