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Hoffman, Ralph, 1870-1932

Flora of Berkshire
County, Massachusetts

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. 36, No. 5,

p. 171-382.

FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS

By RALPH HOFFMANN.,

BOSTON:

PUINTKI) FOR THE SOCIETY
WITH AID FROM THE

GuRDON Saltonstall Fund.
March, 1922.

PREFACE.

The following catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation
in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, is based chiefly on the collec-
tions made by the writer during the last thirty years and now in the
herbarium of the New England Botanical Club at Cambridge, supple-
mented by those of other members of the Club, deposited in the same
place. A few species are entered in the list which are not represented
in that herbarium but no species has been admitted which the writer
has not personally examined. In the case of difficult groups every
effort has been made to have the ^^Titer's identification verified by
competent authorities. In the Appendix a list is given of plants which
have been attributed to the County, specimens of which have not
been seen by the WTiter or by some competent authority. A list is also
given in the Appendix of plants which the writer believes have been
attributed to the County through error.

No catalogue of the plants of Berkshire County has been published
since Dewey's list in 1829 {rid. Introduction, p. 17S). The great
advance made in our knowledge of the New England flora since then
seems to justify the puljlication at this time of a summary of our
present knowledge of the flora of the region.

That such a list must be incomplete goes without saying. Addi-
tional introduced plants are likely to make their appearance at any
time. There are doubtless a few native plants in the County which
have up to the present eluded the search of collectors. Our knowledge
of the range within the County of some of the plants in the list is still
incomplete. One of the functions of a local list is to stimulate students
to add to the knowledge therein contained. The writer will be glad to
hear from anyone who has additional data to offer. Conununications
to be of value should be accompanied by specimens from which the
identity can be determined, together with particulars of occurrence,
etc. These specimens should be properly dried under pressure.

In the present list the names of all indigenous species, varieties, and
forms are printed in l)()l(!-faced type; those of introduced species,
varieties, and forms in small capitals. The nomenclature and order
followed are those of (Jray's Manual, seventh edition, except where a
later name has a])p;irently received tlie sanction of the eilitors of the

174 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Manual. In such cases the name used in the Manual follows in
parentheses. For the convenience of those who use Britton and
Brown's Illustrated Flora, the name used in the second (1913) edition
of that work is also given in parentheses wherever it differs (except
in spelling) from that used in this list. If the generic name used by
Britton and Brown differs from that here used but the specific names
are the same (except for changes of gender), the generic name only is
given. The Illustrated Flora, as is well known, does not recognize
geographical varieties to the extent of naming them. It will be impos-
sible therefore, for those who use the Illustrated Flora to discriminate
between the species and the many varieties (over two hundred) recog-
nized in this list.

A great number of our native plants are not sufficiently known by
the people to have received a genuine popular name. Only striking
plants, like the Cat-tail, Sweet Flag, and Butterfly-weed, have names
that are actually current. Others belong to a group which is recog-
nized, like Cotton Grass, but species within the group are not dis-
tinguished. Many vernacular names are given in the botanies, that
are never used by the people, such as Dock-leaved Persicaria {Poly-
gonum lapathifolium). In the following list all names known to be in
current use are given, and others have been copied from the Manual.

The habitats given are those observed in the County.

The use of the expressions valley and plateau demands a word of
explanation. The term valley is used to designate the trough formed
by the Hoosic and Housatonic Rivers and their main tributaries. It
contains the principal limestone and moraine deposits, and its slopes
include wooded hillsides with well-drained leaf mould. The term
plateau is used to designate the broad upland bounding the valley on
the east. It is characterized by an absence of limestone and by cool
rocky woods, ill-drained hillsides and moist fields {vid. Introduction,
p. 182).

For convenience, the term Greylock is used to include the whole
mountain-mass that culminates in Mt. Greylock of the topographic
sheet, and The Dome for the mountain-mass that culminates in Mt,
Everett of the topographic sheets.

To indicate the comparative frequency of the plants listed the fol-
lowing terms have been used, namely, "common," "frequent," "occa-
sional," and "rare." These terms must be interpreted in connection

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 175

with the accompanying statement of habitat; thus, "Rich woods;
common," impHes that the species is infrequent or entirely absent
except in rich woods. Moreover, the term "common" cannot be
used with anything like mathematical precision. A species may be
so designated if it occurs in fairly large niunbers wherever the condi-
tions are suitable, but owing to its association with a number of other
species struggling for space in the same en\-ironment the total number
of plants in a given area may not be nearl}^ so great as in the case of a
species which crowds out all competitors. "Frequent" means that
the species may be found without much search but that there are areas
in many apparently suitable localities where it is absent. "Occa-
sional " and " rare " explain themselves. When a plant is " occasional "
or "rare," all the stations where it has been found have been given.
The term "local" is used when a species is common at a few stations.

Since the publication of the JNIanual a number of new species and
varieties have been described, or the treatment of species or groups
has been re\dsed. Brief descriptions of these new species, varieties, or
forms have been included in this list, generally copied from the original
description, so that the list may supplement the Manual for the region
which it covers.

All varieties and forms have been given a separate paragraph for
convenience in using the list, instead of combining subordinate varie-
ties and forms in the same paragraph with the species.

In a very few instances only, new coml)inations \ia\e been made in
this list. A few combinations treated in the Manual as varieties have
been reduced to forms, in accordance with the more recent treatment
of these phenomena. The incised, or auricled forms of ferns, color
phases of fruit or flower, which occur with the typical form and are
not combined with any other character or any marked difference in
range arc treated as forms. A few color forms, most of which have
been well known to collectors, but have not yet received a name, have
been given names in this list. A list of all new forms and combina-
tions is given in the Appendix.

Artificial keys for the determination of species in large and difficult
groups are an essential feature of the standard manuals of botany. It
has seemed to the author unnecessary to furnish the present work
with such keys, except where tiic luniiber of species found in Berkshire
County is much smaller than tlic tuunber covered by the manuals.
In such cases keys covering only the species known to occur in Berk-

176 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

shire County have been prepared by editing the excellent keys in
Gray's Manual, seventh edition.

It remains for the writer to express his sincere thanks to those who
have generously helped in the preparation of the list both in the field
and in the study. The assistance freely given by Prof. M. L. Fernald
in the early years of the undertaking was of the greatest service to the
writer. Dr. Harold St. John has kindly read the manuscript and has
helped with many difficulties. Mr. C. A. Weatherby has generously
given aid and advice. Mrs. Agnes Chase, Mr. W. W. Eggleston,
Mr. F. F. Forbes, Mr. F. Tracy Hubbard, Mr. Bayard Long, Mr. K. K.
Mackenzie, and Prof. K. M. Wiegand have very kindly aided in
determining difficult species. Dr. B. L. Robinson and Miss M. Day
have been frequently consulted. Without the keen eyes and industry
of Mr. F. Walters and Judge J. R. Churchill the list would be poorer
by a number of species. Mr. Walters has also been of great help m
the study of Dewey's and Eaton's nomenclature. The map of Berk-
shire County has been kindly drawn by Mr. H. Harris. The writer
wishes to take this opportunity to express his gratitude to Mr. and
Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann for the constant interest which they have
shown in the preparation of the list.

CONTENTS.

Introduction

History .....

Physiography ....

Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns
Appendix . . . . . .

Fugitive Species ....

Excluded Species ....

Doubtful Species ....

Tabular List of Families

Observations on Soil Relations

List of New Forms and Combinations
Index

Page
177

177
182
193
353
353
354
356
357
361
363
365

Introduction.
History.

The first two decades of the 19th century constituted a period of
active study of North American plants, by both native and foreign
collectors and systematists. Pursh traveled in North America from
1799 to 1811 and published his Flora Americae Septentrionalis in
London in 1814. Michaux had already published the Flora Boreali-
Americana in Paris in 1803. Local students were beginniuij an inten-
sive study of the regions about the chief centers of scientific interest.
Dr. Jacob Bigelow's Florula Bostoniensis, the first local list published
in this country, appeared in 1814; Barton's Florae Philadelphicae
was published in 1818. Nuttall's Genera of North American Plants
appeared in the same year.

During the second decade of the century Williams College was a
local center of botanical interest and activity. Two botanists of high
rank were connected with tiie college at that time, Chester Dewey and
Amos Eaton.

(Chester Dewey was a native of lirrkshire County, born at Sheffield
in 1784. He was graduated from Williams College in 1800, accepted
a tutorship at the college in 1808, and in 1810 was appointed Pro-
fessor of Mathematics and Natural l*hilo-;opliy in the same institution.
He hchl this olhcc for scvcntt'cu \cars. I'Vom 1S_'7 to \S'M\ he was

178 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

head of a boys' high school at Pittsfiekl and was at the same time a
professor of chemistry in the Medical College at Pittsfield and also
at the Medical College at Woodstock, Vermont. He died in 1867.

Dewey prepared a list of the plants of Berkshire County for the
History of the County which was" published by Rev. Dr. Field in 1829.
This list, now nearly one hundred years old, has remained the only
catalogue of the flora of the County. It contains the names of about
800 species and varieties of native flowering plants, ferns, and fern
allies. The habitat of each plant is indicated in a very general way,
and occasionally a definite locality is given. With the assistance of
Mr. Frank Walters, the WTiter has made an analysis of this list with
the following results.

There are about twenty-five names on the list of plants which are
undoubtedly erroneously determined, such as Clintonia umbelhdata,
Desmodium viridiflorum , Viola striata, etc. It is sometimes possible
to determine wath little doubt what plant Dewey had in mind, e. g.,
Clintonia mnbclhdata is without doubt C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. which is
not included in the list. What is intended by Desmodium viridiflorum
is a matter of conjecture. It may be D. paniculatum (L.) DC, which
is not listed. , .

There are about twenty species on the list which have not since been
found in the County. These are species which Dewey could hardly
have mistaken, and the synonymy is in no way confused. Several
collectors besides the writer have looked for these plants but without
success. The list is given in the Appendix in the hope that these
plants may still be found in the County. In many cases plants listed
by Dewey were looked for in vain for many years by those interested,
and finally found. In the case of Sviilax rotundifolia only one plant
has been found, which may be Dewey's very indi\Tidual. In the case
of Arctostaphylos and Phragviites it is certain that we have followed in
Dewey's very footsteps and found the same plants growing in the same
stations where he found them one hundred years ago.

There are inexplicable omissions in Dewey's list; plants are absent
which he must have seen in the County and which had been described
and named before his day. He lists Sclaginclla rupestris under the
name Lycopodiuvi rupestre, but omits Lycopodium apoda. Potamo-
geton pusillus L., Viola lanceolata L., Desmodium nudifloriim (L.) DC.
are not on his list.

Other plants which have since been added to the list Dewey simply

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 179

failed to find. Everyone knows how hard it is to find rarities when
everything is unfamiHar. It is not to Dewey's discretUt, that a keen
collector like Mr. Frank Walters added Arisaema Dracontium, Cimi-
cifvga racemosa and Dentaria laciniata to the County-list in Dewey's
own town. The great majority of species and varieties in the present
list which were not contained in Dewey's list, are plants now recog-
nized as distinct which had not in his day been separated from closely
related species. There are also a number of introduced species, like
Rudbeckia hirta, which have made their way into the County during
the last one hundred years. Anyone who studies Dewey's list, keep-
ing in mind the state of botanical knowledge in his day, ^vdll entertain
a great respect for his energy and acuteness.

Dewey's chief interest in botany early became the genus Carex.
He began to contribute studies of this genus to the American Journal
of Science and Arts in 1824 and continued till 1866, the year before his
death.

The following species were named either by him or by his corre-
spondents from material collected in Berkshire County.

Carex formosa Dewey from Stockbridge.

Carex novae-angliae Schwein. from Saddle Mt. (Greylock).

Carex scabrata Schwein. from Berkshire County.

Carex longirostris Torr. from Sheffield.

Carex Davisii Schwein. and Torr. from Sheffield.

Carex Hitchcockiann Dewey from Saddle Mt.

Carex Tuckermani Dewey from Sheffield.

Carex Schweinitzii Dewey from Williamstown.

Carex setacea Dewey from Williamstown.

In 1840 Dewey was commissioned by the Go\ernor of the State to
prepare a report on the flowering plants of Massachusetts, a compan-
ion to Emerson's classic report on the trees and shrubs. There are a
number of references in this report to Berkshire County, some of which
are interesting enough to quote, as throwing light on the history of
its flora during the last century. Of the Sweetbrier (Rosa rubiginosa)
he says, p. 55, " Its perfectly wild state in the fields and along hedges
in the north part of Berkshire County has led me to doubt its importa-
tion into that part of the state." Of the Shrubby Cinquefoil {Potcn-
tilla Jruticosa), which is now a pest in moist pastures, he only says,
p. 57, it "grows on the margin of ponds in marshy situations and on
cold u[)hind tracts." Dewey did not seem to know Vicia Cracca from

180 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Berkshire, where it is now frequent. He gives it from Maiden and
Cambridge and calls it " a native of England." He says of Trifoliuvi
officinale and Trifolium album {Melilotus officinalis and alba), p. 66,
"The yellow-flowered and the white, both finely scented are often
cultivated in gardens. The white is sparingly naturalized in some
places." Both are now naturalized, the white commonly, and the
yellow frequently. The Pitcher Plant, Dewey calls the Side-saddle
Flower, " from the resemblance in shape and position of its curved and
hollow leaf to the horn of a side-saddle." The name with the equip-
ment is now practically unknown. He says nothing about the insec-
tivorous habits of the plant. Agrostemma Githago, now rare, he calls,
p. 87, "a well known weed of wheat fields." Cerastium vulgatum he
speaks of, p. 89, as of "little consequence except as yielding seed for
the food of small birds." Pyrola (now Moncses) imi flora, common in
pine woods, he says is "found near Salem by Mr. Oakes." The
Canada Thistle {Cirsium arvcnse) had already become a menace, but
Cirsium pwnilum he says, has been "found near Boston." Joe-Pye-
Weed {Exipatoriuvi purpureum) is "said to have been recommended
to the whites by an Indian of the name." The Shakers "manufac-
tured the heads and leaves of Gnaphalium margaritaceu'm [Anaphalis
margaritacea] into mattresses, and which are said to be pleasant and
healthful." Rvdbcckia hirta is not mentioned. Of Prunella, of which
the popular name in the books is Heal-all, Dewey says, "Not used to
heal anything." Galcopsis Tetrahit, he says, has "sprung up from
straw thrown out from crates of crockery." Thymus Serpylliwi, now
common in the central towns of the County, he says is " cultivated in
gardens and naturalized in a few places, formerly used in cookery."
Dianthus Armeria, Saponana officinalis, Rumex Acetosella, Plantagq
major, Arctium minus, Leontodon taraxacum (= Taraxacum officinale),
Tanacettim, Inula, Tussilago, Veronica arvensis, V. agrestis, and V.
scrpyllifolia had all become naturalized in Dewey's time.

Shortly after Dewey had become established as a professor at
Williams College, A. A. Eaton, though not a member of the faculty,
gave a series of lectures at the college on botany which created an
unusual interest among the students and even in the community.
Eaton, was born in Chatham, New York, a few miles from the border
of Berkshire County in 1776; he graduated from Williams College in
1799. In 1817 he lectured on botany to enthusiastic classes at Wil-
liams College, and at their request published the first edition of his

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 181

Manual of Botany, followed in 1818 by the much enlarged second edi-
tion. In this edition is the first description of Lonicera hirsuta, found
by one of Eaton's pupils " two miles west of the college." This species
was later found in Vermont, New York, and westward, but in no other
stations in Massachusetts. Moreover, Eaton's station was lost sight
of until 1920, over one hundred years after its original discovery, when
the writer had the pleasure of finding a flourishing colony of plants
probably in the same locality that Eaton referred to.

Eaton made occasional references in his Manual to definite localities
in Berkshire, which represent either his own knowledge of the County
or information acquired from his pupils or from Dewey. He refers in
particular to the activity of Dr. E. Emmons, who was his pupil.

Eaton must have had unusual power to arouse interest and even
enthusiasm for scientific study. There is a tradition in AVilliamstown,
for which I am indebted to Professor S. F. Clarke, that after his lec-
tures on botany, the loafers in the village taverns when meeting in the
evening discussed the new flowers that they had found. Eaton was
not so accomplished a l)otanist as Dewey, but probably a more inspir-
ing teacher.

In 1824 Eaton went to Troy, there to found the Polytechnic School,
and in 1827 Dewey took charge of a school in Pittsfield. The latter
still worked at the genus Carcx, and doubtless kept up his interest in
Berkshire plants, but the period of active botanical work on the flora
of tiie County carried on by resident botanists was practically oxqv.
The collections in the County from that time to the present were made
by botanists from the centers of scientific activity, chiefly from Boston
and its vicinity, although a sheet of Tliclypteris Goldiana in the her-
barium of the Boston Society of Natural History collected in Williams-
town by Torrey, but bearing no date, testifies to the presence in the
County of that distinguished botanist. Oakes, also, visited the ( 'ounty ,
prol)ably on the occasion of his trip to western Vermont. Sheets
from Pittsfield and Williamstown bearing his name as collector are
in the herbarium of the Boston Society of Natural History. Tlii-y
must have been collected prior to 1848, the date of Oakes' death. In
1858 William Boott was collecting Carcx Sclnriiiiitzii in Williamstown,
as sheets in the (iray Ibrliariimi testify. I. W . Hoithius in 1864
collected PotaiiKxjrtDii (iljtinii.s in Richmond. In 1877 the modem
period of botanical work in the (dunty may be said to have l)egun,
inaugurated bv the first visit of Judge. I. K. < lnirc hill to the ('onnt\-.

182 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

In that year he collected Arabis Drummondii on Hoosac Plateau and
in the year 1920, forty-three years later, he is still active in the field,
adding new plants and new stations to the list. The brothers Charles
E. and Walter Faxon visited Lenox in 1872, and made collections there.
Professor C. S. Sargent collected Crataegus in the County in 1902 and
was the first to discover Qnercus Muhlenbergii as a native of the State.
Professor Brainerd was studying the violets of the County in the first
decade of the 20th century. The formation in 1895 of the New
England Botanical Club and the increased interest in the New England
flora resulting from that step has attracted to the County in the last
two decades many active collectors, whose work has enriched our knowl-
edge of its flora. Particularly notable was a visit by Professor Fernald
to Florida. Attracted by the presence on the geological map of the
County of a strip of serpentine, he visited the outcrop and added
two species to the county list: Arenaria viacrophylla and an indigenous
form of Cerastiiim arvense.

From 1913 to 1917 the County had again for too short a time a
resident botanist. Mr. F. Walters in three seasons' collecting dis-
covered in the southern tier of towns a large number of interesting
plants which had not previously been reported from the County,
besides adding materially to our knowledge of the distribution of many
other species.

Physiography.

The plants comprised in the list published in this paper have been
all collected within the boundaries of Berkshire County, Massachu-
setts. A brief description of the physiographic features of the County
is essential to an understanding of the distribution of the plants here
listed.

Berkshire County is the westernmost county in Massachusetts and
extends entirely across the State, from Vermont to Connecticut. Its
northern boundary is formed by Bennington County in Vermont and
its southern boundary by Litchfield County, Connecticut. On the
west it is bounded by Rensselaer and Columbia Counties, New York.
It extends from lat. 42° 45' north to about 42° 2' south, a distance of
about 49 miles. In breadth it varies from about 24 to about 12 miles.
Its area is about 1000 square miles.

The main topographical features of the County are the Housatonic

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

183

Fio. 1. — Miip of lliTk.s!iiri- C'liiiiily, MiihhiicIiiim'ILh.

184 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

and the Hoosac Valleys, the Taconic Range, the mountain-mass of
which Mt. Greylock is the highest peak, and the Hoosac Range.

The Housatonic Valley extends from Lanesboro to Sheffield, a dis-
tance of 32 miles, about two-thirds of the length of the County. The
elevation of Pontoosuc Lake on the southern boundary of Lanesboro
is 1120 feet. At the southern boundary of the County, the river has
fallen to less than 700 feet. The floor of the valley varies consider-
ably. It is broad in Pittsfield, occupying about seven miles, and in
Sheffield six miles, and is narrowest at Glendale, where steep hills rise
abruptly from each bank. Several long valleys extend eastward from
the "main valley of the Housatonic : that occupied by Muddy Brook in
Great Barrington, that of Hop Brook in Tyringham and that of the
west branch of the Housatonic in Hinsdale and Dalton. Lake Gar-
field (Brewer Pond) and Lake Buel in Monterey are drained by the
Konkapot River, a tributary of the Housatonic which flows south,
through New Marlboro. Several long narrow valleys bring streams
from the northwest to the western bank of the Housatonic, notably
the Williams River through West Stockbridge and Great Barrington
and the Seekonk River, with its tributary, the Green River, through
Alford and Egremont.

The Hoosac River rises in Lanesboro and flows north through
Chesliire, Adams, North Adams, and Williamstown, falling into the
Hudson in Rensselaer County, New York.* Its course is rapid through-
out and it has a narrower valley than the Housatonic. In Williams-
town it receives from the west the Green River which rises in Hancock
and flows north in a long, narrow valley.

The Deerfield River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, borders
the town of Florida for about seven miles.

The Farmington, another tributary of the Connecticut River, head-
ing in the southern part of Becket, drains the greater portions of Otis
and Sandisfield.

The western part of Mt. Washington in the extreme southwestern
corner of the County lies almost entirely in the Hudson River drainage
system.

The Taconic Range forms the chief feature of the western border of
the County. It is formed of a succession of ranges, many of them ris-
ing in isolated peaks to over two thousand feet in height, separated
by the valleys above described or by passes such as that above Leba-
non, which has an altitude of 1500 feet. In the southwestern corner

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 185

of the County Mt. Everett, better known in the County as The Dome,
rises to an elevation of 2624 feet. In the northern end of the County,
lies the mass of which IMt. Greylock is the highest point. This peak
is 3505 feet above sea level, and is the highest mountain in the State.

The eastern portion of the County is composed of a broad series of
ranges, which are a continuation of the Green Mountain range of
Vermont. The highest peaks rise to an elevation of 2840 feet in
Florida and 2280 feet in Windsor, but there are no deep valleys sepa-
rating one range from another as in the Taconic range. For long
distances the upland rises steeply from the valleys of the Housatonic
and the Hoosac to a very uniform level, about 2000 feet in the north,
falling to 1500 feet in the south. The whole upland is so distinct in
its character from either the valleys above described or from the well-
drained Taconics that for convenience it will be called, in the following
list, the Hoosac Plateau or the Plateau.

There are nine or ten large lakes and a number of small ponds in the
County. Most of the lakes are remnants of glacial lakes formed in the
river valleys. The largest are Onota and Pontoosuc in Pittsfield, Lake
Mahkeenac (Stockbridge Bowl) in Stockbridge, Lakes Garfield (Brewer
Pond) and Bucl in IVIonterey, and Cheshire Reservoir in Cheshire.
Several of these have comparatively soft bottoms and marshy places
along part of the shore-line. There are in the upland, particularly in
Becket and Otis, a number of small ponds with hard bottoms and
rocky shores. There are also small })onds l)oth on the upland and in
the valleys in the center of "c[uaking" peat bogs. In Lenox and
Sheffield there are extensive swampy woods bordering the Housatonic
and its tributaries.

The altitude of much of the Plateau and of many of the hills, not-
ably The Dome and the Greylock mass, is sucli that snow falls earlier
and lingers later there than in the valleys, and clouds and mist often
rest on the heights when the \'alley is clear.

The distribution of plants depends so intimately on the character
of the soil and this in turn so much on past geological history that a
brief account of the main geological changes that have taken place in
the County is necessary. The ui)lan(l designati'd al)(>ve as the
Hoosac Plateau is composed for tlu' most part of hard igneous or
metamorphic rocks dating from tlu- .\reliaeaii and Cambrian periods.
The principal rocks are granitic gneiss, sericite schist, and (|uart7,ite.
The valleys of the Housatonic and H«)()sac and their principal tribu-

186 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

taries have been formed in a broad belt of limestone of Cambrian and
Ordovician formation. The Taconics are formed of sericite schist.
The hills which rise everywhere in the valley, even at times bordering
the river, are for the most part portions of the schist and the quartzite
formations which through faulting have been separated from the main
ranges and are often hard knobs, overlain on their flanks with lime-
stone. A narrow band of serpentine is exposed in Florida.

The greatest differences in soil in the County are due to the presence
of limestone in the valleys and its absence from the Plateau and the
higher ranges. Another very important factor in the formation of
soils of different nature was the glacier. Not only did the glacier
transport materials of different composition and mingle them together,
not only did it scrape the summits of the hills bare of soil, but at its
periods of halt it caused the formation of lakes and streams through
whose agency much of the transported and ground material was depos-
ited in the form of sand-plains and moraines. On the sides of all the
larger \'alleys are mounds of sandy or gravelly material deposited by
the halting ice-sheet, and on many of the valley floors are level sandy
plains, the former beds of lakes formed by an ice-obstructed gorge.

Taking into account the factors of shade, moisture, and soil the
native plants of Berkshire County may be divided, with more or less
exactness, into various groups or associations. The most character-
istic of these groups are indicated in the following lists, which are not
intended to be exhaustive but merely suggestive.

(1) Plants growing in water with submersed or floating leaves:
Isoetes cchinospora, var. Braimii, Sparganium angusiifolium and S.
fiuduans, all the Potamogetons, Elodea, VaUisneria, Ceratopkylluvi,
Nymphozanthus (Nuphar, Man. ed. 7), Castalia, Brasenia, Myrio-
phyllum exalbesccns and M. verticillatum, var. pectinatum, Bidens
Beckii, etc.

(2) Plants of muddy, sandy or rocky shores : Eriocaulon septangu-
lare, Eragrostis hypnoides, Carex flava, var. rectirostra, C. Oederi, var.
puviila, Cypcrus aristatus, C. esculentus, C. strigosus, Juncus articu-
latus, J. hrevicaudatus, J. marginatus, J. nodosus, J. pelocarpus, Radi-
cula pahistris, Hypericum boreale, H. canadense, H. ellipticum, Viola
lanceolata, Apocynum cannabinum, etc.

(3) Plants of low river banks and swales : Pteretis nodulosa {Onoclea
Struthiopieris), Bromus altissimus, Elymiis riparius, E. striatus,
Panicum dandestimim, Carex crinita, C. cristata, C. grisea, C. lanugi-

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 187

nosa, C. hngirostris, C. puhrscens, C. vesicaria, and var. monile, C.
tribuloides, Popnlns balsamifera, var. virginiana {P. deltoides Man.
ed. 7), Salix alba, var. vitellina, S. nigra, Polygonatum commutatum,
Smilacina steUata, Urtica gracilis, Polygonum la pathi folium, P. virgini-
anum, Ribes americanum, Gcum virginianum, Apios tuberosa, Acer
saccharinum, Impatiens pallida, Psedera vitacea, Vitis vulpina, Hyperi-
cum Ascyron, Veronica virginica, Hclcnium autumnale, Xanthium
jmngens.

(4) Plants of low calcareous meadows: Selaginella apoda, Carex
avrea, C.flava, \'ar. elatior, Scirpus lineatus, Juncus Dudleyii, Parnassia
caroliniana, Lythrum alatum. Lobelia Kalmii.

(5) Plants of calcareous bogs: Cypripedium liirsutum, Quercus
macrocarpa, Salix Candida, S. scrissima, Cardamine pratensis, var.
palustris, Viola renifolia, var. Braincrdii, Aster puniceus, var. lucidulus,
Solidago pcdula, S. nUginosa.

(6) Plants of rich leaf mould: Adiantum pedatum, Athyrium acro-
stichoides, Botrychium angnstiseg))ic}ifum, B. ra)iwsum, B. virginianum,
Carex laxiflora, var. blanda, C. laxiflora, var. latifolia, C. plantaginea,
C. platyphylla, Arisaema triphyllum, Allium tricoccum, Trillium erec-
tum, Cypripedium parviflorum, var. jMbescens, Orchis spectabilis,
Laportea canadensis, Asarum canadense, Claytonia caroliniana, Actaea
alba, A. rubra, Ilepatica acutiloba, H. amcricana (11. triloba 'Man. ed. 7),
Ranmicidus abortivus, var. cucyclus, Caulophyllum thalictroides, San-
guinaria canadensis, Dicentra canadensis, D. Cucullaria, Dentaria
diphylla, Viola canadensis, V. eriocarpa {V. scabriuscula Man. ed. 7),
V. rostrata, I'. Selkirkii, Panax trifolium, Osmorhiza Claytoni, Sanicula
gregaria, S. trifoliata, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Collinsonia canaden-
sis, Evpatorium iirticaefoUnm, Solidago latifolia, etc.

(7) Plants of dry Avoods: Lyco])odiu)n clavatum, Panicum dichoto-
mum, P. latifolium, Carex rosea, C. pennsyhanica, C. virescens, Lilium
philadclphieuin, Ilypoxis hirsuta, Cypripedium acaule, Castanea den-
tata, (lucreus alba, (^. Prinus, Anemonrlla iludietroides, Sassafras offi-
cinale, Baptisia tinctoria, Desmodium Dlllenii, 1). nudi/lorum, D. pani-
culatum, Polygala paucijlora, Ceanothus amerieanus, I'iola palmata,
I', sororia, Cireaea lutrtiana, Aralia nudieaulis, Cliimaphila umbellata,
Pyrola rotundifjlia, xnv. aincricana, I'aeciniunt raelllans, Lysimachia
quadrifolia, Aureolaria virginica (Cerardia virginica Man. ed. 7),
Melampyrum lineare, Antmnaria plantaginea, llelianthus divaricatus,
Hieracium, venosum, Srricocarpus asfcroidcs, Solidago bicolor.

188 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

(8) Plants of cool, moist woods: Thelypteris Phegopferis, Lycopo-
divm Ivcichtlvm, Taxvs canadensis, Cinna latifolia, Carex leptonervia,
C. novac-angliae, C. rosea, var. radiata, Clintonia horeaUs, Streptopus
rosens, Trillium vndvlatiim, Fagvs grandifolia, Ribes lacvstre, R. pros-
trahivi, Rvbvs canadensis, Oxalis Acetosella, Acer pennsylvanicum, A.
spicatvm, Circaea alpina, Cornvs canadensis, Sambucvs racemosus,
Viburnvm alnifolivm, Aster acnminatvs.

(9) Plants of wooded swamps: Thelypteris cristata, Osmunda cinna-
momea, 0. regalis, var. spectahilis, Carex intnmescens, var. Fernaldii,
C. tenella, Syviplocarpvs foetidvs, Habenaria psycodes, Benzoin aestivale,
Mitella 7mda, Ribes hirtellnm, R. triste, var. albinervium, Rubvs hispidus,
R. pvbescens, Rhvs Vernix, Ilex verticillata, var. ienuiJoUa, Nemo-
panthvs mvcronata, Rhamnvs alnifolia, Viola incogjiita, var. Forbesii,
Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lycopus vnifiorvs, Vihurnuvi cassinoides, V.
Opulns, var. americannm, Aster punicens, Bidens connata, Cirsium
muticum, Senecio aureus.

(10) Plants of bogs: Carex canescens, var. subloliacca, C. diandra and
var. raviosa, C. limosa, C. paiipercula, C. rostrata and var. utriculaia,
Eriophorum tenellum, Rhyncospora alba, Scirpus hudsonianus, Smila-
cina trifoliata, Pogonia ophioglossoidcs, Liparis Loeselii, Sarracenia
purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia, PotentiUa palustris, Epilobium molle,
Andromeda glaucophylla, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum groen-
landicum, Vaccinium corymbosum, V. v^acrocarpon, V. Oxycoccus,
Mcnyanthes trifoliata, Galium labradoricum, Lonicera caerulea, var.
vilhsa.

(11) Plants of rocky summits : Woodsia ilvensis, Agropyron caninum,
Deschampsia fiexuosa, Carex umbellata, Aquilegia canadensis, Corydalis
sempervirens, PotentiUa tridentata, Pyrus melanocarpa, Rhus copallina,
Rhus toxicodendrum, Psedera quinquefolia, var. hirsuta, Aralia hispida,
Gaylvssacia baccata, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.

(12) Plants of dry open sand or gravel: Juniperu^ communis, var.
depressa, J. virginiana, Andropogon scoparius, var. frequens, Eragrostis
pectinacea, Panicum lineariifolium, Carex cephalophora, C. festucacea,
var. brevior, C. triceps, var. hirsuta, Cyperus filiculmis, var. macilentus,
Spiranthes gracilis, Quercus ilicifolia, PotentiUa pumila, Rubus villosus,
Lespedeza hirta, Polygala verticillata, var. ambigtia, Hypericum gentian-
oides, Helianthemum Bicknellii {H. ma jus Man. ed. 7), H. canadense,
Lechea intermedia, Trichostema dichotomuvi, Aster ericoides, Gnapha-
lium polycephalum, Krigia virginica.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 189

Besides the factors above stated which determine the distribution of
plants "within their geographical range, there is the question of geo-
graphical range itself which determines the flora of a given region.
The past history of plant life on this continent is not well enough
known to enable us to do more than guess at the different courses which
plants have taken to reach the same region, but we do know of the
plants of any given region that some are commoner to the north, south,
east, or. west, and we think of certain plants therefore as representa-
tives of northern, southern, eastern, or western floras. Berkshire
County is a particularly interesting field for the study of the distri-
butional relationships of plants. Its flora contains a large proportion
of plants that reach the limits of their ranges within or very near its
borders. The great wall of the Hoosac Plateau and the broad valley
of the Connecticut apparently form a barrier against the progress
farther east of many plants which are found from Berkshire County
far westward. The drier soil and lower elevation of the country
south of Berkshire proves a barrier to the further progress of northern
plants, or it may well be that these plants have been retreating north-
ward, after the glacial waters were drained off and that the high land
or bogs of Berkshire still offer a suitable emironment.

A number of plants that occur in Berkshire County have not been
found farther north. These are either plants that require the warm
well-drained country lacking to the north, or plants that occupy the
ridges of the Alleghanies southward to Georgia and a very few that
follow the coastal plain to Florida.

A great number of plants characteristic of Berkshire County are
plants that need lime in the soil. Their range coincides with surpris-
ing exactness with that of the ancient sea-floors which are now exposed
in the limestone areas of the north and west. These plants extend
either from northern Maine through northern New Hampshire,
Vermont and across New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin to Alaska, or
south through Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, according as
they are plants that love warmth, or are plants of northern latitudes.

The distribution of some plants seems to hv determined by none of
the factors of soil or warmth as at present understood. Such plants
are everywhere tare or local in their distribution.

Tlic cliangcs l)r()iight al)out l)y the wliite man have profoundly
altered the original flora of the County. The clearing of the forests
and tiie cultivation of meadows and fields iuive ciumged the appear-

190 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ance of the valleys and to a certain extent also that of the slopes of the
mountains. In 1828, according to Bascom (Appearance and Dis-
appearance of Plants, Proceedings of the Berkshire Historical and
Scientific Society, 3: 301-315, 1899), there were in Berkshire 185
sawmills and 38 tanneries. Pine, Hemlock and Spruce have dimin-
ished more than the hardwoods. The only places where the original
flora has remained unaltered are the peat bogs around small ponds and
deep gorges and steep cliffs where lumbering was impossible. .

The introduction of plants foreign to the County, either from Europe
or from other parts of the New World, is chiefly noticeable in towns
and about farm land. Certain weeds, however, follow every highway,
and even wood roads, and other introduced species have invaded the
rocky summits of the remotest hills. On the summit of Greylock, one
can count a dozen introduced species. Three introduced species
have spread so widely that they have become characteristic features
of the landscape. These are the Buttercup {Ranunculus acris), the
Daisy {Chrysanthfmum leucanihemiim, var. pinnatifidum) and the
White Willow {Salix alba, var. vitellina).

In many parts of the County the clearings and hillside pastures are
reverting to brush and small timber. Steeple-bush (Spiraea tomen-
tosa) and Raspberries {Ruhiis idaeus, var. strigosus) first cover the
ground, then Birches and White Pines spring up. A rough estimate
by Mr. Cook, the State Forester, puts the percentage of forested area
in five Berkshire towns as follows : —

Town

Total area in acres

Percentage forest

Pittsfield

27,000

30%

.Sheffield

32,000

40%

Savoy ■

25,000

60%

Sandisfield

24,000

70%

Florida

12,800

85%

The plants in the following groups are those which reach the limits
of their ranges in or near Berkshire County. The list is confined to
species or well-marked varieties wiiose distribution is well known.
The geographical range is based on published records and on an exam-
ination of the collections of the New England Botanical Club and the
Gray Herbarium.

(1) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, but have not been
found native east of the Connecticut River, ranging northwestward,
westward, or southwestward, and in the case of certain calciphiles

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 191

northeastward (stations in the Connecticut Valley in parentheses):
Asplenivm cbrnoidcs, Pcilaea atrojmrpurea, Equisetum variegatum,
Sparganivrn fluduans, Potamogeton alpinus, P. Friesii, Sagittaria
cuneata (S. arifolia Man. ed. 7), Carex alopecoidea, C. rosea, var. minor,
C. churnea, C. Davisii, C. formosa, C. Hitchcockiana, C. oligocarpa,
C. ScJnceinitzii, C. trichocarpa, C. Tvckennani, Scirpiis Peckii, S.
lineatns, Jv7icns Dudleyi, Uvularia grandiflora, Populus Tacamahacca
(P. balsamifrra Man. ed. 7), Salix serissima, Qvercus macrocarpa, Q.
Muhlenbergn, Morns rubra, Chcnopodiwn Boscianwn, Arcnaria viacro-
phylla, Cerasti'um nvtans, Ranuncidns cirdnatus. Podophyllum pelta-
tum, Arahis lyrata, Rlbcs tristc, xar. albinervium, Waldsteinia fraga-
rioides (Greenfield), Polygala Senega, Ilex monticola, var. mollis,
Impatiens pallida (Deerfield), Hypericum Ascyron (Northampton),
Viola latiuscula, V. nephrophyUa, T'. Selkirkii, Sanicula trifoliata,
Agastache nepetoides, A. scrophvlariaefolia, Blephilia ciliata, B. hirsuta,
Stachys palustris, var. homotricha, Physalis heterophylla, var. ambigua,
Veronica virginica, Lonicera hirsuta, Viburnum a fine {V. pubescens
Man. ed. 7), Lobelia siphilitica. Aster prcnanthoides, Cirsium Hillii,
Helenium autumnale, Solidago hispida (Northampton).

(2) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, that have not been found
in Connecticut, ranging northward, northwestward, or northeastward:
Polystichum Braunii, Thelypteris spinulosa, var. americana, Potamo-
geton strictifolius, Poa nemoralis, Cyperus Iloughtonii, Carex sctacea,
C. lenticularis, C. deflexa, C. albicans, Juncus filiformis, Luzula parvi-
flora, Cypripedium arietinum, Habenaria obtusata, Salix liicida, var.
angustifolia, Alnus mollis. Polygonum lapathifolium, var. salicifolium
(P. tomentosum, var. incanum Man. ed. 7), Pyrus sitchensis, Amelan-
chier Bartramiana, Viola renifolia, Circaea canadensis {C. intermedia
^lan. ed. 7), Pyrola asarifolia, var. incarnata, P. secunda, var. obtusata,
Ilydrophyllum canadense, Isanthus brachiatns, Symphoricar})us albus,
var. paucifiorus, Solidago macrophylla, S. Randii, Aster polyphyllus,
A. longifolius, var. villi caidis.

(3) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, not found native in
Vermont, ranging southward, or southwestward : Juniperus com-
munis, Digitaria filiformis, Eragrostis Frankii, Panicum umbrosujyi,
Carex albolutescens, var. cumulata, C. laxiculmis, C. seorsa, C. atlantica
(C. sterilis Man. ed. 7), C. tetanica, C. typhina, Orontium aquaticum,
Juncus militaris, Chamaelirium luteum, Smilax rotundifolia, Uyix)xis
hirsuta, Sisyrinchium gramineum, Qucrcus coccinea, Polygonum tcnue,

192 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Silene pennsyhanica, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cardamine Douglassii,
Sedum ternatum, Potentilla 2:)umila, Prunus americana, Ruhus
Enslenii, Linum virginianum, Vitis aestivalis, Elatine americana
(E. viinima Man. ed. 7), Viola pahnata, Angelica villosa, Clethra alni-
folia, Rhododendron nudiflorum, Vaccinium stamineum, Gentiana
Andreivsii, Cnscuta arvensis, Lycopus virginicus, Utricularia minor,
Aster Lowreianus, var. lanceolatus, Prenanthes Serpentaria, Solidago
rigida, S. speciosa.

FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES.

POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY.

ADIANTUM. Maidenhair.

A. pedatum L. Maidenhair. — Rich woods; common. On the
slopes of the plateau to 1.500 feet; on the slopes of Greylock to 2000
feet.

ASPLENIUM. Spleenwort.

X A. ebenoides R. R. Scott. — A- hybrid between Asplenium
plaiy7)curon and Camptosorus rhizophyllus. First reported from
Berkshire Co. by Mrs. J. R. Sanford {vid. Rhodora, 8: 113, 1906),
growing on limestone rocks in the southern part of Sheffield. Three
plants were subsequently found by Walters in another locality in the
same town.

A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. — Rocky pas-
tures and open rocky woods, generally at the bases of ledges; fre-
quent. Grows chiefly on limestone, but also on serpentine (Florida)
and schist (West Stockbridge). Rare on the plateau; Washington
(C. S. Lewis).

forma serratum (E. S. Miller), comb. nov. — (.4. jAatyneuron, var.
serrahm E. S. IMiller, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 4: 41, 1873.)

Occasional with the type, Sheffield.

A. Ruta-muraria L. Rue Spleenwort. — Limestone cliffs and
boulders; occasional. Williamstown; North Adams; Lenox; Stock-
bridge; New Marlboro; Shcnicld.

A. Trichomanes L. Maidknilviu Spleexwokt. — On or near
shaded rocks, chiefly calcareous; frequent. Rare on the plateau;
Washington and Becket (C. S. Lewis).

ATHYRIUM.

{Asplenium Man. rd. 7 and 111. V\. cd. J in part;
lid. Rhodora, 19: 170, 1917.)

A. acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels. Silvery Spleenwort. — {Athy-
rnim thclypieroidcs III. Fl. ed. 2.)

194 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Rich, moist woods, particularly along brooks; frequent, except on
the plateau.

A. angustifolium (Michx.) Milde. Narrow-leaved Spleen-
wort. — (Asplenium pycnocarpon 111. Fl. ed. 2).

Rich woods, generally in alluvial pockets spread by brooks at the
bases of rich slopes, often with Thclyytcris Goldiana; occasional in the
valley. Williamstown (Churchill) ; Adams (Schweinfurth) ; Cheshire
(Winslow); Pittsfield; Lenox; Stockbridge; Sheffield. On South
Mountain, Pittsfield, one colony grows in rich soil on a flat rock.

The ferns which have passed in Massachusetts as Asplenium
Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. have been lately treated as including two
species and several varieties {vid. Butters, Rhodora, 19: 181 seq., 1917).
Athyrium angusiuvi (Willd.) Presl. is apparently the only species in
this group that occurs in Berkshire County. It differs from Athyrium
asplcnioides (Michx.) Desv., which is found in eastern Massachusetts,
in having the horizontal or somewhat oblique rootstock completely
concealed by the thick fleshy bases of the old fronds. The species and
two varieties may be distinguished by the following key.

Key to Athyrium angustum and varieties.

a. Fronds dimorphic, the fertile coriaceous, contracted, sori at maturity

confluent and covering the lower side of the fertile pinnules. Sun forms,

found only in region of hot summers.

h. Longest pinnae of the fertile frond 5-12 cm. long, pinnules 4-12 mm.

long, simple, sori mainly asplenoid {vid. Rhodora, 19: 174, 176, 1917);

pinnules of sterile fronds oblong-obtuse, but slightly toothed or

lobed A. angustum, f. typicum.

b'. Longest pinnae of fertile frond 1-2 dm. long, pinnules 12-25 mm.
long, pinnatifid, sori several on each of the lower segments, often
horseshoe-shaped; pinnules of sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate,
strongly toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat acute.

A. angustum, var. elatius.
a'. P>onds not dimorphic, coriaceous or contracted, sori discrete at maturity.
Forms of regions with cool summers, found also in dense shade in warmer
regions. Pinnules lanceolate, sub-acute, strongh' toothed or pinna-
tifid, the segments toothed, membranous wing along the rhachis obscure
or wanting .4. angustum, var. rubellum.

A. angustum (Willd.) Presl. Lady Fern. — {Asplenium Filix-
femina Man. ed. 7 in part; Athyrium Filix-foemina 111. Fl. ed. 2 in
part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 190, 1917.)

Dry open thickets; frequent.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 195

var. elatius (Link) Butters.— (Vid. Rhodora, 19: 191, 1917.)
Dry woods, thickets and clearings; frequent in the southern part of
the valley.

var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters. — ( Vid. Rhodora, 19: 193, 1917.)
Rich woods and swamps; common.

CAMPTOSORUS. Walking Leaf.

C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Leaf; Walking Fern. —
On limestone, chiefly in shade; frequent in the valley. Becket (C. S.
Lewis) .

forma auriculatus, f. nov. — Auriculis elongatis. Auricles
elongated, sometimes rooting.

Limestone ledge. New Marlboro.

CRYPTOGRAMMA. Rock Brake.

C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Slender Rock Brake. — On shaded
limestone cliffs, Bullock's Ledge, W^illiamstown.

CYSTOPTERIS. Bladder P^erx.
(Filix 111. Fl. cd. 2.)

C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulb-bearing Fern. — Wet banks and
moist rocks, chiefly in shade, generally but not always in calcareous
soil; frequent in the valley and on the slopes of Greylock and of The
Dome, but rarer on the plateau. Washington and Becket (C. S.
Lewis).

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile Bladder Fern. — Shaded cliffs,
moist banks and rocky wooded hillsides; frequent.

DENNSTAEDTIA.

(DicUonia Man. od. 7; rid. Rhodora, 21: 175, 1919.)

D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern. — Dry
woods and upland hillsides; common. When growing in shade near
an opening, this fern turns the face of the frond, that is the side that
does not bear the spores, to_tho light.

ONOCLEA.

O. sensibilis L. Shnsitivk Fkii.n. - Wet iiu adows, swampy
thickets and wet woodland; common.

196 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert. — Washington (C. S.
Lewis); Lenox; New Marlboro.

PELLAEA. Cliff Brake.

P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Purple Cliff Brake. — Limestone
ledges ; occasional.

POLYPODIUM. Polypody.

P. vulgare L. Common Polypody. — Shaded rocks, chiefly on
schist, but occasionally on limestone; common.

forma attenuatum (Milde) Gilbert. — Rich woods ; occasional.
Becket (C. S. Lewis); South Mountain, Pittsfield; Bash Bish Falls,
Mt. Washington.

forma auritum (Willd.), comb. nov. — (P. vulgare 0 auritum Willd.
Sp. PL 5: 173, 1810.)

Becket (C. S. Lewis).

POLYSTICHUM.

P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. — Rocky
woods; common. A plant from Lee has the frond subdivided at the
tip, so that there are four separate tips, the two longest 10 cm. in length.

forma incisum (Gray) Gilbert. — (var. Schweinitzii Man. ed. 7
and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 11: 35, 1909.)

Occasional with the type. Williamstown; Florida; W^ashington
and Becket (C. S. Lewis); Lenox; Stockbridge; Great Barrington.
A plant collected by Walters in Lanesboro has broad obtuse and in-
cised pinnae of the year, while the fronds of the year before are normal.

P. Braunii (Spenner) Fee.— On the margins of cold mountain
brooks, on Greylock and on Fife Brook, Florida. Two plants in rich
leaf mould. South Mountain, Pittsfield (S. W. Bailey). These are the
only known stations for this uortli^rn fern in Massachusetts.

PTERETIS.

{Matteuccia 111. Fl. ed. 2; Onoclea Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 175, 1919.)

P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. Ostrich Fern. — {M. Struthiop-
teris 111. Fl. ed. 2; 0. Struthiopteris Man. ed. 7.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 197

Alluvial soil along rivers and brooks to an altitude of 1500 ft.;
common.

PTERIDIUM. Brake; Bracken.
{Pteris Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 176, 1919.)

P. latiusculum (Desv.) Maxon. Common Brake. — (Pteris
aquilina Man. ed. 7; Pteridium aquilinum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of woods, open woodland, rocky upland pastures and
clearings; common.

THELYPTERIS. Shield Fern.

{Aspidium Man. ed. 7; Phcgopteris Man. ed. 7; Dnjoptcris 111. Fl. ed. 2; ind.
Rhodora, 21: 17-4, 176, 1919.)

T. Boottii (Tuckerman) Nieuwl. Boott's Shield Fern. —
Swampy woods; frequent. Perhaps a hybrid between Thelypteris
cristata and T. spimdosa, var. intermedia. Specimens collected in
Washington by C. S. Lewis have the later fronds with laciniate seg-
ments, apparently due to the presence of a borer in the rootstock.

T. cristata (L.) Nieuwl. Crested Shield Fern. — Borders of
swampy woods and low meadows; frequent.

var. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Weatherby. Clinton's Shield
Fern.— {D. Clintomana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swampy woods; frequent in the valley, occasional on the plateau.

T. Dryopteris (L.) Slosson. Oak Fern. — Cool woods, often
under conifers; frequent.

T. Goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl. Goldie's Shield Fern. — Rich
woods, generally in alluvial pockets spread by brooks at the bases of
slopes of rich soil, often in company with Athyrium angustifolium;
occasional in the valley. Florida (Hunnewell); Williamstown
(Churchill); Cheshire (Winslow); Lanesboro (Churchill); Pittsfield;
Washington (C. S. Lewis); Leno.x; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters).

T. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby. Broad Beech Fern. —
Rich moist soil in rather open woodland; occasional in the valley.
Williamstown (Churchill); Hancock (Churchill); Lenox; Stockbridge;
Great Barrington; Sheffield.

T. marginalis (L.) Nieuwl. Mar(;inal Shield Fern. — Rocky or
swampy woods, often on rocks; counnon.

forma elegans (Robinson) Weatherliy, eoiiil). nov. — {Aspidium

198 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

marginale, var. elegans J. Robinson, Ferns of Essex County, Mass.,
151, 1875.)

Rich woods; frequent.

T. noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. New York Shield Fern. —
Moist well-drained woods; common.

T. palustris Schott. Marsh Fern.— {D. Thelypteris 111. Fl. ed.
2; A. Thelypteris MsLXi. ed. 7.)

Wet meadows, swampy thickets and moist woodland; common.
On the summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

T. Phegopteris (L.) Slosson. Beech Fern. — Cool woods, espe-
cially on moist banks; frequent in the valley, common on the plateau.

T. simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. — Swampy woods, in small col-
onies; occasional. Washington (C. S. Lewis); Ward Pond, Becket;
Shaw Pond, Otis; Big Pond, Otis; Sandisfield (Walters).

T. spinulosa (O. F. Miiller) Nieuwl. Spinulose Shield Fern. —
Swampy woods ; frequent.

var. americana (Fisch.) Weatherby. — (var. dilatatum, f. anaden-
ium Man. ed. 7; D. dilatata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Common in rocky woods on the upper slopes of Greylock, and prob-
ably occasional on the plateau, as a specimen collected by C. S. Lewis
from a shady swamp in Washington (altitude 1700 feet) has been
identified by C. A. Weatherby as this variety.

var. intermedia (Muhl.) Nieuwl. — (Z). intermedia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky or swampy woods; common. Broad forms approaching
var. americana occur in cool woods and swamps, as at Ice Glen,
Stockbridge; Ice Gorge, Great Barrington; The Dome, Mt. Washing-
ton. A form with very narrow pinnules, approaching var. concor-
diana occurs on Fern Cliff, Lee.

Hybrid forms of Thelypteris.

T. cristata X marginalis. — Lenox; Washington (C. S. Lewis).

T. cristata X spinulosa. — Lenox; Washington (C. S. Lewis).

T. cristata, var. Clintoniana X spinulosa, var. intermedia. —
Cheshire (Winslow); Washington (C. S. Lewis).

T. cristata, var. Clintoniana X Goldiana. — North Adams
(Churchill).

T. Goldiana X marginalis. — Cheshire (Winslow).

T. marginalis X spinulosa, var. intermedia. — Washington
(C. S. Lewis).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 199

WOODSIA.

W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. — Exposed rocks; occa-
sional. Stockbridge ; West Stockbridge; Monterey; New Marlboro;
Mt. Washington; Sheffield.

W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt-lobed Woodsia. — Exposed
rocks or shaded ledges, chiefly calcareous; occasional in the valley.
Cheshire (Winslow); Pittsfield; Stockbridge; New Marlboro;
Egremont (Walters); Sheffield.

OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN FAMILY.
OSMUNDA. Flowering Fern.

O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. — Low wet woods, borders
of swamps in the valley, and wet hillsides on the plateau, where it
reaches an altitude of 2100 feet (Florida); common.

forma bipinnatifida Clute. — Swampy woods, Sandisfield.

forma frondosa (T. & G.) Britton. — (var. frondosa Man. ed. 7.)

Sheffield (Churchill).

O. Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. — Moist woods and on
the plateau on ill-drained hillsides; common.

O. regalis L., var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. Royal Fern. —
(0. regalis Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 17G, 1919.)

Borders of ponds, swamps and wet woods, reaching an altitude of
2000 feet (Savoy); frequent.

OPHIOOLOSSAC'EAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY.
BOTRYCHIUM. Moonwort; Grape Fern.

B. angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fernald. — {B. lanceo-
latum, var. angvstispgmentum Man. cd. 7; vid. Rhodora, 17: 87, 1915;
B. lancrolatuu) 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich leaf mould, chiefly under deciduous trees, often with B.
ramosum; frequent.

B. dissectum Spreng. — (B. obliquum, var. di-sscctiim Man. ed. 7.)

Woods and pastiu'cs; frequent.

forma elongatum (Gilbert & Haberer), comb. nov. — (B.
obliquum, var. elongatum Gilbert & Ilabi-rer, Fern Hull. 11: S9, 1903,
and Man. e<l. 7.)

Pasture, Mt. Washington.

200 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fernald. — (B. obliquum Man. ed. 7 and
111. Fl. ed. 2; rid. Rhodora, 23: 151, 1921.)

Fields, hillsides, pastures and open woods ; frequent.

B. ramosum (Roth) Aschers. — (B. negledum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich leaf mould, chiefly under deciduous trees, often associated
with B. angusiisegvicntum; frequent.

B. simplex E. Hitchcock. — New Ashford, in pastures not far from
brook (Andrews); Washington (C. S. Lewis); rich woods. Stock-
bridge; Sheffield (Churchill).

B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. —
{B. silaifolmm 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Pastures and open woods; frequent.

B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. — Rich woods;
common. A plant from Florida has the fertile segment divided into
two full-sized divisions.

var. intermedium Butters. — {B. virginianum Man. ed. 7 in part.)

Dry, rocky upland woods. North Adams (Fernald and Long).

Botrychium virginianum, var. intermedium has lately been dis-
tinguished from the type {vid. Rhodora, 19: 207, 1917).

Ripe sporangia straw-colored, opening but slightly in dehiscence, their walls
composed of regular cells; pinnules of the sterile frond ovate to lance-ovate,
their ultimate segments spatulate B. virginianum, var. intermedium..

Ripe sporangia brown, opening rather widely in dehiscence, their walls
composed, at least in part, of irregular cells with sinuous walls; pinnules of the
sterile frond much dissected, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or nearly pinnate,
and the ultimate segments oblong or cuneate or decurrent at the base, lanceo-
late and scarcely or not at all spatulate B. virginianum.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder's Tonglte.

O. vulgatum L. Adder's Tongue. — Mucky pockets in low
meadows; frequent. In thin soil on a limestone outcrop in Great

Barrington.

MARSILEACEAE.
MARSILEA.

M. QUADRiFOLiA L. — A small colony in the inlet to Prospect Pond,
Egremont. An interesting European aquatic often cultivated and
probably introduced, perhaps accidentally, at the above station.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 201

EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY.
EQUISETUM. HoRSET.UL.

E. arvense L. Common Horsetail. — Wet roadsides, and banks
and sandy shores; common.

E. fluviatile L. Pipes. — Marshes, shallow water and muddy
shores; common.

E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Scouring
Rush. — Sandy or gravelly banks; frequent.

forma ramosum A. A. Eaton.— Vid. Fern Bull. 11: 112 (1903).
Occasional. Florida; Great Barrington.

E. scirpoides Michx. — Wet gravelly banks; occasional. Williams-
town (Andrews); North Adams; Adams (Knowlton and Bean);
Stockbridge; New ^Marlboro.

E. sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Wilde., forma multi-
ramosuni Fernald. — {E. sylvaticum Man. ed. 7 in part).

Swampy woods and moist shaded banks; frequent.

Practically all the material of E. sylraticum collected in Berkshire
County is the freely-forking form, described by Professor Fernald
(Rhodora, 20: 131, 1918). A specimen from Adams, less freely
forking, might be considered the typical var. pauciramosum.

E. variegatum Schleich. — Low ground or wet gravelly banks;
occasional. Williamstown (Andrews); Stockbridge; Sheffield.

LYCOPODLVCKAK. CLUB MOSS FAMILY.
LYCOPODIUM. Club Moss.

Lycopodium annotinum L. — Cool woods; frequent,
var. acrifolium Fernald. — Vid. Rhodoru, 17: 124 (1915).
Mt. Washington (Floyd).

Leaves nio.stly spreiidinp; or reflexed, those of the fruiting branches 5.5-11
mm. long L. annotinum.

Leaves strongly ascending or appre.ssed, those of the fruiting branches 2.5-
6 mm. long var. acrifnliHtn.

L. clavatum L. Common Ci.uh Moss. — Dry woods and clear-
ings; conunon. A form with elongated sterile spikes, mostly siniple,
2 to 3 dm. long and no fertile spikes, constant each season, has been
collected in Hancock (A. K. Harri.son).

202 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell. — Spikes solitary. ( Vid.
Rhodora, 12: 53, 1910.)

Dry thickets; frequent, especially on the upland.

L. complanatum L., var. flabelliforme Fernald. Ground
Pine. — (L. complanahim 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Dry woods and clearings, especially under pines; common.

L. inundatum L. — Shores of ponds and wet open ground; occa-
sional. Bank near cold stream, altitude 2000 feet. North Adams
(Andrews); Basin and Spectacle Ponds, Becket; low meadow,
Sheffield.

L. lucidulum Michx. — Cool woods; common.

L. obscurum L. Tree Club Moss. — Woods, generally dry,
occasionally swampy; frequent.

var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. — Open woodlands;
common.

L. Selago L. Bank near cold stream on the northeast face of Grey-
lock, altitude 2000 feet, one small station (Andrews) . This is the only
station known in Massachusetts for this plant of high latitudes and
altitudes. Specimen in Williams College Herbarium.

L. tristachyum Pursh. — Cheshire (Winslow) ; rather moist woods
near Ward Pond, Becket, altitude 1600 feet; dry woods, Sheffield.

SELAGINELLACEAE.
SELAGINELLA.

S. apoda (L.) Fernald.— (S. apus Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2;
md. Rhodora, 17: 68, 1915.)

Wet meadows and ill-drained hillsides; frequent in the valley,
apparently following the limestone up the sides of the valley, reaching
an altitude of 1300 feet in Tyringham.

S. rupestris (L.) Spring. — Exposed rocks; occasional. Florida,
on serpentine; West Stockbridge, on schist; New Marlboro; Shef-
field, on limestone, altitude 700 feet; Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washing-
ton.

isoEtaceae. quillwort family.

ISOETES. Quillwort.

I. echinospora Dur., var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. — (7. Braunii
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 203

Shallow water of ponds and streams; frequent, particularly on the
upland. Occasionally on exposed muddy shores and at other times
at a^^depth of several feet.

SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS; FLOWERING PLANTS.
GYMNOSPERMAE. GYMNOSPERMS.

TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY.
TAXUS. Yew.

T. canadensis Marsh. Ground Hemlock. — Cool woods and
shaded slopes; common,

PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY.
ABIES. Fir.

A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. — Swamps and moist slopes,
along the plateau from Sandisfield northward; frequent in Sandisfield,
common in parts of Washington and on Greylock.

JUNIPERUS. Juniper.

J. communis L. — A single tree, 3 m. high, in open woodland,
Pittsfield.

var. depressa Pursh. Common Juniper. — Hillside pastures and
borders of woodland; frequent in Sheffield, rare elsewhere in the
valley. Frequent on a gravelly hillside. Cold Spring Road, Williams-
town. Occasional on the plateau. Savoy, Washington (altitude
1800 feet).

J. virginiana L. Red Cedar; S.^vin. — Hillside pastures; fre-
quent in Sheffield, occasional in the Housatonic Valley as far north as
Lee. A fine grove on a gravelly hillside on the Cold Spring Road,
Williamstown. A few scattered trees in South Sandisfield; not noted
elsewhere on the plateau.

LARIX. Larch.

L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Larch; Tamarack. — Wet hillsides
and swamps; common.

204 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PICEA. Spruce.

P. mariana (Mill) BSP. Bog Spruce; Black Spruce. — Peat
bogs; occasional. Adams (Knowlton & Bean); Ward Pond, Becket;
Wolf Swamp, Sandisficld. Tn the last two localities the Spruce is the
host for Dwarf Mistletoe {Arceuthobium) .

P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. Red Spruce.— (P. ruhens 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky summits on the plateau; occasional in the valley, (a few
trees in a swamp in Stockbridge). Some fine timber still left on Grey-
lock.

forma virgata Rehder. — Williamstown (Walker).

Differs from the type by the long and slender branches entirely
destitute of branchlets (rid. Rhodora, 9: 110, 1907).

PINUS. Pine.

P. resinosa Ait. Red Pine; Norway Pine. — Rocky woods;
rare. Summit of Tom Ball, Alford; Stockbridge.

P. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. — Sandy soil; frequent in Sheffield,
occasional in Stockbridge, New Marlboro, Sandisfield, Great Barring-
ton; summit of The Dome, Mt. Washington.

P. Strobus L. White Pine. — In almost every soil and situation;
common. Young pines grow up in the shelter of Hardback (Poten-
tilla fruticosa) and gradually kill it out.

P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. — An occasional escape from
cultivation. Lanesboro (Walters).

THUJA. Arbor Vitae.

T. occidentalis L. Akbor Vitae; White Cedar. — Commonly
planted and occasionally si)reading. Although Arbor Vitae has been
found native in Connecticut and New York, in localities close to Berk-
shire Co., no native trees have been discovered in the County.

TSUGA. Hemlock.
T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. — Rocky w^oods; common.

TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
TYPHA. Cat-tail.

T. angustifolia L. — Borders of swamps; rare. Stockbridge;
Sandisfield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 205

T. latifolia L. Cat-tail. — Borders of swamps and marshes,
ditches; fre(iiient.

SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY.
SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed.

S. americanum Xutt. — Muddy shores; frequent.

var. androcladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames. — (<S. andro-
clachim 111. Fl. ed. 2.) Occasional with the type.

The validity of this variety is questioned by Blake (Rhodora, 15:
157, 1913).

S. angustifolium Michx. — Ponds and slow streams; frequent.

S. diversifolium Graebner. — Wet, roadside ditches on the plateau,
brooks, swales, and muddy shores; common.

var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald & Fames. — (8. acaule 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Common on the plateau.

S. eurycarpum Engelm. — Borders of ponds and rivers at low
altitudes; common along the Housatonic River. Not noted on the
plateau.

S. fluctuans (Morong) Robinson. — Upland ponds; occasional.
Basin Pond, Becket; Shaw Pond, Otis; near East Pond, New Marl-
boro.

S. minimum Fries. — Border of swamp, Stockbridge,

NAJADACEAK. PONDWEED FAMILY.

NAJAS.

{Naias 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. — Ponds and slow
streams; common in the valley, not noted on the plateau.

POTAMOGETON. Pondweed.

P. alpinus Hali)is. — ('(illeeted ill Richmond in 1864 by J. W.
Rol)bins. Specimen in the Gray Herbarium marked " e rivulo prope
viam ferream."

P. amiericanus C. &. S. — In streams and outlets of lakes; fre-
quent in the valley. Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Shellield.

P. amplifolius Tuckerm. — Ponrls and sluggish streams; common.

P. angustifolius iJerchtold & Pre.sl. — Marsh, Egreinont.

P. bupleuroides Fernald. — {P. pcrfoliatus 111. Fl. rd. 2.)

206 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Frequent in lakes in the southern part of the valley. Lake Garfield
Monterey; Lake Buell, New Marlboro; Stoekbridge Bowl, Stock-
bridge.

P. confervoides Reichenb. — In Guilder Pond on the Dome, Mt.
Washington, altitude 2000 feet. The only locality in the State for
this local Pondweed.

P. dimorphus Raf. — In shallow water on sandy or gravelly bot-
tom ; frequent. Pontoosuc and Onota Lakes, Pittsfield ; Shaw Pond,
Otis; Lake Garfield, Monterey; Upper Spectacle Pond, Sandisfield.

The form with crested fruit is the common form in the Pittsfield
lakes.

P. epihydrus Raf. — Ponds and brooks; common.

var. cayugensis (Wiegand) Benn. — Cranberry and Crane Ponds,
West Stoekbridge.

P. foliosus Raf. — In quiet shallow water; frequent. Muddy
Pond, Washington; Pontoosuc and Onota Lakes, Pittsfield; Lake
Buell, Monterey; Symon's Pond, Sandisfield; Mill River, New Marl-
boro.

P. Friesii Rupr. — Occasional; Konkapot Brook, Stoekbridge;
Mill River, New Marlboro.

P. heterophyllus Schreb. — Ponds, on gravelly bottom; common.

forma longipedunculatus (Merat) Morong. — On gravelly bot-
tom in deep water. Richmond Lake, Richmond; Stoekbridge Bowl,
Stoekbridge.

forma maximus Morong. — Housatonic River, Stoekbridge.

forma myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong. — Harmon Pond, Shef-
field.

forma terrestris Schlecht. — Muddy shores, Stoekbridge Bowl,
Stoekbridge.

P. hybridus Michx. — (P. diversifolius 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Plantin Pond, Mt. Washington.

P. lucens L. — Frequent in the southern part of the valley. Onota
Lake, Pittsfield; Stoekbridge Bowl, Stoekbridge; Prospect Pond,
Egremont; Harmon Pond, Sheffield.

P. natans L. — Ponds and slow streams; common.

P. Oakerianus Robbins. — On upland ponds; occasional. South
Pond, Savoy; pools in bog, Monterey; Spectacle Pond, Sandisfield;
Guilder Pond, Mt. Washington.

P. obtusifolius Mertens & Koch. — In cool ponds, on muddy bot-

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 207

torn. Shaw Pond, Becket; Parish Pond, Otis; Crane and Cran-
berry Ponds, West Stockbridge; Three-mile Pond, Sheffield.

P. pectinatus L. — Common throughout the southern part of the
County, in shallow muddy ponds and in the Housatonie River. In
Laurel Lake, Lee, it grows at the exceptional depth of six feet. Alti-
tude 1450 feet, IVIuddy Pond, Washington.

P. praelongus Wulf. — In deep water (six feet) in lakes. Stock-
bridge Bowl, Stockbridge; Lake Garfield, Monterey; Harmon Pond,
New Marlboro; Three-mile Pond, Sheffield.

P. pusillus L. — Shallow water in ponds and streams; common.

var. tenuissimus Mertens & Koch. — Stockbridge Bowl, Stock-
bridge; Prospect Pond, Egremont.

P. Robbinsii Oakes. — In shallow waterof ponds and lakes, through-
out the southern half of the County, generally associated with P.
pectivatus. A plant with a single perfectly developed fruit collected
in Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield. The steiile shoots form close mats
over the bottom.

P. strictifolius Benn. — In quiet water of lakes; occasional.
Onota Lake, Pittsfield ; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge ; Crane Pond,
West Stockbridge.

P. Vaseyi Robbins. — In quiet water, Lake Garfield, Monterey.

P. zosterifolius Schumacher. — (P. compressus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Tn lakes and in the Housatonie River throughout the southern part
of the valley.

JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY.
SCHEUCHZERIA.

S. palustris L. — Sedgy borders of peat bogs; rare. Sheffield;
Monterey.

ALISMACEAE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
ALISMA. Water-plaxtaix.

A. Plantago-aquatica L. — {A. subcordatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Muddy shores and ditches ; common.

SAGITTARIA. Aukow-hkad.

S. arifolia Xutt. — Shallow water; occasional. Onota Lake,
Pittsfield; swale near Housatonie River, New Lenox; brook, Stock-
bridge; river fiats, Sliellield (Clmrchiil).

208 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

S. graminea Michx. — Lake shores; occasional in the valley.
Onota Lake, Pittsfield, submersed; gravelly shore of Richmond Lake,
Richmond, emersed; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge.

S. heterophylla Pursh, forma fluitans Blake. — Vid. Rhodora,
15: 159 (1913). (S. rigida 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Leaves all linear, or phyllodial and bladeless.

Shallow water of ponds; occasional. Stockbridge Bowl, Stock-
bridge; Crane Pond, West Stockbridge; Guilder Pond, Mt. Washing-
ton, altitude 2000 feet.

S. latifolia Willd. — Muddy shores and swamps; common. Five
forms of this variable species occur in Berkshire County. The type
form has been collected in Cheshire (Winslow) and North Adams
(Fernald and Long).

forma diversifolia (Engelm.) Robinson. — Borders of lakes; fre-
quent.

forma gracilis (Pursh) Robinson. — Shallow water, borders of lakes
and streams; frequent.

forma hastata (Pursh) Robinson. — Shallow water; common.

forma obtusa (Muhl.) Robinson. — Swamps and riverbanks; fre-
quent.

HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY.

ELODEA. Water-weed.

{Philotria 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

E. canadensis Michx. Water-weed. — Shallow water in ponds
and streams; ccrmmon in the valley.

VALLISNERIA. Eel Grass.

V. americana Michx. Eel Grass. — ( F. spiralis Man. ed. 7;
vid. Rhodora, 20: 108, 1918.)

Shallow water of ponds and in the Housatonic River; frequent.
Onota Lake, Pittsfield, covering the sandy bottom densely over many
acres, turning reddish in September and browning the surface of the
water; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge; Crane Pond, West Stock-
bridge; shallow lagoons of the Housatonic River from Stockbridge to
Sheffield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 209

GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY.
AGROPYRON.

A. caninum (L.) Beauv. Awned Wheat Grass. — Rocky hills
and ledges; occasional in the southern part of the valley. West
Stockbridge Mt.; Tom Ball, Alford; Bear and Monument Mts.,
Great Barrington; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

forma glaucum Pease & Moore. — Vid. Rhodora, 12: 71 (1910).
Limestone ledges, New Marlboro and Sheffield.

Plants glaucous.

var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & Moore. — Vid. Rhodora, 12: 71
(1910). {A. tenerum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasional on limestone hills, Sheffield.

Spikes generally long and slender (average length about 12-14 cm.),
3-12 mm. wide, awnless or with awns up to 6 mm. in length.

A. REPENS (L.) Beauv. Couch or Quick Grass. — Fields, road-
sides, railroad embankments and cultivated ground; common.

AGROSTIS. Bent Grass.

A. alba L. White Bent Grass. — Meadows, fields, borders of
streams and woods; common.

var. aristata Gray. — Bank of Deerfield River, Florida; sandy
roadside, Lanesboro (Churchill).

var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey. — (J. mdrit'nua 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Muddy shores and ditches; frequent in the valley, forming thick
mats. In full blossom on Aug. 1 at Nigger Pond, Stockbridge,
probably retarded by having been submerged.

var. vulgaris (With.) Thurb. Red Top. — Fields, borders of
woods and streams, occasionally in damp woods and swamps; common.

A form with elongated infiorescence (,1. si/lraticd L.), occasional.

A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair Grass. — Dry fields, rocky open
hillsides, roadsides and wet sandy soil; common.

A. perennang (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tiii.\ Grass. — Low shatlcd
ground and cool woods; common.

ALOPECURUS. F..XTAII. Grass.

A. aristulatus Midix. I'i.oatinc; I'oxtaii.. — (.1. (iniirtthitu.-i,
var. aristuldtii.s Man. ed. 7; rid. Rhodora, 19: Km, 1917.)
Muddy shores and shallow water; fre(|uent in tiie valley.

210 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

A. PRATENSis L. Meadow Foxtail. — Wet meadows, and fields;
occasional. Hancock; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

ANDROPOGON. Beard Grass.

A. furcatus Muhl. — Dry fields and roadsides, gravelly shores;
frequent in the southern part of the valley and on the flood-plain of the
Deerfield River in Florida.

A. scoparius Michx., var. frequens Hubbard. — (A. scopariits
Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 103, 1917. Schizachyrium
scoparium 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Dry fields and rocky summits; common in the southern part of the
valley, frequent elsewhere.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet Vernal Grass.

A. ODORATUM L. Sweet Vernal Grass. — Meadows, pastures
and wood-roads; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

ARISTIDA. Triple-awned Grass.

A. dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. — Dry sandy soil, road-
sides; occasional in the valley. Pittsfield; New Lenox; Sheffield.

ARRHENATHERUM. Oat Grass.

A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat Grass. — First observed in
mowing-fields in 1917, has spread and become frequent in the valley.

ASPERELLA. Bottle-brush Grass.
{Hystrix Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 14: 187, 1912.)

A. hystrix (L.) Humb. Bottle-brush Grass. — ( Hystrix Hystrix
111. Fl. ed. 2; Hystrix paiula Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 14: 187, 1912.)
Rich woods and rocky ridges; frequent in the valley.

AVENA. Oat.

A. fatua L. — Vacant lot, Pittsfield; dump, Lee; Stockbridge;
about old saw-mill, Great Barrington. Neglected garden plot,
Sheffield.

First noted in 1916, apparently becoming more frequent.

A. SATivA L. Common Oat. — Frequent in waste places and along
roadsides.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 211

BRACHYELYTRUM.

B. erectum (Schreb.) Beau\\ — Moist woods and flood-plains;
common.

BROMUS. Bkome Grass.

B. altissimus Pursh. — Rich moist soil; common along streams
and in low ground.

B. ciliatus L. — Moist woods and low meadows; common.

B. coMMUTATUS Schrad. — {B. racemosus 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Moist meadow and dooryard, Stockbridge.

B. HORDEACEUS L. SoFT Chess. — Grassland, Stockbridge.

B. iNERMis Leyss. — Railroad embankment, Stockbridge. Speci-
men determined by Mrs. Agnes Chase.

Flowering scales awnless or merely awn-pointed.

B. Kalmii Gray. Wild Chess. — Dry woods and low meadows;
occasional. Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

B. purgans L. — Rocky woods; frequent.

B. RACEMOSUS L. — Recently seeded meadow, Stockbridge.

B. SECALiNus L. Cheat; Chess. — Waste ground; occasional.
Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Great Barrington.

B. TECTORUM L. — Waste ground; occasional. Lenox; Stockbridge;
Great Barrington; locally common along the railroad below Housa-
tonic.

CALAMAGROSTIS. Reed Bent Grass.

C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Reed Bent Grass. — Low
meadows, borders of streams and ponds; common.

CENCHRUS. Sandbur.

C. carolinianus Walt. Sandbur. — Sandy soil; locally common
in the southern part of Sheffield, also on dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

CINNA. Wood Reed Grass.

C. arundinacea L. — Wooded swamps; occasional in the valley.
Lenox; Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. Leaves often
1.5-L8 cm. broad.

C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. — Cool woods; common.

A form from Grcylock lias a white stripe down the niid-ril) of tlie
leaf- blade.

212 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

CYNOSURUS. Dog's Tail Grass.

C. CRISTATUS L. — Occasional in grass land. Lenox; Stockbridge.

DACTYLIS. Orchard Grass.

D. GLOMERATA L. ORCHARD Grass. — In shade about houses,
along roadsides, in open woodland; common.

DANTHONIA. Wild Oat Grass.

D. compressa Aust. — Dry open woods, rocky summits and upland
pastures; frequent.

D. spicata (L.) Beauv. White Top. — Meadows, pastures and
rocky hillsides, chiefly in poor soil ; common, especially on the upland.

DESCHAMPSIA.

D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. — Borders of mowing-fields, Whitney
Place, Washington; Lenox.

Appears to have been introduced with grass seed.

D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hair Grass. — Rocky woods,
especially on exposed ledges; common in the valley. On Greylock
almost to the summit.

DIGITARIA. Finger Grass.
iSytitherisma 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

D. filiformis (L.) Koeler. — Sandy soil; locally common in the
southern part of Sheffield.

D. IscHAEMUM Schreb. ex Muhl. — {D. humifnsa Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 18: 231, 1916.)

Dry sterile soil, fields, roadsides; common.

D. SANGUiNALis (L.) Scop. Crab Grass. — Waste and cultivated
ground; common.

ECHINOCHLOA.

E. Crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. — About barnyards
and on muddy shores; common.

E. FRUMENTACEA (Roxb.) Link. — Cultivated ground, Stockbridge;
roadside, Great Barrington; cultivated ground, Sheffield. First
noted in 1920.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 213

E. muricata (Michx.) Fernald.— Vid. Rhodora, 17: 106 (1915).
Sandy shores and roadside ditches; frequent.

Differs from E. CrusgaUi in the trichomes of the mature spikelets
which are stiffer and coarser, strongly divergent and have a con-
spicuous papillose or pustular base, giving to the spikelets and conse-
quently to the inflorescence a very muricate appearance.

ELYMUS. Wild Rye.

Key to Elymus.

a. Awns straight (when mature and dry); palet 5.2-8 (rarely 8.5-9.2 in
E. virginicus) mm. long.
b. Glumes broad (0.9-2 mm. wide), strongly indurated and more or less
curved at the base.
Lemmas and glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the margins.

E. inrginicus.
Lemmas and glumes villou.s-hirsute.

E. virginicus, var. hirsutiglumis.
h'. 'Glumes narrow, often setiform (0.4-0.8 mm. wide), indurated and
terete below, essentially straight.
Rachis-joints 3-4.5 (rarely 5-8) mm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered;

leaves and sheaths glabrous E. riparius.

Rachis-joints 1.5-3 mm. long; spikelets 1- (rarely 2-)flowered;

fohage villous E. striatus.

a'. Awns curved outward toward ape.x (when mature and dry); glumes 15-20
(rarely 8-27) mm. long, rather narrow but not setiform, flat above;
spikelets 4-7-flowered ; leaves 13-20 mm. wide; palet 9-11 (-15) mm.
long E. canadensis.

E. canadensis L. — Riverbanks; common in the valley.

E. riparius Wiegand.— J'id. Rhodora, 20: 84 (1918). River-
banks; common in the valley, also in Mt. Washington.

Differs from E. canadensis in the more spreading spikelets, straight
awns, longer and more slender glumes, uniforndy hispidulous lemmas
and shorter palet. From E. striatus, it may be recognized by the
coarser habit, glabrous foliage, larger rachis-joints, scabrous lemmas,
and larger palet.

E. striatus Willd. — Alluvial riverbanks; frequent. Williams-
town; St()( kbridge; Great Harrington; Sheffield.

E. virginicus L. — Riverbanks and moist woods; common.

var. hirsutiglumis (Scrilm.) Hitchc. — {E. hirsutiglumis III. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Alluvial banks; Stockbridge; Clreat Harrington; .^^lu'tlieM.

214 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ERAGROSTIS.

E. capillaris (L.) Nees. — Sandy fields and roadsides; frequent in
Great Barrington and Sheffield.

E. ciLiANENSis (All.) Link. — (E. megastachya Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 18: 235, 1916. E. major 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Waste places, Pittsfield; Stockbridge.

E. Frankii (Fisch., Mey., & Lall.) Steud. — A single plant found in
Sheffield. Specimen in the herbarium of Mr. Walter Deane.

E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. — Shore of Pontoosuc Lake, Lanes-
boro (Churchill); frequent on muddy shores of Housatonic River in
Sheffield (Walters).

E. MINOR Host. — Along railroad track, Washington.

E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Sandy fields; common in Sheffield,
frequent elsewhere in the valley.

E. PEREGRiNA Wiegand. — Along railroad track, Lee. Determined
by Mr. Bayard Long.

Distinguished from E. pilosa and E. Purshii by the absence of
auricular hairs on the upper sheaths, by the densely-flowered panicle,
bearing a great number of ovate or ovate-oblong spikelets, and by the
very short pedicels of the spikelets {vid. Rhodora, 19: 93, 1917, and
21: 133, 1919).

E. Purshii Schrad. — {E. pilosa Man. ed. 7 in part.)

Along paths and in waste places; occasional. Williamstown
(Churchill); Washington; Pittsfield; Lee; Stockbridge; Sheffield
(Walters).

" E. pilosa has essentially smooth empty glumes while a scabrous
keel seems to be a very excellent index of E. Purshii," Bayard Long in
Rhodora, 21: 137 (1919).

FESTUCA. Fescue Grass.

F. CAPiLLATA Lam. — {¥. ovina, var. capillata Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 18: 235, 1916.)

Roadsides; occasional. Becket; New Boston. On rocky summit
of Monument Mt., Great Barrington; moist bank, Sheffield.

F. ELATioR L. Meadow Fescue. — Meadows and roadsides;
common.

F. nutans Spreng. — Rocky woods and moist thickets; common.
Not noted on the plateau.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 215

F. oviNA L. Sheep's Fescue. — In lawns or along roadsides;
occasional. Adams (Knowlton and Bean); Lenox; Stockbridge.

F. rubra L. — Roadsides in moist or dry, sterile soil; frequent,
especially on the plateau.

var. SUBVILLOSA Mert & Koch. — Roadside, Stockbridge; covering
a whole field, as if sown. West Stockbridge; locally common in
Sheffield.

GINANNIA.

{Holcus Man. ed. 7; Nothoholcus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

G. LANATA (L.) Hubbard. Velvet Grass. — (Holcus layiatus
Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 18: 234, 1916.)

Grass land; occasional. First noted in 1911, becoming more fre-
quent. Summit of Greylock; Stockbridge; Sandisfield; Sheffield.

GLYCERIA. Manna Grass.
{Panicvlaria III. Fl. ed. 2.)

G. acutiflora Torr. — Common in swale, Stockbridge; muddy
border of pond, Great Barrington.

G. borealis (Nash) Batchelder. — Borders of swamps and muddy
ponds; common.

G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass. — Wet spots
in meadows, swales and roadside ditches; common.

G. Fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John. — {Glyccria pallida, var. Fernaldii
Man. ed. 7 ; vid. Rhodora, 19 : 76, 1917. G. ■pallida 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

River swales and muddy borders of streams; occasional. Savoy;
Washington; New Lenox.

G. grandis Wats. Reed Meadow Grass. — Borders of streams,
wet spots in meadows, roadside ditches; frequent.

G. laxa Scribn. — Shaded swamps and wet woods; occasional on
the plateau.

G. melicaria (Michx.) Hubbard. — (Glyccria Torrcyana Man. ed.
7; vid. Rhodora, 14: 186, 1912. Panicularia Torreyana 111. Fl. ed.

2.)

Wet places in woods and shaded swamps; frcciiicnt.

G. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl Meadow Guass. — Wet mead-
ows, wet places in woods, borders of stn^aiiw, roadside ditches; com-
mon.

216 PROCEEDINGS BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

var. stricta Scribn. — Swale, Williamstown, (Churchill) ; swamps,
Sheffield (Bean and Fernald).

G. pallida (Torr.) Trin. — Shallow water, New Marlboro; Sheffield
(Churchill).

G. septentrionalis Hitchc. — Shallow water in bog hole, New
Marlboro.

HIEROCHLOE. Holy Grass.
{Savastana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb., var. fragrans (Willd.) Richter. Va-
nilla Grass; Seneca Grass. — {H. odorata Man. ed. 7; vid. Rho-
dora, 19: 152, 1917.)

Wet hillsides and borders of swamps; frequent on the plateau,
occasional in the valley (Sheffield).

HORDEUM. Barley.

H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. — Waste places; occa-
sional. Not noted before 1919. Lanesboro, along trolley track;
Hinsdale (Churchill); barnyard, Stockbridge; clearing, Great
Barrington; New Marlboro.

H. vulgare L. Common Barley. — Along railroad tracks; occa-
sional. Williamstown; Washington; Pittsfield.

LEERSIA. Cut-grass.
{Homalocenchrus 111. Fl. ed. 2).

L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass. — Borders of swamps,
low ground, ditches; common.

L. virginica Willd. White Grass. — Rich woods; occasional in
the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. Valley of
the Deerfield River, Florida.

LOLIUM. Darnel.

L. multiflorum Lam. — Field, Stockbridge.

L. perenne L. Common Darnel. — Roadsides and sterile fields;
occasional. Williamstown; Stockbridge.

MELICA. Melic Grass.

M. Striata (Michx.) Hitchc— {Avena Torrcyi 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Wooded ledges and swamps; frequent in the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 217

MILIUM. Millet Grass.

M. effusum L. — Cool woods; rare. Summit of Greylock;
ledges on Mt. Harvey, West Stockbridge.

MUHLENBERGIA. Drop-seed Grass.

M. foliosa Trin. — {M. mcxicaua 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Moist thickets, dry banks and rocky ledges; frequent in the valley.
Not noted on the plateau.

M. MEXiCANA (L.) Trin. — Sandy soil, gravelly shores, riverbanks,
shaded roadsides; common.

M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP.^ — Low meadows and marshes; com-
mon in the valley. Not noted on the plateau.

M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Drop-seed. — Dry woods and shaded
roadsides; occasional. Stockbridge; Alford; New Marlboro.

M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. — Dry, rocky woods. New Marlboro.

M. sylvatica Torr. — (M. umbrosa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky or swampy woods; frequent. Both the awnless and the
long-awned forms occur. Not noted on the plateau.

M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. — Rocky woods; frequent. Not
noted on the plateau.

ORYZOPSIS. Mountain Rice.

O. asperifolia Michx. — Dry wooded banks and alluvial thickets;
frequent in the valley; occasional on the plateau.

O. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. — Top of Monument Mt., Great Bar-
rington, in disintegrated quartzite.

O. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. — Rocky woods, in rich soil; common
in the valley. Not noted on the plateau.

PANICUM. Panic Grass.

Key to Panicum.
a. Annuals.

Panicle more than half tlio IcMi^th of the entire plant.

P. capiUarc, var. occidcntale.

Panicle not over onc-tiiinl the len^tli of the entire plant P. Tuckermani.

a'. PerenniaLs.

b. Ba.sal leaves similar to culm-leaves, not forming a winter rosette.

/'. agrosloides.
b'. Basal leaves usually distinctly ililTereiit from tin* culm-leaves, forming
a winter rosette.

218 PROCEEDINGS BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

c. Spikelets 3 mm. or more long.

d. Leaves linear-elongated, not over 5 mm. wide P. strictum.

d'. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, more than 1 dm.
wide,
e. Spikelets 3 mm. long; at least the lower sheaths papillose-hispid.

P. clandestinum.
e'. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long.

Panicle spreading; blades 2.5 cm. or more wide. . . .P. latifolium.
Panicle narrow; blades rarely over 1.8 cm. wide.

P. xanthophysum.
c'. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

/. Spikelets glabrous : P. dichotomum.

/'. Spikelets pubescent.

g. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm. long; secondary panicles
from the base only or none.

Sheaths glabrous P. Werneri.

Sheaths pilose P. linearifolium.

g'. Blades usually not conspicuously elongated; secondary
panicles not at the base.
h. Sheaths, or all but the lowest glabrous.

i. Culms crisp-puberulent P. umbrosum.

i' . Culms glabrous.

Spikelets 1.5 to 1.8 mm. long; in dry, sandy ground,

in the valley , P. sphaerocarpon.

Spikelets 2.2 to 2.8 mm. long; in moist upland.

P. boreale.
h'. Sheaths pubescent.

j. Sheaths puberulent, not pilose P. umbrosum.

j'. Sheaths spreading, or appressed pilose or velvety.
k. Pubescence spreading.

I. Blades stiff, glabrous above, or with a few hairs.

P. tennesseense.
v. Blades pubescent above, or if glabrous lax.

TO. Upper surface of blades with erect hairs 3 to 5
mm. long, axis of panicle long pilose.

P. implicatum.
to'. Upper surface of blades with short or some-
what appressed pubescence.
Blades stiff; spikelets obovate; rare.

P. huachucae.
Blades lax; spikelets elliptical; common.

P. huachucae, var. fasciculatum.
k'. Pubescence crisp-appressed.
Spikelets 1.9 mm. long; blades 5 to 6 cm. long; plants

blue-green P. tsugetorum.

Spikelets 1.7 mm. long; blades 3 to 5 cm. long; plants
gray-green P. heterophyllum.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 219

P. agrostoides Spreng. — Sandy shore of Big Pond, Otis; low
meadows, Sheffield.

P. boreale Nash. — Borders of woods and fields, roadsides; com-
mon on the plateau; occasional in the valley, Cheshire (Churchill);
low ground, Stockbridge; border of marsh, Monterey; upper part of
The Dome, Mt. Washington.

P. capillare L., var. occidentale Rydberg. Old-witch Grass. —
{P. capillare Man. ed. 7 in part and 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Sandy soil, ledges and waste ground; common.

P. clandestinum L. — Thickets, chiefly in alluvial soil; frequent.
Altitude I.IOO feet, Hoosac Mt., Florida.

P. dichotomum L. — Dry rocky woods; frequent in the valley.

P. heterophyllum Bosc. — {P. columbianum Man. ed. 7 and 111.
Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 14: 171, 1912.)

Dry rocky or sandy woods; occasional in the soutliern and western
parts of the County. Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Alford;
Sheffield.

P. huachucae Ashe. — Meadow, West Stockbridge.

var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Hubbard. — (P. huachucae, var. silvicola
Man. ed. 7; P. huachucae 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 14: 171,
1912.)

Dry woods and clearings; common.

P. implicatum Scribn.— Dry woods, clearings, hillside pastures,
wet roadsides; common.

P. latifolium L. — Thickets and clearings in rich woodland; com-
mon in the valley. Not noted on the plateau.

P. linearifolium Scribn. — Dry open woods and sandy fields; com-
mon.

P. MiLiACEUM L. European Millet. — Railroad track, Washing-
ton; waste ground, Great Barrington.

P. sphaerocarpon Ell. — Borders of dry woods, Great Barrington;
open glade, Slicllicld.

P. strictum Pursh. — {P. depauprrafum Man. ed. 7 and III. V\. ed.
2; vid. Rhodora, 14: 1()9, 1912.)

Sterile fields, dry open woods and rocky li-dges; fre(iuent.

P. tennesseense Ashe. — Clearings, wood roads, dry or wet woods;
river banks; frecjuent.

An aberrant form from West Stockl)ri(lge closely approaches /'.
Lindhcimeri Nash, according to Mr. F. Tracy Hubbard.,

220 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

P. tsugetorum Nash. — Dry woods; frequent in the southern part
of the ^ alley.

P. Tuckermani Fernald. — (P. jihiladelphicum Man. ed. 7 and 111.
Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Ditches, sandy roadsides and shores; occasional. Pontoosuc Lake,
Pittsfield; Becket; West Stockbridge; Egremont; Mt. Washington;
moist limestone outcrop, Sheffield.

Pulvini hispid:

Spikelets all or nearly all long-pedicelled, 2 to 3 mm. long; panicle tardily

exserted, its lower branches mostly included during anthesis. . . P. capillare.

Spikelets siibsessile or only short-pedicelled along the ultimate branchlets;

panicle exserted in anthesis P. capillare, var. occidentale.

Pulvini glabrous or merely ciliate at tip.

P. Tuckermani (vid. Rhodora, 21: 111, 1919).

P. umbrosum LeConte. — (P. Ashei Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2;
rid. Rhodora, 14: 173, 1912.)

Rocky woods and open sandy soil ; occasional in the southern part
of the valley. Great Barrington; Sheffield.

P. Werneri Scribn. — Dry open woods and fields, rocky summits;
common in the valley.

P. xanthophysum Gray. — Dry open woods and clearings; occa-
sional in the western and southern parts of the valley; Hancock Mt.,
Pittsfield; Monterey; Great Barrington; Sandisfield; Sheffield.

PASPALUM.

P. Muhlenbergii Nash. — Sterile, sandy fields; common in the
southern part of the valley.

PHALARIS. Canary Grass.

P. arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. — Marshes and borders
of brooks; frequent.

forma picta (L.), comb. nov. Ribbon Grass. — An occasional
escape from gardens; Willi amstown; New Ashford; Stockbridge.

PHLEUM.

P. PRATENSE L. Herd's Grass; Timothy. — Grassland and wood
roads; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 221

PHRAGMITES. Reed.

P. communis Trin. Reed. — (P. Phragmites 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Border of boggy pond, Stockbridge; boggy meadow, Sheffield.
The Stockbridge station was noted by Dewey in 1829.

POA. Meadow Grass.

P. alsodes Gray. — Moist woods, and borders of brooks; common.

P. ANNUA L. Low Spear Grass. — Cultivated and waste ground;
common. Altitude 2000 feet, Savoy.

P. compressa L. Wire Grass. — Sterile soil, in fields and rocky
woods, boggy meadows; common.

P. debilis Torr. — Dry wooded slopes; occasional. Egremont;
Richmond; swamp, Sheffield (Churchill).

P. nemoralis L. — Low ground and rocky woods; occasional.
Williamstown (Churchill) ; West Stockbridge; Stockbridge.

P. PRATENsis L. Spear Grass; Kentucky Blue Grass. — Fields,
hillsides, open places in woods; common.

P. saltuensis Fernald & Wiegaiid. — (P. debilis Man. ed. 7 and 111.
Fl. ed. 2 in part; rid. Rhodora, 20: 122, 1918.)

Woods; frequent on the upland.

P. salhicnsis is very similar in aspect to P. debilis but the latter
species has usually shorter, obtuse and nuich firmer chartaceous lem-
mas; broader glume, with mostly scal)rous keels; longer cauline ligules
(usually 2 to 2.5 nmi. long) ; and smaller anthers (0.6 to 0.8 mm. long).

P. palustris L. Fowl Meadow Grass. — (P. triJJora Man. ed. 7
and 111. Fl. ed. 2; rid. Rhodora, 18: 235, 1910.)

Wet meadows; common. A narrow form occurs in woods and on
hillsides.

P. TRiviALis L. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. — Low ground,
chiefiy along brooks and borders of swamps; common in the valley.
Not noted on the plateau.

SECALE. Ryk.

S. cereale L. Rye. — Occasionally self-sown on roadsides.

SETARIA. Bkistly Foxtail Grass.
(Chactochloa 111. Fl. cd. 2).

S. lutescens (Weigcl) Hubbard. Foxtail; Pigeon Grass. —
(S. glauca Man. ed. 7.)

Cultivated groiMid; coiniiiou.

222 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

S. ITALICA (L.) Beauv. Millet. — (subsp. stramineofruda Hubbard,
var. Hostii Hubbard, subv. Metzgeri (Komicke) Hubbard; wd Rhodora,
18: 233, 1916.)

Occasional escape from cultivation; Becket; Stockbridge.

S. viRiDis (L.) Beauv. — Cultivated ground; frequent in the valley.

SORGHASTRUM.

S. nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass; Wood Grass. — Dry
ground; occasional in the valley. Pittsfield; Great Barrington;
Sheffield.

SPHENOPHOLIS.

S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. — Woods; frequent in the valley.
S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. — Woods, both dry and moist; fre-
quent in the valley.

SPOROBOLUS. Drop-seed.

S. neglectus Nash. — Dry open soil; occasional in the valley.
Williamstown (Churchill); North Adams; Pittsfield.

S. uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. — Wet sandy fields, ditches
and exsiccated margins of swamps; occasional on the plateau (Becket).

S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. — Sandy soil and dry ledges; occa-
sional in the valley. Egremont; Sheffield.

TRISETUM.

T. spicatum (L.) Richter, var. molle (Michx.) Piper. — ( T.
spicatum Man, ed. 6 in part; vid. Rhodora, 18: 195, 1916.)
Banks of the Deerfield River, Florida.

TRITICUM. Wheat.

T. SATIVUM Lam. Wheat. — Occasionally self-sown along rail-
road tracks.

CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY.
CAREX. Sedge.

C. aenea Fernald. — Rocky woods and dry open ground; frequent.
C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. — Rocky wooded slopes; frequent,
especially on the plateau and on the mountains.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 223

C. albicans Willd. — Rich woods, Hinsdale. The only known
station in Massachusetts.

C. albolutescens Schwein., var. cumulata Bailey. — (C. albo-
lutescens Man. ed. 7 in part.)

Exposed ledges at Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washington, rocky shores
of Guilder Pond, Mt. Washington, and the upper slopes of The Dome.
Altitude 2100 feet.

C. alopecoidea Tuckerm.^ — Swale, Williamstown; meadows and
swales near the river, North Adams (Fernald and Long).

C. annectens Bicknell. — (C. setacea Dewey, var. ambigua Man.
ed. 7; vid. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 35: 492, 1908.)

Dry fields and roadsides; frequent. Often occurring as if intro-
duced with grass seed.

C. aquatilis Wahlenb. — Marshes in the valley; rare. Lake Buel,
Monterey (Walters); Joyner's marsh, Egremont.

var. cuspidata Laestad. — With the type. Lake Buel, Monterey.

var. virescens Anders. — With the type at Monterey and Egremont.

C. arctata Boott. — Woods and clearings; frequent in the valley,
common on the plateau.

C. atlantica Bailey. — (C. sfcrilis Man. ed. 7.)

Ice Pond, Mt. Greylock (Burnham), specimen not seen by the
writer ; borders of peat bogs. Lost and Ward Ponds, Becket.

C. aurea Nutt. — Low ground, wet meadows, roadside ditches;
common in calcareous soil.

C. Bebbii Olney. — Low ground; common.

C. bromoides Schkuhr. — Wet woods and swamps; common.

C. brunnescens Poir. — Rocky woods, dry clearings and moist
thickets; common on the plateau, occasional in the valley (Cheshire,
Winslow). Common on the upper portion of Greylock.

C, canescens L. — Low ground, Florida; swampy woods, Sheffield
(Fernald).

var. disjuncta Fernald. — Swamps and bogs; common.

var. subloliacea Laestad. — Borders of pools in marshes, boggy
shores of ponds; common.

C. cephaloidea Dewey. — Rich woods; occasional. Williamstown;
North Adams; Becket; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; New Marl-
boro; Sheffield; Egremont.

C. cephalophora Muhl. — Dry open woodland; frequent in the
valley, occasional on the plateau (Sandisfield).

224 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

C. communis Bailey.-^ Open woods; common.

C. comosa Boott. — Borders of ponds and marshes; frequent in the
valley.

C. conoidea Schkuhr. — Meadows and damp pastures; common.

C. Crawfordii Fernald. — Sterile fields; common in the northern
part of the plateau (Florida, Savoy) ; occasional elsewhere, Ice Pond,
summit of Greylock (Burnham); Constitution Hill, Lanesboro.

var. vigens Fernald. — Pastures, Florida; border of Lake Garfield,
Monterey.

C. crinita Lam. — Low ground, particularly along the Housatonic
River; occasional. Florida; Lenox; Pittsfield; Sheffield.

var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. — (C. gynandra 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet places, particularly in woods; common.

var. minor Boott. — Ice Pond, Greylock (altitude 3500 feet) ;
South Pond, Savoy, altitude 2000 feet.

C. cristata Schwein. — (C. cristatella 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvial soil, chiefly along the Housatonic and Farmington Rivers.
Occasionally at higher altitudes, Stockbridge, 1050 feet; Sheffield,
along mountain brook, 1600 feet.

C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. — Alluvial thickets in the southern
part of New Marlboro and Sheffield.

C. debilis Michx., var. inter jecta Bailey. — Occasional; Lanesboro
(Churchill); summit of The Dome, Mt. Washington (Cushman).

var. Rudgei Bailey. — (C. flexvosa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Open woodland, brushy pastures, thickets and roadsides ; common.

C. deflexa Hornem. — Frequent along the Deerfield River, Florida.
Collected on Mt. Greylock by Wm. Boott.

C. Deweyana Schwein. — Dry open or rich rocky woods; com-
mon.

C. diandra Schrank. — Peat bogs; occasional. Williamstown
(Dewey); North Adams; Pittsfield; Lee; Monterey; New Marlboro
(Walters); Egremont (Churchill).

var. ramosa (Boott) Fernald. — (C. prairea 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of peat bogs and marshes; occasional. Williamstown;
Clarksburg; Washington (Boott); Stockbridge; West Stockbridge;
Monterey; Great Barrington (Walters).

C= digitalis Willd. — Dry open woods; common.

C. eburnea Boott. — Limestone hills, either exposed or in shade;

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 225

local. New Ashford; Lee; West Stockbridge; New Marlboro;
Egremont; Sheffield. Not noted in Stockbridge.

C. echinata Murr. — (C sfelhilaUi Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 19:
154, 1917. C. Leersii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of ponds and bogs; occasional, chiefly at high altitudes.
Ice Pond, summit of Greylock; Florida; South Pond, Savoy (alti-
tude 2000 feet); Cheshire (Cushman); Berry Pond, Hancock (alti-
tude 2000 feet) ; Washington.

var. angustata Carey. — Wet meadows and marshes; common.

var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald. — Marshes; frequent, especially
at high altitudes.

var. ormantha Fernald. — Wet bank, Florida; springy meadow,
Savoy; bog, Hancock (altitude 2000 feet).

C. festucacea Schkuhr, var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald. — Open
sterile soil; common in the southern part of the valley, on hills of
glacial drift. Also in Washington at the edge of the plateau.

C. filiformis L.— (C. lasiocarpa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Open marshes; common.

C. flava L. — Wet meadows and ditches; common.

var. elatior Schlecht. — (C. lepidocarpa 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Low ground; occasional. Williamstown; Becket; Sandisfield;
Monterey; Sheffield.

var. rectirostra Gaudin. — (C lepidocarpa 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Borders of ponds and marshes, on shores formed by receding water;
common. Occasional on wet gravelly slopes.

C. foenea Willd. — Open rocky woodland; common except on the
plateau.

var. perplexa Bailey. — Thickets; occasional. Florida; Great
Barrington; New Marlboro.

C. folliculata L. — Marshes and shaded swamps; frequent.

C. formosa Dewey. — The type station is Stockbridge. The spe-
cies is now extremely local there, occurring in moist thickets at two
stations al)out two miles apart. It has been collected at Egremont
(Walters).

C. gracillima Schwein. — Thickets and clearings; common in the
valhy, occasional on the plateau (Florida, Savoy). On Greylock to
the suinmit.

C. granularia Mulil. — Wet meadows and roadside ditches; com-
mon.

226 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. — (C SAmm 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Occasional ; Williamstown (Churchill) ; North Adams (Fernald and
Long); Stockbridge; West Stockbridge.

C. Grayii Carey.— (C. Asa-Grayi 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Swampy woods, Lenox; shaded thicket, Sheffield (Churchill);
river swale, Sheffield (Bissell).

C. grisea Wahlenb. — Alluvial thickets and shaded banks of
streams; frequent in the valley.

var. rigida Bailey. — (C. amphibola 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvium of small stream, Sheffield (Bean and Fernald).

C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. — Pockets of rich soil at the base of
shaded ledges; occasional. Williamstown (Davis), type locality;
Pittsfield; Sheffield (Walters).

C. hystericina Muhl. — Wet meadows and borders of swamps;
common.

C. intumescens Rudge. — Wet woods; occasional in the valley.
Williamstown (Burnham); Great Barrington; Sheffield.

var. Fernaldii Bailey. — Wet woods; common. Summit of Grey-
lock, 3500 feet.

C. laevivaginata (Kuckenth.) Mackenzie. — (C. stipata Man.
ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 17: 231, 1915.)

Low swampy ground; frequent.

C. lanuginosa Michx. — Swales along the Housatonic River; occa-
sional in the southern part of the County. Stockbridge; Great
Barrington; Sheffield. Common in Sheffield.

C. laxiculmis Schwein. — Rich woods, often under pines; frequent
in the valley.

var. copulata (Bailey) Fernald. — Rich woods, Sandisfield.

C. laxiflora Lam. — (C. anceps 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods; occasional. Savoy; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge;
New Marlboro; Egremont (Churchill and Schneider).

var. blanda (Dewey) Boott.— (C. blaixda 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods; frequent in the valley.

var. latifolia Boott. — (C. albursina 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods; occasional in the valley. North Adams; Lanesboro;
Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters).

var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. — (C. anceps 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Rich woods; common.

var. varians Bailey. — (C. blanda 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 227

Rich woods; occasional. Savoy ; Pittsfield ; Stockbridge; Shef-
field (Walters).

C. lenticularis Michx. — Gravelly borders of ponds and rivers;
occasional. Savoy; Florida.

Perigynia ovate-elliptic, slightly convex both sides, longer than the
narrow oblong, obtuse scales.

var. Blakei Dewey. — Vid. Wood, Class Book, p. 755 (1861).

Sandy shore of Big Pond, Otis.

Perigynia nearly elliptical, scales obtuse and always shorter than
the perigynia.

C. leporinaL. — Pastures; occasional. Sandisfield; New Marlboro.

C. leptalea Wahlenb. — Wet shaded ground; common.

C. leptonervia Fernald. — (C. laxiflora, var. lepionervia Man. ed.
7; C. anccps 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part. Vid. Rhodora, 16: 214, 1914.)

Cold woods and swamps; common.

C. limosa L. — Open peat bogs; local. Stockbridge; Sheffield.

C. longirostris Torr. — (C. Sprengelii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvial tliickets; occasional in the valley. Lenox (Hill, Schneider
and Schweinfurth) ; Stockbridge; Sheffield. On shaded rocks in
New Marlljoro. ,

C. lupulina Muhl. — Mudholes, borders of ponds and marshes;
frequent.

var. pedunculata Dewey. — Mudholes and marshes; occasional
in the southern part of the valley. Lenox; Great Barrington; New
Marlboro.

C. lurida Wahlenb. — Low open ground; common.

var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey.— (C. Bailcyi 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Cheshire, wet slide above Kitchen Brook (Churchill); New Marl-
boro, Tliousaiul Acre Swamp.

C. mirabilis Dewey. — (C. 7ior)n(dis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadside thickets, clearings, copses; common.

var. perlonga Fernald. — Borders of thickets; occasional on the
plateau. Hcckct; Sandisfield.

C. Muhlenbergii Sclikulir. — Dry open soil; rare. Stockbridge
(Dewey); ShciFicld.

C. novae-angliae Schweiii. — Rocky woods and lianks; common
on the plateaii; rare in the valley. Reaches the bank of the Housa-
tonic River in Lenox (altitude HMK) feet). Rich soil on Berry Mt.,
Hancock.

228 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

C. Oederi Retz, var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. —
Margins of ponds and roadside ditches ; frequent in the ^'alley.

C. oligocarpa Schkuhr. — Rich woods; rare. Stockbridge; New
Marlboro.

C. pallescena L. — Meadows and open woods; common.

C. pauciflora Lightf. — Peat bogs; local. Ward and Lost Ponds,
Becket; Wolf Swamp, Sandisfield.

C. paupercula Michx. — Sandisfield (Walters).

var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fernald. — Sphagnum swamps; local.
Pittsfield; Becket.

var. pallens Fernald. — Shaded sphagnum .swamps; local. Wash-
ington (Boott); Pittsfield; New Marlboro.

C. pedunculata Muhl. — Open woods; common, particularly in
rocky woods.

C. pennsylvanica Lam. — Dry open woods and clearings; com-
mon.

var. lucorum (Willd.) Fernald. — Occasional. Dry woods. New
Marlboro; rocky woods. West Stockbridge; dry woods, Mt. Washing-
ton (Knowlton); dry woods, Sheffield (Bean and Fernald).

C. plantaginea Lam. — Rich woods; frequent in the valley and on
the lower slopes of the mountains.

Culms 6.5 cm. high, Stockbridge.

C. platyphylla Carey. — Rich woods; common in the valley.

C. polygama Schkuhr.— (C. Buxhcmmii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Joyner's Marsh, Egremont.

C. prasina Wahlenb. — Wet spots in woods; frequent in the valley
and on the lower slopes of the mountains.

C. projecta Mackenzie. — (C. tribuloidcs, var. reduda Man. ed. 7;
vid. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 35: 264, 1908.)

Borders of swamps and wet woods; frequent in the valley, common
on the plateau.

C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. — Border of Spectacle Pond, Sandisfield;
Sheffield (Walters).

C. pubescens Muhl. — Rich woods, in damp glades and alluvial
thickets; frequent.

C. retrorsa Schwein. — Borders of ponds and streams, wet spots
in meadows; common in the valley.

var. Hartii (Dewey) Gray. — River alluvium, Sheffield (Churchill).

var. Robinsonii Fernald. — Shore of Richmond Lake, Richmond.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 229

C. riparia W. Curtis.— (C. hcustris 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S\vanips, frequent in the valley.

C. rosea Schkuhr. — Rich dry woods; common in the valley.

var. minor Boott. — Rich rocky woods, often on rocks and ledges;
common on the hills in the valley.

var. radiata Dewey. — Rich rocky woods; common.

C. rostrata Stokes. — Marshes and bogs; frequent. Altitude
2000 feet, Hancock.

var. ambigens Fernald. — Bog, Monterey.

var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey. — Borders of bogs; frequent.
Commoner than the type.

C. scabrata Schwein. — Wet places in woods; fretjuent.

C. Schweinitzii Dewey. — Swamps and swales in the Hoosac
Valley; Williamstown (Williams); North Adams (Churchill). This
species occurs in Salisbury, Conn., and should be looked for in the
southern part of Berkshire Co.

C. scirpoides Schkuhr. — (C. inferior 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swales, wet meadows, swampy woods, borders of bogs and ponds;
common.

var. capillacea (Bailey) Fernald. — (C Ilowci 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swampy woods; occasional. Washington; Becket; Stockbridge;
West Stockbridge; New Marlboro.

C. scoparia Schkuhr. — Grassland, thickets, low ground; common.

var. condensa Fernald. — Low ground; common at high altitudes.

var. monilitormis Tuckerman. — Low ground; frequent.

var. subturbinata Fernald & Wiegand. — I'id. Rliodora, 14:
116 (1912).

Distribution not known. Collected in a pasture in Sandisfield, and
among lioulders in woods in Florida (Fernald and Long).

C. seorsa E. C. Howe. — Border of peat bog, Ward Pond, Becket;
in open .swamps, Shcfheld (Bean and Fernald).

C. setacea Dewey. — The type specimen, collected in Williamstown
before 1.S2,"), is in the Gray Herbarium. Tiie species has not since
been collected in the County, wliiih appears to be the eastern limit of
its range.

C. sparganioides Muhl. — Rich or dry woodhuui; frctjueiit in the
valley.

C. sterilis Willd. (not of the Man. ed. 7). — Joyner's Marsh,
Egremont.

230 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAX HISTORY.

For the distinction between this species, with much developed
staminate spikes, and C. atlantica Bailey, vid. 111. Fl. ed. 2.

C. stipata Muhl. — Swales and swamps, wet places in woods;
common.

C. straminea Willd. — Meadows, pastures, roadsides, and open
woodland ; frequent.

var. echinodes Fernald. — Dry woods. West Stockbridge.

C. stricta Lam. — Swamps and wet meadows, borders of lakes and
streams; common.

var. angustata (Boott) Bailey. — With the type, but less common.

var. curtissima Peck. — (C. stridior Dewey; vid. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club, 40: 415, 1915.)

Occasional; Williamstown (Dewey); Florida; Hancock, altitude
2000 feet; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Churchill).

var. decora Bailey. — (C. Haydeni 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasional; Williamstown (Dewey); Savoy.

C. tenella Schkuhr. — (C disperma 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Cold shaded swamps; common.

C. tetanica Schkuhr., var. Woodii (Dewey) Bailey. — Two sta-
tions in Stockbridge: one a low spot in a meadow, the other a wet
hillside. The species has been collected in Salisbury, Conn., and
should be looked for in the southern part of the County. A sheet in
the Gray Herbarium collected by Dewey in Stockbridge before 1826
and labelled by him C. tetanica is this variety.

C. tincta Fernald. — (C. mirabilis, var. tincta Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 15: 186, 1913.)

Fields and roadsides; common in the Deerfield Valley, Florida;
occasional on the plateau. Altitude 2000 feet, Florida.

C. torta Boott.— Among the stones along mountain brooks, and
along the borders of the Deerfield and Farmington Rivers; com-
mon.

C. tribuloides Wahlenb. — Low ground, particularly in swales in
the valley; frequent. Not noted on the plateau. A form with a
very crowded inflorescence is occasional with the type.

var. turbata Bailey. — Occasional, Otis.

C. triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. — (C. complanata
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry open woodland, clearings, and hillside pastures; common in
the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 231

C. trichocarpa Muhl. — Marshes in the Hoosac Valley. Williams-
town (Churchill).

C. trisperma Dewey. — Swampy woods; common,
var. Billingsii Knight. — Peat bogs; local. Savoy; Lost Pond,
Becket; Wolf Swamp, Sandisfield.

C. Tuckermani Dewey. — Swales in the Housatonic and Konkapot
Valleys in the southern part of the County; frequent in Sheffield,
occasional elsewhere (Stockbridge, New INIarlboro).

C. typhina Schwein. — (C. typhinoides Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora,
11 : 40, 1909.)

Shaded swale in the southern part of Sheffield, just inside the State
Line.

C. umbellata Schkuhr. — Rocky summits and dry open soil;
frequent.

var. brevirostris Boott. — (C. ahdita 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky or sandy soil. Williamstown; Sandisfield; Sheffield.

var. tonsa Fernald. — (C. ionsa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Sand-plain, Ashley Falls, Sheffield.

C. varia Muhl.— (Man. ed. 7.)

Rocky woods; frequent in the valley. According to Mr. K. K.
Mackenzie, Berkshire material corresponds to C. Emmonsii Dewey.

C. vesicaria L. — Shaded swamps and swales; frequent.

var. jejuna Fernald. — (C. monilc 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Swale near the Housatonic Ri\'er, Lenox. A form closely approach-
ing this variety at Ward Pond, Becket.

var. monile (Tuckcrm.) Fernald. — Swampy ground; occasional.
Richmond; Lenox.

C. virescens Muhl. — Dry, open woods, and clearings; common in
the valley.

var. Swanii Fernald. — (C Sivanii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry, open woods and hillside pastures; common.

C. vulpinoidea Michx. — Low ground; common.

C. lupulina X lurida. — ^ Low ground; occasional. Stockbridge;
Great Barrington.

CLADIUM. Twig Rush.

(MiiriscHs 111. Fl. (>(!. 2.)

C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. — Bogs and marshes; occasional in
the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Kgremont; ShelHrld.

232 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

CYPERUS. Galingale.

C. aristatus Rottb.— (C. inflexvs 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Sandy shores; occasional. Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield; Mill River,
New Marlboro; Housatonic River, Sheffield. Along railroad track,
Lee.

C. diandrus Torr. — Borders of lakes, and low ground; frequent.

C. esculentus L. — Sandy shores; occasional along the Housa-
tonic River. Great Barrington; Sheffield. As a weed in cultivated
ground, Lenox.

var. leptostachyus Boeckl. — Occasional with the type. Lenox;
Great Barrington; Sheffield.

C. filiculmis Vahl, var. macilentus Fernald. — Dry, open soil;
occasional in the valley. Lee; Great Barrington; New Marlboro.
Common on the Sheffield sand-plain.

C. Houghtonii Torr. — A station on exposed rocks at Bash Bish
Falls, Mt. Washington, is the only known station in the State.

C. rivularis Kunth. — Low ground; occasional in the valley.
Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

C. strigosus L. — Low shaded ground, Mt. Washington; Sheffield,
forma capitatus (Boeckl.) Blake.— Vid.RhodoTa, 15: 200 (1913).
Sandy or muddy shores of lakes and streams; frequent.

var. compositus Britton. — Sandy or muddy shores, and in low
ground; frequent in the valley.

var. robustior Kunth. — Low ground; occasional. Great Barring-
ton; Sheffield.

DULICHIUM.

D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. — Borders of ponds and marshes;
common.

ELEOCHARIS. Spike-rush.

E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. — Shallow water and muddy shores;
common.

E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. — Muddy shores; occasional.
Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield; Egremont; Mill River, New Marlboro.

E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. — Roadside ditches, borders of ponds
and streams, open muddy spots in marshes; common.

E. olivacea Torr. — Muddy spots in marshes; occasional in the
valley. Lenox; Egremont; Sheffield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 23^

E. palustris (L.) R. &. S. — Marshes, muddy shores and shallow
water; common.

E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. — Wet places; common.

ERIOPHORUM. CoTTox Grass.

E. callitrix Cham. Hare's Tail. — Peat bogs; occasional on the
plateau. Savoy; Becket; Washington; New Marlboro.

E. gracile Roth. — ^Marshes and peat bogs; occasional. Cheshire
(Cushman); Becket (Walters); Monterey.

E. tenellutn Nutt. — Bogs and marshes; frequent.

E. virginicum L. — Wet meadows and bogs; frequent.

var. album (xray. — Occasional on the plateau. Washington; Otis.

E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. — ^Wet meadows and
swamps; common.

var. Fellowsii Fernald. — Larch swamp, Sheffield (Fernald).

FIMBRISTYLIS.

F. Frankii Steud. — Gravelly border of Richmond Lake, Richmond;
sandy border of Konkapot River, Sheffield.

RYNCHOSPORA. Bi:ak Rrsii.

R. alba (L.) Vahl. — Bogs and marshes; frequent.

var. macra Clarke. — Hayes Pond, Otis (Walters).

R. capitellata fMichx.) Vahl. — {R. glomerafa IVIan. ed. 7 and 111.
Fl. od. 2; rifl. Kliodora, 20: 20, 1918.)

Wet, i)caty me^adows, ill-drained hillsides and gravelly shores,
occasional. Williamstown; Florida, flood-plain of the Deerfield
River; Tyringham; Sheffield.

SCIRPUS. Bulrush.

Key to Scirpiis.

a. InvoliKTC none, bristles white, long, giving the ho;ul the aspect of Erio-

phoruin .S'. Inuisoninruis.

a'. Iiivolucro foliacfous.

h. liivolucral hract one (occasionally with a socoiulary, small involuccl)
appearing to be a continuation of the culm,
f. Spikclcts solitary; culms flaccid; plant aquatic. . . N. {niblerminalis
c'. Spikclcts distinct, paniculate or glonicrulatc.
d. Spikclcts sessile or in glomerulca.

234 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

e. Annual with tufted roots, plant low, not exceeding .4 dm.

S. Smiihii, var. setosus.
e'. Perennial with running rootstocks; culms sharply trigonous.
Scales reddish-brown, ciliate, awn-tipped; achene planoconvex,

broadly obovoid, short-mucronate *S. americanus.

Scales yellowish-brown, entire, mucronate; achene trigonous, oblong-

obovoid, long-mucronate S. Torreyi.

c". Spikelets more or less loosely umbellulate, or paniculate.

Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly equalling the scales S. validus.

Achenes 2.5 to 3 mm. long, much exceeded by the scales.

S. occidentalis.
b'. Involucral bracts 2 or more, leaf -like; culms leafy.

(From this point use the key in Gray's Manual, ed. 7, beginning at 1.)

S. acutus Muhl. — (S. occidentalis Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2;
vid. Rhodora, 22: 56, 1920.)

Borders of lakes and marshes, in shallow water; occasional. Three
Mile Pond, Sheffield; Lake Buell, New Marlboro; Marsh Pond,
Egremont OYalters).

S. americanus Pers. — Sandy shores; occasional. Big Pond,
Otis; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge.

S. atrocinctus Fernald. — Wet meadows, borders of streams and
ponds, marshes; common, especially on the upland. A form with a
pale involucre from Washington.

forma brachypodus (Fernald) Blake. — Vid. Rhodora, 15: 161
(1913).

Occasional with the type on the plateau. Savoy; Washington;
Becket.

S. atrovirens Muhl. — Low ground; common.

var. georgianus (Harper) Fernald. — {S. gcorgianvs Man. ed. 7;
8. atrovirens 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part. Vid. Rhodora, 23: 134, 1921.)

Low ground; occasional. Greylock (Winslow^; Lanesboro (Chur-
chill); Sheffield. Not noted on the plateau.

forma sychnocephalus (Cowles) Blake. — Vid. Rhodora, 16:
161 (1913).

Roadside ditch, New Marlboro; Egremont.

S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. — Wet meadows and marshes, river
swales; frequent.

var. pelius Fernald. — Wet meadows, borders of rivers and lakes,
marshes; common.

var. pelius, forma condensatus (Fernald) Blake. — Vid. Rhodora,
15: 162 (1913).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 235

With the variety, Sheffield.

S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. — (Eriophorum alpinum 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Peat bogs and peaty meadows; frequent.

S. lineatus Michx. — Wet, sandy or clayey soil, roadside ditches;
frequent in the valley in calcareous soil.

S. Peckii Britton. — W^et meadows; occasional. Lenox; Tyring-
ham; Sandisfield.

S. pedicellatus Fernald. — (S. cyperinus 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Wet meadows, swamps and marshes; frequent. A form from
Lenox has unusually reddish-brown involucels.

var. pullus Fernald. — Williamstown (Churchill).

S. planifolius Muhl. — Occasional in dry woods in the south-
western part of the County. Egremont; Bash Bish Falls, Mt.
Washington (Knowlton).

S. rubrotinctus Fernald. — {S. microcarpus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet spots in meadows, springy hillsides, marshes; common.

var. confertus Fernald. — Swale, Lanesboro (Churchill).

S, Smithii Gray, var. setosus Fernald. — (8. dehilis 111. Fl. ed.
2 in part.)

Muddy shore of Rudd Pond, Becket; muddy spot in marsh, Lenox.

S. subterminalis Torr. — Pools in peat bogs; frequent.

S. sylvaticus L. — Borders of streams, and swamps; occasional in
the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; New Marlboro;
Monterey (Walters) .

S. Torreyi Olney.^ — Border of shallow pond, Great Barrington.

S. validus Vahl. — Margins of ponds and slow streams, in shallow
water; c<jmmon.

STENOPHYLLUS.

S. capillaris (L.) Britton. — Sandy soil; common in parts of Shef-
field, occasional elsewhere in the valleys. Williamstown; Stock-
bridge; Great Barrington.

AKACMAi:. ARUM FAMILY.
ACORUS. Sweet Flag.

A. Calamus L. Swkkt Flag; Calamus. — Wet meudows and
marshes; common.

236 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ARISAEMA. Indian Turnip.

A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. — Alluvial soil
along the Housatonic River; occasional in Great Barrington and
Sheffield (Walters).

A. triphyllum (L..) Schott. Indian Turnip; Jack-in-the-Pul-
PIT. — Rich woods and swamps; common. Altitude 2500 feet, Grey-
lock.

var. Stewardsonii (Britton) G. T. Stevens. — (A. Stewardsonii 111.
Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 23, 136, 1921.)

Swampy woods, Richmond (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton);
Sheffield. Cold swamp, Savoy, altitude 2000 feet; flood-plain of Cold
River, Florida.

Distinguished from A. triphyllum by its strongly fluted spathe and
shining leaves.

CALLA. Water Arum.

C. palustris L. Wild Calla. — Cold bogs; frequent on the
plateau, occasional in the valley (Sheffield, in the sand-plain, altitude

900 feet).

ORONTIUM. Golden Club.

O. aquaticum L. Golden Club. — Big Pond, Otis, in shallow
water, on sandy bottom. The most northern known station for this
plant of the coastal plain.

PELTANDRA, Arrow Arum.

P. virginica (L.) Kunth. Arrow Arum. — Pools in swamps,
borders of ponds and slow streams; common.

forma latifolia S. F. Blake.— Vid. Rhodora, 14: 104 (1912).
Shaw Pond, Otis.

Leaves very broad, almost equilaterally triangular, 18.5 to 28 cm.
across the tips of the ears, these obtuse or subacute; sinus open.

forma hastifolia S. F. Blake.— Vid. Rhodora, 14: 105 (1912).
Shaw Pond, Otis; Round Pond, Great Barrington.

Leaves comparatively narrow, 6 to 12 cm. broad; basal lobes 7 to
13 cm. long, often twice the breadth of leaf, widely divaricate.

forma brachyota S. F. Blake.— Vid. Rhodora, 14: 105 (1912).
Washington; Stockbridge; Great Barrington.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 237

Leaves smaller and narrower (main blade 10.5 to 20 cm. long, 3 to
5.5. cm. wide near middle); basal lobes shorter (2 to 7 cm. long), the
lobes only rarely divergent.

SYMPLOCARPUS. Skunk Cabbage.
{Spathyema 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk Cabbage. — Swamps and low
ground; common in the valley, not noted on the plateau. Hinsdale,
altitude 1450 feet.

LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY.
LEMNA. Duckweed.

L. minor L. — Pools and slow streams; occasional in the valley.
Lenox; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Sheffield.

L. trisulca L. — Pools in marshes, muddy ponds and slow streams;
local. Washington (altitude 1450 feet) ; two localities in Stockbridge;
Three Mile Pond, Sheffield.

SPIRODELA.

S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. — Stagnant pools and ponds; occasional
in the valley. Williamstown; Washington (altitude 1450 feet);
Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Sheffield (Walters).

ERIOCAULACEAE. PIPEWORT FAMILY.
ERIOCAULON, Pipewort.

E. septangulare Withering. Pipewort. — {E. articitlatum Man.
ed. 7; rid. Rhodora, 11: 40, 1909.)

Shallow water of ponds on gravelly bottom, or on rocky shores;
common.

XVHIDACKAE. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMIIA.

XYRIS. Yellow-eyed Grass.

X. caroliniana Walt. Yellow-eyed Gra.s.s. — Poaty borders of
ponds; occasional. Otis; Plant in Pond, Mt. Washington; Shefru-ld.

238 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

COMMELINACEAE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

TRADESCANTIA. Spiderwort.

T. viRGiNiANA L. Spiderwort. — One clump in a meadow near
the Housatonie River, Great Barrington (Walters).

PONTEDERIACEAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.

HETERANTHERA. Mud Plantain.

H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Mud Plantain. — Shallow ponds and
sluggish streams; occasional in the valley. Muddy Pond, Washing-
ton (altitude 1450 feet); Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield; outlet of Stock-
bridge Bowl, Stockbridge; Crane and Cranberry Ponds, West Stock-
bridge; Lake Buell, Monterey (Walters); lagoons of the Housatonie
River, Sheffield.

PONTEDERIA. Pickerel-weed.

P. cordata L. Pickerel-weed. — Shallow water, margins of
ponds and slow streams; common.

var. angustifolia Torr. — Occasional with the type. Great
Barrington; New Marlboro.

JUJvICACEAE. RUSH FAMILY.

JUNCUS. Rush.

Key to J uncus.

o. Inflorescence appearing lateral; the involucral leaf erect, similar to and
continuing the naked, or essentially naked scape; rootstock creeping.

Stamens 3. Rare /. filiformis.

Stamens 6. Common but extremely variable, represented in Berkshire Co.
by four varieties, differing in the size and arrangement of flowers, and

the thickness of the culms J. effusus, vid. p. 240.

c'. Inflorescence terminal.

h. Leaves never septate, i. e., with no transverse divisions.

c. Annual with soft base and fibrous roots, stems low and slender;

flowers remote /. bufonius.

c'. Perennial, flowers mostly aggregated, leaves flat (in age becoming
involute).
d. Base not bulbous.

e. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths scarious, whitish, conspicu-
ously extended beyond the point of insertion.

J. tenuis and varieties.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 239

e'. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths not conspicuously extended
beyond the' point of insertion.
Bracts shorter than the cymes, flowers 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, scat-
tered and secund along the ascending or incurved branches,

plant of dry soil, infrequent /. secundua.

Bracts (or at least the lowermost) exceeding the cj-rnes; flowers
mostly larger, not conspicuously secund, plant chiefly of moist

' ^ places, common /. Dudleyi.

d'. Base bulbous and stoloniferous, leaves linear /. marginatus.

Leaves hollow, nodulose, i. e., with divisions at regular intervals which
show as dark transverse lines.

/. Seeds with definite caudate tips.

g. Flowers with the mature fruit about 2.5 (rarely 3.5) mm.
long; sepals obtuse; seed ellipsoid, barely 1 mm. long, with

very short tails /. brachycephalus.

g'. Flowers with mature fruit about 4 mm. long; petals atten-
uate, acute; seed spindle-shaped, with conspicuous tails.
Inflorescence one-third longer than broad; capsule equalling

or slightly exceeding the calyx /. canadensis.

Inflorescence elongate; strict and narrow, 3 to 6 tunes longer
than broad; capsule much exceeding the calyx.

J. brevicatidatus.
f. Seeds merely pointed, or blunt, not caudate.

h. Stamens 3 j. acummatus.

h'. Stamens 6.

i. Upper cauline leaves bladeless (or essentially so), con-
sisting of firm tawny or colored sheaths 2.5 to 5 cm.
long; the middle leaf erect, much overtopping the

inflorescence; rare /. niilitaris.

i'. Upper cauline leaves with blades, or if bladeless, very
small.

j. Flowers soUtary, or in 2's /. pelocarpus.

j'. Flowers more numerous, in glomerules.

k. Glomerules spherical; sepals subulate; capsules
subulate or lance-subulate; involucral bract
usually exceeding the inflorescence. ./. nodosiis.
k'. Glomerules hemi.spherical; sepals blunt or acumi-
nate, at most mucronate-tippcd; capsules ovoid
or ellipsoid; involucral bract much shorter than
the inflorescence.
Flower brown or brownish; capsule dark brown,
3 to 4 mm. long, gradually tapering to the

mucronate tip J. nrticulatus.

Flower greenish; cai)sule pair brown, 2.5 to 3 mm.
long, abruptly mucronate.

J. articulalwt, var. obtiuiatus.

240 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

J. acuminatus Michx. — Wet meadows and along brooks; occa-
sional. Lenox; Otis; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

J. articulatus L. — Low ground, roadside ditches, borders of
brooks and ponds; common. Altitude 1500 feet, Greylock.

var. obtusatus Engelm. — Wet meadows and hillside brooks;
occasional in the valley. Lanesboro; Pittsfield; Great Barrington;
Sheffield.

J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. — Bogs, wet meadows,
marshy or muddy shores; frequent. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. — Wet ground; common.

J. bufonius L. — Wet roadsides and muddy shores; common,
particularly on the plateau.

J. canadensis J. Gay.— Open bogs and marshes; common.

J. Dudleyi Wiegand. — Moist sandy or gravelly ground, low
meadows and roadside ditches; common in calcareous soil in the
valley, reaching an altitude of 1300 feet in Tyringham.

Key to J uncus effusus.

{Vid. Rhodora, 12: 83-84.)

Flowers small, sepals 1.7 to 2.6 (rarely 2.9) mm. long, mostly somewhat
spreading from the base; perianth segments not very dark but usually
with two distinct brown lateral bands, rather soft in texture and there-
fore not rigid when dry; inflorescence small (1 to 4 cm. in diameter),
or if larger with the sepals less than 2.6 mm. long.

Culms rather stout, 1.5 to 4 mm. in diameter at the top of the

sheaths; sheaths pale; inflorescence small, compact.
Culms finely many-striate and usually deep green . . var. compactus.
Culms coarsely 12- to 15-sulcate, usually pale green.

var. conglomeratus.

Culms rather slender, 1 to 2 (rarely 3) mm. in diameter at the top

of the sheaths; sheaths dark; inflorescence small and rather

close var. decipiens.

Flowers medium or large, sepals 2.5 to 4.2 mm. long (rarely shorter);
perianth segments with no conspicuous brown bands, frequently firmer
in texture, often rigid, appressed or somewhat spreading; inflorescence
commonly open, rarely somewhat dense, 1.5 to 14 cm. in diameter.
Sepals rarely exceeding either the petals or the capsule, 2.5 to 3.5 mm.
long, firm, not conspicuously spreading nor strongly contrasting in
color with the capsule.

Culms 2 to 4.5 mm. in diameter at the top of the sheaths, not
sulcate var. solutus.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 241

Sepals exceeding both the petals and the capsule, 3 to 4.2 mm. long,
firm or rigid in texture and usually somewhat spreading, commonly
contrasting in color with the darker capsule.

Culms 1 to 3.5 mm. in diameter at the top of the sheaths, finely
striate or deeply sulcate var. Pylaei.

J. eSusus L., var. compactus Lejeune & Courtois. — Wet mead-
ows; rare. Williamstown; Otis.

var. decipiens Buehenau. — Wet meadows, hillsides, borders of
brooks; common.

var. Pylaei (La Harpe) Fernald & Wiegand. — Springy places,
swamps, and low meadows; common in cooler situations than the
following.

var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand. — Swampy meadows; common,
particularly along the Housatonic.

J. filiformis L. — Collected from only one station, a springy spot
at the summit of Hoosac Mt., North Adams.

J. marginatus Rostk. — Borders of ponds, wet places in meadows,
roadside ditches; frequent. Reaches an altitude of 1500 feet in
Washington.

J. militaris Bigel. — Shallow water on sandy bottom, Big Pond,
Otis.

J. nodosus L. — Borders of ponds, swampy meadows, roadside
ditches; frequent in the valley.

J. pelocarpus Mey. — Boggy or muddy shores; frequent.

J. secundus Beauv. — Dry, open soil; occasional. Alford;
Sheffield.

J. tenuis Willd. — Pastures, fields, wood-roads, roadsides; common.

var. anthelatus Wieg. — Low, open ground; occasional in the
valley. New Ashford (Churchill); Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Great
Barrington.

var. Williamsii Fernald. — Low open ground, Great Barrington.

LUZULA. WuuD KisH.
iJuncoi<ies 111. Fl. od. 2.)

L. campestris (L.) DC, var. multiflora (IMuli.i Coluk. — Fields,
meadows, and open woods; coimnoii.

L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv., var. melanocarpa iMichx.i lUu-lie-
nau. — I ])iHT .slopes of Mt. Greylock.

242 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

L. saltuensis Fernald. — (J. carolinae 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wooded banks, frequent. Sandy flood-plains of the Deerfield and

Farmington Rivers; flood-plain of the Cold River. Altitude 1900

feet, Hancock.

LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY.
ALLIUM. Onion.

A. canadense L. Wild Onion. — Alluvial ground; occasional in
the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Sheffield.

A. tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. — Rich woods; common on well-
drained hillsides. Rare on the plateau, Sandisfield, at an altitude of
1500 feet (Walters); 2000 feet, Berry Mt., Hancock; 2500 feet,
Greylock.

ASPARAGUS. Asparagus.

A. OFFICINALIS L. Asparagus. — Thickets and hedgerows, and
along fences; frequent.

CHAMAELIRIUM. Devil's Bit.

C. luteum (L.) Gray. Blazing Star. — Dry woods; occasional
in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington;
New Marlboro; Egremont (Robbins); Sheffield. Stockbridge is the
most northern known station.

CLINTONIA.

C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Clintonia. — Cool woods, and shaded
swamps; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

CONVALLARIA. Lily of the Valley.

Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the Valley. — A patch, fifteen
by twenty yards square, spreading in damp woods, one-eighth of a
mile from any house, Williamstown.

ERYTHRONIUM. Dog's-tooth Violet.

E. americanuniKer. Adder's Tongue; Dog's-tooth Violet. —
Rich woods and low meadows; common. Abundant in moist places
on the plateau, altitude 2300 feet (Florida).

HEMEROCALLIS. Day Lily.

H. fulva L. Common Day Lily. — Roadside banks; a frequent
escape.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 243

LILIUM. Lily.

L. canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily; Meadow Lily. — Low
meadows and moist thickets; common.

L. philadelphicum L. Wood Lily. — Dry, open woods, clearings,
brushy pastures; common.

L. TiGRiNUM Ker. Tiger Lily. — Roadsides; an occasional escape.

M AI ANTHEM UM.

{UniJoUum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

M. canadense Desf. Wild Lily of the Valley. — Woods and
shaded swamps; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

MEDEOLA. Indian Cucumber Root,

M. virginiana L. Indian Cucumber Root. — Woods; common.
Altitude 2500 feet, Greylock.

OAKESIA.

{Uvularia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
O. sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Bellwort. — Woods; common.

POLYGONATUM. Solomon's Seal.

P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's Seal. — Dry or
rocky woods; common.

P. commutatum (R. &. S.) Dietr. Great Solomon's Seal. —
River banks, and moist thickets; frequent in the valley.

SMILACINA. False Solomon's Seal.
{Vagncra III. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. racemosa (L.) Desf. False Spikenard. — W^oods, dry ledges
and tliickets; common.

A form with hracted inflorescence collected in West Stockbridge
(Evans, Knowlton and Fernald).

S. stellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. — Allu-
vial banks; frequent along the Hoosac, Housatonic and Deerfield
Rivers. liorder of swamp, Sheffield.

S. trifoliata (L.) Desf. Thkee-leaved Solomon's Seal. — Cold
swamps; frequent.

244 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

SMILAX. Green Brier; Cat Brier,

S. herbacea L. Carrion-flower. — Thickets in low ground,
borders of meadows; common. Altitude 2000 feet, Hancock.

S. rotundifolia L. Cat Brier; Common Green Brier. — Col-
lected only in one station in Sheffield (Walters).

STREPTOPUS. Twisted-stalk.

S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. — Rich cool woods; frequent on the
plateau, occasional elsewhere.

S. roseus Michx. — Rich woods and cool swamps ; frequent through-
out. Common on the upper portions of The Dome, Mt. Washington.

TRILLIUM. Trillium; Wake Robix.

T. cernuum L. Nodding Trillium. — Borders of swamps and
alluvial thickets; occasional in the valley. Hinsdale (Lincoln),
altitude 1450 feet; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters).

T. erectum L. Purple Trillium. — Rich woods and shaded
swamps; common. Altitude 2000 feet, Savoy; 2500 feet, Greylock.

forma albiflorum f . nov. — CoroUis albis. Flowers white. Type
in the herbarium of the N. E. B. C, collected in rich woods, Stock-
bridge (R. Hoifmann).

Gates (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 4: 52, 1917) points out that T.
rhomboideum, var. album Michx. applies to the smaller-flowered south-
ern species, T. album Small.

T. undulatum Willd. Painted Trillium. — Cool woods; com-
mon.

UVULARIA. Bellwort.

U. grandifiora Sm. — Rich woods; common in the valley.
U. perfoliata L. — Rich or dry woods; common.

VERATRUM. False Hellebore.

V. viride Ait. American White Hellebore. — Shaded swamps,
wet meadows, and borders of streams; common.

AMARYLLIDACEAE. AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
HYPOXIS. Star Grass.

H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star Grass. — Open woods and mead-
ows; frequent in the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 245

NARCISSUS.

N. POETicus L. Poet's Narcissus. — A single plant in a mowing
field, across the road from an abandoned house, Alford (Walters).

IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY.
IRIS. Fleur-de-lis.

I. versicolor L. Blue Flag. — Wet meadows, borders of streams
and ponds, wet open hillsides; common. Altitude 2000 feet, Mt.
Washington.

SISYRINCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass.
Key to Sisyrinchium.

a. Spathes sessile, terminal and solitary.

Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract; capsules 2 to

4 mm. high. Rare S. mucronatum.

Pedicels suberect, scarcely exceeding the inner bract; capsules 4 to 6 mm.

high. Common S. angustifolium.

a'. Spathes peduncled from the axil of the leaf-like bract.

b. Inner bract of the spathe L5 to 3 cm. long; stems broadly winged.
Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract.

S. gramineum.
Pedicels strongly ascending, rarely exceeding the inner bract.

S. angustifolium.

b'. Inner bract of the spathe 1 to 1.5 cm. long; stems slender and narrowly

margined S. atlanticum.

S. angustifolium Mill. — Meadows and open places in woods;
common.

S. atlanticum Bicknell. — Low meadows, borders of bogs and
swamps; frequent on the plateau, occasional in the valley (Pittsfield,
Stockbridge) .

S. gramineum T'urtis. — (S. graminoides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

IMcadows and fields; common.

S. mucronatum Michx. — Meadow, Cheshire Harbor (Cushman);
sandy field, Sheffield (Fernald).

ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHID F.\MILY.
ARETHUSA.

A. bulbosa L. Aretius.x. — (Jprii liogs; occasioiud in tlic south-
ern part ot the County. Ward Pond, Hocket; Moiiti-rcy (Walters);

246 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Great Barrington (Walters); New Marlboro (Walters). Possibly
occurs throughout the County, as it is easily overlooked unless in
flower.

CALOPOGON.

{Limodorum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

C. pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Grass Pink. — Borders of bogs; oc-
casional in the valley. Williamstown ; Pittsfield; Stockbridge;
Great Barrington (Walters); New Marlboro; Sheffield (Walters).

CORALLORRHIZA. Coral Root.

C. maculata Raf. — Rich woods; common.

C. trifida Chatelain.— (C. CoraUorhiza 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods, wet slopes and shaded peat bogs; frequent.

CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's Slipper; Moccasin Flower.

C. acaule Ait. Pink Lady's Slipper. — (Fissipes acaule 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Dry woods and knolls in swamps; frequent. Altitude 1900 feet
(Savoy).

C. arietinum R. Br. Ram's Head Lady's Slipper. — Great
Barrington (Miss Helen Brown).

C. hirsutum Mill. Showy Lady's Slipper. — (C. reginae 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Cold swamps; frequent in the valley.

forma album (Sweet), comb. nov. — ( Vid. Brit. Fl. Gard. 3: 240,
1827-29.) Flowers pure white.

Williamstown (Pres. Carter) ; Becket (specimen in Gray Herbarium) .

C. parviflorum Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper. —
Rich woods and borders of swamps; frequent.

var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Larger Yellow Lady's Slip-
per.— (C. parviflorum 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Rich woods; frequent.

Specimens intermediate between C. parviflorum and the var.
pubescens have been collected at White Oaks, Williamstown
(Churchill).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 247

EPIPACTIS. Rattlesnake Plantain.
{Peramium 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

E. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. — Rich upland woods; fre-
quent. Chiefly under conifers, but occasionally under deciduous
trees (New Marlboro).

E. repens (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fernald) Eaton. — {Per-
amium ophioides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Under spruces on the upper slopes of Greylock (Churchill, Andrews) ;
under hemlocks on serpentine, Florida.

E. tesselata (I.odd.) A. A. Eaton. — Under conifers; frequent,

A specimen collected in Hancock with a raceme 11 cm. long.

HABENARIA. Fringed Orchis.

X H. Andre wsii White (H. lacera X H. psycodes). — Becket
(Walters).

H. blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. White Fringed Orchis. —
{Blephariglottis blephariglottis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of peat bogs; occasional. Becket; Sheffield.
H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. — (Cocloglossum hradeatum 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Rich woods; occasional. Williamstown; New Marlboro; Great
Barrington; Sandisfield; Sheffield (Walters).

H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. — {Gymnadeniopsis clavellafa 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Swampy woods; frequent.

H. dilatata (Pursh.) Gray. — {Limnorchis dilatata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Sliaded swamps; frequent. Often associated with Cypriprdiuin
hirsutum.

H. fimbriata (Ait.) II. Br. Large Purple Fringed Orchis. —
{Blcphdriglottis grandijlora 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and borders of wet woods; frequent on the plateau.
Florida; Washington; Becket (lowest altitude 1500 feet); Sandisfield.
H. flava (L.) Gray.— {Pcrulnria jUnn III. Fl. ed. 2.^
Wet {)Iaccs; frequent.

H. Hookeri Torr. — {Lysias Ilooheriana 111. Fl. «'d. 2.)
Woods; t'n'(|U('nt.
H. hyperborea (L.) U. Br. — {Limnorrliis hyprrborca III. Fl. vd. 2.)

248 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Woods; common. Very variable in height and size of flowers,
perhaps including more than one species.

H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchis. — (Blephari-
gloUis lacera 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet meadows ; frequent. On Greylock in clearings over 3000 feet
(Andrews).

H. macrophylla Goldie. — Rich woods. Savoy; Lanesboro
(Churchill); Dalton (Lincoln); Sandisfield.

H. obtusata (Pursh) Richards. — (Lysiella obtusata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Bog, Hinsdale (H. L. Moody).

H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Large Round-leaved Orchis. —
{Lysias orbiculata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods; frequent.

H. psycodes (L.) Sw. Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis. —
{Blephariglottis psycodes 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and wet meadows; common. Altitude 2000 feet, Hancock.
A form with pale sepals from Becket. A spike from Sheffield vnih. 144
flowers.

forma albiflora, f. nov. — CoroUis albis. Flowers ^"hite.

Type in N. E. B. C. herbarium, collected in Stockbridge, August 12,
1914 (R. Hoffmann).

LIPARIS. TWAYBLADE.

L. liliifolia (L.) Richard. — Rich woods in the western part of the
valley; occasional. W^illiamstown, lower wooded slope of Greylock
(Andrews); Stockbridge (Miss Helen Kobbe); West Stockbridge;
Alford; Mt. W^ashington (Walters).

L. loeselii (L.) Richard. — Bogs and wet roadsides; frequent.

MICROSTYLIS. Adder's Mouth.
{Malaxis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. — Cold bogs; occasional. Williams-
town, upper wet slopes of Greylock, also in one dry grass-covered
meadow (Andrews); North Adams (White) ; Pittsfield; Stockbridge.

M. unifolia (Michx.) BSP. — Bogs, wet woods, or dry slopes and
ledges; frequent.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 249

ORCHIS.

{Galeorchis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

0. spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. — Rich woods; frequent in the
valley. Altitude 1000 feet, Sandisfield.

POGONIA.

P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. — Marshes and
peat bogs; frequent. Altitude 2000 feet, Hancock.

P. verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. Whorled Pogonia. — (Isotria
veriicUlata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry open woods; occasional in the valley. Great Barrington; Mt.
Washington (\Yalters); Sheffield (Walters). For a description of
specimens with anomalous flowers, collected by Walters in Mt.
Washington, vid. Rhodora, 18: 252 (1916).

SERAPIAS.

S. Helleborine L. — A small colony of this rare European orchid
was found by Miss Caroline Wells in 1898 under Norway Spruces in
Stockbridge. The station has been since destroyed.

SPIRANTHES. Ladies' Tresses.
[Ihidium 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. cernua (L.) Richard.— Wet meadows; common.

var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames. — In drier situations than the type;
frequent.

S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. — Dry open soil; common.

S. lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. — {Ihidium plantagineum 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Gravelly shores of ponds, borders of swamps and roadside ditches;
frequent in the valleys.

S. Romanzofiiana Ciuun. — Bogs; occasional. North Adams
(White); Hinsdale (Moody); Lanesboro; Pittsfield; Monterey
(Walters) ; Great Barrington ; Egremont.

SALICACE.VE. Willow Family.
POPULUS. PopLAu.

P. ALiiA L. White Poplar. — Occasionally spreading from culti-
vation.

250 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

P. balsamifera L., var. virginiana Sarg. Cottonwood; Neck-
lace Poplar. — (P. deltoides Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Along streams in the valley; frequent.

P, grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. — Woods;
common.

P. NIGRA L., var. italica Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. — (P.
italica 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasionally spreading from cultivated trees.

P. tacamahacca Mill. Balsam Poplar. — (P. balsamifera Man.
cd. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Journ. Arnold Arb., 1: 61, 1919.)

Spreading freely from planted trees. Indigenous along Cascade
Brook, Hoosac Tunnel, Florida.

var. Michauxiana (Dode) Henry. — River-bank, North Adams
(Fernald and Long).

Differs from the type in the ovate leaves with a broad, rounded or
subcordate base, and slight pubescence on the midrib and veins be-
neath; petioles and twigs are also slightly hairy. Vid. Garden
Chronicle, ser. 3, 59: 230 (1916).

P. tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. — Dry woods and
clearings; common.

SALIX. Willow.

S. ALBA L. White Willow. — Along streams; occasional. Deer-
field R., Florida; Williamstown ; Adams (Churchill); Pittsfield;
Great Barrington; Egremont.

var. vitellina (L.) Koch. — Along rivers and streams; common in
the valley, occasional up to an altitude of 1500 feet on the plateau.

S. Candida Fliigge. Hoary Willoav. — Cold bogs; frequent.

var. denudata Anders. — Occasional. Stockbridge; West Stock-
bridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton); Egremont.
H S. cordata Muhl. — Low ground, along streams and on the plateau,
along roadsides; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

var. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey. — Occasional. October Mt.,
Washington; Pontoosuc Lake, Lanesboro (Churchill).

S. discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow; Pussy Willow. —
Swamps and low ground, and on the plateau, along roadsides; com-
mon.

var. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders. — Occasional. Pittsfield.

var. prinoides (Pursh) Anders. — Great Barrington.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 251

S. FRAGiLis L. Crack Willow. — Borders of streams; occasional.
Adams (Knowlton and Bean); Great Barrington (Cushman); Egre-
mont.

S. humilis Marsh. — Dry open woods and sandy soil; common.
Altitude 1900 feet, Florida.

S. lucida Muhl. Shining \Yillow. — Borders of swamps, shores
of lakes and streams, wet roadsides; common.

var. angustifolia Anders. — Marsh on Hancock Mt, (altitude
2000 feet) . The only known station for the State.

var. intonsa Fernald. — Williamstown.

S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. — Borders of ponds and along
streams; common in the valley.

var. falcata (Pursh) Torr. — Occasional with the type.

S. pedicellaris Pursh, var. hypoglauca Fernald. — (S. pedicel-
laris Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 11: 161, 1909.)

Open bogs; frequent.

Leaves green above, glaucous beneath. S. pedicellaris has leaves
green on both surfaces.

S. PENTANDRA L. — Occasionally escaped from cultivation. Stock-
bridge; Great Barrington.

S. petiolaris Sm. — Low ground; frequent.

S. PURPUREA L. Purple Willow. — Occasionally naturalized
along brooks; Williamstown; Richmond; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

S. rostrata Richards. Beaked Willow. — Borders of swamps or
dry thickets; common. On the plateau forming with S. cordnta and
S. discolor thickets along the roadsides. A form from Great Barring-
ton with capsules partially or completely doubled.

S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. — Borders of swamps, along
streams and in low ground; common.

S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. — Swamps, in calcareous soil; fre-
quent in the southern part of the valley, from Richmond an<l Stock-
bridge to Sheffield.

S. subsericea (Anders.) Schneider. — Hinsdale.

Similar to .S. petiolaris. Leaves loosely .sericeous when young, at
length glabrate except the puheridvnt midrib aboir, rather coarsely
appressed-serrate ; winter l)U(ls puberulent; scales oblong, with
rounded blackish tijjs; capsule lance-conic, blunt, loosely silky, a to
7 mm. long, its pedicel many times exceeding the gland. !'/</. Rho-
dora, 11: 12 (1909).

252 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Hybrids of Salix.

S. alba X fragilis. — Watercourse, Pittsfield (Schneider); Lenox
(Schneider).

S. Candida X rostrata. — Calcareous swamp, Richmond (Evans,
Fernald and Knowlton),

S. Candida X petiolaris. — Monterey; Sheffield.

S. cordata X rostrata. — Florida.

S. cordata X Candida. — Stock! )ridge.

S. discolor X rostrata. — Florida.

S. petiolaris X sericea. — Egremont.

The five last hybrids in the above list have been determined by Mr.
F. F. Forbes.

MYRICACEAE. S\VEET GALE FAMILY.
MYRICA.

M. asplenifolia L. Sweet Fern. — {Comptonia peregrina 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Dry hills and borders of woods; common in the valley.

M. Gale L. Sweet Gale. — Borders of ponds and bogs, and in
swamps; common.

var. subglabra (Chevalier) Fernald. — Altitude 2000 feet. Guilder
Pond, Mt. Washington.

Leaves glabrous or glabrate tliroughout. In the type the leaves are
more or less pubescent, at least on the veins beneath. Vid. Rhodora,
16: 167 (1914).

JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY.
CARYA. Hickory.
(Hicoria 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Bitternut. — Dry woods;
frequent in the valley.

C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. Pignut. — Hillsides; frequent in the
valley.

C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. —
Rich woods, open hillsides; common in the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 253

JUGLANS.

J. cinereaL. Butternut. — Rich woods, open hillsides; common
in the valley, frequent on the lower portions of the plateau (altitude
1800 feet, Becket).

BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.
ALNUS. Alder.

A. incana (L.) Moench. Speckled Alder. — Along streams,
borders of swamps, and on the plateau along roadsides; common.

A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh, var. mollis Fernald. — Downy Green
Alder. — (A. mollis Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 15: 4, 1913. A.
Alnohetula 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Hoosac Mt., Florida; along the Deerfield River, Florida.

A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. — Borders of lakes
and streams; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Stock-
bridge; New Marlboro (^Yalters); Sheffield.

BETULA. BiucH.

B. alba L., var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald. Paper Birch;
Canoe Birch. — {B. cordifolia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Hillsides; occasional. Pittsfield; West Stockbridge; Egremont
(Walters).

var. papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. — {B. papyrifera 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Woods; common. A specimen from Otis, determined by Dr.
Rehder, with mature leaves only 5 cm. long.

B. lenta L. Black Birch; Cherry Birch. — Rich woods, banks
of streams; frequent.

B. lutea Miclix. f. Yellow Birch. — Cool rocky woods; common.

B. populifolia Marsh. White Birch; Gray Birch. — Sandy or
ill-drained soil; common in the southern part of the County, frequent
elsewhere. Summits of Greylock (altitude 3400 feet) and The Dome.

B. pumila L. Low or Swamp Birch. — Cold bogs; local. D. D.
Field swamp and Nigger Pond, Stockbridge; Juniper Pond, New
Marlboro.

CARPINUS. Hohnbeam; Ihonw'ood.

C. caroliniana Walt. .Vmi:rican Hornhkam; Blue ok Water
Beech. — Along streams and borders of swamps, cool rocky iiiiisides;
frequent.

254 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

CORYLUS. HazeI^nut.

C. americana Walt. Hazelnut. — Dry soil; common in the
extreme southern part of the County; Egremont; Sheffield. Occa-
sional as far north as Lenox Hill (Schneider and Schweinfurth).

C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. — Borders of woods and
roadside thickets; common on the upland and frequent in the valley,
occurring occasionally with C. americana.

OSTRYA. Hop Hornbeam; Ironwood.

0. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. American Hop Hornbeam. —
Open rocky woods and hillsides, particularly in calcareous soil; fre-
quent in the valleys, occasional on the plateau (altitude 2000 feet,
Savoy.)

FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
CASTANEA. Chestnut.

C. dentata (Marsh) Borkli. Chestnut. — Rich woods; common
in the valley, frequent on the lower parts of the plateau, absent from
the higher parts.

FAGUS. Beech.

F. grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. — Rich woods; common on the
plateau, frequent in the valleys. Summit of Greylock, altitude 3500
feet.

forma pubescens Fernald & Rehder. — (Vid. Rhodora, 9: 111,
1907.) Williamstown (Rehder).

Differs from the type in having the under side of the leaves short-
pubescent, and the veins covered with a villous pubescence, not with
long silky hairs.

QUKRCUS. Oak.

Q. alba L. White Oak. — Dry soil; common in the southern part
of the valley and on the Taconics, absent from the plateau.

Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. — Borders of streams and
swamps; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Great
Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield.

Q. coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. — Dry soil, in the southern
part of the valley; frequent. Grows to a large size only in New
Marlboro and Sheffield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 255

Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear Oak; Black Scrub Oak. — Sandy soil
or rocky summits; common in the Sheffield sand-plain and on the
summits of the southern Taconics.

Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak; Mossy-cup Oak. — Swamps,
open bottom-land and hillsides; frequent in the valley.

Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak; Chestnut Oak.—
On limestone ridges in the extreme southern part of the valley. One
tree in Great Barrington (Sargent) ; frequent in Sheffield.

Q. prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak; Chinquapin Oak. —
Common on the sand-plain in southern New Marlboro and Sheffield.

Q. Prinus L. Chestnut Oak. — Rocky hillsides; common in the
southern part of the valley, particularly west of the Housatonic River,
occasional to the eastward (Monterey). Absent from the plateau.

Q. rubra L. Red Oak. — Woods; common throughout. The
only oak found on the plateau.

Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. — Rocky woods and dry soil;
frequent in the southern part of the valley.

URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY.
BOEHMERIA. False Nettle.

B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. — Shaded swamps, river-
banks and low ground; frequent.

CELTIS. Hackberry.

C. occidentalis L. Hackberry; Sugarberry. — Hackberries
are occasional along the Housatonic River in Stockbridge, Great
Barrington and Sheffield, growing either in meadows on the edge of
the river or in Sheffield on ledges above the river. The trees are for
the most part small, but in Stockbridge there is one with a girth of
nine and a half feet. Specimens from the three towns have been sub-
mitted to Dr. Rehder, who has deterniined some from Stockbridge
and Sheffield as typical, and writes of two specimens from Stockbridge,
as follows:

" The specimen collected Aug. 20, 1920, I refer to C. occidentalis,
var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. (in Bot. Gaz. 67: 217, 1919), though the
under side of the leaves is as pubescent as in var. rra.tsifoUa, but the
leaves are not scabrate above. The specimen collected on Aug. 12,

256 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

1914, 1 should be inclined to refer to var. crassifolia (Larn.) Gray, as at
least one of the branchlets has the leaves distinctly scabrate above,
but as it has no fruits, it may be from a young plant which like vigorous
shoots has rougher and more pubescent leaves."

HUMULUS. Hop.

H. LuPULUS L. Hop. — Occasional in low ground or on rocky
banks; an escape from cultivation.

LAPORTEA. Wood Nettle.

L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood Nettle. — {Urticastrum di-
varicatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods; common in the valleys, frequent on the plateau.
Altitude on the plateau, 1800 feet, Adams; 2500 feet, Greylock.

MORUS. Mulberry.

M. ALBA L. White Mulbekry. — An occasional escape from culti-
vation; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. — A single tree on a limestone ledge
in New Marlboro; two trees on a limestone cobble in Ashley Falls,
Sheffield. The only known stations for this western tree in the State.

PARIETARIA. Pellitory.

P. pennsylvanica Muhl. Pellitory. — Shaded limestone rocks,
Sheffield (Walters); shaded limestone ledge. New Marlboro.

PILEA. Richweed; Clearweed.

P. pumila (L.) Gray. Richweed; Clearweed. — Damp shaded
ground, shaded ledges and waste ground; common.

ULMUS. Elm.

U. americana L. American or White Elm. — Along streams and
in rich woods; common, except on the plateau, where rare.

U. campestris L. English Elm. — Seedlings growing under shade
trees in Lenox.

[ U. fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. — Rocky woods and along
streams; frequent in the valley. Not noted on the plateau.

HOT'FMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 257

URTICA. Nettle.

U. gracilis Ait. Common Nettle. — Moist ground and waste

places; common, fjl

U. Lyallii Wats. — (U. gracilis III. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Alluvial ground ; occasional in the valley. Williarastown, Hancock

and Lanesboro (Churchill) ; Lee; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

SANTALACEAE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

COMANDRA. Bastard Toad-flax.

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. — Sandy soil in
the southern part of the valley; common on the Sheffield sand-plain
and on the summit of The Dome, Mt. Washington. Occurs on rocky
ledges on Monument Mt., Great Barrington.

LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY.
ARCEUTHOBIUM.

{Bazoumojtikya 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

A. pusillum Peck. Dwarf Mistletoe. — On Black Spruce
(Picea mariana) in peat bogs; local. Ward Pond, Becket; Wolf
Swamp, Sandisfield.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

ASARUM. Wild Ginger.

A. canadense L. Wild Ginger. — Rich woods; common in the
valley, less common on the plateau. Altitude 1")00 feet (Windsor),
var. acuminatum Ashe. — {A, acuminatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Dry rocky upland woods. North Adams (Fernald and Long); rich
woods, Adams.

POLYGONACEAK. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

FAGOPYRUM. Buckwiieat.

F. esculentum Mociuh. Buckwheat. — {Fagopyrum Fagopy-
rum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occtisionaliy persisting in old fields or escaping along roadsides.

258 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

F. TATARicuM (L.) Gaertn. India-wheat. — In grainfields and
waste ground, Sheffield (Churchill).

POLYGONUM. Knotweed.
{Persicarid 111. Fl. ed. 7 in part.)

P. acre HBK., var. leptostachyum Meisn. Water Smartweed.
— Low ground; common.

P. amphibium L. — {Persicaria am'phihia III. Fl. ed. 2.)

In shallow water or on muddy shores; common.

var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell. B'^rders of swamps and in
marshes; frequent.

forma terrestre (Leers) Blake. — (var. terrestre Man. ed. 7;
md. Rhodora, 15: 164, 1913.)

Muddy shores; occasional. Pittsfield; Stockbridge. Specimens
collected at Lake Averic, Stockbridge, show the above variety and
the form growing from the same rootstock.

P. arifolium L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. — ( Tracaulon
arifoliuvi 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and low ground; frequent.

P. aviculare L. Knotgrass; Doorweed.-^ Dooryards, road-
sides and cultivated ground; common.

var. angustissimum Meisn.^ — On ledges bordering Guilder Pond,
Mt. Washington. Altitude 2000 feet.

var. vegetum Ledeb. — Yards, roadsides and cultivated ground;
common.

P. Careyi Olney. — (Persicaria Carcyi 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Border of Rudd Pond, Becket.

P. cilinode Michx. Bindweed. — ( Tinaria cilinodis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky woods and on ledges; common.

P. Convolvulus. Black Bindweed.— ( Tinaria convolvulus 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Cultivated ground and clearings; common.

P. erectum L. — Yards and roadsides; occasional. Williamstown
(Churchill); Lenox; New Marlboro (Walters).

P. Hydropiper L. Common Smartweed; Water Pepper. —
{Persicaria Hydropiper III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Moist shaded ground; common.

P. hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. — {Persicaria
hydropiperoides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 259

Borders of swamps and muddy shores; frequent in the valley.

P. lapathifolium L. Dock-leaved Persicaria. — (Persicaria
lapathifoHa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet places; common.

var. salicif olium Gibthorp. — (P. tomentosum Schrank, var. incanum
Man. ed. 7.)

Sandy shore of Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield.

P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. — (Persicaria Muhlenhergii 111,
Fl. ed. 2.)

Muddy shores of ponds, and marshes; frequent in the valley.

P. orientale L. Prince's Feather. — {Persicaria orientalis 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasionall}'^ persistent in waste ground, Stockbridge.

P. pennsylvanicum L., var. laevigatum Fernakl. Pink Knot-
weed. — {P. pcnnsyh-anicum Man. ed. 7 in part, vid. Rhodora 19:
73, 1917; Persicaria 'pennsyhanica 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Low groimd; common.

Leaves glabrous or at most sparsely strigose on the midrib beneath.

P. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. — {Persicaria persicaria 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Waste places and low ground; common.

P. sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. — {Tracaulon
sagittatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Low ground; common.

P. scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. — ( Tinaria scan-
dens 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvial thickets; frequent in the valley.

P. tenue Michx. — Open sterile soil; occasional in the southern
part of the valley. Alford; Sheffield.

P. virginianum L. — {Tovara virginiana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvial thickets; frequent in the southern i)art of the valley and
along the Deerfield River, Florida.

RUMEX. Dock.

R. AcETOSA L. Garden Sorrel. — Fields; occasional. Lee;
Lenox; Stockbridge.

R. Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. — Cultivated groimd, old fields,
rocky ledges; common.

R. britannica L. Gkeat Water Dock. — Swamps; common.

260 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

R. CRispus L. Yellow Dock. — Waste places and low ground;
common.

R. MEXICANUS Meisn. — Waste ground; occasional. First noted
in a freight-yard in 1916. Riverbanks, Williamstown; Pittsfield;
Lenox; Stockbridge; Mt. Washington.

R. OBTUsiFOLius L. BiTTER DocK. — Fields, roadside ditches and
waste ground; common. Well established along mountain brooks.

R. PATiENTiA L. Patience Dock. — Marshes and wet meadows ;
occasional. Becket; Otis; Sheffield; Lan^sboro (Churchill).

CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

ATRIPLEX.

A. PATULA L., var. hastata (L.) Gray. — (Atriplex hastata 111. Fl.
€d. 2.)

Waste ground about woolen mill, Pittsfield ; barnyard, Stockbridge.

CHENOPODIUM. Pigweed; Gogsefgot.

C. ALBUM L. Lamb's Quarters; Pigweed. — Cultivated and
waste ground; common.

var. viride (L.) Moq. — Waste ground; occasional. Stockbridge;
Great Barrington.

C. Boscianum Moq. — Flood-plain of Bash Bish Brook, Mt. Wash-
ington.

C. BoTRYs L. Jerusalem Oak. — Cultivated ground, Cheshire
Harbor.

C. capitatUm (L.) Asch. Strawberry Blite. — (Blitum capita-
turn 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Newly broken ground, on the Mohawk Trail, Florida; clearing,
Mt. Washington (Anson Williams).

C. farinosum (Wats.) Standi. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

C. ficifolium Sm. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

C. glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. — Along railroad tracks,
Pittsfield; Lee.

C. hybridum L. — Rocky woods and in waste ground; frequent.

KOCHIA.

K. ScoPARiA (L.) Schrad. — Established in dooryard, Gt. Barrington.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 261

SALSOLA.

S. Kali L., var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian Thistle. —
(S. kali III. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Along railroad tracks, Pittsfield; waste ground, West Stockbridge.

AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY.
AMARANTHUS. Amaraxth.

A. DEFLEXUS L. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

A. GRAECizANS L. TuMBLEWEED. — Along railroad tracks and in
waste ground; occasional. Pittsfield; Lee; Great Barrington ; Sheffield.

A. HYBRiDUS L. Pigweed. — Waste ground; common.

A. Palmeri Wats.— On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

A. PowELLii Wats. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

A. retroflexus L. Pigweed. — Waste and cultivated ground ;
common.

A. SPiNOSus L. — On dump, Gt. Barrington.

A. UNDULATUS R. Br. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

PHYTOLACCACE.\E. POKEWEED FAMILY.

PHYTOLACCA. Pokeweed.

P. americana L. Pokeweed. — {P. decandra Man. ed. 7; tid.
Rhodora, 17: 180, 1915.)

Clearings and open hillsides; frequent.

NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.
OXYBAPHUS.

(AUionia 111. Fl. cd. 2.)

O. NYCTAGINEUS (Miclix.) Sweet. — Along railway, Cheshire (Wins-
low).

ILECEBRACEAE. KXOTWORT FAMILY.

ANYCHIA. FoKKEi) {'nicKWKEi).

A. canadensis (L.) BSP. Forked ("hickwkkd.— Dry woods.
Egremont; (hy l)ank, edge of woods, Mt. W:i>liiimt(m (WaltcrsK

262 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

SCLERANTHUS. Knawel.

S. ANNUUS L. Knawel. — Rocky flood-plain of Green River, Egre-
mont; locally common along sandy roadsides in the southern part of
Sheffield.

AIZOACEAE.

MOLLUGO. Indian CmcKWEED.

M. VERTiciLLATA L. Carpet Weed. — Cultivated ground, road-
sides, sandy shores; common.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY.

AGROSTEMMA. Corn Cockle.

A. GiTHAGO L. Corn Cockle. — Rarely adventive in waste land
and grain fields. Lanesboro (Churchill) ; Stockbridge.

ARENARIA. Sandwort.
{Moehringia III. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

A. lateriflora L., var. typica (Regel) St. John. — (A. lateriflora
Man. ed. 7 in part, vid. Rhodora, 19: 260, 1917; Moehringia lateri-
flora m. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasional in the southern part of the valley. Dry bank neai the
Housatonic River, Stockbridge; moist soil near the Housatonic River,
Sheffield (Walters) ; moist place on old road, Mt. Washington (Weath-
erby).

Leaves puberulent on the margins and on the midribs beneath, or
occasionally puberulent throughout.

A. macrophylla Hook. — (Moehringia macrophylla 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

On serpentine ledges in dry hypnum, Florida (Fernald).

A. SERPYLLiFOLiA L. — Dry soil on hillsides, sand-plains and along
railroad tracks; locally common in the southern part of the valley.

A. stricta Michx. — Exposed limestone rocks, Sheffield (Walters) ;
limestone outcrops. New Marlboro.

CERASTIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

C. ARVENSE L. Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. — On lawns;
occasional. Pittsfield (Lincoln) ; dry field. West Stockbridge (Evans,
Fernald and Knowlton); Great Barrington (Walters).

Indigenous on serpentine ledges in Florida (Fernald and Long).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 263

C. nutans Raf. — (C. longipedunculatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Shaded ledges, Harvey INIt., West Stockbridge; East Mt., Great
Barrington (Schweinfurth) ; Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washington (Burn-
ham).

C. vuLGATUM L. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Cultivated
ground, fields, roadsides and ledges; common.

DIANTHUS. Pink.

D. Armeria L. Deptford Pink. — Roadsides and dry fields;
frequent in the southern part of the valley and al)out Pontoosuc Lake,
Pittsfield.

D. BARBATUS L. SwEET WiLLiAM. — Occasionally escaping to
roadsides, especially on the upland.

D. DELTOiDES L. Maiden Pink. — Established along roadsides
and in fields; frequent.

LYCHNIS. Campion.

L. alba Mill. White Campion. — Occasional along roadsides.
Lanesboro (Churchill); Cheshire; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

L. chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis. — An occasional road-
side escape. Stockbridge; Egremont; Sheffield (Walters).

L. DioiCA L. Red Campion. — Occasional. Waste ground. North
Adams (Fernald and Long); along railway, Cheshire (Knowlton).

L. Flos-cuculi L. Ragged Robin. — Locally established in
fields and meadows. North Adams; Adams; Cheshire; Pittsfield
(Lincoln); Great Barrington and Sheffield (Walters).

SAGINA. Peahlwoht.

S. procumbens L. Pearlwort. — Springy places and roadside
ditches; frequent on the plateau, occasional elsewhere.

SAPONARIA. SoAi'WOiiT.

S. OFFICINALIS L. Bouncing Bet. — Roadsides, railroad embank-
ments and borders of streams; cominon. .\ doublc-flowerod form is
occasional.
S. Vaccaria L. — ( Vaccaria vaccaria III. Fl. ed. 2.)
Occasionally advcntive. Railroad track. North .\dams: cultivated
ground, Stockbridge.

264 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

SILENE. Catchfly; Campion.

S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. — Sandy plains, dry hill-
sides and along railroad tracks ; locally common in the southern part
of the valley.

var. divaricata Robinson. — Limestone outcrops, Stockbridge and
Sheffield.

S. Armeria L. Sweet William Catchfly. — Occasionally escap-
ing from gardens, Sheffield.

S. dichotoma Ehrh. — Occasionally escaping from gardens, Lanes-
boro.

S. LATiFOLiA (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Rattle-box; Bladder
Campion. — Fields and roadsides ; common in the valley.

S. NOCTiFLORA L. NiGHT-FLowERiNG Catchfly. — Waste ground
and fence rows; occasional.

S. pennsylvanica Michx. Wild Pink; Fire Pink. — Dry banks
and ledges near Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washington.

SPERGULA. Spurrey.

S. ARVENSis L. Corn Spurrey. — Roadsides and cultivated
ground; frequent on the plateau. Occasional in the valley, Lanesboro
(Churchill).

SPERGULARIA. Sand Spurrey.
{Tissa lU. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. rubra (L). J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey. — Occasional and
apparently introduced. Drive around Whitcomb's Tower, Florida;
driveway, Pittsfield; path. Great Barrington.

STELLARIA. CmcKWEEo; Starwort.
{AlsinelW. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. AQUATiCA (L.) Scop. — Well established along the Hoosac River,
Williamstown.

S. borealis Bigel., var. floribunda Fernald. — (S. borealis Man.
ed. 7 in part; rid. Rhodora, 16: 151, 1914.)

Among boulders of sericite schist, Jencks Brook, Florida (Fernald
and Long); swampy woods, Hancock (altitude 2000 feet).

Upper leaves much reduced to short scarious margined bracts;
flowers numerous in terminal cymes.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 265

var. isophylla Fernald. — (S. horealis Man. ed. 7 in part; vid.
Rhodora, 16: 150, 1914.)

Wet places; frequent, especially on the plateau.

Upper leaves long and but slightly reduced, herbaceous throughout;
flowers few, axillary and terminal.

S. GRAMiNEA L. — Grassy roadsides and thickets; frequent, espe-
cially on the plateau.

S. longifolia Muhl. — Meadows and swampy woods; occasional.
Florida; Sheffield (Walters).

S. MEDIA (L.) Cyril). Common Chickweed. — Cultivated ground;
common.

PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY.
CLAYTONIA. Spring Beauty.

C. caroliniana Michx. Spring Beauty. — Rich or swampy woods;
frequent. Abundant on the upper slopes of Greylock, and on the
plateau. Altitude 2300 feet, Florida.

C. virginiana L. Spring Beauty.-^ One station in Sheffield
(Walters).

PORTULACA. Purslane; Pusley.

P. OLERACEA L. CoMMON PuRSLANE; PusLEY. — Cultivated and
waste ground; common.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY.
CERATOPHYLLUM. Hornwort.
C. demersum L. Hor.vwokt. — Ponds and slow streams; com-

NYMPHAEACEAE. water LILY FAMILY.
BRASENIA. Water Shield.

B. Schreberi Gmol. W.\ter Shield. — Ponds; frequent.

CASTALIA. Water Lily.

C. odorata (Ait.) Woodx illt- & Wood. White Watkk Lily;
White 1'omj Lily. — Ponds and slow streams; common.

266 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

NYMPHOZANTHUS. Yellow Pond Lily.
{Nymphaea Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

N. variegatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Cow Lily; Yellow Pond
Lily. — ( Nymphaea advena, var. variegata Man. ed. 7, vid. Rhodora,
21: 187, 1919.)

Ponds and slow streams; common. In Cranberry Pond, West
Stockbridge a leaf blade of this variety measured 4 dm. long, 2.6 dm.
broad and the sinus was closed by an overlap of 2.5 cm.

N. microphyllus (Pers.) Fernald. — Spectacle Pond, Sandisfield;
Housatonic River, Stockbridge; Sheffield (Churchill).

X ? N. rubrodiscus (Morong) Fernald. — Probably a hybrid be-
tween N. variegatus and iV. microphyllus. Spectacle Pond, Sandisfield,
both parents growing near by.

RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY.

ACTAEA. Baneberry.

A. alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. — Rich woods; common.
A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. — Rich woods; common,
forma neglecta (Gillman) Robinson. — Lenox.
Specimens collected in Lanesboro (Churchill) and in Lenox are
apparently hybrids between A. alba and A. rubra.

ANEMONE. Anemone.

A. canadensis L. — Alluvial ground; occasional. Richmond;
Great Barrington; Sheffield.

A. cylindrica Gray. — Dry hillsides and open woods; common in
the valley.

A. quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone. — Woods; common. Alti-
tude 1400 feet, Florida.

A. riparia Fernald. — (A. virginiana 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Shaded banks; occasional in the valley.

Specimens from Berkshire County have been determined by Pro-
fessor Fernald. The distribution of the species in the County is still
imperfectly understood.

A. virginiana L. — Roadside thickets and shaded banks; common.

Sepals leathery, greenish or greenish yellow, very pubescent on the
back, narrowly oblong, acuminate, 0.7 to 1.3 cm. long.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 267

forma leucosepala Fernald. — (Vid. Rhodora, 19: 140, 1917.)
Sheffield.

Sepals thinnish and petaloid, white, the larger ones scarcely pubes-
cent on the back, obovate-rounded above, 1.2 to 1.7 cm. long.

ANEMONELLA.

{Syndesmon 111, Fl. ed. 2.)

A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. Rue Anemone. — Dry woods;
frequent in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great
Barrington; New Marlboro; Egremont; Sheffield.

AQUILEGIA. Columbine; Honeysuckle.

A. canadensis L. Columbine. — Open rocky woods and ledges;
common.

forma fiaviflora (Tenney) Britton. — A form with pale yellow
flowers. Sheffield.

forma Phippenii, (J. Robinson), n. comb. — Rocky pasture, Egre-
mont.

A. VULGARIS L. — Occasionally escaping from gardens to roadsides.
Hancock ; Lenox ; Mt. Washington.

CALTHA. Marsh Mauigold.

C. palustris L. Cowslip. — In swamps and along brooks; com-
mon.

CIMICIFUGA. BuGBANE.

C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Cohosh; Black Snakeroot. —
Native on rich and partly shaded banks, Sheffield (Walters). Also
occasionally escaping from cultivation to hedge-rows. New Marl-
boro; Great Barrington. Frequent in the western part of Sheffield
where it probably reaches its most northern station.

Given by Dewe}' as only cultivated by the Shakers. May it not be
that this striking plant, which he could hardly have overlooked, has
worked its way northward in the last hundred years as the woods have
l)oen cleared and the soil has become drier?

CLEMATIS. Clkmati.s; Virgin's. Bower.

C. verticillaris UC. Pl-rple Clematis. — {Atragene amcricana
111. Fl. e<l. -l.)

268 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

On rocks; occasional in the valley. Williamstown; West Stock-
bridge; Great Barrington; New Marlboro (Walters); Sheffield; Mt.
Washington. Chiefly on limestone, but also on schist at Bash Bish
Falls, Mt. Washington.

C. virginiana L. Clematis. — Thickets; common.

COPTIS. Gold Thread.

C. trifolia (L.) Salisb, Gold Thread. — Rich moist woods and
knolls in swamps; common.

HEPATICA. Hepatica; Liverleaf.

H. acutiloba DC. Hepatica; Liverleaf. — Rich woods; fre-
quent in the valley. Occasionally growing with H. triloba.

forma albiflora, f. nov. — Sepalis albis. Flowers white. Type in
N. E. B. C. collection from Williamstown, Mass. Collected May
17, 1920 (R. Hoffmann.)

The white form is commoner than the blue.

forma rosea, f. nov. — Sepalis roseis. Flowers light pink. Type
in N. E. B. C. collection from Williamstown, Mass. Collected May
19, 1920 (R. Hoffmann.)

H. americana (DC.) Ker. Hepatica; Liverleaf. — (H. triloba
Man. ed. 7; //. Hepatica 111. Fl. ed. 2. Vid. Rhodora, 19: 45,
1917.)

Woods; common.

forma Candida Fernald. — The white-flowered form, frequent, but
not so common as the type.

forma rhodantha Fernald. — The pink-flowered form. Frequent
with the type.

A form with five-lobed leaves, and one that has lobes nearly as
acute as H. acutiloba, Sandisfield.

RANUNCULUS. Crowfoot; Buttercup.

R. abortivus L. — Clearings, ledges and rich woods; common,
var. eucyclus Fernald. — Rich woods; frequent. Altitude 1500
feet, Florida.

R. ACRis L. Buttercup. — Fields and roadsides ; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 269

R. allegheniensis Britton. — Rich woods, clearings and shaded
banks; frequent in the soutliern part of the valley.

R. aquatilis L., var. capiilaceus DC. White Water Crow-
foot.— (Batrachium trichophyllum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Ponds and slow streams; frequent.

R. BULBOSus L. Buttercup. — Dry hillsides; frequent in the
valleys. Locally common in the southern tier of towns, from West
Stockbridge, Egremont and Sheffield to Sandisfleld.

R. circinatus Sibth. — (Batrachmm circinatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Ponds and slow streams; occasional. Lake Buel, Monterey
(Churchill); lagoons In the Housatonic River, Sheffield (Churchill).

R. delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot. — Locally
common along the Housatonic River in Lenox; swamp, Stockbridge;
Prospect Pond, Egremont; along the Housatonic River, Sheffield
(Churchill).

forma terrestris (Gray) Blake. — (var. terrestris Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 15: 164, 1913.)

Muddy shores, Lenox; mud-hole near Prospect Pond, Egremont.

R. hispidus Michx., var. falsus Fernald. — (R. hispidus Man. ed.
7 in part.)

Borders of woods; occasional in the valley. Stockbridge; New
Marlboro; Great Barrington; Sheffield.

Differs from the type in having the pubescence appressed, or the
petioles and stems subglabrous {vid. Rhodora, 22: 30, 1920).

R. pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Crowfoot. — Wet shaded
ground; frequent.

R. recurvatus Poir. — Moist woods; common. Altitude 1900
feet. Savoy.

R. repens L. Creeping Buttercup. — In lawns; occasional.
Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Great - Barrington. In a swamp, West
Stockbridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton).

var. PLENiFLORUS Fernald. — Vid. Rhodora, 19: 138 (1917).
Roadside ditches; occasional. Williamstown; Stockbridge: Al-
ford.

The leaflets rounded or sub-cordate (not cuneate), at the l)ase;
margin crenate with broad obtuse teeth; flowers double.

R. sceleratus L. — Swamp, Sheffield (Fernald).

R. septentrionalis Poir. Swamp Biittehcup. — Swampy woods;
oiiunoii.

270 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

THALICTRUM. Meadow Rtje.

T. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. — Rocky woods and clear-
ings; common.

T. polygamum Muhl. Meadow Rue. — Wet meadows, swamps,
borders of streams, ill-drained hillsides; common. Grows nearly to
the summit of Greylock, 3400 feet.

var. hebecarpum Fernald. — Low grounds; occasional. Becket;
Stockbridge.

T. revolutum DC. — Roadside in low ground, Monterey; Sheffield
(Churchill).

A single plant in each locality, the Monterey plant staminate, the
Sheffield plant pistillate.

MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

LIRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree.

L. Tulipifera L. Tulip Tree; Whitewood. — Along streams
and in swampy woods; locally frequent in the southern part of the
valley. Tall trees border the Housatonic River between Glendale
and Housatonic. A tree at Chesterwood, Glendale, 100 feet tall.
The most northern station noted is a swamp in Lenox.

MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY.

MENISPERMUM. Moonseed.

M. canadense L. Moonseed. — Alluvial thickets and rich upland
woods ; frequent in Sheffield, occasional as far north as Stockbridge.

BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY.
BERBERIS. Barberry.

B. Thunbergii DC. — Becoming established in the southern part
of the valley, occurring in pastures and swamps far from habitations.
Undoubtedly carried by birds.

B. vulgaris L. Common Barberry. — Well established in one or
two towns in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Egre-
mont; Sheffield. Nowhere so common as in eastern Massachusetts.

The purple-leaved form occurs spontaneously in Stockbridge.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 271

CAULOPHYLLUM. Blue Cohosh.

C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. — Rich woods;
common in the valleys. Altitude 2500 feet, Greylock.

PODOPHYLLUM. May Apple; Mandrake.

P. peltatum L. May Apple; Mandrake. — Fence corners and
rich woods; occasional and undoubtedly native in the southern and
western parts of the County. Cheshire (Winslow); Hancock;
meadow, West Pittsfield (Chiu-chill) ; Stockbridge; WestStockbridge;
Tyringham; New Marlboro (Walters); Becket (Fernald and Knowl-
ton), probably introduced.

LAURACEAE. laurel FAMILY.
BENZOIN. Wild Allspice; Fever Bush.

B. aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush. — Swampy woods; occa-
sional in the valley. Williamstown; Cheshire (Winslow); Lenox;
Stockbridge; Sandisfield; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

SASSAFRAS. Sassafras.

S. officinale Nees & Eberm. Sassafras. — (S. Sassafras 111. Fl.
ed. 2 in part; S. variifolium Man. ed. 7. Vid. Rhodora, 20: 99,
1918.)

Dry woods; occasional in the southern part of the valley and in
Williamstown (Churchill).

var. albidum (Nutt.) Blake. — (var. alhidum Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora 15: 16, 1913, and 20: 99, 1918.)

Dry woods, especially on rocky slopes; frequent in the southern
part of the valley.

Leaves nearly or quite glabrous from the first; the bark of the new
shoots glabrous and often glaucous.

PAPAN i:ha("i;ae. poppy family.

CHELIDONIUM. Celandine.

C. MAJUs L. Celandine. — In damp soil, about buildings, on
river alluviiuii and in shaded limestone talus (Williainst(nvn^ ; fre-
quent.

272 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PAPAVER. Poppy,

P. Rhoeas L. Field or Corn Poppy. — Occasionally persisting
about gardens or adventive on dumps.

P. soMNiFERUM L. CoMMON PoppY. — Occasionally peisisting
about gardens or adventive on dumps.

SANGUINARIA. Bloodroot.

S. canadensis L. Bloodroot. — Rich open woods and thickets,
often at the foot of ledges ; common in the valley. Not noted on the
plateau above 1000 feet. Altitude 1200 feet, West Stockbridge.

FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY.

ADLUMIA. Climbing Fumitory.

A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. — On rocks in
rich open woods ; occasional in the valley. Williamstown (Churchill) ;
Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Mt. Washington.

CORYDALIS. CoRYDALis.
{Capnoides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. Corydalis. — Ledges, rocky summits
and clearings; common. Not noted on the plateau.

DICENTRA.

{BicucuUa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel Corn. — Rich woods;
frequent.

D. Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. — Rich wood-
ed hillsides; frequent in the valley. Altitude 2700 feet, Greylock.

FUMARIA. Fumitory.

F. officinalis L. Fumitory. — Occasionally persisting in gardens
and on rubbish heaps. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Sandisfield.

CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY.

ARABIS. Rock Cress.

A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. — Dry wooded hills and banks;
occasional in the valley. North Adams (Fernald and Long); Stock-

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 273

bridge; Great Barrington (Walters); West Stockbridge (Cushman);
New Marlboro; Sheffield; IMt. Washington (Cushman). Frequent
in Sheffield.

A. Drummondi Gray. — Wooded bank, Florida.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. — Banks and wooded slopes; occasional in
the valleys. Florida; North Adams (Churchill); New Marlboro;
Great Barrington (Schweinfurth).

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. — Dry shaded banks and ledges; occasional
in the valley. North Adams (Fernald and Long) ; Adams (Knowlton
and Bean); Stockbridge; Great Barrington (Walters); New Marl-
boro; Sheffield.

A. laevigata (Mulil.) Poir. — Dry wooded hillsides and shaded
banks; frequent in the valley.

A. lyrata L. — On rocks; occasional. Locally common on West
Stockbridge Mt., West Stockbridge; Sandisfield; Mt. Washington;
Sheffield.

BARBAREA. Wi.\t?:r Cress.

B. vulgaris R. Br.— (B. Barbarea 111. Pi. ed. 2.)

Low ground, roadside ditches, rich shaded banks and along streams;
common.

Siliques on more or less divergent or slender, spreading ascending
pedicels.

var. BRACHYCARPA Rony & Foucand. — Cultivated ground, Lanes-
boro (Churchill).

var. longisiliqua Carion. — (B. stricta Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2;
md. Riiodora, 11: 139, 1909.)

With the same habitat as the type; common in the valleys.

Siliques closely appressed to the rhachis.

BERTEROA.

B. INCANA (L.) DC— Dry roadside, Cheshire (Churchill); Pitts-
field (Lincoln); roadside, West Stockl)ridgo; railroad track, Lee;
edge of grain-field. Great Barrington.

BRASSICA. Mustard; Turnip.
B. ARVENSi.s fL.) Kt/c. ( "iiAULorK. — (Sitwpis nrrrn.tis 111. Fl.ed.2.)
Fields; conunon.

274 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

B. CAMPESTRis L. Rutabaga. — An occasional escape. Dump,
Lee; Sheffield (Walters).

B. JAPONICA Siebold. — Rarely adventive.

B. JUNCEA (L.) Cosson. — Roadsides and waste ground; frequent.

B. NIGRA (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. — Roadsides and waste
ground; occasional. Lanesboro; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

B. Napus L. Rape. — Fallow field, WiUiamstown.

B. OLERACEA L. Cabbage, — Dump, Lee.

B. Rapa L. Turnip. — Cultivated ground, Lanesboro (Churchill).

CAMELINA.

C. MICROCARPA Andrz. — Rarely adventive. In field of buckwheat,
Lenox.

CAPSELLA. Shepherd's Purse.
(Bursa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

C. BuRSA-PASTORis (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse. — Dry fields
and cultivated ground; common.

CARD AMINE. Bitter Cress.

C. bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. — Wet shaded ground; frequent in the
southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington (Wal-
ters); Sheffield (Fernald).

C. Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. — Partly shaded bank, Sheffield
(Walters).

C. parviflora L. — Shaded rocks, Harvey Mt., West Stockbridge.

C. pennsylvanica Muhl. — Moist ground; common.

C. PRATENSis L. Cuckoo Flower. — In lawns. WiUiamstown;
Dalton; Stockbridge.

var. palustris Wimm. & Grab. — ( Vid. Rhodora, 22 : 14, 1920.)

Occasional and indigenous in cold bogs and wet meadows in the
valley. Stockbridge; West Stockbridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowl-
ton); Egremont and Sheffield (Walters).

Differs from the type in the white petals and in having the terminal
leaflet of the basal leaves entire or obscurely toothed; lateral leaflets
of the middle and upper cauline leaves usually with a distinct petiolule.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 275

DENTARIA. Peppkr-root.

D. diphylla Michx. — Rich woods; common. Altitude 2500 feet^
Grey lock.

D. laciniata Muhl.^ Rich soil in low woods, Sheffield (Walters).

ERYSIMUM. Treacle Mustard.
{Cheirinia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

E. cheiranthoides L. — Waste ground; frequent. Also occa-
sional and apparently indigenous on ledges in the valley.

HESPERIS. Rocket.

H. MATRONALis L. RocKET. — Roadside escape. Cheshire and
Lanesboro (Churchill); Pittsfield (Lincoln).

LEPIDIUM. Pepperwort; Peppergrass.

L. apetalum Willd. — (L. densiflonnn 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

W^illiamstown (Churchill); dry roadside, Great Barrington (Wal-
ters).

L. campestre (L.) R. Br. — ^Occasional on roadsides. Pittsfield;
Stockbridge; moist field, West Stockbridge (Evans, Fernald and
Knowlton); Great Barrington.

L. virginicum L. Wild Peppergrass. — Dry fields, roadsides
and waste ground; coiiunon.

RADICULA. Water Cress.

R. Ahmohacia (L.) Robinson. Horse Radish. — {Armor acia
Armoracin 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Frequently escaping from cultivation to waste or low ground.

R. Nasturtium-aql'aticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. Water
Cress. — {Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aqiiaficum 111. Fl. o<l. 2.)

Brof)ks; frcfjucnt.

R. palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh Cress. — Roadside ditches,
wet meadows and muddy shores; common in llic \;illty.

var. hispida fDcsv.) Rol)inson. — (/?. hlspidd 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet places, swales and low meadows; frc(|ueiit in tlie valley.

R. sYLVESTRis (L.) Druce. ^'KI,I.()W Cress. — Established in wet
meadows along the Ilousatonic RImt. ."-Stockbridge; SlicHicld. Also
occasional a.s a weed in gar<lens.

276 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

RAPHANUS. Radish.

R. E.APHANISTRUM L. WiLD Radish. — Occasional in waste and
cultivated ground; Lanesboro (Churchill); Great Barrington; Egre-
mont; Sheffield.

R. SATivus L. Radish. — Occasional in waste ground.

SISYMBRIUM. Hedge Mustard.

S. ALTissiMUM L. — ( Norta altissima III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadsides and waste ground; frequent.

S. OFFICINALE (L.) DC. — {Erysimum officinale III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadsides and waste ground; occasional with the var. leiocarpum,

var. LEIOCARPUM DC. — Roadsides and waste ground; common.

THLASPI. Penny Cress.

T. ARVENSE L. Penny Cress. — Occasionally adventive. Great
Barrington (Walters).

RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY.

RESEDA. Mignonette.

R. LUTEA L. — Occasionally adventive. Meadow, Lanesboro
(Churchill); roadside, Great Barrington.
R. ODORATA L. Mignonette. — Vacant lot, Pittsfield.

SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY.

SARRACENIA.

S. purpurea L. Side-saddle Flower; Pitcher Plant. — Peat
bogs and marshes; common.

DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY.
DROSERA. Sundew.

D. longifolia L. Long-leaved Sundew. — Peat bogs and mar-
gins of ponds; occasional. Monterey; Sandisfield; Sheffield; Mt.
"Washington.

D. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew. — Peat bogs, wet
slopes and on the upland in roadside ditches; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 277

CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY.

PENTHORUM. Ditch Stonecrop.

P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. — Borders of ponds and ditches ;
common.

SEDUM. Stonecrop.

S. ACRE L. Mossy Stonecrop. — Exposed rocks on roadsides ;
occasional in the valley, generally on limestone. Lenox; Egremont;
Sheffield.

S. ternatum Michx. — Apparently indigenous on moist ledges,
South Mountain, Pittsfield. Occasional and probably escaped else-
where. Stockbridge; Sheffield.

S. TRiPHYLLUM (Haw.) S. F. Gray. Live-for-ever. — (S. pwr-
pureum Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 46, 1909.)

Roadsides and dry banks; frequent. Rarely flowers.

SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Golden Saxifrage.

C. americanum Schwein. Golden Saxifrage. — Swamps and
wet woods; common.

MITELLA, MiTERWORT.

M. diphylla L. Miterwort. — Rich woods; common.

M. nuda L. — Cold swamps, on mossy knolls; frequent in the
valley. Not noted outside the calcareous regions. In pine woods,
Egremont (Churchill).

PARNASSIA. Grass of Parnassus.

P. caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus. — Wet meadows
and roadside ditches; common in the valley. Apparently confined to
calcareous soil. On a moist iiiilside shaded by pines. New Marlboro.

PHILADELPHUS. Mock Orange; Syringa.

P. INODORUS L. — (JccasioiKilly escaping from cultivation to road-
side banks. Stockbridge; Monterey.

278 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

RIBES. Currant; Gooseberry.

R. americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant. — (R. floridum
Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 46, 1909.)

Swamps and alluvial thickets ; frequent in the valley.

R. Cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry. — {Grossularia Cynos-
hati 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky woods and pastures; common.

R. hirtellum Michx. Smooth Gooseberry. — (R. oxyacan-
thoides Man. ed. 7; N. A. Fl. 22: pt. 3, 223, 225, 1908. Grossularia
oxyacanthoides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and low meadows, occasionally in dry woods and clearings;
frequent.

R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Black Currant. — Moist woods
and swamps; frequent on the upland.

R. ODORATUM Wendland. — {R. aureum Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora,
11: 47, 1909.)

Established on a dry hillside. New Marlboro.

R. prostratum L'Her. Skunk Currant. — Moist woods; com-
mon on the upland.

R. triste Pall., var. albinervium (Michx.) Fernald. — Cold moist
woods and swamps; frequent in the valley. Not noted on the
plateau.

R. vuLGARE Lam. Red Currant. — Frequently escaping to fence-
rows and thickets. The form with white fruit in woods in Lenox and
Stockbridge.

SAXIFRAGA. S.vxifrage.
{Micranthes 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. — Swamps, wet mead-
ows and margins of brooks; common.

S. virginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage. — Exposed rocks and
dry hillsides; common in the valley.

TIARELLA. False Miterwort.

T. cordifolia L. False Miterw^ort. — Woods; common,
forma parviflora Fernald.— Vid. Rhodora, 19: 132 (1917).
A large colony on a wooded bank in Becket (Fernald).
Differs from the typical form in having very narrow short petals
(2 to 3 mm. long).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 279

A hybrid between T. cordifolia and Mitella diphyJla has been col-
lected in Williamstown by Sanborn Tenney (vid. Rhodora, 8: 91,
1906).

HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.

HAMAMELIS. Witch-hazel.

H. virginiana L. Witch-hazel. — Woods; common in the val-
ley, becoming rare on the plateau. Reaches an altitude of 2000 feet
in Savoy.

PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY.

PLATAN US. Sycamore; Buttonwood; Plane Tree.

P. occidentalis L. Sycamore; Buttonwood. — Flood-plains;
common in the valley.

ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY.

AGRIMONIA. Agrimony.

A. gryposepala Wallr. — Open woods, clearings and roadside
thickets; common.

A. striata Michx. — Low ground and moist open woods; common.

AMELANCHIER. Siiadbush; Ju'neberry; Service Berry.

Key to Amelanckier.
a. Flowens racemose.

h. Teeth of the leaves coarse (on average leaves 3 to 5 (6) per cm.); veins
conspicuous, usually straight, parallel and close together; leaves oval
to oval-oblong, rarely orbicular; scrawny, slender, often arching

shrub of a few rocky mountain-tops A. snnguincn.

b'. Teeth of the leaves fine (5 to 12 per cm. on average leaves) ; veins irregu-
lar, unequally distant, usually with frociuent intermediate shorter ones.
c. Leaves denselj^ white-tomontose wlicn young, becoming green; lower
pedicels 7 to 18 mm. long, in fruit 10 to 25 mm. long.
d. Leaves rounded at the apex; petals short, 7 to 9 mm. long; 3 to 12
dm. high; stiffly upright shrubs forming patches. Shrub of
rocky mountain-tops or sandy plains in the .southern part of the

valley t . slolonifera.

d'. Leaves short acuminate, jietals usually elongated, 10 to 14 mm. long.
Flowers appearing very early, visually before the leaves. Shrub
or tree, generally solitary, or few together, widely distributed.

A. canadensis.

280 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

c'. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous from the first, ovate, oval or ellipti-
cal, subcordate, rounded or more rarely acute at base; apex short,
acuminate margin, usually sharply serrate nearly to the base, at
flowering time one-half to three-fourths grown and lurid-glaucous-
purple, rarely bright green; flowers large and showy, petals elon-
gated (10 to 18 mm. long) ; lower pedicels 15 to 33 mm. long, in fruit

30 to 50 mm. long. Tree or tall shrub A. laevis.

a'. Flowers commonly solitary (1 to 3 together). A shrub found only on
Greylock and on the Hoosac Plateau at its highest and most northern point.

A. Bartramiana.

A. Bartramiana (Tausch.) Roem. — (A. oUgocarpa Man. ed. 7;
vid. Rhodora, 14: 158, 1912.)

Summit of Greylock and of Hoosac Mt., Florida. The only known
stations in Massachusetts.

A. canadensis (L.) Medic. — (A. canadensis, var. Botryapium Man.
ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 14: 150, 1912. A. intermedia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry woods; common.

A. intermedia Spach. (?) — An Amelanchier collected in 1920 in
an open bog at Ward Pond, Becket, was sent to Professor Wiegand,
who writes, " This specimen resembles A. intermedia Spach but is not
quite like our Ithaca plants. I have seen A. intermedia in New Eng-
land only from the bog at Rutland, Vt."

A. intermedia is a tall shrub, rarely a small tree, widely branching
near the ground or at first growing in clumps : leaves elliptic-oblong or
elliptic-obovate on the shoots; base rounded; apex acute; margin
finely but somewhat distantly serrate; veins irregular; surface moder-
ately tomentose when young, slightly so at maturity on the veins
beneath and on the petiole; young leaves often reddish; racemes short
(2 to 4 cm. long) 5- to 8- flowered, sparingly hairy; lower pedicels 8 to
14 mm. long; sepals short (2 to 3 mm. long), hairy on the inner face;
petals short (7 to 8 mm. long), oblong-cuneate; fruit dark purple,
juicy; fruiting racemes short, subcorymbose. The species grows in
boggy soil, and should be looked for in bogs in Berkshire. Vid.
Rhodora, 22: 146 (1920).

A. laevis Wiegand. — {A. canadensis Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 14:
154, 1912.)

Open woods, roadside thickets and banks of streams ; common.

A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. — {A. spicataMan. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora,
14: 138, 1912.)

Rocky summits of some of the Taconics. Williamstown (Burnham) ;

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 281

West Stockbridge ]\It. and Harvey Mt., West Stockbridge; Tom
Ball, Alford. Also on a wooded bank at a low altitude in Sheffield.
Although this species is commonly considered a calcicole, all the above
stations except that in Sheffield were found to be in acid soil.

A. stolonifera Wiegand. — (A. ohlonqifoHa Man. ed. 7 in part;
vid. Rhodora, 14: 144, 1912. A. spicata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky summits and sand-plains. Frequent in the southern part
of the valley and on the Taconics.

Hybrids of Amelanchier.

Several aberrant specimens of Amelanchier from Berkshire sub-
mitted to Professor Wiegand were determined by him as hybrids of
A. laevis, in one case probably with A. canadensis and in other cases
with an undetermined parent.

Hybrids of A. canadensis and A. stolonifera from the rocky summit
of West Stockl)ridge Mountain and the sand-plain, Sheffield, have
been determined by Professor Wiegand.

CRATAEGUS. Hawthorn; Red Haw.

C. anomala Sarg. — North Achims.

C. Brainerdi Sarg., var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Eggleston. — North
Adams; Alford.

var. scabrida fSarg.) p]ggloston. — Williamstown.

C. Crus-galli L.— Becket.

C. foetida Ashe. — (C. Baxteri Sarg.)

Great Barrington.

C. Holmesiana Ashe. — Lanesboro; Lenox; Stockbridge.

C. macrantha Lodd. — (C . ferentaria Sarg.)

Coinnioii.

var. rhombifolia (Sarg.) Eggleston. — Great Barrington.

C. macrosperma A.she. — Common.

var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggleston. — Lenox.

var. matura (Sarg.) Eggleston. — (C scrcna Sarg.)

Lenox.

var. pastorum (Sarg.) Eggleston. — (C. glaucophyUa Sarg.; C.
genialis Sarg.)

Williamstown; I^enox.

C. MONOGYXA Jacq. E.NGLisii H.wvTiiGRN. — (C. oxycantha Man.
ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 47, 1900.)

282 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Well established on an open hillside, Stockbridge.

C. pedicellata Sarg. — North Adams (Fernald and Long).

C. polita Sarg. — (C albicans Ashe.)

Great Barrington.

C. Pringlei Sarg. — Savoy; Cheshire; Great Barrington.

var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggleston. — Williamstown; Great Barring-
ton.

C. pruinosa (Wendl.) C. Koch. — Williamstown; North Adams;
Sheffield.

var. latisepala (Ashe) Eggleston. (C. cognata Sarg.)

Great Barrington.

forma demissa (Sarg.) Eggleston. — Great Barrington.

C. punctata Jacq. — Com.mon.

C. rotundifolia Moench. — (C Dodgei Ashe).

Williamstown; Becket; Great Barrington; open woods, Mt.
Washington (Knowlton and Schweinf urth) .

C. silvicola Beadle, var. Beckwithiae (Sarg.) Eggleston. — " One
tree in a dooryard in Lenox. Not known whether native " (Eggleston,
MS.).

DALIBARDA.

D. repens L. — Cool woods and borders of swamps; frequent on the
plateau.

FILIPENDULA.

F. RUBRA (Hill) Robinson. Queen of the Prairie. — Occasionally
established in thickets, meadows and roadsides. Lanesboro (Church-
ill); Lenox; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

F. Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Queen of the Meadow. — Roadside
banks and low meadows; frequent in the valley.

FRAGARIA. Strawberry.

X F. GRANDi flora Ehrh. Garden Strawberry. — Occasional
along roadsides or near gardens. An escape from cultivation.

F. vesca L. European Wood Strawberry. — Kitchen Brook,
Cheshire (Churchill); persisting and spreading about old house sites,
Hancock.

forma albicarpa Britton. — (var. alba Man. ed. 7.)

Occasionally escaping from cultivation. Hancock, with F. vesca;
Stockbridge.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 283

var. americana Porter. Wood Str.wvberry. — (F. americana
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich open woods and shaded ledges; common in the valley.

F. virginiana Duchesne. Field Strawberry. — Fields, meadows
and roadsides; common.

Dewey in the Report on Herbaceous Plants of Massachusetts, p. 59,
says that " on the hills of Washington, a white fruited strawberry is
abundant in the fields. The leaves are somewhat villose."

var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fernald & Wiegand. — Vid. Rhodora,
13: 106 (1911).

Frequent in the same situations as the type, occurring on cold
flood-plains of mountain streams (Savoy), dry sandy fields (Pittsfield),
or swampy woods (Sheffield).

Differs from the type in having the pubescence of all the petioles
and the scapes closely appressed.

GEUM. AvENs.

G. canadense Jacq. White Avexs. — Borders of moist woods;
common.

G. rivale L. Water or Purple Avexs. — Wet meadows and
swamps; common.

G. strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. — Borders of woods and road-
side tliic-kcts; common.

G. virginianum L. — Low ground; occasional. Lenox; Stock-
bridge; Sandisfield; Egremont; Sheffield; Mt. Washington (Kiiowl-
ton); swamp, West Stockbridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton).

POTENTILLA. rixquEFOiL; Five-finceh.

P. argentea L. Silvery ("ixovefoil. — Dry fields and i>astures;
common.

P. arguta Pursh. — {Drymocalli.'s (uirimonio'uh's III. Fl. od. 2.)

Dry soil; occasional. Pittsfield; West Stockl)ridge; ShelfieUl.

P. canadensis L. Cinquefoil; Five-fixgek. — Fields and open
woods; common.

var. simplex (Mich.x.) T. &. G. — {P. simphx 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry fields, roadsides and open woods; commoner than the type.
Summit of (Ireylock, ;^')()() feet.

P. fruticosa L. Siikihhy ( "LNyiKioiL; \\\hu-\\\vv..— {Dnsi-
p}ior(i fruticosu III. Fl. ed. 2.)

284 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Ill-drained fields and borders of swamps; common. Occasionally
on dry calcareous hills. Less common on the plateau.

P. monspeliensis L. — Damp places and cultivated ground; com-
mon.

P. palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh Cinquefoil. — (Comarum palus-
tre 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of ponds, slow streams and pools in swamps; frequent.

forma subsericea (Becker) Wolf. — {Vid. Rhodora, 15: 165,
1913.)

Occasional. Shaw Pond, Otis; Lake Buel, Monterey.

Leaves silky.

P. pumila Poir. — Dry, barren fields; frequent in the valley, be-
coming common in the southern part.

P. RECTA L. — Fields and roadsides; occasional. Pittsfield; Stock-
bridge (Mrs. B. Hoffmann); Great Barrington (Walters); Sheffield.
First noted in 1915.

P. tridentata Ait. — {Sibbaldiopsis tridentaia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky summits; occasional. Florida; Tom Ball, Alford; The
Dome, Mt. Washington. In Sheffield a patch occurs in a low meadow
at the foot of The Dome, at an altitude of 700 feet.

PRUNUS. Plum; Cherry.

P. americana Marsh. Wild Plum. — Roadsides in New Marl-
boro (Walters).

P. AVIUM L. Sweet Cherry. — Frequently escaping to open
w'oods and hedgerows.

P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. — Rarely spreading from cultiva-
tion. Sandisfield.

P. cuneata Raf. Sand Cherry. — Sand-plains; rare. Pittsfield
(Lincoln); Sheffield. Also on Alum Hill, Sheffield.

P. DOMESTIC A L. Garden Plum.— ^ Occasionally spreading from
cultivation.

P. nigra Ait. Wild or Canada Plum. — Riverbanks and road-
side thickets; frequent.

P. pennsylvanica L, f. Wild Red Cherry; Bird Cherry.—
Light soil in woods, recent clearings, burnt tracts and rocky summits ;
common, particularly on the upland. Occasional in swampy woods,
Stockbridge.

P. PERsiCA (L.) Stokes. Peach. — (Amygdalus persica IlI.Fl.ed. 2.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 285

Occasional on dumps; Williamstown; North Adams.

P. serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry; Rum Cherry. — {Padus
virginiana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rich woods and roadsides; common. Altitude 1800 feet, Savoy;
2600 feet, Greyloek.

P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. — (Padus nana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadside thickets, fence-rows, borders of woods and mountain-
tops; common. Summit of Greyloek, 3400 feet.

PYRUS. Apple; Pear.

P. americana (Marsh) DC. American Mountain Ash. —
(Sorbus americana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Open woods; common on the upland. Borders of cool swamps in
the ^'alley.

P. arbutifolia (I>.) L. f., var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson.
Red Ciiokeherry. — (Aronia atropurpurea III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and borders of bogs; frequent in the southern part of the
valley. Rocky hillside, Monterey. Specimens with 12-to 14-fruited
cymes from Sheffield (Churchill).

P. COMMUNIS L. Pear. — Occasionally self-sown in pastures and
woodland.

P. Malus L. Apple.— {Malus malus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadsides and woods; common.

P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Black Chokeuerry. — (Aronia
melanoearpa III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry rocky or sandy soil, hillside pastures on the plateau, and in
swamps and bogs; common.

X P. PRUNiFOLiA Willd. Crar Apple. — Roadside escape, Shef-
field.

P. sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. — .(Sorbus scopulina III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasional on Greyloek; Hancock (Bean).

According to Dr. Relidcr (in lit.) P. sitchensis (Roem.) Piper is a
species of the Pacific Coast, and the New England <i>.-<i.'s is Sorbus
decora Schneid.

ROSA. Rose.

R. blanda Ait. — Dry ojxn woods, roadside thickets and borders
of streams; occasional. (Jnylock, altitude 2.')(K) fert; Stoeki)ridge;
West St()ekl)ri(lge; Sandisfield; New Marlboro; SheHieM.

286 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

R. Carolina L. — (R. humilis Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 20: 91,
1918. R. rirginiana 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Open rocky woods, pastures and roadsides; common in the valley.

R. ciNNAMOMEA L. CiNNAMON RosE. — Persistent about old sites
and established along roadsides, particularly on the upland.

R. GALLICA L. — An occasional roadside escape; Great Harrington;
Sheffield (Churchill).

R. palustris Marsh. Swamp Rose. — {R. Carolina Man. ed. 7 and
111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 20: 91, 1918.)

Borders of ponds and streams, and in swamps; common.

R. RUBiGiNOSA L. Sweetbrier; Eglantine. — Open hillsides and
rocky pastures; frequent.

R. setigera IVIichx. Climbing or Prairie Rose. — Two plants
in a thicket above the Housatonic River, Stockbridge.

R. spinosissima L. Scotch Rose. — Roadside escape, New Marl-
boro.

Forms have been collected in Lanesboro, Stockbridge and Sheffield
which appear to be hybrids between R. Carolina {R. humilis Man. ed.
7) and R. rubiginosa.

In Sheffield and Egremont forms are frequent which must pass as
hybrids between R. Carolina {R. humilis Man. ed. 7) and R. palustris.
Other forms appear to be hybrids between R. blanda and R. palustris.
There is a great deal of variety among these forms, and the whole
material needs careful study.

RUBUS. Blackberry; Raspberry.

R, allegheniensis Porter. High-bush Blackberry. — Open
woods, roadside thickets and clearings; common.

R. Andre wsianus Blanchard. — Dry hillsides; occasional in the
valley, becoming frequent in the southern part. Williamstown;
Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Sandisfield; Sheffield.

R. canadensis L. — Swampy woods; common on the upland, fre-
quent in tlic \ alley. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

R. elegantulus Blanchard. — Low ground and upland woods;
frequent.

R. hispidus L. — Low meadows and swamps; common, especially
on the plateau.

R. idaeus L., var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. Red Raspberry.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 287

— (R. idacus L., var. aculcatissimus Man. ed. 7 in part. R. strigosus
111. Fl. ed. 2. Vid. Rhodora, 21: 96, 1919.)

Rocky })astur('s and clearinfijs; common.

X? R. neglectus Peck. — Open hillsides and pastures; frequent in
the valley. Probably a self-perpetuating hybrid between R. occi-
dniffilfs and R. idacus, var. strigosus.

R. nigricans llydb. — Borders of swamps and wet roadsides on the
plateau; occa.sional. Florida; Washington.

R. occidentalis L. Black R.\spberry; Thimblebebry. — Open
rocky woods, pastures, clearings and roadside thickets; common in
the valley. Not noted on the plateau proper.

R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. — Openings
and clearings in ricli woods, banks of streams and shaded ledges;
common on the upland and in the lower parts of the plateau. Not
noted on tl'.c summit (;f tiie plateau.

R. pergratus Blanchard. — Rocky pastures, dry open hillsides and
moist woodland; common.

R. plicatifolius Blanchard.— Vid. Rhodora, 8: 149 (1906).

Roadsides; occasional. Sandisfield; Sheffield.

A prostrate species related to R. villosus Ait., distinguished by the
straight prickles, the plaited or ruffled margins of the leaves and the
fact that its inflorescence is a broad raceme.

R. pubescens Raf. Dwarf Raspberry. — (R. iriflorns Man. ed.
7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 11: 236, 1909.)

Rich rocky woods, swamps and wet woods; common.

R. recurvans Blanchard. — Open woods, clearings and low ground;
fr('(|U('nt.

R. setosus Bigel. — Swampy meadows and low ground; frequent
on the plateau.

R. villosus .\it. Dewberry. — ^ {R. procumhcus III. I'l. ed. 2.)

Dry fields and rocky summits; common.

var. humifusus T. &. G. — Dry open fields; occasional. Flood-
[)laiii()f theDeerfield R., Florida; Stc.ckbridge; Monterey; Kgremont.

As is well known, the division I'.uhafiis of the genus Ruhiis presents
a problem of extreme difficulty. Much of the Riihtts collected in
Berkshire is not easily determined in accordance with the treatment so
far i)ul)lished. Forms are common, particularly on the upland, which
might be referred to R. jiiurrus Blanchard or to li. nigrintns Kydb.
They appear to lie hybrids between R. raiutdvnsis and li. hispidus.

288 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Peculiar forms collected on the flood-plain of the Deerfield River in
Florida appear to be hybrids between R. allegheniensis and R. villo-
sus, and between R. canadensis and R. mUosus.

SANGUISORBA. Burnet.

S. canadensis L. Canadian Burnet. — Flood-plain of the Deer-
field River, Florida (Walters).

SORBARIA.

{Schizonotus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. SORBIFOLIA (L.) A. Br. — Roadside escape, Lanesboro (Churchill);
Richmond; Egremont.

SPIRAEA.

S. latifolia Borkh. Meadow-sweet. — Thickets and overgrown
pastures; common.

S. tomentosa L. Steeple Bush; Hardhack. — Dry and poorly
drained fields and pastures; common.

forma albiflora Macbride.— Vkl. Rhodora, 17: 143 (1915).

Frequent with the type in the northern and western parts of the
County. Flowers white.

WALDSTEINIA.

W. fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick. Barren Straw^berry. —
Low wet ground, Pittsfield (Oakes); open woods on limestone out-
crops. Great Barrington. The only localities known for the County,
though Dewey (Report on Herbaceous Plants, p. 59) gives it as
" common in Berkshire Co."

LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY.

AMORPHA.

A. FRUTicosA L. False Indigo. — Persisting on made ground,
Stockbridge.

AMPHICARPA. Hog Peanut.

{Fakata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

A. monoica (L.) Ell. Hog Peanut. — (F. comosa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Rich woods, riverbanks and clearings; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 289

APIOS. Ground-nut.
{Glycine 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

A. tuberosa Moench. Ground-nut. — (G. Apios 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Alluvial thickets and rich damp upland ; frequent in the valley.

BAPTISIA. False Indigo.

B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo.— Sandy soil in open
woods; common in the southern part of the valley.

CASSIA. Senna.

C. marilandica L. Wild Senna. — Roadsides in low ground;
occasional in the southern part of the valley. West Stockbridge;
Egremont; Sheffield.

CORONILLA.

C. VARiA L. — Occasionally established along roadside banks in the
valley.

CROTALARIA. Rattle-box.

C. sagittalis L. Rattle-box. — Sand-plain, Sheffield.

DESMODIUM. Tick Trefoil.
{Meibomia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Key to Desmodium.

1. Plant prostrate D. roiundifolium.

2. Plant erect.

a. Pod raised on a stalk many times lonjier tlian tlie slightly toothed
calyx.
Leaves all crowded at tiic summit of sterile stems. . .1). uwiijlnrum.
Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from which ari.se.s the

elongated panicle I J. grandijlorum.

a'. Pod raised on a stalk little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyx.
b. Stipules conspicuous and persistent; flowers rather large; stem

smooth I). hnicU'osum.

h'. Stipules mostly dcciiluous, sm.all and inconspicuous.
c. I'iowcrs middle-sized, not very sliowy.

St(>m i)ul)escent; leaflets softly and lim-ly pubescent.

/). DilU'Hii.

Stem smooth; leaflets smooth D. paniciilatum.

c'. Flowers 8 to 12 mm. long, showy; stem h:iiry I), canadcnse.

290 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

D. bracteosum (Michx.) DC. — Dry thickets; occasional in the
southern part of the valley. Great Barrington; Sheffield; Mt.
Washington (Burnham).

D. canadense (L.) DC. — Dry open woods, roadsides and banks;
common in the southern part of the valley. Occasional elsewhere
(Williamstown). Altitude IGOO feet, Mt. Washington.

D. Dillenii Darl. — Borders of dry woods, clearings and thickets;
frecpient in the southern part of the valley.

D. grandiflorum (Walt.) DC. — Dry woods; common in the
valley.

D. nudiflorum (L.) DC. — Dry woods; common in the valley. A
form with one or two leaves on the scape, occasional.

D. paniculatum (L.) DC. — Borders of dry woods, thickets and
clearings; fre(iuent in the .southern part of the valley.

D. rotundifolium (Michx.) DC— {M. Michauxii III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky woods with southern exposure; occasional in the southern
part of the vallc,y. West Stockbridge; Great Barrington; New
Marlboro; Sheffield.

GLEDITSIA. Honey Locust.

G. TRiACANTHOS L. HoNEY LocusT. — Rarely spreading from
cultivation, Egremont.

LESPEDEZA. Bush Clover.

Key to Lespcdeza.

a. Flowers violot-piirple, not in close spikes or heads.

Peduncles .slender, mostly exceeding the leaves; stems spreading. Occa-
sional in New Marlboro and Sheffield L. violacea.

Peduncles mostly very short, shorter than the leaves; stems erect. Fre-
quent in the southern part of the valley L.fruiescens.

a'. Flowers whitish or cream color, with u purple spot on the standard; in
close spikes or heads.

Peduncles shorter than the dense subglobose heads L. capitata.

Peduncles elongate, chiefly equalling the cylindric or subcylindric spikes.

L. hirta.

L. capitata Michx. — Dry fields and open sandy soil; common in
the southern part of the valley.

L. frutescens (L.) Britton. — Dry open woods; frequent in the
southern part of the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 291

L. hirta (L.) Hornem. — Open sandy soil and dry open woods;
frequent in the southern part of the valley.

L. violacea (L.) Pers. — Occasional on dry hills, Sheffield and New
Marlboro.

LUPINUS. LrpiNE.

L. perennis L. Wild Lupine. — Locally common on the sand-
plain in the southern part of Sheffield. Also on Alum Hill, Sheffield.

MEDICAGO. Medick.

M. ARABICA Huds. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

M. HISPIDA Gaertn. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

M. LUPULiXA L. Black Medick. — Fields and roadsides; com-
mon.

M. minima L. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

M. sativa L. Lucerne; Alfalfa. — Becoming frequent along
roadsides and borders of fields.

M. sp. — On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

MELILOTUS. Sweet Clover.

M. ALBA (Desr.). White Sweet Clover. — Waste places and
along roadsides; frequent in the \alley. This species was rare in
1900 and has since spread rapidly along the sides of roads where the
road scrapings offer it a congenial soil.

M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover. — Waste
places and roadsides; occasional in the valley. Lee; Stockbridge;
Great Barrington; Egremont. Becoming frequent.

ROBINIA. Loctf.sT.

R. Pseudo-Acacia L. Common Locust. — Frequently naturalized,
forming small groves about old house-sites and along roadsides.

R. viscosA Vent. Clam.my Locust. — Occasionally established on
roadside banks. Stockbridge; Monterey; Egremont; Sheffield.

TRIFOLIUM. Ci-oVKK.

T. agrarium L. Yellow ok Hop Clover. — Dry open soil, road-
sides, fields and wood roads; commoti.

T. akvense L. Rahhit-foot Clovku. — Thin, generally sundy
soil; frecjuent, especially in the southern part of the valley.

292 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

T. HYBRiDUM L. Alsike Clover. — Fields and roadsides; com-
mon.

T. PRATENSE L. Red Clover. — Fields, meadows and wood roads;
common.

A form with white flowers is occasional.

T. procumbens L. — Pasture in the lower part of the Hopper, Wil-
liamstown.

T. REPENS L. White Clover. — Fields, roadsides and lawns;
common.

VICIA. Vetch.

V. ANGUSTiFOLiA Rcichard.— Roadsidc, Sheffield (Churchill).

var. segetalis (Thuillier) Koch. — Roadsides and banks; occa-
sional. Deerfield River, Florida; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

V. Cracca L. Blue Vetch. — Meadows and roadsides; frequent
in the valley.

V. viLLOSA Roth. — Sheffield (Walters).

LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY.

LINUM. Flax.

(Cathartolinum 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

L. sulcatum Riddell. — (C. sulcatum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry gravelly field, Sheffield (Walters).

L. usiTATissiMUM L. CoMMON Flax. — Occasionally adventive in
waste ground and along railroad tracks. Washington; Pittsfield;
Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Sheffield.

L. virginianum L. — (C. virginianum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Edge of dry wood, Sheffield.

OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY.

OXALIS. Wood Sorrel.

(Xanthoxalis 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

O. americana Bigelow. Wood Sorrel. — (0. Acetosella Man. ed.
7; vid. Rhodora, 20: 78, 1918.)

Damp woods; common on the plateau. Occasional in moist woods
or cool ravines in the valley. Descends the sides of the plateau to the
bank of the Deerfield River at Florida and to the Housatonic River at

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 293

Lenox (altitude 1000 feet). Occurs in rich woods on Hancock Mt.
and toward the summit of The Dome, Mt. Washington.

O. corniculata L. Lady's Sorrel. — (X. cymosa 111. FI. ed. 2.)

Fields and cultivated ground; common. Occasionally under pines
in moist ground.

O. filipes Small.— (.Y. filipcs 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry hills, generally calcareous; occasional. Williamstown; ^Yest
Stockbridge; Sheffield.

O. REPENS Thurb. — {X. corniculata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

A weed in gardens and greenhouses. Lenox (Jenkins); Stock-
bridge. Probably in all large greenhouses.

0. stricta L.— (X. strida 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry fields and barren hillsides; occasional. Stockbridge; Great
Barrington (Walters); New Marlboro; Egremont.

ERODIUM.

E. CICUTARIUM (L.) L'Her. Storksbill. — On dump at woolen
mill, Pittsfield; a garden weed, Stockbridge.

GERANIACEAE. GERANRTM FAMILY.
GERANIUM. Geha.nium.

G. Bicknellii Britton. — Ledges and rocky ridges; occasional.
North Adams (Fernald and Long); West Stockbridge; Mt. Washing-
ton (Walters); Sheffield.

G. maculatum L. Wild Cranesbill. — Open woods, copses and'
fields; common.

G. MOLLE L. — Adventive in lawn, Stockbridge.

G. PUsiLUM Burm. f. — Adventive in chicken-yard, Stockbridge.

G. Robertianum L. Herr Robert. — {liubcrticlla liobcrdana
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Moist rich or rocky woods, and on open ledges; common in the
valley. Altitude 1300 feet, Tyringham.

RUTACEAK. lUK FAMILY.
PTELEA. IIoi- Thee..
P. TRIFOLIATA L. IIoi' TuiK. — Escaping from cuhiN aiion, ."-^tock-
bridge.

294 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ZANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Ash.

Z. americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. — River banks and open
rocky woods in the extreme southern part of the County; frequent in
Sheffield, and along the Konkapot River in southern New Marlboro,
occasional as far north as Stockbridge.

POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY.
POLYGALA. Milkwort.

P. paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala. — Light soil in dry
woods ; locally common in the southern towns, particularly in Sheffield,
Egremont, and Mt. Washington, frequent as far north as Stockbridge.

P. sanguinea L. Purple Milkwort. — (P. viridescens 111. Fl. ed.

2.) . _

Along roadsides and in poor soil in fields; occasional. Pittsfield;

Becket; Sheffield (Churchill); Sandisfield.

P. Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. — Margin of Joyner's Marsh,
Egremont (Churchill and Schneider).

P. verticillata L. — Sandy soil; occasional. Stockbridge; Sheffield
(Walters). .

var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. — (P. ambigtia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Sandy soil and sterile fields; frequent in the valley.

EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY.
ACALYPHA. Three-seeded Mercury.

A. gracilens Gray.^ — Clearing in dry woods, with A. virginica
Monterey.

A. virginica L. Three-seeded Mercury. — Cultivated and waste
ground, dry fields and muddy shores; common.

EUPHORBIA. Spurge.
{Tithymalus and Chamaesyce 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
E. Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. — ( T. Cyparissias 111. Fl. ed.

2.)

Roadsides, cemeteries and about old houses; frequent.

E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. — (C. Rafinesquii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry open ground, roadsides, railroad tracks and cultivated ground;

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 295

frequent. Common on limestone hills in Sheffield and New Marl-
boro.

E. maculata L. — (C maculata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry open ground, roadsides, railroad tracks and cultivated ground;
frequent.

E. Preslii Guss.— (C. Preslii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Waste ground, Pittsfield.

CALLITRICHACEAE.
CALLITRICHE. Water Starwort.

C. palustris L. — Pools and borders of brooks, muddy shores;
frequent.

ANACARDIACEAE.
RHUS. Sumach.
{Toxicodendron 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

R. copallina L. Dwarf Sumach. — Dry sandy soil and rocky
hills; frequent in the southern part of the yalley.

R. glabra L. Smooth Sumach. — Dry sandy soil, open rocky
woods and pastures; common in the southern part of the valley.

R. Toxicodendron L. Poisox Ivy; Poisox Oak. — {T. Toxico-
dendron 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Wet woods, roadsides, railroad embankments and rocky summits;
frequent. Altitude ISOO feet (Washington).

var. radicans (L.) Torr. — ( T. radicans 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Damp woods and borders of streams; occasional in the valley.
Williamstown; Richmond; Stockbridge; Lee; Sandisfield; New
Marlboro.

R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumach. — (/?. hlrtd III. Fl. <•(!. 2.)

Borders of woods, rocky hills, roadsides and pastures; conunon.

R. Vernix L. Poison Sumach; Poison Dogwood. — {T. J'crnix
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps and low ground; occasional in tlic snuthcrn part of the
valley.

AQUIFOLIACEAK. lloLlA lAMII.V.
ILEX. I1..I.I.Y.

I. monticola (iray, \ar. mollis (iray) Hritton.— (/. mntitnna 111.
Fl. ed. 2.) " " •

296 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Locally common on the summit of The Dome and about Plantin
Pond, Mt. Washington. The most northern known station for this
species of the Alleghany Mts.

I. verticillata (L.) Gray. Black Alder. — Common on the
plateau on open ill-drained hillsides and along roadsides; frequent in
the valley on the borders of ponds and swamps.

var. tenuifolia (Torr.) Wats. — (/. hronxensis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Shaded swamps; frequent.

var. padifolia (Willd.) T. &. G.— Sheffield (Churchill).

NEMOPANTHUS. Mountain Holly.
{Ilicioides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

N. mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain Holly. — Borders of ponds,
boggy woods and rocky hill-tops; common.

CELASTRACEAE. STAFF TREE FAMILY.
CELASTRUS. Staff Tree.

C. scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet; Waxwork. — Open
rocky woods, roadside thickets and borders of streams; common in
the valley.

EVONYMUS.

{Evonymus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

E. ATROPURPUREUs Jacq. Burning Bush. — Escaping from culti-
vation, Stockbridge.

STAPHYLEACEAE. BLADDER NUT FAMILY.
STAPHYLEA. Bladder Nut.

S. trifolia L. Bladder Nut. — Rich soil at the base of limestone
ledges, and moist thickets along the Housatonic River; occasional.
Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield.

ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY.
ACER. Maple.

A. Negundo L. Box Elder. — Apparently indigenous along the
Housatonic River; also frequently escaping from cultivation.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 297

A. pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple; Moosewood.— Rich
woods; common on the upland.

A. rubrum L. Red Maple; Swamp Maple. — Swamps, borders
of ponds and rocky summits; common.

var. tridens ^Yood. — (A. caroUnianum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Low ground; occasional. Cheshire (Winslow); Pittsfield; Lenox;
Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Sheffield.

A. saccharinum L. White Maple; River Maple. — Banks of
streams; common.

A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple; Rock Maple. — Rich
woods; common, particularly on mountain slopes.

var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton. Black Sugar Maple. — {A.
nigrum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Common as a shade tree in the southern part of the valley. In-
digenous on a limestone ridge in Williamstown, in alluvial woods in
North Adams (Fernald), and on a cobble over the Housatonie River
in Sheffield.

A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. — Cool woods; common
on the upland, frequent in the valleys.

SAPINDACEAE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
AESCULUS.

A. HipPOCASTANUM L. CoMMON HoRSE-CHESTNUT. — Occasionally
self-sown.

BALSAMINACEAE. TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY.
IMPATIENS. .Jewelweed.

I. biflora \Yalt. Jewelweed; Spotted Touch-me-not. — Rich
moist soil in shade; common.

forma Peasei A. H. Moore. — Perianth cream color, with pink spots
(vid. Rliodora, 21: 98. 1!)19. and 19: ]\i\, H»17).

Low ground, Stockbridge.

I. pallida Nutt, Pale Touch-me-not. — Borders of streams and
-moist slopes; frequent in the valley, on the Iowit slopes of Grey-
lock and of the Dome. A form with wiiitish flowers, Lanesboro
(Churchill).

298 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
CEANOTHUS. Red-root.

C. americanus L. New Jersey Tea. — Sandy soil, borders of
dry woods and roadsides; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

RHAMNUS. Buckthorn.

R. alnifolia L'Her. — Cool swamps; frequent in the valley.

R. CATHARTiCA L. CoMMON BucKTHORN. — Roadside thickets;
frequently naturalized. Generally only a single tree is found, but the
species is common for nearly a mile along the roadside opposite Round
Pond, Great Barrington.

VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY.

PSEDERA, Woodbine; Virginia Creeper.

(Parthenocissus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

P. quinquefolia (L.) Greene. — (P. quinquefolia 111. Fl. ed. 2 in
part.)

Rocky or swampy woods, thickets and borders of streams ; common.
Altitude 1800 feet, Washington.

var. hirsuta (Donn) Rehder.— Rocky woods; banks of streams;
common.

P. vitacea (Knerr) Greene.— (P. quinquefolia 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Alluvial thickets; frequent.

VITIS. Grape.

V. aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. — Thickets and hillsides;
occasional in the valleys. Deerfield River, Florida; Adams (Knowl-
ton and Bean); Great Barrington; Sheffield.

V. bicolor Le Conte. Summer Grape. — Rocky open woods and
river-banks ; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

V. labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. — Occasional and in-
digenous along the Deerfield River, Florida, and the Farmington
River, Sandisfield. Here and there escaping to roadsides elsewhere.

V. vulpina L. River-bank or Frost Grape. — Banks of streams
and thickets; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 299

TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY.
TILIA. Linden.

T. americana L. Basswood. — Rich woods and banks of streams;
common.

MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY.
ABUTILON. Indian Mallow.

A. Theophrasti Medic. Velvet Leaf. — {A. Abutilon 111. FI.
ed. 2.)

Roadsides and waste ground; occasional. Great Barrington (Wal-
ters); Sheffield.

ALTHAEA. Marsh Mallow.

A. ROSEA Cav. Hollyhock. — Occasionally self-sown or persist-
ing, Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Sheffield.

HIBISCUS. Rose Mallow.

H. Trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour. — Cultivated ground; oc-
casional. Stockbridge; Sheffield.

MALVA. ]\L\LLow.

M. Alcea L. — Open field, Lee; roadside. Great Barrington (Wal-
ters).

M. MoscHATA L. Musk INLvllow. — Roadsides; occasional in the
valley. Lanesboro; Lee; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Aiford;
Egremont (Walters).

M. ROTrxDiFOLLA. L. Cheeses. — Cultivated and waste ground;
common.

HYPERIC.VCEAE. ST. .lOlIXS WORT FAMILY.
HYPERICUM. St. .Iohn's Wout.

H. Ascyron L. Great St. Joiin'.s Woivr. — HonliTs of streams in
the soutlicni part of the valley; frecpu'iit.

H. boreale (Britton) Bickncll. — Borders of ponds and marshes;
fre(|uciit.

H. canadense L. — Roadside diteli«'s ami low ground; rr»(|uent.

H. ellipticum Hook. — Wet ground; common.

300 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

H. gentianoides (L.) BSP. Orange Grass; Pineweed. —
{Sarothra gentianoides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry soil; common in Sheffield, occasional elsewhere in the valley.
New Marlboro; Union Church, Mt. Washington (altitude 1670 feet).

H. majus (Gray) Britton. — Wet ground, damp clearings and
sandy shores; frequent in the valley.

H. mutilum L. — Roadside ditches and low ground; common.

H. PERFORATUM L. CoMMON St. John's Wort. — Fields and road-
sides; common.

H. punctatum Lam. — Moist thickets and damp places; common.

H. virginicum L. Marsh St. John's Wort. — ( Triadenum
virginicum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Borders of ponds and marshes; common. Altitude 2000 feet,
Hancock.

ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY.
ELATINE. Waterwort.

E. minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Meyer. — (E. americana Man. ed. 7
and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodbra, 19: 13, 1917.)

Submersed in shallow water on sandy bottom, Onota Lake, Pitts-
field; emersed on muddy border of Goose Pond, Tyringham.

CISTACEAE. ROCKROSE FAMILY.

HELIANTHEMUM. Rockrose.
{Crocanthemum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

H. Bicknellii Fernald. — (//. majus Man. ed. 7; lid. Rhodora, 21:
36, 1919. C. majus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry soil and ledges; occasional in the southern part of the valley.
On limestone, Monterey; New IVIarlboro; locally common on the
sand-plain, Sheffield.

H. canadense (L.?) Michx. Frostweed. — (C. canadense 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Open sandy soil and rocky ledges; occasional in the southern part
of the valley. On limestone, IMonterey ; on quartzite, Great Barring-
ton; locally common on the sand-plain, Sheffield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 301

LECHEA. PiNWEED.
L. intermedia Leggett. — Dry soil; common.
L. maritima Leggett, var. interior Robinson. — Williamstown
(Churchill).
L. villosa Ell.— Dry hills, Sheffield.

VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY.
VIOLA. Violet.

V. affinis Le Conte. — Frequent in wet grassy places, moist lawns,
swampy meadows and alder thickets in the valley.

V. ARVENSis Murr. Wild Pansy. — Seeding itself along garden
paths, Stockbridge; abundant in a fallow field, Sheffield (Bean and
Fernald); fallow field. New Marlboro.

V. blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. — Rich woods; common.

V. canadensis L. Canada Violet. — Rich woods; frequent.
Altitude 1500 feet, Hoosac Mt., Florida.

V. conspersa Reichenb.- — Woods, pastures, roadsides, borders of
swamps; common. Altitude 1850 feet (Windsor).

V. cuculiata Ait. Maksh Blue Violet. — Wet open places;
common. A dwarf form in moist soil under old apple trees (altitude
1500 feet), Cheshire (Brainerd).

forma albiflora Britton. — Frequent.

V. eriocarpa Schwein. Smooth Yellow Violet. — ( T. sca-
hriuscula Man. ed. 7; vid. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 38: 194, 1911.)

Moist rich woods; common. .Mtitude 1.500 feet on the plateau,
2000 feet, Berry Mt., Hancock.

V. fimbriatula Sm. — Dry hillsides, open woods mikI sandy (icids;
conmu)n. .\ form with coarsely toothed basal lobes from Lenox,
Stockl)ridgc, and West Stockbridge.

V. incognita Brainerd. Sweet White Violet. — Rich woods;
common. Occasional under pines.

var. Forbesii Brainerd. — Swampy woods; rrc(|ucnt.

Differs from the type in being nearly or (|iiite glabrous except for
scattered hairs on the upper surfaces of the Icaxcs {vid. Hull. Torr.
Bot. Club, 38: S, 1911).

V. lanceolata L. Borders of bogs and ponds; fn(|Ucnt. In
moist |)astiirc. Savoy.

V. latiuscula (ireene. — J )ry soil; frc(|urnt in the \all(y.s. Occa-

302 PROCEEDINGS BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

sionally in moist ground; low ground under pines, Stockbridge; alder
thicket, Mt. Washington (Brainerd).

V. nephrophylla Greene. — Swampy woods and margins of moun-
tain brooks and streams, chiefly in shade; common on the plateau,
frequent in the valleys. Flowers late and about June 1 makes with
V. 'pollens ribbons of blue and white along the roadsides on the
plateau.

V. ODORATA L. English or Sweet Violet. — Plants sent by Miss
Mitford from England to Miss Catherine Sedguick in the first half of
the 19th century, and set out on a shaded bank in Stockbridge, have
spread and perpetuated themselves to the present time.

V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Sweet White Violet. — Wet
places; common. Ice Pond, Greylock (altitude 3000 feet).

Blossoming late and forming with V. nephrophylla ribbons of blue
and white along upland roads, in early June.

V. palmata L. — Dry woods; frequent in the southern and western
part of the ^■alley. Altitude 1700 feet, West Stockbridge Mt.

V. papilionacea Pursh. — Moist shaded places; common. Often
in door-yards and in rich ground. A white-flowered form is frequent.

V. pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. — Rich woods;
common. Less common than V. eriocarpa and generally in drier
woods.

V. renifolia Gray. — Cold swamp, Stockbridge; damp woods,
Great Barrington.

var. Brainerdii (Greene) Fernald. — Vid. Rhodora, 14: 88 (1912).

Cold swamps and cool woods.

Upper leaf-surfaces quite glabrous from the first or in anthesis
(flowering time) with only a very few scattered and quickly deciduous
hairs.

V. rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. — Rich woods; fre-
quent. Altitude 1200 feet, New Boston.

forma Phelpsiae Fernald.— Vid. Rhodora, 17: 180 (1915).

Rich rocky woods, W^est Stockbridge (Walters). Flowers white.

V. rotundifolia Michx. Early Yellow Violet. — Woods;
common. Generally under deciduous trees but occasionally under
pines (Stockbridge).

V. Selkirkii Pursh. Great-spurred Violet. — Rich woods,
generally on or near rocks, but often in leaf mould; frequent in the
northern tier of towns, Williamstown, Florida, Adams and Savoy,

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 303

becoming less common farther south, and confined to cool glens in the
southern part of the valley. Ice Glen, Stockbridge ; Ice Gorge, Great
Barrington; rich woods, Sandisfield.

V. septentrionalis Greene. — Open woods, dty clearings, grassy
hillsides and rocky summits; frequent. Common along the Deerfield
and Farmington Rivers on dry banks.

V. sororia Willd. — Rich woods; common, particularly in dry
woods in the southern part of the valley. A white-flowered form is
frequent.

V. triloba Schwein. — Frequent in dry woods in the southern part
of Sheffield and New Marlboro. Mt. Washington (Walters).

Hybrids of Viola.

V. cucullata X fimbriatula. — Frequent.

V. cucullata X septentrionalis. — Williamstown; Sheffield.

V. cucullata X sororia. — Cheshire (Brainerd).

V. fimbriatula X septentrionalis. — Frequent.

V. fimbriatula X sororia. — Williamstown; Stockbridge.

V. palmata X affinis. — Great Barrington.

V. palmata X cucullata. — Sheffield.

V. palmata X sororia. — Sheffield.

V. septentrionalis X sororia. — Stockbridge.

The abo\e determinations have been verified by Mr. F. F. Forbes.

THYMELAEACEAE. MEZEREUM FAMILY.
DAPHNE.

D. Mp:zereum L. — Establislied along roadside thickets in Lenox
and Richmond (Lincoln).

DIRCA. Leathehwood; Moo.sewood.

D. palustris L. Wicopy; Leatherwood; Moosewood. — Damp
rich woods; frecjuent. On limestone ridges, Williamstown and
Sheffield.

L^"nii;A('i:Ai:, Loosiis'riiiFK i-amii.v.

DECODON. Swamp Loosestrife.

D. verticillaris iL.i l-'ll., var. laevigatus T. &. G. — (/). rrrticil-
laria Mail. «•(!. 7 in ])art; //(/. Klioilora 19: l.")l, I'.HT.)

304 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Borders of ponds and streams; frequent.

The var. laevigatvs is glabrous with bright green leaves as con-
trasted with var. pubescens which has the stem and lower surface of
the leaves more or less tomentose-pubescent.

LYTHRUM. Loosestrife.

L. alatum Pursh. — Swampy meadows (calcareous), Stockbridge;
Sheffield.

L. Salicaria L. Spiked Loosestrife. — Borders of streams and
wet meadows; now frequent along the Hoosac and Housatonic Rivers
and their tributaries.

ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.
CIRCAEA. Enchanter's Nightshade.

C. alpina L. — Cool woods; frequent.

C. canadensis Hill. — (C intermedia Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2;
vid. Rhodora, 19:87, 1917.)

Moist gravelly soil; occasional. Wet slide above brook, Cheshire
(Churchill); border of Lake Averic, Stockbridge; flood-plain of Bash
Bish Brook, Mt. Washington; moist clearing, Sheffield.

Generally only a few plants in a station, suspiciously intermediate
between C. alpina and C. laiifolia.

C. latifolia Hill. — (C. lutetiana Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 17:
223, 1915.)

Woods and clearings; common.

EPILOBIUM. Willow-herb.

E. angustifolium L. Fire-weed. — Clearings and borders of
woods; common.

forma albiflorum (Dumort.) Haussk. — Harvey Mt,, West Stock-
bridge.

E. coloratum Muhl.— Ditches, wet roadsides and swamps;
common.

E. densum Raf.— (E. lineare 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swamps; common.

E. glandulosum Lehm., var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fernald. —
(E. adenocaulon Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 20: 35,
1918.)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 305

Roadside ditches, swamps, moist clearings and borders of streams;
common.

E. HiRSUTUM L. — Established in a roadside ditch in low ground,
Lenox.

E. molle Torr.— {E. strictum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Bogs; common.

E. palustre L. — Low ground, Stockbridge.

\ ar. monticola Haussk. — Bogs and wet meadows; frequent.

GAURA.

G. BIENNIS L. — Rarely adventive in grassland or waste ground.
North Adams; I/Ce.

LUDVIGIA. False Loosestrife.
(Isnardia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

L. palustris (L.) Ell. Water Purslane. — Muddy borders of
ponds and marshes, and in ditches; common.

OENOTHERA. Evening Primrose.

O. biennis L. Common Evening Primrose. — Fields, roadsides
and clearings; common.

O. muricata L. — Dry hillsides, roadsides and waste ground;
common.

O. pumila L. — {Knciffia jmmila 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Fields and roadsides; common.

HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY.
MYRIOPHYLLUM. Watkk Milfoil.

M. exalbescens lu-rnald.— Vid. Rhodora, 21: 122 (1919).

Shallow water in i)onds; occasional. Stockbridge Bowl, Stock-
bridge; Cranberry Pond, West Stockbridge; Three-mile Pond.
Sheffield.

Differs from M. spicnium as follows: the principal leaves of the
primary stems have 14 to 21 pairs of rigi<l slenderly linear divisions;
the bracts are rhombic obovate; the bractlets are suborbicular or
reniform, broader than long, and <listinctly shorter than in most of
M. exalbescens, 0.5 to 0.8 mm. long.

306 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

In M. cxalhescens the dried stems very strongly tend to become
white (though not always) ; in M. spicatum the old herbarium speci-
mens still retain a fulvous or olivaceous tone in the stems.

M. verticillatum L., var. pectinatum Wallr. — Locally common
in the inlet on the west end of Pontoosuc Lake, Pittsfield.

PROSERPINACA. Mermaid Weed.

P. palustris L. Mermaid Weed. — Borders of ponds or shallow
water in slow streams; occasional. Cheshire; Lenox; Big Pond,
Otis; Egremont (Walters); Sheffield.

ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAAIILY.
ARALIA.

A. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. — Rocky summits and
hillside clearings; frequent.

A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. — Woods; common.
A. racemosa L. Spikenard. — Rich woods; common.

PANAX. Ginseng.

P. quinquefolium L. Ginseng; Sang. — Rich woods; formerly
frequent, now occasional. Williamstown; Florida; Cheshire (Wins-
low); Dalton (Lincoln); Pittsfield; Becket (Walters); Stockbridge;
Sandisfield (W^alters).

P. trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng; Ground-nut. — Rich woods
and borders of swamps; common. Altitude 2000 feet. Savoy.

UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY.
AEGOPODIUM.

A. PoDAGRARiA L., f. VARiEGATA Hort. GouTWEED. — The form
with variegated leaves occasionally spreads from abandoned yards.
Stockbridge.

ANGELICA. Angelica.

A. atropurpurea L. Purple Angelica. — Low ground and
borders of streams; common. Altitude, 1500 feet (Windsor).

A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. — Dry woods; occasional in the southern

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 307

part of the valley. Great Barrington; New Marlboro; Mt. Washing-
ton.

CARUM. Caraway.

C. Carvi L. Caraway. — Along roadsides and about farm build-
ings; frequent.

CICUTA. Water Hemlock.

C. bulbifera L. — Wet places; common.

C. maculata L. Spotted Cowbane. — Wet meadows, borders of
brooks and ponds, and swamps; common.

CONIOSELINUM. Hemlock Parsley.

C. chinense (L.) BSP. — Cool swamps; occasional in the valley.
Williamstown (Churchill); Lenox; West Stockbridge (Evans, Fern-
aid, Knowlton); Stockbridge; Sheffield.

CONIUM. Poison Hi^mlock.

C. MACULATUM L. PoisoN Hemlock. — Waste ground, often about
abandoned house sites; occasional. New Ashford; Hancock; West
Stockbridge; New Marlboro.

CRYPTOTAENIA. Hoxewort.
{Deringa 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

C. canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort. — Dry woods and thickets;
common.

DAUCUS. Carrot.

D. Carota L. Wild Carrot.^- Fields and roadsides; common.

HERACLEUM. Cow Parsnip.

H. lanatum MIcIlx. Cow Parsnip. — Borders of streams, and
roadsides in low ground; frequent.

HYDROCOTYLE. Water Pe.wywort.

H. americana L. — Wet meadows, ill-draiiu'd pastures and damp
open woods; common.

308 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

LEVISTICUM. LovAGE.

L. OFFICINALE (L.) Koch. LovAGE. — {Hipposelinum Levisticum
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Occasionally established about old house sites. Monterey; Mt.
Washington (Knowlton) .

OSMORHIZA. S^'EET Cicely.
(Washingtonia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

O. Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Sweet Cicely. — Rich woods;
common in the valleys. Altitude 1800 feet, Adams.

O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. — Rich woods and thickets; occasional
in the valley. North Adams (Burnham) ; Stockbridge; West Stock-
bridge; Monterey; Great Barrington (Walters).

PASTINACA. Parsnip.

P. SATivA L. — Wild Parsnip. — Waste places, roadsides and fields ;
common. The juice is poisonous to the touch.

SANICULA. Black Snakeroot.

S. gregaria Bicknell. — Damp rich woods; frequent in the valley.

S. marilandica L. — Woods and thickets; common.

S. trifoliata Bicknell. — Rich woods; frequent in the valley.

SIUM. Water Parsnip.

S. suave Walt. — (S. cicutaefolium Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 17:
131, 1915.)
Muddy shores; common.

ZIZIA.

Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders. — Meadows, borders
of woods and roadsides; common.

CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
CORNUS. Cornel; Dogwood.

C. alterni folia L. f.^ — Open woods, clearings and fence rows;
common in the valley, occasional on the plateau.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 309

C. Amomum IMill. Kinnikinnik; Silky Cornel. — Borders of
streams and swamps; common.

C. canadensis L. Bunchbebry; Dwarf Cornel. — (Chamae-
periclymenum canadense 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Damp woods and knolls in swamps; common. Very common on
The Dome, Mt. Washington, in rather dry woods.

C. circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel. — (C rugosa 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Rocky woods and limestone ledges; frequent in the valley.

C. florida L. Flowering Dogwood. — (Cynoxylon floridum 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry woods; frequent in the southern part of the valley, occasional
elsewhere. North Adams (Lincoln).

C. paniculata L'Her. — (C.femina 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Copses in dry soil ; common in the valley, particularly in the south-
ern part.

C. stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. — Borders of
streams and swamps, and low thickets; common in the valley, fre-
quent on the plateau.

NYSSA, Tupelo; Sour Gum.

N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum; Tupelo. — Borders of ponds
in the southern part of the valley, as far north as the northern part of
Great Barrington; occasional. A group of small trees grew on the
dry rocky summit of Monument Mt., Great Barrington (altitude
1600 feet), until destroyed by fire.

ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY.
ANDROMEDA.

A. glaucophylla Link. Bog Rosemary. — (.1. Polifolia 111. Fl.
ed. 2 in part.)
Bogs; frequent.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Bkarhkuut.
{(va-ursi 111. Fl. vd. 2.)

A. Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., v:ir. coactilis Fcriiald c\: McHride.
Bearhkkuy. — (.1. I'fd-iir.si Man. ed. 7 in i)art; rid. Rliodctra. 16:
212, 1914.)

310 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Rocky ridge of West Stockbridge Mt.; a few plants in dry open
woods, Egremont; frequent on exposed summits, Mt. Washington.
The West Stockbridge locaHty was known to Dewey in 1829.

Branches invested with a dense canescent almost felt-like tomentum
which is persistent, at least for several years.

CHAMAEDAPHNE. Leather Leaf.

C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather Leaf. — Bogs and marshy
borders of ponds; frequent.

CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissewa.

C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. — Dry woods.
Lenox (Lincoln) ; Sandisfield.

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt., var. cisatlantica Blake. Prince's
Pine; Pipsissewa. — - (C. umbellata Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora,
19: 241, 1917.)

Dry woods; common.

Differs from true C. umbellata in having the flowers more or less
racemose.

CHIOGENES. Creeping Snowberry.

C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. — Cold swamps and cold springy banks;
occasional. Savoy; Becket; Washington; Pittsfield; Stockbridge;
New Marlboro. .

CLETHRA. White Alder.

C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. — Shore of Symon's Pond,
Sandisfield (Walters).

EPIGAEA

E. repens L. Trailing Arbutus; Mayflower. — Dry woods
and open hillsides; frequent on schist and quartzite, practically
absent from limestone. A small patch in Great Barrington on a
limestone hillside with> Kalmia latifolia.

GAULTHERIA. Wintergreen.

G. procumbens L. Checkerberry; Wintergreen. — W^oods
and clearings; common. On limestone, under pines, Sheffield.

m''

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 311

GAYLUSSACIA. HrrKLEBERRY.

G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. — Dry
hillsides, clearings and rocky summits; frequent in the southei'n part
of the valley. Occasional in swampy woods, Stockbridge.

forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie. — Rocky summits and
dry slopes; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

KALMIA. Laurel.

K. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel; Lambkill. — Pastures, open
swamps, rocky summits and rocky borders of ponds; common, espe-
cially on the upland.

K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurel; Mountain Ivy. — Hillside
pastures, woods and borders of swamps ; common, except in calcareous
soil. One bush on a limestone ledge, Sheffield. .Growing in Great
Barrington on a limestone hill. Altitude 2000 feet, Savoy.

K. polifolia Wang. Pale Laurel. — Bogs; occasional on the
plateau. Savoy; Washington; Becket; New Marlboro.

LEDUM. Labrador Tea.

L. groenlandicum Oeder. — Borders of bogs; frequent on the
plateau, rare in the valley. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; ShefHeld (Mrs.
W. T. Day).

LYONIA.

{XolisDM 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

L. ligustriiia (L.) DC. Male Berry. — Wet woods, upland
pastures and swamps; common.

MONESES. Oxe-flowered Pyrola.

M. uniflora (L.) Gray. One-flowered Pyrola. — Under pines;
frequent.

MONOTROPA. Indian Pipe; Pinesap.

M. Hypopitys L. I'inesai*. — (/////>'>/n7//.v ivunicdim III. Fl. ed. 2.)
Dry woods; trcf|uent. Under heiniocks at (JiMcr Pond, Otis (alti-

-tude 14(K) feet).

M. uniflora L. Indian Tii'i:; Coupsi; Plant; Ghost Flow kh.

— Kicli woods; common.

312 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PYROLA. Wintergreen; Shin Leaf.

P. asarifolia Michx., var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. — Cold
shaded bog, Stockbridge.

P. chlorantha Sw. — Leaves rounded to base and apex, rather
numerous (4 to 11) in a rosette (vid. Rhodora, 22: 51, 1920).

Woods, often near swamps; common.

var. paucifolia Fernald. — (P. chlorantha Man. ed. 7 in part.)

Leaves mostly cuneate at base and truncate or sub-truncate at
summit; somewhat flabelliform-obovate, few (1 to 7 or even wanting)
in a rosette {vid. Rhodora, 22: 51, 1920).

Great Barrington.

P. elliptica Nutt. Woods; common.

P. rotundifolia L., var. americana (Sweet) Fernald. Round-
leaved Shin Leaf. — (P. aviericana Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid.
Rhodora, 22: 122, 1920.)

Dry open woods; common in the valley, occasional on the plateau.
Altitude 2000 feet, Florida.

P. secunda L. — W'oods; common.

var. obtusata Turcz. — Cold bogs, in sphagnum; rare. Stock-
bridge; Sandisfield.

RHODODENDRON.
{Azalea 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

R. canescens (Michx.) G. Don. Pink Azalea. — \A. canescens
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Woods, upland pastures and swamps; common.

R. maximum L. Great Laurel; Rose Bay. — Swamps.
Williamstown (Oakes); Washington (altitude 1750 feet) ; Richmond.

The Richmond station has been destroyed by gardeners from the
Lenox estates who have dug up the plants. Nothing is known of the
Williamstown station excepting a sheet in the herbarium of the Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, labelled " Williamstown, Oakes."

R. nudiflorum. (L.) Torr. Pink Azalea. — {A. nudiflora 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Swamp, Sheffield; Mt. Washington (Churchill).

VACCINIUM. Blueberry; Cranberry.

V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller, Black High Blueberry. —
Swamps and upland pastures; frequent, especially on the plateau.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 313

On gravelly hills near the Housatonic River in Pittsfield, where glacial
drift o^■erlies the limestone.

V. canadense Kalm. — Swamps and upland woods; common on
Greylock and on the "plateau as far south as Washington and Becket.
Occurs also on The Dome, Sheffield, and on the adjoining mountain
mass. A specimen collected by Churchill in a bog in Lanesboro has
practically glabrous leaves. Lowest altitude 1150 feet, swamp on the
divide between Pittsfield and Cheshire.

V. corymbosum L. High-bush Blueberry. — Common in
hillside pastures on the plateau; frequent in the valley in swamps and
on the borders of ponds, absent from calcareous soil, except where
glacial drift overlies thickly the limestone.

var. amoenum (Ait.) Gray. — Savoy (altitude 2000 feet); woods,
Mt. Washington (Churchill).

var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray. — With the type; occasional. Lenox;
Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Great Barrington; West Stockbridge
(Evans, Fernald and Knowlton).

V. macrocarpon Ait. Cranberry.' — - {Oxycoccus macrocarpus
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Bogs; frequent. Occasional on wet roadsides on the plateau.

V. Oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry. — (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Bogs; occasional on the plateau. Savoy; Becket; New Marlboro
(Walters) ; Sandisfield.

var. ovalifolium Michx. — (var. intermedium Man. ed. 7; vid.
Rhodora, 11: 54, 1909.)

Peat bog, Sheffield.

V. pennsylvanicum Lam. Low Blueberry. — ( V. angt/sti-
folium 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Open woods and pastures, rocky sununits; coinnion except in cal-
careous soil. Occasional on limestone cobbles and in calcareous
meadows.

var. myrtilloides (Michx.) Fernald. — Leaves and young twigs
pilose; leaves with bristle-tipped teeth. Distinguished from V.
canadense by the bristle-tipped teeth of the leaves and their lustrous
appearance {vid. Rhodora, 10: 148, 1908).

Hillside pasture, Florida.

var. nigrum Wood. — ( V. ni<jrum III. l-'l. (m1. 2.)

With the type; frequent.

314 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

V. stamineum L. Deerberky. — {Polycodium stamineum 111.
Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry woods; occasional. Mt. Greylock; Stockbridge; Great
Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield

V. vacillans Kalm. — Dry woods, rocky hillsides and open sum-
mits; freciuent in the southern part of the valley.

PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.
LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife.

L. NuMMULARiA L. MoNEYWORT. — Wet meadows, roadside
banks and ditches; frequent.

X L. producta (Gray) Fernald. — A hybrid between L. quadri-
folia and L. terrestris. Edge of wet woods, Sandisfield.

L. quadrifolia L. — Woods; common.

L. terrestris (L.) BSP. — W'et woods and swamps; common.

L. thyrsiflora L. — (Naumburgia thyrsiflora 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Cold swamps; common.

L. VULGARIS L.— Escaped from cultivation in a thicket on the banks
of the Housatonic River, Great Barrington (Walters).

STEIRONEMA.

S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. — Borders of woods, low ground and road-
side thickets; common. A form with crowded flowers on short
pedicels from Sandisfield.

TRIENTALIS. Chickw^ed Wintergreen.

T. borealis Raf. Chickweed W^intergreen. — ( T. americana
Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 236, 1909.)
Woods; common.

OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY.
FRAXINUS. Ash.

F. americana L. White Ash. — Rich woods; common. Summit
of Greylock.

forma iodocarpa Fernald. — Occasional with the type, from which
it difi'ers in having reddish-purple keys {vid. Rhodora, 14: 192, 1912).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 315

F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. — Swamps and borders of streams;
common.

F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. — Occasional along the
Housatonic River in Sheffield.

var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green Ash — Williamstown
(Churchill).

LIGUSTRUM. Privet.

L. VULGARE L. Privet. — On a limestone ridge, ^Yilliamstown.

SYRINGA. Lilac.

S. vulgaris L. Common Lilac. — Persisting and spreading about
old house sites; occasional.

GENTIAXACEAE. OENTL\N FAMILY.
BARTONIA.

B. virginica (L.) BSP. — Mossy knolls in upland pasture, Great
Barrington,

GENTIANA. Gexti.^n.

G. Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. — {Dasystephana An-
drewsii 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Moist woods and low ground; occasional in the valley. North
Adams (Churchill); Alford; Sheffield (Churchill).

Corolla with nearly truncate summit; the firm true lobes nearly
obsolete, narrowed at the summit; the broader intervening thin
prolongations of the membranous bands forming a fiinbriate-dentate
border.

forma albiflora Britton. — Low shaded ground, Shefiield.

G. clausa Kuf. Closed Gentian. — (G. Andrewsii Man. cd. 7
and III. Fl. <d. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 148, 1917.)

Moist woods and low ground, comnioii.
- Corolla with the broad rounded lobes 2 to S mm. long; as broad or
broader than the. intervening ?- to 3-cleft apix'ndages.

G. crinita Froel I'rin(;ed Gentian Wet meadows, liillside
pastures and borders of swamps, eomnion in tlie valley.

G. quinquefolia I.. - Ipland j)astures, open hillsides and shaded
banks; fre(|uent in the valley. .\ specimen from ."Sheffield 7..") dm.
tall.

318 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATER LEAF FAMILY.
HYDROPHYLLUM. Waterleaf.

H. canadense L. — Borders of mountain brooks at the base of Mt.
Greylock, Williamstown ; Cheshire (Winslow).

H. virginianum L. — Rich woods; common. Valley of the
Deerfield River, Florida; altitude 2000 feet, Berry Mt., Hancock.

BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY.
CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound's Tongue.

C. boreale Fernald. — Clearings and open woods; occasional.
Stockbridge; Great Barrington.

C. OFFICINALE L. CoMMON Hound's Tongue. — Pastures; occa-
sional.

ECHIUM. Viper's Bugloss.

E. vuLGARE L. Blue-weed. — Dry gravelly soil, open hillsides,
along railroad tracks and stony flood-plains; locally common in the
western part of the valley and in southern New Marlboro. Occasional
on the flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida. According to
Bascom (Berkshire Hist, and Sci. Soc, 3: 307, 1899) Echium
vulgare first appeared in the County in 1849.

forma albiflorum, f. nov. — Corollis albis. Flowers white.

With the type, Egremont. Type specimen in the herbarium of
the N. E. B. C. collected on the stony flood-plain of Green River,
Egremont, July 15, 1920 (Hoffmann).

LAPPULA. Stickseed.

L. echinata Gilibert. — (L. Lappxila 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Railroad track, Pittsfield (Churchill); adventive in chicken-yard,

Stockbridge.
L. virginiana (L.) Greene. Stickseed; Beggar's Lice. — Open

woods, thickets and rich soil along streams; frequent in the valley.

LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwell.

L. arvense L. — Adventive in waste ground. Great Barrington.
L. officinale L. — Open hillsides and roadside thickets; occasional

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 319

in the valley. Williamstown; New Ashford (Walters); Stockbridge ;
West Stockbridge; Egremont; Great Barrington (Schweinf urth) ;
Sheffield.

MYOSOTIS. Forget-me-not.

M. laxa Lehni. Wild Forget-me-not. — Borders of ponds and
low ground; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Monterey;
New Marlboro; Egremont (Walters); Great Barrington (Walters).

M. scoRPioiDES L. Garden Forget-me-not. — Naturalized in
brooks, swampy woods, and in the back-waters of rivers; frequent,

SYMPHYTUM. Comfrey.

S. asperum Lepechin. — {S. asperrimum Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed.
2; vid. Rhodora, 18: 23, 1916.)

Established about old house, Stockbridge; roadside, Sheffield
(Walters).

S. OFFICINALE L. CoMMON CoMFREY.^ Moist soil, West Stock-
bridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton).

VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY.
VERBENA. Vervain.

V. angustifolia MicJLx. — Sandy soil on limestone hills; occasional
in Egremont and Sheffield.

V. BRACTEOSA Michx. — Adventive in waste ground near railroad
station, Pittsfield.

V. hastata L. Blue Vervain. — Low ground, and dry fields;
common.

V. urticaefolia L. White Vervain. — Roadsides and waste
ground, in dry or moist soil; frequent.

LARIATAE. MINT FAMILY.

AGASTACHE. Giant Hys.sgp.

[Lophanthus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. — Railroad embankment, Williamstown
(Churcliill).

A. scrophulariaefolia iWilld.) Ktze. — liordcrs of woods and

322 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Ni:?ETA. Catnip.

N. Cataria L. Catnip. — Waste places about farm buildings,
roadsides and clearings; common.

N. hederacea (L.) Trevisan. Gill-over-the-Ground.-»- {Gle-
coma hederacea 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Moist ground along roadsides and about buildings; frequent.
Occasionally in moist woods.

ORIGANUM. Wild ]\Iarjoram.

O. vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. — Locally established on lime-
stone hillsides in the valley. Williamstown; North Adams; Stock-
bridge; West Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Egremont.

PHYSOSTEGIA. False Dragon Head.
{Dmcocephalum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

P. virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon Head. — Occasionally
established along roadsides; Pittsfield (Lincoln); West Stockbridge.

PRUNELLA. Self Heal.

P. vulgaris L. Self Heal; Heal All. — Lawn, Pittsfield.

var. lanceolata (Barton) Fernald.— (P. vulgaris Man. ed. 7 in
part; md. Rhodora, 15: 182, 1913.)

Fields, meadows, open places in woods, lawns and roadsides; com-
mon. Summit of Greylock.

forma Candida Fernald. — (Vid. Rhodora, 15: 184, 1913.)

Savoy; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters).

forma iodocalyx Fernald. — Riverbank, North Adams (Fernald
and Long).

Professor Fernald has shown (Rhodora, 15: 182, 1913) that the com-
mon Prunella in New England differs from the European P. vulgaris
in the character of the principal cauline leaves (the median ones).
In the European plant these leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded
at the base, averaging one-half as broad as long. This plant is found
occasionally in lawns. In the common Prunella of the fields and road-
sides the principal cauline leaves are lanceolate to oblong, gradually
narrowed or cuneate at base, averaging one-third as broad as long.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 323

PY CN ANTHEM UM. Mountain Mint.
{Koellia 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

P. flexuosum OYalt.) BSP. — Dry fields and low meadows; occa-
sional in the southern part of the valle3^ Stockbridge; Sandisfield
(Walters); Sheffield.

P. muticum (Michx.) Pers. — Lanesboro (Churchill); Great
Barrington; Sandisfield (Walters).

P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. — Dry fields; frequent in
the valley, ' and in Mt. Washington. Specimens from Lanesboro
(Churchill) and Sheffield have pubescent stems.

SALVIA. Sage.

S. SYLVESTRis L. — Advcutive on a dry hillside, Sheffield. This is
the third station recorded for the United States (vid. Rhodora, 19:
39, 1917).

SATUREJA. Savory.
(Clinopodium 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

S. AciNOS (L.) Scheele. — Dry bank, W' illiamstown (Churchill) ;
field, Shcfiield (Mrs. O. P. Phelps).

S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. — Dry open woods and thickets;
frequent in the valley, rare on the plateau (Sandisfield).

SCUTELLARIA. Skullcap.

S. galericulata L. — Wet meadows and swamps; common.
S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. — Wet meadows, swamps
and borders of streams; common.

STACHYS. J1kdc;e Nettle.

S. palustris L. WorxDWoKT. — Roadsides in poor wet soil;
occasional. Williamstown (Churchill); Stockbridge; West Stock-
bridge; SJicnicld.

var. homotricha Ferniild. Dry lield, West Stockbridge.

TEUCRIUM. (Ieumandek.

T. BoTRVa L. — Dry soil in pastures; occasional in the southern
part of the valley. Great Harrington (Walters); Sliclfield (Walters).

326 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

CHELONE. Turtlehead; Snakehead.

C. glabra L. Ttxrtlehead; Snakehead. — Swamps and wet
meadows; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

C. Lyoni Pursh. — Established for several rods along a brook,
Stockbridge.

GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop.

G. virginiana L. — Roadside ditches and muddy shores; occasional
in the valley. Becket (Walters); Stockbridge; Great Barrington;
Sheffield.

ILYSANTHES. Fal'^e Pimpernel.

I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. — Wet places in woods and muddy shores;
frequent.

LINARIA. Toadflax.

L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. Blue Toadflax. — Sandy roadsides
and fields ; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

L. MINOR (L.) Desf. — (Chaenorrhinum minus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Along railroad, West Pittsfield (Churchill).

L. VULGARIS Hill. Butter and Eggs. — (L. Ldnaria 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Fields and roadsides; common.

MELAMPYRUM. Cow Wheat.

M. lineare Lam. Cow Wheat. — Dry woods; common in the
southern part of the valley.

■ MIMULUS. Monkey Flower.
M. ringens L. Monkey Flower. — Wet places; common.

PEDICULARIS. LousEWORT.

P. canadensis L. Lousew^ort; Wood Betony. — Open woods
and grassy banks; common.

forma praeclara A. H. Moore.— Fid Rhodora, 16: 128 (1914).
Common.

PENTSTEMON. Beard-tongue.

P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. — Dry fields and rocky hills; frequent in the
southern part of the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY 327

P. LAEViGATUS Ait. — (P. Penstemon 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Fields; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Lee; New

Marlboro; Sheffield. Probably introduced with grass seed,
var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray.— (P. Digitalis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)
Fields; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge;

Great Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield.

SCROPHULARIA. Figwort.

S. leporella Bioknell. — Fields and roadsides; frequent.
S. marilandica L. — Rich shaded soil; frequent.

VERBASCUM. Mullein.

V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. — Old fields; rare. New
Ashford; Pittsfield; Great Barrington.

V. Thapsus L. IMuLLEiN. — Hillsidcs, clearings and old fields;
common.

VERONICA. Speedwell.

V. americana Schwein. American Brooklbie. — Brooks, ditches
and swampy places; common.

V. Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell. — Brooks; rare.
Stockl)ri(lge Bowl, Stockbridge; Sheffield.

The material of V. Anagallis-aquatica from Berkshire has been
determined by Dr. F. W. Pennell as V. cafenata Pennell, var. glandu-
losa Farwell.

V. arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. — Dry hillsides; frequent in the
valley.

V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell. — Hillsides and open
woods; common.

V. peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. — Cultivatetl ground;
occasional. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Great Bar-
rington (Walters); Sandisfield.

V. scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. — Swanips and wet places;
common.

V. SERPYLLIFOLIA L. — Damp grassy ground; common.

V. Teucrium L. — Roadside escape; occasional. Williamstown;
'New Marlboro; Egremont; Mt. Washington (Churchill).

V. ToURNEFORTll L. — Waste ground; occasional. Lanesboro;
Pittsfield.

330 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

G. MoLLUGO L. — Roadsides and fields ; common from West Pitts-
field to Richmond, occasional elsewhere in the valley. Williamstown ;
Adams; Cheshire; Stockbridge; Tyringham.

G. palustre L. — Wet meadows and shores of ponds; common.

G. pilosum Ait. — Dry woods; rare. Sheffield.

G. tinctorium L. — Alluvial banks. Sheffield; Great Barrington
(Walters).

G. trifidum L. — Swamps and wet shores; common.

G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. — Rich woods;
common.

G. verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. — Roadsides and meadows ;
occasional. New Ashford; Lenox (Lincoln); Stockbridge; Great
Barrington; Sheffield.

HOUSTONIA.

H. caerulea L. Bluets; Innocence. — Pastures, meadows, road-
sides and along woodroads; common. Occasionally in open moist
pine woods, Stockbridge.

H. longifolia Gaertn. — Dry hills and rocky ridges in the western
part of the valley; local. West Stockbridge; Great Barrington;
Sheffield (Bailey).

MITCHELLA. Partridge Berry.

M. repens L. Partridge Berry. — Woods; common. Occasion-
ally on limestone but under pines.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
DIERVILLA. Bush Honeysuckle.

D. Lonicera Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. — (D. Diervilla 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Rocky woods and dry banks; common. Not noted on calcareous
soil.

LINNAEA. Twin-flower.

L. borealis L., var. americana (Forbes) Rehder. Twin-flower.
— (L. americana 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Moist mossy woods; occasional on the plateau. Savoy; Washing-
ton; Harmon Pond, New Marlboro; Mt. Washington (Mrs. W. T.
Day).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 331

LONICERA. Honeysuckle.

L. caerulea L., var. calvescens Fernald & Wiegand. Mountain
Fly Honeysuckle. — (I. caerulea, var. villosa Man. ed. 7 in part.)

Swamps; occasional. Lanesboro; Pittsfield (Knowlton); Stock-
bridge.

Leaves only sparingly pilose or glabrate; the new twigs glabrous or
merely puberulent or sparingly pilose, becoming glabrate {vid. Rhodora,
12: 210, 1910).

var. villosa (Michx.) T. & G. — Bogs and wet hillsides; common,
especially on the plateau.

L. canadensis Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. — Woods;
frequent.

L. dioica L. — Rocky woods and swamps; frequent. Common in
thickets in the sand-plain, Sheffield.

L. hirsuta Eat. — Bullock's Ledge, Williamstown.

This species was discovered " on a rocky hill, two miles west of the
college " in Williamstown in 1817 by a pupil of Amos Eaton and
described in the second edition of Eaton's" Manual of Botany in 1818.
The species was later found in Vermont, Pennsylvania and as far north-
west as Manitol)a, l)ut no additional stations were found in Massa-
chusetts, nor were Ijotanists able to rediscover Eaton's station. In
1920 the writer had the good fortune to find the plant growing in some
abundance at the above locality, probably the type station.

L. sempekvirens L. Trumpet Honeysuckle. — Escaped on
rocky hillside. Great Barrington.

L. TATARiCA L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. — Occasional as an
escape in thickets, Stockbridge.

L. Xylosteum L. E['ropeax Fly Honeysuckle. — Locally fre-
quent as an escape in thickets about Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge.

SAMBUCUS. Eldeu.

S. canadensis L. Common Elder; Elderberry. — Low ground;
common.

S. racemosa L. Kko-berried Elder. — Rocky woods, banks and
clearings; coiiunoii.

SYMPHORICARPUS. Snowbekry.

S. albus (L.I iJhike. (N. raa iim.'iii.f Man. ed. 7 an<! 111. l-M. ed. 2;
rid. Rhodora, 16: 118, 1914.)

332 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Dry calcareous hill, Sheffield. The most eastern known station.
var. LAEVIGATUS (Fernald) Blake. — (S. racemosus 111. Fl. ed. 2 in
part; md. Rhodora, 16: 119, 1914.)

Roadside banks; occasionally escaping from cultivation.

TRIOSTEUM. Horse Gentian.

T. aurantiacum Bicknell. — Rocky woods and dry thickets; fre-
quent in the southern part of. the valley.

VIBURNUM. Viburnum.

V. acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Viburnum. — Woods; com-
mon.

V. affine Bush. — (V. pubcsccns Man. ed. 7 and 111. Fl. ed. 2; vid.
Rhodora, 20: 14, 1918.)

Rocky woods, on schist. West Stockb ridge Mt., West Stockbridge.
The only station known in Massachusetts.

V. alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. — Cool woods and swamps;
common. Occasionally growing as a small tree.

V. cassinoides L. — Swamps and low thickets; common.

V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. — Borders of streams and marshes,
wet hillsides; common, especially on the plateau.

V. Lantana L. Wayfaring Tree. — Occasionally escaping from
cultivation to open woods, Stockbridge.

V. Lentago L. Sw^eet Viburnum; Sheepberry; Nannyberry.
— Thickets, moist woods and banks of streams ; frequent.

var. sphaerocarpum Gray. — Occasional with the type, Pittsfield.

V. opulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. High-bush Cran-
berry.— Swamps and cold woods; frequent.

VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY.

VALERIANA. Valerian.

V. OFFICINALIS L. Garden Valerian. — Grassy roadside, Lanes-
boro (Churchill).

DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY.

DIPSACUS. Teasel.

D. SYLVESTRis Huds. WiLD Teasel. — Established in a few small
stations in Sheffield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 333

SCABIOSA.

S. OCHROLEUCA L. — Adventive in gravel pit, Pittsfield (Lincoln).

SUCCISA. Devid's Bit.

S. AUSTRALis (Wulp.) Reichenb. — Established in low ground in
Pittsfield. First reported in 1892. A small station in low ground
in Lenox.

CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY.

CUCUMIS. Gourd; Squash; Pumpkix.

C. Melo L. Muskmelon. — Occasional on dump heaps.
C. SATivus L. CucuAiBER. — Occasional on dump heaps.

CUCURBITA.

C. MAXIMA Duchesne. Squash. — Occasional on dump heaps.
C. MOSCHATA Duchesne. Cbookneck Squash. — Occasional in
waste ground.

ECHINOCYSTIS. Wild Balsam-aitle.
(Micrampelis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild Cucumber. — Riverbanks and
waste places; common.

SICYOS. One-seeded Bur Cucumber.

S. angulatus L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber. — Riverbanks
and waste places; frequent.

CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY.
CAMPANULA. Bellflower.

C. aparinoides Pursh. IMarsii Bellflower. — Marshes, wet
meadows and borders of brooks and ponds; coinnion.

C. rapunculoides L. Hkllfloweu. — Roadsides mikI l);inks;
frecjuent.

\ ar. UCRANICA (Bess.) ('. Koch. — Occasioinil. I,;mt'sl)oro (('luirch-
ili).

C. rotundifolia L. IIakebell; Bluebell. — Rocky ledges and

334 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

meadows; frequent on and about The Dome, Mt. Washington, on
West Stockbridge Mt., along the flood-j)]ain of the Deerfield River,
Florida. Occasional elsewhere. Stockbridge; New Marlboro. There
seems to be no explanation for the extremely local distribution of this
species. In the southwestern part of Shefheld and the southern part
of New Marlboro it grows freely on outcrops of limestone and of schist,
and in meadows, but in no other township is it even frequent.

forma alba Rand & Redfield. — Limestone outcrop with the type,
Sheffield. Flowers white. ( Vid. Flora of Mt. Desert, p. 124.)

C. uliginosa Rydb. — Marshes and banks of streams; occasional.
Washington (Johnson); Lenox; Stockbridge; Egremont; Sheffield.

SPECULARIA. Venus's Look;ing-glass.

S. perfoliata (L.) DC. Venus's Looking-glass. — Dry hillsides
and rocky woods; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY.
LOBELIA.

L. cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. — Borders of streams and
ponds; freciuent in the valley.

L. Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. — Shallow water, borders of
ponds; frequent on the plateau.

L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. — Clearings, hillsides, dry road-
sides and fields, borders of ponds and streams; common.

L. Kalmii L. — Wet meadows, ditches, and shores of lakes; fre-
quent in the valley, always in calcareous soil.

L. siphilitica L. Great Blue Lobelia. — Low ground; rare.
In three localities in Sheffield, near the Connecticut Line (Walters).

L. spicata Lam. — Grassy fields; common.

forma albiflora, f. nov. — Corollis albis. Flowers white. Occa-
sional with the type, Stockbridge.

The type in Coll. N. E. B. C. collected in a field in Stockbridge,
Mass., July IC), 1916 (R. Hoffmann).

COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.

ACHILLEA. YAHiunv.

A. Millefolium L. Common Yarrow. — Roadsides and dry fields;
common. The form with red flowers occasionally occurs about
houses, appearing as if an escape.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 335

AMBROSIA. Ragw-eed.

A. artemisiifolia L. Ragweed; Roman Wormwood. — (A. ela-
tior 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Roadsides, waste places and cultivated ground; common.

A. TRiFiDA L. — Occasionally adventive. Flood-plain of the Hoosac
River, Williamstown; chicken-yard, Stockbridge.

ANAPHALIS. Everlasting.

A. margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly Everlasting. — Dry open
woods, upland pastures and clearings; common.

ANTENNARIA. Everlasting; Ladies' Tobacco.

A. Brainerdii Fernald. — Bank of Deerfield River, Florida.

A. canadensis Greene. — Wooded banks; frequent.

A form with purplish stem, with petaloid bracts, from Savoy.

A. fallax Greene. — Rich open woods; frequent in the valley.

A. neglecta Greene. — Fields and open woods; common, especially
on the plateau. Altitude 2300 ft., Florida. Plants collected from
Great Barrington approach var. simplex Peck.

A. neodioica Greene. — Open woods, often on thin soil over rocks;
common.

var. grandis Fernald. — Open woods; frequent.

A. occidentalis Greene. — Rich open woods and grassy banks; fre-
quent.

A. Parlinii Fernald. — Rich open woods and grassy banks; fre-
quent in the valley.

A. petaloidea Fernald. — Rocky woods; frequent in the valley.

A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. — Dry woods; frequent in the
"southern part of the valley. Occasional as far north as Cheshire
(Cushman).

ANTHEMIS. Chamomile.

A. CoTULA L. May-weld. — Roadsides and waste places; com-
mon.

ARCTIUM. Burdock.
Key to Arctium,
a. Heads corymhosc, lonR-podunclod; Icaf-Mailos round-ovate, obtuse;
pctiole.s .strongly aiiKular, deeply furrowed.
Petioles solid; heads very lar^e and Km.ul :< to I ."> rtn in diameter;
involucre glabrous, green A. Lappa.

336 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Petioles hollow; heads smaller, 2 to 2.7 cm. broad; involucre more or

less arachnoid A. tomentosum.

a'. Heads racemose or sub-racemose, rarely long-peduncled; leaf -blades ovate-
oblong, usually less obtuse; petioles slightly angular.

Heads medium, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; the middle and inner bracts of
the involucre equalling or exceeding the corollas ; achenes dark brown.

A. nemorosum.

Heads small, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad; the middle and inner bracts of the
involucre conspicuously shorter than the corollas; achenes gray or
ashy-brown A. minus.

A. Lappa L. Great Burdock. — Roadsides and waste places ; rare.
"Williamstown; Sheffield (Walters).

A. MINUS (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. — {A. minus Man.
ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 12: 47, 1910.)

Waste ground and roadsides ; common.

A. NEMOROSUivi Lejeune. — Waste ground, Stockbridge. This
species is very variable. The specimen from Stockbridge is treated
as form c by Fernald & Wiegand (Rhodora, 12: 45, 1910).

A. TOMENTOSUM Mill. — Frequent in waste ground, Lee. {Vid.
Rhodora, 12:45, 1910.)

ARTEMISIA. Wormwood.

A. Absinthium L. Wormwood. — Roadside near Greenwater
Pond, Lee; waste ground, Sheffield.

A. BIENNIS Willd. — Waste ground, Pittsfield; Lee.

A. ludoviciana Nutt. — Railroad track, Lee.

A. vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. — Roadsides and waste
ground; occasional. Cheshire; West Stockbridge; Great Barring-
ton; Lanesboro (Walters); Lenox.

ASTER. Aster.

A. acuminatus Michx. — Cool rich woods ; common. Summit of
Greylock. The monstrous form with chaffy paleae instead of flowers
has been found at Otis and Sandisfield (Walters).

A. cordifolius L. — Borders of w oods and thickets, roadsides and
shaded yards; common, especially in the valley. A form from Egre-
mont with flowers almost pure white when fresh, drying bluish-white.
Many specimens which have been referred to this species have the
upper surface of the leaves smooth, almost greasy to the touch.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 337

var. Furbishiae Fernald. — Shaded bank of l)rook, Lee.

var. polycephalus Porter. — With the type; frequent.

A. divaricatus L. — Open woods; common. Almost to the sum-
mit of Greylock, 3400 feet.

A. dumosus L. — Sheffield (Walters). Specimen examined but
since lost.

A. ericoides L. — Dry open soil; common in the southern part of
the valley, frequent elsewhere in the valley.

Specimens from Stockbridge approach var. Pringlei Gray.

var. villosus T. & G. — With the type; occasional.

A. foliaceus Lindl. — Wet roadside bank, Sandisfield.

" The chief characters separating [this species] from A. novi-hplgii
and A. longifolius are its very few large heads (involucre, excluding
the enlarged outer bracts, 7-9 mm. high) chiefly solitary on elongate
pedicels which are naked or have 1 or 2 large dilated foliaceous bracts,
and the essentially equal herbaceous or foliaceous involucral bracts"
(vid. Rhodora, 17: 13, 1915).

A. laevis L. — Dry soil, borders of woods and roadside thickets;
common in the valley.

var. amplifolius Porter.— With the type, Stockbridge.

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. — Thickets in low ground; common
in the valley.

var. bifrons (Gray) Fernald. — Low ground, Sheffield.

var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter. — (A. hirsuficaulis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Swampy woods; frequent in the valley. Occasionally in dry
thickets, Sheffield.

var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Sheldon. — Thickets in low ground; fre-
quent.

A. linariifolius L. — (lonactis linariifoliiis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

I )ry open soil ; frccpient in the southern part of the valley.

A. longifolius Lam. — I^)\v shaded ground, l)orders of swamps;
frequent in the valley. Flood-plain of the DecrfieUl River, Florida.

var. villicaulis Gray. — Low ground; fnupient in the valley. Often
associated witli I lie type.

A. Lowrieanus Porter, var. lanceolatus I'orter. — ShelField
(Walteis). 1 )e1eniiiiie(l by I'rol'essur l-'eniald.

A. macrophyllus L. ( K Mriii^s and (i|)en woods, ^^a<iside thick-
ets; common.

var. excelsior Hurgess. — Clearings; oicasional. Great Harrington.

338 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fernald. — {A. ianthinus 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Open woods; occasional. Florida; Stockbridge; West Stock-
bridge; New Marlboro ; Alford; Mt. Washington.

A. multiflorus Ait. — Dry soil; occasional. Williamstown ;
Lanesboro (Walters); New Marlboro (Walters); Egremont;
Sheffield.

var. exiguus Fernald. — Dry hillside, West Stockbridge.

A. novae-angliae L. New England Aster. — Thickets in low
ground and ill-drained hillsides; common in the valley, rare on the
plateau. October Mt., Washington (altitude 1850 feet).

forma roseus (Desf.), comb. nov. — With the tjT)e; occasional.
Stockbridge; West Stockbridge.

A. novi-belgii L. — Common along the flood-plain of the Deerfield
River, Florida.

A. paniculatus Lam. — Roadside thickets in low ground and wet
meadows; common in the valley, infrequent on the plateau (Washing-
ton, altitude 1850 feet).

var. acutidens Burgess. — Low ground; occasional. Lenox;
Stockbridge; Alford.

var. bellidiflorus (Willd.) Burgess. — With the type; frequent.

var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess. — With the type; frequent.

var. cinerascens Fernald. — Open woods. New Marlboro (Walters) .
Specimen in F. Walters' herbarium.

A. polyphyllus Willd.— {A. Faxoni 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry banks and low meadows in calcareous soil ; occasional. Stock-
bridge; West Stockbridge.

A. prenanthoides Muhl. — Banks of streams and low ground ;
locally common along the Green River, Williamstown, the Green
River, Egi-emont, and in wet fields in the northern part of Lenox.
Frequent elsewhere in the valley.

A. puniceus L. — Swamps, wet meadows, borders of marshes and
roadside ditches ; common. Summit of Greylock, 3400 feet.

var. compactus Fernald. — A form closely approaching this variety
but not the typical eastern Massachusetts form is occasional in the
valley. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Sheffield.

var. demissus Lindl. — Low ground; frequent in the valley. Alti-
tude 1450 feet, Washington.

var. firmus (Nees) T. & G. — Low ground; frequent.

var. lucidulus Gray. — Wet meadows; frequent in the valley.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 339

The most clearly marked of the varieties of A. puniceiis and appar-
ently distinct enough to deserve specific rank.

var. lucidulus Gray, forma albiflorus, f. nov. — Corollis albis.
Flowers white. The type collected in a low meadow in Lee, Sept.,
1919, now in the N. E. B. C. collection.

A. Schreberi Nees. — Dry woods and thickets; common.

A. tardifolius L. — Shady roadsides; frequent in the valley.

var. vestitus Fernald. — Occasional. Lee; Sandisfield (Walters);
Sheffield. Two forms occur: one lax and soft-pubescent, the other
stiff and harsh-pubescent.

A. Tradescanti L. — Low ground; occasional. Stockbridge;
Great Barrington; Sheffield (Walters). Never in the field a very well-
marked species; too near A. paniculatus.

A. umbellatus Mill. — {Doellingeria umbellata 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Low ground, borders of swamps and mountain streams, roadside
thickets; common on the plateau and in Clarksburg, elsewhere in
the valley occasional in swamps. Begins to be common at an altitude
of about 1500 feet. Not noted on Greyloek, rare on The Dome.

A. undulatus L. — Dry open woods and clearings; common.

A. vimineus Lam. — Thickets and roadsides in low ground; com-
mon in the valley, infrequent on the plateau.

var. foliolosus (Ait.) Gray. — Wet woods and low thickets; fre-
quent in the valley.

BELLIS. Daisy.

B. PERENNis L. — Occasionally established in lawns. Dalton;
Stockbridge.

BIDENS. Hru Marigold.

B. Beckii Torr. Water M.\rigold. — (Megalodonta Beckii 111.
Flora ed. 2.)

Ponds ; frequent, especially in the valley.

B. cernua L. Stick-tight. — Wet places; common.

var. minima (Huds.) DC. — Peat bog, Sandisfield.

Tiny, spatulate or oblanceolate leaves and usually solitary cam-
panulate heads.

B. comosa (Gray) Wiegand.— (F/r/. Rhodora, 17: 2'), 1919.)

River bog, She/Held (Cliurchill).

B. connata Muhl. Swami" Beggar-ticks. — Swamps and l«)w
ground; coininoii.

340 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

B. frondosa L. Common Beggak-ticks. — Waste places, road-
sides and low ground; common.

B. vulgata Greene. Beggae-ticks. — Along roadsides and in damp
soil ; frequent.

CENTAUREA. Star Thistle.

C. Jacea L. — Occasionally adventive. Williamstown (Churchill) ;
Sandisfield (Walters).

C. MACULOSA Lam. — Well established in dry fields in Sheffield.
Vacant lot, Pittsfield.

C. NiGKA L., var. radiata DC. Knapweed. — Waste ground,
Pittsfield; dry fields, Sandisfield and Sheffield (Walters).

CHRYSANTHEMUM. Ox-eye Daisy.

C. LEUCANTHEMUM L., var. PiNNATiFiDUM Lccoq. & Lamottc.
Daisy; White- weed. — Fields, meadows and wood-roads; common.

CICHORIUM. Chicory.

C. Intybus L. Chicory. — Roadsides and waste places; frequent
in the valley but nowhere common.

CIRSIUM. Thistle.

C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. — Old fields, pastures,
roadsides and clearings; common.

forma albiflorum (Rand & Redfield), n. comb. — Vid. Flora of
Mount Desert, p. 120. Frequent.

var. INTEGRIFOLIUM Wimm. & Grab. — Low field, Stockbridge.

C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field Thistle. — Dry banks and
low open ground; frequent in the valley.

C. Hillii (Canby) Fernald. — Edge of field, Egremont (Walters).

C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common or Bull Thistle. — Pas-
tures and clearings; common in the valley.

C. muticum Michx. Swamp Thistle. — Swamps and wet woods;
common.

C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. Pasture or Bull Thistle. —
(C. ocluratum 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Pastures and open hillsides; common.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 341

COREOPSIS.

C. TiNCTORiA Nutt. — Occasionally persistent about gardens or on
dumps. Pittsfield; Stockbridge.

CREPIS. Hawk's Beard.

C. CAPiLLARis (L.) Wallr. — Established in a meadow, Stockbridge.
Probably introduced with grass seed.

ERECHTITES. Fireweed.

E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf., var. praealta (Raf.) Fernald. — {E.
hieracifolia Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 27, 1917.)

Recent clearings, particularly after fires, and shaded ledges; com-
mon.

Upper leaves attenuated to base or petioled. In the type the leaves
scarcely decrease in size into the inflorescence.

ERIGERON. FtEABANE.

E. annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane. — Old fields and waste
places; common.

E. canadensis L. Horse-weed. — {Leptilon canadense 111. Fl.
ed. 2.)

Waste places, cultivated ground, old fields and dry hillsides; common.

E. philadelphicus L. — Borders of swamps and moist woods;
common.

E. pulchellus Michx. Robin's Plantain. — Borders of woods
and grassy banks; common.

E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy Fleabane. — Fields and road-
sides; O()niinon.

var. discoideus (Bobbins) BSP. — With the type; frequent.

var. septentrionalis Fernald & Wiegand. — Fields; frequent.

Stem and leaves sparingly hispidulous or nearly glabrous instead of
cinereous-strigose (vid. Rhodora, 15: 00, 1913).

EUPATORIUM. Thououghwort.

Key to Eupaturiuin purpurcmn, E. maculatum, and E. falcatum.

a. Florets 9 to 15 (rarely 8 to 20); iiiflorcsccnce or ita divisions flat-topped;
stem speckled, if not ohsciired l)y too deep purple, not fjl^iK'on^-

/'.' niaotliitum.

342 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

a'. Florets 5 to 7 (rarely 3 to 8) ; inflorescence convex; stems rarely speckled,
more or less glaucous.
Stems fistulose, purple, plainly glaucous; leaves in 4's to 6's, bluntly
toothed, scabrous-puberulent beneath or glabrate; florets scarcely
exserted ; corolla 3.5 to 4.8 mm. long, very rarely longer . . E. purpureum.
Stems solid, green with purple nodes, faintly glaucous; leaves in 3's or 4's,
very rarely in 2's or 5's, sharply toothed, villous-pubescent beneath, or
glabrate; florets much exserted; corollas 5.5 to 7.5 mm. long; heads
paler than in the other species E. falcatum.

E. falcatum Michx. — (E. purpureum Man. ed. 7 in part; vid.
Rhodora, 22: 68, 1920.)

Dry woods, Stockbridge, New Marlboro.

E. maculatum L. Joe-Pye Weed. — (E. purpureum, var. macu-
latum Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 22: 64, 1920.)

Wet meadows and borders of swamps; common.

A plant from swampy woods, Lenox, with the upper leaves 26 cm.
long and about 4 cm. broad has been determined by Professor Wiegand
as a shade form of this species.

E. perfoliatum L. Boneset; Thoeoughwort. — Low ground;
common.

A form with the leaves in 3's from Sheffield (Walters).

var. truncatum Gray. — Damp woods, Mt. Washington; Sheffield
(Walters).

E. purpureum L. Joe-Pye Weed. — Rich open woods and road-
side thickets; common in the valley.

E. sessilifolium L.— Dry open woods on limeatone knoll. New
Marlboro.

E. urticaefolium Reichard. White Snakeroot. — Rich woods;
common. Altitude 2500 feet, Greylock.

GALINSOGA.

G. PARViFLORA Cav. — Railroad, Cheshire (Churchill) ; cultivated
ground, Lenox; garden weed, Sheffield. First noted in 1918.

G. ARisTULATA Bicknell. — {G. parvifiora, var. hispida Man. ed. 7;
vid. Rhodora, 22: 98, 1920.)

First noted in 1899 and now thoroughly established as a garden
weed and in waste places in the valley. Introduced from South
America.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 343

GNAPHALIUM. Cudweed.

G. decurrens Ives. Everlasting. — Dry hillsides and dry open
woods; frequent in the valley.

G. polycephalum Michx. Common Everlasting. — {G. ohtusi-
folium 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Dry open hillsides; common.

G. uliginosum L. Low Cudweed. — Roadsides in low ground
and old fields; common.

HELENIUM. Sneezeweed.

H. autumnale L. Sneezeweed. — Banks of streams; frequent
in the valley.
H. NUDiFLORUM Nutt. — Dry bushy pasture, Great Barrington.

HELIANTHUS. Sunflower.

H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. — In waste ground; occa-
sional.

H. decapetalus L. Wild Sunflower. — Open woods, thickets
and clearings; common in the valley.

H. divaricatus L. Wild Sunflower. — Rocky woods, clearings
and dry open soil; frequent in the valleys and on the southern
Taconics.

H. giganteus L. — A small clump at the edge of a swamp, Stock-
bridge. Perhaps introduced.

H. strumosus L. Wild Sunflower. — Dry roadside thickets,
clearings and open woods; frequent in the valley.

H. TUBEROsus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. — Roadsides in low
ground, waste ground; frequent.

HELIOPSIS. Ox-eye.

H. helianthioideh (L.) Sweet. — Dry woods, Lenox.
H. SCAHKA Dunal. — Roadside, Lenox; adventive beside trolley
track, Stockbridge.

HIERACIUM. 1 I AW KWKKD.

II. AURANTiACUM L. Oranoe Hawkwekd; Devil's Pai.nt-
BKUsii. — P^ields; common, especially on the j)hitcaii, where the plant
has become a pest in mowing-fields.

344 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

H. canadense Michx. — Borders of woods and rocky shores; com-
mon.

H. FLOEENTINUM All. KiiNG Devil. — Adventive, Egremont (Wal-
ters) .

H. paniculatum L. — Dry open woods ; common in the southern
part of the valley.

var. glandulosum Hoffmann. — (Vid. Rhodora, 19: 37, 1917.)
Dry woods; occasional. Sandisfield; Stockbridge; Great Barring-
ton. A variety based on the presence of stipitate glands on the
branches of the inflorescence.

H. PiLOSELLA L. Mouse-ear. — Established in lawn, Williams-
town.

H. praealtum Gochnat, var. decipiens Koch. — Sandy ground,
Sheffield (Churchill).

H. pratense Tausch. King Devil. — Occasionally adventive in
fields, but not yet well established anywhere. West Stockbridge;
New Marlboro; Great Barrington (Walters); Sheffield. Frequent
in Sheffield (Churchill, 1919).

H. scabrum Michx. — Dry woods; common.

H. venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. — Dry woods; common in
the southern part of the valley.

HYPOCHAERIS. Cats-ear.

H. RADICATA L. — Adventive in newly seeded grassland, Sandisfield
(Walters).

INULA. Elecampane.

I. Helenium L. Elecampane. — Roadsides and pastures in low
ground, borders of swamps; frequent.

KRIGIA. Dwarf Dandelion.

K. virginica (L.) Willd. — Dry open soil, in sterile fields or on out-
crops; frequent in the southern part of the valley.

LACTUCA. Lettuce.
Key to Lactuca canadensis and varieties.
Vid. Rhodora, 22 : 9, 1920.
a. Leaves with linear-falcate, usvially entire lobes; upper unlobed leaves (if
any) linear or linear-lanceolate.
h. Leaf -base sagittate or auriculate var. typica.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 345

b'. Leaf-base tapering, not sagittate f. angustipes.

Leaves with broadly falcate, or obovate and obliquely truncate, entire
or toothed lobes; upper leaves similar or unlobed and lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate or obovate, entire or rarely
toothed.

c. Leaf -base sagittate, clasping var. latifolia.

c'. Leaf -base tapering, not sagittate f. exauriculata.

Leaves all unlobed, lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, entire
or denticulate, the lowest sometimes shallowly lobed.
d. Cauline leaves lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, entire or rarely
toothed.

e. Leaf-base sagittate, clasping var. integrifolia.

e'. Leaf-base not sagittate f. angustata.

d'. Cauline leaves oblanceolate or obovate, usually toothed.

/. Leaf-base sagittately clasping var. obovata.

/'. Leaf-base tapering, not sagittate f. stenopoda.

L. canadensis L., var. typica Wiegand. Wild Lettuce; Horse-
weed. — Roadsides, thickets and low ground; frequent.

var. typica Wiegand, forma angustipes Wiegand. — Roadsides,
dry wopds and low ground; frequent. Often hirsute on the lower
part of the stem.

var. latifolia O. Kuntze. — Roadsides, thickets and low ground;
common.

var. latifolia O. Kuntze, f. exauriculata Wiegand. — With the
type; occasional.

var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray. — Occasional, Mt. Washington.

var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray, f. angustata Wiegand. — Occa-
sional; dry thicket, Stockbridge.

var. obovata Wiegand. — (L. integrifolia Man. ed. 7.)

Chesliire (E. J. Winslow).

var. obovata Wiegand, f. stenopoda Wiegand. — A specimen
transitional to \ar. integrifolia, f. angustata from a (h-y roadside thicket,
New IMarlhoro.

The above forms have been determined by Professor Wiegand.

L. SCARIOLA L. Prickly Lettuce. — Waste ground; rart>. Wil-
liamstown (Churchill); Pittsfield.

var. iNTKGUAT.v Gren. & (Jodr. — Waste ground; occasional.
'Florichi; Cheshire; Great Harrington.

L. spicata (Lam.) llitclic. Wild Hlik Lkttuck. — Shadetl banks;
conuuoi).

346 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

LAPSANA. Nipple-wort.

L. COMMUNIS L. — Roadside, Lenox. A few plants only, noted in
1920; a single plant in cultivated ground, Lee (1920), the plant from
Lee strigose-pubescent.

LEONTODON. Hawkbit.

L. AUTUMNALis L. Fall Dandelion. — Grassland; occasional.
Williamstown ; Lenox; Hinsdale; Washington.

Locally common in Williamstown, and the eastern part of Hinsdale.

LEPACHYS.

{Ratihida 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

L. PiNNATA (Vent.) T. & G. Cone-flower. — Long established for
many rods along a dry roadside bank in Lenox.

MATRICARIA. Wild Chamomile.

M. Chamomilla L. — Adventive, Cheshire (Winslow).

M. suAVEOLENS (Pursh) Buchenau. Pineapple-weed. — {M. matri-
carioides 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

First noted in 1895 when rare. Now frequent in waste ground and
along roadsides. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet.

ONOPORDUM. Cotton Thistle.

O. AcANTHiuM L. Cotton Thistle. — Hillside pasture, Lanesboro
(Winslow). Noted by Dewey in Pittsfield in 1829.

PETASITES. Sweet Coltsfoot.

P. palmatus (Ait.) Gra-y. — Wooded bord ers of cold swamps; rare.
Williamstown (Churchill); Pittsfield;

PRENANTHES. Rattlesnake-root.
{Nabalvs 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

P. alba L. White Lettuce; Rattlesnake-root. — Rich woods;
common in the valley, infrequent on the plateau.

P. altissima L. — Rich woods; frequent.

var. hispidula Fernald. — Rich woods; occasional. Lenox; Otis;
Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters).

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 347

P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion's-foot; Gall-of-the-earth. — Dry
thicket, Sheffield.

P. trifoliata (Cass.) Fernald. Gall-of-the-earth. — Woods;
common. Summit of Greylock, 3400 feet.

RUDBECKIA. Cone-flower.

R. HiRTA L. Black-eyed Susan; Yellow Daisy. — Fields;
common. Not mentioned by Dewey. Introduced from the West
after 1850.

The following forms have been noted: —

a. Rays greenish or streaked with green.

b. Rays purple at base.

c. Heads with green chaff replacing the flowers.

R. laciniata L. Tall Coxe-flower. — Borders of streams, moist
banks and upland meadows; frequent. The double form, cultivated
under the name " Golden Glow " occasional as an escape.

SENECIO. Groundsel; Ragwort.

S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. — Low woods, wet meadows and
swamps; common.

S. obovatus Muhl. — Rocky woods, moist banks and ledges; com-
mon in calcareous soil, and frequent elsewhere.

S. VULGARIS L. — Waste ground, Williamstown.

SERICOCARPUS. White-topped Aster.

S. asteroides (L.j BSP. — Dry open woods; frequent in the south-
ern part of the valley.

SOLIDAGO. Golden-rod.

Kri/ to Solidago.

a. Hcad.s clu.stcrccl uloiiK the :ixil.-< of the louvt'.-< or in spikes or panicles, not in

fl;it-topi)cd corymbs.

b. Bracts of rij^id involucre with abruptly spreading licrliacoous tips;

heads in dusters or compactly clustered racemes, disjxKsed in a dense

.somewhat leafy and interrui)led wand-like compound spike; local.

S. s(Huirrosa.
b'. Bracts of the involucre without j^reeii tips and appressed.

c. Heads clustered ahmR the axils of the leaves, or in wand-like, or
pyramidal compact panicles, not in spreadinjt ojien panicles.

348 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

d. Heads mostly large, the involucres 6 (rarely 5) to 12 mm. high,
forming an erect terminal thyrse; species confined in Berkshire
County to Mt. Greylock and The Dome.
Heads very large, 8 to 12 mm. high, leaves thin; upper slopes of Mt.

Greylock »S. macrophylla.

Heads medium, 5 to 6 mm. high; leaves thick and firm; dry ledges

on The Dome S. Randii.

d'. Heads small, involucres 2 to 5 (rarely 6) mm. high; species of
general distribution.
e. Heads clustered in the axils, or in short spikes from the upper
axils, but not forming a dense, wand-like panicle, or a compact
pyramidal panicle.
/. Leaves and stems smooth or nearly so, not hoary or grayish.

Stem terete (round), leaves all sessile S. caesia.

Stem angled, the lower leaves abruptly narrowed to margined

petioles S. latifolia.

/.' Leaves and stems hoary or grayish.

Rays of the flowers cream-color or nearly white. . . .S. bicolor.

Rays of the flowers orange-yellow S. hispida.

e'. Heads forming a dense wand-like or a compact pyramidal panicle.
g. Stem minutely hoary; plant of dry or sandy soil on rocky

hill-tops and along the Deerfield R S. puberula.

g'. Stem glabrous up to the inflorescence; plants of bogs and
wet meadows, or if in dry thickets only in the southern part
of the country, (n. b. — S. neglecta, before its racemes
spread, might be looked for here. It may be distinguished
in this stage from S. uliginosa by its broader lower leaves.)

Plant of bogs and wet meadows S. uliginosa.

Plant of dry open woods and thickets, so far noted only in

Sheffield S. speciosa.

c'. Heads in spreading open panicles, the form of inflorescence commonly
associated with golden-rods.

h. Leaves commonly veiny, not 3-ribbed (but sometimes

obscurely triple-nerved), (n. b. — S. ulmifolia might be

looked for here. It may be distinguished by its thin

leaves, usually beset .with soft hairs beneath.)

i. Basal leaves long-petioled, conspicuously larger than

the 10 to 30 (to 40) remote or sub-remote cauline ones.

j. Stems strongly angled; leaves very rough on the

upper surface; plant of bogs and swamps.

S. patvla.

j'. Stems rounded or nearly so; leaves smooth or smooth-

ish.

k. Leaves mostly serrate, the lower and middle cauline

(as well as the basal) rather abruptly narrowed to

the base; racemes pubescent S. arguta

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 349

k'. The uppermost leaves chiefly entire, all tapering
gradually to the base; racemes smooth.
Panicle usually as broad as high; rays 8 to 12.

S. juncea.
Panicle usually longer than broad; rays 2 to 8.

S. neglecta.

i'. Basal leaves similar to the 30 to 100 (to 200) ordinarily

almost uniform or gradually reduced cauline ones.

I. Leaves all entire, with prominent mid-rib but

obscure veins; leaves when crushed yield an

odor as of anise .S'. odora.

I'. Leaves all or nearly all toothed, the veins promi-
nent.
Stems glabrous; plant of dry woods and copses
in the southern part of the valley. .S. ulmijolia.
Stems pubescent; common plant of damp thickets

and borders of woods and fields .S. riigosa.

h'. Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed, 2 of the lower veins
becoming prominent and elongated, parallel with the
midrib.

m. The lower leaves elongated and many times

exceeding the reduced upper ones; plant

very common in dry open soil. . S. nemoralis.

m'. Leaves thinner, essentially uniform from base

to summit of the stem.

n. Involucre 2 to 2.8 mm. long, making tiny

heads, crowded in dense broad panicles.

S. mnadeiisis and var. Ilargeri.

n'. Involucre 3.2 to .5 mm. long.

Stem closely and minutely jiubcscent through-
out; leaves short-hairy below. .S. altissima.
Stem glabrous up to the inflorescence, leaves
smooth below or slightly pubescent on the

nerves S. serotina.

a'. Heads in flat-topped corymbs.

Head.'^ largo, leaves thick and broad; plant noted in only one locality in

.ShcfiicUl S. rigida.

Heads small, leaves long and narrow, plant common in moist .soil, road-
sides, etc S. graminijolia, var. Sxdtallii.

S. altissima L. — Moist roadside tliickets and banks; frequent in
the valley.

S. arguta .\it. — Dry wood.s, elearings ami roadsid** tliiekets; eom-
inori in the \all('y.

S. bicolor L. — Dry ground; coiiiiiKtM.

350 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

S. caesia L. — Dry woods and clearings; common.

var. axillaris (Pursh) Gray. — Rich woods; frequent in the valley.

var. paniculata Gray. — Rich woods; occasional. Pittsfield;
Sheffield.

Neither of the above varieties is very well marked in the field.

S. canadensis L. — Low ground; occasional. Lenox; Stockbridge;
Sheffield.

Generally replaced by the var. Hargeri.

var. Hargeri Fernald. — Low ground; frequent in the valley and
along the Deerfield River, Florida.

Stems villous; leaves closely cinereous-puberulent beneath, thus
resembling S. altissimus L., from which it dififers in having the tiny
heads of S. canadensis. The villous stems suggest S. rugosa from
which the triple-nerved leaves distinguish it (vid. Rhodora, 17: 11,
1915).

S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb., var. Nuttallii (Greene) Fernald. —
{Euthamia graminifolia 111. Fl. ed. 2 in part.)

Low open ground, moist roadsides; common. Summit of Grey-
lock, 3500 feet.

S. hispida Muhl. — Open rocky woods and dry soil; frequent in the
southern part of the valley.

S. juncea Ait. — Dry thickets, roadsides and open fields; com-
mon.

S. latifolia L. — {S.flezicaulis 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Shaded banks, rocky woods and moist thickets; common in the
valleys. Occasionally in swamps, Sheffield. Altitude 2500 feet,
Greylock.

S. macrophylla Pursh. — Common on the upper slopes of Greylock,
above 2500 feet. The only known station in Massachusetts.

S. neglecta T. & G. — Swampy meadows, bogs a nd ill-drained hill-
sides; frequent.

S. nemoralis Ait. — Dry fields; common.

S. suaveolens Schoepf. — (<S. odora Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21:
70, 1919.)

Dry thickets; occasional in Great Harrington and Sheffield.

S. patula Muhl. — Swamps, in calcareous soil; common.

S. puberula Nutt. — Rocky hill-tops, in disintegrated quartzite
and schist; Monument Mt., Great Barrington; Tom Ball, Alford;
The Dome, Mt. Washington; clearing in dry woods, Sheffield. Also

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 351

frequent on dry banks and sandy shores along the Deerfield River,
Florida.

S. Randii (Porter) Britton. — Ledges on the borders of Guilder
Pond (altitude 2000 feet) and Plantin Pond, Mt. Washington. The
only known stations in Massachusetts.

S. rigida L. — Dry limestone hillside, Sheffield. A large colony,
scattered over several acres. The only known station in the County
and the second in the State.

S. rugosa Mill.— Borders of fields and thickets; common. Sum-
mit of Greylock, 3500 feet, with the variety.

var. villosa (Pursh) Fernald. — Summit of Greylock, some typical
material but often running into the type.

S. serotina Ait.^ Banks of streams and low ground; common in
the valley.

var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray. — Low ground; frequent.

S. speciosa Nutt. — Frequent in Sheffield in meadows and on
open hillsides (Walters).

S. squarrosa Muhl. — Rocky banks of streams and dry wooded
banks; occasional. Frequent along the Deerfield River, Florida;
along a wood road, Great Barrington; clearing in dry woods, Sheffield;
near Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washington.

S. uliginosa Nutt. — Bogs; frequent in the valley.

S. ulmifolia Muhl. — Occasional on dry hills, Sheffield.

SONCHUS. Sow Thistle.

S. ARVENSis L. — Garden weed, Lenox.

var. GLABRESCENS Wimmer & Grabowski. — (S. arvensis Man. ed. 7
in part.)

Adventive along railroad track, Leno.x.

A variety in which the involucres and pedicels are entirely glabrous
{vid. Rhodora, 12: 145, 1910).

S. ASPER (L.) Hill. — Waste places; frequent.

S. OLERACEUS L. CoMMON Sow Thistle. — Waste places; fre-
(juent, but less so than iS. asprr.

TANACETUM. 'I'ans>

T. VULOARK L. ("o.M.MON Tansy. — Koadsides and about farm
buildings; common.

352 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

var. CRiSPUM DC. — Occasional with the type. Williamstown;
Alford; New Marlboro.

TARAXACUM. Dandelion.

{Leonlodon 111. Fl. ed. 2.)

T. LAEviGATUM (WiUd.) DC. Red-seeded Dandelion. — (T.
erythrospermum Man. ed. 7; L. erythrospermum III. Fl. ed. 2.)

Fields and hillsides in thin soil; frequent.

T. OFFICINALE Weber. Common Dandelion. — (L. Taraxacum.)

Fields and roadsides; common.

var. palustke (Sm.) Blytt. — Swamps; occasional. Stockbridge;
New Marlboro (Walters); Sheffield (Walters).

TRAGOPOGON. Goat's Beard.
T. pkatensis L. — Fields and roadsides ; frequent.

TUSSILAGO. Coltsfoot.

T. Farfara L. Coltsfoot. — Brooks, ditches and wet slopes ;
common.

XANTHIUM. CocKLEBUR.

X. echinatum Murr. — Clear dry sand, Sheffield (Walters).
X. pungens Wallr. — (X. canadense Man. ed. 7; X. pennsylvanicum
111. Fl. ed. 2.)

Alluvial ground; frequent in the valley.

X. SPINOSUM L. — Dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

353

APPENDIX.

Fugitive Species.

The following species though found growing spontaneously are
not to be regarded as a constituent part of the flora of the County.
They occur either on dump heaps where ripe fruit or roots have been
thrown, or they spring up for a season in grass or grain-fields or along
railroad tracks. Some are shrubs or herbaceous plants grown for
ornament and occasionally escaping but not spreading. One group
occurs only where screenings from wool are thrown out near a mill.

These species have been entered in the Flora under the families to
which they belong, but have not been included in the table of statistics.

Panicum miliaceum L.
Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.)

Link
Setaria italica L. (Beauv.)
Secale cereale L.
Triticum sativum L.
Hordeum vulgare L.
Tradescantia virginiana L.
Narcissus poeticus L.
Serapias Helleborine L.
Ulmus campestris L.
Polygonum orientale L.
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Chenopodium Botrys L.
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch.
Chenopodium farinosum (Wats.)

Standi.
Chenopodium ficifolium Sm.
.\triplcx patula L.. var. hastata (L.)

Gray.
Amaranthus dcflcxu.s L.
Amaranthus Palmeri Wats.
Amaranthus I'owcllii Wats.
.Vmaranthus spinosu.s L.
.Vmaranthu.s undulatus R. Br.
.\grostcmma Githago L.
Lychni.s chalredonifa L.
Saponaria \'accaria L.
Silciii' .Vrmcria L.
Siicnc ilicliotoma Khrh.
A(iuilcgia vulgaris L.

Papaver Rhoeas L.
Papaver somniferum L.
Brassica japonica Siebold.
Brassica Napus L.
Brassica oleracea L.
Brassica Rapa L.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz.
Hesperis matronalis L.
Raphanus sativus L.
Thlaspi arvense L.
Reseda odorata L.
Philadelphus inodorus L.
Prunus Pcrsicaria (L.) Stokes.
X Pyrus prunifolia Willd.
Rosa .setigcra Michx.
Rosa spinosissima L.
Amorpha fruticosa L.
Glcditsia triacanthos L.
Medicago arabica Huds.
Medicago liispida Gaertn.
Medicago minima L.
CJeranium mi)lif L.
Geranium jjusilium liurm. f.
]'>odium cicutarium (L.) L'ller.
Ptelea trifoliata L.
Evonymu.s atropurpureus Jacq.
Aesculus Ilippocastanuin L.
Althaea ro.sea Cav.
Malva Alcea L.
Dapluie Mezereum L.
Mpiloliium hirsutum L.
•legopotliiun Podugraria L.

354 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Levisticum officinale (L.) Koch. Viburnum Lantana L.

Lysimachia vulgaris L. Scabiosa ochroleuca L.

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Cucumis Melo L.

Phlox maculata L. Cucumis sativus L.

Phlox subulata L. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne.

Marrubium vulgare L. Cucurbita moschata Duchesne.
Monarda fistulosa L., var. rubra Gray. Valeriana officinalis L.

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

Salvia sylvestris L. Bellis perennis L.

Datura Tatula L. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.

Nicotiana affinis L. & O. Helianthus annuus L.

Petunia nyctaginiflora Juss. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet.

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. Hypochaeris radicata L.

Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lapsana communis L.

Linaria minor (L.) Desf. Matricaria Chamomilla L.

Plantago media L. Xanthium spinosum L.
Lonicera sempervirens L.

Excluded Species.

GROUP I.

The following species were reported from Berkshire County by
Dewey in the list published in 1829 (see Introduction, page 178),
but they have not since been found in the County. In many cases,
Dewey has included species whose range excludes the probability of
their occurrence in the County. Occasionally the species listed by
him probably represents a species known to occur in the County and
not given by him. In a few cases, marked below by an asterisk, it is
probable that Dewey actually found the species listed and that it has
not been collected since.

The names are those given by Dewey. If they differ from those of
the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, the latter are given after the
original names. Where a locality is given, it is quoted from Dewey's
list.
* Lygodium palmatum "Becket."

Picea alba (P. canadensis (Mill.) P. rubra not listed).

Abies Fraseri ' ' Saddle Mt. "

Potamogeton perfohatum (P. perfoliatus L.) P. bupleuroides Fernald?

Agrostis sericea (Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin.)

Aira truncata (Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.)

Poa quinquefida (Tridens flavus (L). Hitchc.)

Festuca fluitans (Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.)

Festuca tenella (F. octoflora Walt.)

Elymus glaucifolius (E. canadensis L., var. glaucifolius
(Muhl.) Gray)

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

355

Cyperus flavescens

Cypenis poaeformis

Eleocharis capitata

Carex retroflexa

Carex muricata

Carex cespitosa (C. Goodenowii J. Gay)

Carex xanthophysa (C. Michauxiana Boeckl.)

Carex bullata

Juncus setaceus
Juncus polycephalus

Convallaria umbellata (Clintonia umbellulata
(Michx.) Morong.)

Afterwards determined
by Dewey himself as C.
Tuckermani Dewey.

Probably C. borealis
(Art.) Raf. which is
omitted from Dewey's
list.
Cymbidium odonthorhizum (Corallorhiza odontorhiza Nutt.)

There is a strong probability on other grounds than Dewey's statement that
this species has been collected in the County. An old negro, janitor of the
G.A.R. Post at Pittsfield, told the writer that he had collected the root, known
to him as "Crawley Root" for a drug company in about 1870 in chestnut
woods, Pittsfield.

* Cymbidium hyemale (Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr.)

Salix tristis (no S. humilis listed.)

Myrica cerifera "Sheffield alluvium."

Betula rubra (B. nigra L.)

* Cannabis sativa

* Urtica dioica
Draba arabisans

Sysimbrium amphibium (Radicula aquatica (Eat.)

Robinson) "Great Barrington."

* Arabis thaliana (Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay)
Ribes triflorum (Ribes rotundifolium Michx.)
Rubus trivialis (R. villosus .\it.?)

Desmodium viridiflorum

Desmodium ciliare (D. obtusum (Muhl.) DC.)

Vicia sativa

Oxalis violacea

Polygala rubella (P. polygama Walt.)
Callitricho intermedia (C. heterophylla Pursh)
Rhu.s aromaticum (R. caiiadciisis Marsh.)

"now common in all parts

of Berkshire."
"Saddle Mt."

Pcrluips from the station
in Pt)wnal, Vt.

Malva crispa

Malva sylvpstris

Cistus corymbosus (Helianthcmum rorymboBum Michx.)

356 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Lechea minor

Viola villosa (V. hirsutula Brainerd)
Viola striata

Azalea viscosa (Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr.)
* Rhodora canadensis (Rhododendron canadense

(L.) B.S.P.) "Pittsfield."

Vaccinium frondosum (Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T. & G.)
Vaccinium virgatum (V. vacillans not listed)

Gentiana saponaria (G. Andrewsii and G. clausa not listed)

Myosotis arvensis
Monarda clinopodia
Pycnanthemum verticillatum
Pyenanthemum incanum

Veronica Beccabunga (V. americana not listed)

Viburnum nudum
Aster salicifolius

Aster phlogifolius (A. patens Ait., var. phlogifolius Nees)
Cnicus altissimus (Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng.)
Conyza marilandica (Pluchea camphorata (L.) D.C.)
Helianthus tracheliifolius (H. divaricatus not listed)

Prenanthes virgata
Hieracium marianum

In addition to the above, Dewey, in Report on Herbaceous Plants of Massa-
chusetts, states that Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne, has been found in Pittsfield.

GROUP II.

The following species have been reported from Berkshire County
by correspondents of the writer, but either no specimens exist or the
writer has been unable to see them.

Populus candicans Ait. Adams (Burnham).

Polygonum dumetorum L. Sheffield (Walters).

Alliaria officinalis Andrz. Pittsfield (Lincoln).

Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Mt. Washington (Stetson).

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. Mt. Washington (Burnham).

Solidago erecta Pursh. Mt. Washington (Stetson).

Doubtful Species.

Panicum lucidum Ashe. A specimen from rocky woods of Great Barrington,
which Mrs. Chase thinks may be P. lucidum, but a vernal form which is not
entirely characteristic.

P. meridionale Ashe. — A doubtful specimen from edge of low meadow in
poor soil, Sheffield.

Asclepias purpurascens L. — Material collected in fruit in sandy ground near
the Housatonic River in Stockbridge in 1920, probably belongs to this species.
There has been no opportunity to verify by material in flower.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 357

Tabular List of Families.

Families Genera Species Varieties Forms

Native Inlrod. Native Introd. Native Introd. Native latrod.

PTERIDOPHYTA

Polypodiaceae

15

33

5

7

Osmundaceae

1

3

2

2

Ophioglossaceae

2

7

2

2

Marsileaceae

1

1

Equisetaceae

1

6

1

1

Lycopodiaceae

1

8

3

Selaginellaceae

1

2

Isoetaceae

1

1

SPERMATOPHYTA

Gymnospermae

Taxaceae

1

1

Pinaoeae

6

1 10

2

1

1

Angiospermae

Monocotyledoneae

Typhaceae

1

2

Sparganiaceae

1

6

2

Najadaceae

2

24

2

4

Juncaginaceae

1

1

Alismaceae

2

5

4

Hydroch aritaceae

2

2

Gramineae

34 10 94

34

6 2 1

• Cyperaceae

10

142

1

56

4

Araceae

6

8

3

Lemnaceae

2

3

Eriocaulaceae

1

1

Xyridaeeae

1

1

Pontederiaceae

2

2

1

Juncaceac

2

18

6

Liliaceae

15

2 28

3

1

Amaryllidaceac

1

- 1

Iridaceae

2

5

Orchidaccae

11

36

2

2

DiCOTVLEDONEAE

Salicaceae

2

It)

0

S 1

1

Myricaceae

1

•)

1

Juglandaceae

2

4

Bctulaccae

5

12

1

Fagaccac

3

12

1

1

Urticaceac

8

1 10

-'

1

Santalaccac

1

1

Loranthacoac

1

1

358 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Families Genera Species Varieties Forms

Native Introd. Native Introd. Native Introd. Native Introd.

Aristolochiaceae

1

1

1

Polygonaceae

2

1

17

9

3

Chenopodiaceae

1

1

2

3

Amaranthaceae

1

3

Phytolaccaceae

1

1

Nyctaginaceae

1

lUecebraceae

1

1

1

Aizoaceae

1

Caryophyllaceae

5

6

9

17

3

Portulacaceae

1

1

2

Ceratophyllaceae

1

1

Nymphaeaceae

3

5

Ranunculaceae

11

29

3

2

Magnoliaceae

1

1

Menispermaceae

1

1

Berberidaceae

2

1

2

2

Lauraceae

2

2

Papaveraceae

1

1

1

1

Fumariaceae

3

1

4

1

Cruciferae

7

5

6

14

3

Resedaceae

1

1

Sarraceniaceae

1

1

Droseraceae

1

2

Crassulaceae

2

2

2

Saxifragaceae

6

12

2

Hamamelidaceae

1

1

Platanaceae

1

1

Rosaceae

14

2

74

14

8

Leguminosae

9

5

18

15

Linaceae

1

2

1

Oxalidaceae

1

4

2

Geraniaceae

1

3

Rutaceae

1

1

Polygalaceae

1

4

1

Euphorbiaceae

2

5

1

Callitrichaceae

1

. 1

Anacardiaceae

1

5

1

Aquifoliaceae

2

3

2

Celastraceae

1

1

Staphyleaceae

1

1

Aceraceae

1

6

2

Balsaminaceae

1

2

Rhamnaceae

2

2

1

Vitaceae

2

6

1

Tiliaceae

1

1

Malvaceae

3

4

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

359

Families Genera Species Varieties Forms

Native Introd. Native Introd. Native Introd. Native Introd.

Hypericaceae

1

9

1

Elatinaceae

1

1

Cistaceae

2

5

Violaceae

1

22

2

2

1

Thymelaeaceae

1

1

Lythraceae

2

2

1

Onagraceae

4

1

13

2

1

1

Haloragidaceae

2

3

Araliaceae

2

5

Umbelliferae

10

4

15

4

Cornaceae

2

8

Ericaceae

17

34

7

1

Primulaceae

3

6

1

Oleaceae

1

2

3

2

2

1

Gentianaceae

4

7

1

Apocynaceae

1

1

3

1

Asclepiadaceae

1

6

2

Convolvulaceae

2

4

1

Polemoniaceae

1

1

Hydrophyllaceae

: 1

2

Boraginaceae

3

3

3

8

Verbenaceae

1

3

1

Labiatae

15

7

21

16

4

1

2

Solanaceae

2

1

2

4

1

Scrophulariaceae

12

1

20

8

1

1

1

Lentibulariaceae

1

6

Orobanchaceae

3

3

Phrymaceae

1

1

Plantaginaceae

1

2

2

Rubiaceae

4

16

3

Caprifoliaceae

7

17

3

2

1

Dipsacaceae

2

2

Cucurbitaceae

2

2

Campanulaceae

2

■4

1

1

1

Lobcliaceae

1

6

1

Compositae

25

18

110

42

40

5

1 1

Summary

DY Divisions

AND C

'l.vsses.

Genera

Species

Varieties

Foryns

Native

Introd.

Native

Introd.

Native

Introd.

Native Introd.

Ptcridoi)hyta

22

1

50

1

13

11

Spermato|)hyta

363

88

1073

252

170

17

54 5

Gymnospormac

7

1

11

•)

1

1

Angi<isp('riiia('

35t)

S7

10()2

250

176

17

53 5

Monocotylcdoncae

«»3

12

376

3S

78

•J

18 1

Dicotyledonenc

203

75

«)86

213

102

15

35 4

360 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Summary by Minor Groups.

Families 118

Genera

native 385

introduced 89

Total 474

Species

native 1123

introduced 254

Total 1377

Varieties

native 192

introduced 17

Total 209

Forms

native 65

introduced 5

Total 70

Whole number of plants, (species, varieties and forms) not including 98
listed as fugitives, 1,656.

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

361

Observations on Soil Relations.

Observations made during one season with the field set devised by
Mr. E. T. Wherry for testing the alkaHnity and acidity of the soil
are given below.

Plants Growing in Leaf Mould

Caulophyllum thalictroides in mucky pocket

" " from slopes of Greylock, alt. 2600 ft.

Athyrium angustifolium

u u

Dentaria laciniata

Thelypteris Goldiana

Viola canadensis ]

Hepatica acutiloba

Viola renifolia, var. Brainerdii

Mitchella repens

Cypripedium pubescens (alt. 1700 ft.)

Reaction

10 + alk.

3 + ac.
10 + alk.

3 + alk.

7 + alk.

3 + alk.

neutral
3 + acid

Plants Growing in Low Meadows and the Edges of Bogs

Juncus Dudleyi

Viola affinis

Selaginella apoda {S. apits Man. ed. 7)

(I u

Solidago patula (four localities)

Lobelia Kalmii

Cypripedium hirsulum

Pamassia caroliniana (two localities)

a II a u

Sarracenia purpurea

« « , .

Menyanthes trifoliafa
Vacdnium niacrocarpon
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum

(on mossy log in calcareous marsh)
Juncus marginatus
Car ex aurea
Ledum groenlandicum
Polcntilla frnticosa
Drosera rotundifolia

Mitella nuda

10 + alk.

10 + alk.
7 + alk.
neutral
neutral
neutral
neutral

10 + alk.

3 + alk.
3 + alk.
3 + ac.
3 + alk.
3 + alk.

3 + acid
neutral
3 + alk.
7 + acid
10 + acid
10 + acid
3 + acid
neutral

362 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Plants of Dry Woods

Viola palmata

Panicum dichotomum

Panicum latifolium

Cypripedium. acaule in subsoil

Pogonia verticillata in oak-leaf mould

Gerardia quercifolia

Lysimachia quadrifolia under pines

Reaction

3 + alk.
3 + acid
neutral
neutral
3 + acid
10 + acid
3 acid
7 acid

Plants of Exposed Rocks

Woodsia ilvensis on schist

7 acid

Amelanchier sanguinea " "

3 acid

Camptosorus rhizophyllus on limestone

10 + alk.

Selaginella rupestris " " •

(( u u

Arenaria strida " "

II II II

Liparis Loesellii

II II II

Plants of Open Fields

Thymus Serpyllum

II II

Pycnanthemum flexuosum

3 + alk.
neutral
3 + acid
3 + alk.

Plants of Ill-drained Woods

Solidago macrophylla (alt. 2700 ft.)

Trillium erectum. (alt. 2500 ft.)
Epigaea repens

Potentilla tridentata (alt. 2300 ft.)

100 + acid

100 + acid

3 + acid

3 + acid

Plants of Sandy Fields

Lechea intermedia

Carex festucacea, var. minor

3 + acid
neutral

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

363

List of New Forms and Combinations.

Aquilegia canadensis T.., forma Phippenii (J. Robinson) comb.nov.

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakcs, fornui serratum (E. S. Miller)

coiub. iiov. .

Aster novae-angliae L., forma roseus (Desf.) comb. nov.

Aster puniceus L., var. lucidulus Gray, forma albiflorus f. nov

Botrychium dissectum Hpreng., forma elongatum (Gilbert &

Haberrr) coml). nov. .... ...

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) T.ink, forma auriculatus f. nov
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., forma albiflorum (Rand & Redfield)

comb. nov. ..........

Cypripedium hirsutiun Mill., forma album (Sweet) comb, n
Echium vulgare L., forma albiflorum f. nov.
Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sw., forma albiflora f. nov.
Hepatica acutiloba DC., forma albiflora f. nov. .
Hepatica acutiloba DC, forma rosea f. nov.
Lobelia spicata Lam., forma albiflora f. nov.
Phalaris arundinacea L., forma picta (L.) comb. nov.
Polypodium vulgare L., forma auritum (Willd.) comb. nov.
Thelypteris marginalis (L.) Nieuwl., forma elegans (Robinson)
W'catherby coml). nov. ........

Trillium erectum L., forma albiflorum f. nov.

Page

267

193
338
339

199
195

340
246
318
248
268
268
334
220
196

197
244

INDEX.

Numbers in heavy-face type refer to the annotated list.
SynonjTiis are in italics.

Abies, 203, 354
Abutilon, 299
Acalypha, 294
Acer, 187, 188, 296
AcERACEAE, 296, 358
Achillea, 334
Acorus, 235
Actaea, 187, 266
Adder's Mouth, 248
Adder's Tongue, 200, 242
Adder's Tongue Family, 199
Adiantum, 187, 193
Adlumia, 272
Aegopodium, 306, 353
Aesculus, 297, 353
Agalinis, 325
Agastache, 191, 319
Agrimonia, 279
Agrimony, 279
Agropvron, 18S, 209
Agrostemma, ISO, 262, 353
Agrostis* 209, 351
Aira, 354

AizoACEAE, 262, 358
Ajuga, 320
Alder, 253

Black, 296

Downv Groon, 253

Smooth, 253

Spocklod, 253

White, 310
Alexanders, Golden, 308
Alfalfa, 291
Ali.sma, 207
Alismaceae, 207, 357
Alliaria, 356
Allionid, 261
Allium, 1S7, 242
Allspice, Wild, 271
Alnus, 191, 253
Aloi)ecurus, 209
Alsike Glover, 292
Alsi),,', 264
\lthaea. 299, :5."):{
\maranth, 261
\iMarantli l''aniily, 261

\.M AK.WTll VCKAi;, 261, '.i'tS

\inarantliMs. 261, .l'>A

\.M AUYi.i.ii) Aci. \i:, 244, •)57

\niarvllis Fatiiilv, 244

Ambrosia, 335
Amelanchier, 191, 279, 362
Amorpha, 288, 353
Amphicarpa, 288
Amygdalus, 284
Anacardiaceae, 295, 358
Anaphahs, 180, 335
Andromeda, 188, 309
Andropogon, 188, 210
Anemone, 266

Rue, 267

Wood, 266
Anemonella, 187, 267
Angelica, 192, 306

Purple, 306
Antennaria, 187, 335
Anthemis, 335
Anthoxanthum, 210
Anychia, 261
Apios, 187, 289
Apocynaceae, 316, 359
Apocvnum, 186, 316
Apple, 285

Crab, 286
Apple of Peru, 324
Aquifoliaceae, 295, 358
Aquilegia, 188, 267, 353, 363
Arabis, 182, 191, 272, 355
Akaceae, 236, 3.')7
Aralia, 187, ISS, 306
Araliaceae. 306, 3,59
Arbor Vitae, 204
Arbutus, Trailing, 310
Arceuthobium, 204, 267
Arctium, 180, 336
Arctostai)hvlos, 17S, 309
Arenaria, 182, 191, 262, 362
Arethusa, 246
Arisaema, 179, 187, 236
Aristida, 210

AuisT<»i,()Ciii vcKAi;, 257, 358
Armnninii. 275
Aran i a. 285
Arrenatlieruni, 210
Arrow Arum. 236

Grass I'.iunlv, 207
Vrrow-head, 207
\rro\v-\vood, 332
\rtemisia, 336, .T.l
\rti(lioke, .lerus.ilem, 343

305

366 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Arum, Arrow, 236

Water, 236
Arum Family, 236
Asarum, 187, 267

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 316, 359

Asclepias, 316, 356
Ash, 314

American Mountain, 285

Black, 316

Green, 315

Prickly, 294

Red, 315

White, 314
Asparagus, 242
Aspen, 250

American, 250

Large-toothed, 250
Asperella, 210
Aspidium, 197
Asplenium, 191, 193, 363
Aster, 187, 188, 191, 192, 328, 336,
356, 363

New England, 338

White-topped, 347
Athyrium, 187, 193, 194, 197, 361
Atragene, 267
Atriplex, 260, 353
Aureolaria, 187, 325
Avena, 210, 216
Avens, 283

Purple, 283

Water, 283

White, 283

Yellow, 283
Azalea, 312, 355

Pink, 312

Bahn, Bee, 321

Horse, 320
Balsam Fir, 203

Poplar, 250
Balsam-apple, Wild, 333
Balsaminaceae, 297, 358
Baneberrv, 266

Red,' 266

White, 266
Baptisia, 187, 289
Barbarea, 273
Barberry, 270

Common, 270
Barberry Family, 270
Barley, 216

Common, 216
Bartonia, 315
Basil, 323
Basswood, 299
Batrachiuni, 269
Bay, Rose, 312
Beak Rush, 233

Bearberry, 309
Beard-tongue, 326
Bedstraw, 329

Northern, 329

Rough, 329

Sweet-scented, 330

Yellow, 330
Bee Balm, 321
Beech, 254

Blue, 253

Water, 253
Beech Family, 264
Beech-drops,^ 328
Beggar-ticks, 340

Common, 340

Swamp, 339
Beggar's Lice, 318
Bellflower, 333

Marsh, 333
Bellis, 339, 354
Bellwort, 243, 244
Benzoin, 188, 271
Berberidaceae, 270, 358
Berberis, 270
Bergamot, Wild, 321
Berteroa, 273
Betony, Wood, 326
Betula, 253, 355
Betulace.ae, 253, 357
Bicucula, 272
Bidens, 186, 188, 339
Birch, 190, 253

Black, 253

Canoe, 253

Cherry, 253

Gray,"253

Low, 253

Paper, 253

Swamp, 253

White, 253

Yellow, 253
Birch Family, 253
Bindweed, 258, 317

Black, 258

Hedge, 317
Birthwort Family, 257
Bitternut, 252
Bitter Sweet, 325

Climbing, 296
Blackberry, 286

High-bush, 286
Black-eyed Susan, 347
Bladder Nut, 296
Bladder Nut Family, 296
Bladderwort, 328
Bladdenvort Family, 328
Blazing Star, 242
Blephariglotfis, 247
Blephiha, 191, 320

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

36;

Elite, Strawberry, 260

Blihim, 260

Bloodroot, 272

Blue Curls, 324

Bluebell, 333

Bluebell P'amily, 333

Blueberry, 312"

Black Hish, 312
High-bush, 313
Low, 313

Blue-eyed Grass, 245

Bluets, 330

Blue-weed, 318

Boehmeria, 255

Bog Rosemary, 309

Boneset, 342 "

Borage Family, 318

BORAGINACEAE, 318, 359

Botrychium, 187, 199, 363
Bouncing Bet, 263
Box Elder, 296
Brachyelytrura, 211
Bracken, 197
Brake, 197

CHff, 196

Common, 197
• Purple Cliff, 196

Rock, 195

Slender Rock, 195
Brasenia, 186, 265
Brassica, 273, 353
Brier, Cat, 244

Common Green, 244

Green, 244
BromuH, ISO, 211
Brookliinc, American, 327
Broom-rape, 328
Broom-rajK' Famih', 328
Buckbean, 316
Buckthorn, 298

Common, 298
Buckthorn Family, 298
Buckwheat, 257

Climbing False, 259
Buckwheat Family, 257
Bugf)ane, 267
Bugle \\("(>(1, 320, 321
Bugloss, X'iper's, 318
Bulrush, 233
BunclilxTrv, 309
Bur .Mmiuold, 339
Burdock, 335

Commnii, 336

Great, 336
Hunict, 288

("aiiadiaii, 288
Hiiniiiig Mush, 296
liur-rccd, 205
Hin-reed FamiK, 205

Bursa, 274
Bush Clover, 290
Butter and Eggs, 326
Buttercup, 190, 268, 269

Creeping, 269

Swamp, 269
Butterfly-weed, 317
Butternut, 253
Buttonbush, 329
Buttonwood, 279

Cabbage, 274

Skunk, 237
Calamagrostis, 211
Calamus, 235
Calla, 236

Wild, 236
Callitrichaceak, 295, 358
Callitriche, 295, 355
Calopogon, 246
Caltha, 267
Camelina, 274, 353
Campanula, 333
Campanulaceae, 333, 359
Campion, 264

Bladder, 264

Red, 263

White, 263
Camptosorus, 193, 195, 362, 363
Cancer-root, 328

One-flowered, 328
Cannabis, 355
Capnoides, 272
Caprifoliackae, 330, 359
CapscUa, 274
Caraway, 307
Cardaniine, 187, 192, 274
Cardinal-flower, 334
Carex, 179, 181, 186, 187, 188, 191

222, 351, 361, 362
Carpet W(cil,262
Carpinus, 253
Carrion-flower, 244
Carrot, 307

Wild. 307
Carum. 307
Carya, 252

('Aini)i'iivi.i.\(K Ai:, 262, 358
C'assia, 289
Cast alia, 186
Castanea, 187, 264
Cat lirier. 244
Ca tell fly, 264

Xiglit-fiowcring, 264
Sleepy, 264
Sweet U illiaiti. 264
Caifiiiiioliinun. 292
Catnip, 322
Cut's-ear, 344

368 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Cat-tail, 204, 205
Cat-tail Family, 204
Caulophvllum, 187, 271, 361
Ceanothus, 187, 298
Cedar. Red, 203

White, 204
Celandine, 271
Celastraceae, 296, 358
Celastrus, 296
Celtis, 255
Cenchrus, 211
Centaurea, 340
Cephalanthus, 329
Cerastium, 180, 182, 191, 262
Ceratophyllaceae, 265, 358
Ceratophyllum, 186, 265
Chaeuonhinum, 326
Chamaedaphne, 188, 310
Chamaelirium, 191, 242
Chamaepericlymenum, 309
Cha?naesyce, 294
Chamomile, 335

Wild, 346
Charlock, 273
Cheat, 211
Chtckerberry, 310
Cheeses, 299
Cheirinia, 275
Chehdonium, 271
Chelone, 326, 353
Chenopodiaceae, 260, 358
Chenopodium, 191, 260,'353
Cherry, 284

Bird, 284

Black, 286

Choke, 285

Ground, 325

Rum, 285

Sand, 284

Sour, 284

Sweet, 284

Wild Red, 284
Chess, 211

Soft, 211

Wild, 211
Chestnut, 254
Chickweed, 264

Common, 265

Common Mouse-ear, 263

Field Mouse-ear, 262

Forked, 261

Indian, 262

Mouse-ear, 262
Chickweed Wlntergreen, 314
Chicory, 340
Chimaphila, 187, 310
Chiogenes, 310
Chokeberrv, Black, 285

Red, 285

Chrysanthemum, 190, 340
Chrysosplenium, 277
Cicely,. Sweet, 308
Cichorium, 340
Cicuta, 307

Cimicifuga, 179, 192, 267
Cinna, 188, 211
Cinquefoil, 283

Marsh, 284

Shrubby, 179, 283

Silvery, 283
Circaea, 187, 188, 191, 304
Cirsium, 180, 188, 191, 340, 356, 363
Cistaceae, 300, 359
Cistus, 355
Cladium, 231
Claytonia, 187, 265
Clearweed, 256
Cleavers, 329
Clematis, 267, 268

Purple, 267
Clethra, 192, 310
Chff Brake, 195
Cli7iopodium, 323
Clintonia, 178, 188, 242, 355
Clover, Alsike, 292

Bush, 290

Hop, 291

Rabbit-foot, 291

Red, 292

Sweet, 291

White, 292

Wliite Sweet, 291

Yellow, 291

Yellow Sweet, 291
Club Moss, 201

Common, 201

Tree, 202
Club Moss Family, 201
Cnicus, 356
Cockle, Corn, 262
Cocklebur, 352
Coeloglossiwi, 247
Cohosh, Black, 267

Blue, 271
Colhnsonia, 187, 320
Coltsfoot, 352

Sweet, 346
Columbine, 267
Comandra, 257
Comarum, 284
Comfrey, 319

Common, 319

COMMELINACEAE, 238

CoMPOsiTAE, 334, 359
Composite Family, 334
Cone-flower. 346,' 347

Tall, 347
Conioselinum, 307

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

369

Conium, 307
Conopholis, 328
Convallaria, 242, 355

CONVOLVULAfEAE, 317, 359

Convolvulus, 317
Family, 317
Conyza, 356
Coptis, 268
Coral Root, 246
Corallorrhiza, 246, 355
Coreopsis, 341, 354
CORNACEAE, 308, 359
Cornel, 308

Dwarf, 309

Round-leaved, 309

Silkv, 309
Cornus, 188, 308
Coronilla, 289
Corydalis, 188, 272
Corylus, 254
Cotton Grass, 233
Cottonwood, 250
Cow Lilv, 266

Wheat, 326
Cowbane, Spotted, 307
Cowslip, 267
Crab Api)lc, 285
Cranberry, 312, 313

High-bush, 313, 332

Small, 313
Cranesbill, 293
Crassulaceae, 277, 358
Crataegus, 182, 281
Crepis, 341, 354
Cress, Bitter, 274

Marsh, 275

Pennv, 276

Rock, 272
. A\ ater, 275

Winter, 273

Yellow, 275
Crocanthemnm, 300
Crotalari.i, 289
Crowfoot, 268

liristiv, 269

Wliite Water, 269

\ell(nv Water, 269
Crowfoot' Family, 266
Crucifekae, 272
Cryptograinm;i, 195
Cryi)totaenia, 307
Cuckoo Flower, 274
Cucumher, 333

One-seeded Bur, 333

W il<l, 333
Cucumber-root, Indian, 243
Cucinnis, 333, 353
Cucurl)ita, 333. 351
CucuHHiTACKAi;, 333, 3.")9

Cudweed, 343
Low, 343

Culver'.s-root, 328
Cuphea, 356
Currant, 278

Red, 278

Skunk, 278

Swamp Black, 278

Wild Black, 278
Cuscuta, 192, 317, 356
Cut-grass, 216

Rice, 216
Cymbidium, 355
Cynoglo.ssum, 318
Cynosurus, 212
Cynoxijlon, 339
Cyperaceae, 222, 357
Cyperus, 188, 191, 232, 354
Cypress Spurge, 294
Cypripedium, 187, 191, 246, 361, 362,

363
Cystopteris, 195

Dactvlis, 212
Daisy, 19(), 339

Ox-eve, 340

Yellow, 347
Dalibarda, 282
Dandelion, 352

Common, 352

Dwarf, 344

Fall, 346

Red-seeded, 352
Danthonia, 212
Daphne, 303, 353
Darnel, 216
Dasiphoni, 283
Dasydephaitd, 315
Dasi/slointi, 325
Datura, 324, 353
Daucus, 307
Day Lilv, 242
Decodoii, 303
Deerberry, 314
Dennstaedti.i, 195
Dentaria, IT'.I, 187,276,361
Deriiiga, 307
De.schampsi;i, 188, 212
Desmodiimi, 178. 187,289,355
Devil's Bit, 242. 333

I'aiiit-bru^h, 343
Dewlu-rrv, 287
Dianthus, ISi). 263
Dieentra, 1S7, 272
l)irkso)ii,i. 196
Dierviii.i, 330
Digitaria, 191, 212
DifSACACKAi., 332, 359
DipsaeUN, 332

370 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Dircca, 303
Dock, 259

Bitter, 260

Great Water, 259

Patience, 260

Yellow, 260
Dodder, 317
Doellingeria, 339
Dogbane, 316

Spreading, 316
Dogbane Family, 316
Dogwood, 308

Flowering, 309

Poison, 295

Red-osier, 309
DogAvood Family, 308
Doorweed, 258
Draba, 355
Dracocephalum, 322
Dragon, Green, 236
Dragon Head, False, 322
Drop-seed, 217, 222
Drosera, 188, 276, 361
Droseraceae, 276,|[358
DrymncaUis, 283
Dryopteris, 197
Duckweed, 237
Duckweed Family, 237
Dulichium, 232
Dutchman's Breeches, 272

Echinochloa, 212, 353
Echinocystis, 333
Echium, 318, 363
Eel Grass, 208
Eglantine, 286
Elatinaceae, 300, 359
Elatine, 192, 300
Elder, 331

Box, 296

Common, 331

Red-berried, 331
Elderberry, 331
Elecampane, 344
Eleocharis, 232, 354
Elm, 256

American, 256

English, 256

Slippery, 256

White, 256
Elodea, 186, 208
Elymus, 186, 213
Enchanter's Nightshade, 304
Epifagus, 328
Epigaea, 310, 362
Epilobium, ISS, 304, 353
Epipactis, 247
Equisetaceae, 201, 357
Equisetum, 191, 201

Eragrostis, 186, 188, 191, 214
Erechtites, 341
Ericaceae, 309, 359
Erigeron, 341
Eriocaulaceae, 237, 357
Eriocaulon, 186, 237
Eriophorum, 188, 233
Erodium, 293, 353
Erysimum, 275, 276
Erythronium, 242
Euonynius, 296
Eupatorium, 180, 187, 341
Euphorbia, 294
Euphorbiaceae, 294, 358
Euthamia. 35 D
Evening Primrose, 305

Common, 306
Evening Primrose Family, 304
Everlasting, 335, 343

Common, 343

Pearly, 335
Evonymus, 296, 353

Fagaceae, 254, 357
Fagopyrum, 257, 353
Fagus, 188, 254
Falcata, 288
Fern, Beech, 198

Bladder, 196

Boott's Shield, 197

Bulb-bearing, 195

Christmas, 196

Cinnamon, 199

Clinton's Shield, 197

Crested Shield, 197

Flowering, 199

Fragile Bladder, 195

Goldie's Shield, 197

Grape, 199

Hay-scented, 195

Interrupted, 199

Ladv, 194

Marginal Shield, 197

Marsh, 198

New York Shield, 198

Oak, 197

Ostrich, 196

Rattlesnake, 200

Royal, 199

Sensitive, 195

Spinulose Shield, 198

Sweet, 252

Walking, 195
Fern Family, 193
Fescue, Meadow, 214

Sheep's, 215
Festuca, 214, 354
Fever Bu^h, 271
Figwort, 327

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

371

Figwort Family, 325
Filipendula, 282
Filix, 195
Fimbristylis, 233
Fir, 203

Balsam, 203
Five-finger^ 283
Fireweed, 304, 341
Flag, Blue, 245
Sweet, 235
Flax, 292

Common, 292
Flax Family, 292
Fleabane, 341

Daisy, 341
Fleur-de-lis, 245
Floating Foxtail, 209

Heart, 316
Flowering Fern, 199
Flowering Fern Family, 199
Flower-of-an-Hour, 299
Forget-me-not, 319
Garden, 319
Wild, 319
Four-o'clock Family, 261
Foxglove, Downy False, 325

Smooth False, 325
Foxtail, 221

Floating, 209
Meadow, 210
Fragaria, 282
Fraxinus, 314
Frog's Bit Family, 208
Frostweed, 300
Fumaria, 272
FUMARIACEAE, 272, 358
Fumitory, 272

Climbing, 272
Fumitory Family, 272

(luleopsis, ISO, 320
(ialeorchis, 249
Galingale, 232
Galinsoga, 342
Galium, ISS, 329
GalJ-of-thc-Earth, 347
(Jaultlicria, 310
Ciaura, 305

Gaylussacia, ISS, 311, 355
Gentian, 315

Closed, 315

l*'riiiL;c(l, 315

ilorsr, 332
(iciitian l'"ariiilv, 315
Gcntiana, 1'.>'J,'315, ar)5
Gkntianaci: \i;, 315, .{.")•)
Gkkamackai;, 293, :;.')S
Geranium, 293, :;.'):!
< Ier;iniutii I'':irnil\ , 293

Gerardia, 187, 325, 362

Slender, 325
Germander, 323
Geum, 187, 283
Ghost-flower, 311
Gill-over-the-Ground, 322
Ginannia, 215
Ginger, Wild, 257
Ginseng, 306

Dwarf, 306
Ginseng Family, 306
Glecoma, 322
Gleditsia, 290, 353
Glyceria, 215, 354
Glycine, 289

Gnaphalium, 180, 188, 343
Goat's Beard, 352
Gold lliread, 268
Golden Alexanders, 308
Club, 236
Glow, 347
Rag^vort, 347
Golden-rod, 347
Gooseberry, 278
Prickiv, 278
Smootli, 278
GoosefOot, 260

Oak-leaved, 260
Goosefoot Family, 260
(iourd, 333
Gourd F'arnilv, 333
Goutweed, 306
Gramineae, 209, 357
Grape, 298
Frost, 298
Northern Fox, 298
River-bank, 298
Summer, 298
Grape Fern, 199
Grass, Awned Wheat, 209
Barnvanl, 212
Beard, 210
Bent, 209
Blue-i'ved, 246
Bottle-l)rush, 210
Bristly l-'oxtml, 221
Bronie, 211
Canary. 220
Comnioii I lair, 212
Cotton, 233
Coueli, 2 9
Crab, 212
Dog's-tail, 212
DroiHseed, 217
Fescue, 213
Finger, 212

Fowl M.adou. 215, 221
I'oMMil. 209
I bur. 209

372 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Grass, Herd's. 220

Holy, 216

Indian, 222

Kentucky Blue, 221

Low Spear, 221

Manna, 215

MeadoAv, 221

Melic, 216

Millet, 217

Oat, 210

Old-witch, 219

Orchard, 211

Panic, 217

Pigeon, 221

Poverty, 210

Quick, 209

Rattlesnake, 215

Reed Bent, 211

Reed Canary, 220

Reed Meadow, 215

Rib, 329

Ribbon, 220

Rough-stalked Meadow, 221

Seneca, 216

Spear, 221

Squirrel-tail, 216

Star, 244

Sweet Vernal, 210

Tall Oat, 210

Thin, 209

Triple-awned, 210

Vanilla, 216

Velvet, 215

White, 216

WTiite Bent, 209

Wild Oat, 212

Wire, 221

Wood, 222

Wood Reed, 211

Yellow-ej^ed, 237
Grass Family, 209
Grass of Parnassus, 277
Gratiola, 326
Gromweli, 318
Grossu'cina, 278
Ground Cherrv, 325
Hemlock, 203
Pine, 202
Ground-nut, 289, 306
Groundsel, 347
Gum, Black, 309

Sour, 309
Gymnadcinopsi^, 247

Habcnaria, 188, 191, 247, 363
Hackberry, 355
Halokagidaceae, 305, 359
Hamamelidaceae, 279, 358

Hamamehs, 279
Hardhack, 283, 288
Harebell, 333
Hare's Tail, 233
Haw, Red, 281
Hawkbit, 346
Hawk's Beard, 341
Hawkweed, 343

Orange, 343
Hawthorn, 281

English, 281
Hazelnut, 254

Beaked, 254
Heal-all, 180, 322
Heath Family, 309
Hedeoma, 320
Hedge Hyssop, 326

Mustard, 276
Helenium, 187, 191, 343
HeUanthemum, 188, 300, 355
HeUanthus, 187, 343, 354, 356
Heliopsis, 343, 354
Hellebore, 244

American White, 244
' False, 244
Hemerocalhs, 242
Hemlock, 190, 204

Ground, 203

Poison, 307

Water, 307
Hemp, Indian, 316
Hemp Nettle, 320
Hepatica, 187, 268, 361, 363
Heracleum, 307
Herb Robert, 293
Hesperis, 275, 353
Heteranthera, 238
Hibiscus, 299
Hickory, 252

Shag-bark, 252

Shell-bark, 252
Hicoria, 252

Hieracium, 187, 343, 356
Hierochloe, 216
Hifiposeliriwn, 308
Hobble-bush, 332
Hog Peanut, 288
Holcus, 215
Holly, 295

Mountain, 296
Holly Family, 295
Hollyhock, 299
Homalocenchrm, 216
Honewort, 307
Honeysuckle, 267, 331

American Fly, 333

Bush, 330

European Fly, 331

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

373

Honeysuckle, Mountain Fly, 331

Tartarian, 331

Trumpet, 331
Honeysuckle Family, 330
Hop, 256
Hop Tree, 293
Hordeum, 216, 353
Horehound, 321

Common, 321

Water, 321
Hornbeam, 253

American, 253

American Hop, 254

Hop, 254
Hornwort, 265
Hornwort Family, 265
Horse-chestnut, Common, 297
Horsetail, 201
Horsetail Family, 201
Horse-Ayeed, 341, 345
Hound's Tonfiuc, 318

Common, 318
Houstonia, 330
Huckleberry, 311

Black, 311
Humulus, 256

Hyi)kocharitace.\e, 208, 357
Hydrocotyle, 307
Hydkophyllaceae, 318, 359
Hydrophyllum, 1S7, 191, 318
Hypericaceae, 299, 359
Hypericum, 18G, 187, 188, 191, 299
Hypochaeris, 344, 354
Hypojntijs, 311
Hypoxis, 187, 191,244
Hyssop, Giant, 319

Iledfie, 326
Hystrix, 210

Ibidium, 249
Ilex, 188, 191, 295
Illecehuaceae, 261, 358
Ilicioides, 296
Ilysanthes, 326
Impatiens, LS7, 191, 297
India-wheat, 258
Indian Chickweed, 262

Cucumber-root, 243

Heini), 316

Pil)e, 311

Tobaci'o, 334
Indigo, False, 288, 289

Wil.l, 289
Innocence, 330
Inula, ISO, 344
Ipomoea, 317, 353
Ikidmkak, 245, 357
Iris, 245
Iris Family, 245

Ironwood, 253. 254
Isanthus, 191, 320
Isnardin, 305
IsoiiTACEAE, 202, 357
Isoetes, 186, 202
Ivy, Mountain, 311
Poison, 295

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 236
Jamestf)wn Weed, 324
Jerusalem Artichoke, 343

Oak, 260
Jewelweed, 297
Jimson Weed, 324
Joe-Pye Weed, 180, 342

JUGL.ANDACEAE, 252, 357

Juglans, 253
JuxcACEAE, 238, 357

JUNCAGINACEAE, 207, 357

Juncoide.'i, 241

Juucus, 180, 187, 191, 238, 355, 361

Juneberry, 279

Juniper, 203

Juniperus, 188, 191, 203

Kalmia, 310, 311
Kjng.Deyil, 344
Ivinnikinnik, 309
Knajweed, 340
Knawel, 262
Kneifia, 305
Knotgrass, 258
Ivnotweed. 258
Pink, 259
KnotwDit Faiiiilv, 261
Kochia, 260, 353'
Kocllid, 323
Krigia, 188, 344

Labiatae, 319, 359
Labrador Tea, 311
Lactuca, 344
Ladies' Tobacco, 335

Tresses, 249
Lady's Slii>i)er. 246

"Larger ^■ello\v, 246

Pink, 246

Hams Head, 246

Showy, 246

Smaller ^'ellow, 246
Lady's Sorrel, 293

■'I'liiiml.. 259
Lambkill. 311
Lanii)'s (^iiarti rs 260
Lamium, 321
Laportea, 1S7. 256
Lappul.i. 318
L:ipsana, 346, 351
Larch, 203

374 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL' HISTORY.

Larix, 203

Lauraceae, 271, 358
Laurel, 311

Great, 312

Mountain, 311

Pale, 311

Sheep, 311
Laurel Family, 271
Leather Leaf, 310
Leatherwood, 303
Lechea, 188, 301, 355, 362
Ledum, 188, 311, 361
Leek, Wild, 242
Leersia, 216

Leguminosae, 288, 358
Lemna, 237
Lemnaceae, 237, 357
Lentibulariaceae, 328, 359
Leontodon, 180, 346, 352
Leonurus, 321
Lepachys, 346
Lepidium, 275
LcptamniuDi, 328
Lcptaiidrd, 328
Lcptilon, 341
Lespedeza, 188, 290
Lettuce, 344

Pricklv, 345

White", 346

Wild, 345

Wild Blue, 345
Levisticum, 308, 353
Ligustrum, 315
Lilac, 315

Common, 315
LiLiACEAE, 242, 357
Lihum, 187, 243
Lily, 243

Common Day, 242

Cow, 266

Dav, 242 ,

Meadow, 243

Tiger, 243

Water, 265

White Pond, 265

Wild Yellow, 243

Wood, 243

Yellow Pond, 266
Lily Family, 242
Lily of the Valley, 242

Wild, 243
Limnanthemum, 316
Limnorchis, 247
Limodorum, 246
LiNACEAE, 292, 358
Linaria, 326, 353
Linden, 299
Linden Family, 299

Linnaea, 330

Linum, 192, 292

Lion's Foot, 347

Liparis, 188, 248, 362

Liquorice, Wild, 329

Liriodendron, 270

Lithospermum, 318

Live-for-ever, 277

Liverleaf, 268

Lobelia, 187, 191, 334, 361, 363

Great Blue, 334

Water, 334
Lobelia Family, 334
LOBELIACEAE, 334, 359
Locust, 291

Clammy, 291

Common, 291

Honev, 290
Lolium, 2i6

Lonicera, 181, 188, 191, 331, 353
Loosestrife, 304, 314

False, 305

Spiked, 304

Swamp, 303
Loosestrife Family, 303
Lophanthus, 319
Lopseed, 329
Lopseed Family, 329

LORANTHACEAE, 267, 357

Lousewort, 326
Lovage, 308
Lucerne, 291
Ludvigia, 305
Lupine, Wild, 291
Lupinus, 291
Luzula, 191, 241
Lychnis, 263, 353

Scarlet, 263
Lycium, 324
Lycopersicum, 324, 353
Lycopodiaceae, 201, 357
Lycopodium, 178, 187, 188, 201
Lycopus, 188, 192, 321
Lygodium, 354
Lyonia, 311
Lysias, 249
Lysiella, 248

Lysimachia, 187, 188, 314, 353, 362
Lythraceae, 303, 359
Lythrum, 187, 304

Madder Family, 329
Magnolia Family, 270
Magnoliaceae, 270, 358
Maianthemum, 243
Maidenhair, 193
Malnxis, 248
Male Berrv, 311

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

375

Mallow, 299

Indian, 299

Marsh, 299

Musk, 299

Rose, 299
Mallow Family, 299
Malus, 285
Malva, 299, 353. 355
Malvaceae, 299, 358
Mandrake, 271
Maple, 296

Black Sugar, 297

Mountain, 297

Red, 297

River, 297

Rock, 297

Striped, 297

Sugar, 297

Swamp, 297

White, 297
Maple Family, 296
Marigold, Bur, 339

Water, 339
Mariscus, 231
Marjoram, Wild, 322
Marrubium, 321, :5r)3
Marsh Marigold, 267
Marsilea, 200
Marsileaceae, 200, 357
Matricaria, 346, 354
Matrimony \'ine, 324

Common, 324
Matteuccia, 196
May Apple, 271
Mayflower, 310
Meadow-sweet,* 288
Medeola, 243
Medicago, 291, 353
Medick, 291

Black, 291
Mcgrilndnntn. 339
Meihomia, 289
Melampvrum, 187, 326
Melica, 216
Melilotus, ISn, 291
Menisi'ekmackai;, 270, 358
Meiiispeniium, 270
Mciitlia, 321

Menyaiidies, ISS, 316, 301
Mcrcurv, Three-seeded, 294
Mermaid Weed, 306
Mezereum Fatiiilv, 303
Mirmiiiprlis. 333
Mirrnndic.s, 278
'Microstylis, 248
Mignonette, 276
Miiiiioiielle I'Miiiilv, 276
Milium. 217

Milkweed, 316

Common, 317

Poke, 316

Swamp, 316
Milkweed Family, 316
Milkwort, 294

Purple, 294
Milkwort P'amily, 294
Millet, European, 219
Mimulus, 326
Mint, 321

Horse, 321

Mountain. 323

Wood, 320
Mint Family, 319
Mistletoe, Dwarf, 204, 257
Mistletoe Family, 257
Mitchella, 330, iJGl
Mitella, 188, 277, 279, 361
Miterwort, 277

False. 278
Moccasin Flower, 246
Moehringia, 262
Mollugo, 262
Monarda, 321, 353, 356
Moneses, 180, 311
Moneywort, 314
Monkey Flower, 326
Monoti-opa, 311
Moonseed, 270
Moonseed Family, 270
Moonwort, 199 '
Moosewood, 297, 303
Morning Glory, 317

Common," 317

Wild, 317
Morus, liH, 256
Moss, Clul), 201

Tree Club, 202
Moss Pink, 317
Moth Mullein, 327
Mothenvort. 321
Mountain Mint, 323
Mouse-oar. 344
•Mug^\•()^t. Coinmon, 336
Muhlenhergia, 217, 3.')4
Mulberry, 256

Red, 256

While, 256
Mullein, 327

Modi, 327
Muskmeion, 333
Musl;ini. 273

HIack, 274

lledg.-. 276

Treacle, 276
Mustard Fnnily, 272
MvDsotis, 319. ;{.'•<■)

376 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Myrica, 252, 355
Myricace.^e, 252, 357
Myriophyllum, 186, 305
Myrtle, Blue,' 316

Nabalus, 346
Naias, 205

Najadaceak, 205, 357
Najas, 205
Nannyberry, 332
Narcissus, 245, 353

Poet's, 245
Naumhurgia, 314
Nemopanthus, 188, 296
Nepeta, 322
Nettle, 257

Common, 257

Common Hemp, 320

Dead, 321

False, 255

Hedge, 323

Hemp, 320

Wood, 256
Nettle Family, 255
New Jersey Tea, 298
Nicandra, 324, 353
Nicotiana, 324, 353
Nightshade, 325

Common, 325

Enchanter's, 304
Nightshade Family, 324
Nipplewort, 346
Norta, 276
Nothoholnis, 215
Nuphar, 186

Nyctaginaceae, 261, 358
Nymphaea, 266
Nymphaeaceae, 265, 358
Nymphoides, 316
Nymphozanthus, 186, 266
Nyssa, 309

Oak, 254

Bear, 255

Black, 255

Black Scrub, 255

Bur, 255

Chestnut, 255

Chinquai)in, 255

Jerusalem, 260

Mossy-cup, 255

Poison, 295

Red, 255

Scarlet, 254

Scrub Chestnut, 265

Swamp White, 254

White, 254

Yellow, 255
Oakesia, 243

Oat, 210
Oenothera, 305
Oleaceae, 314, 359
OHve Family, 314
Onagraceae, 304, 359
Onion, 242

Wild, 242
Onoclea, 186, 195, 196
Onopordum, 346
Ophioglossaceae, 199, 357
Ophioglossum, 200
Orange, Mock, 277
Orange Grass, 300
Orchid, 187, 249

Fringed, 247

Large Purple Fringed, 247

Large Round-leaved, 248

Ragged Fringed, 248

Showy, 249

Smaller Purple Fringed, 248

White Fringed, 247
Orchid Family, 245
Orchidaceae, 245, 357
Origanum, 322
Orobanchaceae, 328, 359
Orobanche, 328
Orontium, 191, 236
Orpine Family, 277
Oryzopsis, 217
Osmorhiza, 187, 308
Osmunda, 188, 199

OSMUNDACEAE, 199, 357

Ostrya, 254
Oswego Tea, 321

OXALIDACEAE, 292, 358

Oxalis, 188, 292, 355
Ox-eye, 343
Ox-eye Daisy, 340
Oxybaphus, 261
Oxy coccus, 313

Padus, 285

Panax, 187, 306

Panic^daria, 215

Panicum, 186, 187, 188, 191, 217, 353,

356, 362
Pansy, WUd, 301
Papaver, 272, 353
Papaveraceae, 271, 358
Parietaria, 256
Parnassia, 187, 277, 361
Parsley, Hemlock, 307
Parsley Family, 306
Parsnip, 308

Cow, 307

Water, 308

Wild, 308
Parthenocissus, 298
Partridge Berry, 330

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

377

Paspalum, 220
Pastinaca, 308
Peach, 284
Peanut, Hog, 288
Pear, 285
Pearlwort, 263
Pedicularis, 326
Pellaen, 191, 195
Pellitory, 256
Peltancira, 236
Penny Cress, 276
Pennyroyal, American, 320

False, 320

Mock, 320
Penn\nvort, Water, 307
Penthorum, 277
Pentsternon, 326
Pepper, Mild Water, 258

Water, 258
Pepperbush, Sweet, 310
Peppergrass, 275

Wild, 275
Peppermint, 321
Pepper-root 275
Pepperwort, 275
Pcramiuin, 247
Periwinkle, 316
Persic-aria, 258, 259

Dock-leaved, 174, 259
Feridnria, 247
Petasites, 346
Petunia, 325, 353
Phalaris, 220, 363
Phegopteris, 197
Philadclphus, 277, 353
Philotria, 208
Phleuni. 220
Phlox, 317, 353

Garden, 317
Phragmites, 17S, 221
Phrvma, 329
Phhy.maceai:, 329, 359
Physalis, 191, 325
Phi/salndes, 324
Physostegia, 322, 353
Phytolacca, 261
PnYTOLArcAn; VE, 261, 358
Picea, 204, '257, 354
Pickerel-wccd, 238
Pick(>rel-wced Family, 238
Pigiuit, 252
I'ik^v.rd, 260. 261
I 'ilea, 256

PiniixTiicl, I'.iisc, 326
'PlNACKAK, 203, 357
Pine, 190, 204

Cround, 202

Xonvav, 204

Pitch, 204

Pine, Prince's, 310

Red, 204

Scotch, 204

White, 190, 204
Pine Family, 203
Pineapple-weed, 346
Pinesap, 311
Pineweed, 300
Pink, 263

Deptford, 263

Fire, 264

Grass, 246

Maiden, 263

Moss, 317

Wild, 264, 317
Pink Family, 262
Pinus, 204
Pinweed, 301
Pipes, 201
Pipewort, 237
Pipewort Family, 237
Pipsissewa, 310
Pitcher-plant, 276
Pitcher-plant Family, 276
Plane Tree, 279
Plane Tree Family, 279

PLANTAJilNACEAE, 329, 359

Plantago, ISO, 329, 353
Plantain, 329

Common, 329

Mud, 238

Rattlesnake, 247

Robin's, 341
Plantain Family, 329
Platanaceae, 279, 358
Platanus, 279
Pluchea, 356
Plum. 284

Canada, 284

Garden, 284

Wild, 284
Poa, 191, 221, ;'.5l
Podoi)hvllum, 191, 271
Pogonia, ISS, 249. 362

HcKse, 249

Whorlc.l, 249
Pokeweed, 261
Pokoweod Family, 261

I'ol.KMOMArKAE, 317, 359

Polcmoiiium Family, 317

I'dll/roitiuin, 314

Polygala. 1S7, 1S.S, 191, 294, 355

Fringed, 294
PoLYCALACKAi:, 294. :{.">S
P()i,Y(;(>\.\rKAE. 257. .35S
Polvgonatum, 1S7, 243
Polygonum, 171, 1S7, 191, 268, 3.53,

3.56
PoLYPODIACKAE, 193, 357

378 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Polypodium, 196, 363
Polypody, 196
Polystichum, 191, 196
Pond Lily, White, 265

Yellow, 266
Pondweed, 205
Pondweed Family, 205
Pontederia, 238 "

PONTEDERIACEAE, 238, 357

Poplar, 249

Balsam, 250

Lombardy, 250

Necklace^ 250

White, 249
Poppy, 272

Common, 272

Corn, 272

Field, 272
Poppy Family, 271
Populus, 187,191,249, 356
Portulaca, 265

PORTULACACEAE, 265, 358

Potamogeton, 178, 181, 182, 191, 205,

354
Potentilla, 179, 188, 192, 283, 361, 362
Prenanthes, 192, 346, 356
Prickly Ash, 294
Primrose, Evening, 305
Primrose Family, 314
Primulaceae, 314, 359
Prince's Feather, 259

Pine, 310
Privet, 315
Proserpinaca, 306
Prunella, 180, 322
Primus, 192, 284, 353
Psedera, 187, 188, 298
Ptelea, 293, 353
Pteretis, 186, 196
Pteridium, 197
Pteris, 197
Pulse Family, 288
Pumpkin, 333
Purslane, 265

Common, 265

Water, 305
Purslane Family, 265
Pusley, 265

Pycnanthemum, 323, 356, 362
Pyrola, 180, 187, 191, 312

One-flowered, 311
Pyrus, 188, 191, 285, 353

Queen-of-the-Meadow, 282
Queen-of-the-Prairie, 282
Quercus, 182, 187, 188, 191, 254
Quillwort, 202
Quillwort Family, 202

Radicula, 186, 275, 355
Radish, 276

Horse, 276

Wild, 276
Ragged Robin, 263
Ragweed, 335
Ragwort, 347

Golden, 347
Ranunculaceae, 266, 358
Ranunculus, 187, 190, 191, 268
Rape, 274
Raphanus, 276
Raspberry, 190, 286

Black, 287

Dwarf, 287

Purple Flowering, 287

Red, 286
Ratibida, 346
Rattle-box, 264, 289
Rattlesnake Fern, 200
Rattlesnake-root, 346
Rattlesnake-weed, 344
Razotimof.sk i/a, 257
Red Top, 209
Red-root, 298
Reed, 221
Reseda, 276, 353
Resedaceae, 276, 358
Rhamnaceae, 298, 358
Rhamnus, 188. 298
Rhaphanus, 353
Rhododendron, 192, 312, 355
Rhodora, 355
Rhus, 188, 295, 355
Rhyncospora, 188, 233
Rib Grass, 329

Ribes, 187, 188, 191, 278, 355
Rice, Mountain, 217
Richweed, 256, 320
Robert if lie. 293
Robinia, 291
Robin's Plantain, 341
Rock Cress, 272
Rocket, 275
Rockrose, 300
Rockrose Family, 300
Rosa, 179, 285, 353
Rosaceae, 279, 358
Rose, 285

Cinnamon, 286

Chmbing, 286

Prairie, 286

Scotch, 286

Swamp, 286
Rose Family, 279
Rosemary, Bog, 309
RuBiACEAE, 329, 359
Rubus, 188, 190, 192, 286, 355

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY

379

Rudbeckia, 179, 180, 347
Rue, Early Meadow, 270

Meadow, 270
Rue Anemone, 267
Rue Family, 293
Rumex, 180, 259
Rush, 238

Beak, 233

Scouring, 201

Twig, 231

Wood, 241
Rush Family, 238
Rutabaga, 274
RuTACEAE, 293, 358
Rye, 221

Wild, 213

Sage, 323
Sagina, 263
Sagittaria, 191, 207
St. John's Wort, 299

Common, 300

Great, 299

Marsh, 300
St. John's Wort Family, 299
Salicaceae, 249, 357
Salix, 187, 190, 191, 260, 355
Salsola, 261
Salvia, 323, 353
Sainbucus, 188, 331
Sandalwood Family, 257
Sandbur, 211
Sandwort, 262
Sang, 306

Sanguinaria, 187, 272
Sanguisorba, 288
Sanicula, 187, 191, 308
Saxtalaceae, 257, 357
Sai'ixdace.ae, 297
Saponaria, ISO, 263, 353
Sarothra, 300
Sarracenia, 188, 276, 361
Sakkaceniaceak, 2'76, 358
Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 306

Wild, 306
Sa.s.safras, Is?, 271
Saturcj;!, 323
tSdrdslaiKi, 216
Sayin, 203
Savory, 323
Saxifraga, 278
Saxikka(:.\( i;\i:, 277, 358
Saxifrage, 278

Ivirlv, 278

(loidcii, 277

Swam I), 278
Saxifrage F.iiiiilv, 277
Scabio.sa, 333, 3.':;
Scheuchzeriii, 207

Schizonotus, 288
Soirpu.s, 187, 188, 191, 233
Scleranthus, 262
Scouring Rush, 201
Scrophularia, 327

SCROPHULAKIACEAE, 325, 359

Scutellaria, 323

Secale, 221, 353

Sedge, 222.

Sedge Family, 222

Sedum, 192,^277

Selaginella, 178, 187, 202, 361, 362

Selaginellace.ve, 202, 357

Self-heal, 322

Senecio, 188, 347

Senna, 289

Wild, 289
Serapias, 249, 353
Sericocarpus, 1.S7, 347
Service Berry, 279
Setaria, 221, 353
Shadbush, 279
Sheepberry, 332
Shepherd's Purse, 274
Shin Leaf, 312

Round-leaved, 312
Sibbaldioj>si.<:, 284
Sickle-pod, 272
Sicvos, 333

Sid("-sad(ll(> Flower, 276
Silene, 192, 264, 353
Shuiitis, 273
Sisymbrium, 275, 276
Sisvrinchium, 191, 245
Sium, 308
Skullcap, 323

IMad-dog, 323
Skunk Cabbage, 237
Smartweed, Common, 258

Water, 258
Smilacina, 187, 188, 243
Smilax, 178, 191,244
Snakehead, 326
Snakeroot, Black, 267, 308

Seneca. 294

White, 342
SntH'zeweed. 343
Snowl)erry. 331

Crcei)iiig, 310
Soapberry I'amily, 297
Soapwort, 263

Sol-A.NACEAK, 32i. 359

Solanuni, 326

Solidagi), 1S7. 191, 192. 32s, 347 :irti\.

3 il, 31)2
Solomon's Sejil. 243

False, 243

Cre.it, 243

Sm;ill. 243

380 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Solomon's Seal, Star-flowered, 243

Three-leaved, 243
Sonchus, 351
Sorbaria, 288
Sorbus, 285
Sorghastrum, 222
Sorrel, Garden, 259
Lady's, 293
Sheep, 259
Wood, 292
Sparganiaceae, 205, 357
Sparganium, 186, 191, 205
S-pathyema, 237
Spearmint, 321
Specularia, 334
Speedwell, 327

Common, 327
Corn, 327
Marsh, 327
Purslane, 327
Water, 327
Spergula, 264
Spergularia, 264
Sphenopholis, 222, 354
Spice Bush, 271
Spiderwort, 238
Spiderwort Family, 238
Spikenard, 306
False, 243
Spike-rush, 232
Spiraea, 190, 288
Spiranthes, 188, 249
Spirodela, 237
Spleenwort, 193
Ebony, 193
Maidenhair, 193
Narrow-leaved, 194
Rue, 193
Silvery, 193
Sporobolus, 222
Spring Beautv, 265
Spruce, 190, 204
Black, 204, 257
Bog, 204
Red, 204
Spurge, Cypress, 294
Spurge Family, 294
Spurrev, 264
Corn, 264
Sand, 264
Squash, 333

Crookneck, 333
Squaw-root, 328
Squirrel Corn, 272
Stachvs, 191, 323
Staff tree, 296
Staff Tree Family, 296
Staphyles, 296

Staphyleaceae, 296, 358
Star Grass, 244
Thistle, 340
Starwort, 264

Water, 295
Steeple Bush, 190, 288
Steironema, 314
Stellaria, 264
StenophvUus, 235
Stickseed, 318
Stick-tight, 339 ^
Stovioisia, 328
Stonecrop, 277
Ditch, 277
Mossy, 277
Storksbill, 293
Strawberry, 282
Barren, 288
European Wood, 282
Field, 283
Garden, 282
Wood, 283
Streptopus, 188, 244
Succisa, 333
Sugarberry, 255
Sumach, Dwarf, 295
Poison, 295
Smooth, 295
Staghorn, 295
Sundew, 276

Long-leaved, 276
Round-leaved, 276
Sundew Family, 276
Sunflower, 343 ^
Common, 343
Wild, 343
Sweet Fern, 252
Gale, 252
Gale Family, 252
Pepperbush, 310
William, 263, 317
Sweetbrier, 179, 286
Sycamore, 279
Symphoricarpus, 191, 331
Symphyhim, 319
Symplocarpus, 188, 237
Syndesmon, 267
Syntherisma, 212
Syringa, 277, 315
Sysimhrium, 355

Tamarack, 203
Tanacetum, 180, 351
Tansy, 351

Common, 351
Taraxacum, ISO, 362
Taxaceae, 203, 357
Taxus, 188, 203

HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

381

Tea, Labrador, 311

New Jersev, 298

Oswego, 321
Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved, 259

Halberd-leaved, 258
Teasel, 332

Wild, 332
Teasel Familv, 332
Teucrium, 323
Thalesia, 328
Thalictrum, 270
Thelypteris. 181, 188, 191, 194, 197,

198, 361, 363
Thimbleberry, 286
l^histle, 340

Bull, 340

Canada, 180, 340

Common, 340
Sow, 351

Cotton, 346

Field, 340

Pasture, 340

Russian, 261

Sow, 351

Star, 340

Swamp, 340
Thiaspi, 276, 353
Thorn Apple, Purple, 324
ThoroiiKhwort, 341, 342
Thuja, 204
I'hyme, 324

Creeping, 324
Thymelae.vceae, 303, 359
ThjTnus, 180, 324, 362
Tiarella, 278
Tilia, 299

TiLiACEAK, 299, 358
'I'imothv, 220
Tinarid. 258, 259
y/.sw. 264
Tilliytnahi.'i. 294
'i\)ad-nax. 326

liHstanl. 257

lihic, 326
Tobacci), 324

Ladies', 335
'i'omato, 324
Tonartis. 337
Touch-mc-iKil, Pale, 297

Spotted. 297
'i'ouch-rne-tiot l'';miily, 297
'I'ornrd, 259
Toxiciiili'iiilrnii. 295
TrdaiiiUni, 258
'iVadesciiutia, 238, ^^:^^^
Tragopngoii, 352
'I'refoil, TicU, 289
Triiuii-niuii, 300
Triehosteuia, iss, 324

Tridens, 354

Trientalis, 314

Trifohum, 180, 291

Trillium, 187, 188, 244, 362. 363

Nodding, 244

Painted, 244

Purple, 244
Triosteum, 332
Trisetum, 222
Triticum, 222, 353
Tsuga, 204
Tulip Tree, 270
Tumbleweed, 261
Tupelo, 309
Turnip, 273, 274

Indian, 236
Turtlehead, 326
Tussilago, 180, 352
Tw^ayblade, 248
Twig Rush, 231
Twin FloM er, 330
Twnsted-stalk, 244
Typha, 204
TvPHACEAE, 204, 357

TTlmus,. 256, 353

T^IUELLIFERAE, 306, 359

Lhrifolium, 243
Urtica, 187, 257, 355
Urticaceae, 255, 357
Urliai strum, 256
Utricularia, 192, 328
Uva-ursi, 309
Uvularia, 191, 243, 244

Vaccaria, 263

Vaocinium, 187, 188, 192, 312, 324,

355, 361
Vaqtieni, 243
Valerian, 332

G.irdeu, 332
^'aleri.•ln Familv, 332
Valeriana, 332,' ;r) I

WvLKRtAN'ArEAK, 332

\',iilisneria, 1S6, 208
X'elvet I.eaf, 299
X'eiuis's Looking-gl.iss, 334
X'eratrum. 244
X'erbascum, 327
VerbcM.a, 319
\'i;i{HKNACEAl„ 319, 3.")9

Veronica, ISO, 1S7, 191, 327, ;{5»»
\'ervaiii, 319

iilue, 319

White, 319
Vervain l-ainilv, 319
Vetch. 292

\\\w. 292

382 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Viburnum, 188, 191, 332, 353, 356

Maple-leaved, 332

Sweet, 332
Vicia, 179, 292, 355
Vinca, 316
Vine Family, 298
Viola, 178," 186, 187, 188, 191, 192,

301, 355, 361, 362
ViOLACEAE, 301, 359
Violet, 301

Canada, 301

Dog's Tooth, 242

Downy Yellow, 302

Early Yellow, 302

English, 302

Great-spurred, 302

Long-spurred, 302

Marsh Blue, 301

Smooth Yellow, 301

Sweet, 302

Sweet White, 301, 302
Violet Family, 301
Viper's Bugloss, 318
Virginia Creeper, 298
Virgin's Bower, 267
ViTACEAE, 298, 358
Vitis, 187, 192, 298

Wake Robin, 244
Waldsteinia, 191, 288
Walking Fern, 195

Leaf, 195
Walnut Family, 252
Washingtonia, 308
Water Cress, 275

Hemlock, 307

Lily, 265

White, 265
Family, 265

Marigold, 339

Milfoil, 305

Family, 305

Shield, 265
Waterleaf, 318
Waterleaf Family, 318
Water-plantain, 207
Water-plantain Family, 207
Water-weed, 208
Waterwort, 300
Waterwort Family, 300

Waxwork, 296
Wayfaring Tree, 332
Wheat, 22?

Cow, 326
Whitewood, 270
Wicopy, 303
Willow, 250

Beaked, 251

Black, 251

Crack, 251

Glaucous, 250

Hoary, 250

Purple, 251

Pussy, 250

Shining, 251

Silky, 251

Whi'te, 190, 250
Willow Family, 249
Willow-herb, 304
Wintergreen, 310, 311

Chickweed, 314

Spotted, 310
Witch-hazel, 279
Witch-hazel Family, 279
Wood Sorrel, 292
Wood Sorrel Family, 292
Woodbine, 298
Woodsia, 188, 199, 362

Blunt-lobed, 199

Rusty, 199
Wormwood, 336

Roman, 335
Woundwort, 323

Xanthium, 187, 352, 354
Xanthoxali.s, 292
Xolisma, 311
Xyrid.aceae, 237, 357
Xyris, 237

Yarrow, 334

Common, 334
Yellow-eyed Grass, 237
Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 237
Yew, 203
Yew Family, 203

Zanthoxylum, 294
Zizia, 308

QK125.H6 """"'""'""^-o- -■=-.,
'^°!lK'n'?"P,^/^'?^^.°' Berkshire Count ^'

3 5185 00126 5220

A